Hicks

himself pushed over to the other extreme and
held that the entire work and process of salva-
tion is within man and not something historically
and outwardly accomplished. This emphasis of
Hicks on the inward aspect of religion and his
slender interest in the historical aspect, came to
formulation at a time when there was a strong
wave of evangelical thought prevailing in many
sections of the Society of Friends, and the colli-
sion of views was inevitable. Other situations
existed which were factors in the separation
which in 1827-28 took place, but the theological
collision was beyond question the major factor.
Hicks was not present in person when the first
Quaker separation occurred in Philadelphia in
April 1827, but his name was from the first popu-
larly and unofficially attached to the liberal
Quaker branch that emerged from the contro-
versy; He was present when the separation oc-
curred a year later (May 1828) in New York.
Separations followed, during the year 1828, in
Ohio and in Baltimore, and a small division oc-
curred in Indiana. The terms "Hicksite" and
"Orthodox" which came into wide use to dis-
criminate the two branches of the Society of
Friends in the sections where separations oc-
curred have never been officially recognized.
Hicks continued to preach and to expound his
religious position far on into a virile old age,
dying from the effect of a paralytic stroke.

[Jour, of the Life and Religious Labours of Elias
Hicks (1832); The Quaker (4 vols., 1827-28), con-
taining a series of sermons by Hicks taken in short-
hand by M, T, C. Gould; Walt Whitman, Complete
Prose Works (1892) ; J. J. Foster, Report of the Tes-
timony in . . . the Court of Chancery (2 vols., 1831);
Jour, of Thomas Shillitoe (2 vols., 1839); A Letter
from Anna Braithwaite to Elias Hicks (1825); S. M.
Janney, Hist, of the Religious Society of Friends (4
vols., 1859-67) ; R- M. Jones, The Later Periods of
Quakerism (2 vols., 1921); H. W. Wilbur, Life and
Labors of Elias Hicks (1910); Edward Gmbb, Separa-
tions (1914); Elbert Russell, The Separation After a
Century (1928) ; Jour, of the Life and Religious La-
bours of John Comly (1853) ; Miscellaneous Repository
(4 vols., 1827-32),] R.MJ.

HICKS, JOHN (Oct. 18, i823-0ct 8, 1890),
portrait painter, born at Newtown, Bucks Coun-
ty, Pa., was the son of Joseph and Jane (Bond)
Hides and was descended from Robert Hicks
who arrived at Plymouth in November 1622. At
fifteen he was employed by his father's cousin,
Edward Hicks, to learn the trade of coach paint-
ing. While thus engaged he painted a portrait
of his employer which so far gained the approval
of his family that he was permitted to go, the
following year, to Philadelphia, where he studied
at the Pennsylvania Academy. He continued his
studies at the National Academy in New York
and in 1841 he won public notice with his "Death
of Abel." In 1845 he went abroad to study. He

Hicks
visited London, Florence, and Rome, then com-
pleted his training in Paris in the atelier of
Thomas Couture. , On his return to New York
in 1849 he found a ready demand for portraits
and in 1851 he was elected to the National Acad-
emy. The list of his sitters is a long one, in-
cluding Henry Ward Beecher, Fitz-Greene Hal-
leek, William Cullen Bryant, T. Addison Rich-
ards, Bayard Taylor, Oliver Wendell Holmes,
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Harriet Beech-
er Stowe, Daniel Wesley Middleton, General
Meade, Edwin Booth (in the character of lago),
and Abraham Lincoln. A portrait of the artist's
wife is preserved in the Metropolitan Museum,
New York; his portraits of William M. Evarts
and Hon. Gulian C. Verplanck hang in the Cen-
tury Club, New York; that of Hon. Luther Brad-
ish is at the New York Historical Society; and
that of Stephen Foster is in the collection of
Thomas B. Clarke. In addition to his portraits
Hicks painted a number of compositions. These
include "The Harem," "Shelley's Grave," "Ita-
lia," and "Mount Veusius," and a large portrait-
group of American authors. Typical of the por-
trait painting of the nineteenth century, which
has been so largely superseded by photography,
his work derives its main interest from the sub-
jects he painted. He died at Thornwood, Tren-
ton Falls, N. Y.
[H. T. Tucker-man, Book of the Artists (1867) ; C. E,
Clement and Laurence Hutton, Artists of the Nine-
teenth Century (1879) ; G. A. Hicks, "Thos. Hicks,
Artist, a Native of Newtown," Bucks County Hist. Soc.
Colls., IV (1917), 89-92; Evening Post (N. Y.), Oct.
10,1890,] VV.P.
HICKS, JOHN (Apr. 12, i847-Dec. 20,1917),
editor, diplomat, was born at Auburn, N. Y., a
son of John and Maria Hicks. When he was
four years old his parents moved to Detroit,
Mich., and later to Wisconsin where they finally
settled in Waupaca County. The father, a stone
mason and weaver, Unlisted in the 32nd Wiscon-
sin Volunteer Infantry in the third year of the
Civil War and was killed, February 1865, during
a skirmish in South Carolina. The boy, who was
now sixteen, had picked up such schooling as
could be had in the rural neighborhoods where
the family lived and was himself employed as a
district school teacher. A short time spent in
the preparatory department of Lawrence Col-
lege, Appleton, Wis., supplemented by reading
of a rather wide range, constituted the only for-
mal education of which he could avail himself.
After his twentieth year the newspaper office
was his university.
Beginning in 1867 as a reporter for the Osh-
kosh Northwestern, then a weekly paper, owned
by Maj. Charles G. Finney, Jr., a son of the evan-