Rowland

fair aroused popular indignation as "a bare-
faced grab game" on the part of the two houses.
The following year saw the failure of the sons
of William Bayard \_q.v.], and the Rowlands re-
placed LeRoy, Bayard & Company in the pri-
macy of New York commercial circles. While
trading with all parts of the world, they special-
ized in the commerce with Latin America. In
almost every port from Vera Cruz and Havana
around to Valparaiso and Mazatlan there were
agents in their service and ships bearing their
flag. They ran two lines of packets to Venezuela,
where they had a special hold on the trade
through an understanding with President Paez,
and their mixed cargoes to the Pacific ports were
sometimes worth a quarter of a million. In 1834
the elder Rowlands retired from active direction
of the firm, retaining only a special interest. The
control descended to Gardiner's son, William
Edgar Rowland, and to their nephew, William
H. Aspinwall [q.v.]. The senior Rowland be-
came interested in railroads, at first in the New
York & Harlem, and more particularly in the
Hudson River Railroad. He was one of the prin-
cipal promoters of the latter road and was one of
the thirteen original directors in 1847 (Hunt's
Merchant's Magazine, March 1850, p. 281). His
fortune, estimated at a half million in 1843
(Moses Y. Beach, Wealth and Biography of the
Wealthy Citizens of New York City, 1845), was
reckoned at twice that amount at the time of his
death, while Samuel was also rated as a mil-
lionaire. In politics he was a Whig. After the
death of his first wife in 1826, he married three
years later Louisa Meredith, the reigning belle
of Baltimore. Much of his time was spent at his
"noble farm" at Flushing. He died suddenly of
heart disease at his home on Washington Square
upon hearing of the death of a friend Scoville
says that he realized his sole ambition, to be a
"Prince upon 'Change," but Scoville and the
obituary writers dwelt more upon his business
success than upon any charitable qualities he
may have possessed.

[The most complete account oŁ Rowland is in Jos.
A. Scoville, The Old Merchants of N. Y. City (4
vols., 1863-66), I, 302-13, and passim, a work which
contains frequent inaccuracies. A short sketch, with
genealogical details, is in Franklyn Howland, A Brief
Geneal. and Biog. Hist, of Arthur, Henry, and John
Howland, and their Descendants (1885), pp. 356, 3&>-
Both sides of the Greek frigate episode will be found in
Scoville, op. cit.f II, 174-82, and in William Bayard,
Jr., Exposition of the Conduct of the Two Houses of
G. G. & S. Howland and LeRoy, Bayard 6* Company
(1826). There are frequent references, chiefly gastro-
nomical, to Howland in The Diary of Philip Hone (2
vols., 1889), ed. by Bayard Tuckerman. The New York
Evening Post and four, of Commerce for Nov. 10, 1851,
contain short obituaries.] R. G. A.

Rowland

ROWLAND, JOHN (Feb. 3, i873-June 20,
1926), pediatrician, was born in New York City,
the son of Judge Henry E. Howland, a descend-
ant of John Howland of the Mayflower com-
pany, and Sarah Louise Miller, of a well-known
New York family. He spent his boyhood in New
York City; studied at the Cutler School and at
King's School, Stamford, Conn., and was finally
prepared for Yale at Phillips Exeter Academy,
graduating in 1890 and entering Yale in the class
of 1894. At college he did not distinguish him-
self as a student but did distinguish himself in
athletics and in the social life of the institution.
Choosing a medical career, he entered the New
York University Medical School, which still
adhered to the three-year curriculum, and was
awarded on his graduation in 1897 an internship
at the Presbyterian Hospital, New York City,
which he won in competitive examination. On
the expiration of his appointment in 1899 he be-
came intern for a year at the New York Found-
ling Hospital and there came into contact with
the most progressive and stimulating personality
of the time in pediatrics in America, Luther Em-
mett Holt [#.#.]. Completing his service at the
Foundling Hospital, Howland left for a year's
study in Berlin, but soon abandoned Berlin for
Vienna, where he took the regular courses in
pathology and clinical medicine offered to Amer-
icans. On his return to the United States in 1901,
he became Holt's assistant and thus definitely
embarked on a pediatric career. He rose rapidly
to a position of prominence as a practitioner and
consultant and became a member of the visiting
staff of the Babies Hospital, St. Vincent's Hos-
pital, Willard Parker Hospital, as well as path-
ologist and assistant attending physician to the
New York Foundling Hospital and instructor
and associate in pediatrics at the College of Phy-
sicians and Surgeons. In 1903 he married Susan
Morris Sanford of New Haven, Conn.

In 1908 Howland was appointed head of the
children's clinic at Bellevue Hospital, the most
important post of the kind at the time in New
York City. A lucrative practice and a great repu-
tation as a consultant seemed assured Such a
career, however, was not his ambition. In 1910
he accepted a call to the professorship of pedi-
atrics in the reorganized medical school of Wash-
ington University, St. Louis, and in preparation
left for Europe for a year's study under one of
the most distinguished pediatricians of the time,
Czerny, in Strassburg. This year furnished him
with the foundation of his ideas in infant feeding
and in the nutritional disorders of infancy and
the conception of what a modem pediatric clinic
should be. Returning to America in 1911 he as-

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