Howe

Four of her six children survived her—Florence
Marion Howe Hall [g.t/.], Henry Marion Howe
[q.v.], Maud, the wife of John Elliott [q.v.~], and
Laura Elizabeth, the wife of Henry Richards.
The youngest, Samuel, born in 1859, had died in
early childhood; the eldest, Julia, wife of Michael
Anagnos [g.v.], in 1886.

[L. E. Richards and M. H. Elliott, Julia Ward Howe
(2 vols., 1015) ; L. E. Richards, Two Noble Lives
(copr. 1911) ; M. H. Elliott, The Eleventh Hour in the
Life of Julia Ward Howe (1911) ; Heroines of Modern
Progress (1913); Women Who Have Ennobled Life
(1915); Memorial Exercises in Honor of Julia Ward
Howe, Held in Symphony Hall, Boston, on Sunday
Evening, fan. 8t 1911 (1911) ; Bliss Perry, commemora-
tive tribute in Proc. Am. Acad. of Arts and Letters, and
of the Nat. Inst. of Arts and Letters, vol. I (1913).]

M.S.G.

HOWE, LUCIEN (Sept. 18, i848-Dec. 27,
1928), ophthalmologist, founder of the Buffalo
Eye and Ear Infirmary, author of the Howe Law
in the state of New York, and donor-in-chief of
the Howe laboratory for ophthalmic research at
Harvard University, was born at Standish, Me.,
the second son of Col. Marshall Spring Howe,
U. S. A., and of Anne (Cleland) Howe. He
sprang from a stalwart ancestry. His mother
was descended from Dr. Andrew Turnbull, one
of the first English settlers in Florida following
the termination of Spanish rule and the builder
of the town of New Smyrna on the east coast of
Florida. Through his father he was descended
from John Howe who was an early settler at
Sudbury, Mass. Albion Parris Howe [q.v.~\ was
his uncle. Lucien spent his boyhood on the fron-
tier in New Mexico, where his father was gar-
risoned. Later he was placed under the tutelage
of a Unitarian minister at Topsham, Me. After
graduating from Bowdoin College in 1870, and
after studying medicine at Harvard and at the
Bellevue Hospital in New York, he went to the
medical centers of Europe for further study. His
first contact was at Edinburgh with Lister, who
was then establishing the antiseptic era in surg-
ery. Completing his studies with Helmholtz and
other masters in the clinics at Heidelberg, Ber-
lin, and Vienna, he decided to specialize in the
practice of ophthalmology, and in 1876 he found-
ed the Buffalo Eye and Ear Infirmary, an insti-
tution in which he was the dominant personality
for fifty years. In 1879, at the age of thirty-one,
he was made professor of ophthalmology at the
University of Buffalo, and in 1885 he was ap-
pointed ophthalmic surgeon at the Buffalo Gen-
eral Hospital. In 1893 he married Elizabeth M.
Howe of Cambridge, Mass.

In 1890, after working for ten years toward
the reduction of widespread blindness in babies,
Howe was instrumental in securing the enact-
ment pf the Howe bill by the legislature of New

Howe

York state. Under this law, for the first time in
America, every attendant at childbirth was re-
quired under heavy penalty to apply prophylactic
drops to the eyes of newborn children. Other
states followed this example, and the blindness
from ophthalmia neonatorum in the United States
dwindled to a fraction of its former magnitude.
In 1896, by invitation, Howe delivered a resume
of this work to the Societe Franchise d'Ophthal-
mologie at Paris. Although the organization be-
stowed upon Howe an honorary presidency, a
courtesy never before extended to an American,
it nevertheless objected to legalizing such meas-
ures in France on the ground that they were an
invasion of personal liberty. Howe's final medi-
cal achievement was the foundation in 1926 of a
research laboratory at Harvard University for
investigation of diseases of the eyes. He con-
tributed $250,000 toward its endowment, while
the General Education Board and the Harvard
Corporation added sufficient money to make the
total fund $500,000. In recognition of his interest
in hereditary blindness, which was the subject of
the first publication from the laboratory, Howe
was made president of the Eugenics Research
Association in 1928, His published studies in-
clude a two-volume work, The Muscles of the
Eye (1907-08), Universal Military Education
and Service (1916), and more than one hundred
and thirty scientific papers.

[Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc.t vol. XXVII (1929);
Archives of OphthalmoL, n.s. I, no. 2 (1929); Klinische
Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde, LXXXII (1929) ;
Elizabeth M. H. Howe, Frontiersmen (1931); D, W.
Howe, Howe Geneals. . .. John Howe of Sudbury and
Marlborough, Mass. (1929); the Bowdoin AtumnHs,
Jan. 1929; Boston Transcript, Dec. 28, 1928, N. Y+
Times, Dec. 29, 1928.] J,H.W.

HOWE, MARK ANTHONY DeWOLFE

(Apr. 5, i8o8-July 31,1895), bishop of the Prot-
estant Episcopal Church, was born in Bristol,
R. L, the only child of John and Louisa (Smith)
Howe, the latter a sister of Bishop Benjamin
Bosworth Smith [q&."\ of Kentucky. He was a
descendant of James Howe who emigrated from
England and was admitted freeman of Roxbury,
Mass., in 1637, later moving to Ipswich. John
Howe's father, Capt Perley Howe, had mar-
ried Abigail DeWolf, a sister of James DeWolf
[q.v.l, whose father, Mark Anthony D'Wolf,
had come to Bristol from Guadeloupe, whither
his father, Charles, born in Lytne, Conn., had
emigrated. The D'Wolfs were descendants of
Balthasar, who settled in Connecticut rery early.
Mark Howe studied at the local academy, at
Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., and at pri-
vate schools. At the age of sixteen he entered
Middlebury College, VenpQBt After two years

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