Rowland

sumed his duties in St. Louis, but remained only
one year. In 1912 he accepted a call to succeed
Von Pirquet as professor of pediatrics at the
Johns Hopkins Medical School and held that
post until the time of his death.

Rowland's scientific career began with the
publication in 1904 of a study of the lesions of
dysentery. At first his interests seem to have
been mainly clinical and pathological but soon
turned with the current of the time to the chemi-
cal aspects of disease. Among his most note-
worthy contributions were those on the effects of
chloroform poisoning on the liver, the measure-
ment of the chemical and energy metabolism of
sleeping children, the acidosis accompanying "in-
testinal intoxication" and numerous studies on
infantile tetany and rickets. His investigations
in regard to diarrheal acidosis, tetany, and rick-
ets represent his most important scientific work.
Czerny had advanced the hypothesis that there
was an acidosis associated with "intestinal in-
toxication." Howland and Marriott, putting
practical use to the conceptions of Lawrence
Henderson, proved the existence of an acidosis
in intestinal intoxication and showed that it was
not an acetone body acidosis. In infantile tetany
Howland and Marriott showed that the calcium
of the blood was diminished, obtaining results
identical with those which William G. Mac-
Callum and Carl Voegtlin had previously shown
were characteristic of tetany in the parathyro-
idectomized animal, and made the treatment with
calcium chloride an accepted procedure. How-
land's great contribution to rickets, in which
Kramer also participated, was the discovery that
the disease was characterized by a diminution of
the inorganic phosphorus of the blood. The dis-
covery by others that rickets could be produced
in rats through varying the calcium and phos-
phorus in the diet led Howland and Kramer to
advance the principle that the deposition of lime
salts in the body is dependent upon a solubility
product relationship between the calcium and
phosphorus in the circulating fluids. With Ed-
wards A. Park, Howland gave dramatic proof of
the effectiveness of cod-liver oil in rickets. The
last papers of Howland represent a study of
the principles governing lime salt deposition in
bones.

To Rowland's own mind the development of
his clinic at Johns Hopkins was his greatest ac-
complishment The children's hospital at the
university, the Harriet Lane Home, had just
been completed when he took the professorship
of pediatrics and for some time the number of
patients in the wards did not exceed twenty. In
the fourteen years of his leadership he saw his

Howley
clinic grow to be the foremost in the country and
the first pediatric clinic, in the full sense of the
term, which the country possessed.
[This biography is based largely upon the sketch -of
Howland in Science, July 23, 1926, by the same author.
See also Medicine, Aug. 1926; Jour. Am. Medic. Asso.f
June 26, 1926; Quarter-Century Record, Class of 1894,
Yale Coll. (1922) ; Franklyn Howland, A Brief Gened.
and Biog. Hist, of Arthur, Henry f and John Howland.
and Their Descendants (1885); Who's Who in Amer-
ica, 1926-27; the Sun (Baltimore), June 21, 1926.]
E.A.P.
HOWLEY, RICHARD (1740-1784), Revo-
lutionary patriot, is said to have been born in
Liberty County, Ga., and to have studied law and
practised in St. John's Parish. In 1779 he be-
came a member of the Georgia legislature, es-
tablished under the provisions of the constitution
of 1777, and in January 1780 he was elected gov-
ernor by the same body, which also selected four
men to serve as an executive council. On Feb.
5, 1780, the executive council met at Heard's
Fort, requested Howley to take his seat in the
Continental Congress, to which he had been late-
ly elected, and vested George Wells, president of
the council, and certain associate members, with
the executive functions. He set out for Phila-
delphia, accompanied by most of the civil and
military officers of the republican government.
Georgia was thereby left with only the semblance
of a government and with "scarcely a regiment
of soldiers to defend its territory." Howley took
the archives of the state to New Bern, N. C.
They were subsequently removed to Baltimore
and remained there until the close of the Revo-
lution.
As a member of the Continental Congress
Howley performed a service of some importance
by issuing, along with George Walton and Wil-
liam Few (these three being Georgia's repre-
sentatives in that body), a pamphlet under the,
title Observations upon the Effects of Certain
Late Political Suggestions by the Delegates of
Georgia (Philadelphia, 1781). The occasion of
this brochure was the current discussion of pos-
sible bases of peace with Great Britain. It was
being bruited about that since Great Britain had
conquered Georgia and South Carolina, she
might fairly insist upon retaining them, while
recognizing the freedom of the other revolting
colonies. The Observations protested against
this suggestion. In a letter of Jan. 2, 1781, to
Henry Laurens, American minister to France,
Howley said that the sacrifice of Georgia and
South Carolina, in addition to Florida, would
result in Great Britain's retaining in her north-
ern and southern possessions in America "the
greatest part of the wealth and commerce in that
continent from which wisdom and policy direct