Hitchcock

the "New Gymnastics" described by Dio Lewis,
started in Boston in 1860. His paramount ob-
jectives were health and the development of all
the bodily powers. The methods he outlined to
gain these ends were, first, instruction in human
anatomy, physiology, and the laws of health;
and second, required physical exercise for four
years for all students. The exercise consisted
for a generation of marching and class calis-
thenics, usually with light wooden dumb-bells.
He early gave the students a share in his plan,
allowing them to elect their own captains, who
conducted the drills previously taught them by
an instructor. The program later permitted
other apparatus and more varied drills, and when
athletics came in, work on teams was accepted
as a substitute for required exercise.

To determine the physical norms of college
students in order to detect and correct abnormal
variations, Hitchcock started examining and
measuring the Amherst undergraduates in 1861.
He devoted many years to anthropometry and
his results, published in An Anthropometric
Manual (1887), are valuable today. In 1885 he
helped organize the American Association for
the Advancement of Physical Education, of
which he was president, 1885-88; and in 1897 he
was a charter member of the Society of College
Gymnasium Directors. He published but one
book, Elementary Anatomy and Physiology, for
Colleges, Academies and Other Schools (1860),
prepared in collaboration with his father, but
his contributions to the literature of physical
education were numerous. Especially notable
is his Report of Twenty Years' Experience in
the Department of Physical Education and Hy-
giene in Amherst College (1881). From 1898
to 1910 he was dean of the faculty of Amherst
College, in 1898 being also chairman of the
committee administering the college in the ab-
sence of President Gates. He was also a trustee
of many institutions.

In middle life Hitchcock was a picturesque
figure, broad-shouldered but spare, with a long
white beard, strong features, and deep-set gray
eyes, piercing but kindly. He spoke energetical-
ly and in homely terms. He was understand-
ing, human, sympathetic, yet eminently practi-
cal, persistent, and endowed with common sense.
His life centered near the Amherst campus; the
interests of the college were his. He was deeply
religious, the father confessor of generations of
students in whose ultimate salvation he thor-
oughly believed. He married on Nov. 30, 1853,
Mary Lewis Judson, daughter of David Judson
of Stratford, Conn. Seven of their ten children
survived him*

Hitchcock
[Edward Hitchcock, Sr., Reminiscences of Amherst
College (1863); Am. Phys. Educ. Rev., Mar. 1911;
M. L. J. Hitchcock, The Geneal of the Hitchcock Fam-
ily (1894) ; W. S. Tyler, A Hist, of Amherst College
(2nd ed., 1895); Obit. Record Grads. Amherst Coll.
for the Academical Year Ending June 28,1911 (1911) ;
F. E. Leonard, Pioneers of Modern Physical Training
(1910), with additions in 2nd ed. (1915); Springfield
Daily Republican f Feb. 16, 1911.] P. C. P.
HITCHCOCK, ENDS (Mar. 7,1744-Feb. 26,
1803), Congregational clergyman, patriot, au-
thor, a great-grandson of Luke Hitchcock who
took the freeman's oath in New Haven in 1644
and a son of Peletiah and Sarah (Parsons)
Hitchcock, was born in Springfield, Mass. He
graduated from Harvard in 1767, engaged in
theological studies soon after, and on May i,
1771, was ordained as colleague of the super-
annuated pastor of the Second Church in Bev-
erly, Mass., a connection which he retained until
Apr. 6, 1780, although from 1776 he was absent
on service as chaplain with the Revolutionary
army for a long period each year. During the
winter of 1780-81 he preached occasionally in
Providence, R. I.; and on Oct. I, 1783, was in-
stalled as pastor of the Benevolent Congrega-
tional Church there, remaining until his death.
His wife, whom he married Jan. 13, 1771, was
Achsah (Upham) Jordan of Truro, Mass.,
daughter of Caleb and Priscilla (Allen) Upham.
She died before him, as did also a daughter
Achsah; an adopted daughter survived him.
Hitchcock's portrait shows a full face, thin
lips, observant eyes, and a look of placid dignity.
He was a practical, useful, agreeable man, not
greatly gifted, but so firm in principle and con-
sistent in practice, and withal so benevolent and
public spirited, that he exerted a strong influ-
ence wherever he was. His diaries reveal a
well-ordered life, a steady sense of duty, and a
sane enjoyment of physical comforts and social
pleasures. He was inoculated against smallpox,
shared the discomforts of the retreat from Ti-
conderoga and the triumph of Burgoyne's sur-
render, witnessed the execution of Andre. At
West Point, in 1779, he dined frequently with
Kosciuszko, preached to the Society of Free Ma-
sons on the Feast of St. John, with Washington
present, and was invited to Washington's head-
quarters to dine and preach. He wrote often to
"Reverend Willard" (Joseph Willard [«.».],
afterward president of Harvard College), and
lodged with Ezra Stiles [g.z>.], president of Yale,
when passing through New Haven.
As a Congregationalist minister, Hitchcock
was distinctly on the way to Unitarianism. He
simplified the catechism (Catechetical Instruc-
tions and Forms of Devotion for Children and
Youth, 1798), published a plain and rational in-