Jackson

and brigadier-general (1786), and was elected
an honorary member of the Society of the Cin-
cinnati. In 1788 he was elected governor, but de-
clined the office on the ground of his youth and
inexperience. On Jan. 30,1785, he married Mary
Charlotte Young, by whom he had five sons.
Four of these were later prominent in the pub-
lic life of the state. In 1789 he was elected mem-
ber of Congress from the eastern district of
Georgia. Anthony Wayne [q.v.'] defeated him
for reelection in 1791. Jackson, charging fraud,
induced the House of Representatives to unseat
Wayne, but failed to get the place for himself.
He was sent to the legislature, and in 1792 was
appointed major-general for service against the
Creek Indians. He was elected to the United
States Senate in 1793 but resigned in 1795 on
account of the Yazoo scandal and, returning to
Georgia, was elected to the legislature, where
he led the successful fight for the repeal of the
obnoxious act. He was an influential member
of the convention of 1798 that framed a new state
constitution. Governor from 1798 to 1801, he
was again elected to the United States Senate in
the latter year and served in that body until his
death in 1806. He was a member of the Georgia
commission that made the land cession of 1802.

In national politics he was an independent Re-
publican. In the first Congress he assailed vehe-
mently the judiciary bill and Hamilton's financial
measures, defending the "gallant veteran" of the
Revolution against the "wolves of speculation";
but he was a professed admirer of Blackstone,
urged a stringent naturalization law as a bar to
the "common class of vagrants, paupers and
other outcasts of Europe," and opposed amend-
ing the Federal Constitution. His principles
were not inflexible, for he was shortly thereafter
one of the chief advocates of the Eleventh
Amendment to the Constitution. Although he
supported Jefferson and Burr in 1800 and, when
his party was victorious, counseled a political
ally not to be "squeamish" about dismissing
Federalist office-holders, he refused to acknowl-
edge the obligation of party regularity, opposing
the administration's bill for the government of
the Orleans Territory (1805) and its efforts to
settle with the Yazoo claimants and to prohibit
the African slave trade. In Georgia he culti-
vated the up-country leaders, among them Wil-
liam H. Crawford [q.vJ], and while in the Sen-
ate urged federal aid for a road from Kentucky
to Augusta, Ga.

Rice and cotton were the principal crops raised
on his tidewater plantations. While governor he
recommended to the state legislature that it either
pay Miller and Whitney a "moderate" sum for

Jackson

their patent right to the cotton gin or else sup-
press the right Gentle and affectionate towards
family and friends, a reader of the Encyclopedia
and a patron of the University of Georgia, he
Would fight at the drop of a hat. In one rough-
and-tumble affray he saved himself from being
gouged by biting his opponent's finger. He killed
Lieutenant-Governor Wells of Georgia in a duel
fought without seconds (1780). His own death,
which occurred in Washington, D. C, is said by
some to have been due to wounds received in the
last of his many duels, although J. Q. Adams,
who was in Washington at the time, attributed
it to the dropsy. An English country boy mould-
ed by the Southern frontier, Jackson was a fervid
patriot in speech and a violent partisan in action.

[T. U. P. Charlton, The Life of Maj.-Gen. James
Jackson (1809; reprinted, with additions, in 1897),
contains, in addition to secondary accounts, a number of
Jackson's letters; an autobiography is in the possession
of the Ga. Hist. SocM Savannah (W. J. Northen, Men
of Mark in Ga.t vol. I, 1907) ; see also Annals of Cong.t
1789-91, 1793-95, and 1801-06; Am. Hist. Rev., Oct.
1897, p. 118; James Herring and J. B. Longacre, The
Nat. Portr. Gallery of Distinguished Americans, vol.
Ill (1836); W. B. Stevens, A Hist, of Go., vol. II
(1859) ; A. H. Chappell, Miscellanies of Ga. (1874) I
National Intelligencer and Washington Advertisert
Mar. 21, 1806.] A P W

JACKSON, JAMES (Oct. 3, 1777-Aug. 27,
1867), physician, brother of Charles and Pat-
rick Tracy Jackson [qq.v.]t was the fifth of the
nine children of Hannah, daughter of Patrick
Tracy, merchant of Newburyport, and Jonathan
Jackson, colonial banker and merchant, descend-
ed from Edward Jackson of London who settled
in Cambridge, Mass., in 1643. Despite the some-
what straitened circumstances of his family,
James attended the Boston Latin School, Dum-
mer Academy, and later Harvard College, where
he met his life-long friend John Pickering [#.#.]
of Salem and John Collins Warren [#.#.], whose
father, John Warren [q.v.], was undoubtedly
responsible for directing his interests to the
study of medicine. After receiving the degree
of A.B. in 1796, he entered the Harvard Medi-
cal School, where he came tinder the guidance
of Benjamin Waterhouse [g.z/.], professor ot
the theory and practice of physic, Aaron Dexter,
and J. Gorman [qq.v.]. In December 1797 he
apprenticed himself to Edward Augustus Hoi-
yoke [q.v.]t physician of Salem, and thus be-
came one of the many who owed their instruc-
tion to this remarkable man. He received the
degree of A.M. from Harvard in 1799, that of
M.B. in 1802, and in 1809 upon passing exami-
nations and having his thesis accepted, that of
M.D. The thesis, Remarks on the Bmnonian
System, he dedicated to Holyoke. In October
1799 he obtained a free passage abroad on the

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