Jackson

houses on Pemberton Square, Tremont Row, and
Somerset Street, a speculation which quickly
collapsed in the panic of 1837. The death in that
year of Kirk Boott, perhaps the ablest of the
early Lowell mill managers, and his own some-
what straitened financial condition, led Jackson
to take over again the active administration of
several Lowell enterprises, which he conducted
with undiminished brilliancy. This intense ac-
tivity in his later years, however, told on his
health and he was unable to resist an attack of
dysentery which brought death at his seaside
home at Beverly, Mass., in the summer of 1847.
Spare but strong of frame, taller than the aver-
age and with light hair and blue eyes, Jackson
was a man of distinguished presence. From his
Irish grandfather he inherited a quick temper
but a cheerful and sympathetic disposition, a
characteristic which won him many friends. He
had married, Nov. I, 1810, in Boston, Lydia
Cabot by whom he had nine children.

[J. A. Lowell, "The Late Patrick Tracy Jackson,"
the Merchants' Mag. and Commercial Rev., Apr. 1848,
with engraving ; J, J. Putnam, A Memoir of Dr. James
Jackson (1905), ch, vi; E. C. and J. J. Putnam, The
Hon. Jonathan Jackson and Hannah (Tracy} Jackson:
Their Ancestors and Descendants (1907) ; Nathan Ap-
pleton, Introduction of the Power Loom, and Origin of
Lowell (1858) ; C. F. Ware, The Early New Eng. Cot-
ton Manufacture (1931); Boston Courier, Sept. 14,
l847-] H.U.F.

JACKSON, SAMUEL (Mar. 22, i
5, 1872), physician, was the son of David Jack-
son [q.v.~\ and Susanna Kemper. As a boy he
worked behind the counter of his father's drug
store. At the same time he attended school and
in 1808 he graduated in medicine from the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania. Not at first successful
in practice, he carried on his father's drug busi-
ness, though he hated it, for he had small apti-
tude for affairs. During the War of 1812 he
joined the first city troop of cavalry and took
part in operations along the Chesapeake and in
parts of Maryland. In 1815 he returned to the
practice of medicine, gradually achieved suc-
cess, and paid the debts on the drug business,
which had meantime failed. He gained promi-
nence during the yellow-fever epidemic as presi-
dent of the Philadelphia department of health.
In papers read before the Academy of Medicine
he advanced the theory that the disease was in-
digenous and associated with putrescent animal
matter. He pointed out that patients did not in-
fect their attendants and that the "black vomit"
was hemorrhagic. In 1821 he aided in founding
the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, became
a member of its board of trustees, and from 1821
to 1827 served as professor of rnateria medica
and pharmacy. He was also connected with the

Jackson

Medical Institute of Philadelphia, which Na-
thaniel Chapman [g.«/.] had established in 1817.
In 1827 he was appointed assistant to Chapman
in the University of Pennsylvania. There he
taught the "institutes of medicine"—an old name
for physiology. In 1835 a chair of the institutes
was established and Jackson held it for twenty-
eight years. For three years (1842-45), he
taught in the wards of the Philadelphia Hospital.
In 1822 Jackson was made attending physician
of the Philadelphia Almshouse, a position which
gave him wide opportunities for pathological re-
search. Here he studied the use of auscultation,
then a new diagnostic method, and checked his
results by post-mortem examinations. In 1832,
during an outbreak of Asiatic cholera, he was
sent to Montreal to study the disease and diag-
nosed it as malignant cholera. While in Canada
he married the daughter of a British officer. Re-
turning to Philadelphia, he took charge of a
cholera hospital. He lived nine years after re-
signing his chair in 1863. He was a teacher by
temperament rather than an investigator or great
practitioner. In person he was small and viva-
cious, with a long narrow head and long light
hair, twinkling gray eyes and a fascinating smile.
Enthusiastic, losing himself completely in the
excitement of a lecture, he spoke in a peculiar
chirping voice, with quick nervous gestures, but
held his hearers till the last word. He had a
genius for friendship. He overcame many physi-
cal difficulties, for he was never robust and dur-
ing later life was almost crippled by neuritis or
arthritis. He wrote The Principles of Medicine,
Founded on the Structure and Functions of the
Animal Organism (1832) and published numer-
ous papers in the Philadelphia Journal of the
Medical and Physical Sciences and in the Ameri-
can Journal of the Medical Sciences. Three popu-
lar remedies which were made according to his
formulas were Jackson's Pectoral Syrup, Jack-
son's Ammonia Lozenges, and Jackson's Pec-
toral and Ammonia Lozenges.

["Sketches of Eminent Living Physicians; No. XIV,
Samuel Jackson, M.D.," Boston Medic, and Surgic.
Jour., Nov. ai, 1849; Jos. Carson, A Discourse Com-
memorative of the Life and Character of Samuel lack-
son (1872) ; J. W. England, ed., The First Century of
the Phila. Coll. of Pharmacy (1922); Old Penn, Apr.
9, 1910; Trans, of the Medic, Soc. of the State of Pa.,
vol. XII, pt. 2 (1879); A. C. P. Callisen, Medicinisches
Schriftsteller-Lexicon, IX (1832), 345-48, XXIX
(1841), 117; H. P. Jackson, The Geneal. of the Jackson
Family (1890) ; S. W. and A. H. Gross, Autobiog. of
Samuel D. Gross (2 vols., 1887); Medic, and Surgic.
Reporter, Apr. 13, 20, 1872; Phila, Medic. Times, May
15, 1872; Press (Phila.), and Phila. Inquirer, Apr. 6,
1872.] J.R.O.

JACKSON, SAMUEL MACAULEY (June
19, i8si-Aug. 2, 1912), Presbyterian clergy-

553