Ives

tion, he worked unceasingly to augment and im-
prove them. He had already, in 1895, been elected
a member of the City Council, where he served
a four-years' term and labored for the recogni-
tion by the city of a public museum of art as a
legitimate object of municipal support. He se-
cured at that time legislation that ultimately aid-
ed in establishing the museum as a city institu-
tion, with a stated tax for its upkeep, and thence-
forward his efforts were exerted entirely to
strengthen its position. The museum and art
school were separated at this time, the latter re-
maining a department of Washington Univer-
sity.

Ives received many honors including member-
ship in many learned societies and decorations
from foreign governments. In addition, he re-
ceived special medals for his services from the
directors of the Chicago and St. Louis fairs and
from the French government. Owing to his oc-
cupation with teaching and administrative work,
he painted little. His landscape "Waste Lands,"
which won a silver medal at the Portland exhibi-
tion of 1905, is now owned by the St. Louis Mu-
seum. As a teacher he inspired his pupils with
lasting respect and affection. As an organizer,
administrator, and protagonist of the populari-
zation of art, he was a power not only in his own
community but throughout the country. He died
suddenly in London while on a professional trip.

[See Halsey Cooley Ives, LLJ)., Founder of the St.
Louis School of Fine Arts; First Director of the City
Art Museum (1915), edited by W. B. Stevens and pub-
lished by the Ives Memorial Association; The Saint
Louis Artists1 Guild's Illustrated Handbook of the
Missouri art exhibit at the Lewis and Clark Exposition,
1905 (1905), with text by G. J. Zolnay; Art Rev.,

{une, July 1911 ; Am. Art Ann., 1911 ; Academy Notes,
uly 1911; Art and Progress, July 1911; St. Louis
Globe-Democrat, May 6, 1911; Times (London), May

A.E.B.

IVES, JAMES MERRITT (Mar. 5, 1824-
Jan. 3, 1895), partner in the lithograph house
of Currier & Ives, was born in New York City,
presumably in a cottage on the grounds of Belle-
vue, of which his father Was superintendent He
went to work at the age of twelve but reinforced
his slight formal education with constant study
in libraries and in art galleries. In 1852, soonaf ter
his marriage to Caroline dark, sister-in-law of
Nathaniel Currier [gw.], he entered the lattert
firm as book-keeper. Very shortly it became evi-
dent that his arduously acquired artistic knowl-
edge would be of great value to the house. En-
dowed with a shrewd insight into the public taste,
and a critical eye for technical perfection, he was
able to direct the production of prints at once
popular and well executed. In 1857 he was ad-
mitted to the firm as partner, and the firm name

Ives

was changed to Currier & Ives. Ives became
virtually general-manager. A few of the great
bulk of lithographs subsequently published were
his own drawings, but in the main he merely di-
rected the activities of the staff of artists em-
ployed by the house.

In 1865 Ives moved from Brooklyn to West-
chester, and tw'o years later he moved to Rye,
N. Y., where he resided for the rest of his life!
During the Civil War he organized and served as
captain of Company F of the 23rd Brooklyn regi-
ment, which saw service during the Confederate
invasion of Pennsylvania. His lithograph busi-
ness remained his main interest throughout his
life, and his connection with it ended only with
his death. When Currier retired in 1880, his
son Edward West Currier succeeded him. At
Ives's death in 1895 his interest passed on to his
son Chauncey Ives. The firm was continued by
the sons of the founders until 1902, when the
younger Ives bought out Currier. In 1907 he
sold out to Daniel W. Logan, who w'as unable to
• continue the work and disposed of the remaining
stock of equipment. During the years of the elder
Ives's connection with the house, prints were
turned out in prodigious numbers and were sold
widely not only in America, but on the Conti-
nent. There was almost no subject of popular in-
terest not given colorful delineation, from clipper
ships and horse racing to sentimental subjects
and the bloomer costume. Thus the Currier &
Ives prints form an accurate and picturesque rec-
ord of the temper of the period.

[Harry T. Peters, Currier & Ives, Printmakers to the
Am. People (2 vols., 1929-31); Warren A. Weaver,
Lithographs of N. Currier and Currier & Ives (1925);
Russel Grouse, Mr. Currier and Mr. Ives (1930) ; Cari-
catures Pertaining to the Civil War, published by Cur-
rier & Ives from 1856 to 1872 (1892); The Spirit of
America: Currier and Ives Prints (London, 1930);
Wm. Abbatt, A Selection of Lithographs Published by
Currier & Ives (1929); Jane Cooper Bland, Currier &
Ives: A ManualJor Collectors (1931) ; An Alphabetical
List of 5735 Titles of N. Currier and Currier & Ives
Prints (1930) ; the Antiquarian, Dec. 1923; Antiques,

Jan. 1925; Country Life, Aug. 1927; ff. Y. Tribune,
an. 5, 1895.] JJ.

IVES, JOSEPH CHRISTMAS (i&S-Nov.
12, 1868), soldier, explorer, was born in New
York City. He Was graduated from the United
States Military Academy in July 1852 and was
appointed brevet second lieutenant of ordnance
in the United States Army. The following year
he was transferred to the Topographical Engi-
neers and served as assistant to Lieut. A. W.
Whipple [q.v.] in the Pacific Railroad survey
along the 3$th parallel (1853-54). After three
years in the Pacific Railroad office in Washing-
ton, Ives was promoted to first lieutenant and
placed in command of the expedition sent to ex-

520