Holly

President Madison wore at his first inaugura-
tion. James Theodore learned his father's trade.
In 1844 the family moved North in order to es-
cape disabilities under which negroes labored in
the South, and young Holly secured some school-
ing in New York, and later in Buffalo and De-
troit. From 1851 to 1853 he was associate editor
of the Voice of the Fugitive, published in Wind-
sor, Canada; in 1854 he was a public school prin-
cipal in Buffalo. At Detroit, the following year,
although his parents had been Roman Catholics,
he was ordained deacon in the Episcopal Church.
Prior to this time he had become interested in
the question of emigration for members of his
race. He was among those who called the Na-
tional Emigration Convention of Colored Men
which met in Cleveland, Ohio, Aug. 24 to 26,
1854. There were three parties in the conven-
tion. Martin R. Delaney [qw.'] was at the head
of those who favored removal to the Niger Val-
ley in Africa; James M. Whitfield, of Buffalo, a
writer, at the head of those who preferred Cen-
tral America; and Holly led those who chose
Haiti. Soon after his ordination, in the interest
of the emigration project and also to collect for
the Church information as to the feasibility of
establishing a mission there, Holly went to Haiti.
He entered into negotiations with the minister
of the interior, by whom he was presented to
Emperor Faustin I. Upon his return he gave a
report at the Emigration Convention which met
in 1856, and the next year published A Vindica-
tion of the Capacity of the Negro Race for Self-
government, and Civilised Progress, a lecture
based on the history of Haiti. It is worthy of
note that this lecture was the first publication of
the Afric-American Printing Company, formed
under the auspices of the National Emigration
Convention for the publishing of negro litera-
ture. There were delays in the actual carrying
out of the emigration scheme because of internal
feuds in Haiti; in the meantime Holly was or-
dained priest, Jan. 2,1856, in New Haven, Conn.,
where he served as rector of St. Luke's Church
until 1861. In 1859 James Redpath [q.v.J visited
Haiti and President Geffrard appointed him com-
missioner of emigration in the United States, on
the understanding that he would cooperate with
Holly. Authorized by him, in 1861 Holly and a
shipload of emigrants left Philadelphia for Port-
au-Prince. Altogether about two thousand per-
sons went forth, but not more than a third of the
number remained and many of these died, in-
cluding members of Holly's own family. In 1874
an arrangement was made between the House of
Bishops of the Protestant Episcopal Church in
the United States and the Convocation of that

Hollyer

Church in the Republic of Haiti, whereby the lat-
ter was recognized as a foreign church under the
"nursing care" of the American Church. That
same year, Nov. 8, Holly was consecrated bishop
of Haiti in Grace Church, New York. During
the remainder of his life he worked with singular
zeal to advance the cause of Christianity in his
adopted home. In 1878 he went to England as a
member of the second Lambeth Conference, and,
having been invited to preach in Westminster Ab-
bey on St. James Day, delivered a sermon of great
fervor and eloquence. Only rarely did he visit
the United States in his later years. He died in
Port-au-Prince.

[J. W. Cromwell, The Negro in Am. Hist. (1914) ;
G. F. Bragg, Men of Md. (rev. ed., 1925) and Hist, of
the Afro-American Group of the Episcopal Church
(1922) ; Jour, of Negro Hist., Apr. 1925, Oct 1925;
Who's Who in America, 1910-11; Evening Post (New
York), Mar. 20, 1911; Churchman, Mar. 18, 1911; Liv-
ing Church, Mar. 18, 1911; The Am. Ch. Almanac &
Year Book, 1912.] gg

HOLLYER, SAMUEL (Feb. 24, i82<5-Dec.
29, 1919), engraver, the last of the old school of
American line-engravers, was born in London,
England, the son of Samuel Hollyer, of an old
Warwickshire family. His grandfather, John
Hollyer, who married a relative of Dr. Samuel
Johnson, went to London about the middle of the
eighteenth century and there lost a considerable
fortune in dock-building. The elder Samuel Holl-
yer was a line-engraver and publisher and later
became an expert collector of water colors of the
early English school. The younger Samuel was
apprenticed at fourteen to the Findens, engrav-
ers, for a fee of five hundred pounds, but after
serving five of his seven years he was trans-
ferred to RyalFs studio. He afterward worked
for Ryall and other engravers. The first plates
which bear his signature are dated 1842. In 1850
he married Amy Smith and the following year
they emigrated to New York. Hollyer did well,
executing plates for book publishers, but in 1853
his wife died and he returned to England for a
few months. On returning to England again
in 1860 he found his stipple in great demand and
remained for six years, marrying meanwhile, in
1863, Madeline C. Chevalier. After his perma-
nent settlement in America in 1866, he lived for
many years at Hudson Heights, near Gutten-
berg, N. J., commuting to New York. During
his more than seventy years of active work he
engraved in line and stipple excellent portraits
of most of the literary celebrities of his time, as
well as landscapes, bookplates, and vignettes for
book-illustration. He also made excursions into
mezzotint and etching. His self-portrait, etched
at the age of forty, is a fine piece of work. Ac-

157