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DEPOSITED m
Boston Ivifdical Libkary.
BY
HARVi%RD COLLEGE.
LIBRARY.
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i
0
A
NEW SUPPLEMENT
TO THE
PHARMACOPEIAS
OP
ZKmdon, Bdlnlrarflrby Dublin, and Paris i
FOKMIXG
A COMPLETE DISPENSATORY AND CONSPECTUS;
INCLUDIirO THB
NEW FRENCH MEDICINES,
AND
POISONS;
WITH SYMPTOMS, TREATMENT, AND TESTS;
AS WBLL AB
HERBS. DRUGS, COMPOUNDS, VETERINARY DRUGS, WITH THE PHARMACOFCEIA OF THE VETERINARY COLLEGE,
Patent Medicines, Perfumery, Paints, Famishes,
And Bixnllar Articlea kept in the Shops;
THEIR COMPOSITIONS, IMITATIONS, ADULTERATIONS, AND MEDIHNAL USES.
BBIirO A OKITBRAI. BOOK OF
FORMULA AND RECIPES
For Dally Reference In the LaboraUry and at the Coonter.
THIRD EDITION, REVISED AND CONSIDERABLY ENLARGED.
BY JAMES RENNIE, M.A.
Professor of Zoology, King's College, Lond^ET; Editor of the Quarterly Joomal of Foreign Medicine : the Pharmacopoeia Universalis ; Author of a Conspectus of Pre- scriptions in Medicine, Surgery, and Midwifery; the Pharmacopoeia Imperialis, dec. Jfcc.
<2 LONDON: PRINtED FOR BALDWIN AND CRADOCK.
1B33.
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<./i .^■
C. BALDWIN, l»RIMT«ll, W»W BBTDOR-STRKBT.
BOSTON MEt :«^. IIBRARY FRANCIS A. COUNTWAY
LIBRARY OF MEDICINE
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NOTICE
OP
THE THIRD EDITION.
Another edition of this Work having been called
' for, I have again gone over the whole with care, and
1 have also had it carefully revised by several medical
; gentlemen, among whom I may mention my regretted
friend, the late A. Clarke, M. D., and Jacob Dixon, Esq.,
Member of the Apothecaries' Company. In consequence
of these several revisions, and of the care which I have
taken in reading the proofs, I trust that this edition is as
correct as a work, so unavoidably liable to error from
the mis-printing of quantities, can well be rendered.
The additions, amounting to several hundreds, which I have made, consist for the most part of organic prin- ciples, chiefly acids, of recent discovery, many of them never before, that I am aware of, published in English ; of medicines, either new, or of rising reputation among American and Continental practitioners ; and of new preparations of substances already known, among which I may particularize the articles on Iodine, derived from the valuable work of Lugol, and other sources.
I have been particularly indebted for the most valuable additions, to the work of Dr. Chapman, of Philadelphia, on Therapeutics and Materia Medica ; to Togno and Durand's American translation of Edwards and Vava- seur*s Materia Medica ; to Professor De CandoUe's Phy- siologic Vegetale, for new vegetable principles ; and for testing the quantities of compounds, to Dr. Thomson's elaborate and profound work on the First Principles of Chemistry.
Ler, Krnt, I2th April, 1833.
a 2
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NOTICE
OP
THE SECOND EDITION.
In preparing a new edition of this Work, I have care- fully revised and corrected the whole ; and have made considerable improvements in the arrangement of the longer articles, with the design of facilitating reference. The new articles, and important additions to the old, amount to more than a thousand, exclusive of an enlarged Table of Medical Contractions, Tables of Chemical AflS- nities, and Tables of Foreign Weights and Measures. The new articles consist of such as have been introduced into the last edition of the Dublin Pharmacopoeia ; of all the acids (see the article Acid), alkalies, and other che- mical principles of recent discovery ; of the medicines introduced by American, French, German, and Italian practitioners ; of the insertion of the Pharmacopoeia of the Veterinary College ; and of the officinal compoimds into which every simple enters. In the foreign depart- ment, I have been much indebted to " M. Jourdan*s Pharmacopee Universelle," a work of extraordinary research, and containing the most voluminous collection of formulae ever published.
The page having been enlarged to make room for these additions, I am happy to say that the work is little in- creased in size, and not at all in price.
London, lOtb Aug. 1829.
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INTRODUCTION-
THE MEDICAL CRITIC
Will, I have no doubt, at once pronounce that this is a very heterogeneous production — a farrago of drugs, sim- ples, and nostrums, ranged on the same page with the legi- timate Materia Medica and preparations authorised by the Royal Colleges. But before he prepares to condemn the book on this ground, I request him to look into the shop of any apothecary, chemist, or druggist of his acquaint- ance, and see whether the shelves and the drawers there do not present as multifarious and incongruous an aspect as my pages, which are meant to exhibit an account of every article kept in the shops. If the critic, then, find this objection untenable, he will probably fix upon the errors and mistakes into which I have fallen ; and no- thing will gratify me more than to have these pointed out, that I may take the earliest opportunity of correcting them. In a work of this kind, indeed, accuracy is the greatest excellence, and yet we all know that where so many recipes occur with numerous marks of quantities, &c., it is nearly impossible to avoid all mistakes. I hope, however, that few errors of importance have eluded the care that has been bestowed on the work.
THE SURGEON AND APOTHECARY
Will find this work to be useful in directing him not only to the qualities of drugs, and their doses, but also as to the cautions given respecting incompatible sub- stances with which we too frequently find prescriptions
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VI INTRODUCTION.
abounding. Many surgical articles are also introduced which are not to be met with in any of the Pharraaco- pceias^ such as bougies, moxa, &c.
THE CHEMIST AND DRUGGIST
Must at once perceive that this will form the most con- venient Counter-book hitherto published. It differs from the Dispensatories, and similar works, in not being con- fined to the Pharmacopoeias, but containing all, or nearly all, the articles kept in the shops, including both New and Old Medicines, Herbs, Perfumery, Veterinary Drugs, and Chemical Substances. The alphabetical arrangement also will render it easy to turn immediately to any article which may be required.
I have been anxious to give the best processes for ob- taining the New vegetable alkalies and resins, and to explain, both according to the Old and to the New Chemistry, the decompositions which occur during the preparation of the articles ordered by the Colleges. In the former, I have chiefly followed Magendie^s " For- mulaire;" in the latter, I have been much indebted to the works of Phillips and Brande, and to the verbal in- formation of my friend, Mr. Hume, of Long Acre, whose well known accuracy as a chemist requires no eulogium from me.
, In the account of the Adulterations of articles, I have been greatly indebted to Dr. Thomson, Dr. Paris, and Mr. Brande.
THE PHYSICIAN
Is furnished in the present work with a complete enume- ration, not only of the College Materia Medica, and Pre- parations, but with all the New Medicines which have
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INTRODUCTION. Vll
lately come into fashion, and with many of the old ones still retained on the Continent. In selecting the latter, I have chiefly adhered to the Paris Codex, but have occa- sionally taken articles from other Continental Pharma- copoeias. I have b?en as particular with respect to doses, as the nature of the work and the information which I could procure would admit. In mentioning the diseases for which particular medicines are prescribed, I have in a number of cases trusted to my own knowledge, but have oftener relied on the standard authorities of the profes- sion. In the case of the older and obsolescent remedies, my authorities have been less genuine, but I did not think it judicious to omit the articles, as some of them, like the Croton Oil, and Colchicum, may, perhaps, in this age of experiment, again come into repute.
THE STUDENT,
Either of Pharmacy, Chemistry, or Medical Practice, will meet with information in this work which he might not readily find elsewhere, with respect to the composi- tions and decompositions of medicinal substances, their chemical qualities, solubility, incompatibility, external application, internal exhibition, doses, effects, and (when poisonous) the tests by which they may be detected. Particular attention has also been given to the genuine qualities and appearances of drugs, and the more usual adulterations have been pointed out, with the best methods of detecting them. The old names are also explained, and the different names given to the same article are carefully enumerated. The work is intended, in a word, for daily consultation, and for the Shop-Counter, as a guide to those, who compoimd, dispense, or prescribe medicines.
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vm
CONTRACTIONS EMPLOYED IN THIS WORK.
I have used but few contractions in the formulie, and other parts of the bookj as they are apt to lead to mistake. The following are the chief:
L. London Pharmacopoeia, 1824.
E. Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia.
D. Dublin Pharmacopoeia.
P. Paris Codex.
L. E. D. P. London, Edinburgh, Dublin, and Paris.
O. Old name.
V. Vulgar name.
Linn. Linncns.
Spec Ghrav. Specific Gravity.
q. 8. Quantum sufficiat, that is " enough."
Gr. Grain.
9 Scruple.
5 Drachm.
3 Ounce.
ft Pound.
O Pint.
Cong. Gallon.
1T\, Minim, a measured drop.
ss. Semisse, half, as gr. ss. '' half a grain.''
j One, as V\jj " one minim," or drop. I have not inserted the f. for fluid before the ounce and drachm mea- sures; because, although it is a decided improvement, it is not recognized in Scotland, and might tend to puzzle those who have not been educated in the London School, while its insertion in one place, and not in an- other, would have injured the uniformity of the formulte.
COMMON CONTRACTIONS IN MEDICAL PRESCRIPTIONS.
A A A. Ansi, of each ingredient,
Abdom. Abdomen, tke belly.
Ab8. Feb. Absente febre, in tke absence of the fever,
AcBT. Acctas, acetate.
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MBDICAL CONTRACTIONS. IX
Acid. Addum^ acid.
Ad 2 Vices. Ad duas yioes, at twice taking.
Ad Dep. Anihi. Ad defectionem animi, tofairUing.
Ad Gb. Acio. Ad gratam additatem, to an agreeable sourness.
Ad Lib. Ad libitum^ at pleasure.
Ad Rbcid. PuiBC. Ad lecidiTum pnecavendum, to prevent a relapse.
Add. Adde> or addantur, add, or letter may be added ; addendns^ io
be added ; addendo^ hy adding. Admov. Admove^ (^PP^y * admoveantur, let there be applied. Adjac. Adjacens^ adjacent.
Ad8t. Fbbre. Abstante febre^ when the fever is on. AooRBD. Fbbbb. Aggredlente febre, while the fever is coming on. Adv. Adversum, against. Alb. Albus, white.
Aliquant. AliquantiUum, a very little. Altebn. Hob. Alternis horis^ every other hour. Alvo Adst. AIyg adstricta^ when the belly is bound. Amp. Amplus^ large. Anodyn. Anod3nius> anodyne. Apbbt. Apertus^ clear, S^.
Applio. Applica> apply; appliceter^ let there be applied. Aq. Aqua, water.
Aq. fiuLL. Aqua buUiens, boiling water. Aq. Feby, Aqua fervens, hot water. Aq. Debt. Aqua distillata, distilled water. Aq. Font. Aqua fontana, spring water. Ab. Aromaticus, aromatic. Baln. Tbp. Babieum tepidum, warm bath. Bals. Balsamum, a balsam. Bis Ind. Bis Indies, twice a day. Bb. Beds. Barbadensis, Barbadoes. Bull. BuUiat, or bulliant, boiL C. C. Cucurbitula cruenta, a cupping glass, C. M. Cras mane, to-morrow morning. C. V. Cras vespere, to-morrow evening. C. N. Cras nocte, to-morrow night. CiEBUL. Ceruleus, blue, dALEFACT. Calefactus, heated. Cap. Cape, capiat, take. Cabb. Carbonas, carbonate. Cat. Cataplasma, cataplasm, Cath. Catharticus, cathartic. Caul. Caulis, stalk.
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X MEDICAL CONTRACTIONS.
Caust. Causticusi caustic.
CocH. Amp. Cochleare amplunii a large spoonful.
CocH. Inf. Cochleare infantis^ a child's spoonful.
CocH. Maon. Cochleare magnum^ a large spoonful
CocH. Mbo. Cochleare medium. See Coch. Mod.
CocH. Mod. Cochleare modicum^ a dessert spoonful.
Coch. Parv. Cochleare parvum^ a tea spoonful
Col. Colatus^ strained.
CoLBT. Coletur^ let it be strained.
CoLKNT. Colentur> let them be strained.
CoMP. Compositus> compound.
CoNT. Rbm. Continuantur remedia> lei the medicines be continued.
CoNP. Confectio, confection.
Cons. Conserva, conserve.
Cop. Copiosus^ plenteous.
CoQ. Coque^ boil; coquantur> let be boiled.
Crast. Crastinus^ to-morrow.
Cuj. Cujus^ of which.
CucuRB. Cruent. Cucurhitula cnienta. See C. C.
CuJusL. Cujuslibet^ rf^^y*
Cyath. Cyatho, in a cup.
Cyath. Thrb. Cyatho thes> in a cup of tea.
Debit. Dehitus, proper.
Deb. Spiss. Debita spissitudo^ a proper consistence.
Deaur. Pil. Deaurentur piluls, let the pills be gilded.
Decoq. Decoque^ boil.
Decub. Decubitus, li/ing down.
De D. IN D. De die in diem,yro7it Jay to day.
Deolut. Deglutietur^ let it be swallowed.
Dej. Alvi. Dejectiones alvi, stools.
Dkt. Detur, let it be given.
Deters. Detersus, cleansed.
Detons. Detonsusj shaven.
Dbtrah. Detrahetur, let it be drawn.
Devor. Devoratur, let it be swallowed.
Dext. Dexter, right.
Dext. Lat. Dextra lateralis, right side,
DiBB. A LT. Diebus altemis, everi^ other day.
DiEB. Tert. Diebus tertius, every third day.
Diluc. Diluculo, at break of day.
Dim. Dimidium, one half.
Dir. Prop. Directione propria, with a proper direction.
DiUTURN. Diutumus, long continued.
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MEDICAL CONTRACTIONS. XI
DoNsc Alv. Bis Dbj. Donee alvus bis dejiciat^ until two stools have
been obtained* \
DoNEG Alv. Sol. Fubr. Donee alvus soluta fuerit^ until a stool has been obtained*
DuLc. Dulcis^ sweet.
Effbry. Efferyescentia> effervescence,
Ejusd. Ejusdem^ of the same.
Elbct. Electuarium, electuary,
Emp. Emplastrum> a plaster,
Enrm. Enema, a glister ; enemat&, glisters,
EvoM. Evomerej to vomit.
ExHiB. Exhibetur^ let there be exhibited,
Ex. or Ext. Extractum^ extract.
Ex. Sup. Alut. Extende super alutam, spread upon leather.
Extrah. Extrahetur^ let there be extracted,
F. Fac, make; f. ft. fiat, let there be made,
F. Cbr. Fiat ceratum^ let an ointment be made.
F. Cat. Fiat cataplasma, let a cataplasm or pouliice be made.
F. CoNF. Fiat confectio^ let a confection be made.
F. Elbct. Fiat eleetuarium^ let an electuary be made.
F. Emuls. Fiat ^mulsio^ let an emulsion be made.
F. Garg. Fiat gargarisma, let a gargle be made.
F. Haust. or F. H. Fiat haustus^ let a draught be made.
F. Lot. Fiat lotio> let a lotion be made.
F. Lin. Fiat linimentum^ let a liniment be made.
F. PiL. Fiat pilula, let a pill be made; fiant pilulse^ let pills be made.
F. PuLV. Fiat pulvis, let a powder be made ; fiant pulveres, let powders be made.
F. Uno. Fiat unguentum, let an ointment be made.
Fbb. Der. Febre durante, during the fever.
F. Vknjes. Fiat venssectio, bleed.
Fbm. Intern, Femoribus intemi8> to the itiner part qftlie thighs.
Fist. Arm. Fistula armata, the enema apparatus.
Fl. Fluidus, liquid.
Pontic. Fonticulus, an issue.
FoT. Fotus, afomentaiion.
Frigid. Frigidus, cold.
Ft. Fiat, or fiant, let there be made.
G. G. G. Gummi gutts gambise, gamboge. Garo. Gargarisma, gargle.
Gbl. Gelatina, in jelly.
Gel. Qua v. Gelatina quavis, in any kind of jelly.
Gr. Granum, a grain ; grana, grains.
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JL Xll MBDICAL CONTRACTIONS.
Gtt. Gutta, a drop; guttie^ drt^.
GuTT. QuiBUSo. Guttis quibusdam, with a few drops.
Hab. PiL. Sum. iij. Harum pilularum sumantur tres, lei three of these
pills be taken, Haust. Haustusj a draught,
H. O. or HoR. Decub. Hora decubitus^ at bed-time, H. S. or Hob. Som. Hora Somni^ at bedtime ; just before going
to bed. Hob. UN Spatio. Hone uninus spatio, in the space of an hour. Hebdom. Hebdomada^ a week. Hestebn. Hestemus^ of' yesterday, HiBUD. Hirudo^ a leech ; hirudines> leeches. Hob. Intebm. Horis intermediis^ at intermediate hours. In Pulm. In pulmento^ in grueL Inf. Infusum^ infusion. Inject. Injectio^ injection,
Inj. Enbm. Injidatur enema^ let a glyster be given. Lb. Libra^ a pint, or pound, Lat. Dol. Lateri dolenti, to the afflicted side. Lot. Lotio^ lotion.
M. Misce> mix; mensura^ by measure; manipulus^ a handful Mao. Magnus^ large.
Mane Pb. Mane primo^ very early in the morning. Mbdioc. Mediocris^ middle-sized. Mediet. Medietas^ half.
MiN. Minimum^ the GOthpart of a drachm measure, called a nunim. Mist. Mistura^ a mixture.
Mitt. Mitte^ send ; mittatur^ or mittantur^ let there be sent. Mitt. Sano. Mittatur sanguis^ let blood be taken away. Mod. Pbjesc. Modo pnescripto^ in the manner directed. Mob. Sol. More solito^ in the usual manner. Nabtueo. Narthedum^ a gallipot. N. Nocte^ at night. Ne Tb. s. Num. Netradas sine nummo^ do not deliver it without being
paid ; a caution to the shopman. N. M. Nux Moschata, a nutmeg. O. Octarius^ apt;i^ O. Bid. Omni biduo> every two days. O. BiH. Omni bihorio^ every two hours, O. H. Omni hora^ every hour, O, M. Omni mane, every morning, O, N. Omni nocte, even/ night, O. QuADB, Hob. Cmni quadrante hors^ every quarter of an hour.
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MEDICAL CONTRACTIONS. XIU
O. O. O. Oleum oliva; optimum, best olive oil
0. Alt. Hor. Omnibus altemis horis^ every other hour*
01. Oleum, oU. Oz. An ounce.
P. V\j1v\s, powder ; pilula, jDi/Zy i^uA^xq, by weight,
P. M, Partes ©quales, equal parts,
P. D. PharmacopoeLi Dublinensis.
P. £. PHarmacopceia Edinensis;
P. L. Pharmacopceia Lo^dinensis.
P. U. S. Pharmacopoeia of the United States.
Part. ^Equal. Partes equales, equal parts.
Part. App. Parti affectje, to the part affected.
Part. Dolent. Parti dolenti, to the part in pain,
P. R. N. Pro re nata, according as circumstances may require,
P. Rat. iBT. Pro ratione statis, according to the age of the patient,
Paracent. Abd. Paracentesis abdominis, tapping.
Part. Vic. Partitis vicibus, in divided doses.
Parv. Parvus, small.
Pbct. Pectus, the breast.
Per. Op. Emet. Peracta operatione emetici, when the operation ofth^
emetic isjinished, PiL. Pilula, a pill,
Plen. Riv. Pleno rivo, in a full stream. Post Sino. Sbd. Liq. Post singulas sedes liquidas, ajler every loose
stool. Pp., Ppt., or Prep. Preparata, prepared. Pro Pot. Com. or. Pro Pot. Ord. Pro potu commune, or ordinario,
for a common drink, Prox. Luc. Proxima luce, the next day, PoLV. V\}i\\&^ powder ; pulveres, j50W<ier*. Pug. Pugillus^ a pinch between the finger and thumb, Q. P. Quantum placet, as much as yon please,
Q. Q. H. or QuAQ. Quat. Hor. Quaque quatuor hora, every fourth hour, Q. S. Quantum sufficiat, as much as is sufficient, QuADRiHOR. Quadrihoris, every four hours, QuADRUPL. Quadruplicate, ,/cmr times as much, QuAMP. Quamprimum, immediately, QuAQ. or QuiSQ. Quaque, or quisque, every one. Quart. Qu^ixtm, fourth, QuiNQ. Quinque, five, Quor. Quorum, of which,
R. Recipe, take ; but originally it was this sign %, the old invocation to Jujnterfor his blessing upon the formula.
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XIV MEDICAL CONTRACTIONS.
Ra8. Rasus^ scraped, rasped.
Rbcip. Redpietur^ let there be taken.
Red. in Puly. Rcdactus in pulverem^ powdered.
Redio. in Puly. Redigatur in pulverem^ let U be reduced to powder.
Reo. Hbb. Regie hepatis^ region of ike liver.
Rbg. Umb. Regie umbilici^ region of the navel.
Rbpet. Repetatur^ or Repetantur^ let it or them be repeated.
S. A. Secundum artem^ according to art.
S. O. S. or Si. Op. Sit. Si opus sit, if there be occasion.
Sbd. Sedes, a stool.
Sano. Sangub, blood.
ScAP. Scapula, the shoulder blade.
Scrob. Cord. Scrobiculus cordis, the pit of the stomach.
Sbmidr. Semidrachma, half a drachm.
Semih. Semihora, Ao^ an Aour.
Sept. Septimana, a week.
Seq. Sequens, following.
Sbq. Luce. Sequenti luce, the following day.
Sesquih. Sesquihora, an hour and a half.
Sesunc. Sesuncia, an ounce and a half.
Sbtac. Setaceum, a seton ; also, a sieve.
Si n. Val, Si non vfdeat, if it does not answer.
Si Vcr. Perm. Si vires permittant, if the strength will bear it.
Sic. Siccus, dry,
SioNAT. Signatura, a label.
Sign. N. Pr. Signetur nomine proprio, wi-ile on it the common name
(not the Latin name). Sign. Singulorum, of each. SiNiST. Sinister, lefl. Sol. Solutio, solution, SoMN. Somnus, sleep. Sp. Spiritus, spirit,
S. S. S. Stratum super stratum, layer upon layer, Stat. Statim, immediately. St. Stet, let it stand. S ub- AcET. Sub-acetas, sub-acetaie. SuB-BOR. Sub-boras, sub-borate. SuB-CARB. Sub-carbonas, sub-carbonate, SuB-MUR. Sub-murias, submuriaie. SuB-NiT. Sub-nitras, subtiitrale. SuB-suLPH. Sub-sulphas, .wb-sulphafe. SuBTBP. Subtepidus, lukewarm . Sue. Succus, juice.
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MBDICAL CONTRACTIONS. XV
Sub Fin. Coct. Sub finem coctionis^ when the boiling is nearly Jinished.
Sum. Sumere^ io take; sumendus^ to he taken.
Sum. Tal. Sumat talem^ let the patient take one like this.
S. V. Spiritus vinosus, common spirits.
S. V. R. Spiritus vini rectificatus^ spirit of wine.
S. V. T. Spiritus vini tenuior^ proof spirit.
Temp. Dbxt. Tempori dextro^ to the right temple.
Tebt. Tertius, third.
TiNCT. Tinctura, tincture.
T. O. Tinctura opii, tincture of opium.
T. O. C. Tinctura opii camphorata^ paregoric elixir.
Troc. Trocbiscus, a trochisc, or lozenge.
Ult. Prjbscr. Ultimo prescriptus^ the last ordered.
Umb. Umbilicus^ the navel.
Uno. Unguentum, ointment.
UsQ. UT LiQ. Anim. Usque ut liquerit animus, until fainting is produced.
Utbnd. Utendus^ to he used.
V. O. S. Vitello ovi solutus^ dissolved in the yolk of an egg.
V. S. Veuttsectio, hleeding.
Vbnt. Ventriculus, the stomach.
VoM. Uro. Vomitione urgente, when the vomiting is troublesome.
ViN. Vinum, wine.
Zz. Zingiber^ gi^cr.
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XVI
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
OF TRB
LONDON PHARMACOP(EIA.
As there are two kinds of Weights used in England^ hj one of which gold and silver^ and hj the other nearly all other kinds of merchandise are estimated^ we use the former, which is named Troy weight, and we divide the pound in the following way, viz.
The Pound fe^ f twelve ounces.
The Ounce J I .1 eight drachms.
The Drachm 5 f "^^^°» S three scruples. The Scruple 3 J (^twenty grains.
We have added the signs hy which it is customary to designate each weight. The measure of liquids is also diflerent — one heing employed for beer, and the other for wine ; we employ the latter, and use for liquids the divisions of the wine gallon.
The wine gallon is limited by the laws of the realm, which we divide, for medical uses, in the following manner:
The Gallon . . . cong."^ f eight pints.
The Pint ^. ,
T\. a 'A c^y contams
1 he fluid ounce . f 5 f
The fluid drachm . f 5 J
0.1 fU
sixteen fluid ounces, eight fluid drachms, sixty minims — TT\..
We have added the signs by which we designate each measure.
That no error may arise from the indiscriminate employment of the names of weights and measures, which apply indiscriminately to either, we have not inconsiderately devised certain new ones, which short practice will render easy. We even measure the smallest quantities of liquids by a glass measure, marked with equal divisions, for the number of drops is a fallacious and uncertain mode, since almost twice the num- ber of drops of a tincture are required to All the same measure when compared with those of water.
Grreat care should be taken that neither copper nor lead form a part of the materials of mortars, measures, funnels, or any other vessel in
Digitized by
FOBEIGN WSIOHTg AND HSA8UBB8.
ZVU
Triiich medicines are either prepared or kept; so that earthenware, glaired with lead, is not proper.
Preparations of an add, an alkali, an earth, a metal, as well as salts of every kind, ought to be kept in bottles with glass stoppers.
We measure the d^rees of heat by Fahrenheit's thermometer, and ivhen we order a boiling heat, a temperature of 212^ is meant ; a gentle heat signifies a temperature of between 9(f and 100^.
When Specific Gravity is mentioned we suppose the article to be of the temperature of 55°.
A Water Bath signifies when any thing contained in a vessel is exposed either to boiling water or its vapour, that it may be heated.
A Sand Bath is made of sand gradually heated, in which any vessel, with its contents, is placed.
FOREIGN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
NEW FBENCR WBIOHTS AND MBA8URS8.
{Computed hy Dr. Ure.) 1. — Measures of Length : the Metre being, at S2o, and the foot at 62°
Millimetre . Centimetre . Decimetre . Metre .... Decametre . Hecatometre Kilometre . ,
Engh'sh Inches. •03937 •39371 39-3708 39-87079 Mil. Fur. Yds. F«et In. 393-70790=0 0 10 2 9-7 3937-07900=0 0 109 1 1-078 3937090000=6 1 156 0 917
2. — Measures of Capacity : Cubic Inch contains 252*5 Imperial Grains of Water, at 62^
MilliHtre . Centilitre • Decilitre . Litre . . . Decalitre . Hecatolitre Kilolitre . . Myriolitre .
Cubic Inches. 006112
0-61120
6-11208 Gallons."
61-12079= 0
611-20792= 2
6112-07920= 22
61120-79208= 220-47
61 1207 •92080=2204-71
Imperial
Pints.
1-76377
1-4464
0*2640
Digiti
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XVm FORfilGK WEIGHTS AND M£A&URE6.
3. — Measures of Weight.
English Grains. Milligramme -0154
Centigramme *1543
Decigramme 1*5433 Avoirdupois
Gramme 15-4330 ^°"''*'-
Decagramme 154-3300= 0-022
Hecatogramme .... 1543-3300= 0-220
Kilogramme 15433-0000= 2-204
Myriogramme .... 154330-0000=22-047
German.
4. — Cologne Weight.
Marc Ox. Loth. Drs. Pwts. Hellers. A8.£<chen. Grs. St. Parts.
1 = 8=16=64=256=512=1792=4352=6144=65536
1= 2= 8= 32= 64= 224= 544= 768= 8192
1= 4= 16= 32= 112= 272= 384= 4096
1= 4= 8= 28= 68= 96= 1024
1= 2= 7= 17= 24= 256
5. — Nuremberg, or Apothecaries' Weight.
Pound. Oz. Drs. Scraples. Grs. Trey grs.
1 = 12=96=288=5760=5388
1= 8= 24= 480= 460-5
1= 3= 60= 57-5
1= 20= 19-2
1= 09-6
The French line . . . 00888 Eng. Inch. The English line. . . 0-7823 French Inch.
Digiti
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XIX
TABLES OF SIMPLE AFFINITY.
OxTGEy.
Carbon
Mangimese
Zinc
Iron
Tin
Antimony
Hydrogen
Phosphorus
Sulphur
Arsenic
Nitrogen
Nickel
Cobalt
Copper
Bismuth
Caloric?
Mercury
SilTer
Arsenons add
Nitric oxide
Gold
Platinum
Carbonic oxide
Muriatic add
White oxide of
manganese White oxide of
lead.
OxTOEy.
[ Vauauelin's table of the affinity of the metals of oxy-
g», according to e difficulty with whidi their ox- ides are decom- posed by heat.] l^taoium Manganese Zinc Iron Tin
Uranium Mdybdenum Tungsten Cobalt Antimony Nickel Arsenic Chromium Bismuth Lead Copper
TeHurium
Platinum
Mercury
Silver
Gold.
Cakbok. Oxygen
Iron Hydrogen.
NiTROOEX.
Oxygen
Sulphur ?
Phosphorus
Hydrogen.
Hydrooeh. Chlorine Oxygen Iodine Sulphur Carbon Phosphorus Nitn^en
Sulphur. Phosphorus ? Potass Soda Iron Copper Tin Lead SUver Bismuth Antimony Mercury Arsenic Molybdenum.
Potass, Soda, &
Ammonia. Aoidi:
Sulphuric
Nitric
Muriatic
Phosphoric
Fluoric
Oxalic
Tartaric
Arsenic
Succinic
Citric
Lactic
Benzoic
Sulphurous
Acetic
Mudc
Boradc
Nitrous
Carbonic
Pnudc Oil Water Sulphur
Barttes. Acids :
Sulphuric
Oxalic
Succinic
Fluoric
Phosphoric
Mucic
Nitric
Muriatic
Suberic
Citric
Tartaric
Arsenic
lisctic
Benzoic
Acetic
Boradc
Sulphurous
Nitrous
Carbonic
Prussic Sulphur Phosphorus Water Fixed oil.
Strontian. Aeidt:
Sulphuric
Phosphoric
Oxalic
Tartaric
Fluoric
Nitric
Muriatic
Sucdnic
Acetic
Arsenic
Boradc
Carbonic Water.
Lime.
Ai^ds: Oxalic Sulphuric Tartaric Succinic Phosphoric Mudc Nitric Muriatic Suberic Fluoric Arsenic Lactic Citric Malic Benzoic Acetic Boradc Sulphurous Nitrous Carbonic Prussic
Sulphut
Phosphorus
Water
Fixed oil.
Magnesia. Aeidt: Oxalic
Phosphoric Sulphuric Fluoric Arsenic Mudc Succinic Nitric Muriatic Tartaric Citric Malic? Lactic Benzoic Acetic Boradc Sulphurous Nitrous Carbonic Prussic Sulphur.
b2
Digitized by
TABLES OF SIMPLE AFFINITY.
Alumixa. Acids: Sulphuric Nitric Muriatic Oxalic Anenic Fluoric Tartaric Succinic niudc Citric Phosphoric Lactic Benzoic Acetie Boradc Sulphurous Nitrous Carbonic Prussic
Salica. Aeid:
Fluoric Potass.
Oxide op Pla- tinum.
Oxide of Oold.
[Omitting for the gold the oxalic, succinic, and carbonic, and adding sulphur- etted hydrogen, afW ammonia.]
Aoidt : Gallic Muriatic Nitric Sulphuric Arsenic Fluoric TarUric Phosphoric Oxalic Citric Acetic Succinic Pnissic Carbonic
Ammonia.
Oxide ofSilter Aeids:
Gallic
Muriatic
Oxalic
Sulphuric Mucic Phosphoric Sulphurous Nitric Arsenic Fluoric Tartaric Citric Lactic Succinic Acetic Prusdc Carbonic Anmionia.
Oxide of Meb-
CUET.
Aoids: GaUic Muriatic Oxalic Succinic Arsenic Phosphoric Sulphuric Mudc Tartaric Citric Malic Sulphurous Nitric Fluoric Acetic Benxoic Boradc Prusdc Carbonic
Oxide of Lead. Acids :
Gallic
Sulphuric
Mudc
Oxalic
Arsenic
Tartaric
Phosphoric
Muriatic
Sulphurous
Suberic
Nitric
Fluoric
Citric
Malic
Sucdnic
Lactic Acetic Benzoic Boradc Pnissic Carbonic Fixed oils Ammonia.
Oxide of Cop- per.
Acid*:
GaUic
Oxalic
Tartaric
Muriatic
Sulphuric
Mudc
Nitric
Arsenic
Phosphoric
Sucdnic
Fluoric
Citric
Lactic
Acetic
Boradc
Pnissic
Carbonic Fixed Alkalies Ammonia Fixed oils.
Oxide of Ae-
SENIC.
Aoidt:
Gallic
Muriatic
Oxalic
Sulphuric
Nitric
Tartaric
Phosphoric
Fluoric
Sucdnic
Citric
Acetic
Prusdc Fixed alkalies Ammonia Fixed oils Water.
Oxide of Ieok. Acids:
GaUic
OxaUc
Tartaric
Camphoric
Sulphuric
Mudc
Muriatic
Nitric
Phosphoric
Arsenic
Fluoric
Sucdnic
Citric
Lactic
Acetic
Boradc
Prusdc
Carbonic
Oxide of Tiir,
[Bergman places
the tartaric before
the muriatic] Acids:
GaUic
Muriatic
Sulphuric
OxaUc
Tartaric
Arsenic
Phosphoric
Nitric
Sucdnic
Fluoric
Mucic
Citric
Lactic
Acetic
Boradc
Prusdc Ammonia.
Oxide of Zikc. Acids:
GaUic
Oxalic
Sulphuric
Muriatic
Mudc
Nitric
Tartaric
Phosphoric
Citric
Sucdnic
Fluoric
Arsenic
Lactic
Acetic
Boradc
Digitized by
TABLES OF 8II1PLB AFFINITY.
XXI
|
Prassic |
Tmne |
BaryU |
Potass |
|
Carbonic |
Potass |
Potass |
Soda |
|
Fixed alkalies |
Soda |
Soda |
Ammonia |
|
AmmoDia. |
Strontia |
Strontia |
Alumina |
|
Magnesia |
Lime |
Metallic oxides |
|
|
Ammonia |
Blagnesia |
Water |
|
|
OXIBE OF AkTX- |
Gludna |
Ammonia |
Alcohol. |
|
XOMT. |
Alumina Ziroonia |
Gludna Alumina |
|
|
AtidM* |
|||
|
OaOic |
Metallic oxides. |
Zireonia |
Benzoic Acid. |
|
Mariadc |
MetaUic oxides. |
White oxide of |
|
|
Bcnsoic |
Phosphobic |
arsenic |
|
|
Oxalic |
Potass |
||
|
Sulphuric |
Acid. |
Fluoeic Acid. |
Soda |
|
Nitric |
Carbohic. |
BOBACIC. |
Ammonia |
|
Tartaric |
[Magnesia should |
[Except Silica.] |
BaryU |
|
Mudc |
stand above am- |
Absemic. |
Ume |
|
Pbofphoric |
monia, and alu- |
[With the omission |
Magnesia |
|
Citric |
mina and silica |
ofstrontia,metal- |
Alumina |
|
Succinic |
should be omit- ted] |
Uc oiddes, glud- aa^and ziroonia.} |
|
|
Fluoric |
|||
|
Aiaenic |
BaryU |
TUKGSTIC. |
CamphoeicAcid |
|
Lactic |
Strontia |
Lime |
Lime |
|
Acedc |
Lime |
Baryu |
Potass |
|
Boradc |
Potass |
Strontia |
Soda |
|
Prussic |
Soda |
Magnesia |
BaryU |
|
Fixed alkalies |
Ammcnia |
Potass |
Ammonia |
|
Ammonia. |
Soda |
Alumina |
|
|
Olucina |
Ammonia |
Magnesia. |
|
|
Alumina Zirconia MetaUic oxides Silica. |
Gludna Alumina Ziroonia SiUca |
||
|
sulphvktcacxd Peussic. [With the omission of all after am. |
Fixed Oils. Lime BaryU Potass Sods |
||
|
monia] |
|||
|
BaryU |
Phosphorous |
Acetic Acid.. |
Magnesia Oxide of mercury Other metaUic ox. |
|
Strontia |
Acid. |
Lactic,Subeeic |
|
|
Potass |
[Ammonia should |
BaryU |
|
|
Soda |
stand abore mag- |
Potass |
ides |
|
liime Magnesia |
nesia.] Lime |
Soda Strontia |
Alumina. |
|
Ammonia |
BaryU |
Lime |
|
|
Ohidna |
Strontia |
Ammonia |
Alcohol. Water |
|
Gadolina |
Potass |
Magnesia |
|
|
Alumina |
Soda |
MeuUic oxides |
Ether VoIatUeoa Alkaline sulphu. rets* |
|
Ziroonia |
Ammonia |
Gludna |
|
|
Metallic oxides. |
Olucina Alumina Ziroonia |
Alumina Ziroonia. |
|
|
Metallic oxides. |
|||
|
SULPHDEOlfS |
|||
|
Acid. |
Oxalic Acid. |
Sulphitbetted |
|
|
Succinic. |
^^^^^KA^Aw A&^/aa^« Tabtaeic. |
Htdeooek. |
|
|
[Ammonia should |
NiTEic Acid. |
Citric. |
BaryU |
|
eome before mag- |
MUEIATIC.^ |
[Zirconia after alu- |
Potiss |
|
nesia and stron- |
[Silica should ^c |
mina.] |
Soda |
|
tia ; ^cina and |
omitted, and in- |
Lime |
Lime |
|
ztrconia should |
stead of it, water |
BaryU |
Ammonia |
|
be omitted.] |
and alcohol be |
Strontia |
Magnesia |
|
BaryU |
inserted.] |
Mngnesia |
Zirconia. |
Digiti
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CASES OF MUTUAL DECOMPOSITION.
1. — Fbom Simple Affinity.
Sulphate of potass ■ soda
• ammonia
• magnesia
Supersulphate of alumina Nitrate of potass .
ammonia
Muriate of baryta ■ soda . lime .
ammonia
Phosphate of soda Sub-borate of soda Nitrate of silver . Acetate of lead . Sulphate of mercury Soap of potass ■ soda . .
with Muriate of baryta.
Nitrate of potass.
Muriate of potass.
— Carbonate of potass.
— Muriate of Hme.
■ -^— — baryta.
Phosphate of soda.
■ All the sulphates and nitrates.
— Carbonate of potass.
— Sub-borate of soda.
■ Carbonate of potass.
Muriate of ammonia.
Carbonate of potass.
•^— Muriate of soda.
— Citrate of potass.
— Muriate of soda.
■ soda.
— Sulphate of lime.
2 — From Compound Affinity.
Sulphate of baryta - baryta
' potass
— soda
Muriate of baryta
Ditto . .
Ditto . .
Ditto . .
Ditto . . Muriate of lime . Phosphate of soda Acetate of lead .
Ditto . .
with
Carbonate of potass.
■ soda. Muriate of lime.
Ditto. Phosphate of soda. Sub-borate of soda. Carbonate of potass.
■ soda.
ammonia*
Ditto.
— ^— lime. Sulphate of zinc. Nitrate of mercuiy.
Digiti
zed by Google
DOSES.
In prescribing a medicine, the following circumstances should always be kept in view : — AoB^ SBX5 Temperahsnt, Habit, Climate, State OF Stomach, and Idiosyncracy.
AGE.
For an adult, suppose the dose to be one or 1 drachm. Under 1 year, will require only . 1-1 2th 5 grains.
2 l-8th 8 grains.
3 l-6th 10 grains.
4 l-4th 15 grains.
7 l-3d 1 scruple.
14 half half drachm.
20 2-3ds 2 scruples.
Above 21 The full dose .... one 1 drachm.
65 The inverse gradation of the above.
Sex. Women require smaller doses than men, and the state of the uterine system must never be overlooked.
Temperament. Stimulants and purgatives more readily affect the sanguine than the phlegmatic, and consequently the former require smaller doses.
Habits. l*he knowledge of these is essential; for those in the ha- bitual use of stimulants and narcotics require larger doses to affect them when labouring under disease, whilst those who have habituated themselves to the use of saline purgatives are more easily affected by these remedies.
Climate. Medicines act differently on the same individual in summer and in winter, and in different climates.
State of Stomach, and Idiosyncracy. The least active remedies operate very violently on some individuals, owing to a peculiarity of stomach, or rather disposition of body, unconnected with tem- perament. This state can be discovered only by accident or time ; but when it is known, it should always be attended to by the prac- titioner.
In prescribing, the practitioner should always so regulate the inter- vals between the doses, that the next dose may be taken before the effect produced by the first is altogether effaced ; for by not attending
Digitized by
XXIV DOSES.
to this circumstance^ the cure is always commencing but never proceed- ing. It should, however, also be kept in mind that medicines, such as the mercurial salts, arsenic, &c, are apt to accumulate in the system ; and danger may thence arise if the doses too rapidly succeed to each other. The action also of some remedies, elaterium and digitalis, for example, continues long after the remedy is left off; and therefore much caution is requisite in avoiding too powerful an efiect, by a repetition of them even in diminished doses. (Dr. A. T. Thomson.)
ERRATUM.
In Dbcoctum SAESAPAEiLLiE COMPOSITE If , /oT ^' 3^j ^ bi^k of meseTMii*
read "SHj.**
Digiti
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NEW SUPPLEMENT
TO THE
PHARMACOPCEIAS.
Abibtic Acid. This has recently heen discovered hy M. Baup in the
resin of Pinus Abies, It crystallizes in square plates, soluble in
alcohol^ and combines with alkalies. Abietis Rbsina. L. E. D. P. Resin of the Spruce-fir, Pinus Abies.
Frankincense. Thus. O. Resina concreia. O. Composed of resin, and fragrant essential oil, and containing sylvic or
pinic acid. It is solid, dry, brittle, of a pale yellowish-brown colour,
frequently intermixed with white streaks, and whitish when broken.
It is usually brought into this country from Germany. See Pjx
Abibtina. MedidnaUy it is stimulant and rubefacient, and is employed externally
in form of plaster in chronic catarrh, hooping-cough, rheumatic
pains, &c. Enters into Empl. Arom. D. Empl. Galb. Comp. L. Empl. OpiL L.
EmpL Thur. D. Ablubnts, from abltio, to cleanse, medicines supposed to cleanse the
blood by washing away impurities.. Abrotani Folia. D. Leaves of Southernwood, Artemisia abrotanum.
A warm, stomachic, tonic bitter, in doses of 3j to 5j of the ppwder ;
or in infusion, Jj to two ounces of water, in dyspeptic or worm
cases. Used also in fomentations, and said to promote the growth of
the hair. Incompatible with the acetates of lead and the sulphates of iron and
zinc Absinthin, a bitter resin discovered in wormwood by Kunsmuller, but
not yet much investigated. Absinthium. L. E. D. P. Common wormwood, Artemisia absinthium,
Abs. vulgare. O. A warm, tonic bitter in doses of 3j to 3ij of the
powder ; gr. v to 3jss of the extract ; 588 to 38S or more of the
B
Digitized by
t ACAC
tincture ; and 5iv to 5xij of the infusion^ 5j to Jxij of water. It is also prepared as a syrup^ and a volatile oil is distilled from it.
IncompatihU with the acetates of lead and the sulphates of iron and zinc.
Prescribed in dyspepsia, jaundice, amenorrhoea, intermittents, &c and as an anthelmintic in form of enema. — Going out of use.
The Dublin Ph. has the A. marilima ; and the Paris Codex the A^ Pontica, which have nearly the same qualities. Absinthiuh (^SaU of), a subcarbonate of potass prepared by burning
difierent species of wormwood. Absobbbnts, from absorbeo to drink up, medicines which neutralize or sheath acrid or acid substances in the stomach and bowels, such as antacids. Abstebobnts, from absiergo to cleanse, medicines which cleanse
ulcers, &c. The term is obsolescent. Acacub Gummi. L. £. Gummi Arabicum, D. P. Gum Arabic, pro- cured by incision or spontaneously from the Acacia vera, Mimosa Nilolica, Acacia Arabica, &c It occurs in small rounded friable masses, which, when pure, are nearly colourless or lemon yellow, semi-transparent, have no smdU, and an innpid mucilaginouB taste. There are two sorts in the shops, one from Barbary and Morocco in small and nearly colourless tears ; another from the East Indies, in larger and darker coloured masses, also less soluble in water than the former.
Adulterated with the gums of the dieny and jdum trees, and with gum Senegal* The latter is distinguished from the genuine by being clammy and tenacious, and not brittle. The cherry and plum-tree gum may be detected by its not dissolving in pure cold water, but readily at a boiling heat on adding a little sulphuric or nitric acid. It is also darker coloured*
Soluble in water fforming mucilage), in lime water and alkaline solutions, in vinegar and dilute acids, but is decomposed by strong acids.
Insoluble in ether, oils, akohol; which last precipitates it from its aqueous solution in white flakes.
Incompatible with alcohol, sulphuric ether and its compound spirit, with strong adds, ammonia, subacetate of lead, tincture of the muriate of iron, and nitrate of mercury.
Medidnalfy h is demulcent, and is sometimes given alone in catanh by allowing it to dissolve slowly in the mouth. It is also given in diarrhoea, dysentery, strangury, hemoptysis, &c. ; but is chiefly used in making mucilages useful as a vehicle to some medicines, and serving to correct the acrinumy of others.
Digitized by
ACET »
Enters into Mucil. Acac L. E. D. P. Emuls. Aoac. Arab. £. Emuls.
Arab.D. Misl. Conuuit. L. D. Mist. Cret. L.D. Mist. Moschi. L.
Mist. Guaiac L. Conf. Amjg. L. Pulv. Cret. Comp. L. Pulr.
Tragacanth. Comp. L. Trochisc. Carb. Calc. E. Troch. Glycyrrk. E.
Trocb. Glycirrb. cum Opio* £. Troch. Cummoii. E. S3r7up. de
Gum. Arab. P, Acanthus Mollis. P. Smooth Bears^breech* Leaves and herb diu- retic in decoction and infusion ; and emollient in cataplasm. Ac£RATE. A salt formed with aceric acid and an alkaline or other
base. AcERiQ Acid, discovered by Scheren in the juice of the maple in the
state of acerate of lime. Not used. Aobscbnt^ what is apt to become acid> spontaneously. AoBTABULUM. O. Sea Navelwort^ Tubularia acetabulum. Strongly
diuretic in dotes of 5ij in wine. AcBTAS Ammonijb. P. See Ammonia Aobtas, and Liquob Ammon.
ACBT.
AcETAs Ctnchonina. Netv. Acetate of Cinchonine or Cinchoniaj is a peculiar salt^ formed by treating cinchonia with acetic acid. It is but little used^ being found of inferior efficacy to the sul^iate of quinine.
AcBTAa Fbbbi. D. Acetate of Iron. Digest Jss of carbonate of iron with jiij of distiUed vinegar for three days, and filter. Decompontiotu The protoacetate and peracetate of iron seem both to be formed in solution, while the carbonic acid gas is expelled ; but on account of thr abstraetion of oxygen from the atmo^h^re, the whole of the iron is probably formed into peracetate. Medicinalfy it is astringent, tonic, and emmenagogue, Xtlx to lOlxx or more in chlorosis, dyspepsia, h3rpochondriasis, &c. See Tinot. Acbt* Fbbbi.
AcETAS Htdbabotbi. £. D. Acetate of Mercury. H^drargyrus aceiatus. Mix Ji^j of purified mercury with 5ivss of nitrip acid, and digest till it be dissolved. Then dissolve ^j of acetate of potass in ftviij of boiling water, and mix both while the former is hot. Then crystalline. All the vessels used must be of glass.-^£xpo8ui« to light blackens and spoils it. Decomposiium, The protonitrale of mercury procured by the first process is decomposed by the solution of apetate of potass, which, giving up its alkali, forms nitrate of potass, and remains in sobition, while its acetic acid combines with the protoxide of mercury, and forms protoacetate of mercury ; both salts remaining in solution, but, on cooling, the protoacetate of mercury is deposited in the fonn of white scales.
Bf
Digitized by
4 ACET
Incompalible with alkalies and alkaline earths..
Medicinally it is alterative in syphilis in doses of gr« j to gr. iv, twice a day^ but uncertain. As a lotion in cutaneous disorders gpr. j to ^ of rose water.
AosTi^ Kali. D. See Aortas PoTAsSiB.
AoBTAs MoBPHiNJB. P. New. Acetate of Morphine or Morphia. Dis- solve 4 parts of morphine in 8 parts of distilled water, or in alcohol ; then add acetic acid sp. gr. 1.075 to saturation. Evaporate slowly to dr3rness^ arid reduce to powder. Medicinally it is given in doses of gpr. i to gr. 4- or gr. ss in form of pill or S3rrup as a sedative and mild narcotic.
AcBTAs PiiUHBi. £. D. P. See Supbracbtas Plumbi. L.
AcBTAS PoTAsas. L. £. p. Acetate of Potass. Acetas kali. D. Mix
Ibjss of subcarbonate of potass in cong. j of acetic acid, evaporate to
one half, and add the acid to saturation. Evaporate again and strain ;
then evaporate to dryness.
Decomposition, The carbonic acid is disengaged, and the acetic acid
unites with the potc^. Medicinally it is gently laxative and diuretic in doses of 9j to 5iij in fevers, hepatitis, and jaundice.
AcBTAS QuiNiNiE. Ncw. Acetate of Quinine is a peculiar salt formed by treating quinine with acetic acid. As it appears to be inferior in power to the sulphate, it is but little used.
AoBTAS SoLANiNiB. Nctv, Acetate of Solanine. Prepared in the same way as the Acetas morphinas, A small portion of acid saturates it. Medicinally it is a powerful emetic in the dose of gr. -^
AcBTATE of Cinchonine, Iron, Lead, Mercury, Morphine, Potass, Quinine, Solanine, &c. See the articles immediately preceding.
AcBTOMBTBR, an instrument for measuring the strength of vinegar.
AcBTOflJB Folia. L. E. Leaves of Common Sorrel, Rumex acelosa. Contain super-oxalate or bin- oxalate of potass, which is their active principle. Cooling diuretic in doses of ^j to ^ij of the juice given in whey.
AcBTOSBLLA FoLiA. L, Leaves of Wood Sorrel, Oxalis acetosella. Lujula folium. O. Contain super-oxalate or bin-oxalate of potass. Cooling and antiseptic in doses of ^ to Jij of the juice in whey, or a handful of the leaves to Oij of water or of milk boiled for com- mon drink in fevers, &c.
AcETUM. L. Vinegar. Acidum ctcetosunu E. Acetum vini. D. Con- tains water, acetic acid, tartaric acid, alcohol, sugar, tartrate of potass, and residuum. See Camp Vin. Adulterated with sulphuric acid, grains of paradise, &c. Medicinally it is antiseptic, cooling, diaphoretic in doses of ^ to Jss
Digitized by
ACID 5
to Oj of water in scorbutus and typhus, or as an antidote . to opium and other narcoticd after evacuation of the stomach. Refrigerant and laxative in form of enema ^iv to Jvj in an equal or double por- tion of water> in fevers^ distressing hiccup, &c» Externally it may ' be applied to sprains and bruises ; and the vapour may be inhaled in cynanche maligna. ,
Enters into Acidum Acet. camphoratum. £. D. Acid. Acet. (dilutum) L. £. D. Acid, acetos. forte. £. D. Cataplasma Sinapis. L. D. Ceratum Saponis. L. D. Syrup, aceti. £. Linimentum ^ruginis. L. Syr. Colchici Autumnalis. £. AcBTUM Antihystericum. Macerate 5ij of castor, 5ij assafoetida, %ss of galbanum, ^ of fresh rue, tbij of wine vinegar, and strain. Medicinally it is a good antispasmodic. Acetum ARMORAciiB. See Vinegar op Horse-badish. AcBTUM Aromaticum. O. See Acidum Aceticum AROMATicuif . £. AcETusf CoiiCHici. L. Colchicum Vinegar. Digest ^ /)f fresh bulbs of colchicum sliced in Oj of acetic acid, and in a covered glass vessel, for 24 hours ; express the liquor, pour it off clear, and add Jj of proof spirit. Contains Veratrine, which see. Medicincdly it is sedative, diuretic, purgative, and diaphoretic. Dose 5ss to 5jss in gout, rheumatism, dropsy, and thoracic inflammations. Acetum Distillatum. D. See Acidum Aceticum Dilutum. L. Acetum Scilla. L. £. D. Vinegar of Squills. Acetum SciUiticum^ P. Macerate ttj of the fresh dried root of the squill in fcvj of vinegar in a close glass vessel, with a gentle heat, for 24 hours, express the liquor, pour it off clear, and add Ibss of proof spirit. Medicinally it is stimulant, diuretic, and expectorant in doses of ^ss to 5ij twice or thrice a day in mint water in asthma, catarrh, and dropsy. Enters into Syr. Sdlla?. £. Oxymel Scill. L. Acetum Vini. D. See Acetum.
Achillea Nobilib. Pharm. Petropolitana. Yarrow noble. The flowers are aromatic, astringent, and tonic, in doses of 9j to 5ij twice or thrice a day. Achillea Ptarmica. Linn. Sneezewort. Leaves and root errhine. Acid. See the article Acidum, and in the order of the alphabet, the several articles Abietic, Aloetic, Amniotic, Amylic, Antimonic, Antimonious, Arsenic, Arsenious^ Aspartic, Auric, Boletic, fiombic. Boric, Bromic, Butyric, Capric, Caproic, Camphoric, Carbazotic, Carbonic, Carthamic, Caseic, Ceric, Cevadic, Chloric, Chloriodic, Chloro- cyanic, Chloro-carbonic, Chloro-chronic, Cholesteric, Cimicic, Columbic, Croconic, Cyanic, Delphinic, Elaiodic, Ellagic, Erythric, Ferro-cyanic, Fcrruretted-chyazic, Fluo-boric, Fluo-chromic, Fluoric,
Digitized by
6 ACID
Fluo-kilkus> Fluo^titanic, Formic, Fulminic, Oaltctic, C^ttUic, Oostric, Glancic> Hirac, Humic, H3rdriodic> Hydro-bromic, HydtxM:bloric« Hydro-crocODic, Hydro-fluoric, H3rdro-»elemc> Hydro^sulphuric, Hydm-^hiotiicy Hydro-Mtnthic, Hypo-nitrous, Hypo-pho6ph(m>u8, Hypo-solpkuric, Hypo-fulphurous, Iga6uric> Indigotic, Iodic, lodous, Jatropbic, Kinic, Krameric, Laccic, Lactic, Lampic, Lithic, Locuftdc, Malic, Manganeiic, Mauganeseoui, Margaik, Marine, Meconic, MelaMic, MellitLC, M^nispermic, Molybdtc, Molybdous, Moric, Moroxylip, Mucic, Nanoeic^ Nitro-leudc, Nitro-Mocharic, Oleic, Ou- retic, Oxyladic,' Pectic, Perchloric, Phooenic, Phoiiphatic, Phosphoric, Phosphorous, Pinic, Polygalic, Prussic, Purpuric, Pyro-citric, Pyro- ligneous, Pyro-malic, Pyro^mucic, Pyro-tartaric, Pyro-uric, Rheumie, Rosadc, Saccholactic, Sadactic, Sebacic, Selenic, Selenious, Silicic, Silico-fluoric, Silvic, Solanic, Sorlnc, Stearic, Stearo^ricinic, Stibic, Stibious, Suluric, Sulpho-naphthalic, Sulphurous, Sulphuretted- chyasic, Suipho-cyanic, Sulpho-sinapic, Sulpho-vinic, Sylvic, Titanic, Tungstic, Ulmic, Uric, Vegeto-sulphuric, and Zumic
ActoiFiABLB> capable of forming an add with oxygen or hydrogen.
AciouM. Acid. In the following 24 artides, I have arranged under dieir Latin names the adds in the Pharmacopoeias; the other adds (see Acid) will be found in their respective places in the alphabets
AciDim AcBTicuK ABOMATiouBf. £. Aromatic vinegar ; Vinegar of the Four Thieves. Acetnm aramaticum aUiatunu P. Digest in fbij of acetic add ; ^ of the dried tops of ro^mary ; Jj of the dried leaves of sage ; ^ss of the dried flowers of lavender ; Jw of bruised doves, for seven days ; express the liquor, and Alter through paper. See Hkmrt. The Paris Ph. directs garlic, rue, wonnwood, mint, camphor, &c. to be added. Medicinally it is antiseptic and prophylactic of contagion in fever; stimulant in syncope.
AciDUM AcBTTCUM Camphoiratum. £. D. Camphorated Vinegar. Triturate ^ss of camphor with a little rectified spirit, and dissolve it in Jvj of acetic acid. Medicinaiiy it is stimulant, andeptic, and grateful in sick rooms.
AciDOM AcfeTicuM CoNOBNTRATUM. Ph. Stockholm. Acetum radi- catum Westendorfiu Take acetate of copper deprived of all moisturo by exposure to heat ; distil by a gentle heat ; and if the acid thus obtained have a green tinge, add one thirtieth part of prepared wood charcoal, and re-distiL This preparation is similar to, but more expensive than, our distilled vinegar.
AciBUM AcRTicuM DiLUTUM. L. Common distilled Vinegar. Acidttm acelosuftu £. Acetum disiillalum, D. A. a. debilior. P. Prepared
Digitized by
ACID 7
bj dindUii^ common vinegar ; bat as a portiim of the acid is k)sl by the prooefli, it is weaker. Properties and use the same as vin^ar. EtUtn imlo Potass. Aoet. L. £. D. Acet. Feni. D. Liq. Ammon. Acet. L. £. D. Liq. Plumb. Subaoet. L. D. Acet. ColchicL L. Emphist AmmoniacL L. OzjmeL L. D. Oyxm. Colchici. D. Plumbt Superaoet. L. R D. Acetum SdlL L. E. D.
AciBUM AcBTiocTM F0BTIU8 s LiONO D18TILLATUM. L. Pjrdigneous Acid. In the manufacture oi charcoal from wood in iron retorts, an add is produced, by twice redistilling, saturating with quick- lime, evaporating to dryness, and then decom))osing the impure acetate of lime thus formed by suifdiate of soda. The sulphate of lime and acetate of soda thence resulting are then decomposed by sulphuric acid ; and by distilling, a pure, perfectly colourless acid, free from empyreuma, is procured. It can be had from the manufacturers of any d^pree of strength, but that directed by the London College is to be of sp. gr. \OA6, (but this Ib not a good test of its strength,) or six times as strong as diluted acetic add, or distilled vin^ar. Meaianalhf it is said to be useful as a lotion in cutaneous affections requiring stimtilaats, such as tinea, lepra ; and in ulcers «nd sinuses from carious bones, &c It is strongly antiseptic, and is an excellent preservative fhmi putre- faction, in caring hams, tongues, &c Emers into Potasss Aoetas. L. £. D. Plumbi Acetas. L. E. D.
AciouM Absbnioum. Arsenic Add. Procured by distilling the white oxide of arsenic with nitrous acid. Its properties are much the same as the oxide. See Arsbnici Oztdum.
AciDUM Bbnzoicum. L. E. D. Bensoic Add, or Flowers of fienja« min. Procured by subliming a pound of benidn in a glass vessel in a sand-bath beginning with a heat of SWf and increasing it. The portion sublimed is then to be removed into blotting-paper, pressed, and re-sublimed with a heat not exceeding 40(K. DecomposilioH, The add is disengaged by the heat, and passes over, leaving the gum as a residuum. It requires care to prevent empy- reuma arising during the process. Mtdicmalfy it is fragrant, hot, but agreeable to the taste. Stimulant
in doses of gr. x to ^ss, bat seldom used. Enters into Tinct. Opii Ammon. E. Tinct. Camph. comp. L. D.
AoinuM B<mAOiouM. P. Boradc Add. Sedative and antiseptic Little used.
AciouM CiTBicuM. L. E. D. P. Citric Add, White Add of Lemons, or Concrete Lemon Juice. Procured by adding any quantity of lemon or lime juice to finely-powdered chalk till edServescence ceases, when an insoluble dtrate of lime will be formed, which is well
Digitized by
8 ACID
washed with water> and then decomposed hy dilute sulphuric acid to fonn sulphate of lime, which is separated hy a filter, and the citric acid crystallized hy evaporation. An ounce of this dissolved in a pint of water is ahout equal in strength to lemon juice; soluble in cold, but more readily in hot water ; also in alcohoL
Incompatible with the sulphuric and nitric acids, with the acetates of lead and mercury, and the nitrate of mercury.
Medicinally it is antiseptic, antiscorbutic, refreshing, slightly diuretic, and an antidote to narcotic poisons, such as belladonna. Dose from vyx to 5ss in Jiv of water.
The tartaric acid is often sold instead of the citric, as it closely resem- bles it, and is much lower in price. AciDUM FoRMicARUH. See Formic Acid. AciDUM HrDRocHLORicuM. Ncw, See Acidum Muriaticum . AciDUM Hydrocyanicum. p. Hydrocyanic, or Prussic Add. One part of the strong acid with eight parts and a half by weight or six parts by volume of water is the medicinal add. Dr. Ure says, the spedfic gravity should be 0*996, or 0'997. It is liquid, colourless, transparent, and has a powerful deleterious odour, like that of bitter almonds, with a taste at first cooling, but afterwards acrid and irri- tating.
Medicinally it is tonic Dose from two drops to dght drops of the diluted acid in dyspepsia, phthisis, &c It is also antispasmodic As a lotion it is said to be good in impetigo and acne rosacea.
Poifofious, when pure, in very small doses ; a single drop put on the tongue of a dog making him fall as if shot ; the common acid is poi- sonous in large doses, produdng stupor, nausea, dilated pupils, syn- cope, and death, almost instantaneously. Even the vapour has proved fatal during its preparation.
Antidotes, When it is possible, hot brandy and water, turpentine, or camphor mixture should be given without delay, along with aroma- tic spirit of ammonia, or any other powerful stimulant.
Tests. The peculiar nutty smell of the acid. Sulphate of iron gives a precipitate of a dark brown colour, which, on adding a little sul- phuric acid, becomes first green and then fine blue. The poison will frequently be found in the blood as well as in the stomach. —
(SCHEBLB.)
Acidum Muriaticum. L. £. D. Muriatic or Hydrochloric Add, Spirit of Salt. Procured from common salt by distilling it with sulphuric add and water over a water bath. It is composed of chlo- rine or oxymunatic add gas and hydrogen, according to Sir H. Davy. It is, when pure, usually transparent, but may have a yellow tinge without bdng very impure.
Digitized by
ACID 9
Adulieraied aometiaies with sulphuric add, which may be detected by muriate of barytes, producing a white precipitate of sulphate of bary tes.
Medicinal^ it is an excellent tonic in dyspepsia, fevers, worms, cuta* neous eruptions, in doses of from iT\,x to ii\xx in barley water or infusion of quassia. It is also used in gargles, and injections in cynanche and syphilis.
Enters into Sol. Muriat. Calcis. £. D. Tinct. Ferri Muriat. L. £. D, Hydro-Sulph. Ammonis^, £. Murias Baryt. £.
ACIDUM MURIATICUM DiLUTUM. D. Sp. gT. I'OOO.
AciDUM NiTBicUM. L. E. D. p. Nitric Acid, or Aquafortis. Acidum mlrosum. O. Procured by treating nitrate of potass with sulphuric add, and distilling.
Incompatible with the essential oils, and particularly with spirit of lavender.
Medicinally it is tonic, diuretic, antisiphilitic, and antiseptic. The dose is from iT\.ij to V[y diluted with water, and sucked through a quill or a glass tube in order to preserve the teeth, in chronic hepatitis, cachexia, dyspepsia, typhus, lues, &c. As a lotion Jv to Ibj of water in old, foetid, or spongoid ulcers. In fumigation, to destroy contagion, place 5iv with 5ij of sulphuric add in a saucer, and set it on a pipkin filled with hot sand, when the add will come over in vapour.
Poisonous in large doses, producing burning sensations in the throat and stomach, ^cessive vomiting, obstinate constipation, and great torture on going to stool.
Antidotes. The best are large doses of caldned magnesia, or soap mixed with water or barley-water. Blood-letting and purgatives are indispensable when there are symptoms of inflammation.
Tetts, This poison stains the skin yellow as well as the coats of the stomach, which may be discovered on dissection. When boiled with copper filings it will exhale orange-coloured fumes, and ammonia will in that case turn the liquor in the vessel blue.
Enters into Argent. Nitras. L. Ung. Hydrarg. Nit. L. Add. Nitric. Dilut. L. Liq. Ferr. Alkalini. L. Spir. iEther. Nitric. L. Hy- drarg. Nitrico-oxyd. L. Acidum Nitricum Dilutum. L. Diluted Nitric Add. This is pre- pared by adding ^ of nitric add to ^ix of water. The dose is ty|^x to tlt^^xx in Jiij of water, sweetened with sugar in the same cases as the last, like which also it is poisonous. Acidum Nitbosum. See next article.
Enters into Spir. -^ther. Nitros. E. D. Ung. Addi Nitros. E. D. Argent. Nitrat. D. Add. Nitros. Dilut. £. D. Ung. Nitrat. Hydrarg. E. D.
Digitized by
{
10 ACID
AciDUV NiTROsuM DiLUTiTM. NitToufl Add. This is of a brown-red colour, while nitric add if ccdourless. Its properties and dose are the same as the nitric add, like which also it Is poisonous. Enieri into Subnurias Hydrarg. Praedpitatus. £. D. Aoet. Hjdrarg. £^ D. Submur. Hydrarg. Ammoniatus. D. Nitr. Argent. £. Oxjd. Hydrarg. Ciner. E. D. Ox. Hyd. Rub. E. D. AciDUM NiTBo-MURiATicUM. Nitro^murtatic Add. Aqua regia, O. Procured by mixing Jxvj of nitric add with Jiv of dilorate [^mu- riate]] of soda, or Ibij of hydrochloric f muriatic] add with ftj of nitric add. Dissolves gold. DecompGiUian, Both the adds are partially decomposed, and a portion of the hydrogen of the hydrochloric acid, uniting with a pcnrtion of the oxygen of the nitric add, forms water, and white nitrous acid and chlorine are the results. MeduAnaUy it is used as a bath in hepatic and syphilitic complaints, Jir each of nitric and muriatic add to Ibss of water. According to Dr. Paris this can only act on the bowels. AciDDX OitALicuM. Oxalic Add, or Add of Sugar. Procured by dissolving one part of refined sugar in four parts of nitric add, and slowly distilling about one part of the whdle. The crystals are then obtained by evaporating the liquor that remains in the retort. The crystals dosely resemble Epsom salts, but will change ink to a light brown, while it remains unchanged by the salts. Medicinally it is refreshing and slightly diuretic in doses of r\x to ys\jLSi diluted with water, in which form I have myself often used it as common drink. Used also to clean boot-tops, when it is sometimes called salt of sorrel,
and to adulterate punch adds. Poisonous in doses above half an ounce, producing nausea, burning pain in the stomach, smarting in the thr(»t, retching, vertigo, con- vulsions, and death. Antidotes. The best are magnesia or chalk and water, which will form in- sduble oxalates of magnesia or lime, that must beevacuated by emetics. Tests. Lime water throws down a precipitate of oxalate of lime ; and the add may be easily crystalliived, which will at once distinguish it. AciDUM OxYMUBiATicuM. See Chlorine . P. AciDUM Prubsicum. See Acidum Hyorocyanicum. AciDUM SucciNicuM. D. — A. SucciNi. E. p. Suodnic Add. Sal succini. O. Procured from amber by distillation. Incompatible with oils and with mucilage.
Medicinally it is antispasmodic, sudorific, and diuretic, in doses of gr.
V. to 9j in hysteria, hypochondriasis, and paralysis. Rarely used.
Acidum Sulphuricum. L. E. D. P. Sulphuric Add. Vitriolic acid^
Digitized by
ACID Ij
or oil of vitriol, Acidum vitriolicum. O. Procured by mixing one part of nitrate of potass with eight parts of sulphur^ burning them in leaden chambers with a hole at top to admit the air^ and with water at the bottom, to take up the acid when formed, and then evaporating and distilling. When exposed to the air it absorbs water so rapidly as to double its weight in a month. It freeires sooner than water, and is apt in consequence to burst the carboys in winter.
AduUeratioiu The ordinary add is usually adulterated with sulphate of lead and potass. The sp. grav. of good add should be about 1*84 or VS5.
Medicinalfy it is extremely stimulant, rubefadent, and escharotic. In the proportion of 5j to ^ of hogs*lard> it is used externally in sprains, rheumatism, itch, A:c., but is apt to bum the linen.
Poisomms, produdng acute burning pain in the throat and stomach, nausea, foetor of the breath, vomiting of blood, croupy cough, hor- ripilation, hiccup, convulsions, and death. Upon dissection, the mouth, gullet, and stomach are found ulcerated and corroded, and distended with foetid gas.
Treatment, Calcined magnesia, soap, soda, potass, or chalk, mixed with milk, ought to be drank copiously, and inflammation prevented by bleeding.
TeHs. The great spedilc gravity of this add may sometimes detect it ; but the most certain test is baryta, with which a sulphate is formed insoluble in water or nitric add, Acidum Sulphuricum Akomaticum. E. Aromatic Sulphuric Add, or Aromatic elixir qfvitrioL Prepared by gradually dropping Jvj of sulphuric add into Ibij of rectified spirit. Digest in a dose vessel, with a gentle heat for three day?, and then add bruised cinnamon bark ^ss, bruised ginger Jj. Digest in a dose vessel for six days, and filter through paper.
Medicinally it is an excellent stomachic, tonic, and stimulant, in ner- vous and dyspeptic cases, combined with bark, quassia, or alone in doses of til X to ir\.xxx diluted with water.
Enters into Add. Sulphur. Aromatic, E. Ferri Sulph. L. E. D, Hydrarg. Oxymurias. L. E. D. Add. Sulphuric. Dilut. L. E. D. Sulph. Potass. E. Zinc Sulph. L. Subsulph. Hydrarg. Flavus. E. D. Acidum Sulphuricum Dilutum. L. E. D. Diluted Sulphuric Acid, or Elixir ofvitrioL Prepared by adding gradually one part of sul- phuric add to fourteen parts of distilled water.
Medicinally it is astringent, tonic, and refreshing, in doses of tt\^x to tn.xxx in infusion of roses, sucked through a quill twice or thrice a day, for colliquative sweats, hsmoptyds, cpistaxis, monorrhagia, and
Digitized by
12 ACON
in diabetes^ dyspepsia, hectic, and cutaneous eruptions. As a collyrium in atonic ophthalmia, and as an injection in chronic gonorrhcea. In sore throats as a gargle, one or two parts to eight of water.
Enters into Infus. Rose. L. £. D. Acid. Benzoic £. AciDUM Tartaricum. L. p. Tartaric Acid. Crystals of Tartar. Pro- cured by boiling two pounds of supertartrate oi potass in two gallons of water, adding one pound of prepared chalk, and to the sediment, after washing it tasteless, a pound of sulphuric acid diluted with a gallon of boiling distilled water. Set it aside for 24< hours, then filter and evaporate;
Decomposition, The lime of the chalk takes up the tartaric acid of the supertartrate forming tartrate of lime, while carbonic acid gas is set free, and escapes, and tartrate of potass remains in solution. On washmg the tartrate of lime, and adding sulphuiic acid, the lime is precipitated in form of sulphate, and the tartaric acid is set free.
Adulterated with sulphuric add, which may be detected by dissolving it in distilled water and precipitating by muriate of baryta.
Medkinally it is antiseptic, diuretic, and refreshing, in doses of gr. v to gr. X, or 5j or 5ij to fej of fluid in fever, scurvy, hemorrhage.
Poisonous, producing in large doses, nausea, burning pain in the sto- mach, smarting in the throat, retching, vertigo, convulsions, and death.
Antidotes. Chalk and water, lime-water, or other alkaline mixtures may be given to neutralize the acid ; and mucilaginous preparations, blpeding, &c to relieve inflammatory symptoms.
Tests. With any of the salts of potass it produces a white precipitate (bitartrate of potass) ; and also a similar white precipitate with lime- water — the latter soluble in excess of acid. AcoNiTi Folia. D. E. D. P. Leaves of Wolfsbane or Monkshood. Aconitum napellus, A. cammarum, and A. antJiora, for all these sorts are used. They are bitter, acrid, narcotic, anodyne, sudorific, diuretic, and deobstruant. Dose from gr. j to gr. x twice a day, in scrofula, cancer, schirrus, gout, chronic rheumatism, syphilitic nodes, amaurosis, and paralysis. The extract or the tincture is more uni- form in strength than the leaves.
Poisonous, producing sense of acrid heat and numbness in the throat and lips, nausea, violent vomiting and purging, vertigo, delirium, and death.
Antidotes. The best are emetics and acidulous diluents, and cordials. No test.-^BECK, Med. Jurispr.
Enters into Extract. Aconiti. L. E. AcoNiTiNE. New. An alkali discovered by M. Brandes, containing the narcotic principle of the aconite.
Poisonous, see the preceding article.
Digiti
zed by Google
JEGYP IS
AcoRUS Calamus. P. Sweet-scented Flag. Calamus aromaiicus. The root aromatic, stimulant, and stomachic Dose from 3j to 5j in dyspepsia. AcTJBA Racbmosa. Black Snake-root. An American plant, recommended
as an excellent expectorant, antispasmodic, and diaphoretic. AcTiBA Spicata, p. Herb Christopher, or Bane Berries. The root used for making issue-peas in veterinary medicine. It is a vulnerary astringent. Adapter. The apparatus fixed between the head and receiver of a
retort. Adbps Anouili a. a. Aksbris ; A. Gallinjb ; A. Hominib. See
Ebl-oil ; GoosE-GREASB ; Human-Fat ; and Pommade. Adbps Preparata. L. £. D. Prepared Hogs-lard. Adept suiUus, axunge. Composed of 62 parts elain and 38 stearin. Melts at 97^* Insoluble in water and alcohol; but unites with alkalies, and forms soap. Medicinally it is used in making ointments with lard ; but it will not
incorporate perfectly with extracts, tinctures, and infusions. Enters into Cerat Sabinee. L. Emplast. Canthar. L. Unguenta Var. Adhesitb Plaster. Melt together ibj of litharge plaster, or dia- chylon, Jjv of yellow resin, Jss of common turpentine, and spread it while liquid on stripes of linen or calico. A number of formule are given with varying proportions of litharge, resin, and turpen- tine ; of the latter a smaller proportion is better for warm climates and in hot weather. Baynton's adhesive plaster is made with ftj litharge plaster and 5vi of yellow resin ; as it is sold spread, apothecaries seldom make it themselves. MedicinaUy both are much used in strapping old ulcers and recent wounds. Adiantum Capillus Veneris. Maiden Hair. Various species of wall and rock ferns under this name are used by herbalists as pectorals and astringents in phthisis, &c. Adipocirb, a peculiar animal substance, produced by exposing animal muscle to the action of water or keeping it in moist earth. It seems to be a sort of soap composed of ammonia and margaric acid. — (Chbvbbul.) .^BoopoDiUM PoDAGRARiA. Goutwort, Ashweed, or Herb Gerard.
Is said to be beneficial in gout. .Sgyptiacum. Take Jxvij of verdigrise (Subacetate of copper), Jvi of alum in powder, 5xij of vinegar, jx of treacle. Boil gently toge- ther, and add jijss of sulphuric acid. (Pharm. Veterinary Col-
LBOE.) ^
Digitized by
14 i£TH£R
ABRiPOBif> another epithet for Gaseous.
^Ruoo. L. £. D. Crude Verdigrise^ or Subacetate of Copper. Pre« pared by moistening plates of copper with sour wine> or with yinegar> tartar> and commoB salt. It is composed of carbonate and acetate of copper^ often with some black oxide of copper^ and even metallic copper. English Ferdigrise, as it is called^ consists of sul- phate of copper and acetate of lead. Medicinally it is tonic and emetic, but rarely used. Externally escha-
roticy but chiefly useful as a lotion in bad cases of tetter. Poisoncfus, producing a dry feeling of strangulation, cholic, bloody stooLi, cramps, retching, great thirst, constant ^pitting of coppery matter, &c Antidote, the best is large doses of sugar and water, or S3rrup. Test, Prussiate of potass gives a brown precipitate. Enters into Un^eixt. Subacet. Cupn. £. ^rugo Prep. D.
^RUGO Prbparata. D. p. Prepared, or Purified Verdigrisc. Tonic in doses from gr. -i^ to gr. ss ; emetic from gr. j to gr. ij. It has been given as an emetic in mania, &c., but is too violent to be safe. As a wash in scorbutic ulcers and chancres, it is useful.
.EscuLi HiPPOCASTANi CoRTRx. D. Bark of the Horse Chesnut A febrifuge tonic and astringent bitter, in doses of 5ss to Jj of the powder, or ^ss to ^ij of the strained decoction in intermittent ; but inferior to bark : externally as a lotion in gangrene.
^SGULiNR. Nevf, An alkali recently discovered by M. Cusxoneri in the bark of the ^sculus Hippocastanum, and supposed to be febrifuge.
^THBR A0ETIOU8. P. Acetic Ether. Procured by distilling SOOOpts. of alcohol with 2000 pts. of vinegar and 625 pts. of sulphuric add ; treating the first 4000 pts. that comes over with a small portion of subcarbonate of potass, and re-distilling SOOO pts. Medicinal^ it is stimulant, antispasmodic, and sedative, in doses of T^^xv to 5ss in cholic, dyspepsii^ drunkenness.
^THBR Hydrochu)Ricus, or JE. MyRiATious. P. Hydrochloric, or Muriatic Ether. Procured by distilling in Wolfe's apparatus equal parts of alcohol and muriatic acid at 25^ Cent. Seldom used.
iBTHER N1TRICU8. P. JE. N1TRO8U8. D. Nitric, or Nitrous Ether. Procured by distilling equal parts of alcohol and nitrous acid. Sp. gr. 900. Very volatile. Seldom used.
^THBR NiTRicus Alooolisatus. P. See Spiritus ^thbrisNitrici.
^THER Phosphoratus. P. Phosphonited Ether. Procured by put- ting 5ij8s of phosphorus cut into anall pieces in a bottle containing ftj of sulphuric acid, setting it aside for a month, well stopped^ and occasionally shaking it.
Digiti
zed by Google
Medidnalhf it is stimulaiit, and tonic in doses of h^t to nixxxvj on sugar in phthisis^ atony^ marasmus^ &e,
^THBR Rectificatus. L. M, Sulphi7Biou0. £. Rectrfiad Sul- phuric Ether. Procured by dissolnng Jss of fused potass in Jij of distilled water, adding pdv of sulphuric ether, shaking it tiU they are mixed, and distilled over Jvij at a heat of 120° Fahr. Add to this Jix of distilled water, and, leaving it to subside, pour off the floating rectified eUier. It is very inflaTumahLe^ and accidents msgr happen in pouring it out by candle-light. DecampotUion, The fused potass attracts the acid, and tends to pre*
vent the water from becoming too volatile. Adulterated sometimes with alcohol and sulphuric add, but these may
be discovered by the spec grav., pure ether being *73S. Medicinally it is hot^ pungent, fragrant, volatile, and an excellent difiusible stimulant and antispasmodic, in doses of ntxx to 5 jss in water, in spasms, convulsions, epilepsy, hysteria, hypochondriasis, ce- phalalgia, and nervous pains. Externally it is refrigennt, stimulant, and, when prevented from evaporating, rubefacient in head-aohe^ tooth-ache, and rheumatism. When rectified with manganese, it may be droj^^ed into the ear, in ear-ache and deafness.
Enters into Spir. -ffither. Sulphuric. L.
iETHBB SuLPHUBious. I^ D. P. Sulphuric or Vitriolic Ether» JElher vitriolicus. O. Procured by putting into a glass retort ftjss of rectified qwrit, and pouring over it gradually the same quanti^ of sulphuric add, keeping the heat imder 120^ Fahr. and then distil- ling over a sand heat of S00^« Decompontion. This has still to be discovered, though some maintain, and others deny, that the add is decomposed in the process. It has similar properties to the preceding.
^THEB SuLPHUBicns CUM Alcoholb Abomaticus. E. Aromatic Sulphuric Ether with AlcohoL Prepared by digesting for seven days ^ each of cinnamon bark, and of cardamom seeds loiiised, 5ij of long pepper ground, Ibijss of sulphuric ether with alcohol, and filtering through paper. Medicinalfy it is a warm aromatic stimulant and stomachic in dyspepsia, flatulence, and debility, in doses of ^ to 5ij in bitter infusions.
JEtbeb, V1TB10LICU8. O. See ^Bthbb Sulphubicus.
.£thiop8 Mabtialis. O. See Oxtdum Fbbbi Niqbum. P.
.^THiOFe MiNBBAi^i& O. See Sulphubbtuu Hydbabotbi Nigbum^ ^diiops mineral is used in farriery.
^THiops Antimonialis Rbductus. O. Antimoniai iBthiops Re- duced. Prepared by grinding in a mortar ftss of antimony and ethiops mineraL Given in the skin diseases of horses and cattle, in the dose of Jj or more, twice a day.
Digitized by
16 ALCO
iExHUSA Cynapium. H. Fools* Parsley, or Lesser Hemlock. Common in com-ticlds and by road-sides, and may be distinguished from parsley by its nauseous smell when bruised. Poisonous, producing heat in the throat, thirst, vomiting, diarrhoea, vertigo, numbness, delirium, and death. The best antidotes are emetics of sulphate of zinc, and copious draughts of vinegar and water.
^THUSA Meum. H. Spignel, or Bawd Money. Grows on dry ele- vated pastures. The roots and seeds acrid, aromatic, and carmina- tive. Used in ague and as an emenagogue.
Affinity, a tendency to unite in chemical substances.
Agaric, See Boletus.
AoBNT in chemistry, a substance productive of chemical action.
Agrimonia Eupatoria. D. p. Agrimony, a native herb, common by hedges and borders of corn-fields, flowering in June and July, when it should be gathered. Incompatible with sulphate of iron and potass.
MedidnaUy it is sub-aromatic, slightly astringent, and bitterish, in doses of 3j to 5j or more, of the powder, twice ot thrice a day ; or in tea^ ad libitum, in cutaneous eruptions, dyspepsia, and phthisis : but little used except by old women, with whom it is an herb of reputed virtue.
Ague Drop, or Tasteless Ague Drop, an empirical medicine, the same as Liquor Arsenicalis, which see.
Albumen, a chemical animal principle, found nearly pure in the white of eggs, which contains besides only a little water and free soda. It is known by coagulating in hot water, and by a solution of corrosive sublimate which will detect the 2000th part in water.
Album Grjecum. The white faBces of the dog from eating bones. It consists of lime and bone earth, with phosphoric acid. It was formerly used in medicine.
Alchemilla Vulgaris. P. and A. Alpina, H. Common and Al- pine Lady's Mantle. Common native herbs : astringent and vul- nerary, but little used.
Alcoates are compounds of salts with alcohol, and are similar to hy- drates. (Graham.)
Alcohol. L. E. D. P. Spirits of Wine. Procured by distilHng from a gallon of rectified spirit, and ibiij of subcarbonate of potass, spec, gr. -815. In doses of 5j to 5ij or more, properly diluted, and, re- peated occasionally, is a powerful diffusible stimulant, and sedative in typhus, gangrene, and other asthenic diseases. Externally in fomentations. Enters into Spir. Ammon. Succinat. L. MiYiev Sulph. E. D. Spin Ammon. Foetid. D. -^ther Nitros. D. Alcohol Ammoniat. E. iEther Sulph, Comp. Alcohol. E,
Digitized by
ALMO 17
Alcohol Ammonia tum. O. See Spiritus Ammonijs.
Alembic is a species of still or retort used in distillation.
Alexipharmics and Alexiterics. O. Medicines to counteract poisons.
Alembroth Salt. O. Corrosive muriate of mercury.
Algaroth (powder of). O. The submuriate of the protoxide of Anti- mony> which is procured by boiling the sulphuret in muriatic acid and pouring the whole into water.
Alisma Plantago. Great Water Plantain. The root is said to have cured hydrophobia in Russia ; but has not been successful else- where.
Alizarine. A substance procured from madder, and constituting its colouring principle. (Robiquet.)
Alkaline Earths are lime, magnesia, alumina, baryta, and strontia.
Alkahest, the name which the Alchymists gave to their alleged uni* versal solvent.
Alkalescent substances are those having a tendency to pass into Alkalies.
Alkali, a term applied to a substance which combines with an acid and produces a neutral salt. The mineral alkali is soda, the volatile alkali is ammonia, the vegetable alkali is potass; but there are many new ones, such as morphine, quinine, &c.
Alkanet Root. The root of Anchusa linctoria, brought usually from France, but the best is from India. It should be kept in a dry place, and not much handled. It is used to colour hair-oils and lip-salves ; ahd tends also to preserve them.
Alkekenge. Winter Cherry. Physalis alkekengi, P. The fruit is diuretic, eccoprotic, and lithontriptic, and is used in nephritis, dysuria, ascites, &c.
Alkohol. See Alcohol.
Allii Radix. L. E. D. P. Garlic. Allium salivum. Stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, expectorant, and anthelmintic, in doses from 5S8 to 5ij of the juice, with milk or sugar ; or one to four cloves, swal- lowed in the morning, fasting, for worms, dropsy, asthma, &c The juice added to oil of almonds, and dropped into the ears, is good in atonic deafness. Externally it is stimulant, and has been used in boldness. At present little used.
Allspice. See Pimenta.
Almond Cake. See AMYODALiE Placenta.
Almond Emulsion. See Mistur. Amygdal.
Almond Paste. A cosmetic for softening the skin, is made by beating in a mortar Jiv of bitter almonds, blanched, with the strongest spirit of lavender, or Hungary water, into a very smooth, tine paste ;
c
Digitized by
18 ALOES
add to this Jj of the best drained honey^ Jas of the best almonds or orris powder, then beat the whole again. It will keep a year good ; but if mixed with eggi, milk> or ox-gall, it will spoil in a month. Almond Powdbb. See Amyodaljb Placenta. Almonds. See AMTODALis.
Alobs Extractum. L. £. D. P. Aloes is the inspissated juice of the Ahe spictUa ; A, socolrina ; A* perfoUaia ; A. vulgaris ; A. Hepa" ticOy c^c.
Soootrine Aloes, originally brought from the island of Socotora, but now chiefly imported from the East Indies and the Cape of Good Hope, is the extract of the spiked aloe, made by boiling down the expressed juice of the leaves. It varies much in colour and quality : that from the Cape contains about two-thirds gum and one-third irritative and impure matters. It ought to be of a brilliant reddish-brown colour, very translucent at the fractured edges, of an aromatic and not disagreeable smell, and of a deep gold colour when pulverized. Such aloes, however, is but rarely to be procured.
Cape Aloes, sometimes consists of the above, but appears to be com- posed for the most part of extracts from several species of aloe. It ought to be in hard masses of a glossy reddish-brown, with a tint of purple. It is weaker in efficacy and requires to be given in larger doses than the other sorts.
Barhadoes Aloes is procured from the Aloe vulgaris, and is drier than the preceding, as well as more violent in its operation. It is also deeper coloured, more opaque, and more disagreeable to the taste and smeU.
Hepatic Aloes, or Bombay aloes, is sometimes confounded with the pre- ceding. It is of a light brown colour, somewhat like that of an animal's liver, whence the name*
AduUerations of all the sorts are but too common, the dearer sorts being melted down and mixed with those that are cheaper ; and often also with other substances, such as resin; and, to bring the colour to a proper tint, powdered charcoal, ivory-black, lamp-black, and some- times black writing-ink are added. One of the easiest modes of de- tecting these adulterations, is by dissolving a sample in boiling water, in which resin, &c will not dissolve ; but those who wish to have it good ought to free it from impurities.
Purified by reducing it to coarse powder and putting it in an earthen vessel in the proportion of ttj of the powder to Oij or Oiij of boiling water, which is to be poured on gradually and well stirr^ till quite cold. Then set it aside from twelve to twenty hours, pour off the clear supernatant liquor, and reject the sediment This is next fn »^-
Digitized by
ALTH KQ
evaporated to the consisteiice of aloes, by placing it in an earthen or tin vessel^ broadest at top^ which is set in another vessel half full of water kept boiling. When the boiling has been continued suffi- ciently long, it is to be poured out, while hot, on a smooth stone, or oiled board. Of this purified aloes, a similar dose will be sufficient, and it will act with greater certainty and less violence.
Rote water, violet water, borage and bugloss water, were formerly used in the process of purifying aloes, and the products were thence called, Ahe rosala. Aloe violata^ and Aloe insuccala.
Incompatible with galls, oak bark, and astringent Utters, which destroy its purgative qualities. (Braconnot.)
Soluble in water and weak adds, but more perfectly in alcohol.
Medicinally it is a bitt^ stimulating cathartic, acting on the colon and rectum, in doses of gr. v to 9j, twice a day^ in constipation^ hysteria, worms, amenorrhcea, &c., but is accused of causing piles, && By combining it with alkaline salts and soap its operation is rendered milder. It is alterative and stomachic, in doses of gr. ij to gr. iij with assafoetida, in dyspepsia, hysteria, &c. As a clyster for worms, 5j may be boiled in milk.
Improper when there is any tendency to abortion.
Enters into Decoct. Aloes Compos. L. Ext Colocyth. Comp. L. D. Ext. Aloes. L. D. Tinct. Aloes. L. £. D. Tinct. Aloes ^therea. E. Tinct. Aloes Comp. L, E. D. Tinct. Benzoini Comp. L. E. D. Vin. Aloes. L. E. O. Tinct. Rhei et Aloes. £. Pulv. Aloes Comp. L. PiL Cambog. Comp. L. Pil. AlSes cum Myrrha. L. E. D. Pil. Aloes et Assafoetidce. E. — Cum Colocynthide. E. — Rhei Comp. E. Pil. Scammonee Comp. cum Aloe. D. Pil. Aloes. E. D. Alobs Cabalina. Horse Aloes. This is an impure sort of aloes, pro- cured from a decoction of the leaves, and is of a rank foetid odour. It is chiefly used as a cheap purgative by farriers, or to adulterate the soootrine aloes. The dose for a horse is Jss to ^. Alostio Acid. A name given by M. Liebeg to the bitter principle of aloes, procured by means of nitric acid sp. gr. 1*2^. It precipitates the salts of baryta, lead, ,^d peroxide of iron, of a deep purple colour ; and forms a purple salt with potass. Alteratiyb Mbbicines are those which act mildly, and produce a gradual change in the system; such as sarsaparilla, guiacum, and chamomile, and small doses of the preparations of mercury and anti- mony, or of sulphur, sulphuric add, rhubarb, &c AjLTHJSiB Folia bt Radix. L. E. D. P. Marsh Mallow Leaves and Root. Althaa officinalis. The plant contains asparagine. Demulcent, emollient, and lubricating, in cough, hoarseness, stone, stranguary, ardor urime, &c ; given in infusion or decoction, ad libitum. As a
c 2
Digitized by
20 AMAD
gargle, injection^ or enema, with similar intention ; and as a cata- plasm in phlegmon, for promoting suppuration. Enters into Syr. Althee. L. E. Decoct. Althss officinal. £.
Althjeinb was announced as a new alkali procured from marshmallow roots, by M. Bacon ; but it has since been proved by M. Plisson to be only asparagine.
Alum Ointment, in Farriery. Take fcj each of common turpentine and lard, ftjss of alum in powder, melt the lard and turpentine, then add the alum, and stir till cold. In summer use tallow for the lard. (Pharm. Vktbr. College.)
Alum. Common alum is sold in lumps. Roche alum is from Syria, and in small pieces, covered with a reddish efflorescence, which is imitated in the case of common alum, by moistening it, and shaking it with armenian bole. Roman alum has both the reddish efflorescence, and the fracture is also reddish.
Alum Curd. Beat the whites of two eggs with a bit of alum, till a curd forms as an anodyne for ophthalmia.
Alumen. L. E. D. p. Alum. Super-sulphate of alumine and polass. Obtained from slate clay, by roasting, adding potash ley, or urine, and evaporating. It is composed of 36'S5 super-sulphate of alumine, 18*15 of sulphate of potass, and 4*5 of water. Incompatible with alkalies and alkaline salts, with galls, lime, super- acetate of lead, the salts of mercury, lime-water, and magnesia. Medicinally it is astringent, tonic, antiseptic, in doses of gr. v to 3j as a tonic in diarrhoea, leucorrhoea, and hemorrhage. Externally in solution for spongy gums, ophthalmia, prolapsus. Sec, As a gargle, 3j in Jiv and 5iij of honey. As a coUyrium, 3j to J^j of rose water. Alum whey is made with 5ij of powder to a pint of hot milk with sugar, a tea-cupful twice or thrice a day. Enters into Liq. Aluminis Comp. L. Alum. Exiscat. L. E. D. Sol. Sulph. Cup. Comp. E. Pulv. Sulph. Aluminae Comp. E.
Alumen Exsiccatum. L. E. P. Burnt Alum. Alumen ustum. D. Prepared by melting alum with a gentle heat, till it ceases to boil. The properties of this are much the same as the former, as it is only alum deprived of its water. Medicinally in doses of 9j it evacuates the bowels and allays the pain of colica pictonum. Externally as a styptic and mild escharotic it may be used for slight hemorrhages, or fungous ulcers, warts, &c.
Alumina, or Alumine, an earth procured by dissolving alum in water, and adding liquor of potass or ammonia till the alumine is deposited. Painters use it as a basis for paint.
Aluminiubi, the metallic base of alumina lately procured by Wohler.
Amadou, German Tinder, a powerful styptic procured from the Boletus
Digitized by
AMMO 21
fomenlarim (not B. igniarius, as hitherto supposed). Free the fungus from the skin and the porous parts^ and beat the rest into a soft spongy mass^ of a reddish colour. Black Amadou is the preceding or red Amadou rolled in gunpowder^ to render it more combustible as tinder, for which it is much used on the continent.
Amanitine. The poisonous principle of several fungi.
Ambeb* It contains an odoriferous oil ; a yellow (vegetable ?) resin ; a resin soluble in ether and alkaline solutions, but very slightly in alcohol ; succmic acid ; and an insoluble body like the principle of lac (Berzblius.) The more impure specimens are used foi distil- ling oil of amber. MedicinaUtf. White amber in powder is given as a balsamic, in doses
of 9j to 5J, in leucorrhoea^ gleet, &c. Liquid afnber, which is used in perfumery, and is a very different substance, is procured, by incision, from a tree.
Aubbrgris. Ambra dnerea. P. Is chiefly used in perfumery, and comes from Holland, Africa, Brazil, and the East and West Indies, where it is found floating on the sea. That which is grey, very Ught, and easy to break, is the best ; that which is brown or black, heavy, and difficult to break, being inferior. Adulterated with wax, storax, gums, and white writing sand, which may be detected by a magnifying glass, or by thrusting into the pieces a hot needle, and observing the odour. Medicinallt/, it is given, in doses of gr. iij to gr. x as an antispasmodic, and nervine, and it is said to be aphrodisiac. The Codex directs both a simple and an etherial tincture. .
Ajibrbttb. p. Seeds of the Hibiscus abelmoschus. A stimulant in tinea capitis, and a cosmetic for eruptions of the face.
Ambrbic Acib is procured by digesting ambreine in nitric acid.
Ambbbinb is the chief constituent of ambergris, and very similar to cholesterine. (MM. Pblletier and Caventou.)
Amidinb. New, A chemical substance procured from starch, and in- termediate between it and gum. Dr. Turner says, that the term may be applied to starch either when torrifiied or mixed with boiling water.
AjfMi. P. The seeds of Sison ammi, and S. amomum. Warm, sti- mulant, and carminative, in dyspepsia.
Ammonia. The volatile alkali, which exists pure only in the state of gas, and must be collected over mercury. It is proved to consist of 3 hydrogen and 1 azote, united. See Ammonia Subcarbonas. Enters into Ammon. Sub. Carb. L. Ammon. Mur. L.
Ammoniacum. L. £. D. P. Ammoniac, or gum ammoniac, a gum- resin, procured from the Heracleum gummiferunu
Digitized by
22 AMMO
Adulterated with common resin. The tears^ or Gutlas amnumiaci, are the hest sort^ and sell a third higher than the lumps, which are very impure. The tears ought to be white, dear, and dry.
Purified by softening it in a bladder, immersed in boiling water, taking care not to volatilize it too much, and then straining it.
Medicinally it is bitter, acrid, stimulant, and expectorant, in doses of gr. X to 5s8 for chronic catarrh, asthma, difficult expectoration, and hysteria. In larger doses it is purgative.
Externally it is discutient, and promotes the resolution of tumours ; and dissolved in vinegar, forms a stimulant ointment or plaster for hy- drarthrosis, &c.
Enters into PiL Scille Comp. L. £. Mist. AmmoniacL L. D. Emplast. Ammoniaci cum Hydrarg. L. Emplast. Gummos. £. £mpl. Am- moniaci. L. Ammonite Acrtas Liquidus. P. Liquid Acetate of Ammonia, similar to spirit of Mindererus, and employed as an excitant, diaphoretic, diuretic, and deobstruant, in catarrh, rheumatism, gout, hysteria, spasm, and exanthematous fevers, in doses of 5ss to jij in a few ounces of any vehicle. See Liquor AMMONiiB Acetatis. L. AicMONiiB Liquor. See Liq. Ammon.
Ammonije Murias. L. £. D. P. Muriate of Ammonia, or Sal Am- moniac Procured in the East by subliming the soot formed by burn- ing the dung of camels ; and in Europe by directly combining am- monia and the hydrochloric (muriatic) add, or by decomposing the sulphate of ammonia by means of the chloride of sodium (muriate of soda) ^ or the muriates of lime and magnesia by means of am- monia, the muriate of ammonia thence formed being purified by sublimation.
Adulterated with sulphate of ammonia, which may be detected by muriate of baryta, which will throw down a predpitate. When pure, a low heat will wholly volatilize it.
ChemicaUy it is said to consist of chlorine and ammonium (the supposed base of ammonia.)
Incompatible with the sulphuric and nitric adds, all the carbonates, the nitrate of silver, and the acetate of lead.
Medicinally it is chiefly used in external applications, as a refrigerant in inflammations, or as a discutient and resolvent in the proportion of Jj to tbj of liquid. In head-ache, a lotion made of ^j in ^ of alcohol and ^ of water is useful. Internally, as an aperient, ver- mifuge, deobstruant, and diaphoretic, in disorders of the prinue vie in doses of gr. x to 9j.
Enters into Ammonise Carbon. L. E. D. Aq. Carbon. Ammonis. £. D. Liq. Ammon. L. £. D. Ferr. Ammoniatum. L. £. D.
Digitized by
AMYG 23
Alcohol Ammoniat. £. D. Sulpburetum Ammon. D. Aq. Cup. Ammoniati. D. Mur. Ammon. et Ferr. D. Ammonlb Suboabbonas. L. £. D. P. Subcarbonate of Ammonia. Sal volatile, and Ammonia preparata. O. Prepared by mixing ftj muriate of ammonia witb tbjss of prepared chalk dried> and then sub- liming them by a heat gradually increased till it becomes red. It contains from 25 to 60 per cent, of alkali^ and is
Soluble in thrice its weight of cold water> but not in alcohol.
IfwompeUible with magnesia^ potassa fusa^ and liquor potasss.
.Adulterated with the residue sold by the gas-light companies; but if it has any foetor^ it may be removed by subliming it by means of powdered charcoal Exposure to the air renders it opaque^ friable^ and bad.
MedidnaU^ it is strongly antacid> stimulant^ anfispasmodic, and dia- phoretic> in doses of gr. v to gr. xv in pill or in any bland fluids not containing potass^ magne8ia> adds^ acetates^ muriates^ or car« bonates. It is a good antidote to add poisons. It is emetic in doses
of 5SS.
Extemalhf it is epispastic^ corrosive^ and resolvent in paralysis and tumours. In syncope and hysteria it is used as smelling salts.
Enters into Liq. Ammon. Aoetat. L. £• D. Liq. Ammon. Carbon. L. £. D.' Cup. Ammoniatum. L. £. D. AMJCONL4BSTUH CupBi. £. See CupBUM Ammoniatum. L. Amniotio Acid was discovered by Buniva and Vauquelin> in the liquor amnios of the cow^ which> upon being gently evaporated, produces the add in white needle-formed crystals.
Soluble sparingly in water ; but its alkaline compounds are soluble and readily decomposed by all the stronger adds. Amyodai^a Amabjb et Dulgbs. L. £. D. P. Bitter and Sweet Al- monds. The fruit of two varieties of the AmygdaUu communis, or almond-tree, imported from Syria, Barbary, Italy, and Spain.
BiUer almonds contain the hydrocyanic (Prussic) add, in addition to the constituents of sweet almonds, along with a narpotic vola- tile oiL
Poisonous in the form of the distilled water, in so small a dose as thirty drops. When eaten in quantity, bitter almonds may prove injurious ; but a few seldom occasion inconvenience. The best antidotes to the poison are brandy, ammonia, and turpentine. See Acidum Htdbck ctanicum.
Sweet almonds are similar in chemical oompodtion to human milk, con- taining 54 parts of sweet oil, 24 of albumen, 6 of sugar, 3 of gum, with traces of acetic add. The quantity of oil renders them indi- gestiUe,
Digitized by
24. AMYR
Medicinally they are chiefly used in form of emulsion, for fever, cough, 6ic., or as a vehicle for more active remedies.
Enters into Mist. Amygdalarum. L. £. D. Oleum Amygdale. L. £. D. Emul. Camphorata. £. Emul. Arabic £. D. Confec. Amygdalarum. L. Amyqdaub Placenta. Almond cake^ the substance which remains after expressing the oil of almonds. This^ ground with or without about a fourth of its weight of olive oil, and finely sifted, forms the common almond powder ; but a better sort is made by blanching six pounds of picked bitter almonds, drying and beating them, express- ing about a pint only of oil from them, beating them again in an iron mortar, and then passing them through a wire sieve. The powder should be kept from air and moisture, in glass jars. It is used instead of soap for washing the hands. The almond cake, whai distilled, yields the oil of bitter almonds. Amylatb op Bahyta, &c. See next article.
Amylic Acid. New, Procured by distilling starch mixed with equal parts of black oxide of manganese, and moistened with water. It tastes sour, reddens vegetable blues, and, with bases, forms neutral salts, very soluble and deliquescent. Amyline. The same as Amidine.
Amylum. L. E. D. p. Starch. Prepared from wheat flour, by washing it in running water, by means of sacks, to separate the gluten which remains in the sacks, while the starch is washed away and received in troughs, where, by fermentation, it is freed from saccharine and extractive matter, and is left in a very pure state.
Advlterated with potato starch, and other substances ; but its genuine- ness may be proved by adding a drop or two of the alcoholic solution of iodine to its aqueous solution ; when, if pure, a blue compound will form, and afterwards precipitate. •
Medicinally starch is a useful demulcent in form of enema, in diarr- hoea, dysentery, tenesmus, and disorders of the rectum. Frequently 58S to 5j of tincture of opium is added. Internally in cough as an emollient, 5J boiled in Ibj of water. The ordinary starch being mixed with smalt and alum, is improper for medicinal purposes.
Enters into Pulv. Tragacanthte Comp. L. Mucilago AmylL L. E. D. Pil. Hydrarg. £. Trochisci Gummosi. E. Amyridis G1LEADEN8I8 Rbsina Liquida. £. Balsam of Gilead. Produced by incision from the Amyiis Gileadensis, a tree which is a native of Abyssinia, and naturalized in Syria. The incision of a branch yields only three or four drops a day ; whence its high price.
Medicinally it is stimulant and expectorant, in doses of gr. xv to 5j ; but is seldom used.
Digitized by
Anacardium. p. aee Malacca Bean.
Anacathartics> medicines promoting vomiting or expectoration.
Anaoallis. See Pimpebnel.
Analeptic Medicines are such as restore exhausted strength.
Analeptic Pills. See James.
ANCHUSiE TiNCTORiA Radix. E. D. See Alkanet Root.
Anderson's Pills. Five grains each, made with Jiv of aloes, Jss of jalap, 5ij of scammony, xxx drops of oil of anise. Several purga* tive pills are called Anderson's, but are all similar to these.
Anemone. Crow-flower. The various species are acrid, and sometimes
used externally as rubefacients. PoisonoM internally, and produces vomiting, gripes, inflammation, bloody stools, &c. Barley-water drank largely to promote vomiting, and afterwards strong coflee, is the best treatment.
Anetdi Semina. L. Dill Seeds. Seeds of Anetkum graveolais. Sti- mulant, h3rpnotic, and carminative, in hiccough, and bowel com- plaints, chiefly of infants. Dose of the powder gr. xv to 3s8 ; in infusion 5j to jij. The distilled water is the best preparation. Enters into Aq. Anethi. L.
Anethi Funiculi Semina. L. E. D. P. Seeds of Sweet Fennel, Anethum fcenicvlum. Stimulant, carminative, and said to be lacti- ferous, in doses of 3j to 5 j of the powder, or 5 j to 5ij to the fbj of water in infusion, for hooping-cough, tormina, vomiting, &c. The root is diuretic. The distilled water and the oil are also used. Enters into Aq. Oleum Volat. Semin. Foeniculi. D. Aq. Foeniculi. L. D. 01. Flor. Foeniculi. D. Spir. Juniper i Comp. D. L. De- coct ChamaemelL D.
Anoel Water is brought from Portugal, but ought to be made if pos- sible by the perfumer at home, by shaking together a pint of orange- flower water, a pint of rose-water, half a pint of myrtle-water, and J-V of distilled spirit of musk, and ^ of spirit of ambergris. Heat spoils it, and cold imprisons the perfume.
Anoelicjb Arcuangelic^ Radix. £. P. Angelica Root A warm, bitterish aromatic tonic, diaphoretic, carminative, and stimulant, in doses of 539 to 5ijss of the powder, and 5j to Jij of the distilled water, in dyspepsia, flatulence, hysteria, &c, ; but rarely used ex- cept by herbalists. The Angelica sylvesiris, P. or Wild Angelica, is also used.
Angelica Candied. The fresh stalks, after boiling a quarter of an hour, are put into a strong syrup, and boiled in it till they are done enough. Said to be aphrodisiac.
Angustura. D. See Cusparia. L.
Anhydrous is a term applied to crystals, gases^ &c., which contain no water.
Digitized by
26 ANTH
Animb. a substance usually but improperly called gum-anime, as it is a resin. It is used by perfumers, and in plasters.
Anisette db Bourdeaux. A celebrated liqueur prepared by distilling anise, fennel, and coriander seeds, previously steeped in brandy, with sugar and one half water. Imitated by rubbing up six drops of oil of anise with nine ounces of white sugar, and adding gradually two pints of brandy or rum, and four pints of water.
Anisi Semina. L. £. D. P. Anise Seeds, Seeds of the Pimfnnella anUum. A warm aromatic and carminative, — that grown in Spain being the best In doses of gr. xv to 5J bruised, it is good in the dyspepsia and gripes of infants. In infusion Jjss to Oj of water. Indian Aniseed, Illicium anisatum, P. is more fragrant. Enters into Spir. Anisi. L. Ol. AnisL L. £. D.
Anodynb Medicimbs are those which ease pain and procure rest. They are otherwise termed sedatives, and are chiefly Nabootics.
Anodyne Necklaces for teething children. The roots of Hyo0C3ramus or Jacob's Tears, &c, strung like beads; and, of course, altogether useless.
Anotta, Annotta, or Abnotta, corruptly Ometta. A colouring ma^ terial produced from the seeds of Bixa, and brought from Spanish America in cakes, rolls, or eggs. It is used in dyeing ; — as rouge for the face, by ladies ; — and the yellow sorts, to colour cheese. Inter- nally astringent, but not used.
Antacid Medicines are those which remove acidity by forming neutral compounds with irritating acids. They are of course all alkaline. See Conspectus of Prescriptions.
Antalkaline Medicines are those which remove or neutralize alka- lies ; such are all the acids.
Anthemidis Flores. L. E. D. P. Chamomile Flowers. Flowers of the AtUkemis nobiUs. Chamomile flowers are best when single and large ; the double sort, though more showy, being weaker. They spoil by keeping. Medicinally aromatic, bitter, tonic, astringent, stomachic, and carmina- tive, in dyspepsia, hysteria, cholic, and intermittent, in doses of 5S8 to 5ij of the powder, or a tea-cupful of the infusion thrice a day. The infusion is also given ad libitum to promote the operation of emetics. Externally it is used in fomentations and cataplasms as an emollient and discutient. It is also used in enemata for cholic and inflamma- tion of the rectum and lower intestines. Enters into Decoct. Anthemidis Nobilis. £. D. Ext Anthemidis. L. £. Infus. Anthemidis. L. Decoct. Malv« Comp. L. OL An- themidis. L.
Digitized by
ANTl «7
Anthbmis Cotula et Tinctoria. p. Mayweed and Ox-eye are both used for similar purposes to the former, though not so good.
Antiabis. See Upas Antiar.
ANTi-ATTRiTiaN. The patent specifies one part of plumbago to four ports of hogs-lard, or other grease, well mixed. Another receipt gives Jjv of camphor to &z of hogs-lard coloured with black-lead.
Antidotbs. Medicines given to counteract poisons. The best anti- dotes are mentioned under each of the poisonous substances.
Antihectig Draught. O. Prepared by mixing equal parts of tin and pure antimony, adding thrice the quantity of nitrate of potass, and dephlagrating it, and afterwards washing it. Dose 9j to 9ij.
Antimony, or Stibium, or Regulus of Antimony. O. A metal found in a crude state combined with sulphur, but is purified for medicinal preparations. See the eight following articles.
Antimonial Powder. See Pulvis Antimoniai^is.
Antihonial Wine. See Vinum Antimonii Tartabiz.
Antihonic Acid is a peroxide of antimony in form of a white hydrate, procured by treating antimony with strong nitric add, or nitro-mu- riatic add, concentrating by heat, and pouring the solution into water. With alkalies it forms antimoniates.
Antimonii Oxydum. L. P. Oxide of Antimony. Prepared by dis- solving separately in water, ^ of tartarized antimony, 5ij of sub-car- bonate of ammonia, then mixing the fluids and boiling till the oxide falls, which is to be washed with water and dried. Decompogition. The ammonia of the subcarbonate of ammonia passes over to the tartaric add and the potass, forming with them a soluble tartrate of ammonia and potass, the carbonic add escaping in the form of gas, while the white protoxide of antimony is thrown down. Medicinally it is diaphoretic, and alterative in doses of gr. 4 to gr. j for febrile disorders. It is emetic in larger doses.
Antimonii Sulphuretum. L, E. Sulphuret of Antimony, or Com- mon Antimony. In 100 parts there should be 74 antimony and 26 sulphur. Adulterated with lead, arsenic, manganese, and iron, or smithy dust. If genuine it will entirely vaporize by heat, and have no smell of garlic It should not be bought in powder. Medicinally it is alterative, diaphoretic, and laxative, in doses of gr. x to 9ij in scrofula, tumefied glands, rheumatism, and cutaneous and febrile diseases, when the stomach and bowels have been first evacu- ated, as it acts violently if it meet with an acid. In the East it is used to paint the eyebrows and eyelashes black. Enters into Antimonii Sulphuret. Pnedp. L. E. D. Pulv. Antimonial.
L. £. D. Oxyd. Antimonii. D. Antimon. Tarlarizatum. L. In Farriery it is given to horses with thdr food, in the dose of an ounce
Digitized by
28 AiMl
a day of a preparation called liver of antimony^ made by mcii.x&.^ . parts of the sulphuret with four parts of carbonate of potass. This is mixed with moist bran^ and given among oats for two or three weeks. It improves their coat and appetite wonderfully. Antimonii Sulphuretum PB.ficiPiTATUM. L« £. D. P. Precipitated Sulphuret of Antimony. The Golden sulphur of antimony, and Kermes mineral, are much the same. Prepared by mixing &ij of triturated sulphuret of antimony, Oiv of liquor of potass, and Oiij of distilled water, boiling over a slow fire for three hours, constantly stirring it the while, and adding distilled water to keep up the mea- sure. Then strain, and while it is warm add by degrees enough of diluted sulphuric acid to precipitate the powder, which is to be washed and dried.
Decomposition, First, the potass goes over to the sulphur, and the sulphuret of potass thence formed attracts the hydrogen of the water, forming a sulphuretted hydro-sulphuret of potass ; second, the anti- mony, being set free from its sulphur, and oxidLied by the oxygen of the water, unites with the hydro-sulphuret of potass ; third, the sulphuric acid unites with the potass, and the oxide of antimony is precipitated, carrying with it some sulphur and sulphuretted hydro- gen, which form the preparation.
AduUeraied with chalk, sulphur, ^c, and coloured with Venetian red. The genuine is of a bright orange colour, wholly vaporizable by heat, and does not effervesce with acids.
Medicinalfy it is alterative, diaphoretic, cathartic, or emetic, according to the dose, which is from gr. j to gr. v in obstinate cutaneous erup- tions, rheumatism, and gout, given in any vehicle not containing acids or acidulous salts, e. g. conserve of ro^es.
Enters into Pil. Hydrarg. Submuriatis Comp. L. Antimonii MuRiAs. See Murias Antimonii. £. D. Antimonii Tartarizatum. L. Tarlras antimonii, E. Tartarum antimoniatunu D. Deuto^tartras potassce el stibii. P. Tartar Emetic, or Tartarized Antimony. Prepared by mixing !bj of glass of antimony, reduced to a very subtle powder with tbj of super- tartrate of potass, and throwing the mixture by degrees into one gallon of boiling distilled water. Then continue to boil and stir it for a quarter of an hour, when it is put aside to cool, then strain and evaporate to form crystals. For the former process of the Lond. Pharm. as recommended by Mr. Hume, see Tartar Emetic.
Decomposition, The excess of acid in the supertartrate of potass unites with the protoxide of antimony in the glass of antimony, forming a tartrate of antimony and potass in solution, which, according to some, ought to be the name. Dr. Paris says the old name is proper.
Incompatible with undistilled water, with alkalies, earths, and their
Digitized by
APII 29
carbonates^ with all strong acids, with hydro-sulphurets, and with infusions of astringent or bitter vegetables* Light acts upon and decomposes this substance. A solution of it ex- posed to the sun's light becomes turbid in a few weeks. One drachm deposited^ in twelve months, a grain of oxide of antimony. (Dr, John Davy.) Adulterated with arsenic, or its salts. It ought always to be purchased crystallised, and ought not to deliquesce, while a solution in dis- tilled water will give a gold-coloured precipitate with sulphuret of ammonia, and with lime water a thick white precipitate, which will dissolve in pure nitric acid. Medicinally it is emetic in doses of gr. j to gr. ij in distilled water ; alterative and diaphoretic in doses of gr. -^^ to gr. 4. or more ; counter- irritant in fevers, incipient phthisis, and inftammations of the thorax, given as ordinary drink from gr. ij to 5 j, or even 3j diffused in Oij of water ; (Rasori and Borda ;) derivative in form of ointment Jiij to 5j of lard, the size of a nut, rubbed in every night till a crop of pimples appear, in phthisis, hysteria, paralysis, hooping-cough, &c. (Jenner.) See Long. Enters into Vin. Tartritis AntimoniL £. Liq. Antimonii Tartarizatu L. Oxyd. Antimonii. L.
Antimonious Acid is the deutoxide of antimony, which is white and infusible. It is insoluble in water; but forms compounds with alkalies, called Antimonites.
Antimonii Vitrum. L. Glass of Antimony. Anlimonium vilrif actum. O. Prepared by roasting sulphuret of antimony over a slow fire till it emit no fumes, and then melting it in a brisk fire into a trans- parent brown-coloured glass. It consists of the protoxide, silica, and sulphur. Medicinally in doses of gr. j to gr. ij it is strongly emetic ; but its operation is uncertain, and it is never used.
Anti Pertussis, a nostrum for ho(^ing-cough, the basis of which is said to be sulphate of zinc.
Antibcorbutics, medicines for scurvy and cutaneous eruptions, chiefly alteratives, and herbs of the cress tribe. See Lionum's Drops.
Antiseptics, medicines which check or prevent putrefaction, gan- grene, &C.
Antispaomodics, medicines for spasms, such as opium, and nitrate of silver. See Conspectus of Prescriptions.
Anti-yenbrbal Drops, a solution of corrosive sublimate with a little muriate of iron. (Scheelb.)
Apii Petroselini Radix. E. Root of common Parsley. Apium petroselinum. Two ounces of the root sliced and boiled in Oj of
Digitized by
so AQUA
'-N water down to Om, and a glassful taken twice or thrice a day, is
[I diuretic and aperient. The root has a sweetish^ warm> aromatic taste. The leaves are said to resolve coagulated milk in the breasts ; but I doubt whether they excel a common poultice.
Apium Graveolens. p. Smallage. The herb, with its root and seeds, aperient, diuretic, and aromatic. Used like the preceding.
Apbbibnts, laxative medicines. See Conspectus of Prescriptions.
Apophlromatig Mbdicineb are those which excite the secretion of mucus, such as squills, &c
Apoplbotivs Balsam, is prepared by grinding tc^ther with a little sugar 2 dwts. of civet, and 2 dwts. of musk to a fine powder, then add 60 drops of oil of lavender, 60 drops of oil of rhodium, 40 drops of oil of marjorum, 20 drops of oil of doves, 40 drops of oil of bergamot, and 30 drops of oil of cinnamon : then melt gently, along with an ounce of bees' wax, four ounces of new oil of mace, and when it is half cold add the former ingredients and two ounces of balsam of Tolu, stirring it with a wooden spatula till it be well mixed and cold, or grind it with a stone on a marble slab. It may be kept good for years in a wide- mouthed glass bottle, and used externally to the nose and the head of the apc^ectic
Aposepbdine. The substance which gives pungency to old cheese, and is found in what Proust calls caseate of ammonia. (Bracgonot.)
Apozbmbs are compound decoctions containing salts, manna, &c. The common black draught of salts and senna is an example, or the Apo- zema laxans, P. prepared by decocting aa J j of green leaves of bo- rage, buglos, and chicory, 5ij of senna leaves, ^ss of sulyliate of soda, in Oij oi boiling water for half an hour, then strain and add 3j of syrup of senna or compound syrup of apples.
Aqua. L. £. D. Oxidum ki/drogenU. P. Water used internally is diuretic, and deobstruant ; externally, when cold, is a febrifuge and powerful tonic: when warm, in fomentations, &c It is seldom found pure.
Aqua Acetatis Ammonijb. E. D. See Liquor. Acet. Amm. L.
Aqua Aloalina Oxymuriatica. D. Oxymuriatic Alkaline Water. Prepared by mixing Ibij muriate of soda dried, with fbj of powdered manganese, putting them into a matrass, adding tbij of water, and gradually tbij of sulphuric acid. Transmit the gas thence arising through a solution of ^iv carbonate of potass in Jxxix of water. Decomposition, The hydrogen of the muriatic acid in the salt, com- bining with the oxygen of the manganese, sets free the chlorine of the salt, which combines with the potass, and one portion of the potass gives off its oxygen to one portion of the chlorine, converting it into chloric acid, which combines with the undecomposed portion
Digitized by
AQUA SI
ci the potasSy tbe potasnam uniting with the chlorine. It contains 58*5 of chlorine, and 89*2 of potassium. Incompatible with the nitric and sulphuric acids. Medidnalfy it is given as a stimulant in syphilis, typhus, scarlatina, &c., in doses of 5J to 5ij thrice a day. It sometimes passes off by the urine quite undecomposed, a defect which may be remedied by giving after each a dose ii\^x or v\xr of muriatic acid. (Cbuickbhank.)
Aqua Alumina Compo6ITA. O. See Liq. Alum. Comp. L.
Aqua Ammonls. £. D. See Liq. Ammon. L.
Aqua Anbthi. L. Dill Water, distilled from bruised dill seeds. It has the same properties as Anbthi Sbmina. Dose Jij to Jvj.
Aqua Calcis. E. D. See Liq. Calc. L.
Aqua Calcis Compobita. D. Prepared by macerating for two days without heat, fbw of guaiac, Jj of liquorice root bruised, Jss of sassafras bruised, ^j of coriander seed, and Ovj by measure of lime water, and straining. The lime water is decomposed and spoiled in the process. MedicinaUy it is diaphoretic in doses of jij to ^vj twice or thrioe a day in syphilis, scrofula, &c.
Aqua Cabui. L. Carraway Water, distilled from the bruised seeds. Carminative in doses of Jij to Jvj in flatulence.
Aqua Cinnamomi. L. £. D. Cinnamon Water, distilled from the bark bruised and macerated for a day. It is a warm aromatic in doses of 3\) ^ S^j ^ hysteria, dyspepsia, &c
Aqua Citbi Aubantit. £. Orange-peel Water, distilled from orange* peel ; an aromatic in doses of ^ j to Jvj in dyspepsia.
Aqua Citbi Mbdicje. £. Lemon-peel Water, similar to the last
Aqua Cosmetica. Prepare a lotion by mixing Jiij of blanched almonds, 3iv each of rose and orange water, 5 j of sub-borate of soda, ^ij of tincture of benzoin. Extemalfy in acne and other similar diseases of the skin.
Aqua Distillata. L. E. D. P. Distilled Water is seldom used in making up prescriptions, rain or spring water being substituted. It is indispensable, however, to use distilled water when a prescrip- tion contains citric acid, sulphuric acid, tartarized antimony, nitrate of silver, ammoniated copper, tartarized iron, nitro-oxide, or oxy- muriate of mercury, ammonia, acetate of lead, potass, muriate of baryta, wine of iron, sulphate of iron, or sulphate of zinc, which would be decomposed and spoiled by impure water.
Aqua bx Fluminb. River Water is usually less impure than pump water, though it always contains more or less earthy salts and vegetable matter. 1ft
Aqua Fomtana. Spring Water when so/l dissolves soap, which is a
Digitized by
32 AQUA
good test of its purity ; when hard it curdles and decomposes soap,
which indicates the presence of salts and earthy matters* The water
of pumps is usually hard and bad. Aqua Fjbniculi. L. D. Fennel Water has similar properties to Aqua
anethi : dose Jij to Jvj. Aqua Fortis. See Acidum Nitricuh. Aqua Kali. D. See Liq. Potassjb. L.
Aqua Lauri Casbls. £. Cassia Water> similar to Cinnamon Water. Aqua Lauro-cbrasi. P. Cherry Laurel Water^ distilled from 1000
parts of fresh leaves of the Cerasus Lauro-ceranuy in 2000 parts of
water, drawing over 500 parts : or 5ij of the fresh leaves in %iY of
water, distilling three times with fre^ leaves, so as to leave at last
3iv of water. It contains hydrocyanic acid. Incompatible with nitrate of silver, which precipitates the add from
solution. MedicmaUy it has been prescribed in phthisis and dyspepsia, in doses of
five drops to 9ij or 5J, gradually increasing the dose. (Ra^ri and
BORDA.)
Poisonous in large doses, producing death almost instantly, unless a
powerful emetic be given, followed by turpentine, brandy, and other
strong stimulants^ with frictions, blisters, &c. Aqua Lithargyrt Acbtati. O. See Liq. Plumb. Subacet. L. Aqua Marina, Sea Water, contains, according to Dr. Murray, 159*3
of chlorate or muriate of soda, S5*5 of chlorate or muriate of
magnesia, 5*7 of chlorate or muriate of lime, 25*6 of sulphate of
soda, besides traces of potass, and muriate of ammonia, and various
vegetable and animal substances. Medicinally it is cathartic, in the dose of a pint, drank in the morning
at twice with half an hour's interval. It should be allowed to
stand till all sand, &c. has subsided. Externally it is a powerful tonic, as a cold bath in debility, scrofula,
&c. ; but it sometimes increases nervous irritability, as I have found
by experience in my own person. Aqua Mbllis. See Honey Water. Aqua Menthje PiPBRiTiB. L. E. D. P. Peppermint Water, distilled
from the fresh or the dried herb in flower ; or from the oil of
peppermint, or extemporaneously by adding one part of the oil
to 9'5 of water. Medicinally it is a warm carminative, and antispasmodic in doses of Jij
*o V^]i hut it is more used as a vehicle for salts, castor oil, &c. Aqua Menthje Viridis. L. E. P. Spearmint Water, distilled as the
preceding, and used for the same purposes. Aqua Oxymuriatica. D. Oxymuriatic Water, prepared by passing
Digitized by
AQUA 33
tlurough &j of distilled water the gas produced^ as in the ph)cess for
making the Aq. alcal oxymur, Decomposiiion. The gas first passing through the solution^ forms with
the potass a chlorate^ and the remaining gas passing on to the next
bottle combines in solution with the water. Medicinalbf it is given as a stimulant in scarlatina maligna in doses of
5jto5ij. Aqua Picis Liquida. D. Tar Water, prepared by adding Oj of tar
to cong. j of boiling water and straining. It contains empyreumatic
oil, vinegar, and water. Medicinalfy it is given in phthisis, scorbutus, and cutaneous disorders,
as a stimulant diuretic in doses of Oj to Oij a day. Aqua Phaoedbnica. Yellow Wash. Rub together Oj of lime-water,
and 5ss of perchloride of mercury (corrosive sublimate). Shake up
when used. ExtemaUy for foul ulcers. Aqua Pimbntjb. L. £• Pimento Water, distilled from Jamaica pepper,
or allspice, and used as a cheap stimulant vehicle for other medicines.
Dose 5j to Jiv. Aqua Pluyialis. Rain Water is the lightest and purest natural water,
though it always contains a little carbonic acid gas, and carbonate
and muriate of lime. It ought to be boiled and filtered for nice
purposes. Aqua Potasss. See Liquor Potassjb. Aqua Pulboii. L. D. Pennyroyal Water, distilled from the fresh
herb of Mentha pulegU, or prepared with the oil, as in peppermint
water, to whidi it is similar, and used for the same purposes. Medicinally it is said to be emenagogue, and is popularly but errone<
ously supposed to procure abortion. Aqua Reoia. See Agidum Nitbo-Muriaticum. Aqua Roris Mabini. Rosemary Water, distilled from the tops of
rosemary, and used in perfumery. Aqua Roas. L. £. D. P. Rose Water, distilled from the petals of the
Eosa damascena vel centifoHa; or it may be made from otto of
roses. Imitated by distilling yellow sanders, or the root of the Rhodiola rosea. Medicinally it is aromatic, and feebly astringent ; but is chiefly used as
a vehicle for other substances. Aqua Styptica. Dissolve 5j each of sulphate of zinc and sulphate of
copper in Jviij of rose water. Burnt alum may be substituted for
the sulphate of copper. Aqua Subcarbonatis PoTAsaiE. D. See Liq. Suboarb. Potas. L. Aqua Sulphureti AimoNiiE. D. Water of Sulphuret of Ammonia.
Digitized by
Goog
ogfe
34 ARCH
It is a hydroguretted sulphuret of ammonia, and was first prepared by Boyle. Incompatible with acids.
MedicmaUy in doaes of five dit^ to ten drops twice or thrioe a day. It is a sedative and nauseant in diabetes, &c. in any vehicle not containing adds.
Aqua Sulphubeti Potas&s. D. Water of sulphuretted potaxs, being a sulphuretted hydro-sulphuret of potass. Externally it is detergent in herpes» scabies, and tinea ; internally in doses of twenty drops to 5ij twice a day in herpes, and hypersalivation, also as an antidote to metallic poisons, in any vehicle not containing acids.
Aqua Supercarbonatis Potassjb. £. Water of supercarbonate of potass, prepared from Ox of water, and 5J of pure carbonate of potass in solution, and impregnated with carbonic acid gas in Nooth's apparatus. Medicinally it is antacid and diuretic, and may be used as common drink in dyspepsia, gout, and gravel arising from uric acid.
Aqua Supercarbonatis SoniB. £. Water of supercarbonate of Soda, or Soda Water. Prepared as the preceding, and is perhaps superior as an antacid, diuretic, and lithontriptic, while it is more pleasant. It may be used as common drink in dyspepsia, and febrile affections, or with lemon juice as an effervescing draught.
Aqua Toffana, or Tophana. An Italian secret poison, the prepara* tion of which was kept a secret, but it is supposed to be a so- lution of arsenic. It is said to produce phthisis whai used for some time.
Aqua Vitjb. Water of Life, the Latin name for brandy, or Eau de vie.
Aqujb D18TILLATJE. L. D. Distilled Waters, are prepared by distilling flowers and other fragrant substances, and are used in medicines as grateful vehicles for unpleasant substances, and in perfumeiy for their fragrance. They may be made artificially by means of essential oils rubbed up with sugar or magnesia, creta preparata. Sec
Aqua Minbralbs. Mineral Waters, i. e. waters impregnated natu« rally or artificiaUy with mineral substances. See the principal of these under their several heads, vie. Chalybbatb ; Cheltenham ; Sbidlitz ; Seltzer ; Spa ; Ptrmont, &c.^ where methods of pre- paring the artificial waters are given.
Arabic (Gum.) See AcAciiB Gummi, and Emuls. Acao. Arab.
Aranearum (Tela). See Tela.
Arbutus. See Uva Ubsi.
Abchel, or Archill Litmus. A dye stuff prepared from various species of Lichens, as Lichen roceUa, L. calcareus, L. jmreUus* The lumps are prepared by reducing the substance to powder, and
Digitized by
ARI 35
mixing it with a portion of pearkflh^ lime, and stale nrine. See Litmus.
Arctii Lapp^ Sbmina et Radix. £. D. Seeds and roots oi Burdock^ Arctium lappa. A sudorific and deobstruent in gout and rheuma- tism. The decoction, Jij in Ojss of water, may be used as common drink.
Areca. p. The fruit of the Areca catechu : an astringent and tonic masticatoiy used in the East.
Argbnti Nitras. L. E. D. P. Nitrate of Silver. Lunar caustic, O. Prepared by dissolving, by means of a sand bath, JJ of silver in Jj of nitric acid, diluted with jij of distilled water, and increasing the heat till the nitrate of silver dry. It is then fused in a crucible, over a gentle fire, and poured into moulds. Adulterated with copper, which may be known by its solution becoming
blue on being supersaturated with ammonia. Incompatible with fixed alkalies, or alkaline earths, muriatic, sul- phuric, or tartaric acids, arsenic, hydro-sulphurets, or astringent infusions. Medicinalfy it is used as an escharotic and external stimulant in stric- tures, fungous sores, tinea capitis, and ringworm, prolapsus iridis, &c, and as an injection or wash, (gr. ij, or 5J, to Jj of water) in fistulas, venereal sores, scrofulous ulcers, &c Internally as an anti-, ^Msmodic, in the dose of gr. ■(■ to gr. ij in piLls, or in solution for ^il^My, h3rsteria, chorea, &c, and an a tonic in dyspepsia. Some^ times it turns the patient's skin black. It is also used far making hair dyes, and permanent ink for marking
linen. Poisonous in large doses, producing inflammation and swelling of the throat and stomach, with excruciating pain, thirst, cnunp, convul- sions, and death. Antidotes. The best is a strong solution of common salt in water, a tea^-cupful every three minutes, after which bland fluids, such as barley water, along with purgatives. Tests. It may be discovered in the stomach by giving a white precipi- tate with chlorate of soda, and a yellow with pho^ate of soda.
Argbntinb Flowers op Antimony. The antimonious acid or deut- oxide of antimony.
Argbntctm. L. E. D. p. Silver. Not used in medicine except in the form of leaf silver to gild pills, and to prepare the nitrate.
Argil. O. Clay or alumina, or argillaceous earth.
Argol, or Argal. The deposit of red and white wines, consisting of impure supertartrate of potass.
Ari Radix Rbcbns. D. The recent bulb of the Arum maculatum^ or
d2
Digitized by
36 AROM
Cuckoo-pint> which is acrid, stimulant, and errhine in paralysis, rheumatism, and head-ache, in doses of gr. vj to 9j, ^ven in anj Uand vehicle. Amm Root of British manufacture is prepared from the roots of Cuckoo-pint, in the isle of Portland, hy dicing them up ahout mid- summer, and beating them into a pulp, which is repeatedly washed by passing it through a sieve. It is then dried in shallow pans. It answers idl the purposes of Arrow Root, being composed chiefly of starch, and makes good puddings. (Mr. Flbwksb.) See Sago. Aristolochia Clematitis. p. Birthwoit. The root is stimulant and stomachic, and given in cachexia, chlorosis^ and amenorrhea. The A. tylpho, and A. irilobata. Phil, and the A. longa, A. ro^ tunda, and A. pistoiockia, P. are similar in quality. See Ssrpsn-
TARIA.
Armenian Bole. See Bole.
Armoracijb Radix. L. £. P. Raphanus nuticanus : radix. D. Root of Horse Radish, CochUaria artnoracia. Internally it is stimulant, diuretic, and antiscorbutic, in doses of 5S8 to 5J for dropsy, rheu- matism, &c In hoarseness, 58S of the expressed juice often acts like a charm, or it may be given in syrup, 5 j of the root scraped to Jij of boiling water sweetened with q. s. of sugar. Infused in milk it forms a good cosmetic for freckles. Enters into Spir. Armorade Comp. L. D. Infus. Armoraciie Comp. L.
Arnicje Montana Hbrba. £. D. Leopard's Bane is acrid, bitter, sti- mulant, narcotic, diaphoretic, and errhine, in doses of gr. v to gr. x
• of the powder, or Jjss of the infusion (jjss to Jviij of water), twice a
day, in asthenia, ischuria paralytica, amaurosis, diarrhoea, &c Poisonous in large doses, and is best counteracted by emetics followed by Uand fluids.
Aroma, a term applied to the unknown principle which produces smell. I call it unknown, from its having hitherto remained uninvestigated, chemists having thought it sufficient to call it effluvia, aroma, &c. It appears, from the experiments of Robiquet, that odours often de- pend on the presence of a third chemical principle, besides the aroma and the air, for their development. Thus musk developes the aroma of ambergris, and ammonia the aroma of other perfumes.
Aromatic Lozenobs of Steel. Prepared with sulphas ferri, and a small quantity of tincture of cantharides, &c
Aromatic Pastiles. Take tb^ of storax, ibj gum benjamin, flH lau- danum, and Ibj best sealing-wax. Then add to some thick gum-ara- bic mucilage made with rose water, sixty drops of spirit of musk, mix the whole, mould into forms, and dry.
Arobiatic Vinegar. See Henry's Arom. Vin. and Acid, Acbt.
A ROM AT.
Digitized by
ARSE 37
Aromatic Medicines are such as possess an agreeable spicy odour and flavour. They are mostly all carminatives.
Arrack. A spirit distilled from palm juice^ and from rice and other grain in the East^ but it may be successfully imitated by dissolving forty grains of flowers of benjamin in a quart of rum. Dr. Kitchener calls this *' Vauxhal] Nectar."
Arrow Root. There are three articles sold under this name^ viz.^ the starch produced from the root of the Maranta arundinacea ; from the root of Arum maculaium ; and that from potatoes. These con- fflst of nearly pure starch, though it seems to differ from the starch of wheat. They form a nutritive^ non-stimulant^ mucilaginous food for invalids^ by flrst mixing it into a paste with cold water, and then adding boiling water^ stirring it the while, and seasoning with aro- matics. Potatoes spoiled by frost 3rield as much starch as fresh ones. See Ari Radix, and Sago.
Arsenias PoTAsas. D. Arseniate of potass. Macquer's arsenical salt, crystallized super-arseniate of potass, prepared by means of a sand- heat from 5 j of white oxide of arsenic, and 5 j of nitrate of potass. Decomposition. Nitrous gas escapes during the process, setting free the potass which unites with the arsenic add formed by the oxygen of the nitric acid. — The properties are the same as those of the oxide of arsenic See Arsen. Oxyd.
Arseniatss. Neutral salts formed by a combination of arsenic acid with alkaline bases, and like it violently poisonous.
Arsenic. A metal which is sometimes found native, but oftener com- bined with iron, cobalt, &c. By roasting the ores of these, the arse- nic is subUmed, and combines with oxygen as it volatilizes. The vapour of arsenic has a strong odour of garlic, which, with the excep- tion (it is said) of zinc, is peculiar to it. Enters into Arsen. Alb. L. Oxid. Arsen. E. Ars. Oxid. Alb. D.
Arsenic Acid is obtained by dissolving arsenious aid (Arsenid Oxy- dum, L.) in concentrated nitric add, mixed with a little muriatic add, and distilling to perfect dryness. With alkalies it forms Arse* mates* Soiuble in water more readily than arsenious add ; and when the so- lution is evaporated, forming irregular non-crystalline grains. Poisonous in a violent degree, producing the same symptoms as the oxide. See the following article.
Arsbnici Oxtdum. L. £. Arsenid oxydum album. Arsenious acid, arsenic, or oxide of arsenic in the impure state, procured by roasting the ores of cobalt, and imported from Saxony. When reduced to powder it is not unlike white sugar. It is used in some of the arts, in alloying metals, &c., and to kill vermin, but is not in the im^ pure state employed in medicine.
Digitized by
5S ASAR
Adulierated with chalk, gypsum, and sulphate of baryta; but its genuineness may be proyed by its wholly volatilising by heat, and by its leaving no insoluble deposit in preparing Fowler's solution.
PoUomnu in a violent degree, producing a metallic taste, salivation, vomiting of brown and bloody matter, heat and violent pain of the stomach, black and foetid stools, burning thirst, constriction of the throat and difficult breathing, bloody urine, epileptic oonvulsioof, and death.
Antidotes. It is best counteracted by large draughts of Sugared water to promote vomiting, followed by linseed tea, or other bland fluids, and lime water, or chalk and water^ or solution of soap. Charcoal is said to be a good antidote. Inflammatory symptoms are to be combated by bleeding.
Test*. The presence of arsenic is detected by its producing a grass green with ammoniaco-sulphate of copper, a yellow precipitate with ammoniaco-nitrate of silver, a yellow precipitate with sulphuretted hydrogen, and a smell of garlic when thrown on hot coals, or placed on red-hot iron. The two latter tests are the most to be depended on. Absenici Oxydum Sublimatum. L. D. Sublimed oxide of Arsenic, prepared by reducing the white oxide of arsenic to powder, and sub- liming it by heat from a crucible into another crudUe inverted over it. It is chiefly used for medicinal purposes, being of more anifonA strength than the other*
Medicinalfy it is toniC) in dosds of gr. tV to gr. ^^ in bread pills, nibbed up with ten times its weight of sugar, for intermittent and periodic head-adie, and in leprosy, and other cutaneous diseases.
ExtemaUy it is used as an escharotic in cancerous 8ores> in form of lotion or ointment. See Conspectus qf Prescriptions.
Enters into Arsen. Potasstt. D. Liq. Arsenicalis. L. Abtemibia Dbacunculus. Tarragon, is used to make a vinegar which
is stimulant and whetting to the appetite. ARTEMisiiE Santonica Cacumina. £. D. Tops of Tartarian South- ernwood, are bitter, stimulant, anthelmintic, in doses of gr. x to 535 of the powder^ twice a day in honey or treacle for worms. The seeds are also used. See Santonica.
Enters into Pulv. Asari Comp. £. Artichoke. The Cinara scolymus. P. The leaves are tonic, astrin- gent, and diuretic* In dropsy and jaundice Jss to J j of the expressed juice may be given in wine twice a day. Abum Dracukculus. p. Snake Wake-robin, Arum-triphyUum (Coxb). An acrid expectorant, the decoction of the dried root in milk being used in phthisis. The pulp is used externally in porrigo. Asari Folia. L. E. D. P. Leaves of Asarabacca, Asarum Europcea,
Digitized by
ASSE 39
a hot, bitter, acrid, nauseous emetic, cathartic, and diuretic, in doses of gr. X to 388 of the powder in dropsy, and intermittents, but seldom used. In cephahea as an errhine, a pinch of the powder mixed with ifugar at bed-time. Enters into Pulv. Asari Comp. £.
AaoLBPiAs TuBBRoaA. Swallow Wort. An American plant, excellent as a diaphoretic in catarrh and rheumatism. (Chapman.)
AaPABAGiN. New. A vegetable principle discovered in the juice d asparagus, concentrated by evaporations, when, as was observed by Vauquelin and Robiquet, a number of crystals separate spontane- ously. These crystals appear to be composed of hydrogen, oxy« gen, charcoal, and nitrogen ; but contain neither earth nor alkalL Th^ are white, transparent, and slightly nauseous and cool to the taste. Soluble in water.
AsPABTic Acid. This is procured from Asparagin.
AspiN Babk. The bark of the aspen, Popidtu Iretnula, is an excellent bitter, and may be used as a substitute for gentian, quassia, &c« It is said to soothe urinary irritation.
AsPBALTUM. See Pktbolbum. L.
Absafcbtida Gummi Rbsina. L. £• D. P. Assafoetida, a gum resin procured by cutting the fresh root of the Ferula assafodtida^ and sd^aping off what exudes when it is dry. Adulterated with earthy substances, &c; but the genuine may be known by its reddish violet colour when broken, by its having a strong alliaceous smell, and from its not being brittle. When old its odour becomes faint. MedidnaUy it is an excellent antispasmodic, expectorant, tonic, aperient, aud anthelmintic, in doses of gr. v to 9j in form of pill for asthma, dyspnoea, hooping-cough, hysteria, spasm, colic, obstipation, &c., and in form of enema, 5ij dissolved in Jviij of water for ascarides. Enters into Pil. Asenfoetide Com. £. PiL Aloes cum Assafoetid. £. Pil. Galbani Comp. L. Mist Assafoetidft. L. D. Spir. Ammonis Foetidus. L. £. D. Tinct Assafoetidc. L. £. D. Tinct. Castorci Comp. £.
A88B8' Milk (artificial). There are several ways of preparing this, but two will suffice. 1. Boil in three pints of water till half wasted 3j each of eryngo root, pearl barley, sago, and rice : strain and put a tea-spoonful of the mixture into a coffee*cup of boiling milk so as to render it of the consistence of cream. Sweeten it with sugar or honey to taste. 2. Take two large spoonfuls of good hartshorn shavings, Jij of pearl barley, Jj of eryngo root, the same quantity of China root and preserved ginger, and 18 white snaibi bruised with
Digitized by
40 AURI
the shells. Boil the whole in three quarts of water till reduced to three piuts. Then boil a pint of new milk^ mix it with the rest, and put into it Jij of balsam of Tolu. Dose half pint morning and night.
AsTRiNGBNT PowDER (Strotig), in Farriery. Take Ibj each of sulphate of copper and Armenian bole in powder^ and mix. (Phabm. Vbtb- RiNABY College.)
AsTBiNOBNT PowDEB (Mild), in Farriery. Take Ibj each of dried alum and Armenian bole in powder^ and mix. (Phabm. Vet. Coll.j
A8TBINOENT Pbinciplr. Another name for Tannin.
AsTBiNGBNTs. Mcdicines employed to restrain profluyia, such as fluxes, hemorrhages^ gleets leucorrhcea^ &c See Conspectus qfPte^ scriptiops.
Atmombtbr, an instrument for measuring the quantity of exhalation from a humid surface.
Atbopia, or Atbopine. New, An alkali discovered by M. Brandes in the Atropa belladonna, and retaining its narcotic properties. It is procured by adding sulphuric acid to the expressed decoction of the herb, till there is no longer any precipitation^ and then adding to the acid liquor a solution of potass as long as there is any precipitate, which is the atropia ; and it must be carefully put on a filter, and washed and dried. The crystals are prismatic, and of a fine white colour. Soluble in hot, less so in cold, alcohol. Insoluble in cold water, oils,
and ether. Medicinally it has not been used : but might be useful in ointments and lotions for rheumatism, tic-douloreux, necroses, &c. See Mu« biate of Atropine, and Sulph. of Atbop.
Attab of Roses. See Otto of Robes.
Attenuant Medicines are diluents, such as water and whey for thin* ning the blood, as the theory goes.
AuBANTii Baccjb Cobtex. L. £. D. P. The fruit and peel of the Seville Orange, Citrus aurantium. The pulp is cooling and refresh- ing in fevers, inflammations, and scurvy ; and alterative in phthisis and dyspepsia. The peel is an aromatic bitter tonic in doses of the powder 5ss to 9ij. Externally the pulp is applied as a cataplasm to foetid sores. Enters into Aq. Citri Aurantii. E. Sue Cochlearis G>mp. E. Con- serv. Cort. Aurantii Comp. L. Infus. Gentiane Comp. L. E. D. Syr. AurantiL L. D. Spir. Armoracie Comp. L. D. Tinct. Cin* chone Comp. L. D. Tinct. Gentiane Comp. L. Tinct. AurantiL L. D.
AuBic Acid. A tenn proposed by M. Pelletier for peroxide of gold.
Digitized by
BALL 41
because it combines with alkaline bases^ which salts he names auraUs,
AuRi MuBiAs VBL Chlorurbtum. Ncfo. See Muriate of Gold.
AuRuii MusivuM is the bisulphuret of tin procured by heating a mix- ture of sulphur and peroxide of tin in a dose ressel.
AvxNJB Srminjb. L. £. D. P. Oats^ the seeds of the Avena,saHva. The decoction forms a bland and nutritive drink^ well known under the name of gruel. The flour is used externally to dust erysipelatous phlegmons ; and with equal parts of linseed meal is made into a cold cataplasm with vinegar for contusions^ sprains^ and scrofulous swell- ings : or with yeast for gangrene.
AvENAiNB. A chemical principle discovered by Hermbstadt in oats.
AvBNs. The Geum urhanwn, G. rivaUy and G. montanum. The roots are said to be tonic and febrifuge^ and have been used as a substitute for bark^ but are now seldom prescribed.
AzoTB> or NiTROQBN. A chemical principle constituting 0*79 parts by bulk of the atmosphere^ and supposed to be for the purpose of dilut- ing the oxygen and diminishing its stimulus. It enters into most nutritive substances^ and life cannot be maintained with such sub- stances as contain no azote^ — sugar, for example.
B.
Bachbr's Pills are composed of spirituous extract of black hellebore, myrrh, and carduus benedictus. They were once much celebrated, and in dropsy Dr. Good thinks they merited their reputation.
Badiobon. a preparation for colouring houses, prepared with sawdust, slaked lime, the powder of the stone with which the house is built, and a pound of alum dissolved in a bucket of water. A little ochre will give a deeper yellow colour.
Bailby's Itch Ointhbnt, is prepared with alum, cinnabar, nitre, and sulphate of zinc, formed into an ointment with lard and sweet oil, coloured with alkanet root, and perfumed with essence of anise, lavender, and sweet marjoram. It is not so effectual as the common 8ul[Aur ointment.
Baldwin's Phosphorus. Ignited nitrate of lime.
Balls. In Farriery, medicines for horses are most frequently given in form of ball, which answers to the term bolus in medicine. The best form perhaps is that of an egg, or of a cylinder 24- inches long, and one inch diameter. They ought to be made fresh when they are to be given, as, when become hard, they will not dissolve in the stomach : a bit of very thin paper b usually wrapped round them to
Digitized by
42 BALL
conceal the taste. The basb of purgative balk is usually soap; of stimulant and tonic balls, composed of arsenic or other strong ingre- dients— ^flour and paste. The composition of various sorts of balls is given below.
AUeraiive Ball Take 5x of Barbadoes aloes, 5iij of calomel (or gr. x of corrosive sublimate), J j of caraway seeds powdered, jiij of gin- ger, 50 drops of oil of cloves, and enough of treacle and ^>ur to form a mass, which is to be divided into four balls, one every day tiU the bowels be opened.
Anodyne BaU. Take 5j of opium, 5iij of Castile soap, 5ij of pow- dered ginger, ^ of powdered anise-seed, 5SS of oil of caraway, and enough of treacle to make a balL Given in ccdic, or gripeat, and fret*
AHringent BalL Take powdered opium 5j, ginger in powder 5jss, prepared chalk 5iij, flour 5ij, with treacle, syrup, or honey, to make a ball for looseness.
Or, Take 5ij of gum kino, 5J6s of aromatic powder, or powdered gin- ger, 5\j of Castile soap, and 51} of flour, with treacle enough to form a ball, as before*
Or, Take 5vj of diasoordium, Jss each of gum arable, prepared chalk, and Armenian bole; 5j of ginger: 40 drops of oU. of anise-seed, with syrup enough to make a mass. Dose repeated once or twice a day for scourings.
Or, Take Jss each of rhubarb, compound powder of gum tragacanth ; 5j each of calumbo and ginger, gr. xv of opium, 5VJ of orange-peel, and syrup of poppies to make a mass. Dose repeated once a day.
Or, Take Jj each of mithridate, Armenian bde, gum arable, and pre- pared chalk ; 5ij of ginger, and S3a*up of poppies to make a mass. Repeated as before.
Camphor Ball for gripes and difficulty in staling. Take 5ij8S of cam- phor, nitre ^ss, with enough of liquorice in powder and syrup to make a ball.
Colic BalL Take 5ss of opium in powder, 5ijss each of Castile soap and camphor, 5] of ginger, with enough of syrup and liquorice pow- der to make a balL
Cordial BalL Take Jij of grains of Paradise in fine powder, Jss each of ginger and canella alba ; Jjss each of anise and caraway seeds ; Jij of liquorice powder, and enough of honey to make a ball.
Or, Take Jiv each of cummin-seeds, anise-seeds, and caraway-seeds, and Jij of ginger, and enough of treacle to make a mass, which di- vide into balls of ^j each.
Or, Take ^v each of anise-seeds, caraway-seeds, moist fennel-seeds, or liquorice powder ; Jjss of ginger and cassia; and make into a mass with honey or treacle. Dose Jij.
Digitized by
BALL «
Or, Take 5ij each of A^nter's bark and prepared chalk ; 5iij of pow- dered caraway- seeds ; 58S of opium ; 20 drops of oil of anise^ and make into a YAW with honey or treacle^
Or, Take 588 of powdered opium, 5 j of powdered ginger ; 5iv each of hard soap and turpentine, and make a ball with liquorice powder.
Or, Melt together Jviij of strained turpentine, Jiv of yellow resin, Jvj of soap, and ^ij of sweet oil ; add Jij of oil of anise, 3 j of oil of caraway, rubbed up with i^iv of ginger in powder, and make into a mass with linseed powder to form I6 balls.
Cough Ball. Take 5 j each of opium^ camphor^ and cquills ; jiij of gum ammoniac ; 5J each of soap and ginger ; make into a ball with honey or syrup, adding 20 drops of oil of anise. (See Oarlic Balls.)
Diuretic BaU. Take fbj each of yellow resin, Castile soap, and Venice turpentine, and dissolve slowly over a fire to form a mass. Dose 3j to 3jss for gripes^ grease, swelled legs, &c
Or, Take Jss of Venice turpentine, 5ij of tartarixed antimony, and Jj of liquorice powder, to make a ball with treacle.
Or, Take ^iv df Castile soap ; Jij each of powdered resin and nitre ; Jss of oil of juniper, with linseed powder and Sjrrup, to make a mass for six or eight balls, according to the strength of the horse.
Or, Take Jiv of Castile soap, Jij each of Vmiice tiurpentine and pow- dered anise^seeds, to form a mass with treacle for six balls.
Or, Take 5iij each of strained tiurpentine and Castile soap, to make a ball with liquorice powder.
Or, Take ^iy each of hard soap and common turpentine, and make a ball with caraway powder.
Or^ Take 5iv each of hard soap and common turpentine, 5ss of opium, 5 j of ginger, to form a ball with caraway powder.
Expectorant BaU. See Cough BaU above.
Forty or Farcin Ball Take 9s8 or 9j of oxymuriate of mercury, or corrosive sublimate, Jss of anise-seeds in powder to make a ball with 63rrup or honey.
Or, Take ^ of sulphate of copper or blue vitriol, gr. x of oxymuriate rf mercury, 5ss of opium, 5iij of liquorice powder, to form a ball with syrup.
Or, Take Jij of nitre, ^iij of powdered squills, 5j of camphor, to make a ball with honey, and to be washed down with decoction of hellebore.
Fever Ball Take 3j of nitrate of potass, 5ij each of c»nphor and emetic tartar, and make into a ball with treacle. (Pharh. Vbtbri-
MABY COLLXOK.)
Or, Take Jjss of tartariired antimony, Jj of nitre, ^uj of liquorice powder, to make a ball with syrup. Dose repeated twice a day.
Digitized by
44 BALL
Or, Take 5j of camphor, J j of nitre^ 5ij of James's powder^ or anti- monial powder, to make a ball with flour and treacle.
Ory Take ^ij of antimonial powder, 5^ ^^ sulphuret of antimony, 3 j ^^ nitre, 5iij of liquorice powder, to form a ball with syrup.
Fever Balls {AUerative)> Take Jiv of cape aloes, ^sij of linseed meal, and with a sufficient quantity of treacle form 32 balls. (Phabm. Vbterinabt College.)
Fever Balls (Diuretic). Take &88 of yellow resin powdered, 5x of linseed resin, and with a sufficient quantity of treacle form 32 balls. (Pharm. Vetbrinaby Collboe.)
Garlic Balls, Pound a quantity of garlic cloves till they form a paste, which form into balls of Jj to Jij each with liquorice powder.
Laxative Balls. See Purgative Balls below.
Mange BalL See Alterative Ball above and Mange.
Mercurial Ball. Take 5j of submuriate of mercury, Jss of Barbadoes aloes, and make into a ball with mucilage of gum araHc.
Purgative, or Physic Ball. The 5uc of Barbadoes aloes, and 5j of ginger, and form into a ball with syrup or treacle.
Or, Take 5xij of Socotrine aloes, ^ j each of cream of tartar and pow- dered ginger, and a table-spoonful of olive oil and syrup of buck- thorn to form two or three balls.
Or, Take Jj of Socotrine aloes, 5ij of rhubarb, 5j each of jalap and cream of tartar, 3ij of ginger, and 20 drops each of oil of cloves and oil of anise-seeds, to make a mass with syrup of buckthorn.
Or, Take Jv of Socotrine aloes, jij of carbonate of soda or prepared natron, 5J of aromatic powder, 10 drops of oil of caraway, wiUi sy- rup to make a baU.
Or, Take 5 j of Socotrine aloes, jij of carbonate of soda, 5 j of aromatic powder, and 10 drops of oU of anise-seeds, to make a ball with honey.
Or, Take 5vij of Socotrine aloes, Jss of Castile soap, 5j of ginger, and 10 drops of oil of caraway, to form a ball with S3rrup.
Or, Take 5vj of Barbadoes aloes, 3j of ginger, to form a ball with soft soap.
Or, Melt 5vij of Barbadoes aloes, and 5iv of hard soap in a slight heat, and add 5j of ginger and a little sweet oil.
Restorative Balls. Take fcss of Peruvian bark, Jij each of grains of paradise, gentian, and calumbo ; make into a mass with honey, and divide into 16* balls. Dose one every morning.
Or, Take Jiv of Peruvian bark, ^ij of mithridate or diascordium, 5j each of canella alba, snake root, and chamomile, all in powder; form into a mass with honey, and divide into six balls. Dose one night and morning for loss of appetite.
Digitized by
BALM 45
Or, Take Jssof Venice treade, 5yj of Peruvian bark, Jij each of calumbo and chamomile, and 25 drops of oil of caraway to make into a ball with honey.
Stomachic Ball, Take Jos of gentian in powder, 5j«i of ginger in powder, jj of carbonate of aoda, to form a ball with honey or syrup.
Or, Take 5ij of cascarilla in powder, Jjss of myrrh, jj of Castile soap, with treacle to form a balL
Or, Take 5ij of quassia in powder, 5 jss of aromatic powder^ jj of car- bonate of soda, and syrup enough to form a ball.
Or, Take 5 j of cassia powder, ^ each of calumbo root and rhubarb, both in powder, to form a ball with treacle or syrup.
Strengthening Ball. Take 5ij each of quassia, cascarilla, calumbo, and gentian, in powder, 5ss of opium, 5jss of aromatic powder, with syrup enough to form a balL In scourings and looseness.
Tonic BalL Take from 5j to 5iv of sulphate of iron, 5ij of powdered ginger, and with a sufficient quantity of linseed meal and treacle form a ball. (Pharm. Veterinary College.)
Or, Take from 5j to 51y of sulphate of copper, 5ij of powdered ginger, and with a sufficient quantity of treacle and linseed meal form a ball. (Ibid.)
Or^ Take gr, t to gr. x of arsenic, 5ss each of sulphate of copper or blue vitriol, and opium, Jss of powdered caraways, with S3rrup or treacle to form a balL
Or, Take 5ij of sulphate of zinc, 5ss of opium, gr. v to gr. x of arsenic, and ^ss of caraway-seeds in powder, to form a ball with treacle.
Or, Take 5iij of calumbo root in powder, 5j each of myrrh, cas- carilla, and carbonate of soda, 5ss of opium, to form a ball with treade.
Worm Balls, Take Jij of submuriate of mercury (Calomel), Ibj of linseed meal, and with enough of treacle, form a mass, and divide into 32 balls. (Pharm. Veterinary College.)
See also Mercurial Ball and Purgative BaUs above. Balm. See Melissa Officinalis. Balm of Gileao. See Amyridis Gileadensis. Balm of Gilead (Solomon's), An empirical medicine, which is
nothing but a disguised preparation of tinctiure of cardamoms. Balm of Mecca. This is rarely, if ever, to be procured genuine in Turkey, much less in Europe. It is a liquid resin, of a whitish colour, approaching to yellow, with a strong aromatic smell resem- bling that of lemons, and a pungent high-flavoured taste. It is much esteemed in the East as a cosmetic What is sold here for
Digitized by
46 BALS
balm of Mecca^ i£ some of the finer balsams scented with oil of lemons.
Balm op Rakabiri (Jordan's). An empirical nostrum^ prepared by disguising common gin with oil of rosemary.
Balneum Sulphurbum. Rub together 5iy sulphate of magnesia^ 9j of supertartrate of potass, 3J of sulphuret of potass, and dissdve in a gallon or so of water, to make a bath*
Balneum Sulphurbti PoTAsas. Dissolve 3 j to ^iv of sulphuret of potass in from 50 to 200 pints of salt water, for a bath. Medicinally in chronic affections of the skin and yiscera.
Balneum Sulphur. Pot. bt Gelatikju. Dissolve Jij to Jiv of sul- phuret of potass in from 100 to 200 pints of water, and add fi>j to &ij of isinglass dissolved in 10 pints of boiling water. (Baron Du-
PUTTRBN.)
Balsam (Anodyne). See Tinct. Sap. bt Opii.
Balsamic Medicines are such as possess emdlient qualities. Cullen
ranks turpentine and the resins unde^^balsamics, and Hofimann all
the stimulating gums. Balsam of Canada. See Terebinthina Canadensis. L. Balsam op Capivi. See Capaiea. L. Balsam of Honey (Hilts). A nostrum prepared with equal weights
of honey and balsam of Tolu, and diluted with rectified spirit.
Without the spirit it would be a good expectorant. Balsam of Honey {Pectoral). This is simply the tincture of Benxoin,
or of balsam of Tohi, which see. Balsam of Horehound (FortTs). A nostrum, the active ingredient
of which is opium, being an infusion of horehound and liquorice*
root, with a large proportion of brandy and opium, with camphor,
benxoin, squills, and honey ; and flavoured with oil of anise. Balsam of Life. This is merely the compound decoction of aloes.
See Baumb de Vie and Decoct. Aloes Comp. Balsam of Liquorice. A nostrum prepared with liquorice, qnum,
and balsam of Tolu. Balsam of Sulphur. See Oleum Sulphuratum, and Dutch
Drops. Balsam of Turpentine. See Dvrcu Drops. Balsamum Locatelli. See Locatelli's Balsam. Balsamum Peruvianum. L. E. D. P. Balsam of Peru. Produced
from the MyroxyUm peruiferum, by incision. It contains benjmc
acid, resin, and an aromatic volatiJe oiL Adulterated with common resin and benzoin, of which a composition
is made along with some volatile oil, and coloured with red sanders,
so like the genuine as not always to be distinguished. The genuine
Digitized by
BASS 47
is 8emi-liquid> of a reddish-brown colour^ fragrant aromatic odour^
and a hot bitterish taste. Medicmalfy it is stimulant, tonic, and expectorant, in chronic disorders
of the lungs ; in doses of gr. v to ^j, either difiused in water, or
made into pills with any vegetable powder. Enters into Pilule Guiaci cum Aloe. D, Bal8amum Rakasiri. a substance of a reddish-brown c<^our, and
aromatic smell, of the consistence of honey. It is stimulant and
tonic, but is seldom if ever imported. What is sold under the name
of balsam of Rakasiri is usually spurious. Bai^sahuii Tolutanum. L. E. D. P. Balsam of Tolu. Procured by
incision from the Toluifera hdUamum, a tree which grows in
America. It is thick, and of a reddish-yeUow colour, fragrant odour,
and warm sweetish taste. AduUeraled, as is the balsam of Peru, with the cheaper resins, and
ftivouied with essential oil of lemons. MedtcinaUy it is a mild stimulant, and expectorant, in doses of gr. xv
to 9ij three or four times a day, in chronic cough, and blenorrhoea. Enters into Tinct. Toluiferse BalaamL £, D. Syr. Tolutani. L.
Tinct Benzoini Comp. L« £. D. BabilIiA. The injure carbonate of soda, procured by burning several
species of sea- weed, such as salicomia, fucus, &c. Barclay's Antibilious Pills. Take 5ij of extract of colycynth, ^
of extract of jalap, 5jss of almond soap, ^iij of guaiac, gr. viij (^
tartarized antimony, four drops each of the essential oils of juniper,
caraway, and rosemary, make into a mass with syrup of buckthorn^
and divide into five doaen pills. Barium, the metallic base of baryta. Bark. The Peruvian or Jesuit's bark, is called Bark par excellence.
See Cinchona. Barlbt Watbr. See Dbcoctum Hordbi and Decoct. Hord. Comp. Baryta or Barytbs. An earth, of which the basis is the semi-metal
barium. Muriate op Baryta, which see, is used in medicine.
Baryte is carbonate of baryta. Base, or Basis, a term applied to the constituent of a compound body.
In salts, for example, the base is usually an alkali, an earth, or a
metal ; in oxides, the base is a metal ; in acids, an elementary sub- stance with oxygen. Basilicon. a species of ointment of two kinds, black and yellow, the
same as the Unguentum resina nigrs, L. and the Unguentum resi-.
nosum, £. which see. Basiligum. P. Common sweet BasiL An aromatic expectorant, and
nervin, in emesis, and catarrh. Bassorin is extracted from gum resins, and constitutes nearly the whole
Digitized by
48 BEDE
of salep. With water it forms a jeUj, inaoluUe in water^ alcohol, or ether.
Batsman's Pbctobal Dbops. A nostrum whose basis is tincture of castor. Take ^ij o£ castor^ 3j each of opium and oil of anise, ^vilj of camphor, ^j each of sweet fennel-seeds, ^v of tincture of anti- mony, and ibx of proof spirit: colour it with cochineaL Other formulae are given, varying in the proportions, and sometimes in the ingredients.
Bates's Anodynb Balsam. This nostrum is the compound tincture of soap and opium, and is prepared with ^ of tincture of o[uum, and 3ij opodeldoc
Baths (Medicated). See Balnbum.
Battlby's Gbbbn Sbnna Powdbb, a nostrum, supposed to be senna leaves heated till they become yellow, and then mixed with powdered charcoal.
Battlby's Liquob Opii Sbdativus. A secret preparation, which is a powerful narcotic, of more uniform and mild efiect than other pre- parations of opium. It is chiefly composed of acetate of morphine, and may be imitated by macerating with tartaric acid the dregs le(^ after making tincture of opium. Mr, Battley's preparation does not keep well without the addition of spirits, whicii impairs its supe- riority as a mild narcotic.
Baulastinb, flowers of the Pomegranate. See Gbanati.
Baumb db ViB. A nostrum similar to the compound decoction of alo^. Take ^ij of extract of liquorice, 5j of subcarbonate of potass, 5ss each of gum myrrh and extract of alo^ in powder, and gr. x of saflron. Boil in Jviij of water to ^vj, strain and add jij of compound tincture of cardamoms. Dose 5j to 5ij as a laxative.
Bay Bebbibs. See Laubi Baccs.
Bdellium. P. An aromatic gum resin of ancient fame. It is bitter- ish, stimulant, and resolvent, and enters into the composition oi oint- ments and plasters.
Bbab*8 Foot. See Hbllbbor. Fobt.
Bear's Gbbasb. There are two sorts of this : one of the consistence of thick olive oil, which is procured by boiling, from the fat about the caul and the intestines of the animal ; the other, much harder, and, in appearance, like frozen honey, obtained from about the kidneys. Both sorts have a rank, rancid, and intolerable smell. Rancid lard is often sold for bear's grease.
BECCABUNGiB Hbbba. D. P. Brooklimc, or Wellink. An antiscor- butic, antiseptic, and laxative, in doses of Jij to Jiv of the juice once a day. It is used in the North as a laxative for infants and children.
Bedeguab* a tuft of reddish-coloured substance like moss, which grows on the rose tree. It is slightly astringent.
Digitized by
BENZ 49
Bbbch Drop. See Orobanchb.
Bbbr. See Ginobr and Spruoe.
Bbbs' Wax. See Cera.
Beguinb's Fuming Spirit. See Hydro-Sulph. Ammon.
Behbn Rhapohticum. p. The root of the Centaurea behen, and the Cu€ubalus behen, a bitter aroroatic
Belladonna Folia* L. E. D. P. The leaves of the Deadly Night Shade. Atropa belladonna, a native plant, but not common. The leaves are nauseous, bitter, somewhat acrid, and smell heavy. Medicinally it is one of the most powerful narcotics : it is also diuretic, antispasmodic, and resolvent (see Atropia) ; and is used in fevers, intermittents, plague, gout, rheumatism, paralysis, loss of speech, as a sequela of apoplexy, chorea, hooping-cough, epilepsy, hydro- phobia, melancholy, mania, obstinate jaundice, dropsy, ophthalmia, amaurosis, cancer, fistula, and bad ulcers. The dose of the powder is from gr. ss to gr. x once or twice a day, increasing gradually. It is given in ten times its weight of sugar. Of the infusion (9j in Jx of boiling water) Jij once a day, gradually increasing, but watching carefully that there is no tightness caused in the throat. On the continent ic recently came into reputation as a preventive of scarlatina ; but has not eventually proved efficient for this purpose. ExlemaUy it is used for enlarging the pupil of the eye, which it does by paralysing the iris, when smeared on the eyelid ; and for relaxing the 08 uteri in difficult parturition. The powdered leaves are sprinkled on cancerous sores, or, mixed with lard, relieve priapism and chordee, and the fresh leaves make a good poultice. PoUonous in large doses of both the leaves and berries, producing con- traction and dryness of the throat, sickness, vertigo, dimness of sight, and dilated pupils, stupor, numbness, and heaviness of the head, tenesmus, furious or lively delirium, laughter, redness and swelling of the face, hurried breathing, bending of the body forwards, convulsions, and death. Aniidoies consist of powerful emetics, such as sulphate of zinc, and tartar emetic ; and when these will not act in consequence of paralysis of the stomach, cold affusion, either on the head, or generally, with copioas draughts of vinegar and water, or any vegetable acid. Tests have yet to be discovered, but there is little doubt that some will
be found for atropia, the active principle of the belladonna. Enters into Ext. Belladonnie. L. Succ Spiss. Atrops Belladonns. E.
Bbn (Oil op). See Oil op Ben.
Bbnzoatbs are salts formed with benzoic acid and metallic or alkaline * bases. Most of them are soluble in water.
Benzoic Acid is prepared by heating gum benzoin in an earthen pot
Digitized by
BICA
of paper over it to receive the add as it sublinies ; but as
contains an empyreumatic oil^ it maj be obtained pure by
m benzoin finely pulverized in a considerable quantity of
b lime or carbonate of potass, and precipitating by means of
^riatic add, when the predpitate may be dried by a gentle heat
and purified by sublimation. It is sweetish, aromatic, reddens
litmus paper, and forms benzoates with alkaline bases.
Soluble in water, and still more so in alcohol, particularly when heated.
Benzoinum. L. £• P. Benzoe. D. Benzoin or Benjamin, or gum Ben*
Jamin. O. Procured from the St^ax Benzoin, a plant which is a
native of Sumatra. It is nearly tasteless, but fragrant, and contains
benzoic add (see Acidum Benzoigum) and resin.
AduUerated with other gum resins. The genuine is free from dross,
and of a yellowish colour, with white spots, and brittle. Medicinally it is stimulant, nervine, and expectorant, but in a weak
degree, and is little used. Enters into Tinct Benzoini Comp. L. £. D. Add. Benzoicum. L. £. D. Bbboamot. In perfumery, is an essence or oil very fragrant, procured from the outer rind of the bergamot orange, or fruit of the Citrus mella rosa, by expression, or by distillation. Adulterated with cheaper oils, but may easily be known by the fine- ness of the fragrance. Bbroamot Water is prepared by taking two gallons of good old French brandy, one gallon of highly-rectified spirits of wine, and one gallon of spring water, into whidi put Jj of true Roman or Sicilian oil of bergamot, previously well triturated with lump sugar, in a glass mortar. Distil by a water heat, and draw ofi* only six quarts. It will keep for twenty years. BsBTUCHBFp's Nbbyous Timcture. See Tinct. ^Bther. Betonica Officinalis. P« Wood Betony. A common native herb of reputed virtue, as a laxative and alterative. The powder of the leaves is errhine ; root, emetic. Bbzoar Stonb. a sort of calculus found in the stomachs of ruminating animals, and formerly sold, as it now is in the east, at a high price, as a cordial and restorative. Its virtues, it is probable, are in a great measure fabulous. Several preparations of antimony take the name of Bezoardicum. Bi. This prefix signifies that the base is contained in a compound in two definite proportions, as biarseniate, bichromate, bihydroguret of carbon or of phosphorus. Bic arson ATEs are salts containing a double proportion of carbonic add gas. The term has arisen from the doctrine of definite propor- tions.
Digitized by
BIST 51
BiLB. This anitnal fluid, contraiy to the assertion of Boerhaave, docs not readily putrefy.
Bics. A mineral substance, used for paints. The blue is also called Armenian stone ; the green, malachite ; and both cdntain copper.
BiONONiA. A genus of plants, 6f which most of the species are con- sidered in America to be good antidotes for the bites of snakes, the mioichineel poison, &c
BiRDLiMK. For winter use it is made by boiling linseed oil till it beoones of proper consistence. This is not hardened by ftrwt. For summer use, it is made from the middle bark of the holly, the elder, &c by boiling it, fermenting it, and pounding it into a paste, after which it was well washed in water. AduUerated with oil, vinegar, turpentine, &c. but may be known to be good by its greenish colour, sour flavour, and its stringy tenacity. When dry it may be restored by wetting it.
BisHUTHi SuB-KiTQAs. L'. D. P. Bisttiuth, or Oxide of bUmuth, a white powder, without taste or smell, containing oxide of bismuth, with a little water and nitric acid. Prepared fVom jj of Insmuth, 5j88 of nitric acid, Oiij of distilled water. Mix 5v] of the water with the acid, in which dissolve the bismuth, and strain. Add, the r<est of the water to the strained liquor, and set it aside till it deposit a precipitate, then pour ofiT the liquor, wash the precipitate in distilled water, wrap it in blotting-paper, and dry by a gentle heat. Decomposition. The nitric add forms an oxide with the bismuth, and then dissolves it, producing nitrate of bismuth, and giving out nitrous gas. The addition of the water precipitates the subnitrate. Used as a cosmetic, under the name of Maoistbrt Of Bisbiuth, and
Feabl Whitk, which see. MedunnaUy it is sedative and antispasmodic, and is given in dyspepsia, asthma, cardialgia, and gaistrodynia, in doses of gr. j to gr. iij thrice a day.
BiSTORTiB Radix. L. E. D. P. Bistort Root, the root of Polt/gonrnk bistarta, a native plant, but not very common, a strong astringent - tonic
MedidnaUy it may be used in hiemorrhages, lencorrhoea, fluxes, and intermittents, in doses of gr. xv to jj of the powder, twice or thrice a day, mixed with the powder of the calamus aroraaticus. The decoction is given in doses of ^ to Jij.
BiBTRB. A composition used in painting, as a fine brown colour, pre- pared from soot, of which that from beech wtx>d is best. Put a quantity of this into water (2lbs to the gallon), and boil half an
E 2
Digitized by
52 BLAC
hour ; let it then settle^ and while it in still hot poUr off the clearer liquor from the sediment, and evaporate to dr3mess. Adtdteraled with inferior materials. The genuine is of a warm, deep hrown, and transparent when moistened with water.
Bitter Apple. See Colocynthidis.
Bitter Infusion. See Infus. Gent. Comp.
BiTTERiNO, or corruptly Biltern, a fraudulent preparation, sold to hrewers and others, for adulterating heer, and composed of oocculus indicus, liquorice, tohacoo, quassia, and sulphate of iron or copperas. A similar preparation is sold for the same purpose under the name of hitter balls.
Bittern is the first scum of the liquor in preparing salt, and also the mother water, after the crystallization is completed.
Bitter Principle. What was formerly thus termed is now found to constitute many different substances, as salicin, quinia, quassa, &c
Bitter Principle of Welter, is procured by treating silk with nitric add. It consists of Carbazotic acid.
Bitters. A class of vegetable tonics, of which quassia, gentian, worm- wood, calumba, cascarilla, orange-peel, dandelion, and chamomile, are the chief. Publicans prepare a sort of liqueurs with bitters, of which the following is a sample: Put ^ij of Peruvian bark, J^ each of snake-root powder, salt of wormwood, saffiron, and cochineal, into two quarts of good brandy, full proof, and let it stand twenty-four hours, frequently shaking the bottle. Or, take ^j each of gentian, wormwood tops, quassia, orange-peel, canella alba, cinnamon, grains of paradise, and cochineaL Put into three pints of proof spirit, and treat as the last.
Bitter Sweet. See Dulcamar.
Bitumen. A genus of inflammable substanoesy such as petroleum, asphaltum, &c used in varnish-making, and some chemical pro- cesses.
Bixa. See Anotta.
Black Draught. A very popular and excellent purgative, prepared by dissolving 5ij of sulphate of magnesia in ^ of the infusion of senna; or in other similar proportions, to which a few drops of tincture of opium may be added to prevent griping.
Black Drop, or the Lancaster or Manchester black drop, or the Quaker's black drop. The following is the original receipt, published by Dr. Armstrong: Take Ibss of opium sliced, and Oiij of good verjuice, ^jss of nutmegs, and ^ss of saffron. Boil to a proper thickness, then add ib.^^ and two spoonfuls of yeast ; set the whole in
Digitized by
BLIS 5S
a warm place near the fire^ for six or eight weeks, then in the open air, till it hecomes a syrup, when it is to he decanted, filtered, and hottled up, with a little sugar added to each hottle. One drop equals three of the Tincture of opium. L. Medicinally it is supposed to he less injurious than the common pre- parations of opium, not heing followed hy head-ache, &c.
Blacking. Various receipts have heen given for making shoe-hlacking, among which the following are samples : Take Jxij each of treacle, and ivory Uack, Jiv of spermaceti oil, four pints of white-wine vinegar ; mix and preserve for use. Or, Take Jvj each of hone-hlack and treacle, ^ss of sulphuric acid and spermaceti or common oil, and one quart of common vinegar. First mix the acid and the oil, and then add the rest. If it does not dry quick enough, add more acid. See Japan Blackino.
Blacking Cakes are made hy thoroughly mixing ^j of gum traga- canth, with Jij each of neat's-foot oil, superfine ivory-hlack, and deep hlue, prepared from iron and copper, and Jiv each of hrown ragar-candy and river water. When mixed, evaporate to a proper consistence.
Blacking Balls may he made in the same way ; or melt together over a slow fire jiv of mutton suet, Jj each of hees* wax and sweet oil, ^ each of sugar-candy and gum arahic, and add care* fully, lest it take fire, a spoonful of turpentine, with lamp-hlack enough to give it a good colour; pour the liquor when hot into tin moulds, and let it stand till cool enough to he worked into shape hy the hand.
Black Wash. Ruh together fbj of lime water and 5ij of calomel.
Blainr*8 Powder, for the distemper in dogs, is a difi^ised preparation of the sulphuret of tin.
Bleaching Liquid. What is sold under this name is a solution of the chloride {pxymuricUe) of lime, which is also kept in the market under the name of Bleaching Powder, Bleaching Salt, or Tennant's Salt. The sulphuret of lime is also used in the same way, but is not so efficacious. See Eau db Javellb.
Blistering Ointment (Mild) in Farriery. Take Jiv of lard, melt and add ^ each of oil of turpentine and cantharides in powder, and stir till cold. (Pharm. Vetbr. Coll.)
Blistering Ointment (Strong) in Farriery. Take fcij of turpentine ointment, Jx of cantharides in powder, Jij of euphorbium in fine powder, soften the turpentine ointment by heating it, then stir in the cantharides and the euphorbium. (Pharm. Veter. Coll.)
Blessed Thistle. See Carduus Benid.
Blisters are now chiefly prepared from Cantharides. Dr. Chisholm
Digitized by
54 BOLU
recommencU clothee dipped in boiling water^ or boiling water in a bladder, to be applied ai an immediate blister, in cases of emergency. See Canthabidks; EuFh. Vesicator, and Ceaatum Sabinjb.
Blood Root. See Sanouinabia.
Blue. See Indigo, Smalt^ Prussian Blue, and Stone Blue, &c.
Blub Eye- Water. See LiQ. Cupr. Aiimon.
Blue Ointment, and Blue Pill. See Unguentum Hjdrargyri, and Pilule HydrargyrL
Blub Stone. See Cupri Sulphas.
BoERHAAVE*8 AsTRiNOENT PowDER for tbe ague, is prepared by mixing equal parts of alum, nutmeg, and Armenian bole.
Bobrhaave's Red Pill, is prepared by mixing into a mass, with crumbs of bread, or mucilage^ a portion of the red sulphuret of mercury, and dividing it into pills.
Bole. A genus of earths, of which there are several specie^ and €i which BoLUB ARiiENiiB, p. Armenian bole, is the chief. It is astringent and desiccative, but is mostly used to colour ointments, such as the sulphur ointment. The boles are of a red or yellowish colour. AduUeraled frequently with inferior materials. They should be chosen of a fine clear colour, particularly when they are to be used for paints, or for colouring medical preparations.
BoLBTio Acid was discovered by M. Braconnot in the juice of the Boletus pseudo-igniarius. See Ann. Phil. vol. iL
Boletus Igniarius. £. Agaric of the oak. The B. igniariut is very hard, somewhat brittle, and useless as a styptic, thi$ species having been confounded with the next.
Boletus Fomentarius is distinguished fiom the preceding by the pileus being subtriquetrous, obsoletely banded, cinerpous brown, and the pores being at first whitish and afterwards subferruginous. Ic is from this and not from the B. igniarius that the celebrated styptic is procured. (Baron de Beauvois.) See Amadoi;.
Bolus. A form in which medicines are prepared, similar to that of pill, but larger, and usually as soft as dough, so as to slip easily down the gullet. It is more used in hospital than in private practice ; as it is a cheap and easy way of preparing heavy medicines which cannot be given in the liquid form, such as calomel, &c.
Bolus Anodynus. Anodyne Bolus. Take gr. iv of genuine James's
powder, gr. iij of pulverised camphor, gr. x of nitrate of potass in
powder, gr. vij of extract of hyociamus, and enough of conserve of
roses to make a bolus.
MediciimUy in cerebral affections, to be taken at night. (Dr. Copland.)
Bolus Arnicje. Take gr. iv each of the flowers of Arnica montana in
Digitized by
BOTA 55
powder and of scrapings of camphor^ with enough of conserve of
roses to make a holu& Bolus Fsrbi. Take from gr. x to gr. xx of sub-carbonate oi iron,
gr. y of aromatic powder, and enough of syrup of ginger to make
a bolus. Dose two or three every day. Bolus Kino Thebaiaous. Take from gr. v to gr. x of compound
powder of kino, gr. xv of compound powder of chalk, gr. ss of opium
in powder, and a sufficient quantity of syrup of ginger to make a
bolus. Medicinalhf in diarrhoea, &c one to be taken twice, thrice, or oftener
in the day. Bolus Sbdativus. Sedative Bolus. Take 9j of boracic add and
enough of conserve of roses and simple syrup to make a bolus, to be
taken as occasion requires. BoMBic Acid. This has been discovered by M« Chaussier in the siLk
worm. BoKB Black. See Ivort Black.
BONPLANDIA. See CUSPARIA.
Boracic Acid is found native in the hot springs of Lipari and Saaso. It is compounded of boron and oxygen. It is prepared by adding sulphuric acid to purified borax dissolved in about four times its weight of boiling water. On cooling, the boracic acid is deposited in form of scaly shining crystals, whidi may be purified by redis- solving and recrystallizing them twice or thrice. It has a bitterish taste like Epsom salts, has no smell ; renders turmeric paper brown ; and slightly reddens vegetable blues.
BoRAGO Officinalis. O. Borage* A native plant, whose virtues, if it have any, are now neglected. It is put into cool tankards, for summer drinking ; and as Margraff found it to contain nitrate of potass, it must be more or less diuretic.
Boras, Boratb. The name given to salts formed by boracic add with a base, as borate of magnesia, otherwise termed boradte.
Borax is the bi-borate of soda. See Sodjb Sub-boras. Both the native and the refined borax are used in soldering.
Boric Acid. The same as boradc add.
Boron is a dark olive-coloured substance, having ndther taste nor smell, and is insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, and oils. Jt is pro- cured by heating boradc add with potassium^ when the oxygen unities with the potassium and sets the boron free. It is com- bustible.
Botany Bay Rbsin. It is an exudation from the Acarcis resiniferU' It has a sweetish taste, does not adhere to the teeth when chewed, and melts at a moderate heat. It is fragrant when ignited.
Digitized by
56 BRIO
B0UOIB8 are usually made from the thickness of a Imitting-needle to that of a writing quill, or even more. Cut a piece of old linen rag into slips, eight or ten inches long, and from half an inch to an inch, or more, in hreadth. Upon these spread a plaster, and roll them neatly up, with the plaster side outermost, on a hot glazed tile, and form them into proper shape. J3. BelTs Bougies are made in the same way, hy melting in one vessel Jiv of litharge plaster, and in another 5iij a£ olive oil, and '^u of yellow wax, mixing them for use. Plenck*s Bougies are made of catgut; but as they are apt to swell afler
being introduced, they are very objectionable. Elastic Gum Bougies are erroneously named from a false notion that they are made of elastk gum, or Indian-rubber. They are really prepared by boiling linseed oil for a long time over a slow fire, and with this varnishing the cotton, silk, or linen^ employed as a basis. Smyth's Flexible Metallic Bougies are liable to break, and are thcrefoce
dangerous. Daran's Medicated Bougies are made of such materials as shall dissolve in the urethra after being introduced. They are now disused ex- cept by empirics. Armed bougies are of this class, being prepared by potassa, fusa, or by nitrate of silver. Boyle's Depilatory. See Depilatory.
Boyle's Fuming Liquor is the hydroguretted sulphuret of ammonia. Bran. See Farina.
Brass. A compound metal containing four parts of copper to one of zinc Breeches Ball, is prepared by mixing ftj of Bath brick, &ij of pipe day, jiv of pumice stone in powder, and ^yj of ox gall, and colouring the mixture to the shade required, with ochre, umbcr> rose-pink, &c. Brimstone is native sulphur, found near volcanoes, or the substance which is prepared from the native sulphurets of copper or iron, called pyrites. Roll brimstone is this substance, purified, and cast in moulds. See Sulphur. Brionia Dioica. p. White Bryony, a native climbing plant, whose root is acrid, bitter, diuretic, and a drastic purgative. It contains brionine. MedicinaUy it is given in doses of gr. xv to 3j or more of the powder, - or gr. X to gr. xv of the extract, in dropsy, asthma, mania, epilepsy,
and rheumatism. It is also given in form of infusion. Extertially it is rubefacient and resolvent, the pulp being applied in
cataplasms, in oedema, and ecchymoses. Poisonous in large doses, producing severe griping and hypercatharsis.
Digitized by
BROW 57
vomitiiig, retching, thirsty difficulty of breathing, convuMons, and death. No test has been discovered. Antidotes are emetics, mucilaginous drinks, and emollient enemata; and venesection, if inflammatory symptoms supervene.
Bbionin. a crystallizable principle found in white bryony procured by treating the expressed juice with ammonia. (Vauquelin.)
Bbiony (Bi<ack}. Tamus communis, A native plant, said to be diu- retic, but little used.
British Oil. Boil together ^ of camphor, ^iv of rectified spirit of wine, ^xij of sweet oil, and Jv of oil of hartshorn.
Brodum's Nkbyous Cordial is prepared by mixing together equal quantities of compound spirit of lavender, wine of iron, and of the tinctures of gentian, calumba, cardamoms, and Peruvian bark.
Bromatxs are salts formed by bromic acid similar to the chlorates and iodates. Bromate of potass is distinguished from the iodate or chlorate of potass, by its not precipitating the salts of lead, and by its giving a white precipitate with nitrate of silver, and a yellowLdi white with proto-nitrate of mercury.
Bromic Acid is obtained by decomposing a dilute solution of bromate of baryta with sulphuric acid, so as to precipitate the whole of the baryta. This is concentrated by evaporation to the consistence of syrup ; but it has not hitherto been procured anhydrous. It is similarly constituted with the iodic, chloric, and nitric acids. It has little smell, but tastes very acid, though it is not corrosive.
Bromb, or Bromine. New. A substance very recently (1826) dis* covered by M. Ballard of Montpellier. It is procured by trans- mitting a current of chlorine gas through bittern, and then agitating a portion of sulphuric ether with the liquid. This is then agitated with caustic potass, which produces- hydro-bromate of potass upon evaporation, whence the bromine is set free by means of chlorine and heat. It appears to be an elementary substance very similar to chlorine and iodine. It is easily detected by means of chlorine, which separates it from most of its combinations. Its solution in ether, which is of a fine hyacinth red, is also a good characteristic. It freezes at 4° Fahrenheit. Bromurbts are combinations of Bromic acid with iodine, phosphorus,
sulphur, &c. Broom. See Sfartium and Genista.
Brownino to colour and flavour meat and made dishes. Beat to powder Jiv of double-refined sugar, and put into a very clean iron frying-pan with jj of fresh butter» mix it well over a clear fire, and as it begins to froth hold it higher up. When it is of a very
Digitized by
58 BUTT
fine brown, pour in by very slow degrees a pint of port, stiniag it well all the time. Then put in Jss each of Jamaica and black pepper, six cloves, six shallots peeled, three blades of mace bruised, ' three spoonfuls each of mushroom and walnut ketchup, some salt, and the iinely-pared rind of a lemon. Boil the whde gently for 15 minutes, pour it into a basin till cold, take off the scum, and bottle it for use. Bbucia, or Brucine. New. An alkaline substance found in the J^rvcea iintidtfsenlmca, and Nux vomica, and prepared by adding a solution of liquid subaceate of lead to a solution of alcoholic extract of the {dant in water until no more precipitate be thrown down; the brucine will remain in solution with excess of the acetate of lead, which must be separated by sulphuretted hydrogen, filtered, and -boiled with magnesia. Wash the precq}itate in cold water, but canefiilly, as the brucia is soluble in water. Redissdive in alcohol to separate the excess of magnesia, and again evaporate. Chemically it is intensely bitter, slightly soluble in water, and on cooling takes the consistency of wax. It forms neutral salts with the adds. Medicinally it is a strong narcotic. Dose from gr. j to gr. iij, in form of pill, tincture, or mixture, for paralysis, atrophy, or muscular debility. (Mags^tdib.) See Hvdbochlobate and Sulphatb. Poisonous when given in large doses, acting much in the fiSEune way as strychnia, but with less violence in the proportion of 1 to IS. The best treatment is to promote vomiting, or give a dose of sulphate of copper instantly. Afterwards give vin^ar and water copiously, and if stupor supervene, try the cold afiusion. Test. None yet discovered. Bbyokia. See Bbionia and BBiony. Bbyoninb, see Brxoninb. BucHU Lbaves. See DiosuA Cbbnata. BucKBBAK. See Mbnyanthbs.
Buckthorn Bbbbies. See Rhamnus and Sybupus Rhamni. BuoLOss. A native plant, Anckusa qffidnalis. P. the flowers and herb
<^ which ace said to be adoucissarU by the French. Bub Dock. See Abctii Lappjs. BuBGUNOY Pitch. See Rbsika and Pix. BuTTEB OP Antimony. See Mubias Antihonii. BuTTEBs in perfumery are fragrant preparations of the consistency of butter. I^emon, jasmine,' orange-flower, and bergamot, butter are most common, and are chiefly imported. They are made by steeping the fresh flowers in the finest olive oil, pressing out the flowers, decanting the oil clear off, and thickening it with fine wax, melted and added gradually while hot. Butter o£ roses is produced from rose water by subsidence.
Digitized by
CALA 59
Bvmic Agi]>. An odoriferous yolotdle compound procured by M.
Chevreul from butyrine wben converted into soap. BuTTBiMji. A peculiar oleaginous matter procured by M. Chevreul
from butter, which serves to distinguish it from animal fats. It is
liquid at 70'' FaKr. BuxuB Semfbbvibbns. p. The common box^ the wood and leaves
of which are bitter^ aromatic, sudorific^ and alterative, as well as
cathartic. They are used on the continent in epilepsy, and 83rphills.
The decoction is said to be the best thing for baldness and thinness of
the hair.
C.
Cabbage. The red cabbage furnishes by infusion an excellent chemical test toperiok: to litmus. (Ubb.)
Cacao. P. The Chocolate-nut Tree, Theobramacacao, the nut of which is aromatic, slightly astringent, bitter, oily, and diuretic.
Cafpsik. a principle discovered in cofiee, which is white, crystalline, volatile, and soluble in alcohol and boiling water.
Cajbputi Olbum. L. D. Melaleuca Leucodendri oleUm. £. Cajeput oil is of d strong fragrant odour, resembling camphor, of a pungent taste, and greenish colour. Medicinalfy it is stimulant, diaphoretic, and antispasmodic, in doses of three to five drops given with sugar in cases of palsy and hysteria. ExUmaUy it is a good rubefacient in gout and rheumatism ; and a little of it on a bit of cotton pUt into a decayed tooth, relieves tooth* ache.
CALAGUAiiA. P. An attenuant, opening, and resolvent root, used in dr(q>sy, chronic pectoral complaints, hectic fever, and convulsive colics. It is given in form of decoction 5ij to Ojss of water.
Calami Radix. L. E. D. P. The root of the sweet flag, Acorus cala* mw, an aromatic, stomachic, and stimulant, of a warm, bitterish taste. It is given in doses of 9j to 5j of the powder in dyspepsia, anorexia, &c
Cajlamina. L. Calaminaris. D. Carbonas Zinci impiirus. E. D. Ca- lamine, or Zinc ore, is a metallic substance, of a reddish-yellow colour, easily crumbled. It is astringent and sedative, but seldom used. Enters into Calamina Pnep. L.
Calaiiika P&bpabata. L. Carbonas Zinci impurus preparatus. £. Lapis Calaminaris preparatus. D. The calamine is roasted and re- duced to an impalpable powder. It is astringent and sedative, and
Digitized by
60 CAMB
used in preparing ooUyria^ and unguents. The powder may also be sprinkled or dusted upon exooriatious^ and sores. Calcis Carbonas PfiJBCiPiTATUM. D. See Cbeta Pbjecip. Calcis Mubias. D. See Murias Calcis.
Enters into Unguent Calaminaris. D. Cerat Calamins. L. E. Calcis Phosphas Prjbcipitatum. D. See Phosphatb op Lime. Calebash. p. The pumpkin gourd, Cucurhita sagenaria, the seeds of which are refreshing in form of emulsion, in strangury, and fever. Calomel. See Hydraroyri Submurias. Calomelas Prsoipitatus. D. Precipitated calomeL Calumrs Radix. L. £. D. Calumba, or Columbo, Colombo root, is brought from Africa, but the plant is not known to botanists. It has a bitter unpleasant taste, is faintly aromatic, and contains cin« chonia. Jncompatible with infusion of galls, or of yellow Peruvian bark ; with
oxymuriate of mercury, acetate of lead, and lime water. AduUercded by mixing with it pieces of white bryony root. Other roots also tinged yellow, have been mixed with genuine calumba root, which should always be selected of a good weight, and dear colour, with- out worm-eaten pieces. Enters into Tinct. Calumbe. L. £. D. Infus. Calumbe. L. Medicinally it is tonic and stomachic, stimulant and astringent It is used very frequently in affections of the mesenteric glands of infants, in dyspepsia, and cholera. The dose is gr. x to 58s twice a day, or in infusion or decoction ^ss to ^ij, but these will not keep. Calx. L, D. Calx Viva. £. Oxidum adcii, P. Quicklime, com- posed of oxygen, and the semi-metal calciunu It is chiefly employed in making lime-water. Medicinally it is acrid, corrosive, caustic, depilatory, and antacid. It is sometimes, but rarely, applied to obstinate old ulcers, in form of powder. Cambooia. L. Gambogia. £. D. Gamboge, a gum produced from the Stalagmilis cambqfioides, much like cherry-tree gum, almost tasteless, but acrid in the throat and fauces. It is brittle, opaque, and of a deep yellow, so as to be used as a pigment. Adulterated in the original preparation with inferior substances, and
ought to be selected of a clear colour, and glassy fracture. Medicinally it is a drastic cathartic, and also emetic and vermifuge. It is used in dropsy, and for tape- worm, and in obstinate costiveness, and hydrocephalus. The dose is gr. ij to gr. vj of the powder, com- bined with calomel, jalap, aloes, and other cathartics. For anasarca it is best to combine it with a solution of carbonate of potass. Enters into Pil. Cambogise Comp. L.
Digitized by
CAMP 6!
Caxqmilb. See Anthbmidis Florbs.
Campanula Tbachslium. Great Throatwart^ or Canterbury Bells. A native plant, whose astringency recommends it to be used in quinsies, &c Camphoba. L. £. D. P. Camphor, or Camphire* A resin produced from the Laurus camphora, and other plants, and made factitiously by a stream of chlorine gas driven through oil of turpentine. It is strongly odoriferous, of a bitter aromatic taste, and swims on water.
Soluble, though only slightly, in water ; but wholly in alcohol, ether, and oils, as well as in the concentrated sulphiuic, nitric, muriatic, fluoric, and acetic adds.
iHsolmble in the weak acids.
Adulterated with spermaceti and white wax, which can with difficulty be detected, their appearance is so similar, and they unite and blend 80 intimately.
Test. Put a sample on hot bread: if it become moist it is good,
MedidnaUy it is used in nervous and malignant fevers, in typhus accompanied with delirium, in inflammations accompanied with typhoid fevers, such as peripneumania, rheumatism, &c., in atonic cutaneous diseases, particularly on their retrocession to promote the eruption^ in many spasmodic affections, as hysteria, chorea, epilepsy, hooping-cough, &c, in mania and melancholy, and in indolent in- flammations, from internal causes.
In lar3rngeal phthisis, and disorders of the throat, it may be made into lozenges with sugar, gum, and opium. With sulphur it is useful in colica pictonum. Dr. Paris recommends, when a large dose is given, to diffuse it in mucilage, or yolk of tgg, or make it into pills with assafoetida, or confection of almonds.
Dose from gr. ij to 9j, every four or six hours, of the powder mixed with sugar, magnesia, opium, and nitrate of potass. In mania, from gr. v to 5SS, thrice a day.
Poisonous in large doses, by its over-exciting the brain and nerves. Antidotes, wine and opium.
Enters into Acid. Acetos, Camphoratum. £. D. Emul. Camphorata. £. Mist. Camphone. L. D. Spir. Camphors. L. £. D. Tinct. Cam- phone Comp. L. £• D. Linimentum Sapon, cum Opio. £. D« Lin. Saponis. L. £. Lin. Camphore. L« £. D. Lin« Camphors Comp. L. Lin. Hydrarg. L. Camphoratbs are salts formed with bases by camphoric acid.
Camphor Balls, in perfumery, are made by grinding in a starch-mill ftvj of very dry starch, ihviij of very dry white lead, sifting it through a lawn sieve, and then mixing it with Ihxiv of very fine rice powder. Then shave down and dry 48!b of the best oil soap.
Digitized by
62 CAND
and mix with the former. Next grind Ibjas of camphor in an iron mortar> with half a pint of Hungary water> and add graduidlj Jsft each of oil of rosemary^ and of lavender. When reduced to ponder, add a few pounds of the prepared soap^ and after beating it well mix the whole together^ and make it in the same way as ambergris wash- balls. Used as a cosmetic^ bat not safely.
Camphoric Acid is procured by digesting camj^dr for a considerable time in a large excess of nitric add. Its taste is rather bitter and its odour somewhat Hke that of saffitm. It reddens litmus paper. Soluble sparingly in water.
Camphorosma Monspelibnsis. p. Hairy Camphoroema. A dightly aromatic herb, sudorific, and nervine, given in coryxa, leucorrhoea, asthma, and rheumatism.
Camp Vinboar is made by steeping in the best vinegar for a month 5j of cayenne pepper, two table- spoonfuls of soy, and four of walnut- ketchup, six anchovies diopped, and a small clove of garlic, niinced fine. Shake it frequently, strain dnxmgh a tammis, and keep it well corked in small bottles.
Cancri ChbL£. D. LapilH cancrorum. £• Crabs' Claws, Crabs' Eyes, or Crabs' Stones, which contain carbonate and pho^hate of Hme, are given in doses of 5ss to 5j, reduced to an impalpable powder (Cancrorxtm Lajpilli PRjfaPAmATA. £.), as an aritadd, in dyspepsia, &c. Enters into Cancrorum Lapilli Pnep. £.
Candied GtNOBR is prepared by putting Jj of race ginger grated fine, and ttj of loaf sugar in fine powder into a preserving pan, with enough of water to melt the sugar. Set it over a slow fire, and stir till it begins to boil; then put in another pound of sugar, and stir till it becomes thick. Take it off die fire, and drop it in cakes upon earthen dishes, and set in a warm place to dry.
Candied Horehound is made by boiling the horehound to make a strong decoction, which is added to a sufiident quantity of sugar, boiled to a great hdght. Stir it over the fire till it grows thick, pour it into a paper case, dusted with fine sugar, and cut it into squares.
Candied Lemon Peel is prepared by boiling a quantity of fresh lemon ped with sugar, and exposing it to the air till the sugar crystallizes.
Candied Orange Peel is made by soaking the peels in cold water (frequently changed) till they lose their bitterness, then put diem into a syrup till they become soft and transparent, when they may be taken out and drained.
Candy for Figures, in pastry work, is made by boiling two quarts of
Digitized by
CAOU 63
darified sugar to a stnmg lHovr, grain ii (that is, iutn it white by rubbing it against the sides of the pan) ; when it is white, and about the thickness of cream, put it in well-oiled leaden moulds, and these into a stove till perfectly dry. Canelljb Cortex* L. E. D. P. Canella Bark, the batk of the wild cinnamon tree, Canella alba, which is sold in flat or quilled pieces, <^ a yellow colour, smelling like cloves, and of a warm, bitterish, pungent taste. Spirits are the best solvent> as water only extracts the bitter without the aroma.
Medicinally it is carminative, tonic, astringent, stoiliachic, and aphro- disiac, and is given in dyspepsia, and atonic disorders in doses of gr. X to 3j of the po^dto. Cantharidbs. L. E. D. P. Blistering Fly. Canlharis vesicaioria, JUftta and Meloe. O. This insect is a native of Spain. It is acri- monious to the taste, and foetid to the smell.
MedidnaUy it is stimulant and diuretic In doses of gr. j to gr. iv of the powder, in form of emulsion, twice a day, it is given in dropsy, urinary disorders, chronic blennorrh<£a> leucorrhcea, suppression isind incontinence of urine ; it is given combined with opium and cam* phor, in paralysis.
Externally it is rubefacient, vesicatory, and cscharotic When it is used to vesicate it sometimes produces strangury, hematuria, and inflammation of the bladder and ui^thra, which ought to be treated with warm bathing, fomentations, and emollient drinks.
Poiumous in large doses, such as are often given as an aphrodifdac, pro- ducing severe strangury, and pain in the bladder, priapism and bloody urine, violent vomiting and retching, bloody stools, with furious delirium and horror of water, resembling hydrophobia.
Antidotes, Besides wann^bathing, fomentations, and copious demulcent drinks, bleeding largely will be requisite, and also opiates.
Test, The only test is the appearance of the shining specks of the flies, which cannot be detected if the tincture has been em- ployed, but when Cantharidin is better understood, a test may be discovered. Cantharidin. New, The active principle of cantharides, procured by Robiquet, in small plates of a micaceous lustre, and crystalline form. A very small particle of this dissolved in sweet oil will pro« duce vesications on the skin in a few hours. Caoutchouc Varnish is made by taking jxvj each of elastic gum, boiled linseed oil, and ^irit of turpentine, cutting with a wetted knife the caoutchouc into thin slips, liquefying them in a hot sand- bath, and while boiling add the linseed oil, and then the turpentine, also warm. When nearly cool strain through linen, and keep in a
Digitized by
64 CARB
wide-mouthed bottle. It has the inconyenience of being very tedious in drying. It is used for balloons.
Capbbs may be preserved by putting to them fresh vinegar that has been scalded and become cold, and tying them close up to keep out the air, which softens them.
Capillairb is prepared by breaking ihxij of loaf sugar> and putting it into a tinned pan with 12 pints of soft water, previously cleared with the white of an egg. Bring it to boil, and add ftj of honey, and one quart of orange-flower water. Skim it, let it cool, and strain it through flanneL Bottle it soon, and cork the bottles welL Or, Put half a pint of orange-flower water to two quarts of clarified sugar, boil it a quarter of a hour, and bottle it up when cold, waxing the corks over.
Caprio and Caproio Acids are volatile odoriferous compounds, formed from butjrrine when it is converted into soap. (M. Chbyreul.)
Capsici BACCiE. L. £. D. The berries of Capsicum annuutn, or Cayenne Pepper, are long orange-red pendulous pods, whose taste 'is extremely hot and acrid, and of a pungent odour. AduUerattd in the ground state with common salt, red lead, coloured sawdust, and other substances. Lead may be detected by dissolving the powder in pure vinegar, when a black precipitate will be pro- duced by sulphuret of ammonia. Incompatible with ammoniaj^ alum, infusion of galls, oxymuriate of mercury, nitrate of silver, carbonate of soda and potass, acetate of lead, and the sulphates of copper, sine, and iron. MeiUcinaUif it is a strong stimulant and carminative, and is made into pills with bread, the dose gr. vj to gr. x or more, twice or oftener in the day, for dyspepsia, flatulence, scrofula, S3rphilis, mucous expecto- ration, leucorrhoea, and gonorrhoea; with opium it forms a powerful restorative tonic. Externally it forms a powerful rubefacient cataplasm over the stomach, or to the soles of the feet, in low delirium. It makes a good gargle with salt, vinegar, and infusion of roses, for quinsy and scarlatina. See Catennb (Essence of, )
Capsioin. New, An alkaline principle found in cayenne pepper, but its properties are as yet little known.
Caraway. See Carui.
Caraway Cordial is made by mixing and fining down in the usual way 3jss of oil of caraway, 20 drops of oil of cassia, or cinnamon, 5 drops each of essence of lemon and of orange peel, 13 gallons of spirits, Ibviij of loaf sugar. This will produce 20 gallons.
Carbazotatbs are salts formed of bases and carbazotic acid.
Carbazotic Acid is procured by dissolving bits of Indigo in eight or
Digitized by
CARD 65
ten times their Weight of nitric acid, moderately strong, and boiling the solution till it ceases to fume. On cooling, the acid cr}'stallizes in semi-transparent yellow crystals. It may be procured in a purer state by treating carbazotate of potass with sulphuric acid.
(LlEBBO)
SoiMe in cold, but more readily in hot water, and in alcohol and ether.
Cabbo Lioni. L. E. D. Wood Charcoal. Burnt sponge, ivory black, and lamp-black, as well as soot, are all a sort of charcoal, with other matters in combination. Medicinally charcoal is a strong antiseptic used for removing fetid smells, such as in old ulcers, decayed teeth, &c. The offensive eruc- tations in dyspepsia, ptyalism, &c., are also partially removed by taking it internally, in doses of gr. x to 3j with rhubarb. It is said to be an antidote to arsenic The best for tooth-powder is made Irom cocoa-nut shells.
Casbonas AmioNiJB. D. See Amhonls Subcarbonas. L.
Cabbonas Babytjb. £. The Carbonate of Baryta is a native mineral, used for ]H«paring the muriate.
Carbonas Calcis Prjbparatus. £. See Cbeta Prjsparata.
Cabbonas Fbrri. See Ferri.
Carbonas Maonesijb. See Maonbsije Subcarb.
Cabbonas Pluhbi. The Carbonate of Lead. Cerussa vera. O. Used as a pigment, but often adulterated. When pure, the solution of it in nitric acid will not be disturbed by sulphate of soda.
Carbonas PoTAsSiE Purissimus. £. Pure Carbonate of Potass. Pre- pared by dissolving two parts of the subcarbonate of potass in three parts of water, and exposing it to a stream of carbonic acid gas, filtering the liquor, and evaporating it till crystals form. Medicinally it is antacid and absorbent in doses of gr. x to 9jss.
Carbonas SoDis. See Sodjb Carbonas.
Carbonatis Sodjb Aqua. D. See Aqua Supercarb. Soda. E.
Carbonas Zinci Impurus Prbparatus. £. See Calamina.
Carbonic Acid may be prepared by treating chips of marble (carbonate of lime) with muriatic acid, diluted with two or three times its weight of water ; when the muriatic acid uniting with the lime sets free the carbonic acid in form of gas. This gas has no smell nor colour, but is pungent to the taste, as may be remarked in beer, &c. Common water is insipid when its carbonic acid is expelled by boiling. Poisonous when respired, but wholesome when taken into the stomaclu
Caedaminr Pratensis. Lady's Smock, or Cuckoo Flower, This herb, like other cresses, is a reputed antiscorbutic. The flowers are said
F
Digitized by
G6 CARM
to be a good antispasmodic in epilepsy and hysteria, in doses of 9) to 5iij twice or thrice a day.
Cardiacs are cordial medicines.
Cardahomi Ssmina. L. £. D. P. The seeds of the Atnomum repens or MaUmia cardamamutn*
AduUeraied by being mixed with grains of paradise, which are improper for the same medicinal purposes.
Medicinalfy they are aromatic, carminative, stimulant, and stomadiic, but not heating to the stomach. In doses of gr. vj to 9j, or more, of the powder, given in dyspepsia, cardialgia, and flatulencies; and combined with magnesia and rhubarb in the bowel disorders of infants. Cardamoms are also used in tincture. See Tinctuba Cabd. Comp. Enters into Confect. Aromatica. L. Elect. Aromaticum. D. Ext. Co- locynthidis Comp. L. D. Pulv. Cinnamomi Comp. L. E. D. Pil. Scillie Maritime. E. Infus. Senne. D. Tinct. Cardamomi. L. E. D. Tinct. Cardam. Comp. L. D. Tinct. Gentians Comp. L. Tinct. Cinnamomi. C. L. E. Tinct. Rhei. L. E. D. Tinct Senne. L. D. Tinct. Rhei cum Aloe. E. Spir. Athens Aromat. L. Vin Aloes Socotrinff. E. Infus. Senne cum Tamarindis. D.
Carduus Bsnbdictus. O. Blessed Thistle, Centaurea benedicta^ which see. This was formerly a celebrated herb, and said to be a good diuretic, and an antidote for poisons, but it has now fallen into disuse.
Cabbx Arbnabia. p. Sea Carex, the fresh root of which is aromatic, agreeable, diuretic, and alterative, and may be used as 9 substitute for sarsaparilla, in cutaneous disorders, and syphilis.
Cabica Fbuotus. L. £. D. The Fig, the fruit of the Ficus carica, is demulcent, and slightly laxative.
Carlina Acaulis. p. Dwarf Carline Thistle. The root is bitter, aromatic, acrid, stimulant, sudorific, and stomachic Given in dis- eases of the skin and abdominal obstructions.
Cabminatiybs. Those medicines which act like a charm, by dispelling flatulence. They are all aromatic, for the most part grateful, and act by stimulating the stomach.
Cabminb. An exquisite red prepared from cochineal by several processes, some of them kept secret. Pour two quarts of distilled water into a copper pan, and when boiUng add Jij of the best grain cochineal finely ground and sifted; boil it for six minutes, carefully stirring it the while. Then add 60 grains of fine Roman alum in powder, and boil three minutes longer, when it is set to cool ; but while yet a little warm decant the clear liquor, and strain through silk into porcelain dishes, and in four days decant and filter again into other
Digitized by
CASC 67
dishes. The precipitate which has fallen down is then to he dried carefully in the shade^ as it forms the finest carmine. The second deposition will not be so good. Adulterated with vermilion and red lead; but its merits may be known by its dissolving wholly in ammonia^ and forming a deep pink colour. The finest ^ the lightest, and a good test is the filling of a very small thimble with the specimens, and weighing them. Cabthamio Acid, or Cartbamite. A peculiar principle found in the
carthamus tinctorius. (Dobereiner.) Carthamus Tinotorids. Bastard Saffron, the seeds and flowers of which are diuretic, cathartic, and aromatic. The flowers are the bases of vegetable rouge. The Pharmacopoeia of Madrid prescribes a syrup of it. Carui Sbmina. L. £. D. P. Caraway-seeds, from the native plant, Carum carui. The taste is warm, aromatic, and pleasant The seeds are ^ven whole, or in powder, in doses of 9j to 5ij as a carmi- native in flatulence and dyspepsia. Enters into OL Car. L. D. Aq. Car. L. Decoct. Anth. Nob. £. Sp. Car. L. E. D. Sp. Jun. Comp. L. Tinct. Card. Comp. L. D. Tinct. Senn. L. P. Caryophylli. L. £. D. Cloves, the unexpanded flower-bud of the Caryophyllus aromaticus, or Eugenia caryaphyUata. The fragrant odour is well known, the taste is acrid and hot. Adulterated frequently by mixing with fresh cloves those which have
been used in making the oil.
Medicinalfy in doses of gr. v to gr. x of the powder it is stimulant, but
is seldom used except as an adjuvant or corrective toother medicines*
Enters into Confect. Aromatica. L. Confect. Scammones. L. D.
Elect Aromatic. D. Infus. Caiyophyllorum. L. Pil. Aloes cum
Colocynthide. E. D. Vin. OpiL L.
Caryophylli Oleum. E. D. Oil of Cloves. It is fragrant and stimu«
lant, of a pale yellow tinge, and sinks in water. Adulterated with other oils, which always darken its colour, and make
it swim on water. Medicinally from two to six drops are a dose, given on sugar. Exter- nally applied it relieves tooth-ache, and is mixed with olive oil as an embrocation for hooping-cough. Enters into Spir. Ammonie Aromat L. Cascarilljb Cortex. L. D. P. Croton eleutheria. E. The Bark of Cascarilla, Croton cascarilla, which is sold in short quilled pieces of a dark colour. The genuine cascarilla may be known by its giving out the odour of musk when burning. , Medicinally it is bitter, aromatic, tonic, stimulant, and stomachic. In
f2
Digitized by
68 CATA
dofles of 3j to Jss of the powder twice or thrice a day, it b good in colic, diarrhoea, dysentery, and dyspepsia, and in the aphths of infants. In intermittents it is a good adjutant to the bark. It loses its aroma by decoction. ^^
Enters into Ext. Cascarille. D. Infus. Cascarille. L. Tinct. Casca- rillie. L. D.
Casbio Acid. This was procured by M. Proust from old cheese, but M. Bracoonot does not think it is a peculiar acid.
Caseous Oxide. The name given by Proust to aposepedine.
Caseum. The caseous matter of cheese. (Bracconot.)
CAssiiB Baccs ST Cortex. See Laubi Cass. Cort.
Cassi/b Pulpa. L. £. D. P. Pulp of the fruit of Cassia Jislula, which is brought from India and Egypt, is of a slightly heavy smell, and of an acidulous, sweetish, mucilaginous taste. Good Cassia pulp is black, bright, shining, and not nauseous, sour, nor harsh, and the pods rather small, smooth, heavy^ and not rattling with seeds. MedicinaUy it is gently purgative in drachm doses, and cathartic in doses of 5ij or 5iij. It is best combined with manna, senna, aroma* tics, &c., as it is apt to gripe and occasion nausea. Enters into Confect. Cassiffi. L. £. D. Confect. Seniue. L. E. Pulp. Cass. Fistularis Express. E. L.
Cabsijb SENKiE Folia. See Senna.
Cassia Oil is the common oil of cinnamon from cassia bark, Ihj of which yields about 5Jss of the oiL It is also procured from cassia buds, and is stimulant and stomachic.
Castoreum. L. E. D. p. Castor, a substance found in bags under the rectum of the beaver. Castor Jiher, of an odoriferous aromatic smell, and a nauseous, bitter, and rather acrid taste. Contains a volatile oil, and a peculiar redn, besides carbonate of lime,
potass, ammonia, and iron. Adulterated with dried blood and gum ammoniac, but may always be known by its reddish-brown colour and strong odour in genuine specimens. Medicinalfy it antispasmodic, emmenagogue, and aphrodisiac ; and is given in hysteria, epilepsy, the spasms of pregnancy and parturition, and in typhus fever. The dose is from gr. x to gr. xx in form of bolus, and 5 j to ihj of the vehicle in enemata. Enters into Tinct. Castorei. L. E. D.
Cataplasmata. Cataplasms, or poultices, a form of external appli* cations to ease pain, dean sores, and promote suppuration or reso- lution of inflamed parts. There is a great farrago of medicated poultices used in practice, which are quite unnecessary.
Cataplasma Aluminis. D. Alum Poultice, is made by beating up Jj
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of alum with the whites of two eggs, and is applied to the eyes
~ in ophthalmia and ecchymosis.
Cataplasma Anodynum. p. Soothing Poultice. Take 5j of white poppy heads bruised, Jij of hyoscyamus leaves ; boil these in a quart of water till reduced to a pint and a half, strain, and add Jiv of linseed meaL
Cataplasma Antisepticum. p. Antiseptic Poultice. Take Jvi of barley flour, ^j of Peruvian bark in powder, and boil for a quarter of an hour in a pint of water. When cold add 5 j of camphor in powder.
Cataplasma Carbonis Liqni. D. Charcoal Poultice. Take Jij of prepared charcoal, ftss of linseed meal, one pint of water, and boil as before. Applied to gangrenous ulcers.
Cataplasma Conii. D. Hemlock Poultice. Take a quantity of fresh hemlock leaves, boil in water till they are soft, and beat them up with linseed meal, or oat flour. Used to scrofulous and cancerous ulcers. .
Cataplasma Dauci. D. Carrot Poultice. Boil a quantity of carrots in water till soft, and beat them into a pulp. Applied to dean old sores*
Cataplasma Emolliens. Linseed or Emollient Poultice. Mix enough of linseed meal with boiling water to make a poultice, which is smeared with lard, oil, or fresh butter, before applying it. To render it somewhat stimulant, add one eighth part of flour of mus» tard.
Cataplasma Fbrmbnti. L. Yeast Poultice. Take ftj of flour, Oss of beer yeast, mix and expose to a gentle heat till it swdl up. It is a good antiseptic for gangrenous sores.
Cataplasma Iodurbtum. This is prepared with sufficient quanti- ties of linseed poultice, warm, and a sufficient quantity of the rube* facient solution of iodine. (Copland.)
Cataplasma Panis. P. Bread Poultice. Take a quantity of crumb of bread, pour enough of boiling water over it to soak it, cover it, and let it stand to swell, and then beat it well up. This is better than a bread and milk poultice. (Abebnethy.)
Cataplasma Rubefaciens. P. Rubefacient or Pepper Poultice. Take 5iv of torrefied barley flour, Jj of strong vinegar, three whites of eggs, beat these with a little water in a marble mortar into a mass, and spread it on linen, over which sprinkle ^ss each of black pepper and powder of fennel-seeds. Used for pleuritis and other interna inflammations. Cayenne pepper may be used for greater effect.
Cataplasma Simplex. D. Simple poultice : is made with flour and boiling water.
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Cataplasma Sinapis. L. D. P. Sinapism^ or Mustard Poultice. Take tbss each of mustard flour and linseed meal^ with enough of hot vinegar to form a mass. It is rubefacient and stimulant, and used as the last; also applied to the soles of the feet in typhoid delirium, as also in metastatic gout, &c In order to render it stronger there may be added 5j each of cayenne pepper and of ginger in powder, and jiij of oil of turpentine.
Catchup. See Ketchup.
Catbchu Extractum. L. £. D. Catechu, or Japan Earth (Terra Japonica), procured from the wood of the Acacia catechu. It is very astringent, sweetish, and without smell. Incompatible with alkaline and metallic salts, and with gelatine. Medicinally it is employed to check diarrhoeas, dysentery, and hemor- rhages; also in relaxations or atonic disorders of the prims vi«, sponginess of the gums, &c Dose, from gr. x to gr. xx of the powder. It is also exhibited in form
of tincture, infusion, and lozenge. Enters into Elect. Mimoss Catechu. £. D. Infus. Catechu. L. E. Tinct. Catechu. L. E.
Cathartics. Purgative medicines of stronger efficacy than aperients or laxatives. See Conspectus of Prescriptions,
Cathartic Extract. Extractum Colocynth. Comp.
Cathartic Balls in Farriery* See Ball.
Cathartic Mass. Take &vj of Cape aloes, ibiij of treacle, Ibj of olive oil. Melt together in a water bath, and stir till well mixed. Dose, from one ounce to two. (Pharm. Vbtjbrinary Coll.)
Cathartin. New, An alkaline substance found by MM. Lassaigne and Feneulle in the pods and leaves of senna. It is solid, yellowish- brown, of a peculiar odour, and nauseously bitter. It is very Soluble in all proportions in water and alcohol ; but not at all in ether.
On exposure to the air it becomes moist. Medicinally it has not yet been used.
Catheters differ from bougies in being hollow, while bougies are im- perforate ; but the terms are frequently confounded. Catheters are made of silver or other metal, or of the same elastic composition with bougies as described under that word.
Catholicon. a kind of soft purgative electuary, so called as being sup- posed of universal efficacy.
Catholicon Duplicatum Rheo. P. The Double Catholicon of Nicolai, or Compound Electuary of Rhubarb, is prepared by simmer- ing over a slow fire Ibss of polypody root ; Jij of succory root ; 3j ^ liquorice root ; Jiij of the leaves of agrimony and spleenwort ; fcvj of water till reduced two-thirds ; add 5vj of fennel-seeds, strain and
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add ibiv of sugar^ boil to the consistence of syrop^ and add ^iv eadi of extract of cassia and pulp of tamarinds. Then add by degrees Jiv each of powdered rhuburb and senn^ leaves^ ^ j of liquorice root> Jij of seeds of violet^ ^ j of the four cold seeds, ^ss of fennel-seeds^ and mix and form an electuary* It is too troublesome in the preparation to be much used. Without the rhubarb^ and with honey Instead of sugar^ it forms a good enema. It was formerly esteemed a universal remedy^ but is now disused.
Catsup. The name given to ketchup by Dr. Kitchiner^ supposing the term to be witty.
Caviabs. The preserved roe of the sturgeon^ served with toasted breads and eaten with meat or cheese.
Caustic. See Arobnti Nitbas> Cupbi Sulphas^ Potassa Fusa^ and Potassa cum Calcb.
Causticum Communb cum Opio. Common Caustic with Opium^ is prepared by mixing ^ij of potassa cum calce^ and 58s of powdered opium^ with a sufficient quantity of soap.
Causticum Communb. O. See Potassa.
Cautbry (Thb actual) is a red-hot iron> of a convenient form, ap- plied to stop haemorrhages^ and to sores, &c. It is much used on the Continent^ but seldom in this country.
Caybkne Pbppbr (Essbncb of), which is nothing more than the dnctnre of capsicum, is made by steeping half an ounce of Cayenne pepper in half a pint of brandy for a fortnight, and pouring off the dear liquor. It is sold ready prepared by Waugh, Regent-street. See Capsici Baoca.
Catbnkb Winb. This is prepared in the same way as the essence of cayenne, by using white wine or claret instead of brandy.
Cbdbat. a kind of fragrant citron used in making ices, preserves, and a liqueur called oedrat, which is prepared by distilling in a water-bath a quantity of cedrat, or lemon peels, from a due portion of brandy, and adding 83rrup to mellow it.
Cblamdine. See Chblidonium.
Cblbby. Apium graveolens. The seeds are used as a diuretic in gravel.
Cbi«ery (Essbncb of) is prepared by steeping ^ of the bruised seeds in a quarter ci a pint of brandy, or other spirit, for a fortnight. A few drops will flavour a pint of soup, or broth.
Cbmbnt. Various preparations which are applied in a soft state, and afterwards harden and unite what b disjointed, or broken. BuUding Cement is improved by mixing lime with a powder composed of earth, clay, chalk, flint, Sic calcined in a strong heat, and then grinding and sifting the whole through a wire sieve. It may be preserved in casks, but must be kept dry, and not exposed to the air.
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Canal Cement, used in building canals^ &c. is prepared by reducing to powder and mixing one part of iron filings^ tbree parts of flint, and four parts of alum comlnned with iron-rust^ with four parts of brick- dust^ and two parts of hot lime. Put the whole into a wooden tub^ add water to make it liquid^ and stir it briskly.
China Cement, for broken china, glass, or stone ware^ is made by beating a quantity of quicklime into a vay fine powder, aft through muslin, and having smeared the parts to be joined with white of egg, dust the powder over this, and unite the edges.
Common Cement, for marble, alabaster, and other stones, is made by melting Ibij of bees' wax with ibij of resin, adding the same quantity of these in powder, stirring the whole carefully, and kneading the mass in water, dll thoroughly mixed. When applied, it is heated, as well as the parts on which it is put, and it is necessary that these be dry.
CoppersmWis* Cement, used in jj;^ining the edges of copper utensils, is prepared by mixing powdered quicklime with bullocks' blood. It must be applied fresh. It is formed on the same chemical principle as the china cement.
jyutch Terras is compose4 of basalt or whinstone, and blue lime- stone ground to a fine powder, sifted, mixed with water, and well beaten together.
Floor Cement, for making earthen floors, is made by mixing two-thirds lime with one-third of coal ashes, and a little day, tempering the whole with water, and letting it stand a week, when it is again to be tempered. A superior sort may be made by using the powder of Paris plaster instead of ashes, and bullocks' blood instead of water.
Fireproof Cement is made by adding half a pint of vinegar to half a pint of milk, separating the curd, mixing the whey with five whites of eggs, beating the whole well together, and adding powdered quicklime to make it into a thick paste. It is used for uniting broken vessels, and is both fire and water proof.
Glass Grinders* Cement is made by boiling a due portion of pitch, and stirring in fine-sifted wood ashes till of a proper temper, and then a little tallow, if necessary.
Or, for small works, melt together a quarter of an ounce of bees' wax, and four ounces of resin, adding four ounces of whitening, previously made red-hot.
Or, Shell-lac warmed to melt it for holding glass, or stones, while grinding.
Greek Cement is prepared by mixing lime and sand with milk or sire, for outside walls.
Japanese Cement, or rice glue, is made by mixing rice and flour intimately with cold water, and then gently boiling it. I( is
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beautifully white, and dries almost transparent. Papers pasted together by means of this cement will sooner separate in their own substance than at the joining, which makes it useful in the prepara- tion of curious paper articles, as tea-trays, ladies' dressing-boxes, and other articles that require layers of paper to be cemented together. Iron Cement is formed of the borings of cast-iron guns, or turnings of cast-iron, which should be dean and free from dust until used. By slight pounding or triturating they are broken, but not powdered, and then coarsely nfted. At the time of using they are to be mixed with powdered sal ammoniac and sulphur, and slightly moistened with water; when the composition must be rammed, or chaulked into the joints, with a blunt chauUdng chisel and hammer, and the joints screwed up by its bolts as tightly as possible. No more of this cement must be made than can be used at one time, because it soon spoils ; but if good, it will become as hard as the iron itself in a few ^js ; Jij of sal ammoniac, and 5J of sulphiu: is sufficient for &v of iron borings.
Isinglass or Turkish Cement, is made by dissolving mastich in as much spirit of wine as will suffice to render it liquid ; in another vessel dissolve as much isinglass, which has been previously soaked in water till it is swollen and soft, in brandy, as will make '^ij by mea« sure of strong glue, and add two small bits of gum galbanum, or ammoniacum, which must be rubbed, or ground, till they are dis- solved; then mix the whole with a sufficient heat; keep it in a phial stopped, and when it is to be used set in hot water.
Or, to six parts of yeUow potters' clay, add one part of steel filings, and a sufficient quantity of oil. Make the paste of the consistence of glaxiers' putty.
Cement for Metals. Take of gum mastich gr. x, and rectified spirit of wine 5ij. Add 5ij of strong isinglass glue, made with brandy, and gr. X of the true gum ammoniac Dissolve all together, and keep it stopped in a phial. When intended to be used, set it in warm water.
Mahogany^coUmred Cement. Melt together Jij of bees* wax, and Jss of Indian red, and a small quantity of yellow ochre, to bring it to the proper colour.
Parker*s Cement is made of very argillaceous limestone burnt in coni- cal kilns, with a continued fire of pit-coal, in the same manner as other limestone; but if the heat be so great as to cause a commence- ment of furion in the cement, it will be totaUy spoiled. It is re- duced to an impalpable powder by grinding as soon as it is burnt, and 'n sent away in barrels, well closed. The above is much used
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74 CENT
in Londcm for facing houses^ «nd for the foundations of large edifices.
Roman Cement is made by mixing a barrel of lime slaked^ with ftiijss of sulphate of iron, 15 gallons of water, and half a bushel of fine gravel sand. The co{^)eras should be dissolved in hot water; it must be stirred with a stick, and kept stirring continually while in use.
Genuine Roman Cement, consists of the Pulvis Buteolanus, or Puj^ solanum, a ferruginous clay from Puteoli, calcined by the fires of Vesuvius, — lime, and sand, mixed up with soft water. The only preparation which the Puxxolanum und^goes is that of pounding and sifting; but the ingredients are occasionally mixed up with bullocks' blood, and fat of animals, to give the composition more tenacity.
Turners' Cement, used by turners and other artisans, is made by powdering and heating to redness 16 parts of whiting, and when cold, mixing it with l6' parts of black resin, and one part of bees' wax, previously melted together, and stirring the whole into a paste.
Water Cement is prepared by mixing together and moistening with lime water tb56 of coarse sand, tb42 of fine sand, and then adding to the mass &14 of pure fresh-biunt lime, and while beating them up together gradually adding &14 of bone ashes. The quicker the mixing is done the better.
Williams* 8 and WycKs Cement, See Stucco.
Wire Cementy for pasting paper on wire, and used by confectioners, is made by mixing hair-powder with thick soaked gum arabic into a paste of the thickness of cream. CsNTAURBiB BENEDICTS Hbrba. £. The Blcssed Thistle, Cnicus benedictus. D. P. An herb which has been long famous as a diuretic, antacid, stomachic, and bitter tonic, and in larger doses of the infu- sion slightly emetic. Given in dos^ of gr. xv to 5j of the powdered leaves every three hours, or ^ij of the infusion, made by steeping 5vj in a pint of cold water, in dyspepsia, %dsceral obstructions, &c It is also a good diaphoretic in rheumatism, &c.,by provoking oc^nous sweats. It is now little used. Cbntaurii Cacumina. L. Flowering tops of the Lesser Centaury. Chironia ceniauriunu £. or Erytkrasa centaurium. D. P. It is an intense bitter, and is one of the ingredients in the Portland powder for gout. Medicinally it is tonic, diaphoretic, and stomachic, in doses of 9j to 5j thrice a day, or Jij of the infusion made from Sj ^ ^ P^^ ^^ boiling water.
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Cbntaurba Cbntaurium. p. The Greater Centaury, of which the root is a hitter aperient, used in chronic hepatitis, atonic gout. Sec.
CsPiB Radix. D. The Onion, Allium cepa, is stimulant, diuretic, antispasmodic, and anthelmintic. In cataplasms it is suppurative; raw, it is ruhefacient. The expressed juice is good for odontalgia, and rheumatic otalgia, or ear-ache, when put upon a bit of cotton, and applied to the parts.
Cbphalics. Remedies which are employed for disorders of the head.
CsPHALic Snuff. A nostrum prepared with the powder of asarum (which see), hellebore and sugar. It is a powerful errhine, and in many disorders of the head may be dangerous.
Cbra Flava et Cera Alba. L. E. D. P. Yellow Wax and White Wax, or Bees' Wax. A substance procured from bee-hives, and also produced by some plants. It has little taste, but smells like honey in the yellow unbleached state. AduUeraledin the yellow state with ochre, peas-meal, resin, and tallow, which may be detected by melting and straining a portion of the wax, and dissolving a small quantity of it in spirit of wine ; the former will show the peas, ochre, or tallow, and the latter the resin. The ochre also, and the peas, make the cake brittle and greyish ; the tallow makes it soft and clammy ; and the resin makes the frac- ture smooth and shining. In the white state it is also adulterated with tallow, or with spermaceti, which destroys its transparency; and with white lead, which will be precipitated when the wax is mejted in water. MedidnaUy the yellow wax is used chiefly for preparing ointments, pomatum, cerates, &c. The white or bleached wax is used inter- nally, and is emollient and nutritive, in doses of Jij of the emulsion, made by melting from 3j to 5ss of it with oil, and triturating it with yolk of ^g and barley water, or vdth gum arabic mucilage. Given in diarrhoea, cholera, &c Enters into Cera Flav. Purificata. D. Ung. Cerata, Emp. Var.
Cerasin. New* A chemical principle, found in cherry-tree gum, tragacanth, &c. It is insoluble in water.
Cbratbs are a species of salves, composed of wax and oil, and of a rather thicker consistence than ointments. They ought to be made in small quantity at a time, as they are apt to become rancid, or sour by keeping. Goulards Cerate. See Ceratum Plumbi Compositum. Kirklan^s Cerate is prepared by melting Jiv of diachylon plaster, and jij of olive oil, together, adding Jij of prepared chalk, and, when almost cool, Jij of distilled vinegar, and 5jss of subacetate of lead, in powder.
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Marshall's Cerale. See Marshall's Cerate. Turner's Cerate, See Cbratum Calamine.
Ceratum. L. Simple Cerate. Ceratum simplex is prepared by melt- ing B^v o^ yellow wax, adding Jiv of olive oil, and mixing them. It is emollient, when applied to sores and excoriations ; but is chiefly used in compounding ointments. Enters into Ung. Oxid. Zinci. E. Ung. Oxid. Zinci Impur. E.
Ceratum Album. P. White Cerate, Cold Cream, or Ceratum Galeni, is made by melting over a slow fire Jiv of white wax, with Ibj of oil of almonds, adding very gradually a pint of distilled water, or rose water. It is emollient for slight excoriations, tenderness of the face, &c.
Ceratum Calamine. L. D. Calamine Cerate, or Turner's Cerate, made by melting ftss of yellow wax, with a pint of olive oil, and when removed from the fire, and beginning to thicken, add Ibss of prepared calamine, and stir the whole till cold. It was formerly much used for bums and sores, but is falling into neglect, except when combined with the solution of subacetate of lead, or nitric oxide of mercury Jj to ^ of cerate.
Ceratum Cantharidis. L. D. Cerate of Cantharides, Ceratum lyttas. L. I809. Is made by softening before a fire 5vj of spermaceti cerate, and mixing with it 5j of powdered cantharides. It is stimulant and irritative, and used to keep up the discharge from blisters.
Ceratum Carbonatis Zinci Impuri. E. Cerate of Carbonate of Zinc is the same as the calamine cerate, and made by mixing five parts of spermaceti cerate with one part of the carbonate of zinc in powder. It is drying and epulotic.
Ceratum Cetacei. L. Ceratum simplex. E. Spermaceti Cerate is made by melting ^ij of white wax with ^iv of olive oil, and adding 5iv of spermaceti, and stirring the whole till cold. It is cooling and emollient. Enters into Cerat. Carbonatis Zinci Imp. E. Cerat. Lytt«. L.
Ceratum CiTRiNUM. L. 1745. See Ceratum Resins.
Ceratum Cceruleum. Pkarm. Leyd. Blue Cerate is made by taking 5iv of litharge, which has been rendered white by rubbing it up alternately and gradually with vinegar and rose water, and melting it with Jiv of yellow wax, and Oss of olive oil, mixing the whole with 5iij of smalt.
Ceratum Kinakina Medicatum. P. Cerate of Peruvian Bark is made by melting sixteen parts of simple cerate, and mixing with it two parts of the alcoholic extract of cinchona, dissolved in a small quantity of spirit. It is tonic, and is applied to languid ulcers.
Ceratum Mercuriale. Mercurial Cerate is made by melting tbss of
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yellow wax, and rubbing it up witb ibss of hogs-lard^ ^iij of quick* silver, and 5j of balsam of sulphur.
Ceratum Plumbi Acbtatis. L. Cerate of Acetate of Lead is made by dissolving Jij of white wax in Jvj of olive oil ; then rub up with Jix of olive ml, jij of acetate of lead in powder, mix and stir the whole with a wooden spatula, till incorporated. Astringent, cooling, and emollient, in bums, scalds, and excoriations.
Cjbratum Plumbi Compobitum. L. Compound Cerate of Lead, or Goulard's Cerate. Take Jijss of solution of subacetate of lead, 5iv of yellow wax, Jix of olive oil, 5ss of camphor. Mix the melted wax with ^viij of the oil, then remove them from the fire, and, when they begin to tliicken, gradually add the solution, constantly stirring them with a wooden spatula, till they become cold ; then mix the camphor with them, dissolved in the rest of the (nL Cooling, astrin- gent, &c, in chronic ophthalmia, &c
CfiRATUM Rbsinjb. L. Resiuous Cerate, Yellow Basilicon, or Ceralum ciirinum, L. 1745. Is made by melting ihj of yellow resin, with fttj of yellow wax, over a slow fire, and then add a pint of olive oU, and strain while hot. It is digestive, cleansing, and stimulant, to atonic and foul ulcers. Enters into Liniment. Terebinthinc. L.
Cbratum Sabina. L. Ung. Sabine. D. Savine Cerate is made by melting ftss of yellow wax, with &ij of prepared lard, boiling in this Ibj of fresh savine leaves, bruised, and straining the whole through a linen doth. It is irritant and stimulant, and employed to keep up the discharge of blisters. Unless it is made fresh from fresh leaves, and smell strongly of the savine, it is not good, as it spoils by keeping. It is also applied to scrofulous swellings of the joints.
Cbratum Saponis. L. Soap Cerate. Take Jviij of hard soap, Jv of yellow wax, ftj of the semivitrified oxide of lead in powder, Oj of olive oil, and one g^on of vinegar : boil the vinegar and the oxide of lead together, over a slow fire, carefully and incessantly stirring them until they combine ; and the fire should not be stronger than to make them liquid so as to effect this. Then add the soap, and boil again, till the water evaporate, when the oil and wax, melted together, are to be mixed. Decomposition. The vinegar unites with the lead of the oxide, form- ing acetate of lead, which remains in the compound, and gives it a coaling property. MedidnaUy it is a good application to fractures, ulcers, scrofu- lous tumours, erysipelatous inflammation which threatens gan- grene, &c.
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Ckratum Simplex. E. Simple Cerate« Prepared like the preceding, from Jyj of olive oil> }iij of white wax> and 5j of spermaceti.
Cbrbyisijb Fbbmentum. L. £. D. Yeast is tonic and antiseptic, used externally to gangrenous ulcers, in form of cataplasm (which see), and internally in malignant fevers, in doses of ^ thrice a day. When stale, it is sometimes laxative.
Cbbussa. See Plumbi Subcarbonas.
Cbtacbum. L. £. D. Spermaceti, a substance procured from the spermaceti whale, Physeter Macrocephalui, which is flaky, white, and unctuous, with little smell or ta^te, but unpleasant to patients. Medicinalfy it is emollient and demulcent, given in form of emulsion, in doses of 58s to Jjss in coughs, &c, suspended in water by yolk of egg. It is used also in making unguents. Enters into Cerat. CetaceL L. Cerat. Simpl. £. Ung. CetaceL L. D.
Cbtbraoh. p. Common Spleen wort, Ceterack cfficmarum, a feeble mucilaginous astringent, given in decoction, for phthisis.
Cbtic Acid. Procured from spermaceti, consisting of margarine and * fatty matter. (Chbvrbuil.)
Cbyadic Acid is prepared by converting into soap the seeds of the VercUmm sahadilla. (Pblletibr and Caventou.)
Chalk. In farriery, is given in ounce doses, in scounngs, joined with opium and ginger.
Chalk for Drawing is prepared by sawing into slips red or black chalk, and putting them into a pipkin with melted bees* wax, near a slow fire for half an hour ; then take them out, and when they are cool they are fit for use.
Chalybeate Watebs are mineral waters which contain iron, and are usually tonic, diuretic, and blacken the feces. Imitated by forming a metallic pile of pieces of silver or dear copper coin, alternated with discs of sheet iron. Such a pile, placed in a vessel containing water, will render it chalybeate in 24 hours. (Pro- fessor Hare.)
Cham^bdryos Herba. D. P. Germander, Teucrium chamasdrys, an aperient, tonic, and diuretic, given in gout and rheumatism, in doses of 9j to 5j of the powder, or 5J to 5ij of the fresh herb, in infusion or decoction, thrice a day.
Chamjbpitys. p. Bugle, Ajuga chamaspttyt, an aromatic, bitter as- tringent, used in dyspepsia.
Chamomile. See Anthemis.
Chamberlain's Restorative Pills. Dr. Paris discovered by ana- lysis that these pills consist of cinnabar, sulphur, sulphate of lime, and a little vegetable matter. The inventor, who resides at Ipswich, says the pills are the most certain cure for scrofula, fistula, scurvy.
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and all impurities of the blood> but often take two years to effect a cure ! ! !
Chamomilb Drops. This nostrum is nothing more than spirits to which a little of the oil of chamomile has been added> for the sake of the odour and taste ; but possesses none of the medicinal qualities of the flowers.
Charcoal. See Carbo LignL In farriery a charcoal poultice is ap« plied to the grease in the heels, to destroy the fetor. ConcetUrated Sduiion of Charcoal A nostrum which does not ccmtain a particle of charcoal, but is simply the tincture of catechu, and is a good astringent application for sponginess of the gums, &c
Chabobs. In farriery, are strong sticking plasters, applied to support lameness, and relieve wind-galls. The following is recommended as a chai^, by Mr. White : take Jiy of Burgundy pitch, Jij of Barba- does tar, ^iij of bees' wax, Jiv of red lead. Melt the first three tc^ether, and then add the latter, stirring the mixture constantly till cold. If it be too thick, add some oil or lard. Dragon's blood, or Armenian bole, is sometimes added.
Chblidonium Majus. The Greater Celandine, a native herb, the root of which is acrid and purgative, but is now seldom used. The yellow juice of it is used as an escharotic to destroy warts.
Chblsba Pensioner. A well-known gout nostrum, said to have been invented by a Chelsea pensioner, and is prepared by making an electuary of 5j of guaiacum, jij of rhubarb in powder, J j of nitrate of potass, and Jj of flowers of sulphur, with one nutmeg in powder. Dose two table-spoonfuls, night and morning, as a purgative and diaphoretic
Chbltbnham Salts. Several preparations are sold under this name, consbting of various proportions of the sulphates of magnesia, soda, iron, and muriate of soda. The proportions of the common Chel- tenham salts, are gr. 120 of sulphate of soda, and gr. 66 of sulphate of magnesia, gr. 10 of muriate of soda, gr. -f of sulphate of iron, mixed by trituration in a mortar. The salts obtained by evapo- ration from the waters of Cheltenham, called the original combined Cheltenham salts, consist only of a very little soda, and muriate of soda, along with sulphate of soda. Dose 5vj to ^jss. Thonuon's Real CkeUenham Salts are prepared by evaporating a solu-*
tion of the sulphate and subcarbonate of soda. Efflorescence of Real CkeUenham Salts is nothing more than Thom- son's salts, which have been deprived by heat of their water of crystallization.
Chbltbnham Waters are a neutral purgative, and the salts prepared from the waters artificially have the same character.
Digitized by
80 CHLO
Chkwino Balls^ for horses, or masticatories^ are composed of the wood of the bay and juniper trees, assafoetida, lii^er of antLmony, and pellitory of Spain.
China Glazb, for printing Uue frit, is made in the usual way, from ten parts of glass, two parts of lead, and three or more of blue calx.
Chino*8 Worm Lozbnoes. A popular nostrum for worms, consbdng of two preparations, the basis of both of which is calomel. The Yellow Lozenges are prepared by mixing ftj of submuriate of mercury, washed in alcohol, with 5iiij of 8affit>n that has been boUed in Oj water, and strained, and tbxxviij of white sugar, making the whole into a mass with gum tragacanth mucilage, and rolling it out to an exact thickness. Each lozenge should contain gr. j of the sub- muriate. The dose is one lozenge at bed-time, and on the succeed- ing morning a brown lozenge is to be taken. The Brown Lozenges. Take Jvij of the submuriate of mercury, washed as before, fbiijss of jalap, Ibjx of white sugar, and enough of gum tragacanth mucilage to make a mass. Each lozenge should contain gr. \ of the submuriate. These nostrums are by no means safe, as the calomel is seldom difilised equally, and may in some lozenges be in dangerous quantity. When ^ng kept, also, or exposed to damp, they may acquire poisonous properties.
Chinoidba. a new yegeto-alkali discovered in Peruvian bark, besides Cinchonia and Quina. (Sbrtubrnbr.)
Chic Turpentine. See Tercbinthina Chia. L.
Chitinb. a new principle discovered by M. Odier in insects, by plunging beetles, &c. in a hot solution of potass, which dissolves all but the chitine. It is therefore insoluble in a solution of potass ; but soluble in hot sulphuric acid. It bums without losing its form, and nitric acid does not turn it yellow. It contains no azote.
Chlorates (formerly called Hjrper-oxymuriates) are salts formed with bases and chloric add.
Chloric Acid is procured by adding to a dilute solution of chlorate of baryta just enough of weak sulphuric acid to precipitate the baryta, while pure chloric acid remains in the liquid.
Chlorides are metallic salts formed by chloric acid. See Soda Mur.
Chloride of Soda. See Labarraquk's Liquid.
Chlorine. P. Oxymuriatic add gas, is prepared by mixing hydro- chloric or muriatic add, with the black oxide of manganese, and heating the mixture over a lamp in a glass retort, when the gas will come over copiously, and should be collected over warm water, as cold water absorbs it. It is of a greenish-yellow colour, supports combustion, destroys vegetable colours, and combines with metals
Digitized by
CHOC 81
forming chlorides^ and with water^ forming hydrochloric or muriatic acid.
Medicmalltf it is^ when diffused in water^ tonic and antiseptic ; and is also used externally in ulcers, and in form of vapour^ as a hath.
Pouomms when inhaled into the lungs, by producing suffocative irrita- tion and inflammation. The vapour of ether or ammonia may be tried as an antidote, with bleeding, and the means used in asphyxia. Fluid chlorine acts like the other acids on the stomach, producing inflammation, &c See Bbck's Med. Jurisprud. Chjlobiodic Acid, which M. Gay-Lussac calls Chloride of Iodine, is a compound of chlorine and iodine. It dissolves in water, is very rank to the taste, and reddens vegetable blues.
By similar combinations of chlorine with the carbonic, cyanic, and chromic acids, similar compound acids are produced. .Chjloro-cabbonic Acid. A gaseous compound, procured by exposing a mixture of equal measures of dry chlorine and carbonic oxide gases to sunshine. Cbloro-chromic Acid. A gaseous compound, formed by the action of sulj^uric add on a mixture of chloride of sodium (common salt) and chromate of lead. CaLORO-CTANic AciD, was named by BerthoUet the Oxy-prussic acid. It is procured by transmitting a stream of chlorine gas into an aqueous solution of hydrocyanic acid, removing the excess of chlorine by agitation with mercury, and then expelling by heat the gaseous C3ranuret of chlorine.
Decompofiium. In the fint part of the process, muriatic acid and cyanuret of chlorine are formed ; in the second, muriatic add, am- monia, and carbonic add are produced.
Soluble very readily in water and in alcohol, Chlorophyle. The green cdouring matter of the leaves of plants. Chocolatr is made by roasting cocoa nuts in a frying-pan, over a clear fire. The nuts deared from the husks are then powdered coarsely, beaten in a hot iron mortar, till the whole runs into a thick oil, and then poured into thin moulds, and, when cold, taken out for use. The Spaniards mix doves, dnnamon, &c. with it. The Parisians add a little fresh vanilla, dnnamon, and fine sugar, only.
Adulterated with almonds, filberts, &c. The best is that which dis- solves entirdy without sediment. It loses its flavour by keeping, and becomes nearly usdess in two years. Chocolate Cream is prepared by scraping an ounce of good chocolate into a quart of thick cream, with ib^ of loaf sugar : boil and mill it till smooth, and when cold add the whites of nine eggs ; whisk it, take up the froth on sieves, and serve in glasses.
a
Digitized by
8t CINC
Cbocolate Drops are mftda by melting ft^^ of chocolate, with %\ of fresh butter, and adding sifted sugar till it become a thick paste. Spread this on paper with a knife, or a flat piece of wood, in small round pieces, all of a sise ; flatten them by shaking the paper on a warm tin. When cM they wiU easily 09me cff.
CHOLE8TBEATK8 are salts formed by cholesteric add with alkaline bases.
Cholkstsric Acid is formed by heating cholesterine with its own ' weight of concentrated nitric add. It is orange-yellow in the mass,
but the crystals are white and adcular. Soluble freely in alcohol, but insoluble in water.
Cholesterinb (i. e. Solid bile), is the basis, according to M. Cherreul, of all human biliary concretions. It is crystalline, lamellar, white, brilliant, and very like spermaceti. Procured by reducing human gall stones to powder, adding boiling alcohol, and filtering the solu- tion rapidly. Soluble in boiling alcohol, but insoluble in water.
Chrbmes. See Crbme.
Chrom ATE8 are salts formed with chromic add and alkaline bases.
Chrome Vellow, used to paint gold colour, is jwepared by heating a portion oi chromate of iron with nitrate of potash, and mixing the ley with solution of acetate of lead, forming chromate of lead, which, when good, will not efiervesce with nitric add.
Chromic Acid is prepared by digesting chromate of baryta in dilute sulphuric acid exactly suffident for combining with the baryta. It is dark, ruby red, and is very sour. Soluble in water.
Chromo-Sulphurio Acid. This is a compound of the chromic and sulphuric adds. It is deliquescent.
Chrybanthbmum Leucanthrmum. p. Ox-eye Daisy. A native plant, aromatic, acrid, and diuretic
Chrysoplenium oj^Kmiifolium and C. aUemifolium. Golden Saxi- frage. Two native plants, said to be expectorant and diuretic in asthma, &c
CicuTA. See Conii Folia.
CiMicic Acid. This was procured from the bug (Cimex) by M. The- nard, and is a compound which has been little investigated.
Cinchona. L. £. D. P. Peruvian or Jesuit's Bark, or Bark par er- ceUence, is procured from several species of dnchona, natives of America, the chief of which are the C cordtfoUa, producing ydlow bark, the C lancifoUa, produdng pale bark, and the C obloHfifoUa, producing red bark. Besides these there are mentioned C. Car^nea, E. P. or Jamaica bark, C. ovaUfolia, P. C. Jloribunda, P. &c. The
Digitized by
CINC S3
smallest and fine*quilled sorts fetch the highest prices, and are called in the market cromn bark, said to he procured from C. Cmida- vunea.
QnudUies. All the sorts are more or less aromatic, astringent, hitter, and disagreeaUe to the taste ; febrifuge, antiseptic, stomachic, and tonic They contain two sorts of vegetable alkalies, cinchonia, and quinia or quinine, and an acid called Kinic, or Quinic AtfiD, which see.
IncompaHUe with preparations of iron, arsenic, nitrate of silver, sul- phate of zinc, bi-chloride of mercury, emetic tartar, alum, muriate of ammonia, galls, and also infusions of chamomile, calumbo, catechu, and rhubarb.
Adulterated with the real bark deprived of its virtues by infusion, or by boiling in water, which fraud may be discovered by the bark being
^ lighter and more brittle ; but chiefly when the quantity to be pur- chased is large, and will recompense the trouble, by trying chemically how much quinia or cinchonia it contains. This will also be the best method of detecting spurious or inferior barks, which are fre- quently mixed with the genuine ; but for more extemporaneous de- tection of adulterations it may be sufficient to observe that genuine bark ought to be between a red and yellow colour, and not of a dark tint ; the stronger it smells, casteris paribus, the better. The bitter taste of the bark should be slightly acid, but not astringent, and when chewed it ought not to separate into long thready fibres. The inside of the quilled bark ought not to be striped with whitish or light streaks. The adulterations of the powdered bark are even more extensive, but can seldom be detected except by chemical analysis, to ascertain the pn^rtion of quinia and cinchonia.
MedidnaUy the dose is gr. x to 5iij of the powder in port wine, water, milk, or infusion of liquorice, in ague and inteimittent or continued fevers, taking care to clear the stomach and bowels ; in scarlatina, confluent small-pox, typhus, plague, gangrene, and all atonic diseases, with ihubarb to keep the bowels open, and aromatics to prevent nausea. It is also used externally in gangrene, &c Quinine is often preferable to bark.
Enters into Decoct. Cinchonae. L. £• D. Ext. Cinchons. L. £. D. Ext. Cinchons Resinos. L. D. Infus. Cinchons. L. E. D. Tinct. Cinchonc. L. E. D. Tipct. Cinch. Comp. L. D. Vin. Gentianc Comp. E. CiNCHOMiA, or CiNCHONiNB. New, An alkali discovered in bark by Dr. Duncan, jun. It is procured by bruising ftj of pale bark, C. lancifolia, boiling it for an hour in Oiij of a very dilute solution of pure potass, cooling and straining the liquid by pressure through a
o2
Digitized by
84 CINN
fine clothe and repeatedly washing and presang the renduum. Heat this in a sufficient quantity of water^ and add hydrochlOTic add gradually till it redden litmus paper slightly. Bring it near to the boiling point, and again strain and press. To this liquid, while hot, add ^ ojf sulphate of magnesia, and drop in solution of potass till there be no longer any precipitate. This precipitate is to be collected on a filter, washed, dried, dissolved in hot alcohol, and when this is evaporated the cinchonia will crystallise in fine prisms, which are white, semitransparent, and strongly bitter. It forms neutral salts with all the adds.
Soluble in alcohol, slightly in ether, and very sparingly in cold water.
Medicinally cinchonia is given in fevers, ague, &c., but is not quite so powerful as the salts of quinine. See Acbtatb and Sulpbatk. Cinnabar. See Hyoraro. Sulph. Rubruh. £. It is a heavy mineral of a dark red colour sometimes made artificially. li^Jarriefy it is given in half ounce doses in thickness-of-wind and coughs.
Adulterated with red earths. CiNNAMOMi Cortex. L. E. D. P. Cinnamon Bark, the bark of the LauruM cinnamomum, a native of Ceylon. It has a fine aromatic fragrance, and a warm, pleasant, sweetish taste.
AduUeraled by being mixed with cassia, and other inferior barks. It ought to be very smooth, thin, and to break in splinters, and not in short cross pieces.
Medicinally it is stimulant, carminative, stomachic, ionic, and anti- spasmodic, in doses of gr. x to 3j of the powder twice or thrice a day, or in infusion 5j to 5ij to Oj of water, in dyspepsia, hysteria, &c.
Enters into Add Sulphuric Aromat. £. Aq. Cinnamomi. L. E. D. Confect. Aromat. L. D. Elect. Catechu. D. Emplast Aromat. D. Infus. Catechu. L. Pulv. Cinnam. Comp. L. E. Pulv. Cretas Comp. L. E. Pulv. Kino Comp. L. Spir. Cinnam. L. E. D. Spir. Lavandula Comp. L. £. D. Spir. ^theris Aromat. L. Tinct. Cordamomi Comp. L. D. Tinct. Catechu. L. E. Tinct Cinnam. L. E. D. Tinct. Cinnam. Comp. L. Vin. OpiL L. Cinnamomi Oleum. L. E. D. P. Oil of Cinnamon. An essential oil prepared from the bark, and of a very warm, aromatic, sweet taste, and fragrant smelL Its colour is pale yellow, and it sinks in water.
Adulterated with oil of cassia, which is sometimes sold for it, but may be known by its inferior fragrance.
Medicinally it has the same properties as the bark, but is a stronger stimulant. It is given in doses of two or three drops on a bit of sugar in hiccup, fiatulence, &c Put on a bit of cotton into a decayed
. tooth, it eases tooth-ache.
Digitized by
CLOV 85
Cinnamon Bark and Oil. See the two preceding articles.
Cinnamon Cordial is prepared from 2 dwts. of oil of cassia dissolved with sugar in gall. I4. of spirit of wine^ and Jj of husked cardamom •> seeds, and ^ each of lemon and orange peel dried. Fine with half a pint of alum water, and sweeten with about Ibij of loaf sugar ; make up the two gallons with water, and colour with burnt sugar. If it be required very strong, digest and distil ftviij of bruised cinnamon from 17 gallons of spirits of wine, and two gallons of water. Draw off 18 gallons with a strong heat.
Cinnamon Drops. See Drops.
Cinnamon Subt. A singular production of the cinnamon- tree, used in Ceylon for making candles. It is not unlike mutton suet, but is rather more yellowish. It has little taste or smell. According to Professor Christison, of Edinburgh, " it contains 8 per cent, of a fluid oil, not unlike olive oil ; the remainder is a waxy principle, which answers very exactly to the Crrin of John."
Cinnamon Water is prepared by simmering for half an hour in a still ftj of bruised cinnamon with two gallons of water. Put what comes over into the still again, and when cold strain through flannel.
Citrate of Potass and Citrate of Soda are good diureticst
Citric Acid. See Acidum Criticum*
Citron Cordial is prepared by digesting in a gentle heat fbiij of dry citron rinds, tbij of orange peel, fi^- of bruised nutmegs, galls. 10^ of proof spirit, and galL 1 of water. Draw off galls. 10 in a bath heat, and sweeten with loaf sugar.
Civet, in perfumery, is a fragant substance procured from the civet cat, and is of a yellowish colour and unctuous consistence, but becomes brown by keeping, and also less rank and more agreeable than when fresh. It has a fine fragrance, and an acrid taste. It is antispasmodic, but not used at present. AduUeraled with honey and other substances, which may be detected by the weakness of the perfume, and by the civet being sti£^ and of a dark brown colour.
Clarified Glue has been preposterously given in ague as^ a substttute for bark.
Clematis Vitalba. P. Virgin's Bower. A native plants the kerb and flowers of which are externally vesicant and OMTosive ; internally diuretic and sudorific in ^^ doses of the infusion made from jij to Jiij toO^ ei water. The powder is also sprinkled oa gangrenous lores and syphilitic ulcers.
Cloves, and Oil of Cloves. See Caryophy&li and Caryoph^ Oleum.
Digitized by
96 COCH
Clove Cordial is prepared by HirtiHing &iv of bruiaed ckvei, and fbi- of pimento from galls. 16 of spirits.
Cloyb Dbops. See Obops.
Clyster. See Enrma. In farriery, clysters should be in quantity from five to ax quarts^ consisting chiefly of warm water, with tbj of salt dissolved in it, or warm water only. In locked Jaw half an ounce of opium may be added ; and as a stimulant 5iij or 5iv of camphor.
CoccuLus Inoicus, the pulp of cocculus suberoius. D. Imported from the East Indies in considerable quantities, for the purpose, it is said, of giving beer and spirits an intoxicating quality at less expence than by genuine materials. The use of it is prohibited by law both in this way, and for intoxicating fish by throwing it into rivers, ponds. Sec. PiHMnams in large doses, producing intoxication, vertigo, delirium, clenching of the teeth like locked jaw, &c The best treatment is ~* to encourage vomiting, and give purgatives, and bleed according as inflammation may be indicated.
Coccus. L. Coccus cactL £. D. ?• Cochineal, is the dried female insect Coccus cadi, a native of America. It has the i^pearance of a wrinkled seed of a dark mulberry tint, and is acrid, bitter, astringent, with a slightly heavy smell. It is only used for cdour« ing tinctures and making carmine. IncompatMe with the sulphates of iron, rinc, and acetate of lead, which
decompose the colour. AduUerated with paste formed in moulds* and tinged to resemble the genuine. This is detected by throwing a portion into water, when the dough will dissolve.
Coci BuTTRACRJB, Nucis Oleum FixuBf. £. P. Palm Oil, procured from the Cocus huiyracea, or Mackaw-tree, of South America. It has a sweet taste, smells like violets, is of the consistence of honey, and when fresh is of a ydlow colour. It is used in making palm soap. MedicinaUy it is emollient, and applied to sprains.
CoCHiNBAL. See Coccus.
CocHLEAREA Armoracia. L. Root of the horse-radidiy is strongly stimulant, but seldom used. Externally it is rub^acient. Chewed is sialogogue: it is good for removing recent sore throats arising from cold.
Cochleare A Officinalis. Common Scurvy-grass, a native plant, stimulant, diuretic, and antiscorbutic, in doses of ^ to ^j oi the expressed juio^ Also in gargles for aphthe, sore throat, spongy gums, &c.
Digitized by
COLL 87
CocHBAKB't CoooH Mbdigins. A nostnim which bean the name of Major Cochrane^ is prepared by making a decoction of the heads of white poppies prerioualy freed from the seeds; strain this, boil it again with vinegar and brown sugar to the consistence of syrup ; then add sulj^urio acid till it is pretty sour.
CoPFBB (Ebssncb of) is said to be prepared with cassia pulp as a
CoFFBB Dbops. See Dbops.
CoiiCHici Florbs. New. Used slmilaily to the next> but milder in operation. It is the juice which is the active ingredient in the Eau Medi^inale^ and in Wilson's Tincture.
CoLCHici Radix. L. E. D. P. Bulb of the Meadow Safiron, Colckicum aulumnale, a native plant, supposed -by Sir H. HaUbrd to be the hermodactyl of the old writers ; but this is not the opinion of con- tinental authors* When dry it loses its acrimony. It contains the alkaline substance called .vbbatbi a, which see. MetUdnally it is narcotic, diuretic, and drasiico-cathartic, of a hot, acrid, bitter taste, but little smelL The dose is gr. ss to gr. iij of the fresh bulb in pill,, or the same of the expressed juice in honey or mucilage, in gout, rheumatism, hydrothorax, and dropsy; or in form of infusion, tincture, or syrup. Incompatible with acids and all oxides^ which. Dr. Paiis says, render it
milder. Enters into Acet. Colchid. L. Oxym. CokhicL D. Syr. Colch. Au* tumnalis. £.
CoLCHioi Sbmina. L. Used in a manner similar to the preceding, but not so good as the flowers, which it would appear are the preferable part of the plant.
CoLiCHicuM Vinboar. See Acbtum Colchici. It is best psepared from the extracted juice of the flowers.
COLCHICUM WiNB. See ViNUM Ck)LOHIOI.
Colcothab. See Fbbri Subcabbomas and Oxxdum Fbbbi Rubrum.
CoLB Crbam. See Cbbatum Album.
Collby's Dbpilatoby. a nostrum composed of sulphujret of potass
and quicklime. It is by no means a safe preparation, though not so
dangerous as that of Delcroix, &c See Dbpilatory. CoLLTRiA consist of a variety of fluid applications used in inflammation
of the eyes, &c. See Db Brunb's Colltb. CoLJLTRiUM AciDi AcBTici. Vinegar Eye-water. Take Jj of acetic
acid, ^ of diluted spirit, ^viij of rose water, and mix. Applied to
weak watery eyes. Or^ Take ^ss of acetic add, Jvj of elder-flower water, 5iij of spirit of
rosemary, and mix.
Digitized by
88 COLL
CoLLYBiUM Aluminib IS an astringent and stimulant eye water, made
by mixing ^ss of purified alum with Jvj of rose water. CoLLYBiUM Ammonio-camphobatum 18 made by mixing ^ij of liquor of acetate of anunonia with Jvj of camphor. Stimulant in epiphora. CoLLYBiUM Ammonijb Acbtatis CUM Opio is made by mixing Jij of
liqueur of acetate of ammonia, ^vj of boiling distilled water, and gr. x
of soft extract of opium, which latter is previously dissolved in the
water, and strained. Used in the first stages of acute ophthalmia. CoLLYBiUM CuFBi Ammoniati, or Sapphirine Water. Take gr. iv of
prepared verdigris, dij of muriate of ammonia, ^viij of lime water.
Mix and apply for the removal of specks; but its efficacy is
doubtful. CoLLYBiUM CoFBi SuLPHATis. Take gr. iv of sulphate of copper,
Jij of camphorated mixture, and Jiv of rose water, to make a
collyrium. CoLLYBiUM CuPBi SuLPHATis GUM BoLO Armbnlb. Take gr. viij of
sulphate of copper and Armenian bole, mix with gr. ij of copper,
and pour over it ^viij of boiling water. A little to be injected under
the eyelids every hour, in opacity of the cornea. Collybium Hydbaboybi Mubiatis. Take gr. j to gr. iv of muriate
of mercury, Jviij of distilled water, mix, and apply in syphilitic and
scrofulous ophthalmia. CoLCfYBiUM Hydbabgybi Oxymubiatis. Mix gr. ij of oxymuriate of
mercury with gr. v of muriate of ammonia, and ^yj of distilled water.
In the same cases as the preceding. CoLLYBiUM Lanpbangi. P. Lanfhtnc's Collyrium. Mix in a marble
mortar 500 parts of white wine with 96 parts each of rose water
and plaintain water, 8 parts of yellow sulphur of arsenic (orpimenl),
4 parts of verdigris, ttj of myrrh, and a portion of aloSs, and keep
for use. Applied m chronic ulcers of the eyes. Collybium Op|i cum Camphoba. Mix gr. x of sofb extract of opium
with gr. vj of camphor, and Jxij of boiling distilled water, having
first pounded the opium and camphor, and then added the water.
Applied in the first stages of ophthalmia. Collybium Papavebis. Mix Jiv of the infunon of poppies with^^ij
each of camphor mixture and rose water, and apply in the ophthalmia
of infants. Collybium Plumbi Acbtatis. Goulard's Collyrium. Mix 5vij of dis- tilled water with xv to xxx drops of solution of acetate of lead, and
apply in irritable ophthalmia. Or, Mix 5vj of rose water with 5ss of acetate of lead. Collybium Zinci Acbtatis. Mix 58s of acetate of zinc with 3xij of
distilled water.
Digitized by
COLU 89
CoLLYRiim ZiNCi SuLPHATis. Mix 58S of sulphate of zinc with Oj of distilled water.
CoLLTRiuM ZiNGi SuLPHATis Camphoratum. Rub up gr. XV of Sul- phate of zinc with gr. x of camphor^ and Jvj of boiling water, and strain.
CoLLTRiusf ZiNci SuLPH. CUM Plumb. Acet. Mix gr. vilj each of sulphate of zinc and acetate of lead with distilled water, and strain to make a coll3rrium.
CoLi«TRiusf ZiNCi loDATis. Mix gr. iv of iodate of zinc with Jvj of distilled water, and apply in scrofulous ophthalmia. •
C0LOCYNTHIDI8 PuLPA. L. E. D. P. Pulp of Bitter Apple, CucmnU colocynlhis. It is the dried pulp that is used, which is white, spongy, of a nauseous and very bitter taste, but no smell. AdfUteraled, or injured in the drying, in which case it is dirty brown, or deep grey. It is not good when the fruit is large, and the seeds black and pointed. Incompatible with the fixed alkalies, acetate of lead, nitrate of silver^
and sulphate of iron. Medicinalfy it is violently cathartic, deobstruant, alterative, diuretic, emmenag(^e, and anthelmintic. Dose gr. iii to gr. x in obstructions of the abdominal viscera, dropsy, constipation, epilepsy, and lethargy; but is usually too violent alone, and ought to be triturated with gum or oil, or given in infusion or decoction, or in the compound extract, which see. Camphor mitigates its violence. Enters into Ext. Colocynthidis. L. Ext. Colocynth. Comp. L. D. Pil. Aloes cum Colocynthide. E. D.
CoLOCYNTiN. A bitter resin extracted from colocynth, (Vauqublin.)
CoiiOMBA. See Calumba.
Colophony. See Rbsina Flava.
COLOQUINTIDA. See COLOCYNTHID. PuLPA.
Colours in Perfumery, See Paints and Rouge.
Colours in Painting, See Oil Colours and Water Colours.
Coltsfoot. See Tussilaqo.
Coltsfoot (Essence of), a nostrum which contains no coltsfoot, but is composed of a solution of balsam of Tolu, in compound tincture of Benzoin and spirit of wine. Dangerous in coughs^ from its being strongly stimulant
CoLUHBic Acid is obtained by fusing the ore of columbium with the
carbonate or the bisulphate of potass, whence results a soluble co-
lumbate of potass, and the add is precipitated in form of a white
hydrate.
Soluble in muriatic, sulphuric, and some vegetable acids. Insoluble in
' water.
Digitized by
90 CONF
CoLUMBO. See Caluhba.
Comfits are made by putting the substance in a swing pan over a 8tove> and rubbing it about with the hand till quite hot ; then add as much syrup as will wet it> but not too much ; vrcrk and toss the pan to separate and dry the substance^ gradually adding syrup as warm as possible tiU it is covered and large enough. A doaen wettings of trebk-refined sugar> and dressing them smooth^ will finish them. Pearling of comfits^ to make them roughs is done by dropping syrup over the comfits while making, from a pan made for the purpose^ and so contrived that it dries as soon as dropped. Caraway comfits (Scolch) are made by heating fbij of caraway-seeds, cleaned, in the comfit-pan, and doing them with sjrrup as just di- rected, till the sixe of peas. Bath caraway comfits are made smaller. When to be pearled make them small first. Celery comfits are made the same way as the caraways, from ftj of
celery-seed. Corianders are done the same way. Cinnamon comfits are made by soaking ftj of cinnamon in water for two days, cutting it in slips as small as a stocking-needle^ and when dry doing it as directed for pearled caraways. Gum-paste cotnfits. See Gum-pastb.
Orange and lemon conffits are made the same way, with slips of diy, hard, preserved orange and lemon peel.
Commander's Balsam. See Tinct. Bbnz* Comp.
Compotes are fruits preserved with sugar. Stone fruit, such as cherries, damsons, plums, greengages, currants^ raspberries, strawberries^ mul- berries, and barberries, are most usually compoted. Pick the ripe fruit, and, if necessary, stone it. Then boil a pint and a half of syrup, and put in the fruit ; boU it up, skim, and add the juice of two lemons : let it stand in the pan covered with paper till cold.
CoNBiNE. New, The active principle of hemlock, which is resinous and insoluble in water.
Confections are officinal preparations, formerly called conserves and electuaries, and consisting of various substances prepared with sugar, &c
CoNFBCTio Amyodalarum. L. D. Confection of Almonds is made by blanching J j of sweet almonds, and beating them to a paste with 3j of gum arable and 5iv of white sugar. It is used chiefly for making almond emulsion extemporaneously, and may be kept a long time if no water has been added, for this makes it contract mould.
Confectio Aromatica. L. D. Cordial Confection. Electuarium Aromaticum. £. Is made from ^ij each of dnuamon and nutmegs^ 3j of cloves, Jss of cardamom-seeds, Jij of dried saffron, 5xvj ofpre-
Digitized by
CONF 91
pared ojster-shells, ftij of refined sugar in powder^ and Oj of water.
Pulverize the dry ingredients finely, &nd gradually add the water to
make a uniform paste. IncompalUUe with adds and antimonial wine. MedicmcUfy it is warm, cordial, and stimulant, in doses of gr. x to 9j
or jj, in form of bolus. CoNFECTio AuRANTiORUM. L. Coufection of Oranges. Take ibj of
the fresh rind of the orange, procured by rasping, ibiij of refined
sugar. Bruise the peel in a stone mortar, with a wooden pestle,
then the sugar being added> bruise again, until they are jnroperly
incoijiorated. It is injured by keeping. Medicmalbf it is tonic and stomachic, in doses of ,5 j to Jj. It is given
in the stomach disorders of children; but is chiefly used as a pleasant
vehicle for other medicines, such as tonic powders. CoNFscTio Cassijb. L. E. D. Cassia Confection, or Electuary. Take
Ito of fresh cassia pulp, Jij of manna, Jj of tamarind pulp, Oss of
syrup of roses. Bruise the manna, then by means of a water bath
dissolve it in syrup ; then mix the pulp, and evaporate to a proper
connstence. Medicinally it is a mild laxative, in doses of .5ij to ^j, but is apt to
gripe. It is g^ven to children in costiveness, but b chiefly used as
an ingredient in other preparations. CoNFECTio CiNCHONS. Coufectiou of Bark. Take 3j ^ ^^^ ^^
powder, 5ss of confection of damask roses, and enough of syrup
of orange-peel to make a confection. It is not apt to be injured by
keeping. MedictnaUtf it is given in doses of 5 j to 5iij twice or thrice a day, as
a tonic; or as a vehicle for the carbonates of iron, soda, or sulphuric
add. CoNPBCTio DB Croco. See Electuabium de Croco. CoKFECTio Menthje SATiviB. Coufectiou of Spear Mint. Take 3jv
of fresh leaves of spearmint, Jxij of white sugar, and bruise properly
together in a stone mortar to make a confection. (Spbaoue.) CoNFEcno Ofii. L. D. Confection of Opium. Take Jvj of hard
opium, 5j of long pepper, Jij o^ giDgcr root, Jiij of caraway-seeds,
Oj oi syrup, and 5ij of gum tragacanth. Rub the opium with the
syrup made hot, then add the other artides, previously pulverized,
and mix. CottUiint gr. j of opium, in gr. xxx of the preparation. MedicinaUjf it is narcotic, anodyne, carminative, and stimulant, and
given in doses of gr. x to gr. xxx in form of mixture or bolus, for
flatulent chdic, diarrhoea, atonic gout, &c CoNFBCTio P1FEBI8 NiGRi. L. Confectiou of Black Pepper, Ward's
Digitized by
92 CONF
Paste for Piles and Fisiula. Take ftj each of black pepper and elecampane root> ftiij of fennel-seeds, ttij each of honey and refined sugar. Rub the dry articles together into a fine powder, and on adding the honey, beat them in a marble mortar till well incorporated. Medicinally the aze of a nutmeg twice a day, is given in leucophleg- matic and atonic habits; but it is injurious in cases of fever, inflanif- mation, or irritation.
CoNFBCTio RofiiE Canina. L. Confection of Hips, Conferva cynofbalu
O. Take ft»j of the pulp of hips, Jxx of refined sugar. Heat the
pulp gently in a water bath, and then add the sugar, gradually
rubbing the whole till well mixed. It becomes hard by keeping.
Contains free citric acid, and is therefore incompatible with acetates of
lead and mercury, nitrate of mercury, and sulphuric acid» Medicinalfy it is chiefly used as a vehicle, being a weak astringent, and cooling, in doses of ^ij to 5vj.
CoNFBCTio RoBJR Gallicjb. L. D. Confection of Red Roses, Conserve of Roses. Take fbj of the petals of red roses in the bud, with the daws cut off, and tbiij of refined sugar. Bruise the petals in a stone mortar, add the sugar, and beat the whole till well incorporated. It keeps well, and is much used as a vehicle for pills, &c. Adulterated by adding sulphuric add to brighten its colour. This, when used in preparing blue pill, will produce the poisonous sub- sulphate of mercury. Medicinatltf it is a weak astringent, and tonic, in doses of 5ij to its, in diarrhoea. Sec*
CoNPBCTio RuTJB. L. D. Confection of Rue, Electuary of Bay Berries. Take Jji s each of dried rue leaves, caraway-seeds, and bay berries, Jss of sagapenum, 5ij of black pepper, 5xvj of clarified honey. Rub the dry artides together into a very fine powder, then add the honey, and mix. Medicinally it is antihysteric, carminative, and antispasmodic ; though being nauseous, it is only used in enemas, from Jj to jij, but is seldom prescribed.
CoNFBOTio ScAMMONiA. L. D. Coufectiou of Scammony. Take jjss of powdered scammony, Jvj each of bruised doves, and powdered ginger, 5ss of oil of caraway, and enough of syrup of roses. Rub the dry artides into a fine powder, then rub up with the qrrup gradually added, and mix with the oil of caraway. MedicviaUy it is given in doses of 5ss to 5j, in form of bolus; when fresh made, it is a good carminative cathartic, but is sddom used*
CONFBCTIO Sbnnje. L. E. Electuarium senna. D. Confection of Senna, Electuarium laiitivum. O. Take Jviij of senna leaves, ftj of figs> Ibss each of tamarind pulp, cassia pulp, and pulp of prunes, ^iv
Digitized by
CONI 95
of odriander seeds^ ^iij of liquorice root, &ij8s of refined sugar. Rub the senna leaves and coriander-seeds to powder, and toft Boil the residue with the figs, liquorice root, and Oiv of water, to one half, then press and strain* Evi^rate the strained liquor to Ojss, then add the sugar. Rub the syrup with the pulps, add the sifted powder, and mix the whole. The Dublin formula is rather different.
AdnUerated with jalap, blackened with walnut liquor, substituted for cassia pulp. The expence and trouble of preparation are avoided by making a mass with jalap, prunes, and figs, or spoiled apples. In warm weather it is apt to ferment, and become sour.
Medtdnall^ it is an excellent laxative, in doses of 5 j to Jss ; and also
a good vehicle. CoNFBCTio SfiNNiB CoMPOBiTA. The Same as Conf. Sulphuris. CoNFBCTio SiNAPBOS. Mustard Confection of Guy's Hospital. Take "jj of bruised mustard-seed, ^ss of orange confection. Mix.
Medicinalfy, when given in doses of 5ij twice or thrice a day, it is a warm tonic, useful in chronic and strumous swellings, and ul- cerations. CoNPECTio SuLPHUBis. Confection of Sulphur. Take Jjss of sulphur lotum, Jij of confection of senna, ^iij of nitrate of potash, and enough of syrup of orange-peel. Mix.
MedicmaU^ it may be given in doses of ^ to 5iij twice a day, as a laxative in piles, fistula, &c CoNFBcno TsRSBiNTHiNJB. Turpentine Confection. Take 5j of rectified oil of turpentine, Jss of clarified honey, mix, and give in doses of 5 j to 5ij in gleets and seminal weakness, as a diuretic CoNii Folia. L. £. Cicula. D. P. Hemlock. Conium macuiatum, or Cicuia, O*. A native plant, common in hedges, churchyards, and amongst rubbish. By drjring, the herb loses its acrid principle, and is therefore improved. The dried powder ought to be a fine green.
Incompaiible with all the vegetable acids, which neutralize or injure its sedative and narcotic powers.
MiHakes often occur, in collecting other plants for hemlock ; which may always be known by purplish spots on the stem and branches.
Medicinally the leaves, herb, and seeds are narcotic, sedative, alterative, diuretic, and resolvent.
Do$e of the dried leaves, gr. iij to 9j twice or thrice a day, in form of pill, and gradually augmented according to the effects ; or xij to Ix drops of the expressed juice, excellent in pulmonary irritation, cancer, adiirrus, &c Externally in cataplasms to cancerous and scrofulous sores.
PoMOMorif in large doses, producing sickness, oppressed breathing.
Digitized by
94 COPA
vertigo, delirium, frenty, stupor, dilated pupils, convulsionji, and death. The best treatment is an emetic of sulphate of tsme, in the dose of 9j, Ueeding, cathartics, afiusion of cold water, and cc^nous draughts of vinegar, lemon juice, cresm of tartar water, or any vegetable add. There is no test but the smelL Emiers into Ext ConiL L. £. D.
CoNSSRVJB. Conserves are preparations the same as confections. The term is still used in the Edinburgh, DuUin, and Paris Pharma* copoeias.
CoNSBSVA ii% Amoslica. P. Conserve of Angelica. Take 250 parts of the pulp oi angelica root, and 1000 parts of white sugar, boiled in a decoction of angelica root, to the consistence of a solid electuary. Mix. It is tonic and aromatic Do^e 5ij. In the same way are prepared the ConservcB de Apia graveolens, P. and Cons, de Radice kdenU, P.
CONBBRVA AUBANTII. £. D. See CONFBCTIO AURANTIOBUlf.
CoNSBRVA Cassiji. P. Couscrve of Cassia. Take l60 parts of cassia pulp, 1 20 parts of syrup of violets, and 30 parts of sugar ; evapo- rate in a water bath, to the consistence of a soft extract, and, when cold, add a tenth part of volatile oil of orange-flowers. Medicinalfy it is laxative in doses of Jss to Jij, in form of enema.
CoNSBRTA Cynobrhodi. P. See CoNFBOTio RoBJB Canina.
CoNBBBVA RosABUM OMNI Tbmpobb Pabanda. P. Conserve of roses,
prepared at all times. Take 90 parts of the petals of red roses in
powder, add a sufficient quantity of distilled rose water to form a
pulp; macerate for six hours, shaking it frequently; add 1000 parts
^ of rose lozenges, and mix in a marUe mortar.
CoNTBAYBBVJB Radix. L. E. P. Contraycrva Root, Dorsierda con* irqferva. A West India plant, of a styptic, bitter taste, and a heavy aromatic smell. Medicinally it is a warm stimulant, tonic, and diaphoretic, and is given in doses of gr. v to 5S8 of the powder* in aphtha, t3rphu8, dysentery, &c But is seldom prescribed. It is sometimes used in gargle, and by the Indians as an antidote to poisons, which the name signifies. Enters into Pulv. Contrajerve Comp. L.
Convolvulus. See Jalapa and Scammonia.
Copaiba. L. £. D. P. Copaiva, or Capivi Balsam, Balsamum copaibm, procured from the Copaifera officinalis. A balsam composed of rean and volatile oil, and rather of a thicker consbtence than oil. AduUeraled with oil and mastiche, and is also made factitiously, by miiing nut oil, oil of juniper, savin and oranges, with yellow resin and Canadian balsam ; or by a mixture of linseed oil, Venice turpen-
Digitized by
CORA 95
tine, and Canadian balaam. Oil may be detected br rubbing it upon paper, and drying it, when, if genuine, it may be written on with common ink, but not if it contain oiL The genuine also ought to dissolve entirely in a mixture of four parts of spirits of wine, with one of rectified ether. Oil may also be detected by dropping it in water.
Medicinalfy it is of a sharp, Utter, nauseous taste, and fragrant odour, and is stimulant, feeUy irritant, diuretic, laxative, and nervine, in doses of gr. XV to 5ss or 5j twice a day, in blennorhoea, leueorrhoea, chronic affections of the lungs, stomach and liver, chronic rheuma- tism, and in hemorrhoids. It is also used in injection, in gonorrhoea and kuoorrhcea. It is best exhibited by pouring it on a little water in a wine-glass, and dropping upon it a little of the common Utter tincture, which conceals its taste, and collects it into a globule that is easily swallowed.
Copal. A resinous gum, procured from America and the East Indies, and used chiefly in making varnishes, though sometimes in making plasters. The best is hard, brittle, in rounded lumps, and easily reduced to fine powder. It is light lemon-yellow, or orange, and beautiAiUy transparent, but often like amber, containing insects.
' AduUenUed with gum anime or eancamy, which, when good, is very like copal, but of very inferior value in varnishing. The fraud may be detected by the anime readily dissolving in spirits of wine, whieh the copal does not. Soluble with difficulty in akohol and essential oils. To dissolve it in spirits of wine, diss(dve half an ounce of camphor in a pint of spirits highly rectified ; put this into a glass vessel, over a lamp, and add four ounces of copal in small pieces, continuing the heat, so as that the hubbies may be counted till the solution is complete. Another way is to melt the copal previoudy over the fire. To dissolve copal in oil of turpentine, take Jij of oil of lavender, heat it in a glass matrass, and add graduaUy an ounce of copal, grossly powdered, stirring the mixtute with a stick of white wood. When the copal is dissolved, add ^vj (^ oil of turpentine, nearly boiling, and stir the whole well.
CoppBB FiLiMoa have been g^ven in doses of 5j for rheumatism, but are not prescribed at present. For the preparations of oo^wr, see
CUP&UM.
Copperas, or Green Vitricd. See Fbrbi Sulphas.
Copperas (fVkiie). SeeZiNci Sulphas.
Coral is composed chiefly of lime, like other shells, and as such may be
used as an antacid and absorbent ; but b not preferable to prqpored
chalk.
Digitized by
96 CORN
Coral Tooth- Powder. Take ^y of corals reduced to an impalpable
powder^ Jviij of very light Annenian bole, 3j of Portugal snuffy 5j ^
the ashes of good tobacco^ jj of myrrh^ well pulverized. Mix well,
and sift twice. Adulterated with powder of brown stone ware> or fine brickdust. Coralline. See Fucus Hblkinthooorton. Cordial Mass in Farriery. Take equal parts of powdered ginger,
and of gentian or liquorice, and with a sufficient quantity of treacle
form a mass. Dose from one to two ounces. (Pharm. Veterinary
College.) Cordials are prepared with wine or spirits, and aromatics. The
methods of preparing them are given under the heads of Cinnamon,
Citron* Cloves, &c. In medicine cordials are the same as cardiacs, carminatives, aromatic
tonics, &C. Many nostrums are called cordials* such as Godfrey's,
Brodum's, &c In farriery cordials are required in weakness of the stomach, stomach
staggers, immoderate thirst, &c Good strong ale* or ale mixed with
gruel, is the best cordial for horses. CoRiANDRi Semina. L. £. D. P. Coriander-seeds, Coriandrum soli"
vum. They are injured by a minute insect, that eats the core, and
leaves only the husk. Medicinallif they are warm, aromatic, grateful, and pungent to the
taste, carminative, stimulant, stomachic, lactifuge, &c. In doses of
9j to 5j of the powder in dyspepsia and flatulence, but chiefly used
to conceal the taste of unpleasant medicines, and as a corrective of
senna and lime water. Enters into Aq. Calcis Comp. D. Confect. Senne. L. £. Infus. Ta«
marindi et Sennae. £. Tinct. Senne Comp. £. Coriander Comfits. See Cokfits (Celeiy). Coriander Cordial. Prepared as cinnamon cordial, which see. CoRNiNE. A new principle discovered in the Dogwood bark, by Mr.
Carpenter, of Philadelphia, similar in properties to Quinine. Corn Plaster. The common green com plaster is prepared by melting
four parts of Burgundy pitch, with three parts of wax, two parts of
turpentine, and one part of subacetate of copper or .^ugo, itnd
spreading the whole on cloth to a proper thickness^ CoRNUA. L. £. D. P. Hartshorn or Stag's Horn Shavings, Comu
cervi, Cervus elaphtu, which contain more gelatine and less phosphate
of lime than bone does, being 27 parts in the 100. They are rasped
and boiled, and allowed to cool into a jelly. Adulterated with shavings of bones ; but* these are more brittle, and not
so white as the genuine horn shavings.
Digitized by
CRAY 97
Medidnally it is emollient and nutritive, but requires to have orange
juice and sherry wine added,- to cover its gluey flavour. Enters into Comu Ust. L. D. Pulv. Antimonialis. L. £. D. CosNU UsTUM. L. Burnt Hart^om, prepared by burning hartshorn ; contains phosphate of lime and magnesia, and carbonate of lime, and is white and fitaUe. May be given in the phosphatic diathesis, but is ino-t as an antacid. Enters inio Mist Comu Ust. L. Corn us Florida. Cortex, Dogwood Bark. This is a tonic astringent
given as a substitute for bark in doses of 9j to 9ij. CoRNUS Mas, P. The fruit of the Cornell given as a cooling acidulant, in acute fevers and diarrhoea, in doses of 5ij to ^ss to a piat of water. A confection is also made from the recent pulp.
CORROBIYB SCBLIBfATB. See H^DRAROYRI OxTMURIAS.
CoBYDALiN. New, Prepared from the tuberdes of Corydalis tube- rasus. It consists of crystals without colour, taste^ or smell, soluble in alcohol and slightly in water. Its neutral salts are intensely bitter. (Wackenrodsr.)
Cosmetics. See Pearl Water, Colo Cream, ^tc
CosTus Arabicus. p. The root and its berk of Costus are aromatic, bitter, warm^ and stimulant^ in doses of 3j to 58S of the pow<ler, or in infusion, Jss to Oj of water.
Cotton. P. Cotton wod is used in preparing moxa, aaod is one of the best applications to bums.
Cough Drops are usually composed of opium, or some of the balsamf; dissolved in spirits^ and of course must be highly stimulant, and injurious in most pectoral disorders, where inflammation is usually more or less present.
CouMARiN. The odoriferous principle of the Tonka bean. (Guibourt.)
CoiTRT Plaster^ or Blade Sticking Plaster. Take ^ss of benzoin, and Jvj of rectified spirit, dissolve and strain; then take ^j of isinglass, and Oss of hot water, dissolve and strain separately from the former. Mix the twp, and set them aside to cool, f^en a jelly will be formed; and this is warmed and brushed ten or twelve times over a piece of Idack silk^ stretched smooth. When this is done enough, and dry, finish it with a solution of Jiv of Chian turpentine, in Jvj of tinc- ture of benzoin.
CowHAGE. See Dolichi Pubep«
Crab's Claws and Eyes. See Cancrz.
Cranberry Jam. See Jam.
Crayons, for drawing, are made by mixing a pint of boiling water with 5iij of spermaceti, fcj <5f finely-pulverised bone aslies, and as much of ochre or other colouring matter as may bring it to Xht
Digiti
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98 CRES
required tint, roll the whole out into a paste, and cut it, when half dry, into pencils. Or, prepare the paste as before, and mix up with it tine clay, and eva- porate on driers of plaster. Cochineal, and other pigments, are used to give the colours.
Cr£Am of R06ES. Take Ibj of oil of sweet almonds, ^ each of sperma- ceti and white wax, Oj of rose water, 5ij of Malta rose, or essence of NerolL Put the oil, wax, and spermaceti, into a well glared pipkin, over a dear fire, and when completely melted, pour in the rose water by degrees, and keep beating, until the compound becomes like pomatum. Now add the essence, and put the cream into jars or pots covered with bladder or leather.
Crbam of Tartar. See Potasss Supertartras.
Crbmes are preparations either of real creams, or imitations of it, with various fruits and flavoured substances. CrSme de Anue, or Anisette, is prepared by sweetening ^nrit of anise- seed with sugar. Creme de Blois. Whip a quantity of cream with powdered sugar and
citron-peels, till it is thick enough. Crime au CqfS> Co£^ Cream. Boil half a pint each of cream and milk with Jij of ground coffee, strain through a tamis, and add three yolks of eggs, beat up with ^iv of sugar, reduce it to one-half^ and serve it when cold. Crime de Menthe, Mint Cream. A liqueur prepared with rectified
brandy, oil of mint, and sugar. Crime de Riz, Rice Cream. Boil three spoonfuls of rice in two pints of water down to a half, strain, and add ten sweet almonds and five bitter almonds, beat up with sugar, cinnamon, and (nrange-flower water. It is used warm.
Crime Veloutie. Velvet Cream. Boil very gently, removing it fre- quently from the fire, two pints of cream, as much milk, and Jv of powdered sugar, till reduced to one half. Beat up with three spoonfuls of milk, a few drops of orange-flower water, and strain through a tanus. Dress it on porcelain, placed over hot charcoal, and set over it also a pan of hot charcoaL When velvetted, let it cool.
Crbspiony's Pills. Or, Lady Crespigny's Pills. See Pilulje Aloes
ET KiNAKINJB.
Cresses. Various plants of the Tetradynamia class, such as scui^- grass, water-cresses. Sic. are so called, and are generally esteemed to be anti-scorbutic, and antiphthisical ; but I should think them ill adapted to weak stomachs, from being cold and raw. They are not, however, so apt to disagree as radishes are.
Digitized by
CROC 99
Crrta. L. D. Carbonas Calcis. E. Chalk contains 45 parts carbonic
acid^ and 5S of lime. It is seldom employed in the crude state. CsBTA Pbjbcipitata. Precipitated Chalk. Calcis Carbonas Pracipi" latum, D. A very pure preparation procured by precipitating the carbonate of lime from a solution of muriate of lime^ by means of the carbonate of soda.
Enters into Elect. Aromaticum. £>• Hydrarg. cum Creta. D. Mist. Cret«. D. Crbta PasPARATA. L. E. D. Prepared Chalky procured by adding a little water to Ibj of chalky redndng it to fine powder^ putting this into a large vessel tilled with water^ and shaking it. Leave it to subside a little^ pour off the turbid water into another vessel, and set this aside for the powder to deposit, which is to be afterwards dried, the water being previously poured off.
Incompatible with sulphates, acetates, and other acidulous salts.
Medicinalfy it is antacid and absorbent, in doses of gr. x to ^ij or more, in diarrhoea, flatulence, and cardialgia. Externally it is applied to bums and sores, with ichorous discharge.
Enters into Hydrai^* cum Cret&. L. Mist. Crets. L. E. Trochisci Carbon. Calcis. E. Pulv. Crets Comp. L. E. Pulv. Opiatus. E. Cboci Stigmata. L. E. D. P. Saffron, Crocus salivus, the pistils of the flowers sold in form of cakes pressed together.
Adtdierated very frequently with saffron, from which part of the colour has been extracted, which makes it pale, and of a dirty hue. It is also often mixed with the petals of marigold and safflower ; but, by steeping in water, these will unfold and detect the fraud. Shreds of smoked beef are also said to be sometimes mixed with it ; which may be detected by the smell it produces when burnt. Genuine saflron ought to be of a bright, deep, rich, orange-yellow colour, not too moist, and altering to the clothes. The English, French, and Ita^ lian are the best. The Spanish is greasy and bad.
Medicinally it is aromatic, warm, bitterish, of a sweet difiusive odour, feebly stimulant, cordial, antispasmodic, emmenagogue, and diapho- retic, in doses of gr. v to 5ss of the powder, in atonic amenorrhoea, hysteric affection^ and vomiting. Externally it is applied in ophthal- mia ; but is seldom used in practice now, except as a colouring matter for other drugs. It is much used also in cookery and confectionary.
Enters into Confect Aromatica. L. D. Pil. Aloes cum Myrrha. L. Syr. Crod. L. Tinct. Croci. E. Tinct. Rhei. L. Tinct Rhei Comp. L. Tinct. Aloes Comp. L. E. D. Croconatb of Potass. This is procured when potassium is prepared from calcined tartar by Bcunner's method. It is without smell, and has a weak taste like nitre.
H 2
Digitized by
100 CUPR
Croconio Acid. This is procured from croconate of potass by absolute alcohol^ with a little sulphuric acid.
Crocus. An old term applied to oxides, and other preparatioas of the metals.
Croton. See Cascarilla, and Tiolii Olbum.
Crotonic Acid is formed by converting croton oil into soap. It is also called Jatrophic Acid.
Crown Bark. See Cinchona.
Crystals op Tartar. See Potass^ Svpbrtartras.
CuBEBA. L. D. P. Cubebs, or Java Pepper, Piper cubeba, an aromatic spice, warm and stimulant, and acting particularly on the mucous membranes of the lungs, the urethra, and bladder, &c. Its action, indeed, is much the same as copaiba, and less stimulant and hot than pepper. The dose is a dessert-spocmful thrice a day, in a glass of water, or in form of tincture, when inflammation is not present, Jiv of bruised cubebs, to Oj of alcohol, digested seven days, and strained. Tlie good effects will be manifest in 48 hours after the first dose. AduUeraied with the dried berries of Turkish buckthorn, which are so like as scarcely to be detected. The cubebs have Httle stalks to them, and are hence called tailed pepper.
Cuckoo Flowbb. See Cardaminb Pratbnsis.
Cud-Bbab. a dye 8tu£P procured from lichens.
CuMTNi Sbmina. L. p. Cumin Seeds, Cundnum cymimun, have a warm, bitter, and nauseous taste, and a heavy smell. They are stimulant and antispasmodic ; but are only used externally in plasters for cold indolent tumours. By the ancients they were used as a cosmetic for producing paleness of the face. Enters into £mplast. CuminL L.
CupRi Subacetas. D. Acetate of Copper, a tonic stimulant, given in doses of gr. \, increasing to gr. ij for epilq)sy, &c Incompatible with alkaline preparations and sulphuric acid.
CupRi Ammoniati Aqua. E^. Solution of Ammoniated Copper.
CupRi Sulphas. L. £. D. P. The Sulphate, Per-sulphate, or Deuto- sulphate of copper. Blue vitriol, or Blue stone, prepared by dissolving one part of copper filings in two parts of sulphuric acid. It oecurs in fine deep blue crystals, which have a disagreeable styptic metallic taste. It contains one proportional of the peroxide of copper, two. of sulphuric acid, and, when crystalliired, ten of water. It does not effervesce with sulphuric acid, as the subacetate of copper does. Incompatible with all astringent vegetables, with earths, alkalies, and their carbonates, with the acetates of iron, lead, and ammonia, with the sub-borate of soda, the muriate of lime, and tartrate of potash.
Digitized by
CUPR 101
with the nitrate of silver, the oxymuriate of mercury, and all the salts of lead.
Medicinalfy it is emetic, acrid, styptic, and diuretic: externally escha* rotic. As a prompt emetic in cases of poisoning, it is given in doses of gr. ij to gr. xv in Jiij of water, and washed down with a pint of warm water. In phthisis, &c., as a nauseant, it is given with pre- caution, in doses of gr. -^ to gr. -f in form of pill, or dissolved in Oiv of water. As a corroborant and tonic, in epilepsy and hysteria, it is given in doses of gr. ^ to gr. 4- twice a day. Along with olibanum and extract of bark, it is employed in chronic Uenorrhoea. In lotion or injection gr. j to gr. viij in Oj of vehicle; and externally as a sti- muhmt, styptic, and escharotic, fo^rwarts, fungous, and phagedenic ulcers, hiemorrhages, and in ulcerated sore throat, applied with a camel-hair pencil, twice or thrice a day. Poisonous in large doses, producing great thirst, parching of the throat and tongue, constriction of the fauces, coppery belchings, and frequent spitting, violent vomiting and retching, dragging sensation of the stomach, colic, tenesmus, black and bloody stools, syncope, anxiety, cold sweats, vertigo, convulsions, and death. Antidotes, Copious draughts of milk and water, or sugar and water, with large doses of syrup and whites of eggs to sheath the corrosive quality, and coffee as a sedative. Bleeding, &c., if inflammation run high. Tests. Potash precipitates a subsulphate of copper, of a green colour. Ammonia, in excess, will produce a deep blue colour in the solution. A knife, or a stick of phosphorus, dipped in the solution, will appear coated with metallic copper. Enters into Sol. Cupri Sulph. Comp. E.
Cuprum. £. D. Copper has a peculiar metallic odour and taste. The filings have been used at the commencement of hydrophobia, in doses of gr. iij to gr. iv. On bread and butter, but with no effect. Exter- nally to obstinate ulcers. Clean copper is not poisonous.
CupBUM AuMONiATUM. L. £. D. P. Ammouiated Copper, Cuprum ammoniacum, O. Ammoniaretum cupri is prepared by taking Jss of sulphate of copper, 5vj of subcarbonate of ammonia, rubbing them together in a glass mortar, till they cease to effervesce ; and drying the mass, wrapped in blotting-paper, in a gentle heat. It is injured by keeping.
Decomposition, During trituration, the sulphuric acid partly passes over to the ammonia ; while the carbonic acid unites with the copper, and a sulphate of ammonia and a carbonate of copper are formed. Effervescence arises during the trituration, firom two causes: the sulphate of copper contains excess of acid, and so also doei> the ses-
Digitized by
102 CURE
quicarbonatc of ammonia, and there beings consequently, more car- bonic add set free, than the peroxide of copper can combine with, it is evolved in the gaseous state. This preparation, however, is usuaUy not a mere mixture of carbonate of copper and sulphate of ammcmia, for the ammonia of the subcarbonate is sufficient to saturate three times the quantity of sulphuric add in the sulphate of copper ; there is probably, therefore, some excess of subcarbonate of ammonia, the proportion of which must depend upon the temperature at which the medidne is dried. Incompatible with potash, soda, lime water, and acids. Me^icinaUtf it is irritant, drastic, diuretic, astringent, antispasmodic, and antifebrile, in doses of gr. ss to gr. j, gradually increased to gr. v, in form of pill, twice or thrice a day, in epilepsy, chorea, hysteria, intermittents, and dropsy, the bowels being previously evacuated.
Cups were formerly made for preparing emetics, &c., made of antimony, and other substances, in which wine was allowed to stand for a time, and drunk.
CuBA^OA. A celebrated foreign liqueur. Take the peels of four sour oranges (Bigurades), 36 grains of cinnamon, and 26 grains of mace, a pint and a half of brandy, a pint of river water, and a pound of sugar. Infuse in the brandy for six days the orange-peel, cinnamon, and mace, all previously bruised, distil and add the water, with the sugar dissolved in it, and filter. Imitated by adding two drachms of sweet oil of orange-peel, to a pint of the best rectified spirit, then dissolve a pound of lump sugar in a pint of cold soft water, make it into a clarified syrup, add the spirit, and shake it up ; let it stand till next day, and filter it four times through a funnel lined with muslin and blotting-paper, or till it b bright. (Dr. Kitchiner.)
CuRCUMJS LoNGiB Radix. D. P. Long-rootcd Turmeric, Curcuma ionga rotunda, is bitter, diuretic, and deobstruent, in doses of 9ij to 5j of the powder, or in infiision, in intermittents, jaundice, dropsy, cutaneous disorders, and visceral obstructions.
Currant Drops and Jam. See Drops and Jam.
Currant Wine is made with red, white, or black currants. To every three pints of fruit, picked and bruised, put a quart of water, let it stand 24 hours, then strain, and to every quart put a pound of Lisbon sugar, or white sugar, when the currants are white. Put it in a pan, and as the scum rises, skim it off before putting the liquor in the barrel. It is improved by mixing a pint of raspberries with every five quarts of currants. Or, to every three quarts of the juice of black currants, put the same of cold water, and to every three quarts of this liquor put three
Digitized by
CYAN 103
pounds of good moist sugar. Put it in a cask, in a warm dry room, to ferment ; skim off the refuse, and fill up with the reserved liquor,
, and when it has ceased working, add three quarts of Inrandy for every 40 quarts oi wine. Bung it close for nine months, then bottle it, and keep it a year. Cubby Powdbb is procured chiefly from India, and is a mixture of a
. number of savoury ingredients, much used in flavouring soups, and other dishes.
Jmilaium Curry Powder is made by drying and pulverizing very finely Jiij each of coriander-seed and turmeric, ^j each of black pepper, mustard, and ginger, Jss of cardamom-seeds freed from the husks, one-fourth of an ounce each of cayenne pepper, and cumin-seed. Keep in a bottle closely stopped. CuscuTA EuBOPiBA. P. Dodder, a native parasitic plant, feebly bitter and inodorous. Deobstruent in visceral obstructions and intermit- tents. I
CosPAJRtM CoBTBX. L. £. D« P. Angustura Bark, Banplandia tri- Jbiiala, a native of South America, very bitter, and slightly aro- matic, and of a weak but peculiarly fishy smell. It contains cin- chonia.
AduUeraUd with the bark of several species of Strychnos, and of the Brucea aniidysenierica, which is called False Angustura ; but is a violent poison. It is more intensely bitter than the genuine, is nearly black on the /inner surface, while the genuine is brownish-yellow,' and on the outer surfacejs covered with a substance resembling rust of iron, while the genume is whitish and wrinkled.
Incompatible with infusion of galls and yellow Peruvian bark, with potass and the mineral acids, with acetate of lead, the sulphates of cqiper and iron, nitrate of silver, tartarized antimony, and the oxy- muriate of mercury.
MedicmaUtf it is tonic, stimulant, carminative, and a warm stomachic, in doses of gr. v to 9jss of the powder, in dyspepsia, dysentery, flatulence, hysteria, and intermittents.
Enters into Infus. Cuspariie. L. Tinct. Angustura?. D. CfrrTLB«Fi8H Bone. See Os SsPiiB.
Ctanic Acid of Libbeo is prepared by dissolving 100 grains of mercury in an ounce and a half by measure of nitric acid sp. gr. 1*3, and when cold adding by measure two ounces of alcohol sp. gr. 0*849. This is heated till it e£Eervesces briskly, when a detonat- ing compound is formed, which is composed of cyanic acid and oxide of mercury.
AT. W'dhler's Cyanic Acid is obtained by transmitting sulphuretted hydrogen gas through water in which cyanate of silver is sus-
Digitized by
104 CYNG
ponded. The add thus formed^ howerer, is only permanent for a few hours.
Ctanoobn^ or Prussine, a gas obtained by heating perfectly dry prussiate of mercury^ in a glass retort^ or a tube closed at one extremity. It iirst blackens^ then li(iuefies> and the cyanogen comes over^ and must be collected over merciuy. it forms compounds with the - metak called cyanides, and wkh salifiable bases called cyanate% or hydro- cyanates, and cyanurets.
CyANUBKTUM Hydbaboybi. D. Mix together six parts of cyanoiti of iron^ add five parts of the nitric oxide of mercury, and forty parts of distilled water, hot. Boil for half an hoiy:, stirring it the while, and then filter through blotting-paper. Wash the residue with distilled water, evaporate the filtered solutions, and cool ta obtain crystals. Medicifialfy it is more convenient than the prussic add for external applications.
Cyanurbtum PoTiissii. New. Cyanuret of Potass u prepared by ex* posing to a long-continued heat a portion of ferro-cyanate (ferru- • ginous prussiate) of potass, till the cyanuret of iron is decomposed, and the potassium remains, the residuum being impure cyanuret oC potassium, which is dissolved itk water, and the impurities subside.. It is very pure, white, and transparent. MedicinaUtf the dose is gr. -^ to gr. j id scrofula, &c.
Cyanurbtum Zinci. New, Cyanuret oi dnc is prepared by predpi- tating the sulphate of sine by the hydrocyanate of potass, when a triple hydrocyanate of zinc is formed ; which, when wejl dried and calcined to a dork red, is the cyanuret (^ zinc, but is also mixed with, cyanuret of potass. Medicinal^ the dose gr. ■^, cautiously increased to gr. j, is a powerful vermifuge, and a substitute for hydrocyanic acid.
Cyclamen Europjium. P. Common Cyclamen, the fresh root or whidi is aromatic, acrid, bitter, and drastico-cathartic in doses of 588* to 5 j of the powder, as a vermifuge, and in schirrous tumours, gan* glions, &c.
Cydonije Skmina. L, P. Quince Seeds, Pyrus (ydtmia. The fruit and seed^ of the "quince are mucilaginous, cooling, and astringent* given in cases of vomiting; in form of infusion as an injection) in gonorrhoea ; and externally in excoriations, being more viscid than, gum arabic ; but it does not keep. Enters into Decoct. CydoniK. L.
Cynapia. This, inaccurately given Cynopia, is the alkaline base of iExHusA Cynapium, or fool's parsley.
CvNGOLOissuM OyFiciNALE. P. Houuds Tong\ic. A feeble aru«
Digitized by
DALE 105
matic,^ mucilagmousy narcotic^ and astringent^ in phthisis^ ca- tarrhsy &c
CrPBBUs. Several species have finely aromatic roots.
Cypress Powder is a fragrant compound prepared by pounding to- gether above a dozen sorts of aromatics. It is used in perfuming^ quilting, stuffing, &c. \
Cypress Roots* The roots of the Cupreuus semperviretts, P. are, as well as the leaves and fruit, aromatic, bitter, and astringent. Said to be a powerful vermifuge, and used in infusion for destroying vermin.
Cystic Oxid^ A substance peculiar to the urine, and sometimes, though very rarely, forming entire calculi It may be known by its solubility in alkalies, and most adds, except the acetic, which readily precipitates it from urine when it exists there. It has also a peculiar odour when burnt. (Pbout.)
Cytisinb. New, An alkali found in the seeds of the Cylisus laburnum, by digesting them in hot. alcohd, evaporating the liquid, dissolving the residuum in water, and adding the acetate of lead. The liquid is then freed from the lead by sulphuretted hydrogen, and the fluid again filtered and evaporated. Medicinally cytisine is bitter and emetic.
D.
Dappy's Elixir {Diceift)* Take 5iv of senna leaves, 5ij each of rasped guaiac wood, dried elecampane root, coriander-seeds, anise- seeds, caraway-seeds, and liquorice root, Jviij oi stoned ndsins, Ovj of proof vpxiu Digest for a week, strain through bibulous pcqper^ and add half a pound of treacle. Sometimes given to horses. Swinlon's Dajffy's Elixir. Take ibiij of jali^ root, Jxjj of senna- leaves, Jiv each of coriander-seed, anise-se^, liquorice root, and elecampane root, one gallon each of wine and water. Digest for three weeksi, strain, and add a gallon of treade. Dose ^ij to 5vj as
' a carminative.
Dahline. a vegetable principle discovered in the tubes of dahlias^ and similar to inolin and starch.
Dalby's Carm inatitb. Take 5ivss of rincture of opium, Jijss of tinc- ture of assafoetida, 5 j of oil of carui, 5ij of oil of peppermint, 5^j^ of tincture of castor, 5vj of rectified spirit ; mix, and put 5ij into each bottle, with 5J of carbonate of magnesia, fill up with simple syrup. Or, Mix 3ij of carbonate of magnesia, one drop of oil of peppermint^
Digitized by
106 DAUC
two drops of oil of nutmeg, three drops of oil of anise -seed^ 30 drops of tincture of castor^ 15 drops of tincture of assafoetida, 5 drops of tincture of opium, 1 5 drops of spirit of pennyroyal, SO drops of com- > pound tincture of cardamoms, and Jij of peppermint water.
Damask Po wdeb, in perfumery, is prepared by beating well in a mortar Ibiij of cypress powder and dry damask roses. Sift the powder through a fine cypress sieve, beating it and returning it till it is snfficiently fine. The roses make it light and soft
Pamson Jam, See Jam.
Dandblion. See Taraxacum.
Daphne Gnidium. P. Flax-leaved Daphne, the see^f and bark of which are poisonous, irritating, and acrid.
Daphns Laubeola. p. Spurge Laurel is used in form of tincture as a vesicatory and caustic. It is frequently sold for mezereon.
Daphnb Mezereon. See Mezereon.
Daphnin. This is procured by concentrating the alcoholic infudbn of the bark of Daphne alpina. ( Vauquelin.)
Dates. P. Fruit of the Date or Palm-tree, cooling, expectorant, and nutritive, in coughs, -phthisis, &c
Daturia, or Daturinb. New. A chemical principle found by M. Brandes in the Datura Stramonium, but still imperfectly known*
Datubs Stramonii Herba. £. D. P. Thorn-apple. It is a bitter, nauseous, narcotic sedative and antispasmodic, in doses of gr. j of the powder, cautiously increased to gr. xx every 24 hours ; or gr. ss to gr. ij of the inspissated juice in melancholy, the mania of pregnancy, dementia, epilepsy, convulsions, chronic pains, carcinoma, &c. Smoked like tobacco it relieves asthma, but is dangerous if carried to any extent. It is anodyne in form of cataplasm to painful sores.
Incompatible with the salts of iron, lead, mercury, and silver, which precipitate the infusion; the mineral acids diminish its powers,
• while the vegetable adds, such as the acetic, increase them. PoiwnoHs in large doses, producing vertigo, delirium, stupor, palsy,
convulsions, and death. The best treatment is the exhibition of a brisk emetic of 9j of sulphate of zinc, or gr. x of sulphate of copper in 3j of water, and dashing cold water over the head. When the stomach is emptied, large draughts of vinegar and water, or other vegetable acid, which will stimulate the stomach, though given
• before full vomiting ; it will increase the effects of the poison, by dissolving and diffusing it. See Beck's Med, Jurisprud.
Tests. None yet discovered, but it may be recognised by the smelL Dauci Radix. L. E. D. P. Root of the Carrot Daucus carolta, D. sativus, D. si/lvestris, or D. vulgaris, a native plant, the seeds of which are pungent, aromatic, diuretic, and carminative, in doses of
Digitized by
DECO 107
3tj to 5 j bruised ; and- the root is sweet, mucilaginous, emollient, nutritiFe, and externally anodyne, detersive, and antiseptic, applied in form of poultice to foul and indolent sores.
Davidson's Rembdy for Cancer is said to consist of powdered hem- lock and arsenic
Deadly Nightshade. See Belladonna.
De Bruns's CoLLYRiUM. Mix Jiij of white wine and rose water, with 5j of the watery extract of aloes.
Decoction op the Woods. See Decoct. Guaic. Coup.
Decoctions are preparations of vegetable medicines by boiling them in water to extract their virtues. The substances should be bruised or sliced, completely covered with soft water, and filtered while hot through linen not too fine. No herb having volatile principles should be decocted, as the boiling expels these ; and small quan- tities only should be made, as decoctions soon ferment, and become sour.
Dbcoctum Album. P. White Decoction. Take 5ij of calcined harts- horn, 5iij of barley-bread crumbs, ^ of white sugar; simmer for half an hour in Oj of water ; strain and add Jss of orange*flower water, or ^j of good cinnamon water. Medicinally it is emollient in diarrhoeas, catarrhs, &c. Laudanum is^ sometimes added to render it anodyne.
Dbcoctum Aloes Comfositum. L. Compound Decoction of Aloes.
Take ^ss of extract of liquorice, 9ij of subcarbonate of potass, 5J
each ci spiked aloes in powder, myrrh in powder, and saffron, Jiv
compound tincture of cardamoms, Oj of Water. Boil down the
liquorice, the subcarbonate of potass, the aloes, the myrrh, and the
safiron, with the water, tojxij, and strain ; then add the compound
tincture a( cardamoms. It is improved by keeping.
Incompatible with metallic salts, such as acetate of lead, and of am-
• monia, sulphate of zinc, magnesia, oxymuriate of mercury, tartarized
antimony, muriate of ammonia, alum, lime, borax, and all mineral
and strong acids.
- Medicinalfy it is an exceHent laxative in chlorosis, dyspeptic costive-
ness, and hypochondriasis, in doses of Jss to Jij in the morning. Dbooctum Althmjr Officinalis. £. Decoction of Marsh-maUows. Take Jiv of the roots of marsh-mallows dried and bruised, ^ij of raisins stoned, Ovij of water, boil to Ov, and decant. It smells like boiled turnips, and tastes sweetish. Medicinally it is emollient and nutritive in inflammation of the kidneys ^
and Uadder, and anod3me in fomentations. Decoctum Amarum. p. Bitter Decoction. Take 5j of yellow gen- tian root, Oij of water, boil for a quarter of an hour ; add 51) of
Digitized by
108 DECO
bittei-s (vix., wormwood, lesser centaury^ and sage), infuse for two
hours, and strain without pressure. Medicinally f it is tonic and stomachic in doses of Jss to 3ij, four times
a day. Decoctum Anthehidis Nobilis. £. Decoction of Chamomile. Take
5j of dried chamomile flowers, Jss of bruised caraway-seeds, Ov of
water, boil for a quarter of an hour and strain. Medicinally it is used in enemas and fomentations, as a nlild anodyne. Decoctum Arctii LappjE. Decoction of Burdock. Take Jjss to Jij
of burdock root, ^xvj of water, boil down to Jxij and strain. Decootuh CACtJMiNUM PiNi CoMPosiTUM. . Take ^j of the tops of
Scotch fir, ^ j of comfrey root, ftij of water, boil for a quarter of an
hour, press, and strain. Decoctum Calumbje Ck)MP06iTUM, compound decoction of calumba is
prepared by taking Jij each of calumba root bruised and chips of
quassia, Jj of orange-peel, 9j of rhubarb in powder, ^ss of carbonate
of potash and ^xx of water, boiling it down to a pint, and adding
^ of tincture of lavender. Medicinally it is toniof and is prescribed in convalescence from fev&c in
the dose of ^ij three times a day. Decoctum Cassijb. P. Decoction of Cassia. Take Jjss of cassia pulp,
Ojss of water ; boil a few minutes, strain without pressure, and add
3i of syrup of violets, and Jij of manna. Medicinally it is laxative in doses of 5vj thrice a day. Decoctum Chabismsli Compositum. D. Compound Decoction of
Chamomile, the same as the simple decoction, except that frainel-
seeds are used instead of caraways. Decoctum CiNCHONis. L. £. D. Decoction of Bark. Take Jj of bark
bruised, Oj or Ojss of water; boil for ten minutes in a vessel slightly
covered, and strain while hot. Incompatible with preparations of iron, arsenic, nitrate of silver, sul- phate of zinc, oxymuriate of mercury, tartarized antimony, alum,
muriate of ammonia, or galls. Medicinally it is given in doses of Jj to ^v, when the bark in sub-»
stance nauseates the stomach, and as a vehicle for other medicines,
such as the black draught, rhubarb, snake root, and other bitters or
stomachics. Decoctum Cydonije. L. Decoction of Quinces. Take 5ij of quince- seeds, Oj of water, boil gently for ten minutes, and strain. It does
not keep. Incompatible with acetate of lead, alcohol, adds, and metallic salts,
which coagulate it. • Medicinally it is good for injections, gargles, &c., and applied to cry-
Digitized by
DECO 109
sipelatous swelliDgs, inflamed eyes, &c. It is used also internally as
an emollient in gonorrhcea, in irritation of the stomach and bowels,
dropsy, &c. Decoctum Dafhnbs Mbzbrki. £. D. Decoction of Mexereon. Take
5ij of the bark of mezereon root, %a9 of liquorice root bruised, Oiij
of water ; boil over a gentle fire to Oij and strain. It is sudorific
and alterative in chronic rheumatism and syphilis, in doses of Jiij to
Jvj thrice a day. Decoctum Digitalis* D. Decoction of Digitalis. Take jj of the
dried leaves of foxglove, and a sufficient quantity pf water to make
Jviij of decoction. Let it begin to boil gently, then remove it, digest
15 minutes and strain. IncompatibU with watery preparations of Peruvian bark, and with
superaeetate of lead and sulphate of iron. Medicinally it is sedative, narcotic, and diuretic, in doses of 5ij to 5iij
twice or thrice a day; but it is variable in strength, and therefore
not a good preparation. Decoctum Dulcamara. L. D. Decoction of Bitter-sweet, or Woody
Nightshade. Take ^j of the stalks of bittlsv-sweet sliced, Ojss of
water, boil to about a pint, and strain. MedidnaUy it is given in doses Jss to Jj in lepra and other cutaneous
disorders, as an alterative and diaphoretic ; also in phthisis ; and to
increase the power of sarsapariUa, with sassafras and guaiac, in
rheumatism and syphilis. Dboootum Galljb. Decoction of Galls. Take Jss ci bruised galls,
Oijss of water, boil down to Oij, strain and add ^j of tinctiu*e of
galls. Medicinalfy in form of fomentation, enema, or injection in prolapsus
aui, pil€^ and leucorrhcea. (Dr. Copland.) Decoctum Gkofjubm Inbrmis. £. D. Decoction of the Bark of the
Cabbage-tree. Take Jj, in powder, of the cabbage-tree bark, Oij of
water ; boil over a slow fire to Oj, and strain. Medicinalfy it is narcotic, purgative, and vermifuge, in doses to children
of 5ij, and to adults of ^ss to ^ij, for worms. Poisonous in large doses, producing violent vomiting, and retching,
with fever and delirium, for which the best remedies are acids,
castw oil, and warm water. Drcootum GlyctrrhizjB. D. Decoction of Liquorice. Take ^jss of
bruised liquorice-root and Oj of water by measure, boil for ten
minutes and strain. It is a good vehicle for other preparations. Decoctum Guaiaci Compositum. E. D. P. Compound Decoction of
Guaiac, or Decoction of the Woods, Take Jiij chips of guaiac wood,
5ij of raisins, 5j each of bruised sassafras-root and bruised liquorice-
Digitized by
110 DECO
root, and Ox of water. Boil down the raisins and guaiacin the water over a slow fire to Ov, adding the other things towards the end, and strain. Medicinalfy it is a sudorific and diaphoretic stimuhint in doses of Jiij or Jvj every three or four hours, for rheumatism, scrofula, diseases of the skin, and syphilitic disorders, but is becoming unfashionable.
Dbooctum Guaiaci Compositum et Purgans. p. Purgative Decoc- tion of Guaiac is similar to the above, with the addition of rhubarb and carbonate of potass.
Dbcoctum Ha^atoxyli. D. Decoction of Logwood. Take Jjss of
logwood shavings, 5j of bruised cinnamon-baric, and Oij of water
by measure. Boil the wood in the water down to Oj, add the
cinnamon, and strain.
Incompatible with tartar emetic, the salts of iron, lead, and copper, and
with muriatic, nitric, and sulphuric add. Medicinal^ it is tonic, in doses of J j to Jiij ad libitum for diarrhoea, dyspepsia, &c
Dbcoctum Hbllbbori. See Decoctum Veeatri.
Dbcocti Hordbi. L. E. D. P. Barley Water. Take jij of barley, Oivss of water. Wash the barley in cold water, boil it for a few minutes in Oss of the water, strain this off, throw it away, add the remainder, and boil down to Oij, and strain. Medicinalfy it is emollient and nutritive, and may be drunk in any quantity in nephritis, strangury, acute blenorrhoea, &c.
Dbcoctum Hordbi Compositum. L. D. Compound Decoction of Barley, or Sherbet, or Pectoral Decoction. Take Oij of the de- coction of barley, Jij of figs sliced, Jss of liquorice-root sliced and bruised, ^ij of raisins stoned, Oj of water. Boil to Oij, and strain. Medicinalltf it is an elegant and excellent demulcent for allaying thirst in inflammatory fevers, pleuritis, &c. It is slightly laxative.
Dbcoctum Kina Kinje Simplbx. P. Simple Decoction of Bark. Take Jj of Peruvian bark, Oij of water, bcnl for a few minutes in a dose vessel, and add gr. xv of muriate of ammonia, or ^ss of carbo- nate of potass ; strain by pressure, and add Jj of syrup of bark. MedicinaUy it is a good tonic, but is now supplanted advantageously by quinine.
Dbcoctum Kinjb Kinjb Compositum et Laxans. P. Laxative De- coction of Bark, the same as the preceding, with the addition of senna and sulphate of soda.
Dbcoctum Lichbnis. L. E. D. Decoction of Liverwort, or Iceland Moss, Lichen Islandiciis. Take 5 j of Iceland moss, Ojss of water ; boil down to Oj, and strain. Medicinallj^ it is given in doses of a wine-glassful occasionally as a
Digitized by
DECO 111
nutritive and tonic; and as a demulcent in plithisis, chronic catarrh, and hooping-cough.
DecocTUM Malvjb Compobitum. L. Compound Decoction of Mal- low?, Common Clyster decoction. Take 5j of mallow dried, Jss of chamomile flowers, Oj of water ; boil for a quarter of an hour, and strain. MedicinaUjf it is emollient, and used in enemas and fomentations.
DscocTUM Papavbbis. L. D. Decoction of Poppies. Take Jiv of^ poppy heads sliced, Oiv of water ; boil for a quarter of an hour, and strain. Medicinally it is chiefly used as an anodyne fomentation. Dr. Parii says, the seeds should be retained to increase the emollient quality; Mr. Brande says, the seeds should be rejected, because they make it too greasy.
Dbcoctum Pectoralb. See Decoct. Hordbi CoMPoe.
Decoctum Pyroub. D. Decoction of Wintergreen. Take 5j of pyrola umbellata and macerate in Ibij of water by measure for six hours, then bnuse the herb and return it into the liquor, evaporate, strain, and express tUl reduced to Ibj by measure. Medicinally it is tonic and diuretic, in doses of J j to Jij thrice a day for dropsy, hysteria, rheumatism, &c.
Decoctum Qubrcus. L. Decoction of Oak-bark. Take Jj of oak- bark, Oij of water ; boil down to Oj, and strain. Incompatible with alkalies and alkaline earths, the salts of iron, sulphate of zinc, acetate of lead, oxymuriate of mercury, and infusions of Peruvian bark, and solutions of isinglass. Medicinally it is used as an astringent injection in gleets, leucorrhoea, &c, as a fomentation to piles, and as a gargle in atonic sore-throat ; and internally in alvine hemorrhages, diarrhoea, &c* As a bath in the intermittents of infants.
Dbcoctum Sarsafarilljb. L. £. D. Decoction of Sarsaparilla. Take Jiv of sarsaparilla root sliced, Oiv of boiling water, macerate for four hours in a vessel lightly covered near the fire ; then take out the root and bruise it* Return the bruised root to the liquor, and in the same manner macerate for two hours ; then boil to two pints, and strain. Dr. Paris says, it is not good unless it is long boiled ; and Mr. A. T. Thomson, that long boUing injures it. Mr. Brande agrees with Dr. Paris. Incompatible with lime water, nitrate of mercury, and acetate of lead. Medicinally it is given in doses <^ ^v to Oss thrice a day, with milk or without, as a tonic and demulcent in dyspepsia, and secondary syphilis.
Decoctum Sarsaparilljb Compositum. L. D. Compound decoction
Digitized by
112 DECO
of SarsaparilU, similar to the Lisbon diei^rink. Take Oiv of the decoction of sarsaparilla boiling, ^ j each of sassafras root sliced, guaiac wood shavings, and liquorice root bruised, Jiij of bark of mevereon root. Boil for a quarter of an hour, and strain. Incompatible with lime water, nitrate of mercury, and acetate of
lead. Medicinalfy it is given in doses of ^v to Jvj four times a day in secon- dary sjrphilis, chronic rheumatism, and cutaneous disorders, as a tonic and alterative; but chiefly as a restorative after or during a mercurial course.
DfiCOCTUM SciLLJB. Dccoction of Squills, is prepared by taking 5iij aquills, Jiv of juniper, Jiij of senega root, Oiv of water, boiling down to half, straining it, and adding ^v of spirit of nitric ether. MedicinaUy it is diuretic, in doses of one or two ounces often repeated.
Decoctuh Srcalis Cornuti. Decoction of Ergot of Rye. Take 5ij of ergot of rye, Jvij of water, boil dowti to Jiv, remove it from the fire, and after a liiUe pour it off the dregs.
Degoctum Ssnbo.£. L. E. D. Decoction of Senega. Take ^ of senega root, Oij of water, boil down to Oj, and strain. It is pun- gent and hot, stimulant, cathartic, and diuretic in doses of ^ss to Jiij thrice a day in dropsy and chronic gout, and as an expectorant in asthma.
DfiCOCTUM Spartii Cacuminum. Decoction of Broom tops. Take 5j of broom tops shred, Oj of distilled water, boil down to half a pint, and strain. It is given in dropsy, fin^
Decoctum Tauarindi. p. Decoction oi Tamarinds, prepared with Jij to Jiij of tamarinds to Oj of water, as an acidulant and cooling laxative in fever. Incompatible with the salts of potass, which precipitate the tartaric acid of the tamarinds.
Drcoctum Taraxioi. D. Decoction of Dandelion. Take Jiv of fresb dandelion leaves and root, and &iv of water. Boil down to }t>j, and express the strained liquor. Medicinalfy it is tonic and laxative, in doses of ^ to ^ij thrice a day, in morbid derangement of the liver, dyspepsia, &c.
Dbcoctum Tormbntilub. Take 5j of tormentil root bruised, Ojss distilled water, boil down to a pint and strain.
Dbcoctum Ulmi. L. E. D. Decoction of Ehn-bark. Take Jiv of fresh elm-bark bruised, Oiv of water. Boil down to two pints, and strain. It is demulcent, diuretic, and alterative, and used as a sub- stitute for sarsaparilla in secondary syphilis, lepra, and herpes, in doses of Oss four times a day.
Dbcoctum Vbratrt, L. D. Decoction of Hellebore. Take 5j of
Digitized by
DEPI 113
white hellebore hx)t bruised, Oij of water, Jij of rectified spirit. Boil the hellebore root in the water to Oj, strain it, and when cool add the spirit. It is purgative and stimulant, but seldom given inter- naUj. Externally it is used as a stimulant lotion in psora and porrigo; but is not very safe.
D£BA*s Grease does not differ much from mutton suet.
De la Mottb's Golbbn Drops, a solution of iron, prepared by mixing one part of muriate of iron with two parts of rectified spirits, and exposing the mixture to the sun. It it a popular nostrum in nervous disorders, &c
Dblgroix's Depilatory, or Poudrb Subtile, a nostrum composed as all depilatories are, of quicklime and orpiment, that is, sulphuret of arsenic perfumed with orris root powder and starch. It is a dangerous application.
Delescott's Myrtle Opiate, a nostrum used as a tooth-powder, and prepared by simmering Ibij of good drained honey with half a pint of rose water in an earthem vessel, over a gentle fire for a few minutes, and then mixing it with toothpowder prepared from myrrh and Ar- menian bole into a soft paste. It is laid on with a brush, and is good for sweetening the breath.
Delphinia, or Delphinine. New. A vegetable alkali found in the Ddphinium siavisagria, or Stavesacre, and procured by boiling the seeds previously husked, and reduced to a paste in a little distilled water, straining it through linen, adding a little very pure mag- nesia. Then boil for a few minutes, and filter again ; wash the residuum, and digest in highly-rectified spirits of wine; evaporate this liquid, and the delphinia will remain in the form of a white, inodorous, very bitter, and acrid powder. (Lassaionb.) PouonouSf six grains having killed a dog in three hours. In form of the acetate of delphinia it is still more poisonous.
Delphinic Acid. This is procured from the oil of the dolphin (Delphinui Delphis, La Cepede), and is lemon coloured, pungent, and of a strong odour. Soluble in alcohol and very slightly in water.
Delphinium. See Staphisaqria.
Dbntifrices are toothpowders^ prepared from various stimulant and absorbent substances, such as myrrh, charcoal, &c., and perfumed with orris root, &c. See Grosvenor, Hemet, Ruspini, Delescoit, ^.
Depilatories are preparations for removing superfluous hairs, and
are usually composed of arsenic and quicklime, to the great danger
of the skin.
Mr. Boyle's Depilatory. Take equal parts of msma (that is, orpiment)
and quicklime, powder them separately, and dissolve them in water.
Digitized by
114 DICT
tiU they fbrm a thick paste. This is laid over the part* and after- wards removed by a wet doth.
Strong Depilatory. Take Jj of gum ivy and 5 j eadi of orptment, ants' eggs, and gum arabic, reduce to powder, and make into paste with vinegar. Turkish Depilatory. Take Jxv of quicklime and Jtij of oii»ment, reduce them separately to fine powder^ aiiz well asd sift. If too strong, add -^h or ith of starch powder. Form into paste with warm water, and apply as above. See also Robbate Powbbb, Del- CROIX, and Collby.
Dbut, or Deuto. In compound words means two or double, as Deut- oxide of lead^ Deuto-chloride of mercury.
Diachylon, or Diachylum. A well-known plaster. See Emplas- TRUH Plumbi.
DiAC0i>i0N, or DiAOODiUM. See Syrupus PAPATEmis.
DiAORYDiUM, or DiACRYDiUM. One part of quince juice and two parts of scammony digested for 12 hours, and evaporated to dryneas.
DiAPENTB. Mix equal parts of myrrh, laurel berries, gentian root, ivory shavings or filings, and birthwort root. It is sometimes given as a stomachic, with Armenian bole. It is used in farriory as a tonic, but is not very excellent.
DiAPHJBNix. See Elect. DiAPHiBNix. P.
Diaphoretics. Medicines which act on the pores of the skin, some- tiroes called sudorifics. See Conspectus of Preicriptioms.
DiASOORDiUM. P. Electuarium opialum astringens. Take Jjss of water germander, or scordlum leaves, Jss each of red roses, bistort, gentian, tormentil roots, and Barberry-seeds, 5ij each of ginger and long pepper, Jss each of cassia, cinnamon, dittany of Crete, gaUbanum, and gum andnc, }ij of prepared oriental bole, ^ij of vinous exteact of opium, Ibij of honey of roses, Oss of Spanish wine, to make an electuary. Medicinally it is tonic and ad(myne in doses of 9j to 5jss, in dysentery, &c In farriery the dose is Jj to Jij in the diarrhcea, or soourings of cattle.
DiANTHi Caryophylli Flores. E. D. Clove Pink, or Gillyflower, a native of Italy, of a pleasant and aromatic fragrance, and of an astringent bitter taste. It is not much used in Biodem prac- tice. Incompatible with alkalies, acids, and sulphate of iron.
DiCTAJiNUs. P. Dittany of Crete, Origanum dicianmus. The leaves and summits are feebly aromatic, stimulant, and resolvent. It is employed in tooth-ache, and in fomentations. Internally in form of syrup, 5j to Jij as a dose.
Digitized by
DIGI 115
DiGSSTiyss are appUcatioiu which promote suppuration^ and consist of
poultices and ointments. Digestive Ointments, in farriery, are usually composed of resins, turpentine, &c. e, g. Take Jiv eaeh of hogs<-lard ^d strained tur- peBtine, and Jj of verdigrise. Mix.
Or, take each ^v of hogs-lard and Venice turpentine, ^ of finely-pow- dered sulphate of coj[^r, or hluc vitriol. Mix.
Or, take Jiv of ointment of yellow resin, 3j each of oil of turpentine, and of finely-powdered nitric oxide of mercury, or red preci- pitate. Mix.
Or, take Jiv efUih. of ointinent of nitrated mercury, and }j of oil of turpentine. Mix. (White.) DioiTALiNB. Nefv. An alkaline substance, procured from the leaves of Digitalis, by digesting them in ether, and treating the solution with hydrated oxide of lead. It is inodorous, very bitter, very de%ueaoent, and very soluble in water, alcohol^ and ether, and is decomposed by heat.
P<»«ofUNi» in .very small doses, acting like the digitalis, whpse active principle it is. See Beck's Med. Jurupr. Digitalis Folu. L. £, D. P. Foxglove. Digii^Us purpurea. The dried leaves collected in July, are of a fine green colour, with little smeU, but a nauseous, acrid, and bitter, taste. The light and air injure them*
IncompatiMe with watery preparations of Peruvian bark, and with acetate of 1^ apd sulphate of iron.
AduUertUed by ^ herbalists with the leaves of comfrey, verbas- cum, &C.
Medk^naUy digitalis is a powerful nauseant, sedative, narcotic, and diuretic, and sometimes emetic and cathartic It di^oinishes irrita- iHlity, lowers the pulse, and increases the action of the ab- sorbents. It is therefore often prescribed in phthisis, dropsy, pal- pitations, inflammatory disorders^, active hemorrhages, and go- norrhoea.
Dose of the powder gr. j to gr. iij in form of pill, with soap, &c, gra- dually increased till it produces languor, nausea, and diuresis, when it may be a short time dis^ntinu^^ and begun again. The juice or extract is never given.
Pouomous in large doses, producing nausea, retching, hiccup, inter- mitting pulae^ vertigo, didirium, syncope, and death. The best re- medies are cardials, such as brandy aud water, with opium, and when the stomach has been evacuated, vinegar and water. Cold afiusions should also be tried, and a boiling- water blister over the stomach, applied in a blad4^.
i2
Digitized by
116' DRAG
Enters into Decoct, Digitalis. D. Infus. Digitalis. L. E* Tinct. Di- gitalis. L. E. D.
Dill. See Anbtui Semina.
Dinner Pills. See Pilluljb Aloes bt Kinakina. P.
DiosMiB Crbnatje Folia. D. Buchu or Bechu leaves. Lately in- troduced from the Cape, as an astringent, sudorific, and diuretic, which acts somewhat like uva ursi on the urinary organs, and is used in gleet, gonorrhoea, cutaneous eruptions ; and also in dys- pepsia. Incompatible with infusion of galls and sulphate of iron.
Dittander. Pepperwort, Lepidium latifolium, A native plant, very acrid, and stimulating. Used in acute rheumatism, and to hasten parturition.
Dittany. See Dictamnus.
Diuretic Mass, in Farriery. Take ftj of yellow resin powdered, and with a sufficient quantity of soft soap form a mass. Dose from an ounce to an ounce and a half. (Pharm. Veterinary College.)
Diuretics. Medicines which promote urine. See Conspectus qfPre* scriptions.
Dixon's Antibilious Pills. A nostrum composed of aloes, scam- mony, rhuharb, and tartarized antimony, and, of course, a powerful cathartic, and deobstruant.
Dodder. See Cuscuta.
Doo Bane. The Apocynum androsasmifolium. A powerful emetic, in the dose of gr. xxx of the powdered root. (Bioelow.)
Dogwood. The Comus florida, a small American tree, whose bark is used as a substitute for Peruvian bark, in the same doses. It con- tains CORNINE.
Dolichi Pubes. L. E. D. Cowhage, or Cow-itch, DoUchos pruriens, the stiff hairs of the pods, being used as a vermifuge, which act me- chanically in destroying ascarides, and other intestinal worms. It is given in syrup, made of the consistence of honey, in the dose of gr. v to gr. X in the morxiing, and followed after the third day by a smart purgative. It occasions itching about the anus. The cowhage occa- sions violent itching when applied to the skin, which is to be allayed by oil, or a solution of sulphate of iron.
DoRONicuM. P. Leopard's Bane. The root is aromatic, hot, and sti- mulant, and used instead of arnica.
Dover's Powder. See Pulvis ipECACUANHA Compositus.
Dracine. This is procured by mixing cold water with a concenttated alcoholic solution of dragon's blood, when the dracine is pr^pi- tated.
Draconttum. Skunk Cabbage, Dracontium foetidum. The root of
Digitized by
DREN . 117
this plant is of an acrid taste^ and highly recommended in America, as an expectorant and antispasmodic for asthma, hooping-cough, epi- lepsy, and chronic rheumatism. Dbaoon's Blood. A vegetable gum brought from the Canary Islands, the East Indies, and America. It exudes from the Draccena Draco chiefly when the tree is full grown ; for when very young or very old the gum is in small quantity. The produce is increased by inci- sions. Berthollet has given an interesting account of the tree in the Ann, des Scien, Nat, for June 1828. The finest sort is in tears, or drops of an oval form ; the ordinary sort is in cakes and masses, con- taining many impurities. The fine sort also is very light, friable, and of a beautiful deep crimson colour. Used in the arts, and by farriers, for the disease called red water, but without effect
Adulterated with cheaper gums and resins, tinged with cochineal and
Brazil wood. If genuine, it will dissolve entirely in spirits of wine,
without sediment. When heated it smells like benzoin, which it
contains. See Sanguis Draconis.
Draughts, or Potions, differ &om mixtures in being prepared in the
quantity of a single dose. See Effbrvbscing, Saline, &c. Drench. In veterinary pharmacy the same as draughts, or drafts. An inconvenient form of giving medicine to cattle, as some of the drench is always wasted, but it is sometimes the best form for producing a speedy effect. Cordial drenches have ale for their basis, others are prepared with gruel.
Anodyne Drench. Dissolve 5j of opium in ^viij of warm water, and add Oij of boiled starch.
Carminative Drench, Mix Jij of tincture of cardamoms with ^xij of mint water.
Coiic Drench. Dissolve^ 3 v of sulphate of magnesia, ^Ij^ ^^ Castile soap, and 5ij of tincture of opium, in cinnamon water q. s.
Cordial Drench for Cons, Mix 5iv of Barbadoes aloes, Jiv of salts, 5J of powdered ginger, Oij of water, and jij of carminative tincture.
Cough Drench, Soak Jiij of fresh squills in Oj of vinegar for a few hours, press out the liquid, and add ftj of treacle : — ^v of garlic may be substituted for the squills. One-fourth the quantity a dose.
Clater's Drench for Sheep, Boil Jij of red oxide of iron, Jvj of ni- trate of potass, 5iv of ginger in powder, tbiij of common salt in three gallons of water. Let it cool, and add 5xxxvj of oil of turpentine. Dose Jj to 3ij once every four days.
Drench for Calves, Dissolve Jvj of sulphate of magnesia in Oiv of water, and Jij of castor oil.
Drench for Cows, Mix flour of mustard and a little salt with a quart of water, given in what is called the chill, and the yellows.
\
Digitized by
1
US DROP
Drench Jbr Dogs. Dissolve Jss of sulphate of magnesia in Jiv of gruely as a purgatiTe^ and for colic add twenty drops of laudanum.
Laxative Drench Jbr Harm. Dissolve 5^ to Jviij of sulphate of mag- nesia^ or sulphate of soda^ in Oij of whey. Given in feverishness, and in the chiU.
Laxative Drench Jbr Cons, Dissolve Jvj to 5viij of sulphate c^ mag- nesia in Oj of water^ and add ^vj to Jviij of castor oil.
Purgative Drench Jbr Horses, Dwsolve 5j of carbonate of potass, or soda, 5ij of Castile soap, and ^j of Barbadoes aloes, in Oj of water.
Turpentine, or Diuretic Drench for Horses. Rub up 5j ci Venice turpentine with the yolks of two ^gs, and mix with it Oj of mint water. For worms, or stoppage of urine. Drops. In pharmacy, a form ci medicine, the doses of which are mea- sured by drops, but now more accurately by a minim glass measure. See Ague Drop, Black Drop, &c. Drops, in confectionary, are made by dropping various saccharine mix- tures from a copper drop-pan, on paper, or a tin plate.
Chocolate Drops. See Chocolate.
Cinnamon Drops. Take three table-spoonfuls of water ; stir in it as much fine-sifted double-refined sugar as wUl make it into a paste, just to drop off the spoon, put it into the drop-pan, and stir it over the fire till it boils ; let it boil half a minute, take it off the fire, and add ten drops of oil of cinnamon, and stir in quickly with a handful of sifted sugar, to bring it to the consistence of dropping easily out of the pan. Drop on tin plates, and when cold, slip them off on sieves, and put them for a few days in a drying stove.
Chve Drops are prepared in the same way, by pounding good cloves, or using the essence.
Coj^fee Drops. An ounce of good cofiee to a pound of sugar will form a strong decoction. When this is cleared, use it to moisten the sugar, and proceed as with the cinnamon drops.
Ginger Drops. Pound and sift through a fine sieve a sufficient quan- tity of ginger, and add it to the sugar with clear water. Proceed as before.
Lavender Drops are made like the next.
Orange^Fiower Drops, or Lemon Drops. Use essence of neroli, or orange flowers, or essential oil of lemons, and proceed as before.
Peppermint Drops. These require great cleanliness, the finest sugar, and good essence of peppermint.
Rose Drops are prepared like the cinnamon drops, using rose petals or otto of roses, or oil of rhodium.
Digitized by
EATO 119
Dry Vomit of Marriot is prepared with equal parts of sulphate of copper, and tartar emetic.
DuhcAMARJB Caulbs. L. £. D. P. Twigs of Bitter-sweet, or Woodj Nightshade, Solanum dulcamara. A native plant, common in hedges, with purple flowers resembling those of the'potato, but about a half smaller. Medicinalfy it is alterative, dis^oretic, and diuretic, given in decoc- tion, infusion, and extract, for lepra and obstinate cutaneous dis- orders, chronic rheumatism, and in pituitous and tubercular phthisis, as well as jaundice, amenorrhoea, and other obstructions. Mr. Brande talks of it as a useless remedy in spite of all the experienced physi- cians on the continent, backed by CuUen. Pouonous in large doses, or when the berries are incautiously eaten by children, producing nausea, vertigo, delirium, stupor, syncope, con- vulsions, and death. Trealment The best remedies are smart emetics, cold affusion, vin^;ar, and tonics, after the stomach has been evacuated, and brandy and water to relieve the stupor. Enters into Decoct. Dulcamarse. L.
Dutch Drops. A nostrum obtained by distilling oil of turpentine in a glass retort till a red balsam remains, which has also been called Balsam of Turpentine. Or by distilling resin till a thick red oil comes over. Or by dissolving 5iv of flower of sulphur in ^vxij of oil of turpentine. AiuUerated with a mixture of oil of turpentine, tincture of guaiac, spirit of nitric ether, and a little of the oil of amber and cloves, but which is as good, or better, than the genuine. Medicinalfy it is stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, and vermifuge.
Dutch Pink is chalk, or whiting, dyed yellow, with a decoction of birch-leaves, French berries, and alum. It is lighter than yellow ochre, but does not stand when exposed much to the air.
DwAhB. See Belladonna.
Earth op Alum. Used in making paints, and procured by precipitat- ing it from alum, dissolved in water l^ adding ammonia, or potass.
£artb8, chemically speaking, are alumina, silica, magnesia, lime, &c.
Eaton's Styptic. Take Jss of sulphate of iron, Oj of rectified sgmtf and make a tincture. Or, Take Jiv each of galls, and the red oxide of ircm, one gallon of spirit, and make a tincture. It is much the same with the styptic of Helvctius.
Digitized by
120 EAU
£au is French for water, and is used as the name of many distilled waters, &c., borrowed from the French. I shall take the receipts for these chiefly from Bertrand and Cardelli.
Eau d'Anoe. Angel Water. Take a pint each of orange-flower water and rose water, and half a pint of myrtle water, to these put i\ of distilled spirit of musk, and Jj of spirit of ambergris, shake the whole well together, and preserve for use.
Eau d'Ansbrinr. Silver-weed Water. Distilled from the leaves of the PUentiUa anserina, and used for cleaning French gause.
Eau d'Abqrnt. Silver Water. Take the peels of three oranges and bergamots, three pints of brandy, two drachms of bruised cinnamon, a pint and a half of distilled river water, and two pounds and a half of sugar. Distil a pint of liquor from the three first, melt the sugar, mix, strain, and bottle up. Put some silver leaf on a plate with a little of the liquid, incorporate with a fork, and put some into each bottle.
Eau d'Arquebusadb. Vulnerary Water. Take fcv of a mixture of the most aromatic flowers and herbs, the greater the variety the better, and steep for a fortnight in two gallons of proof spirits, then distil one gallon and a half.
Eau db Barbadoes. Citronelle. Take Jiv each of lemon and orange peel, fresh, 5j of coriander-seed, 5ss of cloves, and Oiv of proof spirits, add an equal portion of loaf sugar, and distil in a water bath.
Eau db Beroamotte. Bergamot Water. Take the peels of four ber- gamots, of two oranges, and one citron, three pints of brandy, two pounds of refioed sugar, and a pint and a half of distilled river water. Distil in a water bath.
Eau db Boquet. Take Jss each of essence of violets and spirit of rose- mary, 5 j of essence of lemons, Jviij of rose water, and Ojss of recti- fied spirit. Mix.
Eau db Chasseurs. Huntsmen's Water. Take one pint each of pep- permint water and rectified spirit, and eight ounces of sugar. A cordial dram.
Eau db Cologne. Cologne Water. Take six pints of rectified spirit of wine, fbj^^ of spirit of rosemary, one pound two ounces of eau de melisse des carmes, an ounce and a half of essence of bergamot, 54 of essence of neroli, 5 j of essence of cedrat, one drachm and a half of essence of lemon, and 5 j of oil of rosemary. Mix, and distil in a water bath. It must be kept in a cool cellar. It is celebrated as a perfume ; and, as a cosmetic, was much used by Buonaparte. Or, Take Oj of alcohol, 5 j each of oil of bergamot, oil of orange peel, oil of rosemary, and bruised cardamom-seeds, and Oj of orange- flower water. Distil one pint, by means of a water bath.
Digitized by
EAU 121
Or, Take of the essence of bergamot, lemon-peel^ lavender^ and orange* flower^ of each one ounce ; essence of cinnamon^ half an ounce ; spirit of rosemary, and of the spirituous water of melisse, of each fifteen ounces; strong alcohol » seven pints and a half. Mix the whole to- gether, and let the mixture stand for the space of a fortnight ; after which, introduce it into a glass retort, the body of which is immersed in boiling water contained in a vessel placed over a lamp, while the beak is introduced into a large glass reservoir, well luted. By keeping the water to the boiling point, the mixture in the retort will distil over into the receiver, which should be covered over with wet cloths. In this manner will be obtained pure £au de Cologne. (Dr. A. B. Gbanville.) Imitated, by pouring into a bottle containing ^ of spirit of wine, 5ij each of essence of bergamot and oil of rosemary, 20 drops of essence of lemon, and 12 drops of essence of neroli, or oil of orange. Cork the bottle well, and seal it with wax, shake it frequently, for the six following days, and then add 3 j of balm water. Cork, seal, and shake it again for three or four days, when it will be ready. Care must be taken to mix the ingredients in this order, for if the balm water is added before the others it will spoil it. Adulterated with distilled water, and with alcohol scented with rose- mary oil and bergamot essence.
Eau Divine. Divine Water. Take 5 j each of essence of bergamot and essence of lemons, one gallon of rectified spirit, distil in a water bath, and Ibiv of sugar, dissolved in two gallons of distilled water, and lastly 5iv of orange-flower water.
Eau d'Husson. See Eau Medicinale.
Eau de Javelle. A solution of chloride of potass in water, sold as a bleaching liquor.
Eau de Luce. Take gr. x of Castile soap, 9j of rectified oil of amber, 3 j of rectified spirit of wine, dissolve, and add jiv of pure solution of ammonia. See Spiritus Ammonia Succinatus.
Eau de Marbchale. Take gr. xx of musk, 3 j each of essence of ber- gamot, oil of lavender, and oil of cloves, gr. ij of essence of amber, 15 drops of oil of sassafras, 20 drops of oil of origanum, and Oiv of rectified spirits. Mix.
Eau Medicinale. Medicinal Water of Husson, for gout. The com- position of this water was first discovered by Dr. Wilson, of Yoxford, after giving rise to much conjectural analysis, and being said to be composed of hellebore, hyoscyamus, hedge-hyssop or gratiola, &c. The formula given by Dr. Wilson is: Take two parts of the ex- pressed juice of the flowers of the Colchicum mttumnale, and one part of brandy. Mix them, and, in order to allow the impurities to
Digitized by
122 EDIN
tubsidey set apart the mixture for a few days in a vessel, and then decant off the dear liquor, and ke^ it in bottles, closely stopped for use. When too little spirit has been added, the £au Medicinale is liable to effervesce, and become sour. Neither wine, nor the bulbs of the colchicum, enter into the composition, as Dr. Paris, Mr. Brande, and others affirm.
£au ds Mblissb DBS Carmbs. Balm Water of the Carmdite Friars. Take Jiv of dried balm^leaves and flowers, 3\i ^^ dried lemon-peel, 3 j each of nutmeg and coriander-seeds, 5iv each of doves, cinnamon, and angelica root, Oij of rectified spirit of wine, and Oij of brandy. Steep, and distil in a water bath, and afterwards redistiL Or, take Ovuj of spirit of balm, Oiv of spirit of citron bark, Oij each of spirit of nutmeg and of coriander, Oj each of spirit of rosemary, of thyme, of dnnamon, of anise, of marjoram, of hyssop, of sage, of angelica root, and of doves. Mix, and distil, and keep it for twdve months in a cool cellar, or ice-house. This is the original receipt. The water is a good stimulant cosmetic, and is taken inwardly in palsy, &c.
£au db Milleflburs. Take gr. xx of musk, or 5 j of musk bags, and Oij of angel water, and add a few drops of essence of ambergris. Or, take ^ij each of spirit oi jasn\ine and essence of bergamot, 58s of essence of lavender, J^iij of orange-flower water, and Ojss of rectified spirit of wine. Mix and keep in a cool place.
£au d'(£illbt. Pink Water. Take Ihj of red dove pinks, 5 j of gilly- flowers, both bruised, Oiv of brandy, Oij of water, and Ibiv of sugar. Infuse the flowers in the brandy for a week, distil Oij, and mix with the water in which the sugar has been dissolved, colour with cochi- neal, and strain.
£au de Rabel. See ^ther Sulphuricus.
£au sans Parbil. Take two gallons of fine old honey water, put it into a still cs^ble of holding four gallons, and add the thinly-pared rinds of six or eight good fresh citrons, which ought ndther to be green nor mellow ripe, for in both these cases the fragrance will not be fine. Now add 60 or 70 drops of fine Roman bergamot, and having luted the appanftus weU, let the whole digest for 24 hours in a moderate heat. Draw off by a water bath heat about one gallon. It improves by keeping, and the older the better. This is much superior to the common French £au sans PareiL Or, dissolve in Ovj of rectified spirit, Jiv of fine essence of dtron, JU of essence of bergamot, a few drops of oil of amber, and add enough of orange-flower water.
FniNBURGH Ointment, for itch, and tetter, is prepared with lard, white hdlebore, and muriate of ammonia.
Digitized by
ELAT J2S
Ofy with one part of pitch> and two parts each of lard and sulpliur. EflL Oil, procured by roasting eels, is employed as an unguent for stiff
joints, and by ironmongers to preserve polished steel from rust. £FFSRy£8ci^a Draught is what may be called an apology for soda
water. Dissolve 9j of subcarbonate of potass, or soda, in ^j of
water, and ^ij of cinnamon water with ;)jss of syrup of orange-peel.
Add a table-spoonful of fitesh lemon juice> and drink immediately.
It is cooling in fever, Arc. Egyptiacum. See Linimentum ^RDOiNta. £i<£OSAccHARA. An old term for preparations made by triturating in
a mortar 58s of any essential oil with Jjss of powdered white sugar,
and sometimes an ounce or so of magnesia. In this way are pre- pared Eleosaccharum succini, anethi, anisi, oarui, dnnamomi, pulegii,
origani, &c £i<AiN. The oily principle of solid fats procured by dissolving tallow in
alcohol, crystallizing the stearin, and evaporating the alcohol.
(Chbvrsuil.) Elaiodic Acid is formed when castor oil is converted into soap along
with the ricinic and tnargaric adds. Elaiodon, a name given by Herberger to the Igreusine of BouUay. EijAbtic Gtnc. Caoutchouc, or Indian rubber, is the exudation of se- veral American trees, particularly Jatropha eloHica. Elatbrii Prponss. L. £. D. Fruit of the Wild Cucumber, Momor^
dica daterium, A native of the south of Europe. It is acrid, and
without smelL It contains datine. Medicinally it is drastico-cathartic, and hydragogue, in doses of gr. ss
to gr. iij, in form of piU in anasarca, ascites, and hydro-thorax, but
is apt to bring on hypercatharsis. Poisonous in large doses, producing violent vomiting and h3rperca-
tharsis, with watery stools, sinking, syncope, cold sweats, and death.
The best remedies are cordials, and mucilaginous opiates, such as
enemas of starch and opium. Enters into Ext. Elaterii. L. E. D. Elatbrinb. New. A principle discovered in the Elaterium by M.
Brandes in the proportion of -iVr > soluble in alcohol, but scarcely
soluble in water or sther. Elatinb. New. The active principle of elaterium, procured from the
juice which surrounds the seeds of elaterium, 40 wUd cucumbers
yielding gr. vj when freed from impurities. The elaterium of the
shops contains iV of elatine. (Dr. Paris.) Medicinally when given in doses of gr. -A- it is violently purgative and
hydragogue. Poisonous like the preceding, and requiring the same treatment.
Digitized by
124 ELEC
Eldbr-Bbrry Wins. Take one part of elder berries and two parts of water^ boil half an hour^ run the liquor and break the fruit through a hair sieve, then to every quart of juice put three quarters of a pound of Lisbon sugar, boil a quarter of an hour with some Jamaica pepper, ginger, and a few cloves. Pour it into a tub, and, when of a proper warmth, into the barrel, with toast and yeast to make it work. When it ceases to hiss, put a quart of brandy to every eight gallons, and stop it up. Bottle it at Christmas, or in spring.
Elder Flowers. See Sambuci Florb8»
Elecampane. See Helbnium.
Elbotuaribs are medicinal preparations, now more commonly called confections, and conserves, which see.
Elbctuarium de Aloe Ck>MPOsiTUM, P. Compound Electuary of Aloes, or Hiera pier a. Take 5vj each of cinnamon, mace, asarum root, safiron, and lentisc, Jxij of Socotrin alo§s, and &iij of honey. Mix. Medicinally it is given in doses of 9j to 5 j as a warm stomachic and tonic ; and as a purgative in icterus and amenorrhoea.
Elbctuarium de Aloe, Muriate Htdraroyri, et Frrro. P. Mesenteric Opiate. Take ^ of gum ammoniac, 5^ ^^ senna, 51) each of muriate of mercury, arum root, and Socotrin aloes, 5iij each of rhubarb and compound powder of scammony, Jss of filings of iron, bruise, and mix with double the weight of compound syrup of apples. Medicinally it is given in doses of 5SS to 5ij as an aperient and deob- struent, in obstructions of the spleen, liver, and mesenteric glands.
Elbctuarium Aromaticum. See Confectio Aromatica.
Elbctuarium de Baccis Lauri. See Confectio Rut£.
Elbctuarium CAssiiE. E, D. See Confectio Cassi^e, and Conserva Cassijb.
Elbctuarium de Croco. P. Hyacinthine Electuary. Take 5iv each of terra sigillata (pipe clay), and crabs' eyes, 5xj of cinnamon, 5J88 of leaves of dittany of Crete, and yeUow saunders, reduce to fine powder; then take ftjss each of Narbonne honey, syrup of capillaire, and white sugar, with q. s. of water, make a syrup, and when nearly cold add gradually 5iij each of safiron, and red saunders in powder, then by degrees the former powder, and 16* drops of oil of citron-peel. Medicinally it is cardiac and antacid in doses of 5 j to ^ss, or more. Dr. Paris says, that out of all the ingredients, only three, the crabs' eyes, cinnamon, and saffron, have any efficacy. I would refer him in reply to his own. O. b. " P/iarmacologia" I p. 394, edit. 1829'
Elbctuarium Catechu Compositum. E. D. Compound Electuary of Catechu. Take 5iv of extract of catechu, ^iij of gum kino, 5 j each of cinnamon, bark, and nutmegs, 5 jss of opium dissolved in q. s^ of
Digitized by
ELIX 125
white Spanish wine, and syrup of roses of the thickness of honey. Boil down to ibij, — 3x contain gr.j of opium. Medicinally it Is cordial and astringent in doses of 9j to 5 j.
£i«£CTUARiUM Dentifricium. P. Dentifrice Electuary. Take Jiv of prepared red corals Jj each of cuttle-fish bone and cinnamon, Jss of cochineal^ gx of Narbonne honey^ 5ss of alum, pulverize the three first substances, and bruise together the two last^ with a small quan- tity of water till of a purple colour, then add the honey. Perfume it with one drop of any volatile oil to the drachm.
Electuarium Diaphanix. p. Diaphsnix Electuary. Take ftss of date pulp, Si\J88 of sweet almonds blanched, Ibss of sugar in powder, mix, and add &ij of clarified honey, and the following powders, sepa- rately prepared, vix., 5ij each of ginger, black pepper, mace, cinnamon, and flowers of rue, gr. vj of saffron, 5ij each of fennel and carrot seeds, Jiv of the root of convolvulus turpethum, and Jjss of Aleppo scammony. Mix. Medicinally it is given in doses of 5ss to Jss, as a purgative in mucous affections, dropsy, apoplexy; and in enema, for colica pic- tonum.
Elbctuarium Sbnnjb. D. See Confbctio Senn^^.
Elxctuabicth Hiera Picra. See Expect, de Aloe Compos.
Elbctuarium Lenitivum. Lenitive Electuary. See Confbctio
SENNiB.
Elbctuarium de Kinakina. P. Electuary of Peruvian Bark, or
Febrifuge Opiate. Take 5xviij of bark in powder, 5 j of muriate of
ammonia, Jij each of honey and syrup of wormwood. Mix. Medicinally it may be given in a dose of ^ij divided into three portions,
one every hour, before the access of intermittents. Elbctuarium Opiatum Polypharmacum. P. See Theriacum. Elbctuarium Thbbaicum. O. See Confbctio Opii. Elbmi. L. D. a gum resin, procured from the Amyris elendfertu It
has a fragrant odour like that of fennel-seeds, but stronger, and a
bitter taste. AduUeraied with inferior gum resins, but may be known to be genuine
from its peculiar odour, and a yellow or greenish semi-transparent
appearance. It is very fragrant also when burnt. Medicinally it is stimulant, and is used in making yellow basilicon
ointment, for stimulating blisters, ulcers, &c Enters into Ung. Elemi Comp. L. D. Elixir. An indefinite term, applied to tonic and stimulant medicines,
and sometimes to purgatives, &c It was the belief of many in
ancient times that there was a universal elixir. Elixir Acidum Dippbi^lii. DippeVs Acid Elixir, a foreign nostrum.
Digitized by
126 ELIX
Take ^ of tulpfauric oad, Oj of rectified spuiti of wine, mix, and add 588 each of kennes grains and saffiron. Digest and strain.
Elixib Antihtstbeicum Duribtzii. Durlets's Antihysteric Elixir, a foreign nostrum. Take 5ij of assafoetida, jss eadi of opium and muriate of ammonia, Jiij of castcnr. Mix, digest, and strain.
Elixir Antiscorquticum. P. Antison^ulous Elixir. Take ^j of gentian root, bruised, 5ij (^ carbonate of ammonia, mix, and digest for four days in Oij of alcohol, and strain. In doses <^ 5ij to Jij once or twice a day, as a tonic and stimulant in scrofulous swellings.
Elixir Aktisbptiouh. P. Chaussier's Antiseptic Elixir. Take ^ of grey Peruvian bark, Jss of cascarilla, 5iij of cinnamon, jss of safiron, 5xxxviij of white sugar; mix, and put into a matrass with Oj of white wine ; digest for two days, frequently shaking the mix- ture, decant, and add 5 jss of sulphuric ether, dose the mouth of the ▼essel, and shake for a few minutes. Medicinally it is tonic, stimulant, and antiseptic, in doses cf 5ss to ^.
Elixir Carminatjyum. P. Carminative Elixir of Sylvius. Take four parts of Angelica root, six parts each of masterwort root and galangale, 48 parts each of leaves of rosemary, maijorum, rue, and basil, 12 parts of laurel-berries, I6 parts each of angelim-aoeds, lovage-seeds, and anise^seeds, six parts each of ginger and nutm^ four parts each of citron-peel and cloves, bruise and mix with 1500 parts of alcohol, digest two days, and distil 1000 parts in a water bath. MedidnaUy it is given in doses of 598 to Jss, as a warm stimulant tonic
Elixir db Garus. P. Elixir de Garus. Take SS8 parts of aloes, 64 parts of myrrh^ 32 parts of sa£fron, I6 parts each of cinnamon, cloves, and nutm^ 1000 parts of alcohd, 500 parts of disdllad orange* flower water. Mix and digest for two days, and distil 4000 parts in a water bath. Add 5000 parts of syrup of capillaire.
Medicinally it is given in doses of 5ss to J j twice a day, as a warm, stimulant stomachic*
Elixir of Lonobvitt of Dr. Jemitc. See Tinctura Alob9 Coh- PO8ITA.
Elixir MTRRHis. London Elixir of Myrrh. Take Jss of extract of savin, and dissolve in Jvj of tincture of mynh, and Jiij of tincture of castor, and strain. It is used in chlorosis, &c
Elixir Parbgorigum. Paregoric Elixir. Take jj each of purified c^um and flowers of benxoin, 3y of camphor, 5 j of oil of anise-seed, Oij of rectified jqpirits of wine. Or, according to the Edinburgh Pharm. add ammoniated alcohol : the London Pharm. leaves out the anise oil.
Digitized by
ELIX 127
Medicinalfy it is anodyne and stimulant; in coughs^ irritations of the respiratory passages^ and hooping-coughs^ in doses of twenty to a hundred drops. — Jss by measure contains gr. j of opium.
£i.ixiB Pbopribtatib. See Tinci^ura Aloe8 CoMroeiTA, and TjNCT. Al. cum Myrrba.
£i,ixiR Proprietatib Hblmontii. Van Helmoat's Elixir of Pro- priety. Take Jj each of myrrh^ alo&> and safiitm^ 5VJ of sal am- moniacy Jviij of the subcarbonate of potass, Oij of white wine; digest seven days. Medicmalfy it is tonic in small doses of 5ij, and cathartic in larger
E1.IXIR Sacrum. O. Sacred Elixir. Take 3j each of Soootrine alo^ rhubarb root, and laurel-berries, Oij of rectified spirit ; digest for seven days and strain. Dose 5j to Jiij as a stomachic, and 5vj as a pui^tive. See Tinctura Rhei.
Elixir Salutis. See Tinctura Sbnna, and Daffy's Elixir.
Elixir Stomachicum. See Tinctura Gbntian. Comp.
Elixir Visgeralb Hoffmanni. P.' Hofiman's Elixir. Take 5j each of fresh (urange-peel, extract of the blessed thistle, of cascarilla, of gentian, erythnea centaurium, of yellow gentian, and myrrh, and Oij of Spanish wine. Macerate the barks in the wine for two days; press and dilute the extracts; mix, and strain. MedicinaJhf it is stimulant, tonie^ and stomadiic, in doses of Jss to ^ j twice or thrice a day.
Elixir Viscbralb Kleinii is the same as the preceding, with the addition of 5iij of tartaric acid.
Elixir Viscbralb Rosbnbteinii. Rosenstein's Elixir. Take Jss of orange-peel, freed from the inner layer of white, 3xvj of the best rhubitfb, 3j of acetate of potass, Jvij of white French wine. Digest in a gentle heat far four days, strain, and add Jss of extract of gentian, and ten drops each of ethereal oU of chamomile, and oil of millefoil.
Elixir Viscbralb db Stouohton. P. Dr. Stoughton*s Elixir, or Tinctura amara (bitter tincture). Take 5vj each of dried worm- wood-tops, of germander, 6[ gentian, and of bitter orange-peel, 5j of cascarilla, ^ss of rhubarb, 5 j of Socotrine aloSs, Oij of alcohoL Digest ID a gentle heat for a fortnight and strain. Medicmalfy it is a warm aromatic, and vermifuge, in doses of ten or twelve drops.
Elixir of Vitriol. See Acidum Sulphuricum Aromaticuv, and
TiKCT. CiNNAM. CoMP.
Elixir Vitrioli Dulcb. Sweet Elixir of Vitriol, or Vigani's Elixir. See Spiritus ^theris Aromaticus.
Digitized by
128 EM BR
Elixir Vitriolicum Mynsichti. P. Mynsicht's Elixir of Vitriol; more complicated than aromatic sulphuric acid^ containing l6 ingre- dients ; but the effects are similar.
Elixir Utbrinum. Uterine Elixir. Take 5J of assafoetida^ 588 of mutiate of ammonia, 5iij of essence of castor; digest and filter.
Elixir Uterinum Crollii. Elixir of Crollius. Take tbss of essence of castor, Jij of essence of saffron, Jj of extract of wormwood, 5j of tartaric acid, ten drops each of ethereal oil of angelica, of anise, and of amber. Mix.
Ellaoic Acid is found along with the gallic add, when prepared according to Braconnot's method and separated by boiling water, in which ellagic acid is insoluble.
Elm Bark. See Ulmi Cort.
Embrocations are external applications of a liquid form, rubbed on a diseased part, such as a tumour, or sprain. See Gueston, Lynch, Mustard, Roche, &c
Embrocatio Acidi Acetici Spirituosa. Spirituous Embrocation of Vinegar. Take Oj of acetic acid, Oss of spirits ; mix and apply in cases of indolent tumour, hernia humoralis, bruises, ecch3rmosis, &c.
Embrocatio Acidi Acetici Spirituosa cum Camphora. Spirituous Embrocation of Vinegar and Camphor. Take Oij of acetic acid, Oiij of rectified spirit, Oj of distilled water, jiij of camphor. Dis- solve the camphor in the spirit of wine, and add the water and vinegar, previously mixed. MedicindUtf it is good for sprains, bruises, and rheumatism.
Embrocatio Ammonije. Hartshorn Embrocation. Take 5j of liquor of ammonia, Jss of spirit of sulphuric ether, Jij of compound spirit of lavender; mix, and apply as a rubefacient and stimulant
Embrocatio Ammonije Acetatis. Acetic Embrocation of Hartshorn. Take "^w of subcarbonate of ammonia, Ovjss or q. s. to saturation of acetic acid, Oiij of spirits. Mix the ammonia with the vinegar till it ceases to effervesce, and add the spirit. Medicinally it is useful for sprains and bruises, and also for making a cataplasm to be applied in indolent swellings.
Embrocatio Camphors. See Embr. Ac. Acet. Spirit c. Camph.
Embrocatio Communis. See Embr. Ammon. Acet.
Embrocatio Opii Composita. Compound Embrocation of Opium. Take Jij each of tincture of opium and spirit of sulphuric ether, Jij of spirit of camphor. Mix, and apply in cases of rheumatism, sciatica, &c.
Embrocatio Saponis. Embrocation of Soap. Take Jiij of white soap, 3xij of alcohol, Jiv of liquor of ammonia, 5j of camphor. Mix, and apply to sprains, &c.
Digitized by
EMPL 129
EiiBROOATio Saponis CUM Camphooa. Camphorated Embrocation of Soap. Take Jij of liniment of soap^ Jj of spirit of camphor, 5ij of oil of origanum, ^sa of tincture of opium. Mix, and apply in lum- bago, sciatica, and chronic rheumatic swellings.
Embrt. a mineral of extreme hardness, found in Spain, the Grecian Islands, India, and in Jersey and Guernsey. It is much used for polishing, for preparing raxor-strops, &c It is pounded in an iron mortar, and washed, and the powder separated into different degrees of fineness, aconrding to the purpose it is intended for. AduUerated in the state of powder, with powdered flint, and otMer cheaper powders.
Embtia, or Embtin. New. P. A chemical principle found in ipe- cacuanha, &c. It is prepared by macerating Jj of pulverised ipecacuan in Jij of ether for some hours with a gentle heat, in a distilling apparatus. Boil and triturate the portion that remains with Jiv of alcohol in which it has been previously macerated, filter and treat it with alcohol again, till it cease to imbibe any thing fix>m the powder. Mix all these, and evaporate to dryness, macerate the extract in cold distilled water, filter again, and evaporate to dryness. The emetia thus prepared is in scales of a reddish brown, is inodorous, acrid, somewhat bitter, but not nauseous, like ipecacuan. Incompatible with gallic acid, infusion of galls, acetate of lead, and
oxymuriate of mercury. MedicinalUf it may be given in doses of gr. -^ to gr. iv as an emetic
See Canspeclns of PrescripHons. Another principle, which seems to be the basis of this, has been found by treating ipecacuan with ether, alcohol, calcined magnesia, and liquor of ammonia. It is proposed to call it emeta, or pure emetin. Enters into Syrupus Emetinie. P.
Emplastra. Plasters, vulgarly called Plaistert, are medicinal applica- tions of a rather solid consistence, usually spread on linen, cotton, leather, paper. Sec M. Guersent divides plasters into emollient, astringent, exciting, irritating, and narcotic — Diel. de Medicine.
Ekplastrum ADHASiyuM . Adhesive Plaster. See Empl. Rbsinjb.
Emplastbum Alumino6Um. Alum Plaster. Take &jss of dia- chylon ]^aster, ^vj of prepared amber, Jj of burnt alum, ^ of camphor; mix and form a plaster* It is stimulating in cases of rheumatism.
Emplastruu Ammoniaci. L. E. D. Ammoniacum Plaster. Take ^v of purified ammoniacum, Oss of diluted acetic acid. Dissolve the ammoniacum in the acid, evaporate in an iron vessel in a water- bath, carefully stirring it, till it is of a proper consistency. Mr. Brande prefers a plaster made by softening ammoniacum .with
Digitized by
130 EMPL
Tinegar^ and appl3ring it as soft as possible, as it soon hardens, and
adheres long and firmly. Medicinally it is stimulant, discutient^ and adhesive, without irritating
the skin: it should be spread on strong thick linen, and applied to
indolent tumours, cases of hydrarthus, &c. Emplastrum Ammoniaci cum Hydrargyro. Lm D. Plaster of Am*
moniaeum and Mercury^ Take ftj of purified ammoniacum, ^iij of
purified mercury, 5 j of sulphuretted oil, till the globules disappear,
and add the melted ammoniacum gradually, and mix. Medicinally it is strongly adhesive, resolvent, and stimulating, and a
good application to nodes, enlarged glands, and chronic tumours. It
is better than the mercurial plaster. Emplastrum Andreje de Crucr. P. Take 128 parts of white pitch,
32 parts of gum elemi, 1(> parts each of turpentine and oil of laurel.
Melt by a slow fire, and strain. Medicinally it is considered agglutinaut in fractures and contusions. Emplastrum Anodynum Fullbrii. Fuller's Anodyne Plaster. Take
Jiv of diachylon plaster, 5iij of olive oil, 5ij of turpentine, 9ij each
of opium, camphor, and acetate of lead. Mix, and make a plaster. Emplastrum Aromaticum. D. Aromatic Plaster. Take Juj ^^
frankincense, Jss of yellow wax, 5VJ of powdered cinnamon, 5ij each
of essential oil of pimento and of lemons. Melt the frankincense
and wax together, and strain ; and while it cools add the cinnamon,
previously triturated with the oils, to form a plaster. Medicinally it is a good stimulant plaster, laid over the stomach, in
dyspepsia, and pains from flatulence. Emplastrum Assafqbtidjb. £• Assafoetida Plaster. Take two parts
each of diachylon and assafoetida, one part each of yellow wax and
galbanum, and make a phister to be applied to the umbilical region,
or the whole abdomen, in hysteria, flatulence, &c. Emplastrum Attrahens. Drawing Plaster. Take three parts each
of yellow wax and yellow resin, and one pavt of mutton suet Melt,
mix, and make a plaster. Emplastrum Belladonna. D. Belladonna Plaster. Take Jj of
the inspissated juice of belladonna, and ^ij of emplastrum saponis.
Mix, and make a plaster for rheumatic pains, neuralgia, &c. Emplastrum Calefaciens. D. Warming Plaster. Take one part
of plaster of cantharadis, seven parts of Burgundy pitch, melt together,
and make a plaster. It is irritant and rubefacient, applied to the
chest in hooping-cough, chronic catarrh, &c. Emplastrum Cantharidis. L. E. D. P. Blistering Plaster. Take
ibj of cantharides, finely powdered, ftjss of wax plaster, tbss of
prepared lard ; melt the plaster with the lard, take from the fire.
Digitized by
EMPL T31
and. Just before they concrete, sprinkle in the cantharides, and mix. The Edinburgh college adds two parts of subacetate of copj^er. The finer the cantharides are powdered, the more mild are their effects in bUstering; their power is also injured by heat, and great care is therefore necessary in preparing the plaster, and also in spreading it on the leather, which ought not to be done with a hot spatula, but with the thumb. It should be applied with a piece of thin gauze between it and the skin, to make it more easy to take off. It should remain on for eight or twelve hours, but on the head much longer. The preparation will keep good for years. By boiling the cantharides in water, their blistering qualities are not diminished, while they are deprived of the power of producing strangury. Adulterated with euphorbium, which causes a purulent discharge. £mplastrum Capucinorum. p. Capuchine's Plaster. Take 5j each of ammoniacum, olibanum, and mastiche, Jij of turpentine, ^HJ^^ naval pitch and yellow wax, 5 j of prepared tutty, Jjss each of pul- verized euphorbium and p3nrethrum root ; mix, and make a plaster. Stimulant in chronic swellings. Emplastrum Cephalicum. See Empl. Picis Compos. Emplastrum Cerjb. L. £. Wax, or Simple Plaster. Take Ibiij each oC yellow wax and prepared suet, ftj of yellow resin ; melt them together, and strain. It is stimulant, but little used. Enters into Emplast. Canth. L. Emplastrum Cjerulbum. Blue Plaster. Take 5vj of olive oil, 5iv each of yellow wax and nutritive ointment, 5iij of smalt ; mix, and make a plaster. «
Emplastrum Commune. See Empl. Plumbi. Emplastrum Cumini. L. Cumin Plaster. Take 5iij each of cumin- seeds, caraway -seeds, and laurel- berries, fbiij of dry pitch, 5iij of yellow wax. Melt the pitch and wax together, then add the other ingredients. Medicinally it is a warm discutient in chronic swellings, and applied over the stomach for flatulence. Opium is sometimes added to it. Emplastrum Epispasticum. See Empl. Canthar. Emplastrum Euphobbii. Spurge Plaster. Take Jiv of the compound pitch plaster, 5^ of powdered euphorbium. Melt the first ingredient, then add the euphorbium in line powder, and keep stirring it till nearly cold. Medicmalfy it may be applied in scrofnla of the joints : a little tar- tmrized antimony is a good addition. Emplastrum Galbani. D. Galbanum Plaster. Take ibij of litharge plaster, {bjs of gum galbanum, Jiv of the shavings of yellow wax.
k2
Digitized by
13« EMPL
Melt the galbanum before adding the plaster and the wax> then melt altogether. It is seldom employed ; but is stimulant and digestive. Emplastrum Galbani Compositum. L. Compound Galbanum Plas- ter, Emplastrum Lyihargyri annposUum. O. Take jviij of purified galbanum, Ibiij of diachylon, Jx of common turpentine, %nj of resin bruised. Melt together the turpentine and galbanum, then mix up the resin, and afterwards the diachylon, previously melted. Medicinallif it is stimulant, and applied to indolent and chronic tumours. Emplastrum Gummobum. £. Take eight parts of litharge plaster, one part each of gum ammoniacum, galbanum, and yellow wax, to make a plaster. It has similar effects to the emplastrum galbani compositum. Enieri into Emplast. Saponb. £. Emplastrum Hydrarotbi. L. E. Mercurial Plaster, Emplaslrtm Lythargyri cum Hydrargyro. Take Jiij of purified mercury, Jj of sulphuretted oil, fijj of diachylon plaster ; triturate the mercury with the oil till the globules disappear, then add the diachylon. Medicinally it is a good discutient and stimulant in venereal swellings chronic nodes, &c. Emplastrum Labdani. O. Labdanum Plaster. Take ^iij of lab- danum, 3j o^ frankincense, 5ss of oil of cinnamon and mace, 5j of oil of mint. Mix, and make a plaster to be applied as a stimulant over the stomach in flatulence, &c. Emplastrum Lytharoyri. See Emplastrum Plumbi. Emplastrum Lyttjb. O. See Emplastrum Cantharidis. L. Emplastrum de Mbliloto Simplex. Melilot Plaster. Take ftviij of yellow resin, fbiv of yellow wax, fbij of mutton suet, Ibv of green melilot, cut very small. Mix, and make a plaster. Medicinally it is irritating, and may be used for keeping up the dis- charge of blisters ; but is seldom employed except by farriers. Emplastrum db Minio. Minium Plaster. Take Jix of minium, ftjss
of rose oil, Jvj of acetic acid. Mix, and make a plaster. Emplastrum Opii. L. £. Opium Plaster. Take Jss of hard opinm in powder, Jiij of resin of the spruce fir, fcj of diachylon plaster. Melt together the resin and the plaster, and add the opium. Medicinally it is employed in cases of internal pain as an anodyne ; but this property is very doubtful. Emplastrum Oxidi Ferri Rubri. P. Plaster of Red Oxide of iron. Take 24 parts of litharge plaster, six parts of resin, three parts each of yellow wax and olive oil, eight parts of red oxide of iron ; tritu- rate the red oxide of iron with the oil, and add the other ingredients previously melted.
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EMPL 133
Mediciually it is used for muscular relaxations, and to strengthen weakness of the joints, by supporting the parts mechanically.
Emplastrum Picis Buhoundica. Burgundy Pitch Plaster. Take Ibij of Burgundy pitch, Ibj of labdanum, Jiv each of yellow resin and yellow wax, Jj of olive oil. Mix, and make a plaster. It is stimulant and strengthening.
Emplastrum Picis Compositum. L. Compound Pitch Plaster. Ce- pkalic Plaster. Take Ibij of dry pitch, fcj of resin of the spruce fir, jiv each of yellow resin and yellow wax, 5j of expressed oU of nut- m^ ; melt together the pitch, wax, and resin, add the other ingre- dients, and mix. Medicmtdly it is applied to the chest and between the shoulderp, as a stimulant in chronic catarrh, and to the temples, &c., for head-ache.
Emplastrum Plumbi. L. E. D. Diachylon or Litharge Plaster.
Take fcv of the semivitreous oxide of lead in very fine powder, one
gallon of olive oil, Oij of water ; boil these together over a slow
fire, stirring it constantly,, till the oil and the oxide of lead cohere.
Medicinally it is chiefly used as the basis of other plasters ; but is also
applied by itself in slight wounds and excoriations. Enters into Emplast. Galbani Comp. L. Emp. Galbani. D. Emp. Assafcetida. E. Emp, Gummosum. E. Emp. Hydrargyri. L. E. Emp. Opii. L. Emp. Oxidi Ferri RubrL E. Emp. Resinte. L. E. D. Emp. Saponis. L. E. D. Emp. Thuris. D.
Emplastrum Resina. L. E. D. Adhesive or Resinous Plaster. Take &SS of yellow resin, ftuj of litharge plaster ; melt the plaster with a gentle heat, then add the resin, and mix- MedidnaUy it is used to keep the edges of recent wounds and of ulcers together. It is similar to Baynton's strapping-plaster, which con- tains less resin, and consequently is less stimulant.
Emplastrum Roborans. See Emplastrum Thuris.
Emplastrum Saponis. L. E. D. Soap Plaster. Take ftss of hard soap, sliced, ftiij of litharge plaster. Mix the soap with the plaster, previously melted, and boil to a proper consistence. Medicinally it is resolvent without producing irritation, and is applied to ^andular tumours.
Emplastrum Sticticum. Paracelsus's Plaster. Take Jvj of olive oil, 3J8S of yellow wax, Jivss of litharge, ^ss each of ammoniacum and bdellium, Jvj of galbanum, ^ij each of opoponax, oil of laurel, car- bonate of zinc, aristolochia, myrrh, and frankincense, Jj of Chia turpentine. Melt, mix, and make a plaster.
Emplastrum Strumalb is prepared ^ith hemlock, digitalis, camphor, kermes mineral, and mercurial plaster.
Emplastrum Thuris. D. Frankincense Plaster, Emplastrum roborans.
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154 EMUL
Take ftij of litharge plaster, ito of frankincense, Jnj of i^ oxide of iron. Mix^ and make a plaster. It is strengthening and stiwinlant, giving mechanical support to weak muscles and joints. Emulsio AcAOiiE Arabicjb. E. D. Gum Arabic Emulsion. Take 3j of sweet almonds, blanched^ Ojss of water, ^ij of gum arafatc muci- lage, or 5ij of gum arable in powder, jiv of sugar ; beat the almonds with the sugar and water, and gradually add the mucikge. It is much like milk. Incompatible with tinctures, spirits, adds, and actdtdous syrups, such as squills, oxymel, also with tartaric acid, tartrate of potass, and spirit of nitric ether, and oxymuriate of mercury. Medicinally it forms a good demulcent in febrile irritations, strangury, gonorrhoea, nephritis, &c, in any dose at pleasure. It is also used as a vehicle for other medicines. Emulsio Amygdala Communis. E. See Mistura Amyodalahum. L. Emulsio Camphorjb. E. Camphor Emulsion, EwiuUio camphoraia, O. Take 9j of camphor, Jiy each of decorticated sweet almonds, and refined sugar, Jyj of water, to make an emulsion. Incompatible with solution of pure potass, sulphate of magnesia, and
several other salts, which separate the camphor. . Medicinally it is an elegant form of exhibiting camphor, in confluent small-pox, scarlatina maligna, &c. The dose is Jss to Jij thrice a day, or as a vehicle for other medicines. Emulsio Effervescbns. Effervescing Emulsion. Take jj gr. x of subcarbonate of potass, 5 j syrup of red poppies, 5iij of lemon juice, 3 j of almond mixture ; mix, and take it whUe it effervesces. Medicinally it is expectorant and demulcent Emulsio Olki Ricini. P. Emulsion of Castor Oil. Take.5vj of castor oil, half the yolk of a fresh egg, Jij of water, 5S8 each of orange-flower water and simple syrup; triturate the ycJk of egg with the oil, add the syrup, and mix intimately. A mild purgative. Emulsio Pukgans cum Jalapa vbl Scammonio. P. Purgative EmuLsion. Take gr. xij of resin of jalap, or of scammony, 5ij of white sugar, triturate well in a marble mortar, then add half the yolk of a fresh egg, continue to triturate, and add by degrees Jv of. gum-arabic emulsion, and 5ij of orange-flower water. Medicinally it is cathartic, the quantity of jalap or scammony to be
varied by circumstances. Emulsio Tbrbbinthinjs. P. Turpentine Emulsion. Take 3j of rectified oil of turpentine, or 5ij of Chia turpentine, half the yolk of a fresh ef^, Jiv of iJmond emulsion, and proceed as in the last preparation. Medicinally it may be given in blenorrhoea, leucorrhoea, and nephritis.
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EMUi«8iONa. See Farbibk'is PaofoBALs, &c.
Endivb. The garden sort is used as a salad ; the roots of the wild sort^
ChickoriuM imtf^hmif which is very common in the south, but rare in
the north of Britain^ are used to adulterate ground coffee. Enbma. a Ibrm of medicines vulgarly called glyster, or clyster, intro*
duced by an apparatus into the rectum. Enema Amyli cum Opio. Enema of Starch with Opium. Take ^,
or 5ij of starch, Jij of cold water, ^v to ^yj of boiling water, gr. ij to
gr. iv of powdered Ofoum. Triturate the opium and starch together
till they are well divided, add the cold water gradually, and lastly
the boiling water. MedicmaUy it may be given in pains of the rectum from cancer, fistula,
strictures, &c. Ekbma Anodtnum. Anodyne Enema. Take Jviij of decoction of
chamomile, Jxij of decoction of poppies ; mix, and give in peritoneal
irritation, &c. Enbma Aperibn& Laxative Enema. Take J j each of castor oil and
honey, ^ of infusion of linseed ; mix, and give to open the bowels
gently. Enbbia Astringbms. Astringent Enema. Take Jj of powder of
gaUs, Ojss of distilled water, boil to Oj, and strain ; give in pro-
lapsis ani, and piles. Enbma BBLLADONMiB. Take gr. xij of dried leaves of belladonna, Jvj
of warm water to make an enema. Medtdnalfy in retention of urine arising from spasm. (Dr. Cop-
I^AND.)
Enbma Catharticum. D. Cathartic Enema. Take Jj of manna^ Jx of compound decoction of chamomile, Jj of olive oil, and ^ss of sul- phate of magnesia. Mix, and give in lethargy and i^plexy.
. Enters into Enema Foetidum. D.
Enbma Cinchonjb. Bark Enema. Take 3j of powdered Peruvian bark, 5ij of chamomile flowers, Oj of distill^ water ; boil to Jx, and strain ; give in fistula, prolapsus recti, 8cc., as a tonic.
Enema Colocynthidis Compo6itum. Compound Enema of Colo- C3mth. Take 5j of the pulp of colocynth, Jx of boiling water, Jss each of muriate of soda and syrup of buckthorn ; mix for an enema in coma, and stupor.
Enema Commune. Common enema. Take Oj to Oij of barley water, §ij of olive oil, Jj of sulphate of magnesia ; mix, and give as a pur- gative. Or, take Oj to Oij of barley water, 5y to 3iij of olive oil ; mix, and give as a laxative.
Enbma Dombsticum. Family Enema. Take Jj of common salt
Digitized by
136 ERYN
(hydro-chlorate of soda), Cj of tepid ¥rater; mix for a piu^tiTe enenuu
Enbma Fcbtidum. D. Fcetid Enema. Add 5ij of asaafoetida to the Enema Catharticum. D. To make an enema in hysteria, &c
Enbma Laxativum. Aperient Enema. Dissolve Jij oi sulphate of magnesia in Jxij of warm gruel, and add 5 j of firesh butter, or dive oil, to make an enema.
Enema Nutritivum. Nutritive Enema. Take Jiij of stardi, ^v of boiling water ; mix, for an enema, in disorders of the oesophagus preventing swallowing, in tabes mesenterica, &c
Enbma Opii. D. Anodyne enema. Mix 5J of opium with Jij of tepid water.
Enbma Scammonia. Enema of Scammony. Take 58S of pulverized scammony, 5jss of hard soap, Jviij of boiling water, to make an enema.
Enbma Tabaci. Tobacco Enema. Take 9ij of tobacco^leaves, Jxij of boiling water; mix, and give in retention of urine, worms, and locked jaw.
Enema Terebtnthinjb. D. Turpentine Enema. Take 5iv of com- mon turpentine, the yolk of one egg, rub together, and gradually add Jx of tepid water ; mix for an enema.
Ens IdARTis. See Fbrrum Ammoniatum. L.
Entombilinb. The name given by M. Lassaigne to Chitinb.
Enula Campana Radix. D. See Helbnium. L.
Epithbma. a sort of fomentation of a spirituous and aromatic kind.
Efithema Ammoniagi. Ammoniacal Epithema. Dissolve ^iij of am- moniacum in q. s. of squill vinegar, and add 5ij of extract of hem- lock, 5J of solution of acetate of lead ; mix, and apply to indolent tumours, and swellings.
Epithbma Goulardi. Goulard's Epithema, Epithema PUtmU acelaiis. Take ^ of confection of roses, 5ij each of honey of roses, solution of acetate of lead, and tincture of opium ; mix, and apply to irritable ulcers, chancres, &c
Epithbma TBRBBiNTHiNiB cum Campbora. Camphorated Epthema of Turpentine. Take Jiij of resinous ointment, Jss of camphor rubbed up with a little rectified spirit, q. s. of rectified oil of tur- pentine ; mix and apply, spread upon leather, to arthritic pains of the joints.
Epsom Salts. See Magnbsia Sulphas. L.
Epulotics* Medicines which dry up the moisture of wounds*
Ergot of Rye. See Seoalb Cornutum.
Erynoii Radix. D. Eryngo Root, Eryngium mgxUimum, A native plant, common on sandy shores. The root has a warm, sweetish
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taste, and it is said to be expectorant^ and also aphrodisiac^ but its powers are evidently overrated, and it is seldom used, Erynoo Root Candied. Peel and boil the roots till quite soft, cover them with clarified sugar, and in two days drain, boil the sugar well and pour over them. Repeat this process twice. Put in a dr3ring stove a few hours. EsYTHRic Acid was procured by Brugnatelli by treating uric acid with nitric acid. Prout thinks it is a compound of the purpuric and nitric acids with ammonia. Ebcharotios are mild caustics, usually in the form of powder, such as
burnt alum, verdigrise, &c.
EacHAROTic LiNiMBNT. Take Jiv of honey, Jj each of verdigrise and
muriatic add, mix over a slow fire, and apply to fungous ulcers, &c.
£scHi(R0Tic Powder. Take 9ij of biumt alum, ^ss of nitric oxide of
mercury. Mix.
Or, Take equal parts of sulphate of copper and Armenian bole, and
mix. Or, Take ^ of acetate of copper, 5ij of burnt alum, and mix. EscuRAc. See Usqueraugh. EscuLiN. See JEbcvjjIK.
Esprit is French for spirit, or essence. See Essencb. EssRNCR. This term is usually implied to essential oils obtained by dis- tillation. See OxLBY, Ward, Whitehead, &c. EssBKCR OF Allspice. Take 5 j c^ oil of pimento, Jij of strong spirit of wine, mix by degrees. A few drops to be used for soups, gravies, bishop, plum-puddings, &c. EsssNOB OP Ambergris. Take 5 j of ambergris, gr. viij of musk, digest in Oss of alcohol. Cordial and antispasmodic Or, Take 5iv each of musk and ambergris, triturate with 5j of loaf sugar, add 10 drops of oil of cloves, 20 drops of balsam of Peru, and Oij of rectified spirit of wine. Essence of Anchovies. Take two dozen anchovies, bone and chop them with some of their own liquor strained, and 16 large spoonfuls of water, boll gently a few minutes till dissolved, strain when cold, and bottle. Dr. Kitchiner directs cayenne pepper, rin^ar, leraon- juioe, and citric acid to be added, for those who like the add flavour. Imiiaied by using sprats instead of anchovies, with real anchovy liquor put over them, but this may be discovered, if you see the fish, by washing it and seeing whether it be red, and the bone moist and oily. When the sauce has been made it can only be detected by the flavour. Adnlieraied with the liquor of sprats and herrings, to which red lead is sometimes put, or Armenian bole, Venice red, &c. It must, indeed.
Digitized by
ISb ESSE
be veiy extemdyely adultermted^ when it may be bought for less than half what it will cost when properly made.
EssBNCB OF Bbboamot is procured from the peel of the bergamot citron, by distillation. It is adulterated with rectified spirit, or imitated by oil of bergamot and rectified spirit
EssBNCB OF BiTTBB Almonds is made by adding one part of oil of bitter almonds to seven parts of rectified spirit of wine. It is uaed in perfumery, and for making no3rau.
EssBNCB OF Caraway Sbbdb is prepared like the last, by mixing one part of oil of caraway with three parts of rectified spirit.
EssBNCB OF Cayenne. See Cayenne.
Essence of Chamomile is a nostrum prepared by macerating Jviij of quassia in one gallon of rectified spirits, and scenting it with oil of chamomile.
Essence of Cbdrat is prepared by taking 18 or 20 fbs of the lees in dtron-juice casks, and distilling over Oj. It is a very pleasant perfume.
Essence of Cinnamon. Mix 5j of oil of cinnamon with ^j of the strongest rectified spirit.
Essence of Civet is prepared by J j of civet to a pint of rectified spi- rit. It was formerly used as a perfume, but seldom at present.
Essence of Cofpbb is prepared by saturating the pulp of cassia with a strong infusion of cofiee.
EssBNCE of Coltsfoot is a nostrum which contains no preparation of coltsfoot, but is composed of equid parts of tincture of benxoin and balsam of Tolu, with a double portion of rectified sjnrit. It is a dangerous medicine for coughs, in which it is used, b^g stimulant and consequently irritating.
Essence of Eshallots. Peel Jij of eshallots, pound them in a mor- tar, and infuse in a pint of sheny for ten days ; pour this liquor on Jiij more of pounded eshallots, and again macerate for ten days. It is excellent for making mustard, flavouring soups, &c.
Essence of Ginoeb. See Tingtura Zingiberis. L.
Essence of Ham is what runs out from ham while cutting it, and may be bought at eating-houses, and ham-shops, at 2s. 6d. or 3s, per quart
Essence of Jasmine is the distilled volatile oil of fresh jasmine-fiowers not picked from the cups, and is highly fragrant, but is seldom to be procured genuine. Or, I'he fresh flowers are stratified with cotton wool dipped in oil of benzoin or nut oil, and kept in a close vessel in a warm place, and this is repeated with fresh flowers, but the same cotton, till strongly impregnated with the perfume. The perfumed cotton is then dis- tilled from a water-bath with alcohol.
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lESSE m
IndUded by mixing 3 j of essence of violets with 5 j of essence of Ber-
gamot. EasBNCB OP Jonquil, or Narcissus, is prepared in the same manner as
the last. EssBNCB OF Lavender. See Olbuii Lavanduljb* E^BNCB OF Lemon- Pbbl is best prepared by washing and brushing some lemons clean, then rubbing the rind with pieces (tf lump sugar till all the yellow part be grated off. The surface of the sugar im- pregnated with the oil. is then to be scraped off, pressed down, and kept well stopped up. Or, Take Jviij of alcohol, 5^ of lemon-peel, and macerate for seven days. Or, distil in the usual way a quantity of fresh lemon-peel.
Essbnob of Mace is pr^sared like essence of Nutmbo, which see.
EIssBNCB OF Malt. Boil a quantity of water, and let it cool, infuse in this a portion of malt, decant it off, and evaporate to the consistence of syrup. It is used at sea as a preventive or remedy for scurvy in long voyages.
EssBNCB OF Marjoram is made like essence of cinnamon, using oil of origanum.
Essence of Mushrooms. Sprinkle salt over a quantity of button or flap mushrooms, and three hours afterwards mash them. Next day strain off the liquor, boil it till reduced a half. It is better than any ketchup, but will not keep long.
EasENCE OF Musk. See Tinctuaa Moschi. L.
EssBNCB OF Mustard. See Whitehead.
Essence of Myrrh. See Tinctura Myrrhs. L.
EsSBNCB OF Myrtlb. Take Ibj of myrtle in flower, one gallon of rec- tified spirit. Distil.
Essence of Nbroli. Take Jvj of fresh orange-peel, 5ij of Florentine iris root, gr. iij of ambergris, ^viij of alcohol. Macerate and distil.
EssBNCB OF Oranob Flowbrs Is prepared like essence of jasmine.
Essence of Oysters. Wash good Miltons in their own liquor, skim it, pound the whole in a marble mortar, and to every pint of the li- quor put 5j of cayenne, 5ij of mace, Jj of salt, add also an equal quantity of sherry, boil the whole, skim, and rub through a sieve, and, when cold, bottle, cork, and seal it down. It will keep several months if a glass of brandy is put to every pint.
EssBNCB OF Pennyroyal is made by mixing ^iij of oil of pennyroyal with Oij of alcohol previously coloured with spinage, and strained.
Essence of Peppermint. Put ^ of heated carbonate of potass into Oj of alcohol ; decant, and add Jss of oil of peppermint, and mix.
Essence of Punch is prepared by digesting in four pints of rum one pint each of lemon-juice and orange-juice, four fresh lemon-peels.
Digitized by
14ir EUCH
two fresh orange-peelAy tWo pounds of 8Ugar> and enough of distilled water. Strain.
EsssNCB OF R08B8 is made by mixing 5iij of otto of roses with Oij of alcohoL
E88BNCB RoTALB. Triturate in a mortar 9ij of ambergris, 9j of musk^ gr. x of dvet, six drops of oQ of cinnamon, three drops of oil of rhodium, 5ss of carbonate of potass ; add 5 jss each of orange- fiower water and esprit de la rose. It is said to be aphrodisiac in doses of a few drops ; but this is doubtfuL
EssBNCB OF Sbnna. See Sblway.
EssBNCB OF Spruob is prepared by evaporating a decoction of the twigs of the larch to a proper consistence. It is used for making spruce beer with treade.
EssBNCB OF TuBBR06B is prepared in the same waj as essence of jasmine.
EssENOB OF Turtle. Take a wine-glass of essence of anchovies, one and a half of essence of eshallots, four of basil wine, two of mush- room ketchup, a drachm of concrete citric acid, three quarters of an ounce of thinly-pared lemon-peel, a quarter of an ounce of curry powder ; steep for a week, strain and bottle. Used to flavour soups, pies, &c
Essence of Violets is prepared in the same way as essence of jasmine.
Essentia Bina. A colouring matter sold by brewers' druggists to colour brandy, porter, &c It is prepared by boiling coarse sugar till it is quite black and of a bitter taste. This is made into a syrup with lime water.
Essential Oils are those volatile and aromatic oils procured by dis- tilling herbs and flowers, and not by pressure, as is done with the fixed oils. See Oil and Oleum.
Essential Salt of Bark. A nostrum prepared by digesting Peruvian bark bruised in cold water, evaporating the infusion very slowly ; and thus making an extract which is also ofiten adulterated with cheaper extracts.
Essential Salt of Lemons, for removing iron stains, is prepared with 5j each of supertartrate of potass and superoxalate of potass, which last is found in sorrel and wood sorrel (Oxalis acetaseila). Action. The oxalic and tartaric acids leave the potass, uniting with the iron, set free its colouring oxygen, and oxalate of iron is formed, which is nearly colourless.
Ether. See ^Ether.
Ethiops Martialis. See Ferri Oxidum Nigrum. P.
Ethiops Mineralis. See Hydraroyri Sulph. Nigr. L.
EucHLORiNE. Protoxide of Chlorine.
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EVER 141
EuPATORiNB, A principle discovered by M. Rhigini in Eujudotium, EuFATORiUK Cannabinum. P. Hemp Agrimony. A common native plants bitter^ aromatic^ diuretic^ and cathartic^ given in cachexies^ anasarca, hydrocele^ &c EuPATOBiUM Perfoliatum. Thorougbwort, an berb bigbly spoken of in America as a bitter tonic, sudorific, or catbartic, according to tbe dose. From 9j to 5j of powdered leaves is given tbrice a day as a tonic; ^ to Jij of tbe warm infusion as a sudorific; and ^j to ^v of tbe warm infusion as a purgative or emetic. Tbe cold infu- sion is also given in fevers, &c Euphorbia. P. A considerable genus of plants, wbicb are aQ acrid^
drastic, and poisonous. EuPHORBiiB GuMMi Rbsina. L. D. P. Eupborbium. A gum resin procured from tbe Euphorbia qfficinarum, a native of Africa. Adulterated witb otber gums, made in tbe form of peas, and tinged yellow to resemble tbe genuine ; but the fraud may be discovered by trying tbe specific gravity, wbicb ougbt to be 1*129* It is itself used to adulterate tbe common cantbarides plaster. Medicinally it is very acrid, and externally is capable of blistering tbe skin, producing suppuration, and is applied as a stimulant to foul and indolent sores. Internally it is a drastic catbartic seldom used. It is cbiefly used as an errbine mixed witb starcb, and snuffed up tbe nose to promote a discbarge of mucus. In pulverising it, tbe ope- rator sbould moisten it witb vinegar, as tbe powder, by getting abroad, may injure tbe skin. It is used by farriers as a blister for borses. Poisonous in large doses internally, producing vomiting, and a burning sensation in tbe tbroat and stomacb, violent purging, bloody stools, syncope, and deatb. Tbe best treatment will be to give demulcents copiously, such as barley water, enemas of starcb, and veal soup, and, if inflammation run bigb, to bleed. Euphorbia Ipecacuanha. Emetic Spurge, is given as an emetic in America, gr.x to gr.xv of tbe powdered root producing full vo- miting. Euphorbin. New. A resinous principle, which forms tbe active in- gredient of eupborbium, and is the only part of it soluble in alcohol, forming about 37 per cent of tbe gum resin. (Paris.) EuPHORBiuM Plaster. See Emplastrum Euphorbii. Euphrasia Oppiginalis. P. Eyebrigbt. A common native plant,
bitter and astringent, used in making eye waters. Everlasting Pills were anciently made of metallic antimony, and given as a purgative. One of these pills might have served a family for generations.
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U2 EXTR
ExPRBBBBD OiL9 are thofle produced by pressure. See Oil and Oleum.
ExTRAcrA. Extracts are preparations of vegetables variously made; some by evaporating vegetable infusions^ decoctions, or spirituous tinctures^ to a thick consistence ; and some by treating the expressed juices in a similar way. The method of making extracts has been much improved by Mr. Barry, of Plough Court, Lombard- street, who carries on |he evaporation in vacuo by means of steam, in his patent boiling apparatus. These are usually of a green colour, and much more powerful than the common empyreumatic ones. Prac- titioners should therefore be on their guard in exhibiting them. The London College directs extracts to be quickly evaporated in a pan, or a water-bath, till they have acquired the proper consistency for making into pills, and towards the end stirring constantly with a spatula. On the softer extracts, they direct a little alcohol to be sprinkled. This, however, soon evaporates, and a little distilled lavender, or any other aromatic water, or essential oil, would better preserve them from becoming mouldy. The College formule are given under the articles Extractum. Adulterated by adding to a pound of any given extract about 20 drops of alcohol, 5ss of gum arable, and 5 j of olive oil. Dr. Paris says, there is no harm in the practice ; but though it gives a smooth glossy look to the preparation, it must weaken its power, and embarrass the prescriber in proportioning the dose.
Extract of Agaric. Extractum agarici albi. P. Take tbj of white agaric cut in small pieces, Oiv of cold water, macerate in a close vessel for 24 hours, shaking it occasionally, strain and pour on a fresh quantity of water, and macerate and strain with a little pres- sure. Mix the two infusions, strain and evaporate to a proper con- sistence. Medicinally it may be given in doses of gr. 4. to gr. iv in haemorrhages : exteriorly it is employed as a styptic.
Extract of Anbmonr. Boil down the fresh juice of the Anemone pratensis, and evaporate to a proper consistence. It is acrid and stimulant.
Extract of Black Prpper. Extractum piperis nigri. Prepared by decocting Ibj of black pepper in 0-550 of water, and evaporating to a consistence. It is stimulant and carminative.
Extract of Borage. Extractum boraginis officinalis, P. Prepared from the herb and flowers, and is aperient.
Extract of Bryony is prepared from a decoction of the root of the Bryonia al6a, possessing the qualities of the root, but milder in doses of 5ss to 5j. Poisonous, Sec Briony.
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EXTR 143
Extract of Cabddus Bbnbdictus. P. Extract of the Blessed Thistle. Prepared from the deoootion. Dose5s8to 5j, as a diuretic and deobstruent.
Extract op Cjsntauby. Extraclum cenlauru minoris. P. Prepared from the herb and flowers. Dose gr. x to 9j. Tonic.
Extract of Elbcamfanb. Prepared from the root of the Inula hele- nktm, and has similar properties to it.
Extract of Fumitory. Extraclumjumaiias. P. Prepared fixim the decoction. Dose 5J to 5ij in bolus for visceral obstructions.
Extract of Gbbm andbr. Exiractum. teucrii chamasdryat, P. Pre- pared from the leaves and herb. Dose gr. x to 588.
Extract of Guaiac. Extractum guaiaca. Prepared from shavings or chips of guaiac> and has the same properties.
Extract of Ifbcacuan. See Embtia.
Extract of Junifbr. Extracium juniperu P. Take fcij of juniper- beniesy unbruised^ Ovuj of hot water, infuse for 48 hours, shaking it occasionally; strain and form the extract. It is aromatic and pleasant in doses of gr. v to gr. x as a diuretic, thrice a day. See Thbriaca.
Extract of Lily of thb Vallby. Prepared from the Comudlaria ntaialU, and is purgative in moderate doses.
Extract of Lbao. Goulard's Extracium Satumu See Liquor
PlUMBI ACBTATia.
Extract of Logwood. See Extractum Hamatoxyli.
Extract of Mahogany is prepared by decoction from the shavings, and
is astringent in scruple doses. Used to adulterate kino. Extract of Malt is made by pouring over half a bushel of pale
ground malt as much hot (not boiling) water as will just cover it.
Af^r it has stood 48 hours strain off the liquor without pressure,
and put it into a large pan ; boil it till it thickens, stirring it till it be
as thick as treacle. Medicinally it is given for coughs in the dose of a dessert^spoonful
thrice a day. Extract of Osmunda. Prepared from the Royal Flowering Fern,
Chnmnda RegalU^ but seldom used. It is said to be good in mollities
ossium, and rachitis. Extract of Ox-oall. P. ExtraclumJelUi bovifti. It is prepared by
diluting a portion of ox-gall with water ; boil, skim, and strain ; then
eviqporate in a water-bath to form an extract. It is given in doses of
gr. iij to gr. viij twice or thrice a day, as a stomachic. Extract of Quassia is prepared from the shavings, and is chiefly used
by brewers for the purpose of concealment.
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144 EXTR
Extract op Quinces. The inspissated juice of the fruit, used to oom«
bine with opium and aromatic oils. Extract of Rhatany Root is prepared either by means of water, or
alcohol, from the root of the Krameria Iriandra, and is given in
doses of 9j to 5 j twice or thrice a day, in Jj of rose water, with a
few drops of acetic add. Tonic and astringent. Extract of Senna is prepared from the leaves, but is, like many
other extracts which are prepared in the old empyreumatic manner,
nearly inert Extract of Tea is brought from China, and has a slight flavour of
tea. It is little used. Extract of Wormwood. See Extractum Absinthii. ExTRACTUM AcAciA Catbchu. See Catechu Extractum. Extractum Aconiti. L. E. Extract of Aconite. Bruise in a stone
mortar with a little water &»j of fresh Aconite leaves, press out the
juice, and evaporate to an extract. Medicinalfy the dose is gr. j., increased by slow gradations to gr. x, in
form of pill. Borda gave it with efiect in phthisis, but here it is
only prescribed, and with very doubtful effect, in chronic rheumatism.
Barry's extract is acrid and escharotic Foisomms. See Aconiti Folia. Extractum Aloes Purificatum. L. D. Purified Extract of Aloes.
Take ftj of the extract of spiked aloes in powder, and a gallon of
boiling water. Digest for three days with a gentle heat, strain, and
let the dregs subside ; decant off the clear liquOT, and evaporate to a
proper consistence. hy this process the aloes is freed from its resinous matter, which is the
substance supposed to cause griping ; but it is consequently weakened
as a cathartic and emenagogue. Dose gr. x to gr. xv in form of pill
or bolus. EfUert into Pil. Aloes Comp. L. Pil. Aloes cum Myrrha. L. Pulv.
Aloes Comp. L. Extractum Anthemidis. L. E. D. P. Extract of Chamomile
Flowers. Take ftj of dried chamomile flowers, one gallon of water ;
boil down to four pints, strain while hot, and evaporate to an extract.
By this process the volatile oil is driven off, and a simple bitter
remains, the dose of which is gr. x to 9j in pills thrice a day. Barry's
extract is not deprived of its volatile oil, and is strongly fragrant. Extractum Artemisia Absinthii. D. Extract of Wormwood.
Prepared from a defecated decoction. The essential oil is driven off
during the process, which leaves a bitter inodorous mass, and is tonic
in doses of gr. x to 9j.
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EXTR 145
ExTRACTUM Belladonna. L. £. Extract of Belladonna, or Deadly Nightshade. Take Ibj of the fresh leaves of belladonna, bruise in a stone mortar with a little water, press out the juice, and evaporate with the dregs to an extract. It has no smell, but is slightly bitter.
Medicinalfy it is narcotic and sedative in doses of gr. 4 slowly increased to gr. V in form of pills, in cases of neuralgia, rheumatism, &c. Ex- ternally it is used in necroses and other painful ulcers, to allay pain ; also to dilate the pupil of the eye. Barry's extract is acrid and more powerful.
Poisoruna as the leaves. See Belladonna. ExTRACTUM Cascarillje Rbsinosum. D. Resinous Extract of Cas- carilla. Take Ibj of cascarilla bark in coarse powder, Oiv of rectified spirit, macerate for four days, decant, strain, boil the residuum in Ox of water to Oij ; filter, and evaporate the decoction, and distil the tincture in a retort till both are thickened ; then mix and eva- porate to an extract. The aroma is driven off by this process, and a simple bitter remains.
Medidnally it is tonic in doses of gr. x to 9j in pills for dyspepsia, hysteria, &c. ExTRACTUM CiNCHONJE. L. E. D. Extract of Peruvian Bark. Take Ibj of the bark of the Cincluma lancifolia, one gallon of water, boil down to Ovj, strain while hot, and repeat this process four times successively with the same quantities of water ; strain, and mix all the liquors together, and evaporate to an extract. It is directed to be kept both in a soft state for pills, and in a hard state for powders^
Decomposition. The quinia and cinchonia of the bark absorb oxygen during the process, and are precipitated and rendered inert. The extract is therefore weaker than bark.
Medicinal/t/ it is a bitter tonic in doses of gr. x to 5ss, but uncertain in its effects.
Harry s Exlract of Barky is prepared by distilling the tincture made with rectified spirit, till all the alcohol is dissipated ; then allowing the solution to cool, removing the resinous matter that floats on it, and inspissating the residuum with a gentle heat. It is of a brilliant ruby red, and smells like bark. ExTRACTUM Cinchona Resinosum. L. E. D. Resinous Extract of Bark. Take Ibij of the bark of Cinchona lancifolia, one gallon of rectified spirit, digest for four days, strain, and distil the tincture by a water-bath till of a proper consistence.
ImiiaUd by an extract of the bark of the Msctdus Hippocaslannnl, or horso-chesnut, with yellow resin.
Medicinally it is bitter and austere, and in doses of gr. x to gr. xxx in pills, or dissolved in any aromatic distilled water.
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146 EXTR
ExTBACTUM CoLOCTNTHiDis. L. D. Extract of CdocyntK. Take &j of the pulp of oolocyntli, wad one gallon of water ; boil down to Oiv ; strain while hot, and evaporate to form an extract. Eight ounces of pulp give three of extract.
Medicinally it is purgative without griptng» in doaes of gr. v to 588 in pills taken at night. It is apt to become mouldy or tough bj keeping. ExTRACTUM CoLocYMTHiDis C0MPO6ITU11. L. D. Gnupound Extract of colocjnth. Cathartic Extract* Take 5^ of the pulp of colocjnth sliced^ Jxij of extract of aloes in powder^ ^iv of gum resin of scam- xaooj, 3 j ^^ cardamom-seeds in powder, Jiij of hard soap, one galkm of proof spirit. Digest the pulp of the colocynth in the spirit for four days with a gentle heat, strain, and add to the liquor, the aloes, scammony, and soap ; then evaporate to form an extract, and add the powdered cardamoms. The London Cc^ege has restored the soap, which was erroneously supposed to be incompatible with calomel.
Medicinelfy it is a strong cathartic, and is much used in combination with calomel, blue pill, or rhubarb, with a little oil of cloves to prevent griping. The dose alone is gr. v to ^ss in combination with gr. j to gr. iij of calomel.
It is often in a bad state from long keeping, and it is injurious to soften it by heat. It should be kept in the state of powder to prevent its spoiling. ExTRACTUM CoNii. L. E. D. Extract of Hemkjck. Take fcj of fiesh hemlock-leaves, bruise with a little water in a stone mortar, express the juice, and evaporate without letting the dregs subside, to form an extract. The power of this extract depends both on the soil and the exposure where the herb grows, and on the season : just when it begins to seed is the best time, and the seeds should be taken with the leaves.
Incompatible with all the vegetable acids.
, Medicinally it is said to be a powerful sedative along with hyoscyamus in pulmonary and tracheal irritation, chronic catarrh, phthisis^ &c., beginning with gr. j every four or six hours, and going very cautiously as high as 3j, or even, in the course of a day, 5jss; but this last dose is seldom to be ventured upon. It is also given in carcinoma uteri and scrofula, and is strongly anti-aphrodisiac.
Poisonous, the same as the leaves. See Conii Folia. ExTRACTUM DuLCAMARJB. This is made precisely like extract of beU
ladonna. ExTRACTUM Elatbrii. L. D. Extract of Elaterium. Slice ripe wUd cucumbers, strain the juice with gentle pressure through a fine hair
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EXTR U7
sieve into a ^a86 vessel ; let the thicker part subside by standing a few hours ; pour off the thinner liquor^ and dry the thicker part in a gentle heat, and keep for use. Medicinalfy it is rather uncertain in operation> though a powerful
hydragogue cathartic in cases of dropsy and hydrothorax. Poisonous. See Elatbrii and Elatinb. ExTRACTUM Gbnista Cacuminctm. D. Extract of Broom Tops. Is prepared horn the top twigs of Spariium scoparium, or common broom, and is a good diuretic in doses of 5ss to 5 j in form of bolus, or pill, with calomel, &c. ExTBACTUM Gbntian^. L. E. D. Extract of Gentian. Take ftj of gentian root, sliced, and a gallon of boiling water ; digest for S4 hours, boil down to four pints, strain while hot, and evaporate to form au extract. Medicmaify it is an excellent bitter, but is chiefly used in combination with metallic salts, such as sulphate of iron, &c., in form (tf pilL Dose gr. X to 9j. Enters into Pil. Aloes Comp. L. ExTRAOTUM GLYCTRRHiziB. L. D. Extract of Liquorice. Prepared by a similar process to the preceding. It is emollient and demulcent, and is used as a masticatory in catarrhs and sore throat, and is excel- lent for sheathing and soothing irritable fauces. AduUeraied (at least the coarser imported sorts) with the pulp of
prunes, glue, &c. The genuine dissolves entirely in water. Enters into Pil. Opiata. E. Pil. Scilliticie. E, Trochisci GlycyrrhijMP cum Opio. E. Trochisci Glycyrrhixs Glabne. E. ExTRACTUM Hamatoxyu. L. E. D. Extract of Logwood. Is pre- pared in the same way as the preceding. It is a good astringent in doses of gr. X to 5 j in form of piU for hsmorrhage, diarrhoea, &c Incompaiibles, See Hamatoxyli Lionum.
ExTRACTUM Hbllbbori Niori Raoiois. E. D. Extract of Black Hdlebcnre Root. Prepared in a similar manner to the preceding. It . is acrid, nauseous, and somewhat bitter.
MedidnaUy it is given in doses of gr. iij to gr. x, as a diuretic and emenagogue ; in doses of gr. x to 9j, as a purgative and hydra- gogue, and is thus prescribed in mania, dropsy, hydrothorax, itc. It forms the chief basis of Baohbr's Pills, which see. PoisonoHs. See Hbllbbori Niori Radix. ExTRAOTUM HuMULi. L. D. Extract of Hops. Take Jiv of hops and one gallon of water, boil down to Oiv, strain while hot, and evapo- rate to form an extract. Medicinally it is a good bitter, and has the flavour of the hop, but it is very doubtful whether it is sedative like lupuline. It is given in
l2
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148 EXTR
doses of gr. V to 5rs in pills twice or thrice a day in dyspepsia and arthritis. ExTRACTUM Hyoscyami. L. E. D. P. Extract of Henbane. Hyo- scyamtui niger. Prepared in the same way as extract of hemlock. It is nauseous, and foetid.
Mcdicinalhf it is a good narcotic Doubts, indeed, have lately been thrown upon the narcotic effects of hyoscyamus, but the concurring testimony of so many ages cannot be altogether wrong. It docs not, like opium, produce costiveness, and on that account is valuable. The dose is gr. v to 9j, but it is usually given in a combined form with purgatives.
Poisonous. See Hyoscyami Folia. ExTRACTUM Jalapje. L. E. D. P. Extract of Jalap. Take Ibj of jalap root in powder, Oiv of rectified spirit, one gallon of water ; digest the jalap in the spirit for four days, decant off the tincture, boil down the residuum with the water, strain the tincture and de- coction separately, evaporate the latter and distil the former till each thickens ; mix them both and evaporate to form an extract, which is directed to be kept both in a hard and a sof^ state.
Medicinally, this extract is similar in power, but not preferable to the powder, in doses of gr. x to 3j. It is apt to gripe unless triturated with soap, or made into an emulsion with almonds, gum arabic, or sugar. The resinous extract from the spirits alone is a slow but effectual purgative in doses of gr. v to gr. x.
Enters into Pulv. Scammones Comp. L. ExTRACTUM Jalaps Resinosum. D. Resinous Extract of Jalap. Is prepared like the extract of cascarilla, and is an irritant purgative, occasioning tormina, &c., which may in some measure be prevented by giving it along with mucilaginous emulsions. ExTRACTUM Lactucje. L. Extwict of Lettuce. Take ibj of fresh cos lettuce leaves, bruise them in a stone mortar with a little water, express the juice, and evaporate to form an extract. It is usually found in a very mouldy or injured state in the shops, and is also often prepared with bad leaves, so that it is useless as a medicine. When good the dose is gr.v to 3j in nervous irritability. See Lactucariu»i. ExTRACTUM Nucis VoMiCiE. D. Extract of Nux Vomica. Prepared by digesting Jviij of rasped nux vomica in Oij, by measure, of proof spirit for three days, straining and expressing the liquor ; to the re- sidue add Ojss of pr(X)f spirit, digest for three days more, strain, express, and distil the liquors to a proper consistence.
'Medicinally it is stimulant in doses of gr. ^ to gr. jss. ExTnACTUM Opii. L. D. Extract of Opium. Extracium Ihehaicum. O.
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EXTR 149
Take 5\vj of opium^ and one gallon of water^ add a little of the water to the opium, macerate for twelve hours, or till it becomes soft, then add by degrees the rest of the water, triturate the whole till well mixed, let the dregs subside, strain the liquor, and evaporate to make an extract. It is doubtful whether this be an improved pre- paration of crude opium, though it is said to produce less irritation and derangement of the system. One thing is certain, that the dregs contain a considerable portion of morphia. Incompatible with vegetable preparations containing tannin, with ace- tate of lead, carbonate of potass, oxymuriate of mercury, nitrate of silver, and the sulphates of copper and zinc. Medicinally the dose is gr. ss to gr. v in form of pill. See Opium. Enters into Syr. Opii. D.
ExTRACTUM Papaveris. L. E. Extract of Poppy. Take fcj of the capsules of white poppies, and one gallon of water, and proceed as for extract of gentian. As its efficacy depends upon its morphia, which is much modified by heat, it is a mther uncertain preparation. It should always be prepared by Barry's method. Inconipatibles the same as the preceding.
MedicbiaUy the dose is gr. v to 3j, it being usually one half or more weaker than opium.
ExTR ACTUM Que Reus CoRTicis. D. Extract of Oak Bark. Prepared as extract of gentian. It is given as an astringent in haemorrhage.
ExTRACTUM Rhei. L. D. Extract of Rhubarb. Prepared in the same way as the resinous extract of cinchona. The efficacy of rhubarb depends on its rhubarbarine, which is partly dissipated by this process. The dose is gr. x to 5ss, and is less nauseous than rhubarb. Incompatible with nitric acid, which converts rhubarbarine into oxalic acid.
ExTRACTUM RuT^ Graveolbntis. E. D. Extract of Rue. Pre- pared like extract of gentian. The essential oil of rue is driven off' during the process, and only the bitter principle remains, which is inferior to extract of gentian, chamomile, &c. Medicinally it may be given &s a stomachic tonic in doses of gr. x to 9j twice a day, in form of pill.
ExTRACTUM SABiNiB FoLiORUM. D. Extract of Savin. Prepared like extract of gentian. The essential oil of Savin is dissipated during the process, and the extract is a simple bitter, somewhat accid, and therefore stimulant. The dose is gr. x to 3j in pills.
ExTRACTUM Sarsafarillje. L. Extract of Sarsaparilla is prepared like extract of gentian. There can be no doubt that the efficacy of the crude drug is injured by the process, and that this is an inert and useless preparation. Barry's extract, however, is very different.
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150 EYE
The college extract is given in doses of gr. zr to 9ij in the decoction of sanaparilla ! ! !
ExTRACTUM Sarsaparillje Fluioum. D. Hat no advantage over the preceding.
ExTRACTUM Stramonii. L. D. Extract of Stramonium, or Thorn Apple. Take ftj of the seeds of stramonium, and one gallon of boiling water, digest for four hours in a covered venel, near the fire, take the seeds out and bruise them in a stone mortar, and return them again into the liquor, boil down to four pints, strain while hot, and evaporate to form an extract. Incompatible with the mineral adds and the salts of iron, lead, mer- cury, and silver, which precipitate the solution. Medicinally it is given in doses of gr. -f to gr. iij, or of Barry's extract, which is so much stronger, gr. -i^ to gr. ij ; it may be given in gout, rheumatism, and chronic inflammations; and it sometimes soothes maniacal paroxysms, but its effects are uncertain, for it sometimes produces increased irritation. Poisonous in a similar manner to the herb. See Datura and Datu- RiA, and Beck's Med. Jurisprudence*
ExTRACTUM Sfartii Scoparii. D. Extract of Broom, prepared from the fresh tops, and given as a diuretic and stomachic, in doses of 5ss to 5 j in pill.
ExTRACTUM Taraxaci. L. D. Extract of Dandelion. Prepared from the root as extract of gentian. Its taste is sweet, when well prepared, with a bitter after-taste. Medicinally it may be given in doses of gr. x to Jj, with sulphate of magnesia or potass, in dyspepsia, and biliary derangement.
ExTRACTUM VALERiANiB. Extract of Valerian. Is prepared by eva- porating an expressed decoction, by which the essential oil, and of course its medicinal properties are dissipated. Medicinally it is prescribed in hysteria and nervous affections in doses of gr. x to 5j as an antispasmodic.
Explosive Pastils are made by enclosing at the base of the common aromatic pastils, made a little larger than usual, a veiy minute portion of gunpowder. These are burned with the ostensible puipose of perfuming rooms at merry-meetings, but really to produce amuse- ment to young people.
Expressed Oils. See Oil.
Eye-Bright. An astringent native plant used to make eye-waters, but of little power. See Euphrasia.
Eye-salve. See Singleton, Smellome, &c.
Eye-snuff. Triturate and mix well in a marble mortar gr. v. of sul- phate of mercury, 3ij of liquorice root powdered. It is a powerful
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F£RR 151
eirliine in produdng a disokarge from the nose when snuffed up in small pinches^ and in this manner may act on the ejes by stimulating the glands. £ys*watkr8. See Db Brunb's and Colltbia for sereral receipts.
F.
Falsb. An objectionable term applied to some barks^ such as Canella alba^ called False Winter's Bark.
Fabd^ the French term for Rouge and other paints used for the face. See RouoB" and Paints.
Farina. L. E. D. P. Flour of Wheat. TrUicum esiivum et kibemum. It contains 77 per cent, of starchy 20 per cent, of gluten^ and 3 per cent, of sugar, albumen, gum, and phosphate of lime. Its nutritive properties seem to depend on the starch, while the gluten gives it tenacity. There is enough of farina in bran to render it useful in preparing lotions and poultices. Medicinally it is used for cataplasms, in form of bread for making pills, and in form of flour for dusting erysipelatous swellings, &c
Fat is animal oil or grease, and several kinds were formerly in use, but are now in discredit, such as badger's fat, human fat, &c.
Febbxpugb. Good against fever.
Fbcula, the powdejred root of certain plants, freed from impurities by washing, of which the following are examples :
Fboula Bryonije. p. Fecula of Bryony. Take q. s. of the fresh rdots of white bryony, carefully washed, rasp them, express the juice, mix with q. s. of water, strain, set aside till the fecula subside, decant off the water, and dry the fecula in the shade with a gentle heat. When it is dry reduce it to powder; It has the same quoli-i ties as the root. In the same way are made fecula of arum, iris, arrow-root, potato, &c.
Fbi<. See Ox-oall.
Fbnnbl. See Fjbniculi Sbmina.
Fbnugbbc. p. Trigonellafnenum grcecum. The seeds and flour are fa- rinaceous, and emollient, in dysentery, diarrhoea, &c. Externally in form of cataplasm.
Fbnouillbttk, a foreign liqueur prepared by macerating Jijof fennel seeds, and Jviij of fennel leaves in Oij of alcohol and Oiv of water, with tpc of sugar. Then strain.
Fbrn. See Filicis Radix.
Fbrri Acbtas. D. See Acrtas Ferri.
Fbbri Liquor Alkalini. See Liquor Ferri.
Digiti
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152 FERR
Ferri Malas. See MaLas Frrri. P.
Fbrri Mistura Comp. See Mistura Fbrri. 1
Fkrri Oxiduh Nigrum. D. P. Black Oxide of Iron. JElhiops mar- tialU. O. Is prepared by several processes. It is prescribed in engorgements of the liver and spleen, and in cases in which chaly- beates are exhibited.
FfiRRi Prussias. Prussiate of Iron or Prussian Blvb, (which see; is
inserted in the Pharmacopoeia of the United States ; and may be ex- I
hibited as a tonic, in doses of gr. iij to gr. viij twice a day in jeUy or syrup. For intermittent, scrofula, &c.
. Incompatible with the mineral alkalies and alkaline earths.
Fbrri Rambnta. See Fbrrum.
Fbrri Rubioo. L. D. Rust of Iron. Crocus martis aperiens. O. A bi-carbonate or protoxide of iron. Take 500 parts of sulphate of iron, and dissolve in 4000 parts of distilled water, add q. s. of sub- carbonate of potass, or of solution of soda, to precipitate the oxide, which is washed, dried, and reduced to powder; or expose pure filings of iron to the dew till the rust is formed. See the next article.
Frrri Subcarbonas. L. D. Subcarbonate of Iron. Carbonas Jerri. £. Take ^viij of sulphate of iron, Jvj of subcarbonate of soda, one gallon of boiling water ; dissolve the sulphate of iron and the sub- carbonate of soda separately, in Oiv of the water, mix the solutions, and let them stand that the powder may subside, pour off the liquor, wash the precipitate with hot water, and dry it by a gentle heat on bibulous paper. It is insoluble in water, is of a chocolate-brown colour, without smell, and of a styptic taste. Decomposition. The acid of the sulphate of iron passes over to the soda, forming sulphate of soda in solution^ while the disengaged carbonic acid of the soda passes over to the iron and forms a proto- carbonate, which is precipitated of a green colour. The subsequent exposure of this to heat drives off both its water and carbonic acid, while it absorbs oxygen from the atmosphere, and becomes chocolate- brown, being in reality a peroxide of iron, with the small proportion of protocarbonate, or subcarbonate of iron, that may have remained undecomposed by heat. Incompatible with galls, and other astringent vegetables, and with
tannin, &c. Medicinally it is exhibited as a diffusible tonic, like other chalybeates, in doses of gr. iv to 9j, in form of pill or powder, with bitters and aromatics, in dyspepsia and debility. It has lately been strongly recommended also in cancer, and particularly in neuralgia, or tic douloureux, in doses of 5ss to 5iij twice or thrice a day. It is obvious
Digitized by
FERR 153
it can do no good where the pain is produced from the pressure of osseous spiculse^ &c. Enters into Ferrum Ammoniatum. L. Tartar. Ferri. D. Tinct. Ferri Muriatis. L. D.
FsRRi Sulphas. L. E. D. P. Sulphate of Iron. Green copperas. Green vilriol, Sal marlis, Ferrum vUriolaium. O. Take 5viij each by weight of iron and sulphuric acid, Oiv of water ; mix the sul- phuric acid with the water in a glass vessel, and add the iron ; when bubbles cease to escape, filter the liquor through paper, and evaporate that crystals may form, pour off the liquor and dry the crystals on blotting-paper. Decomposition, The water being partly decomposed, its hydrogen escapes while its oxygen unites with the iron, forming a suboxide, which combines with the sulphuric acid, and is dissolved in the water that remains, forming a protosulphate or subsulphate of iron in solution, which afterwards crystallizes in rhombs of a green colour, soluble in water, but insoluble in alcohol. These crystals when ex- posed to a strong heat part with their sulphuric acid, and peroxide of iron remains, known by the name of Calcothar. See Oxidvm Fkrri Rubrum. p. Incompatible with the alkalies, the earths, and their carbonates ; — with the borate of soda, the acetates of ammonia and lead, the muriates of baryta and ammonia, the nitrates of potass and silver, the tartrates of potass and soda; and with soap. It is also decomposed by astringent vegetable substances, and a tannogallate of iron is formed, but it retains in that case most of its properties. Medicinally the sulphate of iron is tonic and astringent, and in a large dose emetic It is given in doses of gr. j to gr. v with bitters, &c., in debility and relaxation, and also as a vermifuge. M. Marc says it is febrifuge. It is used extensively to adulterate beer, to which it gives a fine frothy heading. When not in great quantity, however, it must be rather wholesome than otherwise. It is also used extensively in dyeing, making of ink, &c. Enters itUo Pil. Ferri cum Myrr, L. Sulph. Ferri Exsicc E.
Frrro-cyanatbs are salts formed with ferro-cyanic acid and alkaline or metallic bases. These salts were formerly called Triple Prussiatcs.
Ferro-cyanatb of Baryta is prepared by digesting purified Prussian blue with a solution of pure baryta. It is soluble in water and is used in preparing ferro-cyanic acid. A similar salt is formed with magnesia and with strontia.
Ferro-cyanate of Peboxide of Iron. See Prussian Blub.
Ferro-cyanate of Pota;»s, formerly Trijfle Prussiale of Potass, is pro-
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154 FERE
cured by digesting pure PnuBsn blue in potaa till the tlkali is neutralised, when the peroxide of iron being set finee, a yellow liquid is formed, which yields crystab of ferro*C3ranate of potass by evapora- tion. It is made also on a large scale by igniting hoofs, horns, &c with potass and iron. It is an excellent test for iron. Soluble in less than its own weight of water.
FsBBO-CYANic AciD is procured in crystals by dissolving 58 grains of crystallised tartaric acid in alcohol, and mixing the liquid with 50 grains of the ferro-cyanate of potass, dissolved in the smallest possi- ble quantity of hot water, when the bitartrate of potass is pre- cipitated, and the clear solution upon being evaporated, deposits the acid in small yellow cubic crystals. It has no smell, is not volatile, and in small quantities is not poisonous. M. Porrett calls it Ferruretled Chyazic Acid. Test. Any of the per- salts of iron, when no free alkali is present, furnish a very delicate test of this acid, by forming with it Prussian blue.
FsRRUM. L. £. D. P. Iron, or Iron Filings. Ramenla vel Scobs. It is necessary to be careful to have the filings of soft irmi, and not intermixed with steeL They are tonic and stimulant if taken in substance, and when they meet with an acid in the stomach or bowels, otherwise they are probably inert. It is better therefore to prescribe some of the other preparations of iron. Dose gr. v to 5j of the filings in form of pill or electuary. At present they are chiefly used for making other chalybeate preparations. Enters into Ferri Limatura Purif. £. Ferri Aoet. D. Fern Carbon. E. D. Ferri Sulph. L. E. D. Ferrum Tartarisat L. Ferri Oxydum Rubrum. D. Ferri Oxyd. Nigrum. E. D. Ferrum Ru- brum. D. Liq. Ferri AlkalinL L. Tinct. Acet. Ferri. D. Vin. Ferri. L. D.
Fbrrum Amhoniatum. L. Ammoniated Iron, or Martial Flowers. Femm ammoniacale, O. Murias ammonias et ferri. E. D. P. Take ttj each of subcarbonate of iron, muriatic acid, and muriate of amnumia, pour the add upon the subcarbonate, and let it stand till the efiervescence ceases, filter through paper, and evaporate to dry- ness, mix the residuum with the muriate of ammonia, sublime them immediately by a strong fire, and powder the sublimate. It is of a yellow orange colour, and has a styptic taste. Decomposition. The subcarbonate of iron decomposes the muriate of ammonia by means of the heat, the carbonic acid partly passes off, and partly unites with the ammonia, while the poition disengaged of the muriatic acid unites with the iron, and there remains a mix- ture of submuriate of iron, submuriate of ammonia^ and subcarbonate of ammonia.
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AdtUieraied with an impure preparation, hot the firaud maj be known
by the dulness of the colour. Incompatible with tannin, and yegetablet containing it, with potass,
soda, magnesia, lime, and their carbonates. Jdedicinalfy it is, like the other preparations of iron, a diffusible tonic and aperient, in doses of gr. iij to 9} in form of pill for re- laxed habits, but being uncertain in strength is not often pie- scribed. Enters into Tinct. Ferri Ammoniati. L.
FfiBRUM Tartarizatum. L. Tartarixed Iron. Tartras potaisa el Jerri. E. P. Tarlarum ferri, D. Tinctura martis tartarisata. O. Take ttj of iron, tbij of supertartrate of potass in powder, Ov or q. s. of distilled water. Triturate the iron and the supertartrate of potass together, expose them to the air with a pint of water for 20 days in a shallow glass vessel, stirring them daily, and adding distilled water from time to time to keep them always moist ; boil in four parts of the water for a quarter of an hour, filter and evaporate the filtered liquor in a water-bath to dryness, reduce the residuum to powder, and keep it in a well-stopped phiaL It is a greenish brown powder, with no smell, and little taste. Deoompontum, The air and the water supply their oxygen to the iron, wUle the oxide thus formed combines with the superabundant add of the supertartrate of potass, and the mass consists of metallic iron, oxide of iron, with tartrate of iron and potass : or when very carefully prepared it is a double salt consisting of pertartrate of iron, and of potass. The moist mass is the best preparation; for evaporat- ing to dryness partially decomposes it. Incompatible with strong acids, and the fixed alkalies and their car- bonates (but not with ammonia), with the sulphuret of potass, and infusion of galls, oak bark, and all astringent vegetables, which form a tanno-gallate of iron, of similar properties, however, to the genuine preparation. Impaired by tartrate of lime, which is frequently mixed with the su«
pertartrate of potass used in the preparation. Medicinally it is seldom prescribed, but may be added to other chaly- beates. The dose is gr. x to 5ss in solution or in bolus with bitters and aromatics.
Fbrbum Vitriolatuh. O. See Ferri Sulphas. L.
Fbrrurbttbd Chtazic Acid. A name proposed by M. Porrett for Feno-cyanic Add.
Fbbula. See Assapobtida.
Fbtbb Balls, in Farriery. See Balls.
Fibrin. A peculiar substance found both in animals and vegetables.
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15G FLUO
It is soft, insoluble in water, softens in the air, and melts on hot coals. It contains carbon, asote, oxygen, and hydrogen.
Ficus. Fig. See Caric*.
FiLicis Radix. L. E. D. P. Male Fern Root. Aspidium ^fiUx mas. Polypody, or Polypodium. O. It has but little smell, and a muci- laginous, bitter, and austere taste. IncompalibU with iron and its salts, as it contains both tannin and
gallic acid. Medicinally it is astringent and vermifuge in doses of 5ij to 5iij, joined with calomel and jalap for tape- worm, and lumbrici.
Flake Manna. See Manna.
Flakb White. A pigment consisting of subcarbonate, or white oxide of lead, prepared by hanging sheets of lead over evaporating vim^r, the vessel containing the vinegar being placed in a steam-bath. It is inferior to Sulphate op Baryta, which see.
Flash. A preparation sold by brewers' druggists, to colour brandy and rum, and to give them fictitious strength. It i? prepared by making an extract of cayenne pepper, or capsicum, and adding to it burnt sugar.
Flax. See Linum.
Fly- WATER may be prepared with white arsenic, king's yellow, orpi- ment, or corrosive sublimate ; but these being all very poisonous are not safe to be left in apartments where children have access. Infu- sion of quassia is as good, and is not poisonous.
Florbs. Flowers. A term now disused, but formerly applied to light powders, such as flower of brimstone.
Flour op Mustard. Manufactured chiefly at Durham, by dr3ring the seeds of mustard, powdering, and sifting them. Adtdferaled with bean flour and common salt, the yellow colour being given by turmeric, and the piquancy by cayenne pepper.
Flowers of Benjamin. 'See Acidum Benzoicum.
Flowers of Brimstone, or Sulphur. See Sulphur Sublimatum.
Flowers of Zinc. See Zinci Oxidum.
Fluo-Silicic Acid is a gaseous substance formed whenever hydro- fluoric acid comes in contact with silicious earth. It ought to be col- lected over mercury.
Fluo-borates are salts formed with fluoboric acid and alkaline bases, but have been as yet little investigated.
Fluo-boric Acid is a gaseous substance prepared by mixing one part of vitrified boracic acid, and two of fluor spar, with twelve parts of strong sulphuric acid, and heating the mixture in a glass retort. Or, by the action of hydro-fluoric acid, on a solution of boracic acid. Absorbs water so rapidly that it furnishes a delicate test for the presence of moisture in gases ; producing a dense white doud of vapour.
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FORG 157
Fluo-chromic ActD is a gaseous compound^ and is formed by distilling a mixture of fluor spar and chromate of lead in fuming or in common sulphuric acid.
Fluoric Acid, discovered by Scheele in 1771. is obtained by treating fluor spar with sulphuric acid. It has so strong an affinity for silica that it corrodes glass and porcelain. It also rapidly disorganizes animal substances. Its taste is very acid^ and it has a strong pene- trating odour.
Fluorine is a peculiar substance, supposed to be elementary, but which has not hitherto been procured in a separate state. See Hydro- fluoric Acid.
Fluo-tantalic Acid. This is prepared from the new metal, tantalum, by treating it with fluoric acid.
Fluo-titanic Acid. A compound of the fluoric and titanic acids.
Flux, in the arts, a composition to assist the fusion of metals, usually made with borax, tartar, nitre, sal ammoniac, common salt, glass, &c, in varying proportions. Black Fhix consists of white flux detonated by means of kindled char- coal in a mortar slightly covered, when the smoke unites with thef alkalized nitre and the tartar, rendering it black. Cornish Reducing Flux. Mix well together Jx of tartar, Jiijss of nitre,
and jiij and 5j of borax. Cornish Refining Flux. Deflagrate, and then powder, two parts of
nitre and one part of tartar. While Flux. One part of nitre and two parts of tartar well mixed together.
FcENicuLi Srmina. L. E. D. p. Fennel Seeds. The seeds of Ane^ (hum Jceniculutn. Carminative and aromatic in doses of 3j to 5j bruised, in dyspepsia and flatulence, but not better than dill and caraway.
FoMENTUM Camphoratum. Take Jss of camphor, 5ij of acetic acid, 3X of common vinegar, and mix. (Augustin.)
Ford'8 Balsam of Horehound is a cough nostrum, of which opium is the basis^ being composed of equal parts of horehound and liquorice root, infused in water, strained, and a double portion of spirit added to nine pints, to which liquor add jvij of pure opium, 3J of dried squills, 5vj of benzoin, 5ix of camphor, 5viij of anise-seed, Ibj^. of honey ; digest and strain.
Ford's Laudanum. See Vinum Opii. L.
Forge Water. The water used by blacksmiths to cool their iron in. When taken clear in the morning from the trough, and used as a gargle in aphthc, it is frequently useful. Dr. Paris detected sulphate of iron in it. It Is a popular remedy for asthenic chlorosis.
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FoRMio Acid. Acid tf Aidt, is procured by infusing lialf a pound of ants in two pints of boiling water^ pressing out the liquor and strain- ing. Or^ it may be made artificially by applying a gentle heat to a mixture of tartaric acid, water, and peroxide of manganese. MedicinaUy it is said to be stimulant, but it is not used.
FoTHBBOiLL*s P1LL8. A purgative nostrum, made with equal pro- portions of aloes, scammony, colocynth, oxide of antimony, and aro- matic essences.
Fowlbr's Solution. See Liquor Arsbnicalis.
Franoipan. An extract of milk, for preparing artificial milk, and made by evaporating skimmed milk to dryness.
Frabbra Waltbri. American Calumba, a non-aromatic Utter tonic, which may be given in doses of gr. x to 3j thrice a day.
Fraxinblla. p. Diclamnus albus. The frecdi root is bitterish and acrid, tonic, aromatic, and vermifuge, in doses of 9j to 5 j of the tincture twice or thrice a day.
Frbbhan's Bathing Spirits. The Compound Liniment of Soap coloured with Dafly's Elixir. See Linimbnt Sap. Cohp.
Frankincbnse. See Rbsina. L.
Frbnch Polish is made by dissolving gum lac in spirits of wine. See Polish.
French Red, or Rouge, for the toilette. Take Jj of genuine carmine, light in weight and strong in colour, mix it with very finely-sifted starch powder, according to the shade required, and tempering the colour by the eye, which will be assisted by laying it on ^eets of black paper.
Friar's Balsas. See Tinctura Benzoini Cohp. L.
Fucus. L. Bladder Wreck. Sea Weed. Fucus vesiculosus. Is internally deobstruent in bronchocele, and externally is used in cataplasms. Its efficacy probably depends on its iodine.
Fucus Hblhinthocorton. p. CorsicaD Moss. Is said to be vermi- fuge and purgative in doses of gr. x to 5ij or more of the powder, and in infusion 5J to J j to Oj of water. It is also given internally in cases of schirrous and strumous tumours. It is perhaps best exhibited in form of jelly, with isinglass and wine.
Fulminating Powder. A mixture dP 2 parts nitre, 2 parts neutral carbonate of potass, 1 part of sulphur, and 6 parts of common salt, all finely pulverized, forms a powerful fulminating powder. (Land-
GBRBE.j
FuLMiNic Acid is found in combination with oxide of mercury or of
silver in fulminating mercury or silver. (Liebeo.) FuMARiA. P. Fumitory. The infusion or expressed juice of the
Fumaria officinalis et bulbosa, is an excellent bitter and deobstruent.
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in difiorden of tlie Hilary and digestive organs. Dose of the jaice Jij twice a 6aj, or a tea^euf^ul of the ioAinon, ad Ubkum. (Cullbn.) Fumigating Pastils are prepared with various odoriferous subetancesy of which benzoin is commonly the chief. E. G. Take 5 j of benxoin^ 5S8 each of nitrate of potass and cascarilla, 5vj of diarcoal, gr. x each of oil of cloves and nutmeg, 3} of gum myrrh> and q. s. of gum tragacanth> to form a paste, which is to be dried. See Pastillbs.
Fumigation is performed by procuring penetrating vapours from chemical mixtures for the purposes of disinfection. This ^ect is very doubtful. The following are the chief mixtures employed in fumigation. Take sugar, coffee, benzoin, amber, cascarilla, yellow sanders, juniper* berries, &c, q. s.; throw upon a red-hot iron plate or ignited char- coal> to remove or neutralize foetid vapours. P. Or, Take 56 parts of muriate of soda, 1 part of oxide of manganese, 32 parts of water, mix in a glass or porcelain vessel, and add dS parts of sulphuric acid at 66^. The chamber ought to be closely shut tip, and nobody should remain in it. P. (Guyton Morvbau.) Or, Take 64i parts of sulphuric acid at 66° and 32 parts of pure water, with 64 parts of nitrate of potass in powder, mix the acid with the water in a glass or porcelain vessel, and when the effervescence has ceased, place it on hot sand or ashes, and when the mixture is mode- rately hot, add the nitrate of potass by little and little. This can be safely done in inhabited apartments. (Smith.)
FuNGATB. A salt consbting of fungic acid and a base, such as fungate of 1^.
FuNGio Acid, lliis is procured from several fungi by expressing their juijoe, bcnling it, forming an extract, and treating it with alcohol. (Bkaoconot.)
FuNGiN. Procured from mushrooms, but is probably only woody fibre.
FusBD Potass. See Potassa Fusa* L.
Fu8Tio, a dye stuff, procured from the fruit of the Marus xanthoxylum, or dyer's mulberry.
Galactic Acid. The acid of milk, the same as lactic acid, and now sup- posed to be nothing more than animalised acetic acid. (Bbrzblius.)
Galanoa. p. Galangale. MararUa galanga. An aromatic and acrid bitter root, hot, stimulant, and also errhine. It is given in dyspepsia, in doses of gr. x to gr. xv of the powder, or ^ss to 5ij of the tincture. It is also chewed in paralysis of the tongue.
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160 GARG
Galbani Gummi Rrbini. L. £. D. P. Cralbanum^ or Gum Galbanum. Is procured from the Bubon galbanum, a native of the Cape. It is foetid^ bitter, and acrid. AdttUerated, like most of the gum resins^ with various cheap ftubstances. The genuine ought to be in form of tears, or masses of a reddish or yellowish- brown colour, specific gravity 1*212, and should dissolve wholly in a mixture of two parts of rectified spirits and one part of water. Medicinally it is like assafoetida, antispasmodic and expectorant in doses of gr. x to 5ss in form of pill or emulsion ; but is seldom pre- scribed except externally in the form of plaster, being discutient and suppurative. Enters into Emplast. Assafcetida. D. Emp. Gummosum. E. Emp. Galbani. D. Emp. Cralbani Comp. L. Pil. Assafoetidc Comp. £• Pil. Galbani Comp. L. Pil. Myrrhie Comp. D. Tinct. Galbani. D.
Galboa. P. Goat's Rue. A mucilaginous and feebly aromatic hitter, little used.
Galljb. L. E. D. p. Galls. Produced from the Qtiercwt infectoria, by the grub of the Diploplesis gallon, or Cynips quercifolia. The best galls are from Aleppo and Smyrna. Galls have no smell, but a strong astringent and lAistere taste. Incompatible with the sulphate and other salts of iron, the acetate of lead, sulphates of copper and zinc, nitrates of silver and mercury, oxymuriate of mercury, tartarized antimony, subcarbonate of potass, lime water, infusion of Peruvian bark, and solution of isinglass and animal jellies, and with the mineral adds. Good Galls are small, heavy, and bluish-grey, or olive colour. The inferior sorts are larger, light, incline to white or red, and if examined narrowly, it wiU be found that the grub has eaten its way out, by a minute perforation, which always deteriorates their quality, and renders them hollow and powdery when broken. Medicinally galls are powerfully astringent and tonic in doses of gr. x to 3j twice, or oftener, in the day, for internal haemorrhage and diarrhoea ; or externally in gargles, injections, or ointments, such as that applied for piles.
Gallic Acid is procured by clarifying with whites of eggs the infusion of galls, and evaporating it, when crystals of the acid will form, white, light, and ocicular, of an astringent taste. Soluble in water and easily volatili!^ by heat.
Gambogia. Gamboge. See Cambogia. L.
Garoarisma. Gargle. A preparation used for rinsing the fauces and throat, in various disorders of these parts.
Gargarisma Acidi Muriatici. Muriatic Acid gargle. Take 20
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GARL I6l
drops of muriatic acid^ Jj of honey of roses^ Jlv of barley water, or infusion of linseed ; mix, and use in aphthae and ulcerated inflamma- tion of the throat, taking care that the acid does not injure the teeth.
Gargarisma ^ruginis. Verdigrise Grargle. Take ^ij of verdigrise liniment, Jj of honey of roses, 3yj of infusion of linseed ; mix, and employ for foul ulcers of the throat, and tonsils. It is not a very safe medicament.
Gargarisma Aluminis. Alum Gargle. Take 5j of alum, Jxij of decoction of Peruvian hark, Jjss of honey of roses; mix, and use for relaxations of the uvula and fauces, and chronic inflammation of the tonsils.
Gargarisma Sub-boracis Sodje. Borax Gargle. Take 5\j of sub- borate of soda, Jvij of rose water, 5j of honey of roses j mix, and use in the aphth« of children as a detergent. The syrup of mulberries is more pleasant than the honey of roses, and equally good.
Gargarisma Capsici. Capsicum Gargle. Take 5j of powdered cap- sicum, 3j of common salt, jiv of vinegar, Jiv of boiling water; strain, and use in scarlatina, &c.
Gargarisma Lini. Linseed Gargle. Takejxiv of infusion of linseed, Jij of honey of roses, 5 jss of diluted sulphuric acid ; mix, and use as a mild astringent.
Gargarisma MvRRHiB. Myrrh Gargle. Take Jvijss of infusion of roses, Jss of tincture of myrrh ; mix, and use as a mild astringent and deterg^it.
Gargarisma Oxymuriatis Hydrarqyri. Gargle of the Oxymuriate of Mercury. Take gr. iij of oxymuriate of mercury, Oj of distilled water; mix, and use in venereal sore throat.
Gargarisma Potasss Nitratis. Nitre Gargle, Take Oj of barley- water, 5vj of nitrate of potass, jij of oxymel ; mix, and use as a cooling application in inflammation of the tonsils and fauces.
Gargarisma Qubrcus. Oak-bark Gargle. Take 5ij of oak bark in fine powder, gr. x of alum, SO drops of sulphuric acid, Jvj of boiling water ; mix, strain, and use in relaxations of the uvula and fauces.
Gargarisma RosiE. Rose Gargle. Take Jiv of infusion of roses, Jj of honey of roses, or syrup of mulberries ; mix, and use as a mild astringent.
Gargles. See the preceding 12 articles.
Garlic. See Alii Radix.
Garlic Vinegar. Peel and chop Jij of garlic, pour on this a quart of good white wine vinegar,- digest in a close vessel for seven days, shaking it every day ; decant off and bottle up. A very few drops to flavour soup, to make mustard, &c See Essence of Eshai^
LOTS.
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162 GEO**
Gascoiqnk Powder. See Pulvis Crbtjb Compobitub.
Gastric Acid is a term applied hj some chemists to the gastric juice, but others have found that when an acid is present it consists of muriatic and some of the vegetable acids.
Gayacine. a substance procured from Guaiac bark, somewhat re- sembling the resins, but differs from them by dissolving in nitric acid and forming oxalic acid.
Gblatinje. Preparations made with almonds, hartshorn, quinces, Ice- land moss, &C. See Jbllt.
Gelatin. An animal product, without smell, soluhie in hot water, from which it is precipitated by alcohol : it is also soluble in acids and alkalies, and unites with tannin.
Genista. Petty Broom. Genista tinctoria. Has lately been given in decoction, after cauterizing the sublingual pustules in hydrc^hobia. Its effects are very doubtfuL
Gbntianjb Radix. L. £. D. P. Gentian Root. Gentiana bUea. It is intensely bitter, has little smell, and is tonic and stomachic, in doses of gr. X to 3ij of the powder, in atonic and dyspeptic affections, and in gout, jaundice, &c« It is more commonly exhibited in infu- sion and tincture. Enters into Ext. Gentianc. L. E. D. Infus. Gent. Comp. L. E. D. Tinct. Gent. Comp. L. E. D. Vin. Gent. Comp. E.
Gbntia, or Gentianin. Ne$t, Also called Geniiania. Is a chemical alkaline principle found in gentian root. Digest powdered gentian in cold ether for 48 hours, filter, expose to heat in an open vessel to concentrate the liquor, which wiU deposit yellow crystals on cooling. To these crystals add alcohol till it ceases to be coloured, evaporate again to dr3mess, redissolve in proof spirit, filter, again evaporate to dryness ; redissolve in distilled water, add a little pure magnesia, boil, filter, digest the sediment in ether, and evaporate to dryness. The gentianin thus obtained Ls yellow, very bitter, aromatic, and inodorous. Incompatible with concentrated sulphuric add, and also in a less degree
with all acids, which weaken its colour. Medicinally the dose is gr. ij to gr. iv twice or thrice a day as a tonic
Geoffrba Inermis. £. D. Cabbage-tree Baric It has a disagree- able smell, and a sweet mucilaginous taste, and is a drastic purgative and emetic, as well as a narcotic It is given in doses of 9j to 9ij of the powder, as a powerful vermifuge in cases of ascarides and lumbrici; but nothing cold must be druidc during its operation. It is most commonly given in infusion or decoetiim. Poisonous in large doses. See Decoct. Geoffr. Inbbu. Enters into Decoct. GeoflfWes Inerm. E.
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Groroia Bark. The bark of the Pinckneya puhesoens, a small Ame- rican tree. It is used as a substitute fot PeniTian bark, in doses of 5 J to Jss.
GjsaANiuM. Cranes-bill. Some of the species are given in dropsj^ but little is properly known of the effects. The decoction of the Gera- nium maadatum is a powerful astringent in dysentery and internal hcmoiThages.
Gkriiandsb. See Chamcbortb.
GsRMAN Pastb is prepared by beating together &ij of pease flour^ Ibj of blanched sweet almonds> Jiij of fresh butter, and adding the yolks of two fresh egg8> and a little honey and safiron; then heat the mass gently, and pass it through a sieve, to form it into grains. If pn^)erly made, it will keep good fcnr half a year.
Gbuk Urranum: Radix. D. Avens Root. An indigenous herb, which has a stjrptic bitter taste, and is tonic and febrifuge, being sometimes substituted fbr Peruvian bark, in intermittents and atonic afiections, in doses of 5ss to 5 j of the powder eveiy six hours, or in form of decoction or tincture.
GiNCKOic AoiD. This was discovered by M. Peschier in the fruit of the Gincka hiloba, but little is known of its properties.
GiNOBR. See Zinoiberis Radix. L.
Ginger Bebr is prepared by adding to a gi^llon of soft water Ibij of refined lump sugar, two lemons sliced, Jij of powdered ginger, and a dessert spoonful of cream of tartar ; simmer over a ^w fire for half an hour, but do not let it boil ; add a table spoonful of yeast, ferment in the usual way, and bottle.
Gingbb Drops and Lozenges. See Drops and Lozenges.
Ginger Wine. Take 15 galhms (^ wattf» add to it ]h56 of raw sugar, boil half an hour and skim. Bruise ibj of good Jamaica ginger, pare and cut three dosen lemons, and when the syrup has boiled enough, pour it upon the ginger and lemons, and let the whole stand till about milk- warm or les«, then squeexe them out and put into a tub, with a little yeast ; work three days, put into a cask, with a little isinglass to fine it, and let it stand three months, when it will be fit for use.
Ginseng^ P. Ginseng Root. Panax quimquefoUum. An aromatic stimolant and tonic, in doses «f 3j to 5j of the powder, or in infu- sion. Supposed to be aphrodiriac.
Glairinb. The iscum which forms on thermal waters has been thus named by M. Anglada.
Glass op Antimony. See Antimonii Oxydum.
Glbchoua Hepebaoea. Ground Ivy, or Ale Hoof. An aromatic native ^nt, supposed to possess sedative properties ; and the ex-
ut
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164 GODF
pressed juice and the extract have been given in mania, &c Its powers are very doubtful,
Glaucic Acid. This acid is procured from teazle and scabious^ bj treating the alcoholic tincture with ether, and the precipitate thenoe arising first with acetate of lead, secondly with sulphuretted hydro- gen, and thirdly with heat. (Runor.)
Glue is a hard preparation of gelatine, used to cement wood, &c It is prepared by steeping in lime water, and then boiling down, the skins, or scraps of skins, bones, and ofial of animals, into a jelly, skimming off the impurities, adding a portion of alum, and drying it, when cold, upon nets. Fish glue is prepared, in a similar man- ner, from the skins, &c., of fish.
Gluten is a vegetable principle contained in considerable quantity in wheat. M. Tadei has discovered that it is an antidote to corroeive sublimate, or oxymuriate of mercury, and probably acts by sheath- ing its virulence. Gluten is soluble in alcohol.
Glutine. Another principle somewhat similar to gluten, but differing in not being soluble in alcohol.
Glycerine. The sweet principle of oils. (Chevrbuil.)
Glycine. An earth first discovered in analyzing beryl. It forms salts with the acids, such as sulphate of glycine.
Glycyrrhizjs Radix. L. £. D. P. Liquorice Root, or Stick Liqu(nice. It has a sweetish mucilaginous taste, but little smell, and is used as a demulcent in catarrh, combined with other mucilaginous medica- ments ; but chiefly in making the extract, and in forming medical compounds, and covering the taste of bitters. AduUeraled in the powdered form with bean flour, or with guaiac powder, both of which render it paler than the genuine, which is yellowish brown. Enters into Confect Senns. L. E. Decoct. Sarsaparills Comp. L. D. Ext. Glycyrrhize. L. E. D. Infus. LinL L.
Glycyrrhizin. A substance found in liquorice which seems not to undergo fermentation. (Robiquet.)
Godbold's Vegetable Balsam. A nostrum composed of oxynael, with some colouring matter and perfume to disguise it. The specifi- cation of Godbold's patent, however, directs separate syrups to be made of 42 different herbs, many of them poisonous, and then to be mixed with four different gums, vinegar, oil of cinnamon, &c., and kept three years before it is administered ! ! ! By a late trial it appears that the proprietor's profits have fallen from SOOOl. to 50^ per annum.
Godfrey's Cordial. A popular nostrum, the basb of which is opium- Infuse Jix of sassafras, 5 j each of caraway, coriander, and anise
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GRAN 165
seeds^ in Ovj of water> simmer till reduced to Oiv, add Ibvj of treacle, or coarse sugar, and boil for a few minutes. When cold, add Jiij of tincture of opium or laudanum.
Gobpbby's Smbllino Salts. A nostrum prepared by resubliming subcarbonate of ammonia, with a subcarbonate of potass and alcohol, which forms carbonate of ammonia, of a very pungent odour.
Gold. See Auric Acid, Mubiats of Gold, &c.
GoLDBN Drops. See Delamottb.
GoLDBN Ointment. See Singleton, and Unguent. Hydb. Nitb.
OXYD. L.
GoLDRN Spirits of Scurvy Grass. A nostrum composed of the compound spirit of horse-radish, with a portion of gamboge dis- solved in it.
Gooseberry Wine. To 12 gallons of sof^ water put eight gallons of white gooseberries well bruised, steep 48 hours, press, and add ib25 of raw sugar ; then put in a cask, and let it work for three days* add half a gallon of brandy, a pint of fiae mustard-seed, and let it stand for six months.
Goose Grease. Adeps anserU, Was used in former times as an emol- lient in enemas, &c, and also as a mild emetic ; but is never pre- scribed at present.
Goulard's Collyrium. See Collyrium Plumbi Acetatis.
Goulard's Extract of Lead. See Liquor Plumbi Acetatis.
Gout Cordial is prepared by mixing equal parts of tincture of rhubarb and senna ; or by digesting Jij each of rhubarb, senna, coriander and fennel-seeds, and cochineal, with %j each of saffron and liquorice root, and Ibij of raisins, in two gallons of proof spirit. Let the mix- ture stand seven days, and strain.
Gout Specifics. See Reynolds, Want, Wilson, &c
Gowland's Lotion. A nostrum prepared by making an emulsion with 3j of the kernels of bitter almonds, Jij of sugar, Oij of distilled water, triturated and strained. Add 9ij of oxymuriate of mercury weU triturated, with Jij of rectified spirit. Used as a wash for pimples, &c, but is far from safe, as it may cause paralysis, &c.
Grains of Paradise. The seeds of the Atnomum gratia Paradisi, which resemble those of fenugreek, and are hot, spicy, and aromatic. They are seldom used in medicine, but are extensively employed to conceal adulterations by giving false strength to spirits, wine, beer, and vinegar.
Granati Cortex et Floees. L. £. D. P. Bark and Flowers of the Pomegranate. Punica granalum. The seeds and juice are also used. Incompatible with sulphate of iron, with which a permanent blue colour is struck.
Digitized by
166 GROS
MMcinaUy all the parts are bitter and powerfully astringent, and are employe! in cases of chronic diarrhoea and worms> and in form of injection in leucorrhoea^ &c. The dose is 5ss to 5 j of the powderi and Jss to ^j of the decoction. It is also given in form of sjrup.
Gratioijb OfTiciNALis Herba. E. D. p. Hedge liyssop. A natife of the south of Europe, of a strong, bitter, nauseous taste, but with little smell. It is a mistake that gratiola forms the basis of the £a» MedicinaU, MedicinaUy it is purgative, diuretic, and occasionally emetic, and is given as a vermifuge, and as a hydragogue in dropsy, in doses of gr. X every hour, till the desired intention is fulfilled. It has also been given with some effect in asthma. Poisonous, in large doses, producing hypercatharsis, vomiting, retclung, great thirst, convulsions, and death. It is best treated with demul- cents aiid sedatives.
Grecian Water is a solutioh of nitrate of silver disguised, for the purpose of dyeing the hair black. The hair so dyed soon becomes puq)Ie on exposure to the light.
Grbrnouoh's Tincture for the Teeth. Take ^ij of bitter almonds, Jsi each of Brazil wood and casria berries, 5ij of Florentine iris-root, 5J each of super-oxalate of potass, alum, and cochineal, ^ss of spirit of horse-radish, and Oij of spirit of wine. Digest for seveh d^ys, and strain.
Green's Drops are prepared by making a solutiioa of ox3rmuriate of mercury in a vegetable tincture, in order to avoid detection.
Green's Tooth Powder. Take Jj each oip dried sage leaves, crust of bread, and muriate of soda, and 5 j each of nutmeg and cloves pow- dered ; triturate and mix in a mortar.
Green Vitriol, or Copperas. See FbRri Sulphas.
Grey Lotion is prepared by adding variable proportions, according to the case, oi sul^uriate of mercury to lime water. Use^ for soothing irritable sores.
Grindlb*s Cough Drops are a tincture of opum, prepared with recti- fied spirit A very un«db nostrum.
Grits, or Groats. The decorticated seeds of Oats. Avena saliva. Used in making gnxel. See Avena.
GuBSTONiAN Embrocation. Take Jjss each of olive oil and oil of ;turpentine, Jiij of diluted sulphuric acid ; mix, and apply to the sur- face of rheumatic joints, &c.
Gromwell« p. a native plant, Lithospemum officinale, the seeds of which were formerly prescribed in calculous complaints, but ai« now disused.
Grossulinb. Dr. Thomson says that the bases of jellies from «cid fruits, such as gooseberries, consist of gum and an acid, prohahly
Digitized by
GUM 167
thepectic Guibourt mys, it is a peculiar principle, which he terms grotsuline.
Gbobvsnob's Tooth Powdbr. A nostrum prepared hy mixing ftiij each of calcined ojster-shells and rose pink, Ibss of Florentine iris- root in powder, and 25 drops of oil of rhodium ; and after pulveriz* ing it very finely, pass it through a sieve.
Gbound Ivy. See Glbghoma.
Ground6BL. Sefiecio vulgaris. A common native plant, the infusion of which is purgative, or emetic, according to its strength. Dr. Good says it is useful in sick stomach. It is used externally in cataplasms.
GuARANiNB. New, A vegetable principle discovered in the fruit of PaulUnia Sorbilis by M. Martins. It is white, crystalline, and bit- ter, and precipitates the aqueous solutions of nitrate of silver, &c (Kastnbr.)
GuiDo's Balsam. See Tinot. Sap. bt Opii.
GuAiAciNB. See Gayaginb.
GuAiAci Rbsina bt Lignum. L. £. D. P. Guaiac Resin and Wood> from the Gtunacum qfficinale, both of which are favourite prescrip- tions with many. The ivood has a warm, bitter, acrid taste, and is fragrant when exposed to heat. The decoction was long esteemed a specific in syphilis, but has lost its reputation. The resin is consider- ably different from other resins, as it becomes green on exposure to light, and colourless when exposed to heat. It has similar proper- ties to the wood, but all of them proportionally stronger. Incompatible with the sulphuric, muriatic, and nitric adds, and with
alkalies and their carbonates. Adulterated with manchineel gum, which may be detected by dissolving some of the suspected gum in proof spirit, adding a few drops of sweet spirit of nitre, and diluting it with water, when the guaiac will be precipitated, and the manchineel will float. When it is adulterated with common resins, the fraud will be discovered by the smeU emitted when it is burning. Medicinally it is diaphoretic and alterative, and prescribed in chronic rheumatism, cutaneous disorders, and syphilitic pains and eruptions, in doses of gr. v to 9j in pill, bolus, or emulsion, with gum arable, mucilage, or yolk of eggs. When it is given in doses of 9j to 9ij it is aperient Enters into Decoct. Guaiad Comp. E. Decoct. SarsapariUfe Comp. L. D. Mist. Guaiad. L. Tinct GuaiacL L. £. D. Tinct. Guaiaci Ammon. L. £• D.
GuMMi Acacia vel Arabicum. See Agagijb Gumm i.
Gum Ammoniac. See Ammoniacum.
Digitized b]
X^oogk
168 GYPS
Gum Anglicum is prepared by forming cakes of gum arable, and is in this state wetted and nibbed on the heads and manes of horses to smooth the hair.
Gum Aniite, or Cancamy. P. Is procured from the locust-tree, Hynugnea courbaril, and is aromatic and nervine in paralysis, &c It is used to adulterate copa], but is known by its dissolving in alcohol, which the copal does not.
Gum Benjamin. See Benzoin and Agidum Benzoicum.
Gum Dragon. See Tragagantha.
Gum Guaiag. See Guaiaci Resina.
Gum Kino. See Kino.
Gum Paste for Comfits. Soak an ounce of gum tragacanth in half a pint of water, stirring it frequently, till quite dissolved, which it wiQ be in 24 hours, squeeze it through a coarse cloth by twisting, put it into a mortar, and add four ounces of treble-refined sugar, work it well till quite white, put it in a glared earthen pan, with a wet cloth over it ; when wanted, take some of this paste, work, and knead in it fine sifted sugar, till it becomes soft without sticking to the fingers. When scented or coloured, the aromatic or colouring materials are then worked in.
Gum Resins. See Assafgbtida, Euphorbium, Galbanum, &c.
Gum Sandarach, or Gum Juniper, is used in powder, to prevent ink from spreading on parchment or bad paper, and ahv> in making varnishes.
Gum Senegal is an inferior sort of gum arable, which is clammy and tenacious, rather than dry and brittle.
Gum Storax. See Balsamum Styragis.
Gum Tragaganth. See Tragagantha.
GuTTiE, Drops, a name given to medicines, the doses of which are re- gulated by drops.
GuTTJs AbbaTis Rousseau. P. See Rousseau.
GuTTjB Agetatis MoRPHiNiE. See Liquor Aget. Morph.
GuTT« Anglic A CEPHALiGiB. P. English Cephalic Drops. Take 128 parts of the liquid subcarbonate of ammonia from animal oil, ^ parts of oil of lavender, 16' parts of rectified spirit; mix and distil with a gentle heat till oil appears on the product. Dose 12 drops to j^ss in nervous affections.
GuTTJB ANODYNiB. See Liquor Morph. Aget.
GuTTA Nigra. See Blagk Drop.
GuTT/B Vitje, a nostrum consisting of spirituous stimulants.
Gypsum, or Paris Plaster, is the native sulphate of lime, and is nnicn used in the arts, and also to adulterate flour, it being tasteless, ana not gritty in the mouth.
%
I
Digitized by
H£LE 169
H.
Hamatitis^ Bloodstone, was fcnmerly used in medicine as an astrin- gent, but it has long been disused, and justly.
Hjkm ATiNB. New* The active principle of logwood, which consists of reddish-white crystals, brilliant and small, possessing an acrid, bitter taste, and slightly astringent.
Incompatible with gelatine, which precipitates it from its solutions, and with sulphuretted hydrogen.
Hjbmatoxyli Lignum. L. £. D. Logwood or Campeachy-wood, from the Hasmaioxylon Campeckianum. It has little smell, and tastes somewhat astringent.
Incompatible with the mineral acids and the acetic acid, with acetate of lead, with the sulphate of alumine, with tartarized antimony, and
- the sulphates of iron and copper.
Medicinally it is tonic in doses of Jj to Jij of the decoction thrice or oftener a day in diarrhoea, dysentery. Sic. But I think its astringent property is extremely doubtful. It often tinges the stools red or purple. Enters into Ext. Hsmatoxyli. L.
Hambuboh Pickle. Take I6 quarts of water, ibx of common salt, 3vj of saltpetre or nitrate of potass, ftss of brown sugar : boil and skim, and use for dipping meat in, to make it keep during hot wea- ther. After three weeks boil it again and skim, adding ftiij more salt and ^ij more saltpetre ; and after the same time boil it again, and it will keep three months.
Hannay's Lotion, or Preventive Wash, which was once in great re- pute, was simply a dilute solution of potassa fusa.
Habd Soap. See Sapo Dubus.
Habtshorn. See Cobnua.
Hatfield's Tinctube is a nostrum prepared by dissolving Jij each of soap and gum guaiacum in a pint and a half of alcohol.
Haustub is medical Latin for a draught ; see many examples in Con^ specttis of Prescriptions.
Heading fob Bebb. It is not known well upon what principle, but the fact is certain, that sulphate of iron {Green Copperas) added to beer makes it carry a head, or froth, though it be weak. The stuff sold under the name of heading consists of a mixture of alum and sulphate of iron.
Hedge Hyssop. See Gbatiola.
Helbnium. L. D. Elecampane, the root of the Inula kelenium, is a weak, bitterish aromatic, and is only used in the composition of the
Digitized
b^ Google
17a HEUC
compound confection of black pepper, or Ward's paste. See
Inulin. Hbllbborb (White), See Veratri Radix. Hrllbbori Fcbtioi Folia. L. P. Leaves of Foedd Hellebore^ or
Helleboraster. A drastic, acrid cathartic and emetic, sometimes, but
very rarely, prescribed as a vermifuge, in doses of gr. xv to 3|) of tbe
powder, or in decoction. It is by no means a safe medicine. See
the next article. Hbllbbori Nigri Radix. L. £. D.F. Root of Black Hellebore. It
does not contain Vbratria, which see, but a peculiar resin, &c. Adulterated with other roots,, and seldom to be had genuine. The
darkest specimens are the best. MedicincUltf it is a bitter, acrid, drastic, cathartic hydragogue, and
vermifuge. It is also given in mania and melandioly, in doses of
gr. ij to 9j of the powder twice or thrice a day ; but Dr. Burrows
found it upon trial to do little good. Also in infusion and in tinc- ture ; but is now very rarely used. PmMtums in large doses, producing hypercatharsis, vomiting, retching,
vertigo, sjmoope, and death. The vmniting should be promoted by
tepid barley-water, or milk and water; and if inflammation appear,
bleeding, &c will be requisite. Teit. None yet discovered.
Enters into Fxt. Helleb. Nig. £. D. Tinct Helleb. Nig. L. £. D. Hbllbborub Viridis. p. Green Hellebore is more acrid and bitter
than the preceding, as is the hellebore of the anciently Hdkborus
orienialis. Helminthocorton. See Fucus. Hbmatin. The colouring principle of logwood. Hbmbt'b Dbntifricb. Mix 3yj of cuttle-fish bone in powder, 3j of
supertartrate of potass, and 5viij of FlorentLne ins-root in powder. Hbmlock. See Conii Folia. Henbane. See HroeoirAMUs. Henry's Aromatic Vinegar is an ascetic solution of camphor, and of
oil of doves, lavender, and rosemary. Imitated by putting 5j of acetate of potass into a phial with a few
drops of any fragrant oil and n^xx of sulphuric add. See Acid.
AcBT. Arom . Hepatic Alobb. See Aloes. Herb Snupf. See Pulvis Asari Compositos. £. D* Hermodactylus. O. See Colchici Radix. Hespbridinb. a prindple procured from the orange, without smeU,
bitter, and crystallizing in mamillary groups. (Lbbrbton.) Hbuchera Americana, Alum Root, is intensely astringent and styptic
Digitized by
HONE 171
HiBiacira. See Ahbbbttb.
HiccoRY. The leaves^ bark> and rind of the fruity strike a yellow with alum^ and 9xt used in dyeing.
Hi£RA PicRA, vulgarly Hiccory Piccory. See Pulyis Aloes cum Canblla.
Hill's Essbnob op Bardana is a nostrum which contains no hardana, or hurdock^ hut is simply a tincture of guaiac.
HippooRAs is prepared hy macerating for seven days six pints each of Madeira and Canary with J j of cinnamon* 51) of canella> and 5ss each of doves, nutmeg, maoe^ ginger, and cardamoms. Strain and add Ib-^ of refined sugar.
HiPPURiG Acid. This name has recently been given hy Liebig to an acid found in the urine of horses. It is similar to bemcoic add.
HiRcic Acid is procured by converting hircine into soap.
HiRCiNE is a peculiar prindple contained in the fat of the goat and the sheep. (Chbvrbuil.)
HiRUDo Mbdicinalis. D. The Leech. This is found to be more useful in many cases in extracting blood than dther the lancet or the cupping-glasses. The best manner of making leeches sit is to let them previously dry themselves by crawling over a cotton towd, to wash the part dean and dry it, and scratch it so as td draw blood with the point of a needle. If the skin is very hot they will not bite; nor when they are casting thdt own skins, which they often do.
Hook, or Old Hock, a German Wine much esteemed, which is prepared from grapes before they are fully lipe, and is somewhat astringent.
Hoffman's Anodtnb Liqcor. O. See Spibitus .£thbr. Sulph.
COMP.
Hogs' Lard. See Adbps Frsparata.
HoLLT. Ilex uqnifolium. An indigenous tree, the bark of which when soaked for some days in water, beat into a paste, and washed in a stream of water, produces birdlime.
HoNBT. See Mbl.
HoNBT OF Borax. See Mbl Boracis^
Honey Watbb. Aqua mellis. Is prepared with one galhm of Cogniac brandy, ftj each of virgin honey and coriander seeds, Jjss of cloves, ^ each of Nutmegs, gum benjamin, and storax, four vanilloes, and the rind of three large lemons. Digest for two days> and dif^ with a gentle heat. Add to every gallon of the water thus procured a pint and a half each o^ orange*flower water, and rose water, and gr. V each of musk and ambergris. Digest again fbr three days in a gentle heat ; filter and keep in a well-stopped bottle. Sevend other receipts are in use, but they do not difier mudi from this.
Digitized by
172 HUIL
ImUated by mixing fragrant essences, colouring them with saffixm^ and thickening them with honey.
Hoof Ointmknt, in Farriery, Melt together equal parts of tar and tallow, and stir till cold. Or, equal parts of pitch, tar, and hogs' lard. Applied to the heels when dry and cracking.
Hooper's Pills. Take Ibjss of aloes, jij of myrrh, Ibss each of car- bonate of iron and of sulphate of iron, add also a little canella bark and ivory-black. Make into a mass, and divide into four-grain pilk
Hops. See Humili Strobili. L.
HoRDBi Sbmina. L. E. D. p. Barley. Hordeum dUiichon. H. Ftd- gare. P. The common barley is manufactured into Pearl barley by an apparatus that cuts off the ends of the grain, and removes its ex- ternal rind. It is composed chiefly of starch, but contams a little gluten, sugar, and extractive. Adulterated with wheat prepared in imitation of pearl barley, which
does not contain so much gluten as wheat. Enters into Decoct. Hord. Comp. L. D. Decoct Hordei. L. E. D. .
HoROBiNB. New, A chemical principle discovered by Proust, and sup- posed to be different from starch ; but the difference, if any, is very slight. It is found in barley.
HoRBHOUND. See Marubium.
HoRBHOUND Canoibd is done the same way as candied lemon-peeL
Horsb-Raoish. See ARMORAciis Radix.
Horsb-Radish Powdbr. Any time from the beginning of November till Christmas, cut horse-radish root in thinnish slices, dry it very gradually in a Dutch oven, so as not to evaporate the flavour, and when dry enough, powder it, and keep closely stopped in a bottle.
Horsb-Radish Vinboar. Scrape Jiij of the horse-radish root at the same season as the preceding, mince with it %j of eshallot, add 5j of cayenne, pour on it a quart of vinegar, and let it stand for a week. Add spices at pleasure.
Hudson's Prbsbrvativb for the teeth, consists of equal parts of the tincture of bark, myrrh, and cinnamon, with a little gum arabic and arquebusade.
HiHLE AcousTiQUB. A nostrum prepared with Jij of olive oil, Jj each of garlic, ox-gall, and bay-leaves, boiled for a quarter of an hour, and strained.
HaiLB d'Anis. a liqueur prepared by digesting Jij of anise-seeds, Oiv of rectified spirit, &iv of ample syrup in a water-bath, and adding perfumed tinctures at pleasure.
HuiLBs Antiques are chiefly composed of oil of ben, or oil of hazel, which having no smell of its own is ready to imbibe any other odour
Digitized by
HUIL 173
with which it may be combined. Thej are often^ however, made with olive oil.
HuiLS Antique au Musk. Pound in a glass mortar 5j of musk with gr. iv of amber> adding gradually, by little and little during the process, ^viij of oil of ben. When they are all well mixed, put the mixture into a small bottle, and to take up every particle of the mu^ and amber, put into the mortar, Jiv of fresh oil of ben, which is also to be put into the same bottle. Leave the whole for 12 or 14 days in a warm place, shaking it every day. Leave it then to rest for one day more, pour off the oil clear, and preserve it in small bottles well corked for use. In the same manner may be made Huile Antique a VAmbre, by changing the proportions of the amber and the musk.
ttuiLB Antique a l'Oranob. With fcj of oil of ben, mix Jiij of essential oil of orange, and put it into small bottles, well corked, with wax over them to preserve it from the air, and prevent the perfume of the orange oil from evaporating. In the same manner are made Huiles Antiques au Citron, d la Ber* gamoite, au Cidra, au Girofle, au Thym, d la Lavande, au Ros^ marin, Sic. Take care, as a general rule, to proportion the quantity of the perfumed essence which is employed to its strength.
HuiLB Antique a la Rose. Procure a tin, or white iron box, about a foot square, opening by a grating on one side, and divided in the middle by a partition of white iron, drilled full of small holes, dose to each other. Fold in four a cotton towel, soak it in oil of ben, and place it on the grating so as to exactly fit the box. Upon this cloth place your rose-leaves, fresh gathered, leave them for about S4 hours, and then replace them with fresh rose-leaves. The cloth may then be removed, and the oil, now charged with the perfume, carefiilly expressed. This may be mixed with fresh oil of ben, and bottled for use. In the same manner may be made Huiles Antiques d la Fleur d'Orange, d la Violetle, d la Jonquille, au Jasmin, Sic, and by means of various mixtures — d P Heliotrope, aux Mille Fleurs, au Pot-pourri, &c.
HuiLB Antique a la Tuberose. Mix the flowers with ground blanched bitter almonds, and then express the oil ; or mix a pint of olive or almond oil with 30 drops of the essence of tuberose flowers. In this way also several of the above Huiles Antiques can be prepared. A red colour may be given to any of these oils by alkanet root, heating them in a pipkin.
Huile Antique Vertb. Add 5j of gum guaiac to fcj of olive oil, let it stand for some time, and then strain, adding any of the fragrant essences which you please.
Digitized by
174 HUMU
HiTiLB DB Pbtit Grain 18 Similar to oil of orange-peel, being prepared from unripe oranges.
HuiLE DK RotB. A fame4 liqueur prepared from Ibvij of rose-leaves, Oiv of brandy, Oj of double rose-water, Ojss of rose-water, fciv of sugar. Distil the roses infused in the brandy, drawing off two pints. Dissolve the sugar in the rose water cold ; mix, ccdoor with eochineal, and 61ter.
HuiLB DBS Sbpt Graines. Take Jij grains of anise, 3j ^^^ ^ angelica, cumin, caraway^ and dill-seeds, Jiij coiiander-seeds, Jij of fennel-seeds, Oiv of brandy, Oij of soft water, and ftiv of sugar. Bruise the seeds, and digest for three days in the brandy. Distil two pints from this by a water-bath, add the sugar dissolved in the water, and filter.
HuiLB DB Vamillb. A liquouT prepared in the same way from va^ nilla, brandy, water, and sugar ; but it may be imitated by imxing tincture of vanilla with brandy and sugar to taste.
HuiLB DB Vbnus. Take Jj each of anise, chervil, and caraway-seeds, Jij maee, half a drachm of vanilla, the peel of an orange, four pints of brandy, two pints of soft water, and ftiv of sugar. Infuse the seeds in the brandy for foiur day^, and proceed as for Huii«b dbs Sept Gbaxnes.
Human Fat. Adq^s hominis. Is used in preparing ointments in the north of Europe, but has almost the same properties as lard.
Hume Acid. A singular add discovered by Klaproth, who termed it Ulmic acid. It is found in most vegetaUe barks, in loam and peat earth, and constitutes the principal part of the dndnings of dung- hills and pubescent manure. It combines with all alkaline bodies, and the smallest portion ef ammonia or iime tenders it soluble in water. It seems to constitute an important portion of the food of plants.
HuMiNE. The basis of the humic add.
HuMULi Stbobili. L. £. P. Hops. The fruit of the Huwnthu lu-
pulus, a native plant cultivated in the south of England, for the use
of the brewers of malt liquor. The smell is pleasant, and the taste
an aromatic bitter.
Soiuble in alcohol, ether, and boiling water, but decoction spoils its
properties. IncompatUde with alkalies, mineral adds, and metallic salts. Medicinalfy the active properties of hops are supposed to depend on the LupuLiNB (whidi see) contained in; them. They are slightly narcotic, anodyne, and diuretic, and have been prescribed in gout, rheumatism, and siphilitic pains, in doses of gr. iij to 9jss of the powder in ginger tea. Rubbed up with lard, Freake found it
Digitized by
HYDR 175
eased the pain of open cancer in the last stage, but others deny this power. Enters inio Ext. Humuli. L. Tinci. Humuli. L. HiTMOARY Watbr. When genuine, is a spirit distilled from rosemary. Take 30 gallons of spirit of wine^ put to it in a large still six large bunches of fine fresh rosemary leaves and flowers in full blow, and stripped from the wood and twigs, tbj of lavender flowers, and Jiv of the best oil of rosemary ; digest for 24 hours, and distil, drawing off 25 gallons. Keep this in a close copper vessel for a month. French Hungary Water is made from the rosemary flowers alone, and
is much superior to any thing which we can make. Injured by musty c<»k8, and when the distillation has been bad there is a yellow sediment in the bottles. Huzham's Tincturb of Bark. See Tinctura Cinghokjb Coup. L. Hyacinth. There are several species of hyacinth, of which the H. non»scriptus, or Scilh nutans, is a native, growing commonly in our woods. PoisowMs. Dr. Withering says the fresh roots are poisonous, but I do not know the symptoms produced, and can therefore give no treat- ment. Hydrargyri Acetas. See Acetas Hydraroyri, £. and Keysbr. Hydraroyri Murias. See Hydraro. Oxymurias. L. Hydraroyri Nitrioo Oxyduit. L. Nitric Oxide of Mercury, or Red Precipitate. Oxidum hydrargyri rubrum per acidum nitricum, £• Oxydum hydrargyri nkricum. D. Take ftiij by weight of purified mercury, ftjss by weight of nitric add, Oij of distilled water. Mix in a glass vessel, and boil till the mercury is dissolved, then evapo- rate the water, and a white mass remains. Reduce this to powder, put it into a shallow vessel, and set it in a gentle heat, gradually increasing till the red vapour ceiases to be produced. Decomposition. One portion of the nitric acid oxidates the mercury, and another portion dissolves the oxide thus formed, producing a nitrate of mercury, which the heat decomposes, and drives off part of the add in the form of nitrous gas, leaving in the vessel a deut- oxide of mercury with a little subnitrate of mercury which has escaped decomposition. Soluble in nitric add, but scarcely in water, whence I imagine Dr. A.
T. Thompson supposed it altogether insoluble. Adulterated with red lead, which may be discovered by treating it with acetic add, predpitating it by sulphuret of ammonia, which throws down a dark-coloured substance. Medictnally it is acrid, escharotic, and stimulant, and is used in the form of piU, in doses of gr. j to gr.iij, as an alterative in siphiHs.
Digitized by
176 HYDR
Exteriorly it is applied to cbancres and fungous ulcers^ and Mr. B. fiell recommends it mixed with thrice its weight of sugar candy in fine powder, to be blown into the eye in cases of specks on the cornea. It u also used in the form of ointment, and to destroy vermin in the hair.
Pouonous in large doses, producing violent colic, copious vomiting, trembling of the limbs, and cold sweats. The best test is its bright red colour. The best treatment wiU be a speedy emetic, or mucilagi- nous drinks to promote vomiting.
Enters into Ung. Hydrarg. Nitrico Oxydi. L. E. D. Hydraroyri Oxydum Cinrrbum. L. E. Grey Oxide of Mercury. Pulvu kydrargyri dnereus. D. Take ^ of submuriate of mercury, and one gallon of lime water ; boil, and mix, constantly stirring, till the grey oxide of mercury subsides, wash this with distilled water, and dry it.
Decompanlion. The chlorine of the submuriate of mercury forms a chlorate of lime in solution, while the grey oxide is precipitated in the state of a protoxide.
Medicinalbf it is tasteless, without smell, and insoluble. It is stimulant, and alterative, and as it is said not to be so apt to disorder the stomach and bowels as calomel, or blue pill, it is used for these in preference in Italy, &c, but the uncertainty of its purity has brought it into discredit here. The dose is gr. j to gr. iij twice a day in form of pill. Abemethy preferred it in fumigations because it does not produce any sufibcating vapour like cinnabar.
Poisonous, but not so violent in its operation as the preceding : treat- ment similar.
Adulterated with calomel and black oxide of mercury, a mixture of which is frequently sold for the grey oxide. The preparation also varies in colour according to the manner in which it has been pre- pared, or kept exposed to the light, which renders it paler.
EtUefs into Ung. Oxydi Hydrargyri Cinerei. E. •Hydrargyri Oxttdum Nigrum. D. Black Oxide of Mercury. Take one part of sublimed calomel, and four parts each of caustic potass^ and hot water ; rub these together till the oxide assumes a black colour, and wash it often in water ; then dry the oxide on blotting-paper in a moderate heat.
Medicinally it may be given in doses of gr. viij to 9j as an alterative in
syphilis or cutaneous disorders. Hydrargyri Oxydum Rubrum. L. Red Oxide of Mercury. 0-ry- dum hydrargyru D. Precipitate per se, O, Take fcj by weight of purified mercury, put it into a tall glass vessel, narrow at the mouth and broad at bottom, expose it open to a heat of 600°, till red scales form, which are to be triturated into a fine powder.
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DecomposUioH. The mercury is aided by the caloric to uiiite with the oxygen of the atmosphere, and form a peroxide.
Oood red oxide of mercury ought to volatilize entirely when subjected to a red heat. It is scarcely possible to adulterate it.
Medicinal^ it is without smell, is but sparingly soluble in water., though it readily dissolves without decoipposition in several of the acids, such as the nitric. It is acrid, caustic, and stimulant ; and was given by John Hunter, and others, in siphilis, but is now dis- used on account of its producing great nausea, tormina, and other violent effects. The dose is from gr. -^ to gr. ij combined with opium in form of pill. Externally it is used as an escharotic for chancres and fungous ulcers.
Poisonous in large doses, producing violent vomiting, hypercatharsis, and all the other symptoms of mercurial poisons. The treatment is the same as in the preceding cases. Htdrarotri Oxydum Sulphuricum. D. Subsulphate of Mercury. Turpeth Mineral. Take one part of persulphate of mercury and twenty parts of hot water, rub them together, pour off the super- natant liquor, wash the yellow powder with hot distilled water, and then dry it.
MedicinaUy it is seldom used except as an erriiine. Htdbaroyri Oxymurias. L. Bi-chloride, or Per-chloride, or Oxy« muriate of Mercury, or Corrosive Sublimate. Mnrias hydrargyri corrosivHs. E. D. Mur. kydr. axygenatus. P. Take Ibij by weight of purified mercury, Jxxx by weight of sulphuric acid, Ibiv of dried muriate of soda; boil the mercury with the sulphuric acid in a glass vessel^ until the sulphate of mercury is dry ; rub this when it is cold with the muriate of soda in an earthenware mortar, then sublime from a glass cucurbit by heat gradually increased.
Dtcompomtion. According to the old rationale, the sulphuric acid first oxidises, and then unites with the mercury, forming a sub-sulphate of mercury, sulphurous acid gas being given off, and this subsul- phate being decomposed by the muriatic acid of the common salt, forms a muriate which by sublimation absorbs oxygen, and forms an oxymuriate. The new ratiotiale is, that when the sulphate, subsul- phate, oxysulphate, or persulphate of mercury is triturated with the common salt, they are both decomposed, the oxygen of the sulphate uniting with the sodium, and forming soda, — this soda going over to the sulphuric acid, and forming sulphate of soda, which remains as a residuum, and the chlorine (muriatic add gas) going over to the mercury, and forming a bi-chloride, or per-chloride, or as the Codex calls it a Deulo-chloruretum hydrargyria As it does not contain either muriatic acid, or oxygen, the names in the Pharmacopoeias are
N
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y#i^ ii«pioptr> ^ it ought to be caUed PercUpridmi igfdrargjfri. (Baande.)
Solubh in wi^let;, ^toohok otber> aolu^n of numte of a^ttmrwM^^^ tbe mineral acidv awl i« «(4ution« of oonunoa. sal^ which Drw J« Davy had ajIpuDwii. tp inoreaai^ i^ solubilitj greatly.
iHfiompaUkk wi^i idkali^SKaad tbeiv carhooajbe^ limo water^ ioaps» tul- phuret ol( ppt^w^ voJblile oik and esaoioes^ 8ttlphur> tartarizod and- ro£my, 9upeitM$etat« of lead« nitrate of vlver^ the nietab» astriDgent veg^l«dUe infiMwrnSft. alVftun^n, gluten^ and ahoaond enukum.
MedicvuUfgf it ia acnd^ stjpticj conoAwe^ stinulant^ alteradre, and antiaipluliticy and is u^ed aa a powerful reaoe^ in siphilis and cuta^ neous disorders. In doses of gr.-iV to gr.j in form of pill with opiuiQ^ Of e^Ltract of poppies^ for lepra, old ulcers^ acne, and dironk rheumajkisn^ In order to exdle rapid salivation, it haa been dusted over a raw surface from recent scarificatton by the cufpiag instni- m^ent Its e^feclf k certain, but the pain k excrucktii^. I luiTe 9ee« it so api^lied i)a obstinate articukr swelling, with advantage. It k also appUed as a wash in acne, and to reduce fungous ulcers, and as agaigle ii^. venereal sore throat.
Poiionous in large doses, producing at first an acrid, metallic taste, burning in the throat, swelling of the mouth and threat, uffiiaBy wkh copious 8aliva(;ioD, deqpondenoy, apd anjuftty oC mind, thai vio- leo^ rending pains in the ^toma^h and bowels naHsea* vomiting, and retching, violent purging* fiiintii^g,. convulsions, oold sweats^ cmmp, and death.
Trealment Or^a advises laige quantities oC white of egg mixed with water^ which conv^irta the corrosive sublimate into calomel. M. Tadei prq)06es the gluten of wheat as an equally efficacious anti- dote. Bleeding k proper whcA much Upod k vomited, and the inflam- mation i:uns high. Demulcent diripk/|> such as bariey water, andmiN^ ought ako to be given, and continue till recovery k effected*
Te^* In examining the contents of the stomach and bpwcds for suspected concave auUimate, it k necessary to zecoUeot, that some, if not all of it, may have been changed iatp calosid by the nib- stances it may have met withr If it be healed to sedi^eai in a small glass tube with very dry subcarbonate of potafis, die mercury will be volatiliied, ai^d appear in globules. Cimrosive soMjipafce k likewise precifatated from solution of a white cdoui: l^ amiaonia; of a yellow colou^r by potass ; and of an orange colonic hj lime waters It may be prepared for those tests by agitating the suspected flliid with a drachm or two of sulphuric ether in a phial, allowing the residuum to subside^ pouring off the supernatant ether, evi^porating in a porce- lain capsule, and dissolving the matter thus obtained in distilled water.
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A mudi ampler test is to drop a little of the ausflected fluid upon a piece of gold, such a» a guinea, and with a key, or any piece of iron, touch both the dry part of the gM and the ftuid, so aa to form a galvanic circle, when the corrosive sublimate will instantly coat the gold white. A drop of nitrate of tin will precipitate of a dark bio#n cidour the three miUionth part of a grain. (Bostock.)
AduUeraled most commonly with calomel, which may at once be known by its being inacdnble. It frequently also contains arsenic, which may be detected by the tests giren under that orficle. Muriate of iron amy be detected by prussiate of potass.
Euiers mio Liq. Hydrarg. Qxyminriatis. L. Htdilabgtbi FsBaauPBAS. D. Persalpfaate of Mercury. Take six parts each of purified mercury and sulphuric acid, and one |mrt nitric acid; expose to heat in a gla« vessel, increasing the heat till the substance be oempletdy dried and become white.
Medkmalfy it m emetic and alterative, but id seldom used.
Enters m4^ Hydrargyri Oxydum Sulphurieum. D. HmmAMfYRr Subbtoktas. L. Submuriate of Mercury, or Calomel. CiUomeh$ sMmahtm^ D. Submurias hydrarg. rmHt. £. Murias hydr, didcis sublmaiw, P. Take ftiv by weight of purified mercury, ^xxx by weight of sulphuric add, ibjsB of muriate of soda, Jviij o£ muriate of aamionia, hiOl ftij of the mert^urf with the sulphuric acid Ih a glass vessdi until the sulphate of mercury is ^, and when eooled, nob it with the other ttij of the meroory m an earthenware wmUae, till well inccnporatjed. Add the muriate of soda, and tritu- iMetyi t^ globules disappear, sublime, and reduce the sublimate to a Ytry fine powder, pass it thiougfa a sieve, mix it well with the muriate of ammonia, previously dissolved ia a gallon of boiling dis- tilled water, and set the wfade ttide till the powder falls down. Decant the ttquor, and wash die powder with boiling di^ilkd water, tin sdution of ammonia produces no precipitate; and lastly reduce it fo fine powder, as directed for preparing dudk^
DeeomponUon. The sulphuric add oxidiaes and unitea with the mer- cury, forming a persulphate of mercury, which behig triturated with metallic mercury forms a pi««dsulphate ^ subsulphate. When sub- fined along with the common salt, the oxygen dt the protosulphate goes 6ver fo the sodium of the salt, and forms soda; which unites with the disengaged sulphuric add and forms sulphate of soda, as a residuum, while the chlorine of the salt goes over to the mercury, and forms protodiloride ci mercury, or calomdL As oMTOsive sub- limate is apt to be suUkfted, in order to free it from this, the powder is mixed with muriate of ammonia, which unites with it, but has no efiect on the calomel that remains at the bottom of the vessel. This
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is freed from the triple aoluUe salt called muriate of ammonia aild mercury bj washing, the liquor of ammonia being the test of its purity, by taking up part of the muriatic add of the triple salt, and precipitating the residue white.
Insoluble in both cold and hot water. Rouelle says, one part of calo- mel is soluble in 1152 of boiling water; but Brande could discover no indication of solubility.
Incompatible with alkalies and their sulphurets, lime water, sulphuret of antimony, the mineral acids, chlorine, and the metals.
Medicinally it is tasteless &nd without smell, alterative purgative, and diuretic. In doses of gr. j to gr. iij in form of pill night and morn- ing, it either purges or produces salivation ; and in doses of gr. iij to even 9j, or, in some cases, 5j, it produces a more speedy effect. It is worthy of remark, that adults cannot bear such large doses as children, and small doses often irritate more than large ones. It is combined advantageously with opium in hepatic diseases, siphilis, and dyspepsia. It is also combined with diuretics in dropsy, and diaj^o- retics in rheumatism and gout ; with jalap for worms ; and with rhubarb as an alterative in atonic disorders. As an errhine, gr. j to gr. iij is mixed with finely powdered sugar-candy.
Poisonous. In a trial at Edinburgh, about twelve or fifteen years ago, it was asserted by one physician, and denied by others, that large doses (60 grains) of calomel were poisonous ; and there can be no doubt that death could be produced by calomel in extraordinary doses, though it is not usudly considered as a poison. In the ease of a child aged four, to whom thirty grains of calomel were given within three days, there were produced ptyalism, sphacelation of the mouth, gangrene, and death. . Test, Its insolubility will readily detect it.
Adulterated with corrosive sublimate by careless preparation, which may be detected by precipitating it with liquor of ammonia, as di- rected in the preparation, or by the tests of corrosive sublimate above given. It may be suspected when it is too white; but though its buff tint indicates the absence, its snow whiteness does not prove the presence, of corrosive sublimate. It is also adulterated with chalk. Hydraroyri Sulphuretum Nigrum. L. £. D. P. Black Sulphuret of Mercury. Mthiops Mineral. O. Take ftj each by weight of purified mercury and sulphur, and triturate them together till the globules disappear.
Decomposition. Chemists are not agreed about the nature of this com- pound ; but it is probably an intimate mixture of mercury and sul- phur, with a large excess of sulphur.
Adulterated with ivory-black, which may be detected by throwing it on
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«t red-h<A iron, when the ivory-black will remain in form of ashes, and the .^hiops mineral be wholly volatilized, as it will always be when pure. When adulterated with sulphuret of antimony, boil a little of it in strong muriatic acid, and pour it into water, when a precipitate of the antimony, in form of a submuriate, will fall down. When impure dao it w^ make gold white, by rubbing a little on it, which it ought not to do.
SohUde in a solution of pure potass, and insoluble in water, alcohol, and nitric add. It is also soluble in oils, and boiling oil of turpentine.
Incompatible with nitro-muriatic acid, which decomposes it.
MedicimUfy it is insipid, and said to be alterative in doses of gr. x to 58s in worms, scrofula, and cutsmeous diseases. It is, however, very un- certain, if not inert, and probably depends wholly on the sulphur which it contains in excess. Hydraboyri Sulphuretum Rubrum. L. D. p. Red Sulphuret of Mercury. Cinnabar, Vermilions Take 5x1 by weight of purified mercury, Jviij of sublimed sulphur ; mix the mercury with the sul- phur, melt over a fire, and as soon as the mass begins to swell remove the vessel from the fire, cover it forcibly lest it should take fire ; then reduce it to powder, and sublime. The mercury is supposed to unite with the sulphur, forming a bisulphuret.
Adulterated, when purchased in the form of powder, with red lead, which is a serious inconvenience when used as a colouring substance, as it ultimately becomes black. Its purity may be known by its wholly volatilizing in a red heat; or it may be put on a piece of bread, and burned in a candle, when the metallic lead will appear. When adulterated with clialk it will efiervesce with acids, and when mixed with dragon^s blood it will colour spirit of wine.
Insoluble in water, alcohol, acids, and solutions of the alkalies. - , Medicinally, it is insipid and without smell. It is said to be an alterative and antisiphilitic ; but it is uncertain in efiect, and b probably inert. Dose gr. x to 9ij. It is also used in mercurial fumigation.
Poisonous? Mr. Accum says, that it has been found to be poisonous when used as a colouring matter for cheese ; but this must have been owing to its adulteration with red lead. Test, Boil a small quantity of the suspected substance with sulphuric add in a platina spoon ; then drop a little muriatic add on a bit of gold, and into it put the sulphate you have previously made in the spoon ; then form a galvanic drde wjlth a bit of metallfc tin, when the mercury will sU^in the gold white. (Dr. Paris.)
HyDRAROYRUM. L. E. D. P. Mercury, or Quicksilver. Argentum vivum. O. Is fluid at all temperatures above 39^ and volatilizes
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aboye 65&. lu fpscific gravity m th% fluid fUtte m 19*568. It is chiefly used in pr^Niring ojddes tod afltB of mercury.
Medicmalhf it bas heea giF^i in obstinate constipation^ under the mis- tfl^en idea that it would force a pasta^ by ita weigtt. It is quite inert unless it meet with an add* When given injtemaUy« in any case^ it ought to be yerj pure, as danger may arise from the presence of lead, &c
Poisonous in the fprm of vapour; and as it vapouxijes at tha mUnavy temperature of the atmosphere, k is often dangerous to gilders^ Sec
Adtdlerated with several substances, which usually dirainiiih its hri^t lustra, rendering it dull and gray on the sur&oe, while the globules, instead of being spherical, are tailed. Lead may be detected by dis- solving it in nitrio acid, and addini; water saturated with sidphu- retted hydrogen gas, when a brown precipitate wiU fall down, if l^ad be presept. Bis¥uth, which is added with lead in the state of an amalgam, is detected by dropping some of the preceding solution into distilled wat^r, when a white piecipitate will be deposited. Tm is precipitated purple by a dilute solution oi nitiD-muriate of gold. ZiKC is discoveted by heating the mercury in an iien spoon, when it will be wholly vcdatiU^ed, and leave the sine. It ought not, when shaken with water, to colour it, n<Nr when di^^ssted with vinegar to render it sweetish*
HYDBAR0YBUM CALCIKATUlf , O. 8ee Hll»AB0v OXYD. RuBmiTK. L.
liYnnAnoYRPM cvu CnnrA. L* D. Mercury with Chalk. Take Jiij by weight of purifled mercuFy» Jv of prepared chalk, and triturate them together till the ^bules disaj^^ear. Three grains contain gr. j qf mercury. Decomposition. During the trituration a small quantity of die mer- cury is converted into a protpiide, and the remainder is mixed with the dialk in a state pf very minute division. 3f(^'cttta% it has neither taste nor smell, and is said by some to be nearly inert, while others praise it as an alterative in disorders of the prostate, in obstinate cases of siphiUs, in tabes mesenterica, and certain forms of dysentery* The dose is gr. ij to 5ss twice a day in form of bolus or electuary ; but it is seldom employed except in the bilious and digestive disorders of children, and it ought to be per- severed in for some time.
Hyprargybum oux Magkssia. D. Mercury with Magnesia. Take Ij each of mercury and manna, %da o( magnesia, and triturate till the globules disappear. It is almost the same in propertiei as the preceding.
Hydraboyrux Pr^scipitatum Album. L. White Precipitate of Mercury. Submurias Htfdrargyri ammonialum, D. Take ibss of
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coiTOBtTe suUimate, ^iv of numte of anittonla^ Oss of iolutioti of subcarbonate of potass^ Oiv of distilled water ; dissdve the muriate of arattoniB, and Iken the eom^tive «ubLiiiMt« in the t^ater^ and add the wdutkni <^ the Buboaibonnte of potaw; waih the ptedj^tate till it 18 rendered tattdeai, and dry it. DecompotiHon. The mixturs of the eorrottve sublkiUAe (l»chlaride of merouiy) with muriate of antmonia produced a tdple M%, called muriate of ammonia and mercury^ which is decomposed by the subcarbonate of poUss, carbonic acid gas being given off while the potass passes over to unite with the muriatic acid> and is pr&>> dpitaled in ^e form of a peroxide of mercury with muriate of ammcmia* Insoluble in water> alcohd» and lime water> but soluble in all these
when sublimed. MoHoinalfy it has neither taste nor odour, and is only used now in form of ointment> and to destroy y^min. Boerhaave recommended it in- ternally as a mild prq[»aration of mercury* Emien kUo Ung. Hydrarg. Pmcip» Albi. L. D.
Hydbabotbum Pubificatch^ L. £.D. Purified Mercury. Pour menmry into an iron retort, and distil it over a fire. Brando says this process is sddom necessary^ as mercury is usually sold extremdy pure. Dr. Paris, on the contrary, says, that with the exception of baric, there is perhaps no article so shamefully adulterated. I think it will be best in nice preparations not to take it on trust without testing it. This process for purifying it is not unobjectionable, as lead, &0., will distil over in part. The French reduce it from the red oxide.
Htdbiodio Aoid is prepared by dissolving iodine in alcohol, precipitat- ing it with a solution of starch, and passing through the precipitate a current of sulphuretted hydrogen. Filter, wadi> and slightly heat this, when the result will be the pure acid, of spec grav. 1'5» (M. Bbanbss.) Soluble very readily in water ; but it is decomposed by the sulphuric and nitric acids.
Hydbiodas Potamjb. D. Hydriodate of potass is the form in which iodine appears in the mother water, produced by crystallizing the carbonate of soda, &c, in leys of kelp and barilla. It is also called iodurei rf potassium. It crystallizes in cubes of a hopper shape. A pure preparation is made by means of hydriodate of iron. The dose is gr. j to gr. iij twice or thrice a day, or 10 to 20 drops of the solu- tion made with gr. xxxvj to the ounce of distilled water. An oint- ment is also made with 58S to Jjsd of hogs'-lard. See Iodinb.
Hydbobbomic AoiJD. A gaseous substance generated by slightly moist-
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eniiig a mixture of bromine ithd j^iosphorus, and exposiiig it to a gentle heat. Soluble very readily in water, and the solution is decomposed instantly by chlmne, and more slowly by nitric acid, which forms nitro-hydro- bromic add, similar to aqua regia, and capable of dissolving gold.
Hypbochloratss are salts formerly termed muriates.
Hyorocblorate of Brucia. This crystallixes in four-sided prisms, and is composed of 5 9^ of hydrochloric acid, and 94*04 of bruda.
Hydrochloric Acid. See Acldum Mubiaticum.
Hyprocbloric ^thbr. See ^Ethbr Hyobocbi..
Hydrocroconic Acid. This is procured from croconate of potass. (Gmblin.)
Hydrocyanate of Iron. See Ferrocyanatb.
Hyorocyanatb of Potass. New. Is prepared by exposing ferrocyanate of potass to long-continued heat, which will form a mass of cyanuret of potassium boiled with iron and charcoal, which are precqdtated by solution in water, and the hydrocyanate of potass is formed in a perfectly colourless solution. Or, cyanuret of potassium dissolved in eight times its weight of distilled water forms the medicinal hydro- cyanate of potass^ which is used in the same doses (with more uni- form certainty of its strength) as the hydrocyanic or prussic add. See Acid. Hydrocyanicum. Poisonous. The 100th part of a grain of the first preparation caused a cock linnet to drop dead in half a minute : 5ss killed a large dog in half an hour. The best treatment consists in exhibiting strong sti- mulants, such as hot brandy and water, &c, as quickly as possible. Test. Solution of sulphate of iron will give a brown precipitate,- which will change to a bluish-green with sulphuric add, and will gradually deepen into a full blue.
Hydrocyanic Acid. See Acidum Hyrocyanicum.
Hydrofluoric Acid is prepared by acting on fluor spar findy pul- verized and free from siliceous earth, with twice its weight of con- centrated sulphuric acid. It acts strongly on living animal substances, and if a drop the sise of a pin's head of the concentrated add come in contact with the skin it produces a deep malignant ulcer. The vapour is also deleterious.
Hydrolapathum. O. The Water Dock. Rumex aquaiica, A native plant, but not common. The powder of the root is used as a den- tifrice, and the infusion as a wash for putrid spongy gums. It is also said to be useful in chronic rheumatism and visceral obstructions; but is only used by herbalists.
Hydromel, or Metheglin. A liquor formerly in great repute, made by putting tbxxviij of honey into a nine-gallon cask, with as much boil-
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ing water as will fill it^ and fermenting it with yeast. Or boil the honey with the water^ to which a little hops or ginger may be added; ferment^ and bottle for use.
Htdbo-sslenic Agid^ is a gaseous compound of hydrogen and selenium^ which is disengaged when muriatic acid is added to a concentrated solution of any hydro-seleniate.
Hyoro-sulphurbtuh Amhonls. £. D. Hydrosulphuiet of Am- monia. Take ^iv each of solution of ammonia and sulphuret of iron^ Jviij of muriatic add, ftijss of water ; pour the acid previously mixed with the water upon the sulphuret, and transmit the gas thence arising through the solution of ammonia. ^ Decompontum. The addition of muriatic add, by (uniting the iron, enaUes it to decompose the water, the hydroga|^|v which dissolving, part of the sulphur escapes in the form of sulphuretted hydrogen gas, and this combines at a low temperature with the ammonia of the solution. Incompatible with all the adds, and with the greater number of me- tallic solutions. MedicmaUy it is nauseous, foetid, styptic, sedative, and diaphoretic It is given in diabetes, and other disorders of increased irritation, in doses of iT\^v to lT\,xij or n^xv, twice or thrice a day to exdte nausea.
Htabobulphurbtum Lutbum SrtXBii. See Antim. Sulph. Pbacip.
Hyorosulphuric Acid is the same with sulphuretted hydrogen.
JiYDROTHiONic AciD is the same as the preceding.
Hyoro-zanthic Acid. A new prindple generated by agitating bi- carburet of sulphur with a solution of pure potass in strong alcbhol, and exposing it to a heat of 32^ Fahr. Zanthogen has not been yet procured in a separate form. (M. Zeissb.)
Hyv)0CYAMA, or Hyoscyamin. New. An alkaline prindple found in the Hyoscyamus niger, by a similar process to that for procuring atropia and daturia. Its properties are yet but imperfectly known, but it is said to constitute the active prindple of hyoscyamus. Poisonous in small doses, produdng effects similar to the succeeding, which are to be combated in the same way.
Hyoscyami Folia bt Sbmina. L. E. D. P. Henbane. Hyoscyamus niger. A native plant, not uncommon on rubbish and in waste places. When fresh it has a foetid smell and an insipid taste, but loses its smell on drying. Infusion, particularly in alcohol, extracts its virtues, which are injured by boiling. Incompatible with vegetable adds, which impair its strength, and with
acetate of lead, nitrate of silver, and sulphate of iron. Medicinally it is narcotic, sedative, and antispasmodic^ without pro- ducing consti]iation like opium. It is given in doses of gr. iij to gr.x
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of Che powder in lijtteria, ptlsjr, and natAuB, and to piocure deep, and alio in urinaiy irritation from graveL Extemallj it is ipiinkled on cancerous sores, and the leaves aie formed into a catiqdani for stmmous and achirrous swellings. The roots are made into anodyne necklaces. Poisonous, particularly (it is said) the root-^ioducing stupor, dilated pupils, and other narcotic effects, whidi are hest counteracted by sd- nmlants, such as hot brandy and water, affusion of cold water, ice Enters into Ext. Hyoso3ranu. L. £. D. Tinct. Hyosc^ami. L. £. D.
Uypbb. a Greek pr^osition answering to the Latin Smper in com« pound cheqjfal terms.
Htpbbiccx. ^Ljohn's Wort. Several of the ^edes, partioulaily the perforatum a^Wmiu, are much used by herbalists in nervous and maniacal disordK; but though I believe them to have some power fimn what I have seen, yet the effects are by no means distinctly ascertained. The leaves and flowers contain a ccdoniing matter, and are sometimes used in dyeing. An oil of St. John's wort is used by farriers, but what is sold for it is only olive oil and verdigriae.
Htpbboztmubiatbs. See Chi^obatbs.
HYpa A Greek preposition answering to Sub in Latin^ and used in a similar manner in compounding chemical terms. Thus we have the kjfpo-mirous, the fypO'^osphorous, the hfpo^sulj^mric, and the h^jKhsulphurous, acids.
Hyssopus Officinalis* £. D. P. Hyssop. A native of Gennany, whidi has been long used as a warm, aromatio stimulant and expec- torant It is usually given in form of infusion, or in doses of dj to 5 j of the powder thrice a day for asthma, cough, and duronic dis- orders of the lungs and trachea. It is also stomachic and grateful, and is said to improve the memory, which, if it does, it must be by improving the organs of digesrion and the general health. The Parisian Codex directs a syrup of hyssop ; and it is applied to con- tusions in fonn of cataplasm and fomentation.
I.
IcB Cbbam is made by adding a quart of good cream to a suffident quantity of any preserved fruit, squeezing in the juice of two lemons with sugar to taste. Rub this through a sieve, and colour with cochineal if required ; put this into the freecing-pot and cover it; scrape off the cream as it freeaes to the sides with an ioe-qpoon, and so on till it is froien. The more it is worked with the qpoon the lietter.
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INDI 187
lesiNO for Cakef and Biscuits. Beat up four whites of eggs^ and add by degrees treblerreftned sugar (pounded aod sifted through a lawn neve)^ till it becomes a thick paste. Put to it four spoonfiils of dssdllMi rinegar, or lemon-juice^ and beat it well till it becomes quite white.
IcBLAND Mobs. See I^ichbn Islandicus.
loHTHYOOOLLA. D. P. loBglass^ or Fish-]gliie. Procured from the sturgeon Acdpenser kuso et ruthemu. It is without taste or smell, and is used in prq[>aring nutritire demulcent jellies for invalids, as in djsentery and diarriliaa. It is wholly soluble in water, adds, and alkalies, but insdiuble in alcohoL It is also used fi^^ning liquors, coffee, &c, which it does by forming a sort of joJ^krane that falls through the fluid, and carries down its impuMR. It is also used for making court plaster.
IneompaUbU with alcohol, carbonate of potass, tannin, tincture of galls, and all vegetable astringents, by which it is coagulated.
AduUtraUd with inferior fi^ue prepared from other fish besides stur- gecm, and also with fine shreds of fish ddns, &c Its purity may be known by its want of smell, and by its dissolving wholly in water, and forming a transparent solution.
loAsuRic Acid occurs in combination with Strychnia in nux vomica and St Ignatiui^s bean ; but its properties are still but little known.
I«NATLA, St. Ignatius's Bean. See Strychnob and Strychnia.
IciRBUsiNB. This, termed Elaiodon by Herberger, is that portion of volatile oils which is odmiferous, and is coloured by treating it with nitric acid. (Bizio.)
Ii^BX. See Holly.
Imfatibms NoLi-rMB*TAK6BRB« Touch-me-not A native plant, but not common, except in Westmoreland. It is very acrid, and said to be a strong diuretic
Impbrial. a gratdul and cooling drink, prepared by mixing Jss each of cream of tartar and fresh lemon-peel bruised with ^iv of white sugar, and three pints of boiling vmter.
Impbratoria Ostruthium. p. Masterwort. A native plant, but rarely met with except in gardens. The root is a warm aromatic bitter, and is prescribed in doses of gr. x to 5m of the powder as a stimulant and carminative in dyspepsia, paralyms, amenorrhoea, kc.
Incbwsb, or Frankincense. Tku§. O. See Abietis Rbsina. L.
Indian Ink, or China Ink, from its being originally imported ^m China, ought to be made of lamp-black procured from the umbrella- formed shades of oil lamps, beat into a mass with purified ^lue or isinglass, and scented with musk or amber. Imitated by charcoal made from cherry-stones or beans, and mixed
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with gum arabic ; or with common lamp-Uack beat up with gum, honej, seed lac^ common glue^ &c. Its goodness will appear at once from rubbing it down in a saucer with a little water, from its break-
T ing splintery^ and feeling soft and not gritty when rubbed agsinst the teeth.
Indian Pink. See Spiobllia. L.
Indian Ybllow, a pigment of a bright yellow, which is imported in lumps from India. It is frequently adulterated.
Indigo. P. The fecula of the ItuUgqfera tinciona. Procured by mace- rating the leaves, treating the infusion with lime water^ and drying the sedime^kin lumps. The French physicians prescribe it in phthisis, df^pioea, and immoderate flow of the lochia, as an astrin- gent ; but its Vk^ use is in dyeing. AduUeraled, where it is manufactured, with the fecula of other species of Indigofera, which do not produce so fine a tint ; and also with the dyed fecula of other plants : but these adulterations can only be detected by trying the deepness and brightness of the tint in solu- tion. When mixed with earthy matters, as it often is, these will subside from the solution. The best indigo has a coppery tinge of colour.
Indigogen. The basis of Indigo.
Indigoio, or Inoigotig Acid. The add of indigo, which has re- cently been investigated with great care by Dr. Buff. It is said by M. Chevreuil to be quite distinct from the carbazotic acid.
Infusions. Infusa. L. E. D. P. Are solutions in water of vegetable materials^ prepared sometimes by cold water, but more frequently by water which is boiling, and in a bright metal vessel ; a less heat being incapable of extracting the virtues required, and other vessels not retaining it long, ais is well known to be the case in making coffee and tea. When the plants to be infused contain aromatic and volatile properties, a close vessel and cold water will be requisite. When they contain starch, a heat above l65° will not dissolve but coagulate it. Infusions do not keep long, particularly in warm weather, being apt to run into the acetous fermentation, or to be otherwise decomposed.
Infusion op Buchu Leaves. Infusum Buchu, D. Infitsumjblionm
diosmatis crenaice. Take Jss of dried Buchu leaves, and Oss of
boiling water ; infuse in a warm place for three hours, occasionally
shaking the vesseL
Incompatible with lime water, subcarbonate of potass, acetate of
lead, &c. MedkinaUy the* dose is 5js8 to Jiij thrice a day in urinary irritation, gravel, cysterrhoea, &c. (Dublin Trans, iv.)
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INFU 189
Infusion op Cantharioes^ in Farriety, Take Jij of cantharides in powder, Oij of vinegar. Macerate for ten days, pour oflP the liquor, grind the flies with a handful of fine sand, return the whole into the bottle, macerate a week, then strain. (Pharm. Veterinary Col-
LEOB.)
Infusion of Capsicum. Injnsum capsici. Take gr. iv of the capsules of capsicum berries, Jiv of distilled water ; infuse for two hours in a close vessel and strain. Incompatible with the nitrate of silver, acetate of lead, and the sul- phates of zinc and copper. Medicinally it is applied with a camel's<*hair pencil to the tarsus of the eye in ophthalmia atonica, and in amaurosis ; but produces great pain.
Infusion of Cayenne Pepper. Is similar to the preceding ; but un- less the pepper is carefuUy freed from red lead and common salt it ought not to be used. The proportion is gr. j to 5j of cold water in^sed three hours, and filtered through paper.
Infusion of Cherry Laurel-Leaves. InfusumJbUorum lauri-cerasi. Take Jiv each of the fresh leaves of the cherry laurel and of honey, Oij of boiling water, infuse the leaves in the water for an hour, strain, and dissolve the clarified honey in the liquid. Jncompalible with the nitric, sulphuric, and muriatic adds, the nitrate of silver, the metallic sulphurets, the oxides of mercury and anti- mony, and with chlorine. Medicinally it is applied to foul and cancerous ulcers.
Infusion of Helminthocorton. Injiisumfuci helminlhocofionis. P. Take ^ of Corsican sea-moss, Oj of boiling water, infuse for ten hours, and strain. Dose 5jss to Jiij thrice a day as a purgative for worms, and an alterative for glandular tumours, scirrhus, &c
Infusion of Peach Leaves. Injusum foliorum amygdake Persicas. Take ^ss of dried peach-leaves, Oj of boiling water; mix and infuse, near the fire for three hours. It is given in the dose of 5j to 5iij thrice a day, in urinary Irritation .
Infusion of Tobacco^ in Farriery, Take Ibj of tobacco^ cong. j of boiling water, infuse 24f hours^ and strain. This may be combined with mercurials. Take feij of infusion of to- ^»cco, 5j of oxymuriate of mercury (corrosive sublimate), 5J of muriatic add. Dissolve the oxymuriate in the acid in a glass mor- tar, and add it to the infusion of tobacco. (Pharm. Veterinary College.) Incompatible with the oxides of mercury and antimony, the nitrate of silver, the sulphurets of metals, the mineral acids, and chlorine.
Infusum Anthemtdis. L. E. Infusion of Chamomile. Take 5ij of
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190 INFD
drnmomile flowers^ Oss of bcnling wAter> mac^rale in a close vessel for ten minutes, and strain.
Incompatible with infusion or tincture of Ixurk, with isinglafls, with acetate of lead, sulphate of iron, nitrate of silTer^ and corrosive sublimate.
MeditmaUy it is a good bitter tonic for dyspepsia and bifious disorders when cold (more pleasant when made with cold water), in the dose of a tea-cupful, twice a day : when warm it is a mild emetic, and used to work off more pow^ul emetics. Infusum Armoracijb C0MPO8ITUM. L. D. Compound Infuaon of Horse-radislv Take Jj each ei fresh horse^racBsh root sliced, sbmI of mustard-seed braked, 3 j of conrpound qnril ai horse-radish, Oj of boiling water, macerate the root and seeds in the water for two hours in a covered vessel, and strain ; then add the spirit
IncempatihU with the carbonates of aU^alies, but no€ with pure alkalies, with tannin, inf\iaion of galb and of bark, and wit^ corrosive sub- limate and nitrate of silver.
MedkinaUy in the dose of ^ to ^ tbriee a day, it is prescribed as a stimulaat in paralyms, chronic rheumatism, recent catarrh, ^c, and as a diuretic in dropsies. When kept, it soon ferments and is 8|>ofled. Infusum Aurantii Compositus. L« IX Compound Infusion of Orange-peeL Take 5ij of dried onmge-pe^, 5J of fresh lemon- pe^, 5ss of bruised ck)ves> Oss of boiling water, infuse for 15 minutes in a dose vessel, and strain. It is a good and pleasant stomadiic, in doses of Jj to Jj^ ^ dyspepsia, gont^ and atonic disorders, and as an agreeable and elegant vehide lor 88hs> bitters, subeafbenateof soda, &c
IncompadbU widi Hme water and pure alkriies, vMt infusiffn oi bark, acetate of lead, and sulphate of iron. IzfFuenTM BeoHU. D. See IvFunoif (M^ BtrcHU. Infusum Calumba. L. £. D. Infusion of Calumba. Take ^j of calumba sliced, Oss of boiling water, infuse for two^ hours in a close vessel, and strain.
Inaompaiihle with infusion of bark, acetate of lead> nitrate oi nlver, oxymuriate of mercury, and tartarixed antimony.
MetUcmaUy it is a good non-irritating tonic and andseptic for dyspep- sia, cholera morbus, the nausea of pregnancy, &c., in doses of ^ to '^ij twice a day. It is also a good vehicle for antadds and c^ly- beates, such as magnesia, muriate of iron, &c Infusum Cartophtllorum. L. D. Infusion of Cloves. Take 5j of bruistd doves, Oss of boiling water, inluse for two hours in a dose vessel, and strain. It is red coloured, and retains the aroma of the doves.
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INFU 191
IncempgiiUe with lo&BiDn of bark, tke acetate ef lead, the nitrate of
silver^ the sulphates of ccfppex, iron, and mc, and with tartarized aatiaumy. Medieinalfy it maj be giren in dotes of 3j to jij thrice a day, with a few grains of subcarbonate of ammonia. It is an excellent tonic and
aftomedbic in dyspepsia, chronic gout, and nerrous debility, partieo-
larlj for leaoTing the sensationa calkd ooldtKss and gnawimg at the
stomach* IVFUsmf CabcamiUjM. L. D. Infusion of Cascarilku Take 588 of
faraised casfiarilla bark, Oas of boiHng water, infuse in a dose vessel
for two hours, and strain. IneompaiibU with tannin, infusion of galls and of bade, lime water,
acetate of lead, nitrate of sihrer, the sulphates of coj^r, iron, and
sine, and with tartariaed antimony, MetUcinaOff it is a good tonic and aromatic bitter, in doses (^ Sj ^ 3li
thxke a di^ finr the bowel fOTlsinfn of cbildKn, and as a vehicle
for antacids in dyspepsiSi Imfusum Catb€BU CoMFoerruM. L. £. D. Compound Infusion of
Catedra* Take 5ijss of extract of catechu, 5S8 of cinnamon bark
bruised, Oss of belling water, infuse for an hour in a dose vessd,
and sftrain*^ ImcompaMle wiih infusion of bark,, with isbglass, with o(^rrodve sub-
kuBSl^ with the sulplMites of copper, iron, and sine, and with tar-
teEuwd antmumy. MedicinaUj^ in doses of Jj to Jiij four times a day, it is a powerful and
pleasant astringent and stoawdiic, in dysentery and diarrhoea^
^ool» IfluconhoBay &c It is usuaUy combined with opium and
dialk. JimonnH CtucnoHM, L. £^ D. Infhsioa of Peruvian Bark. Take ^
ef die bmiseAbsric ai CiHdkma.latu^olia, Oss of boiling water, in-
luse fmr two bours^ and strain. It retains the bitter aroma of the
bark. Incompatible with vegetable bitters, galls, alkaUne carbonates, lime
watei^ isiij^glass, comosive snblimat8> the suipluiteao# coppeci iron,
and sine, and with tartarised antimony. MBdMcmalfy it is rather a feeble preparatian, intendad lor weak and
initahle stomachs, and for chiMren. In is given in doses of ^ to
Jiij thrice a day, along with aromatics; but the sulphate of quinine is
now usually substituted as more uniform in stiength. Ihfvbvm CufCHOitaB cux Succo LiMONUM. Infusion of Cinchona with
Lemon-juice. Take ^j ^^ powdered bsrk, Jij of lemon juice, 5iij of
compound tincture of camj^or, macerate for 12 hours in a covered
vessel, and strain.
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192 INFU
Medicinally it maj be given in doses of one to three ounces in cases.
where the bark xn substance irritates the stomach. Infusuu CusPARiiB. L. D. Infusion of Cusparia^ or Angustura. Take }ij of cusparia bark bruised^ Oss of boiling water^ infuse fcnr two hours and strain*
Incompatible with tannin, infusion of catechu and galls, acetate of lead, corrosive sublimate, nitrate of silver, the sulphates of copper, iron, and zinc, and with tartar emetic.
Medicinally it is a bitterish aromatic tonic, in doses of ^ to ^j thrice a day, in dyspq)8ia, fever, and diarrhoea* along with aromatic tinctures, or with dill water for children. Infusum Eupatorii. Infusion of Thorough wort. Take Jj of tho- roughwort and a pint of boiling water, infuse for two hours in a covered vessel, and strain. See Eupat. Pbrfol. Infusum Digitalis. L. £. D. Infusion of Foxglove. Take 5j of the dried leavps of the Digitalis purpurea, Oss of boiling water, in- fuse for four hours, strain, and add 5iv of spirit of cinnamon.
Incompatible with infusion of bark, acetate of lead, the sulphates of iron and sinc^ and with alcoholic stimulants, which suspend its nauseaUng effects.
Medicinally its uniformity of strength cannot be depended upon ; but it is the best diuretic form of the digitalis in doses of ^ij to ^as in almond emulsion, twice a day, the dose being cautiousfy increased. Where it is given to check the circulation, the tincture or powder is preferable.
Poisonous in a large dose. See Digitalis. Infusum GsNTiANiS Compositum. L. £. D. Compound Infusion of Gentian. Take 5j each of gentian root sliced, and dried orange- peel, 5ij of fresh lemon-peel, and jxiij of boUing water, infuse for an hour, and strain. It is a pleasant and elegant preparation, the bitter of the gentian being partly concealed by the aroma of the other ingredients. It should always be made when it is to be used, as it soon decomposes.
Incompatible with acetate and superacetate of lead, and with sulphate of iron.
Medicinally in doses of 3 j to 5ij thrice a day, it is a good aromatic tonic in dyspepsia and atonic gout, and forms a good vehicle for antacids and acids. Infusum Lini Compositum. L. E. D. Compound Infusion of Linseed. Take Jj of linseed bruised, ^ss of liquorice root sliced, Oij of boiling water, infuse near the fire for four hours, and strain.
Incompatible with the salts of lead, muriate of iron, and alcohol.
Medicinally it may be used in any dose as a demulcent in catarrh, cys-
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INFU 195
t^iirhoea, strangury^ and urinary irritation ; but though it is dxeap, it is far from being so pleasant as other remedies of this class. Imfusitm Mentha SiMPLBX. D. Simple Infusion of Mint is prepared by steeping Jij of the dried leaves in q. b. of water> so that when strained it may measure Jvj. It is giren in ferere as a diluent. Ikfusuit Mbnthjb Compobitum. D. Compound Infusion t»f Mint* Take 5ij of the dried leaves of Mentha stUiva, and enough of water Co produce Jvj on straining, infuse for half an hour, and, when coM, strain, and add 5ij of white sugar> and D\,iij of oil of mint dissolved in ^ of the compound tincture of cardamoms.
MeHcinaihf it is chiefly used as a pleasant vehide txit disagreeable
medicines. The dose is 3 j to Jiij thrice a day or oftener. Infusum Quassijb. L. £. D. Infusion of Quassia. Take 9j of quassia wood sliced, Oss of bcnling water, infuse for two hours, and strain. Dr. Paris says 5ij to half a pint of water is a better proportion.
incompatible with nitrate of silver, and superacetate of lead ; but as it contains no tannin nor mucilage, like most bitters, it is not incompa- tilde with the sulphates of copper, iron, and zinc, nor with isinglass and infusion of bark.
MedicmaUy it is an excellent bitter tonic, without astringency, and is prescribed with advantage for female debilities, arthritis, dyspepsia, &C., in doses of Jj to Jiv thrice a day, combined with chalybeates, and other mineral tonics, and with aromatic tinctures. Ikfusum Rhbi. L. £. D. Infusion of Rhubarb. Ts&e 5j of rhubarb root sliced, Oss of boiling water, infuse for two hours, and strain.
Incompatible with tannin, galls, catechu, isinglass, infusion of bark, concentrated acids, acetate of lead, corrosive sublimate> nitrate of silver, the sulphates of copper, iron, and zinc, and tartarized an« timony.
Medicinal^ it is a weakish preparation of rhubarb, though a very con- venient form when combined with aromatic tinctures, in chronic diarrhoea, oostiveness, and in dyspepsia, atonic gout, &c It is slightly aperient and stomachic The dose is 3 j to Jij once or twice a day. Infusum Robjb. L. £. D. Infusion of Roses. Take Jss of the dried petals of the Rasa Gallicay 5iij of diluted sulphuric acid, ijjss of re« fined sugar, and Oijss of boiling water, pour the water on the rose- petals in a glass vessel, with which mix the acid, infuse for half an hour, strain, and add the sugar.
Incompatible with alum, alkalies, and lime, and with the sulphate of iron and zinc.
Medicinally it is an elegant cooling tonic of a pretty colour, and plea« sant flavour. It is seldom used alone, but forms a good vehicle for
Digitized by
19^ INFU
sulphate ot quinine, Epsom salts, and the bitter tinctures aiid infu- sions. The dose is Jij to Oss ad libitum, in hectic fever, and inflam- matory disorders. The rose petals contain iron. Infusuh Sarsapahilla Compositum. D. Compound Infusicm of SarsapariUa. Take 3 j of root of sarsaparilia washed in cold water and cut small; ftj of hot water by measure, macerate for 12 hours in a close vessel and strain.
Medicinally it is demulcent (some think nutritive or alterative), and tonic in doses of Jiv to Jviij twice a day in sequels of syphilis. Inpusum SsNNiE C0MPO6ITUM. L. D. Compound Infusion of Senna. Injusum Cassia Sennas, £. Take Jjss of senna-leaves, 5j of ginger sliced, Oj of boiling water, infuse in a covered vessel for an hour, and strain.
Incompatible with infusion of bark, concentrated acids, corrosive subli- mate, carbonates of the alkalies, lime water, acetates of lead, nitrate of silver, and tartarijEed antimony.
Medicinally it is a good form of senna, as the ginger prevents it from griping ; and it is therefore an excellent purgative with Epsom salts, or tartrate of potass, in doses of ^ to Jiv, or conjoined with guaiac and bitters. It should always be made fresh for every dose, as it deposits its cathartine when it stands only a few hours, unless Epsom salts be dissolved in it, when it may be kept good for several days, or even months. Infusum Sbnnjb cum Tamarinois. D. Infusion of Senna with Tamarinds. Infusum Sennas compositum. £. Take Jj of the pulp of tamarinds, 5J of senna-leaves, 5ss each of bruised coriander- seeds and white sugar, Jviij of boiling water, infuse in a vessel not glased with lead, occasionally shaking it, for four hours, and strain.
Incompatible with carbonate, sulphate, and tartrate of potass, and with the same chemical substances as the preceding.
Medicinally it has nearly the same properties with the preceding, but the tamarinds render its operation milder, while they improve its taste. Sydenham added rhubarb, manna, and syrup of roses. Dose Jij to 3iv in inflammatory fevers. Infusum Simabouas. L. D. Infusion of Simarouba. Take 5ss of Simarouba bark bruised, Oss of boUing water, infuse for two hours, and strain.
Incompatible with infusion of bark and of catechu, decoction of galls, with lime water, and alkaline carbonates, acetate of lead, corrosive sublimate, and nitrate of silver.
Medicinally it is a bitter tonic, which has been prescribed in doses oi 5ij or less, in diarrhoea and dysentery, along with opiates and arc-
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INJE 195
matics. In larger doses it is emetic. Mr. Brande savs it is astrin- gent^ but this must be a mistake.
Infubum Tabaci. L. D. Infusion of Tobacco. Take 5j of tobacco- leaves^ Oj of boiling water^ infuse for an hour and strain. It is only used in form of enema for incarcerated hernia, suppression oi urine, and for worms. It is hj no means safe, however, particularly for children. Poumtous, producing nausea, syncope, cold sweats, convulsions, and death. The best treatment is a speedy emetic, at first to be followed by purgatives and stimulants. When these effects arise from an enema, &c., hot brandy and water with camphor, and other strong stimulants, will be necessary.
Infusum Valerianae. D. Infusion of Valerian. Take ^ij of valerian root in coarse powder, Jvij of boiling water, infuse for an hour, and strain when cold. IticampaiibU with infusion of bark, nitrate of silver, and the sulphates
of iron and zinc Medicinally it is a good form for valerian, and may be combined with aromatics and antispasmodics, in doses of Jjss to Jij thrice a day, when the stomach rejects the powder.
Injections are medicated fluids, which are, by means of a syringe, thrown into the urethra, the vagina, the uterus, and into fistulous openings. Their utility, particularly in gonorrhoea* has been much disputed ; but, like many other disputes, this has arisen from not ex- amining the particular circumstances in which injections have been advantageous or injurious. In the first or acute stage they are usually objectionable; in the chronic stage they often succeed when every thing else has failed.
Injsctio Aoidi Muriatici. Injection of Muriatic Add. Take Jiv of distilled water, l^^viij of muriatic acid; mix and inject in gonorr- hoea attended with ardor urine. (Wyatt.)
Injbctio Aluminis. Injection of Alum. Take gr. iv to 5 j of super- sulphate of alumine, ^iv to ^vj of distilled water; mix, and inject in gleet, gonorrhoea, and prolapsus recti.
Injxctio Aqujb Calcis Comfosita. Compound Injection of Lime Water. Take Jiv of lime water, 5ij of olive oil, i^^xxiij of solution of acetate of lead ; mix, and inject in gleet, fiftulae, &c.
Injsctio Bai<8aiiioa. Balsamic Injection. Dissolve ^ss of copaiba in the yolk of one ^g, and add Jvj of lime water, and ^j each of rose water and the watery solution of myrrh. (Barbnsprung.)
Injbctio CoPAiBiS. Injection of Copaiba. Take 5 j to 5ij of balsam of copaiba, Jss of gum arable mucilage, Jiv of lime water or of rose water, triturate the copaiba and mucilage well together, : and
o 2
Digitized by
196 INJE
add the water. It is a good injection in leucorrHoea, and chronic gonorrhoea* Injectio CuBsas. Cuhehs' Injection. Take Jj of cuhehs, 9j of ex- tract of helladonna^ Oj of water to make an injection forhlenorrhoea. (Chbtallier.) Injectio Cupri Acbtatis. Injection of Acetate of Copper. Take gr. V of prepared verdigrise^ Jiv of oil of almonds^ triturate the ver- digrise with the oil till weU mixed. It is a good astringent in- jection. Injectio Cupri Ammoniati. Injection of Ammoniated Copper. Take HI XX of the solution of ammoniated copper, Jiv of rose water; mix, and inject in gonorrhoea. (Jesse Foot.) Injectio Cupri Sulphatis. Injection of Sulphate of Copper. Take gr. ij of sulphate of copper, ^viij of distilled water; mix, and inject in gleet, and chronic gonorrhoea. Injectio Cupri Sulphatis Composita. Compound Injection of Sul- phate of Copper. Take gr. vj of sulphate of copper, Jiv of pure water, ii\xx of solution of acetate of lead, dissolve the sulphate in the water, and then add the solution. To he injected between the glands and the prepuce, in phymosis, attended with ulceration. It is a useful, though not a very chemical preparation. Injectio Emolliens. Emollient Injection. Take ^v of infusion of linseed, ir).xxx of wine of opium ; mix as an anod3me in cases of irritation. Injectio Galls. Injection of Oalls. Take ^Ij each of decoction of
galls and distiUed water; mix, and injectjn gleet and gonorrhoea. Injectio Hydraroyri. Mercurial Injection. Take 5j of purified mercury, 3jss each of gum arable mucilage and distilled water, tritu- rate the mercury carefully with the mucilage, and add the water. Or, Take 5j of mercurial ointment, 5j of olive oil, mix carefully, and
warm it before using. Injectio Hydraroyri Oxymuriatis. Injection of corrosive suhli« mate. Take gr. ij of corrosive sublimate, gr. x of muriate of ammo- nia, Jx of distilled water ; mix. Or, Take Tt\,ij of solutbn of corrosive sublimate, Jiv of distilled water ; mix, and inject in gonorrhoea. Injectio Hydraroyri Submuriatis. Injection of Calomel. Take 5ij of submuriate of mercury, Jss of gum arable mucilage, Oj of lime water, triturate the calomel well with the mucilage, and add the lime water by degrees. Quince mucilage may be substituted. Injectio Nitratis Argenti. Injection of Nitrate of Silver. Take gr. ij of nitrate of silver, J j of distilled water ; mix, for injection in fistulous ulcers.
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INK 197
tKJBCTio Oleosa. Oily Injection. Take Jiv of oil of almonds. Tit XXX of solution of subacetate of lead ; mix, and warm it can- tiouily in a tea-cup set in hot water before using. The oil should be chosen good, and free from randditj. It is used in urethral in- flammation.
Injsctio Opii. Opiate Injectbn. Take Tn.xl of Battley*s sedative solution of opium, Jiv of distilled water; mix, and inject as an anodyne.
Injsctio Plumbi Acbtatis. Injection of Acetate of Lead. Take TTl vj of the solution of acetate of lead, jiv of distilled water ; mix, and inject in the inflammatory stage of gonorrhoea. When ardor urinie and priapism, or chordee,- supervene, add an equal portion of the preceding.
Injsctio Plumbi Cabbonatis. Injection of Carbonate of Lead. Take Jj of carbonate of lead, 5ij of compound powder of gum tra- gacanth, 9rj of opium in powder, and Oj of boiling water; mix, and inject in the first stage of gonorrhoea.
Injsctio Qubrcus. Oak-bark Injection. Take Oj of the oak-bark decoction, %sa of purified alum ; mix, and inject in relaxations of the vagina and rectum.
Injsctio Stimulans. Stimulant Injection. It is made by adding a few drops of tincture of cantharides to the copaiba injection.
Injsctio THSiS. Injection of Tea. Take 5j of good green tea, Jvj of boiling water, infuse till it is cold, and strain. It is a good seda- tive in the first stage of gonorrhoea.
Injsctio Vini Rubri. Injection of Red Wine. Take Jxij of port wine, Jiv of pure water; mix, and inject for the radiad cure of hydrocele. (Sir J. Earls.) Sir Astley Cooper uses a strong injection of sulphate of sine
Injsctio Zinci Acstatib. Injection of Acetate of Zinc. Take gr. X of acetate of zinc, ^vj of distilled water ; mix, and inject in gonorrhoea.
Injsctio Zinci Sulphatis. Injection of Sulphate of Zinc. Tdie gr. iv of sulphate of sine, Jiv of distilled water ; mix, for an injec- tion. Acetate of lead is sometimes added, and rose water is used for distilled water.
Injsotion for Fistulous Sores, in Farriery. Take 5j of oxymu- riate of mercury (corrosive sublimate), 5ij of muriatic acid, 5v of water or rectified spirit ; mix. (Pharm. Vstsrinary Collsos.)
Ink. The common writing ink is made with various proportions of sulphate of iron (copperas), galls, and gum water. The following are a few receipts for making difierent kinds of ink. Common Writing Ink. Take fcj of galls in coarse powder, Ibj. each of
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lulphate of iron and logwood rasped, four jAnts of water, and Jiv or more of gum arabic, macerate for a fortnight, or more> diaking it well every day. Half a pound of pomegranate bark improves it
Exchequer Ink. Take tbij of galls, ft>^ each of gum arable and sul- phate of iron, two gallons of soft water, and proceed as in the last.
Japan Ink, The shining quality is imparted by a larger proportioa of gum arabic and sugar- candy, which, however, make it thick, and less free in the pen.
Marking Ink for linen. This I believe was first discovered by Mr. Hume, of Long-acre. It is prepared by dissolving in a glass mortar 5j of nitrate of silver in double its weight of pure water, to which add ten drops of nitric acid. Before it is applied the linen must be wetted with a solution of Jj of pure subcarbonate of potass in ^ss of water.
Prerogative Office Ink. Take ibj of galls, Jvj of gum arabic, Jij c^ alum, ^vij of sulphate of iron, jLij of gum kino, Jiv of Ic^wood in coarse powder, and one gallon* of water. Proceed as for common ink.
Printers' Ink, To every pound of the best lamp-black, well powdered* put half a pint ai soft varnish, a quarter of a pint each of boiling linseed oil, and spirits of turpentine ; mix, and boil together fcnr half an hour, stirring it well the while. Care must be taken that it do not inflame, as water will not put it out. Prussian blue is added to very fine ink.
Red Ink for writing. Take Jiv of the raspings of Brasil wood, infuse in good colourless vinegar, or white wine^ for two or three days, boil this for an hour over a gentle fire» and filter it while hot through paper. Put it again over the fire, and dissolve in it, first ^88 of gum arabic, and afterwards |ss each of alum and white sugar.
Red Ink for Printing is prepared with soft varnish* vermilion, and white of eggs. It should not be very thick. An inferiw sort is made with common varnish and red lead. Inula. See Helbnium. L.
Inulin. Nefv. A chemical principle discovered by Rose, in the Inula kelenium, the root of which has since been more minutely analysed by Funke, but its medical properties have not been much inves- tigated. JoDATE OP Potass. See Hybriodate of Potass. Iodic Acid is procured by bringing iodine in contact with protoxide of chlorine, and applying heat, when the iodic acid results in a white semi-transparent mass of great density.
Sduhle in water and deliquescent in moist air. It also unites with most other acids, and with metals it forms iodatch.
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loDiDX or Zinc. Has been employed in form of ointment^ 5 j ^ 3j of lard^ rubbed in on strumous swellings^ in the proportion of a drachm daily. (Dr. Urb.) It is exceedingly irritating to tender skins.
loDiNB Eye Lotion. Take rtixxx of tincture of iodine^ n^xxxvj of tinctuxe of opium, Jiv of distilled water, to make a lotion for obstinate strumous ophthalmia. (Luool.)
Iodine Linimbnt. Take Jj of compound liniment of soap, 5j of tincture of iodine; mix, and apply to scrofulous tumours, &c. (Manson.)
loDiNB Ointmbnt. This is made with one part of iodine and twenty- four parts of hogs'-lard. (Brxba.)
loDiNB Pills are made with gr. -^ to gr. iv with crumbs of bread.
loDiHB Plastbr. Take 3ij of litharge plaster, gr. xxx of iodine in powder, 3ij of hydriodate of potass, 5ss of extract of opium to make a plaster. Medicinally, in strumous affections of the parotid and other glands. (Luool.)
looiNB Solution Concbntratbd. Take 3j of iodine, 9ij of hydrio«
date of potass, Jvij of distilled water, to make a solution. Dose. Six drops in a glass of water sweetened with sugar, twice a day, increasing to thirty-six drops. (Lugol.)
loDiNB TiNCTURB. Take 5j of iodine, Jijss of rectified spirit, and dissolre by triturition in a glass vessel. Dose from six to thirty drops thrice a day. (Manson.) Or, Take gr. xlviij of pure iodine, and ^ of alcohoL (Brbra.) Or, Take gr. xlviij of iodine, ^ of alcohol: dissolve. Dose ten drops
thrice a day. (Maqbndib.) Extemalfy, applied to the integuments in white swelling. (Bu- chanan.)
loDiNiUM. D. Iodine. Dissolve a quantity of kelp, or barilla, in water, evaporate the ley till a pellicle forms, and set it aside till the carbo- nate a£ soda and other salts crystalline ; evaporate the mother liquor, containing hydriodate of potass, nearly to dryness, and pour upon the mass half its weight of sulphuric acid; put this into a glass alembic, apply a gentle heat, and violet fumes will come over and ciystallixe. This is the iodine, which may be purified by redistilling it from water containing a very little potass. Dry the crystals on blotting-paper. Iodine unites with hydr(^;en, forming hydriodic acid, whence -are formed the hydriodates used in medicine.
Incompatible with starch, and vegetable preparations containing it.
MedicinaUy, Iodine has been of late extensively employed in bron- chocele, strumous and scirrhous tumours, rickets, and spinal dis- tortion, paralysis, leucorrhoea, amenorrhoea, chlorosis, and strumous
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dbafness. It is giren in form of dncture or pill intenMj, and applied in form of ointment- externally. See Htdriodats of Potass.
Injurious Effects of Iodine, Dr. Gairdner finds that a continued course of iodine produces great emaciation, depression of ^iiitSy tremor, and dangerous ckolenu Others hare not been so unfor- tunatew It is said to diminish the mamnue in wcnnen when long continued, and this is confirmed by Mr. Callaway, of Guy's Hospital, and Dr. Ryan.
Enters into Tinct. lodinii. D. Ung. lodinii. D. looous Acid is procured by triturating, in a glass or porcelain mortar, equal parts of iodine and chlorate of potass, and heating the mixtore in a glass retort, when the iodous acid rises in vapour, and is ooncentrated in the form of a yellow liquid, of an oily consistence. loouRBT OF Lead. Is given internally in doses of gr. ^ to gr. ss or more, and is also used externally in form of ointment. (Cuttbrbau.)
Medicinally, one of the best preparations of iodine, as it does not irritate the skin like most of the others. loDURBT OF Mbrcuey. I^em. Dissolve in 400 parts of water 100 of the nitrate of the protoxide of mercury, filter, and add hydii- odate of potass in solution, till no precipitate falls down ; throw the yellowish precipitate thus procured upon a filter, and wash it with distilled water, till the washings give no longer a black preci- pitate by potass ; dry what remains on the filter, and keep it closely stopped and from light. It contains 2*5 mercury, and 1*56 iodine. Dose from gr. j to gr. iij.
Or^ dissolve without heat q. s. of mercury in one part of nitric acid with three parts distilled water to form a pure proto-nitrate of mercury ; add hydriodate of potass till precipitation ceases ; filter, and wash the residue with distilled water, which will be a yellow powder insoluble in water. (Dr. O'Shauohnessy.)
The Deutioduret, prepared with 70 parts of corrosive sublimate, and 100 parts of the ioduret of potassiun^ contains 2*5 of mercury, and 31 2 of iodine.
Ointments of both those iodurets of mercury are prepared widi gr. xv to the ounce of lard, and applied in small quantity upon lint, for dress* ing venereal ulcers.
Tinctures are also made with them, in the proportion of gr. xv to the ounce of alcohol. Dose ii\^x to rt^xx in a glass of distilled water twice a day, in strumous syphilis. The iodurets are also combined with ether.
Pills are also made with extract of juniper and liquorice root^ and th9 iodurets.
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loDURBTTXD Ebcharotic^ Or Caustic Iodine. Take ^ss to ^ of iodine^ Jj of hjdriodate of potass, Jij of distilled water, and dissolve.
MeeUcinalfy to fungous ulcers, and to the granulations of strumous ophthalmia. It often acts like a charm. (Lugol.)
loDORSTTEO Htdbiodatb OF PoTASd. Dissolvo gr. xxxTJ of hjdrio- date of potass, and gr. x of iodine, in ^ j of distilled water. Dose V\y} to v\J> in syrup, &c. thrice a day, in struma, sdrrhus, bron« chocele, rachitis, paralysis, chlorosb, &c.
loouRETTED INJECTION. Take gr. ij to gr. iv of iodine, gr. iv to gr. viij o[ hydriodate of potass, and O) of distilled water, to make an injection to be thrown into the lachrymal passages in coryza and ojTcena. (Lugol.)
loDURETTED Mbrcurial Ointment. Take 9ij to 9iv of proto-
loduret of mercury, Jij of fresh hogs'-lard, to make an ointment.
MedtdndUy in strumo-syphilitic ulcers of a corroding kind. (Lugol.)
loDUBBTTBo MiNEBAL Water. Take gr. 4 of iodine, gr. jss of hydriodate of potass, Jviij of distilled water. Dose, gr. ss daily, increasing gradually, the maximum being gr. jss. (Lugol.)
loDURETTED OiNTMENT. Take gr. xij of iodine, 9iv of hydriodate of potass, Jij of fresh lard, to make an ointment, in strumous oph- thalmia, tubercles, ulcers, &c (Lugol.)
IcmuBXTTBD Rubefacient Solution. Take 5iv of iodine, Jj of hydriodate of potass, ^vj of distilled water, to make a solution. Medicinally in cataplasms of linseed, &c. in strumous ophthalmia, ozosna, coryza, &c.
Iodurettbo Sulfhubic Etheb. New. Take 5j of sulphuric ether, gr. Yj of pure iodine ; mix, and give in doses of ii\v to TH.^ in struma, schirrus, and bronchocele. Patients will seldom bear more. Thirty drops contain a grain of iodine.
loNiDiUM Ifecacuanha. P. White Ipecacuan. Emetic, like the fol- lowing, but weaker.
Ipecacuanha Radix. L. E. D. P. Ipecacuan, Hippo (Ibisu), the root of the CephalU emetica. P. Callicocca ipecacuanha. L. D. Probably Viola ipecacuanha (Decandolle), or Psychotria emeiica (Muns). It is a medicine of great value as an emetic, a dia- phoretic, an expectorant, and an astringent, according to the dose. For producing its emetic effects, 3j, 9jss, or gr. xv, with gr. j of tartar emetic, when it is required to prolong the nausea and vomiting. It will operate in from ten to forty minutes or more ; and after, not before, a draught of tepid chamomile tea should be drank, to pro- mote the evacuation. For exciting nausea, and astringing the bowels in diarrhoea and haemorrhage, gr. j to gr. iij. As an ex^
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pectorant and sedative in catarrh and inflammation, gr. 4 to gr. j every three or four hours ; and as a diaphoretic, gr. ij to gr. vj with gr. j of opium. See Pulv. Ipkc. Comp.
Contains Embta, which see.
Soluble in water, wine, alcohdl, and the muriatic and pho^horic acids.
Incompatible with vinegar, acid fruits, gallic acid, and indeed all vegetable acids, also with infusion of galls, nitric acid, corrosive sub- limate, and acetate of lead ; but not with tartar emetic.
Adulterated before importation, by being mixed with roots of several sorts of violets, ionidium, &c. The genuine sort is in short wrinkled pieces of a grey or brown colour. The larger and browner the pieces, the better. When white and smooth it is very weak. This latter, and other roots, are sold in powder by fraudulent druggists, mixed with emetic tartar. This fraud can only be detected by analysis.
Ipecacuan is pulverized with difficulty, and its effluvia is often very offensive to the operator. Some persons, indeed, are distressed whenever they are near the powder, and can scarcely enter a room where the drug is kept.
Enters into Pulv. Ipecacuanhc Comp. L. D. Vin. Ipecacuanhc.
L. E. D. Ipecacuanha Losbnoes are made with sugar and gum arabtc, as odier lozenges, ynth the addition of gr. ss of the powder to eadi. They are used to promote expectoration in coughs. Iridis FLORENTiNiB Radix. E. IHs Florentino. P. Florentine Iris, or Orrice root. An acrid aromatic, feeUy emetic, diuretic, and ex- pectorant, in doses of 9j to 5 j, and also errhine ; but it is chie6y used in perfumery for imparting a violet odour to powders, soaps, oils, and snuffs. . Adulterated with inferior sorts, which are not pared, are of a dirty, yeUowish-wbite colour, and of a shrunk and shrivelled appearance. The genuine is pared and scraped, somewhat soft and porous, very white, and smelling like violets. It is apt to mould or mildew, to prevent which it should be spread out thinly in a dry open apart- ment When perforated with worm-holes, it is good for nothing. Iris Fcbtidissima. P. /. Germanica. P. and /. pseudo acorut, P. Have similar medical properties to the preceding ; but are not used in this country, except by herbalists and old women. Iron and its preparations. See Fbrrum. IsATis TiNCTORiA. Woad, a native plant, which is sometimes employed
by dyers for producing blues. It is supposed to contain indigo. Isinglass. See Ichtityocolla.
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IsoLUSiKB^ a new principle discovered by M. Peschier in various species
of polygala. Ivory. Ebur. P. When bumt^ is said to be astringent and vermifuge^
but is not used. Ivory Black is prepared by burning the shavings or chips in a closely
covered crucible till no smoke is seen to pass through the joinings.
The matter^ when cooled^ is pounded^ ground on a porphyry slab
with water^ washed on a filter with warm water, and dried* It is
used in painting, and also as a toothpowden AduUerated with common bone-blade, which may be known by having
a tinge of red> instead of a fine clear greyish-black. Bone-black is
made in the same way as ivory-Uack. Other blacks of an inferior
kind are also frequently mixed with it. Ivy. Uedera HeUx. Haller says the leaves are considered in Germany
as a specific for the atrophy of children. They have lately been
administered in France in malignant cholera. The berries are
subacid, and slightly emetic and purgative.
Jack by thb Hbbob. Eiysimum aUiaria. A native plant, called also Sauce aione, from its smelling strongly of onions. It is stimu- lant and diuretic; the seeds errhine. I have known the Gallium aparine mistaken for it, from a similarity in the provincial name. It was well no worse mistake happened, as the infusion was drunk largely.
Jachbon's Bathing Spirits are nothing more than the Compound Liniment of Soap, scented with essences.
Jalapjb Radix. L. £. D. P. Jalap. The root (not of MirabiUs Jalapa), but of the Convolvulus Jalapa, a native of America, and a valuable drug. It is sweetish, warm, pungent, nauseous to the taste, and of a peculiar heavy odour. Contains Jalapia, which see. AduUerated with briony root, which may be known by its being more light, pale, and spongy, and not exhibiting the dense resinous ' fracture of the genuine root. From containing less resinous matter also, the spurious roots do not bum so easily as the genuine, and this is a good test. It is also sometimes injured by the worm. When cut across, the genuine root is brownish-grey, and arranged in concentric layers.
■ Medicinally it is a powerful and safe cathartic, and anthelmintic hy- dragogue, but it sometimes gripes violently, by stimulating the colon. It is most soluble in alcohol, and is usually combined with subrou-
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804 JAME
riate of mercury, with a little essential oil, or extract of hyoscjramus, to prevent griping. The dose is gr. x to 58i in form of powder, piU> or losenge. Enters into Ext. Jalapc. L. E. D. PuIy. Jalapc Comp. E. Tinct. Jalapc* L. E. D. Tinct Senns Comp. E.
Jalapia, or Jalapinb, an alkali discovered in jalap by Mr. Hume, junior, of Long-acre. It has no perceptible taste nor smelL An ounce of jalap yields about five grains of jalapia. It has not yet been employed medidnaUy.
Jamaica Pbfpeb. See Pimbntjb Bacca. L.
Jambs's Analeptic Pills. The original receipt is: Take Jj eadi of James's powder, Rufus's pill mass, and gum guaiac; make amass with tincture of castor, and divide into 40 pills. They are usually made, however, with antimonial powder, instead of James's powder.
Jam B8*8 PowDBB. This celebrated nostrum was analysed by Dr. G. Pearson, and found to contain 57 parts of oxide of antimony, partly vitrified, and 43 parts of phosphate of lime. Mr. R. Phillips has lately found the proportions of these to be 56 and 44. The original specification of James is : *' Take antimony, calcine it with a con- tinued protracted heat, in a flat unglased vessel, adding to it from time to time a sufficient quantity of any animal oil or salt, dephleg- mated ; then boil it in melted nitre for a considerable time, and se- parate the powder from the nitre by dissolving it in water." This, however, is a false receipt, as it will not produce the powder. That there is a regular and certain process for its preparation, is proved by the similarity of the two analyses by Pearson and Phillips at a considerable distance of time. Adulterated with flour, prepared chalk, gypsum, and other white powders, and the fraud is concealed by the uncertainty of efiect even in the genuine. Imitated by the antimonial powder, which contains from 35 to 38 parts of peroxide of antimony, and from 65 to 62 parts of phosphate of lime. See Pulvis Antimonialis. Medicinally it is quite insoluble in water, and is said to be dia- phoretic, nauseant, emetic, and purgative; but it is of very un- certain operation, as James himself confessed; for when it meets with an acid in the stomach, it acts violently ; when the prime vie are loaded with mucus, it is inert. Mr. R. Phillips says it is always inert, but experience strongly opposes this. James says " the dose ia uncertain, but in general 30 grains is a moderate dose." James always combined it with mercurials, and followed it up with bark. From gr. V to gr. X is the usual dose.
James obtained the receipt from a Swede, under condition of participa-
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tion in the profits, which condition James did not fulfil, and was prosecuted ; but gained his cause by asserting that he had altered and improved the original process. Japan Blacking. Boil together half a gallon of boiled linseed<-oil, an ounce and a half of bitumen, and four ounces of burnt umber. When sufficiently incorporated, add as much oil of turpentine as will make it of a proper thickness, taking care that it does not catch fire. Other receipts are given, in which gum is the shining material Japan Earth. Terra Japonica. O. See Catbchu. Japan Ink. See Ink.
Jasmins. Jtuminum offidntde* P. A climbing shrub with white flowers of a fine fragrance. Medicinally they are bitter, sedative, and narcotic ; but are chiefly used for preparing perfumes* The flowers which grow here are too de- Hcate and evanescent to be used, except in preparing snufi& and powders, and the oil and essence should be imported from Florence, that from Genoa and Leghorn being inferior. Jatropha. See Tapioca. J ATROPHIC Acid is procured by converting croton oil into soap. It is
also called CroUmic Acid. Javbllb Water. See Eau i>^ Javbllr.
Jbllt. Gelatina, P. A preparation usually of a thicker consistence than honey, and composed of animal substances, in which gelatine abounds, or vegetables containing gum combined with an acid, the supposed composition of vegetable jelly. Almond JeUy is prepared by adding to ^vj o/ almond emulsion, Jviij of hartshorn jelly, dissolved together with 5J of orange-flower water, and n^iij of lemon essence. Apple JeUy is prepared by paring, coring, and cutting to pieces, Ibvj of juicy apples, boiling them gently in a quart of water till reduced to a pulp. Strain this through a jelly-bag, add three quarts of syrup, and boil for ten minutes; longer would spoil it, and make it like treacle. Or, boU (me part of sugar with four of apple-juice strained. Arron-nxi Jeihf. Boil together half a pint of water, a glass of sherry, or a spoonful of brandy, with a little grated nutmeg and fine sugar. Mix this by degrees into a dessert-spoonful of good arrow-root, which has been previously beat smooth with two spoonfuls of cold water. Boil the whole for three minutes, stirring it the while. Biscuit JeUy is made by boiling two ounces of biscuit powder in a quart of water to a pint, straining, and adding Jviij of lump sugar, and two glasses of port wine, with lemon essence, or compound tincture of cardamoms, to flavour.
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Calves' Fool JeU^. Put six calves' or neats' feet in six quarts of water, and boil for eight hours, or till reduced to four quarts, and strain and skim carefully. Then beat up the whites of twelve ^^ with a pound and a half of coarse sugar, tHe juice of ten lemons, a few peels of the same, a stick of cinnamon, and a spoonful of grape syrup, and add the broth to it while vrarm. Boil the whole a quarter of an hour, put half a pint of wine to it, boil it again, let it stand ten minutes covered, then strain two or three times till it runs clear. Nutritive.
Cranberry Jelly. Mix two parts of cranberry-juice, strained, with one part of strong innglass jelly ; sweeten with refined sugar, boil and strain. It may also be made by adding ground rice to the cranberry- juice before boiling.
Currant Jelly, Prepared with the juice of black or red currants like Apple JcUy. Cooling.
Eryngo-root Jelly. Boil in two quarts of water two ounces each of candied eryngo-root, isinglass, peail barley, and hartshorn shavings, and Jj of conserve of roses, till reduced to one quart. Strain, and when wanted warm it, and mix with milk or wine.
Ghucesier Jelly is the same as the last, with the addition of J j each of sago and rice.
Gooseberry Jelly is made like apple jelly.
Hartshorn Jelly. Gelatina Cornu Cbrvi. P. Prepared in the same way as calves' foot jelly, by boiling tbss of hartshorn shavings in Oij of water, straining by pressure, and adding Oij more water, boil agfun, strain, and dissolve in it Jiv of sugar, and clarify with white of egg.
Iceland Moss Jelly. Gblatina db Lioubne IsiiANDico. P. Boil Jij of the lichen in water, and throw away this first decoction ; then boil the lichen successively, and ndx.the several decoctions, adding 5ij of isinglass separately dissolved, and dien ^iv of white sugar; strain and evaporate to Oas, and flavour to taste with lemon peel, &c Nutritive and tonic.
Pork Jelly (Dr. RADOiiiPFs's). Simmer a fresh leg of pork with the bone previously broken in three gallons of water till reduced to one ; add half an ounce each of mace and nutmeg ; strain, and when cold take off the fat. A cupful morning and evening as a restorative in debility and convalescence.
Quince JeUy. Gblatina de Cydoniis. P. Prepared like apple-jelly. Prescribed in diarrhoeas.
Sago JeUy is prepared by macerating the sago in water for a couple of hours, and proceeding as for biscuit jelly.
Strawberry JeUy is made like apple jelly.
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KALI 207
Tapioca JelUf k made in the same way as sago jelly ; but the tapioca requires to be macerated for about a day. Nutritive and non-sti- mulant.
Jsbuit's Drops are precisely the same as Compound Tincture of Benzoin.
JuGLANs. See Walnut.
JuiGS. See Succus.
JuJUBB. p. The fruit of the Ziziphus vulgaris, which is mucilaginous and expectorant in strangury^ chronic catarrh^ and irritative cough. Usually given in form of conserve— Po^a de Jujubis. P.
JuLBP^ a species of draught. The term is nearly obsolete. Camphor Julep is almost the only julep now in use. It consists of an aqueous solution of camphor, given in doses of Jij in nervous irrita- faility, and as a vehicle for anodynes.
Jumble Bbadb. The seeds of* Abrus precatorius, or wild Jamaica liquorice. Sold in the china shops as a reputed cephalic
JuNiPBRi BxcCiB BT Cacuhina. L. £. D. P. Juniper Berries, Tops, and Wood, Juniperus oommunis* A native shrub, common on dry pastures and hiUs. The best berries are those which are not too large, but plump, rather heavy, and juicy, having a warm, sweetish, aromatic taste. When dry and shrivelled they are good for nothing ; but those are sometimes artificiaUy plumped, as it is called, for the mariLet, by soaking them in water, and exposing them to a gentle heat. Soluble iu water and in spirit of wine, and constituting the flavouring ingredient in Hollands or Geneva. English gin is malt or sac- charine spirit flavoured with oil of turpentine, which is cheaper than juniper. Medicinalfy the chief properties are, aromatic, stimulant, diuretic, and diaphoretic Juniper is principally used for preparing the oil, is pre- scribed in form of infusion, Jiij of the berries to Oj of water, or the berries beat up with sugar, 9j to 58s thrice a day, along with nitrate or supertartrate of potass. Juniper is a good vermifuge. Enters into Ol. Juniperi. L. £. D. Spir. Juniperi Comp. L. £• D.
Kali. The old name for Potass, and retained by the Dublin College till the last edition of their Pharmacopceia. Al, the Arabic article, is now added to kali, as a general term.
Kali Causticum. O. See Potassa Fusa. L.
Kali Causticum cum Calcb. O. See Potassa cum Calcb. L.
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208 KETC
Kali Phjbparatum. O. See Potassjb Subcarbonas. I^ Kalmia Latifolia, a narcotic pouon. (Pharm. Philadbl.) KsLP^ impure Carbonate of Soda, procured by burning various spedd of 8ea-weed> particularly Fucut veticulotus. It is brought to mai^et in bluish-grey masses, and is much used in the manufactory of soap, bleaching, &c., but is inferior to Barilla, which is made on the coasts of the Mediterranean. Kbrm B8. P. An insect, the Coccus iUcis, with its nidus dried, which is aromatic, astringent, stimulant, and aphrodisiac, and is prescribed in nervous debility and in difficult parturition. Kbrhbs Mineral, an antimonial medicine still in great repute on the continent. It is prepared by boiling for an hour one part of sub- carbonate of potass with four parts of native sulphuret of antimony finely pulverLred in a quantity of water, filtering and setting the liquor aside to cool, die precqatate of which is the kermes. Decampoiiium. During the boiling the potass combines with the sulphur of the sulphuret, forming sulphuret of potass ; which, by decompoong part of the water, attracts its hydrogen, and becomes hydrosulj^uret of potass, while its oxygen converts the antimony into an oxide, and the latter substance is dissolved by the alkaline hydrosulphuret. As the solution cools the affinities are changed, and the oxide of antimony, combining with the sulphuretted hydrogen, is precipitated. Medicinalh/ it is prescribed in doses of gr. j even to 3j or 9jss in ike course ^ike day, as a counter stimulant, by the Italians of the new school (Rasori and Bobda). In doses of gr. iv to gr. viij it is emetic, like tartarised antimony. It is nearly the same as the golden sulphur of antimony, and is called in the Codex Hydrosulphureium rubrum slibii sulfurati, or red hydrosulphuret of sulphuretted antimony. Ketchup, or Catsup, a high-flavoured omdiment, prepared with either mushrooms or walnuts for a basis. Mushroom Ketchup, Chop two pecks of large broad-flap mushrooms, add a pound of salt, and let it stand two days, occasionally stirring; then strain through a cloth or hair sieve ; let the liquw settle, decant it off* into a pan, add Jss each of allspice and whole pepper, and a piece of ginger ; boil the whole half an hour, strain when cold, and bottle. Tomata Ketchup is made like the next.
Walnut Ketchup is made by expressing the juice of walnuts when they are tender, boiling a gallon of this, and skimming it well. To this add Ibij of anchovies with their bones and liquor, same quantity of <l^ots, Jj each of cloves, mace, and pepper, and one dove of garlic Let all simmer till the shallots sink, pour out into a pan to cool, then bottle and cork closely with a piece of bladder over the cork. It wDl keep good for 20 years.
Digitized by
KIRC 209
AduUeraied with liquor made of worm-eaten mushrooms, or with what is made from the outside shells of ripe walnuts. When made in copper vessels^ as it usually is^ and with Tinegar refuse^ it contain^ yerdigrise^ and is poisonous. This maj he detected bj evaporating some to drjrness, dissolving the residue in nitric acid, when the copper will coat a knife, or any piece of iron put into it. Keysbr's Pills, DragSts de Keyser. A foreign nostrum composed of
acetate of mercury and manna, and reputed to be antisyphilitic. KiNATBB are salts formed with kinic add and alkaline bases. ^ KiKic, or QuiNic Acid. Neip. Is procured by macerating in coH water the bark of the Cinchona lancifolia, concentrating the infusion, and setting it aside till a salt separates in plates, which is Kinate of lime. Oxalic acid will precipitate the lime from the solution of this, and by evaporation rhombo-prismatic crystals of kinic acid are produced of a brown colour and of an acid bitter taste.
Soluble in water ; and forms soluble compounds with alkaline bases. Kino's Yrllow. See Orpiment.
Kino. L. E. D. P. A gum, or gum resin, procured from a tropical tree, supposed (ascertained says Dr. Paris) to be the Pterocarpus erinacea. The kino has no smell, is of a bitter taste with a shade of sweetncBs. '
^tfhie in alcohol, and also in water at (50°.
Incompatible with isinglass, mineral acids, the alkalies, acetate of lead, corrosive sublimate, nitrate of silver, the sulphates of iron and ainc, and tartarized antimony.
Adulterated with the extract of mahogany, and in the original pre- paration with earthy matters, which may be known by its grittiness when chewed. It is imported chiefly from Ambo3ma, and ought to be deep brown, shining, l»ittle> and uniform in colour. With spirit of wine it ought to form a claret-coloured tincture, which water will not render ttrrbid.
Medicinally it is a good tonic, astringent, and antiseptic, though in- ferior in certainty to catechu. The dose is gr. x to 3j or Jss in diarrhoea and hemorrhage. According to Dr. Pemberton, it only astringes the bowels when they are diseased, not when they are healthy. The tincture is perhaps the best form when there is no inflammatory tendency.
Enters into Elect. Catechu. E. D. Tinct. Kino. L. E. D. KiRORWAssER. A celebrated German liqueur prepared from cherrks, which must be thoroughly ripe, carefully picked, and the pulp bruised, taking care not to break the stones. The mash is then set in a vat to ferment, and afterwards distilled like other spirits. It is colourless, transparent, and what is sold at Paris tastes very much
Digitized by
«10 LAC
^e Irish whiskey. See Marasquin^ which is prepared in the i way from morello cherries.
Kirkland'h Cbratb. See Cbbate.
Kramerls Radix. L. D. P. Rhatany Root. The root of the Krame- ria, or Crameria triandra. It is a strong vegetable astringent, which was^ I believe, first introduced into medicine by Dr. R. Reece. It contains tannin, and only a trace of gallic add, besides the kia- meric acid. Medicinally the dose 9j to t^ of the extract thrice a day. It is abo given in tincture and infusion for diarrhoea, passive hemorrfaages, and leucorrhoea, but does not, though excellent, seem to be prefer- able to catechu or Idno. Incompatible with the mineral acids, the salts of iron, and with
gelatine. It is chiefly used in manufacturing factitious port wine, by imparting to cheap mixtures a rough astringent taste.
Kramsric Acid, a peculiar add found in rhatany root. (Pbbchibr.)
L.
Labarraqub*8 Soda Liquid is the Chloride of Soda. This is easily prepared by transmitting to saturation a current of chlorine gas into a cold and rather dilute solution of caustic soda, or common carbonate of soda ; but in the latter case excess of chlorine will be requisite. Or, it may be made cheaply by decomposing chloride of lime with carbonate of soda. (Paybn.)
Labdanum, a fine fragrant gum, which is imported in rolls of the sijce of the wrist. When beaten in a mortar, it sticks like wax to the pestle, which should be previously anointed with oil of jasmine. Imitated by melting J^j each of yellow wax and prepared lard with
Jiv of ivory-black, perfuming it and casting in a mould. Adulterated with the genuine sort from which the best parts have been taken in the form of liquid labdanum. The bad may be known by its being very black and heavy, and its faUing into powder in the mortar like dry sand. The genuine is very soft, and smells like honey water. It is very scarce.
Lac Amyodal^. O. See Mistur. Amygd.
Lac. Gum Lac. A preparation used in the arts, and sold in various forms, such as lump lac, seed lac, shell lac, and stick lac It is formed by the puncture of an insect (Coccus Lacca) on branches of several species of trees, such as Ficus Indica, Rhamnus Jujuba, &c. Seed lac is much used in varnishing, and in making sealing-wax.
Digitized by
LACT JEll
Medidnalfy it is prescribed in form of tincture and of gargle as a slight stimulant. (Jourdan.)
Lac Viroinis. Virgin's Milk. Take Jiij of acetate of lead, Jiv of alum dissolved in ^xij of rose water. Mix for a cosmetic.
Laccic Acid. Nctv. This acid was discovered by M. John, in Lac.
Laccin. Nerv. This principle is intermediate between wax and re8in> and is contained in lac (Funke.)
Lachrtma Christi. The Tears of Christ. A particular sort of wine : the name I think blasphemous.
Lacquers for metals are a species of varnish used to change the colour and lustre of the article, of which the gold-coloured lacquer for watch-cases and keys is an example. Take Jvj of seed lac, 3\j ^^^^ of gamboge and amber, gr. xxiv of extract of red sandal-wood in water, gr. Ix of dragon's blood, gr. xxxyj of pure spirit of wine. First grind the amber, lac, gamboge, and dragon's blood on a por- phyry slab ; then, af t^ making an infusion of the spirit of wine with the sandal- wood, mix the whole to make a varnish. The metal is heated when it is applied.
Lactic Acid. Berselius, who thought he had discovered a peculiar acid in sour milk, to which he gave this name, is now of opinion that it is only acetic acid with some animal substance, — an opinion confirmed by Tiedemann and Gmelin.
Lactifuob. Having the quality of stopping or diminishing the secre* tion of milk in the breast.
Lactucarium. £. D. Is an extract of lettuce procured from the plants while in flower, or rather before, which, when cut, exude a juice that concretes into a brown substance, having somewhat of the taste and smell of opium, and also its narcotic power. MedicinaUy it is given in doses of gr. j to gr. v. in form of pill, and also in form of tincture, in doses of tt\x to tt\,1x. See £xtractum Lactucs.
Lactuca Sativa. L.E. P. Tha Garden Lettuce. Though cold, watery, and, d priori, might be supposed indigestible, yet it is not so, as invalids digest it readily, and find it refreshing and anodyne. The expressed juice may be given for a similar purpose, and the distilled water of the seeds in doses of ^ss to Jij or more.
Lactuca Viroba. E. The strong^scented Lettuce. A native plant of a bitter taste and narcotic properties. An extract has been made from the leaves, and prescribed in anasarca, hepatitis, jaundice, &c. See Succ. Spi88. EuterM into Succ. Spiss. Lactucie Viross. £.
Lactifuoe medicines are such as diminish the secretion of milk in cases of weaning. Coriander-seeds are reputed lactifuge.
p2
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21J2 LAKE
Ladanum> or Lahdanum ( wliich aee)^ is a foreign gum of 8 Uack colour, procured from a species of cistus.
Imitated by melting together copal» lac^ mastiche^ and adding gum arabic> catechu^ and liquorice extract, scenting it with musk and am- bergris. Lak^, a word a^^rently derived from Lac, and used to designate va- rious kinds of red colours used in painting. The diief bases of lakes are cochineal, madder, Brasil wood, and lac
Carminaled Lake, Boil one part of madder in twelve or fifteen pints of water till it is reduced to two pints ; strain through a strong linen cloth by pressure, and add four ounces of alum. Mix this to a con- sistence with very fine clay, or Spanish white, put it on a filter, wash it to remove the alum, and dry it.
Common Lake, Boil four ounoes of Brazil-wood sawdust in fifteen pints of pure water till reduced to two pints, and add Jiv or '%y of alum. Strain by pressure, and add ^iv of subcarb(Hiate of soda cautiously, which will precipitate the lake that is to be washed and dried in small globules, as before.
Florence Lake is prepared by boiling the sediment remaining after making carmine in about four quarts of water, or of the carmine water, and precipitating with solution of tin, which precipitate is to be carefully washed. Then take Jij of fresh cochineal (or for - cheapness ftj of Brazil-wood), and ^j of crystals of tartar, boiled in a sufficient quantity of water, pour off clear, precipitate as before with solution of tin, and wash. At the same time dissolve Ibij of alum in water, precipitate with a solution of potass, and wash the white earth of alum thus procured with boiling water. Mix these precipitates while liquid, and dry them on a filter.
Lac Lake. Boil stick lac in water, filter the decoctimi, and evaporate the clear liquor to dryness over a gentle fire. The colour separates from the gum, which is as good as before for making sealing-wax.
Madder Lake, Tie up in a bag of fine strong calico 3U ^ Dutch madder, put it in a stone mortar with a pint of dear soft water, and beat it well without tearing the bag. Pour off the coloured water, add more, and repeat the process tiU the water is no longer coloured. Heat till near boiling all the coloured water in an earthen or silver vessel, pour into a basin, add ^ j of adum dissolved in a pint of boiling water, stir, and add Jjss of solution of subcarbonate of potass. Wash and dry the precipitate as before.
Red Lake, Take one part of cochineal, and two, by weight, of spirit of wine, and as much distilled water ; infuse for some days in a gentle heat and filter. To the filtered liquor add a few drops of solution of tin ; and continue to do this from time to time till no
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LAUR 213
precipitate falk. Wash this precipitate with distilled water and dry it.
La Mottk's Golden Drops. See De la Mottb*
Lamfic Acid, suppoeed at first by Mr. Daniell to be peculiar^ but since ascertained by him to be meitely acetic acid combined with some compound of carbon and hydrogen^ though not alcohol nor ether.
Ljltjs, a Stone^ a term givetn to several substances^ both natural and artificial^ used in medicine and the arts. As the term is now wear- ing but of use, it will be unnecessary to enumerate all tlie old and obsolete lapides.
Lapis Bksoab. See Bessoab.
Lapis Calauinabis. See Calamina«
Lapis Calcareus. L. Limestone. Used to prepare quicklime for lime water.
Lapis Divinus, a preparation, used for making a collyrium, and made by fusing together equal parts of nitrate of potash, sulphate of alu- mina, and sulphate of iron, and then adding one forty-eighth of the mass of camphor.
Lapis Hibeenicus, or Irish Slate, a sort of shale impregnated with alum, and kept in the diops for the common people, who put a spoonful of it in beer for sprains, bruises, &c.
Lapis Inpbbnalis. See Potassa Fitsa.
Lapis Lazuli. Lasulite, or Asure Stone. A mineral of a very fine blue colour. See Ultramarine.
Lafsaka Communis. Nipplewort. A native plant, which was for- merly employed for sore nipples, but is now disused.
Lardw See Adeps Prjbp. L.
Lasbrpitium Latifolium. p. Lasserwort. The root is a bitter aromatic, stomachic, and tonic. The seeds of the LaserpUium siler, P. have similar qualities, and are used in flatulent colic, &c
Laudanum. O. The pc^ular term for Tincture of Opium. See Sydenham's Laud., &c.
Laurel. See Laubi.
Laurel Rose. Nereum oleander. P. The dried leaves in powder are vidently errhine. Internally the plant is poisonous. It is a native of the Levant.
Laubbl Water is water distilled from the leaves of the Prunus Umro- cerasus, D., and as it contains a considerable portion of hydrocyanic or prussic add, it partakes of its properties. Pouanous in a violent degree, producing sudden death without being accompanied with any of the usual s3rmptoms of poisoning, excq»t, in a few instances, an excruciating pain of the stomach. Antidotes. If an emetic be instantly taken it may perhaps evacuate the ,
Digitized by
-«14 LAVA
poison; and if a smaller quantity bas been taken, the strength of the patient should be supported by cordials, such as strong brandy, camphorated spirits, &c Tests. The best test is the strong and well-known nutty smell of bitter almonds. When diffused in distilled water and filtered, a few drops of solution of sulphate of iron give a brown precipitate; ^ and by adding to this a little sulphuric add, it gives a bluish green
that gradually changes to prussian blue. Laubi Baco^b bt Folia. L. £. D. P. Bay Berries and Leaves. 1m* rus nobilis. As these contain hydrocyanic add, they in some degree possess its properties, but in an uncertain proportion, and are there- fore not very safe for internal exhibition ; and though gr. x to 58B of the powder has been given as a warm carminative, and narcotic stimulant, their chief use now is in external applications^ Enters into Confect. Rutc. L. Emplast. Cumini. L. Lavri Casslb Cortbx et Flos. £. D. The Bark and Floweivbuds of the Laurus cassia. The cassia bark is very like ctnnamon, hut is not so thin and smooth, does not break splintery, but short, and the aroma is not so fine. The buds resemble a small nail in form, and are brown. Both are employed in the same way as dnnamon. Enters into Aq. Lauri Cassie Dist. £.
Laurinb. a substance found by M. Bonastre in laurel berries, and by M. Ricord-Madiana in peaches ; but it has not been much inves- tigated. LAUR0CBRA3U8. Cherry Laurd. Prunus taurocerasus. A strong
poison. See Prun. Laur. D. and Laurbl Water. Lauristinus. The Portuguese Laurel. Viburnum tinus. I« ^mi-
poisonous, and the berries produce violent h3rpercathaTsis. Lavandula Florbs. L. E. D. P. Lavender Flowers. Lavandula spica. Is a native of the south of Europe, but cultivated in our gardens for the fragrant perfume of its flowers, which are employed in preparing the distilled water, and the oil. The dried leaves produce by their stimulant prc^rties an increased discharge of the nasal mucus« The flowers should always be gathered very dry, and soon stripped from their stalks, and when they are to be kept should be dried in the shade and put into paper bags, as they heat and spoil m boxes. Those plants with the largest spikes, that are ndther too late nor too early in the season, are to be preferred. See OtBCJi Lavanduljb. Enters into Ol. Lavandulae. L. E. D. Pulv. Asari Comp. E- ^'
Spir. Lavandula. L. E. D. Spir. Lavandulae Comp. L. £. I^* LAVA1IBN9. See Enema.
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LEMO " 215
Lavbnbkr Drops and Lav. Lozbnobs. See Drops and Lozbnobs.
IjAyskder Water is best manufactured on the large scale. Take SO gallons of the best spirits of wine, pour it into a copper still, placed in a hot water-bath, over a dear but steady fire. Put to it ibvj of the largest and freshest lavender flowers picked from the stalks and leaves, but do not add any water ; lute the joinings carefully, digest 24 hours, and then with a gentle fire draw off 25 gallons, and im- mediately pour this into a copper vessel. When it has stood ten days add Jx of the best English oil of lavender ; mix the whole well, and do not disturb it for a month. The older the better, if it be kept from too much heat or cold. What remains in the still will make an inferior sort. Imiiaied by mixing a gallon of proof spirit with Jj^^. of the best Eng- lish oil of lavender: if more oil is used it will render the spirit white or turbid. When properly mixed put it in glass bottles, well 8tq>ped, which are to be shaken before using. AdulUrated with the second sort distilled from the residue of the flowers in the still, and with spirit of wine. See SpiritOs Layanduub. L. Smkk's British Lavender Water is prepared by mixing jij of oil of lavender, and Jj of essence of ambergris, with two pints of rectified spirit, and one pint of the succinated spirit of ammonia. Foreign Lavender Water has a faint woody smell arising from the mixture of the leaves and stalks with the flowers.
Lbad. Plumbum. Is not used in the metallic state in medicine, except in the form of a plate as a compress for tumours and ulcers ; but it is much used in making preparations useful both in medicine and the arts, such as the Acetate of Lead, the Oxide of Lead, Red Lead, Sec. which see. Poisonous only when combined with acids. Sic, though not so in its yi^f*^lliff state. But pieces of lead, when swallowed by accident, may meet with adds in the stomach and bowels, which will render them poisonous, producing violent costive colic, palsy, and death. The warm bath, bleeding, and a purgative of castor oil and Epsom salts, with emollient enemas, is the best treatment. See Plumbi Carb. L.
Lbakb's Pilula Salutaria for syphilis, &c., a mercurial preparation similar to Plummer's pilL
Lbkch. See Hirudo.
Lbbk. See Porri Radix.
Lbgominb. a variety of fecula procured from ripe peas and kidney beans reduced to a pulp, diluted with water, and evaporated. It is similar to starch. (Bracconot.)
LsjktON Acid. See Acidum Citricuai. L.
Digiti
zed by Google
216 LICH
Lemonapi^. Rub nx kmons on sugar, scrape it off, squeeze to tbem
eight more, add half a plot of syrup and three pints of water, and
strain through a lawn sieve. Or, Take Jiv of fresh lemon-juice, Jss of fresh and very thin ped c^
lemoQ), ^iv of white sugar, and three pints of boiling water. P6ur
the water on the other ingredients, cover it up, and strain off when
oold. Or, Take the juice of eight lemons, tbj of loaf sugar, and put to these
a quart of boiling milk ; stir well, and set it aside for twelve hours.
Then cut the rinds of four lemons very thin, pour on these a pint of
boiling water, set it aside for the same time. Mix the two, and run
through a jelly-bag till clear. Or, Pound J^ of citric acid with a few drops of essence of lemoa*peel>
and mix it with a pint of clari0ed syrup or capiUaire. Lbhonadb Fowo£B8 may be made by pounding the citric acid and
essence of lemon-peel, as in the last, with ^j or more of lump sugar.
This will make half a dosen pi^>ers» and each will make wiUi water
a glass of lemonade* Lemon Comfits, &c. See Comfits, Drops, Lozenge?, &c Lemon Juioe may be preserved by squeezing it into a chma basin,
straining it through muslin to free it en^rely from pulp. Put this
into very dry half or quajrter ounce bottles^ and half a tea-spoonful
of sweet oil before you cork them. Set them u^night in a cool |dae^
and when wanted remove the oil by dipping in a skewer wrapped
round with clean cotton wodL ImUaied by pounding 5j of lump sugar with six drops of essence of
lemon-peel, and adding these to ^j of dilute pyroligneous acid, or
colourless vinegar. Lemon-peel Water is distilled by adding &j of fresh lemon-peel to
every two quarts of water. Lentil. Ervum lens ei ervilia. P. The seeds are nutiitive, fleyona-
ceous, and are used in cataplasm. Leontobon Taraxacum. D. See Taraxaci Radix. L. Lbonukus Carjnaca. Motherwcnrt. A native plant, possessing bitter
properties, but now disused. Lbttucb. See Laotuca. Leucine. A new principle procured by treating animal flesh with
sulphuric acid. It is white, agreeable in taste, and forms sm^
granular crystals. (Bracconot.) Ley. a term used in the chemical arts for a solution of alkali in
water. Lichen Caninus. P. Grey Ground Liverwort. Said to prove alter- ative in convulsive asthma, mania, &c.
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LIME 217
LriCHBN IsLAMDicus. L. £. P. Iceland Moss^ or Liverwort. Cetraria Iskmdica. D. A native plant, bitterish, mucilaginous, and feebly astringent. It contains vegetable jelly, and a matter very like stareb, and is consequently nutritive and demulcent, giving out its virtues to boiling* but not to cold, water. It is much used in form of decoction, and of jelly in pbtbiras and chlorosis, but has deservedly lost its reputation as a specific in pectoral and pulmonic disorders. AduUercUed with other lichens which resemUe it in appearance, but are inferior in quality. The genuine ought to be homy, bitter, and mucilaginous. The i^rious is more skinny and less bitter. The best is imported from Norway and Iceland. Enters into Decoct. Lichenis. L. D. LiCHBN PuLHONARius. P. and the L. pyxidatus, L, cocciferus, L. roeceUa, L. saxatiBs, L. pUcatus, &c. are aU bitterish, mucilaginous, and subastringent, and used in coughs, &c. Li<»fUM. Wood. A term applied to several of the woods employed in medicine and the arts, such as Lignum BraziUense, Lignum vitct, &c. LiGNDii's Antiscorbutic Dhops conust of a disguised preparation of corrosive snbfimate. The proprietor's name was origipally Wood, wUch be thought it advantageous to translate into Latin. LieimTRUH VuLGARE. Privet. A native plant, the leaves of which ore dried and used to adulterate tea. A red pigment is made from the pulp of the berries. Lily op thb Valley. Convallaria Maialis. A native plant, the dried flowers of which are errfiine, and an extract from the root and flowers is a bitter purgative resembling aloes, in doses &om gr. X to ^* LiM ATURS. Filings. A term used for filings of iron, copper, tin, &c.,
used in chemical preparations. Limb, or Quicklime, is prepared by subjecting limestone, chalk, or shells to a red heat, to drive oS* the carbonic acid gas. In this state it is used to make lime water. See Liquor Calcis. Poimmous, producing excoriation of the throat, vomiting, retching, and burning pain of the gullet and stomach, with excruciating cdic. The best treatment is to give vinegar, or any vegetable acid, largely, followed by barley water, or gum arabic mucilage. Bleeding is also requiote. TeH, Oxalic acid will precipitate lime from its filtered solutions in form of an oxalate, which is insoluble in water. Lime also changes vegetable blues to green. Limb (Bird) is usually made from missletoe-berries, or holly-bark, which are boiled, pounded, and washed with the hand^ in running water till freed from tlie refuse.
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218 LINI
LiMBTTo. The proper term for the gpirit of Bergamot> which is im« ported from Leghorn. It is inferior to the Roman and Sicilian.
LiMONBS. L. £. D. P. Lemons^ the fruit of the Citrus medica. The juice consists chiefly of citric add comhined with mucilage and water. Medicinally it is used, combined with water> as a refrigerent in ferers,
and as an antiseptic in sea-scurvy and scarlatina maligna. Enters into Acid. Citricum. L. D. S3rr. Limonis. L. £.
LiMONUM CoRTBX BT Olbum. L. £. D. P. Lemou-peeL Consists of an interior layer^ which is without taste> and not easily digested^ and an exterior, which is aromatic, warm^ and bitterish^ containing a volatile essential oU, which is obtained by rubbing the rind on lump sugar, or by distillation. The latter, however, is inferior^ in consequence of the empyreuma, which can seldom be avoided in the process.
LiNCTUs, a term applied to medicaments that are Ucked' by the tongue, but which are becoming obsolete.
LiNCTUs Bbchicus. Cough Linctus. Take equal parts of spermaceti and compound powder of gum tragacanth ; make it into a linctus with syrup of poppies, and use a little when cough is troublesome.
Linctus fob Aphonia. Take 9ij of nitrate of potass, J j of rob or extract of elder-berries ; mix, and take a tea-i^Mxmful occasionally, allowing it to dissolve in the mouth. A strong infusion of horse- radish with honey is also good.
Liniment for Cankeb, in Farriery, Take ^iij of sulphate of copper, 3j of alum in powder, 3ij of vinegar> ft>ss of honey, melt together, and when nearly cold add Jiij of sulphuric add and mix. (Pharm. Vbtbrinary Collbgb.) Or, Take 5ix of verdigrise, 5vj of powdered alum^ fcjss of treade, bdl together, and add ^lij of sulphuric acid and mix. (Ibid.)
Linimbnta. L. £. D. P. Liniments are preparations whose bases are oils> soaps, or balsams, applied externally to bruises, tumours, &c. They are usually fluid, or nearly so, and employed prindpally to exdte the action of the absorbents.
LiNiMENTUM ^RUOiNis. L. Verdigrise Liniment. Oxymel Cupri subacetalis, D. Take ^j of verdigrise in powder, Jvij of vinegar, Jxiv of darified honey; dissolve the verdigrise in the vinegar, strain the solution through linen, add the honey gradually, and boil down to a proper consistence. This cannot well be called a liniment. When the preparation stands it deposits the Unguentum Mgyptiacvm, O. the supernatant liquor being the Mel JEgyptiaoum. O. Medicinally it is a good detergent and escharotic for fungous ulcers, though it is now but little used. Diluted with water it forms the
Digitized by
LINI 219
Gargarismu asruginis, which is useful in aphtha and S3rphilitic sore- throaty but is hazardous if any of it should be swallowed.
LiNiMBNTUif Album. See Unoubntum Cbtacbi. L.
LiNiMBNTUM Amxonijb F0RTIU8. L. D. Volatile Liniment. Oleum ammomatum, £. Take ^j of solution of ammonia^ Jij of olive oil, and shake these together till well mixed. This is improved by rubbing down a little camphor with spirit of wine, and mixing the whole. It has a penetrating smell. MedidnaUy it is an excellent rubefacient and irritant applied on flannel to the throat in tracheal catarrh, C3manche tonsillaris, &c. It some- times blisters the skin.
LiNiMENTUM Ammonijb CUM Antimonio Tartarizato. Take 3j of the volatile liniment, 5 j of tartarized antimony ; mix and rub in to produce a crop of pustules as a counter-irritant.
LiNIMENTUM AmMONIjB CUM OlBO TERBBINTHINiB. Take JJSS of
the volatile liniment, Jss of rectified oil of turpentine; mix and apply in chronic rheumatism and gouty pains of the joints.
LiNiMBNTUM Ammonijb Opiatum. Take Jjss of purified opium, Oj of diluted alcohol, Jij of solution of ammonia; digest in a gentle heat till the opium is dissolved. Used in arthritic pains and swellingg.
Linimbntum Ammonia Subcarbonatis. L. This is the old volatile Liniment, which is much weaker than the Lin, Amman, Jbriius. Take Jj of the solution of subcarbonate of ammonia, Jiij of olive oil ; mix by shaking them together. Stimulant and rubefacient.
Linimbntum Anodynum. D. See Linim. Sap. bt Opii. L.
Linimbntum Aqujb Calcis. £. D. Lime-water Liniment. Carron oil. Mix equal parts of linseed oil and lime water. Cooling and soothing when applied to bums and scalds, and much used by the workmen at Carron Iron Works, &c, for this purpose. The soapy matter separates when it stands.
Linimbntum Arcjbi. See Uno. Elbmi.
Linimbntum Bituminis Camphoratum. Take Jj of Barbaboes tar, 3s8 of camphor rubbed up with a little alcohol ; mix and apply to thickenings of the ligaments of the joints. (Forstbr.) It may be made with solution of ammonia instead of camphor. (Kirkland.)
Linimbntum Camphorjb. L. Camphor Liniment. Oleum campho* ratum, £. D. Take Jss of camphor, Jij of olive oil, dissolve the camphor in the oiL A stimulant application when rubbed in by the hand for bruises, chronic affections of the joints, and indolent swell- ings of the glands. The friction probably does more good than the liniment.
Linimbntum Camphobjb Ammoniatum. Take Jij of camphorated
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spirit, 5ij of solution of ammonia, 5j of rosemary oil; mix and apply to arthritic swellings.
LiNiMENTUM CAHPHoas CoMPOsiTUM. L. D. Compound Camphor Liniment. Take Jij of camphor, Jt) of solution of ammonia, Oj of spirit of lavender ; mix the ammonia with the lavender^ distil by a gentle heat Oj out of a glass retort, in which disserve the camphor. To save the trouble of distilling, rectified spirit of wine may be used, but it is expensive. IncompatilUe with all acids, and with water.
MedkinaUtf it is a very elegant and excellent stimulant ap^died upon flannel in local gout and rheumatism. It is not greasy Hke the other liniments, but it sometimes induces erysipelas.
LiNiMENTUM Depilatobium. Take Jj of quicklime, 5j of orpinient, a sufficient quantity of white of egg ; mix, and apply to parts whence it is wished to remove hairs ; but it is haxardous.
LiNiMENTUM Elbmi. Take Jvj of compound ointment of elemi, Jx^ of olive oil ; mix, and apply to blistered surfaces to keep up the dis- charge, or to the tarsi in ophthalmia.
LiNiMENTUM Hydraboybi. L. Mercurial Liniment. Take Jiv each of strong mercurial ointment and prepared lard, 3 j of camphor, Tl\^xv of rectified spirit, Jiv of solution of ammonia ; rub the camphor first with the spirit, then with the lard and the ointment, and gmdually add the sc^ution of ammonia. Medicinally it frequently excites pt3ralism sooner than the merciuial ointment, probably from the stimulus of the camphor and ammonia. A drachm may be rubbed in night and morning on swelled glands, syphilitic tophi, nodes, &c. The hand, when rubbing it in, should be defended with oilskin.
LiNiMENTUM Htdbaboybi Ammoniatum« Take 5j each of stnmg mercurial ointment and prepared lard, 5ij of camphor, Jiv of solu- tion of ammonia; mix, and apply in venereal nodes, and to the temporal bone in some cases of deafness.
LiNiMENTUM Hydbaboybi NiTBATis. Take 5ij each of ointment of nitrate of mercury and olive oil, it^xx of oil of petroleum ; mix, and apply in tinea, ringworm, psorophthalmia, &c It is an excellent application for indolent ophthalmic inflammation.
LiNiMENTUM loDiNi. Iodine Liniment. Mix gr. viij.to gr. x of iodine with Jj of the compound liniment of soap.
LiNiMENTUM Olbi CUM Calce. See LiNiM. Aqujb Calcis*
LiNiMENTUM Opii. Liniment of Opium. Anodyne balsam. Take Jjss of compound liniment of soap, Jss of tincture of opium ; mix, and apply for bruises and rheumatic pains.
LiNiMENTUM Plumbi Acetatib CoMPOsiTUM. Compound Liniment
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of Acetate of Lead. Take 5 j of the solution of acetate of lead, Jij of olive oil, 5IJ of tincture of opium ; mix. Decamposiiion, The acetic acid of the acetate passes over to the potass of the soap, forming acetate of potass, while the lead sinks and the - grease swims. The lead is tlierefore useless. Medicinally it is a soothing and refrigerant application.
LiNiMBNTUM Plumbi Compositum. Compound Liniment of Lead. Take Jj of litharge ointment, gr. viij each of camphor and opium in powder, gr. xv of acetate of lead ; mix, and apply at hed-time to the tarsi in psorophthalmia.
LiNUfENTUM Saponis Compositum. L. D. Compound Liniment of Soap, or Opodeldoc. Tinctura saponis oamphorata, £. Take ^j of hard soap, ;j of camphor, O} of spirit of rosemary ; dissolve the cftmphor in the spirit, then add the soap, and macerate them in a sand-hath, till it is dissolved. Medicinal^ it is a good stimulant and anodyne for local pains. To in- crease its stimulant properties, cajeput oil, or tincture of cantharides, . may he added, and tincture of opium, to increase its anodyne pro- perties. It is good for allaying the pain of colic
LiNiMSNTUM Saponis bt Opii. £. Liniment of Soap and Opium. Take Jiv of hard soap, ^j of opium, jij of can^hor, Jss of oil of rosemary, Oij of alcohol; mix, and apply as an anodyne for rheu- matic and local pains.
LiNiMENTUM Saponacbum Opiatum. P. Is similar to the last,, hut is made with oil of almonds and tincture of opium.
LiNiBfKNTUif Sbpije. Take ^ss each of cuttle-fish hone and sugar- candy in very fine powder, 9j of suhmuriate of mercury, a sufi&oient quantity of honey of roses ; mix, and apply to remove specks of the cornea.
LiNiMBNTUM SiMPLBX. £. Simple Liniment. Take four parts of olive oil, one part of white wax, dissolve the wax in the oil with a gentle heat, and stir till cold. It is refrigerant and anodjme.
LiNiifENTUM SucciNi OpiATUM. Opiated Amber Liniment. Take 5ij each of rectified oU of amber and tincture of opium, 3 j of pre- pared lard; mix the lard and the oil, and gradually add the tincture; and apply for cramp, sprains, &c.
LiNiMBNTUM SuLPHURiouM. Sulphuric Liniment. Take 5ijss of olive oil, 5j of oil of turpentine, tTtxlv of sulphuric acid; add the acid to the olive oil, and when well mixed then very gradually add the turpentine. It is a good but disagreeable application for local pains.
LiNiMBNTUM Tbrbbinthina. L. D. Turpentine Liniment. Take Ibj of resin cerate, Oss of oU of turpentine ; melt the cerate, add
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the turpentine, and mix. It is applied after bathing the parts with warm oil of turpentine to recent bumsi dll the eschars loosen. (Kbntish.) . LiNiMBNTUM TuTLB. Tutty Liniment. Take 5j of prepared tutty, and enough of honey of roses to make it of the consistence of treacle.
LiNiMENTUM Volatile. See Linih. Ammon.
LiNiHBNTUM ZiNCi SuLPHATis. Take 3j of sulphate of zinc in fine powder, ^ss of prepared lard ; mix, and apply to the eyelids in in- dolent ophthalmia. Or, Take jss of the oxide of sine, 3j of spermaceti ointment, 3j of calomel ; mix. (Warb.)
LiNi Ubitatissimi Sbmina. L. £. D. P. Linseed, or Flax-seed. It has little taste or smell, and gives out oil on pressure, and mucilage by decoction. It is ground into the form of meal, which is used in cataplasms to allay inflammation and recent wounds. (John
HUNTBR.)
Elders into OL Lini. L. E. D.
LiKUM Cathartioum. L. p. Purging Flax. Laverock Lini, A na- tive plant, common on dry and barren pastures. It is somewhat acrid and bitter, and is purgative and diuretic in doses of 5j or more of the powder in nephritis, ascitis. Sec, or in form of infusion, Jij to Oj of water.
Lipsalve. Put Jviij of good olive oil into a wide-mouthed bottle, and gij of the bloomy parts of idkanet root ; stop the bottle, and set it in the heat of the sun till it be of a fine crimson colour ; strain the oil dear into a pipkin with ^iij each of fine white wax, and fresh well- cleaned mutton or lamb suet ; melt the whole by a slow fire, and when taken off add 40 drops of oil of rhodium or lavender, and pour it into small pots. White Lipsalve is made the same way by leaving out the alkanet root.
Liqueurs are sweet drams prepared with sugar, spirit, and flavouring ingredients, sometimes distilled, sometimes mixed, and in almost endless variety. See Anisette, Cedrat, Eau, Huilb, Kirch- WA88ER, Ratafia, Sec.
Liqueur db Pressarin, a foreign nostrum, prepared by taking jj each of supertartrate of potass and of the precipitate arising from adding carbonate of potass to mercury dissolved in nitrous acid, and dissolving these in Oijss of distilled water. Dilute 5j of this with Oj of distilled water, and take Jij for a dose thrice a day.
Liquid Amber. See Styrax Liquida. P.
Liquid Soap. Take fbij of the best Alicant or Joppa soap, scrape it very fine, and put it into a gallon of the best spirits of wine, with half an ounce of good rosemary or lavender oil. Set the bottle in
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the heat of the sun for ten or twelve dajs^ takmg it in at nighty and shaking it till the soap is dissolved ; then filter through cotton. If properly made it will he transparent^ and of the colour of sack. The older the soap the hetter. Imiialed hy using common tallow soap and malt brandy^ and is not so strong hy half as the genuine. L.IQUOB .£tr£reu8 Olbosus. D. See Olsum JEthbrbum. L. Liquor Aluminis Compositus. L. Compound Alum Water. Aqua aluminosa Baieana, O. Take Jss each of alum and sulphate of zinc, Oij of boiling water ; dissolve the alum and the sulphate of jdnc in the water, and filter through paper. No decomposition takes place, the alum and the sulphate of zinc exist- ing uncombined in the proportion of seven grains and a half of each in the ounce. Medicinalfy it is a strong astringent^ and is used for coUyria, Injections, for cleansing foul ulcers, and as a corroborant lotion for removing or preventing chilblains. It sometimes requires the addition of more water or mucilage to dilute and moderate its astringency. Liquor Ajmmonijb. L. Solution of Ammonia. Aqua ammonia, E. Aqua amm. causiicce. D. Take ^viij of muriate of ammonia, t Jvj of fresh quicklime, Oiv of water ; pour Oj of the water upon the lime, and set them by for an hour in a covered vessel ; then add the mu- riate and the rest of the water previously heated, and again cover the vesseL When the liquor has cooled strain it, and distil Jxij of the solution of ammonia into a receiver of the temperature of 50^. Decomposition, The muriate of ammonia is decomposed by the quick- lime, which, on account of its superior affinity, unites with the mu- riatic add, forming muriate of lime. The ammonia thus set free, passes over in the gaseous form, and unites with the water in the receiver, leaving the muriate of lime in the retort. The ammonia- cal gas is colourless and invisible ; but when subjected at the tem- perature of 50° to the pressure of 6*5 atmospheres it becomes fluid, spec grav. 0*760. The solution contains about ten per cent, of the ammonia. Adulterated very frequently with carbonate of ammonia, which will at once be detected by dropping a little of it into lime water, when carbonate of lime wiU be precipitated, which will dissolve with effer- vescence in nitric acid. When its strength has been impaired by water, its specific gravity will detect the fraud ; this ought to be *960, but it may be made as strong as *S75, when it wiU contain 324- per cent, of ammonia. It ought to be kept well stopped in small bottles. Incompalihle with all the acids, with sulphate of alumina, and with metallic salts, but not with the saHne solutions of barytes and lime.
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Medkinalfy it is stimulant and antacid^ and may be given in doses of Vix to xtl^xJL or even 5j diluted with milk and water^ or cold Intter infusions or decoctions, in spastns, paralysis, dyspepsia, cardialgia, and in fainting, sinking, hysteria, &c. Externally it may be held to the nostrils in fainting, and in cramp or gout of the stomach, may be applied by dipping a bit of linen with it over the stomach, to raise an immediate blister, being a leas terrific mode than a bladder of bmling water ; or diluted as a rubefacient.
Poisonous in large doses, producing burning excoriations oi the mouth, throat, and stomach, with vomiting and purging mixed with blood. The best antidote is vinegar, lemon-juice, cream of tartar, or any vegetable add, to neutralise the alkali, fcdlowed by milk, barley water, gruel, or other demulcents.
Tests. A piece of copper put into the solution will turn it blue, as will the solution of any of the salts of copper. It will not change the transparency of a solution of nitrate of silver ,* and when heated, it will evolve a pungent odour easUy recognisable.
Enters into Hydro-Sulphuret. Ammonis. D. Liniment. Camphore Comp. L. Lin. Ammoniatum. £. Spir. Ammonis. L. D. Spin Ammonue Sucdnatus. L. Liquor AMMONiis Aoetatis. L. Aqua Acetaiis AtMMnim, £. D. Solution of Acetate of Ammonia. Spirit of Mindertrus. O. Take Jij of subcarbonate of ammonia, Oiv or q. s. of diluted acetic add ; add the acid to the ammonia till it ceases to effervesce, or till the liquor ceases to change the colour of litmus and turmeric test papers.
Det^imposiiion. The ammonia of the subcarbonate is dismigaged, and passes over to the acetic add, forming acetate of ammonia, which remains in solution, while the carbonic acid esd^ies.
Soluble with great readiness both in water and in alcohol.
Incompatible with adds, alkalies, and their subcarbonates ; with ahim, Ume water, magnesia, and its su^hate ; with oxymuriate of mercury, the sulphates of copper, iron, and sine ; with the acetate and sub- acetate of lead, and with the nitrate of silver.
Impaired by either an excess of acid or alkali, which will decompose the antlmonials, with which it may be prescribed. If it has been long kept, the alkali will generally be in excess, which may render it unsafe as a coUyrium.
Medicinally it has been long used internally as a sudorific and diapho- retic in febrile inflammations, rheumatism, &c., in doses of 5ij to %j every three or four hours, usually conjoined with Dover's powder, antlmonials, opium, or spirit oi sulphuric ether. If the patient is not kept warm it will prove diuretic. Externally, when diluted with rose water, it forms a good injection and coll3rrium, and a lotion for
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mumps, tinea capitis, and ringwonn; also for sprains, bruises, and superficial inflammation.
Liquor Amhonije Subcarbonatis. L. E. D. Solution of Subcarbonate of Ammonia. Dissolve ^iv of subcarbonate of ammonia in Oj of dis- tilled water, and filter. Incompatible witb potass and magnesia, and witb acids, acetates, mu*-
riates, and carbonates. AduUerated witb water, tbe fraud being concealed by rendering it pungent with solution of ammonia. The genuine may be known by its spec. grav. being 1*150, and by its forming a thick coagulura when shaken, with two parts of alcohol to one of the liquor. Medicinally the dose is jss to 5j in any mucilaginous liquid, for hy- steria, dyspepsia, &c., and as a stimulant and antacid.
Liquor Anodynus Hoppmanni. See Spiritus Ethbris Comp.
Liquor Antimonii Tartarizati. O. See Vinum Tartratis An-
TIMONII.
Liquor Antimonii Muriatis. Solution of Muriated Antimony. This is used under the common name of Butter of Antimony for destroying warts, &c.
Liquor Argenti Nitratis. Solution of Nitrate of Silver. It is made of various degrees of strength, for injections in the case of fistulouf ulcers, &c. Distilled water is indispensable.
Liquor Arsbnicalis. L. D. Arsenical Solution, or Fowler's Solution or Ague Drop, Solutio arsenicalis. E, Take gr. Ixiv each of sub- limed white arsenic in very fine powder, and subcarbonate of potass from tartar, 5iv of compound spirit of lavender, Oj of distilled water; boil the arsenic and the subcarbonate of potass with the water in a glass vessel, till the arsenic is dissolved ; when this is cold, add the lavender, and as much distilled water as will make up the whole to one pint. Care should be taken that the arsenic used be not adul- terated with gypsum, which will weaken it. Chemically the arsenic unites with the potass, forming an arsenite of potass in solution, coloured and flavoured by the compound spirit of lavender. A drachm of the preparation contains half a grain of arsenic. Medicinally it is given in doses of tT\.iv gradually increased to iT^xxx twice a day, as a most powerful alterative and tonic in ague, inter- mittent, periodical head-ache, lepra, and other obstinate cutaneous diseases, when there is no acceleration of the pulse. It is often proper to combine it with aromatics and opiates. Also as a wash for cancerous sores. It usually taints the breath when continued. It is contra-indicated in pregnancy, as it is apt to produce abortion by de> stroying the life of the foetus.
Q"
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Poisonous in large doses. See Arsbnioi Oxtdum. L.
Incompatible with lime water^ infusion or decoction of cinchona^ pre- parations of copper, hjdrosulphuret of potass, nitrate of silver, and most metallic salts. Liquor Barytis Muriatis. This is a solution of ^ij of muriate of harytes in jiij of water, which was supposed to be a specific for scro- fula, but it is now laid aside as inefficacious. It certainly improves the digestive powers, as I have more than once observed^ when it was exhibited in scrofulous cases. Liquor Calcis. L. Lime Water. Aqua Colds. D. Solutio Calcis, E. Take tbss of quicklime, Oxij of distilled water, pour the water on the lime, shake them together, cover up the vessel immediately, and let it stand for three hours, put the solution and the lime into glass vessels well stopped, and when it is to be used take the clear filtered solution.
It has lately been discovered by Dalton, and confirmed by Mr. R. Phil- lips, that cold water, i. e. at 32°, dissolves more lime by a half than boiling water. Lime water absorbs carbonic acid from the air, which soon covers it with a thin pellicle of carbonate of lime. When long exposed to the air, all the lime will thus become carbonated.
Incompatible with astringent vegetable infusions or decoctions, all acids, and acidulous and metallic salt^ ; with ammoniacal salts, alkaline carbonates, borates, sulphur, and spirituous preparations.
Medicinally it is an excellent antacid, and supposed to be a lithontriptic, from its property of dissolving the slimy mucus, which forms the cement of calculi. In bowel disorders, and in worm cases also, where mucus is too abundant in the intestines, it is excellent. The dose is from 3j to 3yj in an equal quantity of milk, or mutton-broth^ which conceals the nauseous taste. Externally it is a good application to foul ulcers, and in tetter and herpetic eruptions. Sir G. Blane has found it useful in acne, both externally and internally, in large doses.
Enters into Aq. Calcis Comp. D, Ol. Lini cum Calce. E. D. Liquor Calcis Muriatis. L. D. Solution of Muriate of Lime. Takp Jij of muriate of lime, Jiij of distilled water ; dissolve the muriate in the water, and filter through paper.
Incompatible with sulphuric acid and sulphates ; with potass, soda, and their carbonates, and with carbonate of ammonia, but not with so- lution of ammonia.
MedidinaUy in doses of tt\^x to ^ij in any aromatic bitter, it is a good tonic and deobstruent in glandular obstruction, bronchocele, scrofula, and dyspepda. When it nauseates it maybe combined with tincture of opium, and compound tincture of cardamoms.
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LiQUOB CuPRi Ammoniati. L. Solution of Ammoniated Copper. Aqua cupri amtnoniali, D. Take 5J of ammoniated copper, Oj of dis- tilled water ; dissolve, and filter through paper. It is of a fine blue colour.
Impaired by standing, owing to the escape of ammonia, and the cotiise- quent precipitation of oxide of copper. When it is largely diluted^ the same precipitation takes^plaee.
Medicinally it is escharotic and detergent, and is applied in a diluted form, with a camelVhair pencil, to remove sjiecks of the c(Mmea. It is also used as a wash for foul ulcers, and' in injec- tions. Liquor Cupbi Sulphati& Camphora^tts. Camphorated Solution of Sulphate of Copper. Aqua camphorata. O. Take Jss of sulphate of oopp^ and French bole, 5 j of camphor, Oir of boiling water ; dissolve, and when c€dd> filter through paper. It is used in similar cases with the last. Liquor Ferri Aloalint. L. Solution of Alkaline Iron. Take ^ijss of iron, Jij of nitric aeid^ and Jvj each of distill^ water and solution of the subcarbonate of potass ; pour the add mixed with the water on the iroRi and when no more bubbles escape, decant off the acid liquer> add this gradutdly at intervals to tbe subcarbonate of potass, stirring it occasionally, till it becomes reddish brown, and ceases to eflfervesce ; set it aside for six hours, and pour off the scdution. The chemacal composition of it is not understood;
Decamposiiion. The iron decomposes the nitric acid, forming a peroxide of iron, while nitric oxide gas is evolved, the acid solution being that of pemitrate of iron, with excess of acid. When this is added to the solution of subcarbonate of potass, nitric acid is evolved, and the peroxide of iron is first precipitated, but is soon dissolved again by the subcarbonate of potass. The nitnc add combines with the potass, forming nitrate of potass, which crystallises, and leaves the alkaline solution of iron dear/ but containing a little nitrate of potass. The solution is deep red.
Incompatible with water, alcohol, infadons and decoctbns of vegetables, and with adds and alkalies.
Medicinalfy it is tonic and emenagogue in doses of 5^ tO'^j ; but it is sddora prescribed, and can scarcely be exhibited in any vehide with- out being decomposed. AH the best authorities agree that it is an injudidous artide. Liquor Ferri Tartarizati. A solutionof tartari^ed iron, proposed
by Brande. Liquor HTmtAROVRi Oxymuriatis. L. Solution of Oiymuriate of Mercury. Take gr. viij of corrosive sublimate, Jxv of distilled wat^r,
q2
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3j of rectified spirit ; dissolve the sublimate in the water^ and then add the spirit. Impaired by keeping, or exposure to light, which decomposes it, and calomel is precipitated, leaving a little free muriatic and chloric adds in the solution. This decomposition, however, may be pre- vented by adding a few grains of muriate of soda or ammonia, or a few drops of muriatic add. The decomposition is promoted by alcohol. Incompatible. See Hydraro. Oxymur.
MedicinaUy this preparation is intended to divide this active medicine into very small doses, ^ of the solution containing only half a grain of subHmate. The dose is from 5ss to 5ij twice a day, in any syrup, honey, mudlage, or infusion of linseed. Liquor Hydriodatis Potassjb. Triturate in a glass mortar till dis- solved, gr. xxiv of hydriodate of potass with Jj of distilled water. Dose ten to thirty drops. Liquor Hydriodatis Potassjb Ioduretus. Triturate in a glass mortar gr. xxxvj of the hydriodate of potass, gr. x of iodine, 51 of distilled water. Dose ten to thirty drops thrice a day. Liquor Morphine Citratis. Take gr. xvj of pure morphine, gr. riij crystals of dtric add, Jj of distilled water, with enough of tincture of cochineal to colour it Dissolve. Dose five to twenty-five drops. Liquor Opii Sedativus, prepared by Mr. Battley^ is better fitted for injections, coUyria, and lotions, than the tincture of opium. Sec Battley. Imitated by mixing jjss of opium with jjx of pure water and 3j 0^
pyroligneous add. Dose six to ten drops or more. (Dr. Epps.) Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis. L. Solution of Subacetate of Lead, or Goulard's Extract. Liquor subacet. lifthargyru D. Extradum saturni. O. Take fcij of semivitreous oxide of lead (litharge), one gallon of diluted acetic acid ; mix, and boil down to Ovj ; set thii aside till the dregs are deposited, and then decant and filter. Chemically the acetic acid unites with the oxide of lead> and the sub- acetate of lead remains in solution. Its strength will depend on the spec. grav. of the vinegar ; and the colour, on its purity ; common vinegar giving a deep yellowish brown, and distilled vinegar a pale straw colour, with a tinge of green. It is injured by keeping, as it deposits oxide of lead. Medicinally it is employed as a cooling and astringent external appli- cation to inflamed surfaces and old ulcers, and, when diluted, is used as an eye- water in purulent ophthalmia. As there is a possibility o\ its being absorbed, and producing colica pictonum, impotence, para-
Digitized by
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lysisy and other bad consequences, it ought not to be applied to recent sores or abraded surfaces, unless they appear indolent. Acci- dents from this cause are, I believe, rare ; but it is well to guard against them.
Adulteraled with the dark preparation made from the residuum remain- ing after the distillation of vinegar.
Incompatible with water containing the minutest portion of carbonic acid gas, with all the mucilaginous infusions or decoctions, with lime water, alkalies and their carbonates, alkaline sulphates, and sul- phurets, muriates, solution of sulphuretted hydrogen, solution of acetate of ammonia, and the liniment of soap.
Enters into Liq. Plumbi Subacetatis Dil. L. D. Liquor Plumbi Subacbtatis Dilutus. L. D. Diluted Solution of Subacetate of Lead. Liquor subacetatis Uthargyri compositvs. D. Take 5j each of the solution of subacetate of lead and proof spirit, and Oj of distilled water ; mix.
Medicinally it is used in the same cases as the former, but ought always to be made when it is to be used, and a much larger proportion of spirit will be necessary to increase its cooling prbperties, by acce- lerating evaporation. It will be better to add Jjss of spirit. Liquor Potabsjb. L. Solution of Potass. Aqua potassas. E. Aqua potassw causticct. Take ibj of subcarbonate of potass, &ss of fresh quicklime^ a gallon of boiling distilled water; dissolve the potass in Oij of the water, add the rest of the water to the lime, mix the hot liquors together, cover, and set aside till cold, and then filter through a cotton strainer. If the addition of any diluted acid produce effer- vescence in the solution, add more lime, and filter again. A pint of the solution ought to weigh Jxvj spec. grav. 1*056.
Decomposition, The lime, by its strong affinity for carbonic add, de- composes the subcarbonate of potass, seizes upon its carbonic acid, forming carbonate of lime, which is precipitated, and left on the filter, while the pure potass remains in solution.
Medicinally it is a powerful antacid and absorbent, and in doses of tll\x to ^ss in veal-soup, mutton-broth, bitter infusions, or table-beer, which is not sour or hard, for dyspepsia, cardialgia, and gravel or stone, arising from a superabundance of uric acid ; and in scrofula and cutaneous disorders, such as acne, lepra, &c, arising from acids irritating the stomach and bowels, it is excellent. £xtemally it is used as a stimulant lotion for rickety and gouty swellings : and Jij to Jviij of rose water is Hanway's preventive wash.
Poisonous, in large doses, producing burning in the throat, an acrid luinous taste in the mouthy vomiting of blood, dreadful cholic and torturing pain of the stomach, violent purging, convulsions, and
Digitized by
&S0 LIQU
death. The best Antidotes are vegetaUe adds^ mch as viaegar, iemon-juioe^ followed by bland fluids, and bleeding, if aeoessaiy. Tests, It precipitates nitrate of silver in the. fonn of a dafk«coloured oxide, which dissolves in nitric add. Water impregnated with car- bonic add is not rendered turbid by it, and no pciedpitate follows. £vaporated to dryness in a silver or platina spoon, and eiqposed to tlie air, it deliquesces. AduUeruted with carbonic add, from which it can aeldcnn be so entire! j freed as to occasion no turbidity or predpitate on adding lime water. It a]so usually contains portions of silica, lime, and of the muriate or the sulphate of potass ; though seldom in such proportion as to injure it much. The genuine is dense, o^urless, and tran^arent, without smell, and very acrid to the taste. It feels soapy to the touch, from ns dissolving a portion of the grease of the skin, and forming a soap. It ought to be kept from the air, as it will thence attract carbonic add.
LiQUOB Potass^ Chloratis. Take 5j of chlorate of potass, Jx^ of dls« tilled water. Dissolve. It is given internally, and also allied to indolent ulcers.
Liquor PoTAsas Htdriopatis Iodurstjb Concbntratub. Dissolve 9j of iodine, 8ij of hydriodate of potass, in jvij of distilled water. It contains A P^^ ^^ iodine. Dose six drops twice a day, increasing gradually by two drops a di^, till it reach eighteen drops per dose. It is also prepared much diluted. (Luool.)
Liquor PoTAsas Suboarronatis. L. Solution of Subcarbonate of Potass. Aqua poiasste stibcarbanatis. D. Take ftj of subcarbonate of potass, Jxij of distilled water ; dissolve, and filter through paper. This is a very good antacid, absorbent, diuretic, and lithontiiptic^ in doses of ii\^x to 5j in mild table-beer, or any tonic bitter infusion, such as that of chamomile or gentian. Dr. A. T. Thomson reoom- ipends macerating it with a fourth part of powdered myirh, as an antadd. Its nauseous taste has made it less used than the carbonate of potass; but it is often veiy useful in ne^iritie irritation from uric
InoompatibU. See Potassjb Subcarbonab. L.
Liquor Tartari Emstici. D. Solution of Tartar Emetic Take 9j
of tartar emetic, 5vi\j of boiling distilled water, and ^ of rectified
spirit of wine ; dissolve the tartar emetic in the water, and add the
spirit.
Ittcompatihle with bark, alkalies, astringjent vegetables^ and common
water. MsdicinaUt^ as a sudorific or emetic, in doses of ti\tj toi 5x9^ Liquor VaLATiLis Cornu Cervini. Vdatile Li^or dT Hartshorn.
Digitized by
LOBE 231
It Has similar properties to the sdution of subcarbonate of ammonia, and only differs from it in being foetid and nauseous, in consequence of empyreumatic oil.
Liquorice. See Glycirrhiza*
LiRiODENDRON TuLipiFERA. TuHp-tree has lately been employed in America as a tonic, stimulant in intermittents and chronic rheu- matism. The dose is 3j to 5ij of the powdered bark.
Litharge. See Plumbi Oxiduh Semivitr.
LiTHiA. A new alkali, whose base lithium was discovered by Sir H. Davy.
LiTHic or Uric Acid forms a part of gouty and urinary concretions, and is always present in healthy urine, combined with ammonia or some other alkali. It is usually procured by powdering the solid urine of the boa constrictor or bij^ of prey in a solution of pure potass, when the ammonia is disengaged^ and the lithat^ of potass thence resulting is treated with acetic or muriatic acid, and the uric add is thrown down and washed. Soluble sparingly in hot water ; but insoluble in alcohol.
LiTHONTRiPTics, from Uihos a stone, luid tribo to wear away, are medicines supposed to have the power of dissolving stone in the bladder. They are chiefly alkaline substances. See Stephens's
RsMBbT, &C.
LxTMUs: Lacmus TiNCTORins. D. Litmus, or Archil. Lichen roc" ceOa. Take a quantity of archel, reduce it to powder, add to it half the quantity of barilla, or pearlash, and moisten it with urine till it ferments, and becomes of a violet colour; then cut it into small portions, and dry it. The watery infusion, or unsized paper dyed with it, is a very delicate test for the minutest portion of acid, changing from violet-blue to red.
Liver of Antimony is an old term for a preparation of antimony and potass, chiefly used as a horse-purge.
Liver op Sulphur. See Sulphuretum PoTAsas.
Lixivium Saponarium. See Liquor Potassa. L.
Lobelia Inflata. Indian Tobacco. A plant which has recently come into great repute in America, and has been partially tried in Britain, though it is not always to be procured. Medicinalli/ it is an emetic in doses of gr. v to 9j of the powdered leaves ; expectorant and narcotic in smaller doses for asthma, croup, hooping- cough, &c. See Tinct. Lobel. Poisonous in over-doses, producing similar efiects to tobacco, foxglove, or deadly nightshade. The treatment of course must be with stimu- lants, such as brandy, to rouse the powers of life ; bleeding, &c, if inflammatory symptoms appear.
Digitized by
232 LOT I
LoBELLA Syphilitica. P. Blue Cardinal-flower. The root is ca- thartic^ diuretic^ and emetic^ and prescribed in form of decoction^ Jss of the dried root to Oxij of water^ boiled down to Oviij ; dose Oss twice a day in S3rphilis.
L0CU8TIC Acid. This is procured from grasshoppers (Locustas), and differs little from acetic acid.
LocATBLLi's Balsam. A nostrum prepared in several ways : e. g. Take Jiij of hogs' lard, Jj of yellow resin, Jj of olive oil, Jjss of Venice turpentine, Jss of yellow wax, 5iv of dragon's-blood ; melt by heat, and make an ointment. Or, leave out the resin and the lard, and use alkanet root, or red sandal-wood, to colour it; and mix with conserve of roses, for coughs.
Logwood. See Hjematoxyli.
LoHOCHs, or Looks. P. or Eclegmaia. A sort of thick syrups, made with mucilaginous substances. They must be fresh made, as they will not keep.
LoHOCH Album, or Amtgdalinum. P. Take Jss of blanched sweet almonds, two bitter almonds, 5iv of white sugar powder, and add gradually Jiv of water to make an emulsion ; and mix with it in a marble mortar gr. xvj of gum tragacanth, Jss of fresh oil of almonds, 5ij of sugar, and at the end, 5ij of orange-flower water. Expec- torant in coughs.
LoHOCH BX Ovo. P. Take Jss of fresh yolk of eggs, Jjss of oil of almonds, ^j of syrup of marsh-mallows ; mix, and add gradually 3j of orange-flower water, and Jij of red-poppy syrup. Demulcent in coughs.
LoHOCH DB Tronchin is very similar to the Lohoch Album, with the addition of manna, cassia pulp, and S3nrup of maiden-hair.
LoHOCH ViRiDB. P. or Loh. cum croco et pistaciis. Take 5j of syrup of violets, n\ XX of tincture of saffron, Jiv of water ; mix, and add 5vj of dried pistachio-seeds, and make an emulsion. Then take gr. xvj of gum tragacanth in powder, Jss of oil of almonds ; mix, bruise, and add gradually the former emulsion : towards the end, add 5ij of orange-flower water. Sedative and expectorant in cough.
LoNo's Cure for Consumption is said to consist of nothing more than the tartar emetic ointment rubbed upon the chest. Mr. St. John Long, however, has made some show of denying this. See Anti-
MONII TaRTARIZATUH.
LoocH. The same as Lohoch.
Lotion, or Solution op Alum, in Farriery. Take Ibss of alum, Ovijss
of boiling water, stir till dissolved. (Pharm. Veterinary Coll.) Lotion, or Solution of Subacetatk of Lead, in Farriery, Take
Digitized by
LOTI 233
Jzxxvj each of semivitreous oxide of lead^ and of litharge^ gaL j of vinegar^ boil down to six pints and strain. (Pharm. Vet. Coll.)
Lotion, or Solution op Subacetatb op Lead (Dilute), in Farriery. Take 5ij of solution of subacetate of lead and rectified spirit, Oj of water, and mix : if used for the eyes, two pints of water. (Pharm. Veterinary College.)
Lotion, or Solution op Sulphate op Copper, in Farriery. Take fcij of sulphate of copper, cong. j of boiling water, and stir till dissolved.
Lotion, or Solution op Sulphate op Zinc, in Farriery, Take fcij of sulphate of zinc, Oyj of boiling water, stir till dissolved. These are saturated, and may be used alone or diluted.
Lotions are washes or fomentations which are applied externally to sores and swellings. Eye-lotions are called Collyria. See Gou- lard, &C,
LoTio AciDi Hydrogyanici. Lotion of Prustic Acid. Made by diluting 5j of the acid with JYJ of orange-flower water. It is useful in acne and porrigo ; but being powerfully poisonous, it requires to be cautiously u^.
LoTio AciDi NiTRici. Lotion of Nitric Acid. Made by diluting 5j of the acid in Oj of distilled water. It is used to wash foul and foetid ulcers, and to gangrenous or spongy granulations, and phage-* denic sores.
LoTio AciDi Pyrolignici. Lotion of Pyrolignic Acid. Made by mixing 5j of the add with Jiv of alcohol, and 5iij of distilled water. A cooling application for inflamed mammas, by soaking linen cloths in it, and changing them as they become warm.
LoTio Aluminis. Alum Wash. Made by dissolving Jss of super- sulphate of alumina in Oj of distilled water. It is applied as a discutient in superficial inflammation.
LoTio AsiHONiA AcBTATis. Lotiou of Acetate of Ammonia. Take ^ij each of solution of acetate of ammonia and alcohol, Jiv of dis- tilled water ; mix, and apply in recent inflammation of the mammae, when the lead wash cannot be used for fear of the infant. It is also useful in whitlow.
LoTio AMMONiiE MuRiATis. Lotion of Muriate of Anunonia. Made by dissolving 5j of the muriate of ammonia powdered in Oj of the spirit of rosemary, and applied, as the preceding, to the breast; but it is too irritating when the skin is tender or abraded. (Justa-
MOND.)
Half an ounce of muriate of ammonia dissolved in Oj each of acetic acid and rectified spirit of wine, is a powerful discutient in superficial chronic inflammation about the joints, &c. LoTio Ammonia Opiata. Take Jiijss of the compound spirit of am-
Digitized by
234 ton
mohia^ ^iv of distiHed water, ^8$ of tincture df opium ; mix, and *pply t^ mammaky tumours threiteiiing scirrhosity. (Kirkland.) LoTio Calcis. Lifne Wash. Take jVj of lime water, Jiij of proof spirit; mix, and ^pply to bums or scalds, where the skin is not broken.
LoTio CuPRi AcETATis. Lotion of Acetate of Coppiet. Take 5j of acetate of copper, ](ij of camphor mixture ; mix, and apply as a sti« mulant to phagedenic ulcers.
LoTio CuPRi SuLPHATis. Tftike ^ss of sulphate of copper, Oss of elder- flower water; mix, and apply id erysipelas, and pruritus ani et pudendi labii.
LoTio Flava. Yellow Wa^h. Take gr. xv of corrosive sublimate, Oj of lime water ; mix, and apply to scrofulous and venereal ulcers, when phagedenic, foul, and spreading. The sublimate decomposes the lime water, and the preparation is not chemical, but it is found, notwithstanding, to be useful and excellent.
LoTio HydRaROyri OxtMURiATis. Lotlon of Corrosive Sublimate. Several washes are prepared with this powerful drug, such as Gow- land's lotion, which is made by triturating in a glass mortar gr. ij of the saMimate, adding n\.YJ of muriatic acid, and then gradually 3^j of ahnond emulsion. It is good in acne and lepr^ Another is made by adding n^xl of the solution of oorrodve sublimate to dj of rose water, for itch.
Lotto Mydrosulphurata ad ScABistt. P. Hydro-sulphurated Wash for Itch. Take 1000 parts of water, 96 parts of sulphuret of potass, four parts of sulphuric acid, 66^' Centigr. ; dissolve the sulphuret in the water, add the acid, and shake it when It is used. Wash the skin with it thrice a day. (Dupuytrbn.)
LoTio Myrrha C0MPO8ITA. Compound Lotion of Myrrh. Take 5ij each of honey of roses and tincture of myrrh, Jjss of lime water ; mix, and apply to ulcers within the mouth upon pledgits of lint.
LoTio Nigra. Black Wash. Take 5ij of submuriate of mercury, Oj of lime water, triturate till it becomes black, and shake when it is used. It is one of the best lotions for venereal sores, sloughing ulcers, and die fungous excrescences of paronychia. It is to be applied on lint.
LoTio Opii. Lotion of Opium. Take jij of soft opium, Oj of boiling distilled water ; triturate the opium, and add the water gradually. It is sedative and anodyne.
LoTio Picis. Pitch Wash. Take Jj of rectified pitch acid, Cj of dis- tilled water ; mix, and apply for tinea capitis, and ichorous eruptions, or for freckles.
LoTio Pluubi AcETATis CoMPOSiTA. Take ^ij of solution of acetate
Digitized by
LOZE 2S5
of lead^ Jiv of acetic add, 5j ctf prodf spirit, Oj of distilled water; mix, and apply as a cooling wash. Camphorated spirit is sometimes added.
LoTio PoTASSiB StTLPHURETi. Take Jss of sulphuret of potass, Oj of lime water, powder the sulphuret, and triturate with the lime water. It is a good wash for psora, porrigo, lepra, &c.
L^KTio StJLPHURis. Sulphur Wash. Tcdce Jij of precipitated sulphur, 9j of acetate of lead, Jviij of rose water ; mix, and apply for her- petic eruptions, night and morning, (B. Bkll.)
LoTio ZxKOi SuLi^HATis. Lotion of Sulphate of Zinc. Take 5ss of sulphate of zinc, Oj of distilled water; mik, and apply as an astringent wash in excoriations, and for promoting the cicatrization of ulcers. The akaetate of zinc may be employed in the same manner.
LoVAOK. LiguHicnm ScoHcufn. A native umbelliferous plant, hav- ing similar qutdities with angelica, which it resembles in appear- ance.
LoTAOs Coiu>iAL is made by bteepilig the fresh roots in brandy, with sugar.
L0ZEN6B8. TwchiscL £. Ate Compost of fine powders mixed with mucilage and sugar, rolled into cakes, cut in shapes, and dried in a stove. The best losrenge paste is made by soaking tbj of fine gum arabic in a pint of soft water, straining it by pretoure through a doth, working it well in a mortar with treble-refined sugar, then working it with the hand till quite stiff, and using a little hair- powder while rolling it out. This may be flavoured at pleasure with a few drops of oil of peppermint, lavender, cinnamon, roses, doves, lemons, &c. Or it may be made the basis of medicinal sub- sConees, such as ginger, catechu, &c See Pastilli, Tbochisgi, and
TaBI/BTTES.
Adulterated with pipeclay instead of sugar; a fraud extensively prac- tised, in order to affiird, it is said, a cheap article ; the genuine being sold at sixpence, and the adulterated at threepence per ounce. The ^ud may be detected b^ dissdvihg the lozenges in a glass of water, when the clsy will fall to the bottom ; or by burning them, when they will be hardened like bricks, instead of melting and being con- verted into charcoal.
Absorbent Ijozenges. A nostrum sold in Btmd-street ; and prepared hy adding magnesia and prepared chalk to the above paste, with flavour- ing essences, &c.
Clung s Worm Lozenges, See Ching.
Dtgesttf^e Lozenges. Take 5 pai'ts of H-carbonate o^ soda, 95 parts of white sugar, q. s. of mucilage of gum tragacanUi, i parts of essential
Digitized by
256 MACE
oil of mint, and form into 18 grain lozenges. Dose from two to four several times a day.
Ipecacuan Lozenges. See Ipecacuanha.
Sleel Lozenges are made by adding finely-pulverised steel filings, or rust of iron, to the above paste.
Tolu Lozenges are made by triturating in a mortar Jj of balsam of Tolu, with jiij of sugar, and mixing this with fl)j of the above paste.
Lungwort. A name given to Pulmonaria, and some other plants, from their efficacy, real or supposed, in disorders of the lungs.
Lupine. P. Lupinus albus. The seeds are farinaceous, bitter, vermi* fuge, and when used externally, cosmetic.
LupuLiN. New. A chemical principle, discovered by Dr. Ives, of New York, in the form of small shining yellowish grains, covering the base of the scales in the hop, Humulus lupulus. It is very bitter, and contains the active properties of the hop. The dose is not yet de- termined ; but as it is not poisonous, little danger can arise from trials with it. I have inserted in their proper alphabetical places formuls for powders, pills, syrup, ointment, and tincture of lupulin.
LuTBOLiNE. The colouring principle of Reseda luteola, which forms acicular crystals, and is rather acid than alkaline. (Chbvbbul.}
Lycoperdon Bovista. p. a fungus which forms a good astringent in hemorrhages.
Lycopodium Clavatum. p. Club Moss. The pollen is desiocative, and useful for ichorous excoriations, and also to cover pills.
Lyb. a solution of some alkaline substance, such as potass, used in the chemical arts.
Lyb of Javelle. See Eau db Jayblle.
Lynch's Embrocation, a nostrum consisting of nothing but olive oil coloured with alkanet root, and scented with essence of bergamot and oil of rosemary.
Lysimachia. p. Loosestrife. A genus of plants, most of which are feebly astringent and acidulous.
Lythrum Salicaria. D. Purple Loosestrife. A native plant, com- mon in ditches and marshy ground, and, like the preceding, is astringent, and the decoction is sometimes prescribed in diarrhoea and dysentery, in doses of Jiij thrice a day.
Lytta. See Cantuarides.
M.
Mack. Macis. O. Is the covering of the nutmeg, which is separated when the fruit is gathered and dried in the sun. Mace contains an
Digitized by
MAGN 237
essential volatile oil> and may be given in substance as a stimulant and carminative in doses of gr. x to 3j. Adulterated with mace from which the oil has been partly extracted. The fraud may be detected by the article being less aromatic^ and the blades being more thick and spongy.
Madder. See Rubije Radix. L.
Magistery op Bismuth, or Spanish White. See Bish. Subnitr. It is the subnitrate of bismuth, produced by dissolving nitrate of bismuth in a large quantity of water, when it falls down in the form of a white powder, which is thus prepared for the cosmetic known by the name of Pearl powder. Take Jiv of the subnitrate of bismuth, Jij of fine starch-powder ; mix, and put into a glass wide at top and narrow at bottom ; pour in Ojss of proof spirit, and after shaking and stirring it, let it stand for two days to settle ; then pour off the liquor and dry the powder by evaporation. Repeat this process thrice, and levigate what remains into an impalpable powder. It will be black- ened by sulphuretted hydrogen, and it is not therefore proper to use it as a cosmetic when going into crowded rooms.
Magnesia. L. £. Magnesia usta. D. Calcined Magnesia. Take ^iv of subcarbonate of magnesia, heat it intensely for two hours, or until dilute acetic acid dropped upon it produces no effervescence. Decomposition. The heat expels both water and carbonic acid, which usually amount to 50 or 60 per cent, leaving the pure magnesia, and a compound, according to Sir H. Davy, of 40 oxygen, and 60 of the metallic base called magnesium. Adulterated with chalk, gypsum, and flour. When genuine it is with- out colour, taste, or smell, and has 2-3 of spec. grav. It ought not to effervesce with adds. Lime may be detected by dissolving it in dilute sulphuric add, and predpitating it with oxalate of ammonia — chalk by dissolving it in nitric add, and precipitating with subcar- bonate of ammonia. Flour may be detected by its burning .when thrown on red-hot iron or coals. Insoluble, or nearly so, as it requires 2000 times its weight of water to
dissolve it. Madicinallif, calcined magnesia is an antacid, and when it meets with an add in the stomach, or bowels, it becomes a neutral salt, and is laxative. In flatulence it is to be preferred to the carbonate. The dose is gr. X to 5 j in water or milk for cardialgia and addity. It may be combined with supertartrate of potass and manna. It is double the strength of the carbonate as an antadd. Incompatible with metallic and addulous salts, muriate of ammonia, and adds ; but not with lime water.
Magnesia Subcarbonas. L. P. Subcarbonate of Magnesia. Carbonas
Digitized by
238 MAGN
magnesia, £. Magnesia, D. Magnesia alba* O, Count Palma's powder. O. Henry's Magnesia is amilar. Take ibj of sulphate of magnesia^ Jix of subcarbonate of potaes> and three gallons of water; dissolve separately, the subcarbonate of potass in Oiij of the water; and the sulphate of magnesia in Ov of the water^ and filter; then add the remaining water to the solution of sulfate of magnesia ; boil this, and while it is boiling mix the former solution with it, stirring them thoroughly with a spatula : then strain through linen, wash the powder repeat^y with boiling water, and dry it on bi- bulous paper in a heat of 200^. It is sometimes made up into squares or cubes while drying* If it is made with hard water it will contain lime.
Defxnnposition, There is a mutual exchange of affinities. The sul- phuric add of the sulphate of magnesia -peaaes over to the potass, forming sulphate of potass, which remains in sdution; while the carbonic acid and the magnesia, being thus set free, unite and form the carbonate of magnesia, which being insoluble is predpitated, and remains on the filter ; but with a deficient proportion of carbonic add* The preparation indeed consists of both hydrate and carbonate of magnesia, coQtaining 48*9^ of magnesia, 38*42 of carbonic add, and 15*76 of water.
AduUerqted with water, chalk, gypsum, sulphate of potass, flour, &c« The water makes it heavier, and is the consequenee of imperfect drying. This may be known by the spec gray, and by its not being light and spongy. Chalk will be predpitated by dilute sulphuric add, in form of a dense, white, insoluble deposit, consisting of sulphate of lime. Gypsum, by boiling it in distilled water, and adding oxalate of ammonia, which will precipitate oxalate of lime ; or muriate of barytes will predpitate sulphate of barytes. Sulphate of potass will be detected by dissolving it in dilute nitric add, and adding nitrate of barytes, which will predpitate sulphate of barytes. Flour will be discovered by burning.
Insoluble in water and spirit of wine.
Incompatible with metallic and acidulous salts, such as the sulphates of iron and zinc, alum, and supertartrate of potass, mudate of ammonia, lime water, adds, alkalies, and neutral salts.
Medicinally it is employed, like the preceding, as an antacid, laxative, and lithontriptic; but from its insolubility, unless it meet with an add in the stomach or bowels^ it is apt to lodge, accumulate, and to be cemented by mucus, and become the nudeus of intestinal calculL The dose for cardialgia and acidity, aphtha, and the fevers attending dentition, is 9j to 5j. In calculous afiections, uric, or red gravel, when other alkaline remedies disagree, 9j to 9jss, or more, twice or
Digitized by
MAGN 2S9
thrice a da^^ will be adrantagepus. It is hurtf^l in wlute or phos- phoric grave}. Small doses are useful in acne, herpes^ and urticapa arising from acidity. In large doses of 5iij or more> it is often effectual for immediately arresting the course of diarrhoea and cholera. (Dr. W. AiNSLiB.)
Water is the best vehicle^ as milk often contains acid^ or becomes add on the stomach, and thus neutralizes the effect of the medicine. The evolution of the carbonic acid gas sometimes produces trouble- some flatus.
Enters into M agues. L. E. D. Hydxarg, cum Magnes. D. Magnesia Sulphas. L. EL D. P. Sulphate of Magnesia, or Epsom Salts. Magnesia vitrioUUa, or Sal catkariicum amamm. O. Bitter purging salts. It is manufactured on the largp scale from sea- water, and from magnesian limestone. When made from sea-water it always contains some muriate of magnesii^ which causes it to deliquesce; but when made from limestone it has not this disad- vantage.
AduUerated most commonly with sulphate of soda, or rather this is substituted for the genuine salt by forming th^ crystals small. To detect this dissolve 100 grains of the salt in distilled water> add an equal weight of subcarbonate of soda ; boil this» and wash and dry, the precipitate obtained^ which, if the salt is genuine^ will weigh 34 grains; if less than this it is spurious: or the solution of the genuine salt will give no precipitate with carbonate of potass. Mu- riate of magnesia may be known by the salts deliquescing, or by chlorine being disengaged by dropping sulphuric acid on the crystal The genuine ought to effloresce, instead of deliquescing., It is well that those adulterations rather promote than injure the action of. the Epsom salts.
Soluble in about equal its weight of cold, and more of hot water^ but insoluble in alcohol.
Incompatible with potass, soda, and their carbonates, which precipitate the magnesia, but not with the bicarbonates; with lime water and the muriates of lime, ammonia, and barytes; with the acetate of lead, and nitrate of silver, and slightly with ammonia, but npt .wil;h its subcarbonate. The aromatic spirit of ammonia is not incompfttible with it.
MedicinaUtf it is an exceUent purgative and diuretic. It dops not gripe, and its operation is promoted by being largely diluted, or worked off, as it is termed, with gruel, beef tea, hot table-beer, &^ Its nauseous taste is covered by adding magnesia, infusion of roses, dilute sulphuric acid, bitter infusions, and aromatics. The dose is Jss to ^ of the crystals dissolved in Oj of hot water taken in the
Digitized by
240 MALT
morning, or 5ij to 5x frequently repeated. In form of enema Jjss to 3nj will be requisite. See Sbnna and Black Draught. Mistakes occur from oxalic acid in crystals being so very like the salts as not to be readily distinguished by the eye. The taste will at once determine this, or a little ink in a pen^ which will not be changed in colour by the salts, but will become light reddish brown by touching it with a crystal of the acid. Mr. West, of Lymington, by slowly cooling the solution, makes his Epsom salts in fine large crystals that cannot be mistaken. Enters into Enema Catharticum. O. Enema Foetid. D.
Magnesia Water, or Aerated magnesia water, is made by mixing ^iij . of carbonate of magnesia with one gallon of water, and impregnat- ing it with ten times its volume of carbonic acid gas by means of a forcing pump, or soda-water apparatus. It is a good antacid, and an excellent vehicle for antacid and lithontriptic medicines.
Maiden Hair. See Adiantum.
Maize. Zea mays, P. Indian Com. The seeds of which are fari- naceous, nutritive, and, in form of cataplasm, emollient
Malachite. Green Bice. A native ore of copper, being a hydrocar- bonate of the peroxide. Imitated by exposing metallic copper to air and moisture, or from the persulphate by double decomposition. (R. Phillips.)
Malas Ferri. p. Malate of Iron. Take 500 parts of clear iron filings, 2000 parts of acidulous pulp of apples; mix, and let the whole digest for three days in a heat of 5° Centigr. Then evaporate to half the quantity and strain ; then again evaporate in a water- bath to the consistence of an extract, and keep in a close vessel. Of this lozenges may be made with sugar, and it is a good form for children as a tonic. It is a proto-malate.
Malates are salts formed by malic add, and are very soluble in water, and deliquescent.
Malic Acid is procured by digesting sugar with three times its weight of nitric acid, or by treating the juice of unripe service-berries boiled in four parts of water with acetate of lead, when malate of lead will be formed, which is to be decomposed by dilute sulphuric acid. Soluble in water and alcohol, and it attracts moisture from the air.
Malacca Bean. Anacardium orientale. P. The fruit is used medi- cinally, an oil being procured from the peel which is a very active corrosive and vesicant.
Malt is prepared from barley and other grain, by moistening it, and keeping it in a warm place till it germinate or begin to grow; during which process a saccharine principle is evolved and preserved by
Digitized by
MANG 2U
drying the grain in a regulated heat ; and it is pale^ amber-coloured, OT" brown, according to the degree of heat employed. Good Mall is known by being of a full round body, and the grains when broken presenting a soft flour enveloped in a thin skin. It also breaks easily between the teeth, and has a sweet mellow taste. If it breaks hard and flinty, and is no| sweet and mealy, it is bad. Good malt, besides, will swim on water — the bad will sink. Patent Malt is prepared by roasting common malt till it is of a dark brown or blackish colour from partial charring. It is employed to darken the colour of malt liquor.
Malta. L. £. Common Mallow. Malva syhestria. It is sometimes improperly called marsh-mallow. It is a native plant, common in wastes and by waysides, particularly near the sea-coasL It is like the rest of the family, mucilaginous, demulcent, and emollient, and the decoction is used in gravel, nephritis, and strangury; externally in form of cataplasm and fomentation, but only when the genuine marsh-mallow cannot be procured.
Manchinbel Treb. Hippomane mancinella. An American tree, which produces beautiful wood and tempting^looking iruit, but the whole tree has the disadvantage of being Poisonous, The fruit ulcerates the mouth, and produces swelling of the abdomen, with violent vomiting and purging. The green wood, when rubbed on the skin, produces inflammation, and its sawdust is so acrid and poisonous, that sawyers and carpenters are forced to work upon the wood with gauze masks. It is, I believe, a popular error, that persons are poisoned by taking shelter or rest under its branches. (See Beck's Med. Jurisprudefwe.)
Mandraoora. p. Mandrake. A-iropa mandragora, A very celebrated plant from the earliest ages, said to be aphrodisiac. It is puigative and anodyne, two prc^rties which would make it worth a scientific investigation. In cataplasm it is used for scrofulous and cancerous tumours. Poisonous, producing similar symptoms with the BblIiADONNA, which see.
Manoanbsio and Manganbsious Acid, were discovered by Forch- hammer, when experimenting on the Mineral Chameleon, the change in the colours of which, when thrown «into water, is caused by those adds.
Manganesitm. D. Manganese. The native black oxide, or peroxide, which contains rather less than a third of oxygen. It is black and pulverulent, and when exposed to heat gives out oxygen gas in abundance. Mixed with common salt, sulphuric acid, and water; it is also employed in fumigation.
R
Digitized by
242 MARA
Manoe Ointment^ for Dogs, Take ^ij of roll or black sulj^ur, Jss of white liellebore> both in fine powder^ Jj of soft 8oap> ^ij of lard or palm oil^ 3^ 0^ rectified oil of tar or turpentine ; mix, to form an ointment. Medicinally it is very useful in curing mange, and is to be applied once every day, the dog being previously washed with soft soap and warm water. He ought to be muzzled to prevent his licking the parts.
Manna. L. £. D. P. The concrete juice of the Fraxinus omus and other species of ash, as the F. rotundifolia, F. excehior, procured either by spontaneoiis exudation, when it is called Manna in Tears^ and Flake manna ; or by incisions, when it is called Common manna, and this, if old and viscous, is called Fat manna. It contains mannite. Adulterated with other concrete juices of similar appearance, but of little or no medicinal power, and with impurities contracted when concreting on the trees. The Manna canulata, or flake manna, is the best. Imitated by a preparation composed of honey and sugar, with a little scammony or gamboge to render it purgative. It is too bungling a fraud to impose upon those who know the proper yellowish-white colour, and soft granular texture of manna. Medicinally it is a sweetish bitter, inodorous, laxative, in doses, for children (for whom it is chiefly prescribed), of 5 j to 5iij ; but as it is apt to produce flatulence, it is falling into disuse, unless combined with some warm aromatic, or more active purgative. For adults the dose is Jss to Jij. Soluble in water and alcohol, and also in solution of Epsom salts, and
the black draught, with which it is sometimes prescribed. EtUers into Confect. Cassiie. L. £. D. Enema Cathartic D. Enema Foetid. D. Syr. Sennae. D.
Manna Brigantina. P. Brian9on Manna. Is the concrete juice of the Abie* laryx, or Larch. It is very feebly aperient, and little used.
Mannite, the sweet principle of manna, is procured by dissolving manna in boiling alcohol, and upon cooling, pure mannite is depodted in minute acicular crystals.
Marasquinb db Zara. a celebrated liqueur. Take Ibxij of sour cherries, ttj of cherry-leaves, 5iij of spirit of jasmin, 5x each of spirit of roses and spirit of oraage-flowers, Oiv of brandy, Oj of kirch- wasser, and Ibiv of sugar. Pick the cherries and stone them, leaving the pulp to macerate three or four days in the brandy, and distil three pints from this by means of a water-bath. Then put the cherry-leaves in water, and distil three pints from this, to which add the former product, and having melted the sugar, mix the whole, filter, and bottle up.
Digitized by
MARS / 24S
Imiialed by using gooseberries instead of cherries, the other ingredients being the same.
Mabgaric Acid is formed when converting castor oil into soap along with the ricinic and the elaiodic acids. ^
Sdluhle in hot water, but insoluble in alcohol.
Maroarinb. a principle lately discovered by M. Chevreuil, in sper- macetL
Marine Acid. See Acidum Hydrochloricum.
BfiARJORUM. See Origanum.
Marmalade. A term applied to particular sorts of preserves, or con- fections made of oranges, lemons, apples, or quinces. ' Orange Marmalade, or Scotch Marmalade, is made by rasping a quan- tity of Seville oranges, cutting out the pulp, boiling the rinds very tender, and beating them fine in a marble mortar. Then boil fbiij of loaf sugar in a pint of water, skim it, and add a pound of the rind ; boil quickly till the syrup is thick, stirring it the while. Then put in a pint of the pulp and juice, the seeds having been removed, and a pint of apple liquor ; boil^ gently for half an hour, or till well jellied, and put into pots. Lemon Marmalade is made the same way.
Peach Marmalade is made by picking and stoning peaches, straining them by pressure through linen, and boiling up the juice with half its weight of sugar, to a thick consistence. The kernels of the stones, when done with the pulp, give it an agreeable flavour. Apple, Apricot, Qjuince, and Cherry marmalades are made in a amilar way.
Marmor Album. White Marble, or Carbonate of Lime. It is employed in producing carbonic acid gas for soda water, magnesia water, &c., which it supplies in the proportion of a cubic inch from a grain. It is also used for making quicklime.
Marrow is sometimes used in preparing pomatums, and mixing with bear's grease, &c.
Mabrubium. L. E. D. p. White Horehound. Marrubium vulgare. A native plant of hoary appearance, of a strong but not unpleasant smell, and of a very bitter, aromatic taste. It is tonic, stimulant, deobstruent, expectorant, and vermifuge, and is said to be excellent in humoral asthma, obstructions of the viscera, and violent salivation. The dose is 5SS to 5j of the powder, Jss to 5j8s of the expressed juice, or ^j of the infusion, thrice a day. In large doses it is laxative. It is falling into disuse, but appears to be as good as many other bitters in fashion. Candied Horehound, See Candied.
Marsdbn's Antiscorbutic Drops. A solution of corrosive sublimate
R 2
Digitized by
2U MATT
in the infusion of gentian^ with a little spirit of wine to make it keep.
Mabsbillbs Vinbgab. See Aoidum Aobticuv Aromaticum. £•
Marshall's Cbbatb. Take ^v of palm oil^ Jj of submuriate of mer- cury, Jij of nitrate of mercurj, and Jss of acetate of lead ; miz> and form a cerate. It is a good stimulant for indolent ulcers.
Mabsh Mallow. See ALTHiSA and Malv. Sylv.
Marum Syriacum. D. £. S3rrian Herb Mastich. Teucrium marum. A bitter aromatic plant, smelling like ammonia, and used as a powerful errhine. It has lately been asserted to be excellent in nasal polypus. {Quart. Joum, of For, Med.) Enters into Pulv. Asari Comp. E. D.
Maryoold. The flowers are said to be tonic. The petals are used to adulterate safiron.
Massicot. A yellow pigment prepared from lead by roasting or calcination.
Mastichb. L. Mastic Pistachia lentisci resina, £. D. and Pistachia Chia. P. A resinous and aromatic concretion, which is used to fill the cavities of decayed teeth, and for making pills. It is chiefly used, however, in making varnishes. Adulterated with other resins, but the genuine may be known by Uiree- fourths, of it dissolving in spirit of wine, and producing a brittle, shining, colourless resin, the other fourth being tough and elastic like Indian rubber.
Masticin. When mastiche is dissolved in alcohol there remains one fifth part of a substance elastic when moist, brittle when dry, and soluble only in warm absolute alcohoL This is masticin. (Mat-
THBWS.)
Matchbs, usually called Chemical, for instantaneous light. Soak small pieces of wood, or match pasteboard, in camphorated spirits, cnr col of turpentine ; then make a paste with gr. iij of sugar, gr. ij each of sulphur and wheat flour, gr. j of vermilion, gr. ix of chlorate of potass, and oil of turpentine, or spirit of wine, to moisten the wk<^e. Dry the matches, and when light is wanted dip (me into a little strong sulphuric acid, and they will take fire instantly.
Matricaria Chahomilla. F. Com Feverfew. A native plant, aromatic and bitter, which may be used as a substitute for chamomile in cataplasm and infusion.
Matthew's Injection for fistula, piles, &c. is a nostrum composed of tincture of cantharides diluted with water. In many cases it may produce troublesome and even dangerous irritation.
Matthew's Pills. A nostrum composed of equal parts of black helle- bore root, white hellebore root, liquorice root, turmeric, opium
Digitized by
MEL 245
purified, Castile soap, and lyrup of safiTron^ made into a mass with oil of turpentine^ and divided into five-grain pills.
Mead is made in the same way as we have directed for hjdromel^ by boiling honeycombs drained of their honey^ in water^ and fermenting with hops and yeast. Cowslip Mead is made by boiling honey in water^ ftij to the gallon^ and adding cowslip-flowers, sweetbriar-leaves, and lemon-peel to flavour, fermenting as before. Sack Mead is made by putting feiv of honey, and Jj of hops to the gallon of water, boiling it, and, when put into the cask, a quart of brandy to the 13 gallons.
Meadow Saffron. See Colchici Semina.
Mbconate of Morphine. A salt which exists in opium, and is decomposed in making morphine, &c. It is probable it may become useful in medicine.
Meconic Acid. This exists in combination with morphine in opium, whence it is that opium reddens v^etable blues. To procure it, dissolve in dilute sulphuric acid the residuum of the magnesian pre- cipitate, left after the action of the boiling alcohol in the process for procuring morphine, and add muriate of barytes to the solution. This wDl throw down a rose-coloured precipitate, consisting of sul- phate and meconate of barytes. Boil this in very dilute sulphuric add, filter the solution, evaporate, and crystals of meconic acid will form, which are to be washed with water, dried, and sublimed in a flask. Soluble in water and alcohol, and it combines with alkaline bases.
With peroxide of iron it produces an intense red colour. Test, The acetate of lead will detect this acid in the most dilute solution of opium producing meconate of lead, which falls down, is easily decomposed by sulphuric acid, and on adding a persalt of iron, a red colour is caused by free meconic acid.
Medicinally it is not narcotic, and produces no apparent eflect on the animal system.
MEDULI.IN. Netv. A chemical principle discovered by John in the pith of the sunflower {HeUanthus annuus).
Msi«. L. D. P. Honey. A sweet substance of the consistence of syrup and similar to sugar, collected from flowers by bees, and differing in qualities according to the flowers whence it is collected.
Composed of sugar or saccharine matter, mucilage, wax, add, and essen- tial oils, in var3ring proportions.
Virgin honey is that which is drained from the combs without pressure or boiling, and is the best.
Narbonne honey contains less wax than the English honey, and as it is
Digitized by
S46 MEL
chieflj derived from the flowers of lavender^ rosemary^ &c^ it is more fragrant.
Adulieraiei largely with syrup made with brown sugar, mixed with a small portion of melted wax, a fraud which it is difficult to detect except by the taste or smell ; though it is generally less granular, and is more fluid than genuine honey. Flour is also mixed with honey, and may be discovered by dissolving it in warm water, which will take up the flour, and when boiled will form common paste.
Medicinallif honey is laxative, but is apt to excite griping and flatulence when eaten in quantity. It is chiefly used for covering the taste of salts, in gargles; and sometimes for old ulcers. It is good £x chopped lips.
Poisonous when it has been extracted from poisonous flowers ; but this happens rarely ; when it does it cannot be easily detected.
Enters into Mel Despumatum. L. D. Mblassig Acid. This is the acid of melasses, and probably not different
from the acetic add. Mbl Boracis. L. Honey of Borax. Take 5j o£ subborate of soda in powder, ^ of clarified honey ; mix, and use as a linctus, or gargle, in aphtha and ulcerations of the mouth as a cooling detergent. Mbl Dsspumatum. L. D. Clarified Honey. Md darificatunu O. Melt the honey in a water-bath, then remove the scum. The heat causes the wax contained in the honey, or other impurities which may be present, to rise along with the flour. Clarified honey is said to be less agreeable to the smell and taste than crude honey ; but that will only happen when it is clarified on an open fire, or carelesdy. It is more viscid than syrup, limpid, and yellowish brown, and is less apt to ferment when it stands, or to produce tormina whto taken internally, than crude honey. It is chiefly used for gaigles, electuaries, &c
Enters into Mel Boracis, L. Mel Rose. L. D. OxymeU L. D. Oxym. ^ruginis. D. Oxym. Colchici. D. Ox3rm. Scills. L. D. Mel Hydrargybi. Mercurial Honey. Take ^ij of purified quick- 8^^6i^> 3j o^ clarified honey, and triturate till the globules disappear. The dose is gr. v to gr. x night and morning. It is said to be pre- ferable to blue pill. A good application for venereal ulcers of the throat and mouth is made by mixing 5ij each of this and clarified honey with 5j of oil of cloves.
Mbllitio Acid is contained in honey stone, but from the rarity of this mineral little is known of its properties.
Mkl Rosa. L. D. Honey of Roses. Mel rosaceum, vel rosatum. O. Take Jiv of red rose petals, Oiij of boiling water, fcv of clarified honey ; steep the roses in the water for six hours, then to the strained
Digitized by
MENT ^47
liquor add the honey^ and boil them down in a water-bath to a proper consistence. Medicinalfy it is given in doses of 5j to 5ivy chiefly as a vehicle for children's medicines. Externally it is applied as an astringent and detergent in form of gargle for gangrenous aphthc and ulcerous excoriations of the mouth and lips. It is often combined with honey of borax^ muriatic add, 8tc
Mbl SciLhJS, See Oxymbl.
MsLALBOcA Lbucadbndron. See Cajeputi Oleum.
Melilotus Officinalis. P. Melilot Trefoil. A native plant common in pastures, the flowering tops of which are used in form of lotion and cataplasm in inflammations, tumours, &c.
MsLisaB Officinalis Folia. E. P. Balm Leaves. An Alpine plant, of an aromatic odour and taste, stimulant, antispasmodic, stomachic, and diuretic The dose in powder is gr. x to 5j ; of the distilled water ^ss to Jij ; and of the tea, or infusion, two cups twice or thrice a day.
Mblon. p. CucumU melo. The seeds are used for preparing a re- freshing emulsion in fevers.
Mblob. See Cantharidis.
Mbnispbrmic Acid, procured from Coculus Indicus, is composed of malic and sulphuric acid with a bitter colouring matter. (Vauqctb-
LIN.)
Mentha. Mint A genus of well-known aromatic plants, most species of which may be used in making distilled waters, tinctures, &c. The Paris Pharmacopoeia mentions Mentha aquatica, M. arvensis, M, crispa, M, rotundifoUa, and M, ^Ivesiris, besides those used by our British colleges ; but their properties are nearly the same.
Mentha Piperita. L. E. P. Peppermint. Mentha piperitis. D. O.
A native plant, of a powerful aromatic flavour, pungent and warm to
the taste at first, but leaving a sensation of coldness in the arriire gout.
It contains camphor, and an essential oil. See Oleum.
The plants ought to be cut in dry weather, otherwise they soon
rot. MedidnaUy it is a good carminative and stomachic; and the dose of the powder is gr. x to 5j ; but this is never used, as the water is so much preferable. See Aqua Menth. Pip. It is also exhibited in form of loff enges, drops, syrup, and tincture. Enters into Aq. Menthe Piperita. L. £. D. OL Menthc Piperita. L. E. D. Spir. Menth« Pip. L. E.
Mbntha Pulboium. PennyroyaL See Pulboii Herba.
Mentha Viridis. L. Spearmint. Mentha sativa. D. Mentha gen^ tilts. P. A native plant, very much like Peppermint, but more
Digitized by
248 MEZE
auitere to the taste> and not so agreeable in flayour. See Aqui, Oleum, and Spiritus. Enters into Aq. Mentlue Vir. L. D. OL Mentha Vir. L. D. Infus. Mentha Comp. D. Spir. Menthc Vir. L.
MsNYANTHES Tbifoliata. L. £. P. Buckbean. Marsh Trefoil. TrifoHum palmdosum. D. O. A native plant, not uncommon in bogs and marshes, and easily recognisable hy its thick treble leaves. Medicinally f it is an interne aromatic bitter, but without smell. It is stimulant, tonic, diuretic, and laxative, and is given in doses of 9j to 5J of the powdered leaves twice a day, in rheumatism, dyspepsia, chlorosis, herpetic eruptions, &c It is preferable, however, in form of infusion, along with orange^peeL Cullen says he has seen it useful in cancerous and cutaneous affections. Mr. Brande is for banishing it from the Pharmacopoeia, but he might as well banish gentian, or any other bitter.
Mbrcurialis Perennis. Dog's Mercury. A native plant conmion in woods and hedges, growing in large patches. It is poisonous both to men and catUe. Ray gives the case of a whole family that were nearly poisoned by eating it fried with bacon.
Mercurial Ointment and Merc. Pill. See Uno. Hydrarg. and PiLUL. Hydrarg.
Mercury. See Hydrargyrus.
Metheolin. See Hydromel.
Mbum. See ^Bthusa.
Mbzerbi Cortex. L. £. D. P. Mezereon. Daphne mezereum. A native plant, not oommon wild, but cultivated as an early flowering dumb. The inner bark, which is used, is very acrid, and when applied to the skin, excoriates and blisters it. AduUeration, Dr. Paris says that the bark of the ^urge laurel. Daphne laureola, is frequently sold for mezereon. As the pro- perties of thi8> however, are nearly the same, it is of less con- sequence. Medicinally it is stimulant, diaphoretic, and alterative, in 4oses of gr, j to gr. X of the powder, for syphilis, scrofula, chronic rheumatism, &c.; but being uncertain in effect, it is wearing out of use, and is only used in decoction. In larger doses it is emetic. As a masticatory it sometimes allays violent salivation. (Withering.) Poisonous in large doses, or when the berries are eaten by children, producing burning heat in the throat, vomiting, retching, ficc. A smart emetic should be immediately given, followed by demulcent drinks, such as barley water, with bleeding if necessary. It is used by fraudulent brewers to give a pungent flavour to weak malt liquors, and make them appear strong.
Digitized by
MINI 249
Enters into Decoct. Daphnes Mezerei. £. Decoct SarsaparilLe Comp. L.D.
Milfoil. Achillea miUefoUum. P. Yarrow. A very common native plant. It is a bitter aromatic and astringent, and in form of infusion may be given in dyspepsia and flatulent colic. See Achilla a.
MxLK OF RosBS. Take Jj each of oil of almonds and of Spanish oil soap, 5ij each of oil of lavender^ white wax, and spermaceti, one pint of spirits of wine, and two quarts and a half of rose water^ and Jxij of Jordan almonds ; put all these into a jar, with 5j of pearlash dissolved in ^4^ of warm water; shake the whole well, and bottle for use. The quantity will be three quarts and a half.
BiiLLSPBDiB PRJBPARATiE. Wood Licc, or Slatcrs. Oniscus asdka. Killed by the vapour of spirit of wine. They have a nauseous, sweetish taste, and are said to be diuretic and deobstruent, in doses, of 5 j to 5ij of the powder, for dropsy, humoral asthma, and visceral obstructions; but the preparation is too disgusting for rational practice.
MiLLBT. P. Panicum milUaceunu The seeds are farinaceous, nutri- tive, and emollient.
MmoeA. See Gumhi.
Mineral Chameleon is procured by mixing peroxide of manganese ¥dth an equal weight of nitre or carbonate of potass, and exposing the mixture to a red heat. A green mass is thus formed which on being thrown into water gives a green solution, but changes suc- cessively to blue, purple, red, brown, and at length becomes colourless.
Mineral Tar. See Petroleum.
Minium, or Red Lead. Is the deutoxide of lead, which is prepared by calcining the semivitreous oxide of lead in a dear fire, till it is re- duced to a red powder, which in medicine is used for making plasters, and for destroying pediculi ; and in farriery for charges. Its chief use, however, is as a cheap paint for gates, carts, and other things which do not require much nicety. It is also used to adulterate vermilion, &c AdulUraied with Armenian bole, and other earths, which may be dis- covered by fusing it on a bit of charcoal, with the blow-pipe, when the minium will form metallic lead, and the earth will remain, either in its coloured state, or reduced to whiteness. Poisonous, producing excruciating colic, costiveness, twisting of the bowels, palsy of the limbs, and death. The best treatment is a smart dose of Epsom salts, the warm-bath, demulcent drinks, and bleeding, if necessary. Tesl. Reduce it to the metallic form, as just directed by means of the
Digitized by
250 MIST
blowpipe; or sulphate of potass will precipitate it white> hydro- sulphate of potass blacky and chromate of potass yellow. Mint. See Mentha.
MisTURjB. Mixtures differ from draughts^ in being larger in quantity. It is by no means indispensable that mixtures be transparent, pro- vided the substances be equally diffused, and not of too great specific gravity. Calomel, for example, is not very proper for a mixture, on this account. Mixtures, besides^ ought not to be too thick and pasty, and should be made as agreeable as possible, without injuring their medicinal intention. They should generally be used soon after they are made, as many of them are injured by standing. MisTORA Ammoniaoi. L. Mixture of Ammoniac Imc ammtmiacL D. Take 5ij of ammoniacum, Oss of water, triturate the ammoniacum with the water, gradually added to it till they are perfectly mixed. The gum of the ammoniacum, being difiiised through the ynXer, suspends its resinous matter; and it ought to appear uniformly milky.
Incompatible with acids, particularly vinegar and oxymel, and with ether, spirit of nitric ether, corrosive sublimate, and superacetate of potass.
Medicinalltf it is expectorant and slightly stimulant, and is given in coughs when no inflammatory tendency is present, in doses of ^ to Jj, along with tincture of squills, ipecacuan, camphor, &c. Mistura Ammonijb Aobtatis. See Liquor Ammon. Acbt. M18TURA Amygdalarum. L. Almond Mixture. EmuUio amygdalm. E. Lac amygdalm. D. Take Jij of confection of almonds, Oj of distilled water ; add the water gradually, triturate and strain.
Incompatible with alcohol, and, of course, with tinctures, with adds, oxymel and S3rrup of squills, spirit of nitric ether, hard pump-water, supertartrate of potass, and corrosive sublimate.
Medidnaily it is given in doses of ^jss to Oss, or more, as a coding demulcent in strangury and blenorrhoea ; but is chiefly employed as an elegant vehicle for other medicines, particularly the alkalies and their carbonates, nitrate of potass, sulphate of magnesia, and for ex- pectorants, such as squills, ipecacuan, &c. Mistura AssAPCBTiDiB. L. Assafoetida Mixture. Lac assqfcetida. D. Take 5ij of assafoetida, Oss of water ; triturate the gum with the water, added gradually till thoroughly mixed.
Medicinally it is given in doses of ^ss to Jjss, along with ammonia, &c, every hour, or two hours, in hysteric fits, as being more active than the pills. Its nauseous taste may be somewhat covered by pepper- mint water. It is better, however, in form of enema ; and in this way it is sometimes prescribed for worms, and the convulsions of dentition.
Digitized by
MIST 251
MiSTURA Cah PBORA. L. Camphor Mixture. EmuUw camphors, £. Misiura campharaia. D. Take 588 of camphor, v\^ of rectified spirit, Oj of water ; triturate the camphor with the spirit, then with water, adding it gradually, and filter through paper.
Incompatible with liquor potasse, and £p8om salts, which separate the camphor.
Medicinally it is given as a gentle stimulant, in doses of ^ss to Jij, but is chiefly employed as a vehicle for cordial tinctures, in typhus and collapse, as the water takes up but a small portion of camphor. It is very nauseous. M18TURA CoPAiBiB C0MPO6ITA. Compound Mixture of Copaiba. Take Jss of balsam of copaiba, Jjss of gum Arabic mucilage, 5ij of oli- banum, 58s of simple syrup, Jv of cinnamon water; powder the olibanum, and mix with the copaiba ; mix this with the syrup and mucilage, and then add the water.
Medicinal^ the dose Jjss to Jij, or more, twice or thrice a day, in gonorrhoea and gleet ; also in mucous expectoration. M18TUBA CoRNU UsTi. L. Mixture of Burnt Hartshorn. Decodum comu cervinu D. Take Jij of calcined hartshorn, 3 j of gum araUc, Oiij of water : boil down to Oij, stirring it the while, and strain.
As this js a very unscientific preparation, it ought to be discarded. M18TURA Cbbtje. L. D. Chalk Mixture. Potto carbonaHs calcis. E. Take Jss each of prepared chalk and gum arabic, 5iij of refined sugar, and Oj of water, and mix.
Incompatible with supertartrate of potass, and generally with acids and acidulous salts.
Medicinally it is useful as an antacid and astringent, combined with opium, kino, or catechu, in diarrhoea; but it is not preferable to large doses of magnesia. The dose is Jj to )(ij every three hours. MisTURA Ferbi Comfosita. L. Compound Mixture of Iron. Take 5j each of myrrh and purified sugar, gr. xxv of subcarbonate of potass, ^vijss of rose water, 9j of sulphate of iron in powder, ^ss of spirit of nutmeg ; triturate the myrrh with the spirit of nutmeg and the subcarbonate of potass, and to these add, whilst rubbing, first the rose water with the sugar, and then the sulphate of iron ; put the mixture immediately into a proper glass vessel, and stop it.
Decompoiilion. The sulphuric acid of the sulphate of iron goes over to the potass of the subcarbonate of potass, forming sulphate of potass, while the carbonic acid and the iron, thus set free, unite and form subcarbonate of iron, of a deep green colour, which is partly dissolved in the liquid, and partly suspended by means of the soapy matter formed by the myrrh, and the excess of potass. The sub- carbonate of iron readily absorbs oxygen from the air, upon standing.
Digitized by
S5S MITH
and becomes a peroxide^ which is less soluble, and of a reddish- jrellow colour. Incompatible with galls and astringent vegetables, and with acids, and
acidulous salts. Medicinally it is an excellent tonic, similar to Griffith's myrrh mixture, and is given in slow hectics, chlorosis, hysteria, painful swellings of the mamme in chlorotic patients, &c., premising a purgative to un- load the bowels. The sulfate of potass, however, serves to prevent it from constipating or griping. The dose is 3j to ^ij twice or thrice a day, an hour before meals. It sometimes constipates at first; but when it agrees, it sharpens the appetite, gives tone to the musdes, and clearness to the skin. It is one of the best forms of iron, but ought not to be given unless it be of a good dark-green colour.
MuTUBA GuAiAoi. L. Mixture of Guaiac. Lac guaiaci. O. Take 5jss of gum guaiac, 5ij each of purified sugar and gum arable muci- lage, ^viij of cinnamon water; triturate the guaiac with the sugar and the mucilage, and to these, whilst rubbing, gradually add the cinnamon water. Medicinalli/ it is given in doses of ^ss to ^ij as a stimulant and diapho- retic in rheumatism, gout, &c
MisTUBA MoscHi. Musk Mixture. Misiura moschata, O. Take 5j
each of musk, gum arable in powder, and refined sugar, ^vj of rose
water ; triturate the musk with the sugar, then with the gum, adding
the rose water gradually.
Incompatible with infusion of Peruvian bark, corrosive sublimate,
nitrate of silver, and the sulphates of iron, copper, and zinc Medicinally it is given in doses of Jss to jij twice or thrice a day, as a diaphoretic and antispasmodic, and also as a stimulant, in which case it will be advantageous to combine it with ammonia, ether, camphor, spirit of lavender, or juniper, &c., in sloughing syphilitic ukers, &c. (Whitb.)
MisTUBA Stbtchninjb. Mixture of Strychnine. Mix gr. j of strych- nine, jij of white sugar, with Jij of distilled water. The dose is 5jss twice a day in nervous affections.
MiTHBiOATE. A very ancient and complicated preparation, having opium for its basis. It is now displaced by the confection of opium. The old formula of Democrates is. Take 5xxiv of cinnaioon, 5x each of Indian spikenard, ginger, saffron, seeds of shepherd's purse, frankincense, and Chia turpentine, Jj each of zedoary, mace, long pepper, juice of h3rpocistus, storax, opoponax, galbanum, opobalsa- mum, and castor, 5vij each of scordium, cubebs, white pe^^rj
' carrot-aeed, and bdellium, 5v each of Celtic nard, gentian, dittany of Crete, red roses, wild parsley-seed, cardamoms, sweet fennel-^seeds.
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gum arable, and strained opium, dissolved in wine, ^iij each of aro- matic reed, valerian root, sagapenum, and anise-seeds, ^ijss each of catechu, St. John's wort, and skinks ; dry these, powder, and make into an electuary, with three times its weight of honey. Medicinalfy the dose is 9ij to 5ij. It is an a^urd farrago, supposed to have been taken by Mithridates, as an antidote to poison. It still keeps its place on the Continent, but has been laughed at in Britain ever since Dr. Heberden published his ** Antilheriaca** Mixtures. See Mistura and Conspectus of Prescriptions. MooHLiQUB Dss Frbrbs db LA Charite. A foreign nostrum pre- pared with one part of glass of antimony, and two parts of refined sugar, triturated into a fine powder, and given in doses of 3j to 5SS as an antimoniaL Molucca Grains. Seeds of the Croton TigUum. See Tiglii Olbum. MoLY. An herb celebrated among the Greeks, and supposed to have been a species of aUium, The root was used as a pessary in pro- lapsus uteri. MoLYBDio Acid is procured by heating the brittle metal molybdena in an open vessel. There is also a mdybdmis acid;— but neither of these are important. MoMORDiCA Elatbrium. . See Elatbrium. Monkshood. See Aconitum.
Mori BaccuE. L. Mulberries. The fruit of the Moms nigra. Mul- berries are somewhat like blackberries in appearance and taste, and are cooling, aperient, and wholesome. They contain mucilage^ }^^7> and tartaric acid, and are chiefly used in making syrup, wine, &c. Enters into ^jt* Mori. L. MoRic, or M<»toxYLic Acid, is found in the bark of the white mul- berry (Morus alba), and may be obtained by decomposing the mo- roxylate oi lime with acetate of lead, and then separating the lead by sulphuric acid. MoRiN. The colouring matter of the Morus tincioria, which is some- what acid, soluble in alcohol and ether, but scarcely so even in boiling water. Morphia, or Morphine. P. Is a new chemical alkaline substance found in opium, and possessing its sedative properties in a high de- gree. Several processes are given for obtaining it, and two are adopted in the Paris Codex. Bobiqu€t*s method. P. Macerate 300 parts of pure opium cut small, in 1000 parts of water for five days, strain and add 15 parts of very pure magnesia, boil the whole for 10 or 15 minutes, filter, wash the grey precipitate in cold water, dry it, and digest it in weak warm alcohol, to remove the colouring matter ; then collect it on a filter.
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boil it in highlj-irectified alcoHol, filter the solution while hot> and, as it cools, crystals of morphine will form.
According to this process, the meconate of morphine, existing in the opium, is decomposed ; the meconic add going over to the magnesia, which is precipitated abng with the morphine^ but is separated hj the boiling alcohol.
Seriuerner's method. P. Dissolve 500 parts of opium in water, allow it to cool, and add l60 parts, or more, of solution of ammonia, so that this may be in excess, strain through paper, collect the crystals, wash, dry, and dissolve in hot sulphuric add, diluted with eight times its volume of distilled water. This will form sulphate of mor- phine, fi:om which ammonia will separate the morphine in the form of a very white pulverulent substance, which, being dissolved in boiling alcdiol, will deposit morphine in crystals, as it cools. The salt thus obtained is impure.
Brande's method. Triturate powdered opium into a thin paste, with acetic add, and then add six or eight parts of water, filter through coarse paper^ treat the residue with a small additional portion oi acetic acid and water as before ; add excess of ammonia to the fil- tered liquors, and collect the predpitate thence obtained on a filter ; evaporate the filtered liquor to one-fifUi its bulk ; add a little more ammonia, which will give a second predpitate, that is to be added to the first. These predpitates are impure morphine, and the im- purities are to be separated by digesting in cold alcohol, while the residue, dissolved in boiling alo^ol, will, on cooling, give crystals of pure morphine.
Pure morphine is colourless, bitter, and inodorous, almost insoluble in water, but soluble in ether and in boiling alcohol, and unites with the acetic, hydrochloric, and sulphuric adds, forming crystallisable salts, which are the best forms of exhibiting it medidnally.
Medicinally it is given in doses of gr. 4- to gr. 4^ ; but the Acbtatb (which see), is preferable, from being more soluble. See also
SULPH. MORPH.
Poutoikous in large doses, producing all the effects of an over-dose of opium, such as drowsiness, paralysis, and death. The best treatment wdll be a quick emetic^ hot brandy, cold afiusion, volatile salts to the nostrils, &c Tests, Nitric add turns it red, and is therefore an important test It will readily distinguish it from sulphate of quinine, which it re- sembles. See Beck's Med. Jurispr, Appendix.
M0R8ULI are made like drops and lozenges, without regular form.
MoRus. See Mori Baccje.
MoscHCJs. L. E. D. P. Musk is a peculiar concrete substance procured
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from the musk-deer^ Moschus tnotchiferus, a native of the East^ and from the musk-rat, a native of America. It is imported in the natural hags which are taken from hehind the navel of the deer^ and are ahout the size of a pigeon's egg. Those irom China are thin, and covered with brownish-yellow hair; those from Russia and Bengal are thick, and covered with white hair, heing probably taken from old animals. It is chiefly used as a perfume.
Imilated by dropping 5uJ8S of nitric acid on 5 j of rectified oil of amber. In the course of a day a hlack substance is produced, which smells similar to musk.
Or, Take two parts of any foetid animal oil procured by distillation, and one part of nitric acid^ digest for eight or ten days, add gra- dually 82 parts of rectified spirit of wine, and digest again for four weeks. The substance thus prociu^ is very like genuine musk.
AduUeraied very extensively with dried blood, as^^altum, ammoniacal salts, and a sort of gritty resin. . In China the musk bags are often cut open between the hair, part of the contents abstracted, and the deficiency made up with dried blood, rolled up into pills, so as to imitate the true grains of musk. The bags ought therefore to be carefully inspected to detect such openings, which are always very neatly closed. The presence of dried blood may be known by its emitting a foetid vapour, like burnt horn, on burning, when held over a candle on the point of a thin knife. When asphaltum is present, it will melt and run on the knife point before it inflames, while genuine musk does not melt, but is turned into charcoal. Punctures are also often made in the bags, which are difficult to detect, and through which sand, small stones, and even pieces of lead and barytes, are introduced to increase the weight. These are easily discovered on opening the bags. Other musk dealers, less fraudulent in spirit, leave the bags in a damp place, to increase their weight, and this also injures the musk. The musk from Holland is hrought in leaden pots sewed up in canvas, and is nothing more than dried blood, mixed with a little oil and tincture of musk. It is gene- rally very moist, and exhales a disagreeable urinous smell. * The artificial bags may be known from the genuine by wanting the in- ternal membrane or skin. It is also adulterated with spikenard, cho- cdate, aloes, nutmeg, storax, &c. Dr. John Davy says, it is always impure if it exhale an ammoniacal odour when mixed with quicklime.
Genuine musk, from China, is of the colour of an old brown nutmeg, rolled up in little round friable pills. Russian musk, even when good, is not in form of pills, but loose in the bag, and has a urinous odour. To preserve it well it ought to be kept perfectly dry ; but moistened when it is to be used as a perfume. (Dr. John Davt.)
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Ckemically, musk contains resin, oombined with the odoriferous volatild oil that gives it perfume, besides several animal matters. It is sduble in sulphuric ether, and in boiling water ; also in alcohol and sul- phuric add, with the loss of its odour. Added to other odoriferous substances, such as lavender water, it increases their odour, as ammonia often does from its volatility.
Incompatible with infnsion of bark, sulphuric acid, corrosive sublimate, nitrate of silver, and the sulphates of copper, iron, and zinc.
Medicinally, it is reputed to be one of the strongest antispasmodic non- irritating stimulants, (though many doubt its powers,) and with this view has been given in doses of gr. x to 9j88 in form of pill, boluB, or mixture, along with ether, camphor, or ammonia, for hysteric paroxysms, sufasultus tendinum, epilepsy, chorea, hooping-oough, gout in the stomach, &c. In bad cases of phagedena and gangrene, particularly ^m syphilitic and strumous causes, it has been found excellent for arresting sloughing. (Whitb.) Its failure may often arise from its being adulterated.
Enters into Mist. Moschi. L. Tinct. MoschL D. Mosblsy's Pills. A nostrum composed of rhubarb and ginger, made
into a mass with conserve or mucilage, MoussB DB C0R8B. See Fucus Hblminth.
MoxA is a t€rm erroneously applied in surgery, as if it were some par- ticular substance; whereas it appears that many different substances, such as the down of several species of Artemisia, cotton wool, Erio- pheron s{nke, &&, are all called moxa when formed into a cone about an inch long. This is set fire to, and placed upon the skin, which it gradually bums. It has lately come into repute, but it has little chance to continue so, in consequence of the prejudices of patients.
Medicinalljf moxa is applied as a counter-irritant, in the same way as blisters in local inflammation, &c Mucic Acid. See Saccholactic Acid.
MuciLAGO AcAcuE. L. £. P. Gum Arabic Mucilage. Mucilago gummi arabici, D. Take Jiv of gum arable in powder, Oss of boiling water ; add the water by degrees to the gum, and triturate them together, till a mucilage is formed. In order to have the mucilage free from ropiness, it is necessary to have the gum genuine, and the water soft. It may be made with cold soft water.
Incompalibie with sulphuric ether, ammonia, acetate and subacetate of lead, nitrate of mercury, and the tincture of muriate of iron.
Medicinally it is chiefly used as a vehicle to suspend insoluble sub- stances in a fluid ; but occasionally it is used by itself as a demulcent to soothe the irritation of the fauces, caused by catarrhal coughs. A
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few drops *af tincture of qpiinn, or of syrup of poppies, are a good addition. Enters into Mist. Guaiad. L. Potio Carbonatis Cideis. £.
MuciLAGo Amyli. L. £. D. P. Starch Mucilage. Take 5iij of starch, Oj of water ; add the water gradually to the starch, and triturate them together, then boil till a mucilage is formed. It is neces- sary that the starch be free from smalt, &e., and that the water be soft. Medicinalfy it is demulcent and emollient, but being insij^d, and by no means pleasant, it is seldom given internally, except in cases of poi- soning. It forms a good basis for opiate or astringent enemata, and may even be prescribed in this form alone. Incompatible with iodine, which precipitates starch of a violet colour.
MuciLAGo AsTKAGALi Tbaoacanthjb. £. D. Mucilago of Gum Tra- gacanth. Take 5ij of gum tragacanth bruised, jvitj of bmliBg water, macerate for 24 hours. Then triturate rill the gum has dissolved, and beat it smooth with a wooden spatula. Strain by pressure through a linen cloth. Medicinalfy it is used for similar purposes as the mucilage of gum
arable, and has similar properties. Enters into Puhr. Tragacanthte Comp. L.
MuciLAGO Cydontjs Seminum. Quince Mucilage. Take 5j of quince- seeds, Oss of distilled water, boil over a slow fire till the liquor become thick and viscid. It is seldom used, and is not preferable to the preceding.
MuLBfiRRY. See Mori Baccjb.
MuLTUu. A compound of extract of Hquorice and quassia, sold by brewers' druggbts under this name, the better to conceal it when used, as it frequently is, to adulterate porter, ale, &c. Another substance, called hard muHvm, is similarly used, and consists of an extract of Coculus IniKcus.
Mum. a malt liquor brewed in the same manner as beer, by employing the malt of wheat.
MuRiAs Ahmonia. See Ammon. Murias.
MuRiAS Antimonii. P. Muriate of Anrimony. Btttttr of Antimony. O. Take equal parts of corrosive sublimate and common antimony, triturate into a powder, and distil in a wide-necked retort, and pre- serve the butyraceous matter that comes over in a moist place. It is a dark-coloured thickish fluid. Decomposition, The chlorine of the corrosive sublimate is separated from the mercury, and goes over to the antimony, forming a bi- chloride, or, as the Codex calls it, Cklorurctiim stibn, sire Dettto murias stibii suhlimatus.
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258 MURI
Medicinal^ it is corrosive and caustic, and is only used extemallj to teduce fungous ulcers, warts, excrescences, &c. It is singular tliat its action, when applied to moist surfaces, soon ceases, the caustic property heing apparently neutralised. MuRiAs AuRi. See Muriate of Gold.
MuRiAS Barytjb. £. D. Muriate of Baryta. Take one part each of carbonate of baryta and muriatic acid, three parts of water; add the carbonate, broken into little bits, to the water and acid previously mixed ; and after the effervescence has ceased, digest for an hour, strain the liquor, and evaporate, that crystals may form. When the carbonate of baryta is not to be procured, the muriate may be formed from the sulphate by means of charcoal and muriatic add ; but the process is both complicated and difficult.
Decompoikion, The muriatic acid decomposes the carbonate of bar}'ta, and forms a crystalliirable muriate ; or, according to Sir H. Davy, the barium of the carbonate unites with the chlorine of the muriatic add, while the carbonic add escapes. According to this view the preparation is a chloride of barium.
Incompatible with the sulphates of alumen, iron, magnesia, potass, and soda ; and with the nitrate of potass and nitrate of silver.
Medicinally the muriate of baryta is only employed in solution. See SoLUTio MuR. Bar. £. Poisonous, see next artide.
Chemically it is much used as a test for sulphuric acid.
Enters into Sol. Muriatis Baryt«. E. MuRiAs Calcis. L. D. Muriate of Lime. Take Ibij of the salt which remains after the sublimation of subcarbonate of ammonia, Oj of water ; mix, and filter through paper, evaporate the solution till the salt becomes dry, and keep it in a well-stopped vesseL
Decomposition, According to the old opinion, the salt remaining after the sublimation of subcarbonate of ammonia is muriate of lime, which is only purified by this process. According to Sir H. Davy's views, the above salt is chloride of calcium, which, by mixture with water, becomes muriate of lime ; and this being evaporated to dryness, it is decomposed, the hydrogen of the muriatic add combining with the oxygen of the caldum forming water, which passes off, while the chlorine goes over to the calcium, forming chloride of caldum. What is therefore called by the CoU^e muriate of lime contains neither lime nor muriatic add.
Soluble in water and alcohol, and deliquescent in the air.
Incompatible with the fixed alkalies and their carbonates, and with car- bonate of ammonia, but not with pure ammonia ; also with sulphuric acid and its salts.
Medicinally it has a disagreeable, pungent, saline, and bitter taste, and
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MURI 259
is used in form of solution for scrofula and dyspepsia. See Ltquor MuR. Calcis. Dose iT\,xx to 5j or more. PoUonouSy like muriate of baryta above, producing violent retching and vomiting, with severe pain in the stomach and bowels, stupor, giddiness, palsy of the legs, spasms, convulsions, and death. The best treatment is to give large doses of Epsom or Glauber's salts, or dilute sulphuric acid, which will decompose the muriate, and form sulphate of baryta, which is insoluble, and may be removed by emetics and purgatives. Tests. Sulphuric acid will precipitate the baryta in the form of a sulphate, which is insoluble in water and in nitric acid. Nitrate of silver also will form a white curdy precipitate ; but if coffee or red wine be present, their colour must be destroyed by chlorine, which also must be expelled by heat before testing the mixture.
MuRiAs Ferri. See Tingtura Mur. Ferri.
MuRiAs Htdraroyri. See Hydrarg. Oxymur.
MuRiAs Soda. See Sodje Murias. L.
MuRiAs Sods Siccatum. E. Dried Muriate of Soda. Take any quantity of common salt, roast over a fire in a glass vessel slightly covered, shaking it the while till it cease to crepitate. Decomposition. By this process water is formed and driven oW, leaving
chloride of sodium. See SoDiE Murias. It is chiefly used for procuring muriatic acid by distillation.
Muriates (see Murias) are salts formed with alkaline or metallic bases, uniting with chlorine and water (hydrate of oxygen), muriatic add itself consisting of 36 parts chlorine and one part hydrogen.
Muriate op Atropine. New, Atropine when treated with muriatic (hydrochloric) acid, forms a neutral salt similar to muriate of datu- rine, in beautiful white brilliant crystals, cubical or quadrangular. It has not yet been used.
Muriate of Daturins. New. Formed like the preceding. Its properties have not yet been much investigated.
Muriate OP Gold, Auri Murias vel Chloruretum. P. Take 100 parts of pure gold finely divided, 300 parts of nitromuriatic acid, composed of one part nitric acid^ and two parts muriatic acid ; put this in a vessel on a sand-bath moderately heated, till the gold is quite dissolved, then evaporate to dryness with a very gentle heat in. a porcelain or glass capsule. If the heat is strong, the acid will separate, and the metallic gold will appear. Keep it in a phial closely stopped. Decomposition. The chlorine of the acid is separated, and goes over to
the gold, while the nitric add escapes. Medicinalltf the muriate of gold has lately been tried in France to a
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Olio MUSH
contiderable extent in chronic venereal afiections, exostoses^ and glandular scirrhous and strumous swellings. The dose is gr. 4^ to gr. ss rubbed upon the tongue or gums^ along with a little liquorice powder, or in form of pill gr. -iV made with extract of mecexeon. (Chrestibn.) See Uno. Auri.
Poisonous in large doses, producing the same violent s3nnptoms as cor- rosive sublimate. See Hydraro. Oxtm. Muriate of Tin, in the solid state^ occurs in small needle-shaped crys- tals, of a yellowish-white colour, and they c<»itain excess of acid as they redden vegetable blues. Exposed to the air they deliquesce.
Poisonous, producing a disagreeable, acerb, metallic taste, with constric- tion of the throat, difficulty of breathing, vomiting, pain c^ the bowels, hjpercatharsisj cramp, convulsive twitches of the face, syn- cope, and death.
Treatment. Milk drank copiously is supposed to decompose the muriate, which must be removed by emetics. When inflammation is obvious^ bleeding will be requisite, while the warm bath and fomentations will relieve the tormina, when accompanied with emollient and anodyne enemata.
Tests. The muriate of tin will precipitate gold from its solution of a purple colour. Or a little strong tea, or tincture of galls, will pre- cipitate the tin of a bright yellow colour. Liquor of potass or prus- siate of potass will give a white precipitate. Muriatic Acid. See Acidum Muriaticum. MuRiDB, the name first given to Brominb.
Mushrooms. Agarici. Are used in making ketchup, &c., but it is requisite to be very cautious in selecting them, as more of them are poisonous than wholesome. The wholesome ones commonly used are pink in the gills, and white above ; the bad ones are blade or brown in the gills, and broad.
Poisonous mushrooms usually grow in wet, ^ady places, have a nause* ous odour, and are soft, qpen, and porous, with their surface gaodily coloured or dirty looking, and the stalks soft and bulbous. They grorw rapidly, and soon corrupt
Sifrnptoms, Nausea and retching, colic, purging, thirst, fainting, stupor^ deliriuiQ, cold sweats, convulsions, and death. The nervotis system seems to be chiefly affected.
Treatment, The best thing to be done is to give an emetic of sul^bate of copper or zinc, or of tartar emetic, following it up with saHne purgatives, such as the black draught, and clysters of the same. If there is much sinking, hot brandy and water, camphorated mix- tures, ether, and other stimulants, may be useful, and the warm bath.
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Musk. See MoecHus.
Mustard. For its medical properties see Sinapis Sbmina. To pre- pare mustard for the table, rub up in a mortar a quantity of the best Durham fiour mustard with Tinegar, white wine, or cold water, in which scraped horse-radish has been boiled ; when it is smooth, put it up in a dose^opped pot. It may be flavoured to taste, with garlic, capers, ketchup, &c. See Whitbhbad's Esssitcs of
MUSTARB.
AdmltenUed with common flour, jor with powdered radish-seed, bean or pea flour, &c, and made pungent by capsicum or cayenne pepper. Dr. Paris and Mr. Brande say it is coloured yeUow by turmeric ; but this, I believe, is more conjectural than reaL If turmeric be pre- sent it may readily be detected by adding a little potass, or soda, dissolved in water, which will change the bright yellow to brown or orange. Patent Mutlard. Take Jijss of cayenne pepper, ftjss of bay-salt, ftviij of mustard flour, flyjss of wheaten flour : dissolve the salt in water, make the whole into a paste, and put up in pots. Ready-made Mustard is prepared with about one-sixth of mustard flour, and the rest wheat flour, cayenne, and common salt to make it keep.
MuBTA&D Embrocation for horses. Take Jiv of flour of mustard, ^ss of solution of ammonia, ^ j of oil of turpentine, with enough of water to make a mixture oi the consistence of cream. It is appliedextemally for inflammatioii of the lungs.
Mustard (Essbnob op). See Whitehead.
Mustard Sbed (Whitb). See Sinapis Sbmina.
MussBi^s. A common species of shell-fish, Mytilis edulis^ which is for the most part nutritive and wholesome, but is occasionally delete- rious, in consequence, as is vulgarly supposed, of feeding on copper- banks; but more probably, as Dr. Burrows thinks, from the fisfa being unhealthy. (See Med. Repository, iii. 451.y
Poisonous in such cases, producing nausea, weight at the stomach, con- striction of the throat, vertigo, head-ache, great thirst, heat of the ^es, eruptions on the skin, subsultus tendinum, convulsions, and death. Treatment. An emetic of tartarized antimony, or sulphate of copper, speedily given, and followed with the black draught, or castor oil, to clear out the bowels, keeping up the strength with ether, tincture of musk, brandy and water, &c
MrRiciN. The chemical basis of wax.
MitristicjE Nuclei. L. Nutmegs. Nux mosekata. E. D. P. A well- known aromatic spice, and used extensively both in the kitchen and
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2GJi MYRR
in medicine. The fruit of the Myrutlca motchata is about the size of a nectarine, and contains the nutmeg, surrounded bj a shdl which constitutes mace. The nutmegs are gently baked, the mace separated, and then they are washed in lime water. The active properties of the nutmeg reside in the dark brown veins which traverse the sub- stance of the nucleus. This oil is extracted by alcohol, or by decoc- tion. See Mace.
Adtdlerated with nutmegs from which the oil has been abstracted, by perforating them with small holes, boiling them, and then filling up the perforations with powdered sassafras, &c Sometimes, also, bits of lead are introduced to give them the requisite wei^t, and oonoeal the fraud. To detect these spurious nutm^, steep them in hot water, which will disclose the perforations. They are aL» more easily broken than the genuine.
Medictnally nutmeg is stimulant, carminative, and sometimes narcotic when given in large doses, probably from collapse after the stimu- lant effect is over. The dose is gr. v to 9jss for diarrhoea, nausea, &c. It corrects the tendency of alum to disturb the bowels, and is used in the composition of a considerable number of medica- ments as a flavouring ingredient, and often in form of oiL See Oleum.
Enters into (of the Nutmeg) Spir. Myristice. L. E. D. Spir. Lavan- dultt Comp. L. E. D. Elect. Catechu. E. D. Confect. Aromaticau L. D. Pulv. Carbonatis Calcis Comp. D. Spir. Raphani Comp. D. Troch. Carbonat. Calcis. E. D. (Of the Oil) Emplast. Picis Comp. L. Pil. Scillff. D. Spir. Ammonis Aromat. Myrobalanus Bellirica. p. Myrobalan, the dried fruit of whic^ is acidulous, feebly astringent, and cathartic It is given in scor- butus, dysentery, &c. Myrrh (Compound Tincture op), in Farriery, Take Ibj of gum resin of myrrh, ^^viij of aloes, gal. j of rectified spirit, Oiv of water, macerate 14 days, often shaking it up, then pour it off for use. (Pharm. Veterinary College.) Myrrha. L. E. D. p. Myrrh, or Gum Myrrh. A resinous substance, imported from Turkey, and said to come from Abyssinia and Arahia Felix; but the plant or tree whence it is derived is still unknown to botanists.
Soluble in alkalies, and partly in distilled water, when triturated with it ; but only the resinous part in alcohol.
Adulterated with various species of gums and gum resins, whose names are scarcely known. Bdellium may be recognised by being dark, opaque, and nauseous to the taste. Some of the other gums arc pale, white, or transparent. Genuine myrrh is reddish yellow, or
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brown, somewhat translucent, but not transparent, in .tears of an irregular form, but these sometimes broken, and it is also light. MedUcinaily it is a warm aromatic, tonic, stimulant, and expectorant, also diaphoretic, and said to be emenagogue. The dose is gr. x to 5J along with nitrate of potass, camphor, or alkaline sulphates, for chloroaa, dyspepsia, hysteria, humoral asthma, catarrh, amenorr- hoea atonica, foetid belchings. Sec Externally it is used in form of tincture, &c., for spongy gums, aphthie, and for gangrenous, carious^ and fistulous sores. It is often used in stimulant compounds.
Myrtlb. Myrius communis. P. The leaves and berries are aro- matic, warm, and astringent, and are sometimes prescribed m profluvia. By the perfumer myrtle-leaves are used for herb snuff, and m3rrtle water. The leaves should be fresh from the tree, and the common sort are always to be preferred to any of those called the sweet- smelling sorts.
Myrtlb Water. Macerate ftj of fresh myrtle-leaves, or twigs, in a gallon of soft water, and after it has stood a day, add ^j or more of good yeast. Let it stand other two days, and then put it into a retort with Jij of bay salt ; draw off all the water, to which add more fresh leaves or twigs, and proceed as at first, repeating this process three or four times. It ought to be kept well stopped, and in a place neither too warm nor too cold. Poisonous, producing burning of the throat, thirst, pain of the stomach, convulsions, and death. The best treatment is a smart emetic, fol- lowed by castor oil, or saline purgatives and mucilaginous drinks.
Myrrhus. See Pimbntjb BAcCiS.
N.
Nancbic Acid. This is procured from sour rice and other ascescent vegetable substances, and is without colour, does not crystallise, and tastes very sour. It is named by Bracconot in honour of the town of Nancy, where he resides.
Naphtha is a fine transparent, colourless, or pale yellow fluid, found natural in some parts of Persia, issuing out of clay soils. A sub- stance little different is procured by distillation from coal tar. The odour is penetrating, and not disagreeable. Its chief use is chemi- caL It is used for preserving potassium from oxidizing. It is used externally as a stimulant, &c
Naphthalinr is a white crystalline body procured by gentle distilla- tion from coal tar.
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NAKiaBUS PsBUiiO'NABCissua. p. DafibdlL The ilowen are aiomatic and antispatoBodic, but are little uaod.
Varootics are drugs whidi usually produety fint a stimulant efiect on the ckculation, and on ^ nenroua emstgy, and this is, of oonrse, foUowvd by a oolkpse, which oomaonly terminates in sleep : hence they have aiao been called hypmolici and Bopor^fics. From the sen- aataons alao bdng weakened and blunted during the ocdlapse, pain is less felt ; and hence they have been called anotfynes and sedatives. Such is the most probable theory ; but all stimulants that are ful- lovred by ooUapse, do not induce sleep, nor ease pain ; and conse- quently, unless they do so, th^ are not considered natcotics.
Narcotinb. New. A chemical principle, sometimes called OpUme, and the Smli of Derosties, from the discorerer. To prepare it, dif^t opium in sulphuric ether to form a tincture, filter, and eva- porate, till crystals form, whidi are the narcotine, along with a little oil and caoutchouc. It is without smell or taste, and has no action on vegetable colours. Insoimble in water, very sparingly soluble in alcohol, but mow aohiUe
in boiling ether. MtdkmaUjf it is supposed to have the stimulant without the aedadve effects d opium, but has not been mueh uaed.
Nabdus Inoicus Vuloabis. p. Spikenard. The not of this plant is bitter, aromatic, cardiac, stomachic^ and is sometimes prescribed in asthenia, and dyspepsia.
Nabtubthtm. Cress. A genus of plants, whose properties are reputed antiscorbutic, though it does not appear that they are greatly moie so than other fresh vegetables, except from their being slightly sti- mulant.
Natron. O. The name formerly given to soda ; hence the sulphate (^ soda was called Natron vUriolatum; the carbonate of soda. Natron prwparatum; and the tartrate of soda and potass (Rochelle salts). Natron tariarixatmn.
Nbcklaces of Vervain roots, tied with a yard of white satin ribbon, have been recommended for the cure of scrofula ; of peony root for epilepsy ; of henbane root, &c., for the teething of children ; and of stidc-sulphur for rheumatism. It is obvious that these must be very feeUe in Uieir operation, if they operate at all. The sulphur does i^pear to have some influence, probably from its being taken up in small quantity by cutaneous absorption. The anodyne neck- laces, sold at a high price, are unquestionaUy inert and useless.
Nectar. A liqueur, so called, is made with 15 gallons of red ratafia, Jss each df oil of cinnamon and of caraway-seeds, dissolved in half a pint of spirit of wine. Put this into a twenty-gallon cask, and fill
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it up with orange wine, adding sugar to sweeten it according to taste.
Nbpsnthb. a drug, which, according to Homer, the beautiful Helen
• miagled with wine, to loothe the cares and promote the mirth of
the guests of Menelaus. It is highly probable that it was opium.
Hence the old Pharmacopeia called the onnreon opiate pills ^e-
paUhes optaium*
Nbfhritios are medicines which act upon the kidneys.
Nbroli is the essential oil of orange-flowers, and is a very fine, delicate, and expensive perfume, often adulterated with inferior matters.
Nbrvine, a medicine which relieves nervous affections.
Nbttlb. UrtictL A common native plant, which was formerly used as an astringent, but has fallen into neglect. Dr. Withering says, that a leaf put on the tongue, and pressed against the xwii of the mouth, will stop epistaxis. Palsied limbs are sometimes switched with nettles, as an external irritant. In spring it is a good potherb.
NxcoTiANA. See Tabaci Folia.
NicorriNB. New, The active principle of tobacco is procured by a pro- cess similar to that of obtaining Daturine, &c. It is powerfully poisonous ; but has not yet been employed in medicine.
NioBLLA Sativa. P. Fennel Flower. The seeds are aromatic, •rimnhiBt, sialagogue, emmenagogue, anth^mintic, eniiine, acrid, laxative, and PoUoHotiSt when taken in quantity, producing similar symptoms to the ranunculus acris. The nigella arvensis has similar qualities.
Nihil Album. Oxide <^ Zinc See Zihoi Oxtdum.
NiNSBNO, or Nimzu The root of the Slum ninn. P. Was formerly confounded with ginseng, and is a good aromatic bitter, used in ma- rannus and asthenia. In China it is reckoned aphrodisiac
N1TBA8 Abobnti. See Abobnti Nitbab.
NiTBAs Potass^. See Potassb Nitbas.
NiTBB. Salt Petre. See PoTAsas Nitbas.
NiTBATB OP Bismuth. See Bismuthi Subnitbas.
NiTBic Acid, or Aquajbrtu. See Acidum Nitbicum. L.
Nitbico-Oxydum Hydbaboybi. See Hydbaboybi Nitb. Oxyd.
Nitboobn. See Azotb.
Nitro-Lbucic Acid. This is formed by treating leucine with nitric acid. (Bbacconot.)
NiTBO-MuBiATic Acid. Aqui regia. O. See Acidum Nitbo-Mu-
BIATICUM.
Nitbo-Sacchabio Acid. This is procured from the sugar of gelatine
and nitric add by means of heat. NiTBOus Acid. See Acidum Nitbosum.
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NiTBUM . O. Nitrate of Potass. See PoTAfiSJB Nitras.
Norfolk Fluid. Take three pints of linseed oil, ^v of ydlow resin, ^ij of frankincense, Jxij of yellow wax ; melt t<^^ber, and add two pints of neat's-foot oil, and one pint of oil of turpentine. If it were coloured with ivory or lamp Uack, it would form an oil blacking for shoes, which it softens.
NoRRis*8 Drops. A nostrum prepared by dissolving tartar emetic in rectified spirit, disguised with some vegetable colouring matter. Dr. Paris found no indications of opium.
NoRTO^f'8 Drops. A nostrum composed of corrosive sublimate, dis- guised like the preceding.
Nostrum. A term applied to medicinal preparations, the compodtioii of which is kept secret by the proprietors. The word, indeed, originally signifies curt, or our properhf ; but is now usually taken in a bad sense, for an imposition.
Nouffleur's Rbcbipt for Worms. The following is the celefarated remedy, the receipt of which was purchased from Madame Nouffleur, by Louis XV., for a large sum of money, and published. Powder very finely, for one dose, 5iij of the male fern, AtpidiumJiUx mas, and after the patient has been prepared the previous night by an emollient clyster, and a supper of panada, this is to be taken early in the morning, fasting : two hours after a bolus is to be given, made with gr. xij each of calomel and scammony, and gr. v of gamlx^e. This, as Dr. Good remarks, will probably kill either the tapewofm or the patient !
NoYAU. A celebrated liqueur. Take a gallon and a half of the best French brandy, Jvj of French prunes, Jij of celery, Jiij of the kernels of apricots, nectarines, or peaches, ^ of bitter almonds, all gently bruised ; two dwts. each of essence of orange and of lemon- peel, and &SS of loaf sugar ; digest for a fortnight, decant, and add as much rose water as will make up two gallons. Dangerous when drank in any quantity, as it contains prussic acid.
See AciouM Hydrocyanic um. Imilated by adding essence of bitter almonds, or a few drops of prussic add, with essence of lemon-peel, and oil of rhodium, to brandy, till it is of the requisite flavour, and then sweetening it with sugar.
Nut. a term applied to fruits which have a hard shell, and a fari- naceous oily kernel.
NuTGALLs. See Galljb.
Nutmbg. See MYRisxiCiB Nuclei.
Essence of Nutmeg is made by bruising Jiij of nutmeg, and steeping it for a fortnight in a quart of brandy; shake it occasionaUy, and then, after it has settled, ix)ur off the clear liquor.
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Nut Oil is prepared by expression from filberts, or hazel-nuts ; and, as it is without smell, it is much used in perfumery, as a substitute for oil of ben, and also by painters for mixing their colours.
Nux M08OHATA. See Myristicjb Nuclei.
Nux Vomica. P. The fruit of the Strychnos nux vomica, D. Rats- bane, or Poison-nut. The wood is also used. Nux vomica is a bitter tonic and stimulant, with a tendency to affect more particularly the spinal marrow and its nerves. It is also vermifuge and emmena- gogue. It is given in doses of gr. ij to 3j, cautiously increasing the dose in mania, epilepsy, chorea, paralysis, tenia, amenorrhoea; as well as in scrofula, gout, syphilis, &c. It contains Strychnine and Brucine, which see. Pouonaus in large doses, producing feelings similar to tipsiness, giddi- ness, nausea, vomiting, retching, thirst, spasms, and cramps of the limbs, oppressed breathing, fainting, coma, and death. The best treatment is to promote vomiting, and even to give a vomit of sul- phate of copper instantly. Copious draughts of vinegar and water^ or any other vegetable acid, will also do good ; and if there is much stupor, the afiusion of cold water may be tried. There is no test yet discovered for it. Employed to adulterate spirituous and malt liquors; and enters into most of the compositions sold under various names by brewers' druggists.
Nympujba. p. The Waterlily. The roots of several species of which, such as the N, alba, and N. luUa, are used medicinally, as aromatic astringents and refrigerants. The dose is Jss to J j of the distilled water. A syrup is also made of the flowers, which is said to be antaphrodisiac, but this is not probable.
Oak Bark. See Qubrcus Cortex.
Oak (Poison). See Toxicoobnori Folia.
Oats. See AvENiS Sbmina.
Ochre. A general term applied to pulverulent clays. It is nearly 83monymous with the term Bole. Red ochre and Yellorv ochre are the chief, and ought to be chosen of a fine colour, as free from sandy or gritty matter as possible. The colours chiefly depend on the pre- sence of an oxide of iron, or some other metal.
OcuLi Cancrorum. Crabs' Eyes. See Cancri Cheue.
Odontalgic. A medicine which relieves or cures tooth-ache.
Odonton. A nostrum advertised as a dentifrice.
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26'8 OIL
GBnanthb. a genus of umbellifoous plants, of which the (E. crocaiM^ hemlock dropwort^ is commoD in ditches and marshy places^ not far from the sea-coast.
Medicinally it has heen found useful in obstinate cutaneous affectiini8» in the dose of three tea-spoonfuls of the juice every morning, and in form of infusion, but it is far from safe. It is good in cancerous and scrofulous sores, in form <^ catajdasm. (Withbrino.)
Poimmous, Perhaps, says Dr. Pulteney, the most rirulent v^^table poison that grows in Britain, producing constriction of the throat, vertigo, spasm, vomiting, retching, oppressed breathing, a^yxia, and death.
Treatment, Diluted vinegar and vegetable adds should be largely administered, along with gruel and demulcents. Bleeding will be necessary if there should be inflammation. Oil Colours, for ardsts, ought to be brilliant, clear, and permanent, as pictures soon lose their value when painted in perishable colours. Some of the Egyptian paintings remain unchanged in tint after 2000 years ; while some of the pictures of Sir Joshua Reynolds have not stood 40 without fading. The following are a few of the diief oil colours, and the methods of preparing them :
Azure* Take Jij of quicksilver, Jss each of sulphur and muriate of ammonia ; grind all together, and put the contents to digest in a matrass over a slow fire, increase the heat a little, and when an asure fume arises, take the matrass from the fire. When cool, these will make as beautiful an asure as idtramarine.
Liquid Blue* Put into a small matrass, or phial, ^ of fine prussiate of iron (pnissian blue), reduced to powder, and pour over it from 5SS to jij of concentrated muriatic add. The mixture produces an efiervescenoe, and the prussiate soon assumes the consistence of thin paste. Leave it in this state for 24 hours, then dilute it with Jviij or ^ix of water, and preserve the colour thus diluted in a bottle well stopped. The intensity of this colour may be lessened, if necessary, by the addition of water. If the whole of this mixture be poured into a quart of water, it will still exhibit a colour sufficiently dark for washing prints. This colour, charged with its mordant, requires the use of gum water made of gum tragacanth. Mucilage of gum arabic does not possess suffident consistence.
Blue Ferditer, Into lOOIb of whiting pour copper water, and stir them together for some hours, till the water grows pale ; then pour that away, set it by for other use, and pour on more of the green water, and so till the verditer be made, which, bdng taken out, is laid on large pieces of chalk in the sun, till it be dry and fit for market.
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SojoH Blue may be succes^uUj imitated by mixing with a divided earth prussiate of iron> at the moment of its formation and precipita- tion. Into a solution of 144 grains of sulphate of iron pour a solution of prussiate of potass ; at the time of the formation of the prusaiate of iron> add> in the same vessel, a solution of Jij of alum, and pour in with it the solution of potass, just sufficient to decompose the sulphate of alumine ; for alkali in excess might alter the prus- siate of iron. It will therefor^ be much better to leave a little alum, which may afterwards be carried oif by washing. As soon as the alkaline liquor is added, the alumine precipitated becomes exactly mixed with the prussiate of iron, the intensity of which it lessens, by bringing it to the tone of common Saxon blue. The matter is then thrown on a filter, and, after being washed in clean water, is dried. This substance is a kind of blue verditer, the intensity of which may vary according to the greater or less quantity of the sulphate of alumine decomposed. It may be used for painting in distemper.
Dutch Pink from Wood. Boil the stems of wood in alum water, and then mix the Hquor with clay, marl, or chalk, which will become charged with the colour of the decoction. When the earthy matter has acquired consistence, form it into small cakes, and expose them to dry. It is under this form that the Dutch pinks are sold in the eoloor shops.
The small blackthorn (nrodnces a fruit, which, when collected green, are called yeUow berries. The seeds^ when boiled in alum water, form a Dutch pink supericn* to the former. A certain quantity of clay or marl is mixed with the decoction, by which means the cdouring part of the berries unites with the earthy matter, and communicates to it a beautiful yellow colour.
Or, by substituting for clay a substance which presents a mixture of day and metallic oxide ; the result will be a Dutch pink of a very superior kind. Boil separately ftj of yellow berries, and ^j of the sulfate of alumine, in fbxij of water, which must be reduced to ftiv ; strain the decoction through a piece of linen, and squeeze it strongly ; then mix up with it Ibij of ceruse, finely ground on por- phyry, and fbj of pulverized Spanish white ; evaporate the mixture till the mass acquire the consistence of a paste, and having formed it into small cakes, dry them in the shade. When these cakes are dry, reduce them to powder, and mix them with a new decoction of yellow berries. By repeating this process a third time, a brown Dutch pink will be obtained. In general the decoctions must be warmed when mixed with the earth. They ought not to be long kept, as their colour is speedily altered by fermentation; care must be taken also to use a wooden spatula for stirring the mixture. When
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only one decoction of wood or yellow berries is employed to colour a given quantity of earth, the Dutch pink resulting from it is of a bright yellow colour, and is easily mixed for use. When the colouring part of several decoctions is absorbed, the composition becomes brown, and is mixed with more difficulty, especially if the paste be argillaceous, for it is the property of this earth to unite with oily and resinous parts, to adhere strongly to them, and incorporate with them. In the latter the artist must not be satisfied with mixing the colour, it ought to be ground ; an operation equally proper for every kind of Dutch pink, and even the softest, when destined for oil painting.
Yellow Lake. Take Ibj of turmeric root in fine powder, three pints of water, and Jj of subcarbonate of potass, put all into a glazed earthen vessel, and boil them together over a dear gentle fire till the water appears highly impregnated, and stains the table of a beautiful yellow ; filter this liquor, and gradually add to it a strong solution of roche alum in water, till the yellow matter is all curdled and precipitated. After this, pour the whole into a filter of paper, and the water will run ofi^", and leave the yellow matter behind ; wash it with fresh water till the water comes ofi* insipid, and then is obtained the beautiful yellow called lacque of turmeric
Another Yellow Lake, Make a lye of potass and lime sufficiently strong ; in this boil gently fresh broom-fiowers, till they are white ; then take out the flowers, and put the lye to boil in earthen vessels over the fire, add as much alum as the liquor will dissolve, then empty this lye into a vessel of dear water, and it will give a yellow colour at the bottom ; settle, and decant off the clear liquor, wash this powder, which is found at the bottom, washed ofi^ then separate the yellow matter, and dry it in the shade.
Lemon Yellow. A beautiful lemon-colour may be formed by following the prescriptions of the old painters ; who mix together the oxides of arsenic (realgar and orpimetit); but these colours, which may be imitated in another manner, have the disadvantage of being of a poisonous quality. It will therefore be better to substitute in their room Dutch pink of Troyes, and Naples ydlow. This composition is proper for distemper, and for varnish ; when ground and mixed, the result will be a bright solid colour, without smell, if an alcoholic varnish be applied for the last coating.
Naples Yellow, There are two processes given for making this colour; first, ft)j of antimony, fljj4. of lead, Jj of alum, and 5j of common salt ; second, Jjss of pure ceruse, Jij of peroxide of antimony, Jss of caldned alum, and 5j of pure muriate of ammonia. The ingredients are to be well mixed together, and calcined in a moderate heat for
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three hours^ in a covered crucible^ till it becomes nearly red-hot^ when the mass will become of a beautiful yellow colour; with a larger proportion of oxide of antimony, and muriate of ammonia, the yellow verges towards gold colour. Glass may be tinged yellow with the above preparation. Patent Yellow. It is prepared by triturating minium or red oxide of lead and common salt together, and then exposing in a crucible to a gentle heat. Under the words Lake, Carmins, Prussian Blue, Vermilion, Sec, I have given the methods of preparing other colours, used by painters.
Oils. Olea. An extensive class of fluids, whose most obvious properties are that they float on water, and are immiscible with it. They are divided into two classes — fixed, or expressed oils — and essential, or volatile oils ; the first having a heavy and frequently an unpleasant smell ; the second being, for the most part, odoriferous, and many of them, on that account, used in perfumery. See Olea. I shall in this place, as in most other similar cases in this work, give the College preparations under the Latin term Oleum, and the rest under that of Oil.
Oil of Almonds. See Oleum Amtodalarum.
Oil of Amber. See Oleum Succini.
Oil (Animal). See Oleum Cornu Cerv.
Oil op Anise. See Oleum Anisi.
Oil op Balm. An essential oil, procured by distilling the flowering tops of Melissa officinalis. It is very fragrant, and may be used in imitating £au de Cologne.
Oil of Bays may be procured from bay-berries, both by expression, and by pounding and boiling them in water ; when the oil, which smells like the berries, and is thick and greenish, floats, and may be skimmed off! It is sometimes used instead of lard, for making mer- curial ointment. The expressed oil is very thin.
Oil of Beech-mast is procured by expression, and is a good substitute for olive oil, being well tasted, and not apt to become rancid.
Oil of Ben, or Behn, is prepared like that of almonds, by beating the nuts of the Moringo zeylanica, P. (the Guilandia moringa, Linn.) into a pulp, then passing it through a coarse wire sieve, and after- wards expressing the oil. It is colourless, and usually of a thick bntyraceous consistence, which shuts out the air, and prevents it from spoiling. It is much used in perfumery, because it has no smell, and readily imbibes and retains aromata. AduUeraied with other thick vegetable oils ; but the genuine is easily recognised by its want of smell.
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Oil of Benzoin, or Benjamin, sometimes eonfounded with the pre- ceding by the eompilers of receipts. This is procured by distilling
with a strong heat the gum whkh remains in the retort after
making benzoic add. It has a peculiar fragrance, and is used in the
manufacture of Russia leather. Oil op Brroamottr. See Essencb op Beboamotte. Oil op Birch is procured by distilling the bark of the birch-tree,
Belula alba, and is used, like cil of benzoin, on account c^ its peculiar
odour for perfuming leather. Oil of Boxwood is procured by distilling boxwood, Buxus semper-
virens; and is said to promote the growth of the hair. Oil op Bricks. A nostrum, said to be advantageous in palsy and gout!!
It is made by mixing olive oil with pulverized In'icks, and distilling
the mixture. Oil op Cacao. A thick, but3rraeeous, vegetable oil, distilled from the
nuts of the Theobroma cacao. Oil op Cajeput. See Cajbputi Olsuk. Oil op Camoiiilb is prooared by beating up one part of caraomile-
flowert with four parts of olive oil, digesting lor six m* eight days,
and repeating the process with fresh flowers^ It is used as an
emollient liniment. See Olbum Anthbmidis. Oil op Caraway, See Oleum Carui. Oil op Cassia is distilled from the buds, &c., of the Laurut cassia, and
is used as oil of cinnamon, for which it is frequently sold. Oil of Cinnamon. See Cinnamomi Oleum. Oil op Clabt is procured by distillation from the flowers of the Salvia
verbenaca. Oil of Cloves. See Oleitm Cartophtlli. Oil op Cocoa. Procured* from the cocoa nut, and is used for making
tnlgas. Oil of Coriander is prepared in the same way as oil of caraway. Oil op Croton. See Tiolii Oleum. Oil op Dill is prepared in the same way as ml of caraway. Oil op Earthworms. See Oleum de Lumbricis. P. Oil of Elder-flowers is made by boiHng one part of elder-flowers in
two parte of olive oil, till the flowers are crisp, when the whole is to
be pressed, and put aside to clear. Oil op Fennel Seeds. See Oleum Sem. Fjbniouli. Oil op Hartshorn. See Oleum Cohnu Cert. Oil of Hyssop. Procured by distillation from the leaves and herbs of
the Hyssopus officinalis. Oil op Jasmine. See Essence op Jasmine. Oil of Lavender. See Oleum LAVANDULis.
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Oil of Lemons. See Essencb of Lemons.
Oil of Linseed. See Oleum Lini.
Oil of Mace. See Oleum MYRisTiciB.
Oil of Marjoram. See Oleum Origanl
Oil of Mastich is an exudation of the nature of gum, procured from the Pislachia lenliscus.
Oil of Milfoil is procured by distillation, from the flowering tops of the Achillea millefolia, or Yarrow.
Oil of Mint. See Oleum Menthje Virid.
Oil of Mustard is procured from the husks or epidermis of black mustard-seed. It is rubefacient, and used as an external irritant.
Oil of Mtrtlb is a thick butyraceous oil, extracted from myrtle-berries, and used for its odour in perfumery. It forms a good ointment for chapped lips.
Oil of Nutmeos is distilled from nutmegs, and is very thin, pale, yel- low, and odoriferous.
Oil of Olives. See Oliv-e Oleum.
Oil of Palma Christi. See Oleum Rigini.
Oil of Pennyroyal. See Oleum Puleoii.
Oil of Peppermint. See Oleum Mbnth. Piper.
Oil of Poppies. See Oleum Papaveris.
Oil of Rhodium is procured by distillation, from Rhodium wood, or from the root of the RJiodiola rosea. When fresh, it is of a yellowish colour, but when long kept, it becomes pale brownish-red. See Rhodium. AduUeraied with alcohol and cheaper oils, but these may be detected by dropping it on paper, and holding it to the fire; if the oil be genuine, no stain will remain on the paper ; if alcohol be present, it will tinge water, into which it is dropped, of a blue colour. It comes chiefly from Holland ; but the Dutch often buy the genuine in London, and after mixing and remaking it, import it for the English market. Used in perfumery, to give the odour of roses ; and as it is of import- ance to have it genuine, the perfumer ought either to make it himself, or purchase it from a respectable manufacturing chemist.
Oil of Rosemary. See Oleum Rorismarini.
Oil of Roses. See Otto of Roses. A sort of rose oil is also made by beating rose petals to a pulp, and mixing one part of this with four parts of olive oil, macerating for a week, pressing out the oil, and repeating this process till the odour is sufficiently powerful. See HuiLE Antique a la Rose.
Oil of Rue is procured by distillation, from the dried plants of Enfa
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graveoUns; and it retainft tlie odour and some of the properties of
rue^ but is little used. Oil of St. John's Wort ought to be procured by maceratini^ the
flowering tops of the Hypericum perforatum, or H. elegant, in olive
oil^ or rather the ml of the seeds procured by expression, but it is
seldom made. Imilaied, by tinging sweet oil with alkanet root. Mr. White says it is
tinged with verdigrise ; but this, I think, must be a great mistake.
Green oil is certainly sold for it. Oil op Sassafbas. See Olbuu Lauri Sassafr. Oil of Savins. See Oleum Sabinjb. Oil of Scorpions is made by steeping scorpions, or centipedes (^scolo*
pendras), in oil to render it alexiterial, or an antidote to poisons!! Oil of Spikb. This term is applied to foreign oil of lavender, and also
to oil of turpentine ; but is commonly given to a mixture of three
parts of oil of turpentine, and one part of oil of lavender ; and is used
for mixing the colours used in enamel painting. Oil of Sunflower. Procured by expression from the seeds of ilie
HeUafUhus annutu. Oil of Swbbt Flag. Procured by distillation from the root of the
Acorus calamus, and is used in perfumery on account of its fragrance. Oil op Tansy. Procured by distillation, is vermifuge in doses of v\j
toTTiv. Oil of Tar is procured by distillation from tar; and though it is at first
fluid, it soon thickens. It dries rapidly, and is consequently ex- tremely useful for mixing paints, and making varnishes. Oil OF Tartar is prepared by allowing pearl ashes to deliquesce in a
damp place, and then straining the fluid. It is alpiost the same as
Liquor Potassjb, and is used in scouring metallic articles, which it
does by combining readily with acids and oxides. Oil of Thyme is procured by distillation from the flowering tops of
thyme, and is used by perfumers and by farriers. As a stimulant it
may be given in doses of iT\,ij to il\,x. Oil of Turpentine. See Oleum Terebinthina. Oil OF Vitriol. O. Sulphuric Add. See Acioum Sulphur. Oil OF Walnuts is procured from walnuts by expression, and is used
for mixing oil colours, and for varnishes. Oil of Wine is procured by distilling by gentle heat equal parts, bj
measure, of alcohol and sulphuric acid. To the oily matter which
comes over add solution of potass, till it ceases to discolour litmus
paper, and again distil, when the oil will be seen swimming on the
fluid which comes over.
Digitized by
OINT 275
Oil of Wormsbbd. See Olbum Chbnopodii.
Oil of Wormwood is procnred by distillation fxom the tops of Artemisia absinlhiuyn, and is sometimes prescribed as an anthelmintic and' car- minative.
OiNTMBNT. Ungnenivm. A term applied to an extensive class of pre- parations used for ulcers, &c See Unoitbnta. Under the English term Ointment^ I shall give a few select pre- parations, chiefly used in farriery.
OiNTXBNT (Astbxngbnt), for grease in horses. Take 5iv of Venice turpentine^ 3^j of hogs'-lard> melt over a slow fire; when it is Hourly cold, but still soft, add Jij of acetate of lead, finely powdered, and stir till it is quite cold. Or, Take Jiv of hogs*-lard, 5ij of oil of rosemary, 5js8 id white lead ; mix, to make an mntment.
OiNTMBNT (Blistbbino), for horses. Take Jij of oil of turpentine, ^ of sulphuric acid; mix carefnlly in the open air, or under a chimney, avoiding the suffocating vapour which arises, and then add Jvj or Jviij of hogs'-lard : Jij of this rubbed up with 5iv of powdered cantharides, will form a strong blister.
OiNTMBNT (Diokstivb), for horscs. Take Jlv of ointment of yellow resin, jj each of turpentine and nitric oxide of mercury, finely powdered;, mix, to form an ointment to promote the suppuration of sores* Or, Take 5i^ of ointment of nitrated mercury, 5j of oil of turpentine ; mix, to form an ointment.
OiNTMBNT FOR F18TULA in horses. Take Jiv of ointment of yellow resin, J j of oil of turpentine, and Jss of verdigrise ; mix, to form an ointment*
OiNTMBNT FOR FoOT-RoT, OT Low, in COWS. Take four parts each of turpentine and hogs'-lard ; melt, and add one part of sulphate of copper ; mix, to form an ointment.
Ointment for Or base in horses. Take Jiv of hogs'-lard, Jij of palm oil, ^ of c^ve oil ; melt, and when it is nearly cold, add 3jss of the solution of the acetate of lead.
Ointment for the Growth of Hair on rubbed places and the broken knees of horses. Take ^ij of ointment of yellow wax, 5ij of cam- phor, 5j of rosemary oil, and enough of ivory black to colour it. I have no faith in the efiects of this, except as a colouring matter to conceal white hair, which usually grows on scars in horses ; and for this a solution of nitrate of silver would be better.
Ointment for the Heels. Take ibiij of hogs'-lard, Ibij of honey, ftj of turpentine^ Jviij eadi of sulphate of copper, verdigrise, alum, and train oil ; mix, to form an ointment.
t 2
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276 OLEA
Ointment fob the Hoops. Take equal parte of pitch, tar, and hogs'^ lard, or tallow, and melt to form an ointment for cracks in the hoofs or heels.
Ointment for Mallendebs. Take Jij of ointment of yellow wax, Sj ^^ ^^^^ ^^> 5j ^^^ o^ rosemary oil and camphor, 5j of solution of acetate of lead ; mix, to form an ointment.
Ointment for Manos in horses. Take Jvj of hogs'-lard, ^iij of oil of turpentine, and ^iv of sulphur ; mix, to form an ointment.
Ointment for Sitfabts. Take Jix of mercurial ointment, 5ss of sub- muriate of mercury, 5ix of oil of turpentine ; mix, to form an ointment.
Ointment for Windoalls. Take 'j^v of Burgundy pitch, Jiij o£ yellow wax, 3U of Petroleum ; melt, and add Jiv of minium, and if it is too hard, add olive oil or lard to it
Olea Distillata. L. Distilled Oils, volatile or essential OUa volaliUa* £. P. Olea euentialia, D. The London CoU^e directs the seeds of anise and caraway, the flowers of camomile and la- vender, the berries of juniper and pimenta, the tops of rosemary, and the fresh herbs of marjoram, mint, pepperminti and penn3rroyal, to be employed. Put a portion of these into an alembic, and add as much water as will cover it ; then let the oil distil over into a large refrigeratory vessel. The water, which distils over with the oils of caraway, mint, peppermint, pimenta, and pennyroyal, is to be kept for use. The Dublin and Paris Colleges direct some of the sub- stances to be macerated, and the Edinburgh College orders seeds and woods to be bruised or rasped previous to distillation. Adulterated with Fixed Oils, which may be detected by dropping some of the suspected oil on a bit of paper, and holding it to the fire. If the oil is genuine no greasy stain will remain, as it will evaporate entirely at a heat of 212^; but the fixed oils do not evaporate, and will leave a stain. Castor oil is most commonly used to adulterate them, from its being soluble in alcohol. Alcohol is detected by dropping some of the suspected article in water, when, if it is not genuine, it will produce an increase of heat, and make the water milky, or opalescent, while it will at the same time diminish in bulk, as always happens on mixing water and alcohol. Oil of Turpen- tine may be known by its burning with a thick black smoke, and smelling strong when rubbed on the hand and held to the fire. It is a good method indeed to rub a drop between the palms and smell to it, as the heat developes the odour more strongly. Soluble very completely in alcohol, their solutions being called EasENCES. They are also soluble in water, but in a small degree, their solutions being called DUtUled Waters. Solutions of ammonia, ether, and the fixed oils, also dissolve them.
Digitized by
OLEI 277
Incompaiible with the fixed alkalies^ the mineral acids^ which instantly iafiame some of them^ and blacken others. Oxygen and light convert them into a sort of resin ; hence, they should not be exposed to the atmosphere^ but kept in small opaque vessels quite filled and closely stopped. Sulphur converts them into compounds^ formerly called Balsams of Sulphur, Heat also injures them. MedicinaUy they are stimulant^ tonic, and carminative, but are chiefly used to cover the taste or smell of disagreeable substances. Some of them, such as oil of caraway, are added to purgative medicines to prevent griping and flatulence. Externally they are also employed as stimulants. They have all the very valuable property, lately dis- covered, of preventing mouldiness in any thing perfumed with them. Ink, for example, may be kept from turning mouldy by adding a drop of any of them to it, or putting into it a blade of mace or a dove.
Olba Europjiba. See OLiviB Oleum.
Olba Exprbssa. L. D. P. Expressed or Fixed Oils. Olea Jixa* E. These are prepared from seeds, &c., by pounding than in a marble mortar into a paste, and submitting them to pressure in a linen cloth. When they are required of greater purity they may be filtered through paper. Some seeds are exposed on a sieve to the vapour of boiling water for a quarter of an hour to soften them, after which they are subjected to pressure. P AduUeraied with cheaper oils, but particularly with impure and rancid oils of the same kind. The oils, for instance, which are procured by means of heat are always inferior, though larger in quantity. They are particularly liable to become rancid, and are often tinged with empyreuma. Exposure to the air produces rancidity. Soluble, though very sparingly, in alcohol and ether. Castor oil is an exception, and is very soluble in alcohol. They are insoluUe in water^ but may be mixed with it by means of sugar, gum, yolk of eggs, albumen, and gluten. Incompaiible with alkalies and alkaline earths, with which they form soaps; also with chlorine and the mineral acids, particularly the nitric Medicinally they are used sometimes internally as purgatives in form of enema, emulsion, &c., and externally in the form of liniment, &c, possessing var3ring qualities according to the substances from which they are extracted.
Olba Mboicata. P. Medicated Oils. Are prepared by macerating, infusing, or decocting, in some of the fixed oils, odoriferous, narcotic, and acrid substances, till those qualities are imparted to the oils. These medicated oils are scarcely, if at all, known in this country.
Oleic Acid is procured by treating with cold alcohol the soap formed
Digitized by
378 OLEU
hy potaif and Itnaeed oil, which coniitts diiefly of olest^ of poCan.
The oleic add ia then preciptteted firom an aqueous tolutum by Hwana
of an acid. Oi^Bo-RiciNic Acid is praoured by distillation from castor oil along with
the ridnic and stearo-ridnic adds. (Lbcanu.) Olko-Sagcharum. p. Take r\ii of any rdatile oil^ jij of rery white
sugar, triturate intimately in a glass or marble mortar. In this way
are prepared the oleo-sacchara of fennel, cinnamon, dores, &c. For
the oleo*sacchara of lemon and orange ped, see Essencb of Lbmon-
FBBI«.
Olbum ^thbbbum . L. Ethereal Oil^ or Oil of Wine. OUtm wmL O. After the distillation of sulphuric ether> having lowered the tern- pemture, again distil the liquor till a black froth swdls up ; then instantly remove the retort from the fire ; add water to the liquor remaining in the retort, so that the oily part may float upon the surface ; remove this> and mix with it a sufficient quantity of lime water to saturate the add ; shake them together, and collect the se- parated oil.
Impmritiet may be removed by washing it with a weak solution of the subcarbonate of potass, or by following the process described under Oil of Winb, which see.
Soluble in ether and in alcohol, but insoluble in water and aqueous infusions and decoctions.
Medicinalfy it is fragrant, aromatic, Intterish, pungent^ and stimulant ; but is not employed except in the preparation of the compound qurit of ether.
Enters into Spir. Athens G)mp. L. D. Olbum Ammonkatum. See Linimbntubi AmtoNUi Fobtius. L. Oleum Amygoalabum. L. £. D. Oil of Almonds. Oieum amygdaUE. P. Macerate dther sweet or bitter almonds in cold water for twdve hours, bruise them, and express the oil without employing heat.
Good almonds yield about one-third of their wdght or more of this oil, which is without smell or taste, of a pale greenish straw colour, and more limpid than olive oil. When bitter almonds are used, their deleterious properties are not communicated to the oil, but remain in the cake, provided that no heat be used. It ought to be filtered through paper.
Jnsobcblt in alcohol and water, but may be mixed with distiUed water through the medium of mucili^, ycXk of egg, or alkalies, with which it must be well mixed by trituration.
Inoompaiible with acids and acidulous salts, such as cream of tartar, and with 83nrup and oxymel of squills, syrup of poj^kies, resins, corrosive iublimate, and water impregnated with earthy salts.
Digitized by
OLEU 279
Medicinalfy it is emcWent and demulcent. With gr. ij of acetate of lead to 3j of oil it formB a good injection in gonorrkcea. Internally it may be given in large doses as a laxative ; but its chief use is in form of emulsion for pectoral irritation and oou^is. The dose is gr.iijtojj.
Olbum Amyodaljb Amabjb Esbsntialb. New. The essential, dis- tilled, or volatile oil of Bitter Almonds, is obtained by distillation from the almond-cake, after expressing the fixed oil ; but the opera- tion is peculiarly dangerous, in consequence of the deleterious vapours exhaled. It is usually combined with prussic acid, which may be separated by agitating it with a concentrated solution of potass, and distilling the whole, when the potass will combine with the add, and remain in the retort, while the essential oil will come over along with the water, and being specifically heavier than the water will sink. Soluble very readily in spirit of wine and in ether, but very sparingly
in water. MedicinaUy it is fragrant, pungent, and bitter, and seems to possess the peculiar properties of the prussic acid ; but it has not yet been used, so far as I am aware. Poismnms in a very high degree. A drop put on the tongue of a sparrow killed it almost instantly. Mr. Gray has discovered that it is poisonous to poultry ! ! ! See Aciduh H ydroctanicuii.
Olbum Anbthi. p. Oil of Dill* seed. Is procured by distillation, and is fragrant, carminative, and stimulant ; but seldom used in this country.
Olbum Animalb. See Olbum Corn. Cbrv.
Olbum A nisi. L. E. D. P. Oil of Anise. Procured by distillation from the seeds of the Pimpinella anisu It is chiefly imported from Spain, that which is manufactured in Britain being more expensive, though it has certainly more aroma. Adulterated with camphor, spermaceti, wax, almond oil, and olive oil. As it crystallixes at a temperature of 50^, the concrete substances can only be detected by heat, by exposure to which the genuine, flat, tulnilar crystals will dissolve ; the spurious will not, at a low heat. Medicinally it is pungent, bitter, stimulant, and carminative, and is useful in colic, flatulence, and atonic dyspepsia, in doses of v\y to mxx triturated with sugar, or in making pills. ^* Poisonous,** says Mr. Gray, " to pigeons, if rubbed on their bill, or
head." This must be some old woman's apooyphal nonsense. Enters into Tinct. Opii Ammoniata. E. Tinct Opii Camphorata. E.
Olbum Anthbmidis. L.E. P* Oil of Camomile, deum chamomelL O. Is procured by distillation from the flowers, and, when recent, is of a fine blue colour, but becomes yellow if long kept.
Digitized by
IWO OLEU
Medicinalfy it is pungent, nauteous, ttimulttnt, anti^msmodtt^ and cat' minative, and is sometimes added to purgative medicines to prevent their gr^nng. In colic> flatulence, and cramp or spasm of the stomach, it may be given in doses of n^v to n^xv.
Olbum C^jeputi. See Cajbputi Olbum. L.
Oleum Cam phohatum. E. D. See Liniment. Camph. L.
Oleum Carui. L. D. P. Oil of Caraway. Procured from the seeds by distillation. It is pungent and fragrant, and is added to {nils, &c., as a carminative and stimulant. In flatulence and ccdic it may be given in doses of ii\ j to TT\,xv. It is sometimes applied extemaUy in form of liniment. Enters into Confect. Scammonii L. Elect. Senne. D. PiL Aloes Myrrha. D. Pil. Aloes Comp. L.
Olkum Caryophylli. E. D. P. Oil of Cloves. Is procured from cloves by distillation. See Caryophyll. Oleum. Adulterated with castor oil dissolved in spirit of wine, which is difficult to detect, except by the speciBc gravity, that of the genuine oil4)eing 1-034, while that of the mixture cannot be more than*9; the refractive power of the genuine is also 1-535, of the spurious 1*498.
Oleum Chrnopoimi, Oil of Wormseed, is procured by distillation, and is given in America as a bitter, acrid and aromatic anthelminticy in doses of Ave to ten drops on sugar.
Oleum Cicuta. P. Oil of Hemlock. Prepared by digesting in a gentle heat one part of the fresh leaves, or herb, with two parts of clive oil. Medicinally it possesses the narcotic and sedative properties of the plant, and may be applied to strumous and cancerous sores.
Olkum Cornu Certini Rectipicatum. D. Rectified Oil of Harts- horn. Okum amrnale Dippelii O. Take fciij of the oil which ascends in the preparation of ammonia from bones, &vj of water, distil the oil, and redistil with the water till it becomes limpid. It ought to be kept in small opaque phials well corked. Medicinally it is pungent, anodyne, antispasmodic, and sudorific, and may be given in doses of n\,v to n^xxx in water, or with sugar and ether for intermittents, immediately before an expected paroxysm ; for hysteria, epilepsy, chorea, spasms, &c. Hoffman says, it induces a long, calm, and profound sleep, without subsequent languor, or debility, and excites perspiration without heating. Externally it is stimulant, and is applied in local debility, amaurosis, and to paralytic limbs.
Oleum Funiculi Dulcis. D. P. Oil of FenneL Is procured by dis- tillation from the seeds, and retains their aroma and warm pungency. It congeals at the freezing temperature.
Digitized by
OLEU 281
MedicinaUtf it is stimulant^ tonic, and carminative^ in doses of if\ij to 11\x with sugar.
Oleum HYoecYAifi. P. Oil of Hyoscyamus. Is prepared by mace- rating in a gentle heat one part of the leaves, or tops, of hjoscyamus in two parts of olive oil. It is anodyne externally.
Olbuh Hypebici. See Oil op St. John's Wobt.
Oleum Hyssopi. See Oil of Hyssop.
Oleum Jasmini. See Essence of Jasmin.
Oleum Ibjdis. See Essence of Violets.
Oleum Junipehi. L. E. D. P. Oil of Juniper. Is procured from juni- per-berries by distillation, and retains their aroma and warm pungent taste. It is very sparingly soluble in alcohol. Adulterated with oil of turpentine, which may be known from its stronger smell, when a drop is rubbed between the palms of the hands, and from its burning with a thick black smoke. MefUcinally it is diuretic, stimulant, carminative, and sudorific, and is given rubbed up with sugar or mucilage in doses of iT\,ij to nt^ in dyspepsia, dropsy, hydrothorax, &c. It is a good adjunct to digitalis when prescribed as a diuretic.
Oleum Latebitium. See Oil of Bbicks.
Oleum Lavandulb. L. E. D. P. Oil of Lavender is procured from the flowers by distillation (see Lavanduls Flobes), and retains their fragrance and warm taste. Adulterated, like other essential oils, with alcohol, oil of turpentine, &C., which may be detected by the means above given under Olba DisTiLLATA. The foreign oil of lavender is not so fine as the English, because the herb is distilled along with the flowers. It is always best during the year it is made, and, if it is wanted to keep longer, it must be mixed with an equal quantity of highly-rectified spirit of wine. Without this, particularly if kept in large bottles, or frequently opened, it will grow thick, rancid, or foetid. What is for sale within the year ought to be kept unmixed ; and if any remain unsold, it may with very little loss be returned in the distillation of the following year. See Lavendeb Wateb. Medicinally it is stimulant and nervine, and is sometimes prescribed in doses of TT\,j to ii\^v on a bit of lump sugar in nervous cephalalgia and .hysteria. It is also added to ointments; it covers the smell of sulphur ointment. Enter* into Ung. Sulphuris. E.
Oleum Laubi Nobilis. E. Laurel Oil. Procured from the berries by expression, is limpid and insipid, and is employed externally as a stimulant for inddlent tumours, sprains, rheumatic pains, and also for itch, to destroy vermin, &c.
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282 OLEU
Olrum LAimi SA86iiFRA8. £. D. Sassafras Oil. Procured by distil- lation from the chips of the bark and wood. It is fragrant, Tery hot, and acrid to the taste, and of a transparent yellow colour. Its specific gravity is 1 •094, it is consequently heavier than water. Its refractive power is the same as oil of doves. Medicinally it is stimulant, diuretic, and diaphoretic, and is given in doses of 1T\. j to ii\^x in atonic dyspepsia, sea scurvy, chronic gout, and also in lepra and other cutaneous disorders.
Oleum Limonis. L. £. See Ltmones and Essbkcb of Lbmon-pbbl.
Olbum Liki. L. £. D. P. Linseed Oil. Is procured by expression from bruised flax-seed. It has also the same properties as o^ve oil, but is nauseous and of a disagreeable odour. It soon also becomes rancid. The spec. grav. is '9^3,
Medicinalfy it is eccoprotic, emollient, and demulcent, and is frequently prescribed in form of enema in flatulent colic, piles, strictures of the rectum depending on ulcerations, and externally in form of cataplasm and liniment. It is sometimes prescribed as a purgative in doses of 58S to Sj. Enters into Liniment. Aquse Calcis. E.
Oleum de Lumbricis. P. Oil of Earthworms. Take ftiv eadi of live earthworms, fresh olive oil, and good white wine. Wash the worms, and put them with the wine and the oil in a vessel ; place this beside a gentle fire till all the watery liquid be dissipated; strain by expression, leave it to settle, then decant and preserve. Medicinally it is reputed to be discutient when applied to tumours, and in the case of articular pains; but it does not appear that the worms add much to the effects of the oil and the wine.
Oleum Macis. See Oleum Myristica.
Oleum Marjoranjb. See Oleum Orioani.
Olbum MsLALEUCiB. See Cajeputi Oleum.
Oleum Melissa. See Oil of Balm.
Oleum Menthje Piperitjb. L.E. D. P. Oil of Peppermint. Ph)-
cured by distillation from the dried herb. It is highly fragrant, and
tastes at first hot, and then cold. It is of a yellowish-brown colour,
and has a spec. grav. of '9070.
Adulterated with one-third of spirit of wine, which may be detected
by its rendering water milky. Medicinally it is chiefly used in making pill masses, as its carminative properties tend to prevent rhubarb, senna, scammony, aloes, and colocynth, from griping. It may be given as an antispasmodic, or stimulant, in doses of ii\j to iT\,iij dropped upon a bit of lump sugar. See Peppermint Drops and Lozenobs. Enters into Pil. Aloes cum ZJngibere. D. Pil. Rhei Comp. E.
Digitized by
OLEU 285
Olbum M bnthjb V1BIDI8. L. D. P. Oil of Spearmint. Procured by
distillation from the dried herb. It has a warm^ pungent taste^ but
not so strong as oil of peppermint. The spec grav. is '9^94. It is
dearer than the preceding.
Medicinally it is employed in the same cases as the preceding^ but in
doses of at least one-third more. Enters info Infus. Months Comp. D.
Olbum Mybisticjb. £. D. Oil of Nutmeg and Oil of Mace. The oil of nutmeg possesses the odour and taste of the nutmeg in a con- centrated degree; it is of a pale straw colour, and l^hter than water. What is erroneously called oil of mace is composed of fixed oil, volatile oil, and wax. When first drawn, or expressed, it is limpid and yellow, but on cooling acquires the consistence of sperma- ceti, and the appearance of Castile soap, being whitish and mottled with reddish brown. Medicinalhf, both are stimulant, carminatiye, and in large doses narco- tic; hence they are improper for apoplectic or paralytic patients, but useful in combination for flatulent cholic and diarrhoea.
Oleum Mtrti. See Essbncb of Mtrtlb.
Oleum Narcissi. See Essbncb of Jonquil.
Oleum db Narcoticis. P. Bourne tranquille. Take Jiv each of the leaves of stramonium, solanum nigrum, belladonna, tobacco, hyos- cyamus, and white poppy-seeds ; chop, bruise, and put them into Ovj of olive oil ; expose to heat till the liquid be nearly dissipated ; strain, and add 3 j each of the flowers or dried tops of rosemary, sage, rue, wormwood, hyssop, lavender, thyme, origanum, tansy, mint, elder, and tutsan ; macerate for several months in the sun in a close vessel ; express and strain. Medicinalltf it is anod3me externally in rheumatic and nervous pains. In doses of Jss to Jij in enemas it is soothing and emollient. The belladonna alone would probably answer better than the whole farrago.
Olbum Nucum. See Nut Oil.
Olbum Olivjb. See Olivjb Olbum.
Olbum Origani. L. D. P. Oil of Origanum, or Marjoram. Pro- cured by distiUation from the dried herb. It has the fragrant aroma of the plant, and is acrid, pungent, of a yellow dolour^ and '9090 of spec. grav. Adtdlerated with about a third or more of oil of turpentine, coloured with petroleum, which may be detected by its burning with a dense black smoke. It is not good if not made within the year, and it varies also very much with the dr3mess or wetness of the season, and with the soil where the plant grows. The best way to ascertain its
Digitized by
i84 OLEU
goodness is to rub a little between tbe palms^ and to observe tlie odour whicb is exhaled. Medicinaify it is sometimes put into tbe bole of a carious tooth to re- lieve tooth-ache, It is stimulant, stomachic, and emmenagogue in doses of TT\j to ii\ij, but is seldom used.
Oleum Ossium. Oil of fiones. See Olbum Corn. Cbrv.
Oleum PALMiS. See Palm Oil and Oleum Ricini.
Oleum Papavebis. Poppy OiL Is obtained from poppy-seeds by ex- pression, and is emollient, drying, and does not readily become rancid. It is not at all narcotic Seldom used in medicine.
Oleum Pbtbje. See Petroleum.
Oleum Pimentjb. L. £, D. Pimenta Oil. Is procured by distillation from the allspice berries, and is very aromatic^ and tastes like the berries. Medicinally it is stimulant, stomachic, and carminative, and is sometimes added to purgatives to prevent them from griping, and to nauseous medicines to conceal their taste. The dose is TT\.iij to ti^^v, rubbed up with sugar or mucilage. Enters into Emplast. Aromatic. D.
Oleum Pimpinella. See Oleum Anisi.
Oleum Pini. See Oil of Tar and Oleum Terebinth. Rbctif.
Oleum Pulegii. L. D. P. Oil of Pennyroyal. Is procured by dis- tillation from the dried herb. It retains the odour and taste of the plant, is of a yellowish-red colour, and '9390 of spec. grav. Medicinally it is stimulant, antispasmodic, and reputed to be emmena- gogue. It is prescribed in doses of ity to n^v dropped on a lut of lump sugar, or as an adjunct to aloetic or chalybeate pOls for chlorosb^ hysteria, &c
Oleum Rhodii. See Oil of Rhodium.
Oleum Ricini. L. £. D. P. Castor Oil, the word ^ Castor" being a corruption of Castus, from its supposed antaphrodisiac virtues; Oleum Palmce liquidum, Oleum kervinum. O. Palma Christi OiL See Ricini Semina. Prepared by taking off the outer coat of the seeds of the Ricmui com" munis, or Palma Christi, bruising them in a marble mortar with a wooden pestle, and then expressing the oil without heat : hence it is said to be cold drawn. Or, By first roasting the seeds in a slight degree, expressing the oil, and then dissipating its acrid principle by boiling. P.
, Soluble in alcohol of spec. grav. '820, and in ether, differing in this from the other fixed oils. With one part of camphor to eight of alcohol, spec. grav. *840, castor oil is dissolved. When boiled with a little dilute nitric acid it is converted into a hard butyraoeous sub-
Digitized by
OLEU 285
stance; and it sometimeB also takes this fonn in the howels^ and passes off* in round nodules resembling gall-stones. (Brands.)
CoHlams several acids which seem to require investigation. They have been named the ricinic^ margaric^ elaiodic, oleo-ricinic^ and stearo-ricinic acids.
Medicinally it is a valuable mild purgative in cases in which stimulant and irritating cathartics might be injurious, as in cases of pregnancy, internal inflammation, diarrhoea, dysentery, European cholera, lead colic, nephritis, cysteritis, gonorrhoea, ileus, taenia, and hysteric spasms. It is not to be trusted in obstinate constipation, unless joined with other purgatives. It is of great value after surgical operations, accidents, &c; but it ought not to be given when vomiting might prove hurtful, as it frequently produces troublesome nausea and emesis, in spite of peppermint water and other aromatics with which it may be combined. Dose 3^ to ^jss.
ExhUnied most conveniently by pouring it on a glass of cold water, or, what is preferable, peppermint water or tincture of senna. Some prefer it in form of emulsion, rubbed up with the half of the yolk of an egg with honey, or with q. s. of gum-arabic mucilage, and any aromatic water or essential oil ; but the emulsion is, I think, by far the most nauseous to the greater number of patients.
Adulterated most commonly with about a fourth part of oil of almonds^ and frequently also with linseed, olive, and poppy oil. All these may easily be detected by mixing the suspected oil with alcohol of the spec. grav. of '820, when, if any oil remain undissolved, or if the mixture appear milky or turbid, the article is not genuine. It ought also to be soluble in sulphuric ether of the spec grav. of -7563, When the adulteration with other oils is carried to any extent, some of the stronger purgative tinctures that have least colour are added to keep up the deception. As this may render the medicine improper in many cases, it would be well if practitioners were always to try their castor oil with alcohol or ether.
Genuine castor oil is glutinous, thickish, and either without colour, or of a very pole straw-yellow, and quite limpid. It is nauseous to the taste, with a slight sense of acridness. When not cold drawn it is deeper coloured, and more irritating as a purgative. This is the case with all that is brought from the West Indies, and what is prepared in Britain from the seeds, which are usually rancid from keeping. That from the East Indies is the best. When old it becomes dark- coloured and rancid.
A Substitute may be made for castor oil by triturating Jjss of olive oil with gr. iij of Venetian soap, and gr. ix of extract of jalap. Olrum R08MARINI. L. E. D. Rosemary Oil. Is procured by distil-
Digitized by
286 OLEU
ladon from the flowering tops of the Bosfnarimts qfflcinaUs. It con- tains a portion of camphor^ which> hy keeping, it deposits in crystals. The spec grav. is -9II8. It is very aroinatic> and like other essen- tial oils is stimulant and carminative^ and may he given in chlorosis, dyspepsia, &c, on a hit of lump sugar, in doses of ni^ij to lT(.iv. It is also used in pills, tinctures, and other compounds.
AduUeraled extensively with alcohol, oil of turpentine, &c, which may he detected hy the methods given under Olbum Layanduljb ; and the same remarks as to keeping, &c.^ will apply. When old it acquires a strong smell of turpentine. The English is the hest.
Enters into Alcohol Ammoniatum AromatiQ. E. Tinct. Saponis. E. Olbum Robjs. See Otto of Rosbs, Oil of Roses, and Huilb Ant.
A LA ROSB.
Olbum Rutjb. D. P. Oil of Rue. The Dublin College directs the dried plant to he distilled ; the Paris Codex orders the oil to he pre- pared by infusion. It retains the peculiar odour of the plant, and has a hot pungent taste. It is yellowish when fresh, but becomes dark coloured when old. Medicinally it is antispasmodic, and reputed anthelmintic ExteraaUy it is stimulant and rubefacient. The dose is i)\,ij to n\.v rubbed up with sugar in chlorosis, worms, dyspepsia, and externally for numbed or palsied limbs. Poisonous, See Rut^e Fol.
Oleum SABiNiS. D. Oil of Savin. Procured from the dried leaves by distillation. It is transparent like water, but of a pale yellow colour, and has a resinous odour and taste. It is stimulant, anthel- mintic, antispasmodic, and reputed to be emmenagogue. Externally it b rubefacient, and will sometimes bUster the skin. The dose is tflij to n\.YJ in chlorosis and in worms.
Oleum Sambuci. See Oil of Elder.
Oleum Spicje. See Oil of Spike.
Olbum Solani. Oil of Bittersweet Is prepared by digesting with a gentle heat one part of the twigs of Solanum dulcamara with two parts of olive <aL It is little used.
Oleum Stramonii. P. Oil of Thomapple. Is prepared in the same manner as the preceding.
Oleum Sucoini. L. E. D. P. Oil of Amber. Put a portion of amber into an alembic, so that from a sand-bath gradually heated, an acid liquor, an oil, and a salt contaminated by the oil may distil ; then let the oil be distilled a second and a third time. Adulterated with petroleum, sometimes to the extent of two-thirds. When genuine it is nearly colourless, has a strong unpleasant, bitu-
Digitized by
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Quiious smell, and a pungent taste. When old, or not redistilled as above directed, it is thick and dark-coloured.
Soiuble in water, according to Dr. A. T. Thomson (Conspectus), but insoluble, according to Mr. Brande, who is right. Sparingly soluble in alcohol'
MedicinaUy it is stimulant, antispasmodic, and externally rubefacient. ^ It may be given with mucilage in doses of n\.v to TT\xij for chlorosis and spasmodic disorders. Externally as a liniment in hooping-cough, the singultus of infants, paralysis, Slc
Enters into Spir. Ammonie Succinatus. L.
Oleum Succini Oxidatum. Oxidated Oil of Amber. Into 5j of oil of amber in a glass vessel gradually drop 5iijss of nitric acid, stirring it with a glass rod. I«et it stand 36 hours, and separate the super- natant resinous matter from the acid beneath, and wash it first with hot, and then with cold water, till it do not taste sour. Properties, similar to musk, for which it may be used.
Olbum Sulphubatum. L. E, Sulphurated Oil. Take Jij of washed sulphur, Oj of olive oil ; heat the oil in a very large iron vessel, and add the sulphur gradually, constantly stirring, till they have united. DecomposiHoH, The sulphur is partly united with the oil in the form of a viscid brown-coloured substance, and partly by means of the heat forms sulphuretted hydrogen. Medicinally it is acrid and stimulant, and was formerly in great repute as a balsam for coughs and pectoral disorders ; but from its irritating pn^rtiea must have often proved injurious. The dose is tl^v to 5ss in a glass of water, and with from v\^ to n\.iij of oil of anise-seed ; but it is seldom used at present. Externally it is applied as a deter- gent to indolent and foul ulcers, which have an ichorous or sanious discharge. It is also used in the composition of plasters. Enters into Emplast. Ammoniad cum Hydrarg. L. Emplast. Hy- drargyri. L.
Olbum Tjbojb. See Oil of Tar.
Olbum Tartabi. See Liquor Potabsjs.
Olbum TBRSBiNTHiNiB. See Tbbebinthina Olbum.
Olbum Tuyml See Oil of Thyme.
Olbum Tiolii. See Tiolii Olbum.
Olbum Tubbross. See Essbnce of Tuberose.
Oleum Viridb. Green Oil, or Exeter Oil. A formerly popular, but nearly obsolete preparation, made by boiling Jiij each of the fresh leaves of laurel, rue, marjoram, wormwood, and camomile, in two pints of olive oil, till the herbs are crisp, when they are to be pressed out Mr. Gray says it is emollient !
Oleum Vitrioli. See Acidum Sulphuricum.
Digitized by
288 OLIV
Olibanum. L. £. D. P. Frankincense. A gum resin^ derived from the Juniperus Lycla, J, Phcenicia, J. Thurifera, or rather the BoswelUa serrata. (Roxb.) It is supposed hy some to be the Frankincense of the ancients.
Genuine Olibanum is in form of tears of a whitish yellow, partly translucent, and partly opaque, covered usually with a white powder, smelling slightly of turpentine. The spec. grav. ought to be 1-1782. The best is imported from the Levant.
Composed of eight parts of a fragrant volatile oil, 56 parts of resin, 80 parts of gum, and 5-2 of a substance somewhat like gum, but insoluble in water or alcohol. (Bracconot.)
Soluble in part in alcohol and ether, and sparingly in water, with which, when triturated, it forms a milky mixture.
Medicinally it is stimulant and diaphoretic, and is occasionally pre- scribed in doses of 9j to 5j thrice a day in gleets and leucQrrhcea in the form of electuary. It was once considered to be an expectorant, but is now chiefly employed to perfume sick rooms by burning it* It is also used as a stimulant in plasters. OLiviB Oleum. L. E. D. P. Olive Oil, Salad ml, or Sweel oil U procured by expression from olives, the fruit of the Olea Europcea. It is composed of 72 parts oil and 28 parts of a whitish suet. (Bbacconot.)
AduUeraled with inferior olive oil, prepared by boiling and fermenting the pulp, after the good oil has been expressed. This inferior sort is brought to the market in jars ; while the prime oil is put up in glass flasks. The inferior oil is generally thinner than the prime, and very commonly rancid. The rancidity is sometimes removed or concealed by lead. When this has been done, shake it together with three parts of water, impregnated with sulphuretted hydrogen, which will change it to a dark brown colour. Poppy <»!, which is very usually added to olive oil, may be detected by freexing a portion, as the olive oil congeals at 38<^, while the poppy oil remains fluid. Pemitrate of mercury, also, will in a few hours congeal genuine olive oil at a cool temperature, but will not act on other fixed oils.
Insoluble in alcohol and in water; but may be suspended and mixed by means of a few drops of solution of potass or ammonia, of mucilage^ or yolk of eggs. With alkalies and lime it forms soap. It readily attracts oxygen from the atmosphere, and becomes rancid.
Medicituilli/ it is a gentle laxative, much milder than castor oil : but is seldom prescribed. The dose is ^ss to ^jss or more, triturated with mucilage, &c. It is a good demulcent, when acrid or corrosive poisons have been swallowed. It was erroneously supposed to be an
Digitized by
OPIU iiSiJ:
antidote to the bite^ of the viper, and other snakes. Externally it is used in preparing liniments with more active substances, such as ammonia, cantharides, and belladonna, whose powers it concentrates and retains on the skin. It has been recommended to be rubbed on the skin in dropsy, but the effects, if any, are very trifling. In plague it appears on good evidence to be useful, when anointed all over the body. This is even said to prevent plague. It forms a good emollient injection in gonorrhoea, piles, dysentery, ulcerated rectum, &c. It is also used in making plasters and ointments.
Olives, when preserved, are astringent, and are said to prevent wine from producing inebriation, when a few are eaten previous to a debauch.
Olivila. New, A name given by M. Pelletier to the residuum left upon gently evaporating the alcoholic solution of the gum which exudes from the olive-tree.
Onion. AUum cepa. P. Is diuretic, expectorant, and anthelmintic. Onion tea is a favourite provincial remedy for coughs. Externally the juice of onions is stimulant, and is applied in tooth-ache, nervous deafness, and to the scalp, to increase the growth of hair ; though it has not probably iemy such efiect. A roasted or boiled onion, applied to a small tumour, is a good digestive, and to a foul sore a good detergent.
Oniscvs. Wood-Louse, or Slater. See Millepedjb.
Onoporddu Acanthium. p. Cotton Thistle. A native plant; the fresh juice has been applied to cancerous and other ulcers, but with ver}' doubtful eflScacy. It is bitter, and slightly astringent.
Onosma Echioioes. p. The root is said to be a substitute for that of alkanet.
Ophiorrhiza Mungos. p. The root is intensely bitter, and has been prescribed for mania, hydrophobia, and the bites of poisonous serpents.
Opiate is a term almost synonymous with anodyne and sedative ; and though it is chiefly applied to medicines which have opium for their basis, it is not rigidly confined to these. See Delescot.
Opianb. See Narcotine.
Opii Extractum Narcotina Privatum. Extract of opium freed from Narcotine. Macerate opium coarsely-powdered in cold water, filtrate and evaporate to the consistence of syrup ; digest in rectified ether, and repeat the process as long as any crystals of narcotine are formed in the residuum. Then evaporate the solution. MedicinaUy it is given in doses of gr. j to gr. vj as an opiate.
Opium. L. E. D. P, The concrete juice of the white poppy. Papaver somniferwn. A native of the south of Europe, and of the East.
Digitized by
J90 OPIU
The term is derived from the Greek otoc, which simplf means juice. There are 40,000ft annuallj imported into London alone.
Procured by planting the young poppies in rows about six inches asunder ; and at first watering them abundantly. When six or eight inches high, they are richly manured, and again watered abundantly as they are about to flower. When the capsules or germens are about half grown, the collection of the opium commences, by mating in each, at sun-set, two or three longitudinal ircisions, taking care not to penetrate through to the cavity where the seed is lodged. Through these incisions the juice flows, and as it concretes, it is removed, and put into earthen pots, beiqg afterwards dried in the sun. It is then formed into balls or cakes, and wrapped up in poppy or tobacco leaves, and again further dried.
Turkey Opium, which is the best, is imported in flat cakes of a solid form, with fragments of leaves, and the reddish seeds of some sort of dock adhering to it. Its solution is not disturbed by that of the acetate of barytes, or of oxalic acid, and consequently it contains no sulphate of lime. The inferior sorts have none of the reddish seeds adhering to them.
Etui Indian Opium is in rounded masses of a darker colour, and more smooth and soft texture, with a burnt smell, and a less bitter but more nauseous taste. It is wholly soluble in water, and therefore contains no gluten. It gives a precipitate with oxalic acid, and with acetate of barytes, and therefore contains sulphate of lime. It con- tains one third less morphine than Turkey opium, and is therefore so much weaker.
English Opium has lately been partially cultivated ; and externally it is like the East Indian, but lighter in colour, though in quality it is said to equal the Turkish. This, however, would seem to depend very much on the seasons. For an account of its culture, see Edinb. Phil. Joum. ii. 262; and Brande's Joum, ix. 69. I am afraid that we have little chance of succeeding in making its cultivation very extensive or lucrative.
Genuine Opium smells heavy and narcotic, has a very disagreeable bitter taste, with a warmish and subacrid after-taste. It is of a deep rich fawn or brown colour, of a tough and plastic consistency, and of a smooth uniform texture, marking paper with an interrupted streak. It has a spec grav. of 1*336 ; which is one of the best tests of its purity, as few vegetable products are so heavy, if we except gum arable and opoponax.
Bad Opium wants the peculiar narcotic odour or smell of empyreuraa : is friable or soft, full of dark brown, or black patches, or is all of a deep black, marks paper with a continuous brown streak,, tinges
Digitized by
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OPIU S91
water yellow, easily melts when exposed to heat, and tastes sweetish.
AduUeraled so very extensirely, that little opium, altogether genuine, is to be found; as the high price is an irresistible temptation to fraud. Pieces of lead and small stones are often found imbedded in 4 the best opium to increase the weight ; and all sorts of extracts and | substances, the least likely to be detected, are mixed with it from the ) extract of poppies, or of liquorice, to the dung of sheep and oxen. [ Extracts of belladonna, hemlock, and other narcotics, are sometimes / added, but more commonly aloes, gum arable, or tragacanth ; or / extract of celandine and lettuce.
Chemically, opium contains the two active principles of Morphia and Narcotine ; the first in combination with Meconic Acid, in the form of Meconite of Morphine. Besides these, it contains a sort of gum, gluten, volatile oil, along with a little sulphate of lime, and alwa3r8 more or less impurity; frequently as much as one-fourth, or one-third.
Soluble in water, ether, and alcohol; but much more so in vinegar, lemon-juice, or any of the vegetable acids in solution ; on which latter principle it is that the Black Drop, the Liquor Opii Sedativus of Battley, Rousseau's Drops, &c, are prepared.
Incompatible with infusion or tincture of galls, infusion or tincture of bark, alkalies and alkaline carbonates, acetate and superacetate of lead, corrosive sublimate, nitrate of silver, and the sulphates of eofiper, iron, and sine. It is also improper to combine it with stimulants, when it is intended as an anod3me. (Orfila.)
Medicinally/ opium ranks high as a narcotic, sedative, and anodyne; but it usually acts first as a stimulant, and the sedative and narcotic effects are apparently the consequent collapse of the system, as the sequela of excitement. Some maintain that it acts directly as a sedative, without the intervention of excitement. It decreases the secretion of most of the glands, such as the kidneys, the parotids, the liver; and it produces constipation of the bowels, and sometimes diminbhes, though at other times it increases, the cutaneous perspiration. When it excites, the first feelings are heat of the body, thirst, absence of mind, and sometimes head-ache and vertigo; afterwards exhiliration of mind, removal of pain, ending in drowsi- ness, and sleep, which is usually disturbed with painful dreams. On awaking, nausea, languor, and feverlshness, often succeed. It is also a powerful antispasmodic and astringent. In the East, and on the Continent, it is reputed to be one of the best aphrodisiacs. When frequently taken, the effects diminish ; and the dose, in such cases, must be increased to produce the desired effect. It is likewise a powerfoil corrigent of other medicines.
Digitized by
2.02 OPIU
Improper where there is much inflammation, or a tendency to it, as in hard dry cough; and in the diathesis called hilious, it seldom agrees; prohably because there is a tendency to hepatitis. There are many individuals, also, who cannot bear opium from some peculiarity of constitution. In diminished glandular secretion also, such as in obstructions of the liver or kidneys, costiveness, and thirst, opium is seldom eligible. Young children ought not to take it, unless in great emergencies.
Prescribed in small doses as an excitant in typhus, and atonic and gan- grenous states of the system ; and to diminish secretion in diabetes, diarrhoea, menorrhagia, sanious ulcers, &c. ; and at the period of wean- ing, to stop the milk in the breasts. In larger doses to allay pain and nervous irritability, wherever it can be done without the danger of producing or increasing inflammation, as in chronic rheumatism, nervous pains^ gout, gravel, stone, carcinoma, malignant fungus, aneurism, fever, intermit tents, &c.,' attending to the cautions above, and particularly to the state of the bowels. In coughs it is invalu- able, when judiciously managed, and in all spasmodic disorders, such as chorea, hysteria, tetanus, &c.; it is the most powerful drug known. It is for this reason that it is so useful in asthma, cholera, hiccup, vomiting, hooping-cough, pyrosis, &c., which are partly spasmodic.
Dose gr. 4^ to gr. ss when prescribed as a stimulant ; from gr. j to gr. iv when given as an anodyne ; and even this dose may be exceeded in cases c^ haemorrhage, and when it is employed as an antispasmodic When the system becomes callous to ordinary doses, it ought to be discontinued for a time, till the sensibility to its influence is restored. This is particularly necessary to be attended to when it becomes a daily necessary in incurable and painful disorders, such as carcinoma, tic douloureux, stone, &c. Some opium eaters have taken doses of 5iij.
Combined with other medicines the powers of opium are often wonder- fully increased, or rendered more useful ; so much so indeed, as to be available in almost every disease in some of its stages. Mercury, for example, is prevented by opium from passing ofl* by the bowels ; and when opium is combined with ipecacuan or antimonials, the effects are directed almost entirely to the skin, as in the case of Dover's Powder, one of the best sudorifics known. Combined with vegetable acids, such as the citric acid, the sedative powers of opium are greatly increased, and its more disagreeable effects greatly obviated.
Overdoses of opium, when not going the length of serious alarm, may be combated at first by bitters, such as infusion of chamomile or wormwood, in moderate doses ; or, what Is still better, strong coflce
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infused, not boiled. Vinegar and vegetable acids have been recom* mended, b it it appears that these are improper at first ; though useful in the after treatment. When sleep or drowsiness is protracted so '. as to cause alarm^ exciting the system by hot brandy and water, and affusion of cold water, will be proper.
Externally opium is sometimes said to be advantageously applied in form of ointment or liniment ; as over the stomach to allay vomiting or spasm ; along the spine in convulsions, &c, but it is not, I think, to be trusted to alone. In form of enema or suppository, it is often powerful in dysentery and diarrhoea; and in form of a watery injection in spasmodic stricture, gonorrhoea, leucorrhoea, &c. Applied to a hollow tooth, it sometimes eases tooth-ache. It may also some- times give relief to painful sores, such as open cancer, malignant fungus, irritable stumps after amputation, &c.
Poisonous, producing, in large doses, giddiness, drowsiness, stupor, and afterwards delirium, paleness of the countenance, cold sweats, deep breathing, convulsions, apoplexy, and death.
Treatment, Evacuate the stomach as soon as possible, by means of the stomach pump, or an emetic of sulphate of copper or zinc, in the dose of gr. x dissolved in 5 j of warm water, and repeated, if neces- sar}', in 20 minutes. If the emetics will not operate, a£fusion of cold water will sometimes quicken their operation. When the stomach has been evacuated, if the drowsiness continue, strong coffee^ vinegar and water, hot brandy and water, ether, bleeding from the jugular vein, and the cold affusion, or the warm bath, will be proper, fol- lowed by tonics and purgatives.
Test, There are no certain tests of the presence of opium, though it may be readily detected by its peculiar smell, or by separating from it the Morphine and Narcotine, by the methods given under those articles.
Enters into Ext. Opii. L. E. D. Confect. Opii. L. E. Elect. Catechu. E. Opium Pur. D. Pil. Opii. E. Pil. Saponis cum Opio. L. Pulv. Cornu Usti cum Opio. L. Pulv, Cretae Comp. cum Opio. L, Pulv. Ipecacuanhs Comp. L. E. D. Pulv. Opiatus. E. Tinct. Camphors Comp. L. D. Tinct. Opii. L. E. D. Tinct. Opii Am- moniata. E. Troch. Glycyrrhiza? cum Opio. E.
In Farriay, see Tincture op Opium.
Opium Purificatum. D. Purified Opium. Take ftj of opium cut into small pieces, and Oxij of rectified spirit of wine ; digest in a gentle heat, stirring it from time to time, till the opium is dissolved, filter the solution through paper, distil off the spirit, and evaporate the remainder to a proper consistency, — soft for pills, and hard for other puqwscs.
Digitized by
294 ORIG
MedicinaUtf, it mty be employed in the same way as opium*
Enters into Elect. Catechu Comp. D. Pil, e Styrace. D,
Opobalsamum. See Balm of Mbcca^ and Amtris Gilbad.
Opocalpasum is a tough dark coloured balsam, of a bitter taste. The tree whence it exudes is not ascertained by botanists.
Opodbldoc. See Stbbbs^ and Linimbnt. Sapon. Comp. L.
Opoponax. L. £. D. P. The gum resin of the Pasiinaca opopomax, a native of Italy. When the roots of the plant are cut into> a milky juice exudes^ which being dried in the sun, is the gum resin. It is in small lumps, drops, or tears, of a reddish-yellow colour externally, but white when broken, of a strong odour like galbanum, and of a bitter acrid taste. Besides the resin and the gum, it contains an essential oU, and a little caoutchouc. The spec. grav. is 1 *6226> being heavier than opium or gum arabic McdicineUly it is stimulant, antispasmodic, carminative, emmenagc^e, and deobstruent, and is given in doses of gr. x to 58s in chlorosis, hysteria, cough, humoral asthma, &c., but is seldom used at present
Orange. See Aurantii Bacc. bt Cort.
Orangbadb is made by adding essence of orange-peel to lemon-juice, with water and sugar.
Orangb-flowbr Buttbr for perfumery, is imported from L^hom, Florence, and the south of France; but the French being made with lard, does not keep so long as the Italian, which is made with oil of ben, or fine olive-oil. It may be made in hot summers in England as follows : take six quarts of thick golden-coloured virgin oil of olives, with Ibij of fresh-gathered orange-fiowers, with their yellow stamens; let these macerate in the oil for 24 hours, then strain, and repeat the process with fresh flowers three or four times. Allow the dregs to subside, and then mix very gradually with tfeiij-t of very fine yellow wax ; beat the whole to a smooth uniform consistence, and preserve for use in small pots. It will keep good two years.
Oranob Marmalade. See Marmalajob.
Orange Pbas for issues;, are from the unripe fruit of Cura9oa oranges.
Orchis. See Salbp.
Orgeat. Blanch Ibij of sweet, and fe^ of bitter almonds, pounded fine with water; strain through a tamis, and add ftiv of very fine white sugar ; boil for ten minutes, add a quarter of a pint of orange-flower water, skim, and when cold bottle up, and wax the cork. When wanted to drink fresh, add water or milk, and S3rrup, with orange- flower water, to the blanched almonds, without boiling.
Origanum. L. D. P. Common Marjoram. Origanum vulgare. Is of an aromatic odour, and warm pungent taste, resembling thyme. It
Digitized by
OTTO «95
is tonic, stimulant^ and canuinative^ in doses of gr. x to 9j in dyspepsia and chlorosis; but seldom used, except for preparing the essential oil, which enters into the composition of some ointments. Enter* into OL Origani. L. D.
Obioani Marjobanjb Herba. £. D. p. Sweet Marjorum. A native of the south of Europe, which has similar aromatic and tonic pro- perties to the preceding. It is also errhine, and used for cephalic snuff, and as a seasoning ingredient in the kitchen. Enters into Pulv. Asari Comp. E. D.
Obobanchb Viboiniana. Beech Drop, or Cancer Root An American parasite plant, powerfully astringent. The infusion is used as a wash or gargle.
Obpiubnt^ or King's Yellow^ is the native sulphuret, or rather sesqui- sulphuret of arsenic, and contains 38 parts of arsenic^ and 24 of sulphur. It is also termed Rusma in old books. Artificially it may be made by fusing together equal parts of arsenious acid and sulphur; and when wanted very pure by transmitting a current of sulphuretted hydrogen gas through a solution of arsenious acid. Adulterated with ochres, and other substances, which generally impair
the colour. Used in painting, in dyeing yellows, and also to make fly water^ for destroying flies. It forms the basis of all the depilatories, being ex- tremely caustic. Poisonous, producing all the violent symptoms of arsenical poisons. See Absbnici Oxyb.
Obpinb. Sedum telepkium, P. A native plant, with thick fleshy leaves, which are detersive and emollient^ when applied in form of cataplasm to ulcers, and to varices ani.
Obbicb Root. See Ibis Flobentina.
Obtza. p. See Rige.
OssA. p. Bones used in preparing bone-black, and to adulterate harts- horn shavings.
Os Sbpls. p. Cuttle-fish Bone. Procured from the Sepia qffidnaUs, and pulverised as an absorbent dentifrice. It is also given to cattle, and used as a material for small moulds by goldsmiths.
OsMUNDA Reoalis. P. Royal Flowering Fern. A native plant, very common in the marshes in the south of Ireland. It is astringent^ and, like the male fern, is also reputed to be vermifuge. Mr. Gray says it is '^ a specific for rickets! !"
OsTBBA. See Oystbb and Testa.
Otto of Roses, or Attar of Roses, is prepared in the East from the petals of the damask and other roses, by distOlation, exposing the
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product to tlie cool night air, and skimming off the fine oil that floats on the surface. It is brought to England chiefly as presents to per- sons of rank, in small square or round gilt bottles, each containing about one ounce. The perfume is so line, that the hundredth part of a drop on the point of a needle will perfume a pair of gloves while they last. By liquefying by means of heat, and dropping the otto on loaf sugar and grinding it, the perfume may be very extensively diffused. Adulterated with oil of sandal- wood, spermaceti being added to imitate the crystalline appearance of the genuine. The genuine is of a pale gold colour, and of the consistency of Venice turpentine. Imitated in England by skimming the oil that is formed in the distilla- tion of rose water. This mixes well with oil of rhodium ; but, as it is usually mixed with water, it seldom keeps long, and soon becomes rancid. OuRETiG Acid. This is only biphosphate of soda. Ovum. L. P. The Egg of the barn-door Fowl, Phasianus gaUus, or any other egg, as all eggs have nearly the same properties. The white, or Albumen, is mucilaginous, emollient, nutritive, and the French say aphrodisiac. It is chiefly used for clarifying turbid liquors, which it does like isinglass, by forming a precipitating mem- brane, or mechanical filter. It blackens silver. The yoUc, yelk, or viteUus, is also albuminous, and contains a pe- culiar oil. It is excellent in bilious and liver affections, when eaten soft boiled, swallowed raw, or beat up with a little wine and water. By living on raw eggs and a little bread, some hopeless cases of chronic hepatitis are said to have been cured. It is also somewhat aperient when rubbed up with sugar, in form of emulsion. But it is chiefly used in pharmacy, for mixing oils and other substances with water. The oil is prepared by beating the yolks of eggs in a silver vessel, eva- porating in a water-bath, and pressing out the oil between two iton plates, heated in boiling water. It is used to anoint chapped nipples, and to drop into the ears in deafness from deficiency of the wax. It is the Oleum e vitellis, P. The shells contain phosphate and carbonate of lime, and are reputed to be vermifuge by old women. Oxalates are combinations of alkaline or metallic bases with oxalic acid, such as oxalate of potass, and oxalate of iron. The oxalates of lime, magnesia, and barytes, are nearly insoluble in water ; and hence lime water and magnesia are good antidotes for oxalic acid. Oxalate of lime is the basis of the mulberry calculus. Oxalate of Ammonia is an excellent test of lime, which it readily
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precipitates by the oxalic acid leaving the ammonia, and going over to the lime. When there is excess of acid in the solution, however, this precipitate is soluble in nitric or muriatic acid.
Oxalate of Potass, or rather the Binoxalate, is what is termed Essen" tial salt of lemons, and is used for taking out stains, as the oxalic acid destroys vegetable colours, and those which have iron for a basis, such as ink.
Oxalic Acid. See Acidum Oxalicum.
OxALis. See Acetosell2b Folia.
Ox-Gall. Fel bavinum, P. When fresh, is bitter, antacid, and sto- machic, in doses of n^xx to TT^xxx. An extract may also be made by mixing it with water, boiling, and evaporating it to the consistence of extract. The dose is gr. iij to gr. viij twice a day. Externally it is cosmetic. The extract is used by painters to mix with their colours, to destroy their greasiness, and to wash tracing paper, to make it bear ink ; and ivory, to make it take on colours.
Oxidated Oil op Amber. See Ol. Succ. Oxid.
Oxide, or Oxyde, a term applied to combinations of oxygen with me- tallic bases, such as in the instances of the oxides of mercury, arsenic, lead, &c., which will be found described under their proper heads.
OxiDUM Ferri Nigrum. P. Black Oxide of Iron, or JEthiops martial. Take 500 parts of very pure sulphate of soda, 4000 parts of distilled water, dissolve the sulphate in the water, filter, and add gradually 500 parts of subcarbonate of soda, dissolve in 4000 parts of distilled water ; wash the matter which is precipitated, and dry it with care ; put to it a weak acid in the proportion of three to eight, place the mixture in a retort, distil, and leave the residue, which is the oxide, to oooL Medicinal^ it is tonic, astringent, and deobstnient ; but is not much used.
OxiDUM Ferri Rubrum. E. D. P. Red Oxide of Iron. Colcothar, or Fermm viiriolalum ustum. O. Expose sulphate of iron to an intense heat, till it becomes red. The Dublin college orders it to be washed, and dried on blotting-papef . Chemically it is a peroxide of iron, the sulphuric acid being driven off by the heat. When it is not washed, however, it retains a portion of the sulphate. Medicinally it is astringent, styptic, tonic, and stimulant. It is applied externally, in form of powder, to atonic ulcers, and internally in doses of gr. V to gr. x, but is seldom prescribed. Enters into Murias Ammonic et Ferri. £. D.
OxiDUM ZiNCi Impurum. E. D. Impure Oxide of Zinc, or Tutty. It
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i$ suUimed in roasting tlie ores of sine with those of lead. It usually contains day^ and other oxides. MedmnMy it is used as a styptic and astringent^ in form of cnntment
and liniment. Enters into Oxid. Zinci Impurum Pnep. £. Ung. Oxidi Zinci Im-> puri. £. D.
OxiouM Zinci Impurum Praparatum. £. It is prepared like the preceding^ and has similar properties.
OxiODiNE^ the name given by Sir H. Davy to Iodic add.
OxLRY'a £88BNCE OF GiNGBB is precisely the same as the Tinctura ZiNOiBERis^ which see.
OxYCROCBUM. A warm discutient plaster, prepared by melting together and straining Jiv each of yellow wax, black resin, and liquid pitch, with 5xj each of Chia turpentine, gum ammoniac, myrrh, olibanum, galbanura, and mastich, and Jijss of saffron.
OzY IODIC Acid. A combination of iodic add with oxygen. When this is again combined with a metallic base it forms an oxyiode. (Sir H. Davy.)
OxYMBL jEruoinis. See Oxymbl Cupri Acbt.
OxYMBL CoLCHici. D. See Acbtum Ck)LCHici. L.
OzTMBL CoLCHici. D. Oxymel of Meadow Saffron. Take Jj of fresh colchicum root sliced small, fbj of distilled vinegar, and fl^ij of clarified honey ; macerate in a gentle heat for 48 hours, strain by pressure, and boil the liquor with the honey to the thickness of syrup, stirring it with a wooden spoon. Medicinally it is given in doses of 5j to Jj twice a day in gruel as an expectorant and diuretic ; but the boiling dissipates much of the active prindple.
OxYMEL CuPHi AcBTATUM. Take 5j of acetate of copper, Jvij of vinegar, ^xiv of clarified honey ; dissolve the verdigrise in the vine- gar, strain the solution, mix with the honey, and boil to the con- sistence of syrup. It is an excellent application to scrofulous and foul ulcers.
Oxymel Scilljb. L. D. Oxjrmel of Squills. Oxymel scUMoum. O. Take ibiij of clarified honey, Oij of vinegar of squills ; boil down in a glass vessel over a slow fire, till the whole acquire a proper consbtence. Medicinally it is given in doses of 5ss to Jss mixed with any aromatic water, as an expectorant in cough and humoral asthma, and as a diuretic in dropsy. It may also be given as a nauseant or emetic in hooping-cough. It often removes hoarseness when used as a linctus.
Oxymel Simplex. L. D. Simple Oxymel. Mel acetatum, O. Take Ibij of clarified honey, Oj of acetic add ; boil over a slow fire, to a
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proper onsistence. It is a good basii for gargles in sore tbroat^ and for allaying tickling coughs; but it is injured in efficacy by the long boiling that is ordered^ the active portion being partly driven off. It is better to mix the honey with the vinegar diluted in distilled water^ by putting them in a vessel set in boiling water.
OxYuuRiAs HYDRARGyRi. See Hydraroyri Oxymurias.
OxYMURiATES are chemical preparations formed with alkalies^ metals^ &c^ and chlorine or oxymuriatic acid. They are more properly termed chlorates.
OxYMURiATE OF LiMB^ or Chlorate of Lime, is a deliquescent salt, of a sharp bitter taste, soluble in alcohol. It gives out oxygen when heated.
OxTMURiATB OF PoTAss, or Chlorate of Potass, is prepared by passing chlorine through a solution of potass in Woolf 's apparatus, and allow- ing crystals to form. It is used in chemical experiments, and for making chemical matches.
OxYMURiATE OF SoDA, or Chlorate of Soda, is prepared in the same way, and has very similar properties.
Oxymuriatic Acid. See Chlorine.
Oyster. Ostrea edulis. P. Like other shell- fish the oyster is nutritive and non-stimulant, and a good food for convalescents. The green colour of oysters (erroneously supposed to arise from the shells coming from copper- banks) arises from the growth of marine con^ fervcti or crowsilk, which is not poisonous. The shells are used to prepare an absorbent powder. See Testae.
PjBONY. Pceonia offictnaUs, A native plant of rare occurrence, said to be antispasmodic. Oribasius recommended a necklace of the root as a specific in epilepsy ; but he always accompanied it with cojnous evacuations.
Paints, in perfumery and for the toilette, are chiefly various sorts of red and white, the reds being in general termed Rouge, and the whites. Pearl powder, &c. For each of these I shall select a few receipts. Rouge* The vegetable substances which furnish rouge are red sandal- wood, alkanet root, cochineal. Brazil-wood, and especially the bastard saffron, which yields a very beautiful colour when mixed with a cer- tain quantity of talc. Some perfumers compose vegetable rouges with vinegar. These reds are liable to injure the beauty of the skin. It is more advisable to mix them with oily or unctuous matters, and to
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form salves. For this purpose you may employ balm of Meoca^ butter of Cacao, spermaceti, or oil of ben.
Mild Rouge. Take Brian9on chalk, reduce it to a very fine powder, add to it carmine in proportion to the vividness of the red which you intend to produce, and carefully triturate this mixture, whic'i maybe applied to the skin without danger. The makers of rouge, out of economy, sometimes substitute cinnabar for carmine. You may ascer- tain if carmine be genuine by its not being altered either by the mix- ture of oxalate of ammonia, or by potass. The rouge of which I have just given the composition may likewise be made up into salves ; it then produces a superior effect, being a better imitation of the natural colours.
Common Rouge, Pound in a pint of good brandy Jss of benzoin, 3 j of red sandal- wood, Jss of Brazil-wood and rock alum ; then put them into red wine, which boil till it is reduced to one-fourth part. To make use of it, dip into it a little cotton, and rub the cheeks.
Or, Take Jss of red sandal- wood reduced to powder, Jss of cloves, and Ibv of sweet almonds. Pound the whole together. Upon this paste pour 5ij of white wine, and Jjss of rose water. Stir the whole well every day. In about eight or nine days stir this paste in the same manner as you do to extract the oil of sweet almonds, and you will obtain a very good red oil.
Carmine Rouge, To prepare carmine boil 5j or Jij of cochineal, finely powdered, in eleven or twelve pints of rain-water, in a tinned copper vessel for three minuted ; then add 5xxv of alum, and continue the boiling for two minutes longer, and let it cool; draw off the clear liquor as soon as it is only blood-warm, very carefully, into shallow vessels, and put them by, laying a sheet of paper over each of them, to keep out the dust, for a couple of days, by which time the carmine will have settled. In case the carmine does not separate properly, a few drops of a solution of green vitriol will throw it down immedi- ately. The water being drawn off, the carmine is dried in a warm stove, the first coarse sediment serves to make Florence lake ; the water drawn off is liquid rouge. See Carmine.
Rouge Dishes, Of these there are two sorts : one is made in Portugal, and is rather scarce; the paint contained in the Portuguese dishes being of a fine pale pink hue, and very beautiful in its application to the face. The other sort is made in London, and is of a dirty red muddy colour ; it passes very well, however, with those who never saw the genuine Portuguese dishes, or who wish to be cheaply beau- tified. The most marked difference between these two sorts is, that the true one from Portugal is contained in dishes which are rough on • the outside ; whereas the dishes made here arc glazed quite smooth.
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Spanish Wool* There are several sorts of Spanish wool for similar use ; but that which is made here, in London, by some of the Jews, is by far the best ; that which comes from Spain being of a very dark red colour, whereas the former gives a light pale red ; and, when it is very good, the cakes, which ought to be of the size and thickness of a crown-piece, shine and glisten between a green and a gold colour. This sort of Spanish wool is always best when made in dry and hot summer weather, for then it strikes the finest blooming colour; whereas what is made in wet winter weather is of a coarse dirty colour, like the wool from Spain. It is, therefore, always best to buy it in the summer season, when, besides having it at the best time, the retailer can likewise have it cheaper ; for then the makers can work as fast as they please ; whereas, in winter, they must choose and pick their time.
Colour Papers. These papers are of two sorts ; they only differ from the above in the colour, which is here laid on paper ; chiefly for the convenience of carrying it in a pocket-book.
Oriental Wool, This coloured wool comes from China in large round loose cakes of the diameter of three inches. The finest of these gives a most lovely and agreeable blush to the cheek ; but it is seldom possible to pick more than three or four out of a parcel which have a truly fine colour ; ' for, as the cakes are loose, like carded wool, the voyage by sea, and the exposure to air, even in opening them to show to a customer, carries off their fine colour.
Colour Boxes. These boxes, which are beautifully painted and japanned, come from China. They contain each two dozen of papers, and in each paper are three smaller ones, viz.> a small black paper for the eyebrows; a paper of the same size, of a fine green colour; but which, when just arrived and fresh, makes a very fine red for the face ; and lastly, a paper containing about 38S of white powder (pre- pared from real pearl), for giving an alabaster colour to some parts of the face and neck.
Mild White. Take a piece of Brian^on chalk, of a pearl-grey colour, and rasp it gently with a piece of dog's skin. After this sift it through a sieve of very fine silk, and put this powder into a pint of good distilled vinegar, in which leave it for a fortnight, taking care to shake the bottle or pot several times each day except the last, on which it must not be disturbed. Pour off the vinegar, so as to leave the chalk behind in the bottle, into which pour very clear water that has been filtered. Throw the whole into a dean pan, and stir the water well with a wooden spatula. Let the powder settle again to the bottom ; pour the water gently off, and wash this powder six or seven times, taking care always to make use of filtered water. When
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the powder is ai toh and as white as jmi could wish, dry it in a place where it is not exposed to dust ; sift it through a silken sieve, which will make it still finer. It may he either left in powder, or wetted and formed into cakes like those sold by the perfumers. One pint of vinegar is sufficient to dissolve a pound of chalk. This white may be used in the same manner as carmine. If the ointment with which it is applied is properly made, this paint does no injury to the face. The same ingredients may be used for making rouge.
Pearl Powder. Of these powders there are several sorts ; the first and finest is a magistery made from real pearls, and is the least hurtful to the skin. It gives the most beautiful appearance, but is usually too dear for common sale or use : still the good perfumer ought never to be without it, for the use of the curious and the rich.
Imitated by other kinds of powder, some of which are made from mother-of-pearl, and some from oyster-shells ; but, as the magistery made from these is never so impalpably fine as the former, they leave a shining appearance on the face, which shows the art that has been used on the very first view.
BUtnuth Pearl^Powder, which can be made next in quality to the genuine sort above-mentioned, is as follows : Take t^v of l^e whitest and driest subnitrate of bismuth, and Jij of fine starch-powder; mix them well together, and put them into a subsiding glass, which is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom. Then pour over them a pint and a half of proof spirits, and shake and stir the whole well ; after which let them remain together, to subside for a day or two. When all the powder has fallen to the bottom, pour off the ^irit from it quite dry ; and then place the glass in the heat of the sun, in order to evaporate any remaining moisture. Then turn out the white mass, which will be in the shape of a cone; all the dirty parts, if any, forming the top or small end, which are carefully to be scraped off, and the remaining part of the cake is to be again pulverized, and to have more proof spirit poured over it. Now proceed, in all respects, as before ; and if there be any moisture re- maining a second time, the cone is to be placed on a large piece of chalk, made very smooth, to absorb all its moisture. Now cover the whole with a bell-glass, to preserve the compound from dust and dirt, and set it in the heat of the sun, which, if it be very hot, will soon dry and whiten it. After this, grind the mass with a muller on a marble stone; and keep the powder in a glass bottle, having a ground stopper, free from any communication with external air. This powder is apt, however, to blacken on the face, as may be shown by experiment. Place a little oxide of bismuth on a dish, and pour over it some Harrowgate water. Its beautiful white cobur will in-
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stantly be changed to black, by the sulphuretted hydrogen gas, with which the water is impregnated, acting on the oxide. A lady painted with this powder was sitting in a lecture-room, where water impreg- nated with sulphuretted hydrogen gas was handed round for inspec- tion. On smelling this liquid the lady in question became suddenly black in the face. Every person was of course alarmed by this sudden chemical change; but the lecturer explaining the cause of the phenomenon, the lady received no further injury than a practical lesson to rely more upon natural than artificial beauty in future. Another White. To one part of Venice talc, pulverized, put two parts of oil of camphor ; let them digest in the water-bath till the whole becomes very white. A White Salve rvJttch may he used for Paint, Take jiv of very white wax, jv of oil of bitter almonds, 3j of very pure spermaceti, jjss of white lead washed in rose water, and Jj of camphor. Mix the whole up into a salve.
Palliatives are medicines given to relieve when a cure is hopeless.
Palma Christi. The Ricinus communis which furnishes castor oil. See Olbdh Ricini.
Palm Oil. Palmes oleum. P. Procured from the Palma oleosa, or Cocos butyracea. See Coci Buttb.
Panacea Mbrgurialis. O. Corrosive Sublimate.
Panada. Put a glass of white wine or half a glass of rum into two to four glasses of water, with a little sugar and lemon-peel, or nutmeg ; bring to boil, and then put in some grated bread till it is of a proper thickness.
Panchyuagoodh Minbrale. O. Corrosive Sublimate.
Pansy, or Heart's Ease. See Viola.
Papavsris Capsulje. L. E. D. P. Poppy Heads, or Capsules. Papa^ ver somniferum, Papaver album. D. This plant is extensively cul- tivated on the Continent, and also near London, for the sake of its seed capsules, which furnish a decoction, an extract, an oil, and a syrup; which will be found under those respective articles. They contain the narcotic principle of opium, which is itself prepared from them. It is necessary in purchasing poppy-heads to ascertain that they are fresh, as their properties are greatly injured by long or improper keeping. Enters into Syr. Papaveris. L. E. D.
Papatbbis Dbcoctum. See Dkooct. Pafav.
Papaver Rhobas. See Rhcbados Pet.
Paracblsus's Plaster. See Emplastr. Stict.
Paregorics are medicines which soothe pain.
Paregoric Elixir. See Elixir Parbgoricum.
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Pareiba Brava. p. Cissampdos pardra. The root is bitter^ diuretic, and alterative, and prescribed in anasarca, dysury, icterus, gout, uri- nary calculus, and cutaneous disorders, in doses of 9j to 5j of the powder, or in form of infusion Jj to Oj of water — jiij thrice a day.
Parietaria Officinalis. P. Pdlitory of the Wall. A native plant common on old walls, growing in great luxuriance in the south of Ireland. Medicinalhf both the herb and root are diuretic and cooling, as well as expectorant, and are prescribed in dysury, gravel, asthma, phthisis, &c It is also a common ingredient in herb snuff; but I doubt whether it is errhine more than any other powder snuffed up the nostrils.
Parillinb. The alkaline base of sarsaparilla, a new substance but little known. (G. Palotta.)
Paris Quadrifolia. Herb Paris, or Truelove. Is said to be nar- cotic, and also emetic like ipecacuan, in a double dose, that is, 9ij or more. (Linnaus.) In mania it is useful in drachm doses.
(BOERHAAVB.)
Parsley. See Apii Petr. E.
Parsley Piert. Aphanes arveniis. A native plant common in culti^ vated land, and said to be diuretic and useful in gravel, in form of decoction, on the fanciful analogy that the root breaks the stones among which it grows.
Parsnip. See Pastinaca.
Passiflora Murucuja. a narcotic plant, the alcoholic tincture of which is used as a substitute for laudanum.
Pastjb, or Pates. P. Preparations made with mucilaginous and sac- charine substances.
Pasta de Althjba. Massa de gumnd arabico. P. Take ^v of the fresh roots of marshmallow, infuse for IS hours in Ov of water; strain, and add fbij each of gum arable and refined sugar ; dissolve by means of a gentle fire, strain through linen by pressure, evaporate over the fire to the consistence of a soft extract ; then form it care- fully into a mass, and to every ibv add 12 whites of eggs, beat and mixed with Jiv of orange-fiower water. Agitate the mass, and ex- pose to heat to thicken it ; then spread it out on a table covered with starch. It is soothing and expectorant.
Pasta de Dactylis. P. Take Ibjss of picked dates, Ibv of sugar, fcvj of gum arable, Oxxx of water, J^j of orange-flower water; make a mass of ibix weight. It Ls soothing and expectorant.
Pasta Glycyrrhiz^ Gummata et Anisata. P. Take ftj of purified extract of liquorice, Ibij of gum Senegal, ftj of sugar, 5ij of Flo- rentine iris root, 9j of essential oil of anise; dissolve the gum in
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water^ strain and let it settle, and to the clear liquor add the liquor- ice; evaporate to the consistence of honey, add the iris in powder; continue to evaporate to the consistence of an extract ; finally, add the anise oil mixed with sugar, and dry the whole with care.
Pasta db Jujubis. P. Take Ifej of dean jujuhes, ftvj of gum Sene- gal, fev of sugar, Oxxx of filtered water, 5J o£ tincture of citron- peel diluted with distilled water; make a mass of fbix weight. It is soothing and expectorant.
Paste for common purposes is made by triturating iiour with cold water till the whole is smooth, and then boiling it till of a proper consist- ence. If it is required to be harder, add some powdered alum and resin. If a clove, or a blade of mace, be boiled with it, no mouldi- ness will ever affect it. Almond Pasie. Take tbiv of bitter almonds blanched and well dried, beat them in a mortar to a fine paste with lavender or Hungary water, or £au de Cologne. Add to the paste fi>j of the best white- drained honey, Jij of fresh oil of jasmine, Ibss of the best almond- powder, and 3iv of fine Florentine iris-powder ; beat, and mix the whole carefully. This will keep good for twelve months, if no eggs, milk, nor ox-gall, be added. See Amyod. Placbnt. Blacking Paste. Mix ^vj each of any fixed oil and sulphuric add, let them stand a day to incorporate, and add &vj each of treade and lamp or bone black, with fbj of stone-blue, and make the whole into a proper consistence with vinegar. Chinese Paste may be made by boiling to a jelly one part of quicklime with ten parts of bullock's blood, previously beat and well mixed. Before using it must be mixed with water.
Paste for Fistula. See Conpectio Pip. Nior.
Paste for Shaving. Melt together 5j each of spermaceti, white wax, and oil of almonds, and beat it up with jij of the best white soap and with lavender water, or £au de Cologne.
Pastilles. Pastilli, vd Tabellce. P. Preparation3 made like loscnges,
and used in the same manner. Fumigating Pastilles, See Fumigating.
Pastilli Euetinje are lojienges made with various proportions of emetine.
Pastilli, vel Tabelljb de Catechu Simplices. P. Take 100 parts of the purified extract of catechu in powder, 400 parts of white sugar, enough of gum tragacanth, and form into pastilles of gr. xij each, containing gr. ij of catechu.
Pastilli, vel TAssLLiE de Catechu Ordorati. P. Take ftss of the preceding mass, and mix carefully with gr. viij, or gr. xvj, of tincture of amber, or any aromatic tincture.
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Pa8tilli> vd Tabblub db Ipbcacuanha. p. Take Jis of ipecacuan powder, Jxx of white sugar, enough of mucilage prepared with orange-flower water ; make a masR, and divide into pastHles of gr. xij, each containing gr. ^ of ipecacuanha. Doie three or four at a time as an expectorant, &c
Pastilli db Mbntha Pipbrita. p. Peppermint Pastilles. Take ^ij of white sugar and distilled peppermint water, digest' in a dose ▼essd till of the consistence of an electuafy. Then take Jiv of refined sugar, 5fl8 of oil of peppermint; mix earefiidly, and add to the former preparation while it is hot; then pour the whole out drop hj drop upon a marble slab ; let it cool, and again dry by a moderate heat.
Pastilli db Portugal. Take a portion of Portugal or Angd water, and mix with mucilage of gum tragacanth, made with arange*flower water; add to this a portion of ambergris dissolved in eau de miUefleurs.
Pastilli ob Rosa, for burning, are made like the preceding, with rose water instead of orange-flower water, and rose petals instead of ambergris.
Pastilli db Rosa, for internal use, are made like the Peppermint Pastilles, using rose water for peppermint water.
Pastinaca Opoponax. See Opoponax.
Pastinaga Sativa. p. The Garden Parsnip. A native plant, the seeds of which are antifebrile in doses of 5 j to Jss of the powder; and the decoction of the root is said to be alterative. It oontazns sugar, and is nutritive as food.
Patb Arsbnicalb. Arsenical Paste. Massa camtlica Dr. BonMSthi, quam vulgd ascriburU F, Corner d Dr, Dubois emendata, P. Take two parts of white oxide of arsenic in powder, thirty-two parts of red sulphuret of mercury (cinnabar) in very fine powder, sixteen parts of dragon's-blood; triturate these separately, and mix them only at the time' they are to be used, forming a paste of them with gum water, or saliva. It is applied to cancerous ulcers; but is hazardous, as the absorbents oi^en take up arsenic sufficient to render it poisonous.
Patibngb. See Rumbx Patibntia. P.
Pbaoh. Amygdahu Persica. The fruit is cooHng, the kernels of the stones may be used as almonds, and the leaves are cathartic They may also be used in form of Infusion (which see), for urinary irritation.
Pbabl Ash. The impure subcarbonate of potass.
Pbarl Barlbt. See Hordei Sbmina.
Pearlino of Comfits. See Comfits.
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PBARt PowDAR, and Pbarl Whitb. See Bismuthi Subnitb.^ Ma-* OI8TBRY OF BiSMUTH^ and Paints.
Pjeabl Watbr. Put Ibss of the best Spanish oil soap> cut or scraped very fine, into a gallon of boiling soft water ; stir the whole well, and let it stand till cold ; then add a quart of rectified spirit of wine, and Jss of oil of rosemary, and mix it thoroughly. It is reported excellent as a cosmetic, and for removing freckles.
Pbas for Issues are made of various substances, such as tow, or fla3t> rolled up with gum water ; wax, scented with Florentine iris-root powder, and coloured with vermilion; and when an eseharotic oi* strong stimulant or irritant is wanted, powdered savine, cantharided, or verdigrise, is added. Orange peas are from the unripe Cort^oa oranges.
Pbooalili. See Picklbs. — Ifidian Pickle.
Pbctig Acid, a principle analogous to jelly, supposed by M. Braconnot to be present in most vegetables; but it requires farther invest!-* gation.
Pellitory of Spain. See Pyrbthri Radix.
PbI/Litory op the Wall. See Parietaria.
Pencils of Black Lead, or Plumbago, are made by sawing the black lead into slips, and enclosing these in a frame of cedar, or any soft wood that is easily cut Imiiaied by melting good Ctunberland black lead and shell lac, toge« ther, powdering the compound when cool, and remelting and re* powdering till it is of a proper consistency. It is then cut into sUps, and used as before. AduUereUed by putting only a small bit of good black lead at the end, and leaving the rest of the pencil empty, or filled with inferior materials.
Pbnntrotal. See Puleoium^ and Olbum Pulegii.
Pensioner's Remedy for Gout See Chelsea.
Pbppbr. a term applied to several species ci aromatic and pungent vegetables. See Cafsici Baccjb, Cubeba, Pimento, and Piper Long. For the Adulterations see Piperis Nigr. Bacc.
Pefpermint, See Mentha Piperita, and Drops, Lqzbngbb, and Oleuu.
Peptics are medicines which promote digestion*
Per is added to chemical terms, as an intensive particle, signifying that what is combined with the base is in excess. It is apposed to Sui, which means a minimum of the combined material. Thus we have the perchloride of mercury (corrosive sublinuile), the i)eroxide of antimony, the persulphate of mercury, and the pertartrate of iron.
Perchloric Acid is procured by treating perchlorate of potass with
X 2
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sulphuric acid, and applying heat, when a solution of perchloric add is formed.
PBRCHI.ORIDB OF Cyanoobn. This is obtained by filling a two pint bottle with very dry chlorine gas, putting in it gr. xv of anhydrous hydrocyanic add, and exposing it to the sun-beams, when the perchloride of cyanogen crystallises on the sides of the glass. (Sbrullas.)
Pbbchlobocyanic Acid. The same as perchloride of cyanogen.
Pbristaltig Persuadbrs. (Dr. Kitchener's.) See Pil. Rhei CoMPoe.
Permanent White. See Sulphas Barytjb.
Perry. A liquor prepared ^m the expressed juice of pears, in a si- milar manner to that employed for making dder.
Persicaria. p. Arsesmart. Polygonum Pentcaria. A native plant, which is astringent and stimulant, but is little used.
Periwinkle. See Vinca.
Peruvian Balsam. See Balsamum.
Peruvian Bark. See Cinchona.
Petroleum. L. P. Bitumen Petroleum. £. D. Barbadoes Tar, or Mineral Tar. O. There are several spedes, such as naphtha, asphaltum, &c. ; all of which are stimulant, antispasmodic, and vermifuge, and externally irritant and discutient. Soluble in ether, and misdble ^ith fixed and essential oils; but inso- luble in water and spirit of wine. Medicinally it is prescribed in doses of Tr\.x to 5S6 for asthma, and for tapeworm ; and externally it is applied to affections of the joints, paralytic limbs, &c., by means of friction ; but as it is rarely used, it can seldom be had at the shops.
Petroleum Sulphuratum. Barbadoes Balsam of Sulphur. Is pre- pared by mixing four parts of petroleum with one part of sulphur, and is applied to deterge foul ulcers, and as a stimulant.
Pbucbdanum Officinale. P. Sulphurwort. The root is reputed, but without good authority, to be diuretic, lactescent, and expec- torant. Pbucbdanum Silaus. P. English Saxifrage. A native plant, whkh
is feebly aromatic, but is never used. Pbziza. p. a native fungus. Peziza auricula* Which is used as an astringent in form of gargle, in angina, and in form of lotion in ophthalmia. Phellandrium Aquaticum. p. Water Hemlock. A native plant, but not very common, the seeds of which are aromatic, acrid> nar- cotic, and stimulant, and prescribed in doses of Jss to ^ j of the powder mixed with milk every morning, or in form of decoction
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mixed with Hxne water^ in phthisis^ dyspepsia, intermittents, h3rpo- chondrium, and scrofula. PoUonous, producing an acrid pungent taste, excessive boat and dryness of the mouth and throat, violent retching and vomiting, painful purging, delirium, and death. The best treatment is to give large draughts of warm gruel, to promote vomiting, followed with cordials, or camphorated ether, if no inflammation be apparent. If there are inflammatory 83rmptoms, bleeding may be requisite.
Philoniuu. See Conpectio Opii.
Philosopher's Wool. See Zingi Oxtdum.
Phocenic Acid is procured by converting phocenine into soap. (Chb«
VREUL.)
Phocenine is a peculiar fatty substance contained in combination with elaan in the oil of the porpoise.
Pbosnicin. This consists of one atom of indigo and two of water. (Crum.)
Phosphas SoDJB. £. D. Phosphate of Soda. Sub-pkosphas fodas, P. It may be obtained by saturating the carbonate of soda with phosphoric acid. When it is obtained in crystals by evaporation, it always con- tains an excess of base, according to Dr. Paris, while Dalton calls it a biphosphate, and accordingly the neutral phosphate must be a quadriphosphate. By exposure to dry air it loses a portion, but not the whole, of its water of crystallisation. (Gay-Lussao.) Incompatible with chalk, Epsom salts, alum, &c Medicinally it is a mild cathartic, in doses of ^ss to Jj or more, dis- solved in soup, or any other vehicle. It is proper in all cases where it is desirable to avoid irritation and griping.
Phosphate op Lime. Colds phospkas pra^ipiiatis. D. Is almost the same with Cornu Ustuh. L. It may be obtained pure by first dis- solving bones when calcined and powdered in diluted muriatic add, precipitating the solution with pure ammonia, and edulcorating the precipitate. Soluble in diluted, acetic, muriatic, and nitric adds ; but insoluble in water. It is not much used in medicine.
Phosphates. See Phosphoric Acid.
Phosphatic Acid is, according to Sir H. Davy, a compound of the phosphoric and phosphorous adds.
Phosphoric Acid is prepared by burning phosphorus in oxygen gas. This add abounds in animal and vegetable substances, combined with lime, soda. Sec, in the form of phosphates.
Phosphorous Acid is prepared pure by subliming phosphorus through the perchloride of mercury (corrosive sublimate), mixing the product with water, and heating it till it acquires the consistence of syrup.
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Iti cooling> it becomes erystallme. It is sour to the taste, reddens vegetable blues ; and witb lime, magnesia^ potass, soda, &c, it forms pbospbites*
Phosphorus is prepared from phosphoric acid, procured by decomposing earth of bones with sulphuric acid. The phosphoric add is mixed with an equal weight of charcoal, and distiUed at a red heat in a glass or earthenware retort, the beak of which is immersed in water. The phosphorus passes over at the end of the process like reddi^ wax, and is to be purified by redistilling. Or, Mix four parts of phosphate of soda with one part of acetate of lead in solution, which will give a precipitate of phosphate of lead; and this upon being distilled, will yield phosphorus. Soluble in warm oil and rectified ether, but insoluble in water. Dr. John Davy says it is very slightly soluble in water. It combines with the earths and metals, forming phosphnrets. Medicinally it is a very powerful but hazardous tonic, in the dose of gr. -I- cautiously increased for nervous debility, arising from debau- chery, or old age. (Lsboi.) Poisonous, producing excruciating pain of the stomach and bowds, a taste of garlic in the mouth, dreadful convulsions, and sometimes immediate death. As it acts by burning, the best treatment is to give copious draughts of any liquid to keep down the flame, and large doses of magnesia to neutralize the phosphoric and phosphorous adds produced. Vomiting, also, is to be promoted, and Ueeding will often be necessary. Test The inflammable nature and smell of garlic emitted by the phosphorus.
Phosphorus of Antimony is prepared by caldning fine porous oyster- shells in a crudble with finely-pulverized sulphuret of antimony. It is superior to Bologna phosphorus. (M. Osann.)
Phosphorus op Arsenic is prepared by exposing for half an hour to a red heat a paste made of arseniate of barytes and gum-adragante. (M. Osann.)
Phosphorus (Boloona) is composed, according to Osann, of equal parts of barytes and sulphur.
Phosphorus (Canton's) is made by exposing to a red beat a mixture of calcined oyster- shells and sulphur. Osann says it contains equal parts of lime and sulphur.
Phosphorus (Kunckbll's). Phosphorus urinw. O. Is prepared by distilling stale urine and redistilling the residuum.
Pickles are preparations of various green fruits, vegetables, roots, &c, made with vinegar (which must not be boiled) as a basis, and spices ^ded to give more flavour and pungency. The best acid is the
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pjroligneous, or fieaufoy's crystal vinegar. The following are a few of the best processes for pickling the various articles usually kept in the Italian warehouses:
General directions. Bruise in a mortar Jjiij or Jiv of long pepper^ black pepper, white pepper, allspice, ginger, cloves, mace, garlic« mustard, horse-radish, shallots, and capsicum ; put these into a stone jar^ with a quart of the strongest vinegar, stop the jar closely with a bong, cover that with a bladder soaked with pickle, set it on a trevet by the side of the fire for three days, shaking it well up, at least three times in the day. By pounding the spice, half the
' quantity is enough ; and the jar being well closed, and the infusion being made with a mild heat, there is no loss by evaporation. To enable the articles pickled to imbibe more easily and speedily the flavour of the pickle, previously to pouring it on them, run a larding pin through them in several places. The flavour may be varied ad infinUum, by adding celery, cress-seed, or curry-powder; or by taking for the liquor any of the flavoured, vinegars, &c. Pickles should be kept in a dry place, in unglased earthenware, or glass jars, which are preferable, as you can, without opening them, observe whether they want filling up. They must be very carefully stopped with well-fitting bungs, and tied over as closely as possible, with a Uadder wetted with the pickle.
To preserve the colour of green frwis for pickling. Take radish-pods, French beans, or cucumbers, and put them with vine-leaves under and over, into a block-tin preserving-pan, with spring water to cover them, and then the tin over to exclude all air. Set it on the side of a fire, and when they begin to simmer, take them off, pour off the water, and, if not green, put freSh leaves when cold, and repeat the same: take them out carefully with a slice, and then do them according to the following receipts:
When the pickles are done, keep them closely covered, and have a wooden spoon, with holes, tied to each jar; all metal being improper. They should be well kept from the air, the large jars seldom opened; and small ones, for the different pickles in use, should be kept for common supply, into which what is not used may be returned, and the top closely covered. Acids dissolve the lead that is used in the lining of saucepans. When necessary to boil vinegar, do it in a stone jar, on the hot hearth. Pickles should never be put into glased jars, as salt and vinegar penetrate the glaze, which is poisonous.
Barberries, Put the barberries, in bunches, in strong white distilled, or crystal vinegar, and salt to cover ; a little mace may be added ; tie them over.
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Beet Root. Boil or bake it tender, cut in slices, and pour cold vin^ar to cover, with a little salt in it.
English Bamboo. Cut the large young shoots of alder, whidi shoot out in the middle of May, the middle stalks are most toider, peel off the outward peel or sldn, and lay them in salt and water, very strong, (me night ; dry them piece by piece in a cloth. Have in readiness a pickle thus made and boiled : to a quart of vinegar put Jj each of white pepper and sliced ginger, a little mace and pimento, and pour it boiling on the alder shoots in a stone jar ; stop dose, and set by the fire two hours, turning the jar often to keep it scaldirig hot. If not quite green when cold, strain off the liquor, and pour boiling hot again ; keep hot as before.
Or, if you intend to make Indian pickle, the above shoots are a great improvement to it; in which case you need only pour boiling vinegar and mustard seed on them, and keep them till your jar of pickles shall be ready to receive them. The cluster of alder-flowen before they open makes a delicious pickle to eat with boiled mutton. This is only done by pouring vinegar over them.
Capsicums, Lay green capsicums, for three days, in a strong brine of salt and water, strong enough to bear an egg ; strain, and dry in a cloth, put in jars, with mace and allspice, fill up with cold vinegar, and tie over. Red capsicums may be put in the jars perfectly dry, and filled up with cold vinegar and spice, as the green. ~ Red Cabbage. Cut it in thin slices, salt it well over for two days, let it drain the salt off, put in jars, cover it with cold vin^ar; add ginger, allsjnce, and whole pepper; tie it over. White cabbage may be done the same way, adding a spoonful of turmeric powder to it.
Celery. Cut in thin slices, scald in salt brine one minute, let it remain in 12 hours; strain, put in the vinegar that red cabbage has been pickled in, or put a boiled beet-root in it.
German Cucumbers. Make a strong brine of salt and water to bear an egg, put a layer of cucumbers, and a layer of dill, put them in a pan or tub, and cover them over with the brine.
Slices of Cucumber. Cut slices of large cucumbers with the skins on, put them in a dish, and cover them with salt and water, and dry them in a cloth; put in a jar, with ginger^ allspice, and whole pepper, and cover with cold vinegar.
Cauliforver, or Broccoli. Choase those that are hard, yet sufiiciently ripe, and cut away the leaves and stalks ; set on a stew-pan half full of water, salted in the proportion of a quarter of a pound of salt to a quart of water, throw in the cauliflowers, let them heat gradually ; when the water boils, take them up with a spoon full of holes, and spread them on a cloth to dry before the fire, for 24 hours at least ;
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when quite dry put them piece by piece on glass tie-overs, and pickle them with the pickle directed for beet-root; or make a pickle by infusing Jiij of curry-powder, for three days, in a quart of vinegar, by the side of the fire. Nasturtiums are excellent prepared as above.
Gherkins. Get those of about four inches long, and an inch diameter ; the half-grown little gherkins, usually pickled, are good for nothing ; put them into unglazed stone pans, cover them with a brine of salt and water, made with a ib} of salt to a quart of water, cover them down, set them on a hearth before the fire, for two or three days, till they begin to turn yellow ; then put away the water, and cover them with hot vinegar, set them again before the fire, and keep them hot till they become green ; this will take eight or ten days, then pour off the vinegar, having ready to cover them a pickle of fresh vinegar, &c., cover them with a bung, bladder, and leather. The vinegar the gherkins were greened in, will make excellent salad sauce; or for cold meats. It is, in fact, superlative cucumber vinegar.
Indian Pickle, or Peccalili. Take one hard white cabbage, two cauliflowers, one stick of horse-radish, cut in slices, two dozen of small onions, and a dozen heads of garlic ; put them in boiling salt- . brine for 1 2 hours, mix a sufficient quantity of vinegar to cover them, with three spoonfuls of turmeric, two spoonfuls of mustard in powder^ one of Cayenne pepper, two of allspice and whole pepper, and three blades of ginger cut, add the ingredients altogether : cucumbers in slices, gherkins, French beans, capsicums that have been pickled, are to be added in equal quantities. It is always necessary to pickle the green articles by themselves, as they do not get a good colour in the cabbage pickle.
Lemon Pickle. Wipe six lemons, cut each into eight pieces, put on them ftj of salt, six large cloves of garlic, Jij of horse-radish, sliced thin ; likewise of cloves, mace, nutmeg, and Cayenne, ^-^ each, and Jij of fiower of mustard ; to these put two quarts of vinegar, boil a quarter of an hour in a well tinned saucepan, or, which is better, do it in a strong jar, in a kettle of boiling water, or set the jar on the hot hearth till done. Set the jar by, and stir it daily for six weeks. Keep the jar close covered. Put it into small bottles.
Pickled Lemons. They should be small, and with thick rinds; rub them with a piece of flannel, then slit them half down in four quarters, but not through to the pulp ; fill the slits with salt hard pressed in, set them upright in a pan for four or five days, until the salt melts; turn them thrice a day in their own liquor, until tender; make enough of pickle to cover them, of rape vinegar, and the brine of the lemons, with Jamaica pepper, and ginger ; boil, and skim it ;
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when cold, put it to the lemons, with Jij of mustard-seed, and two cloves of garlic, to six lemons. When the lemons are used, the pickle will be useful for fish, or other sauces.
Melon Mangoes, There is a particular sort for this purpose, which the gardeners know. Cut a small square piece out of one side, and through that take out the seeds ; and shred garlic, stuff the melon as full as the space will allow, and replace the square piece. Bind it up with a small new packthread. Boil a good quantity of vinegar, to allow for wasting, with pepper, salt, and ginger, and pour it boil- ing hot over the' mangoes four successive da3rs; the last put flour of mustard and scraped horse-radish into the vinegar, just as it boils up. Stop close. Observe that there is plenty of vinegar, as all pickles are spoiled if not well covered. Mangoes should be done as soon as they are gathered. Large cucumbers, called green turley, prepared as mangoes, are excellent, and come sooner into eating. The greater number of times boiling vinegar is poured over either sort, the sooner it will be ready.
Mushrooms, Buttons must be rubbed with a bit of flannel and salt, and from the larger take out the red inside ; for when they are black they will not do, being too old. Throw a little salt over, and put them into a stew-pan, with some mace and pepper ; as the liquor comes out, shake them well, and keep them over a gentle fire ; then put as much vinegar into the pan as will cover them, give it one warm, and turn all into a glass, or stone jar. They will ke^ two years, and are excellent.
Olives are of three kinds, Italian, Spanish, and French, of different sizes and flavour : each soit should be firm, though some are most fleshy. Preserve them from the air.
Onions, In the month of September, choose the small white round onions, take off* the brown skin, have ready a very nice tin stew-pan of boiling water, throw in as many onions as will cover the top, and as soon as they look clear on the outside, take them up as quick as possible, with a slice, and lay them on a dean cloth ; cover them close with another, and scald some more, and so on. Let them lie to be cold, then put them into a jar, or glass wide-mouthed bottles, and pour over them the best white-wine vinegar, just hot, but not bmling. When cold, cover them. Should the outer skin shrivel, peel it offl They must look quite clear.
Onions sliced and Cucumbers. Cut them in slices, and sprinkle salt over them ; next day, drain them for five or six hours ; then put them into a stone jar, pour boiling vinegar over them, and keep them in a warm place. The slices should be thick. Repeat the boiling vinegar, and stop them up again instantly, and so on, till
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green ; t^e last time put pepper and ginger. Keep them in small stone j^ars.
Walnuts. When they will bear a pin to go into them, put a brine of salt and water, boiled, and strong enough to bear an egg, on them, being quite cold first. It must be well ^mmed while boiling. Let them soak six days, then change the brine, and let them stand six more; then drain them, and pour over them in b jar, a pickle of the best white-wine vinegar, with spices, all boiled together, but cold. To every hundred walnuts put six spoonfuls of mustard-seed, and two or three heads of garlic, or shallot. Thus done, they will be good for several years if close covered. The air will soften them. They will not be fit to eat under six months.
Or, Put them into a jar, cover them with the best vinegar, cold, let them stand four months ; then pour off the pickle, and boil as much fresh vinegar as will cover the walnuts, adding to every three quarts of vinegar fl^- of the best mustard, a stick of horse-radish, sliced, Jss each of black pepper, allspice, and cloves, ^ j of ginger, and a good handful of salt. Pour the whole boiling hot upon tbe walnuts, and cover them dose: they will be fit for use in three or four months. You may add jij of garlic or shallot, but not boiled in the vinegar. Of the pickle in which the walnuts stood for the first four months you may make excellent ketchup. PiCROMBi/. The chemical basis of bile.
PiCBOTOXiA. New. A chemical principle, discovered by M. BouUay, in the Cocculus Indicus, the fruit of Meimpermum Cocculus, Boil the berries in the water, evaporate the decoction to the consistence of extract, to which add ^V^^ of its weight of barytes or pure magnesia, and digest with heat ; then make a hot alcoholic solution, evaporate to dr3mess, and redissolve the residuum in alcohol. Digest this solution with animal charcoal, to remove the colour; then filter, evaporate slowly, and crystals of picrotoxine will form.
Or, Add acetate of lead to the filtered decoction, till precipitation ceases, carefully filter, and evaporate the supernatant liquor to the consist-, ence of an extract. Dissolve this in alcohol spec grav. 0*8 17i and evaporate to dryness. Agitate this with water to take up the colouring matter, and crystals will form, which may be vrashed in alcohol.
Chemically, picrotoxine is white, and turns syrup of violets green. It is soluble in water, alcohol, and ether ; but its salts are little soluble. It is decomposed by heat, but unchanged by the air. It combines with adds.
Medicinally it has not yet been prescribed, but from its produdng inebriating effects, it may probably be useful as a stimulant in gangrene, &c.
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Poiionausj with an action^ as Orfila says, resembling camphor. Three or four grains will kill the largest dog within an hour. It is also a pcHson to fish. PiBRRB Divine. A nostrum, used for tooth-ache, composed of Jiij of burnt alum, mixed with 5J of solution of ammonia, and coloured with gr. XX of vermilion. Pills. Pilulas, L. £. D. P. Are medicaments composed of powders united by means of syrup, mucilage, honey, conserve, soft extract, &c, by forming a mass of a soft consistence, and easily divisible.
Substances most adapted for exhibition in the form of pill, are such as act in small doses, such as metallic preparations ; or which are not intended to act instantly or violently, but gradually ; which are in- soluble, or not easily suspended in water, or which are nauseous and revolting to the patient. It is an inconvenient, and therefore an improper form for medicines which are so insoluble that they may pass through the bowels unchanged, or which require to be given in large doses. The German physicians sometimes order 40 of ikdr pills for a dose! Medicines which are chemically incompatible in solution, may often be prescribed in form of a pill, without suffering any change; but this has many exceptions, as we shall see below.
Masses for pills are formed in many different ways, and it is often im- portant to select a proper connecting medium, or a material which will divide the substance mechanically, as mastich, which divides aloes ; or sheath its activity, as soaps, gum resins, and mucilage ; or preserve it longest in a soft state, as crumb of bread, with a little sugar. Mr. Hume, of Long-acre, recommends treacle, molasses, or honey, for conium, digitalis, and other active vegetable powders. In many cases it would be better to keep pill masses, not formed into pills ; or, better still, to have the powders, &c, in readiness to make into pills, which, when long kept, often become so hard as to be entirely useless.
Bulk, or sixe, is important in making pills. They are generally made of the weight of from gr. iij to gr. v. In some parts of the continent they are made much smaller; but when very small, they are difficult to swallow. The French make their pills large.
Envelopes of pills were, in former times, composed most frequently of gold or silver leaf, which gildings though it had the convenience c^ pleasing the eye, and preventing any nauseous taste from being per- ceived, very often prevented the medicine from dissolving, or operat- ing. It is therefore seldom used at present ; and pills are usually dusted over with magnesia, liquorice powder, starch, or lycqpodium, to prevent their adhesion. Pills (Nostrum). See Anderson, Barclay, Dixon, Fothkrgill,
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Jamrs, Hooper^ Kkyser^ Matthews^ Scott^ Spebdiman, Star- key^ &c. &c.
PiLULiB Algetic^. £. Aloetic Pills. Take equal parts of aloes in powder^ and of 8oap> and make into pills of five grains each^ with 83rrup. Dose, three to five as a purgative stomachia
PiLUUB Aloes et Assafcbtidjs. £. Pilb of Aloes and Assafoetida. Take equal parts of aloes in powder^ of assafoetida, and of soap, and make into a mass with gum-arabic mucilage, dividing it into pills of five grains each. Medicinalltf the dose is one or two at bed-time, as a purgative stomachic, and antispasmodic, in dyspepsia with flatulence and constipation.
PiLULiB DE Aloe et Cambooia. P. Pills of Aloes and Gamboge, Hydragogas bontiu Take equal parts of aloes, gamboge, and gum ammoniac, triturate to powder, dissolve in vinegar, strain, press the residuum, then evaporate the liquor in a water-bath almost to the consistence of a solid extract ; divide into four-grain pills, to be given in doses of three, or more, for anasarca.
PiLULJB Aloes et Colocynthidis. See Pilul. Colocynth. Coup.
PiLULiB Aloes Compositjb. L. D. Compound Aloetic Pills. Take Jj in powder of spiked aloes, Jss of extract of gentian, it\,x1 of oil of caraway, beat them together with a sufficient quantity of simple syrup, till fully incorporated. Divide into five-grain pills. The syrup is not only unnecessary, as Dr. Paris remarks, but is actually injurious, by making the pills too soft to retain their form. The gen- tian and the aloes make a sufficiently soft mass without addition. MetUcinally, this is a good tonic purgative, useful in the dyspeptic con- stipation of the sedentary, in doses of two or more, two hours before dinner. The oil of caraway prevents griping.
PiLULJB DE Aloe et Fcbtidis. P. Pills of Aloes and Fcetid Gums. Fuller's blessed pills. Take Jj of aloes, Jss of senna, 5ij each of assafoetida, and galbanum, 5iv of myrrh, 5j each of mace and safiron, ^ss of sulphate of iron; pulverii^ all these separately, mix, and add n^viij or gr. yj of oil of amber; make into a mass with syrup of wormwood, and divide into four-grain pills. Medicinally the dose is two pills morning and evening, as a purgative in hysteria, &c.
PiLULiB Aloes et Kinakinjb. Pills of Aloes and Bark. Take Jvj of aloes in powder, 5iij of extract of bark, and 5j of cinnamon; make into a mass with S3mip of wormwood, and divide into four-grain pills. Three pills, taken two hours before dinner, are a dose as a stomachic purgative. The pills called dinner pills. Lady Crespigny's, and Lady Webster's Pills, are the Pilulje Stomachics. P., which see.
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PiLULJB Aloes cuh Mtrbba. L. £. D. P. Pills of Aloes and Myirh. PiLULJB RuFi. O. Take 5!) of extract of spiked aloes, Jj each of safiron and myrrh, a sufficient quantity of simple syrup ; pidyeaize the aloes and myrrh separately, then heat the whole together till incorporated, and divide into five-grain pills. The Paris Codex orders syrup of wormwood for simple syrup. Sulphate of iron is a good addition. Medicinally in doses of six to eight they are a powerful purgative, but are more useful as a stimulant laxative and alterative, in doses of from two to three, in dyspepsia, hysteria, and chlorosis. They beocxne hard and useless when long kept.
PiLULJB EX Aloe et Sapone. P. Pills of Aloes and Soap. Take Jss of pure aloes in powder, Jvj of almond soap, n\.viij of oil of anise; mix carefully with syrup of buckthorn into a mass, and divide into five-grain pills. They resemble closely the aloetic pills of the Edinburgh College, and are purgative and stomachic in doses of three or four.
PiLULJB Aloes cum Zinqibebb. D. Pills of Aloes and Conger. Take 3j of hepatic aloes, 5j of ginger, ^ss of soap, 5S8 of oil of peppermint; make into a mass and divide into five-grain pills. They are stimulant and purgative in doses of two or three ; the ginger and peppermint prevent the aloes from griping.
PiLULJB Ammoniareti Cupri. £. Pills of Ammoniaret of Copper. Pilulce cupri. Take gr. xvj of the ammoniaret of copper in powder, 9iv of bread crumb; beat into a mass with the water of carbonate of ammonia, and divide into thirty-two equal pills of about gr. iij each. Medicinally the dose is from two to three, or fise^ twice or thrice a day, as a tonic and antispasmodic in epilepsy, chorea, and hysteria ; and as an astringent in obstinate hemorrhage. It is best to b^in with one pill, and gradually increase.
PiLULJB Anthelmintics. Vermifuge Pills. Take gr. viij of gamboge, gr. V of submuriate of mercury ; make a mass with mucilage, and divide into pills; the whole to be taken " for one morning dose!!!" (Gray.) This is purging with a vengeance.
PiLULiS Aromaticje. Aromatlc Pills are made of the compound pow- der of aloes and balsam of Peru, and are diaphoretic and laxative.
PiLULJB Arsenici Compositje. Take gr. j of white oxide of arsenic, gr. X each of sulphate of quinine and lump sugar, carefully mix, and make into a mass with bread crumb, and divide into twelve pills ; begin with one night and morning for a dose, and cautiously increase for periodic cephalalgia and ague.
Pilule AssAFCETjtDiE Compositje. E. Compound Pills of Assafoetida. Pilulw myrrhce cotnposiice, D. Take Jj each of assafoetida, galbanum.
Digitized by
PILU* 31<^
and mjmrh, 5ss of rectified oil of amber; make a mass^ and divide into five-grain pills. MedicinaUy the dose is two or three taken at bed-time as an antispas- modic and emmenagogue in chlorosis and hysteria. PiLULiB AsTRiNGBNTBS. Astringent Pills. Take gr. iij of acetate of lead> gr. j of opium ; mix and divide into three pills, one to be taken twice a day, drinking-draughts acidulated with vinegar after it, for uterine and pulmonary hemorrhage, and diarrhoea. See Plumbi
AOBTAT.
PiLULJB Balsamica. P. fialsamic Pills. Dr, Morton's Pills. Take 5xviij of woodlice in powder, 5xj of gum ammoniac, 5vj of sublimed benzoic acid, 5j of powdered saffron and balsam of Peru, 5vj of balsam of sulphur with anise ; make a mass and divide into three- grain pills. Medicinalfy they are prescribed on the continent as a tonic and expec- torant in asthma and phthisis.
PiLUJLiB BSNEDIOTJB. See PiLUL. DB AlOB BT FcBTIDIS. P.
TihVLJE Brucina. New. Take gr. xxxvj of brucine, and make into a mass for twelve pills, with conserve of roses. One for a dose m paralysis, &c. (Daubuisson.)
PiLULS Cantharides vbl LYTTiB. Cantharides Pills. Take gr. xviij of powder of cantharides, gr. xxxvj each of opium and camphor, and make a mass for three dozen pills with conserve of roses. Medicinally the dose is one every night, in impotentia, &c.; but caution is requisite.
PiLVhM Catharticjb. Purgative Pills. See Pil. Colocynth. Comp.
PiLULiE Cambooia CoMPoeiTiE. L. Compound Gamboge Pills. Take 5j in power of gamboge, 5jss in powder of extract of spiked aloes, 588 of powdered ginger, 5ij of hard soap ; mix the powders together, then having added the soap, beat the whole together till incorporated, and divide into five-grain pills. Medicinally the dose is from two to four, as a cathartic in obstinate coft- tiveness. The aloes being less soluble than the gamboge, is supposed to prolong or modify its drastic effects ; but this I have seldom found to be the case.
PiifULA CoocLB. See the next article.
PiLUUB CoLOCYNTHiDis CoiCPOSiTJB. E. D. Compouud Colocynth Pills. Pill coch^. O. Take eight parts of aloes and scammony, four parts of colocynth, one part of oil of cloves, and of sulphate of potass with sulphur {Sal Polyckrest, O.) ; make into a mass, and divide into five-grain pills. Medicinally it is a good smart purgative for common exhibition.
Pilule Communes. See Pilule A lobs cum Mybrha.
Digitized by
320 PILU
PiLUUi Coxii. Hemlock Pills. Take Jss of extract of liemlodc, and a sufficient quantity of the dried leaves of hemlock in powder to make six dosen pills of three grains each. Medicinally, with an equal quantity of extract of hjoscyamus, it is excellent in restraining involuntary seminal emission, priapism, and chordee. The dose to b^n with is gr. iij, gradually increasing. It is also good in internal scirrhus, as that of the uterus, prostrate gland. Sec.
PiLULjB CupRi SuLFHATis. Pills of Sulphate of Copper. Take gr. xv of sulphate of copper, 5ij each of olibanum and extract of bark, and make a mass with syrup for fire dosen pills. Dose, from one to four a day^ for gleets, &c
PiLUUB DB CYNOOLoeso. P. PiUs of Houndstougue. Take 5iv cadi of the root of c^oglossum in powder, of the seeds of hyoscycamu alba, and vinous extract of opium, 5\j ^ m3rrrh in powder^, 5v of olibanum, 5J8S of saffron and castor, with enough of syrup of opium to make a mass, to be divided into four-grain pills, the opium being as one to nine. Medicinally the dose is from one to two as a narcotic and anodyne in asthma and phthisis.
PiLULiB DiAMBRJB, and PiLULA DiAPHORRTicA. See PiL. Abomat.
PiLuuB Ehbticjb. Emetic PUls. Take 9j of sulphate of sine, and make into a mass with conserve of roses, to be divided into five-grain pUls, to be taken as a bolus, for phthisis, &c,
PiLULJB Emmbnagooa. Emmenagogue Pills. See Pil. Alobs cuk Myrrh.
FihVLM Exfbctorantbs. See Pil. Scilub Compos.
Pi LULJS Fbrri Ammoniati. Pills of Ammoniated Iron. Ens veneris. O. Take 5Hi of ammoniated iron, and enough of gum-arabic muci- lage to make a mass for five dosen pills. It ought to be well beat in a mortar, dried a little before the fire, and kept in a close vesseL Medicinally they are given in sdrrhus uteri, along with the hemlock fomentation or bath. Extract of hemlock may also be used for the mucilage.
PiLULJB Fbrri Compositjb. L. Compound Pills of Iron. Take 5ij of myrrh in powder, 5J each of subcarbonate of soda, sulphate of iron, and sugar ; triturate the myrrh with the subcarbonate of soda; then having added the sulphate of iron, triturate again, and beat the whole together till incorporated. Decomposilion. The sulphuric acid of the sulphate of iron passes over to the soda of the subcarbonate, and forms sulphate of soda, while the carbonic acid partly escapes, and partly passes over to the iron, forming a protocarbonate. It is important that the pills be formed
Digitized by
PILU 321
when wanted, as exposure to the atmosphere converts the protocar- bonate, by the absorption of oxygen^ to a peroxide, which is less soluble, becomes very hard, and therefore of less use. It may be remarked that those substances, though dry, become pasty and soft by trituration. Medicmalfy these pills are tonic and emmenagogue, and may be used in the same cases as the compound mixture of iron (GrijffUks's n^rrh wtixture), in doses of gr. x to gr. xv, or 9j, twice or thrice a day. A five-grain pill contains about gr. 4 of the protocarbonate of iron, and consequently gr. xv are equal to ^ of the mixture.
PiLUUB Ferri cum Myrrha. See the preceding article.
PiLULA FcBTiDJE. See the following article.
PiLUUB Galbani C0MPO8ITJB. L. Compound Galbanum Pills. Pii, Gumnwtct. O. Take 3j of galbanum, ^jss of myrrh and sagapenum, Jss of assafoetida, and a sufficient quantity of simple syrup ; beat into a mass, and divide into five-grain pUls. Medicmaily the dose is two or four twice a day, in chlorosis, hysteria, and cramp, as an emmenagogue and antispasmodic. It may be com- bined with aloes and chalybeates.
PihvuB Hyoragogujb. See Pil. Cambog. Comp., and PiL. Alob bt Camb.
PiisVUB Hydrargyri. L. £. D. Mercurial, or Blue Pills. Pil. mer^ curiales. O. Take 5ij of purified mercury, ^iij of confection of red roses, 5j of liquorice root in powder ; triturate the mercury with the confection till the globules disappear ; then, having added the liquorice root, beat the whole together till incorporated, and divide into three-grain pills, which contain gr. j each of mercury. The pills of the Edinburgh College contain gr. j of mercury in gr. iv of the pilL Chemicalfy the blue pill is described in two ways. One party of che- mists say that the mercury is unchanged, and exists in a state of extreme division. Another party, among whom is Mr. Brande and Dr. Paris, assert, unconditionally, that the mercury is converted into a black oxide, which is the protoxide. Mr. Phillips, on the other hand, more justly, I think, says that experiments are still wanting to explain the subject ; but that it probably contains a sub- oxide of mercury, as he supposes to be the case with hydrarg3nrus cum creta. It is probable, however, that only a small portion of the mercury is converted into the black protoxide, whUe the remainder is in a state of minute subdivision, and unchanged. Adulterated, or rather unintentionally injured by using conserve of roses whose colour has been heightened by sulphuric acid, and hence a poisonous subsulphate of mercury is formed during the trituration.
Digitized by
S«2 PILU
Wlien manna or any other gum lias been used in the pi^qparatado the mast soon becomes hard. Honey^ treacle, &c, have also been tried ai lubttitutes for the conierve of rotet^ whoae astringency may partly neutralise its operation. Genuine Blue Pill ought to have the odour of roses, and a pleasant taste, and, when qpread out thinly with a drop of water on a marble slab or piece of paper, ought not to show any globuks of mereuzy undivided. The mass is prepared at Apothecaries* Hall by a machine, consisting of an iron mortar, and four wooden pestles, driven by a steam-engine. This both triturates and rolls the mass, and the pills are said to be stnmger than those made by the hand. MedicinaUtf, it is alterative in small, and purgative in large doses. It is, in moat oases, one of the best forms of exhibiting mercury in all visceral obstructions, dyspepsia, scrofula, jaundice, dropi^, syphilis, and cutaneous eruptions. It was brought into great reputation by Mr. Abemethy, with whom it was a favourite piescription. Dr. W. Philip gives it in so small doses as gr. ^ night and morning, or oftener, in what he terms dy^>eptic phthisis. The usual dose is from gr. iij to gr. viij, twice a day, combined with opium to piwent its running off by the bowels, or with hyoscyamus to prevent griping. Where it is intended as a purgative or diuretic, gr. xij to 3j may be given every four hours.
PiLUL/E Hydbabotbi Acbtatis. See KBTssR'a Pills.
PiLULB Htdraboyri Oxtoi CiNBRsi. Pills of Grey Oxide of Mer- cury. Take 5ij of grey oxide of mercury, and a sufficient quantity of conserve of roses to make 60 pills. MedidnaUy in doses of one or two, night and morning ; this ia pre- ferred by some to the blue piU. It is liable, however, to the same hacard of the poisonous subsulphate of mercury being present.
PiLULjB Hydrargyri Ozydi Rubri. Pills of Red Oxide of Mercury. Take 5j each of red oxide of mercury and qfiium, and enou^ of simple syrup to make 60 pilla. It may be given in the same cases as ^ last, or to produce salivation.
PiLULjB Hydrargyri Proto-Ioourbti vbl Dbutd^Iosurbti. Take gr. j of ioduret of mercury, gr. x^ of extract of juniper, and q. s. of powdered liquorice to make eight piUs. Dose, two pills twice a day.
PiLuuB Hydrargyri Submuriatis. Calomel Pills. Take jj oi sub- muriate of mercury, 5iij of opiate powder, and enough of simple syrup to make 60 pills. There are seven grains of qnum in 5 j of the opiate powder. This pill is much used at Guy's Hospital as a mercurial. See the next article.
PiLULiB Hydrargyri Submuriatis Comfobitjb. L. £. Compound
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PILU 323
Calomel Pills. Pilula Plummeri, Plummer*s pills. 6. Take Jij each of submuriate of mercury and precipitated sulphuret of afntnnony> 388 of gum guaiac in powder^ 3^ of rectified spirit ; tntiirate tbe submuriate of mercury with the precipitated sulphuret of antimony, then with the gum guaiac^ so as to obtain a proper consistency ; divide into five-grain pills. It b important to remark that if the trituration in making those pills is too long continued they will be injured by absorbing oxygen from the atmosphere. It ought also to be recollected^ that if they are rolled in magnesia^ they may be partially decomposed by it on the
. surface, and chlorate of magnesia c^ a greenish tinge may be
formed, Medicmally the dose is one or two at night> as an alterative in eataneoas disorders^ sudt as ponigo^ and herpes ; in iritis (almost a specific) ; in chronic rheumatism, and syphilitic pains and eruptions ; and in dyspepsia, scrofula, and hepatitis. Opium will be requisite when there is a tendency to run off by the bowels.
PiLULiE Hydrargyri SuBfliuBiATiB CUM Oyio. CalomcI Pills with Opium. Take 5j of submuriate of mercury, gr. xv of tartarisred antimony, 5SS of purified opium, enough of simple syrup to make 60pill& MtdaemaUy it is considered that the tartar emetic causes the calomel to produce ptyalism more readily. Dose, one twice a day, in disorders of the joints. See the preceding article.
PiLULA LupULiKiE. NcTv. Lupuliuo Pills. Take any quantity of lupuline, and triturate it tiU it fcmn a mass. If the weather is cold, warm the mortar before putting in the lupuline, which will want no syrup or other addition. Divide into three-grain pills. Medicinalfy from two to four pills may be given as a dose in exhausted excitability, dyspepsia, and nervous irritation, to cause sleep. They do not cause costiveness.
ViujLM NARcoTiciB. See PiLUL. Opiat.
PiLUUB Ohvi Crotonis. New. Croton Oil Pills. Take iTlvj of ctoton oil, and enough of bread crumb to make 12 pills, from one to three £oT a dose ; but it is not a good form of the medicine. See Tiolii Oleitm.
Pilule Opiat*. E. Opiate Pills. Pii. ihthakot. O. Take one part of opium, seven parts of extract of liquorice, and two parts of Jamaica pepper ; beat into a mass with dilute alcohol, and divide into five-grain pills, each of which contain gr. ss of opium. Dose, from one to four as an anodyne.
PiLULiB Opii Camphorata. Camphorated Opium PDls. Take Jj of purified opium, 5ij of camphor, and enough of simple syrup to make
Y 2
Digitized by
324 PILU
60 pills. In doses of one or two at night it relieves chordee and priapism.
PiLULiE Opii Compobitjb. Compound Opium Pills. Take 5j each of purified opium and camphor, gr. xv of tartarbed antimony, and enough of simple syrup to make a mass for 60 pills. They are a good diaphoretic sedative for allaying pain.
PiLULJB Rhbi CoMPOsiTiB. £. Compound Rhuharb Pills. Take J j of rhubarb in powder, ^yj of aloes, 5ss of myrrh, 58S of oil of pepper- mint, and enough of syrup of orange to make a mass, and divide into five-grain pills. Medicinally they are an excellent warm stomachic laxative in doses of one to four, twice a day. They become too hard if kept long.
PiLULJB RuDii. O. Rudius's Pills. Take 5vj of colocjmth, Jss each of black hellebore root and jalap, 9ij of cinnamon, mace, and doves, Jx of rectified spirit of wine ; digest four days, strain by pressure, and add Jss of scammony, }{ j of aloes ; then distil off the spirit, evaporate the residuum, and make it into five-grain pills. The dose is from one to six as a powerful cathartic
PiLULs RuFi. See Pil. Aloes cum Myrrha. L.
PiLULJS Saponis cum Opio. L. S€f^p Pills with Opium. Pibda opiL O. Take ^ss of hard opium in powder, Jij of hard soap, beat them together until incorporated, and divide into five-grain pUls, each of which contains gr. j of opium. The soap has been substituted for the extract of liquorice, and prevents the pills from becoming inso- luble when long kept.
PiLULS SciLLiB CoMPoeiTJB. L. Piluke icillUicct. £. Pil. scilUg aim zingibere. D. Compound Squill Pills. Take 5j in powder of squill- root, fresh dried, 5iij each of powdered ginger and hard soap, Jij of gum ammoniac in powder ; mix the powders, then beat them with the soap, and add as much simple syrup as may be sufficient to give a proper consistency, and divide into three-grain pills. The pills ought to be made when they are to be used, as they are sometimes injured by keeping. Mr. Brande, however, says he kept some good for two years. Medtcinally one to three pills are a dose twice a day, or oftener, as a stimulant, expectorant, and diuretic in asthma, chronic catarrh^ and with digitalis and calomel in anasarca and hydrothorax.
PiLULJB Stomachicjb, vel Pil. ANTE CiBUM. P. (1758.) Stomachic, or Dinner Pills, ascribed to Lady Waster, or Lady Crespigny. Take 5vj of the best aloes, 5ij each of mastic and red rose petals, and enough of the syrup c£ wormwood to make a mass; to be divided into three-grain pills. The mastic is supposed to improve the pill, by dividing the aloes minutely, and rendering it more soluble.
Digitized by
PIME 3^5
Medicinally one to four pills^ two hours before dinner, form an excel- lent purgative.
FtLVUB Strychnia. New, Strychniiie Pills. Take gr.ij of very pure strychnia, 5S8 of conserve of roses ; mix accurately, and divide into two dozen veiy equal pills; one at night, for a dose in paralysis. (Maqendib.)
PiLULJB s Styracb. D. Storax Pills. Take 5iij of purified storax, 5J each of purified opium, honey, and safiron ; make into a mass, and divide into three-grain pills, one of which contains gr. ss of opium. The storax retards the action of the opium, so that it operates gradually. Medicinallif one to two are a dose, given as an anodyne and sedative to procure sleep.
PiLULA DB Tbrebinthina. P. Turpentine Pills. Put a quantity of turpentine into triple its weight of boiling water, and continue the ebullition till the turpentine, when thrown into cold water, is reduced to a soft paste, of which pills of gr. vj each are made and kept under cold water. Medicinally from one to four is a dose in gonorrhoea, tsnia, &c They may be combined with copaiba, and rhubarb. (Clinb.)
PiLULJB TUBBAICJB. See PiL. OPlATiB. £.
PiLuuB ToNiciE. p. Tonic or Bacher's Pills. PH. ex HeUehoro ei myrrha. Take ^j each of Bacher's alcoholic extract of black helle- bore of myrrh, and 5iij of the powder of blessed thistle; mix carefully, make a mass^ and put it in a dry place till it is of a proper consbt- ence, and then divide into one-grain pills. Medicinally one for a dose at night may be given as a tonic and em- menagogue in chlorosis, dropsy, worms, and cutaneous disorders.
PiLUUB ZiNci. Are made with 5ij of sulphate of sine and q. s. of common turpentine for 60 pills. They are given in gleet, and leucorrhcpa.
PiMBNTJB BACciE. L. E. PiMBNTO. D. AUspice, Jamaica Pepper, Pimenta Berries. Myrtus pimento. A shrub which is a native of the West Indies. The berries, in order to be of fine flavour, must be gathered before they are ripe, and dried in the sun, otherwise they acquire the flavour of Juniper. In this they are similar to cloves, whose aroma is lost if the flower but be allowed to expand. The aroma and pungency is contained chiefly, if not altogether, in the rind of the berry. Medicinally pimenta is a warm stomachic carminative, and is chiefly used as an agreeable and cheap adjunct to nauseous and bitter medi- cines. The dose is gr. v to 9j of the powder ; but the oil and the distilled water are most frequently employed.
Digitized by
3ti(i PINE
Enters into Aq. Pimentc. L. £. D. OL Pimente. L. £. D. PO. Opiate. £. Spir. Pimente. L. E. D. Sjr. Rhamni. L.
Pimpernel. Anagallu arvenms, A native annual with pretty scarlet flowers, ejed with purple. It is thought to be nervine, and has been prescribed in doses of 3j in epilqwy, chorea, and paralysis, and also in mania and hydrophobia. It is poisonous. See page 886.
PiNATS OF Potass, Soda, &c. See Pinic Acid.
Pine. Pinus, A genus of trees, all of which yield resins and toipen- tine, or resinous oils, such as the Pinus abieSf which yields frankin- cense ; the Pitius sylvestris, which yields turpentine ; the Pinus bal' samea, which yields Canadian balsam, &c.
PiNB«APPLS Cream. Grate fbj of fresh pine-apple ; add half a pint of syrup, a pint and a half of cream, and the juice of two lemons; rub through a sieve, cut two slices of pine in small dioe« and freexe. Or, Pound Jvj of preserved pine-apple, one spoonful of pine syrup, a fourth of a pint of clarified sugar, the juice of two lemons, and a pint and a half of cream ; rub through a sieve, add four slices of preserved pine, cut in small dice, and freese. For moulds. Take a tea-cupful of syrup of preserved pine, and the juice of two lemons, ^ij of sugar, and four slices of preserved pin^-apple, cut in small dice. Mix this with Jij of isinglass, boiled in half a pint o£ water for half an hour. Whisk all together till nearly cold, then add a quart of cream, whisked up, to it, and put in moulds. Ginger cream is made the same way, with preserved ginger.
Pine-apple Compote. Peel and cut the pine in slices, put it in syrup, boil to a blow, add the juice of one lemon ; boil all far five minutes, and let it stand till cold.
PiNB-APPLB Jam. Pare, cut, and pound a pine-apple to a pulp. To a piat of pulp put tty of sifted sugar; boil it twenty-five minutes, and put in pots.
PiNE-APPLR Slices. Pare the outside off the pine, cut it in slices half an inch thick, lay a layer of pine-apple, and a layer of sifted sugar alternately in an earthen pan, let it remain in the stove three or four days, and put it in a preserving pan, with the juice of three lemons; boil all for ten minutes, and skim. Next day, repeat the boiling for ten minutes, and put in a pot.
PiNE-APPLH Water Icr. Freeze together half a pint of pineapple syrup, the juice of three lemons or acid, a pint of water, and four slices of preserved piqe, cut in dice. Or, Grate and pound Ihj of fresh pine-apple, with a pint of syrup, half a pint of water, and the juice of two lemons ; rub through a sieve, and cut three slices of pine-apple into dice, and freeze.
Digitized by
PIPE 387
PinouAdo Vipbajb, Vipci^s Ftt, is emploTed on the continent in making ointment^ but has nearly the same properties as lard.
PiNOUBDO Ur6I> Bears' Grease^ is supposed to have the peculiar virtue of promoting the growth of hair; but in this respect it is not at all pr^rable to lard> which it much resembles, ezcqpt in being of an offensive smell ; and what is told for bears' grease is seldom more or less than rancid lard. See Bbabs' Grsa8b.
PiNQUicuLA Vulgaris. Butterwort. A native \Aaxit, with fleshy leaves, common in upland marshes, the juice of which, like that of house- leek, is a good cosmetic for chapped lips, &c. It also curdles milk.
PiNiC Acid. Neiv. Is prepared by distilling and redistilling Venice turpentine with water, dissolving the residuum in alooh(d, adding an alcoholic solution of acetate of copper, which precipitates pinate of copper, and this treated with alcohol, a little muriatic add and water gives the pinic acid, which is white, transparent, inodorous, and insipid. It forms only neutral combinations with potass^ soda, earths^ and metals. This acid ranks after the benzoic (Unvbrdoebbn.)
Pink. See Spiqblia, Carophyllus, Paints (Dutch pink), and Ross Pink.
PiNUs Sylvbstris. p. Scotch Fir, or Geneva Pine. The buds are stimulant, diuretic, and diaphoretic, and given in decoction made with JSB to Jj to Oij of water, or whey, in gout> scorbutus, gonorrhoea, and cutaneous disorders. See Pil. Tbrbbinthina, and Rbsina.
PiPBR Album. White Pepper is merely the black pepper decorticated, and steeped in salt water, which renders it milder.
PiPBR CUBBBA. See CUBEBA.
PiPBR Ethiopicum. Ethiopian Pepper. A hot spice used in adul* terating liquors.
PiPERiNB. Nenf. A principle, discovered in black pepper, by M. Oer- Btadt, by digesting pepper in alcohol, and adding first muriatic acid^ and then water, to precipitate the resinous matter, a muriate of piperine remaining in solution. Concentrate this solution by evapo- ration, and add pure potass to decompose it, and take up the muriatic acid, when the piperine will be deposited colourless, transparent, insipid, and inodorous. It is not alkaline, but analagous to the resins. (Pbllbtibr.) Soluble in alcohol and ether, but not in cold water, and sparingly in bailing water. Nitric acid renders the alcoholic solution yellowish green. Deliquescent in the air. Medicinallif piperine has been successfully employed as a febrifuge in intermittent and typhus fever, and periodic head-ache, in doses from three to eight grains. It is a very active medicine, but may be car* ried as far as gr. xxiv in 24 hours. (M. Mbli.)
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328, PIPE
PoiAMNMCi, if given in an OTer doae^ but the tymptomi are unknown
to me. P1PBBI8 LoNGi Fructus yel Baocjb. Lw E. D. p. Long Pepper. The unripe fruit of the Piper langum (a native of Ambojua), dried in the fun. It has similar carminative and pungent properties to Uack pepper, and is prescribed in doees of gr. v to 9j in djqpepsia, chronic rheumatism, and gout, and in making carminative pov^ders and tinctures* It is also used in the kitchen for seasoning.
There are two sorts, a short and a long, brought to market ; but their properties are similar. It probably contains piperine.
Enters into Confect. Opii. L. Pulv. Crete Comp. L. Pulv. Cinna- momi Comp. L. D. Tinct. Cinnamomi Comp. L. £. D. PiPBRis NioBi BAcCiE. L. E. D. P. Black Pepper. The unripe fruit of the Piper nigrum (a native of Cejlon), dried in the sun. It is extensively cultivated in Java, Malacca, and Sumatra.
Chemically it contains piperine, besides an oily substance, an extract and fecular matter. Alcohol and ether are the best solvents of its active properties.
Adulierated to a great extent, both in the powdered form and in the state of grains, or pepper-corns. The wrinkled appearance of the pepper-grains is imitated by making a paste with flour, mustard, pease-meal, &c., and rolling it up in a particular manner: hut narrow inspection will at once detect this fraud ; or throw the suspected grains into boiling water, when the spurious will dissolve, but the genuine wiU not. A very successful imitation of pef^ier- coms has been made by covering turnip or rape seed with a paste made of flour mixed with cayenne, and powdered mustard. This may be detected by splitting the suspected pepper«coms. In the powdered form it is mixed with trash of every description, but particularly with what is called P. D. or pepper dust; which is chiefly composed of the husks of mustard-seed, powdered. The conviction of a gang of manufacturers of spurious pepper showed the great extent to which the fraud is often carried. In powder, the eye and the taste are most to be trusted in detecting adul- teration.
MedicinaUy black pepper is hot, pungent, stimulant, and carminative, as well as irritant and errhine externally. It is an excellent adjunct to bark in intermittent] and Mr. Brande must certainly be mistaken, when he says it only acts as a warm condiment, agreeable to the stomach. It is also good for removing the nausea and retching of cholera, and generally in cold atonic habits aflfected with gout or dyspepsia. Dose gr. v to gr. xx or more. In gargles it is good for relaxations of the uvula, chronic catarrh, &c.
Digitized by
PIX 529
Enters info Emplast. Meloes Vesicatorii Comp. £. Ung. Pipeiis Nigr. D.
PiPKRis NiGRi CoNPBCTio. See CoNP. Pip. Nior.
PiSiB. See Pba8.
Pi8TAciA*LsNTi8GU8. "See Mastiohe.
PisTAciA Tbrbbinthus. See Tbrbbinth. Chia.
PiSTACiA Vbra. P. Pistachia Nut. Is mucilaginous and nutritive^ and* used to prepare emuMons.
Pitch. See Pix.
Pix Abibtina. L. Burgundy Pitch. Pix burgundica. E. D. Puc alba, and Pix arida. O. It is procured by making incisions into the bark of the Norway spruce-fir^ Pinus abies, from which the pitch exudes> and concretes. This is afterwards purified by boiling it in water, and straining it by pressure through canvas. Adulierated with an inferior article, manufactured in England, which is dry and brittle, even when heated, and wants the strong smell, and viscid adhesive property of the genuine sort. The genuine is reddish-brown, fragrant, unctuous, and semi-transparent ; somewhat friable in cold weather, but easily rendered softish and tenacious by beat. The best test, however, is its peculiar odour, which is wanting in the English. MedicimiUy it is chiefly used as an external stimulant and rubefacient, in form of plaster. It is strongly adhesive, and tends both to support feeble musdes, and is a warm tonic, which excites perspiration, and, on some skins, produces pimples, and a troublesome itching, but in such cases it is usually most efficient. It is used in chronic rheu- , matism, dyspepsia, chronic catarrh, &c., often with great benefit. It is best when little heat is used in spreading it on the leather. What has once been melted ought not to be used, as heat dissipates its active properties.
Enters into Emplast. Calefaciens. D. Emplast. Meloes Vesic Comp. E. Emplast. Pids Comp. L. E.
Pix Liquida. L. E. D. Tar, or Liquid Pitch ; which is procured from the Scotch fir, Pinus siflvestris, by cutting the wood into billets, piling them up, covering them with turf sods, and setting them on fire, when the tar runs out hom below. It is chiefly manufactured on the shores of the Baltic. Ckemicalfy, tar consists of resin, emp3rreumatic oil, and pyroligneous acid, the former being soluble in alcohol, the two latter in water, forming Tab Watbr, which see. Medicinally it is employed in the form of tar water, but chiefly in form of vapour, for phthisis, and chronic catarrh, as recommended by Sir A. Crichton. Place over a lamp in a proper vessel, a quantity of
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naval tar, whicH luUhad its ppt)ligne<m8 acid neutralised by mising every pound with ^ss of carbonate of potass. This is to be burned day and night in the chamber of the patient, but it must be deaned out and renewed every day, and care must be taken not to allow it to bum dry, as the empyreuma thence arising, as well as the pyrcdig* neous add, will ezdte coughing. Mudge supposed that it was the smell or vapour of the tar in ships which gives benefit to phthisical patients in sea-voyages. Tar is also used as an ointment. See Uno^ Pic
LiQ.
Enters into Aq. Picis Liquide. D. Ung, Picis Liquide. L. E. D.
Pix Nigra. L. Pitch is merdy tar in an inspissated state. Enters into Ung. Pids Nigr. L.
Placebo. / wiil please. Any medidne given to please a patient, but which can have no other intention, is called a placebo.
Placenta Amigdalina. See Amigdala Placenta.
Plaistbr. The vulgar spelling for Plaster.
Plantago. Plantain. A genus of plants, among which the PUmiago lanceolata. P., Ribwort, Planiago major, P., Waybread, and Plam^ logo media. P., are used as feeble astringents and vulneraries. The recent expressed juice in doses of Jj to Jiv is said to be effectual against the poison of the rattle-snake. The water-plantain is not of this genus. See Alisma Plant. . P LA8TER. See Emplastra.
Plaster Moulds for casting Wax. Wax figures and ornaments may be cast by modelling a shape of what is wanted. If a basket or any thing that projects, it must be made in several pieces; if round or square, it may be made in one. Oil the parts of the modd all over ; mix plaster of Paris, well burnt, and sifted fine, into a thick paste, as thick as gum water ; lay it on one side of the surface of the model, but not over any thing that projects, or it will not come off the modd. When dry, which will be in a few minutes, scrape it, and mark the piece by cutting holes in at the sides, then oil it weU, and then lay on another surface more plaster as before, mixed fresh, and so continue till the whole model is covered all over. When dry, it will come to pieces ; take the model out, and tie it together. Leaving an aperture for pouring in the wax ; great care must be taken of the extremities, for if not properly cast, they will never come out of the mould.
Flat moulds. Lay the subject that is to be cast on a marble or glass slab ; make a wall round it with wax. Oil the patterns, such as borders, stars, and patties, as well as the slab. Mix Paris plaster with water, to the consistence of thick cream, and pour it gently over the patterns, till covered over two inches thick. When perfectly
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dry, wlndi will be in hidf anhoor^ remove the wall, and take up the mould ; oil it, and dry it well before using. See Wax.
Pi«A8TER OP Paris is prepared for casting stucco ornaments and statues, by calcining sulphate of lime^ (gypsum), or exposing it to the heat of a baker's oven, and then pounding and sifting it.
Pjlumbago. Gn^hite, or Black Lead. Is a native percarbonate of iron. The finer sorts from the Cumberiand mine are used for making pencils ; the coarser for polishing, and to make antiattrition mixtures.
Plumbago Eubopjba. A plant used in dyeing yellow. It is an acrid poison.
Plumbi Acetas. L. £. D. P. Acetate of Lead, or Sugar of Lead. Sacckarum taturtti, Cemssa aceUUa, and Superncetas plumbu O. Take Ibj of subcarbonate of lead (white lead), Oj of acetic add^ Ojss of boiling distilled water ; mix the acid with the water, add the sub* carbonate of lead by degrees, and boil the whole till the acid is satu- rated, then filter through paper, and having evaporated it till a peUide appears, set it aside that crystals may form ; pour ofi* the liquor, and dry the crystals on blotting-paper. Deeompotkion, The acetic acid decomposes the subcarbonate of lead by its having a greater affinity for the oxide of lead than the carbonic add, which is set free and escapes with effervescence, while the acetate of lead is formed, and remains in solution ; and the crystals thence formed are the pure acetate. It was formerly thought to be a superacetate, because it reddens vegetable blues, but this probably depends on some decomposition, as the minutest portion of carbonic add in water predpitates carbonate of lead, and disengages acetic acid. When a current of carbonic add gas is passed through a solu- tion of the acetate, it precipitates one-half of the oxide of lead, and leaves a deutacetate in solution.
Adulleraled hut sddom, and generally to be had very pure of the whole- sale manufacturer. When genuine it looks like lumps of sugar, but is composed of colourless crystals without smell, and of a sweet and astringent taste. If it do not dissolve entirely in distilled water, it is not pure. Soluble in alcohol, spec. grav. 2-345, in S4 or 25 parts of water, hot or cold, but is partially decomposed even in distilled water, without the previous addition of a little acetic add. Incompatible with all the acids which form insoluble compounds with the oxide of lead, viz., the carbonic, dtric, gallic, muriatic, sulphuric, and tartaric acids, also with alkalies and alkaline earths, with the salts containing any of these when their known affinities will produce decoropodtion, such as hard water, because it contains carbonate and
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sulphate of lime ; tea water, because it contains muriate of soda and magnesia ; and soap, because it contains carbonate of potass, or soda. The solution of acetate a£ ammonia also decomposes it, and all the carbonates, muriates, sulphates, sulphurets, and tartrites, such as sulphuretted hydrogen, tartarixed antimony, and iron, alum, borax, lime water, and tannin, and of course all v^taUe astringents. When the solution is exposed to the air, it gradually absorbs carbonic add, and carbonate of lead is formed. Lighl acts upon the solution, decomposes it, and precipitates carbonate of lead. (Dr. John Davy.)
Iniemalfy it is a powerful, but unquestionably a haxardous astringent in protracted diarriioea, and obstinate hsmoptysis, and internal hemorrhage of the lungs, uterus, stomach, &c. In desperate cases it ought not to be omitted ; but notwithstanding the authority of Dr. Paris, I must enter a strong protest against its exhibition tiU every safer means has been unsuccessfully tried. When it is resolved to give it, opium must be conjoined with it (say gr. ss each of acetate of lead and opium in form of pill) to prevent spasm and paralysis. Care must also be taken not to give with it, nor after it, any adds, astringent infusions, sulphates, none, in short, of the incompatible substances, unless it have been incautiously given in an over-dose.
Externally it is a most valuable application as a cooling sedative, and astringent, dissolved in distilled water for ophthalmia, bums, and superficial phlegmonous inflammations, and as an injection in gonor- rhoea, and leucorrhoea. The proportions are from gr. x to gr. xxx to Jviij of water : 5j to ^vj of water proves stimulant. It is scarcely safe when the skin is abraded.
PoisonoHs, producing a sweet metallic taste in the mouth, constriction of the throat, inflammatory pain in the stomach and bowels, ex- cruciating colic, vomiting (occasionally bloody), cramp, convulsions, paralysis, and death.
Antidotes. The best are sulphuric acid, diluted and drunk copiously with the black draught, or sulphate of soda well diluted. In two cases which lately occurred, the poison acted as an emetic, and was partly the means of saving the patients.
TeH. Calcination with charcoal will produce metallic lead ; sulphuric add will predpitate it white ; chromic add, or chromate of potass, of a canary yellow ; and sulphured of potass of a dark colour.
Enters into Add. Acetosum Forte. E. Cerat. Plumbi Superacet.
L. E. D. Sol. Acetatis Zmd. E. Plumbi Carbonas. E. P. See Plumbi Sub-carbonas. L. Plumbi Oxydum Semivitreum. L. E. D. Litharge. LUhargyrum. O. Oxidum plumbi fusum. P. This is procured by means of heat, from
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melting red lead and allowing it to cool^ during which process it combines with carbonic acid, and forms the yellow protoxide of lead^ which is litharge. It is in scales or flakes of a glassy lustre^ and of course it cannot well» as Dr. A. T. Thomson asserts, be ''often adulterated with other oxides.'* In pharmacy it is only used in making plasters^ being a powerful astringent.
Used extensirely to improve sour wines, which it does by forming acetate and tartrate of lead with their acetic and tartaric acids. For the means of detecting this, see the preceding article under Tests,
Poisonous like the preceding, which see.
Enters into Ceratum Saponis. L. Emplast. Plumbi. L. £. D. Liq.
Plumbi Acetatis. L. D. Plumbi Subacbtati? Liquor Compo6itu8. D. Compound solution of subacetate of lead* Mix 5j of the solution of subacetate of lead, ft>j of distilled water, and 5j of rectified spirit. It has similar properties to the simple solution. Pluhbi Sub-carbona8. L. Subcarbonate of Lead> or White Lead. Carbonas plumbi. £. D. P. Flake White. Dissolve litharge in weak acetic add, and pass a stream of carbonic acid gas through the solution. Or expose spiral rolls of sheet lead to the fumes of vinegar^ and place the vessels in warm dung, or in a steam-bath. Or add an alkaline carbonate to a solutbn of nitrate of lead.
Chemicaibf it contains 83*5 of the yeUow oxide of lead, and l6*5 of carbonic acid, and is therefore a carbonate and not a subcar- bonate. It is soluble in pure potass, and in nitric acid, but not in water.
Adulterated with several white and heavy subetances, such as whiting and chalk, which may be readily precipitated when dissolved in vine- gar, by oxalate of ammonia, which will throw down oxalate of lime. Carbonate of barytes will be decomposed by adding to the solution in vinegar a weak solution of Glauber's salts in distilled water, and sulphate of barytes will be precipitated ; which sulphate of barytes as well as sulphate of lead when used to adulterate flake white will dissolve in boiling distilled vinegar, while the carbonate of lead will not. White lead, when genuine, ought to be completely soluble in nitric acid, and ought to continue transparent when a solution of sulphate of soda is added.
Medicinally it is only used as an external application, for dusting ex« collations, &c, as an astringent and sedative, though it is by no means safe, as it is often absorbed, or acts on the nervous system, producing colica pictonum, or painters' colic ; which indeed derives its name from painters, who use this substance, being afflicted with it. It is a very dreadful disorder, often ending in palsy, and is best combated
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POIS
by opiates, and the meant reoommended in tlie preceding artkles for lead poison. See also Dr. Goon's Study afMedictHe. Poimmous like the preceding* Enters into Plumbi Superacet. L. £• D. Ung. Cerusis. D*
Plumbum. L. £. See Lrad.
Poison. A term applied very indefinitely to wliatever prodaoes dele- terious and fatal efleets when introduced into the body. Much. ni»- nece&sary criticism has been wasted on the classificatioa of poisons, though it must be obvious that it is impossible to give a satisfactory arrangemeht of things so nnilti£uious. Dr. Paris has indeed ven- tured upon what he supposes to be an improved dasrification, becauae he objects to that of Foder^ and Orfila ; but were I disposed to be critical on a matter of sndi small moment as it appears to be, I coold easily tittow that his improvement is extremely illogical. Opium and camphor for instance are made to belong both to his first and second class. I shall give both arrangements^ asid refer to the individual artides for symptoms and treatment.
CLASSIFICATION OF POISONS, BY FODERE AND ORFILA.
PROM BBCK's MXniCAJL JUKISPRUDXVCX.
CLASS L
Corrosive or Esckarolic Poisons.
Arsenical Preparations.
Araenious add, or white oxide d* arsenic
The Arsenites
Black Oxide of arsenic, fly- powder.
Arsenic add
Arseniate^ of potash, soda, and ammonia
Yellow and red sulphurets of arsenic
Mercurial Preparations. Corrosive sublimate
Nitrate of mercury
Red predpitate
Red oxide of mercury (preci- pitate per se)
Sulphate of mercury (turbith mineral)
White predpitate
Mercurial vapours
Antimonial Preparations. Oxide of antimony Tartar emetic Antimonial wine Muriate of antimony Kermes mineral, beyond me- dical doses Golden sulphur of antimony, do. Cinnabar of antimony, &c. Antimonial vapours
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335
|
Copfter. |
Alkaline carbonates in large doses. |
|
Oxide of copper |
Caustic alkaline earths. |
|
Sulphate of copper |
Bar3rtes, and its salts |
|
Nitrate of copper |
Quicklime |
|
Muriate of copp^ |
Phosphorus |
|
Acetate of copper |
Glass and enamel in powder |
|
Ammoniacal copper |
Cantharides |
|
Coppery soaps |
Iodine |
|
Coppery wine |
Hydrogenated sulphuret of pot- |
|
Silver. |
ash |
|
Nitrate of silver |
CLASS II. |
|
Gdd. |
Astringent Poisons. |
|
Muriate of gold |
Lead. |
|
Fulminating gold |
Acetate of lead |
|
Zinc. Oxide of zinc Sulphate of zinc |
Carbonate of lead, cerusse |
|
Litharge Wines and water impregnated with lead |
|
|
Bismuth, |
Food cooked in leaden vessels. |
|
Nitrate of bismuth |
Syrups and spirits clarified with |
|
Subnitrate of bismuth |
acetate of lead |
|
Tin. |
Saturnine emanations. |
|
Muriate of tin |
CLASS IIL |
|
Oxides of tin |
Acrid Poisons. |
|
Adds, concentrated, and in par- |
Chlorine |
|
ticular. |
Fluid Chlorine |
|
Sulphuric aoftd |
Nitrous add gas |
|
Nitric acid |
Sulphureous add gas |
|
Muriatic acid |
Nitrate of potash |
|
Phosphoric acid |
Veratrum album, white helle- |
|
Fluid nitrous add |
bore |
|
Sulphureous acid |
Acid Poisons. |
|
Fluoric acid |
Helleborus niger, black helle- |
|
Phosphorous acid |
bore |
|
Oxalic add |
Brvonia Diolca |
|
Tartaric add |
Elaterium |
|
Atkalies, caustic. |
Colocynth |
|
Potash |
Gamboge |
|
Soda |
Daphne Gnidium, spurge flax |
|
Ammonia |
Daphne Mezcreum, Sec. |
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POIS
Ridniis communis
Euphorbia officinarum, and se- veral other species
Savine
Rhus Radicans
Rhus toxicodendron
Rhus vemix
Anemone Pulsatilla^ &c
Aconitum napellus, &c.
Chelidonlum majus
Delphinium staphysagria
Narcissus pseudo-narcissus
GBnanthe crocata
Gratiola officinalis
Jatropha curcas
Scilla maritima
Sedum acre
Ranunculus flammula^ and se- veral other species
Rhododendron chrysanthum
FritiUaria imperialis
Pedicularis palustris
Cyclamen Europium
Plumbago Europea
Colchicum autumnale
Scammony
Cynanchum erectum
Lobelia syphilitica
Apocynum andro8<£mifolium> and other species
Asclepias gigantea
Hydrocotyle vulgaris
Clematis vitalba> &c.
Pastinaca sativa annosa
Soelanthus quadrogonus, and other species
Phytolacca decandra
Croton tiglium
Arum maculatum^ and other species
Calla palustris
CLASS IV. Narcotic Poisons. Opium
Hyoscjramus niger Hyoscyamus albus, &c. Prussic acid Prunus laro census Oil of laurel Bitter almonds Lactuca virona The Solana Taxus baccata Actca spicata Physalis somnifera Azalea pontica Ervumervilia Lathyrus cicera Paris quadrifolia Nitrogen gas Nitrous oxide.
CLASS V.
Narcolico-acrid. Atropa belladonna Datura stramonium^ &c. Tobacco
Digitalis purpurea Anagallis arvensis Aristolochia clematitis Conium maculatum Cicuta virosa CEthuea cynapium Ruta graveolens Nerium oleander Upas Tieute Nux Vomica Bean of St. Ignatius Angustura pseudo-fenruginea Upas antiar Ticunas Woorara
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POIS
3sr
Camphor Cocculus indicus Poisonous mushrooms Alcohol
Sulphuric aether Carbonic add gas Gaseous oxide of carbon £rgot> or spurred rye Lolium temulentum Hippomane mandneUa Mercurialis perennis Chsrophyllum sylvestre Slum latifolium Coriaria myrtifolia Odours of the above plants.
CLASS VI.
Septic or putrefying Poisons.
Sulphuretted hydrogen gas
Putrefied substances
Viper
Venomous snakes
Scorpion
Tarantula
Sting of bees^ wasps, &c
Poisonous fishes
Muscles
Malignant pustule
Rabies
TreatmenL As it would have much increased the size of this work, without adding to its value, to have given minute directions for the treatment of each individual poison here enumerated, a reference to the preceding classification will supply the least skilful practi- tioner with a useful guide in cases of less frequency. A case of poisoning, for example, by pimpernel (AnagalUs arvensis) which is Narcotico-acrid, must be treated like poisoning by Tobacco or Hemlock,
NEW CLASSIFICATION OF POISONS, BY DR. PARIS. Class I. Poisons which act through the medium op the
NSBVES WITHOUT BEING ABSORBED, AND WITHOUT EXCITING ANY LOCAL INFLAMMATION.
Order I. By which the Functions of the Nervous System are destroyed.
(Death by Suffocation from Paralysis of the Respiratory Muscles.*)
•'§ (^^^^^^
§ I Jatropha curcas ^
^ I
•|:^r Alcohol a
II ]^ Oil of Tobacco ^
"Essential oil of almonds t Camphor t Opium ? t Salts of lead? Croton Tiglium %
* The respiratory nerves would be a more proper term, I think. J. R. t This mark denotes that the substance against which it is placed may also act by being absorbed.
t Signifies that the article has also a local action.
z
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S5B
POIS
Order 11. By which the Heart is rendered insensible to the Stimuhs of
the Blood.
{Deaih by Syncope.)
Infusion of Tobacco. Upas Antiar.
Class II. Poisons which^ by bntbbino the cibculati<»«> act
THBOUOH THAT MBIMUM^ WITH DIFFBBBNT DEGBEBS OF ENBEOT ON THB HBART^ BRAIN^ AND ALIMENTABT CANAL.
{Death in many forms,)
t r Arsenic
g y Emetic Tartar
M I Muriate of Baryta
{Hellebore Savine Meadow Safiron SquiU
C r Opium *S J Lettuce g i Henbane ^ ^ Prussic add ,
1 r Deadly Nightshade J
ll I Hemlock
g ^ j Camphor t
^ ^ Cocculus indicus
Class III. Poisons which^ through the medium of the cibcu-
LATION^ extend THEIB ENERGIES ON THE SPINAL MABBOW^ without DIBECTLY involving THB FUNCTIONS OF TUB BBAIN.
{Death by Tetanic Convulsitme.) Nux Vomica, and the whole tribe of Strychnus.
Class IV. Poisons which fboduce a direct local action on the mucous membbane of the alimentabt canal.
{Death by Gangrene,)
as
f Corrosive sublimate t Verdigrise
Muriate and oxide of tin Sulphate of zinc Nitrate of silver Acids Alkalies Cantharidest
"Bryony Elaterium + Colocynth t Gamboge Euphorbium Hedge Hyssop Croton Tiglium
. Ranunculi
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POMA 359
Poison for Bugs. May be made with arsenic^ or corrosive sublimate.
I>iflflolve Jj of corrosive sublimate in a pint of rectified spirit of wine^
and add Jiv each of castor oil and turpentine. Or, Reduce 5j of corrosive sublimate and one of white arsenic to a iine
powder; mix with it 5J of muriate of ammonia in powder^ ^ij each
of oil of turpentine and yellow wax, and Jviij of olive oil. Put all
these into a pipkin placed in a pan of boiling water^ and when the
wax is melted^ stir the whole till cold in a mortar. (Brande.) Or, A solution of sulj^ate of copper. P018ON Oak. See Toxicodbndri Fol. Polish. A term given to several sorts <^ varnishes for wood and other
materials. French PoUsJu Is made by dissolving in a gentle heat Jiij of shell lac>
Jj each of mastic and gum sandarac^ and '^xl of rectified spirit. Roman Polish. Is made by dissolving Ibiij of gum sandarac in two
gallons of rectified spirit. PoLLBNiNB. New. A chemical principle, discovered by M. John in the
pollen of tulips, which is similar to albumen and extremely combustible. PoLTCHROiTB. Nefv. A v^etable extract produced by Bouillon la
Grange from safiron, and so named from its assuming various colours
with various reagents. PoLTOALA Amara. P. Bitter Milkwort. The leaves and roots of which
are bitter, stomachic, and expectorant, in doses of 58s of the powder,
twice or thrice a day, or in form <^ decoction for pleuritis, && PoLYGALA Sbnrga. See SsNBGiB Radix. L. PoLYGALA Vulgaris. P. Common Milkwort. A native plant with
small blue, flesh-coloured, or white flowers, and used as the P. amara. PoLYGALic Acid is procured from Virginian Snake-root and other
polygalae. PoLYGALiA, a new vegetable alkali procured from the various species of
polygalae. Polygonum. See Bistorts Radix and Persicaria. PoLYPODiUM VuLGARE. P. Common Polypody. A native plant of the
fern genus, common at the roots of trees, near old stones, or en stone
walls. It is bitter, astringent, expectorant, and eccoprotic. PoMAMBRA. A mixture of various perfumed substances made into a ball,
and worn in the pocket as a perfume. Sometimes also made into
beads for necklaces. The perfumes may be according to the fancy of
the maker. Pomatum. Is a term applied to a variety of unguents, chiefly used for
the hair. Lard is usually the basis of these. Common Pomatum. Take fbvij of fresh mutton suet, skinned and
shiedded very fine ; melt it in about two quarts of spring water, and
z2
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whilst hot, put the whole into a weU-glased earthen pan small at bottom and wide at top. Let it stand till the fat is quite cold and all the impurities fall to the bottom> which carefully scrape off. Then break the fat into small pieces, and put them in a pan with two gallons of spring water for a whole day, stirring and washing often. Next day change the water, and when poured off, dry the fat by rubbing it in a linen cloth. Then put the suet with Ibjss of fresh hogs -lard into a large pan, and melt the whole over a gentle fire. When properly combined, put the whole into an earthen pan, and beat it with a wooden spatula till cold. Whilst beating add ^vj of essence of lemon-peel and 30 drops of oil of cloves, previously mixed together. Continue beating till the mixture be perfectly white, and then put it in small pots. Leave them open till it is quite cold^ and then cover them with bits of bladder.
English, or Hard Pomatum. Take 5vj of common pomatum, and add to it two or three ounces of very clean white wax scraped very fine. Melt the whole together in an earthen pan, which is immersed in a larger one, containing boiling water, over a clear and steady fire. When properly incorporated take it off and keep stirring it with a spatula until it be about half cold or congealed, and then put it into small pots, as before directed, or make it up into rolls of the sixe of the little finger. This pomatum may be scented with whatever agreeable flavour the perfumer pleases. It will keep good, even with less wax than has been above directed, in the East Indies or any other warm climate for a long time.
Italian, or Soft Pomatum, Take ftxxv of hogs'-lard, ftviij of mutton suet, 5yj of oil of bergamot, Jiv of essence of lemons, Jss of oil of lavender, and J-i- of oil of rosemary. These ingredients are to be combined in the same manner as those for the English pomatum, and kept in pots for use.
Palm, or Orange Pomatum. Take Ibv of hogs'-lard, !bj of mutton suet, Jiij of eau de Portugal, Jss of essence of bergamot, Jiv of yellow wax, and Ihss of palm oil. Mix as directed for hard pomatum, and put it into small gallipots, which must be well covered. Another way is to melt in a water-bath the quantity required of common pomatum, and add an equal weight of fresh orange-flowers. Let the whole remain for four hours, when it is to be passed though a linen cloth by pressure. Put this with a fresh quantity of the flowers again into the water- bath, and continue to repeat the process in this manner for five or six times, when it may be set aside to cool, and in fifteen da3rs rcraelted in the water-bath, and put into pots.
Parisian Pomatum. Put into a proper vessel Ibijss of prepared hogs'- lard with Ibij of picked lavender-flowers, orange-flowers, jasmine.
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buds of 8weet-briar> or any other sweet-scented flower^ or a mixturs according to your choice^ and knead the whole with the hands into a paste as uniform as possible. Put this mixture into a pewter^ tin> or stone pot^ and cork it tight. Place the vessel in a vapour-bath^ and let it stand in it six hours> at the expiration of which time strain the mixture through a coarse linen cloth by means of a press. Now throw away the flowers which you have used as being useless, pour the melted lard back into the same pot, and add Ibiv of fresh lavender- flowers. Stir the lard and flowers together while the lard is in a liquid state, in order to mix them thoroughly, and repeat the first process. Continue to repeat this tiU you have used about ten pounds of flowers. After having separated the pomatum from the refuse of the flowers, set it in a cool place to congeal, pour ofl* the reddish- brown liquor, or juice extracted from the flowers, wash the pomatum in several waters, stirring it about with a wooden spatula to separate any remaining watery particles, till the last water remains perfectly colourless. Then melt the pomatum in a vapour-bath, and let it stand in it about one hour, in a vessel well corked, and then leave it in the vessel to congeal. Repeat this last operation till the watery particles are entirely extracted, when the wax must be added, and the pomatum melt^ for the last time in a vapour-bath in a vessel closely corked, and suffered to congeal as before. When properly prepared it may be filled into pots, and tie the mouths of them over with wet bladder to prevent the air from pene- trating. This pomatum will be very fragrant, and form an ex- cellent preparation for improving the gloss and luxuriance of the hair. Base, Rosemary, and other scented pomatums are made by adding per- fumes to common pomatum. SuUana Pomalutn is made by holm of Mecca, spermaceti, and cold- drawn oil of alnjonds. It is used as a cosmetic for the face for re« moving freckles, pimples, &c
PoMfiGBANATE. See Gbanati Cortex.
PoiucADB. A French term s3monymous, or almost synonymous, with pomatum, of which the Codex gives several examples. I shall now mention these with a few others used in perfumery.
PoMMADB OE Cybillo. Adept muriate hydrargyri oxygenati tnedicalus. P. Take four ports of corrosive sublimate, and 32 parts of prepared hogs'-lard, triturate the sublimate separately, and then mix it inti- mately with the lard. It is used in mercurial frictions 58s once or twice a day, as an antivenereal.
PoacMADB DivnfE is made in various ways, for example : Take ibjss of beef marrow, 3j each of calamine, benzoin, storax, and the root of
Digitized by
S42 POPP
Florentine iris, Jjss of cinnamon, and 5j of nutmeg. Triturate carefully, and mix with the marrow.
Oty Take tbiv of mutton 8uet» fbj of white wax, 3j^ ^^^ ^ essence of lemon-peel and of hergamot, 5iy each of oil of origanum and of lar vender. It is used for the hair.
PoMMAOB Epistastiqub Vbbtb. Adeps canikaridibus medicatms, P. Take 64 parts of cantliarides ointment, l6d parts of unguentum populeum, 256 parts of white wax, S4 parts each of green oxide of copper (verdigrise), and extract of opium. Melt the unguentum populeum with the wax> and before these cool add the verdigriae, the cantharides, and the opium powdered with a little oil. Mix inti- mately to make a pommade to dress issues.
PousiADB £pi8PASTiQUB Jaune. Adcps canthariiUbus medicaius aUus. Take 120 parts of cantharides in powder, 1680 parts of prepared lard, and 250 parts of water. Melt the lard, mix the cantharides with it, and add the water at the same time ; place the whole upon a gentle fire, stir constantly for two hours, and add a little water to replace what is evaporated ; strain with expression, continue to keep the mixture in a water-bath, add eight parts of turmeric root in powder, strain through paper, allow it to cool slowly, to separate the superfluous liquid. Melt again, add 250 parts of yellow wax, and eight parts of volatile oil of citron; mix carefully, and make a pommade.
PoAiMADB Aux Flburs is made with jasmine, orange, or tuberose flowers, put into a close box, spread around with commoa pomatum, fresh flowers being added till the scent is sufficiently strong.
PoMMADB DE Garou. Adcps corticc daphnes gftidii medicaius. P. Take 320 parts of prepared hoga'-lard, 32 parts of wax, and 128 parts of prepared bark of the daphne. Melt the wax and the lard together, and add the bark previously softened in water. Boil till the humidity is dissipated, strain, allow it to settle, and when it b^^ to cool, triturate it till there remain no lumps.
Pommade Ophthalmiqub. Adeps oxido ht^drargyro rtibri et pimniri acetate medicatus. P. Take four parts and a half of fresh butter washed in rose water, 0*25 part each of camphor, red oxide of mer- cury and acetate of lead, triturate long and carefully, and make a pommade in which the oxide and acetate may be in the proportion of gr. iv in each 5j of the mass. Used in inflammations of the tarsus, and conjunctiva.
PoMPHOLYX. See Zinci Oxidum.
Pop. See Imperial.
Poppy Heads. See Papavbris Capsula bt Dbcoct.. et Extr, Papav.
Digitized by
POTA 34$
PopuLUS Tkbmula. Aspen. Pharm. PhUad, The berk is bitter^ tonic, and febrifuge.
PoKRi Radix. L. Leek Root, or Bulb. AUiutm parrum. It is stimu- lant, expectorant, and diuretic in doses of 5 j to Jss of the fresh juice triturated with sugar and mixed with water, for humoral astiima, &c.; but is seldom prescribed, as it has but little power. In cataplasm it is suppurative.
PoBTLANJD PowDBB FOR GrOUT. A Celebrated ccunbination of bitters, which was at one time in high fashion, more in consequence perhaps of bearing the name of the Duke of Portland, dian fhim other causes. Take equal parts of gentian and birthwort root, tops and leaves of germander, ground pine, and lesser centaury, powdered and mixed together. Medicinal^ it is a good bitter in doses of gr. xv to 5J or more, twice or thrice a day, in gouty affections as a tonic and stomachic
Potash, Potass, or Potassa. See the succeeding articles.
PoTAssA CUM Calcb. L. £. D. Potassa ape ealcis parata ei ignefusa. P. Lapis causticus, O. Potass with Lime. Take Oiij of solution of potass, ftj o£ fresh lime, boil down the solution of potass to one pint, then add lime, previously slaked by the addition of water, and mix them thoroughly together. Medicinally this is a milder caustic than pure potass, which the lime ren« - ders deliquescent, and more manageable, but it is seldom employed.
Potassa Fusa. L. Potassa* £. Potassa caustica. D. Fused Potass, Lapis infemalis. O. Take one gallon of solution of potass; eva-> porate the water in a ddan iron vessel over a fire till ebullition ceases, and the potass melts ; pour it out on iron plates in pieces of a proper form. Chenucalfy, fused potass is a hjrdrate of the jHrotoxide of potassium, containing about one-sixth of water, and also a portion of peroxide of potassium, which, however, parts with its excess of oxygen ; when dissolved in water it effervesces, and is converted into protoxide. The potassa fusa is deliquescent in the air, soluble in water, and in alcohoL It melts at a low red heat, and evaporates at a bright red heat. Impurities are usually contained in the common fused potass, sudi as lime, carbonate of potass, peroxide of iron, and silex, but seldom so as to injure its properties. It ought to be of a whitish-grey, brownish, bluish, or greenish colour, hard and brittle. It feeb soapy by dissolving a portion of the skin, and forming soap with it By digesting it with alcohol, pouring off the dear supernatant liquor, evaporating this to dryness, and fusing at a red heat, it may be obtained very pure.
Digitized by
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Medicinalfy it is given in form €i Liquor Potassjb internally; and is used as an escharotic and caustic externally^ being extremely powerful in destroying living parts, such as in forming issues, opening tumours, subduing fungus, &c. It possesses the advantage of being instantly arrested in its action by applying vin^ar, or any other v^^taUe acid to neutralise it ; but it has also the disadvantage of spreading wider than may be desirable. In treating urethral stric- tures, it is considered by many as preferable to the argenti nitras. (Whatbly — Macilwain.)
PoTAssA Impura. L. Subcarhonos polastte impurus. E. Poiasstg carbonas e lixivio cineres. D. Cineres elavcllaii, O. Impure Potass, or Pearl Ash. It is procured by burning land plants or wood, and is a compound of the muriate, sulphate, and subcarbonate of potass with clay, flint, and peroxide of iron. It is extensively used in the arts, for manufacturing soap, &c In pharmacy it is only used for preparing the subcarbonate of potass.
PoTAsaiB AcBTAs. L. £. D. P. See Acbtas Potassje. Acetate of Potass. It is without smell, but of an acrid pungent taste, soluble in water, and also in alcohol. It is white, and in form of light spongy masses of a foliated texture. AduUerated with sulphates, muriates, and tartrates. Sulphates may be detected by nitrate or muriate of barytes, which will precipitate sulphate of barytes ; or by acetate of lead, which will predintate sulphate of lead. The tartrate of potass is sometimes present ; but this cannot, as Dr. Paris imagines, be detected by tartaric add giving a precipitate, for it will do this with the purest acetate of potass, by actually decomposing it, and forming tartrate of potass. Muriates may be detected by nitrate of silver, and lead by the tests of lead. When it is brownish, vegetable extractive matter is present. Incompatible with all the minerals, most of the vegetable adds, and consequently with Dbcoctum Tamabindi ; also with the sulphates of magnesia and soda, the tartrate of potass, muriate of ammonia, nitrate of silver, and corrosive sublimate. When the aqueous solution stands, it decomposes spontaneously. MeiUcinally it is deobstruent and gently laxative in doses of 9j to ^iij for jaundice, saburral fevers, hepatitis, mesenteric obstructions, &c» It is an excellent diuretic ; but is seldom prescribed. Enters into Add. Aoeticum. D. Acet. Hydrarg. E. D. Tinct Acet. Ferri. D.
PoTAssJB Cabbonas. L. E. P. Carbonate of Potass. Potassa bi-car- bonas. D. Take one gallon of solution of subcarbonate of potass, pasi carbonic add through the solution in a proper vessel till it is perfectly saturated ; and filter the solution. Evaporate the filtered
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lolution that crystals may form, taking care that the heat does not exceed 120^. Having poured off the solution, dry the crystals upon bibulous paper. Carbonic acid is rery easily obtained from white marble and dilute sulphuric acid. The old formula was inconvenient and expensive.
Decomposition, The dilute sulphuric add from its superior affinity to lime decomposes the marble, forms sulphate of lime, which is preci« pitated, and gives off carbonic acid gas, which by passing through the solution of subcarbonate of potass converts it into a bicarbonate, which would be a proper term for the preparation. Muriatic acid would perhaps be preferable to sulphuric acid for decomposing the lime. The solution of the subcarbonate here directed is too strong, and requires to be diluted with four or five parts of water to make the process go on well.
AduUerated with other salts, but its purity may be ascertained by dis- solving it in dilute nitric acid. The solution should be transparent and without any deposit, and it ought not to be disturbed with the nitrate of silver or barytes, nor with subcarbonate of soda. The crystals should be white, or rather colourless, without smell, and with only a feebly alkaline taste, and ought not to deliquesce nor effloresce in the air. It produces only a slight change on turmeric paper.
Soluble in four times its weight of water at 6(y, and in-four«fifths of boiling water, but in the latter an evolution of carbonic acid gas takes place. In alcohol it is insoluble.
Incompatible with lime and lime water, adds, and particularly the mineral, the acetates of ammonia and lead, alum, ammoniated copper and iron, borax, the muriates of ammonia, iron, and lime; the nitrate of silver, the oxymuriate of mercury, the subacetate of lead, the 8ub« muriate of mercury (when heat is applied), the sulphates of copper, iron, and zinc ; and tartarized antimony and iron. Also with the tinctures of muriated iron and of ammoniated iron. Dr. Paris is mistaken in classing sulphate of magnesia with inoompatibles.
Medicinally ^t is used as a valuable antadd, lithontriptic, and deob- struent; and is preferable to the subcarbonate from being less nauseous, and less liable to irriute weak stomachs. It may be given in doses of gr. x to 5ss; or 3j or more may be dissolved in a glass of water, and jiv of lemon-juice may be added to form an effervesdng draught. In nephritis and gravel, as well as in anasarca and cardi- algia, it is a good medidne. In mesenteric disorders of children, it is also excellent. PoTAsss NiTRAs. L. E. D. P. Nilrum, sal nilrum. O. Nitrate of Potass, Nitre, or Sail Pelre. In warm climates it is formed spon-
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teneou^, and the nitre of commeroe is diicdy lopplied ftom tropical countries ; but it may also be manufactured in Europe by artificial composts. It is very extensirely employed in making nitric acid, and is essential in the manufiActure of gunpowder.
Adulterated with earthy impurities, perhaps accidentally, during its formation. The muriate of soda is most commonly combined with it, but may be detected by dinolving it in distilled water, and adding to this a solution of nitrate of silver, which will predpitate the soda in form of a nitrate.
Insoluble in alcohol, but easily soluble in cold, and still more so in bal- ing, water, particularly if a little common salt be added.
Incompatible with sulphuric acid, and generally with all the sulphates but sulphate of soda, which has Httle action on it except at a very low temperature.
Medicinally it is one of the best diuretics and refrigerants, and may be given in doses of gr. x to 58s thrice a day, dissolved in rose water, and taken immediately in fever and vascular excitement. In still smaller doses every hour or t^o hours it is good in inflammatory fever, hemorrhage, &c In doses of 9j to 9ij it is purgative. Dr. Paris surely mistakes when he says it is an inconnderable diuretic
Externally it is cooling and detergent, and excellent in gargles, for incipient inflammatory sore-throat, and cynanche tonsOlaris. It is also used in fumigations.
Poisonous in ounce or even half-onnce doses (being sometimes taken in that quantity by mistake for Glauber's salts), producing vomiting and nausea, painful hypercathanis and tormina, with bloody stools, synoqpe, convulsions, and paralyas, or death.
Antidotes, The best remedies are demulcent drinks, and emollient enemas to sheathe its acridness, and opium with aromatics to subdue the spasmodic action of the bowels.
TesL Sulphuric acid when poured upon it combines with the potass, and nitrous acid fbmes are disengaged. The powder also deflagrates when thrown on hot coals.
Enters into Tiodusci Nitratis Potasse. E. P0TA8SJB N1TRA8 PuBiFicATUM. D. Purified Nitrate of Potass. Dis- solve the nitrate in water and crystalline by cooling. PoTAssJE SuB-cARfiONAs. L. £. Subcarbonate of Potass. Carbonas PotassoB e Tartari CrystaUis. D. Kali prceparatum; Sal absinlhu; Sal Tartari. O. Salt of Tartar, and Salt of Wonnwood. Take fbiij of impure potass (pearlash) bruised, and Oiij of boiling water; dissolve the potass in water, filter, and pour the solution into a dean iron vessel, evaporate over a slow fire till the liquor becomes thick ; thien^ having removed it from the fire, stir the liquor constantly with
Digitized by
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an iron spatula till the salt passes into a granular form. It may be prepared in the same manner from tartar previously burned till it assume an ash colour.
Genuine subcarbonate^ or, as it ought rather to be called, carbonate of potass, should contain more than two parts of potass to one of carbonic acid. It usually contains many earthy and saline impurities, and often iron and manganese to the amount of about S per cent. Lime may be detected by precipitating it from solution by a solution of subcarbonate of soda. None of these impurities are of much con- sequence in a medical point of view.
Soluble in twice its weight of water ; and what remains undissolved is earthy, and other impurities. It is insoluble in alcohol, but combines like an alkali with oils in the form of soap.
Incompatible with the same substances as mentioned under Potassjb Cabbonas, with the exception of tartarized iron, and the addition of sulphate of magnesia.
Medicinally it is antacid, cooling, and diuretic ; but from being of a nauseous, acrid, urinous, and alkaline taste, it is less employed than the carbonate for making effervescing draughts with the citric or tartaric acids. It is, however, extensively used in other pharma- ceutical preparations.
Enters into Liq. Potass. Subcarbonatis. L. D. PoTAsas Sulphas. L. £. D. P. Sulphate of Potass. Sulphas kali; KaU viirioUUum ; Sal de duobus; Tartarum vilriolatum. O. Take ftij of the salt which remains after the distillation of nitric acid, and two gallons of boiling water ; mix so that the salt may be dissolved, and add as much subcarbonate of potass as may be sufficient to saturate the acid ; then boil the solution till a pellicle form upon the surface ; strain, and set it aside, that crystals may form. Pour off the supernatant liquor, and diy the crystals on blotting paper.
Decomposition, The carbonic add escapes in form of gas, while the superabundant sulphuric acid is neutraliifed by combining with the potass and forming the sulphate.
Adulterated but seldom, as it is cheap, and holds out little temptation for fraud. The genuine salt is bitter and without smell, the crystals are hard, transparent, and do not deliquesce, though they slightly effloresce, and, if heated, decrepitate. Turmeric, or litmus paper, should not be changed by the solution, and the solution of ammonia or its subcarbonate ought not to give any precipitate.
Soluble in sixteen parts of water at 60^ : insoluble in alcohol.
Incomp{M}le with acetate and subaoetate of lead, corrosive sublimate, the muriatic and nitric acids, nitrate of silver, the muriates of lime and barytes, and tartaric acid. Dr. Paris is mistaken in mentioning
Digitized by
S^9 POTA
lime amongst the incompatibles, at least it is not so in its aqueous solution^ though barytes is so.
Medicinalfy, it is deobstruent and laxative ; but is not^ on account of its being soluble with difficulty, to be depended upon alone. With rhubarb, ipecacuan, or aloes^ it is a good adjunct by minutely dividing them when triturated, and with these it is excellent in the mesenteric and visceral obstructions of children, &c., in doses of gr. xv with gr. v of rhubarb. As a purgative the dose is 5ss to Jss, or 5vj. PoTAssA SuLPHURKTi Aqua. D. Solutlon of Sulphuretted Potass. Boil one part of washed sulphur and eleven parts of solution of caustic potass for ten minutes, and strain through paper. It ought to be kept in a close-stopped vessel.
Medicinalli^ the dose is ii)^xx to 5jss twice a day ; but it is chiefly used as an external application. PoTA88iB SuLPUURBTUM. L. £. D. P. Sulphuret of Potass. Sulpku" return kali; Hepar sulphuris; Liver of sulphur, O. Take 5j of washed sulphur, and 5ij of subcarbonate of potass ; triturate them together, and heat in a covered crucible on the fire till they unite.
Decomposition* This^ by the old rationale, is explained by saying that the sulphur forms with the potass a sulphuret^ while the carbonic add is set free and escapes; but, upon Sir H. Davy's principles, it is rather a complicated process. The carbonic acid gas is first set free and evolved, leaving the sulphur and the potass to act upon each other^ by which three-fourths of the potass (oxide of potassium) is decomposed, its oxygen forming sulphuric acid, and its potassium bi- sulphuret of potassium with the sulphur. The remaining portion of the potass unites without decomposition with the newly-formed sul- phuric acid, and sulphate of potass is the result. The preparation is consequently a compound salt, or rather a mixture of sulphate of potass and bisulphuret of potassium^ with a small excess of sulphur.
Genuine sulphuret of potass is of a liver-brown or dirty olive colour; of a bitter, acrid, and nauseous ta3te; without smell when dry, but being decomposed by moisture, it smells when moist of sulphuretted hydrogen, which is then evolved.
Iticompalible with acids, which unite with the potass ; set free the sul- phur, precipitate part of it and expel the other part» in the form of sulphuretted hydrogen gas; with metallic solutions, which unite with the sulphur and form sulphurets ; with water, whose oxygen unites with the potassium of the bisulphuret, forming potass ((xkde of potassium) and whose hydrogen unites with the sulphur forming sulphuretted hydrogen, and this is partly expelled in form of gas, and partly unites with the excess of sulphur. When exposed to the air, oxygen combines both with the sulphur, forming sulphuric add, and
Digitized by
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with the potassium of the bisulphuret forming potass^ and those two new combinations unite and form sulphate of potass.
Medicinally diaphoretic and expectorant; 3\j combined with ftj of honey or S3rrup9 and given in doses of 5j to Jss, twice a day> or with soap in form of pill, for hooping-cough, croup, asthma, chronic rheu- matism, and chronic catarrh. It has been said to be an antidote to arsenic and lead poisons by decomposing them, but its use is very doubtful in such cases. Mr. Brande, who is so often sceptical about the power of medicines, thinks that its effects in all cases are doubt- ful : experience, however, is against him.
ExiemaUy, it forms an excellent lotion with water, for herpes, scabies, and porrigo; but it is obvious from what has just been said, that it must be the sulphuretted hydrogen and potass, and not the sulphuret of potass, that has the effect. From 5 j to Jss with Oj of water are the proportions. PoTAssA Super-sulphas. L. Supersulphate of Potass. Potassce Bi-'Sulphas, D. Scd enixum. O. Take fbij of the salt which remains af^ the distillation of nitric acid, and Oiv of boiling water; mix them so that the salt may be dissolved, filter, and boil the solution down to one-half, set it aside that crystals may form, and, having poured off the solution, dry them on blotting-paper.
Chemically the salt ordered in the above formula is a bisulphate of potass, and the solution is only for the production of crystals ; but ii* the filtration be performed before the liquor is cool, a copious depo- sition of the uncrystallised salt ensues.
Adulterated vfitji other salts, such as nitrate of potass, in consequence of an insufficient quantity of sulphuric acid having been used in the previous process of preparing nitric acid. The genuine supersulphate of potass is very sour and bitterish, but has no smelL It reddens vegetable blues, and effervesces with carbonates by expelling carbonic acid gas.
Soluble in two parts by weight of water at 60°, but less than an equal weight at 212°. Dr. Pavis is mistaken in saying it is soluble in alcohol.
Incompatible with earths, alkalies, and their carbonates ; with most of the metals, and their oxides, and indeed with all substances on which sulphuric acid may act.
Medicinally it is a cooling purgative in gr. xv to ^ij, in cases requiring the sulphuric acid with a laxative, but is usually conjoined with rhu- barb and other purgatives. In larger doses it is apt to gripe. It is less disagreeable and more active, because more soluble than the sulphate. PoTASSiE SuPBR-TARTBAS. L. E. Supcrtartrate of Potass. Polassoe
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H4mrirm9* D. Tarimrum. O. Cream of TaHmr, when powdered* This is the tartar of wine, purified by disac^ring it in boiling water, and precipitating the impurities by albumen. It is composed of 57 parts of acid to 33 of potass and 10 of water^ and is tlierefore a bi- tartrate.
AdmiteraUd with supersulphate of potass, but this may be easily de- tected by nitrate or muriate of barytes, which wiU give a precipkate of sulphate of barytes. Mr. Brande disoorered in one sample about 15 per cent, of white flint pebbles (quarts), broken smalL Adulter- ations of this kind are discovered by their being insoluble. I suspect that in the powdered form it is very extensively adulterated widi Paris piaster, chalk, aad other white substances. It ought to have a sour taste, not un]deasant, and no smell. It also reddens vegetltble blues. The crystals are small and brittle.
SohUfie in 120 or 125 parU of water at 60^, and 30 parts at 212^ but scarcely soluble in alcohol. Its solubility is increased by mixing it with boracic add. See Taatras acidulus Potass. P.
Incompatible with the alkalies and alkaline earths, and their cu-bo- nates, with lime water, the mineral acids, and solutions of lead and silver.
Medicinally, cream of tartar, or the powdered crystals, is a valuable mild laxative, diuretic^ and refrigerunt, and is prescribed in fever, inflammatory affections, catarrh, dropsy, &c The dose is 5 j to 5uj as a cooling diuretic, from 5iv to Jj or more as a purgative, which, when largely diluted, proves hydragogue, but then is apt to produce griping, and to be followed by debiHty. In a basin of gruel or barley water^ nutde very thin, aud sweetened to taste, it is good in incipient catarrh, or inflammatory affections. In form of electuary, with honey or syrup, and conjoined with sulphur, it is a good laxative in rheumatic and gouty auctions, worms, &c.
Enters into Ferrum Tartarizat. L. D, Potass. Tartras. L. E. D. Pulv. Jalapte Comp. £• Pulv. Scammonii Comp. £. Pulv. Sennc Comp. £. P0TA8SS Tartras. L. £. D. P. Tartrate of Potass. Tartiorum solu- bile, Sal vegelabUe. O. Take ^xvj of subcarbonate ci potass> feiij of supertartrate of potass, one gallon of boiling water ; dissolve the subcarbonate of potass in the water, then add to it the supertartrate of potass reduced to powder, till bubbles cease to escape ; filter the solution through paper ; boil this till a pellicle be formed, set it aside that crystals may form, and having poured off the solution, diy the crystals on blotting-paper.
Decomposition. The non-neutralized potass in the subcarbonate of potass unites with the excess of the tartaric acid in the supertartrate ; the
Digitized by
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carbonic acid is at the same time set free^ and espeUed, aad the result is a perfectly neutral tartrate.
AduUeraUd (but seldom) with sulphates, whidi are easily detected by muriate or nitrate of bar3rte8 ; while an imperfect preparatioQ of the salt, and a consequent excess of either the subcarbonate cr su- pertartrate of potass, may be detected wkh turmeric, or litmus paper.
SoktbU very readily in two parts of water at 60^ , and when exposed to the air, attracts moisture from it; very soluble also in alcohoL
Incomp^ible with the alkaline earths, and with lime water, and the muriate of lime and of ammonia ; with the acetate and subacetate of lead, the nitrate of silver, and generally with solutions of lead and silver. All acids and vegetables, and aciduloos salts, deeompose it, by lUkiftuig with a portion of the potass, and converting the remainder into the supertartrate. It is consequently improper to prescribe it with tamarinds, infusion of roses, &c
Medicinaify it is a very good» mild laxative, particularly when con- joined with rhubarb, aloes, senna, &c. ; which substances it prevents from griping, probd^ly by carrying them more speedily through the bowels. It is recommended in mdancholy, mania, hypochondria, and in fever.
Potassium. A metallic base, discovered by Sir H. Davy, in potass, which is the protoxide of potassium. The metal is procured by the agency of galvanism ; or better by mdting potass, and passing the vapour throij^ an iixm tube, brought to a white heat ; in which ca^e the iron attracts the oxygen, and the potassium passes to the cooler part of the tube. It is so light that it swims on water, and so inflammable that it takes fire when it touches ice, realising what in the monkish ages was deemed miraculous — ^' de glacie produxit igaem." It requires to be kept under pure colourless naphtha. By means of potassium, carbonic acid gas has been decomposed, and proved to consist of two parts of oxygen, and one of carbon.
Potato. Solanum tuberosum. P. The root is well known to be fSui- naceous and nutritive, and stardi may be manufactured from it, little different in any respect from arrow-root
Medicinalfy, when scraped down raw, it is a good rd&igerant for bums, and superficial inflammation : boiled, it is emollient in form of cata- plasm. An extract of the leaves and flowers is anodyne.
PoTBNTiLLA. A genus of plants that are astringent and bitterish, but much feebler than tormentil. The P. arserina, or silverweed, has a farinaceous root, which, when cooked, tastes sweetish and pleasant; and, if it could be enlarged by cultivation, might be a valuable esculent.
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PoTBRiUM Sanouisorba. Small Burnet. A common native plant, feebly tonic and astringent.
PoTio AciDi Hyorocyanici. Pectcnral Potion. Take n^xv of medi- cinal hydrocyanic acid, i^j of infusion of ground-ivy, 5j of syrup of marsh-mallows. Date 5 j every six hours.
PoTio Anooyna, dicta Julep. Take 5ij of S3rrup of poppies, or diaco- dion, Jss of orange-flower water, and ^j of distilled lettuce water ; mix.
PoTio Anti-bmbtica Effbrtescbns, dicta Riverii. P. Take Jj of syrup of lemons, ^ of fresh dtron-juice, Jiij of water, 5ss of car- bonate of potass ; mix in a phial, and cork instantly. Sometimes the carbonate of potass, or soda, is first given in some con- venient vehicle, and then the citron-juice, the effervescence taking place in the stomach. Peppermint water, with syrup of orange- peel, is a good vehicle for the carbonate.
PoTio BX Aromaticis, dicta Cardiaga. P. Take 5j of syrup of dove- jilly-flower, ^ of tincture of cinnamon, 5ij of confection of saffiron ; mix carefully in a mortar, and add 5iij each of distilled peppermint Water, and orange-flower water ; mix.
PoTio ^Btherba Antispasmodica. P. Take Jj of syrup of water- lily, Jij each of distilled water of orange-flowers, and of lime-tree flowers, 5j of sulphuric ether ; mix.
PoTio Camphorata, dicta Antiseptioa. P. Take 5ij of Virginian snake-root, infuse during a quarter of an hour in Jiv of boiling water. Then take Jj of syrup of Peruvian bark, 5ij of tincture of bark, gr. xij of camphor ; mix by long trituration in a glass mortar, then add J j of liquor of acetate of ammonia ; then add the former infusion of snake-root, when cold.
PoTio Embtica Antimoniata. p. Take gr. iij of tartarixed antimony, Jix of distilled water ; mix, and divide into three doses, to be taken at the interval of a quarter of an hour each.
PoTio Embtica cum Ipecacuanha. P. Take gr. xxiv of ipecaeuan in powder, 3 j of syrup of capillaire, Jix of water ; mix the syrup with the water, divide into three doses, and add to each one-third of the ipecaeuan ; to be taken at the interval of a quarter of an hour each.
PoTio EX Ipecacuanha Composita. P. Take 5j of ipecaeuan, 5ij of senna-leaves, infuse for twelve hours .in 3^ of boiling water ; strain, and add 3j each of oxymel of squills, and S3rrup of hyssop. A spoonful is a dose.
PoTio EX F(ETiDis, dictu Anti-Hysterica. p. Take 3j of com- pound syrup of wormwood, gr. xxiv of tincture of castor and assa-
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foetida ; mix for a long time, and exactly ; then add Jij each of distilled water of valerian and orange-flowers, and 5ss of sulphuric ether; mix.
PoTio BX GuMMi Ammoniaco bt Scilla. p. Take ^j of hyssop- leaves, Jiv of boiling water, infuse till the water is cold ; then take 3j of oxymel of squills, gr. xij of gum ammoniac in powder ; mix for a long time in a marble mortar, then dissolve this by trituration in the former cold infusion.
PoTio Pu ROANS. P. Royal Ptisane. Take Jss each of picked senna- leaves and sulphate of soda, 5j each of anise and coriander seeds, 5s8 each of chervil and small bumet leaves, Oij of cold water, one citron cut in slices ; macerate for 20 hours, shaking from time to time, strain by expression, and filter through blotting-paper. See Blacm Draught.
PoTio vel Haustus Purgans Communis Decoctione Paratus. P. Take 5!) each of senna-leaves and sulphate of soda, 5SS of rhubarb, 5J8S of manna ; boil for some minutes the senna and rhubarb in q. s. of water, so that Jv may remain ; take it from the fire, add the salt and the manna, dissolve, strain by gentle expression, and add dis- tilled water of peppermint or orange-flowers.
PoTio SciLLiTiCA AciDULA, dicla DiuRETicA. P. Take 58S of oxy- mel of squills, 5iv of distilled water of Parietaria, 5j of distilled peppermint water, ^ss alcoholized nitric acid ; mix.
PouDRE. The French for powder, and sometimes applied to perfumes, in the same way as we have Huile for oil, such as Poudre de rose, Potidre de violetle, &c. ; most of which are for the hair, and prepared with starch-powder as a basis, and the addition of the requisite perfumery.
Poultices. See Cataplasmata.
Pounce. A powder made from sandarac, or resin, for dusting over paper to make it bear ink. The mordant, made by dissolving Jj of carbonate of soda in a pint of water coloured with sap green, and used for preparing linen for permanent ink, is called Liquid pounce. See Ink.
Powders in Pharmacy. Sec Pulveres, and James, Dover, Port- land, &c.
Powders, in Perfumery, are used for various purposes, such as Pearl powders, see Paints ; Almond powder, see Amygdale Placent. ; Tooth powders, see Dentifrice.
Powders for the Hair are of various sorts ; but are now seldom used by the fashionable. It may not be improper, however, to give receipts for some of these, as a specimen. Common Hair Powder. To fcxiv of fine mellow cask starch, add Ibvij
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354 POWD
of the scrapings of Poland starch, and J-^ of very finely-powdered calcined smalt> of a light Uue colour, and griad the whole in a steel starch-mill, but not too fine. Sift thb through a very fine cypress sieve. In making the finest hair-powders, these siftings only must be used. What is left will do for making a second sort. Common starch, ground and sifted, though often used, will not be nearly so fine ; but if this is made, care must be taken that the starch is nei- ther too damp nor too dry. The hair-powder kept in the shops is often adulterated with Paris plaster, or burnt alabaster, or with fine fiour, barley-meal, &c, all of which entirely spoil it, even for the commonest purposes. It may readily be perfumed with any of the fragrant oils, according to the fancy of the maker.
Black Hair Powder, Take about Ibiv of fine starch-powder, put it in an earthen pan, and, with a pint of the blackest japan ink, make it into a paste. Dry this in an oven, which is by no means very hot, until it becomes of the consistence of starch ; then grind it in the mill, and sift it very fine. Mix the Uack powder with ink a second and third time, and dry and sift as before. Add to the last powder Ibj of ivory-black in fine powder ; then mix and sift through a fine hair sieve. There is an inferior sort of this powder, made in imita- tion of the genuine kind ; but from its greater weight, and other bad qualities, it has no resemblance to it whatever. It is made ftom small coal and sea -coal, which are mixed together, and then pow- dered in a mortar.
BrofVH Hair Powder. Take ftiv of umber, of various colours, and in the state of fine powder. Mix it well with water, and let it stand, that it may all fall to the bottom of the glass jar. When settled, pour ofi^ the water, and then take off the top of the mass only ; for, by frequent stirring previously, all the dirt and sand will be sepa- rated, and fall to the bottom. These impurities, instead of being of any use, will be extremely hurtful in the composition in which the umber is to be used. Dry the fine parts as above directed for black hair powder ; and to this, which will weigh about ftiJsB» add tbss of the black hair-powder, and &ij of the second remains from honey water in fine powder. Mix all these together, and sift them twice over. By putting more black hair-powder, or more umber, the brown colour will be deeper or lighter. If it is widied to lighten the colour much, a little fine dry starch-powder may be added before sifting.
Cleansifig Powder. Take Jviij of Cassia lignum, reduce it to fine powder, with Jss of sulphate of zinc ; mix and sift. Or, mix Jss of sulphate of zinc in fine powder, with Jviij of common hair- powder. To be rubbed well into the roots of the hair.
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pRAOTt>iTAT0H Cassii. Purpk Precipitate. Take 5J of the fiolution of gold in nitromuriatic acid^ Oj^ of distilled water : mix^ and dip into the mixture rods or slips of tin> when the precipitate will form.
Praoipitatum pkr 8e. O. Red Oxide of Mercury. See Hydrarg.
OXID. NiTR.
Prrcipitatb. a chemical term for what is thrown down from a solu- tion in consequence of adding a re-agent, exposing it to the atmd-^ sphere> &c. In the old pharmacy we hare, accordingly, Red preci* pitale for nitric oxide of mercury ; Sweet precipitale for chloride of mercury; While precipitale for ammoniated submuriate of m^r* cury, &c.
Precipitated Sulphur. See Sulphur PrjBoipitatum.
Preventive, or Royal Prbvbntivb. A nostrum, which h nothing more than Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis Diluttjs. L.
Prkskrvative. See Hunsow.
Preserves. A term applied to fruits, Ac*, which ate preserred in sugar, honey, spirits, &c. See Conpbctio, and Conserve.
Primula. P. Primrose. A genus of plants, several of which are natives. The roots of most of them are emetic when dried and powdered, and the flowers narcotic and anodyne.
Privet. See Lioubtruu. The Leaves are used to adulterate tea.
Proof Spirit. See Spiritus Tenuior.
Propolis. Bee-bread. Found in bee-hives> and consisting of wax and a resinous matter. The vapour is sometimes used as an expectorant in asthma and pulmonary disorders.
Photo is a chemical prepositive, derived from the Greek irpoTos, signify- ing first; as deui, or deuto, signifies second ; and tril, or irilo, third. We have thus protoxiaes, deutoxides^ and tritoxides ; such as pro- toxide of iron, &c.
Pbuna. L. E. D. P. Prunes. The preserved fruit of the Prmfou do^ ineslica, which is cooling, nutritive^ and slightly laxative ; and is a good article of cBet for the costive, conjoined with small dsses of liiubarb. Enters into Confect. Sennte. L. E. D.
Prunella Vulgaris. Woundwort, or Self-heal. One of the old vulnerary herbs, now disused.
pRUNi Lauro-cerasi FoLio. D. Cherry Laurel L^vsfc Contain hydrocyanic acid and an essential oil.
Medicinally prescribed in spasmodic cough afs a sedative.
PoisonoGs. See Laurel Water.
Prussian Blue. Heat to redness dried blood or other animal matters with an equal weight of pearlash till reduced to a paste ; dissolve the residue in water, filter, and mix with a solution of one part
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proto-sulphate of iron, and two parts of alum ; the greenish precipi* tate absorbs oxygen from the atmosphere, and is thence tinged of the proper colour. Chemically, the pigment consists of ferrocyanate of the peroxide of iron mixed with alumina and peroxide of iron, together with the subsulphate of one or both of those bases. (Turnbr.) Gijod Prussian blue when broken it not glossy, but of a downy dulness in the fracture. Of the samples, that which is lightest will prove the best. (Chaptal.) See Ferri Prussias.
Prussiatb. a term given to combinations of hydrocyanic add, with alkaline or metallic bases ; but it is wearing out of use, being sup- planted by the term hydrocyanate.
Prussic Acid. See Acioum Hyorocyan.
Prussine. See Cyanogen.
Ptbrocarpi Lignum. L. £. D. Red Sanders* The wood of PierO" carpus SanlaltHus. A native of the East Indies, of an aromatic smell, and a bright red colour. Its only use is for colouring tinc- tures.
Pterocarpus Erinacea. Supposed to be the tree from which Kino is derived.
Ptisana. Tisanes are aqueous preparations, slightly charged with me- dicinal principles. They are prepared either by simple infusion or decoction, and serve as vehicles for more active remedies. They may be sweetened with sugar, honey, or syrup.
Ptisana oe Floribus Bechicis. p. Take 5ij of species of bechic flowers, Oij of boiling water; infuse for aquarter of an hour, strain, and add syrup of marshmallow and cloves. In the same manner the tisans of elder-flowers, lime-tree flowers, chamomile flowers. Sec are prepared.
Ptisana de Foliis Chicorii. P. Tisane of Chicory Leaves. Take Jj of green chicory leaves, infuse them in Oij of boiling water ; strain, and add Jj of syrup of capillaire, or of honey. In the same manner tisane of borage, of bugloss, of sage germander, of Inula dysenterica, &c., may be prepared.
Ptisana de Fructibus. P. Tisane of Fruits. Take 5j of pectoral or bechic roots, boil during a quarter of an hour in q. s. of boiling water, till there remains only Oij ; strain, and add Jj of syrup of marshmallows, or any other syrup.
Ptisana de Radice Graminis. P. Tisane of Grass Roots. Take Jj of the washed roots of dog's-tooth grass, Panicum daclylon, Linn. Cynodon dactylon, P. ; or of dog's-grass, Triticum repens, P. Boil the grass roots, slightly at first, in q. s. of water, throw away this water, which is acrid, bruise the roots, and again boil them in Jxl of
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water, and reduce it to Oij. At the end add 5ij of prepared liquorice- root ; take it from the fire, let it cool, and strain. In doses of ^ij to ^iv it is cooling, diuretic, and deobstruent, taken frequently.
Ptisanjb Royalb. See Potio Puroans. P.
Ptyalagooubs are medicines which cause a flow of saliva into the mouth.
PuLBOii Spiritus. See Spiritcjs Pulbgii.
PuLBOiUM. L. E. D. Pennyroyal. Mentha pulegium. This herb has much the same character as the mints, being warm, aromatic, and stimulant, and also expectorant, diaphoretic, and emmenagogue. The dose is gr. x to 3j of the dried herb in powder. It is chiefly used now in the form of infusion, or of the distilled water, as a vehicle for other medicines. Enters into Aq. PulegiL L. E. D. Ol. Pulegii. L. D. Spir. Pulegii. L.
Pulmonaria. Lungwort. A name given to a genus of plants, from their supposed efficacy in disorders of the lungs.
PuLPA. Pulp. See Cassije, and Tamarindi.
PuLVBRBS. L. E. D. P. Powders. A form of exhibiting medicines which in some cases is preferred and preferable to any other. It is the best form for medicaments which are insoluble, such as calomel ; and which are apt in substance to produce mechanical or chemical irritation, such as camphor ; but those which are apt to lose some volatile ingredient by the friction necessary during pulverisation, or which readily deliquesce, effloresce, or absorb oxygen or carbonic acid from the air, are in many cases ineligible in form of powder. The volatile principle in some cases, as in that of Peruvian bark, is not much evolved when the powder is not made too fine, and this it will be of importance to keep in view. Rhubarb and guaiac are other instances of this. It will follow that artificial heat will in such cases be injurious. In the case of compound powders, it is important that many of the substances, such as aloes, myrrh, opium. Sic, be minutely divided by means of some insoluble or hardish material, otherwise the whole effect intended by their exhibition will not follow. It will follow that many substances which are inert in themselves may become valuable adjuncts to other medicaments by assisting in their mechanical divi- sion by trituration. It is necessary when a powder consists of more than one substance to have them well and thoroughly mixed, particularly when they are of different specific gravities : and it is in most cases requisite to pass them through a sieve to separate the grosser portions. When pro- perly pulverized they should be kept from the air and light as much as possible, iu well-stopi>ed opaque bottles.
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PUI.VIS Aasoebans. p. See Pulvis dk Maqnrbia Com p. P. PuLvis Aloaboi^i. See Antimonii Oxyoum. L. Pulvis Aloes Compositus. L. D. Compound Powder of Aloes. Pulvis aloes cum guaiaoo, O. Take ^S8 of s]nked idoesj Jj of gum guaiaCi and Jss of compound powder of dnnamon ; triturate the aloes and the guaiac separately to powder, then mix them with the oom pound powder of cinnamon.
Medicinally it is a warm purgative and diaphoretic in doses of gr. x to 'Ojf when the howels are torpid in dyspeptic cases^ jaundice, spasms, and constipation. It is^ however^ notwithstanding the cinnamon, very nauseous, and is hetter to be made into pills with gum arabic mucilage. The guaiac tends to throw the effects upon the skin.
PuLvis AroES CUM Canella. D: Powder of Aloes with Canella. liiera picra, or Pulvis aloeficus* O. Take four parts of hepatk aloes> and one part of white canella ; IrituTate tbem separsitely into a powder, and mix. Medicinally^ this, like the preceding, is a warm stimulant purgative and Stomachic, in doses of gr. x to gr. xx, for eostiveness, visceral obstrue- tidns, he* It is better given in form of pills, than in powder, which is nausejualy bitter. A tincture, or rather mixture with gin, whiskey, or other spirits, is a very common medicine in England and Ireland, among the lovier classes.
Pulvis Alqeticus cum Fsbbo. Powder of Aloes with Iron. Take Jjas of aloes, jiij of myrrh, 5 j each of extract of gentian and sulphate oi iron ; triturate separately, and mix. Dose gr. x to 9j, or more, as u tonic purgative for dyspepsia.
Pulvis Akisi. Anise Powder. When genuine, is made by pulverising the seed^ and adding a few drops of oil of anise to improve the flavour by supplying the volatile principle which is driven off by the trituration. Adulterated with guaiac, linseed, fennel-seed* turmeric, Dutch ]pmk, ivory rblacl^, stoi^e-blue, sago, barley-meal, rape oU, &c, which can only be detected by the experienced eye.
Pulvis Antacidus. Antacid Powder. Take gr. xx of the powder of chalk with opium, gr. xv of catechu^ or kino; mix, for a dose in diarrhoea, caused by acids. See Pulvis ixb Magnesia. P,
Pulvis Antiarthriticus, vel De Amaris Compositus, P. See PuUTLAKD Powioui.
Pulvis Antiarthriticus Purgans. P. Purgative Gout Powder. Take fouir parts each of gum arabic, addulous tartrate of potass ( Cream of Tartar), senna leaves, and cinnamon ; two parts each of s>c^uumony, sarsaparilla, smilax, and guaiac wood ; reduce to powder, and give in doses of 5J, once a month, as a preventive of gout.
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PuLTis Aktilysstts. Thls is Dr. Mead's celebrated powder for hydro- phobia, &C., and consists of two parts of ground liverwort, and one part of black pepper ; it can only act as an astringent stimulant.
PuLvis Antimonialis. L. D. Antimonial Powder. Pulvi^ de phos- phate colds ei siibii composUus. P. Oxidum antimann cum phosphate calcis. £. Take &j of sulphuret of antimony in powder, and %ij of hartshorn shavings; mix, and throw them into a wide crucible heated to whiteness, and stir constantly as long as much vapour arises ; reduce what remains to powder, and put it into a proper cru- cible ; then expose it to a gradual fire, and heat it to whiteness for two hours ; reduce the residue to a very fine powder. The Dublin College, the Edinburgh College, and the Codex, direct equal parts of sulphuret of antimony and hartshorn shavings to be pulverized. The Dublin College also directs the hartshorn to be boiled, to sepa- rate the animal gluten ; but this is unnecessary.
Decompositum. First : The gelatine of the hartshorn shavings and the sulphur oi the sulphuret of antimony are both decomposed and driven off by the heat, leaving the base of the hartshorn shavings (phosphate of lime) in the vessel. Secondly : The antimony be- comes protoxidized by the oxygen of the atmosphere^ and this being volatile is nearly driven off, and partly converted into peroxide, unit- ing with the phosphate of lime, either chemically, or mechanically, or perhaps partly both, and the preparation therefore consists of the phosphate of lime, peroxide of antimony, and a little protoxide of antimony, both of which oxides are found to vary much in propor- tion, in ^ite of the greatest care in the preparation. Mr. Brande has found five per cent, of protoxide ; at other times scarcely a trace of this can be detected. Mr. R. Phillips found from 35 to 38 of peroxide of antimony, and from 65 to 62 of phosphate of lime. In other cases almost all the antimony has been volatilized.
ImUaied by mixing jj of tartarized antimony with Jxviij of calcined hartshorn ; Or, mix Jj of tartarized antimony with jvj to Jx of peroxide of antimony.
AduUerated with bone-earth, chalk, gypsum, and other white powders ; and the fraud is concealed, so far at least as the operation of the medicine is concerned, by the uncertain efiects even ci the genuine preparation.
Insoluble in water, but partially soluble in acids. When protoxide is present in any proportion it will dissolve entirely in hot mririatic acid.
IncompcUible with all acids, alkalies, and their carbonates, and astrin- gent vegetable infusions.
Medicinally , it is of uncertain effect, seeming at one time to be inert, though given in doses of a hundred grains (Dr. Elliotson), but at
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other times it acts violently even in small doses. This varistion of effect may be accounted for both by its varying composition, and by its meeting or not meeting with acids in the stomach and bowels. Its operation, when it takes effect, is alterative, diaphoretic, purga- tive, and even emetic The usual dose is gr. iij to gr. viij, in form of pill^ combined with opium or camphor, in fever and inflammatory disorders; repeated twice or thrice a day with demulcent drinks, but no acids nor acidulous food or drink should be taken. Dr. Paris jcays, " experience has established the fact that James's powder is less active than its imitation ; but I am almost certain the fact is the reverse." Chemically also James's Powder contains nearly a half more of the oxide of antim(»ny than the pulvis antimonialis, and must be more active, unless Mr. R. Phillips be right in asserting the oxide of antimony to be quite inert in both. See Jameses Powdkb. Tartar emetic is more certain, and in many cases preferable.
Pulvis Arohaticus. E. D. See Pulv. Cinnamomi Comp. L.
Pulvis db Aro Compositus. P. Compound Arum Powder. Take forty parts of each of arum root, acorus verus, and pimpinella magna (Burnet saxifrage), twelve parts of prepared crab's eyes, nine parts of cinnamon, six parts of s^hate of potass, and two parts of muriate of ammonia. Mix, for an errhine powder.
Pulvis Asari Compositus. E. D. P. Compound Powder of Asarum. Pulvis siemutatwiHs, O. Take three parts of asarum-leaves, one part each of leaves of marjorum, and lavender-flowers ; make a powder. The Dublin College omits the marjorum, and the Paris Codex adds equal parts of betony-leaves, and the dried flowers of lily of the valley. Medicinally it is prescribed to be snuffed up the nostrils in pinches of gr. V to gr. viij in chronic ophthalmia and head-ache as an errhine.
Pulvis Balsam icus. Take equal parts of mastic, m3rrrh, and sarco- colla ; triturate very finely. It is sometimes used, though not very useful, to dust over the abraded surfaces of bones, ligaments, &c. as a mild astringent.
Pulvis Basilicus. Basilic Powder. Take equal parts of scammony, supertartrate of potass in powder, submuriate of mercury, and per- oxide of antimony ; mix for a purgative poivder to be made into five- grain pills ; one or two for a dose.
Pulvis Bbzoardicus. Take 3j of oriental bezoar, Jij each of prepared pearls and red coral, 3 viij of crab's claws ; mix. It is antacid and absorbent, but not better than prepared chalk, though its high price brought it into great repute.
Pulvis CALAMiNiE cum Myrrha. Powder of Calamine with Myrrh. Take equal parts of myrrh and prepared calamine ; mix, and sprinkle
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on indolent idcers^ as an astringent stimulant to promote cicatriza* tion, dressing with dry lint or cotton.
PuLvis Catharticus. p. See Pulv. Soammonii Comp. L.
PuLvis Cbphalicus. Cephalic Snuff. See Pulv. Asari Comp.
PuLvis s Chblis Cancrorum C0MPO8ITU8. See Pulv. Bezoar.
PuLvis E Cerussa is similar to balsamic powder, cerussa being sub- stituted for mastic, and gum tragacanth for myrrh. It is used for -1. dusting excoriations. '
PuLvis Cinchona cum Myrrha. Powder of Bark and Myrrh. Take equal parts of myrrh and bark in powder; mix and apply externally in sphacelus when fomentations and poultices are in- efficacious.
PuLVis Cinchona. Powder of Peruvian Bark. Is prepared by pul- verizing the bark in the usual way, taking care not to make it too fine, as part of the active principle may in that case be dissipated. Imitated by dying the powder of oak bark of the proper colour ; or by mixing equal parts of the powdered roots of bistort and calamus aromaticus ; or by mixing powdered gentian and oak bark in equal proportions ; or by pulverizing tormentil root, ginger, and ash bark together; or by powdering the dried herb of water-horehound {Lycopus europceas) and avens root (^Geum urbanum) together. Adulterated by oak sawdust and mahogany sawdust ground fine and mixed with a portion of gentian bark ; or with any of the preceding imitations.
PuLvis CiNNAMOMi C0MPO8ITUB. L. Compound Cinnamon Powder. Pulvis aromaticus. £. D. Take 3ij of cinnamon bark, J jss of carda- mom-seeds, 3 j of ginger, Jss of long pepper ; triturate them together so as to form a very fine powder. The Edinburgh College omits the long pepper, and orders equal parts of the other ingredients. This is a pleasant adjunct to other powders, such as the compcmnd aloes powder, bark, jalap, rhubarb, oxide of iron, sulphate of iron, &c. It is not good for pills, as it is not easily formed into paste. The dose is gr. X to gr. xx.
PuLvis C0LOCYNTHIDI8. Colocynth Powder. Is prepared by pulve- rizing the hard extract of colocynth, which ought, however, to be free from mouldiness. Imitated by grinding together three parts of the genuine powder with one part of bryony root.
PuLvis CoLOMRS. Colomba Powder. It is excellent for promoting, by its astringency, the cicatrization of ulcers, and effecting healthy granulations. Rhubarb is still better than this, but when the rhubarb loses its effect, the colomba will be very useful.
PuLvis Contra YERV A Com posit us. L. Compound Powder of Con-
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trayerva. Take Jr of contrayerva root in powder^ IbjflB o^ prepared oyster-shells ; mix. It is gtimulant and dis^horetic in doses of gr. xy to 58Sy triturated with mucilage and peppermint water for chronic gout^ dyspepsia^ gangrene, typhus, carbuncle, peteckie, &c. It is seldom used.
PuLvis CoRNACHiNi sivB DK Tbihus. P. Mix equal parts of scam- mony, supertartrate of potass, and white oxide (peroxide) of anti- mony. In doses of 5SS to 5J it is purgative and alterative in dis- orders of the skin.
FuLVis CoRNU Cbrvini Usti. D. Powder of Burnt Hartshorn. It is prepared by pulverizing the burnt hartshorn, and may be given in the phosphatic diathesis, but it has no antacid powers, it has been supposed.
PuLvia CoRNU Usti cum Opia L. Pulvis cpkUtu, E. Take one part each of opium and cochineal, eight parts of burnt hartshorn, make a powder, and give in doses of gr. j to gr. x or more, as an anodyne and sedative to procure sleep and to ease pain. It contains one-tenth of opium.
FuLVis Crrtjs COMPO01TU8. L. D. Compound Chalk Powder. Ptd- vis carbonalis calcis comfxnUus. £. Pulvis cretaceus. O. Take twelve parts of prepared chalk, six parts each of tormentil root and gum arabic, eight parts of cinnamon, and one part of long pepper; mix for a powder. The Edinburgh College leaves oat the gum, long pepper, and tormentil, and adds nutmeg. Medicinalfy it is ahtacid, absorbent, and stomachic, in doses dT gr. y to 9j or more in diarrhoea and dyspepsia, after a purgative of rhubarb, &c.
PuLYis Cbbijb C0MFO8ITU8 CUM Opio. L. D. Compound Chalk Powder with Opium. Take Jvjss of compound chalk powder, 3iiij of hard ofnum pulverized ; mix, for a powder. Medtdnally it is given in doses of gr. xx to 3ij, and is both antacid and astringent. It is given chiefly to children in the diarrhoea of denti- tion, as the opium is more manageable from being so much divided. It contains one-fortieth of opium.
Pulvis Curcumjb. See Turmbric.
Pulvis Dbntipbicium. P. Dentifrice Powder. Take twenty-four parts each of prepared Armenian bole, prepared red coral, and cuttle- fish bone, twelve parts of dragonVblood, three parts of cochineal, thirty-six parts of supertartrate of potass, and one part each of cinnamon and cloves ; make a powder to be used for the teeth.
Pulvis Doveri. See Pulv. Comp. L.
Pulvis Fcenugkjeci. Fenugreek Powder. The seeds of the Trr- gonella fctnum grcecum, reduced to powder, and used in making emollient cataplasms, &c.
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Adnlleraied with peas-flour^ bean-flour^ turmeric^ boxwood^ sawdust, and powdered chalk or whiting.
PuLvis Glycirrhizje. Liquorice Powder. This is prepared by pul- vermng liquorice root, and is used for dusting excoriations, for enveloping pills to prevent their adhering together, &c. Ifmialed by powdering together boxwood sawdust, beans, turmeric, and a little liquorice-juice^ or by adding a little amber and coarse sugar, to barley-flour. Adulterated with equal parts of guaiac wood in powder and of barley- flour, or with two parts of coarse sugar.
PuLvis Hydbagogus. p. Hydragogue Powder. Pulvis e gummi gutta, seu cambogia compositus. Take twenty-four parts of jalap-root, twelve parts of mechoacan root, eight parts of cinnamon and rhubarb, three ports of gamboge, six parts of the dried leaves of soldanella, and twelve parts of anise-seeds. Make a powder in which the aro- nifttics will be to the purgatives in the proportion of 1 to 2-65. Medicinalfy in doses of gr. xv to ^ss or 5j, it is a drastic purgative, excellent for anasarca and worms.
PuLvia Hyoraroyri Cekerbus. See Hydraro. Oxydum. Cineh.
Pulvis Incisivus, sive Antiasthmaticus. P. Antiasthmatic Powder. Pulvis de sulfure ei sciUa, Take three parts of white sugar, two ports of washed sulphur, and one part of dried squills to make a powder. Dose gr. v to 5ss.
Pulvis iFBCACUANHiE Compositus. L. E. D. P. Compound Powder of Ipecacuan. Dover's Powder, Take 5J each of ipecacuan and hard opium in powder, 5 j of sulphate of potass in powder ; mix and powcbr very finely. It contains -rV of opium. Or, according to the original receipt, nitre was deflagrated with sulphate of potass. Or^ according to Swediaur's receipt retained in the Codex ; take four parts each of sulphate of potass and nitrate of potass, powder these and throw them info a crucible to melt, turn out the mass into an iron mortar, and when almost cdid add one part of opium in powder, triturate, and add one part each of ijiecaeuan and liquorice, and reduce the whole to fine powder. By dephkgrating the nitrate and sulphate of potass together, a deliquescent substance is formed con- taining a pcnrtion of the ircm of the mortar. This is not so good as the simple sulphate of potass, which seems to act by dividing the opium and ipecacuan more minutely ; but the Paris preparation is said to be most powerful. Medieinalfy it is a valuable diaphoretic and sedative, as opium can be given in this form when it would be hazanlous in any other. The opium indeed accelerates the circulation; but the injurious effects which thus might oceaaon in cases of inflammation is obviated by
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the ipecacuan relaxing the cutaneous exhalants. It is given in rheumatism^ gout, diabetes, dropsy, hydrothorax, diarrhoea, and in- flammatory and other fevers. Dose from gr. v to gr. xx, of the London preparation, to be given at bed-time, &c., in a small quantity of any aqueous fluid, and drink must be afterwards abstained from lest vomiting should be produced. It is a good way to combiHe it with nitrate of potass ; or with blue pill or calomel in some cases. It is not so apt to nauseate when given in form of pill or mixed with honey as it is when given in the common saline draught or wine whey.
PuLvie Ibidis. Iris Powder. Is prepared by powdering the root of Florentine iris, and is used in perfumery for imparting a violet odoiu: in dentifrices, &c. Adulterated by adding a sixth or more of flour, or any vegetable powder resembling it in colour.
PuLvis Jalapa. Jalap Powder. Is prepared by pulverizing the roots of jalap, and is used in making pill masses and other cathardc preparations. Adulterated with half or equal quantities of guaiac shavings in powder, and of bryony root in powder.
PuLvis Jalapa C0MPO8ITU8. £. D. Compound Powder of Jalap. Take one part of jalap root in powder, two parts of supertartrate of potass ; triturate to a fine powder. Medicinally it is given in doses of 3j to 9ij as a purgative and vermi- fuge. For children the dose is gr. v to gr. x, or more.
PuLvis Kino Compositus. L. D. Compound Powder of Kino. Take 5xv of kino, Jss of cinnamon bark, 5 j of hard opium ; reduce them separately to a very fine powder, and mix. Medicinally it is given as an astringent in doses of gr. v to 9j in diarrhcea, pyrosis, leucorrhoea, and internal hemorrhage. It contains -^ of opium.
PuLVis Lenitivus HypocHONDRiACUS. (Klbin.) Take Jss each of yellow orange-peel, rhubarb, and tartrate of potass, ii\^iij of cajeput oil ; mix, and make a powder for one dose.
PuLvis LupuLiNiB. Triturate one part of lupuline in a porcelain mortar, then add by degrees two parts of white sugar, and mix.
PuLvis MAGNEsiiE Tartaricus. Pkarm. Stockholm. Tartaric Powder of Magnesia. Take equal parts of carbonate of magnesia and tar- taric acid well dried, add four parts of white sugar, make a powder, and when it is given add to each ounce 'miij of oil of peppermint Antacid and stomachic in dyspepsia.
PuLvis MuNDiFicANS. See PuLV. Saponis.
PuLVis E Myrruo Compositus. O. Compound Powder of Myrrh.
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Take equal parts of myrrh, savine, rue^ and Russian castor^ to form a powder. PuLvis Opiatus, E. See Pulv. Corn. Cerv. c. Opio. PuLvis PRO Cataplasmata. D. Powder for a Poultice. Take one part of the linseed which remains after expressing the oil, and two parts of oatmeal ; mix. This powder is made into poultices with hoiling water. PuLvis QuBRCus Marinje. D. Powder of Yellow Bladder Wreck. The wreck in fruity dried, cleaned, exposed to a red heat in a crucible with a perforated lid, and then reduced to powder. It must be kept in close vessels. Medicinally it is deobstruent and antiscrofulous, but evidently in conse- quence of its containing iodine. It has been given in doses of gr. x to 9ij in bronchocele mixed with currant jelly, &c. PuLVis Refrigbrens. Pkarm. Copenhag. Take Jiij of supertartrate of potass in powder, Jss each of oleo-saccharum of citron and nitrate of potass purified; mix, and keep in a phial closely stopped. Dose gr. v to gr. X thrice a day. Or, Take from gr. xii to 9j of nitrate of potass in powder. It is to be dissolved in a glass of water, and taken immediately, for a dose. PuLVis Rhbi. Rhubarb Pdwder. Pulvis Rhubarbari, The powdered root of Rheum palmalum. AduUerated with the powdered root of meadow rue, or of monks'
ijiubarb. Medicinally it is excellent when sprinkled over ulcers once or twice a day to promote their healing. When irritable, powdered opium or hemlock may be added, and when it ceases to affect it may be alter« nated with columba, or cinchona. Carbonate of iron is valuable with it for foul sores. Pulvis Rhei Compositus. Compound Rhubarb Powder. Take equal parts of powdered rhubarb and ipecacuan ; mix, and apply to warts and other excrescences; but it is not so efficacious as the muriates of iron or of antimony, or Fowler's solution. PuLvi8 Savinjb Compositus. Compound Savine Powder. Take equal quantities of prepared verdigrise and savine-leaves powdered. It is used for destroying warts, &c (John Hunter.) Pulvis Salinus Compositus. D. Compound Saline Powder. Take four parts each of pure common salt and Epsom salts, three parts of sulphate of potass. Rub the dried salts separately into fine powder ; then rub them together, and preserve in a closely-stopped bottle. Medicinally it is given as a purgative in doses of 5iij to 5vj, dissolved
in a large quantity of water. Pulvis Salop. See Saw>p.
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PuLvis ScJumoNUB CoHPoeiTus. L. E. D. Compound Powder of Scammony. Take ^j each of gum resin of scammonv and hard extract of jalap> Jss of ginger root ; reduce them separately to very fine powder, and mix. Medicinally it is purgative in the dose of gr. x to 9j. fiy adding one- fifth of calomel, it is much like the pulvU hasUicut, The Codex adds two parts in one of supertartrate of potass ; the Dublin College, sulphate of potass.
FoLvis ScAMMONii. £. Powder of Scammony. Take equal parts of scammony and supertartrate of potass, triturate tc^ther, and give in similar doses to the preceding.
PoLVis SoiLUB. D. Powder of Squills. The bulb of the SciUa ma- ritima, sliced, dried, and reduced to powder. It is expectorant, and diuretic in doses of gr. iij to gr. vj in form of pill or bolus, with soap, &c.
PuLvis Sbnn£ C0MPO6ITU8. L. Compound Powder of Senna. Take Jij each of senraleaTCs and supertartrate of potass, 'jbm of gum resin of scammony, and 5ij of ginger root; triturate the scam- mony separately, and the rest together, to Tery fine powder, and mix. Medicinally in doses of 3j to 5 j it is cathartic and hydragogue ; but is bulky, inconvenient, and seldom used.
PuLvis Sponoi js UsTJB. D. Powder of Burnt Sponge. It is alterative and deobstruent in doses of 9j to 5j mixed with honey, for scrofu- lous swellings, bronchocele, &c It is supposed, and veiy probably, that the effects depend on /iodine.
PuLVis Stanni. D. Powder of Tin. It is given in doses of 5J, in- creasing to 5iv, in treacle, following it up with a cathartic, and is supposed to be vermifuge in tienia, but is by no means to be de- pended on.
PuLvis Stbrnutatorius. See Pult. Asari Comp.
PuLvis Stypticus. O. Styptic Powder. Pulvis aktminis compotiius. £. Take four parts of sulphate of alumine, and one part of kino ; triturate to fine powder.
Incompatible with liquids, as the kino in solution decomposes the sul- phate of alumine.
Medicinally it is given as an astringent, for internal luemorrhage, in doses of 'gr. x to 9j in a dry form.
PuLVis B SucciNO CoMPOsiTus. Compound Amber Powder. Is similar to the compound powder of kino, and depends chietly on the opium it contains.
PuLvis DE Sulphate Potass^ Ccmpoaitus. P. Compound Powder of Sulphate of Potahs. Puhis tempcrans Stahlii, Pharm. Bbr-
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LIN. Take nine parts each of sulphate and nitrate of potass, two parts of prepared red sulphur of mercury ; mix, for a powder. Medicinallif the dose is 9j to 9ij twice a day, to allay vascular excite- ment, and to obviate acidity and the secretion of mucus.
PuLvis B SuLPHURBTO Hydrargtbi Nioro bt Scammonio. P. Take equal wdghts of pulvis comachini, and hlack sulphur of mercury fresh prepared, make a powder, to be given in doses of 9j to Jss, for worms.
Pulvis Tanacbti CoMPOSiTua. Phamu Slockkobn. Compound Tansy Powder. Take 5j each of the flowering tops of tansy, worm-seed, gamboge, nux vomica, and crystallised sulphate of iron ; reduce each of the substances separately to fine powder, and mix. Medicinally the dose is gr. v to 9j, as a vermifuge, but it is doubtful whether it possesses any efficacy.
PuLVis Tabtari Aroillatus. Pharm. Stockholm, Take equal weights of supertartrate of potass, Armenian bole, and white sugar ; make an impalpable powder, sift through double linen, and blow into the eyes for specks of the cornea.
Pulvis TRAOACANTHiS Compobitus. L. Compound Tragacanth Pow- der. Take Jjss each of tragacanth in powder, gum arable in pow- der, and starch, and Jiij of refined sugar; grind the starch and sugar together, then having added the tragacanth and gum arabic, mix them all. It is intended as a vehicle for calomel, nitre, ipeca- cuan, opiom, &c., along with distilled water. It is to be recollected that the starch is insoluble in cold water, and tragacanth is also little soluble : besides it is separated from solution by gum arabic. The preparation is therefore unscientific, or at least injudicious.
Pulvis ob Tribus. See Pulv. Cornachini.
Pulvis Tunchinbnsis. Tonquin Powder. An antispasmodic, pre- pared by mixing gr. xx of powdered valerian root, gr. xvj of musk, and gr. vj of camphor. Dose from gr. x to 5ij or more.
Pulvis VERifiFUGUS. Pharm. Copenhagen, Worm Powder. Take 5iij of tansy-flowers and worm-seed, and 5 j of sulphate of iron ; tritu- rate into a powder. Dose gr. V to 3j.
Pulvis Vbrmifugus Mercurialis. P. Mercurial Vermifuge Powder. See Pulv. b Sulfh. Hydbarg.
Pulvis Vbrmifugus absque MsBCURia P. Vermifuge Powder with- out Mercury. Take equal parts of Helminthocorton, worm-seed, wcurmwood tops, tansy, wood-sage, senna, and rhubarb ; make into a powder, 9j to 5 j for a dose.
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PcjLVis ZiNoiBBRis. Ginger Powder. Is prepared by pulverudng the root^ and is used as a cheap aromatic and stomachic^ which is little inferior to the Edinburgh aromatic powder. Adulterated with boxwood sawdust^ or bean-meal^ with a little pow- dered capsicum to make it pungent.
Punch. I once heard a facetious physician at a public hospital prescribe for a poor fellow, sinking under the atrophy of starvation, a bowl of rum punch. Mr. Wadd gives as prescription — " Rum, miscetur aqua dulci miscetur acetum, fiet et ex tali foedere-nobile Punch.** Toddy or punch without acid, when made for a day or two before it is used, is a good and cheap substitute for wine as a tonic.
PuNicA Granatum. See Granati Cort.
Purging Flax. See Linum Cathart.
Purpuric Acid is procured from purpurate of ammonia (generated by treating uric acid with nitric add) by digesting it with pure potass and pouring the liquid gradually into dilute sulphuric acid, when the purpuric alffii is precipitated. It is a process which does not always succeed. (Turner.) Insoluble in water, but combines with alkalies forming purple-coloured salts.
Putty for glaziers, is a sort of oily paste made with linseed oil and whitening worked into a proper consistency. Putty for polishers is the calcined dross of tin.
Pyrbthri Radix. L. E. D. P. Root of Pellitory of Spain. Anlhemu pyreihrum. A native of Arabia. The active virtue of pyrethrum resides in an oil contained in the bark of the root, and this is miscible with alcohol, sulphuric ether, and boiling water, which extract it from the root. Medicinally it is a strong stimulant and sialogogue, being acrid, hot, and pungent. It is ordered in tooth-ache, rheumatic head-ache, palsy of the tongue, &c ; to be chewed till a copious discharge of saliva is procured. It is also used in form of gargle for relaxation of the uvula and fauces, Jss to J j of the bruised root to a pint of water boiled down to one half ; then strain, and when it is cold, add ^ij of solution of ammonia. Paslilles prepared with pyrethrum, by M. La Combe, are excellent in recent and chronic catarrh, incipient phthisis, hooping-cough, and laryngitis^ Take Jss of the alcoholic infusion of pyrethrum, Jv of powdered white sugar, q. s. of mucilage of gum tragacanth ; make into 75 pastiles, from four to ten a day.
Pyrmont Water. Aqua Pyrmoniana. P. May be made artificially. Take 5xxss of acidulated water (water impregnated with carbonic acid), gr. ij of muriate of soda (chloride of sodium), gr. viij of sul-
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pbate 6f ikMigneda, andgz; j of carbonste of iron; siix, and keep in
well-«to|^ped bottles, or jars. Pybola. a g«nu8 of plants, whidi aU appear to have active diuretic
and deobstruent properties^ Those which are natives of Britain, the
Pyroia mikor, Ptfr. rothndifbUOf Pyr. sccunda, and Pyr. uHtflora, are
by no means common plants. Ptrola Umbbllata : Hbrba. D. Ground HoUy. An American plant
celebrated among the Indians as a universal medicine, but seems to
be little different in its power from our British species* Medicinally it acts much the same as uva ursi, And like it blackens the
urine. . Doie 5 j to 5ij of the alcoholic tincture ; and ^ij to Jiv of the
infusion made with 3 j to the pint of boiling water. Pybo-Citbic Aon> is a peculiar add procured by exposing crystals of
dtricacid to heat, when it becomes suUimed. Ptbolionbous Adin. See Acidum Aobt. Foftr. L. Ptbo-Malio Acid is procured by heating the malic add in a close vessel,
when it sublimes. Ptro-Mucio Acid is a volatile white substance procured by heating
mudc add in a retort Ptbo-Tabtabic Acid is procured by funng crystals of tartar in a dose
vessel. Pybo-Ubic Acid is a volatile substance procured by heating uric add in
a retort.
Q.
QuABsiJS Lignum. L. £. D. P. Quassia Wood. Quassia ejtcelsa. A native of the West Indies. This wood is intensely bitter, but has no smell, nor astringency, and in the latter circumstance is unlike most other vegetable titters. Medicinally it is tonic, stomachic, antiseptic, and antacid, and the infusion or tincture forms a good vehicle for mineral tonics. The dose of the powder is gr. v to gr. xx, or 5ss, but it is seldom used in this form, except combined with chalk and ginger in gouty affections. Enters inio Infus* Quassis. L. QuAssiNB. New. A chemical principle discovered in Quassia, by Dr. Thomson. It is brownish yellow, somewhat transparent, and solid like an extract It is scduble in ether, and intensely bitter. Medicinally it probably possesses all the valuable properties of quassia,
but it has not, that I am aware of> been yet tried in practice. Quassia Simabouba. See Simabouba Cobt. E. QuBBCus CoBTBx. L. E. D. P. Oak Bark. Quercus pedunculata. L.
9b
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Querc. robur. D. £. Querc. temflara. P. Tlie medical properties of oak bark depend on its astringencj, and that again on its tannin. The inner bark of the small branches is the strongest^ the middle bark next, and the oater bark is almost useless. IfUemaUy it ma j be given in form of decoction, of infusion, or powder, in the dose of 9j to 5jss, as a tonic and astringent in leuoonrhoea, menorrhagia, &c, and also in intermittents. Extemaify, as a styptic, astringent, and autistic, when spinkled in form of powder over gangrenous and ichorous ulcers. Inhaled in the form of impalpable powder it has been found useful in phthisis. Enleri into Decoct. Quercus. L. QuBRcus Infbctosia. P. QuBRcuB Ckrrib. E. The Gall Oak. QuBRcus Marina. Oak-leaved sea weed, used in form of catnplawn
for strumous affections, &c QuRRCUS Racbmosa. p. Grape Oak. Similar to the preceding. QuBRcus SuBBR. The Cork Tree. Burnt cork, when powdered and mixed with fixed oil, is sometimes prescribed as an astringent in hsmorrhage. QuicKLiMB. See Calx.
Quicksilver, or Mercury. See Htdrarotrum. Quicksilver Ointment (Strong), in Farriery, Take tbj of quicksilver, 3jss of balsam of sulphur (Oleum Sulphurbtum), rub them weH together, and add ftj of lard. (Pharm. Vet. Coll.) Quicksilver Ointment (Nitrate), in Farriery. Take 5iij o£ quick- silver, 5vj nitric acid, dissolve, and then take Jviij of lard, Jxij of olive oil ; melt together, add the add, Sec, and stir tUl cold. (Pharm. Vbtbrinart Coll.) Quince. See Cydonia Sbm. Quince Jelly. See Jelly. Quince Marmalade. See Marmalade. Quinatb of Lime. See Kinic Acid. QuiNic Acid. See Kinic Acid.
QuiNiA, QuiNA, or Quinine. New. A vegetaUe alkaline principle, and the most valuable and koportant perhaps of all the new medi- cines. To procure it, boil a portion of red Peruvian baik. Cinchona oblongifolia, in alcohol, till it loses its bitter taste; evaporate to dryness ; dissolve this extract in boiling W|iter, strongly acidulated with hydrochloric add ; add magnesia in excess, which after a few minutes, boiling will fix the red matter, and clear the liquor ; when cold, filter and wash the precipitate with cold water; dry it on a stove, digest in boiling alcohol till all the bitter principle is sqwrated; mix the alcoholic liquors, and the quinine will separate as it cools. AduUerated, I have no doubt, with some cheaper materials, though I
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cannot speak positively ; but the temptation to fraud is oonsiderable. Its insolubility in water, and great solubility in ether, will assist in detecting these.
Chemicalfy, quinine in the pure state is uncrystallixable, and separates from the alcoholic solution in form of a viscid substance somewhat resembling birdlime. It may also be obtained in transparent plates. If it be dried in a gentle heat it becomes brown and brittle. When very cautiously dried in an exhausted vessel, it is white, pulverulent, fusible, and decomposes at a dull red heat. It combines with acids, such as the sulphuric and the acetic. With the oxalic, gallic, and tartaric acids it forms insduble salts.
Insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, and very soluble in ether.
Incompatible with the tartaric, gallic, and oxalic acids, and therefore with astringent and acidulous vegetables, such as the compound infunon of roses.
Medicinalfy, quinine is seldom employed in its alkaline state, the sulphate being usually preferred. When it is given pure the dose is from gr. V to gr. X, in the course of the day, in intermittents, gangrene, debility, && See Sulphate of Quinine. Quinquina. See Cinchona.
Radical Vinegar. Pure, concentrated acetic acid ; procured by satu- rating dilute acetic acid with a metallic oxide, and decomposing the dry acetate thence formed by sulphuric acid, which takes up the metal, and leaves the acetic add transparent, colourless, volatile, and acrid. Spec. grav. 1*060.
Radix. Root A term common in the Pharmacopoeias, such as Radix eryngiy Radix rkei, Radix bryoniw.
Raisins. See Uvjb Passjb. L.
Raubntje Febri. See Fbrrum.
Ranunculus Acris: Folia. P. Buttercup, or Crowfoot A common native plant in fields and meadows, the leaves and root of which are acrid. It is used in form of cataplasm in gouty and rheumatic pains of the joints, and applied for eight or twelve hours to the wrists te prevent an accession of intermittent Powdered, it is mixed with arsenic for cancerous ulcers, and is one of the ingredients in Plunkett's and Aldis's remedies for cancer. Poisonous internally, producing great heat, and a burning sensation in the throat and stomach, vomiting, retching, &c. The best treatment is to promote vomiting, and give demulcent drinks, such as hot milk, barley water. Sec,
2b2
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Other tpedei of fUnuneulug, such at the 12. hMonu, R. repau, and IL sceUratui, have similar pnqperties» and are very common natiye plants.
Ranunculus Flammula. Uerba Recens. D. Lesser Spearwort It possesses nearly the same properties as the last, and its being acrid renders it useful as a counter-irritant.
Rapb Oil is procured by expression from rape-seed. It contains a con- siderable proportion of mucilage, and is long in drying, which renders it proper for ointments, &c
Ratafia. A term given to a spcden of liqueurs, much esteemed on the continent, of which the following are the principal :
Ratafia d'Anobliqub. Take ^j each of green angelica and angelica- seeds, gr. xxiv each of cinnamon and mace, Oiij of brandy, ftij of white sugar, and Oij of river water. Bruise and steep the aromatics in the brandy for a month, then strain, and add the water in which the sugar has been previously dissolved, filter the whole, and put in bottles.
Ratafia d'Anis. Take 3iv of green anise, Oiv of brandy, and ftij c^ white sugar ; steep the anise in the brandy for three weeks, decant it oft\ dissolve the sugar in soft water, add, filter, and bottle mp.
Ratafia db Baumb db Tolu. Take 3\j of balsam of Tolu, ftjss of white sugar, Oj of brandy, Oiij of boiling water ; steep the balsam in the brandy for a fortnight, and then add the water with the sugar dissolved in it, and strain.
Ratafia db Bbou db Noix. Take one hundred green walnuts^ Ovj o£ brandy, 5ss eadi of cinnamon, doves, and mace, Tbiv of sugar. The walnuts must be soft enough to allow a pin to pass easily through them. They are first bruised in a marble mortar, and steeped with the aromatics in the brandy for two months, then strained through a tamis. Dissolve the sugar in water, add this, and steep again for two months; filter, and bottle.
Ratafia db Caoao, or Ratafia de CJiocoUU. Take ibjss of cocoa-nuts, roasted, and steep for three weeks in a gallon of brandy ; strain, and add an equal quantity of sugar dissolved in wata*, with SO drops of essence of vanilla.
Ratafia db Cafbb. Take fbj of fresh roasted and ground cofiee, and steep for a week in a gallon of brandy ; strain, and add ft»j or more of white sugar, dissolved in water.
Ratafia db Cassis. Take Ibj of black currants, fbj of cherries, 5ss of cinnamon, Oiij of brandy, Oj of soft water, Mj of white sugar. Bruise the fruits and the cinnamon, steep in the brandy for a month ; filter, and add the sugar dissolved in the water.
Ratafia db Cerises is made the same way.
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Ratifia db Coinos. Take Oij of the juice of qiuiices^ gr. xxiv each of cloves and cinnamon, Oiv of hrandy, Ibiij of sugar. Infuse for a months and strain hefore adding the sugar and water.
Ratafia db Flburs d'Orangb. Take ^xij of orange-flowers, ftij of white sugar, and Oiv of hrandy; steep the flowers in the hrandy for a month or more ; add the sugar, and filter.
Ratafia bbs Framboisbs is made like Ratafia de Cassis.
Ratafia db Genjbyrb. Take Jviij of juniper-berries, Jj each of coriander, angelica, cinnamon, and doves, Ibij of sugar, Oiv of brandy, bruise the aromatics, and steep for a month ; filter, and add the sugar.
Ratafia db Grbnadb ib made with pomegranate-juice, like Ratafia de
COINOS.
Ratafia dk Grbnoblb is made with cherries, like Ratafia de
Cerises. Ratafia bB Gbosbillbs is made with gooseberry-juice, like Ratafia de
Coings. Ratafia db Murbs is made with mulberry-juice, in the same way. Ratafia db Notaux is made by steeping the bruised kernels of apricots,
peaches, or bitter almonds, in brandy for a month, and sweetening
with sugar. Ratafia d'OBillets is made with the white heels of clove pinks, like
Ratafia de Fleurs d'Orange. Ratafia db Pbohbs is made of the juice of peaches, and their kernels^
like Ratafia de Coings. Ratafia db la Provbn9ALb is made with striped pinks, strawberry*
juice, and saffron, like the last. Ratafia a la Violbtte is made like the Ratafia d'CEillets, with Flo- rentine iris -root, and coloured with archel. Ratanhia, or Ratany Root. See Krambria. Ratsbane. White Arsenic, and sometimes Nux Vomica is so called. Rattlb-8NAKb Root. See Sbneojb Radix. Rbaloar. Red Sulphuret of Arsenic, or Red Arsenic A native ore
of arsenic, which is used by painters. It may be made artificially, by
subUming sulphur and arsenic Poisonousy see Ar9BNIoi Oxtdum. Red Lead. See Minium.
Red Precipitate. See Hydraroyri Nitrico-Oxydum. Red Saunders. See Pterocarpi Lignum. Reoulus of Antimony is the metallic antimony, when purified by
melting common antimony in a red-hot crucible, with nitrate of
potass, and supertartrate of potass. When melted with iron, it is
called Marital regnlus, or Regulus sleliaius.
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574 RHAB
RsouLus OF Absbnio is prepared by gubliming white oxide of arsenic
with powdered charcoaL Rennet^ for preparing whej, is composed of the juice of Gallium ventm.
Yellow Ladies* Bed-straw; but most oomnKmly of the brine of a
cairs stomachy made by steeping it in a pickle of common salt. Reseda. Yellow Woad. A genus of plants, used chiefly in dyeing. Reseda Ooorata. Mignioneile. An odoriferous plant, well known ;
but the perfume is not easily concentrated for the purposes of
perfumery. Resina Abibtis. L. E. D. P. See Abibtis Resina. Rbsina Alba. E. D. White Resin. A concrete substance which
exudes from the wounded bark of the Scotch fir. Pinus s^lvethit.
It has almost no smell nor taste, and occurs in semitransparent
brittle masses which are insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol,
alkalies, and oils. MedidnaUi^ it is stimulant and rubefacient, but seldom used. Resina Aloes. See Extbact. Aloes. Resina Flava. L. Yellow Resin. Is the residuum which remains afler
the distillation of oil of turpentine. It is, like the preceding, stimu- lant, and is only used in the composition of plasters and cerates. Enters into Cerat. Resine. L. E. Emplast. Cers. L. Emp. Hydraig.
E. Emp. Meloes Vesicat. E. Emp. Oxidi Ferri Rubri. £. Emp.
Picis Comp. L. Emp. Simplex. E. Emp. Resiiue. L. E. Ung.
Infusi Meloes Vesicat. E. Ung. Pids Aridc. L. Resina Guaiaci. See Guaiaci Resina. Resina Jalapjb. See Extbact. Jalapjb. Resina Nigba. Black Resin. Colophonium. O. Is procured by boiling
turpentine without water. It is stimulant, like the preceding, and
sometimes used externally. Resina Pini. See Abibtis Resina. Resina Scammoni;b. See Scammonije Gummi. Resina Succini. See Succinum. Resina Tebbbinthin^. See Tebebinth. Chia. Resinous Extbacts are prepared from jalap, Peruvian bui^, &c., by
evaporating the alcoholic infusions. Resins, or Gum Resins. See Aloes, Ammoniacum, Mtbbh, &c. Reynolds's Specific for Gout and Rheumatism. This, like many
other nostrums, was copied from a formula published by Want.
Take Jviij of the fresh bulb of colchium, Jxrj of sherry wine ;
macerate for eight or ten days in a gentle heat Colour it with
syrup of poppies, and add rum to flavour it. Reynolds is said to
have killed himself by taking an over-dose of it. Rhababdabine. Said to be the alkaline base of rhubarb. (M. Nani.)
Digitized by
KHEI 375
Rhabarbabum. O. See Rhei Radix.
Rhavnus Baccjb. L. Buckthorn Berries. Spina: cervince, Baccas
succus. E. Rhamnus catharticus, A native plants but not common. AduUeraled very commonly^ and even entirely composed of aloes,
disguised. Medicinally the juice is a drastic purgative^ which is frequently pre- scribed in combination with other medidnes, for the disorders of children, and is much recommended by Dr. Hamilton, and others, for this purpose. Mr. Brande says it ought to be confined to veteri- nary practice. Its effects can seldom, however, be properly appre- ciated, as it is so often adulterated. Enters into Syr. RhamnL L. E.
Rhaponticum. a species of rhubarb. See Rhbum Rhapont.
Rhatany Root. See Krambrijb Radix.
Rhbin. a principle procured by treating rhubarb with ether.
Rhbi Radix. L. £. D. P. Rhubarb Root Rheum palmatum. Rheum undulalum. D. P. A native of Tartary and Giina, and of great value in medicine. Russian, or Turkey Rhubarb, is brought to market in round pieces, artificially dressed, and perforated in the middle with a hole, intended to show its interior quality. It ought to be compact and solid, not light and porous, and easily pulverised into a bright bufi*- yellow colour. When chewed, it feels gritty, and has a very peculiar nauseous taste, somewhat acrid, bitter, and astringent. It tinges the spittle saffron-yellow. It contains more tannin, resin, and oxalate of lime, than the Indian or Chinese rhubarb, and breaks with a rough jagged fracture, ' showing many streaks, of a fine bright red colour. East Indian, or Chinese Rhubarb, is not in round, but in lotigish flat pieces, without perforation; and, externally, it is of a brownish- yellow, not reddish-yellow, like the Russian. The texture is more compact and heavy, and it is less easily powdered. When broken, it is more compact and smooth, and has a dull colour, mottled with yellow, pink, and grey. The smell is stronger, and the taste more nauseous. The powder is also reddish, and not so bright yellow. Chemically, it contains less tannin and resin, but more gallic acid and extractive matter. English Rhubarb is sometimes cultivated; but has seldom answered the views of the speculators. It is not, indeed, well ascertained what iqpecies of Rheum produces the foreign rhubarb.
AduUeraled in the state of powder, with roots of meadow-rue, Thalic- irum majus, and Rumex obtusifdius. In the unpowdered state, the inferior sorts are artfully dressed up, by rasping, dyeing, and per-
Digitized by
a7f> RHOD
forating the pieces with holes, to make them resemUe and pass for Russian rhuharb^ and this is the sort whidi is usually hawked about the streets by Jews and Armenians.
Chemically f rhubarb contains Rhubarbarinx, on which its active eftects seem to depend; tannin, which gives it astringency; and oxalate of lime, but Mr. Brande doubts the latter, though every chemist but himself mentions it. He found 8*2 of water, 31-0 of gum, 10*0 of resin, S6*0 of tan, and gallic acid, 2*0 of pho^hate of lime, 6-5 of malate of lime, and 16*3 of woody fibre. Dr. A. T. Thomson and Dr. Paris state positively that it contains both sulj^iate and oxalate of lime, and a modificatum of the oxalic acid, which has been called Rheunuc acid, besides alumina, silex, and cdouring matter. Such are the discordant facts on the subject. See Infusum Rhbi> and TiNCTURA Rhbi.
Internally rhubarb is a tonic, purgative, and stomachic, and is exoeUent in relaxation, of the bowels, when combined with aromatics, bitters,
' neutral salts, and submuriate of mercury. As an alterative, with calomel, it is excellent in many chronic disorders, such as dyspepa^, costiveness, visceral obstructions, &c., and may be given either in form of pill or powder, with supersulphate of potass, to conceal its taste, and quicken its operation, with honey or jeUy. The dose of the powder is gr. v. to 3ss according to the effect intended: for the diarrhoea of dentition in children the dose must be less.
Externally, the powder of rhubarb is sprinkled upon ulcers, as an astringent tonic to promote granulation, and dcatriaation. When it loses its power, it may be alternated with calomba powder.
Enters into Infus. Rhei. L. E. PiL Rhei. Comp. E. Tinct. RheL L. E. D, Tinct Rhei G)mp. L. Tinct Rhei cum Aloe. E. Tinct Rhei cum Gentiana. £. Vin. Rhei Palmati. £. Rhbumic Acid. Procured from the stem of the garden*rfaubarb> does
not seem to differ from oxalic acid. (Lassaione.) ^ Rheum Rhaponticuh. P. Common Garden Rhubaiik Very much cultivated for spring tarts, which are made of the subacid stalks of the root-leaves.
Medicinally the root is aromatic, and more astringent, but less pur* gative than the foreign rhubarb, and requires, when it is prescribed, to be given in larger doses. Rhodiola Rosba. p. Rosewort. A native plant, but not common, the wild roots of which have the fragrance of the rose, particulariy when dried, but lose much of their odour by cultivation in gardens. Astringent and cephalic. Rhodium Wood is said to be the wood of the Chinese rose-tree ; but is rather that of the Convdvulus scoparius. P. The twigs are seldom
Digitized by
RICI 377
larger than those of our own rose-trees^ but axe of a very dose texture^ and weigh heavy. The knots are the most fiwgrant part. The odour resembles that of yi<^ts> and is very fine. It is a warm aromatic. Genuine Rhodium is large^ knotty, and> when broke> is of a deep- yellow colour. When it is not very hard, and not of a good yellow, it is useless. By keeping it in a dry jdace, it will retain its fragrance for years. See Oil of Rhodium. Aduiieraied in the state of powder, with boxwood, sawdust, and the powder of rhodium-bark, which have no odour.
Rhododbnbri Chbysanthi Folia. £. Rhododendron is a genus of shrubs, the several species of which possess, in different degrees, astringent, stimulant, diaphoretic, intoxicating, and narcotic quali- ties, and are prescribed sometimes in form of infusion for gout and rheumatism.
Rhcbaoob Pbtala. L. D. P. Red Poppy Petals. Papaver rhaas. CoqueUcoi, Fr. A native plant, common in com fields; the chief use of which is to give a fine red colour to syrups, tinc- tures, &C. Medicmalhf it is used in France as a mild anodyne, for hooping-cough;
which is supposed to derive its French name from this circumstance. Enters into Syr. Rhoeados. L. D.
Rhubarbariks. Nem. A chemical principle, discovered by M. Pfaff*, in rhubarb root It is solid, dark-brown, opaque, of a disagreeable odour, and a nauseous and bitter taste. Nitric acid converts it into oxalic add. It is deliquescent, and very soluble in water, alcdiol, and ether. It seems to be the active prindple of rhubarb; but it requires farther investigation.
Rhus. See Toxicodendri Folia.
Rhus Coriabia. P. £lm-leaved Sumach. The berries and leaves are astringent and resinous, and are prescribed in gonorrhoea.
Ricb. Oryza saHva. P. Is chiefly used as a mucilaginous nutritive. It is composed, for the most part, of starch and a little sugar.
RioiNic Acid is formed when castor oil is converted into soap along with the elaiodic and the margaric adds.
RiciNi Olbum. See Olbux Ricini.
RjciNi Sbmina. L. £. D. P. Castor Seeds. Are streaked with black and white, and resemble the insect called Bicmus, or tick ; whence the name. The skin of the seeds contain an acrid prindple, which renders them drastic and emetic, and for these purposes they were used by Hippocrates, but are now disused, the oil expressed from them bdng so much more mild and manageable. Enters into Ol. RidnL L.
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378 ROS-S
Riga Balaam. Baume de Carpatlies. Is prepared hy maceratiiig the bruised twigs of the Pinus cembra in water, for one month.
Rob. a species of soft extract, prepared from several sorts of fruits and berries, by expressing the juice and evaporating or boiling it down, with or without sugar, to the consistence required. In this way may be prepared Rob rf elderberries, of barberries, qfcumxmls, of gooseberries, of mulberries, rf quinces, of prunes, of cherries^ if raisins, &c*
Rob Antibtphilitique. A French nostrum, prepared by M. Laffec- teur. It consists of a liquid extract, obtained firom a decoction of bulrush {Arundo phragmiiis), sarsaparilla, and anise-seeds; to which is added, as the active ingredient, a portion of perchloride of mercury {Corrosive subUnuUe),
RooBLLA TiNCTORiA. Litmus, or Dyer's Lichen.
RocHELLB Salts. See Soda Tartabiz.
Rochb's Embrocation fob Hooping-cough* A nostrum, the basis of which is olive oil, with which is mixed, as stimulant ingredients, half the quantity of oil of amber, and of cloves. Medicinally it is a slight stimulant and rubefacient, but can have very little effect as a remedy : with the addition of camphor and bella- donna, it might have some power.
Roots, for the most part, says the London College, are to be dug up before the stalks or leaves shoot forth; but I should say, inde- pendent of this, and also of tlie authority of Liniueus, that it is pre- ferable to take up roots at the end of autumn, or beginning of winter, for then they contain all the juices designed for their winter nourishment, whereas in spring, those juices are upon the eve of changing their nature, by efforts towards a new growth.
RosACic Acid is said by Vogel to be a compound of uric acid and some alkali or animal matter. It is found in the lateritious sediment of urine, in cases of hectic, &c
RosjB Caninjb Pulpa. L. P. Pulp of the Dog Rose Hips. It is without a smell, and has a sweetish, subacid, and cooling taste. The acid appears to be the citric This pulp is used for making the Con- fbctio Rosjs Caninjb, or Conserve of Roses.
Pulpa de Rosas Canines fructibus, cynorrhodon dictus. P. Take 16 parts of the hips of the dog-rose, freed from the seeds and the base of the calyx, two parts of good white wine ; macerate for two or three days to soften the hips, then bruise gently, and strain through a tamis.
Enters into Confect. Rose Canins. L.
Rosa Centifolia Pbtala. L. E. D. P. Damask Rose Petals. Rosa damascena, O. These are very fragrant, acidulous, and slightly
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ROSM 379
laxative> for which purpose they may he given to infants^ in doses of 5ij to Jss ; hut their chief use is for the distillation of oil of roses, and rose water, and for preparing a syrup. See Otto of R06B8. Enters into Aq. Rose. L. £. D. Syr. Rose. L. £. RofiJB Gallicjb Pbtala. L. £. D. P. Red Rose Petals. Uota rubra. O. These are fragrant, and feehly astringent, and bitterish, and used as a gentle tonic, in form of powder, confection, infusion, honey, and syrup. Enters into Confect. Ross. L. £. D. Infus. Rose. L. £• D. Mel
Rose. L. D. Syr. Rose. £. Rosa Mosohata. P. Rosa pallida. P., and Rosa alba fore pleno. P.,
have similar properties to the preceding. R06BHARY Oil. See Oleum Robmabini. Rosin. See Rbsina and Rbbinb.
RosBATB PowDBR. A nostrum, sold as a depilatory for removing superfluous hair, and composed of ^ of orpiment (sulphuret of arsenic), and Jx each of quicklime and starch. It is consequently a powerful escharotic, and hazardous to use. RosB Bbads, or Pearls, are prepared by beating, for several hours, the petals of the red rose, in an iron mortar, till formed into a deep black paste. This is rolled into the form of heads, and dried, when they will take a fine polish, and retain the fragrance of the rose, and may be made into necklaces* Rose Drops, Conserves, &c See Drops, Lozenges. Rose Pink. A pigment, made by dyeing chalk, or whitening, with a
decoction of Brazil wt>od and alum. Robe's Alterative Drops are composed of an alcoholic solution of oxy- muriate of mercury, and a vinous solution of tartarixed antimony. On mixing these, a double decomposition ensues, the potass of the tartarized antimony precipitating at the same time peroxide of mer- cury and protoxide of antimony, which result from the process. The phial, therefore, requires to be shaken when the dose is dealt out, in order to incorporate the insoluble materials. Medicinally the peroxide of mercury is the active ingredient, while the antimony disposes the stomach to become more easily influenced by it. (Dr. Paris.) RosMARiNi Caoumina. L. £. D. P. Rosemary Tops and Leaves. Ros^ marinus officinalis. These have a fragrant odour, and a hot, aro- matic, and bitterish taste. Medidnalltf they are tonic and stimulant, in doses of gr. x to 5ss of the powder. In nervous head-ache, and atonic dyspepsia, a weak infusion of the fresh leaves is a pleasant substitute for tea. They
Digitized by
380 RUME
are, however, chaefly ined for preparing the qnrit and the dis- tilled oil. Enters into Ol. Rosmarini. L. £. D. Spir. RosmarinL L. £. D.
RouoB. A French term, applied to the red colours used for the toilette, to give an artificial freshmess and bloom to a pale or faded complexion. Besides the preparations of carmine, Scc^ whidi will be found under the article Paints, I shall mention one or two more : Take Jiv o£ prepared French chalk, ^ij of almond oil, and 5j of car- mine ; mix till thoroughly incorporated. Or, Take 5iv of safflower, washed in water till it comes off colourless and dried, 5j of carbonate of potass, Oj of water ; ^hacerat^ filter, and add a little French chalk, scraped fine, with ^v of Dutdi rushes, on which the rouge is to be precipitated with lemon-juice or citric add. See Cabminb and Lake.
Rousseau's Drops. Gultw seu laudamtm ahbatu Rousseau, P. Take 5x\j of white honey, Oiij of hot water, dissolve the honey in the water, put the mixture in a matrass, and set it in a warm place. As soon as the fermentation begins, add jiv of opium dissolved in 3^ij of water. Ferment for a month in a warm place ; then strain and filter the liquor ; evaporate till there remains only ^, strain agun* and add ^vss of alcohol. Medicinally seven drops contain gr. j of opium, and it is prescribed accordingly. See Black Drop.
Royal Prevbntivb. This is merely sugar of lead water ; and is no more a preventive of syphilis than plain water, though it may allay slight inflammations.
RuBBBR (Indian.) See Caoutchouc. *
Rubefacient is an application which reddens the skin.
RuBiiE Radix. L. £. D. P. Madder. Rubia iinctorum. It has little smell but tastes austere and bitter. It is astringent, and suj^pos^ to be emmenagt^ue and deobstruent. The powder has been given in doses of 5ss to* 5j, or more, wi^ sulphate of potass, four times a day, or in form of decoction. It tinges the urine bloodred, and also imparts its colour to the bones. It is i^)parently a remedy of little power, though it has been prescribed in jaundice, amenorrhcea, rickets, &c, and in the atrophy of infants.
RuBioo. Rust. See Ferri Rubioo. D.
Rue. See Rutjb Folia.
Rum. See Punch.
RuMBX AcBTOSA. See Acetosje Folia.
RuMEX AcuTUs. P. Narrow-leaved Dock. A native plant, the root, herb, and seeds of which are bitter, astringent, and laxative. It is given iu form of decoction, for itch, and other cutaneous disorders.
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SAfil 381
RuMBX Aquaticus. D. p. See Hydrolapathum.
RuMBX CR18PU8. p. Curled Dock. Has the same properties as Ru-
HBZ ACUTUS.
Ruxxx Patibmtia. P. Patience. Is also similar in propertiesy and is given in gouty and rheumatic affections, cutaneous disorders, chronic hepatitis, &c
RuMBX Sanouinbus. p. Bloody Dock. A bitter astringent, some- times prescribed in dysentery and externally in form of cataplasm.
RusxA. See Obpimbnt.
Ru8PiNi*8 TiNCTURB for the Tee^ Take Jyiij of Florentine iri»-root, 3j of doves^^j of ambergriae, Oij of alcohd, make a tincture and apply with a oit of sponge or cotton. It is not so good as tmcture of myrrh.
Rust of Iron. See Fbrri Rubigo.
RuTJB Folia. L. £. D. P. Rue Leaves. Ruia gntveoletu. It has a
strong unpleasant smell ; a bitter, acrid, and pungent taste. Medicinaify it is stimulant, tonic, and antispasmodic, and is prescribed for hysteria, amenorrhoea, and colic. It is also supposed to be vermi- fuge. The dose is gr. xv to 3ij of the powder. Poiwnous, producing parching thirst, burning pain of the stomadi and bowels, head-ache, delirium, and death. The best treatment is a speedy emetic followed by demulcents and acidulous fluids. Enters uUo Extr. Ruta Gravedentis. £. D. OL Rutc D*
Ryb. Is nutritive and farinaceous, and may be used in similar cases with wheat and barley. Whoi roasted, it forms a substitute for coffee, known under the name of Breakfast Powder, Spurred Rye, or Ergot of Rye. See Sbcalb Cornutum.
Rymer's Cardiac Tincturb. A nostrum which is composed, accord- ing to Dr. Paris, of an infusion of capsicum, camphor, cardamom seeds^ rhubarb, aloes, and castor in proof spirit, with a very small quantity of sulphuric acid.
S.
Sabadillinb is the same as a Ferairine, which see.
Sabbatia. American Centaury, Sabbatia angularis. A good tonic
bitter, in doses of 9j to 5 j of the powdered herb. Sabinjb Folia. L. E. D. P. Savine Leaves. Juniperus sahina.
These have a strong and unpleasant smell, mid a hot, acrid, and
Utter taste. The active priiiciple appears to reside in an essential
oiL Internally it is powerfully emmenagogue, perhaps by acting indirectly
on the uterus through the influence of the colon and rectum. It is
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382 SAFF
undoubtedly useful in atonic relaxationi of the uterus^ iuc3i as pro- duce amenorrhoea and leucorrhoea. It is supposed to produce abor« tion when taken in large doses ; but if it e^er do, it must be with great danger to the life of the female. It is also said to be good in chronic rheumatism ; and it is undoubtedly a good vermifuge. The dose of the powder is gr. v to gr. x, but this is not so eligible as the infusion in doses of }ss to "^j, or of the tincture in doses of Jj. It is apt to produce head-ache and to derange the stomach when continued. Externally it is stimulant and corrosive, and is sprinkled on foul and fungus ulcers in form of powder, and on warts and similar excres- cences. The infusion forms a good lotion agains^ gangrene, itch, porrigo, and vermin. See Cbbatum Sabinjb. Poisonous, producing hypercatharsis, vomiting, severe pain of the stomach, and convulsions. The best treatment is to give copious demulcent drinks and to subdue inflammation by bleeding. Enters into Cerat. Sabine. L. Ext. Sabine. D. OL Volatile Juniperi Sabine. £. D.
Sacchabum. L. p. Sacckarum non purificatum. £. Sacck* rubrum. D. Moist, Brown, or Muscovado Sugar.
Saccharum Pubificatum. L. E. D. P. Refined or white Sugar. A most important substance for preparing many medicaments, but has not much medical power itself, being slightly nutritive and astringent in the refined state, though laxative when unrefined. It is also escharotic and errhine, and is sometimes sprinkled on fungous ulcers, blown into the eyes to remove specks, &c. Sugar is chiefly used in the preparation of syrups, confections, trochiaci, &c, and to conceal the nauseous taste of many medicines. It is supposed, but erroneously, to injure the teeth. Poisonous ? in a slow degree, as, when dogs are wholly fed with it, they die in a few weeks. Mr. Stark, in experimenting on himself, tried to live on sugar and bread, but soon became alarmingly emaciated. This appears to have been more from want of nourish- ment than from any deleterious property in the sugar. Enters into Syrupi Omnes. L. E. D. P.
Saocharum Satubni. Sugar of Lead. See Plumbi Acbtas. L.
Sacoholactic, or Saclaotic Acid is procured by digesting gum arabic with concentrated nitric add, and thus forms a good test for all the gums. (TuBNBB.) It is also called Mucic Acid.
Safflowbb. Cnicus tinctorius, Carthamus tinctorius. P. Bastard ot Dyer's Safiron. The seeds are aromatic, cathartic, and diuretic The flowers are cosmetic and used as the basis of vegetable rouge, and also for dyeing.
Saffbon. See Croci Stiqh.
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SAL 3SS
Saffbon, Mbadow. See Colohici Sbm.
Sagapbnum^ Gummi-rbsina. L. £. D. F. Sagapanum. It is not known from what plant this is procured, though it is prohahly from some species of Ferrula* It is imported from Aleppo, Alexandria, and Smyrna, in masses agglutinated together, of a yellow or dark hrown colour and tenacious consistence. It has a smell similar to assafoetida hut more feehle, and a hot, nauseous, and hitterish taste. Medicinallif it is antispasmodic and deohstruent in doses of gr. x to 5ss
thrice a day, hut is not so good as assafoetida. Enters into Pil. Galbani Comp. L.
Saob. See Salvia and Chamcborys.
SAoa A species of starch procured by bruising the trunks of the sago plant, Cycas circinaUs, macerating them in water, partially drying the sediment} and passing it in a moist state through a coarse sieve, by which process it is formed into grains which are dried for the market It is chemically the same with tapioca. Adulterated by various cheaper substances and inferior sago. Its good- ness may be determined by making a solution in water and adding a few drops of tincture of iodine, which will throw down all that is really good in form of a violet^coloured precipitate. Portland Island Sago is prepared by maceration and evaporation from the roots of the Arum maculaium, which are deprived of their acrid qualities during the process. See Ari.
Sagou. p. Is the fecula of the Sagus Rumphii, and is similar to, if not the same as, the preceding.
Sal Albmbroth is prepared by dissolving equal parts of muriate of ammonia and perchloride of mercury in q. s. of water, and evaporating and crystallinng the residue; It is very soluble in water.
Sal Ammoniac. See Ammonijb Murias.
Sal Catharticus Glaubbri. See Sodjb Sulphas.
Sal db Duobus. See Potassjb Sulphas.
Sal Diubbticus. See PoTAsazB Acbtas.
Sal Enixum. See Potassjb Supbr-sulphas.
Sal Essentialis Vini. See PoxAsaB Acbtas.
Sal Gbm. Rock Salt. It differs from common sea salt in not contain- ing muriate of magnesia, or at least in very small proportions.
Sal Marinub. Bay salt or impure muriate of soda.
Sal Martis. See Fbrri Sulphas.
Sal Mirabilis Glaubbbi. See Soda Sulphas.
Sal Polychrbst. .See Potassb Sulphas bt Sulph. Potass, c.
SULPHURB. E.
Sal Prunrlla is nitrate of potass with sulphur prepared by melting
Digitized by
S84 SALT
fi>J of nitrate of potass and ^nkling upon it by degree* ^ of aub-
linied sulphur. It it then put into moulds. Or, it may be made without sulphur by merely melting the nitrate of
potass and pouring it into hot moulds. It is excellent for moistening
the fauces for singers^ pubHc qpeakers, &c» Sal RuPBLiiBMsis. RocheUe Salts. See Soida Tasta&izata. L. Sal Sapibmtul See Sal Alsmbroth. Sal Sboretus Glaubbri. Sulphate of Ammonia. Sal Sbionbttii. See Soda Tabtabizata. L. Sal Tabtari. See PoTAaas Tabtbab. Sal Volatile. See Ammonije Subcabbonas. Salbp» or Salop. P. A species of starch prepared from the root of the
Orchis maJKula. Jt is mndlaginous and nutritive^ and is reckoned
on the continent and by the common people here to be aphrodisiapy
but is little different (torn common starch. Imkaied by mixing together equal parts of starch and sago dust ; or of
potato starch and Portland sago. AduUeraled with the same ingredients^ which are cheaper than salep.
It is wdd that neither the imitafi^ nor the adulterated articles are
inferior to the genuine. Salicabia. D. p. Purple Loosestrife. LUhrum saUcaria* A native
plant common in marshy [daces. The leaves and root are astringent,
and are given in form of decoction in diarrhoea and dysentery. Salicinb. The chemical basis of willow bark. SALiciiB CoBTBX. L. D. Willow fiark. Sa&x caprauL L. Saiix
JragUis. D. and Stdix Ma, The bark of several species of willow. Medtcinally it is bitter, tonic, and astringent, and was tkoag^ at one
time to be a valuable substitute for cinchcma. The discovery of
quinine and cinchonine will set that question at rest. In form of
decoction with infusion of cloves and any aromatic, it is a good bitter
tonic in dyspepsia. It is a good vehicle for the liquor arsenicalis. Saline Dbauoht. A common popular prescription. Take 9j of
carbonate of potass, gr. xv of citric or tartaric acid, or Jst of freaL
juice, 5ij of cinnamon water, Jviij of soft water, 5j of syrup of
orange ; mix as a refrigerant Saline £ffbbve8cino Dbauoht. See Effbrtbscing. Salsola Soda. The plant which produces barilla when burnt. Salt. A term applied to a diemical combination of an actd and an
alkali or a metal, &c Common salt is the chloride of sodium. Salt of Sobbel. See Oxalate op Potass and Acidux Oxalicum. Salt w Tabtar. See Potassjb Subcabbonas. Salt op Wobmwood. See Potassjg Cabbonas. Salt Petbb. See Fota88JB Nitras.
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SANG 3S5
Salutakt Drtrrsivs Drops. A nostrum of which the hasis is cor- rosive sublimate.
Salvb. a popular term for ointments^ cerates, &e. It is seldom used now except in the instance of Lip-8ALVE^ &c.
Salvia Ofpjoinalib Folia. £. D. P. Sage. The Codex enumerates three other species which have similar properties. Incompatible with the sulphate and other salts of iron. MedicinalU/ sage is aromatic, bitter, tonic, astringent, carminative, dia- phoretic, stomachic, and nervine. The dose is gr. xv to 9j in form of powder. The infusion may be used ad libitum. Van Sweiten recommends the tincture in engorgements of the mammte from milk at the period of weaning. It is also used in form of gargle as a feeble astringent, and the leaves in form of cataplasm.
Sajtbuci Flores. L. E. D. P. Elder Flowers. The berries and bark are also used. Sambucus niger. The flowers have a heavy odour^ and bitterish taste, and are diaphoretic and resolvent. They are used for preparing a distilled, water employed in coUyria, and in scenting the Uno. Savbuci. The Berries are acidulous and sweetish, contain malic acid, and are diaphoretic and aperient, the expressed juice, or the Rob, being given in rheumatic fever and febrile eruptions. Dose Jj to Jij. The Bark, particularly the interior bark, is bitter, cathartic, and hydragogue, as well as the leaf-buds, and may be given in anasarca and hydrothorax in doses of gr. v to dj of the substance or powder thrice a day, or in form of tincture or decoction. Enters into Succ Spiss. Sambuci Nig. E. D. Ung. Sambuci. L. D.
Samphire. Crithmum maritimum, A native plant which grows on rocks on the sea coast, as on the chalk cliffs at Dover. It is used as a pickle and is stimulant.
Sandabac. p. A gum derived from the Juniperis communis, or from the Thi^a articulata. It is stimidant and astringent, but is seldom employed medicinally. Its chief use is to make pounce for preventing ink from sinking in paper, and for making varnishes.
Sanouinaria Canadensis. Blood Root. The root of this plant is acrid, bitter, slightly escharotic; in doses of gr. j to gr. ij, stimulant, expectorant, and tonic ; in doses of gr. viij to 9j infused in warm water it is emetic; and in more moderate doses it is an acrid narcotic, diminishing the pulse like digitalis. (Eberlb.) Medicinally it is prescribed in typhoid peripneumony, incipient phthisis, croup, jaundice, pertussis, and hepatitis.
Sanouinarinb. The alkaline base of the Sangmnaria Canadensis, (Dana.)
SANO0I8 DracOnis. E. P. See Dragon's Blood.
2c
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386 SAPO
Imitaied by melting Ibiv of yellow reun and Jviij of olive oil, and
adding ftj each of Venetian red and red sanden in powder. Sanioula EuROPiBA. P. Common Sanide. A native plant common
in damp woods. It is feebly resolvent. Santaluh Album bt Pallidum. P. Yellow Sanders. The wood is bitter^ aromatic^ stimulant^ and sudorific, and is given in rheu- matism^ &c. Santolina Chamjb-cyparissus. p. Lavender Cotton. The herb is a
bitter aromatic tonic, carminative and vermifuge. Santonica. Worm-seed, the seed of Artjmisia Santdnica. The seeds are called worm-seed, and are prescribed for worms in doses of gr. X to 58S.
Adulterated with tansy-seeds.
Sapo Dubus. L. £. D. Sapo ex oUvo. P. Hard Soap« Sapo His- panicus, Spani^, or Castile soap, AUcant soap, Venice soap. AH hard soaps are made of different proportions of barilla and vegetable oil, chiefly olive oil; but the most common proportion is B'56 of barilla, 60-94 of oil, and 30-50 of water. The barilla, or kelp, is carbonate of soda> with a portion of muriate of soda, the latter of whidi is indispensable for rendering the soap hard.
Adulterated extensively with fuller's earth, and other earthy materials, which may at once be detected by dissolving it in spirit of wine, when they will fall down. It b highly necessary to attend to its purity when intended for internal exhibition.
Soluble in water, when it is free from earthy salts, and also in alcohd, with which it forms a transparent, though gelatinous solution.
Incompatible with adds, whidi unite wi^ ^e soda, and set free the oil ; with earthy salts, such as carbonate and sulphate of lime, mag- nesia, or alumina; with astringent vegetable decoctions and infpfi«n«j with the acetates of lead atid mercuiy, the muriates of iron and mercury, the nitrate of silver, the sulphates of copper and iron, and tartarized antimony and iron ; and with lime water.
Internal^ hard soap is diuretic, antacid, and lithontripdc in small doses frequently repeated. In larger doses it is purgative. When its use is long continued it is apt to injure digestion, and it is now chiefly used to modify the action of aloes, rhubarb, and other purgatives, l^ dividing them minutely, and increasing their soluUlity. It fre- quently succeeds in moving the bowels in constipation and visceral obstruction when other remedies fail, particularly in form of dyst^. Dose gr. V to 5ss, in form of pill. The solution is an antidote to some metallic poisons. ^
Externally it is emollient, and added to spirituous liniments prevents their evaporation, and renders the skin more adapted for friction. A
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strong lather rubbed into the feet of stockings and dried, prevents the feet from blistering when much walking is required^ and is the best soothing application when the feet are blistered. Added to plasters it prevents them from hecoming hard. It is good for rubbing bruises and sprains, and also the abdomens of children who have mesenteric engorgement. Enters into Cerat. Saponis. L. Emplast. Saponis. L. £. Liniment* Saponis Comp. L. Lin. Saponis cum Opio. £• Pil. Saponis cum Opio. L.
Sapo Jalapinus. Pkartn, Berlin. Jalap Soap. Take equal parts of Castille soc^ and resinous extract of Jalap, macerate in alcohol with a moderate heat, and evaporate to the consistence of conserve. It operates more gently, and also more speedily than jalap alone. The dose is not stated.
8apo Mbdicinalis Amygdalikcs. p. Is made with oil of almonds instead of olive oiL It has the same properties as the preceding.
Sapo Mollis. L. D. Soft Soap. Black Soap. E. Prepared hy boiling (h1 or tallow with caustic potass. It is of the consistence of lard, and is hrownish yellow, semitransparent, and contains numerous granular nodules of undissolved tallow. MedidnaUy it has similar properties to the preceding, but is for the most part employed externally as a detergent f or porrigo and vermin; sometimes in form of enema.
Sapo bx Oleo Tbrbbinthina Volatili et Potassa. P. Starkey*s Soap. Take equal parts of subcarbonate of potass, distilled volatile oil of turpentine, and turpentine. In doses of gr. viij to gr. xij or more, either alone or in some vehicle, it is diuretic and deobstruent. Externally it is detersive.
Sapo Rbsikis Mbdicatus. P. Soap Medicated with Resins. Take eight parts each of resin of jalap, of scammony, or of any other resin, and sixteen parts of almond soap, dissolve in q. s. of alcohol, evapo^ rate the alcohol, and reduce the whole to the consistence of an extract.
Sapo Stibiatus. Pharm. Copenhagen and Berlin. Antimomal Soap. Take Jj <^ orange sulphuret of antimony, dissolve it by digestion in q. s. of sC^ution of caustic potass, add distilled water (boiling, Copenh.) triple the weight of the liquid, in which dL<«soive Jvj of medicinal or Aiicant soap, evaporate this over a gentle fire to the oonnstence of a pill mass, and if the mass remains red add q. s. of solution (^ caustic potass, to render it of an ashy white colour. The dose is not given.
Sapo Tiolii. New. Croton Oil Soap is pr^ared like almond soap, with an alkali and croton oil. The dose b gr. ij to gr. iij, in pills, or
2 c 2
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388 SASS
diffused in water^ or mixed with sugar. Purgative. (M. Bally.) See TiOLii Lign.
Saponari A Officinalis. P. Common Soapwart. The root and leaves are bitter^ soapy^ diuretic^ alterative, and vermifuge. It b given in doses of 3j to 3iv of the expressed juice, for scrofiila, cachexies, and visceral obstructions. Also in form of decoction, infusion, extract, and syrup.
Sabcocolla. p. a gum resin derived from the Penasa sarcoooUa. It is bitter, stimulant, and cathartic
Saasaparilla Radix. L. E. D. P. Root of Sarsaparilla. Smilax sarsaparUla. A native of Virginia and South America. It has no smell, but a bitter, and somevirhat acrid mucilaginous taste. Its virtues are most effectually extracted by boiling water. Genuine sarsaparilla is covered by a brown or reddish bark, with a central woody portion, soft, white, and sometimes like starch. This part is useless, the virtues residing in the bitter principle of the bark, and the more it inclines to a red colour it is the richer and more powerfuL The grey, and dirty brown scxrts are not good. The best sort comes from Jamaica and the Brazils, called Lisbon sarsaparilla ; the worst from Honduras and Vera Cruc. (Pops.) AduUerated with rotten and decayed pieces or twigs of other roots, such as those of Carex villosa^ tied up with the genuine. This may often be the cause of its failure. MedkinaUy it is extolled by many as an alterative, diaphoretic, diuretic, and tonic, while others esteem it to be feeble, or inert. There can be no doubt, however, I think, that it is useful in the atonic disorders caused by mercury, particularly in disorders of the skin, the throat, and the bones and joints. It has no power alone over syphilis. In rheumatism and scrofula it has been boieficiaL Dose from 9 j to ^j of the powder per day, in form of electuary, or Oj of the Decoct. Sarsaparills. Enters into Decoct. Sarsaparilhr. L. E. D. Decoct. Sarsaparille Comp. D. Ext. Sarsaparillse. L.
Sassafbas, Lignum Radix et Cortex. L. E. D. P. The wood, root, and bark of the Laurus sassafras. The taste is sweetish, aromatic, and somewhat acrimonious, depending on a resin and an essential oil, which are soluble in alcohol and water. It smells like fenneL MedicinaUy sassafras is diaphoretic and alterative, like guaiac and sar- saparilla; and has been prescribed in 83rphilis, rheumatism, and cutaneous disorders ; but except as a diaphoretic its powers are very doubtful. It has certainly no antisyphilitic properties. It is used in form of decoction, or infusion. Enters into Ol. Sassafras. L. £. D.
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Savins. See Sabinjb Folia.
Savonbttbs. See Wash Balls.
Savoby. Satureja, A genus of plants^ which are aromatic and pungent.
The Codex mentions the HortentU and the Thymbra, as stimulant^
nervine, and aphrodisiac. Saxifbaga Gbanulata. p. White Saxifrage. A native plant, the root .
and seeds of which are acrid and diuretic Scabiosa Abvbnsis bt Succisa. p. Field Scabius, and Devil's Bit*
The roots, herbs, and flowers are feebly bitter, and alterative in
cutaneous disorders. Scalding Mixtubb, in Farriery. Take 5J oxymuriate of mercury
(corrosive sublimate), 5ij muriatic (hydrochloric) acid, Oj boiling
olive oil. Dissolve the salt in the acid and add the oil ; mix, and
inject as soon as possible. Used for pole-evil. (Phabm. Vbtbb.
COLLBOB.)
ScALBs OF Ibon. See Fbbbum.
ScAMMONiJB GuHMi Rbsina. L. E. P. Scammouy. Scammonium, D. Procured from the Convolvulus scammoniay by the incision of the roots. This important article of the materia medica has a slightly unpleasant smell, and a bitter acrid taste.
Genuine scammony may be known by being black or dark grey exter- nally, becoming yellowish white when moistened with the finger, and when broken appearing shining, and of a grey or greenish brown tint. It should have a cheesy smell, and be easily powdered. When it is very soft, of a disagreeable smell, or without any smell, and when it does not become easily milky by trituration with water, it is bad. The best is from Aleppo, and is imported in drums of 100ft weight. The worst is from Smyrna in form of cakes.
Imitated by mixing together extract of jalap, senna, manna, gamboge, guaiac, sago, syrup of buckthorn, and colouring the mass with ivory- black.
Adulterated with the same substances to a great extent, and also with sand, ashes, flour, and the scammony of Montpellier, which is the extract of Cynanchum MonspelUacum, P.
Chemically it is composed of resin, gum, and extractive ; and partly soluble, partly miscible with water, forming a lactescent liquid; proof spirit completely dissolves it.
Incompatible with acids, which appear to render it inert, though they do not exhibit any chemical action upon its solutions. Potass and soda give yellow precipitates, though they do not appear to injure but rather to assist its action. Dr. Paris says that when the stomach and bowels are loaded with mucus it is very inactive, but when their
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390 SCIL
mucus is deficient^ it is apt to irritate and inflame if not given in form of emulsion with mucilage. Medidnaibf scammony is a dra^ and hydxagogue purgative, but m very apt to gr^pe when not combined wiUi jalap> calomel^ sulj^iate of potass, sugar, almonds, liquorice, or tome other corrective. The dose is gr. iij to gr. xv, frar comtqiation, anasarca, hydrothorax, worms, &c
Enters inio Confect. Scammonic. L. D. Pulv. Scam. Comp. L. £. ScANOix OnoBATA. Myrrh, or Sweet Cicely. A native unbelliferous plant, which is aromatic and tonic. Mr. Gray ascribes to it the singular properties of " thinning the Uood, and procuring gentle slumbers!!!" SoiLLJE Radix. L. £. D. P. Squill, or the bulb of the Squill. SdUa mariiima. A narive of Austria. It is without smell, has an acri- monious, naaseous, and bitter taste ; and ccmtains, together with the new principle Scillitine — gum, tanniQ, sugar, and woody fibre.
Soluble in vinegar, water, akohol, and ether.
Incompatible with alkalies and alkaline carbonates, which inq[)air the acrid and Utter principle ; with lime water, gelatine, acetate of lead and nitrate of silver ; but particularly with heat, which destroys its virtues when apfdied for the purpose of dr3ring it.
Medicinal^ squills are nAuseant, emetic, purgative, diuretic, and ex- pectorant, according to the dose. As an expectorant whennoinflam- matioQ threatens, it may be given in doses of gr. j, thrice a day, with gr. iij of gum ammoniac. In inflammatory cases, with Dover's powder, nitrate of potass, or some aatimonial or saline mixture, akmg with abstraction of blood. As a purgative, or emetic;, it is seldom employed, being of very uncertain efiect As a diuretic, it seems to act by absorption, and when combined with calomel, or Uue pill and digitalis, it is excellent in humoral asthma, ascites, and hydrothorax, in doses of gr. j to gr. v. It ought to produce nausea, not emesis, in order to ensure its full eflect See Oxymel.
Externally it is stimulant and rubefacient, but is seldom emj^oyed in this way, except in friction over the abdomen, for dropsy, &c.
Poisonous^ producing violent vomiting, h3rpercatharsis, bloody urine, distressing colic, cold sweats, convulsions, &c The best treatment is to promote vomiting, to evacuate the oflending matter, and give copious demulcent drinks, the warm bath, &c.
Enters into Acet. Scill«, L. E. D. Oxym. Scilhc. L. D. Pil. Scill.
Comp. L. E. D. Pulv. Sdllae, Maritinwe. E. Tinct Soilhc L. D.
Scillitine. New. A chemical principle discovered in squills, by VogeL
It is white, brittle, and transparent, without smell, and of a bitter
taste. It is deliquescent, and very soluble.
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Medicinalfy it excites vomitings and diarrhoea, and acts diureticallj, like squills.
Scobs Fbrbi. See Fbrrum.
ScoLOPBNBBnTM Officinaruh* P. Hart's Tongue^ or Spleenwort. Aipienium tcohpendrium. The root is a weak astringent^ and is prescribed in phthisb, and other cachectic diseases.
SooRZBRONA H18FANIOA. P. Garden Viper's Grass. The root is ape- rient and mucilaginous. Other species of scorzonera have similar properties.
Scott's Pills. A nostrum composed of ftss of extract of aloes, and 3j each <^ gamboge and powder of jalap ; make a mass with tincture <^ senna, and divide into four-grain pills.
Scouring Drops. Take ^ j of rectified oil of turpentine, and add to it as much essence of lemon-peel as will neutralise or overpower the smelL Any other essential oil may be used. These drops do not afiect the colour of stuffi, and should be rubbed on the stain with a piece of silk or velvet.
ScROPBULARiA NoDOSA. Hcrho. D. P. Knotty-rooted Figwort A native plant of a lurid aspect. It has an unpleasant smell, and an acrid taste. Medicinally it is stimulant, tonic, antispasmodic, anthelmintic, and sudorific It is prescribed in form of infuflion for scrofula, itch, piles, &c Exlemally it is anod3me and re^ellant, and the fresh herb bruised, or a warm decoction <^ i|;^ is applied to scrofulous swellings, hemorr- hoids, &C.
Sba Salt is muriate of soda (diloride of sodium), with muriate of magnesia, and other impurities. See Sodjb Murias.
Sbbacic Acid is obtained in combination with acetic add and fat, by distilling hogs'-lard or suet. This is treated by boiling water and acetate oi lead. The sebate of lead thence resulting is decomposed by sulphuric acid. Soluble in alcohol, and in hot more readily than in cold water.
Sbcalb Cbrbalb. p. Rye. The seeds and flour are farinaceous, and nutritive. The leaven is a weak irritant.
Sbcalb Cornutum. New. Ergot of Rye, or Spurred Rye. This has lately attracted considerable attention, and various accounts are given of its nature. The ergot protrudes from the grain of rye in form of a curved, round, or pointed spur, or horn-like substance, sometimes two inches long, of a violet colour, sometimes so deep as to i^pear black. Internally it is whitish, and of firm consistence. It has a disagreeable smell, and slightly pungent taste, somewhat like rotten com, or burnt feathers. M. Tessier says it is a disease of
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392 SEED
the rye ; M. Read^ that it is an exudation caused by the puncttrftf of an insect ; and De CandoUe^ that it is a f ungus, which he calls Scierolium claws. I have myself just ascertained heyond douht, (1832) that M. Read is rights having traced the growth to the puncture of the aphu graminU in numerous instances. It has heen found on English rye in Yorkshire hy Mr. Hamerson. See Dr. A. Nkalb on Ergot.
Impaired by being kept in a damp place^ under which csrcumstances it contracts a black mould that injures its efiects. What I ceMeeted and dried myself was soon destroyed by the common mite.
Medicinally it is a powerful acrid stimulant. It has been extenshrdy used in America, as an emmenagogue, and for quickening tardy parturition^ which it is said, on good authority, to efiect. Dr. Chapman allows it has this effect, though it does not, he says, act as an emmenagogue. The common people in America prescribe it for procuring abortion. It is usefiil also in dysmenorrhoea, along, I should say, with the warm bath.
Dose, gr. X to gr. xv of the powder every fifteen minutes, which is preferred by some. Dr. Chapman gives one-third of a drachm in a small portion of water every half hour till it produces an effect ; but it is necessary to ascertain previously that the astincs is well diluted. Upwards of 200 cases have been thus treated without any bad consequences. Others boil Jj of the ergot in a quart of water down to a pint, the half of which is given in divided doses during one day, and continued for several days, as an emmenagogue.
Poisonous, producing tingling and formication, fiery heat of the extre- mities, cdic, vertigo, spasms, mania, and often death. In similar quantity, when mixed with rye-flour and eaten, it often proc^uces epidemic ergonsm, which is described as similar to plague ; and in smaller quantity still, it produces gangrene of the extremities.
Treatment. An immediate emetic to expel the poison, following it up with the black draught, and demulcents. When gangrene is pro- duced, opium, or what is still better, brandy-punch, or port-wine should be given so as to produce considerable inebriation. This state must be cautiously kept up till the disorder is got under. Sedum Acre. Yellow Stonecrop, A native plant, abundant on old walls, old houses, and by the sea-side. It is very acrid, and the expressed juice may be used as a rubefacient.
Poisonous, internally producing similar symptoms, and requiring similar
treatment with Ranunculus Acris. Sebob are directed by the London College to be collected as soon as they are ripe, and before they begin to fall from the plant. They should be kept in their own seed vessels. This latter direction is
>
c
^ Digitized by CjOOQIC
SEMO 39s
improper where the seed capsule is liable to decay, or moulder. Seeds abounding in volatile oil, such as anise, caraway, and carda- moms^ will keep good for years ; those which have much fixed oil, as nuts, almonds, and castor-seeds, soon become rancid ; those which abound in fecula^ or mucilage^ often become the prey of insects, or decay by exposure to moisture.
Sjbidlitz Powders. Take 5ij of tartari;^ soda, and 9ij of carbonate of soda; mix, and dissolve in half a pint of soft water. Then dis- solve gr. XXXV of tartaric acid in q. s. of water, and add this to the former solution. It must be drank in a state of effervescence. It is a mild cooling purgative ; but is not at all like the genuine Seidlitz Water.
Sbiolitz Water. Aqua SedlicensU. P. Take ^xxss of water, acidu- lated in the usual apparatus, with thrice its volume of carbonic acid gas^ about 5ij of sulphate of magnesia, gr. xviij of muriate of mag- nesia, dissolve, and bottle for use. If it be wanted stronger, double the quantity of the sulphate and muriate of magnesia. MedicinaUy it is purgative and deobstruent.
Seleniates are ^ts formed by selenic acid.
Selbnig Acid is procured by treating seleniate of soda with nitrate of lead, washing the precipitate, and exposing it to a stream of sulphu- retted hydrogen. It is very similar to sulphuric acid.
Selenious Acid is procured by digesting selenium in nitric acid till it is completely dissolved^ and evaporating the solution to dryness.
Selknites are salts formed by selenious add.
Selenium is a brittle, opaque, solid body, without taste or odour, but
has the metallic aspect of lead. Insoluble in water, but combines readily with oxygen when heated. Test, When exposed to the blowpipe it tinges the flame light blue, and diffuses a strong odour of decayed horse-radish.
SeleniurettedHydrogen, the same as hydroselenic acid gas.
Seltzer Water. Aqua SeUerana. P. Take Jxxss of water impreg- nated by the usual apparatus with carbonic add gas, and dissolve in it gr.iv of subcarbonate of soda, gr.ij of subcarbonate of magnesia, and gr. xx of muriate of soda. It is a mild purgative.
Sel way's Prepared Essence op Senna. " Thi§," says Dr. Paris, '' is a concentrated infusion of senna in combination with an alkalL" The Doctor, in his last edition, has expunged his recommendation of his Mend's nostrum, which in his fifth edition was so very in- consistent with his attack on Mr. Battley about the liquor opii sedativus.
Sbmina. See Seeds.
Sbuolina. a preparation of fiour, made by moistening it and forming
Digitized by
394 SENN
it into little balls^ or granules^ wkich are then dried. It Is inanlnhb in hot water.
Skkpsbviyum Tbctorum. House Leek. A common native plaAft» the juice of which is acrid^ and rub^acient. It is used as a cosmetic, mixed with cream^ for freckles^ &c
Senbcio Jaoob<ba. p. Ragwort A common native plant> whidi is said to be vermifuge.
Sbnbcio Vuloabis. p. GrOundseL A common native plants which is purgative^ emetic, and vermifuge. It is also used in form of cata- plasm, as a discutient.
Senbga Radix. L. £• D. P. Rattlesnake Root. Pofygala tenega. It is without smell, and of a sweetish, acrid, and pimgent taste, pro- ducing a tingling sensation in the fauces, and a flow of saliva. Genuine senega root has a wrinkled, greyish, ot pale brown bark, with transverse cracks. The bark is the active part. Internally it is white, but this portion is useless. Chemically it contains a resinous substance, on which its activity de- pends, which is imparted readily to alcdiol, and partially to hot water. Medicinalfy it is stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, purgative, and feebly emetic It has been prescribed in typhoid in- flammations of the lungs, and in chronic catarrh, but is apt to excite vomiting and diarrhcea. The dose is gr. x to 5ss of the powder, with Madeira wine to cover the taste. In palsy and lethargy it has been found useful along with carbonate of ammonia. (Bbanabbth.) See Decoct. Sbnbga. Externally in form of gargle, as a stimulant for croup, &c ; but it is
not so efficient as pyrethrum. Eniert into Decoct. Senege. L. £.
Sbnbginb. a new principle discovered in various species of polygala by M. Gehlen.
SBNNiE Folia. L. £. D. P. Senna Leaves. Cassia senna. These leaves smell like green tea, and have a nauseous taste, somewhat bitter, and subastringent. Genuine senna ought to have a pretty strong and fre^ smdl, somewhat like that of green tea, but more heavy and sickly. The colour ou|^t to be a fresh yellowish-green. The leaves amooth, soft, not spotted, nerved on the under side, little broken, or mixed with stalks; and they ought to be free from moisture, which is apt to render them mouldy. Adulterated with the leaves of other plants, such as those of Cynanchim oleqfidium, or argel, box, &c. ,* which are mixed with the genuine before importation.
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Chemicalfy they are compoted of the usual vegetable priiic^iles» along with Cathabtine> on which their purgative property depends. The active parts are tdcen up by water and proof spirit, to which they give a brown colour, and rectified sfpiit^ which they tinge <^ a fine green. Boiling destroys them.
Medicinalfy senna is purgative and hydragogue, and in form of powder may be given in doses of gr. xv to 5 j, with cream of tartar and ginger. It is apt to gripe, unless modified by aromatics. The best form is the infusion.
Enters into Confect. Sennie. L. £. D. Extr. Cassis Sonne. £. Tnfus. Sonne. L. D. Infus. Tamarindi cum Senns. £. D. Pulv. Sonne Comp. L. Syr. Sonne. D. Tinct. Sonne. L. E. D.
Sepia. See Os Sepia.
SEapSNTABUB Radix. L. £. D. Virginian Snake Root, or Birthwort. Arisiohckia serptntaria. A native of North America. It ii an aromatic smell, somewhat like valerian, and a hot, pungent, and bitterish taste, similar to camphor.
Adulterated with other roots resembling it, whidi are mixed with the parcels before importati<m. The genuine is commonly in a very dirty state, and of a small fibrous form. The taste and smell will materially assist in distinguishing them. ChemicaUjf it contains a volatile oil, and a resinous substance, con- stituting its active ingredients, which are given out to alcohol and - water. Medicinmlfy it is tonic, stimulant, diaphoretic, and diuretic, and has been given coml^ed with bark in intermittents and typhus, and in convalescence from acute diseases. It is also prescribed in dyspepsia, with dry skin, and perhaps acts somewhat like taraxacum on the bUiary secretion. The dose of the powder is 9j to 5J, but the infusion, or tincture, are generally preferable. Enters into Tinct. Serpentarie. L. £• D.
SsBPYLLUM. Thyme, or Wild Thyme. See Oil of Thyme.
Sbbitm Lactis. See Whet.
Sesamum Obientale. p. The expressed oil of the seeds is emollient, and prescribed to allay itching, &c.
Seseli T0BTUO6UM. P. The seeds are an acrid aromatic
Sbvadili^a. p. Veratrvm sakadiUa, The seeds with the ci^ules are bitter, acrid, drastico-cathartic, and emetic It is given as a vermi- fuge to children, in doses of gr. ij to gr. x, and to adults in doses of gr. xij to 9j, mixed with honey, and giving a purgative every five days. (SoHMUCKEB.) Poisonous, producing hypercatharsis, vomiting, convulsions, and death* The best treatment is to promote vomiting, and to give demulcents.
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Skvum. L. Mutton Suet Adtps ovUlL £. D. Thb is chiefly used ia
phannacjy for making ointments and plastersi Srvum BoviNUM. L. Beef Suet Is sometimes used in making poma- tums, &c., in perfumery. Also Set, cermnum, Sev. hircinum.
Sbvum Praparatum. L. D. Prepared Suet Cut the suet into small pieces ; then, having melted it o?er a slow fire^ press it through s linen cloth. It is chiefly used like the former in making unguents ; but is sometimes given internally boiled in milk (^j to Oj) for chronic diarrhoea. The dose is ^j to Jvj. Enter* into Emplast Cere. L. £. Emplast Meloes Vesicatorii. £. Ung. Hydrarg. Fort. L. £. D. Ung. Picis Liquids. L. D. Ung. Sambuci. D.
Shallots. See Essbncb of Eshallots.
Sharp's Anoslic Powder. Take equal parts of burnt alum and nttrie oxide of mercury ; mix, and apply as a powerful escharotic to fungous ulcers, warts, &c.
Shells fob Colours are prepared from a species of muscle, and are used by painters for their colours.
Shbrbbt. Take one part of clarified orange juice, and mix it with two parts of refined sugar. .
Shebry. a white wine which most probably derives its name from Xeres in Spain. It is one of the most common wines in this countiy. Imitated by boiling thirty-two pounds of white sugar and ten pounds of sugar-candy in sixteen gallons of water ; then boil half a bushel of pale ground malt in six gallons of water, macerate, strain, and add it to the former with one pound of yeast Three days after add ten pounds of stoned raisins, and in three days more a gallon of brandy. Let it stand in the cask for four months, when it must be drawn into another cask, and another gallon of brandy added. In three months more it may be bottled.
Shrub* A liqueur made with brandy or rum for a basis (say Oviij), with Oij orange-juice and a pound and a half of sugar. It will improve it to add half a dozen lemon-peels, and if too strong, one- third or one-half of soft water.
Silicic Acid, a term given by some chemists to silica, because it com- bines with the metallic oxides and alkaline bases.
Silica, or Oxide of Silicium, is procured by throwing red-hot rock crystal into water, and then pulverising it. It is insipid, inodorous^ and insoluble in water.
Silicates are salts formed by silica with bases.
SiLVATES are formed by silvic add like pinates. (Unverdorben.)
Silver. See Argentum. Nitrate of Silver. See Arobnti Nitras.
SiLvic Acid. New. Occurs in the resin of jnnui sylvestris, &c*y and
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i$ separated by treating resin repeatedly with alcohol^ which takes up every thing except the silvic add. It strongly reddens litmus paper^ and forms crystals in quadrangular prisms. See PiNzc Acid. SiMAROUBJB CoBTEX. L. £. D. Simarouba Bark. Quassia shnarouha. L. £. D. Simaruba amara. P. It has no smelly but a bitter non- astringent taste^ and it consequently does not contain tannin nor gallic acid. How Mr. Brande should say it *' furnishes an astringent infusion^" I cannot conjecture.
Medicinalfy it is tonic and slightly stimulant and diuretic. It has been prescribed in dyspepsia^ intermittents> diarrhoea^ and dysentery^ in doses of gr. x to ^ss or more of the powder; but the infusion or the decoction are preferable.
Enters into Infus. Simaroub«. L.
Sinapism. See Cataplasma Sinapis. L.
SiNAPis Semina. L. £. D. P. Mustard Seed. Sinapis alba. £. D. P. Sinapis nigra. L. When unbruised^ the seeds have no smell ; but, when bruised^ the smell is very pungent. They have a hot^ bitterish, and pungent taste.
Adulterated in the state of powder very extensively. See Mustabd. Intemalfy mustard Is stimulant^ diuretic^ and in larger doses emetic. When the seed is swallowed entire or slightly bruised, it is laxative and tonic> but apt to produce flatidence. It is seldom prescribed except in a very torpid state of the bowels* The dose is from one to three table-spoonfuls a day. A table-spoonful of powdered mustard to a pint of boiling water is given as an emetic in para- lysis^ &c. Externally mustard is stimulant and rubefacient, and in form of si- napism is much used as an external application. Enters into Cataplasma Sinapis. L. D.
Singleton's £yb Salve, or Golden Ointment, is prepared with equal quantities of orpiment (Sulphuret of arsenic) and prepared lard.
SiBOP. See Sybup.
SiSTMBBiUM. Cress. A genus of plants reputed antiscorbutic, but when eaten raw are apt to cause coldness and flatulence, though these are partly obviated by their stimulant and pungent properties.
SiUM Hebba. D. Water Parsnip. Stum nodijhrum. It is reputed to be a diuretic, and lithontriptic in doses of Jij of the expressed juice given in milk or barley water.
Sizb is prepared in the same manner as glue^ but is not so much boiled, and is not dried> but kept in the state of a jelly. Gold Size is prepared for japanning by dissolving 5*^ of gum ammo- niac, 5j of linseed oil, adding oil of turpentine till of a proper consistence.
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Slobs. The fruit of the Prunus sjnmua. Are used for giving a ccdour and roagh astringent flarour to wines, particulariy factitious port. The juice is also used for maridng linen permanently.
Smalt is a colouring material used in painting, and in the laundry. It is procured by roasting cobalt with sand and potass. See Oil C0LOUB8.
Smbllom's Etb Ointmbnt. Take 588 of crugo finely powdered, triturate with iT^xxx of olive oil, then add ^j of resinous cerate (Yellow basilioon ointment).
Smilap. See Sabsaparilljb Radix.
Snuff is most commonly manufiEu;tured from dried leaves of tobacco, but with numerous additions and adulterations. Tobacco, when used as snuflf, appears to evince some of its narcotic or sedative properties on the nerves, and consequently none of the errhines commonly used as substitutes answer sufficiently. AduHeraled with inferior sorts of powdered tobacco, and frequently with other brown vegetable powders, particularly those which are destitute of smell. It is also adulterated with the sweepings of snuff-shops, cM rotten wood, commonly called powder poit, and ec^ured widi Dutch pink, ochre, or umber, and moistened with treacle, or molasses, or urine, to give it the moist oiliness of genuine snuff. The powder of Spanish nutshells is the least deleterious of the ingredients used. Common salt is added to increase its weight ; and powdered glass, white sugar, sugar-candy, and muriate of ammonia to make it more pungent.
Frauds of this description may be detected by lapng a little of the snuff very gently on the surface of a glass of water, when the ge- nuine tobacco-powder will float or sink very slowly, and the grosser materials will sink quickly. This^ however, will not detect nutshell powder, and other vegetable matters ; but the flavour of these maybe proved by filling a tobacco-pipe with the snufi', and smokuig it. Those snufis also, which are of the greatest bulk, acceding to a given weight, may be considered as the best and most genuine.
Cephalic and E^e Snuff. See Cephalic and Eyb.
Lundiffool's Snuff, which has a burnt odour, somewhat like malt, is prepared by partially torrefying the materials, and is imitated by moistening any light-coloured snuff with empyreumatic oiL
Macouba Snuff owes its flavour and perhaps its greater sedative powers to the previous fermentation of the tobacco leaves by moistening them with cane-juice, and probably producing in this way an acetate of the narcotic principle of tobacco, if such exist, as there is reason to believe there does.
Perfiimed Snuffs are made by moistening them with the particular
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eisential oils required^ such as bergamotte, cedrat, neroli^ musk, ambergrise, Florentine iris-root^ civet, &c. Soap. See Sapo, Starkbt, &c. Soda Caustica. P. Caustic Soda. Procured from marine vegetables,
barilla, kelp. Sic. Soda Caustica Liquida, vel Lixivia Saponabiobum. P. Liquid Caustic Soda. Take 500 parts of lime, 1000 of carbonate of soda, boil in q. s. of water, filter and evaporate till upon cooling the areometer stands at 36^, then leave it to settle. It is corrosive, ant- acid, and absorbent, and used in the same cases as Liquor Potas&s. Sods Aostas. D. Acetate of Soda. Take what quantity may be necessary of carbonate of soda and q. s. of distilled vinegar ; evapo- rate the strained solution to sp. gr. 12J6, and preserve the crystals formed by cooling in stopped bottles.
IncompcUible with the mineral adds and carbonate of lime.
MedicUuUfy it is a mild purgative in doses of 5 j to ^iv, in any bland^ fluid.
AduUeraled with sulphates and muriates, the first of which may be detected by saturating the carbonate of soda, and adding nitrate of barytesy which will precipitate sulphate of barytes, and the second wiU give a precipitate with nitrate of silver.
Chemically this ought to be a bicarbonate of soda^ but when it is dried« or the temperature the least elevated, the carbonic acid escapes, and the crystals effloresce and fall down into a white powder, which is ' not so easily soluble in water as the subcarbonate. It has been called a sesqui-carbonate. It contains 59*76* of carbonic add, 38*55 of soda, and 21*69 of water. ^
Incompatible with acids, addulous salts, lime water, muriate of am- monia, and earthy and metallic salts.
Medicinally it has nearly the same properties as an antadd^ and ab- sorbent, as the carbonate of potass, or the subcarbonate of soda, but is less nauseous than the latter. The dose is gr. x to 5ss. SoiuB Carbonas. L. E. Sodce bicarhonas. D. Carbonate of Soda. Take ftj of subcarbonate of soda, Oiij of distilled water, dissolve the subcarbonate in the water, put the solution in a proper vessel, pass carbonic add through it till the soda is fully saturated, and set it aside that crystals may form ; wrap the crystals in bibulous paper ; evaporate the remaining liquor, taking care that the temperature does not exceed 120^, that crystals may again form, which are to be pressed and dried in the same manner. SofDM Cabbonatis Aqua. D. Water of Carbonate of Soda. Dissolve any quantity of carbonate of soda in distilled water, and evaporate the solution to sp. gr. 10*24.
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MefUcinaUy it is prescribed in the same cases as the solid carbonate of soda. Soda Murias. L. E. D. P. Muriate of Soda. Sal commune. Com- mon Salt. Chloride of Sodium. This is improperly termed muriate of soda^ according to Sir H. Davy, who says it contains neither soda nor muriatic add, but is a binary compound of thirty-six parts of chlorine and twenty-four parts of sodium ; it is only a muriate of soda when dissolved in water. Berzelius says, it contains 53-44 of soda, and 43*55 of muriatic acid.
Adulterated with muriate of magnesia, and muriate of potass. The muriate of magnesia renders it deliquescent and bitterish to the taste.
Soluble in about three parts of water, cold or hot, but more readily in hot water.
Internally it is stimulant, tonic, purgative, and vermifuge. In large doses it appears to act as an astringent, restraining hemorrhage. As a vermifuge, Dr. Rush prescribed 5ss in the morning of a powder composed of Jij of muriate of soda, and 9ij of cochineal. The dose as a purgative is Jss to J j largely diluted with water : as a stimulant and tonic gr. x to ^ is the common dose: in form of enema 5iv to ^j in Oj of water. Dr. Darwin proscribed its being used with food, but he was wrong.
Extemalfy it is used to form an artificial sea- water bath; and as a fomentation for bruises, &c. With equal parts of bread crumbs and linseed meal, a saturated solution of common salt forms a good cataplasm for scrofulous and lymphatic swellings. Purmann's remedy for chronic tumours of the joints is prepared by boiling for half an hour tbij of solution of salt, Ibj of concentrated vinegar, a handful or two of sage-leaves, 5xij of sulphate of copper, and 5vss of sulphate of alumine, and applying it hot to the parts.
Enters into Add. Muriaticum. L. £. D. Murias Sode Exsicc E. D. SoDJB Phosfhas. E. D. Subphosphas soda. P. See Phobphas. Soda Sub-boras. L. D. P. Borax. Boras sodas. £. It is found native in Persia and Thibet, and imported from India under the name of Tincal, which is an impure artide, but is purified by caldning, dissolving, and crystallizing it. The crystals may be deprived of their water of crystallization by heat, and it is thus that calcined borax is formed, which is a biborate*
Adulterated with fused common salt, and also with alum, which are easily detected by the tests of nitrate of barytes, and nitrate of silver, solutions of dther of which may be added to a solution of borax in distilled water saturated with nitric add.
Chemically, it contains seventeen parts of soda, thirty-four of boracic
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add, and forty-nine of water. It is iolublc in cold, but one-third more so in boiling water.
Incompatible with acids, the salts of ammonia, and the earths, and with potass.
Medicinally it is detergent when used with honey or with water as a gargle in aphthous sore-throat, hyper-salivation, &c. It has lately been said to be a powerful remedy when dissolved in water for can- cerous sores of the lips, &c. It is also diuretic and emmenagogue in doses of gr. x to 5ss. SoDiE SuBCABBONAS. L. E. D. P. Subcarbouate of Soda. Take ftj of impure soda reduced to powder, Oiv of distilled water ; boil the soda in the water for half an hour, and strain the solution ; evaporate to two pints, and set it aside that crystals may form : throw away the solution that remains.
Chemically the impurities of the barilla are got rid of by dissolving it, and then crystallizing. It contains 29*5 parts of soda, JBO? of car- bonic acid, and 50 of water of crystallization. It ought to be called a carbonate rather than a subcarbonate. (Brande.) By exposure to dry air it becomes opaque and loses a considerable quantity of its water of crystallization, but has not been observed anhydrous. (Gay-Lussac.)
Adulterated with muriate and sulphate of soda, and oxide of iron. The two first are detected as in the preceding article, and the last is seen at once in the reddish-brown colour of the crystals.
Incompatible with acids and acidulous salts, sub-borate of soda, muriate and acetate of ammonia ; the sulphates of alum, copper, iron, mag- nesia, and zinc, lime water, tartarized antimony and iron, and the salts of mercury.
MedicinaUif it has no smell, but an alkaline though not an acrid taste. It is an excellent antacid and deobstruent. It is not so harsh and nauseous as the subcarbonate of potass, and agrees better when long continued. It is given in doses of gr. x to 5j twice or thrice a day in solution in the almond mixtiure, or in form of an electuary with an equal quantity of powdered bark mixed with mucilage, for scrofula, gravel, &c. In too large doses (5ij to 5iij) it produces milky urine and a deposit of white sand.
Enters into Sods Subcarb. Exsicc. L. D. Sods Carbon. L. SoDiE SuBCAHBONAs ExsiccATA. L. Dried Subcarbonate of Soda. Carbonas sodce siccatum. D. Take Ibj of subcarbonate of soda ; expose it to a boiling heat in a dean irpn vessel, and stir it constantly with an iron rod, till it become perfectly dry, and then reduce it to powder.
1 D
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ChemcaUy the water of crystalluration is partially driven off^ though it still retains ahove a half of this.
MedidnaUy it is employed like the preceding in doses of gr. t to 3j made into pills, which would fall to powder if composed of the nndried suhcarbonate, which, however, must be used in making the compound pills <^ iron. Soap, or some aromatic powder, maj be used in forming the pills. SoDiB Sulphas. L. £. D. P. Sulphate of Soda. Glauber's Salts. Natron vUriolaium. O. Take ftij of the salt which remains after the distillation of muriatic add, Oijss of boiling water ; dissolve the salt in the water, then add gradually as much snbearbonate of soda as may be required to saturate the add ; evaporate the sdution till a pellide appears on the surfnoe, filter it, and set it aside, that crystals may form ; pour off the solution, and dry the crystals on hibulom p^per.
AdulUraied with common salt, which may be detected by nitrate of silver ; by sulphate, &c., of iron, which may be detected by aqua ammonia added to the solution ; by prussiate of potass, or tincture of galls ; and by adds and alkalies in excess, which may be detected by turmeric and litmus paper. None of these adulterations, however, are of much medidnal importance. Dr. John Davy thinks the sulphate of iron may have a tonic effect.
Ckemicaffy it contains 19*36 parts of soda, 24*64 of sulphuric add, and 58 of water. Mr. Phillips says it is a needless ezpenoe to use sub- carbonate of soda instead of lime.
Soluble in cold, but more so in boiling water. It is insoluble in alcohoL By exposure to the air it effloresces and loses all its water of crystal- lixation. (Gat-Lussac.)
Incompatible with potass and its subcarbonate ; with lime water, and the muriates of lime, ammonia, and barytes ; with the acetate oi lead, and the nitrate of silver, and also with ammonia, but not with its subcarbonate ; and with sulphate of potass.
Medicinally it has been employ^ as an efficient purgative since the time of Glauber, but has been latterly superseded in some degree by the sulphate of magnesia. The taste, which is very nauseous and revolting, may be covered by a little cream of tartar, or lemon-juice. The dose of the effloresced salts in powder is 5iij to 5vj of the crys- tallized salt; in solution double these quantities. Soda Tartabizata. L. Tartarixed Soda. Tartras potaute el sodte. £. P. Tartarus soda: et potastas. D. Rochelle Salts. Sd Rupdlense vel SeigndliL O. Take Jxx of subcarbonate of soda, ft^ of super- tartrate of potass. Ox of boiling water ; dissolve the subcarbonate of soda in the water, and add, by degrees, the supertartrate of potass ;
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filter the solution through paper^ then hoil it till a pellicle appears on the surface^ and set it hy, that ciyatals may form ; having poured off the solntion, dry them on hthuloos paper. Decomposition. The excess of tartaric add in the supertartrate of potass decomposes the subcarhonate of 8oda> uniting with the soda^ which it saturates, and expelling carbonic acid gas, which escapes. It is a triple salt, consisting of soda, potass, and tartaric acid; or it may be called a double salt, composed of tartrate of potass, and tartrate of soda. AduUeraied rarely ; and, indeed, it cannot easily be adulterated in form
of crystals. SoinbU in fire parts of cold water, and more so in boiling water. It
is slightly efflorescent in the air. Incompatible with most of the acids and acidulous salts, with the exception of the supertartrate of potass ; with the acetate of lead, and the muriates, sulphates, and carbonates of barytes and lime, infusion of roses, &c Medicinalfy it is a mild but efficient purgative, in doses of 5j to ^jss for costiveness, fever, &c., in the almond mixture, along with any aromatic tincture. It is the least, nauseous of the neutral salts, excepting the phosphate of soda.
SoDAic Powders consist of 5sb of carbonate of soda, in a blue paper, and gr. xxv of tartaric add (the citric is better, but dearer), in a white paper. These are dissolved in separate glasses, and mixed at the instant they are to be drank. This differs essentially from sotla water, being a tartrate of soda, with carbonic add gas diffused through it.
Soda Iupuea. L. Sod4g carhonas venale. Barilla. D. Subcarbonas 9odm impums. £. See Barilla and Kblp. ^
Soda Water. See Aqua Sufebgarb. Sodje. £.
SoLANiA, or SoLANiNB. Nctv. An alkali, lately discovered by M. Des- fosses, in the Solanum nigrum, and Solanum dulcamarum. It exists most abundantly in the ripe berries of both, in the form of a malatc. When pure, it is a white pearly powder, inodorous^ and slightly bitter and nauseous. The dose is not yet determined.
SoLANic ActD. This is procured from bitter sweet {Solanum dulca* marmn) in combination with solania, from which it may be separated by means of ammonia.
Solanum. See Dulcamarje Caulbs.
Solanum Tuberosum. P. Potato. The root is nutritive, and, in form of cataplasm, emollient The raw root bruised, or scraped, is cooling for bums and superficial inflammations. The starch is used in form of enema. The extract is a good narcotic
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SoLDANRLLA. P. Sea Bindweed. Convoltmlus ioldaneUa. The herb is drastico-cathartic^ and is prescribed in dropsy.
Solomon's ANTi-iMPETiGiNis. A nostrum, composed of a dingnised solution of corrosive sublimate {Perchloride of Mercury.)
Solomon's Balm of Gi lead. A notorious nostrum, of which brand j is the basis. It contains also a pcnrtion of compound tincture of cardamoms; and, according to the late Dr. Gregory, some turpen- tine, or resinous stimulant. Others say it contains also tincture of cantharides.
Soluble Tabtab. See PoTAsas Tabtbas.
SoLUTio. Solution. A term almost synonymous in pharmacy with LiQUOB, or Aqua, which see. For Veterinary Solutions see Lotion.
SoLUTio AcBTATis ZiNci. £• Solutlou of Acetate of Zinc Take 5j of sulphate of sine, Jx of distilled water; dissolve. Again, Take 9iv of acetate of lead, Jx of distilled water ; dissolve. Mix the soludcms, let them stand a little, and then filter. Decomposition, The sulphuric acid of the sulphate of jdnc goes over to the lead, and forms an insoluble sulphate of lead, while the acetic acid combines with the sine, and remains in solution, whidi is limpid. MedicifuUfy it is a good astringent, and is used as an Injection for gonorrhoea, and as a collyrium for ophthalmia.
SoLUTio Abobnti Nitbatis. Take 9j of nitrate of silver, Jss of dis- tilled water ; mix, and apply with a bit of Hnt on the end of a probe to foul ulcers, fistulous openings, &c.
SoLUTio Absenzci. See Liquob Absbnicalis.
SoLUTio Febbi Sulphatis. Take 5j of sulphate of iron, calcined to whiteness, Jviij of distilled water ; mix, and apply to sore nipples, and for the cicatrization of ulcers.
SoLUTio Maonesis Sulphatis cum Antimonio. Take ^v of the sulphate of magnesia, gr. ij of tartarized antimony, ftj of Ixnling water ; mix, and give as a purgative in hernia humoralis, and local inflammation, in doses of %ij to Jiv.
SoLUTio MuBiATis Babyt2B. £• D. Take one part of muriate of barytes, and three parts of distilled water; dissolve, and give in doses of iT^v to iT^x twice or thrice a day, gradually increasing till nausea is produced, for scrofulous disorders and worms, as a stimulant and deobstruent. Externally it is useful as an escharotic, for specks of the cornea, fungous ulcers, &c Incotnpalible with the nitric and sulphuric acids, and their salts. Poisonous, See Mubias BABTTiE.
SoLUTio MuBiATis Calcis. £• See Liquob Calcis Mubi-
ATIS. L.
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SoLUTio Saponis. Solution of Soap. Take Jiv of soft soap, and Oj of proof spirit ; digest till the soap is dissolved.
SoLUTio SoD£ MuRiATis. Take 5j of muriate of soda, and q. s. of distilled water, barely to dissolve it. It is the best solvent hitherto discovered for hardened wax in the ear. (Hayoarth.^
SoLUTio SuLPHATis CupRi CoMPOSiTA. £. Aquo siyptica, O. Take 3iij each of sulphate of copper and of alum, Oij of water, Jjss of sulphuric add ; boil the sulphates in water to dissolve, then filter, and add the acid to the filtered fluid. Externally it is used as an astringent for epistaxis, by dipping pieces of lint into it, and putting them into the nostrils.
SoLUTio SuLPHATis ZiNCi. £. Take gr. vj each of sulphate of zinc, and dilute sulphuric acid, ^viij of water ; dissolve the sulphate, then add the water, and filter through paper. It is used as an astringent lotion in ophthalmia, and as an injection in gonoirhoea.
Soporifics are medicines which promote sleep.
SoRBic Acid is nothing more than malic acid. (TcmNBR.)
SoRBUS. A genus of trees, of which the DomesHca and the Aucuparia, or mountain-ash, bear acidulous berries, that may be made into syrups, &c
Sorrel. See AcsToesLLA and Oxalis.
Sor is made by boiling one gallon of the seeds of Dolichos soya, till soft, adding an equal quantity of bruised wheat, and keeping the whole in a warm place for a day or more. Then with one gallon of salt, and two gallons of water, cork it up in a stone jar for three months, shaking it frequently, then press out the liquor. Imitated by using peas, or kidney-beans, for the seeds of the Dolichos
soya. Or, Boil strong purl with red herrings, anchovies, liquorice root, and garlic.
Spanish Flies. See Cantharidbs.
Spanish Liquorice. See Glycyrrhiz2B Radix.
Spanish White. See Bismuth, Maoistery of Bismuth, and Paints.
Sparadrap Vuloare. p. Is similar to our adhesive plaster, spread upon doth, and is prepared with eight parts of white wax, four parts of oil of almonds, and one part of oil of turpentine. The Sparadrap ex emplaslris, P., is for a similar use.
Spartii Cacumina. L. D. P. Spartii summUates. £'. Broom. Spar* tium scoparium. Genista, D. Broom-tops have a faint but dis- agreeable smell, and a very nauseous and bitter taste. The seeds liave been found to be an excellent substitute for coffee. (Dbs Charmes.)
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MedictnaUy broom is a good diuretic, and may be given with adnuntage in dropsy and hydrothorax, in form of infusion or decoctioii, or 3j to 5 j of the powder twice or thrioe a day, combined widi calomel, nitrate of potaas^ &c. The Codex retains broom ashes, which are nothing but impvie potass. Enters into Ext. Cacuminum Geniste. D. Spbabmint. See Mbntua Virid. Sfjbgie6. Sorts. A term retained from the old pharma^ in the Paris
Codex, and applied to a collectbn of particular herbs, seeds, flowers,
roots, &C. Species Amarjb. P. Species for Bitters. Take equal weights of the
dried leaves of wood-aage, tops of the lesser centauiy, and wormwood.
Prescribed in infusion or decoction. Or, Take Jss of gpntian root, Jj of Peruvian bark, 5ij of orange-peel,
5 j each of canella alba, and decorticated cardamom-seeds. Infuse in
Oiij of sherry, or Oij of brandy. Species ANTfisLMDrriCiB. P. Vermifuge Species. Take equal weights
of the dried leaves and flowers of tansy, wormwood, and chaiBomilew
Prescribed in infusion, in form of enema. Sic. Species Aromatic^ Pectokales. P. Take equal weights of the
dried leaves of Adianium pedaium, common speedweU, hyssop, and
ground-ivy. Species Aromatjca Vulnbraria. P. Take eq«al weights of sage,
thyme, wild thyme, hjrssc^, peppermint^ woinwood, aad onganum.
See Pui^vis Abomatious. E. Species Astringentss. P. Take equal weights of the dried loots of
Ustort and tormentil, and of pom^ranate^baik. Species Carminativ2B. P. Take equal weights of anise, fennel,
coriander, and caraway seeds. Species Diambrje. O. See Pulvis Aromaticus. Species Diatragacanthi. See Pulv. Traoacanth. Comp. Species Diuretics. P. Take equal weights of the dried roots ai
fennel, of Ruscms hfpoghssus, rest harxow, asparagus, and cdety. Species Emollientes. P. Take equal weights of the dried leaves of
the common mallow, marshmallow, Verhascum ihapsus, groundsel,
and pellitory of the wall. Prescribed in form of cataplasm. Species ex Floribus Bechicb. P. Take equal weighu of the dried
leaves of the common mallow, marshmallow, coltsfoot, (Imsniagth)
and petals of the red poppy. Species ex Fruotibus Bbchicis. P. Take equal weights of dates^
jujubes, figs, and dry raisins. Species HiERiS Picr2b. See Pulvis Aloes cum Canella. Species STBRNUTATORiiE, or Herb Tobacco. Take equal weighto of
Digitized by
SPIL 407
thjme> coltsfoot^ betony^ eyebright^ origanum> h3r88op^ rosemary^ and lavender.
Spjscibs Sudorificjs ad Infusa Paranoa. p. Take equal weights of rasped sassafras-wood^ elder-flowersj leaves of borage, and petals of red poppy.
Species Suiwrificje ad Deoocta Paranda. P. Take equal weights of rasped guaiac-wood, cut root of sarsaparilla, and dried bulbs of squills.
Specific is a term applied to medicines which are reputed to be unifimnly successful. Mercury has thus been Tq)uted to be a specific for syphilisj sulphur for scabies, &c,, but the success is by no means so uniform as has been too hastily supposed. Colchicum has, in the same way, been called a specific for gout and rheumatism, and is often successful, though by no means uniformly. See Reynolds's Specific, Want's Powder, &c
Speedihan's Pills are similar to the compound aloetic pill, being composed of aloes, myrrh, and rhubarb, with the extract and volatile oil of chamomile.
Speedwell. See Veronica.
Spelter. See Zincuh.
Spermaceti. See Cetaceum.
Spider's Web. See Tela.
Spioelia Anthelmia. p. Is used like the preceding, as a vermifuge. As it is poisonous, it is necessary to employ it with caution.
Spigellls Radix. L. £. D. P. Indian Pink Root. Spigelia Maiy* landica. It is purgative and vermifuge, and also said to be narcotic and sedative. It is excellent, according to Dr. Barton, in the insidious remittent fevers of infants, preceding hydrocephalus. The dose for children is gr. x to gr. xij of the powder ; for adults gr. xv to 9ij, or even 5j. It is chiefly, however, employed as a vermifuge, being usually preceded by an emetic. When it does not operate as a purgative^ it ought to be followed by a dose of calomel, &c
Spignel. See .SBthusa Meum.
Spikenard. See Nardus.
Spiked Aloes. See Aloes.
Spilanthus Acmella. p. The herb and seeds are bitter, aromatic, diuretic, and emmenagogue ; and are prescribed in dropsy, ischuria, leucorrhoea, &c.
Spilsbury's Antiscorbutic Drops. A nostrum composed of ^ij of perchloride of mercury, ^ each of prepared sulphuret of antimony and red sanders-wood, rasped, Jij each of orange-peel and gentian root, Oss each of rectified spirit and of distilled water; macerate and filter, so as to form a tincture.
Digitized by
408 SPIR
Or, Take 9iij of perchloridc of mercury, 3xxxij of tartarixed antimony, 9xvj of cochineal, Jiv of gentian root, Oiv of water, and q. s. of sulphuric acid ; digest and filter.
SPfBir. See Spiritus; under which the College formulae are arnu^ed. Under Spirit I Rhall give a few of the old terms, &c-
Spirit of Angelica is distilled from Ibj of the leaves, or ftij of the root, and a gallon of brandy.
Spirit of Balm is distilled from !bj oi the flowering tops of Melissa officinalis, and a gallon of brandy. It is used as a perfume.
Spirit of Bonbs is an impure carbonate of ammonia, procured by distilling bones.
Spirit op Coriander is prepared like Spiritus Carui.
Spirit of Hartshorn. O. Similar to spirit of bones ; being distilled from hartshorn.
Spirit of Hyssop is prepared like spirit of balm.
Spirit of Jasmine. See Essence of Jasmine.
Spirit of Lemon-peel. See Aqua Citri Med.
Spirit of Marjoram is prepared like spirit of balm.
Spirit of Nitre, O., or Glauber's Spirit of Nitre, is nitrous acid pre- pared by distilling three parts of nitrate of potass with one part of concentrated sulphuric acid.
Spirit OF Nitre (Colourless). O. See Acidum' Nitricum.
Spirit of Nitre (Sweet). O. See Spiritus ^tbbris Nitrici.
Spirit of Oranges. See Aqua Citri Aurant.
Spirit of Sage is prepared like spirit of balm.
Spirit of Sal Ammoniac. O. See Spiritus Ammonlb.
Spirit op Salt. O. Hydrochloric Acid. Nem, See Acidum Mu-
RIATICUM.
Spirit of Salt (DEPHLOGisncATKo). O. See Chlorinb.
Spirit of Salt (Sweet). O. See Ether Hydrochloricus. P.
Spirit of Scurvy Grass. See Golden, and Spiritus Armor. Comf.
Spirit of Tartar. O. See Acidum Tartaricum.
Spirit op Thyme is prepared like spirit of balm.
Spirit of Turpentine. O. See Oleum Terebinth. Rectif.
Spirit op Verdigrise. O. See Acidum Acbticum.
Spirit of Vinegar (Aromatic). See Acidum Acet. Aromat.
Spirit of Vitriol. O. See Acidum Sulph.
Spirit of Vitriol (Sweet). O. See Spiritus -^ther. Sulph.
Spi|iit of Urine. See Liquor Ammon. Subcarb.
Spirit of Wine. See Spiritus Rectif., and Spiritus Tenuior.
Spirit of Wormwood is distilled from wormwood-tops and brandy,
with aromatic seeds to flavour. Spikitus. L. Spiritus SlilUuiiii Distilled spirits are prei)arcd for
Digitized by
SPIR 409
medical purposes, by digesting medicinal substances witb alcohol or brandy, and distilling the tincture with a sufficient quantity of water to present empyreuma. They may be imitated by adding essential oils to alcohol, without distillation. SpiRiTus ^THERis Aromaticds. L. Axomatic Spirit of Ether. JEiher sulpkuricus cum afcokole aromaiicus, E. Elixir vitrioli duke. O. Take 5iij of cinnamon-bark bruised, 5 jss of cardamom-seeds in powder, 5j each of long pepper in powder, and ginger root, sliced, Oj of spirit of sulphuric ether ; macerate for fourteen days, in a weU- stopped glass vessel, and filter.
Chemically the spirit is indispensable, as the essential oils contained in the aromatics would not otherwise be soluble in the sulphuric ether.
Medicinally it is stimulant and stomachic, in doses of 58s to 5j for fainting, sinking, and other nervous affections. It is a grateful medicine, but is seldom used. Spiritus iExHERis NiTRici. L. Spirit of Nitric iEther. Spir, astheris nitrasu E. Spir. etkereus nitrosus, D. JEther nilriciis alcdisatus, P. Spir. nitri dukis. O. Take Oij of rectified spirit, 3iij by weight of nitric add; add the add to the spirit very gradually; mix, taking care that the temperature does not exceed 120^, and then by a gentle heat distil ^xxiv.
Decomposition. This has not hitherto been satisfactorily explained ; but it is supposed with probability that a portion of both the n^ric add and the alcohol is decomposed, and that the oxygen, azote, hydrogen, and carbon, thence produced, unite and form nitric ether, which rises in vapour with the undecomposed portion of the alcohol, and both come over, and are condensed.
Genuine spirit of nitric ether is colourless, has a fragrant odour, and a pungent subaddulous taste. It is very inflammable, but not so ' volatile as sulphuric ether. When long kept, or when the phials are not kept air tight, it is slowly decomposed and spoiled.
Adulterated with water, which may be discovered by the spec grav. being more than 0*834. Nitric add may be discovered by litmus paper, or even by the taste.
Soluble in alcohol and in water, though pure nitric ether is very sparingly soluble in water.
Incompatible with solution of sulphate of iron, and also with tincture of guaiac, which produces a peculiar blue, that soon passes to various shades of green, and water predpitates this blue or green substance.
Medicinally it is diuretic, antispasmodic, cooling, and diaphoretic, and is prescribed in doses of ii\^xx to 5j with bitters and aromatics, or more commonly with diuretics, for dropsy, feverish affections, common catarrh, and spasmodic asthma.
Digitized by
410 SPIR
Spibitus ^thrris SuLPHURict. L. Spirit of Sulphuric iBther. JSiher sulphttricus cum alcohole. £. Liquor csihercus sulpkuricus. JD. Liquor sulphuricus alcoolUatus. P. Spirilus viirioli dulcU. O. Take Os8 of sulphuric ether^ Oj of rectified qpirit; mix. It ought to have a spec. gray, of -81 6.
Medicinalfy it it given in doaes of J^ to 5 j at a stimulant, antispas- modic, diuretic, and diaphor^ic, with camphor mixture and com- pound q^irit of ammonia, for faintness, low spirits, and other nenrous aflections. It makes a good gargle with barley water and sjrup of althea. Spiritus £thbri8 Sulfhubici C0KPO6ITU8. L. Compound Spirit of Sulphuric Ether. It is intended as a substitute for Hojfman*s anodyne liquor, which it nearij resembles. Take Oj of spnt of sulphuric ether, ^ij of ethereal oil (oil of wine); mix.
Medicinally it is stimulant, antispasmodic, and anodyne, in doses of 5SB to 5ij in low fevers, nenvous faintings ; and externally applied to the temples as a rubefacient lotion for cephalalgia, the part being covered with the hand, to prevent rapid evi^ration. Spibitus AmfONiJB. L. D. Spirit of Ammonia. Alcohol amnumiaium, £. Spiriltis saUs anmumiacu O. Take Oiij of proof spirit, '^y of muriate of ammonia, Jvj of subcarbonate of potass ; mix, and, with with a slow fire, distil over Ojss into a cooled receiver.
Dtcomposition, The potass of the subcarbonate of potass is disengaged, and unites with the muriatic acid of the muriate of ammonia, form- ing muriate of potass, or chloride of potassium, which remains in solution; while the carbonic acid unites with the ammonia, is volatilized with the alcohol, and both are condensed in the receiver. It difiers from Liquob Ammokia, in being a carbonate, and not a sesqui-carfoonate, a circumstance which accounts for its greater pungency.
Incompatible with potass, magnesia, adds, acetates, muriates, and car- bonates.
Medicinally it is stimulant, antispasmodic, and diaphoretic, in doses of 5ss to 5j, mixed with water, for nervous faintings, and spasms.
Enters into Spir. Ammonie Aromat. L. £. D. Spir. Ammonis Foetid.
L.D. SpiBiTua Ammonia Abomaticus. L. D. Aromatic Spirit of Am- monia. Alcohol ammoniatum aromaticum* £. Spiriius ammonug compoiitus. O. Take 5ij each of cinnamon-bark bruised, and cloves bruised, Jiv of lemon-peel, ibss of carbonate of potass, Jv of murkte of ammonia, Oiv of rectified spirit, one gallon of water; mix, and distil six pints. The Edinburgh College adds rosemary, and the Dublin College nutmeg.
Digitized by
SPIR 411
Decomposition. The same as the preceding ; but there is too little sufacarbonate oi potass ordered fen: the quantity of muriate of am- monia. It becomes brown when long kept. InoompalibU with adds^ acidulous salts, earthy metallic salts, and lime water ; but not with sulphate of magnesia, along with which it is often prescribed. Medidnaify it is an exo^leat stimuluit and dii^<»etic, and is pre- scribed in doses of it\^xx to 5j in water, camphor mixture, the black draught, &c. It is less pungent, and much more agreeable than the preceding. Enters into fmcL Guaiaci Ammoniata. L. D. Tinct. Valenance Am- moniata. L. D. 8piBiTtJ8 AimoNiJE FffiTiDUS. L. D. Foedd Spirit of Ammonia. Tinctura assqfxtida ammomatm* £. Take Oij of spirit of ammonia, 3ij of assafoetida ; macerate for twelve hours, then with a slow fire distil ov^ Ojss into a cooled receiver. Imitated hj mixing extemporaneously spirit of ammonia and tincture of
assafoetida. Medicinally it is stimulant and antiq>a6modic, in doses of ^ss to 5j in
water, &c., for hysteria, spasmodic asthma, &c. Spiritus Ammonia Succimatus. L. Suceinated Spirit of Ammonia. A substitute for £au ob Luob, which see. Take 5iij of mastich, 5ix of rectified spirit, n^xiv of oil of lavender, Tl^iv of oil of amber, Jx of solution of ammonia ; digest the mastich in the 8|Hrit, till it dissdive, pour off the clear tincture, add the other ingredients, and shake all together. It ought to be milky when good. Incompatible with acids, and acidulous salts, earthy and metallic salts,
and lime water. Medicinally it is prescribed in doses of ii\^x to 5ss, as a stimulant and antispasmodic, for hysteria, atonic gout, and for bringing out the eruptions of measles, small pox, &c. It is used in India as an anti- dote for the bite of the rattlesnake. Spiritus Anisi. L. Spirit of Aniseed. Spiritus anisi compositus, D. Take fbas of aniseed bruised, a gallon of proof spirit, and q. s. of water, to prevent empyreuma ; digest for 24 hours, and then distil over one gallon, by means of a gentle heat. Imitated by adding ml of aniseed to strong spirit, as the proof sjpmt will
remain milky. See Anisrttb, andCREHB de Anise. Medicmally it is prescribed in doses of 58S to Jss as a stimulant stomachic for flatulence. Spiritus Anthos. See Hungary Water.
Spiritus Arhoraoijb Compobitus. L. D. Compound Spirit of Horse- radish. Take fbj each of fresh horse-radish root, sliced, and dried
Digitized by
412 SPIR
orange -peel^ %sao£ nutmegs bruised^ a gallon of proof spirit, and q. 8. of water to prevent empyreuma ; digest for 24 hours, then distil a gallon with a gentle heat. MetUcinall^, it may be given in doses of 5j to 5iv as a stimulant. It was reputed antiscorbutic, but is no better in scorbutus than any other stimulant.
Spiritus Camphorjs. L. Spirit of Camphor. Tinctura catnphoret. £.
Spiriius camphoraius. D. Alcohol camphoraius. P. Camphorated
Spirits. V. Take Jiv of camphor, Oij ci rectified spirit ; mix, and
dissolve the camphor.
IntemaUtf, this nfiay be given in doses ofii\^vtot}\.zxasa stimulant.
It may be used to make the camphor mixture extemporaneously. Externally it is anodyne and discutient, and is applied in form oi lotion to chilblains, rheumatic joints, sprains, bruises, &c., with olive oil, spirit of ammonia, or the compound liniment of soap.
Spiritus Carui. L. E. D. Spirit of Caraway. Take fcjss of cara- way-seeds, bruised, a gallon of proof spirit, and q. s. of water to pre- vent empyreuma ; digest for 24 hours, and distil a gallon with a gentle heat. See Huilb de Sept Graines. Medicinally it is stimulant and stomachic, in doses of ^ to 5j, for flatulence and cardialgia.
Spiritus Cinnamomi. L. £. D. Spirit of Cinnammi. Take 9v by weight of oil of cinnamon, and Oivss of rectified spirit ; add the spirit to the oil, and pour on them q. s. of water to prevent empy- reuma ; then distil a gallon with a gentle heat. It was formerly distilled from the barL Medicinally it is stimulant and carminative. It may be given in doses of 5 j to ^iv, in lethargic disorders, when there is no danger of in- flammation. Enters into Infus. Digitalis. L.
Spiritus Colchici Ammoniatus. L. Ammoniated Spirit of Colchi- cum. Take Jij of colchicum-seeds, bruised, and Oj of aromatic spirit of ammonia; digest for 14 days and strain. Incompatible with acids, and acidulous salts, earthy and metallic salts,
and lime water. Medicinally this is prescribed in doses of Jss to 5j, in any watery vehicle, in atonic, or retrocedent gout, &c, as a stimulant and sedative.
Spiritus Croci. Spirit of Saffix)n. Is prepared by distilling saffitm with proof spirit in the proportion of 5j to Oj.
Spiritus Fulioinis. Spirit of Wood-soot. Is distilled from wood- soot, the blackest, and most compact that can be had. It is said to be a good antispasmodic in epileptic cases.
Digitized by
SPIR 413
SpfBiTUS JuNiPERi C0HPO8ITUS. L. £. D. Compound Spirit of Ju- niper. Take fbj of juniper-berries^ bruised, Jjss each of caraway- seeds and fennel-seeds, bruised, a gallon of proof spirit, and q. s. of water to prevent empyreuma ; digest for 24 hours, and distil one gallon with a gentle heat. Medicinally it is stimulant, carminative, and diuretic, in doses of 5J to
Jss as an adjuvant to diuretic medicines, in dropsy, && Spiritus Layanduue. L. E. D. Spirit of Lavender. Take fbij of firesh lavender-flowers, a gallon of rectified spirit, and q. s. of water to prevent empyreuma ; digest for 24 hours, and distil one gallon with a gentle heat. Medicinally it is prescribed as a stimulant and antispasmodic, for hys- teria and fainting, in doses of iT\^xxx to 5jss, on a bit of lump-sugar. Enters into Liniment. Camphore Comp. L. Spir. Lavanduls Comp.
L. £. D. Spiritus Lavandulb Compositus. L. £. D. Compound Spirit of Lavender. Take Oiij of spirit of lavender, Oj of spirit of rosemary, Jss each of nutmegs and cinnamon-bark, bruised, and 3j ^ t^ Sanders- wood, sliced ; digest for 14 days, and strain. Medicinally, it is stimulant and cordial, in doses of iT|,xx to 5jss, or more, upon a bit of lump-sugar, for faintings, languor, &c. For low spirits, 5j may be added to a wine-glassful of camphor julep. Spiritus Mentha Piperita. L. D. Spirit of Peppermint. Take 9vjss by weight of oil of peppermint, and Oivss of rectified spirit ; add the spirit to the oil, and then pour on q. s. of water to prevent empyreuma ; distil one gallon with a gentle heat. Medicinally it is stimulant and carminative, in doses of iT\,xxx to Jiij on a bit of sugar, for nervous affections, nausea, flatulence, cardialgia, P3rrosis, &c. Spiritus Mentha Viridis. L. Spirit of Spearmint. Is prepared precisely like the preceding, and used for the same purposes. See Creme de Menthe. Spiritus Mindereri. See Liquor Ammonia Acetatis. Spiritus Mtristioa. L, E. Spirit of Nutmeg. Spir. nucis mos» chatee, D. Take Jij of bruised nutmegs, a gallon of proof spirit, and q. s. of water to prevent empyreuma ; digest for 24 hours, and distil one gallon with a gentle heat. Medicinally it is stimulant, carminative, and stomachic, in doses of ^j to 5iv in nervous languor, and as a corrective of purgarives which are apt to gripe. Spiritus Pimenta. L. E. D. Spirit of Pimenta. Take 5ij of pimenta berries, bruised, a gallon of proof spirit, and q. s. of water to prevent empyreuma ; digest for 24 hours, and distil a gallon with a slow fire.
Digitized by
414 9PIR
Medicinalfy, it is stimulant and stomadne, in doses of ^ j ta ^, for atonic gout, djspepsia, hjsteriay drc. It is eicdlent for coYeni^ the taste of rhubarb, and of the blade draught.
Spiritub Pulegii. L. D. Spirit of PcnnyroyaL Take 3^» by weight of oil of pennyroyal, and Oivss of rectified spirit ; add the sfMrit to the oil, and pour on them q. s. of water to present empyreuma ; then distil a gallon with a gentle heat* Medtcincdly it is said to be ennnenagogue and deobstruent, but it does not appear to have any other power than that of peppermint or spearmint. The dose is 5 j to 5iv.
Spiritub Rbctipicatub. L. D. Rectified Spirit, %>irit of Wine. Alcohol foriim. £. The spec. grav. ought to be -835, and at 6(y will contain fifteen parts of water, and 85 per cent of alcohd. Medicinally it is a powerful stimulant, but is sddom used except in the form of tinctures, &c. Externally it is refrigerant by eraporation in proportion to its strength, when oompazed with water. See Spiuitits Tbnuior and Aloobol.
Spiritub Robje. See Ebbbiiob of Robbs.
Spiritub Rosmarini. L.£. D. Spirit of Rosemary. Take 3j of rosemary by weight, and a gallon (^ rectified spirit ; add the spirit to the oil, and pour on them q. s. of water to prevent empyreuma, then distil a gallon with a slow fire. This dfistillation is unnecessary. See HuNOART Water. Medicinally it is stimulant and carminative, in doses of ^j to 5iv.
Externally, it may be advantageously used for sprains, bruises, &c. Enters into Liniment. Saponis Comp. L. E. D. Spir. Lavandula Comp. L. £. D.
Spiritub Saponib. Spirit of Soap. Take Jvj of Venetian soap, Jj of subcarbonate of potass, Jss of gum benzoin, and Oviij of rectified spirit. Dissolve the soap, the potass, and the benzoin in the spirit.
Spiritub Succini. Spirit of Amber. Is procured from amber by distillation.
Spiritub Tartari. Tartaric Add. See Acidum Tartaricum.
Spiritub Tenuior. L. D. Proof Spirit. Weaker Spirit of Wine. Alcohol dilutum. E. It ought to be of the spec. grav. of '935, and to contain 44 per cent, of alcohol. It may be prepared by mixing four measures of rectified spirit with three measures of distilled water. Common brandy, rum, whisky, gin, &c, are usmdly contaminated with empyreuma. Medicinally it is stimulant, and may be given with advantage in gan- grene, even in the last stages, every half hour or oftener, tUl the patient is slightly inebriated, a state which must be kept up till a
Digitized by
SPRU 415
favourable crisis eitfue. Wine or spirits and water> cold or hot, are the most convenient forms of ezlibition. Enters into Spiritus Omnes. L. £. D. P. Tincture Varic. L. E. D. P.
Spiritus Tsrebinthina. See Terbbinthinjb Olbux.
Spiritus Thtmi. Spirit of Thyme. Is made like Spirit of Balm.
Spiritus Vini. Spirit of Wine. See Spir. Rectip. and Spir. Ten.
Spiritus Vitrioli. Spirit of Vitriol. See Acid. Sulphur. L.
Sponoia. L. £. D. P. Sponge. Spongia qfficinalis* It is chiefly brought from the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. It is used for washing Bates, and absorbing their acrid discharges. Soaked in thick gruel, or in anodyne infusions, or decoctions, it may be applied as an effectual and elegant form of cataplasm. When compressed on a bleeding surface, it stc^ hemorrhage, by promoting the formation of a coa<> gulum. It contains a portion of iodine. See Spongia Usta.
Spongia Prjbparata cum Cera. P. Sponge prepared with Wax, or Spcmge Tent. Choose fine pieces of sponge, well washed and dried, and dip them in melted yellow wax, or Bupl. Cbr. C(»fP. Then heat two plates of tin or iron in boiling water, and press between them the sponge, take it out when cold, and cut it into tents or plugs. It is excellent for enlai^ing punctured wounds, fistulous openings, &c., as it swells gradually when left in them. In ulcers and strictures of the rectum it may be anointed with mercurial, or other ointments.
Spongia Prjeparata absque Cera. P. Sponge Prepared without Wax. Select the pieces as in the preceding, and tie them up in such a manner as that no part may esci^ compression. . It is used for similar purposes.
Spongia Usta. L. Burnt Sponge. Puivis spongice usice, D. Carbo de spongiU lotis aut illotis, P. Cut the sponge into small pieces, and beat it so as to separate from it adhering extraneous matters ; bum it in a covered iron vessel, till it become black and friable ; then tritu- rate it into a fine powder. Cwitams charcoal with phosphate and carbonate of lime and subcarbo- nate of soda ; but its medical powers appear to depend on a variable proportion of iodine : sometimes there is no iodine in the sponge, and hence its uncertainty. Medicinally it has been prescribed in doses of 5ss to 5j, twice or thrice a day, in form of loxenge, or of electuary, for scrofula, and rickets, but particularly for bronchocele. See Iodine, and Hydriodate op Potass.
Spruce Beer is made by adding ^iv of essence of spruce to ten gallons of water, and ft vj of sugar for white, and treacle for brown, spruce ; add also yeast in the same way, as for ginger-beer, and bottle up.
Spruce-Beer Powders. Take 9v of white sugar, gr. xxvj of carbo*
Digitized by
416 STEP
nate of ioda, and gr. x of essence of spruce^ for the blue paper ; and 5ss of tartaric^ or^ what is better^ citric acid^ for the white paper. Dissolve in separate glasses of water ; mix^ and drink immediatelj.
Spurge. See Euphorbium.
Squam2b Ferri. See Ferr.
Squills. See Scilla.
Squire's Elixir. A nostrum composed of 5xx of opium, jj of cam- phor, 5J each of subcarbonate of potass and cochineal, 5ij of burnt sugar, Oj of tincture of snakeroot, two gallons of spirit of anise, and Jviij of sulphate of tin. Other formulee are given, containing camphor, liquorice, &c, but opium b the basis.
Stannum. L. £. D. Tin. Slanni limaiura vel pulvis. Tin Filings. It is an efficient vermifuge, in doses of 5 j to 5ij, in form of electuary, with honey or molasses, following it with a purgative. The more finely it is powdered the better. Its mode of action has been usually supposed to be mechanical, but it is by no means well understood.
Staphisagrijb Semina. L. E. D. p. Stavesacre Seeds. Delphinium stapMsagra. They are violently cathartic and emetic, and are re- puted vermifuge in doses of gr. iij to gr. x, but are very seldom prescribed. They contain Delphininb, which see. EMemaUy the powder is applied mixed with hair-powder, to destroy
pedicuU, and for itch. Poisonous. See Delphininb.
Starch. See Amtlum.
Starkey's Pills. The same as Matthew's Pills, which see.
Starkey's Soap. A nostrum prepared by triturating for a long time, and carefully, subcarbonate of potass with oil of turpentine, with the addition of a small quantity of water.
Statics Caroliniana. Marsh Rosemary. The root is bitter, and powerfully astringent and antiseptic. It is given internally in chronic dysentery, and in gargles for quinsy and aphthe.
Stearic Acid is procured from soap made with potass and suet or hogs'- lard. It is similar to megaric acid, and only differs in being more fusible, and containing a little more oxygen.
Stearine. a chemical principle discovered in lard by M. Chevreuil.
Stearo-Ricinic Acii) is procured by distillation from castor oil.
Steel Lozenges. Are made in the same way as Tabrlla db Ferro, which see. Aromatic Lozenges of Steel, are made with sulphate of iron, and tincture of cantharides with sugar and mucilage.
Steers's Opodeldoc. A nostrum composed of ^j of Castile soap, ^viij of rectified spirit, 5iijss of oil of rosemary, 5j of oil of origanum, and 5vj of liquor ammonia.
Stephens's Remedy for the Stone. Was a soap made with lime
Digitized by
STRY 41T
procured from egg-shells, and snail-shells calcined. Along with thi a soap, which was given in form of pills^ a diuretic and laxative decoc* tion was given» prepared with chamomile, fennel, parsley, and bur<* dock, with some AUcftit soap. When pain was produced an opiate was given, and when the decoction purged it was intermitted*
Stbbb¥'8 Plastbr. a nostrum very populair in London, and com- posed of the common ammoniac plaster of the Pharmacopceia, or ammoniac dissolved in vinegar, and spread on brown pa^er*
Stibic Acid. A name for Antimonic Add.
Stibious Acid. A name for Antimonious Acid.
St(echa8. p. Yellow Cudweed. GnaphaUum stoechas. The tops are aromatic, slightly astringent, and expectorant.
Stone Blub is indigo mixed with starch or whitening.
Storax. See Sttrax.
Storby's Worm Cakes. A nostrum composed of 9j of jalap, 5j of ginger, 3ij of sugar, Jj of dnnahar, and q. s. of syrup to make them into cakes.
StOuohton's Elixir. A nostrum composed of a compound tincture of gentian made with tbijss of gentian root, ibj of Virginian snake-root, ftjss of dried orange-peel, ^iv of calamus aromaticus, and six gallons each of rectified spirit and water. Cardamoms are sometimes added.
Stbamonii Semina bt Folia. L. £. D. P. Seeds and Leaves of Thomapple* Datura siratmmium, which see.
Strapping. See Adhbsiyb Plaster.
Strutb's Lotion for Hoopincm^ouoh. A nostrum composed of 5j of tartarixed antimony dissolved in 5ij of distilled water, to which add 5j of tincture of cantharides. It is curious to see this coming again into fashion, under the auspices of the late venerable Dr. Jenner, under the form of antimonial ointment.
Strychnia, or Strychnine. New. Called also VauqueUne. A che- mical principle, discovered by Pelletier and Caventou in nux vomica, and also in the upas .of Java. Make an alcoholic extract of nux vomica, or upas tieute, dissolve it in water, add to it a solution of subacetate of lead, till no precipitate ensues. The strychnine will then remain in solution, and any excess of the acetate of lead must be got rid of by means of sulphuretted hydrogen. Then filter and boil with magnesia, which removes the acetic acid, and precipitates Brucinb and Strychnine. Wash these with cold water, re-dissolve in alcohol to get rid of the excess of magnesia, evaporate the alcohol, and a mixture of strychnine, brudne, and colouring matter will result. Macerate in a small portion of alcohol, which will take up the brudne and the colouring matter, and the strychnine will remain in form of powder, which being dissolved in boiling rectified alcohol,
2 K
Digitized by
ill STYR
will give on evaporation cryitalf of Miychmne nearly piire. It om^t not to be reddened bj nitric add ; but all the salts of stryduune are so reddened. SoMle in aloolM^^ nearly insoluble in etber> ^ad very qparinglj scdnble
in water. InoompalibU with alkalies and alkaline earths, and wiUi the add solu- tions of metallic oxides. Medicinalhf it is narcotic, and acts powerfnlly on the nerves. It has been given in paralysis and epilepsy, as wdl as mania, with good effect in doses of gr. -rV cautiously increased ; but it is radier a ha- laxdous remedy to tamper with. It has been given in form of pills, gr. ij with 5ss of conserve of hips divided into two doxen pilla and silvered ; or in form of tincture, gr. iij being dissolved in }y of alco- hol, from I1\,vj to iT\,xxiv for a dose. The sulphate and hydrochlocate of strychnine are still more soluble, and more active. See Mistdb* Stryoh. Poiwnotis, produdng inebriation, stupor, convulsions, tetanus, and all the dreadful effects of narootico-acrid poisons. Stimulants must suo- oeed emetics in the treatment, and if emetics wiU not act, the ccdd afiusion may be tried with sinapisms over the stmnadi.
STRYCHNoe Nux Vomica. D. See Nux Vomica. P.
Stucco is Plaster of Paris, prepared by heating it in an oven, powdering it finely, and mixing with water, to cast into moulds for ornaments, figures, &c See Wax Casts.
Styptics act by astiinging the mouths of bleeding vessels. Alum, galls. Amadou, &o., are good stjrptics ; but the mineral adds, and the actual cautery, are still more powerful in restraining hemorrhage. The most celebrated styptic was that of Helvetius, which consists of iron filings and tartar mixed with brandy, and coloured of a violet hue, with gaUs. See Eaton.
Stybacib Balsamum. L. £. D. P. Storax. Procured from the Siyrax ojficinalU, It contains resin and benzoic acid, and is of a pleasant odour, and aromatic acrid taste. Imiiaied by mixing tbij of raqied guaiac, Jvj of powdered gum benaoin, 5ij of dragon's*blood, ^jss of ivory-black, and q. s. of rectified spirit and balsam of Peru. MedicimaUy it is stimulant and nervine, in doses of gr. x to Jss, but is seldom if ever employed in modem practice, except as an aromatic adjunct. Externally it is stimulant, and employed with unguents, in gangrene, rickets, palsy, &c. En^* into Pil. e Styrace. D. Styrax Pyr. D.
Sttrax Liquipa. p. Liquid Amber. Is an aromatic, acnd, stimu- lant, and applied exteriorly, like the preeeding.'
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AMUraUd with an ftlcohdic solutioii of balflkm of Tolu^ and eren with inferior resins and gtfB&
Sttrax Pokifioata. D. Purified Storax. Digeat die stoirax in mo- derately wann water/till it be loften^, then expnu it between ircm j^tee^ heated by boiling water^ and aqparate it from the water.
Sub is a prepositiye added to the names of chemical preparations, and signifies under. It is opposed to Psn. Thus we have subaoetate of lead^ subcarbonate of potass, sub-borate of soda, submuriate of mer- cury, and subnitrate of bismuth. See Mkcoo, Auwmim, Bis- inTTHi, F£KBi> Htdrarotbt, Maombsub, PoTAflSA, Pluvbi,
SOOJB, &C
SuBBRic Acio is procured by treating cork with nitric acid. It is so- hiUe in boiling water. With alkaiiiie bases it forms mberaUt,
SuBBRiK. The substance constituting the baas of cork. (Chbtbbuil.)
SuBLiMATB (Cobkositb). See Hydbabgtbi Oztmub.
SuB-MURiAS Hydbabotri. See Hydbarg. Sub-mub.
SuB-MUBiAs Hydrargybi Pbboipitatus. £. Precipitated Submu^ riate of Mercury, or White Precipitate. Calomelas PracipUaius. D. Murioi f^drargyri ndhoxygenttius prwcipUatkme paraius, P. Take Jviij of purified mercury, Jv of diluted nitric acid, %iv of muriate of soda, and Ox of boiling water; dissolve the mercury in the acid« pour it on a solution of the muriate of soda. Wash the precipitate widi hot distilled water, and dry it. M^dicinalfy it is alterative and antisyphilitic, in doses of gr. j to 5ss. It only difiers from calomd in being more finely powdered, and is consequently better for preparing ointments.
Scb-sulphas Htdbabgybi Flayus. E.P. Ydlow Subsulphate of Mercury. Turpeth mineral. O. Take ftrj of purified mercury, tt^jss of suli^uric add ; dissolve the mercury in the acid, and heat it gra- dually till dry, leave it to cool, and reduce it to powder, pour over it some hot water, collect Uie yellow precipitate which falls, wa^ it with hot distilled water, and dry. Soluble in 2000 parts of cold water, and in 600 parts of boiling
water. Mtdidnalhf it is a viident emetic, and is given for swelled testicle, and other venereal afieetioBS, in doses of gr. j to gr. iv, or even gr. viij in strong subjects. It is, however, seldom employed. As an enhine for amaurosis, and chronic ophthalmia, it may be mixed in the pro- portum of gr.4 or more, with eight times its weight of liquorice* powder, or with Mabuv, and other errhines* (Dr^ Hopb.)
SucciNio Acid. See Aoidum Succinioum.
SoooiMOM. L. E. D. P. Amber. It is found chiefiy on the shcnes of the Baltic, and is probably a vegetable product, as it contains resin and
2e2
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enendal oil. It is is onlj used in medictoe, to prepare oil of anber and succinic acid. See Ambrr, and Acidum Suocikicuii. Eniers hUo Add. Suodniciim. £. D. OL SucdnL L. E.D.
Scjcci Antisgobbittici. P. Antiscorbutic Juices. Take equal puts of the leaves of water-cresBes> scurry-grass, and budibean; braise, express the juice, and filter through paper. Dote ^j to ^iv.
Succi SpisaATi. E. Inspissated Juices. A term synonymous with extract; and under Extbactum will be found those medicaments called Succus by the Edinburgh Coll^;e.
Succi Tbmpbbantbs bt DmBBTici. P. Take equal parts of leaTes of common lettuce, sorrel, chervil, and houseleek ; bruise, express the juice, and filter. Dote Jij to Jiv or more.
Succus CocHLBABiiB CoMFOSiTus. P. This is the same as the anti- scorbutic juices, substituting juice of oranges for the buckbean, and adding spirit of nutmeg. Dote Sj to Jiv thrice a day, for scorbutic and cutaneous disorders.
Succus Spissatus Sambuci Nioba. E. D. See Rob 0¥ Ei«dbb->
BEBBIB8.
SuDORiFics are medicines which promote sensible perqniation. SuBT. See Sbvum. SuoAB. See Sacchabum. SuoAB OP Lrad. See Plumbi Acbtas.
Sulphas. Sulphate. A term applied to a combination of sulphuric add, with an alkaline, earthy, or metallic base^ See Alumxk,
CUPBI, FbBBI, MAONBSIiB, POTASSJB, SODJB, ZiNCi, &C
Sulphas Atbopub. New. Sulphate of Atropis, a neutral salt com^ posed of crystals in the form of rhomboidal tables and prisms with square bases. M. Brandes once tasted a small pcnrtion, which induced violent head-ache, shaking of the limbs, &c. ; from which, however, he soon recovered.
Sulphas Babytjb. E. D. Sulphate of Barytes, Cawk, or Heavy Spar. Is found native, and is used for making the muriate. It is usually contaminated with iron, &c. Artificial Sulphate ofBarytet, or Hume's Permanent White. An im- portant article for painters, being the only white water-colour which does not blacken. It is prepared by making a solution of muriate of barytes, in dilute muriatic add, and adding dilute sulphuric add, but not in excess, lest the pure white sulphate of barytes should be contaminated by iron, if any is present. Mr. Hume informs me, that he has used the same portion of muriatic add in preparing this white for twenty years.
Sulphas CiNCHONiNiB. Netv, A combination of dnchonine with sul- phuric acid, and is very soluble in water. It is used in the same
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^ as sulphate of quinine, but is not in so much repute, though perhaps litde different in power.
Sulphas Morphis. Sulphate of Morphia. Dissolve six ports mor* phine in 12 parts distilled water, add sulphuric acid diluted with twice its bulk of water till the morphine is saturated ; evapcnrate crystalline. Dose gr. j to gr. iij.
Sulphas Potasss cum Sulphurs. £. Sulphate of Potass with Sul- phur. Take equal weights of nitrate of potass in powder and sub- limed sulphur ; dephlagrate by degrees in a red-hot crucible, and put when cold in a well-stopped glass vessel. DeoomposUunu The nitrate of potass is decomposed by the heat, and oxygen being evolved forms sulphuric add,, which unites with the potass of the nitrate now set free. It contains a portion of sulphur. Medicinalfy it has similar pnyerties to the sulphate of potass, in doses (^ gr. V to gr. X in psora, and externally in form of lotion.
Sulphas Quinina. D. Sulphate of Quinia, or Quinine. A combina- tion of quinine and sulphuric add. Take Ibiv of bark of the cin- chona oordifolia in coarse powder, &viij of distilled water by measure, Jij of dilute sulphuric add. Mix at a high temperature, agitating frequently ; digest for four hours, then strain. Mix the residuum of the bark with an equal quantity of water, and strain. This is to be thrice repeated. Add to the mixed solutions q. s. fresh-burnt lime, to saturate the acul, separate the predpitate with bibulous paper, add three pints of rectified spirit ; digest, agitating frequently for nx hours, and strain ; then digest the residuary powder with an equal quantity of rectified spirit, and strain. This is to be thrice repeated. Mix the solutions and evaporate to dryness in a water-bath ; add gradually as much sulphuric add as will make it sensibly sour, evaporate and crystallixe. Or, with M. Henri, the younger, digest fi)ij of powdered bark, repeatedly, in Oxirj ci hot water acidulated with ^ij of sulphuric add, or it may be boiled for half an hour each time. Strain the decoction through a linen doth, and mix them, adding by small portions &ss of powdered quicklime, which will predpitate a brown flooculent substance. Se- parate this by means of a linen filter, and wash it with cold distilled water, and dry. Digest this in rectified spirit with a moderate heat for some hours, dec^mt, and add fresh spirit so long as it is rendered bitter. Mix these tinctures, and distil in a water bath three-fourths of the spirit. A brown visdd matter, which becomes brittle when cold, remains in the retort. Digest this in hot water addulated with sulphuric add, and the liquor when cold will give perfect crystals of . pure sulphate of quinine, which are to be dried on Ubulous paper*
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Two pounds of bark yitld five or ax dnohms of the sulphate, caght grains uf which are equivalent in powder to an ounce ci bark. Adulterated extensivelj with sulphate of Ihaie. Soluble entirelj in boiling water, but little so in cold water. It is most
soluble in water slightly acidulated. Incompatible with infusion of roses and all aatrisgent solutioiis, with
tartaric add, and all the alkalies and alkaKne solutions. MedicmaUy it is given in doses of gr. j lo gr. zxiv, in divided doaes^ in the course of the day> for tji^us, intermittent, and in most caaes of debility, in form of igrrup, wine, tincture, pills, &c. The tinotine is made with 3 j of alcohol, and gr. vj of the sulphate. The dose is 5ij to 5vj in a mixture. The wine is made by dissolving gr. xij in Oij of madeira or sherry, the dose being Jiv to Jxxir a day. It agrees well with sulphuric add.
SuLPHO-CYANic AciD. Procured by mixing sulphuric acid with a con- centrated solution of sulpho-cyanate of potass, and distilling the mixture. The add passes into the receiver dissolved in water.
SuLPHO-NAPHTHALic AoiD. A combination of naj^thaliae vTith sul* phuricadd. (Faxadat.)
SuLPHO-siNAPic AoiD is procured from mustard. Ice.
SuLPHO-viNic Acid is a compound of sulphuric acid and oil of wine^ which is formed in the process of making ether. (Henkbix.)
SuLPHUA. L. E. D. Sulfur. P. Roll Sulphur, or Brimstone. A vol- canic production, which ooeurs native in the neighbourhood of vol- canoes, and is melted and put into mouUa of a round font* Or it ia obtained by roasting sulphuret of copper, coUecting what is sub* Hmed, and purifying it by fusion. It is used tor making so^uric add, &c
SuLPHun LoTUM. L. £• D. Washed Sulphur. SulpkurU/ores ML'O. Pour boiled water on sublimed sulphur so as to wash away any acid that may have fonned by exposure to the air; then diy the sulphiir. This process is in most cases entirely superfluous, as the small portion of sulphuric add whidi may be present can seldom do any harm.
SuLPUvn L0SSNOK8 are prepared by taking one part of flower of sul- phur and eight parts of sugar, and making a paate with mucilage of gum tragacanth. It is more eligible^ however, to give sulphur in Ikurm of electuary with honey. See TABSLiiJB n£ Solfvu. P.
SuLPHun PBitoiPiTATUM. L.D. P. Predfiitated SulphuT. Lae tul^ pkuris, Magisierium suffurU. O. Take ftj of suMfinwd sulphur, fty of ftesh li»e, and four gallona of water ; boil the sa^bnr and the lime together in the water, then filter the li^or iJmragii paper, and drop ijito it as much muriatic add as may be necess^iy to pi^ed*
Digitized by
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pUate the sulphur; then wash the precipitate repeatedly with water till it hecome tasteless. Decomponium. Part of the water is decomposed, and the oxygen and hydrc^en thence evolved combine with the sulphur and lime and form hbulphuret of hydrogen, sulphuret of calcium, and sulphate of lime. The muriatic add unites with the lime of this sulphuretted hydrosulphuret of lime, precipitates the sulphur, evolves sulphuretted hydrogen gas, and muriate of lime remains in solution. The preci- pitate thus formed is whiter than sublimed sulphur, because it con- tains water and some sulphate of lime, but these may be got rid of by resublimation. AduUerated sometimes to the amount of two-thirds widi sulphate oi
lime. MedicmaUyy it is used as a laxative and diaphoretic, in doses of 5j to 5iij, and is a very efficient, though mild preparation in hemorrhoids, rheumatism, catarrh, and cutaneous disorders. It usually makes its way to the skin, and will blacken silver in the pocket after being taken internally ; it also excites disagreeable flatulence. External^, in form of ointment, it is almost, if not altogether, a specific in scabies (psora).
SuL^HUB SuBLnf ATUM. L| £. D. P. Sublimed Sulphur, or Flowers of Sulphur. Flares stdphuris, O. It is procured by heating sulphur to 500° to 600^, by which it vaporizes, and is condensed in appro- propriate receivers, in form of a fine powder^ which is mixed with a portion of sulphuric acid. Medicinal^ it is used in the same manner as ihe last, being an excel- lent mild laxative. Dose 9j to 5j.
SuLPHUB ViYUic. Horse Sulphur. Sulphur caballinum, O. It is the impure residuum left in the vessel after preparing sublimed sulphur, and is only used externally for cattle by veterinary surgeons.
Sulphurated Oil. See Olbum Sulphuratum.
SuLPHUBBTs are combinations of sulphur with metallic and other bases. See Antimonu, Htdbaboybi, PorAsas, &c.
SuLPHUBBTUM Fbbbi. D. Sulphuret of Iron. Heat a bar of iron in a powerful fire, excited by beUows, and rub it upon a roll of solid sulphur. Let the sulphuret of iron drop into water, and having separated it from the sulphur, dry it, and keep it in closely stopped bottles. Dose v\b to ti)j in a tumbler of water thrice a day.
SuHAGH. See ToxicoDBitDBi Folia.
SuLPBUBio Acid. See Aotdux Sulphubicum. ,
SuPBB has nearly the same meaning as Pbb in chemical terms, signify- ing an excess, as superacetate of lead, supejsulphate of potass, super- tartrate of potass, &c
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42* SYRO
SuPSRTARTRtt PoTASsiB Impurus. £. Impure Supertartrateof Potes. Crude Tartar, O. This is deposited from wine, in the casks in which it is contained, and is used for making crystals of tartar^ and cream of tartar.
SupposiTORiBs. Glandes tuppasiiariai. Are a dau of medicated compositions of a solid kind, introduced into the rectum. They are made with soap, suet, cacao oil, or inspissated honey, and may be justly called solid enemata. The following are a specimen ci sup- positories.
SupposiTORiUM Catharticum. Purgative Suppoutory. Take 5j of hard soap, gr. ij of elaterium ; make into a proper form, and uae in obstinate constipation, or spasmodic stricture of the rectum.
SupposiTORiUM Narcoticum. Narcotic Suppository. Take 5J of hard soap, 9J88 of opium ; make of a proper form, and use in caaes of nephrites, dysentery, &c.
SuppoeiTORiUM Opiatum. Anodyne Suppository. Take gr. ij togrir. of opium in powder, gr. x to gr. xx of extract of hyosc^amus, or of bella donna ; make into a proper form, and use in irritation of the bladder, prostate, and urethra. In uterine disarders it may be in* troduced into the vagina.
SUPPOSITORIUM Vbrmipuoum. ^ crmifuge Suppositoiy. Take 5j of . hard soap, gr. z of spiked aloes : make into a proper form and use after a stool.
SwiBTENiA FsBRiFUGA. £. Ihymtfs aromaiiea cortex. D, The bark of the Swietenia is bitter, astringent, and tonic, and is prescribed as a substitute for baik, in doses of 3j to 9ij of the powder. The extract is very like kina The Swietsnia Mahooani. £., has similar properties. It is not, I believe, yet ascertained whether these . barks contain Quininey or Cinchomne.
Swinton's Daffy's Elixir. See Daffy.
Sylvatbs. See Silvatbs.
Sylvic Acid. See Silvio Acid.
Symphytum Officinale. Comfrey. A common native plant, the root of which is astringent, and mucilaginous, but little used.
Syrop de Capillairb. Take ftj of refined sugar in powder, Oj of water ; dissolve the sugar, and clarify with the white of an ^g, in a tinned copper vessel over the fire. When boiling, add 3 j of the best honey, and Jij of orange-flower water, skim, let it cod, and strain through flannel Keep it In well-stopped bottles.
Syrop db Cuisinier. Syrupus sarsapariUa et Senna campoeUns. P. Take ftij of sarsaparilla cut small ; infuse for 24 hours in Oxij of hot water, then boil for 15 minutes, strain with pressure, boil the residue again, with Ox of water down .to Ovj, repeat the process two
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or three times, mix all the liquors, imd boil with JiJ each of borage* flowers, white roses, senna-leaves, and anise-seeds, reduce to a half, strain, and add ftij of white honey, and reduce it to the oonsbtence of syrup. MedtcinaUy, Dose Jss to ^ij as an alterative and diaphoretic. Dr. Paris says, sublimate is added, but on what authority he does not inform us.
Stbupi. L. £. D. P. Sjrrups. Are preparations of sugar, water, and y^table infusions, or juices. They all have a tendency to ferment, which renders them unfit for long keeping. This indeed may, in some measure, be prevented, by using refined sugar, which is free from the fermentable principle, or by adding to them a little sulphate or oxymuriate of potass, which is a tasteless salt, or by keeping them as the Londcm College directs, in a place whose temperature never exceeds 55^. When too much sugar is added, it is apt to crystalline. The Codex contains a great number of syrups, which it will be unne* oessary to give formule for, as they are made in the same way as those which are detailed below. Those peculiar to the Codex are the Syrups of Wommood, Tartaric acid, Mugmort, Benzoin, Maiden-havr, Cinnanum, Red cabbage, Scurvy^graw, Quinces, Chervil, Creu, Comfrey, CUron-ped, Dittany, Barberries, Sulphuric ether. Mustard, Orange-flowers, Fumitory, Gum arahic, Pomegrom note. Gooseberries, Honeysuckte-leaves, Hyssop, Ipecacuanha, On* chona. Liverwort, Mint, Peppermint, Yarrow, Water-lily, Bitter and sweet oranges. Orgeat, Wood-sage, Sulphuret of potass, Buckbean,' Coltsfoot, Verjuice, and Raspberry vinegar,
SrBUPUs AciDi A0STO6I. E. P. Syrup of Vinegar. Syrupus aceti. O. Take Oijss of vinegar, &iijss of refined sugar, and boil so as to form a syrup. It may be given in scorbutus, diluted with water, in doses of 5 j to 5iij. It is also a pleasant refrigerant in fevers ; but ought to be fredi made, as it readily decomposes.
Stbupus Allii. O. Syrup of Garlic Take ftj of cloves of garlic, sliced, Oij of boiling water ; digest the garlic in the water for 12 hours, strain, and add sugar to form a syrup. It is given as a stimu- lant and diuretic, in doses of 5j to 5V.
Stbupcts Althejb. L. E. P. Syrup ci Marshmallows. Take Ibss of fresh marshmallows-root, bruised, ftij of refined sugar, Oiv of water ; boil down the water with the root to one-half, and press out the liquor when cold ; set it aside for 24 hours, till the dregs subside ; pour off the liquor, add the- sugar, and boil to a proper consist- ency. Medicinally it is a good demulcent, in doses of 5 j to 5iij for fevers.
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nqihriiisy itc; but ought only to be used when trtA, at it «x» fer«
^tients, and is decomposed when kept. Sybupus Amtodalinub. Syrup of Ahnonds. Is made by adding swgar
to the almond emulsion. Strupos Acbantiobum. L. £• D. P. Syrup of Orange-peeL Take
^j of fresh orange-peel» Oj of boiling water, ftiij of refined sugar;
d^est the peel in water for 12 hours in a covered vessd, then pour
off the liquor, and add the sugar. ImUaUd by adding Jij of tincture of orange-peel to Oj of thick simple
syrup. (Brands.) MedtctMolfy it is a feeble stomachic tonic, in doses of ^ to 5ij, added
to draughts and mixtures. It has but little of the flamur of the
CNrange-ped, and the sugar is apt to crystallise. Strupus Balsam ICU8. See Strupus Tolutanus. Stbupub Cart<»hylli. E. D. p. Sjrrup of Clove July Flower. Take
ftj of the fresh petals (with their claws cut off) of the Dianihus
cmyaphyiius, Oiv of bcnling water, ft vij ai refined sugar ; make a
syrup in the usual way. InoompaiMe ynth alkalies, alkaliue earths, and thdr solutions, which
will turn it green. Acids deepen the cokmr. Medicinalfy it is aromatic and carminative, and in doses of 5 j to 5ij is
useful in stomachic mixtures. Syrupus CiNCHONiNJB. S3rrup of Cinchonine. The preparation is made
in the same way as Str. Qoininjb. The dose is 5j to Jj. Strupus Citri Aurantii bt Msdicji. £. See Str. Aur. and Str.
Luf. Strupus Corallii. Syrup of Coral. An old form of chalk mixture
made with red coral, barberry«juice, and syrup of clove July flower.
The add in the barberries spoils it as an astringent, for whidi it is
intended. Strupus Colohici Autumkalis. £• l^rup of Meadow Saffinm. Take
^ of the fresh bulb of colchicum (taken up in July), sliced small,
3xvj of vinegar, Jxxxvj of refined sugar ; digest the colchicum in the
vinegar for two days, occasionally shaking the vessel, stcaim with
gentle pressure, add sugar, and boil to a syrup. Medicifudlif it is prescribed in doses of ;^ to ^ or move, as a dhoetic,
purgative, diaf^oretic, and sedative, for gout, rheumatism, and hn-
BMMral asthma. It dees not ke^ welL Strupus Croci. L. £. Syrup ci Saffitm. Take Jj of si^&on, Oj of
bdUng water, ftijss of refined sugar; macerate the saffiron in the
water for 12 hours, in a covered vessel, strain the liquor, and add
the sugar. MedicwaUy it is a feeUe tonic, m dons of 9j to Jy ; but it is of little
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use, except at a cokuring ingredient. The colour is not diiturbed 1^ alkalies or aei^
STRU9U8 DiAKTHi Caryots. £. See Str. Caryoph.
Syrupus Embtinjb. New. Syrup of Emetine. Take ftj of ample ijrup, gr. iv of pure emetine ; mix^ and give in doses of 5 j to 5iij or more, as an emetic. In smaller doses it is nauseant and diaphoretic. See Emstiiob.
Syrupus F£LLIs. Syrup of Ox-gall. Take 3j of tincture of ox-gall, ftj of simple syrup ; mix. In dons of Jj it is a good stomachic, in cases of acidity, &c
Syrupos Grmttaninjb. New. Syrup of Gentlanine. Take gr. xvj of gentianine, ftj <^ simple a^rup ; mix, and give as a tonic in scro- fula, in doses of 5J to 5iij.
Syrupus Hydraroyri. P. Plenck's Mercurial S3nrup. Take 5j of purified mercury, 5ij of gum arabic in powder, Jj each of simple syrup tod rain water; triturate the mercury with the gum and the ^rup, and add the water. Dote 5j to ^j ni^t and morning.
Syrupus Limonum. L. D. P. Syrup of Lemons. Syr. ciiri medicas^ £. Take Oj of lemon-juiee strained, Ibij of refined sugar; dissolve the sugar in the lemon-juice^ as directed for simple syrup. It is usually made extemporaneously. Medidmalfy it is prescribed as a refrigerant and antiseptic, in doses of 5j to 5iij or more, and it is an elegant preparation for covering the taste of nauseous nedioines, and to sweeten bailey wat^, or grueL It is also added to gargles, when the fauces are dry and iiritaUe*
Syrupus Lupulinjb. iVi^ft^. Syrup ai LupuHne. Take one port of the tincture ci lupuline, seven parts of sinqple syrup ; mix. Dose not yet fixed, but the lupuKne is not poisonous in any dose.
Syrupus Marubii* P. Syrup of Horehound. Take a handful of white bcnduiund, and q. s» of boiling water to strain to a pint; in« fuse, strain> and add refined sugar. It is used as a pectoral, bet has little power.
Syrupvb MscoNit. See Syr. Papatbris.
Syrupus Mon. L. P. Syrup ctf Mulbenries. Take O} of the £pesh juioe of muifaeEnes, strainedl, ibij of refined sugar; dissolve due sugar in the mnlberfy-juioe, in the same way as directed fiir simple syrup. MedkinaUy it is prescribed in doses of 5 j to ^iij or more, as a re£n« gerant in fever mixtinres^ and also in gar^^es. Its colour reooBuneiids it more than its flanrour.
Syrupus Morphinjb Acetatis. New. Syrup of Acetate of Morphine. Take Ihj of wcil-clarified ample syrup, gr. iv of acetate of morphine; mix, and give as an anodyne, in doses of 5J to jiv in a Httl^ water, every three hours, or as occasion may require. (MAGBiqnR
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Stbupus Morphina Sulphatib. New. Sjrrup of Su^liate of Mar- pliiiie. Is prepared in the same way, and given in the same dose, as the last ; when patients have become accustomed to the acetate, as the new salt acts without increasing the doee. (Magbndib.)
Sybupus Opii. D. p. Syrup of Opium. Take gr. xviij of aqueous extract of opium, ^viij of boiling water ; dissolve the opium faj maceration, and add sugar to form a syrup. An ounce contains gr j of opium. Medicinalfy, it is given as an anodyne, in doses of 5 j to Jj or more.
Sybupus Papavbbis. L. £. D. P. Syrup of Poppies. Diacqdium. O. Take '^idv of the capsules of the Papaver tomniferum vdl album, &ij of refined sugar, and two gallons and a half of boiling water ; digest the capsules in the water for 24 hours, then boil them down in a water-bath to a gallon, and express them strongly ; boil down this liquor again to two pints, and strain while hot; set it aside for 12 hours that the dr^ may subside; then boil down the dear liquor to a pint, and add the sugar in the manner directed for simple syrup. It contains about gr. j of opium in 3j. Itniiated by adding ten drops of tincture of opium to |j of common syrup ; or by dissolving extract of opium in treaple, or synxp made with coarse sugar. (Dr. Pabis.) MedicmaUy it is prescribed as an anodyne, in doses of 5J to ^j or more, according to the age of the patient. It is frequently given to children, but it is objectionable in being of uncertain strength, and the syrups of morphine are therefore prrferable. It ought only to be used &esh, as it soon ferments.
Sybupus Quininb. New. Syrup of Quinine. Take ftij of simple syrup, gr. Ixiv of sulphate of quinine ; mix, and give doses of 5j to 5iv or 5vj, divided into smaller doses, in the course of the day.
Sybupus Rhamni. L. E. P. Syrup of Buckthcnn. Take Oiv of the fresh juice of buckthorn-berries, ya each of ginger root, sliced, and pimenta-berries in powder, ftiijss of refined sugar; set the juice aside for three days that the dregs may subside, and strain; to Oj of the dear juice add the ginger and the pimenta, macerate in a gentle heat for four hours, and strain ; boil down the remainder to Qjss, mix the liquors, and add sugar in the same manner as for simple . syrup.
AduUeraied with aloes, jalap, and treade ; and frequently made with the berries of Comus sanguinea or Rkamnus frangula instead of those of the Rkamnus caiharlicus^ (Dr. Pabis.) Medicinally it is cathartic, in doses of 5iv to 5ij, but is apt to gripe, notwithstanding the ginger and pimenta, and makes the mouth and fauces dry. Mr. Biande says it ought to be consigned to the veteri*
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narj Fhannaoopoeia ; but we should think Dr. Hamilton a better authority^ who prescribed it with great advantage to children. With some it is a common prescription, others never use it.
Sybupus Rhbi. p. Sjrrup of Rhubarb. Si^r. de chichorio composiius. O. This is a very complicated preparation, which it is unnecessary to give, as it is very uncertain in strength.
Sybupus Rhcbados. L. D. P. Syrup of Red Poppies. Syr. papaveris erraticu O. Take ftj of fresh red poppy petals^ a pint and two ounces of boUing water, ibijss of refined sugar, put the water in a water-bath and add the petals by degrees, occasionally stirring them; then remove the vessel and digest for twelve hours; afterwards press out the liquor and set it by that the dregs may subside ; theq add the sugar in the same way as is directed for simple syrup. Incompatible with alkalies, which render it green ; acids brighten it. Medicinally it has no use except as a colouring for tinctures and mix- tures. It is very apt to decompose when kept.
Sybupus Ro&b. L. E. P. Syrup of the Damask Rose; Take i^vij of the dried petals of the Rota ceniifolia, Tbvj of refined sugar, Oiv of boiling water ; digest the rose petals in the water for twelve hours and strain, evaporate the strained liquor, by me^ns of a water bath, to Oijss; then add the sugar in the same way as directed for simple syrup. Medicinally it is used in the same manner as the preceding, on account of its colour, which becomes bright red by adding an acid. It is sometimes given to children as a mild laxative ; but if the next is substituted, as it often is, an astringent effect will be produced.
Sybupus Ross Gallica. E. P. Syrup of Red Rose. Is prepared in the same way as the preceding, and is mildly astringent. It is given in the diarrhoeas of infants, and as an elegant addition to gargles ; but it is for the most part used for its colour.
Sybupus Rubi Idai. P. Syrup of Raspberries. It is prepared in the same way as Sybupus Mobi, and is much more grateful than it.
Sybupus Rutjb. Syrup of Rue. Is prepared in the same way as syrup of horehound, and is vermifuge and antispasmodic
Sybupus Sabsapabtlla. L. D. Syrup of Sarsaparilla. Take ftj of sarsaparilla root, sUced, a gallon of boiling water, tbj of refined sugar; digest the root in the water for twenty-four hours ; then boil down to Oiv, strain while hot, add the sugar, and evaporate to a proper consistency. Medicinally it may be prescribed as an alterative in doses of 5U ^ Sj thrice a day. It is not apt to decompose, and with a little water and tincture or infusion of cloves, is not unpleasant.
Sybupus Scilla Mabitiks. E. Syrup of Squills. Take Oiv of
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vinegar of tfvfllf, Ibvij of refined mtgaat, and make a sjrup. It is given as a diuretic or e]q>eetorant, in doses of 5j to 31J.
Syrupus Senna. L. £. Sjrup of Senna. Take Jij d senna-leaves, JJ of liennel-seeds, bruised^ Jiij of manna, ftj of refined sugar^ and Of of boiling water ; digest the senna-leaves and the fennd-seeds in the water for an hour with a gentle heat, strain the liquor and mix with it the manna and the sugar ; then boil down to a proper con- sistency.
Medicinalfy, it is purgative in doses of 5ij to Jjss or more. It is given to diildren and delicate females ; but ought not to be used unless it is frerii, as it is good for nothing when hard, as it usually is. Strvpus Simplbx. L. E. D. Simple or Common Syrup. Sjruput simpUcissimus, P. Take fcijss of refined sugar, Cj of water; dissolve the sugar in the water by a water bath, then set it aside for twenty- four hours, after which take ofF the scum, and, if there be any dregs, pour off the clear liquor. The Codex directs it to be clarified with white of egg.
Used as the basis of other syrups, and as a convenient form of sugar for many medicinal preparations. It is added to nauseous medicines to conceal their taste, but it is sddom eflectuaL Strupus Tolutanus. L. E. P. Syrup of Tdu. Take Jj of balsam of tolu, Oj of water, ftij of refined sugar; boil the balsam in the water for half an hour in a covered vessel, stirring occasionally, strain when cold, and add the sugar as directed for simple syrup.
Imitated by adding tincture of tdu to simple syrup, and the imitation is as good as the genuine and more easily made.
MedicinaUy it is only used on account of its fine fiavour. It is slightly
stomachic and expectorant. Syrupus Violjs Odorata. E. D. P. Syrup of Violets. Syrupus violarum, O. Take tbij of the fresh flowers of the Fiola odorata; Oviij of boiling water ; digest in a covered vessd fbr twenty-fbur hours, strain without expression through linen, and add refined sugar so as to form a syrup.
Imitated by syrup of red cabbage, which, however, is similar in property, so that the fraud is innocent.
Incompatible with all adds which turn it red, and all alkalies and alkaline earths which turn it green.
Used chiefly for its colour, and as a test for acids; also as a gentle laxative for children, in doses of ^ to 51}. Syrupus Zingireris. L. E. D. Syrup of Ginger. Take Jij of ginger root, sliced, Oj of boiling water, ibij of refined sugar ; digest the ginger in the water for four hours, and strain, then add the sugar as directed for simple syrup.
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Medidnalfy it is cordial and camiiiatiye, Imt very feeUy lo, and ought to be made with at least double the quantity of ginger. The date is 5 j to Jas.
T.
Tabac. See Snuff.
TabAoi Folia. L. £. P. Tobacco. NicoHana iabacifoUa. D. Ni- coiiana iabacutn. This plant is a native of America, from wYdck our chief supply is procured Adtdterated extensively with dried dock-leaves, browned as tobacco itself is, by sulphate of iron and cascarilla^ to give it flavour. Nitrate of potass is added to make tobacco, in form of segars, kindle readily; but it is injurious to the lungs. Other metallic substances are often found mixed with tobacco, such as antimony, oxymuriate of mercury, cq^wr, lead* &c, as well as alum, sugar, hellebore, &c. Compo§ed of the usual vegetable principles, mucilage, albumen, gluten, nitrate and muriate of potass, and of an essential oil, and a new principle called Nigotins, which is colourless, acrid to the taste, smells like tobacco, and is violently errhine. It is soluble in alcohol and in water, from which it is precipitated by tincture of galls. Medicinalfy it is a powerful narcotic, anodyne, nauseant, emetic, cathartic, diuretie, and errhine; but is too hazardous to be eqiployed internally, except in extreme cases and with great caution. For this purpose it has been employed in form of enema, for incarcerated hernia, and obstinate constipaticm ta retention of urine ; but it often brings on severe vomiting and syncope, and sometimes death. A cataplasm oi the leaves laid over the stomach produces vomiting, and it has lately been found to be excellent in tetanus. Might it not relieve, if not cure, the paroxysms of hydrophobia? 1 am not aware of its having been tried for this dreadful disease. See Infusum Tabaoi. Externally as a lotion for Tinea, &c. it is little less dangerous. Poisonous, producing great nausea, and prostration of strength, uni« versal tremor, violent vomiting and head-ache, cold sweats, convul- sions, syncope, and death. The essential oil appears to act on the bndn, and the Nicotine on the heart. TrkatmerU. Evacuate the stomach if it have been swallowed; and then give castor oil or the black drau^t. Vegetable acids, such as vinegar and lemon-juice, may then be advantageous; but if the patient is very low, strong stimulants, such as brandy and camphor, cold affusioQ, sinapisms to the soles of the feet, &c., may be tried. Enkrs into Infus. Tabaci. L. Vin. Nicotiame TabacL £.
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Tabslla Acidi Oxalici. p. Tablettes of Oxalic Acid. Take 5j of pure oxalic acid, ftss of refined sugar, fllxvuj or gr. xij of essential oil of citron, mix in a mortar, with q. s. of mucilage of gum traga- canth, and make taUettes of gr. x each. Medicinalfy cooling and rdreshing.
In the same way Tablettes of citric and tartaric add are made, whidi are similar in quality.
Tabblub db Althjsa. p. Tablettes of Marshmallow. Take 5js8 of marshmallow root, Jiyss of refined sugar, pulverised ; mix carefully, make a mass with a mucilage of gum tragacanth, and divide into tablettes. Medidnally expectorant.
Tabblub d^ Catbchu bt Magnbsia. p. Tablettes of Catechu and Magnesia. Take 5vj of Catechu, powdered, '^vr of magnesia, 5iij of cinnamon powder, &S8 of refined sugar, gr. xij of gum tragacanth, and q. s. ci cinnamon water ; mix, and make into tablettes of gr. xij, each of which will contain nearly two grains of catediu and four grains of magnesia. Medicinally antacid and absorbent.
Tabblljb db Fbbro. p. Tablettes of Steel. Take Jss of steel filings powdered, 5j of cinnamon powder, Jv of refined sugar; mix, with mucilage of gum tragacanth, and q. s. of cinnamon water, and make into tablettes of gr. xij, each of which will contain one grain of steel. Medicinalfy tonic and stomachic
Tabblla db Kinakina. p. Tablettes of Peruvian Bark. Take Jss of dry extract of bark, Jiij of refined sugar, ^ss of cinnamon; mix carefully with mucilage of tragacanth, and make into tablettes of gr. viij each, which will contain gr. ss of extract of hark. Medicinally tonic
Tabblub db Magnbsia. P. Tablettes of Magnesia. Take ^ of pure magnesia, Jiv of refined sugar, and make into tablettes with q. s. of mucilage of tragacanth and orange-flower water. Absorbent and antacid. In the same way may be prepared tablettes of crabs' eyes or prepared chalk.
Tabblla db Rhbo. p. Tablettes of Rhubarb. Take Jss of rhubarb powder, 5v of refined sugar, and make into tablettes with q. s. of mucilage of tragacanth and cinnamon water. Each tablette of gr. xij contains gr. j of rhubarb. Medicinally they are gently laxative and stomachic for children.
Tabblljb db Scammonio bt Sbkna Compositjb. P. Take 5iij of scammony, 5ivss of senna-leaves, 5J8S of rhubarb, 5j of cloves^ 5j
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of candied dtron-peel^ Jvj of sugar ; reduce to fine powder and mis carefully; make into tablettes^ with mucilage of gum tragacanth and cinnamon water. MedkinaUy each tablette of ^viij contains 5 j of purgatives. Dose from 5ij to 5viij.
Tabblla db Stibii Sulfurbto^ diets Antimoniales Kunckeliu P. Take Jj of blanched sweet almonds^ Ibss of refined sugar^ triturate carefully in a marble mortar^ and add ^ss of cardamom-seeds powdered with a little sugar^ 5ij of cinnamon water, Jj of pre- pared sulphuret of antimony; mix carefully with q. s. of mucilage of gum tragacanth, and make into tablettes. Each tablette of gr. x contains gr. ss of the sulphuret of antimony. MedicinaUy from four to twelve a day may be given as an alterati^re in gout, cutaneous diseases, &c.
Tabblljb db Scjlfukb CoMPOsiTJE. P. Compound Tablettes of Sul- phur. Take 51] of washed sulphur, gr. xij of sublimed benzoic acid, 588 of Florentine iris-root, powdered, gr. viij or mxij of oil of anise, Jvss of refined sugar; make into tablettes with mucilage of tragacanth. MedicinaUy aperient, and expectorant for asthma, &c
TABELLiE DB SuLFUBB SiMFLicBs. P. Tablcttcs of Sulphur. Take §ss of washed sulphur, ^v of white sugar, and make into tablettes with mucilage of gum tragacanth and rose water. MedicinaUy they are expectorant and laxative, for asthma and cutaneous disorders. The Stdpkur Lozenges are precisely the same.
Tablbttbs. See the preceding eleven articles.
Tablbttbs du Spitzlait. Take Ibj of raisins, ftjss of pearl barley, boil in q. s. of water. Then dissolve 5S8 of opium, ^v of gum arabic, and 3j of extract of liquorice in water, and mix the two liquors ; strain and add ftiv of soft sugar, clarify the whole with white of egg, evaporate till of a proper consistency, and add 5iij of anise-seed in powder, made into tablettes in the usual way. Medicinally expectorant or rather soothing in tickling coughs.
Tacamahaga. p. a resin procured from the Fagara octandra, and used for fumigations on account of its fragrance, which resembles lavender. A spurious sort is brought from America.
Talc. A mineral substance resembling mica, and found in primitive rocks. I cannot answer for the following receipts, but give them as I find them.
Talc Watbr. The ancients bestowed high encomiums on a water, or oil of talc, as a cosmetic We know not in what manner they com- posed this precious cosmetic, but the following imitations have been given. Take any quantity of talc, divide it into laminse, and calcine it with sulphur. Then pound it, and wash it in a quantity of warm
2 p
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water. Gently pour off the water^ and leave tlie residae at tlie bottom ci the vessel to drj. When dry, calcine it in a furnace for two hours with a strong fire. Take a pound of this calcined talc, and reduce it to a powder^ with two ounces of muriate of ammonia ; put the whole in a glass bottle, and set it in a damp place. All the talc will spcmtaneously dissolve, and thai pour off the liquor gently, taking great care sot to disturb it. The liquor is as dear and as bright as a pearl.
Oil of Talc* Take one part of Venetian talc and two parts of calcined bcnraz, perfectly pulverijse and mix these substances, put them into a crucible, cover it and place it in a furnace. Expose it £at an hoar to a very violent heat, and at the end of that time the mixture will become a glass of a greenish yellow odour. Reduce this to powder, then mix it with two parts of subcarbonate of potass, and again melt the whole in a crucible. Place the mass thus obtained in a cellar, upon an inclined piece of glass, with a vessel underneath it, and in a short time the whole will be converted into a liquid, in which the talc will be perfectly dissolved. Tamarindi Pulpa. L. £. D. P. TamartHdmi Indka. This is a pre- served pulp, without smell, and of an addulous, sweetish taste, grateful, coding, and laxative.
Contains citric acid, malic acid, supertartrate of potass, sugar, gum, mu- cilage, and other vegetable principles.
Contaminated with copper from having been prepared in cc^per vessels. To detect this put the blade of a knife into the tamarhKls, whidi will be quickly covered with copper, when it is present.
Incompatible with infusion of senna (unless macerated with it), though often prescribed with it, with resinous purgatives, and with the tartrites and acetates of soda and potass.
Medicinally it is given in doses of 5j to 5ij, with cassia or manna, but ' is oftener used to made tamarind-whey, by boiling ^ij with a quart or less of milk and straining, as a coding drink in fevers of the bilious or putrid kind. Takabix Gallica. p. Tamarisk. The bark is bitter and astringent. Tamus Communib. p. Black Bryony. The root is aperient, diuretic, and emmenagogue. (Lobbl.) Externally it is a good applicatioo in form of cataplasm to bruises. (Chombl.) Quite a specific for a black eye. Tanacbtum. E. D. p. Tansy. Tanacetum vulgare. A comsion nati^ plant of a strong, pungent, bitter taste and peculiar smelL
Medicinally it is tonic, stimulant, deobstruent, and vermifuge, in doses of 5^8 to 5j of the powder, but is more commonly given in form of infusion, for dyspepsia, gout, worms, &c
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Poisonous ? A late case is given in the American Journals of oil of tansy proving deleterious. See Beck^ Med, Jurispr.
Tannin is the astringent principle of vegetables, and may be obtained in an impure form by digesting gall-nuts bruised, grape-seeds, oak- bark, or catechu, in a small quantity of cold distilled water, and evaporating to dryness. With isinglass or any other animal-jelly it forms leather.
Tansy. See Tanacetum.
Tapioca is a peculiar form of starch prepared from the root of the Jairopha Manihot, or Cassava, in the same way as starch is prepared from potatoes; but when it is still moist, it is rolled up in little balls. It is chemically the same with sago. ImitcUed by rolling up potato-starch in the same form. Used for making puddings and other nutritive articles for invalids in a similar way to arrow-root, sago, &c.
Tar. See Petroleum and Pix Liqujda.
Tar Liniment, in Farriery. Mix Oj each of rectified oil of tar and common olive or sperm oil. (Pharm. Veterinary College.)
Tar Water. A remedy celebrated by Bishop Berkeley^ is prepared by infusing tar with boiling water, which produce sa yellow empyreu- matic liquid. Internally it is stimulant and diaphoretic, and has been prescribed for phthisis, syphilis, and almost every disorder ; but its day has long gone by, and perhaps deservedly. Externally it has been applied as a lotion for ringworm, tinea, &c, and might be useful for pediculi, and in form of enema for ascarides.
Taraxaci Radix. L. £. D. Dandelion. Taraxacum dens leotiis. P. A common native plant, the root and leaves of which are bitter, mucilaginous, and somewhat acidulous. Incompatible with infusion and tincture of galls, and all astringent in- fusions, acetate of lead, nitrate of silver, oxymuriate of mercury, and sulphate of iron. Medicinally it is deobstruent, laxative, and diuretic: the latter property indeed has acquired it the vulgar name of Pissenlit in French, and Piss^a-bed in English. It has been long celebrated in abdominal obstruction, and disorders of the liver, particularly incipient scirrhus; tubercles of the lungs ; and cut-aneous disorders. It is usuaUy given in form of extract or decoction; J j of the fresh root, (Sliced, to Oij of water boiled down to Qj, strain, and add 5iij of supertartrate of potass. ^^^ Jij or more twice a day. Or, Jj to Jiv of the expressed juice. See ExTR. Tarax.
Tartar Emetic. See Antimoniuk TartaRizatum. The most simple and economical mode of preparing this very useful article is
2p2
Digitized by
436 TEA
that invented bj Mr. Hume of Long-acre> and wbich be published iu the Philosophical Magazine^ vol. xlv.^ p. 301. The London Col- lege of Physicians, after trying other formuls, preferred this, and admitted it into their Pharmacopoeia of 1815 ; but, through some un- accountable mistake or negligence, the original directions are there so mutilated, that probably very few chemists have been induced to adopt the process. Mr. Humes Formulay as given by himself, is literally the following: *' Two parts of the black sulphuret rf antimony in line powder and one part of nitrate of potass are to be mixed and added to two parts of sulphuric acid, previously mixed with eight parts of water, and suffered to cool. By a due application of heat, a proper oxide of antimony will be the result, which, when thoroughly washed^ is to be boiled, while yet moist, with two parts of supertartarte of potass, and a proper quantity of water. The solution is then to be filtered, evaporated, and treated after the, usual manner for crystallisation." The formula in the present Pharmacopoeia directs glass of antimony to be mixed with the supertartrate of potass, instead of the oxide pro- posed by Mr. Hume.
Tartaric Acid. See Aciduh Tartaricum.
Tartarum. L. Tartar. Tartari crystallu D. An impure supertar- trate of potass, which may be used for making the purified article. It is called Argol, or Tartarum album, when procured from white wines, and Tartarum rubrum when derived from red wines.
Tartarum Vitriolatum. See Potassje Sulphas.
Tartras Agidulus P0TA6SJE S0LUBILI8. P. Cream of Tartar.
TaRTRAS AcIDULUS POTAS&fi SOLUBILIS ADMIXTO AciDO BoRACIOO. P«
Heat together ia a silver vessel 30 parts of boracic add, and 20 parts of distilled water. Then add in divided portions 120 parts of super- tartrate of potass, shaking it constantly till the whole melt, and con- tinuing the heat till a pulverulent mass is formed. Medicinally it is used in the same cases as cream of tartar, but is weaker. It is very deliquescent in the air.
Tartrates are combinations of tartaric acid, with alkaline, or metallic bases. Thus we have tartrate of potass, tartrate of ammonia, tar- tarized antimony, tartarized iron, &c. See Sodjb Tartar, Anti- MON. Tartar, Fkrr. Tartar., Potass. Tartar., and Supertar- trate.
Taxus Baccata. Yew Tree. The berries were formerly supposed to be poisonous, but are not so, though the leaves are when fresh. Three children were killed by a spoonful of the green leaves. The dried leaves are innoxious. (Psrcival's Essays, III.)
Tea. See Thba. P.
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Tela Aranearum. Spider's Web, Cobweb. Externally it is a good styptic, by preventing the flow of blood, and promoting a coagulum. Medicinally it is tonic and febrifuge, and has lately been given in America in several disorders, particularly intermittent s, in doses of gr. X, or more, in form of pill. The webs of the house and cellar- spiders, Aranea domestical Linn., and Segestria cellaria, La- TREiLLB, are said to be the most powerful. Terebinthina Aroentoratensis. p. Strasburgh Turpentine. Odour
fine, taste bitter, and subacrid. Terebinthina Canadensis. L. Canadian Turpentine. Balsamum Canadense. P. Resina liquida pinus balsamea. E. D, It is com- posed of resin and volatile oil, is fragrant, bitter, and slightly pun- gent, or rather warm to the taste. Medicinally it is stimulant, laxative, and diaphoretic in doses of 9j to 5jss, thrice a day, for gonorrhoea, leucorriioea, and herpetic eruptions, but is seldom prescribed. It is chiefly used for making varnishes. Terebinthina Chia. L. P. Cyprus Turpentine. Resina liquida: Pistachice terehinthini. D. A native of Barbary, and the south of Europe. It is fragrant, but less acrid and bitter than the other turpentines. It^ is often adulterated, but may be known by its pel- lucid bluish-green colour. Medicinally it has similar properties to other turpentines. Terebinthina Veneta. E. P. Venice Turpentine. Procured from ^the Abies larix, Resina liquida: Pint laricis. D. Has a strong unpleasant smell, and a hot, bitter taste. It is more liquid than the others, and is of a pale yellow. Contains a large quantity of volatile oil ; and oil less volatile ; pinic acid or resin ; another resin which does not combine with alkalies or oxides ; a little succinic acid ; and a bitter extract. (Unverdorben.) It is used to adulterate the Chio turpentine, to which it is inferior. Medicinally it is more diuretic and laxative than the preceding. Terebinthina Vulgaris. L. E. D. P. Common Turpentine, the liquid resin of the Pinus sylveslris, or Scotch Fir. This sort should be used only externally, as being too coarse and strong for internal use. As a stimulant, it enters into some ointments. Internally it is substituted frequently for the Chio and Canadian, but is very inferior. In form of enema, Jss to Jj may be used ; or in form of pill with liquorice powder, gr. x to 5 j ; or with yolk of egg or gum arable, in form of emulsion — for gonorrhoea and leucorrhoea^ but it is apt to irritate the kidneys. Enters into 01. Terebinthina. D. Terebinthina Oleum Rbctificatum. L. D. P. Rectified Oil of Turpen time. Spirit of Turpentine. Oleufn volatile pini purissimi. E.
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488 TEST
Take Oj of oil of turpentine^ and Oiv of water ; distil the oiL This process is seldom necessary, the common oil of turpentine being usually pure enough. ChemicaUy it contains a volatile oil, which is soluble in hot, but not in cold alcohol ; it is soluble in ether. It does not combine with alka- lies like the fixed oils. Very pure oil of turpentine has been procured by Dr. Nimmo, of Glas- gow, by agitating eight parts with one part of very strong alcohol, when the alcohol will take up the impurities and float. This is poured off, and fresh alcohol used till the oil becomes tasteless and in- odorous. It is a pity that it cannot be long kept in this state widi- out deterioration. Externally it is stimulant ; and with this view it enters into some lini- ments for bruises, &c. Forty drops triturated with Jss c^ oil of almonds with cotton dipped into it and put into the ear, is good for deafness arising from inspissated cerumen. (Maule.) IniemaUy it has recently come into repute in many disorders, and it acts differently according to the dose. For worms, and particularly tsnia, or tapeworm, it is the best remedy yet known, in doses of ys to $j, floating upon peppermint or cinnamon water, or spring water, with a few drops of oil of lemons, night and morning, till the worms be expelled, and if it do not purge it must be aided by castor oiL If it cause flatulence and eructation, a little brandy may be given. It is also useful in large doses, in the obstinate constipation ariang from hydrocephalus and other affections of the brain, and is quite safe. It is good in epilepsy, yellow fever, melsna, and lately it has had several advocates in puerperal fever, lumbar neuralgia, and internal inflam- mations. It acts in small doses as a good diuretic, imparting a violent odour to the urine. It may be given advantageously in doees of 11)^ XV to 5j, rubbed up with 5jss of honey and 5x of cinnamcm water, thrice a day, in sciatica, lumbago, and other forms of rheumatism and gout. It may also be given in form of enema, with mucilage, for colic, gall-stones, &c. It is singular that in doses of 5J it will fre- quently excite the kidneys, so as to cause bloody urine, while in doses o^ 5\i or 3j it will scarcely act on the kidneys at alL (Pabis.) Enters into Liniment. Terebinthins. L.
Terra. Earth. A term formerly much used in pharmacy, but now little used.
Terra Japonica. See Catechu.
Terra Foliata Tartari. See Potassjb Acetas.
Tbstjb. L. Oyster Shells. Ostrea edulU. They contain carbonate of lime and animal matter, which is destroyed by calduation, and quick- lime results.
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TxsTiB Pbepabatjb. L. Prepared Oyster Sheik. Free the ihells from extraneous Biatter> wash them with hoiliiig water, and prqpare them in the manner directed for chalk.
Medicinally thej are antacid and absorhent, in gr« x to ^ij» but are in almost no respect different from chalk, and are not worth the trouble of preparing when chalk can be had.
Teuobium. a genus of plants, all of which are bitter and stomachic, such as the Teucrium Creiicwn. P. Teucriutn morUanum. P. Teu^ crium chamasdrys, &c. See Maruv.
Thalictbuu. Meadow Rue. The root is purgative, and is used to adulterate powdered rhubarb.
Thka BoHiE. P. Bohea Tea. The dried leaves are aromatic, feebly astringent, stimulant, tonic, and nervine. The fresh leaves are nar« cotic The debilitating effects of tea isa popular error ; the contrary is true.
Thea Vibidis. Green Tea, Hyson, &c. It has similar properties with the preceding, but acts more on the nerves, and in some constitutions causes head-ache, nervous irritability, and sleeplessness. It sometimes cures slight head-aches.
Theriaca, and Thbbiacum. See Mithbidatb.
Thlaspi. p. a genus of plants which are astringent and subacrid, but are little used.
Thom80n'8 Real Chbltenham Salts. See Cheltbnham.
Thornapple. See Stbauonium.
Thbibacb. Netv, See Lactucabium.
Thbush Mixtube, in Farriery, Mix Jiv of liquid tar with Jjss of sulphuric acid. (Phabm. Vetebinaby Cojllboe.)
Thymus Sebpyllum. P. Wild Thyme. The flowering tops are aro- matic and astringent, stimulant, tonic, and nervine. The Thymus vulgaris. P., or Garden Thyme, is used for making the oil, and as a potherb.
TioLii Lignum bt Semina. P. The Wood and Seeds of the Croion tiglium. Powerfully drastico-cathartic, emetic, diuretic, and escha- rotic. The seeds have long been known under the names of Grana molucca, Tiglii grana, or Grains of Tilly. Their violent operation brought them into discredit as a m«licine.
TiGLii Oleum. L. D. Croton Oil. Expressed from the seeds of the Croton iiglium. A native of Ceylon and the Molucca Islands. This powerful medicine was lately re-introduced by Mr. Conwell, of the Madras Establishment, and his friend, Mr. Short, of Ratcliff High- way, London. As the oil which is imported is very various in qua- lity, either from adulteration, or careless preparation, it ought to be made in this country from the seeds, according to the method pro*
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posed by the late Mr. Fape, of OxfOTd-street^ and now pursued by his successor. Mr. Pope discovered that the oil may be depriyed of its acrid and griping qualities^ by carefully decorticating the seeds before expressing the oiL
Genuine croton oil^ as imported^ is yeUow, and has a faint smelly and acrid taste. It contains 45 parts of tiglin, soluble in alcohol and ether, and 55 of a fixed oil like that of olives^ possessing no purga- tive property. The oil, as prepared by Mr. Nocks, is of a deep claret-wine colour, and is devoid of acrimony.
Adulterated most extensively with fixed oils, the hitherto high price of croton oil being a great temptation to fraud. Mr. Pope's oil being comparatively cheap will in some degree prevent this. Olive oil is easily detected by its insolubility in alcohol, but castor oil cannot so readily be detected by digesting it with rectified spirit
A substitute for croton oil has lately been proposed in the oil of the Euphorbia lathyris, procured by expression from the seeds. From four to eight drops in eau sucri, are a dose ; and as it is mild, and without acrimony, it is likely to become valuable. (Caldbriki £« Giorn. di F armada.)
Medicinally croton oil is perhaps the most powerful purgative yet known, at least in respect to the quantity of the dose, and it conse- quently has become valuable in obstinate constipation, as in cases of hydrocephalus, apoplexy, mania, hysteria, hypochondriasis, dropsy, &c The dose is from one to two drops, which act in many cases by merely rubbing them on the tongue, or externally on the umbilical region. It has been usual to give it in form of pill, but in this form it is apt to concentrate in one place in the stomach, and may do mis- chief. Dr. Nimmo, of Glasgow, proposes a tincture made with two drops of the oil to 5 j of rectified spirit, digesting, and filtering in the usual way : ^ of this contains about H^ jss of the oil. In form of soap, made by triturating two parts of the oil with one part of soap- boiler's ley {Soda caustica liquida. P.) till the combination acquire consistence ; and given in doses of gr. ij to gr. iij, in water or sugar, it has lately been prepared by Caventou, and prescribed by Bally. All the preparations must be given with caution, as even two drops have produced alarming h3rpercathar8is.
TiOLiN. New. The acrid principle of the croton seeds, which is soluble in alcohol, sulphuric ether, and in expressed essential oils.
Medicinally it has not been used, and its acrid properties do not offer any advantages for experiment.
TiLiA EuBOPJBA. P. Lime Tree. The flowers are aromatic, anodyne, and antispasmodic, and are given in form of infusion, and of the dis- tilled water, in doses of |j to Jij, or more. The young shoots furnish
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mocilage^ which has proyed successful in healing burns without leaving unsightly cicatrices. (Levasseur.)
Tin. See Stannum.
TiNCAL. Crude Borax. See SoDiB Sub-boras.
Tincture. L. £. D. P. Tinctures. Some of which the Codex terms Alcoolata. P. Are solutions of substances, vegetable, animal, or alkaline, in alcohol more or less rectified. Those prepared with highly-rectified spirit are rarely used, and are decomposed by water. The Codex orders alcohol of different strength, namely, 86°, 32*^ and 22® of Baume's hydrometer, i. e. spec grav. '837 ; 'S56; and '915. The London College orders all tinctures to be prepared in closed glass vessels, and to be frequently shaken whilst macerating. The time of maceration must be determined by the substance. See Green, Hatfield, Wilson, &c Proper substances for tinctures are such as contain principles that are very active in small doses ; for instance, opium, belladonna, digitaliflty elaterium, conium, cinchona, camphor, iodine, and the newly-dis- covered alkalies and resins. Improper substances for tinctures are those which are active only in large doses, as the alcohol would in such cases have more power than the substance which it held in solution.
Tinctura Absinth II Composita. P. Compound Tincture of Worm- wood. Take Jss each of the dried leaves of the great and small wormwood and of cloves, ^^ij of white sugar, and Oss of alcohol; digest for 15 days in a gentle heat, and strain. Dose 5ij to Jss or more, as a tonic and vermifuge.
Tinctura Aostatis Ferri. E. D. Tincture of Acetate of Iron. Take Jij of acetate of potass, J j of sulphate of iron, and Oij of rectified spirit ; triturate the acetate and sulphate into a soft mass, then dry it with a moderate heat, and afterwards rub it up with the spirit ; macerate in a well-corked phial for seven days, shaking it occasion* ally ; then pour off the clear liquor. Decomposition. The sulphuric acid of the sulphate of iron is separated and goes over to the potass, forming sulphate of potass, while the acetic add unites with the iron in the form of the protoacetate. It is a mixed preparation. MedidnaUy it is tonic and astringent, and may be given in doses of TTI^xx to 5j, in a glassful of water, for indigestion, scrofula, chlorosis, hysteria, &c., twice or thrice a day.
Tinctura Acetatis Ferri cum Alcoholb. D. Tincture of Acetate of Iron with Alcohol. Take 3 j each of sulphate of iron and acetate of potass, and Oij of alcohol, prepared as in the preceding formula, and used in the same doses.
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TiNCTURA AcBTATis ZiNci. D. Tincture of Acetate of Zinc Take one part each of sulphate of £inc and acetate of potass and sixteen parts of rectified spirit Triturate together the sulphate and acetate^ add the spirit^ macerate for a week, occasionally shaking, and filter through paper. Decomposition similar to the tincture of the acetate of iron.
TiNCTCBA AcoNiTi. P. Tincturc of Aomite. Is prepared with one part of the leaves of the aconite, and six parts of spirit of wine. The dose is ni^v to r\id gradually augmented as a narcotic and anodyne. It is useful in phthisis. (Bobda.)
TiNCTUBA Aloes. L. E. D. P. Tincture of Aloes. Take Jss of qnked aloes in powder, Jjss of extract of liquorice, Oj o[ water^ and ^t of rectified spirit ; digest for 14 days, and strain. Medicinalltf it is given in dOses of 5ij to Jjss, as a purgative. The liquorice covers in some measure the nauseous taste of the aloes.
TiNGTUBA Aloes ^thebea. £. £thereal Tincture of Aloes. Take J jss of socotrine aloes and myrrh, Jj of English safiron, and &j of sulphuric ether, with alcohol ; macerate the myrrh in the ethereal spirit for four days^ then add the aloes and safiron^ and digest four days more. Medicinally it is given in doses of 5j to 5ij twice or thrioe a day, as a purgative stimulant^ for hysteric spasms, &c, and in leuco-phlegmatic hahits.
TiNCTUBA Aloes Composita. L. D. Compound Tincture of Aloes. Tinclura aloes et myrrhae. £. Elixir proprieiaiis. O. Take ^j each of extract of spiked aloes in powder, and saffiron^ and Oij ai tincture of myrrh ; digest for 14 days, and strain. Medicinally it is prescribed in doses of 5j to 5ij, as a stimulant purga- tive and emmenagogue, in chlorosis and hysteria, and in the obsti- nate constipation of old women, combined with muriate of iron or aromatics.
TiNCTUBA Ambbjb Gbisrs. See Essence of Ambbbobisb.
TiNCTUBA Amaba. See Tinct. Gentian. Coup.
TiNCTUBA ANGUSTURiB. D. Tincture of Angustura. TakeJijofAn- gustura-bark reduced to gross powder, and Oij of proof apnt ; digest for seven days. MedicinaUy it is given in doses of 5j to 5ij, as a tonic and stomachic.
TiNCTUBA Abomatica. See Tinct. Cinnavoiii Comp. and Spibitus Ammon. Abohat.
TiNCTUBA As8Af<btida. L. E. D. Tincture of Assafoetida. Take Jiv of assafoetida, and 0\} of rectified spirit; digest for 14 days, and filter. Medicinally this may be prescribed with bitters and aromatics in doses
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of 5SS to 5j> as an antispasmodic. It has the disadvantage df heing
extremely nauseous. TiNCTURA A88AF<ETiDA Ammoniata. See Spir. Ammon. Fcbtid. TiNCTURA AuRANTii. L. Tincture of Orange-peel. Take Jiij of fresh
orange-peel^ and Oij of proof spirit; digest for 14 days^ and filter.
The dried peel is more commonly used, and is equally good : Jij are
enough of the dried. Medicinally it is a good stomachic^ in doses of 5 j to 5ij^ or more, usually
added to infusions and decoctions. TiNCTURA Balsamica. See Tinct. Benzges Comp. TiNCTURA Balsami PfRuviANA. Tincturc of PeruYian Balsam, Take
3iv of Peruvian balsam, and Oj of rectified spirit; macerate, and
filter. Ihse 5j to 5ij, thrice a day, as an expectorant. TiNCTURA Balsavi Sulphuri3« O. Tiucturc of Balsam of Sulphur.
Take Jij of terebinthinous balsam of sulphur, boiled to dryness in a
water-bath, and Oj of proof spirit ; make a tincture, and exhibit as
an expectorant. TiNCTURA Balsami Tolutani. See Tinot. Toluipbr. Bals. TiNCTURA DE Benzob Alooolica. P. Alcoholic Tincture of Benzoin.
Take 200 parts of benzoin in powder, and 800 parts of alcohol;
digest for six hours, and filter. Dose ir\^xv to 5j, or more, as a
stomachic. TiNCTURA Benzoini Cobcposita. L. £. D. Compound Tincture of
Benzoin. Balsamum traumaticum, O, Friars Balsam, Jestiil's
Drops, Wade's Drops. O. Take Jiij of benzoin, 5ij of storax
balsam strained, 3 j oi balsam of Tolu, %a8 of extract of spiked aloes,
and Oij of rectified spirit; digest 14 days, and filter. Internally it is given in doses of 5ss to 5ij, rubbed up with mucilage,
yolk of egg, or water, as a stimulant, expectorant, and antispasmodic,
in chronic catarrh, asthma, and tussis senilis. Externally it was long celebrated as a styptic for the speedy cure of
fresh wounds, cuts, &c. ; but nothing could be more improper, as it
is stimulant and irritating. In old atonic ulcers it has more chance
to do good, but IS inferior to many other applications. TiNCTURA BoNPLANDLS Trifoliatje. E. See Tinct. Angus-
TURiB. D.
TiNCTURA Brucls. New. Tincture <rf Brucie. Take gr. xviij of
brucia, gj of alcohol, spec. grav. *837, and make a tincture. Medicinally it is given in doses of xiivj to 'n\,xzz, as a stimulant for
muscular debility and paralysis. TiNpTURA BucHU. D. Tincturc of Buchu. Take jij of the leaves of
diosma crenata, and Ibj, by measure, of spirit of wine, macerate for
seven days, and strain.
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Medidnally it is given in doses of 5j to Jit in urinary irritation^ gravel, &c. TiNCTURA Calumbjb. L. Tincture of Calumba. Tinct, cahtmbcB. E. TincL Colombo, D. Take jijss of calumba^ sliced, and Oij of proof spirit; digest for 14 days, and filter.
Medicinally it is given in doses of 5ss to 5iv, as a good stomachic bitter> with chalybeates> which it does not decompose like most other bitters. TiNCTURA Camphobjs. £• Alcod camphoraiuf. P. See Spiritus
Camphors. L. TiNCTURA Camphorb Composita. L. Compound Tincture of Cam- phor. TincU opts camphorala, E. D. Elixir paregoricum. O. Take 9ij of camphor, 5j each of hard opium in powder, and benjroic acid, and Oij of proof spirit; digest for 14 days, and strain. One ounce contains gr. ij of opium. The paregoric elixir contains 5 j (^ oil of aniseed in addition to the above. See Elixir Paregor.
Medicinalfy it is given in doses of 5J to 5ij in gruel, as an anodyne at bed-time, for tickling coughs, chronic catarrh, asthma, &c; and in doses of ni^v to ni^xx, for children with hooping-cough, but it is not safe in the hands of mothers and nurses. The oil of aniseed in the common paregoric renders it more nauseous, without increasing its utility. TiNCTURA Canthariobs. L. D. P. Tincture of Cantharides. Tind. mehes vesicatoriL E. TincL lyita. O. Take 5iij of Spanish flies, bruised, acd Oij of proof spirit ; digest for 14 days and filter.
IntemaUy it is given in doses of til x to 5 j as a stimulant diuretic in seminal debility, gleet, leucorrhoea, ovarian dropsy, incontinence of urine, &c.
Externally it is applied alone, or with camphor or soap liniments, as a stimulant and rubefacient, for rheumatic pains, gangrene from frost- bite ; and as an injection for sinuses and fistulie ; ^iij being diluted with Oj of water. TiNCTURA Capsici. L. D. Tincture of Capsicum. Take Jj of capsi- cum-berries, and Oij of proof spirit; digest for 14 days,. and filter. The small berries should be used, and the preparation ought not to be very long kept. Medicinally it may be given as a good stimulant, in doses of 5SS to 5ij, or more, in low t3rphus, gangrene, &c As a gargle 5j to 513 to 3VJ of barley, or rose water, for atonic disorders of the fauces. TiNCTURA Capsici et Cantharidum. Tincture of Capsicum and Can- tharides. Take 5X of cantharides, bruised, 5J of capsicum, Oj of dilute alcohol ; digest for ten days, and filter. It is used externally OS a stimulant and counter-irritant.
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TiNCTURA Cabdamomi. L. Tincture of Cardamoms. TincL amomi repentis. E. Take Jiij of cardamom-seeds, bruised, and Oij of proof spirit ; digest for 14 days, and filter. Medicinally it is given as a warm and grateful carminative in doses of 5j to 5^^> ^^ more, for the nausea or sea-sickness, and as an adjunct to pur^tive-s, to prevent nausea and griping.
TiNCTURA Cardamomi CoMrosiTA. L. D. Compound Tincture of Car« damoms. Take 5ij each of cardamom-seeds, bruised, caraway-seeds, bruised, and cochineal, bruised, J^s of cinnamon-bark, bruised, and ^iv of raisins, stoned; digest for 14 days and filter. , Medunnally it is given as an excellent and elegant cordial, in doses of 5ij to 38S, or more, as an agreeable adjunct to bitter infusions, pur- gative draughts, &c, to obviate griping and flatulence, and to impart a red colour.
TiNCTURA Cascarilla. L. D. p. Tincture of Cascarilla. Take ^iv of cascarilla-bark in powder, and Oij of proof spirit; digest for 14 days, and filter. Medidnnlly it is given in doses of 5j to Jss, as a stomachic, but it is a very feeble form of cascarilla.
TiNCTURA Castorei. L. E. D. Tincture of Castor. Take Jij of castor in powder, and Oij of rectified spirit ; digest for seven days and filter. MedicifiaUy it is given in doses of iTlxx to 5ij, as an antispasmodic and nervine.
TiNCTURA Castorei Composita. B» Compound Tincture of Castor. Take ^ of Russian castor in powder, Jss of assafoetida, and Oj of ammoniated alcohol ; make a tincture and give in doses of 5 j to Jss, as an antispasmodic, in hysteria, cramp, &c. It is better than the preceding.
TiNCTURA (iETHEREA) n^ Castoreo. P. Etherial Tincture of Castor. Take 5ij of castor, and 3j of sulphuric ether; make a tincture, and give in doses of 11)^ xv to 3ij, as an antispasmodic.
TiNCTURA Catechu. L. E. D. P, Tincture of Catechu. Take5iij of extract of catechu, Jij of cinnamon-bark, bruised, and Oij of proof spirit; digest for 14 days, and strain. Medicinally it is given as an astringent, in doses of 5 j to 5iij, with cin- namon water, or with chalk mixture, for chronic diarrhoea, &c.
TiNCTURA CiNCHONJE. L. E. D. Tincture of Bark. Take Jvij of the bark of Cinchona lancifolia, and Oij of proof spirit; digest for 14 days, and filter. Medicinally this is given in doses of 5j to Jss, but is a very inefficient preparation, and is chiefly used to add to infusions, &c. It should not be exposed to cold ; for if it is the quinine is precipitated* TiNCTURA CiNCHONJB Ahmoniata. L. Ammouiated Tincture of Bark.
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Take Jiv of the bark of Cinchona lancifbiia, and Oij of aromatic spirit of ammonia ; digest for 14 days, and filter. Medicinalfy it is given in doses of 5ss to 5ij, as a tonic stimulant, for atonic indigestion ; but it is bj no means a good preporatian, at the aromatic spirit of ammonia is not a sdvent of quinine and dnchonine.
TiNCTURA CiNCHONJB CoMPoeiTA. L. D. P. Compound Tincture of Barb Hnxkam's Tincture of Bark. Take Jij of the bark of the Cinchona lancifoUa in powder, Jjss of dried orange-peel, Jiij of Vir- ginian snake-root, bruised, 5 j of safiron, 9ij of cochineal in powder, and Jxx of proof spirit ; digest for 14 days, and filter. MedidnaUy it has long been in great repute as one of the best prepa- rations of bark, but the new discoveries show that it is not so good as has been supposed* The dose is 5 j to 5iij or 58s, as a grateful stomachic in dyspepsia, and to colour infusions, &c.
TiNCTURA CiNCUONiNA. iVffv. Tiucture of Cinchoninc. Take gr. ix of sulphate of dnchonine, and Jj of alcohol, spec grav. •847. Dis- solve. Medicinally this is given in 5ij to 5vj, as a more efficient preparation than any of the preceding tinctures of bark; but the Tinctura QuiNiNJS is still preferable.
TiNCTURA CiNNAMOMi. L. £. D. P. Tincture of Cinnamon. Take Jiij of dnnamon-bark, bruised, and Oij of proof spirit; digest for 14 days, and filter. MedicinaUy it is given in doses of 5 j to ^ss, as a warm stomachic, car- minative, and astringent. It has the advantage of being compatible with dilute sulphuric acid.
TiNCTURA CiNNAMOMi CoMPOsiTA. L. E. D. Compouud Tincture of Cinnamon. Take ^vj of cinnamon-bark, bruised, 5iij of cardamom- se^, bruised, 5ij each of long pepper in powder, and ginger root, sliced, and Oij of proof spirit ; digest for 14 days, and filter. Medicinalh^ it is given in doses of 5j to 5iij, as a grateful cordial and stomachic, but it is not often used. The aromatic elixir of vitriol is made with three parts of it to one part of diluted sulphuric add.
TiNCTURA Seminum Colchici. D. See Vinum Colchici.
TiNCTURA CoLOCYNTHiDis. Tincturc of Colocynth. Take Jjss of the pulp of colocynth, 5 j of anise-seeds, %xx of proof spirit, and make a tincture. (Dalbero.) Medicinally it must be given in doses of fifteen drops every three or four hours, till it open the bowels, increasing each dose by a drop or more.
Tincture CoLOHBiB. See Tinct. Calumbjb. L.
TiNCTURA CoNii Maculati. E. Tincture of Hemlock. Take 5ij of
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tbe dried leaves of hemlock, ^iv of cardamom-seeds^ bruised^ and ^xv of proof spirit ; make a tincture. MedicineUltf it is given in doses of ^ss to 5j, as a sedative narcotic, in fever, cancer, &c. It is a very good form of hemlock.
TiNOTURA Croct. E. D. Tincturc of Saflfron. Take 3j of Englirii saffron, bruised, and Jxv of proof spirit ; digest for seven days, and filter through paper. It is only used for its colour ; but is slightly stimulant and diaphoretic
TiKCTURA Crotonis Olbi. New. Tincture of Croton Oil. Take tliij of croton oil, and 5J of rectified spirit ; digest, and filter. Dose ^ss, as a purgative. (Dr. Nimmo.)
TiNOTURA Digitalis. L. E. D. P. Tincture of Foxglove. Take Jiv of leaves of digitalis, dried, and Oij of proof spirit; digest for 14 days, and filter. MedidnaUtf it is given in doses of li\,x, cautiously increased to TTlxL It is one of the best forms of the digitalis, but will probably be soon superseded by some preparation of Dioitalinb.
TiNOTURA iBTHBRBA Alcoholica db Muriatb Fbrei, P. and Pkarm. Bertin. BestuchefiPs Nervous Tincture. Take any quantity of iron in powder; dissolve it in a q. s. of muriatic add, mixed with a fourth part of nitric acid, and evaporate ; separate the dried mass, so that it may deliquesce in the liquor of a deep brown colour; mix the liquor with a double portion of sulphuric ether, by shaking it ; sepa- rate the ether thus impregnated with the dissolved iron, and mix with a double portion of strong rectified spirit ; when mixed, put it in oblong glass vessels, well-stopped, and exposed to the rays of the sun till it become colourless. Then keep it carefully. The pre- pararion loses its colour in the sun, but becomes yellow in the shade.
TiNOTURA Fbrri Ammoniati. L. Tincture of Ammoniated Iron. Take '^iv of ammoniated iron, and Oj of proof spirit. It cannot be called a tincture with much propriety. Medicinally it has been given in rickets and scrofula, in doses of 588 to 5ij, but it is not a very important preparation. It is also applied externally to schirrous tumours.
TiNOTURA Fbrri Muriatis. L. E. Muriaiis Ferri Liquor, D. Tinc- ture of Muriate of Iron. Take Ibss of subcarbonate of iron, Oj of muriatic acid, and Oiij of rectified spirit ; add the acid to the sub- carbonate in a glass vessel, and shake it for three days ; if there be any dregs, let them subside, then pour oJQf the dear liquor, and add the spirit to it. Decomposition. The muriatic add decomposes the subcarbonate of iron with effervescence^ expelling the carbonic add, and combining with
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448 TINC
the iron forms muriate of iron, or ratlier a mixture of the preto^ muriate and the permuriate, which are dissolved in the sjpmU It ought to be of spec. gray. 0^4t, and contain 16'8 grains of peroxide of iron in the ounce. Incompatible with alkalies, alkaline earths, and their carbonates, with lime water, solution of gum arabic, and astringent v^etable prepa- rations. Internally it is a very active preparation of iron, and is given as a tonic and diuretic, in doses of rtlx, cautiously increased to 5j, for dyspep- sia and debility. It may be conjoined with infiision of quassia, tincture of calumba and cinnamon water, and, if the bowels become constipated, with sulphate of magnesia. For dysuria arising from ^Msmodic stricture, or paralysis of the cervix vesica, Mr. Cline re- commends ii),x every ten minutes till relief is obtained. As an astringent, it acts powerfully on the kidneys and uterus, in internal hsmorrhage. It is also good for scrofula and for worms. Externally it is applied alone, or diluted with water, as a styptic lotion, for sanious ulcers and carcinoma, and as an escharotic, for destroying venereal warts, fungus, &c
TiKCTURA Galbami. D. Tiucturo of Galbanum. Take ^ij of galba- num, cut small, and Oij of proof spirit ; make a tincture. Medicinally it is given in doses of 5j to 5iij, as an antispasmodic stimulant, in hysteria, &c., but it is not a good form.
TiNCTURA Gallabum. E. D. P. Tincturc of Galls. Take Jij of powdered galls, and Jxvj of proof spirit ; make a tincture.
Medicinally it is given in doses of ^ to 5iij as an astringent, in diarrhcpa, dysentery, and hemorrhage.
TiNCTUBA GKNTiANiB CoMPOsiTA. L. E. D. Compouud TinctUTC of Gentian. Take Jij of gentian root, sliced, J j of orange-peel, dried, 38s of cardamom-seeds, bruised, and Oij of proof spirit; digest for 14 days, and filter. Medicinally this is an excellent and elegant preparation, and may be added with advantage to bitter infusions. It may be conjoined also with acids. Dose 5j to 5iij.
TiNCTURA GsNTiANiNiE. Ncw. Tincturc of Gentianine. Take gr. v of gentianine, and ^ of alcohol, spec. grav. '903 ; mix, and give as a tonic bitter, in doses of 553 to 5ij.
TiNCTURA Gratioljb. Tincturo of Hedge Hyssop. Take Jiv of the dried leaves of gratiola, and Oij of proof spirit ; make a tincture. Dose TH,xv, cautiously increased to 5j, or more, as a diuretic, vermi- fuge, and antasthmatic
TiNCTURA GuAiACi. L. E. D. Tincture of Guaiac. Take Ibss of gum guaiac, and Oij of rectified spirit; make a tincture, and give in doses
Digitized by
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of 5j to 5iy^ as a stimulant, diaphoretic, and laxative, rubbed up
with mucilage. It is not a good form. TiNCTURA GuAiACi Ammoniata. L. £. D. Ammoniated Tincture of
Guaiacum. Take ^v of gum guaiacum, and Ojss of aromatic spirit
of ammonia; digest for 14 days, and strain. IncompaiibU with chlorine, nitrous acid> the spirit of nitric ether, and
all adds and acidulous salts. Medicwalfy it is a valuable sudorific in chronic rheumatism, though it
is very nauseous and disagreeable. It may be given at bed-time, in
doses of ^ to 5ij, triturated with mudlage, honey, or milk ; and
foUowed by warm drinks, such as ginger-tea, decoction of bark, &c. TiNCTUBA Hellebori Nigbi. L. E. D. p. Tincture of Black Helle- bore. Take Jiv of the root of black hellebore, sliced, and Oij of proof
spirit ; digest for 14 days, and filter. Medicinally it is used as a drastic purgative and emmenagogue in gout,
and uterine obstructions, in doses of n^^xxx to 5j in a glass of water.
The Tincture of Veratrine will supplant this preparation, the
strength of which can seldom be known, except by actual trial. TiNCTUBA HuMULi. L. E. D. Tincture of Hops. Take Jv of hops,
Oij of proof spirit; digest for 14 days, and filter. The dose is 5ss
Jss as a tonic and sedative ; but it is, or wUl soon be, supplanted by
tincture of lupuline. TiNCTUBA Hyosctami. L. E. D. p. Tincture of Hyoscyamus. Take
Jiv of dried leaves of hyoscyamus, Oij of proof spirit, digest for 14
days andjfilter. Medicinally, it is a good sedative and anodyne, in cases where opium
cannot be used. Dose mxvj to 5ij. See Hyoscyamus. TiNCTUBA loDiNii. D. Tincture of Iodine. Take 3ij of iodine, Jj of
rectified spirit, mix and dissolve the iodine by heat, and preserve the
mixture in a closely-stopped vessel. Medicinally it is given in doses of ii\^x to ii),l, for scrofula, broncho-
cele, &c. TiNCTUBA Jalapjb. L. E. D. p. Tincture of Jalap. Take Jviij of
jalap root in powder, Oij of proof spirit ; digest 14 days, and filter. Medicinally it is given in doses of 5 j to }(S8 as a cathartic, and is oflen
added to purgative draughts, to increase their activity. TiNCTUBA Kino. L. E. D. P. Tincture of Kina Take 5iij of Idno in
powder, Oij of rectified spirit ; digest for 14 days, and filter. It is
a mixture of almost pure Tannin. Medicinally it is a good astringent, though inferior to catechu. The
dose is 5 j to 51), triturated with mucilage, for obstinate dysentery
and diarrhoea. TiNCTUBA Lavandula Composita. See Spib. Lavand. Comp.
2 G
Digitized by
450 TINC
TlNCTURA LaURI ClNNABfOMI. See TlNCT. CiNNAMOMI.
TiNCTQRA LoBRLif. New, Take Jij of lobelia inflata, Oj of dilute alcohd, digest for 10 days, and filter. It is expectoranty diuretic^ or emetic, according to the dose ; 5 j to 5uj is an emetic for an adult.
Or, take Jijw of lobelia inflata, and Oj of spirits of wine> at bead 225 ; digest for a fortnight, and strain. Thirty or forty measured drops are the usual dose> thrice a day, in asthma, hooping-cough^ diorea, delirium tremens, &c (Dr. Andsbw, of Glasoow.)
TlNCTURA LupuLiNiE. New, Tincture of Lupuline. Take ^j of lupuline, bruised, Jij of alcohol ; digest in a close Tessel for six days, press out the liquor, filter and add q. s. of alcohol to make Jiij ^ ^ tincture.
Medicinaify, it is given in doses of 5 j to 5ij to quiet excesnye irri- tability and procure sle^ in dironic dyqpepsia, delirium tremens, hepatitis, &c. It does not cause costiveness, like opium, nor affect the Hyer and head like it. (Dr. Ivbs.)
TlNCTURA Lyttjb. See Tinct. Canthaju
TlNCTURA Meloes Vesicatorh. See Tinct. Cantbar.
TlNCTURA MoscHi. D. Tincturc of Musk. Take 5rj of musk re- duced to powder, Oj of rectified spirit^ make a tincture, and give in doses of 5j to Jss, as an antispasmodic stimulant.
TlNCTURA MuRiATis Fbrri. See Tinct. Ferri Muriat.
TlNCTURA MuRiATis Ferri CUM OxYDO RuBRO. D. TinctoTe of Muriate of Iron, with the Red Oxide. Take Jj of red oxide of iron, Jiy of muriatic acid, q. s. of rectified spirit ; digest the oxide with the add for 24 hours, then boil for half an hour; evaporate the filtered liquor to the thickness of syrup, add the spirit to it when cold, shake it frequently, till the spedfic gravity is 1050. Medicinally it may be given in doses of ii\^x to ii\^xl or more, in the same cases as the tincture of muriate of iron.
TlNCTURA Myrrhjb. L. E. D. Tincture of Myrrh. Take Jiv of m3rrrh, bruised, Oiij of rectified spirit ; digest for 14 days, and filter. This is improved in this new edition of the Liondon Fharmaoryceia, being brighter and better than the old one. Internally it is given as a tonic and deobstruent, in doses of 5ss to 5j. Externally it is much used in gargles and lotions, with tincture of bark, infusion of roses, and acids, for spongy gums, sanious ulcers, and necrotic and exfoliating bones.
TlNCTURA Nucis VoMicJE. D. Tincturc of Nux Vomica. Take Jij of the shavings of the fruit of the strychnos nux vomica, Jviij of rectified spirit, macerate for seven days, and strain. Medicinally the dose is iT\^v to tt|,xx, as a nervine and narcotic
Digitized by
TINC 451
TiKGTusA Opii. L. E. D. Tincture of Opium, Laudanum. Tinc-
iura ihebaica. O. Take Jyss of hard opium in powder, Oij of
proof spirit; digest for 14 days, and filter: nj^xix contain gr.j of
opium. Internallt/ it may be given in doses of ii^x to it\x1, or gradually in- creased to 11)^100 or more, as a powerful anodyne, which has the
inconvenience, however, of producing costiveness, and deranging the
functions of the brain and the liver. The acetate of morphine is in
many cases superior, as it does not affect the bowels and the liver in
the same way. ExlernaUy it is applied in form of lotion, as an anodyne for pain and
spasm. It often relieves the spasm of temporary tetanus. (Dr.
A. T. Thomson.) TiKCTURA Opii Ammoniata. E. Ammoniated Tincture of Opium.
Take 5iij each of benzoic acid and English saffron, cut small, 5ij of
opium, 58S of oil of anise, ^xvi of ammoniated alcohol, and make a
tincture: 5j contains gr.j of opium. TiNCTURA Papaveris. Tincture of poppy. Take Jiv of white poppy
capsules, powdered, Oj of proof spirit ; digest for 14 days, and filter.
It is about half the strength of the preceding. TiNCTURA PiPSRis CuBEBA. D. Tincturc of Cubebs. Take jiv of
the fruit of cubebs pepper, fcij of spirit of wine ; macerate for 14
days, and strain. Medicinalh/ the dose is t)|,x to 5 j in gonorrhoea, gleet^ and chronic
rheumatism. TiNCTURA FyRETHRi. Tiucture of Pyrethrum. A term by no means
proper, is prepared by macerating Jj of root of pyrethrum in Jviij of
spirit of rosemary. Medicinally it is used as a stimulant gargle or wash for the mouth,
diluted with water. TiNCTURA QuASSiiE. E. D. Tiucture of Quassia. Take Jj of shavings
or chips of quassia, Oij of proof spirit ; make a tincture, and give in
doses of 5j to 5ij as a tonic. It is a good form of quassia, the
quassine being wholly soluble in the spirit. TiNCTURA QuiNiNiE SuLPHATis. New. Tincturc of sulphate of
Quinine. Take gr. iv of the sulphate of quinine, 5 j of alcohol spec.
grav. -847 ; make a tincture, and give in doses of 5ij to 5vj for
debility, intermittents, &c. TiNCTURA RHATANiiB. Tiucturc of Rhatauy, or Crameria Root. Is
prepared with Jij to Oj of proof spirit. TiNCTURA Rhei. L.E.D.P. Tincture of Rhubarb. Take Jij of
sliced rhubarb root, Jss of bruised cardamom-seeds, 5ij of saffiron, Oij
of proof spirit ; digest for 14 days, and filter.
2o2
Digitized by
45« TINC
Medictnally it is more astringent^ but not so pnrgatiye as the infusion.
The cardamom-seeds render it aromatic^ but there is no use for the
safiron. It is given in doses of Jss to J j in peppermint wat^. TiNCTURA RflEi CoMPoeiTA. L. D. Compound Tincture of Rhubarb.
Take Jij of rhubarb root> sliced^ Jss of liquorice root, bruised, 513 each
of ginger root, sliced, and of safiron, Oj of proof spirit, ^xij of wato-;
digest for 14 days, and filter. Medicinalfy it is given as a cordial stomachic, in doses of 5j to 51J, and
as a purgative 5vj to Jj. Anise-seeds are a good addition, as they
cover the nauseous taste of the rhubarb, though not of a very plea- sant flavour themselves to most palates. TiNCTUBA Rhbi bt Alobs. £. Tincture of Rhubarb and Akes.
Take Jvij of rhubarb in powder, 5yj of soootrine aloes in powder,
588 of cardamom-seeds, bruised, Oijss oi proof spirit ; make a tincturet,
and give in the same doses as the preceding. TiNCTURA Rhbi bt Gbntianjb. £. Tincture of Rhubarb and
Gentian. Take Jij of powdered rhubarb, ^ss of Geniianct hUea,
bruised, Oijss of proof spirit ; make a tincture, and give in similar
doses to the preceding. TiNCTURA SABiNiB CoMPOSiTA. Compound Tincture of Savine. Take
X] of extract of savine, Ibj of tincture of castor, Ibss of tincture of
myrrh; mix. TiNCTURA Sanouinarije. Tincturc of Blood Root. Take Jij of the
bruised root, and digest for 10 days in Oj of dilute alcohol, and filter.
The dose is it\^x to Jjss. See Sanouin. TiNCTURA Saponis et Opii. £. Tincture of Soap and Opium. The
same as the Linim. Sap. et Opii. E. TiNCTURA SciLLiE. L. E. D. P. Tiucture of Squills. Take 5iv of
squUl root recently dried, Oij of proof spirit ; digest for 14 days, and
filter. Medicinally, iT\,xxx are equal to gr. j of the root, and it may be given
in doses of ii\^x to 5j in the fdmond emulsion, for coughs, chronic
catarrh, and obstinate hoarseness. Enters into Mel Scills. D. TiNCTURA Sennjb. L. Tinctura Sennae Coraposita. E. D. Tincture
of Senna. Take Jiij of senna-leaves, jiij of caraway-seeds, brui^,
5j of cardamom-seeds, bruised, Jiv of raisins stoned, Oij of proof
spirit; digest for 14 days, and strain. Medicinally this is a good purgative, in doses of 31J to Jj for atonic
gout, dyspepsia, &c., along with the infusion of senna, or peppermint
water or ginger tea. Liquorice root is a good substitute for the
raisins. Tinctura Sbrpbntarije. L. D. Tincture of Snake Root Take
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TINC ^53
^iij of Virginian snake-root^ Oij of proof spirit; digest for 14 days, and filter. MedicinaUy it is stimulant and tonic^ in doses of 588 to ^iij for head- ache and gout^ but it is not a good form. TiNCTUBA Strychninjb. Nctv, Tincture of Strychnine. Take gr. iij of very pure strychnine, Jj of alcohol spec grav. 'SS? ; dissolve, and give in doses of T>).vj to T>).xxiv in any vehicle for muscular debility and paralysis. TiNCTUBA Thkbaiga. O. See Tinct. Opii.
TiNCTUBA TuEBiACALis. O. Is made with one part each of mith- ridate and Venice treacle, and four parts each of acetic add and proof spirit. TiNCTUBA ToLuiFEBJE Balsami. Tiucturo of Balsam of Tolu. Tinctura balsami Tolutani. D. Take Jjss of balsam of Tolu, Oj of alcohol ; make a tincture, and give as an expectorant, in doses of 5ss to 5jss. Medicinally its power is doubtful, and it is chiefly used to flavour cough
mixtures, when inflammation does not threaten. Enters into Syr. Toluifene BalsamL £. Trochisci Glycyrrhize cum Opio. E. TiNCTUBA Valebinje. L. D. Tincture of Valerian. Take Jiv of valerian root, Oij of proof spirit; digest for 14 days, and filter. It is given as a nervine and antispasmodic, in doses of 5SS to 5ij, but is chiefly added to infusions and draughts. TiNCTUBA Valebianje Ammoniata. L. D. Ammoniated Tincture of Valerian. Take Jiv of valerian root, Oij of aromatic spirit of ammonia; digest for 14 days, and filter. Medicinally this is prescribed as a nervine stimulant and antispasmodic, in doses of ^j to 5ij with milk, camphor mixture, ethereal prepara- tions, &c TiNCTUBA Vebatbi Albi. E. Tincture of White Hellebore. Take Jviij of white hellebore root, bruised, Oijss of proof spirit, and make a tincture. Medicinally it is alterative, in doses of triiij to v\v for cutaneous disorders. It is purgative, deobstruent, and emetic in larger doses, but is not a very safe or manageable preparation. TiNOTUBA Vbbatbinjb. Ncw. Tincture of Veratrine^ Take Jiv of
veratrine, J j of alcohol ; make a tincture. Medicinalfy it may be given from Tr^x to lY^xv, it^xx, or trixxv, in a glass of any aromatic water, or infusion for dropsy and leucophleg- matic disorders. It may also be employed extem^y by friction, in the same cases, and in gout. (Magendib.) TiNCTUBA Zinoibbbis. L. D. p. Tincture of Ginger. Take ^ij of
Digitized by
454 TRAG
ginger root^ sliced^ Oij of rectified spirit ; digest for 14 days, and
filter. It would be better to use ^iv of ginger. If the spirit is
weak> tbe tincture will be turbid. Medicinally it is a good stomachic stimulant^ in doses of 5j to ^iij for
atonic disorders, and as an adjunct to purgatives^ to prevent gnpng
and flatulence. TiNCTUBB OP Opium, in Farriery, Take Jyss of opium in powder,
Oij of proof spirits; macerate for 14 days, and strain. (Phabv.
Vbtbbinary Collbob.) TisANBS. See Ptisan-b. P. See Punch. Titanic Acid is composed of titanium and oxygen. Tobacco. See Tabaci Folia. Toddy. Any sort of ardent spirits mixed with boiling water and
sugar. ToLu LozBNGBs. See Lozbnges. ToMATA Kbtchup. See Ketchup. Tonic Balls, in Farriery. See Balls. Tonic Winb (Fbench). A nostrum which originated with the editor
of the Medical Adviser^ consisting diiefly of Tincture of Aloes and
other purgative tinctures. Tooth Powdebs. See Cabbo Ligni,' Dbntipricb, Gbebn, GBoe-
VENOB, Hemet, and Ruspini. Tormentilla Radix. L. E. D. P. Tormentil Root. TormetUiUa
officinalis, A native plant, common on dry heaths. The root is
knotty, and of a blackisb colour, but internally reddish, it contuns
tannin. Medicinally it is astringent and styptic; and as it seems to act with less
stimulants than other astringents, it has been preferred to check the
diarrhoeas attending hectic fever, and the dentition of infants. The
dose is gr. X to 5 j of the powder, or Jij of the decoction thrice a day,
with a little ipecacuan, or chalk mixture. (Fobdtcb.) ToxicoDENDBi FoLiA. L. E. P. Sumach, or Poison Oak Leaves.
Rhus toxicodendron. A native of America. Medicinally they are subacrid, stimulant, and narcotic, and have been
given in doses of gr. ss to gr. iv. of the powder, or the extract, twice
a day for palsy. (Alderson.) It is a very doubtful remedy. It has
been applied externally for herpetic eruptions ; but is apt to excite
erysipelas. Traqacantha. L. E. D. P. Tragacanth, or Gum Tragacanth. Procured
from the Asiragulus verus, a native of Persia. It has no smell, and
very little taste. It consists almost entirely of Cebasin. Incompatible with the sulphates of copper and iron, and with the
acetate of lead.
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Insoluble in water^ with which it gelatinizes. In boiling water it dis- solves partially^ when a portimi of a mineral acid is added. MedicincdUf it is chiefly used in pharmaceutical preparations. A hit of it allowed to dissolve gradually in the mouth tends to allay tickling coughs. Enters into Mudlago Astragali Tragacanthas, £. D, Pulv. Tragacanthse Comp. L.
Traumatio^ belonging to wounds.
Traumatic Balsam. See Tinct. Bens. Comp.
. Tbeaclb^ or Molasses^ is the impure syrup or uncrystallizable portion of the juice of the sugar-cane. It is very fermentable. Medicinallif it is purgative^ and is a cheap substance for aperient electuaries^ &c
Trefoil. See Menyakthes..
Tripoli. A sort of burnt earth, used for polishing and cleaning metals.
Triticum. See Farina and Amylum.
Trochisci. £. P. Lozenges. I have given the composition of some of these under Lozenges, Pastilli, and Tabelljb. Others I shall now mention.
Trochisci Carbonatis Calcis. £. Lozenges of Carbonate a£ Lime. Chalk Lozenges. Take Jiv of prepared carbonate of lime, %j of ^m arable mucilage, 5j of nutmeg in powder, and Jvj of re- fined sugar, triturate these together, and make into a paste with water. Medicinally two or three may occasionally be taken as an antacid and absorbent.
Trochisci Emetine. New. Emetine Lozenges. Take gr. xxxij of coloured emetine, Jij of refined sugar, make into lozenges of gr. xviij each. MedidnaUy emetic, when taken fasting, in doses of one for a child, and three or four for an adult.
Trochisci Glycirrhiza Glabbjb. E. Liquorice Lozenges. Take one part each of extract of liquorice and gum arable, two parts of refined sugar ; dissolve in warm water, strain, and evaporate with a gentle heat, so as to form lozenges in the usual way. Demulcent for coughs.
Trochisci Gummosi. E. Gum Lozenges. Take four parts of gum arable, and one part of starch, and twelve parts of refined sugar; make into lozenges with rose water. Demulcent for coughs.
Trochisci Nitratis Potass^. E. Nitre Lozenges. Take one part of nitrate of potass, three parts of refined sugar ; make into lozenges with mucilage of tragacanth.
Digitized by
456 TUTI
Medicmattg they are cooling in dryness of the iauoef, fever and tore throaty and for public speakers and singers.
Tbottbr Oil, or Neat's-foot Oil, may be purchased ready made of the butchers, but it is very impure, and ought to be simmered with equal parts of rose water oyer a fire stirred with a wooden spatula, and when cool, to be taken off with an oil qpoon; and, if necessary, the process repeated. It is excellent for making cold cream and other ointments. Dr. Dods says, alkanet root added makes it keep better.
TuBBBOfiB. Pdbfonihui tmbero$<u A fragrant plant, the root of which is emetic, and probably contains emetine or vioUne,
TuNG6Tic Acid is separated in the form of a yellow powder, by treating tungstate of lime finely levigated with nitric acid.
TuRFBTH MiNBBAL. Sulphate of Peroxide of Mercury. Suhstdpkas hydrargyri flavus, £., which see.
Turnbr's Cbratb. See Cbratum Calaminjb.
TuRMBRio. The root of Curcuma longa, and Curcuma rotunda, the powder of which is sometimes employed as a stimulant aromatic tonic, in doses of 5j to 5ij ; but it is chiefly used for its yellow colour. Adulterated in the powdered form with raspings of guaiac wood, bean meal, &c.
TuRNSAL. Another name for LiTBfUS, which see.
Turpentine. See Terebinth.
Turpentine Liniment, in Farriery. Mix Oj each of oil of turpentine and olive oil. (Pharm. Vet. Coll.)
Turpentine Ointment, in Farriery, Take fcj of common turpen- tine, &ij of lard, melt together. In summer, use tallow for the lard, or one-fourth oil with tallow in winter. (Pharm. Vet. Coll.)
TuRPETH. Convolvulus turpethum, P. An acrid cathartic herb. See also Subsulph. Hydraro. Flav. and Hydraro. Oxyd. Sulphur.
TussiLAOO. L. E. D. P. Coltsfoot. TussHago farfara. A native plant, common in barren, sandy soils. The leaves and flowers have been long in repute as a demulcent and expectorant in coughs ; but it has no virtue beyond that of a pleasant mudlage. A decoction is made by boiling a handful of the leaves in a quart of water, down to a pint Medicinally the expressed juice was recommended by CuUen for scrofula. It is used for smoking like tobacco.
TuseiLAOO Petasites. P. Butter Burr. A native plant, with very broad round leaves, common on the sandy banks of rivers. It is a weak, bitter, and mucilaginous demulcent.
TuTiA. Tutty. See Zincum and Ozydum Zinc Iicpub. Pbap.
Digiti
zed by Google
UNGU 457
U.
Ulsx Eubopaus. Fune^ WhinB. A native prickly shrub, the infusion or decoction of which is demulcent and diuretic. The seeds are still more so, and occasion nausea and diaphoresis.
Ulmi Cortex. L. E. P. Elm Bark. Ulmus campestris. It is very mucilaginous and also contains sugar, a little gallic acid, supertartrate of potass, and Ulmin or humin. Medicinalfy it is said to be alterative, tonic, and diuretic, and to be useful for herpetic and leprous eruptions. If it ever do good in such cases, it must be from its mucilage sheathing the add or acrid sub* stances of the prims vise, from which they arise. With this view it may be useful. Enters into Decoct. Ulmi. L. D.
Ulmio Acid. See Iluhic Acid.
Ulmin. A principle discovered by Klaproth, as exuding from the Ulmus nigra f It is better termed Humin, being the part of the soil which constitutes the main food of plants.
Ultramarinb. An expeditious and probably a cheap method of pre- paring this beautiful pigment, has lately been discovered on the con- tinent, but it is still kept secret. Adulterated frequently; but its genuineness may be ascertained by bringing it to a red heat in a crucible, when, if it is not genuine, it will become pale or blackish. When tried with oil, it assumes a brown tint.
Umber, and Burnt Umber, are earthy pigments used in painting.
Unguenta. Ointments. Are external applications of a softer con- sistence than cerates, though in other respects resembling them. The complication of the old pharmacy has now been in a great measure laid aside, and ointments are now usually formed of lard, prepared suet, or spermaceti, to keep the parts soft, and some one or two active ingredients. From their want of consistency they do not keep well, being apt to become rancid, and they should on that account be made in small quantities. The addition of a little finely-powdered refined sugar is useful for preventing this. Veterinary Oinimenis are introduced under the tenn Ointment, above.
Unouentum Acidi Nitrosi. £. D. Ointment of Nitrous Add. Take Ibj of lard, 'yrj of nitrous add; melt the lard, and rub the add into it by d^rees, till the mixture is cold. Medicinalfy it is stimulant, and is a good application to foul atonio- ulcers, and to herpetic eruptions*
Digitized by
458 UNGU
Unguentum Acidi Sulphurici. D. Ointment of Sulphuric Add. Take Jij of prepared lard^ 51) of sulphuric add; mix in a Wedgewood mortar for an ointment. Mediomalfy it is useful for itch^ gont, bronchocele^ and enlai^^ed joints ; but is 9;pt to corrode the patient's linen. (A. Duncan.)
Unguentum iBoYPriAcuii. See Liniment. .£buoini8.
Un«uentum ^ruginis. D. Verdigrise Ointment^ or Green BasUioom. Take Jviij of resinous ointment^ Jiij <^ olive oil, Jj of verdigrise ; mix, to make an ointment. MedicmaUif, it is stimulant and digestive for indolent ulcers, selected bums, &c.
Unguentum db Althba. Althea, or Marshmallow Ointment. Take 1000 parts of oil of mudlage, 250 parts of yellow wax, 125 parts each of pure resin and turpentine ; melt, and strain throu^ linen, stirring with a spatula till cold. Medicinally it is softening and suppurative.
Unguentum Ammonls. Take 5ss of carbonate of ammonia, ^ of simple cerate ; mix. Stimulant for strumous ulcers.
Unguentum Anti-Hjbmorrboidale. Pile Ointment. Take 5ij of submuriate of mercury, 5ss of solution of subacetate of lead, jss of solution of acetate of morphine, 5ij of Barbadoes tar, Jj of fresh lard ; mix for an ointment. Or, Take 5ij of oxide of «inc, 5j of submuriate of mercury, 5j of fresh lard ; mix for an ointment for piles, when very irritable.
Unguentum Antimonii Tartarizati. Ointment of TartarLsed An- timony. Take jjss of tartar emetic, Jj of q)ermaceti ointment; mix. Or, Take 5ij to 5iij of tartar emetic, and ^ <^ palm oil ; mix. Medicinally it may be applied so as to bring out pimples, in the quan- tity of 5j daily, for deep-seated pains, arthritic swellings, and for phthisis, hysteria, mania, &c (Jenner.) It is said to constitute Mr. St. John Long's boasted cure for consumption.
Unguentum Arsbnici. Arsenic Ointment Take 5j of powdered arsenic, Jvj each of lard and spermaceti ointment; mix, and apply to destroy the surface of cancerous ulcers ; but it is by no means safe.
Unguentum Auri. Take gr. j of gold, finely divided by means of
mercury, 58s of prepared lard, and mix. Medicinally it .is applied by removing about half an inch of the epidermis of the neck, and rubbing in a very small portion, morning and evening, for syphilis, &c. (Niel.)
Unguentum Basilicum. P. Basilioon Ointment. Ung, resime nigra:. L. Take 32 parts each of black i»tch, yellow resin, and yellow wax, 128 parts of dive oil; meit the pitch and the resin together, and add the oil and the wax ; melt, and strain through
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Hnen^ stirring it with a wooden rod till it become nearly ookL Maturative and stimulaht.
Ungubntum BBLLADONKiE. Ncfv. Take Jir each of the fresh leaves of belladonna and prepared lard ; bruise the leaves in a marble mortar^ and beat them up with the lard> then melt with a gentle heat, strain through cloth by pressure, and stir till cold. It may be made with equal parts of lard, and of the dried powder of the leaves. Medicinally it is excellent for tic doloureuz, and for relieving chordee^ priapism, and spasmodic stricture, either externally, or introduced by a bougie. It relieves iritis, and the pain of necarotic ulcers, but ought to be used with caution to abraded surfaces, as it may be absorbed.
Unguentum Cahphoratum. Take J j of elder-ointment, 5ss of superi- acetate of lead (rubbed up with a little oil of almonds), ^ss of extract of hyoscyamus, gr. xij of camphor in powder, with a little alcohol ; mix. It is a good sedative application for piles. (Chbston.)
Ungubntum Cantharidis. L. D. Ung, Itfttce. O. Take 3ij of can- tharides in very fine powder, Jviij of distilled water, Jviij of resin cerate ; boil down the water with the cantharides to one-half, and strain ; mix the cerate with the strained liquor, and evaporate to a proper consistency. Medicinally it is a very mild but rather an uncertain stimulant. The boiling destroys in part the acrimony of the flies.
Ungubntum Catbchu. Catechu Ointment. Take Jiv of catechu, 5ix of alum, ^iv of yellow resin, Jx of olive oil, and q. s. of water ; mix, to make an ointment. A good astringent application to languid ulcers.
Ungubntum Cera Ai^Bis. D. Ointment of White Wax. Take ftj of white wax, ftiv of prepared lard; melt, and mix. Emollient, and a good basis for other ointments.
Ungubntum Cerjb Flavjb. D, Ointment of Yellow Wax. Take fej of yellow wax, ibiv of prepared lard ; melt, and mix. Emollient, and as a basis for other ointments.
Ungubntum Cbrs cum Aceto. Take 5j of white wax, 5iij <^ lead plaster, ftj of olive ml, Jij of dUuted acetic acid ; melt the wax, the plaster, and the oil together, and add the vinegar gradually. It is a good application for excoriations and superficial eruptions.
Ungubntum Cbrjb cum Hydrargybo, Take Jviij of ydlow wax, ^v of prepared lard, Jij of olive ml, Jvj of mercurial ointment; melt together the wax, the lard, and the oil, stilr till almost cold, and add the blue ointment. It is a good application to atonic ulcers with callous edges.
Ungubntum Cbrussjb. D. See Ung. Oxid. Plumb. Alb. E.
T
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Unoubmtum Cbtaobi. L. D. Spermaceti Ointment Take 5yy of spermaceti, 5ij of white was, Jiij of oUve oil ; melt them together oyer a slow fire, stirring them constantly till cold. In summer it soon becomes rancid. Almond oil is more elegant than olive caL Medicinaify it is emollient, and used for dressing blisters and excoria* dons, and as a basis for active substances, such as tartar emetic, iodine, &c
Unoubntum Cjbrulbum. See Cbratum Cerul.
Unoubntum Cocculi Indici. Ointment of Cocculus Indicus. Take from ^ to 5ij of Cocculus Indicus in very fine powder, Jj of palm oil, or of lard ; mix, and apply for porrigo furfuracea ; but it is not very safe.
Unoubntum Conii. D. Hemlock Ointment. Is prepared in the same way as Ung. Bblladonna, and may be used for the same purposes; but in urethral disorders it is q[>t to produce impotence.
Ungubntum Cupri Sub-acetatis. £. Take 5ss of subacetate of copper, ^ of spermaceti ointment ; mix, and introduce by means of a bougie into the rectum, for prolapsus, and ulcers of the rectum, piles, &C.
Ungubntum Digitajlis. It is prepared in the same way as the ung. belladonnse, and applied in similar cases.
Ungubntum Elbmi Compositum. L. D. Elemi Ointment. YeUatv basilicon. Take thj of elemi, "^x of common turpentine, ibij of pre- pared suet, Jij of olive oil ; melt the elemi with the suet, remove them from the fire, and immediately mix them with the turpentine and the oil, and strain through linen. Medicinally it is a mild stimulant dressing for setons and issues, and for promoting the healing of ulcers. When too solid, add a little oil of turpentine.
Ungubntum Elemi cum ^rugine. Take 5j of erugo, &ss of elemi ointment, mix the verdigrise with a little oil, and having melted the ointment gradually, stir it in. It is a good stimulant for foul ulcers.
Ungubntum Fbrri Arsbniatis. Ointment of Arseniate of Iron. Take ^ss of arseniate of iron, ^ij of phosphate of iron, 5vj of sperma- ceti ointment; mix carefully, and apply to cancerous ulcers, and noli-me-tangere, to produce Ploughing. It is not very safe.
Ungubntum Fbrri Phosphatis. Ointment oi Phosphate of Iron. Take Jiij of phoephate of iron, ^ (^ spermaceti ointment; mix, and apply to atonic ulceration^, and for promoting a slough.
Ungubntum Fbrri Htdrootanatis. Ointment of Prussian Blue. Take 5j of the hydrocyanate (pnissiate) of iron in powder, %j of spermaceti ointment; mix, and apply to foul and irritable ulcers, open cancer, noli-me-taugere, &c* (Roudbt.)
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Ungubntum Ferri Subcarbonatis. Take 5j each of subcarbonate of iron and balsam of copaiba, ^vj ^^ spermaceti ointment ; mix, and apply to phagedenic ulcers.
Ungubntum Galium Camphoratum. Camphorated Ointment of Galls. Take 5ij of galls in fine powder, 58S of camphor, 1; j of prepared lard ; incorporate the camphor with the lard, and then add the galls. Apply as an astringent for piles after leeching and fomentations.
Ungubntum Galljb CoMFoeiTUi^. Take 5ij each of powdered galls and solution of acetate of lead, 5j of powdered opium, Jj each of j prepared lard and spermaceti ointment It is a good astringent for / boms, scalds, haemorrhoids, &c.
Ungubntum Gallarum. D. Ointment of Galls. Take ^j of finely- powdered galls and Jviij of prepared lard, to make an ointment for piles, &c.
Ungubntum Hbllebori Albi. Ointment of White Hellebore. Take 5 j of white hellebore in powder, Jj of prepared lard ; mix, and apply for itch, and other eruptions, See Uno. Vbratr.
Ungubntum Hydrargyri. E. D. P. Take equal parts of mercury and suet, three parts of lard ; mix, tUl the filobules of mercury disappear. One drachm contains gr. xij of mercury. See Ung. Hydrarg. Fortius.
Ungubntum Hydrargyri Albi. Take 5j of the hydrosublimed mer- ^^'y^ 511 of olive oil, Jiij of prepared lard ; mix intimately, and apply in the same cases as the strong mercurial ointment, than which it is an equally effectual and a neater preparation.
Ungubntum Hydrargyri Camphoratum. Take ^ of strong mercu- rial ointment, 5ss of camphor; mix, and apply at bed-time along the course of the urethra, for chordee, or to indurated tumours. Ungubntum Hydrargyri Fortius. L. Strong Mercurial Ointment. Blue ointment. V. Take ttij of purified mercury, J^uuij of prepared lard, Jj of prepared suet ; first triturate the mercury with the suet and a little of the lard, till the globules disappear, add the rest of the lard, and mix. One drachm contains gr. xxx of mercury. Chemically the mercury appears to be partly in a state of mechanical subdivision and partly in the form of protoxide, the latter of which alone is the active part of the preparation. An ointment may ac- cordingly be made of more uniform strength, by incorporating gr. xxj of the black oxide of mercury with 3 j of lard, at the temperature of 250° Fahr. (Donovan.) See Ung. Oxid. Hydr. cinbr. E. Genuine strong mercurial ointment is, when fresh made, of a greyish- blue colour, and has no appearance of globules of metallic mercury difiused through it. Imitated, or rather improved, by substituting butter of cacao for lard.
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and uang equal parts of it and mercurj, adding to every ounce n^x of fresh egg oil. This form of the ointment has the advantage of an agreeable smell, and oi keeping well without becoming randd. (M. Flinch E.) AduUeraied with an ointment made with rancid lard> which greatlj facilitates the incorporation of the mercury, but it is rendered by this means more iiritating to the skin, and still more so by turpentine, which is added for the same purpose. Sulphurated dl renders it inert by forming a sulphuret of mercury. Medicinally it is one of the best modes of administering mercury, horn 5SS to 5ij being rubbed in before the fire, with the warm hand oi the patient himself, and on the inside of the thighs or arms, and on the calves of the legs every night, till the mouth acquire a metallic taste, and become slightly sore, when it must be partially discontinued, as excessive salivation is found in almost every case to do more harm than good. The warm bath is better for promoting its action than the additioh of camphor, &c., which are apt to irritate the skin. The ointment itself sometimes irritates the skin, and brings out eruptions, in which case a different p^bce must be selected for the frictions. When it is employed for dropsy, diuretics should be employed with it. When salivation runs too high, a dose or two of the acetate of morphine should be given, and the ointment or liniment of belladonna ^ould be rubbed over the parotid and submaxillary glands. In local paralysis, and other local affections, it is good to rub in this oint-> ment, and give at the same time calomel, or some other mercurial, internally.
Unouentum Hydraboyri Mitius. L. D. Milder Mercurial Oint- ment. Take Ibj of stnmg mercurial ointment, ibij of prepared lard ; mix. Six drachms of this contain 5j of mercury. It is a prepara- tion of little impcnrtance ; but is sometimes used to dress ^philitic sores, and to destroy pediculi.
Ungusntuh Hydraroyri Nitratis. L. E. D. Ointment erf Nitrate of Mercury. Citrine ointment, V. Ung, supernitrat, h^drarg. O. Take Jj of purified mercury, jxj of nitric acid, Jvj of prepared lard, ^v of olive oil ; dissolve the mercury in the add, and, while the solution is hot, mix it with the oil and lard, previously melted together.
Medicinally it is useful in herpes, and other eruptions, and for indolent ulcers, as a stimulant and alterative. It is an excellent application to inflammation of the tarsi, when mixed over a water-bath, with equal parts of spermaceti ointment, or almond oil, put on in a very small quantity, with a camel's-hair pencil, at bed-time: ^ij of balsam of copaiba to ^j of this ointment, is a good addition.
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Unchtmntum Nitratis Hydrahoyris Mitius. E. Milder Ointment of Nitrate of Mercury. Take three times the quantity of the lard and the oil as that directed in the preceding. It is used chiefly for the eyes, and is not so hard as the other : 5 j of pitchy or of sugar of lead water^ to 3 j of the ointment is a good addition for pile^ prurigo pudendi et recti^ Sec
Unouentum Hydraroyri NiTRico-OxiDi. L. D. Ung. oxidi Ay- drarg. rubrL E. Ung. subniirat hydrarg. O. Ointment of Nitric Oxide of Mercury. Take Jj of nitric oxide of mercury, Jij of white wax, JYJ of prepared lard ; to the wax and lard sielted together add the nitric oxide of mcarcury reduced to a very subtile powder, and mix. The nitric oxide ought to be very finely pulverized. Medicinalhf it is an excellent stimulant for foul and atonic uloerSf and chronic inflammation of the eyelids. It is best applied on a bit of lint to ulcers, covering this with a dressing of spermaceti ointment. When mixed with any sort of resinous ointment, the red oxide of mercury is converted into the black oxide. One drachm of subcar- bonate of iron to ^ j of this ointment is a good addition.
Unousntum Hydraroyri Ozymuriatis. Corrosive Sublimate Oint- ment. Take gr. x of oxymuriate of mercury very finely levigated, the yolk of one e^, ^ j of prepared lard. First triturate the subli- mate with the yolk of egg, and then incorporate with the lard. It is used in the same cases as the preceding.
Unouei^tuii Hydraroyri Prjbcipitati A14BI. L. Take 5j of white precipitated mercury, ^jss of prepared lard ; melt the lard over a slow fire, add the mercury, and mix. It is a good itch-ointment, and is useful for porrigo and herpes.
Unoubntum Hydraroyri Prjbcipitati per Caloe. Take 5j of the precipitate which falls on mixing the ox3rmuriate of mercury with lime water, 5j of ointment of elder-flowers, or of prepared lard ; mix, and apply to phagedenic and strumous ulcers, and cutaneous affections.
Umoubntum Hydraroyri Proto-iodurbti. New, Take 3j of the proto-ioduret of mercury, Jjss of prepared lard, and make an oint- ment for strumo-syphilitic ulcers. The deuto-ioduret makes a still more active ointment. A very small quantity of these ointments is applied upon a bit of lint.
Unguentum Hydraroyri Prubsiatis. Ointment of Prussiate, or Hydrocyanate of Mercury. Take 5iJ8S of hydrosublimed mercury, U^^xx of hydrocyanic acid, 5j of spermaceri omtment ; mix carefully in a glass mortar. If the add be of a proper strength it will make the mercury of a blue coloiu:. It is good for porrigo, herpes, and irritable syphilitic ulcers.
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Unguentuii Infusi Mblobs Vbsicatobii. £. Ointment of Infused Cantharides. Similar to the Uno. Canthar. L. The canthaiides are in both rendered nearly inert by boiling. An cnntment of Cam- THABADiNB would be preferable.
UNGumTijM loDiNii. D. lodinc Ointment Take 9j of iodine, Jj of fireth prepared lard ; incorporate by trituration in a glass mortar. MedkinaUy it is applied with good efiect to wens and scrofulous swell* ingSy and also for sdrrhus, &c It renders the skin yellow, hot this soon wears off. When it irritates the skin, the proportion of iodine must be diminiidied, or partially discontinued ; when it does not, the iodine may be increased. The iodurets of lead and of mercury are also used in ointments in similar cases.
Unouentum Laurinum. p. Laurel Oirtment. Take 500 parts of laurel-leaves, 1000 parts of prepared lard, incorporate in a mortar, melt in a gentle heat till all moisture disappear, and towards the end add 500 parts of laurel-berries, in powder; digest in a water- bath for ten hours, and strain through linen. It is tonic and nervine.
Unouentum LupuLtKJB. Take one part of lupulin, and three parts of prepared hogs'-lard, and make an ointment. (Fbeake.)
Unguentum Lyttjb. See Uno. Canthar.
Unouentum Nutritum. Take ibss of litharge, Jv of acetic acid, &j of olive oil, melt the litharge and oil, and triturate by small portions with the acid, till it is quite white. It is applied to ulcers with in- flamed edges.
Unouentum Ophthalmioum. See Uno. Hydraro. Nitrat., Unq. Mbxjq., and Ung. Zinci.
Unguentum Ozidi Plumbi Albi. £. Unguentum cenusa sive nr&- acetatU plumbi. D. Ointment of White Oxide of Lead. Take five parts of simple ointment, one part of white oxide of lead ; mix, and make an ointment to be applied to bums and excoriations.
Unguentum Oxidi Hydrargyri Cinerei. E. Ointment of Grey Oxide of Mercury. Take one part of the grey oxide of mercury, three parts of prepared lard, make an ointment as a substitute for strong mercurial ointment.
Unguentum Oxidi Zinci Impuri. E. See Ung. Tuti^b, D., and Ung. Zinci. L.
Unguentum Picis Liquidje. L. D. Tar Ointment. Take fcj each of tar and prepared suet ; melt them together, and strain through linen. It is said to be good for herpetic eruptions and some forms of porrigo. Sulphur is a good addition.
Unguentum Picia Nig&b. L. Black Pitch Ointment. Ung. basiiU cum nigrum. O. Black basilicon. V. Take Jix each of pitch.
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yellow wax^ and yellow resin, Qj of olive oil ; melt over a slow fire, and strain through linen. It is stimulant and sedative, but not a very agreeable application to irritative ulcers : ^ss or 5j of finely levigated red precipitate, to ^ j of the ointment, is a good addition. Unouentum Piperis Niori. D. Ointment of Black Pepper. Take 5iv of black pepper finely powdered, tbj of prepared lard ; make an ointment to be used as an irritative stimulant Ungubntum Plumbi Carbonatis. D. Ointment of Carbonate of Lead* Take Jij of carbonate of lead in fine powder, and HJ of white wax to make an ointment for bums and irritable sores. Unouentum Plumbi Compositum. Take Ibss of lead plaster, Jiv pre- pared lard, Jvj each of olive oil and wax ointment, Jiv of vinegar, ^j of solution of subacetate of lead ; the four first are to be melted together, and, when cold, the other two added gradually. It is useful in cutaneous inflammation as a defenuve. Unoubntctm Plumbi cum AcBTa See Uno. Nutritum. Unguentum Plumbi Subacetatis. Take ^j of wax ointment, 5ss of
solution of subacetate of lead ; mix, and apply as the preceding. Unouentum Potassjb Hydriodatis. D. Ointment of Hydriodate of Potass. Take 3j of hydriodate of potass, jj of prepared lard ; make an ointment to be rubbed in on strumous and scirrhous tumours, &c, in the quantity of 5S8 morning and night, increasihg it gradually. (Magendib.) Unguentum Pulveris Mbloes Vesicatorii. £. Ung. Canthar. D. Take seven parts of resinous ointment, one part of powdered cantharides ; mix, and make an ointment to be applied as an irrita- tive stimulant, to keep open blisters and issues. Unguentum Populeum. P. Take 500 parts of the fresh buds of the black poplar, macerate for 24 hours, in 1500 parts of prepared lard, melted, keep this till the following herbs can be had fresh, vis., 128 parts of the leaves of belladonna, hyoscyamus, Solanum nigrum^ and Uack poppies ; mix with the preceding, melt over a slow fire, till all moisture disappears, and strain. Medicinalfy it is sedative for local inflammations and piles, and eases the pain of cancer. It is applied also a little hot to the chapped breasts of nurses, &c Unguentum Resinjb NiGRiB. O. See Uno. Picis Nigr. Ungubntum Resinosum. £. Resinous Ointment. Ung. resime albce. D. Take eight parts of hogs'-lard, five parts of resin, and two parts of yellow wax ; melt, and mix for a detersive and stimulant ointment. Enters into Ung. Subacetatis CuprL £. D. Unguentum Resinjb Flava. Ointment of Yellow Resin. Yellow basUicon, O. Take ftj each of yeUow resin, yellow wax, and oliva
tu
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oil ; melt the wax and the resin together^ and add the oiL It is a popular digestire.
Ungurntum Rbsims Nigra. L. See Ung. Babilicum. P.
Ungurntum Sabinje. See Ceratum Sarin.
Ungurntum Sambuci. L. D. Elder Ointment. Take fiiij each of elder-flowers and prepared lard ; boil the elder-flowers in tlie laid till they become crisp, and strain through linen. MedicinaUtf it is emollient, and in piles is preferable to spermaceti oint- ment^ which sometimes increases irritatitm. Mr. Brande says it is a foolish preparation^ and Dr. Paris seems to agree with him.
Ungurntum Sorophularijb. D. Ointment of Water Betony, or Stinking lU^er^ Take &ij of the fresh leaves of scrophularia nodosa and prepared suet ; boil the leaves in the suet till they are cnsp, and . strain with expression.
Ungurntum Simplex, £. D. Simple Ointment. Take five parts of
olive oil and two parts of white wax ; melt, to form an ointment.
It is emollient, and used for dressing blisters, and as a basis for other
ointments.
Enters into Ung. Acetatis Plumbi- E. Ung. Oxidi Plumbi AlhL E.
Unguentum Subacrtatis Cufri. E. D. See Ung. iBRUG. O.
Ungurntum Submuriatis Hydrargyri Ammoniati. D. Take ^ss of ammoniated submuriate of mercury, 3\} ^ white wax cnntment ; mix.
Ungurntum Sulphurib. L. E. D. Sulphur Ointment. Take ^j of sublimed sulphur, %ss of prepared lard ; mix. It is almost, if not altogether, a specific in scabies or psora. The colour may be im- proved by cinnabar, and the smell covered by oil of lavender and essence of bergamot. The muriate of ammonia is a good addttioa to- allay the itching.
Ungurntum Sulpuuris Compositum. L. Compound Sulphur Oint- ment* Take fess of sublimed sulphur, ^ij of white hellebore-root, powdered, 5 j of nitrate of potass, ibss of soft soap, ftjss of prepared lard ; mix. This is a very inelegant and coarse form, and is only used in hospitals, for itch, and for destroying lice. It is very irritating.
Ungurntum Sulphurib cum Zinci Sulphatr. Phamu Btriin. Jasser's Ointment. Take ^j each of sublimed sulphur and sulphate of zinc, q. s. of lard and oil of laurel to form an ointment. This is excellent for scabies.
Ungurntum Tartari Emrtici. D. Tartar Emetic Ointment. See Ung. Antimon. Tartariz.
Ungurntum Tutlb. D. P. Tutty Ointment Ung, oxidi zinci tw- puri. E. Take Jij of prepared tutty, Jx of white wax ointment, mix. Astringent for tarsal ulcers.
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Umgubntom Ve^atri. L. White Hellebore Ointment. Ung. kelleb. albL D. Take Jij of white hellebore-root^ in powder, 5viij of pre- pared lard, itixx of oil of lemons ; mix. It is extremely irritating, and ought not to be used for children. It effectually destroys vermin.
Unguentum Veratrinjb. Netv, Ointment of Veratrine. Take gr. iv of veratrine, Jj of prepared lard; mix, and apply for chronic rheumatism, goat, and dropsy. (Magendib.)
Unguentum Zinci. L. Ointment of Zinc. Ung. oxid. zinci, £# D* Take ^ j of oxide of zinc, ^vj of prepared lard ; mix, and apply to the tarsi at bed-time, as an astringent for ophthalmia tarsi, and to excoriated nipples ; but it is not safe for the infant at the breast. It is improved by calomel.
Unguentum Zinci Iodidis. New. Ointment of Iodide of Zinc. Take 5 j of iodine of zinc, Jj of prepared lard, make an ointment for scro- fulous and scirrhous tumours ; 5 j to be rubbed in daily and increased, if no irritation follow* (Ure.)
Upas Antiar. The juice of the AfUiaris toxicaria, is a strong vegetable poison, and used by the Indians to poison arrows.
Upas Tieutb. The celebrated poison of Java, which kills in a few secondi by inducing tetanus. It appeurs to contain Strychnine. (MM. Pelletibr and Caventou.)
Urea. New. A chemical principle derived from urine, by treating it, when evaporated to the consistence of syrup, with an equal volume of nitric acid, at 24<^. Agitate this mixture in an ice-bath, to obtain crystals, which must be washed with water at zero, and pressed be- tween two sheets of paper. Dissdve these in water, and treat with subcarbonate of potass, to take up the nitric acid. Evaporate to dryness with a gentle heat, treat the residue with pore alcohol, which will only dissolve the uresa, concentrate the solution, and crys- tallize the urea. It may be deprived of all smell and colour, by heating it with animal charcoal. MedkinaUy urea is said to be diuretic, and it has also been given by M. Segidas, for diabetes, commencing with gr. xxv, and increasing to several drachms in Eau sucrie. It docs not appear to merit mudi confidence. (Magbnbie.)
Uric Acid is the same as LUhic Add, which see.
Urtica. p. See Nettle.
Usquebaugh. Escubac A fiqueur, the name of which is Celtic for " Water of Life." Aqua vUos, O. It is prepared by infusing for eight days, in Oiv of brandy, 5vj of saffron, gr. xxiv of mace, the peeb of an orange and two citrons ; distilling this tincture in a water- bath ; then dissolving Ibiv of sugar in Oij of soft water, adding it to the former, and filtering.
2 h2
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Uvx Pa08JB. L. £. P. Raisins. The dried fruit of the Fiiis vinifsra. Raisins are cooling, acidulous^ and nutritive, also slightlj lazatiye, and expectorant ; hut of little medicinal importance.
UvJB Ussi Folia. L. E. D. P. Uva Ursi, or Bear-herry Leaves. Ar- buiut uva ursi, A native shruh, hut not ccxnmon. It is chiefly used on account of its astringency. It is also slightly diureUc. It is supposed to relieve nephritic and calculous complaints and vesical irritahility hy astringing the relaxed mucous memhrane c£ the hladder. Sic, and diminishing the secretion of mucus. The dose is 9j to 5j of the dried leaves thrice a day. It frequently renders the urine hlack. It does not seem to merit much confidence. Imitated hy substituting the leaves of other plants for the genuine, which are oblong-egg-shaped, very entire, and veined like network underneath.
V.
Vaccine Matter is procured by puncturing the vaccine pustule about the ninth or tenth day, and drying what exudes on a lancet, or, what is better, on a small square of glass. When it is to be sent to a dis- tance, it ought to be drawn into a small glass globe, and hermetically sealed. It will thus keep good for a long period. When it is to be applied, the dried matter must be moistened with a little hoi water.
Valerians Radix. L. £. D. P. Valeriau Root. Valeriana offidnaUs. A native plant, not uncommon in woods and thickets. The root has a very unpleasant smell (which cats are very fond of), and a some- what acrid and nauseous bitter taste. Adulterated with other roots, but the genuine may be known by a cluster of fibres adhering to one head, and by having the peculiar smell of valerian. Those are best which are procured from a dry soil, though it is not easy to procure such, for the plant affects moist ground. The same remaik holds of digitalis. MedkinaUy it has long been considered an anti^msmodic and emmena- gogue, and is on that account prescribed in hysteria, and chlorosis, as well as in other nervous disorders. Dr. Paris says the powder is the best form, and the decoction the worst: Mr. Brande, that the powder is not a commendable form, and that it is best in infusion or decoc- tion. The tincture is perhaps preferable. Dose of the powder 9j to 5j, twice a day, with mace or cinnamon to disguise the flavour. It is a good adjunct to bark and the foetid gums. Enters into Ext. Valeriame. D. Infus. Valeriane. D. Tinct Vale- rian®. L. D. Tinct. Valerian® Ammoniata. L. D,
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Vanilla Aromatiga. P. Vanilla. The pods of tlie Eptdendtxm vanilla.
A warm> aromalac stamulant and nervine^ in doses of 58S to 5ij. Vabnish. a term applied to an extensive class of compositions, which give polish and brilliancy to wood and other substances. The var- nishes used for metals are called Lacquers^ which see.
Balloon Famish, See Caoutghouo.
Black Famish. Take Jij of lamp-black, Jiv of yellow resin, Jviij of gum sandarac, and Oiv of rectified spirit ; mdt, mix, and make a varnish.
Or, for old straw, or chip hats. Take ^ss of black sealingwax, powder it, and digest in ^ij of rectified spirit in a sand-heat. Lay it on warm with a soft brush before the fire.
Caoutchouc Famish. See Caoutchouo.
Copal Fafmishes are made in various ways. The best is made cold by dissolving pure copal in essence of rosemary, and then adding a little alcohol, letting it stand to settle, and pouring off the clear liquid. This does for wood, pasteboard, paintings, metal, &c See Copal.
Crystal Famish is a solution of Jiij of gum mastic in Oj of rectified spirit.
Furniture Famish. See Polish. Or, dissolve Ibiij of resin, Ibij of turpentine, and Ox of linseed oil, over a slow fire, and, if too thick, soften it with oil of turpentine.
Indian Famish is composed of ^v each of shell and seed lac, dissolved in Oij of rectified spirit.
Italian Famish is Venice turpentine boiled till it become brittle, when it is finely powdered, and dissolved in oil of turpentine.
Mastic Famish is composed of Jij of gum mastic dissolved in Oj of oil of turpentine. See Cbystal Vabnibh.
Painter's Cream is prepared by dissolving 3SS of mastic in tears, pul- verized in Jiij of nut oil ; add this to a third of an ounce of acetate of lead, in a marble mortar, and stir, adding gradually a little water, till it becomes creamy.
Picture Famish is made by dissolving Jxij of mastic, '^lyas of Venice turpentine, gr. xxx of camphor, and Oiijss of oil of turpentine together, and pouring off the clear liquor from the dregs.
PrirU Famish is made by adding ftj of copal in powder by single ounces per day to Ibiv of balsam of copaiba, keeping in a warm place, and frequently stirring. When dissolved, add a portion of Chio turpen- tine. (Lb Blond.)
Red Famish is made with mastic, gum benjamin, sandarac, seed-lac, turpentine, and rectified spirits, dissolved in the usual way.
Spirit Famishes are all those made with rectified spirit. Vauquelina. See Strychnia.
Digiti
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470 VERB
Vbgbto-Sulphubic Acid. ThU is procured by treating ligneous fibre
iivith sulphuric add. (Bbacconot.) Vbnicb Turpentine. See Terebinth. Venet. .Velno's Vegetable Syrup, according to Adair> is composed of a solu- tion of corrosive sublimate triturated with honey and mucilage. According to Swediaur it contains volatile alkali. According to Mr. Brodie, it is similar to the following. Take Jij of burdock root, (young and fresh) sliced, 3j of dandelion root, 3 j of fresh spearmint, 5jss each of senna leaves, coriander-seeds, bruised, and fresh liquorice root, and Ojss of water ; boil down to Oj, strain, and when cold add &j of refined sugaiv boil to a syrup, and add a small portion of the solution of ox3rmuriate of mercury. (Paris.) Veratria, or Veratrina. New, A diemical prindple discovered by MM. Pelletier and Caventou, in the Ferairum sabadilla, Fer. com' mune, and Colchicum autumnale* It may be procured by treating the seeds of the sabadiUa with rectified spirit, evaporating the tinc- ture, treating the residuum with water, filtering the liquor, and precipitating the veratrine with carbonate of potass. The precipi- tate is then to be washed with water.
Soluble in ether, and vegetable adds, and still more so in alcohoL Scarcely soluble in cold, but a little so in boiling water. InsoluUe in alkalies.
Medicinally it is inodorous, but violently (even dangerously) errhine. It is very acrid, but without bitterness. It is powerfully cathartic, and emetic, and may be given in form of pills with mucilage, in doses of gr. i to gr. \^ in gout, rheumatism, obstinate constipation, &c. See Tinct. Veratr., and Unq. Veratr. The acetate is the best prepararion.
Poisonous in larger doses, producing violent emesb, and hjrpeccatbarsis.
Opium is the best antidote. Veratri Radix. X^ £. P. White Hellebore Root. HeUeborus Mus. D. It contains veratrine in the form of a gallate, and is a verj vio- lent and unmanageable purgative, and errhine, and also emetic It has been given in doses of gr. ij of the powder, in mania, epilepsy, gout, and cutaneous disorders ; but the veratrine ought to supersede it as being more certain. It is also used externally, for itch, &c See Uno. Veratri.
Poisonous, like the last, and also dangerous as an errhine. It is no uncommon trick among the lower dasses to mix the powder with snufi*, and in this way hazardous consequences are often pro- duced.
£fi/er*twto Decoct. Veratri. L. Tinct, Veratri Alb. E. Ung. Veratri. L. Verbascum Thapsus: Folia. D. Leaves of the Great Mullein. They
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are lised in fomentation as an emollient and discutient. They are also fraudulently mixed with digitalis.
VERnENA Officinalis. P. Vervain. It is a feehle astringent, and an infusion is used in the ophthalmia of infants, as a wash. The leaves are also made into a cataplasm with vinegar. The verbena triphyUa, P., is aromatic.
Verdiorise. See ^rugo.
VsRDiTER, or Blue Verditer, is prepared by decomposing by means of chalk the nitrate of copper, the solution of which is poured upon whiting till it acquires a blue colour. It is an impure carbonate of copper. (R. Phillips, Joum. tf Science, vol. iv.)
Verjuice is properly the juice of the crab-apple, expressed and filtered. It is used in making the Lancaster Black Drop. The term, how- ever, is often applied to dilute acetic acid (Distilled Vinegar.)
Vermifuge is a medicine which destroys worms.
Vermilion. Cinnabar, or Red Sulphuret of Mercury, See Hy- DRARo. Sulphur. Rubr.
Veronica Officinalis. P. Male SpeedweU, European Tea. It is bitter, subastringent, and expectorant It is drank in form of infu- sion for phthisis^ coughs, &c. See Beccabuno. Folia.
Vervain. See Verbena.
ViciA Sativa. p. The common Vetch, or Tare. The seeds are fari- naceous, and used in cataplasm.
ViGANi's Elixir. See Spir. iBTHER. Arom*
Vinca Major, and Vinca Minor. P. Periwinkle. Native plants which are bitter and astringent, and used in gargles, &c
Vine. See Uvjb Passjb.
Vinegar^ See Acetum, and Acidum Aceticum, Camp Vinegar, &c.
Vinegar of Colchicum. See Acbt. Colch.
Vinegar of Cucumbers. Infuse for three days in Oiij of vinegar, 15 large cucumbers, sliced^ four onions, three shallots, one head of gar- lic, jiv of salt, jss of pepper, and 5j of Cayenne pepper. Boil, strain, and filter.
Vinegar of the Four Thieves. See Acid. Acet. Aromat.
Vinegar of Horse^Radish. Digest for a fortnight 5j of scraped horse-radish root in Oj of vinegar, and strain.
Vinegar of Opium. See qpium.
Vinegar of Squills. See Acet. Scilljb.
ViNUM. L. E. D. P. Wine. It is employed in medicine for extracting the medicinal properties of some substances, and it is sometimes given alone. The Spanish white-wine, or sherry, was directed in the former Pharmacopoeia of the London College ; but its frequent adulteration and uncertainty of composition has led them to sub-
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472 VINU
ftitute for it a dilute spirit, though this is by no means free from objection.
Medicinalfy it is an excellent cordial and tonic, in low fevers, and in convalescence, provided it is not tart or new. Port-wine is most commonly used for this purpose. It is excellent, as I have more than once seen, and also experienced in mj own person, in gangrene, and in scarlatina and confluent smallpox, in the gangrenous stage, when pushed even to the verge of inebriation. An old man, with a limb shattered by a fall, and completely gaugrenous, and covered with yellow vesications, had a glass of port- wine every 10, 15, and 50 minutes, and recovered from all but absolute death.
Enters into Prep. Vini Medicati Sequentes. ViNUM AB8INTHIATS8. P. Wormwood Wine. Take 5vj each of the dried leaves of great, and of Pontic, wormwood, and Oiv of white wine; macerate for 24 hours in a matrass, and filter with expresaon. It is a good bitter tonic and stimulant. ViNUM Alobs. L. £. D. Wine of Aloes. Tinctura sacra. O. The new Jbmwla is : Take Jviij of extract of spiked aloes, jij of Canella bark, Oiv each of proof spirit and distilled water ; triturate the aloes into powder with clean white sand, rub also the canella into powder; mix, and pour over them the spirit and the water ; digest for 14 days, stirring occasionally* and strain. It contains one part of proof spnt, and one part of water.
The old formula contains the same quantities of aloes and canella, and Oij of proof spirit, with Ovj of white wine prepared in the same way.
Medicinally it is given as a stomachic, in doses of 5j to ^j, and as a purgative in doses of 3j to Jij. It is improved by the addition of myrrh, and the subcarbonates of ammonia and soda, for gouty dys- peptic, and chlorotic cases, and tabes meaenterica. ViNUM Antimonii Tartarizati. L. Antimonial Wine. Liqmtr Tartari emetici, D. Take 3j of tartarized antimony, Jviij of boil- ing distilled water, and Jij of rectified spirit ; dissolve the tartarixed antimony in the boiling water, aud add the spirit to the filtered liquor. One ounce contains gr. ij of tartar emetic
Light does not decompose it as it does a solution of tartar emetic (Dr. J. Davy.)
It is bad when not perfectly clear and without sediment, which, when made with wine, is tartrate of lime and vegetable extractive.
Medicinally it is diaphoretic, in doses of ir^x to ir^xxx, along with saline draughts and warm drinks ; it is a nauseant in doses (^ 5 j to 5ij ; and it is emetic in doses of Jss to Jj. To infants, a tea-spoonful every ten minutes will evacuate the stomach speedily. From peculiarity of constitution it often operates violently in very small doses.
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VINU 473
ViKUM CoLCHici. L. Wine of Meadow Safiron. Tinclura seminum colchici. D. Take tbj of the fresh root of colchicum^ sliced, 5iv of proof spirit, and Jviij of distilled water; digest for 14> days, and strain. Contains one part of proof spirit to two parts of water. The dose is rr^xx to 5jss, for gout, rheumatism, &c.
Or, Take ifij of colchicum-flowers, hruised, and Oj of sherry wine; infuse, and filter. Dose the same, but the action milder. See Eau Mbdicinale, and Colchici. ViNUM Ferri. L. Wine of Iron. Sieel Wine. The new formula is: Take 5j of iron, 5vj of supertartrate of potass, in powder, Oij, or q. s. of distilled water, and Jxx of proof spirit ; triturate the iron and supertartrate of potass together, and expose them to the air in a shallow glass vessel, with ^ j of water for six weeks, stirring it daily with a spatula, and adding distilled water to keep it always moist ; dry by a gentle heat, r^uce it to powder, and mix with Jxxx of distilled water; filter, and add the spirit. Dose 5ij to Jss, or more*
Decomposition. A tartrate of iron is first formed by the excess of acid in the supertartrate of potass, and this tartrate is afterwards dissolved in the liquid, except what is rendered insoluble by drying. One pint contains gr. xvj of peroxide of iron.
Dublin formula. Take Jiv of iron wire cut to pieces, and Oiv of Rhenish wine ; sprinkle a little of the wine over the iron, expose to the air till covered with rust, then add the rest of the wine ; digest for seven days, frequently shaking it, and then filter. This is a pre- ferable mode, and Oj contains about gr. xx, or more, of the peroxide of iron. Tartarized iron added to wine directly might do.
Incompatible with alkalies, alkaline earths, and their carbonates, with astringent vegetable preparations, and solutions of gum arable
Medicinally it is one of the oldest and most agreeable preparations of iron, and is useful for weakly children, and females. Dose 5 j to ^iv, or more, twice or thrice a day. ViNUM Gentians Composituu. E. Compound Wine of Gentian. Vinum amarum, P. Take Jss of yellow gentian-root, 3j o^ Peruvian bark, 5ij of dried orange-peel, 5j of canella alba, Jiv of proof spirit, Oijss of sherry wine ; macerate for seven days, and strain.
Medicinally it is a good tonic stomachic, in doses of 58s to 5J thrice a day for gouty indig^tion, &c. Vinum Ipecacuanhjb. L. E. D. Ipecacuan Wine. Take ^ij of ipeca- cuan root, bruised, ^xij of proof spirit, ^xx of distilled water ; digest for 14 days, and strain. This contains one part of proof spirit, and one part and two-thirds of water. The old formula directed Oij of sherry wine, instead of the water and the spirit.
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474 VIOL
MedicinaUtf it is diaphoretic, in doses of tt|x to ii\^xxx, every three hours, with saline draughts, or warm drinks. It is emetic in doses of 5m to 5x, in divided doses. To infants, a tea-spoonful, sweetened with sugar, every ten minutes, tiU it operate ; is milder than anti- monial wine.
ViNUM NicoTiANJB Tabaci. E. Wine of Tohacco. Take Jj of tobacco-leaves, Oj of sherry wine ; macerate seven days and filter. It is narcotic, and diuretic, in doses of iT\,xx to lt\xxx, twice a day, in dropsy and colica pictonum ; but is far from safe.
ViNtJM Opii. L. E. Wine of Opium. The old formula is: Take Jj of extract of opium, 5j each of cinnamon-bark and cloves, Oj d* sherry wine; macerate for 14> days, and filter. It is similar to Sydenham's Liquid Laudanum, and is of nearly the same power with tincture of opium, but less apt to disturb the brain and nervous functions. It is also pneferable for infants. The new formula is: Take 5j of extract of opium, 5j each of dnnamon- bark, bruised, and cloves, Jvj of proof spirit, Jx of distilled water ; digest for eight days, and filter. It b superfluous to remark, that this cannot properly be called a wine. It is similar to Ford^s Laudanum, and about half the strength of Sydenham's Laudanum, which also contains safiron. It contains one part of proof spirit, and one part and two^thirds of water.
ViNUM Rhei Valmatu £. Rhubarb Wine. Take 3^ of rhubarb root sliced, 5 j of cannella-bark, bruised, Jij of proof spirit, and Jxv
. of sherry wine ; digest for seven days, and strain. Medicinally, it is given as a laxative, and oarroborant, in doses of 5iv tojjss.
ViNUM Vbratbi. L. Wine of Hellebore. The old formula is : Take 3vi\) of hellebore root, sliced, Oijss of sherry; digest for 14* days and strain. The new formula is : Take Jviij of hellebore root, sliced, Oj of proof spirit, and Ojss of distilled water. Dose 5ss to 5ij, for gout, &c. See Veratrinb.
ViOLJB Florbs. E. D. p. Violet Flowers. Viola odorata. The flowers are used for making the syrup of violets. The seeds and roots are emetic, and diuretic, and contain violine.
Viola Canina. P. Dog's Violet. The root is emetic and cathartic, in doses of 9j to 5S8.
Viola Tricolor. P. Pansy, Heartsease, Three-faces-under-a-hood. A common native plant, which may be given in doses of gr. viij to 5SS or more, of the powdered leaves, and 5j to 5ij, to Oj of milk or water, in a decoction, as an anodyne, alterative, diuretic, and cathartic, for crusta lactea, and disorders of the skin.
Violine. New. An alkali, found by M. Boullay, in the Viola odorata.
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It is bitter^ acrid, and emetic^ similar to emetine, and highly poisonous* (Orfila.)
ViPERA. Viper. Coluber berus, or Adder. The flesh of this reptile is used on the continent to make a broth, said to be nutritive for the sick. The fat is used for making ointments ; but it has no advantage over lard.
ViBOA Aurea; Flores, Foi:.ia. D. Golden-rod Flowers, and Leaves. Solidago virgo aurea. A native plant, not very common, which is astringent and tonic, in doses of gr. x to 5J, in visceral debility.
ViRoiNiAN Snaks-Root. Scc Serpbntaria.
Virgin's Milk. Several preparations are sold under this name. One is a tincture, of equal parts of benzoin, and storax, with about twenty parts of rose water ; and another, is a saturated solution of alum, agitated, with a third part of the solution of subacetate of lead.
Virgin Oil is that which flows first from the pulp of the ripe fruit of the olive, when put under the press.
VisouM Album. Missletoe. A parasite native shrub, esteemed sacred by the Druids, and is supposed to be good for epilepsy, in doses of 9j to 5j of the leaves. The berries are purgative, and are also used to make birdlime.
V1TBLLU8 Ovi. See Ovi Vit.
ViTiB ViNiFBRA. The Vine. See Uvx Passjb,
ViTRiOLUM. O. VitrioL An old term, applied to sulphate of iron, which was called green vilriol; to sulphate of copper, which was called blue vUriol; to sulphate of rinc, which was called white vilriol; and to sulphuric add, which was called oil of vitriol, or simply vitrioL As the term is so ambiguous, it ought to be discarded.
ViTB0M Antihonii. See Antimonii Vitrum. L.
ViTBUM Pr2Bparatum. Prepared Glass. Triturate the glass to an impalpable powder, in an agate mortar. It is applied, mixed with honey, or blown through a quill, to remove specks on the cornea ; but appears to be a hazardous remedy. It is also used to adulterate snuff, and may be detected by a magnifying glass.
W.
Wade's Drops. See Tinct. Benzoini Compos.
Walker's Jesuit's Drops. Take ibj of gum guaiac, 5iij of balsam of
Peru, Oijss of rectified spirit ; make into a tincture. Dose Jj to 5ij / as an antivenereal. It is the same as the balsam of guaiac, and the ^^ antivenereal elixir.
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476 WASH
Walnuts. See Kbtchup and Pickles.
Want's Powder, for gout and rheumatirai, is the powdered bulb of colchicum, with some other powders, to disguise it. Mr. Want was the first modem surgecm who discovered the influence of colchicum on gout, though it was known to the ancients.
Ward's Essence for Headache. See Liniment. Camph. Comp.
Ward's Paste. For Fistula, Piles, &c See Conpbct. Piper Nior.
Ward's Red Drops. See Vinum Antimonii Tartariz.
Ward's Sweating Powders. A combination of opium and white hellebore-root.
Ward's White Drops. A solution of corrosive sublimate with car- bonate of ammonia; or a nitrate of mercury, prepared by dis- solving mercury in nitric add, and adding solution of carbonate of ammonia.
Ware's Golden Ointment. Take ^j of fresh butter, free from salt, 5j of the powder of nitrated oxide of mercury ; make an ointment for ophthalmia, and ulcers.
Warner's Cordial. Take Jj of bruLKd rhubarb, ^ss of senna, 5j of safi&on, 5iv of powdered liquorice, ftj of pounded raisins, and Oiij of brandy ; digest for 14 days, and filter.
Wash. See Lotio. We thus have the Black Wash, Lotio Nigra ; the Yellow fVask, or Aqua phagedenica, Lotio Flava, which is a mixture of 5ss to tyj of corrosive sublimate with Oj of lime water; the fVhUe Wash, or Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis Dilutis, &c
Wash Balls are preparations of soap, which are made in great variety by perfumers. The following receipts from Lillie are a qiecimen c^ those compositions :— Common Wash Balls. Take Iblvj of fine, dry, wheaten flour, Iblvj c^ Spanish white, entirely freed from sand and dirt. This must be broken between the hands, and passed once or twice through a hair sieve, and then dried in the sun. Then mix the flour and whiting together, and add to them Iblvj of starch powder, or rather of ground rice. Then mix and sift the whole intimately together ; and if the soap used be white, and the balls to be made are intended to be of a yellowish colour, add to the composition about ^iv (not more) of Dutch pink, in fine powder. Or, Take Ibxl of rice, in fine powder, &xxviij of fine flour, as above, Ibxxviij of starch powder, ibxii of white lead, and feiv of Florentine iris root, in fine powder; but no whiting. Mix the whole well together^ and pass it twice through a fine hair sieve ; then put it in a dry place, and keep it for use.
Great care must be taken that the flour be not musty, in which case the balls will in time crack and fall to pieces. To this composition may
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be added Dutch pink> or brown fine damask-powder. Sec, according to the colour required when the wash-balls are quite dry. Camphor Balls. Take ibvj of very dry starch, and put to it ibviij of very dry white lead ; grind the whole in a starch-miU, and sift it through a fine lawn sieve. Mix this compound well with Ibxiv of very fine and good ripe-powder. In the grinding of th'e starch and white lead, great care must be taken that the compound does not fly about : as it is very hurtful and poisonous, owing to the presence of the white lead. Best C(mmon Wash Balls. Take ibxl of foreign oil-soap, either Castile, Marseilles, or Gallipoli, and felx of English tallow-soap. Shave both these together, and mix them in a trough or box, with &xxx of the preceding composition ; add eight pints of the water that comes over in the distillation of lavender> rhodium, orange, or any other essential oil ; or in default of these, the same quantity of dear rain-water. Into this water put 5j of oil of lavender, 3j of oil of rosemary, and 3 j of oil of origanum. Shake these oils and the water well together, so that when the paste comes to be mixed the oil may not swim on the top. Beat the whole well together so as to make it incorporate ; and at the end of three or four days (during which time it will become mellow) beat again. Care must be taken to add no more water than what is above directed ; unless the soaps used be of a hard nature, and free from superfluous ley : in this case, another quart may very well be added. The paste is now to be laid by in an earthem pan, covered virith a wet doth, for several days after its last beating, before it is made up into balls ; because, the stiffer and harder it is, the rounder and handsomer will the balls be which are worked from the mass. It is to be observed, that, if the trough or box in which the paste is made consists of oak or wainscot, it will, in the course of one night, turn quite black. AL», when the balls are to be dried, the perfumer must not be tempted, merely for the sake of gaining time, to cany them to the fire, or to put them in an oven or stove, for by this method the outer surface only will be dried into a sort of crust of the thickness of a shilling, whereby no evaporation can take place from the centre, and consequently it must remain completely soft; whereas, if these balls are dried merely by exposure to the air, they will be harder and drier in three months than those dried by the fire will be in twdve. As to putting them into the oven, it may be here noted, that, by such treatment, they will be speedily mdted or broken to pieces. Inferior Camnum Wash Balls. Take Iblxxx of tallow-soap, and fcxx of Gallipoli ; shave or scrape as above, and add to them Ibl of the
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ooaqiOBitkm. Proceed in every thing dse as before, except that here> on account of the addition of ftxx more of the composition than in the former paste for wash balls^ it will be necessary to add two quarts of water more than has been used in the best common wash-balls.
Or, One hundred weight of tallow-soap, and Ibl of Spanish or common whiting, are mixed and beaten up with double the above quantity of water, and scented with oil of caraways or some other cheap essen- tial oiL These wash-balls are made large ; and, to deceive the buyer, are made very round, by being skin-dried or crusted, by lying in the stove for 12 hours ; whereas, good wash-balls, dried in the air, generally lose their shape. They will no more lather than a pece of clay or a stone. There have been wash-balls frequently made for this sort of trade, which are merely the shells of large French walnuts, covered over with the above base composition.
Ambergru Wash Balls. Take fcxvi of the best Jc^pa, or the whitest Alicant, soap, cleansed well from dirt and lime. Shave or scrape it very thin, and expose it to the air for several days. Now have, ready mixed, Ihij of ambergris powder, ttj of musk and civet powder, fiMs of fine starch-powder, and ibss of Florentine iris-powder : all of which are to be well incorporated with the soap. Then take gr. xx of pure musk, gr. xx of civet, and gr. xxx or gr. xl of the remains of musk and ambergris spirit. Grind all these to a very fine powder, with loaf-sugar, and add to them, whilst in the glass mortar, J^ of spirit of ambergris, ^ of spirit of musk, 20 drops of oil of rhodiam, and J-i- of apoplective balsam. Mix all well together, and put the whole into a quart of the remains of honey water. Shake the mixture well, and put it into the compound of soap and powders above mentioned, and mix the whole welL
This mixture must be made in an earthem pan, but by no means in a wooden vessel, which would absorb the best part of the perfumes. The incorporation of the above substances must be effected by beating very finely; and, if it is found to be too stiff for working, rose, or orange-fiower water may be added at discretion ; still re- membering that the wash-balls are to be made up as stiff as possible. They are to be dried in the shade, and are not to be touched or meddled with for a month at least, to prevent bruising or putting them out of shape. When quite dry, some manufacturers choose to gild these wash-balls on their impressions. It is impossible to make any sort of wash-ball superior to this.
Inferior Ambergris Balls, Take the same quantity of soap as above ; but, instead of ifeiv of the compound perfumed powder, here use six, taking care to propoition the several articles accordingly. In this
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case, also, it is to be noticed^ that one-half of the perFimtes prescribed for the best ambergris balls will be sufficient ; and likewise that rose water may be used instead of honey water. In every other particu- lar^ the previous directions are to be strictly followed.
Bologna Wash Balls. Take ibxx of very old and brown Castile soap ; shave or scrape it very thin, and place it in the air to dry ; then add to it tbiij of the second remains from honey water, in fine powder, Ibss of cassia wood, ibjss of labdanum, both finely powdered. Mix the soap and powders well together, and wet them with about a pint and a half of rose water, and a pint of muddy liquid remains of honey water. Now beat the whole well two or three times, at intervals of a few days, to let the paste become quite mellow ; and then make up the mass, when stifi^, into round balls, and dry them in the shade as above directed. The coloujr^of these wash-balls will be either light brown, or nearly black ; or will possess the different shades of each, according to the colour of the ingredients used.
Best Marbled Balls. Take ibx of the best Genoa, or rather, of oil- soap, made in England, and fbx of Joppa soap of the whitest sort. Cut the whole into small square and triangular pieces, which set to dry for two or three days ; the oiL-soap, particularly, must be thus dried. Then shave, or scrape, very finely, ibv of oil-soap, which dry for about one day in the open air, and then mix it well in the shaving^box with fhv of powder, and Jjss of the best and finest ver- milion. In mixing, it will be necessary to place the pieces of soap, and the coloured powder, in layers in the box, making in all foiur alternate layers of each, beginning with coloured powder, and ending with the square and triangular pieces of soap.
When a layer of each has been placed in the box or trough, a pint of rose water is to be sprinkled over the upper one, namely, the cut soap ; for, if it be much combined with the powder, it wiD cause it to become lumj^ and hard, and consequently spoil the wash-balls made from it. The same quantity of rose water is likewise to be used for moistening each of the other soap layers, that is, in the
• whole, four pints. Now have ready a pint of thin starch, which has been well boiled in half a pint of rain water, and then mixed with half a pint of rose water, and distribute it equally among the whole mass; which is now to be well mixed, by turning it over repeatedly, and then to be pressed dovm dose and even, by the hands. If a piece be now out out, quite through the mass, the operator will perceive whether the marbling and colour are sufficiently good ; and, if so, he may proceed immediately to form his wash-balls.
When these wash-balls have been made about two or three days, it will be time to shave off* their rou^ coats ; they are then to be left for
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two or three months in the air^ during the summer ; and, when quite dry, are to he properly shaved and weighed for sale. The shavings which come off' these halls are to he kept for the next manufacture of wash -halls of the same sort. They are to he mixed with the red soap-powder, mentioned above ; but, in such a case, there is no occasion to put so much vermilion as before ; as, thereby, loo high a colour would be produced. As to the perfume to be used for these wash-balls, the manufacturer must vary it according to taste, fancy, or the price he intends to sell his commodity for ; re- membering that it is to be mixed with the liquid starch previous to incorporation with the layers of soap and powder. Inferior Marbled Balls. Take Ibxx of the best curdy tallow-soap, shave it thin, and mix with it fbiv of the composition for camphor wash-balls. Beat the whole, without any water, to a fine and even- coloured paste, which wUl be very white. Now make this up into cakes of about an inch thick, and set them in the air to dry. Cut these cakes, when hard, into squares and triangles, as before, in the case of Joppa, or oil-soap, for the groundwork of the wash-balls to be manufactured. Now take ibiv of oil-soap, fcij of the coloured powder used for the best marbled balls, and tbij of starch-grounds. Shave the soap, and proceed in every other respect as before. These wash-balls are to be scented with some cheap perfume, because they are designed to be sold for about half the price of the best sort; though, in appearance, they are so beautiful, and in quality so excel- lent as often to be sold for as much money as the best. Figured Wash Balls. These wash-balls, though troublesome to make, answer very well to surprise and please : they also may be made quite - as good as any other.
Take fexvij of the best and whitest Genoa soap, shave it fine, and mix with it tbiij of the composition for camphor balls. Beat the whole into a fine even paste, with rose water. Now have ready four or ^ye different colours, in powder, vie., a dark and a pale green, two reds, two blues, a yeUorv, and a brown. Then divide the paste into as many parts as there are colours at hand ; and beat and mix each very inti* mately with its separate colour, so that the several masses may have no streaks, spots, or irregularities of hue, but may be entirely homo- geneous ; in doing which, it is necessary to be very dean and nice. When the coloured masses are pretty stiff, roll them out into cakes on a marble slab, to about a quarter of an inch thickness; then, with tin stamps, cut them out into the shapes of birds, beasts, sun, moon, stars, &c &c. ; always observing to match the colour of the paste to the form of the stamp ; viz., the quadrupeds to be generally brown ; the birds to be green, or otherwise, as may be proper; the sun,
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golden yellow; and the moon and stars, very pale blue, approaching to white. The stamp should never exceed half an inch in size. When each cake is entirely cut out, for the first time, the shapeless cuttings, or pieces, may be again worked up separately, and rolled out and cut as before ; and so on, until not a shred remains ; or the cuttings may be preserved for the groundwork or fidd of the wash- balls. When all the figures have been properly formed, they are to be dried separately in the air, on sheets of paper, according to their ccdour ; and then they are to be properly proportioned to the intended groundwork; for example, when the wash-ball is to be formed of birds and beasts, the field or groundwork must be green ; when suns are to be introduced, the field is to be of a very pale sky-blue ; and, when the moon and stars are intended to be shown, the field should be a true aky-Uue, whilst the figures themselves are of a very pale blue colour. These colours, figures, and grounds, may be varied without end, according to the fancy and taste of the operator.
The perfumes, the quantities of ingrisdients, manner of making up, and weight of balls, are exactly the same as for the best marbled wash- balls. Although, in the making of these, it will be impossible to be regular, some of the figures being broken, others whole, and all huddled together; yet, when the balls are old and properly shaved by a smooth brass knife (called a shaver), they will plainly show the intended design ; and even their irregularity ¥rill both please and surprise, in the same manner that people wonder at the existence of fiies, and other insects, in pieces of amber.
Camphor Balls. Take tbxlviij of the best white English oil-soap, or of the best sort of Genoa soap ; shave and dry it very dean. Now mix with the shavings, ftxx of the composition for camphor wash-balls; rubbing the whole together. When properly incorporated, take ftjss of camphor, and grind it in an iron mortar, with about half a pint of the best English Hungary water ; put in, by degrees, ^ss of oil of rosemary, and ^ss of oil of lavender. When the camphor has been thus reduced to a fine powder, add to it, in the mortar, Ibiv or ibv of the composition above mentioned, and also the soap shavings. Beat the whole well together ; and, when properly combined, take it out and mix it with the remaining quantity of composition and soap shavings ; then beat it well twice aver, at an interval of about ten or twdve hours. The incorporated powders are now to be kept in a well-covered earthem pan, to be made up ; when the perfumer is to proceed in every respect as in the manufacture of ambergris wash-balls.
Very little water is to be used in the making up of these wash-balls, and what is used should be entirdy rose water. In the making up, the operator must be very quick, and he must not leave oflT until the
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rolling is completely finished ; because the camphor is so vobtik as to evaporate surprisingly, even in the open air. These camphor-balls are to be dried well in the air ; and, during the whole time, are to be entirely covered with white paper, not only to keep off the dirt and dust, but also to prevent the camphor from evaporating so much as it would assuredly do, if freely exposed to the air.
Chemical Wash-BalU. Take ft v of white oil-soap, shave or scrape it as above, and then add to it ftij of fine rice powder, ftss of white lead, and ftss of pure and unmixed subnitrate of bismuth, both in the state of fine powder. Previously to mixture with the soap shavings these powders must be put into a basin, with about Jxij of orange-flower, or myrtle, water, and J j of essence of ambergris. When this has been well mixed, the soap shavings are to be put in, and the whole is to be well beaten two or three times every day, for several days. Af^er the whole mass is well incorporated and stiff, it is to be made up into balls, which must be very round, and must weigh Jjss. Dry these very cleanly, on sheets of white paper, and, when perfectly hard, wrap and seal each, singly, in a separate piece of paper of the same colour.
Greek Wash- Balls, Take ftxx of fine old Joppa, or Alicant soap, cut and dried as before. Now scrape, very thin, ftvj of white oil-soap, and mix with it ftvj of fine powder, and a little Florentine ins- powder, just enough to turn the colour. Proceed, in every thing else, as directed for the red marbled balls, except in using the vermibon. In the perfuming of these Greek wash-balls, use, to the above quan- tity of paste, only Jij of the essence of ambergris, with about 40 drops of the oil of rhodium, mixed with a quart of rose water. These wash-balls, like the others, will be ready for shaving, for the first time, in two or three days; but will not be fit for sale or use, for three months, at least, in summer, and a longer time in winter.
Marseilles Wash-Balls. Marseilles wash-balls differ from the fore- going, only, that as these are of a whitish colour, and made froni Joppa soap, those are somewhat of a light brown colour, being voaae from Marseilles and Alicant soap, both of which retain their native bluish colour, and large marbling or veins, for a long time. Inferior Venice Balls. Cut fresh Genoa soap into pieces of at least three inches square (otherwise the balls will be too small) ; pare them pretty round with a common knife, and then finish by shaving neatly with the brass shaver. When properly and cleanly dried they will be ready both for sale and use.
Best Venice Wash-Balls. The above described sort of Venice balls may be much improved by the following method. Shave down the soap very finely, and to fcviij add ibij of fine rice powder. Now beat t e whole well with some rose water, and, when stiff, make the pw*e up
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into pretty large balls^ each of which must weigh 5v at least. When they are perfectly dry, shave them for sale. The reason why this sort is hetter than the foregoing is, that the former can be perfumed, whereas the latter cannot, on account of their previous solidity. The mixture with powder, also, improves them greatly, as it prevents the soap from coming off too freely, in washing ; which in all balls, not so prepared, is apt to be ropy, or gelatinous, especially when used with hot water. Water. See Aqua, Collyria Eau, Liquor, Solutio, and Hungary,
Lavendar, Peppermint, Soda, &c. Water Colours in painting, are chiefly introduced under their appro- priate words, such as Carmine, Lake, Sulphate op Barytes, and also under Oil Colours, &c. Wax for sealing is prepared by melting together different proportions of lac, resin, oil of turpentine, and olive oil ; and colouring with ver- milion, armenian bole, or lamp-black. See Cera. Wax Casts for ornaments. Melt three parts of spermaceti, and two parts of white virgin wax in an earthen pan, set in boiling water ; when melted, and not too hot, pour it in the mould. If the mould be of plaster of Paris, sponge it first with warm water all over. When quite cool, it will come out easily. Wax Paper. Charia cerata. P. Take 48 parts each of white wax and pure turpentine, 32 parts of spermaceti ; melt in a water-bath, and spread on paper. Wheat. See Triticum.
Webster's (Lady) Pills. See Pilul. Stomach. Whey. Serum laclis. Is often prescribed for the sick, and may be made by adding rennet to warm milk; or by boiling milk with cream of tartar, citric acid, vinegar, alum, mustard, or white wine. W^hitehead's Essence of Mustard does not contain, according to Dr. Paris, a particle of mustard, but is merely balsam of Tolu with resin. According to Mr. Brande, it is composed of camphor, oil of turpentine, and spirit of rosemary, mixed with mustard flour. White (Permanent). See Sulphas Baryt-e. Wilson's Tincture for Gout contains most probably some prepara- tion of colchicum ; but it is much stronger than any preparation of it yet known, while at the same time it seems to act less unmunage- ably. A tincture of the acetate of veratrine resembles it in medicinal effects, though the veratrine of Wilson's tincture seems to be in the state of a gallate. White Wash. See Liquor Plumb. Subac. Dilut. Wine. See Vinum.
Wine Tests are intended to detect lead, which is often mixed with
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wines to improve their taste^ by converting the adds into salts of lead, which taste sweet. For the method of detecting lead, see Plumbc AcBTAs. What is sold as a wine test is prepared by dissolving Jss of sulphuret of arsenic and ^j of lime in Oss of distilled water, and filtering the solution.
WiNTBBA Arohatica. £. P. Winter's Bark. An acrid aromatic sti- mulant, stomachic, and carminative. It is prescribed in scorbutus, dysentery, and atonic disorders, in doses of gr. x to 9j, or in form of a tincture, but is usually employed as an adjunct to other remedies.
WiBB. The best iron for medicinal purposes is that which is drawn into fine wire, as none that is hard or bad will draw.
WoAD. See IsATis.
WoDBOOF, AsPBBULA Odorata. A native plant, common in woods, which has a fine odour of hay when dried, but when green is nearly inodorous. It is said to be deobstruent. The flowers give a fine flavour to tea and to wines.
Woods, or the Woods, are guaiac, sarsaparilla, sassafras, and mezereon.
WooBARA. See Woubali,
WoBM Balls, in Farriery. See Balls.
WoBM Cakbs. See Storbt.
Worms. See Olbum db Lumbbicis. P.
WoBM Seed. See Santonica.
WoRBCWOOD. See Absinthium.
Wormwood (Salt of), a subcarbonate of potass, prepared by burning wormwood.
Wort is Teutonic for " herb;*' hence lung- wort, rag- wort, nipple- wort, liver-wort, pile- wort, spleen- wort, St. John's wort, &c.
WouRALi, improperly fVoorara, is prepared by the Maooushi Indians with the wourali vine, and Several other plants, the strongest Indian pepper, two species of ants, and the fangs of two species <^ snakes. These are made by a tedious process into thick syrup of a deep brown colour, and kept very dry in a calabash covered with deer-skin. PoUanous, almost instantaneously, when introduced into a wound, even in small quantity ; and no antidote has been hitherto discovered.
Xanthine. A yellow colouring principle recently discovered in madder by M. Robiquet.
Y.
Yarrow. See Achillea and Milfoil.
Yeast. See CBBEVisLiE Fbrhbntum. It may be made artificially,
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by boiling malt^ pouring off the water^ and keeping the grains in a warm place to ferment, repeating the process tUl a sufficient quantity is procured.
Yellow. See Oil Colours, Chbomb Yellow, &c
Yellow Basilicon. See Ung. Elbmi Comp.
Yellow Resin. See Rbsina PlaVa.
Yellow Wash. See Aqua I'hagbd.
Yew. See Taxus.
Yolk op Ego. See Ovum.
Zapfre. a blue colour used in painting glass, and prepared by roasting one part of cobalt with three parts of pure sand.
Zanthooen. See Ht^rozanthic Acid.
Zanthorhi2a Apiipolia. Yellow Root. The root is a bitter stimulant and good tonic, and is given in doses of 9ij of the powder.
Zant.ioxtlon Fraxinbum. Prickly Ash. The bark is stimulant and sidlagogue, and is used in rheumatic tooth-ache, and chronic rheuma- tism, in doses of gr. x to 3j of the powder ; or ^iv to Jviij of the decoction every four hours.
Zedoaria; Radix. D. P. Zedoary. Amomum zedoaria, A warm aromatic bitter, stimulant, stomachic, and anthelmintic, in doses of 9j to 5 j of the powder alone, or with milk, thrice a day, in hysteria, dyspepsia, &c.
Zedoaria Rotunda. Kannpferia rotunda. P. The root has similar properties, and may be given in similar doses to the preceding, in pyrosis, erratic gout, &c.
Zbinb. The chemical basis of malse or Indian corh. (J. Gor&am.)
ZiBBTHUM. See Civet.
ZiNCUM. L. E. D. P. Zinc. Spelter. V. This is a metal of a greyish- blue colour, and of a spec grav. of 7* 190. It is used for making the plates of galvanic apparatus, and for making the following important salts:
ZiNci Carbonas. See Calamina.
ZiNCi OxYDUM. L. E. D. P. Oxide of Zinc. Pampholix, Nihil album, Floret Zinci, Philosopher's wool. O. Take tbj of sulphate of zinc, Oj or q. s. of solution of ammonia, Oj of distilled water ; dissolve the sulphate of zinc in the water, and add the ammonia till all the oxide of zinc is precipitated; pour off the clear liqiior; wash the powder repeatedly with distilled water, and dry it on a sand-bath. It was formerly made by calcination. Decompoiiiion. The sulphate of Jtinc is decomposed by the liquor am-
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monie, and the ojude is precipitated in the form of an impalpabL powder of a fine white colour. When the ammonia is added ii excess, it will redissolve part of the precipitate. AduUercUed with white lead and chalk, both of which may be detectei by dilute sulphuric acid, which will effervesce witb them, and fom insoluble sulphates. Arsenic, which is often traceable in it, may b detected by Mr. Hume's nitro-ammoniacal test^ or still better by Di Christison's. See Arbbnici Oxtoum. Insoluble in water and alcohol ; but soluble in acids, and, when fresl made, in solutions of ammonia, potass, and soda, but not solutions oi their carbonates. Incompatible with acids, acidulous salts, and alkalies ; but not wilb
their carbonates. Internally it is given in doses of gr. j to gr. vj twice a day, in form o pill, with extract of chamomile, as a tonic and antispasmodic ii chorea, epilepsy, hysteria, hooping-cough, &c., accompanied witl bitter draughts. See Zinci Sulphas. ExtemaUy as an excellent astringent, mild, but effectual in its opera tion, in form of ointment, see Uno. Zinci, or sprinkled on excoriatei surfaces. Enters into Ung. Zinci. L. £. D. Zinci Sulphas. L. E. D. P. Sulphate of Zinc. While FiirioL V Take Jiv of zinc in small pieces, 5VJ by weight of sulphuric acid Oiv of distilled water ; mix them in a glass vessel, and the effcr vescence being finished, filter the solution through paper ; then boi it down till a pellicle appears, and set it aside that crystals may form Decomposition. Concentrated sulphuric acid does not act upon the zinc but when water is added, a portion of it is decomposed ; its hydrogei escapes in form of gas, and its oxygen combines with the zinc, forming oxide of zinc, which is dissolved in the sulphuric acid^ forming sulphate of zinc, which remains in solution. Adulterated with lead, iron, and copper, particularly that which occur in commerce. These may be removed when performing the College process, by dipping a plate of zinc in the solution. To detect th< iron and copper, make a solution of the sulphate of zinc, treat it witl liquor ammonis in excess, which will precipitate the iron, and strik< a blue with the copper. Soluble in cold, but more soluble in boiling water. Insoluble in alcohol Incofnpatible with alkalies, alkaline earths, and their carbonates, witl lime water, hydrosulphurets, preparations of astringent vegetables and with milk. Internally it is, according to the dose, tonic, antispasmodic, and emetic As a tonic, the dose may be gr. » gradually increased to gr. ij, twice
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or thrice a day> in the second or third stage of dyspepsia^ phthisis, and visceral debility, as in chronic diarrhoea, dysentery, gleet, and leucorrhoea. It is used in similar doses for chorea, hysteria, epilepsy, asthma, hooping-cough, and spasms, conjoining it with camphor, musk, myrrh, sulphate of quinine, tincture of calumba, quassia, or opium. As an emetic, particularly in cases of poisoning, it operates rapidly in doses of gr. x to gr. xxx, combined, or not, with ipecacuanha and tartar emetic.
ExlemaUy it is a good astringent, in form of coUyrium for ophthalmia, when active inflammation has subsided : gr. x to ^viij of rose water is a good form ; and as an injection for gonorrhoea or leucorrhoea, it may be made stronger. It may also be used as a gargle, adding 5j of simple ox3rmel, in relaxations of the throat. See Solutio Sujlph. Zinc.
Enters into Sol. Acetatis Zinci. £. Sol. Sulphatis Zinci. £. ZiNGiBERis Radix. L. E. D. P, Ginger Root. Zingiber officinale. A native of the East Indies, the common aromatic and stimulant properties of which are well known.
Adulterated in form of powder, with bean-meal, boxwood sawdust, and rendered pungent by capsicum. The roots ought to be sound, clear, and heavy ; and when worm-eaten, or too small and fibrous, they aro not good.
Medicinalfy it is tonic, stomachic, and stimulant, but not so heating and inflammatory as other spices. It is excellent for obviating the griping efiects of purgatives, and for preventing flatulence and belch- ing. Dose of the powder gr. x to 3j. In an over-dose it acts on the urethra, and is apt to induce spasmodic stricture. It is excellent in form of pill combined with rhubarb, for gouty dyspepda, and leu- corrhoeal hysteria. See Ginger Beer.
Enters into Syr. Zingiberis. L. E. D. Tinct. Zingiberis. L. D. Zingiber; Radix Condita. D. Preserved Ginger Root. This is brought from the East Indies, and is almost transparent. That which is candied at home is opake. It is a good stimulant for the gouty and nervous. ZooNic Acid. A name given to a substance procured by distilling ani- mal substances. M. Thenard has shown that it is only acetic acid with some animal matters. ZaMic Acid does not appear to differ from the lactic add. (M. Vogel.)
the end.
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