Ingraharn

rectors, continuing to serve as such until the
expiration of its charter. He was a strong sup-
porter of the Mexican War, and his address in
its behalf before the "town meeting" at Phila-
delphia was notably effective. Warmly espousing
the cause of General Cass as his party's candidate
for the presidency in 1848, Ingraham was un-
daunted by the defeat which followed and, after
passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850, he
was appointed a commissioner thereunder.

Barred by his party affiliations from a success-
ful political career in his native city and state,
he turned his activities to the literary side of his
profession. He had acquired a working knowl-
edge of Spanish and French and became especial-
ly familiar with French literature. In 1819 he
published a translation, from the French edition
of Voltaire, of Beccaria's Dei delitti e delle pene.
It was not the first translation of that famous
work into English nor even the first published
in America; but, as Ingraham explained in his
preface, the previous edition, whose translator
he had "never been able to ascertain," appeared
"to be a studied attempt to burlesque the style
and misrepresent the sense of that celebrated
writer." Hence, the new translation was offered
"with the hope that... I might render M. de Vol-
taire intelligible to the American reader." He
further declined to "offer any apology for an at-
tempt to render more intelligible any subject
connected with the study or improvement of
law."

The program thus indicated he proceeded to
carry out by publishing American editions, with
notes, of the following standard legal treatises:
E. B. Sugden, A Practical Treatise of the Law
of Vendors and Purchasers of Estates, in 1820;
E. B. Sugden, A Practical Treatise of Powers,
in 1823; William Cruise, A Digest of the Laws
of England Respecting Real Property, in 1823;
Thomas Starkie, A Treatise on the Law of
Slander, Libel, etc., 1826; Sir Samuel Toller,
The Law of Executors and Administrators,
1829; Thomas Starkie, A Practical Treatise on
the Law of Evidence, 1832; Thomas Wentworth,
The Office and Duty of Executors, 1832; Joseph
Chitty, A Treatise on the Parties to Actions, the
Forms of Actions, and on Pleading, 1833; Niel
Gow, A Practical Treatise on the Law of Part-
nership, 1837; Joseph Chitty, A Practical Trea-
tise on Bttts of Exchange, 1849; E. de Vattel,
The Law of Nations, based on Gutty's transla-
tion, 1857. While these publications may have
required no great originality, they did afford a
real contribt^ion to the equipment of the Amer-
ican bench and bar; for the originals were scarce
itf the United States and lacked adaptation to

Ingraham

American usage. Moreover, Ingraham had pub-
lished an original work entitled A Sketch of the
Insolvent Laws of Pennsylvania (1822; 2nd ed.,
A View on the Insolvent Laws of Pennsylvania,
1827). He also produced several essays in the
field of American history, notably A Sketch of
the Events which Preceded the Capture of
Washington by the British (1849). He was
twice married: first, to Mary Wilson of Snow
Hill, Md, and second, to Caroline Barney of
Baltimore.

[Ingraham's middle name is given both as Duncan
and Duffield; only the initial appears on his tombstone,
but it seems probable that he was named Duffield after
his grandfather, and this is the form in which his name
appears in J. H. Martin, Martin's Bench and Bar of
Phila. (1883). The best contemporary account of him
is found in the U. S. Mag. and Democratic Review, July
1849, published five years before his death. See also
J. T. Scharf and Thompson Westcott, Hist, of Phila.
(1884) ; Henry Simpson, The Lives of Eminent Phila-
delphians (1859) J D« P- Brown, The Phila. Bar (1868);
J. C. Martindale, The Gilbert Family, the Carver Fam-
ily, and the Duffield Family (1911); Public Ledger,
Pennsylvanian, and North American and U. S. Gazette,
all of Phila., Nov. 7, 1854.] Q 5 L

INGRAHAM, JOSEPH (1762-1800), navi-
gator, trader, and discoverer, was born in Bos-
ton and baptized on Apr. 4, 1762, in New Brick
Church. He was the son of Duncan and Susan-
nah (Blake) Ingraham; his brother Nathaniel
was the father of Duncan Nathaniel Ingraham
[q.v.~\, a distinguished naval officer. It is prob-
able that Joseph Ingraham was in the naval serv-
ice during the Revolutionary War; subsequent-
ly, it appears from his manuscript journal, he
voyaged to Asiatic waters. On Oct. ir, 1785, he
married Jane Salter of Boston, by whom he had
three sons. On October 1787, he sailed under
Capt John Kendrick [g.z/.] as second mate of
the Columbia, the pioneer of the Boston trade to
the Northwest Coast; at the Cape Verde Islands
he was promoted to chief officer, a position he
held during the remainder of the voyage. He
wrote an account of the expedition, but it has
since disappeared. Soon after the return of the
Columbia, Aug. 9,1790, now under the command
of Capt. Robert Gray [j.z>.], Thomas Handasyd
Perkins [g.v,] of Boston determined to enter the
Northwest trade. He outfitted the Hope, a brig-
antine of seventy tons, and placed Ingraham in
command. On the outward voyage Ingraham
called at the Marquesas Islands, and sailing
thence soon discovered six islands which he
called Washington Islands. They are now re-
garded as a part of the Marquesas group. Reach-
ing the Northwest Coast in June 1791, he found
the natives well supplied with clothing and im-
plements, but by his resourceful invention of
iron collars he introduced a fashion that brought

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