Ingraham

of a Scotch family which settled at Concord,
Mass., prior to 1715- His grandfather, Duncan
Ingraham,his uncle Joseph Ingraham [g.^.],and
his father, Nathaniel, were sea-captains, the last-
named fighting as a volunteer on board the Bon-
homme Richard in its engagement with the Sera-
pis. Ingraham's mother was Louisa, daughter
of George A. Hall, first collector of the port of
Charleston, S. C, where her son was born. He
became a midshipman at nine, June 18, 1812;
served in the War of 1812 in the Congress and
then on Lake Ontario in the Madison; rose to
lieutenant, 1825; to commander, 1838; and in
the Mexican War was on Commodore Conner's
staff at the capture of Tampico. His chief dis-
tinction came in the celebrated Koszta affair of
1853. He was then commanding the sloop of
war St. Louis in the Mediterranean. Entering
Smyrna on June 23, he was informed that Mar-
tin Koszta, a Hungarian follower of Kossuth in
the uprising of 1848-49, who had come to New
York in 1851, declared there his intention of be-
coming an American citizen, and, after two
years' residence, gone to Turkey on supposedly
private business, had been violently seized at
Smyrna by Austrian hirelings and imprisoned
aboard the Austrian brig Hussar. Ingraham se-
cured an interview with the prisoner and later
threatened force to prevent his removal from
the harbor pending instructions from John Por-
ter Brown [g.z/.], the American charge at Con-
stantinople. On July 2, upon advice from Brown
that Koszta was entitled to protection, Ingraham
cleared for action, anchored within half cable's
length of the Austrian vessel, and at eight in the
morning demanded Koszta's release before four
that afternoon. Fighting appeared inevitable.
The vessels were of about equal armament, but
the Hussar was supported by a 12-gun schooner
and two mail vessels. At the last moment, the
consuls ashore arranged a compromise by which
Koszta was turned over to the French consul
general pending diplomatic settlement, which re-
sulted in his ultimate release. Ingraham's reso-
lute action was quite in harmony with American
sympathies at the time, and aroused great en-
thusiasm both in Europe and America. He was
fully upheld by his government, and upon his
return in 1854 he was welcomed by mass meet-
ings in New York and other cities, and awarded
a gold medal by Congress. From March 1856 to
August 1860 he was chief of the Bureau of Ord-
nance, and then went again to the Mediterranean
in command of the Richmond. In January 1861,
he resigned, and on Mar. 26 entered the Confed-
erate navy. He was chief of ordnance at Rich-
mond until November 1861, when he was given

Ingraham

charge of naval forces on the coast of South Car-
olina. At Charleston he supervised the construc-
tion of the ironclads Palmetto State and Chicora,
and on the night of Jan. 30-31,1863, commanded
the two in an attack on the Union blockaders.
His flagship, the Palmetto State, rammed the
Mercedita and then with the Chicora attacked
and severely injured the Keystone State. Both
Union vessels escaped, and the other blockaders
withdrew to avoid the slow but dangerous rams.
A proclamation on the 3ist, signed by General
Beauregard and Ingraham, declared the block-
ade "raised"; but the rams retired into the har-
bor and the blockaders were back on their sta-
tions within a few hours. In March 1863 In-
graham relinquished command of the flotilla,
while retaining the station ashore. After the war
he retired to private life in Charleston, where
he died in his eighty-ninth year. In 1827 he was
married to Harriott Horry Laurens, grand-
daughter of the statesmen Henry Laurens and
John Rutledge of South Carolina. To them were
born three sons and five daughters. The general
estimate of Ingraham's character is expressed in
the statement of Commander W. H. Parker, who
served under him, that he was a "man of intelli-
gence and culture, and bore the reputation of
being a brave and good officer" (Recollections of
a Naval Officer, 184-1-65,1883, p. 293).

[F. B. C. Bradlee, A Forgotten Chapter in Our Naval
History: A Sketch of the Career of Duncan Nathaniel
Ingraham (1923) ; J, T. Scharf, Hist, of the Confed.
States Navy (1887); War of the Rebellion: Official
Records (Navy) ; Charleston News and Courier, Oct
17, 1891; W. R. Langdon, in Mag. of Hist.f Dec. 1911 j
R. C. Parker, in Proc. U. S. Naval Inst., Mar. 1927;
G. S. Dickerman, The House of Plant of Macon, Go.
(1900); Senate Ex. Doc. No. 40 and No. 53, and
House Ex. Doc. No. I and No. 911 33 Cong., i Sess.]

A.W.
INGRAHAM, EDWARD DUFFIELD

(Feb. 12, i793-Nov. 5,1854), lawyer and author,
the son of Francis and Elizabeth (Duffield) In-
graham and "a grandson of Edward Duffield,
Benjamin Franklin's executor, was born at Phil-
adelphia. He studied law from 1811 to 1813 with
Alexander J. Dallas [#.#.], United States at-
torney for the eastern district of Pennsylvania.
Called to the bar at twenty, an ardent Democrat
with a taste for politics, he found the strongly
Federalist, Quaker city a difficult field for his
political activity. Although he frequently sacri-
ficed himself as his party's candidate for elective
office he was never chosen, and did not attain
even an appointive office until after nearly a
score of years. A delegate to the Free Trade
Convention at his native city in 1831, he became,
three years later, secretary of the congressional
committee investigating the United States Bank
and, later in the same year, one of the bank's di-<

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