Innes general for the western district of Virginia and, the next spring, moved over the mountains to settle in what is now the state of Kentucky.^ Al- though he supported Patrick Henry in opposition to Virginia's ratification of the federal Consti- tution, he became United States district judge for Kentucky in 1789 and served in that capacity until his death. He identified himself thoroughly with the life of the new country. The first year of his residence in Kentucky he was chosen a member of the board of trustees of Transylvania University, on which he continued to serve until Apr. 1i,1792; the second year he was one of that group of intellectual men which called itself "The Political Club"; and as early as 1789 he was a member of the society that was organized to promote manufacture and, in 1790, established at Danville a cotton factory with machinery- brought from Philadelphia (Speed, post, p. 159). He maintained an interest in the methods and economy of agriculture, informed himself of the changing prices of commodities in the seaboard markets, received seeds of various kinds from Europe, and watched with interest the widening development of his region. He was the chief spokesman of Kentucky's need for protection against the outraged Indians and was active in the struggle for separate state existence. He sat in the first constitutional convention, where he supported a resolution to abolish slavery, which was defeated after a hard struggle and by a close vote (Brown, post, p. 239). By his intimate association with James Wil- kinson and Benjamin Sebastian he brought upon himself grave suspicions that he had joined them in treasonable negotiations with Spain (T. M. Green, The Spanish Conspiracy, 1891, esp. p. 85; for defense see Brown, post, pp. 160-75). I*1 1806 he refused an irregular application of the federal district attorney for a warrant to compel the appearance in court of Aaron Burr but, upon Burr's own insistence, summoned the grand jury, which, however, refused to indict (Innes Papers, vot 18; R. M. McElroy, Kentucky in the Nation's History, 1909, pp. 296-308). The investigation of Sebastian's relations with Spain, in that same year, seemed to implicate Innes. Humphrey Marshall [#.#.], a Federalist and bitter personal and po- litical enemy, carried charges, first, to the Ken- tucky legislature and, then, through a resolution of that body, to the federal Congress, which re- fused to institute impeachment proceedings (An- nds of Congress, to Cong., i Sess., cols. 1885, 1886, 2198, 2247-50; the Sebastian report, on which the charges were based, Ibid., cols. 2760- 90; the material on Sebastian's trial as well as that o& the investigation of charges against Mar- Innes shall for land frauds in Innes Papers, vol. 18, 2nd quarter ; see also American State Papers, "Mis- cellaneous Documents," vol. i, 1834, pp. 933-35). Not content with the action of Congress, Innes prosecuted two suits for libel. One, begun in 1806, was against Joseph M. Street, the editor of the Federalist Western World, which had charged corrupt intrigue with the Spanish gov- ernment. After several years of litigation the courts awarded damages to Innes, and the defend- ant was forced to beg for some accommodation of the matter (letter of Jan. 10, 1813, from Charles Wilkins to Thomas Bodley making the offer for Street, Innes Papers, vol. 18, almost at end). The other suit was against Humphrey Marshall, who had anonymously written articles in the Western World, and resulted in a divided jury with each party paying costs (Ibid., voL 22, pt 2 and vol. 18). Nevertheless the long-stand- ing quarrel continued to drag along until, on Feb. 17, 1815, the two men signed a formal agree- ment not to mention each other disrespectfully (Ibid., vol. 22, pt. 2, end of ist quarter), an agreement that was violated after Innes's death by Marshall in publishing the second (1824) edition of his History of Kentucky. Innes was married twice: first, to Elizabeth Galloway of Bedford County, Va., who died in 1791, and, second, to Mrs. Ann Shields, whose daughter, Maria Innes, married John J. Critten- den [Harry Innes Papers in Lib* of Cong. ; there is some authority for the spelling "Hary" (see T. M. Green, Hist. Families of Ky.f 1889, P- 194) hut his own sig- nature in the Innes Papers is "Harry" ; Thomas Speed, The Political Club (1894); Va. Mag. of Hist., Apr, 1897 ; J. M. Brown, Political Beginnings of Ky. (1889), esp. pp. 197-219 and 160-75 ; Lewis and R. H. Collins, Hist, of Ky., revised ed. (2 vols., 1874) ; Robert Peter, Transylvania University (1896) ; W. H. Perrin, J. H. Battle and G. C. Kniffin, Ky.: A Hist, of the State (1886) ; W. B. Allen, A Hist, of Ky. (1872), esp. pp. 260-61 ; J. W. Hart, The Callaway Family of Va., MS. in Lib. of Cong, dated 1929; Argus (Frankfort, Ky.), Sept. 27,1816.] E.W— t. INNES, JAMES (i754-Aug. 2, 1798), lawyer and orator, was born in Caroline County, Va., third and youngest son of Robert Innes, a cul- tured Scottish clergyman, and his wife Cath- erine Richards, and was the brother of Harry Innes [