Jackson

whom he professed himself willing to "follow
blindfolded/'

During the advance into Maryland in 1862,
Jackson led Lee's advanced guard, captured
Harper's Ferry and 12,520 prisoners on Sept.
15, and shared in the bloody action at Sharps-
burg (Antietam) on Sept. 17. He again dis-
tinguished himself at the battle of Fredericks-
burg, Dec. 13. Meantime, on Oct. 10, he had
been promoted lieutenant-general and had been
given command of the second of the two corps
into which the Army of Northern Virginia had
been divided. Wintering at Moss Neck, eleven
miles down the Rappahannock from Fredericks-
burg, Jackson prepared his reports of the oper-
ations subsequent to Kernstown and, in April,
had a short visit from his wife and her infant
daughter, Julia, whom he had never seen.

On Apr. 29 he was called away by the news
that the Federal army, 130,000 strong, was
crossing the Rappahannock above and below
Fredericksburg in an effort to double up both
flanks of Lee's army of 62,000. Leaving 10,000
of his 37,000 men to hold off the Federal left
wing under Sedgwick, Jackson moved west-
ward into the Wilderness of Spotsylvania on
Apr. 30 to join Lee who was facing Hooker's
main army, advancing down the Rappahannock
toward Fredericksburg. On May i the advanced
guard of the Union forces was driven back to
a strong position near Chancellorsville. That
night Lee and Jackson had a conference at which
it was decided to follow much the same strategy
as had been employed at Second Manassas, and
to leave 14,000 men in Hooker's front while
Jackson proceeded to the rear of the enemy. Be-
fore daylight on May 2 Jackson began the last
of his great marches, one of the most effec-
tive operations of its kind in the history of war.
Near sunset, in a most dramatic setting, Jack-
son struck the rear of the Union right, com-
pletely routed the XI Corps, which was un-
aware of his presence, and so threatened Hook-
er's line that a retreat across the Rappahannock
became inevitable. In the twilight, returning
from the front, Jackson was severely wounded
by the fire of his own men and died of pneumonia
at Guiney's Station, south of Fredericksburg,
May 10. His body was carried to Richmond,
where it lay in state, and thence to Lexington,
Va., where it was interred and has since rested.

"I know not how to replace him/' Lee wrote
in absolute truth, giving Jackson full credit for
what was, perhaps, the most spectacular victory
of Lee's career. The Army of Northern Vir-
ginia was never the same after Jackson's death,
and, though Lee conducted in 1864 some of his

Jackson

most brilliant maneuvers, he did not find another
lieutenant who so well understood him or could
execute his orders with such powerful, perfectly
coordinated, hammer-strokes of attack. In any
list of the half-dozen greatest American soldiers,
Jackson is included by virtually all critics,
though his career of field-service in the Con-
federate Army was limited to less than twenty-
five months and his opportunities for independ-
ent command were few and brief. President
Davis apparently never considered the dispatch
of Jackson to Tennessee, where strategy of his
type might have changed the course of the war.
In person, Jackson was of medium height and
somewhat thin, with large hands and feet. He
was an excellent though not a graceful horse-
man. His stride was long and rapid; his voice
was low; his manner, most affectionate in pri-
vate life, was simple but grave and slightly stiff
in public; in address he was modest and in con-
versation he was not brilliant or magnetic. His
military reading, which was not particularly
wide, centered about Napoleon. It is possible
that his study of Napoleon had been exagger-
ated. His copy of Napoleon's Maxims of War,
which was in his haversack at the time he was
wounded, does not appear to have been consult-
ed often or read closely.

[Of numerous early lives of Jackson, the only one
of permanent historical value is that by his adjutant-
general, R. L. Dabney, Life of Lieut.-Gen. Thos. J.
Jackson (2 vols., 1864-66). The standard work is G. F.
R. Henderson, Stonewall Jackson and the Am. Civil
War (2 vpls., 1898), one of the most fascinating of
military biographies. Particular aspects of his cam-
paigns and career were dealt with by his surgeon, H.
M. McGuire, in Sou. Hist. Soc. Papers, XIV (1886),
XIX (1891), XXV (1897); and by one of his aides,
Jas. P. Smith, in Battles and Leaders of the Civil War,
III (1888), Religious Character of Stonewall Jackson
(1897), Stonewall Jackson and Chancellorsville (1904),
and in Sou. Hist. Soc. Papers, XLIII (1920)^ His
private life and correspondence are presented in the
book by his -wife, Mary Anna Jackson, Memoirs of
Stonewall Jackson (1895). T, J. Arnold, Early Life
and Letters of Gen. Thos. J. Jackson (1916), and R.
B. Cook, Family and Early Life of Stonewall Jackson
(1924), give much new detail on his youth; Next to
Henderson, the best study of his operations in 1862 is
Wm. Allan, Hist. ofm the Campaign of Gen. T. J.
(Stonewall) Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley of Va.
(1880). His principal reports are in War of the Re-
bellion: Official Records (Army), i ser., vols. II, V,
XI, pt. 2, XII, pts. i, 2, XIX, pt i, XXI. The reports
of Chancellorsville are in vol. XXV, pt. i. The "Cor-
respondence" volumes bearing the same numbers con-
tain his dispatches. There is an obituary in Richmond
Sentinel', May n, 1863. Many of his relics are at the
V. M. I., Lexington, Va.; some of them and his sword
are in the Confederate Museum, Richmond. The rain-
coat in which he was shot at Chancellorsville is in the
museum at Edinburgh, Scotland. His horse, "Little Sor-
rel," mounted by a taxidermist, is in the museum of
Lee Camp Soldiers' Home, Richmond, Va.]

D.S.F.

JACKSON, WILLIAM (Mar. 9, i7S9-Dec.
18, 1828), soldier, secretary, was born in Cum-

559