Howze

of honor for gallantry in repulsing a hostile In-
dian attack on White River, S. Dak., Jan. i, 1891.
In the year 1894 he was in Chicago with his regi-
ment in connection with railroad labor strikes,
and at the outbreak of the Spanish War in 1898,
he accompanied the 6th Cavalry to Cuba and
took part in the battle of Santiago, where gallant
conduct won for him a silver star citation in
orders. In the following year he was appointed
lieutenant-colonel, 34th Volunteer Infantry, and
again was awarded a silver star citation for gal-
lantry in action against the Philippine insurgent
General Tinio, in Northern Luzon. His ener-
getic pursuit of the enemy through dangerous
and difficult country led to the liberation of a
large number of Spanish and American prisoners,
among the latter being Lieutenant-Commander
Gilmore of the United States navy. In recog-
nition of this exploit, Howze was appointed a
brigadier-general of volunteers.

During the years from 1901 to 1904 Howze
served as major in the Porto Rican regiment;
was commandant of cadets at the United States
Military Academy, 1905-09; commanded the
Porto Rican regiment until 1912; and partici-
pated with marked credit in the Pershing expe-
dition into Mexico in the year 1916. With the
entry of the United States into the World War,
he was appointed a brigadier-general, national
army, and assigned to command the cavalry bri-
gade and division at Fort Bliss, Tex., charged
with protection of the Mexican border. Some
months later, as a major-general, he led the 38th
Division overseas, participating in the Meuse-
Argonne offensive, Oct. 21-29, 1918. After the
Armistice, he commanded the 3rd Division on
its march to the Rhine and as part of the Army
of Occupation in Germany, until he brought the
division home in August 1919. He was then as-
signed to command the military district of El
Paso. On July 3, 1920, he was appointed a per-
manent brigadier-general, and organized and
trained the ist Cavalry Division to a state of
high efficiency. Promoted major-general, Dec.
30,1922, he remained on duty in the El Paso dis-
trict until 1925, during a period of considerable
unrest which required unusual tact and discrimi-
nating judgment. He was then transferred to
command the V Corps Area at Columbus, Ohio,
where he passed away as the result of a surgical
operation in his sixty-second year. Howze was
married, Feb. 24, 1897, to Anne Chiffelle Haw-
kins, the daughter of Gen. Hamilton S. Haw-
kins, a distinguished officer of both the Civil and
Spanish-American wars. Besides the war dec-
orations already noted, he was awarded by the
United States the distinguished service medal for

Hoxie

meritorious and distinguished services in com-
mand of the 3rd Division, and by the Republic of
France he was awarded the croix de guerre and
was made a member of the Legion of Honor.

lArmy Register, 1926, 1927; G. W. Cullum. Bioa
Reg. . . . U. S. Mil. Acad.} vol. IV (1901); F. B
Heitman, tiist. Reg. and Diet, of the U. S. Army, vol. I
(1902); J. T. Dickman, memorial sketch in Ann. Re-
port Asso. Grads. U. S. Mil. Acad., 1927; Who's Who
in America, 1926-27; Ohio State Jour. (Columbus),
Sept. 20, 1926; information as to certain facts from
Mrs. R. L. Howze, Belmont, Mass.] C D R.

HOXIE, ROBERT FRANKLIN (Apr. 29,
i868-June 22, 1916), economist, was born at
Edmeston, N. Y., the son of Lucy Peet (Stick-
ney) and Solomon Hoxie, stock-breeder and im-
porter of Holstein cattle. He studied at Cornell
University and at the University of Chicago
(Ph.B., 1893; Ph.D., 1905) ; married Lucy Ben-
nett (1898); learned "how not to teach eco-
nomics" at Cornell College, Iowa (1896-98),
Washington University, St. Louis (1898-1901),
Washington and Lee (1901-02), and Cornell
University (1903-06). He spent a decade as a
graduate teacher at Chicago (1906-16). In 1914-
15 he was a special investigator for the United
States Commission on Industrial Relations. His
health was never good; he suffered from fits of
depression, and died by his own hand.

Hoxie was an inquirer. He could not satisfy
a demand for honest truth by accepting author-
ity ; he had to test what the books say by reference
to the facts. Yet he was no devotee of mere de-
scription; he dealt with facts in their relation to
problems, and demanded both facts and consistent
theory. He was painstaking in analyzing his
problem, diligent in gathering data, and pain-
fully conscientious in determining what it all
meant. In his mind there was endless conflict
between the cautious student and the bold ad-
venturer. As a student he wanted to inquire into
all that related to his subject "from the esoteric
cogitations of the social philosopher down to the
mud sills of human experience" ("Sociology and
the Other Social Sciences/' American Journal
of Sociology, May 1907, p. 746). As an adven-
turer, a cogitation or a sill would tempt him to
go exploring.

His development is marked by conscientious
tarrying and restless wandering. He began by
teaching and even accepting a mechanistic sys-
tem of economic laws; but he failed to discover
such a system in industrial America. Instead he
chanced upon change and sought help in history,
but found the books a hopeless tangle of rel-
evancy and irrelevancy and the historians dis-
posed to indiscriminate indulgence in mere his-
torical narrative. He was among the first to
suggest making history a method of analysis, or

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