Holbrook issued in 1836 and two more in 1838. Realizing the inconvenient and unscientific nature of such a method of publication, Holbrook changed his plans, and in 1842, five quarto volumes appeared under the same title, with both plates and text arranged in a systematic sequence. The com- pleted work comprised 147 plates. It at once took its place as one of the most valuable works upon reptiles published during the nineteenth century, receiving notable recognition in Eu- rope, where Holbrook was regarded as the lead- ing American zoologist of his day. Turning from his work on reptiles, which he considered fin- ished, he planned a somewhat similar monograph on the fishes of the Southern states, but owing to the death of his artist and the difficulty of get- ting living specimens from which to make the illustrations, he finally decided to confine his work to the fishes of South Carolina. One vol- ume, Ichthyology of South Carolina, containing twenty-seven colored plates, was issued in 1855 and a revised edition of the same volume ap- peared in 1860. The outbreak of the Civil War put an end to Holbrookes scientific activities. All of his publications are rare and many of the vol- umes issued are incomplete. During the war he served as a medical officer in the Confederate army, acting as head of the examining board of surgeons in South Carolina. In 1863 his wife, Harriott Pinckney Rutledge, whom he had married in May 1827, died at Co- lumbia, S. C. Since there were no children, Holbrook was left quite alone. Most of his for- tune was gone and his books and collections were lost or destroyed. Discouraged by his misfor- tunes and recognizing that a new order was com- ing in, he ceased to undertake or to plan for sci- entific work. He renewed his custom of spending his summers in Massachusetts, where he had many relatives and friends, and there, at his sis- ter's house in Norfolk—formerly North Wrent- ham—he died of apoplexy. [Louis Agassiz, "Dr. John E. Holbrook of Charles- ton, S. C," in Proc. Boston Sac. of Natural Hist., 1870- ;i (1872) ; T. L. Ogier, A Memoir of Dr. John Ed- wards Holbrook (published anonymously, Charleston, S. C., 1871) ; Theodore Gill, "Biographical Memoir of John Edwards Holbrook, 1794-1871," in Nat. Acad. Sci. Biog. Memoirs, vol. V (1905); Brown Univ. Ne- crology, in Providence Daily Journal^ June 26, 1872.] H.L.C HOLBROOK, JOSIAH (ij«&-June 17, 1854), educational reformer, descended in the fourth generation from John Holbrook, an emi- grant from Derby, England, was born in -Derby, Conn. He was the son of Col. Daniel Holbrook, a prosperous farmer with a large family of chil- dren, and of Anne (Hitchcock) Holbrook. Grad- uating from Yale College in 1810, he returned to Holbrook Derby and opened a private school. In 1813-17, he rode regularly from Derby to New Haven to attend the lectures of Professor Benjamin Silli- man. In May 1815 he married Lucy Swift, daughter of the Rev. Zephaniah Swift of Derby. Possessing the instincts of the teacher and a cer- tain amount of business enterprise, Holbrook about 1819 opened an industrial school on his fa- ther's farm, in which he attempted to combine manual training and farm work with instruction drawn from books. This short-lived venture was followed (1824-25) by the establishment of an Agricultural Seminary. Although the latter proj- ect was soon abandoned, Holbrook never gave up the underlying idea, reviving it later in con- nection with other educational enterprises. By 1826 he had become an itinerant lecturer on sci- entific subjects and in this connection he launched a new project which he outlined in an article, "Associations of Adults for Mutual Education," in the American Journal of Education for Oc- tober 1826. The scheme, which came to be known as the American Lyceum, had a triple aim: to afford adults the opportunity for mutual im- provement through study and association; to stimulate an interest in the schools and con- tribute to the training of teachers in service; and to disseminate knowledge by the establishment of museums and libraries. In the same year Hol- brook organized at Millbury, Mass., "Millbury Lyceum No. I, Branch of the American Lyceum," the first of many such groups which in the next half century were a typical feature of American community life. Conceiving the idea of supplying the lyceums and schools with mathematical and scientific ap- paratus, Holbrook offered for this purpose cer- tain devices of his own manufacture such as an arithmometer, geometrical apparatus, and an as- tronomical orrery. For a time he maintained a factory in Boston. In 1830 he commenced to publish a series of pamphlets, issued semi-month- ly, under the title Scientific Tracts Designed for Instruction and Entertainment and Adapted to Schools, Lyceums and Families. He turned this work over to others soon after he began in 1832 to edit a weekly newspaper, the Family Lyceum, which ceased publication at the end of a year. As corresponding secretary of the School Agents' Society, formed in 1831, he encouraged the or- ganization of town lyceums throughout New England, in the middle states, and in various parts of the South and West; these were fol- lowed by county and state organizations, and the American Lyceum Association. In 1837, with the financial support of John Baldwin [q.v.~\ and at the invitation of Baldwin 130