Horsmanden

dependency of the chemistry department of Har-
vard College, which was started about the same
time by Josiah P. Cooke [q.v."\. The laboratory
of the Lawrence Scientific School was one of the
first in the United States to be organized and
equipped for teaching analytical chemistry sys-
tematically to individual students and exerted a
profound influence on the development of analyti-
cal chemistry in America.

In 1863 Horsford resigned to engage in in-
dustrial chemistry. Up to this time he had pub-
lished over thirty original articles starting in
Liebig's Annalen in 1846 and continuing in Silli-
man's American Journd of Science and Arts, in
the Proceedings of the American Association for
the Advancement of Science, and in the Memoirs
of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Several articles relate to phosphates (particular-
ly the restoration of phosphates lost in milling),
condensed milk, control of fermentation in mild-
ly alcoholic beverages, emergency rations, and
acid phosphates as medicinal agents. He was
deeply interested in the chemistry of foods, an
interest shown by many published articles, by
his pamphlet on The Theory and Art of Bread-
making (1861), and by his development of proc-
esses for manufacturing condensed milk and
baking powder. In later life he became inter-
ested in historical and archeological subjects,
and wrote articles and books on the settlements
by the Northmen in America and on the Indian
language. He was president of the board of visi-
tors of Wellesley College, and gave this institu-
tion money for books, scientific apparatus, and a
pension fund. He attended the Priestley Cen-
tennial at Northumberland, Pa., in 1874, and was
among the earliest members of the American
Chemical Society. He was twice married: first,
in 1847, to Mary L'Hommedieu Gardiner, who
died in 1855, and second, in 1837, to her sister,
Phoebe Dayton Gardiner. Both were educated
and cultivated women, and were specifically help-
ful to Horsford in his scientific work. By the
former he had four daughters, and by the latter,
one. He died in Cambridge, Mass.

[New-England Hist, and Geneal. Reg., Jan. 1895;
Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sciences, n.s., vol. XX
(1893) I ^ Memoriam: Eben Norton Horsford (1893) ;
Quinquennial Cat. . . , Harvard Univ. (1925) ; Boston
Daily Advertisert Jan. &, 1893.] L.C.N.

HORSMANDEN, DANIEL (June 4, 1604-
Sept. 23,1778), last chief justice of the province
of New York, was born in Purleigh, Essex, Eng-
land, the son of the Reverend Daniel Horsman-
den, brother-in-law of William Byrd, 1652-1704
[#.#.], who in 1690 had married Mrs. Susannah
Bowyer. The younger Daniel was admitted to

Horsmanden

the Middle Temple in May 1721 and to the Inner
Temple three years later, and by 1731 he was
settled in New York, where he was sworn at-
torney of the supreme court in March 1731/32.
Having been "bred to the law/' he had strong
backing in England and had brought letters to
leading figures in the province. He promptly
ranged himself with the governmental clique in
New York politics and was soon rewarded by
appointment to the council, Sept. 29,1733, to the
office of recorder of New York City in 1736, and
to that of third judge of the supreme court and
admiralty judge in the same year. In 1734 he
began a service of thirty-eight years as vestry-
man of Trinity Parish. Apparently it was the in-
fluence of Chief Justice James DeLancey which
was his chief reliance in his career as a courtier,
for when DeLancey in 1746 turned the whole
force of his far-reaching power in the province
against Governor Clinton, Horsmanden was a
conspicuous figure in "the faction." In fact he
was the writer of the portentous mass of labored
communications from the Assembly. But as De-
Lancey's was the only commission granted "dur-
ing good behavior," Horsmanden was the easiest
mark for the Governor's displeasure, and in 1747
he was stripped of all his oflices. His enemies
affected to look upon his marriage at this time to
Mary Reade, the widow of Rev. William Vesey,
the first rector of Trinity, as the only thing which
saved him from the horror of the debtors' jail.
His one avowed literary production was A Jour~
nal of the Proceedings in the Detection of the
Conspiracy Formed by Some White People, in
Connection with Negro and other Slaves, relat-
ing to the episode known as the Negro Plot of
1741. This was published in 1744, partly to jus-
tify the measures taken at the time, partly to
rouse the citizens to feel a need for greater care
in the regulation of the negro population, and
partly, no doubt, for personal profit

By 1755 Horsmanden was restored to his seat
in the council. He had in 1753 been reappointed
to the supreme court and in 1763 reached the
chief-justiceship, being obliged, however, to ac-
cept a commission running only "during pleas-
ure." This office he held until his death—several
vears after the infirmities of age had prevented
him from rendering active service on the bench.
In 1765, as chief justice, he took exception to
appeals from the supreme court to the governor
and council on grounds of anything but error in
law. The legal profession in the province was a
unit in support of his position and the issue was
skilfully used for political purposes. Horsman-
den not only promoted popular agitation of the
subject but by an ingenious use of technicalities

237