Hughes

thoroughness of technical training—to get all
that they could of the broadening influences that
such an environment offered.

He published comparatively little. A Treatise
on Hydraulics (1911), written with A. T. Saf-
ford, was widely used as a textbook, although it
was really far more. Theory and practice, the
problems confronting the designer of hydraulic
structures and the relation of these problems to
experimental investigations, were discussed with
clearness and balance. Due regard for the limits
of accuracy in experimental work was insisted
upon, a note of warning much needed in the
literature of hydraulics at that time. Hughes
was the author, also, of two articles, "Roads"
and "Toll Roads/' in the Cyclopedia of American
Government (1914), edited by A. C McLattgh-
lia and A. B. Hart Later, he frequently took
part in the discussion at meetings of engineering
educators but rarely cared to have his remarks
printed. Two of these contributions, however,
are preserved in the Proceedings of the Society
for the Promotion of Engineering Education
(vol. XXXVI, 1928) and show his rare gift of
clear thinking and vigorous expression. At one
meeting the slogan of "education for leadership"
had been put forward as the keynote of the gath-
ering. Hughes brought the over-enthusiastic
ones back to a solid footing by remarking that
"executive ability, or qualities of leadership, can-
not be created by educational processes," al-
though they may, of course, be stimulated and
developed. This careful, exact and sane thinking
on the details of professional education was, per-
haps, his outstanding characteristic.

He was married on Apr. 15, 1902, to Elinor
Lambert of Cambridge, Mass., who with two
daughters survived him. His figure was slight
but active and well-knit, and was kept in condi-
tion by means of his favorite pastime, golf. In
manner he was quiet and serious. He enjoyed
meeting old friends, especially to the accompani-
ment of his favorite black pipe, and was a ready
talker and good companion.

[Personal acquaintance; Harvard Engineering Soc.
Bull, vol. XI, no. 2; Harvard College Class of 1894,
Twenty-fifth Anniversary Report (1919) ; Who's Who
in America, 1928-29; Who's Who in Engineering,
1925; J. M. and Jacques Cattell, Am. Men of Science
(1927) ; Boston Herald, Mar. 2,1930,] C. J.T.

HUGHES, HENRY (d. Oct. 3,1862), writer,
lawyer, grew up at Port Gibson, Miss. After a
precocious childhood he went to Oakland College
in his own state and graduated in 1847. While
still in college he began writing his Treatise on
Sociology, an examination and defense of slav-
ery in the Sooth, which, after some delay and a
revision, apf>eared in 1854. Hughes practised

Hughes

law half-heartedly at Port Gibson, spending most
of his time in social studies. Foreseeing the out-
break of the Civil War, he had for some years
been reading on military tactics, and drilling as
a private in the Port Gibson Riflemen. In this
organization he entered the war. Within a month
he was elected captain of the Claiborne Guards
and later colonel of the I2th Mississippi Regi-
ment, of which the Guards formed a company.
After heavy campaigning in Virginia, during
which he constructed fortifications at Bull Run,
he returned to Mississippi with authority from
the war department to raise a regiment of par-
tisan rangers for the defense of Claiborne and
adjoining counties on the Mississippi River. He
was soon brought to his bed with inflammatory
rheumatism, contracted during his hardships in
Virginia, and died shortly afterward at Port
Gibson.

His chief work was as an apologist for South-
ern slavery. He read to the Southern Commer-
cial Convention at Vicksburg, 1859, "A Report
on the African Apprentice System" which advo-
cated reopening the African slave trade and fur-
ther expounded his characteristic doctrine that
slavery had progressed in the South into a status
which he called "warranteeism." He held that
"warranteeism" afforded all the benefits of a
stable society with coordination of management
and labor, but with none of the injustices of
chattel slavery which had been the first condi-
tion of the negroes in America. Masters of
slaves, he contended, were magistrates of the
State in ordering work and warranting security.
What the master owned was not the body of the
"warrantee," but a "labor obligation" capitalized.
"Warranteeism" he believed was not repugnant
to the Constitution, though the slavery out of
which it evolved he believed was. In 1857, as
senator, Hughes had introduced a bill in the Mis-
sissippi legislature to charter the African Immi-
gration Company of which he was a promoter,
but this and similar bills in other Southern legis-
latures failed of passage. He wanted to bring in
Africans under fifteen-year indentures; at the
conclusion of this period the negroes would con-
tinue as "warrantees," with more regulation by
the State of working conditions, His writings
were thin sophistry, encumbered with pseudo-
scientific terminology, and he produced no evi-
dence to justify his contention that slavery had
changed essentially as a social institution since
its introduction into America,

[W. D. Moore, The Life and Works of Col. Henry
Hughes; A Funeral Sermon Preached in the Methodist
Episcopal Church, Port Gibson, Miss., Oct. 26,

, , ., .

(1863) ; Proc. Miss. Valley Hist. Asso. . . . 1914-15
(1916) ; Dunbar Roland, Mississippi (1907), vol, L]

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