Rowland

acteristic of him that he was one of the few Aca-
demicians who were not hostile to the early exhi-
bitions of the Impressionists, Late in life How-
land established a winter home in Pasadena, Cal.,
where he died. Summers he had spent in Ver-
mont and New Hampshire, and in Williarnstown,
N. Y. He had married, on Jan. 26, 1871, Clara
Ward, by whom he had two children.

[Chas. De Kay, Illustrated Cat. of Oil Paintings "by
the Late Alfred Cornelius Howland, N. A. (1910),
with biographical sketch; Franklyn Rowland, A Brief
GeneaL and Biog. Hist, of Arthur, Henry, and John
Howland and Their Descendants (1885) ; C. E. Clement
and Laurence Hutton, Artists of the Nineteenth Cen-
tury and Their Works (ed. 1885) ; -^w. Art News, Mar.
27, 1909; Geo. Aldrich, Walpole as It Was and as It Is
(1880)-] K.H.A.

HOWLAND, EMILY (Nov. 20, i82;-June
29,1929), educator, reformer, was born at Sher-
wood, N. Y., the only daughter of Slocum and
Hannah (Tallcot) Howland. Her grandparents
had been prominent among the Quaker pioneers
who settled the eastern shore of Lake Cayuga
some thirty years earlier. Her father was a man
of many interests, owning several farms and en-
gaging in the wool and grain trade on the lake.
The community observed strict Quaker disci-
pline and discussed in meeting the evils of war,
intemperance, and slavery. Women took free
part in the discussions and some would buy no
goods produced by slave labor. Emily Howland
was sent to good local schools and then to Miss
Crew's school for girls in Philadelphia. At six-
teen she was at home again, still studying and
reading whatever came her way. Her father
took the National Anti-Slavery Standard and she
agonized over slavery. Finally, in 1857, she went
to Washington to teach in Miss Miner's normal
school for colored girls. During the Civil War
she helped organize the Freedman's Village at
Camp Todd for refugee slaves, nursing through
a smallpox epidemic and teaching school day
and night After the war, her father bought for
her a tract of land in Northumberland County,
Va. Thither she transported destitute families
and there she boldly opened a colored school,
visiting later neighboring districts and starting
other schools. Her own school she supported for
fifty years until the state of Virginia took it over.
Her interest spread rapidly to colored schools
throughout the South and to other educational
institutions. Many of these she visited and to
all she became a generous and understanding
friend. In 1871 she helped found the Sherwood
Select School (later the Emily Howland School)
in her native village and in 1882 she assumed
financial responsibility for it, erecting a new
building and taking its teachers into her own
household, an arrangement which she maintained

Howland

until 1927, when she relinquished the school to
the state. In that year, the University of the
State of New York conferred on her the degree
of LittD. for service to education. She had then
been patron, teacher, or director in thirty schools.
She had ardor to spare for other causes and a
gift for terse and forcible speech. For years she
was president of the county Woman's Suffrage
Association and coworker with Susan B. An-
thony and Anna H. Shaw in the general suffrage
movement. She took part in temperance agita-
tion and other enterprises for social betterment
and in her last years she was a tireless champion
of international peace. From 1891 until her
death she was a director of the Aurora National"
Bank. Genial and humorous, she loved travel,
flowers, and gaieties, and deplored the asceticism
of her Quaker youth, choosing to attend a Uni-
tarian church whenever it was possible. Yet the
causes to which she gave her life were those of
which she had first heard as a child at home and
in the Friends' meeting-house near Sherwood.

[Emily Rowland's letters and diaries are preserved
by her niece, Miss Isabel Howland of Sherwood, N. Y.,
to whom the writer is indebted for most of the material
in this article. For printed sources see Who's Who in
America, 1928-29; Genevieve Parkhurst, article in the
Pictorial Review, Sept. 1928, inaccurate in some details;
Emily Howland, "Early Hist, of Friends in Cayuga
County, N. Y.," in Cayuga County Hist. Soc. Colls., II
(1882), 49-90; Franklyn Howland, A Brief GeneaL
and Biog. Hist, of Arthur, Henry, and John Howland.
and Their Descendants (1885); F. E. Willard and M.
A. Livermore, A Woman of the Century (1893) J N- Y-
Times, June 30, 1929; and Auburn Advertiser-Journal,
July i, 3, 1929.] L.R.L.

HOWLAND, GARDINER GREENE (Sept.
4, 1787-Nov. 9, 1851), merchant, and his broth-
er, Samuel Shaw (Aug. 15, I79o-Feb. 9, 1853),
were prominent among the descendants of John
Howland of the Mayflower. They were born in
Norwich, Conn., the sons of Joseph and Lydia
Bill Howland. The father, a prominent ship-
owner and merchant, moved to New York with
his family shortly after 1800. Gardiner received
his early commercial training in his father's busi-
ness and with LeRoy, Bayard & McEvers (later
LeRoy, Bayard & Company). His marriage to
Louisa, daughter of William Edgar, on Dec. 16,
1812, brought him capital and credit for an inde-
pendent start. In 1816 he and his younger broth-
er formed the house of G. G. & S. Howland.
Beginning with a schooner in the Matanzas
trade, the firm made rapid progress. In 1825 the
Howlands agreed to build the frigate Liberator
for the revolutionary Greeks for about $250,000,
while LeRoy, Bayard & Company were to build
the Hope, for a similar sum. The frigates cost
nearly double the original amount estimated;
only one r^ched the Greeks, an4 the whole af-

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