Jackson

preparation of A Treatise on the Pleadings and
Practice in Real Actions; With Precedents of
Pleadings, which he published in 1828.

In the state constitutional convention of 1820
he was chairman of the committee on final form
of amendments. Though a regular church goer,
he helped to annul the old provision authorizing
the legislature to enjoin church attendance, but
he thought "every one ought to contribute to
the support of public worship . . . because [it]
is a civil benefit" (J. J. Putnam, post, p. 109).
He showed himself an advocate of free speech
(Journal of the Debates and Proceedings in the
Convention of Delegates Chosen to Revise the
Constitution of Massachusetts, 1821, p. 244).
From 1833 to 1835 he presided over the com-
mission to revise the state statutes. "In politics,
he clung ... to the ancient faith of the old Es-
sex platform" (Monthly Law Reporter, March
1856, p. 609), but his "reserve and sensitive-
ness" and an "indifference to personal fame"
kept him out of the center of the political arena.
In 1828 he joined Harrison Gray Otis and
others in repudiating the aspersions which
President John Quincy Adams cast upon the
loyalty of New England's Federalist leaders.
Later he was a conservative Whig. "How, un-
der the sun," he asked his nephew, "can it be
that you are a Free Soiler" (Morse, post, p.
219). A farm school for boys and two libraries
were founded through his aid. He served Har-
vard as an overseer (1816-25), and, as a fel-
low (1825-34), he helped to guide the college
through financial straits (Josiah Quincy, His-
tory of Harvard University, 1840, II, 362 ££.). A
contemporary estimate of Jackson's character
takes the form of a rating scale with 7 represent-
ing the highest degree. It runs: law knowledge,
7; political knowledge, 2; classical knowledge,
i; talent, 5; wit, o; integrity, 7; practice, 7.
Jackson was a Mason and there survives An
Oration, Delivered before.,. St. Peter's Lodge,
. . . Newburyport, Mass. (1798). He was mar-
ried, Nov. 20, 1799, to Amelia Lee, by whom he
had one child. After his wife's death in 1808 he
w'as married, Dec. 31, 1809, to her cousin, Fran-
ces Cabot, by whom he had five children. Dr.
Oliver Wendell Holmes was his son-in-law.

tj. J- Putnam, A Memoir of Dr. James Jackson
(1905); E. C. and J. J. Putnam, The Hon. Jonathan
Jackson and Hannah (Tracy) Jackson, Their Ancestors
and Descendants (1907) ; James Jackson, Hon. Jona-
than Jackson (1866) ; J. T. Morse, Jr., Memoir of Col
Henry Lee (1905) ; Theophilus Parsons (Jr.), Memoir
of Theophilus Parsons (1859) ; Monthly Law Reporter,
Mar. 1856; 10-18 Mass. Reports; Joseph Palmer, Ne-
crology of Ahtmni of Harvard College, 1851-52 to 1862-
Daily Advertiser, Dec. 14, 1855.]

C.F.

Jackson

JACKSON, CHARLES SAMUEL (Sept. 15,

i86o-Dec. 27, 1924), newspaper publisher, was
born on a plantation in Middlesex County, Va.
His mother, Anna Boss, born on the same plan-
tation, and his father, James Henry Jackson,
a Marylander, belonged to the Tidewater aris-
tocracy. His formal education included no more
than the common school branches, supplemented
by a course in a business college. His publish-
ing career began at the age of sixteen with the
purchase of a small printing press, upon which
he printed cards and handbills. In 1880, with
just enough money to pay the cost of transporta-
tion, he set out by train for San Francisco and
from there went by steamboat to Oregon. He
found his first employment as agent for the
Utah, Oregon, & Idaho Stage Company at
Pendleton, Ore., a position that ended with the
coming of the railroad in 1882. In the mean-
time, he established a circulating library in the
stage office and bought an interest in the local
paper, the East Oregonian, of which he at length
became the sole owner, changing it from a week-
ly to a semi-weekly, and in 1888 to a daily. On
Mar. 9, 1866, he married Maria Foster Clopton.

He was attracted to Portland in 1902 by the
opportunity to acquire ownership of the Port-
land Evening Journal, a paper launched in
March of that year during the heat of a political
campaign, and tottering on the brink of failure
when Jackson took it over in July. He changed
its name to the Oregon Daily Journal and began
his editorship with the avowal that "the Journal
in head and heart will stand for the people." He
continued in active control until Jan. I, 1920,
during which time the number of subscribers
increased from 1,800 to 92,000, a building and
equipment worth close to a million dollars were
added, and at his death, he left an estate of ap-
proximately $812,000 (Journal, Jan. 15, 1925).
At the time the Journal was established, the
Morning Oregonian was without a rival in the
daily newspaper field, and the former was the
first paper successfully to challenge the latter's
supremacy.

In his politics, Jackson w'as described as "in-
dependent with leanings towards the most demo-
cratic form of government." "If the time ever
comes when the Journal cannot be free and fear-
less and independent I will throw it into the
river," he is quoted as having remarked fre-
quently (Journal, Dec. 30, 1924). The paper
became a recognized organ of the Democratic
party and a supporter of its candidates. It fur-
thered such social, political, and economic re-
forms as the "Oregon System" of initiative and
referendum—over which it assumed special

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