Hughes

recently established organ, the Metropolitan
Record, the argument of Orestes Brownson
[#,r.] for emancipation as a means of effectively
ending rebellion. In correspondence with South-
ern prelates, he denounced the right of secession
and attempts at its theological justification.
When the Civil War came, he accepted the war
as a fact and encouraged the support of the
Union (New York Freeman's Journal, Apr. 27,
1861). The flag flew from his cathedral, al-
though J. A. McMaster [#.£'.], to whom he had
sold his Freeman's Journal, maintained that
flags from spires would soon mean political
harangues from pulpits. His personal letters to
Seward were read by Lincoln who corresponded
with him relative to chaplains for army hospitals.
He claimed to be one of the first advocates of
conscription as more democratic than voluntary
enlistment as a means of raising troops. Invited
to Washington (Oct. 21, 1861), Hughes met
Lincoln and his cabinet. He made it known that
he could not accept an official appointment, but
at the President's request he became one of his
personal agents with a carte blanche to present
the Northern cause in Europe. In Paris, he in-
terviewed Napoleon III and the Empress at the
Tuileries (Dec. 24, 1861) and preached in vari-
ous churches. In private interviews with French
statesmen he disabused their minds of misappre-
hensions regarding the American crisis. He
visited Rome ostensibly for the canonization of
the Japanese martyrs. In Dublin, he spoke in
the Rotunda on the American situation and laid
the corner-stone of the new Catholic University
(July 20, 1862), whose American collections he
had assisted generously. His visit to Ireland was
influential in strengthening Irish opinion, which
was strongly pro-Northern despite the anti-
American propaganda of the ascendancy press.
On his return, he was given a popular reception
in New York, and the administration in recog-
nition of his efforts intimated to the Holy See
that any honor given to him would be appreciated.
His Sermon on the Civil War in America De-
livered Aug. 17,1862 (1862) annoyed Catholics
in the South and anti-war groups, but he de-
fended himself from attacks which appeared in
the Baltimore Catholic Mirror and in his own
Metropolitan Record from which he soon broke
because of its editorial criticism of the conduct
of the war. During the drafts riots (July 1863),
solicited by municipal authorities, he invited the
rioters, of whom a large proportion were Irish,
to his Madison Avenue residence. From a chair
in the balcony he sympathetically addressed sev-
eral thousand men as he gave them his blessing,
and pleaded for obedience to the conscription

Hughes

acts. His counsel ended the disorder more ef-
fectually than soldiers* bayonets. Xot long af-
terward he was prostrated with Bright's disease,
and the end came with the turn of the year.

A bitter fighter of unbending will, Hughes con-
tended openly and resolutely for what he believed
was right. Often wrong, he was wrong in a
large way. He selected few intimate friends, al-
though in unofficial intercourse he had a winning
kindness and a playful humor. His presence im-
pressed strangers. As a speaker he was direct,
petulant, and Celtic. As a firm superior, he
merited the love of his priests. As a bishop, he
was above racial narrowness. He commanded
the respect of men who honestly detested his
creed and principles. At his death resolutions
were passed by the state assembly and the city
council, and letters came from religious and po-
litical leaders of widely divergent views. The
Complete Works of the Most Rev, John Hughes*
edited by Lawrence Kehoe, appeared in two vol-
umes in 1865.

[J. R. G. Hassard's Life of Most Rev. John Hvghes
(1866) is still the best source of information; Peter
Guiiday is preparing an elaborate study; see also H. A.
Brann's Most Rev. John Hughes (1892); Biog. Sketch
of the Most Rev. John Hughes (pub. by the Metro-'
politan Record, 1864); Life of Archbishop Hughes
(The American News Co., 1864) * Life of Archbishop
Hughes (T. B. Peterson, pub., 1864); R. H. Clarke,
Lives of the Deceased Bishops of the Catholic Ch. in
the U. S., vol. II (1888); Cath. Hist. Rev., Oct. 1917;
T. R, Bayley, Brief Sketch of the Early Hist, of tht
Cath. Ch. on the Island of N. Y. (1870); J. T. Smith,
The Cath. Ch. in N. Y. (1905) ; Constantine McGuire,
Cath. Builders of the Nation, V (1923), 65-84; U. S.
Cath. Hist. $oc.t Records and Studies, I (1900), 171;
W. S* Tisdale, The Controversy between Senator Brooks
and John, Archbishop of N. K. (1855); files of the
N. Y. Freeman's Journal and especially biographical
notices in issues of Jan. o, 16", Feb. *3, Apr. 9, 1864;
JV. 7. Time*, Jan. 4, 1864,] R. J. P.

HUGHES, PRICE (d. 1715), was a Welsh
gentleman of Kavllygan, Montgomeryshire,
whose brief Americas career made him an out-
standing frontier figure of the South. With his
brother Valentine he was concerned in a scheme
of Welsh colonization in South Carolina, in-
spired, apparently, by Thomas Nairne [g.v.]«
He received large grants near Port Royal and in
Craven County, and transported several servants,
but soon after his emigration (c 1712) he em-
barked upon a series of western adventures*

"An English Gent,, who had a particular fancy
of rambling among the Indians," was Spots-
wood's characterization of Hughes (Official Let-'
tcrs of Alexander Spotswood, edited by R. A.
Brock, vol II, 1885, p. 331). By testimony of
Cadillac, "U etait ingtnieur, tt gtographt? and,
moreover, "homme fesprif* (Crane, post, p.
99). As a volunteer Indian agent he traveled
widely among the Cherokee and the more distant

355