Jack — Jackman

buried outside the wall oŁ the church at St.
James, Goose Creek. His wife died in Philadel-
phia, Apr. I, 1832. Of their fourteen children,
three sons and four daughters survived to marry
and one son, George Izard [#.*/.], became a ma-
jor-general in the United States Army.

[See 5*. C. Hist, and Geneal. Mag., July 1901, Jan.-
Tuly 19^1, July 1928; G. E. Manigault, in Mag. of Am.
Hist., Jan. 1890; Francis Wharton, The Revolutionary
Diplomatic Correspondence of the U. S. (6 vols., 1889) ;
Correspondence of Mr. Ralph Izard of S. C. (vol. I,
1844, the only volume ever printed), edited with a short
memoir by his daughter, Anne Izard Deas; Recollections
of Joshua Francis Fisher, Written in 1864 (1929);
Journals of the Continental Congress; Alexander Gar-
den, Anecdotes of the Am. Revolution . . . Second Ser.
(1828); Charleston Courier, June i, 1804. The Lib. oŁ
Cong, has a collection of Izard papers.] M.L.W.

JACK, CAPTAIN [See CAPTAIN JACK, 1837?-
1873]-

JACKMAN, WILBUR SAMUEL (Jan. 12,
i8ss-Jan. 28, 1907), educator, was born in Me-
chanicstown, Ohio. When he was four years old,
his parents, Barnard C. and Ruth (Lilley) Jack-
man, moved to California, Pa., and soon after-
ward the boy began to attend a small private
school. The father and mother had only the
limited education which was offered by district
schools, but they were ambitious for their son
and encouraged him to devote himself to intellec-
tual pursuits. A few years after going to Cali-
fornia they bought a farm which had belonged
to Jackman's great-grandfather. Here, in a pic-
turesque rural environment, the boy cultivated
the interest in nature which later became his
dominant personal and professional interest. In
1875 ne entered the normal school in California,
riding back and forth daily on horseback. He
taught in the district schools of the neighbor-
hood while pursuing his course and graduated
in 1877. He then became a teacher in the normal
school, serving in this capacity until 1880, when
he entered Allegheny College. In 1882 he trans-
ferred to Harvard, where he graduated with the
degree of A.B. in 1884.

Immediately after graduation he became a
teacher in the Central High School of Pitts-
burgh, in charge of the courses in natural sci-
ence. Such courses in high schools were then
relatively new. His success as a teacher attract-
ed the attention of Col. Francis Wayland Parker
[tf.».], principal of the Cook County Normal
School in Chicago, who in 1889 invited Jackman
to join his staff. Jackman accepted and found
himself in an environment of the most congenial
type. The Cook County Normal School was the
center of a vigorous movement for the reform of
the curriculum through the addition of new con-
tent, especially in history, geography, and sci-

Jackson

ence, It was also a center for reform in methods
of teaching, the chief aim being to remove all
traces of rigid formalism. Jackman became an
enthusiastic admirer and lieutenant of Colonel
Parker. He also became a prolific writer in the
field of nature study. Some of his most notable
books are: Nature Study for the Common
Schools (1891), Number Work in Nature Study
(1893), and Nature Study for Grammar Grades
(1898). In addition he wrote numerous articles
for educational journals and was a frequent
speaker at teachers' meetings.

When the Chicago Institute was organized in
1900, Jackman was made dean. He was the man
on whom Colonel Parker, the director of the In-
stitute, relied in all administrative matters. The
two men had similar ideas on education and
they worked together in complete sympathy.
When, in 1901, the Institute gave up its inde-
pendent existence and was transferred to the
University of Chicago, Jackman became a mem-
ber of the faculty of that institution and took up
his duties there as the first dean of the new col-
lege of education, serving in this capacity for
three years. Because of his interest in the recon-
struction of the elementary-school curriculum
and also because of his belief that the training of
teachers through direct contact with pupils is the
most important phase of teacher training, he re-
linquished the deanship in 1904 and took charge
of the University Elementary School. At this
time he also assumed editorship of the Elemen-
tary School Teacher, which became the chief
medium through which he promoted the recon-
struction of the elementary-school curriculum.
After his sudden death from pneumonia, the
movement to introduce nature study into the ele-
mentary-school curriculum became for a time
less vigorous than it had been under his leader-
ship. It is only in recent years that his pioneer-
ing work has show'n its full effects. On Dec. 23,
1884 he had married Ellen Amelia Reis of Pitts-
burgh.

{Register of the Univ. of Chicago, 1906-07 ; Paul
Monroe, Cyc. of Education, vol. Ill (1912) ; Jour, of
Education, Jan. 31, 1907 ; Elementary School Teacher,
Apr. 1907 ; Who's Who in America, 1903-05 J Chicago
Tribune, Jan 29, i9<>7.3 C.HJ.

JACKSON, ABRAHAM REEVES (June 17,
i827-Nov. 12, 1892), physician, and pioneer
gynecologist, was born in Philadelphia, the son
of Washington and Deborah (Lee) Jackson.
Having graduated from the Central High School
of his native city in 1846, he devoted a short
time to the study of marine engineering only to
return to his original interest in medicine, said
to have been inspired largely by the character and

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