Ingalls

Louisiane (translated in American Historical
Review, April 1898), the latter of which pre-
sents a carefully prepared argument in favor of
the expedition to capture Louisiana. It is clear
from extant correspondence that Imlay himself
expected to take an active part in this expedi-
tion, which, however, was delayed until the
downfall of the Brissotins effectually ended their
intrigues. When his political power was appar-
ently at an end, he turned to commercial ventures
the exact nature of which remains unknown but
which soon involved him again in serious finan-
cial difficulties.

A liaison with Mary Wollstonecraft, begun
early in 1793, was later continued by him ap-
parently only for the sake of her faithful aid in
straightening out his business affairs in the
Scandinavian countries, to which she made a
voyage in his behalf, armed with a power of at-
torney describing her as "his best friend and
wife." There was, however, no formal marriage;
and Mary, who had borne him a daughter, Fan-
ny, in 1794, strove in vain to retain his affec-
tions. The story of Imlay's ungenerous conduct,
resulting in Mary's two attempts to take her own
life, is told partly in her letters and partly in
the Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of
the Rights of Woman (1798), written after her
death by William Godwin. She saw Imlay for
the last time in the Spring of 1796. Thereafter
we hear no more of him from any source until
1828, For that year, the parochial register of
St. Brelade's in the Island of Jersey records the
burial of a Gilbert Imlay, who was, in all prob-
ability, the American adventurer.

[Tie account given above is based entirely upon R.
L. Rusk, "The Adventures of Gilbert Imlay," Indiana
Univ. Studies, vol. X, no. 57 (Mar. 1923), where some-
what full citations of source materials and earlier stud-
ies of Imlay are to be found. See also Posthumous
Works of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights
of Woman (4 vols., 1798), ed. by Wm. Godwin; Mary
Wollstonecraft, Letters to Imlay (1879), with preface
by C. K. Paul; The Love Letters of Mary Woilstone-
craft to Gilbert Imlay (1908), with preface by Roger
Ingpen; 0. F. Emerson, "Notes on Gilbert Imlay,
Early American Writer," Pubs, of the Modem Lang.
Asso. of America, June 1924, which includes interest-
ing suggestions regarding Imlay's literary relations.
A more recent account, throwing some light on the ac-
tivities of one of Imlay's business connections, is that
by W. Qark Durant, in his edition of Godwin's Mem-
oirs of Mary Wollstonecraft (1927).] R.L.R.

INGALLS, JOHN JAMES (Dec. 29, 1833-
Aug. 16, 1900), senator from Kansas, was born
in Middleton, Mass., the oldest child of Elias
Theodore Ingalls, a business man of Haverhill,
later a shoe manufacturer, and of Eliza (Chase)
lagalls. Both parents were of old New England
stock, and Ingalls subsequently traced his ances-
try ogkt generations back to Edmund Ingalls

Ingalls

who, coming to Salem in 1628, founded Lynn,
Mass., the following year. John James pre-
pared for college at the Haverhill high school
and with tutors. In 1851 he entered Williams
College at Williamstown, then under Mark Hop-
kins [q.v."\, and was graduated in 1855. His re-
actions he summed up in his Commencement
oration, "Mummy Life/' the delivery of which
trenchant criticism of the faculty almost cost
him his diploma. For two years after college he
studied law and at twenty-four was admitted to
the Massachusetts bar.

In 1858 he was attracted to the boom town of
Sumner, Kan.; in 1860 he moved to Atchison,
which was his home for forty years. In 1859 he
was a member of the Wyandotte constitutional
convention and the next year was secretary of
the Territorial Council; in 1861 he was secre-
tary of the first state Senate, and in 1862 was
state senator. During the Civil War he served
as judge advocate in the Kansas militia and was
in the field at the time of Price's raid, but ap-
parently saw little action. For more than a year,
in the absence of Col. John A. Martin, he served
as editor of the Atchison Freedom's Champion.
In 1865 he married Anna Louisa Cheseborough,
who had recently come to Atchison from New
York. Seven of their eleven children lived to
maturity. Their home in Atchison was modest,
for Ingalls was not a signally successful lawyer
and never achieved wealth, but his letters reveal
strong family ties.

He was affiliated with the Republican party,
and was a member of the convention to choose
delegates to the Chicago convention of 1860. In
1862, however, defeated for his party nomina-
tion as lieutenant-governor, he accepted the
nomination of the bolting faction which, with its
Democratic allies, was known locally as the
Union party. In this campaign and again in
1864 he was defeated for this office. In 1872,
when Senator S. C. Pomeroy [q.v.'], whose term
expired in 1873, was a candidate for reelection,
Ingalls was announced in opposition, seemingly
hopeless until A. M. York, a member of the Kan-
sas legislature, made sensational charges of brib-
ery against Pomeroy and produced seven thou-
sand dollars which he declared he had received
in bargain for his vote (Senate Journal... State
of Kansas, 1873, pp. 566 ff.). As a result of this
disclosure, Ingalls was elected, in January 1873,
by the joint convention of the legislature. In
1878, charges were presented concerning the
methods used in his reelection, but the Senate
investigation did not substantiate them. His
third election was almost uncontested and dur-
ing part of his last term he was president pro

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