Hudson

the objective mind (the ordinary mortal mind)
operating by the power of suggestion upon the
subjective mind, which is incapable of inductive
reasoning, but which is immortal and which im-
mediately controls the non-cerebral organs of the
body. This theory was intended to supplant the
doctrines of animal magnetism, Christian Sci-
ence, and other more primitive explanations of
hypnotism, faith-healing, and other phenomena;
and it served to recommend "auto-suggestion"
as on the whole not a dangerous, but a thera-
peutic agency, whereby man exposes himself to
his "higher and heavenly" faculties. But the
popular religious uses to which Hudson put the
ideas of the "subjective mind" incurred the en-
mity of the scientists and robbed the term of its
experimental value.

Encouraged by his popular success, Hudson
developed his ideas in a theological direction. In
1895 he published A Scientific Demonstration of
the Future Life and in 1899, The Divine Pedi-
gree of Man. In the last-named volume he at-
tempted to expand his ideas into a doctrine of
evolution. He explained the evolutionary, racial,
reproductive, or altruistic, instinct as the work
of the subjective mind; the instinct of conserva-
tism or self-preservation, on the other hand, as
largely the work of the human brain which is
the chief organ of the objective mind. Darwin's
principle of "natural selection" thus becomes
merely a particular instance of the conflict be-
tween these two fundamental instincts. Theism
is simply the assertion that the evolutionary in-
stinct is the "divine pedigree*' in man, or that
man is made in the image of God These evolu-
tionary speculations, however, failed to attract
much popular attention, and Hudson confined his
later activities largely to the Medico-Legal So-
ciety, of which he was a member, and to its
Journal. In 1903 he published The Law of Men-
tal Medicine and in 1904 his son, Charles B.
Hudson, published a volume of his papers under
the title, The Evolution of the Soul and Other
Essays, He was married, on May 28, 1861, to
Emma Little, the daughter of Charles and Maria
(Armstrong) Little. He died in Detroit

[In addition to the works mentioned above see Who's
Who in America, 1903-05; the Medico-Legal Jour.,
especially for 1900-01 and the Detroit Free Press, May
*7» 1903.] IL W. S—<3r-r.

HUDSON, WILLIAM SMITH (Mar. 13,
iSio-July 20, 1881), mechanical engineer, in-
ventor, was born at Kidsley^ Park, in the village
of Snialky near Derby, England, the son of
Dame! Smith and Anne (Roper) Hudson, After
a&emSiig the Friends* School at Ackwortb, Hud-
son began* wheti about sixteen years dd, to learn

Hudson

the trade of machinist. He became, too, greatly
interested in the steam locomotive and to gratify
this interest he went to New Castle and worked
for a number of years in the locomotive shop of
Robert Stephenson & Company, the foremost es-
tablishment of the kind then in England. Be-
lieving that greater opportunity in locomotive
building was to be found in the United States, he
emigrated to New York in 1835 and shortly
thereafter went to Troy, N. Y., where he found
employment as a locomotive engineer on the
Troy & Saratoga Railroad. He remained but a
short time, then moved to Buffalo, N. Y., and be-
came an engineer of the Rochester & Auburn
Railroad. After several years on this road he
was made engineer of the state prison at Auburn,
N. Y. He remained here eleven years, success-
fully managing the engineering and construction
work of the institution as well as building two
locomotives. In 1849 he resigned this position
to accept that of master mechanic of the Attica &
Buffalo Railroad and three years later he was
offered and accepted the superintendency of the
locomotive works of Rogers, Ketchutn, Grosve-
nor & Company and moved to Paterson, N. J. In
1856 these works were incorporated as the Rog-
ers Locomotive & Machine Works and Hudson
was made mechanical engineer and superintend-
ent, a position which he held until his death.
In the course of his career he devised many im-
provements in locomotives which he assigned to
his company, all tending toward simplification of
details, better methods of assembly, and greater
service of finished product. Before 1860 he de-
signed and patented a unique feed water-heater;
an improved rocking grate; and a new method
of riveting boiler plates, and in 1861 he patented
the application of cast-iron thimbles to the ends
of boiler tubes to prevent leaking. His inven-
tions in the decade from 1860 to 1870 included
an improved valve gear; a link-motion; a spark
arrester; safety valves and levers; a double-end
or tank locomotive, and an equalizing lever or
radius bar. Between 1870 and the date of his
death he obtained seven additional patents for
different plans of tank locomotives and also one
for a compound locomotive. In his published
work, Locomotives and Locomotive Building
(1876,1886), he gave a brief history of the im-
provement in locomotive construction. His most
important inventions, probably, were the radius
bar which permitted an uninterrupted movement
of the locomotive truck in passing around curves,
and his double-end locomotives which could be
conveniently and safely run both ways and had
sufficient flexibility to round sharp curves easily.
This type of locomotive found extensive service

342