Hotchkiss

ropean countries. In 1875 he perfected a maga-
zine rifle, which he brought to the United States
in 1876 and exhibited at the Centennial Exhibi-
tion in Philadelphia, Pa. Shortly thereafter he
sold the patent rights to the Winchester Repeat-
ing Arms Company, New Haven, Conn., and
after certain improvements had been made and
patented by this firm, it was adopted first by the
United States army and later by the navy.
Hotchkiss did not live to see his gun become
the standard rifle of England and France. In
1882 he organized the firm of Hotchkiss & Com-
pany, with headquarters in the United States
and branch factories in England, Germany, Aus-
tria, Russia, and Italy. Out of the thousands of
guns made in these factories prior to his death,
only two failed to meet the required standard.
Such was the quality and extent of his work that
he won the reputation of being the most expert
artillery engineer in the world. He was an inde-
fatigable worker and was engaged in making
improvements on his machine gun when his sud-
den death at Paris occurred. He was buried in
Sharon, Conn.; his wife, Maria H. (Bissell)
Hotchkiss, whom he had married May 27, 1850,
survived him.

[J. L. Bishop, A Hist, of Am. Manufactures, vol. II
(1864) ; C. B. Norton, Am. Inventions and Improve-
ments in Breech-Loading Small Arms and Heavy Ord-
nance (1880); E. W. Very, The Hotchkiss Revolving
Cannon (1885); E. S. Farrow, Farrow's Military En-
eye. (1885), vol. II; W. R. Cutter, Geneal. and Family
Hist, of the State of Conn. (4 vols., 1911) ; Journal des
Debats, Paris, Feb. 16, 1885 J National Museum cor-
respondence; Patent Office records.] C.W.M.

HOTCHKISS, HORACE LESLIE (Mar.
27, i842-May 10, 1929), financier, promoter, a
descendant of Samuel Hotchkiss who settled in
New Haven, Conn., about 1641, was born at Au-
burn, N. Y.j the son of Clark Beers and Caroline
(Bennett) Hotchkiss. He received his school-
ing at the Albany Academy, and when he was
fourteen years old he went to New York, where
he became a clerk in the old American Exchange
Bank at 50 Wall St. During the Civil War he
served in the United States navy, participating
in the battle of Mobile Bay. In 1867 he was one
of the organizers of the Gold & Stock Telegraph
Company, serving as its secretary and treasurer
until 1871, and was active in promoting the suc-
cess of the stock quotation ticker, invented in
1867 by E. A. Calahan, a telegraph operator, the
rights to which were acquired by the Gold &
Stock Telegraph Company. He also organized
the American District Telegraph Company in
1871 and assisted in developing the Exchange
Telegraph Company of London, England, in
1873, la this company he continued as a director
until the time of his death.

Hotz

After resigning as treasurer of the Gold &
Stock Telegraph Company, he interested him-
self in financial undertakings, becoming a mem-
ber of the New York Stock Exchange in 1874.
He inaugurated the system of branch offices of
New York Stock Exchange firms, running a
telegraph wire from his firm's office at 30 Broad
St. over the housetops uptown to the Fifth Ave-
nue Hotel at the corner of Fifth Avenue and
Twenty-third Street. Among his many promo-
tions was the Nicaragua Canal Construction
Company, which was organized in 1886 and con-
tinued in existence until 1891, during which pe-
riod about $4,000,000 was expended in an unsuc-
cessful attempt to build a canal. He was also a
director of the Standard Assets Company, the
Cotton Gathering Corporation, the Cotton &
Harvesting Machine Company, and was actively
interested in a number of other business corpora-
tions. He remained active in financial under-
takings. He also took a prominent part in the
Grant Memorial Association, acting for some
time as its treasurer.

An enthusiastic sportsman, he was particular-
ly interested in promoting golf in the United
States. He organized both the Senior Golf Tour-
nament and the United States Senior Golf Asso-
ciation, of which he was the honorary president
He was a former vice president of the Union
League Club and a life member of the New York
Yacht Club. In politics he was a Republican and
in religion, a Christian Scientist.

He was twice married: on June 26, 1867, to
Clara Taylor of Stamford, Conn., who died in
1921; and on Oct 28,1922, at the age of eighty,
to Lucy May Johnson, a former teacher at Fort
Worth, Tex. His death occurred at San An-
tonio, Tex, when he was in his eighty-eighth
year.

IWho's Who in America, 1928-29; N. Y. Times, and
N. Y. Herald-Tribune, May n, 1929; Joseph Ander-
son, The Town and City of Waterbury, Conn. (1896),
II, 204.; H. L. Hotchkiss, "The Stock Ticker," in E. C.
Ste&nan, The N. Y. Stock Exchange, vol. I (1905).]

A. M.S.

HOTZ, FERDINAND CARL (July 12,1843-
Mar, 21, 1909), ophthalmologist, was born at
Wertheim, Baden, Germany, the son of Gott-
fried and Rosa Hotz. At the age of nine he en-
tered the Lyceum of Wertheim and was gradu-
ated in his eighteenth year, having received the
first prize for scholarship each year during his
course. In October 1861 he entered the Univer-
sity of Jena and two years later he entered the
University of Heidelberg (MJD., 1865) where
he was soon appointed first assistant He worked
under Hdmholz in physiology, Knapp in oph-
thalmology, and Friedrich in surgery, under

247