James from 1907 to 1926. These exhaustive and com- prehensive researches dealt with the rare-earth elements cerium, thulium, europium, samarium, neodymium, terbium, gadolinium, erbium, and also with other elements which are usually classed as rare, e.g., beryllium, yttrium, lanthanum, zir- conium, scandium, gallium, germanium, and ura- nium. James's work covered nearly the whole field of the rare-earth problems, and included spe- cifically the discovery of new compounds of the elements samarium, neodymium, and europium, the extraction and separation of elements from many rare-earth minerals (especially the yttri- um earths, gadolinite, and monazite sands), and a study of the atomic weights of thulium, yttrium, and samarium. During his twenty years of work in this field he devised new, and improved old, methods of handling the rare earths and com- pounds of the rare-earth elements. He worked with large quantities—kilograms in many in- stances—and prepared large amounts and many kinds of salts of the rare-earth and the rare ele- ments. By nature and temperament he was con- spicuously generous, and constantly supplied workers in this field with material unobtainable elsewhere. He left an extensive and valuable col- lection of the rare-earth metals and their com- pounds to the University of New Hampshire. By his constant work on the rare earths, he ac- quired exceptional skill in preparing, testing, and purifying these baffling substances. Much of his work was unqualifiedly original and he often labored long and arduously to verify every point before publication. Consequently, his results were seldom, if ever, seriously questioned. This unswerving devotion to truth cost him fame at least twice. His laboratory records show that he anticipated the discovery of lutecium and illinium (see Proceedings of the National Acad- emy of Sciences, December 1926), but he delayed publication to be doubly sure. He was a member of the American Chemical Society (1907-28), the London Chemical Society, and Alpha Chi Sigma, and was honored for his work by being elected as a fellow of the London Institute of Chemistry in 1907. He was awarded the Ramsay silver medal in 1901 and in 1911, the Nichols medal. Personally, James was a modest, unas- suming man, who preferred to toil early and late in his laboratory. He was an excellent teacher, much beloved by his students, who called him "King James." Although an indefatigable work- er in chemistry, his tastes were catholic and he found time to become an expert in cultivating flowers, 'raising bees, and collecting stamps. In 1915 he married Marion E. Templeton of Exeter, N. H,, who with one daughter survived him. The James Charles James Hall of Chemistry at the Univer- sity of New Hampshire, dedicated Nov. 9, 1929, will perpetuate his memory. t [The Life and Work of Charles James (1932), with bibliog., privately printed by the Northeastern Section of the Am. Chem. Soc., Boston, Mass.; Nucleus (Bos- ton), Jan. 1929; Industrial and Engineering Chemistry (News Edition), Dec. 20, 1928; Jour. Am. Chem. Soc Aug. 20, 1926, p. 121; Who's Who in America, 1928-^ 29; Manchester Union (Manchester, N. H.), Dec. n, 1928, Nov. 9, 1929.] L.C.N. JAMES, CHARLES TILLINGHAST (Sept. 15* i8os-Oct 17, 1862), engineer, United States senator, was born at West Greenwich, R. I., the fifth of six children born to Silas and Phebe (Tillinghast) James. His ancestors on both sides were early settlers in Rhode Island; his father had been a Revolutionary soldier and a judge of the local court. Although his school ed- ucation was limited, young James learned the trade of carpenter by the time he was nineteen and immediately thereafter mastered practical mechanics, acquainting himself particularly with the construction of textile machinery. Removing to Providence, he eventually became superin- tendent of Slater's steam cotton mills. As a cot- ton-mill superintendent he became firmly con- vinced of the superiority of steam-driven textile machinery and during the forties and fifties was the "great prophet of steam-driven cotton fac- tories" (Keir, post, p. 309). In support of his conviction he wrote for the newspapers, lectured frequently, and defended his stand in a printed debate carried on with A. A. Lawrence in Hunt's Merchant's Magazine (November i849-March 1850). His propaganda bore fruit in a number of the seaboard cities without adequate water power, where commerce was declining. Under the inspiration of a series of lectures at Newbury- port, the citizens started a mill which failed but which James reorganized. For some years he re- sided in Newburyport, during which time he planned and constructed six mills. His reputa- tion as a reviver of the declining city brought de- mands for his services at Salem, Mass., Ports- mouth, N. H., and at Newport, Bristol and other cities in Rhode Island. He also traveled through New York, Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Tennes- see where he started steam-driven textile facto- ries to use the nearby coal and became much interested in the development of Southern manu- facturing. During the decade of the forties he was responsible for starting twenty-three steam mills, sixteen of which were in New England, and one of which, the Naumkeag mill at Salem, was at the time the largest mill in the world in which the entire process of converting cotton into cloth was carried on under one roof. Return- 572