Hubbard

great collection of Colcoptcra. In company with
Schwarz, he made several expeditions, notably
one to the Lake Superior region, the results of
which were published in a distinguished paper
(Proceedings of the American Philosophical So-
ciety, 1877-78). In 1879 he accepted for a short
time the position of naturalist to the Geological
Survey of Kentucky. During this year two of
his brothers were drowned in Lake St. Clair, one
of whom had owned an estate at Crescent City,
Fla. Hubbard went to Florida to look after this
property and lived there for many years, build-
ing up a semi-tropical garden which became fa-
mous. During 1880 he was made an agent of the
United States Entomological Commission and
later of the United States Department of Agri-
culture, and under these organizations conducted
valuable investigations of the insects injurious
to cotton. In 1881, he began an investigation of
the insects affecting the orange, in the course of
which he developed a practical kerosene-soap
emulsion later known as the "Riley-Hubbard
emulsion." His work on orange insects was car-
ried to a successful conclusion, and his report
on this subject, Insects Affecting the Orange
(1885), published as a special volume of the De-
partment of Agriculture, is founded wholly upon
original observation. This work remained stand-
ard for many years and is one of the most careful
studies ever published of the insects of a given
crop. After its publication he devoted almost all
of his time for several years to advanced horti-
culture. In 1894, he again became connected
with the Department of Agriculture as a special
agent and commenced a revised edition of his
work upon orange insects. His health soon be-
gan to fail, however, and he died of tuberculosis
in 1899. He was married in 1887 to Kate Lasier
of Detroit, by whom he had four children.

Hubbard's fame as an economic entomologist
depends largely upon his work on orange in-
sects and upon his kerosene-soap emulsion for-
mula. As a keen observer of insect life and as
an ingenious and philosophical worker he earned
a unique rank among the biologists of the
United States. His investigations of the fauna
of the Mammoth Cave, his study of the Am-
brosia beetles, his work on the insect guests of
the Florida land tortoise, and that upon the in-
sect fauna of the giant cactus are striking ex-
amples of the studies—of great biological value
—a fcngthy series of which he made in the course
of his comparatively short life. His bibliography
comprises sixty-eight titles.

[E. A. Schwarz, L. O. Howard, and O. F, Cook, in
Prw. Bntemoloa. Spc. of Washington, IV (1901), 350-
60 (portr. aad bibliography) j Entomofog* News, Mar.
1899; C«KK&tf» Entomologist, Mar, 1899; E. W. Day,

Hubbard

One Thousand Years of Hubbard Hist. (1895), inac-
curate in some details; Harvard College Class of 1873 *
Fiftieth Anniversary Report (1923); Detroit Free
Press, Jan. 20, 1899.] L.O.H.

HUBBARD, JOHN (Mar. 22, i794-Feb/6,
1869), physician, governor of Maine who signed
the "Maine Law/' was the fifth of twelve chil-
dren and the eldest son of Dr. John and Olive
(Wilson) Hubbard. His parents had moved in
1784 from Kingston, N. H., to the pioneer settle-
ment of Readfield in the district of Maine. His
father was selectman, first town clerk, and had
a profitable country doctor's practice until health
failed him in middle life. At an early age John
took charge of the three-hundred-acre farm, at-
tended the district school in winter, and spent
ten months at the Hallowell and the Monmouth
academies. Leaving home in 1813, he tutored in
a private family at Albany, N. Y., for a year, en-
tered Dartmouth College in 1814, and graduated
in the class of 1816. He taught at Hallowell
Academy, 1817-18; in Dinwiddie County, Va.,
1818-20; and received in 1822 the degree of M.D.
from the University of Pennsylvania. For the
next seven years he practised in Dinwiddie Coun-
ty, Va., where he acquired warm friends, an in-
sight into Southern character, and an abhorrence
of slavery. Meanwhile, on July 12,1825, he was
married to Sarah Hodge Barrett of Dresden, Me.
After further medical study and hospital work
at Philadelphia, 1829-30, he settled at Hallowell,
Me., where he resided until his death. There his
practice covered an extensive territory.

Although Hubbard was a Democrat in politics,
he was elected in a strongly Whig district to the
Maine Senate and served for the term 1842-43.
As a legislator he opposed measures violating
the rights of slave states. In 1849 he was elected
governor, in 1850 reflected, and by a constitu-
tional amendment changing the time of legis-
lative sessions was continued in office until Janu-
ary 1853. On June 2,1851, he signed an act "for
the Suppression of Drinking Houses and Tip-
pling Shops," providing for search and seizure
and the maintenance of municipal liquor-dispens-
ing agencies. This famous "Maine Law," vetoed
by his predecessor, Governor Dana, caused in-
tense opposition, and a split in the Democratic
party. Hubbard received a plurality of the votes
cast in the election of 1852, but he was defeated
in the legislature by a combination of Whigs
and Anti-Maine Law Democrats. As governoi
he was independent and decisive. He urgec
state aid for an agricultural school and for highei
education for women, the repeal of oppressive
bank laws, the opening tip of free lands in north-
eastern Maine to counteract migration to tte
West, and successfully secured the segregatior

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