Hubbard

mally for his own contemporary public. His Phi-
listine was the longest-lived and most substantial
of the large number of little periodicals of lit-
erary revolt which sprang into existence in the
nineties.

Divorced by his wife in 1903, he was married
the following year to Alice Moore, a writer. In
May 1915 he went down with the torpedoed liner
Liisitania.

[Except for one article in Current Opinion, Apr.
1923, there is almost nothing of moment on Hubbard
in the periodicals. Albert Lane, Elbert Hubbard and
His Work (1901) is particularly useful for its complete
bibliographies through 1900 of Hubbard's published
writings in books and magazines, including the Philis-
tine articles, and of the publications of the Roycroft
Press; Felix Shay, Elbert Hubbard of East Aurora
(1926) is impressionistic and anecdotal; Mary Hubbard
Heath, The Elbert Hubbard I Knew (1929) is an inti-
mate biography by his sister. The family genealogy,
inaccurate in some details, is included in E. W. Day,
One Thousand Years of Hubbard History (1895). Cer-
tain bits of information appear in successive issues of
Who's Who in Americat 1901-15, and in the obituary
in the N. Y. Times, May 8, 1915. Information as to
certain facts has been supplied by Mary Hubbard Heath
and by Hubbard's successors in East Aurora.]

P.H.B—n.

HUBBARD, FRANK McKINNEY (Sept. i,
iS6S-Dec. 26, 1930), "Kin" Hubbard, humorist
and caricaturist, creator of the character of Abe
Martin, was born in Bellefontaine, Ohio. He was
the son of Thomas and Sarah Jane (Miller)
Hubbard, and the grandson of Capt. John B.
Miller, who for years toured the Middle West
with a wagon theatrical stock company. Thomas
Hubbard published the Bellefontaine Examiner,
a newspaper which had been in the Hubbard
family since before the Civil War. Frank Mc-
Kinney Hubbard was known as "Kin" through-
out his life. He was educated in the public
schools of Bellefontaine and learned the printing
trade in his father's office. As a youth he
achieved more than local renown as a producer
of blackface minstrel shows. His interest in the
theatre and circus never waned. As a sketch art-
ist he was entirely self-taught. In 1891 he left
Bellefontaine to work on the Indianapolis News
as a police reporter and artist. He said in later
years that when he received his first order to
make a line cut from a photograph, he knew
nothing about the process but invented his own
methods of transferring a picture to chalk plate.
As a writer and sketch artist he won praise for
his reporting of fires and police cases.

After several years with the News, he returned
to Bellefontaine to work in the post-office under
his father, who was appointed postmaster. Later
he was employed successively by the Cincin-
nati Commercial Tribune and by the Mansfield
(Ohio) News. In 1901 he returned to the In-
dianapdis News to remain until his death. While

Hubbard

touring Indiana on a campaign train in 1904, he
made several sketches of rustic characters, and
on Nov. 16, 1904, one of these was printed in
the News, with a quip of two sentences written
by the artist. The feature appealed to the editor,
who urged Hubbard to prepare a series. The
first of these appeared Dec. 31, 1904. Hubbard
named the character Abe Martin. Because he
signed his drawings "Hub./' the drawings and
sayings, which were soon syndicated, became
identified with the name Abe Martin. His col-
lections in book form appeared at frequent in-
tervals beginning with the publication, in 1906,
of Abe Martin, Brown County, Indiana, and end-
ing with Abe Martin's Town Pump (1929). He
also produced a weekly essay, "Short Furrows,"
which was syndicated. His powers of observa-
tion were such that he made his drawings in his
office, from memory, without the aid of sketches
or notes. He had a natural sense of contrast.
His humor was marked by indirect allusions
thinly screened by dialect and crude drawing.
"ThJ blamdest sensation," said Abe on one occa-
sion, "is havin' a doorknob come off in your
hand." Will Rogers, perhaps the most active of
his contemporaries, said of him: "No man in our
generation was within a mile of him.... I have
said it from the stage and in print for twenty
years" (Indianapolis News, Dec. 27, 1930).
Hubbard was married on Oct. 12, 1905, to Jo-
sephine Jackson of Indianapolis who with two
children, Thomas and Virginia, survived him.
In 1924 he toured around the world. His favor-
ite recreation was gardening. He steadfastly de-
clined lecture, radio, and theatre offers, explain-
ing that he preferred to remain at home with
his family and garden.

[Who's Who in America, 1928-2^; George Ade, ar-
ticle in the Am. Mag., May 1910 ; Fred C. Kelly, article
in Ibid., Apr. 1924; autobiographical sketch and obit-
uaries in the Indianapolis News, Dec. 26, 1930; edi-
torial tributes in leading American newspapers, Dec.
26, 27, 28, 1930; the World (N. Y.), Dec. 12, 1926;
"Abe Martin on the Crime Wave," Liberty, Nov. 14,
1925; Abe Martin's Wisecracks (London, 1930), se-
lected by E. V. Lucas.] 3. N.

HUBBARD, GARDINER GREENE (Aug.
25, i822-Dec. n, 1897), first organizer of the
telephone industry, promoter of education of the
deaf, founder of the National Geographic Soci-
ety, was born in Boston, Mass. The son of Sam-
uel Hubbard, a justice of the Massachusetts su-
preme court, and of Mary Anne, daughter of
Gardiner Greene of Boston, he was descended
from William Hubbard of Ipswich, Suffolk, who
emigrated to New England in 1635 and settled
at Ipswich, Mass. Gardiner Greene Hubbard
was educated in the schools of Boston and at
Dartmouth College, where he giaduated in 1841.

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