Hooker

ciation. In 1870 she presented a bill to the Con-
necticut legislature, making husband and wife
equal in property rights, and continued to agi-
tate this reform until a similar bill, drawn up by
her husband, was passed in 1877. She was one
of the speakers at the Second National Woman
Suffrage Convention, held at Washington in
1870, and organized and directed the Convention
of the succeeding year. She wrote the Declara-
tion and Pledge of Women of the United States,
asserting their rights, which, signed by 80,000
women, was presented to Congress. Partly to
repudiate the charge that suffragists favored
loose sex relations, she published in 1874, Wo-
manhood: Its Sanctities and Fidelities, in which
she treats of domestic relations and the educa-
tion of children. With Susan B. Anthony she
made a lecture tour through Connecticut in 1874.
She assisted in calling the first International
Convention of Women, 1888, and delivered an
address on "Constitutional Rights of Women of
the United States." Gov. Thomas Waller of
Connecticut appointed her to the Board of Lady
Managers of the World's Columbian Exposition,
held at Chicago in 1893, and she prepared the
"Universal Litany," used for Cities Day. She
appeared frequently before legislative commit-
tees and gave series of afternoon talks in Boston,
New York, and Washington. With her husband
she became a convert to Spiritualism, and in 1885
drew up a general confession of her faith (see
The Connecticut Magazine, vol. IX, no. 2). Her
death, occasioned by a cerebral hemorrhage, oc-
curred at Hartford in her eighty-fifth year. She
was the mother of four children.

[An autobiographical sketch appears in The Conn.
Mag.t vol. IX (1905), no. 2. See also John Hooker,
Some Reminiscences of a Long Life (1899); Ida H.
Harper, The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony (2
vols., 1899); E. C. Stanton, S. B. Anthony, and M. J.
Gage, Hist, of Woman Suffrage, vols. II (1882), III
(1887) ; Frances E. Willard and Mary A. Livermore,
Portraits and Biogs* of Prominent Am. Women (1901) ;
Hartford Courant, Jan. 25, 1907.] H.E. S.

HOOKER, JOSEPH (Nov. 13, i8i4-0ct. 31,
1879), soldier, was born at Hadley, Mass., the
son of Joseph Hooker and the latter's second
wife, Mary Seymour. His grandfather, another
Joseph Hooker, had been a captain in the Revo-
lution. In Hooker's endowments, character-
istics, and opportunities lay all the elements of a
successful military career. After attending the
Hopkins Academy at Hadley, he entered the
United States Military Academy at West Point
in 1833, and four years later was graduated num-
ber twenty-nine in a class of fifty. Among his
classmates were Bragg, Sedgwick, Early, and
Pemberton. Tall, robust, bronze-haired, sharp-
eyed, he commanded attention at a time when

Hooker
physical attractiveness lent much prestige, and
his frank, affable manners brought him early
recognition. After service as a subaltern in the
Florida War and the Canadian border disturb-
ances, he was brought back to West Point as
adjutant of the Academy. Successful in this
executive capacity, he held the post of adjutant
of the ist Artillery until the outbreak of the
Mexican War, when he served successively on
the staffs of Generals P. F. Smith, Hamer, But-
ler, and Pillow. He went through part of Tay-
lor's campaign and most of Scott's. In that
period service as a staff officer did not prevent a
man from distinguishing himself in action, and
Hooker was breverted a captain for gallantry at
Monterey, a major at the National Bridge, and
a lieutenant-colonel at Chapultepec. His "cool-
ness and self-possession" in battle forecast the
traits that were to signalize him in the Civil War.
In the lamentable disloyalty of Pillow to Scott at
the end of the war, however, Hooker by giving
testimony in favor of Pillow incurred the enmity
of Scott
With the coming of peace, the army was re-
duced, and hope of advancement and progress
was curtailed for the officer. Hooker, energetic
and ambitious, resigned from the service on Feb.
21, 1853. Until 1858 he was a farmer at So-
noma, Cal., in 1858-59 he was superintendent of
military roads in Oregon, and in 1859-61 a colo-
nel of California militia. In that region was
developed his portentous antipathy to Halleck.
When the Civil War broke out, Hooker, like
Grant and others who had served their country
courageously and with high professional ability
in the Mexican War, proffered his services to the
Union, and, like them, was genuinely snubbed. A
trip to Washington seemed for a time entirely
futile, because of some impediment or, as he felt,
probably General Scott's attitude. On May 17,
1861, however, he was appointed brigadier-gen-
eral of volunteers aiding in the defense of Wash-
ington. In the Peninsular campaign, at Williams-
burg on May 5, 1862, his division bore the brunt
of the battle. At the head of his troops in the face
of torrents of rain and bullets, he inspired his
men and directed the fire of his artillery even
after he had fallen in the mud with his dying
horse. His determination, energy, and bravery
in this battle won for him a major-generalcy of
volunteers and the sobriquet of "Fighting Joe"—
a name he secretly deplored because of its smack
of the buccaneer. His further engagements at
Fair Oaks, Williamsburg Road, Glendale, Mal-
vern Hill, Bristoe Station, and Manassas were
strongly flavored with his daring and profes-
sional skill. In command pf the I Corps in the
196