Hudson

Sea to the Westward" (Hudson Bay), which is
forever linked with his name. Exploration of
this bay continued for weeks with much uncer-
tain sailing, and on Nov. I, 1610, the Discovery
was hauled in to the shore of Rupert's Bay, and
by the loth was frozen in for the winter. Mean-
while, on Sept 10, Hudson had accused his mate,
Robert Juet, of disloyalty, and deposed him; but
Juet, at the moment powerless to retaliate,
"nursed his hatred like a red-eyed ferret in the
hutch of his dark soul" (Powys, post, p. 143).
When the food supplies began to run low that
winter and scurvy broke out, disaster was in the
offing. Even frogs and moss were eaten to stave
off starvation. When James Bay was again free
of ice, Hudson sent out parties to catch food. He
also set out in the small shallop on an excursion
to the southwest, leaving his major crew behind
in the Discovery. His detour was a failure.
Upon his return mutiny was imminent On June
12, 1611, Hudson weighed anchor. He still, in
this dangerous situation, harbored hope of find-
ing a northwest passage to the Orient On Satur-
day night, June 22, the conspirators hatched their
plot, while Hudson slept in his cabin. They
waited for the dawn in silence. The sun rose
over Charlton Island and James Bay. Soon
Hudson came out of his cabin and was seized by
two ringleaders, who bound him with a rope.
They set him, his son John, and seven others
adrift in the small shallop "without food, drink,
fire, clothing, or other necessaries,J> and the Dis-
covery got under way and away from the deserted
party, whose certain tragic end is unrecorded.
The mutineers chose Robert Bylot as master of
the Discovery and sailed northward. Hudson's
chest, journal, and charts were in charge of
Abacuk Prickett As they sailed on they fell in
with some Eskimos, who attacked and killed or
wounded a number of them. Only eight men and
a boy survived, and they were sick and starving.
Then Juet died. On Sept 6 they came into Bere-
haven in Bantry Bay, Ireland, and later to the
Thames. On July 24, 1618, seven years after
Hudson had been set adrift, four of the mutineers
were arraigned at Southwark for their mis-
deeds, pleaded not guilty, and were acquitted by
a jury.

We know nothing of Hudson's personal ap-
pearance. Portraits and statues representing him
as a bearded gentleman with a ruff collar are
derived from a painting in the City Hall of New
York, now known to have been painted by Paul
Vansomer in 1620, which Sir Lionel Cust
thought represented "a Spaniard of high posi-
tion" (Nw York Times, Nov. 24, 1929).

CTI*e major sowcc for Hudson's four voyages is

Hudson

Samuel Purchas, Purchas, His Pilgrimes, III (1625),
567-609. G. M. Asher, using this material and other
matter, presented the then-known sources, with a valu-
able introduction and bibliography, in Henry Hudson
the Navigator (1860), Hakluyt Soc., vol. XXVII. The
Hessel Gerritsz tracts (1612-13) are contemporary
sources for the fourth voyage and give an important
map made by Hudson. They have been reprinted (1878)
with an English translation by F. J. Millard, super-
seding Purchas' incomplete and unsatisfactory trans-
lation. Scientific appraisal of Hudson's voyage of 1607
to Spitzbergen is made by Sir Martin Conway [Wm.
Martin] in the Geoff. Jour.f Feb. 1900, and reprinted in
the same author's No Man's Land (1906), pp. 22-30.
Of the third voyage H. C Murphy gave new material
in his Henry Hudson in Holland (1859), greatly im-
proved by Wouter Nijhoff in a new edition (1909). The
sources for the third voyage are critically evalued in
Paltsits' bibliography to I. N. P. Stokes, The Ico-
nography of Manhattan Island, VI (1928), 255-56, es-
pecially under Emanuel Van Meteren, where the only
known copy of the genuine second volume of 1610, first
giving the Hudson matter, is described. For a trans-
lation of Van Meteren, see Ibid., IV (1922), 32-33.
S. P. L'H. Naber, in Henry Hudson's Reise . . . 1609
(1921), presents the Juet account with a parallel Dutch
translation, useful annotations, and introduction. J. M.
Read's Hist. Inquiry Concerning Henry Hudson (1866)
is naive but not convincing. T. A. Janvier's Henry
Hudson (1909), though inaccurate at times, makes
available documents on the trial of the mutineers which
are supplemented by new discoveries in Llewelyn
Powys, Henry Hudson (1927, 1928), the best biography,
which has also an unappraised bibliography.]

V.H.P.

HUDSON, HENRY NORMAN (Jan. 28,
i8i4-Jan. 16, 1886), Shakespearian scholar,
was bora in Cornwall, Addison County, Vt. At
the age of eighteen he was apprenticed to a
coach-maker. During his three years of appren-
ticeship he prepared himself, with the occasional
aid of the village minister, for college, and in
1836 he entered Middlebury College, from which
he graduated in 1840. After four years of school-
teaching in Kentucky and Alabama, during
which time he began his public lecturing on
Shakespeare, he settled in Boston and devoted
himself largely to his studies of the dramatist
which were published in two volumes in 1848
under the title: Lectures on Shakespeare. It is
easy to understand the great popularity of these
lectures. They are intensely moralistic, rhapsodic
in their worship of Shakespeare, and full of hu-
man appeal. Judged by the standards of the early
nineteenth century, they are essentially sound.
Hudson had read widely and quotes generously
from the best English and German criticism of
the day. Following the publication of the lec-
tures he edited Shakespeare's plays in eleven
volumes, published between 1851 and 1856.

In 1849 Hudson was ordained in Trinity
Church, New York, priest in the Protestant Epis-
copal Church* He was married, on Dec 18,
1852, to Emily Sarah Bright In the same year
he had become editor of the Churchman, retain-
ing the position until 1855; in 1857-58 he edited
the American Church Monthly; and from 1858

340