Ives

plore the Colorado River (1857-58). The navi-
gability of the river having been ascertained by
Lieut George H. Derby [q.v.~\ and George A.
Johnson, Ives made a minute hydrographic sur-
vey, using an iron steamer built in Philadelphia
and shipped in sections via Panama and San
Francisco. Leaving the unwieldy steamer at the
mouth of the Black Canyon, he continued his
explorations by skiff and later made a land jour-
ney over the route traversed in 1776 by the mis-
sionary priest Francisco Garces [g.z>.] on his
march to Oraibi. The comprehensive observa-
tions of Ives and the scientists accompanying his
expedition were "a distinct contribution" to the
knowledge of a little-known and superficially ex-
plored region (Freeman,/wJ, p. 170). The vivid
descriptions in Ives's interesting and valuable
"Report upon the Colorado River of the West"
(House Executive Document No. 90, 36 Cong.,
i Sess.) drew acclaim (American Journal of
Science and Arts, May 1862). Ives also prepared
a Memoir to Accompany a Military Map of the
Peninsula of Florida, South of Tampa Bay
(1856) and Military Maps of the Seat of War in
Italy (1859). In 1859-60 he served as engineer
and architect of the Washington national monu-
ment, after which he became astronomer and sur-
veyor to the commission sent to survey the bound-
ary between California and the intervening
United States territories (1860-61). Appointed
captain in May 1861, he declined the appointment
and was commissioned captain of engineers in
the Confederate army. In Nov. 8, 1861, he was
appointed by General Lee chief engineer of the
department composed of the coasts of South Car-
olina, Georgia, and East Florida. During 1861-
62 he was engaged in perfecting the defenses of
Savannah and Charleston, and was promoted
colonel. He then undertook the obstruction of
the rivers of North Carolina (1863) and was ap-
pointed aide-de-camp to President Davis (1863-
65), in which capacity he made tours of inspec-
tion and investigations of the several military de-
partments. In December 1864 he was sent by
Davis to aid General Beauregard in the defense
of the city of Charleston. After the war he lived
in New York City, where he died in November
1868.

[G. W. Cullum, Biog. Reg. Officers and Grads. U. S.
Mil. Acad. (ard. ed., 1891) ; Official Records (Army);
F. S. Dellenbaugh, The Romance of the Colorado River
(1902); L. R. Freeman, The Colorado River (1923);
N. Y. World, Nov. 23, 1868.] jr. £. R.

IVES, LEVI SILLIMAN (Sept. 16, 1797-
Oct 13, 1867), Episcopalian bishop and Catho1-
lie publicist, son of Levi and Fanny Silliman
Ives, was born in Meriden, Conn. The Ives fam-
ily soon left the ancestral farm for Turin, N. Y.,

Ives

in the Black River country where a number of
Meiiden folk had settled, and young Levi was
trained in the local school and in Lowville Acad-
emy until he enlisted in the War of 1812. In
1816 he registered at Hamilton College with the
view of becoming a Presbyterian minister, but
illness prevented his graduation. In 1819 he
affiliated with the Protestant Episcopal Church
and studied theology under Bishop J. H. Hobart,
whose daughter, Rebecca, he married in 1822.
Ordered a deacon by Bishop Hobart, Aug. 14,

1822, he was ordained priest by Bishop William
White in Trinity Church, Philadelphia, June 14,

1823, and assigned to St. James' Church, Ba-
tavia, N. Y. His advance was rapid: he was suc-
cessively rector of Trinity Church (Southwark),
Philadelphia; assistant minister in Trinity
Church, New York; rector of St. James' Church,
Lancaster, Pa.; and finally the bishop of North
Carolina, He was consecrated bishop in 1831 at
Trinity Church, Philadelphia, by Bishop White
who was assisted by the Bishops H. U. and B. T.
Onderdonk

In his Southern diocese he infused new life
into the church. He also found time to publish
his New Manual of Devotions, Humility a Minis-
terial Qualification (1840), The Apostle's Doc-
trine and Fellowship (1844), and The Obedience
of Faith (1849). The slavery question was dis-
tressing to him. Despite his concern about negro
education and his publication of a catechism for
slaves, which did not please his fold, he was taken
to task for championing slavery in an address
before an Episcopalian convention in which he
answered the reproof administered to the Ameri-
can church by the lord bishop of Oxford (Wil-
liam Jay, A Letter to the Rt. Rev. L. SiUinian
Ives, 3rd ed., 1848). As a result of a study of the
Protestant revolt in England, Ives was attracted
by the Oxford movement and founded the Broth-
erhood of the Holy Cross at Valle Crucis, N. C,
which featured High-church views. In 1848,
when he was arraigned before a convention of
the Episcopalian Church for heterodox practices,
his explanations were accepted, though the
Brotherhood was dissolved (R. S. Mason, ^4 Let-
ter to the Bishop of North Carolina on the Sub-
ject of his late Pastoral on the Salisbury Conven-
tion, 1850). But apparently the bishop's trac-
tarian doubts were not silenced, for while on
leave of absence, he journeyed to Rome and there
came to a decision which "produced a great sen-
sation." He resigned his see, Dec. 22,1852, made
his submission to Pope Pius IX on Christmas
day, and brought his wife into the Catholic
Church. Thereupon he was officially deposed*
Remaining abroad two years, he delayed his pas-

521