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Cimandzis Johnson, (iPh.u).
Of cS^e IJniversifu cf<:Pennsy/vaoia,c/€crefaru of ^e cfwedisG Co/oniaf c/cciefu, S^e.m6er of^e O^aforicar Obciefy of ^ennsufvania
S^Ei fa defpfii a oAvedisf} CofoniafoJociefu
Copyright, 19H By AuANDUs Johnson
Fkess of
The new Era printins cohpahv
Lancastcr. Pa.
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H. M. KONUNG GUSTAF V
TILLEGNAS DETTA VERK OM
NYA SVERIGE
UNDERDANIGST AF FORFATTAREN
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
BOOK IV.
The Last Period of the Colony under Swedish Rule,
1653-1655.
PART I.
Renewed Efforts in behalf of the Colony and the Tenth and Eleventh Expeditions, 1653-1654.
chapter. pace.
XXXIX. The Tenth Expedition, 1653-1654 469
XL. The Eleventh Expedition, 1654 490
PART II. The Colony under Papegoja and Rising, 1653-1655.
XLI. The Government and Courts of New Sweden, 1653-
1655 497
XLII. Social and Economic Life, 1654-1655 514
XLIII. Customs, Habits, Dress, Dwellings, Superstitions, Re- ligion, etc 534
XLIV. Literature of New Sweden, 1640-1655 549
XLV. Relations with the Indians, 1654-1655 563
XL VI. Relations with the English, 1654-1655 572
XL VII. Relations with the Dutch and the Overthrow of New
Sweden, 1654-1655 581
viii Table of Contents.
BOOK V.
The American Company and the Tweltth Expedition,
AND the Swedish Settlements under Dutch
Rule, i 654-1 664.
PART I.
The American Company, the Last Expedition to New Sweden
AND THE Efforts of Sweden to Regain the Colony,
1 654-1 736.
CHAPTER. PAGE.
XLVIII. The American Company or the Third Reorganization
of the New Sweden Company, 1654-1655 619
XLIX. The Twelfth or Last Expedition, 1655-1656 631
L. The Tobacco Trade of the American Company, 1654-
1658 637
LL The American Tobacco Company, 1658-1662 640
LIL The New Tobacco Company, 1662- 1685 and the
American Company, 1662-1736 645
LIIL Efforts of Sweden to Regain the Colony, 1656-1673. . 648
PART IL
Life in the Colony, 165 5- 1664.
LIV. The First Period of the Swedish Settlements under Dutch Rule and the Coming of the Mercurius, 1655-
1656 657
LV. The Last Period of the Swedish Settlements under the
Dutch, 1656-1664 663
APPENDICES.
Appendix A. Brief Biographies 673
Appendix B. Lists of Officers, Soldiers, Servants and Set- tlers IN New Sweden, 1638-1656:
I. Garrison and Servants, 1638-1640 699
IL Garrison, Servants and Freemen, 1640-1643 699
in. Roll-List of the Male Inhabitants, 1643-1644 700
IV. Roll-List of the People, March, 1648 710
Table of Contents. «
V. List of Officers, Soldiers, Servants and Freemen, 1654-
1655 716
VI. A List of Some of the Returning Officers and Soldiers. . 724
VIL Roll-List of Colonists, 1655 724
Addenda to Appendix B 7^6
Appendix C. Documents and Translations of Documents:
L Instruction till Johan Rising 7^7
Translation of the Instruction for John Rising 741
II. Bestallningsbref for Sven Skute 733
Translation of the Commission for Sven Skute 747
III. Instruction till Hans Amundsson 734
Translation of the Instruction for Hans Amundsson. . . 747
IV. Till Leut. Sven Hook 735
Translation of the Instructions for Sven Hook 748
V. Instruction till Hendrick Elswick 73^
Translation of the Instruction 749
VI. Instruction . . . demnach sich der Capitan Johan J.
Bockhom . . . zu richten hat 738
Translation of the Instruction for Jan Jansson Bockhorn 751 VII. Translation of the Treaty between England and Sweden Concerning the Swedish Settlements in Africa and
America 753
VIII. Translation of the Indian Confirmation of the Sandhook 755
IX. Translation of an Indian Deed of Land 756
X. Translation of the Testimony of the Heirs of Mitat-
simint 757
Appendix D.
I. The Expeditions Prepared for New Sweden, 1638-1656 758 II. Ships Belonging to the South-Ship Company that did not
make Journeys to New Sweden 762
Bibliography 767
Index 815
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND REPRO- DUCTIONS OF DOCUMENTS.
Facing page
iig. Upsala during the seventeenth century 476
120. First page and superscription of Rising's appointment as di-
rector by the Commercial College 478
121. Second page and Postscriptum of Rising's appointment 479
122. Kramer's letter to E. Oxenstierna 490
123. Marstrand 492
124. First page of the original official appointment of Director
Rising 500
125. Last page of the appointment, signed by Queen Christina. . . . 501
126. Seal of Queen Christina 501
127. Map and plan of Christinehamn and Fort Christina 518
128. Christinehamn 522
1 29. Tome 522
130. Plowing and preparing the ground in the north 524
131. Manure forks of wood 524
132. A typical harvest scene in Finland and Sweden 528
133. A field prepared by burning {Svedjebruk) 528
134. " Branch harrow " 529
135. " Hand-harrow " 529
136. Plow made of wood 529
137. Stones for a hand-mill 529
138. A sickle 529
139. " Burning " a field 530
140. Plan of a house 538
141. Table 538
142. Bench 538
143. Exterior of a house in Sweden 539
144. Interior of the dwelling 539
145. Logcabin built by Swedes on the Delaware 540
146. Section of a dwelling in Sweden, showing chairs, etc 540
147. Probable appearance of Rising Hall 541
xi
xii List of Illustrations
Facing page
148. Title page of Lindestrom's Geograph'ta 554
149. Frontispiece in Campanius's translation of the Catechism. . . . 560
150. Indian certificate, July 8, 1654 564
151. Indian deed, July 8, 1654 565
152. Governor Peter Stuyvesant 580
153. Plan of Fort Trefaldighet 582
154. Siege of Christina 602
155. Cannon balls from Fort Christina 608
156. Rising's passport for Lindestrom 616
157. Jonkoping 618
158. First page of the Swedish-English Treaty, May 8, 1654. . . . 620
159. Second page of the Swedish English treaty, 1654 621
160. Third page of the Swedish English treaty, 1654 620
161. Viborg in the seventeenth century 624
162. Seal and signature of Carl X 626
163. Anckarhjelm's letter of September 26, 1655 632
164. Balance of the books of the American Company (Debits) .... 642
165. Balance of the books of the American Company (Credits) . . . 643
166. Magnus G. de la Gardie 650
167. Facsimiles of the signatures of Willem Usselinx, Andries
Hudde, Gustaf Printz, Sven Hook, Christer Bonde, Sven
Skute, and Hendrick Elswick 674
MAPS.
Detailed map of New Sweden, 1638-1655 496
Lindestrom's map of New Sweden 514
BOOK IV.
®ifp llast T^nlab of tlje ffioUmg ISivbn Bmthxali Sub.
1053-1055.
PART I.
RENEWED EFFORTS IN BEHALF OF THE COLONY AND THE TENTH AND ELEVENTH EXPEDITIONS, 1653-1654.
CHAPTER XXXIX.
The Tenth Expedition, 1653- 1654.
I.
We have seen that no ship was dispatched to New Sweden after 1649, although Printz had written several times, implor- ing for aid. The letters to Brahe and Oxenstierna of April 26, 1653, stating that new supplies were absolutely necessary in the colony, arrived at Stockholm in the late summer. These seem to have impressed the authorities with the fact that the settle- ment could no longer be neglected and there were at last signs of awakened interest in the same and renewed activities In its behalf at the capital. The company was discussed in the Coun- cil of State and the Queen once more instructed the Commercial College to take over its management. Eric Oxenstierna, who in August, 1652, had been made General Director of the col- lege, returned to Sweden in the summer of 1653 and new life was put into that body.^ He was also greatly interested in the colonial work and to him was largely due the efforts that were soon made to send out a new expedition.
Further consultations were had in the council about the mat- ter In August, at which reports and suggestions were presented, and it was at last decided that the various requests of Printz for ammunition, supplies for his new ship and other things should be granted. The Admiralty, as has been seen, was in arrears to the company for several thousand R.D. As a conse- quence It had been proposed on several occasions that the gov-
' Cf. Fries, E. Oxenstierna, p. 124 ff.
469
470 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
ernment should prepare the ships for the next expedition. The question was brought up again at this time and the Queen agreed to the plan, instructing the Admiralty on August 13, to fit out the Wisniar for a voyage to New Sweden. The Queen had determined, says the instruction, to send 300 colonists and a large cargo to the South River, in order that the undertaking there should not go to ruin. On the same day the war depart- ment was ordered to supply ammunition for the colony accord- ing to an enclosed list and the preparations for the expedition were soon in full progress.- For some reason "the Crown's ship Orn,^ lying at anchor in the harbor of Stockholm, was selected to make the voyage instead of the Wtsmar and Cap- tain Bockhorn* was appointed to sail the vessel. As the expedi- tion was to consist of two ships, the company arranged to pre- pare the Gyllene Haj,^ and on the day before the above instruc- tions were issued the Commercial College had ordered Hans Kramer to deliver 600 D. to Peter Friedell to be used for the supplies of the ship.
About two weeks later (August 25) Kramer, through orders from the college, supplied 2,550 D.s.m. to Admiral Anckar- hjelm, who was also to buy provisions and pay the wages of the colonists and sailors at Gothenburg before they set sail. On Sep- tember 28 an instruction was sent to the admiral concerning the journey of the ship to Virginia and, as some changes had been
^R.R., August 13, 1653, fol. 1572-3.
^ T/ie Eagle. Probably the head of an eagle was carved as the figure head.
* Capt. Jan Jansson Bockhorn. Probably a Hollander (his enmity to the English would indicate that, besides other circumstances). Entered Swedish service before 1643. Was mate on the Katt in 1649 and served in various capacities for many years. Made several journeys to Portugal in 1651. Served on the " Gotheborgiske confardie " ship for some time until in April, 1652. March 30 he was ordered to report to Stockholrn for service. In the fall of 1653 he was ordered to sail to New Sweden on the Orn. In 1656 he left Swedish service to try his luck in other places, receiving good recommendations from the government. But he again returned to Sweden and during the winters of 1660 and 1662 he made journeys to Germany and Holland for private purposes and passes were given him by the Admiralty. Am. Reg. 1651 Junio 11; 1652, March 30 (index gives year wrongly as 1653), fol. 128-9; '65s, September 28, fol. 512-13; October 4, fol. 531-3; 1656, September 30, fol. 946-7; 1660, October 31 f. 524; 1662, August 16. In R.R. and in Cora. Col. Reg. are to be found materials on him.
° The Golden Shark.
The Tenth Expedition. '471
suggested in the original lists of food stuffs ordered to be pur- chased for the voyage, he was requested to buy various kinds of fish and salt meat instead of pork, besides French and Span- ish wine, vinegar, oil and mustard seed. On the same day the cashier of the Admiralty was ordered to deliver 68 D. s.m. for one " Jm"^ French brandy to be put on the Orn. Kramer also purchased quantities of supplies in Stockholm about this time and several hundred barrels of bread and flour and a large sup- ply of nails and other goods were soon brought on board the ship.^
A great number of colonists were to be collected for the ex- pedition. Many had, from time to time, applied for permission to go to New Sweden, but the number of settlers, who had expressed their willingness to immigrate, was not sufficient. Ac- cordingly Sven Skute was appointed to hire soldiers and laborers and to prevail upon others to go as settlers. On August 23 Kramer gave him 300 D.s.m. for which he should engage the people, a letter being sent to Governor Per Ribbing on the following day, requesting him to assist in the matter, and on the twenty-fifth an instruction in six paragraphs was issued for him. He should hire 50 soldiers, including those already engaged, especially such as had a trade, and he was to collect 250 colonists " of which the greatest part [must be] good men, fewer women and fewest children." He was to offer the soldiers at the most 4 R.D. a month (less if possible) and he should especially endeavor to find farmhands* and colonists, who were willing to go without pay, but such as needed financial aid he was to promise a certain sum, always as small as possible and in no case more than 30 D.k.m. a year until they could be settled on land in New Sweden. First of all he was to gather as many as he was able at Vasteras, sending them at once to the capital, that they might go to Gothenburg by the Orn. From there he
° Cf. above, Chap. VI.; Falkman, Om malt, etc., II. 3, 26, 55-6, 119, 165.
^Journal, nos. iioi (1653, August 12), 1102, 1104 (August 23), 1106, 1115, 1119, mo, 1116, 1118-25, "31-3+. "47-81 "53- '^"J- R^g-i September 2$, 1653, fol. 512-13 (FI. Ar.).
' " Bondedrangiar."
472 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
was to proceed to Varmland and Dalsland, as it had been re- ported that " a good many of those, who dwelt in the large forests " of these provinces, were willing to go to New Sweden and the governors there were requested to assist him in enlist- ing the people. When the recruits at these places were all hired, they should be kept in readiness to proceed to Gothen- burg as soon as Skute heard from President Broman" that the Orn had passed through the Sound.*"
It is probable that Skute proceeded at once to carry out these instructions for it seems he had completed his work at Viisteras in the beginning of September, as Johan Rising wrote to him on September lo that he should continue his work in Varmland and Dalsland, keep the people in readiness until he heard from his "Excellency [E. Oxenstierna] and report all matters of im- portance to Rising or the Commercial College.""
The people hired in Vasteras gradually made their appear- ance at Stockholm, where a number of men had been hired by Kramer,'^ among whom was a millwright,'* engaged at a sal- ary of 40 D. a month. Twelve children (boys) from the Bild- ing College of the city of Stockholm were also sent to New Sweden on these ships.** The Orn was now almost ready to sail, and in the beginning of October a memorial was given to Captain Bockhorn by the Admiralty, instructing him to set out at once for Gothenburg and requesting him to follow the orders he was to receive from the Commercial College in all matters pertaining to the journey. *°
The ship left Stockholm on October 8, touching at Helsingor, Copenhagen and other ports, and arrived at Gothenburg on November 8.'" The soldiers and colonists were now rushed to
' President in Gothenburg.
'° Instruction for S. Skute, August 25, 1653 ; letter to Per Ribbing, August 24, 1653, Com. Col. Reg.; Journal, no. 1104 ff.
"Letter to S. Skute, September 10, 1653, Com. Col. Reg. (R.A.).
" Kramer paid a month's wages to sixteen of these.
" " Sagmiihlenmeister."
" Expenses of 60 D. in connection with them are noted.
"Journal, nos. 1130, 1153 ff.; "Memorial," etc., Am. Reg., October 4, 1653, fol. 531-3 (Fl. Ar.).
"Lindestrora to Pres. in the Com. Col., July 9, 1654, N.S., I. (R.A.).
The Tenth Expedition. 473
the city, to be in readiness for embarking, and preparations were made to bring the cargo on board. Twelve barrels of butter, twenty barrels of bread, one hundred and thirty-six barrels of beer and several hogsheads of wine and other food stuffs, obtained for the journey, as well as shoes, clothes, imple- ments, sails and supplies for the new ship and a great variety of other goods, ^'^ which had been bought by Anckarhjelm through orders from the Commercial College, were gradually loaded upon the vessel. Anckarhjelm showed great diligence in these preparations. He bought most of the goods with his own money and supplied large sums to the sailors. Upon the arrival of the ship he caused new barrels to be made for the packing of the provisions and cabins to be built for the people. Disputes arose between the officers, threatening to retard the work, but the admiral was instructed to preserve discipline and his interference seems to have restored order.'^
In the meantime the Gyllene Haj was detained at Stockholm as she was not in a sea-faring condition. In September she was repaired at the cost of 66:i<)H D. and in October, when the Orn was on her way to Gothenburg, she was still lying in the harbor undergoing repairs. The ship was partly rebuilt under
"The following were some of the articles loaded upon the ship:
I large iron chain 6 fathoms (famnar) long D. i8
3 large saw-blades D. 24
1 large iron hammer or sledge D. 3:16
100 Phluggyxor (plow shares?) D. 75
5,000 small nails D. 45
2 broad-axes D. 6
1 cross-cut saw (stocksag) D. 7
2 drawing knives D. 2
1 small saw D. i :8
I line of 20 fathom's length (weighing 3^ lispounds) . . . .V>. 15:24
I saw-crank(?) (sagvef), weighing I254 lispounds D. 24:18
1 adze(?) (skarfyxa) D. 3
I glugg-yxa(?), axe D. 2
I hammer D. z
I still (biinnvinspanna) D. 46
1 salmon-net D. 45
Journal, nos. 1131, 1172, etc.
"The Cora. Col. to Anckarhjelm, December 13, 1653, Com. Col. Reg. (R.A.) ;
" Forslag," etc., February i, 1654, N.S., I. (R.A.) ; Journal, no. 1115 ff.
474 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
the supervision of Lieut. Anders Jansson from Torp and new tackle and rigging were supplied. She was put into fairly good condition by the middle of November and on the nineteenth six- teen barrels of beer, two barrels of salt meat, the same amount of " stromming,"^'* twenty barrels of hard bread, "six barrels of fine hard bread for the officers" and other provisions, which had been purchased by Hans Kramer, were taken on board.-"
The long delay was due to the repairs that had been made and to various causes, but it is likely that Amundsson was greatly to blame. He had been appointed captain of the ship in August,-' but he was now old and unfit for such service. On October 6 the Admiralty issued a memorial to him. He should sail to New Sweden by way of Porto Rico, where he was to de- mand damages for the Katt according to the revised bill of the losses and the orders which were to be given him by the Com- mercial College. On December 13 an instruction in eleven paragraphs was drawn up for him, relating to his duties on the journey, his commission in Porto Rico and his office in New Sweden, and a letter of appointment with special reference to his labors in the colony was signed the same day. Both docu- ments were issued by the Commercial College and they were probably sent with Rising to Gothenburg on December 19.^^
About the beginning of December, as the instructions and let- ters were ready, Gustaf Printz arrived in the capital after a long voyage. The ship Marie, on which he had left Amer- ica, touched at Portsmouth in September and reported that it came from New Sweden under the command of Printz. It was put under arrest by order of the Commissioners of Customs In London and, although demands were made for its release, it was not freed for some time.-^ But Printz succeeded in reach- ing Stockholm, where he appeared before the Commercial Col-
" " Small herring."
^Journal, nos. iiio, 1115, H37-39, "41-31 1146-52, 1156-63.
^ Pass for Capt. H. Amundsson, November, 1653, copy in N.S., I. (R.A.).
^ Com. Col. Reg. (R.A.) ; Rising's Journal.
^ " Au mois de Sept. le vaisseau La Marie venant de la Nouvelle Suede, cora- mande par le Sr. Gustaf Prins fut arrete a Portsmouth," etc.. Slate Pap., For., Trade and Adm. Pap., 1650-5 (Pub. Rec. Office).
The Tenth Expedition. 475
lege and reported the condition of the colony. This gave fur- ther impetus to the preparations and a letter was written to Governor Printz requesting him to remain in the country, as assistance would immediately be sent and he would be rewarded for his service.-^
While the preparations for provisioning the ships and gather- ing colonists were going on, steps were also taken for the reor- ganization of the company and for the further development of New Sweden. Printz had at various times earnestly requested to be released from his services as he found his duties too arduous and the means at his disposal too small. He had on each occasion been commanded to remain. Now his request was partly to be granted, but not in the form of a recall — a commissary was to be sent out, who should aid him in his work. Johan Rising, the secretary in the Commercial College, was ap- pointed to this position. Rising, being greatly interested in economic and judicial questions, had studied abroad for some time and paid much attention to the colonial policy and com- mercial activity of Holland. He had visited England and be- come acquainted with English economic theories and colonial views and, as he had given much time to the study of com- merce, trade and agriculture, he was engaged to write a treatise on these subjects. He was of a practical bent of mind and a patriot, whose thoughts were ever occupied with problems that concerned the welfare of Swedish shipping, Swedish trade and Swedish colonies and he was therefore particularly well equipped and apparently most suitable for the position of coun- cillor and assistant to Governor Printz. He was recommended to the position by Eric Oxenstierna and the chancellor and ad- vised by them to accept the office."^ The offer seems to have been agreeable to him and he willingly accepted it. He has given us his own reasons for doing so. In the first place he considered the colony a splendid sphere for the exercise of his
^ Com. Col. Reg., December 15, 1653 (R.A.).
^See "Relation," etc., N.S., I. (R.A.). The source for Dr. Fries's statement that Rising requested to be allowed to go ("begarde att sjalf fa raedfolja fartyget Orn") is not very trustworthy. Hist. Tid., 1896, p. 38.
476 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
powers and secondly he hoped to be able to serve his country to the best advantage. Rising left his services in the Commercial College towards the end of Octoberj^" and December 9 the government issued a commission formally appointing him to his position as well as defining his duties. ^^
On December 12a number of documents concerning Rising's commission were issued by the government (a Certificate of Appointment, a Memorial,^* etc.) and an order was sent to the " Kammar KoUegium," assigning 1,500 D. for his travel- ling expenses.^® A few days later the treasurer was ordered to pay this money to Rising, including 536 D. which remained on his salary in the Commercial College for 1653. He was also knighted and a large donation of land was given to him. About the middle of December"^* a long instruction was pre- pared by the Commercial College and on the same date a " memorial " concerning his journey to Gothenburg and the voy- age across the ocean was signed by the officers of the college. He was to proceed to Gothenburg without delay. On his arrival there he was to inform the magistrates of the new regu- lations that had been issued concerning New Sweden and he was to prevail upon private parties to send goods on the ship at their own risk for trade in the colony. He was to have free passage to New Sweden and he could bring over from ten to twelve colonists without expense except that he must pay for their provisions. He was to have supervision over the ships during the voyage and he was to see that Divine services were
"The last signature by Rising as secretary of the college is found on page 111, of the Reg., for October 29, 1653. Com. Col. Reg., 1651-1655.
"Queen's letter, December 9, 1653, N.S., L (R.A.), Biogr. He was sent to help the Governor strengthen the company, increase the trade and to work for the general welfare of the colony.
"The Memorial is also addressed to Johan Printz. "Memorial oppS de Arender, som Kongl. Maijt. hafwer funnit nodigt deels Gouverneuren i Nya Swerige, Johan Printz, deels Com. widh General Com. Col. och Asist. Radhet uthj farbe: de Landskap, J. Rising, till rattelse att opsattia och forteckna latha." Copy in N.S., I. (R.A.).
"Kong. Majt:s till Kam. Kol., December 12, 1653 (K.A., orig.), R.R., Dec. 12 ff., 1653; Kam. Kol. Reg., December 17, 1653 (K.A.).
*'Two dates are given, December 15 and 18, see " Instr.," Com. Col. Reg. and Biogr., R. (R.A.).
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The Tenth Expedition. 477
held, that the captains followed their instructions and that the cargoes were well preserved. He should take the shortest route to New Sweden and not go by way of the Canaries, unless it were absolutely necessary.'"
Several other officers were engaged to go to New Sweden at this time. Among these were Peter Martensson Lindestrom'^ and Elias Gyllengren, who returned to the colony in the capacity of a lieutenant. Lindestrom was appointed engineer. On October 31 the Commercial College issued a recommenda- tion for him, which states that " since the bearer, noble and well born. Per Martensson Lindestrom, has humbly applied for a recommendation, having with the consent of his parents, de- termined to go to New Sweden for further experience . . ." the college recommends him to the favor of the governor. In his youth Lindestrom attended the University of Upsala for a time and was then employed as secretary in the College of Mines for two years. Returning to the university he special- ized in mathematics and the art of fortification until he "was ordered to go to New Sweden."*^
Sven Skute returned to the colony on the Orn. He was ap- pointed "Captain of the landspeople" and on December 13 a letter was issued for him to that effect. On the same day an instruction was drawn up, according to which he was to super- vise the embarking of the people and the loading of the goods. He was to look after the cargo and have charge of the pro- visions for the colonists and soldiers; he was to keep a diary of the journey and leave a signed copy of it with the governor in the colony and send another to Sweden ; he was also to make an inventory of the goods, provisions and the mail matter, leaving one of the two copies with Admiral Anckarhjelm, signed by himself and Captain Bockhorn. Since there was only one kit- chen on the ship, making it difficult to keep the food for the passengers and the sailors separate,^^ Skute and Bockhorn
^"Memorial," etc., Com. Col. Reg., December 18, 1653.
"Lindestrom left Stockholm on the Orn.
'" Letter of Lindestrom, Biogr. (R.A.) ; Lindestrom, Geogr.
"The company fed the soldiers and colonists and the admiralty fed the sailors.
478 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
were to keep accurate accounts of all the food-stuffs used on the journey, so that the supplies could be controlled and the steward was to have charge of the supplies for each group.** Skute's duty should also be to see that prayers were said morn- ing and evening, he should keep peace among the people, punish disturbers and be on good terms with the other captains. ^"^
Rising, having made all necessary arrangements for his long voyage, left Upsala December 19 on his way to Gothenburg, where he arrived on the twenty-seventh.*" He immediately set about to carry out his instructions, visited the presidents of the city*^ and tried to persuade some of the citizens to send goods to the South River. They desired to see the permit from the government, however, before they would risk it and besides there was no room in the ship on account of the great number of passengers.** A certain merchant, Jon Amundsson, ex- pressed a desire to go to New Sweden, but he left Gothenburg before the ship sailed and did not return. Laurence de Geer, who was also interested in the new liberties granted to private merchants, visited Rising in company with Admiral Anckar- hjelm, acquainted himself with the conditions of the privileges "and showed an inclination to carry on trade" on the Dela- wares requesting Rising to correspond with him.*®
On account of the long delay of the expedition and on account of other circumstances, gathered from the governor's letters and the oral reports of Gustaf Printz, it appears that Eric Oxenstierna and the other managers of the preparations were not so sure that everything would be as expected, when Rising
" Revs. Peter Hjort and Matthias Nertunius were also among the passengers on the drn. Nertunius was given 15 D. by Anckarhjelm before the ship sailed.
"Inst, for Sltute, December 12, 1653; Instr. for S. Skute at Goteborg, August 25, Com. Col. Reg. (R.A.).
^Rising to E. Oxenstierna, December 30, 1653; Journal (Up. B.).
'" Gothenburg was ruled by two presidents, see Goteborgs Hist. President Broman was ill at the time.
■"Rising wrote to Eric Oxenstierna, requesting him to send a copy of the new privileges to Gothenburg so that he could exhibit it to interested parties. Rising to E. Oxenstierna, December 30, 1653. Ox. Saml. (R.A.).
""Rising to E. Oxenstierna, December 30, 1653, January 21, 1654. Ox. Saml. {R.A.).
ri
n
I
.vV
»
^^
14
f^
'^v.'
^! ^ '^^'^
The Tenth Expedition. 479
arrived on the South River. Hence provisions were made for every extremity. " In case," says the memorial given to Ris- ing, "contrary to expectations, Printz should have left the country, or [it should be found] that our forts on the river are captured by some one, then he [Rising] shall demand their re- turn in the name of Her Royal Majesty and seek to get them into his possession in all possible manners, otherwise settle and fortify some other place in the river. If this could not be effected he should consult with the captains about what was best to do . . . and then, either settle the colonists in some other place in America or return again [to Sweden]." Before sailing Rising was informed of Printz's arrival in Europe'*" and, fearing that the settlement was captured, he looked about for other places suitable for the founding of a colony. " With Anckarhjelm," he says, " I have discussed the possibilities of securing a foot-hold in Florida. He stated that he well knows that there are large districts there, which are not occupied, but because the Spaniards are appropriating everything to them- selves [in this region] and on account of the ferocity of the savages, he [thought] that no one could plant [successful] colonies there, unless frequent reinforcements should be sent. [He] therefore considered it wisest ... to settle somewhere on the South River [in case it should be necessary to select new territory]." If Anckarhjelm had advised Rising to settle his people in Florida, it is possible that history would have told of a second New Sweden on this continent.*^
Shortly after Rising's arrival at Gothenburg the Orn was ready to depart. On January 2 the colonists and soldiers were reviewed at Stegeberg(?) outside of Gothenburg and money was given them by Admiral Anckarhjelm. Their passes were examined and "persons of evil repute were mustered out and
" Rising was informed of the fact on January 3 and he reported it to E. Oxenstierna two days later. Rising to Oxenstierna, January 5, 1654. Ox. Saml.
"Memorial, etc., for Rising, Com. Col. Reg., December 18, 1653, §9; Rising to E. Oxenstierna, January 5, 1654, also Rising to E. Oxenstierna, no place, no date, but written from Gothenburg after January 20 and before January 27, 1654, Ox. Saml.
48o The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
regulated." It is also stated that about a hundred families had to be left behind on account of lack of room in the vessel.*^
Everything was in readiness on the fifth of January, but the Gyllene Haj had not made her appearance and, as so much of the provisions had now been used up that the remainder was not sufficient for the journey, it was found necessary to wait for the arrival of the new supplies on the ship.*^ The Haj, having finally been made ready, left Stockholm on November 23 with forty-one persons (including the sailors) and a good supply of provisions.** Contrary winds seem to have delayed the sailing,
"Rising to E. Oxenstierna, December 30, 1653, January 5, 1654; Anckarhjelm to Kramer, February i, 1654, N.S., 1. (R.A.).
"As the Haj was delayed Rising informed Oxenstierna about it and inquired if they should wait. Orders were then received not to wait for the ship, and to set sail as soon as the wind was favorable, but Rising consulted with Anckar- hjelm and it was decided to wait for the vessel.
"In N.S. I. (R.A.) is the following list:
" A.D. 1653. A list of the people [who sailed] on the Gyllene Haj the twenty- third of November from Stockholm to Gothenburg, as follows: —
Captain Hanss Amundsson with persons i
Lieutenant Swen Hoock
Hanss Steghson in Dallaron, the son-in-law of the book keeper Hans
Kramer, December 17
The mate, Jonss Oloffsson
Common Sailors.
Bengt Ericksson
Johan Olofifsson
Dawid Michellsson
Erich Joransson
Hindrick Matzson
The cook, Jonss Olofsson
The cook's boy, Jacob Johansson
Total 2*
The Land People.
The constaples (gunners) with their wives, maidservants and children are both families together, persons 7
The Soldiers
Johan Pedhersson WulflE *
Nilss Nilsson Phogegus(?) *
Gustaf Johansson Krackfoot i
Secretary Carl Juliuss *
The 30th of December, 1653, these have deserted in the Sound:
Tommes Mein ^
Jonass Ericksson *
The Tenth Expedition. 481
for on December 17 the ship had only come as far as Dalaron.*' On the thirtieth she was in the sound, where six sailors with a servant and a prisoner deserted.*" Four new sailors having been hired, the vessel again set sail about January 3, but she failed to arrive at Gothenburg in a reasonable time, the wind being so contrary, and on January 1 1 Rising sent a messenger along the shore to look for her. She arrived at last on January 17, but "leaky and in bad condition." Through the negligence of the sailors she had run on banks in the sound and her mast and anchor were broken.*"
According to the original plans the two ships were to leave Gothenburg simultaneously, keeping the same course for about half the journey, whereupon the Haj should go by a direct route to Porto Rico, but on account of the long delay of the expedition new orders were given, whereby Rising was in- structed to proceed at once to New Sweden, while the Haj was
Larss Erichsson i
Jonass Erichsson i
Michel! Olofsson von Saar i
Torsten Torwigh with his servant 2
Hans Miodh, a prisoner l
The above mentioned seven people disappeared as stated above in Ohresundh, the 30th December.
Total number of people from Stockholm to Gothenburg 40
[The prisoner Hans Miodh was not counted.] The following have arrived in the Sound:
The mate Andreas Matthaeus i
Second mate Effwert Johansson i
Sailor Jonss Nilsson i
The cook Persson i "
With Elswick's letter to E. Oxenstierna of March 22, 1654, is another " Forteckning pa skepsfolket pa sk. G. Haij, sora skola wara foljactige till West Indien." According to this list Bengt Olsson from Soderkoping was second mate across the ocean, Andreas Swensson from Sundbeck, Jacob Johansson from Helsingfors and Olof Torkilsson were common sailors besides those given above, Berndt Jastsson from Bergen accompanied the ship as sailmaker, Sigfrid Olsson was cook and Sven Larsson was " cajut pojke." " Forteck.," March 22, 1654, N.S., I. (R.A.).
^ A place near Stockholm. "They had been paid part of their wages.
""Forteckning," etc., 1653, N.S., I. (R.A.), Rising to E. Oxenstierna, January II, January 20, January 26, Ox. Saml.; Anckarhjelm to Kramer, January 20, 1654, N.S., I. (R.A.). Rising's Journal (Up. B.). "I onssdagz middagh kom Galioten Gillenhay hijt. ..." Rising to E. Oxenstierna, January 20, 1654.
32
482 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
to follow as soon as the additional provisions and arrangements necessary for the Porto Rico voyage had been supplied and completed.
Immediately upon the arrival of the Haj, the provisions and supplies, which it carried, were transferred to the Orn and in a few days the colonists went on board, everything being in readi- ness for sailing. Anckarhjelm supplied more money with which to pay part of the salaries and wages of some officers and sailors so that they could go on the expedition, and nothing was now wanting but a good wind.**
The wind, however, was contrary for some days, causing further delay and expense. The colonists had now been at Gothenburg 11 weeks, waiting for the departure of the ship, during which time they had consumed provisions to the value of 1,461 ■.4. D. They seem to have been fed at some central place from the supply procured by Anckarhjelm, but lodged with various people in the city. Nils " Tjarubrannare "** was paid 1:16 D. for lodging eight persons, thirty-eight men were kept by H. Anerberg for 12:24 D. and twenty persons stayed at Stegeberg with Hans Jung, who was paid 27 : 24 D. including the charges connected with the review of the people.^"
A great many colonists went over with the expedition, but we are unable to state the exact number nor their names for the roll-list has been lost.^^ On the thirtieth of December Rising wrote that "the people were about 260 without the sailors"; additional arrivals swelled the number to 350 or more^^^
"Rising to E. Oxenstierna, December 30, 1653, January 5, 1654, January 11, 1654, January 20, 1654; Anckarhjelm to H. Kramer, January 20, 1654; Linde- strom, Geogr.; Holm (transl.), p- 74-
'""The tar-burner."
■" " Forslagh," etc., Feb. i, 1654, N.S., \. (R.A.) ; Journal, no. 1153 (November i7> 1653).
^ It was sent to Hans Kramer by Admiral Anckarhjelm.
°- While waiting for a favorable wind Rising found "a young man, Hans Walter [probably a German or a Hollander], ... for bookkeeper . . . and promised him 20 R.D. a month." He also hired a person " who could keep a cash book, and who well understood brewing, baking and fishing," offering him 100 R.D. a year besides board. Rising to the Cora. Col., January 26; to E. Oxenstierna, January 27, Feb. i, 1654.
The Tenth Expedition. 483
II.
As the wind was turning on January 26, Rising made up his mind to sail the following day and in the morning of the twenty-seventh the colonists and soldiers swore their oath of loyalty to the Swedish Crown and the New Sweden Company "under a banner made for this purpose," but the wind soon changed again, delaying the vessel another week.®^ On Feb- ruary 2 the ship at last set sail, but the harbor was partly frozen, making it difficult to gain the open sea.^* When the vessel reached Skagen^^ after two days' sailing a strong wind drove her back again towards Jutland, where she became leaky, having a large hole in the bow, which greatly alarmed the passengers. " The leak was mended as well as possible " (caus- ing much trouble on the way, however) , and on the sixth they again had a favorable wind. Their intention was to sail north of Scotland, perhaps to avoid English and Dutch warships, but when they arrived " at the end of Scotland, where the Backe- nds^^ mountains are," the wind turned against them, compelling them to sail back towards the English Channel, along the coast of Scotland and England, amidst a terrible storm. On the morning of February 16 they were in the Straits of Dover. The captain was now confused, since they had not been able to make observations for some days, but he soon found that they were near Calais in whose harbor they cast anchor, while Lindestrom with some other passengers went ashore.^^ They left the harbor the same day, taking a westerly course through the
"Rising's Journal; Lindestrom's Geogr. " Haltz altsa monstringh uppa Skeppet ornen den 27 January, hwarest och hwar af dhem ladhe af deras troheetz Edh, till then anda the nu reesa skulle, under een fana som ther till giordh war." Journal.
""Rising's Journal, Geogr. Rising saj's in his letter of February 17, 1654, that they set sail February 3 from Gothenburg. Perhaps it took all day February 2 to clear the harbor.
"■^ A small peninsula, the most northerly point of Denmark, directly west of Gothenburg.
'"Brechin heights or acclivity? Cf. Lewes, A Topogr. Die, I. 151 if. Lindestrom's Geogr. Rising makes no mention in his Journal of entering the harbor of Calais, but there seems to be no reason for doubting Lindestrom's state- ment. Cf. his story of the barber and piebaker. Cf. below, Chap. XLIV. The pies " were sold," Lindestrom says, " in Calais when the ship was there."
484 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
channel. Near Dover they met an English frigate, called the Pearl, commanded by Captain Cheverell,^* who demanded that the captain of the Orn should come on board his ship to show his passport and explain his mission. As it was against the instructions of a captain on a Swedish government ship to leave his post, Cheverell was requested to send his captain on board the Orn. On receiving this reply the English fired a ball near the rudder of the Swedish vessel, raised the red flag and pre- sented the broadside of the Pearl,^^ supposing that a Dutch vessel was carrying the Swedish flag."'' Rising then sent his ship-lieutenant, Anders Jonsson, with passes to the English boat, whereupon Captain Cheverell sent his mate on board the Orn and the vessels went into the harbor, casting anchor over night. The Swedes were well received, when their identity had been established, a pass was given to them and an offer was made to bring them water as well as other refreshments,®^ but Captain Bockhorn being ill disposed towards the English, de- clined the friendly offer, and set sail with a Swedish salute. From Dover Rising wrote to E. Oxenstierna, relating their experiences since their departure from Gothenburg.®-
As Captain Bockhorn had declined the friendly offer of fresh water from the English, in spite of the fact that his supply was exhausted, he was compelled to seek for it elsewhere before leaving Europe. While they were exploring for water the wind turned, driving the Orn back past Dover to Deal. Here
^ He was a brother of the governor of Dover Castle, Rising's Journal.
'° Lindestrora (Gear.) says that the " English fired and knocked off the tackling and ships-head," but this is not probable, for Rising makes no mention of damages done to the ship and it is highly improbable that he would have omitted such an occurrence. See Journal, February 16 (1654), letter to E. Oxenstierna, on board the Orn, February 17.
" Lindestrom says that an English frigate was stationed at about every mile along the coast, there being 90 war-ships in the channel. Geogr. Twenty English ships were, at the time, ready to sail to the West Indies (America). Rising to E. Oxenstierna, February 17, 1654.
" Before the vessel sailed two men brought large baskets of oranges and lemons on board for refreshments. Geogr.
°^ Rising to E. Oxenstierna, February 17, 1654, Ox. Saml. (R.A.). Rising presented a rifle to the English on February 18, " Rack, med Sod. Com." Rising's Process (R.A.).
The Tenth Expedition. 485
water was obtained, but at the cost of money and " the people were compelled to run through the water before they came ashore." On February 23 they again set sail, but at Folkestone the wind was contrary. On the twenty-fifth, however, they had a good wind and on the twenty-seventh they entered Weymouth Harbor to replenish their supplies of water and other refresh- ments."^ The wind was again contrary for several days, giving the Swedes an opportunity to see the town and recuperate after the rough voyage. They were well treated by " the local gover- nor, Mr. Depery," who, visiting Lindestrom and Rising in their lodgings with a large staff, invited the Swedish officers to his palace, where they were entertained until midnight. During the banquet the governor inquired about Ambassador White- locke's arrival in Sweden and showed great interest in his mission.®* One " evening the city musicians " also came to salute them and "honored us," says Lindestrom, "with a serenade of most delightful and pleasing music, so that we had to open our purses."''^
On March 3*"^ they left Weymouth with a favorable wind, spread all the sails of the Orn and pointed her prow towards America. On the ninth they were opposite the coast of Por- tugal, where they came within speaking distance of three Swe- dish ships from Stockholm on their way to Setubal to fetch salt. Ten days later they sighted one of the Canaries, in whose harbor they cast anchor at nine the following morning to re- plenish their supplies and attend to the people, as they had had a stormy voyage and the passengers as well as the crew were sick, many having died on the voyage and been thrown over-
'" In his Journal Rising says that they entered Weymouth to get supplies but in his letter of March 3 he says on account of contrary wind.
"There is some discrepancy in the statements of Rising and Lindestrom at this point. Lindestrom, who wrote for publication, is more full, but perhaps also less careful about facts.
"' Geogr.
"Rising says, "on the 3d of March we sailed out of Weymouth, while there was quite a good wind, out towards the great Atlantic Ocean." Lindestrom says that they left Weymouth on March 2 but Rising wrote from Weymouth, March 3, and in his Journal he states that they set sail on March 3.
486 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
board.®' Captain Bockhorn,"* who went ashore with the pass, was brought into the city by an officer and detained towards noon the next day, causing much anxiety among the Swedes, especially since the best sailors were with him. He was delayed by the governor, who desired to visit the ship himself. At noon Governor Don Philipo Disalago came with three large yachts " and a large suite," says Lindestrom, and offered the Swedes every kindness. Before his return he invited Rising with his staff to dinner at his palace. A negro slave was ordered to attend the Swedish officers with a shade on their way to the palace and at the banquet they were treated in the most splendid manner. " I am not able to do justice in describing the magnificent treatment we received at the palace from the Governor," says Lindestrom. "Although there was no meat, fish, bread or such like on the table, yet the dinner was so sump- tuous that we had never seen the like before ... It consisted entirely of confections . . . and different kinds of wine.""® Toasts were also given and the festivities lasted till towards midnight.'^"
The people were likewise permitted to land."' The refresh-
" On April lo, one hundred and thirty persons were sick. Rising's Journal (R.A.).
"Lindestrom writes that they had had a terrible storm and fog for two and a half weeks and Captain Bockhorn was confused and would at first not believe that they had gone so far out of their course. When they were convinced that they actually were at the Canary Islands, they found it, after deliberation, advisable to translate the passport into Latin and cut the seal from the Swedish original and put it on the Latin copy. Lindestrom, Geogr.
"'During the repast the governor informed Rising that Queen Christina had become a Catholic and renounced her crown.
'" Geogr., Rising's Journal. Lindestrom gives a number of experiences in his Geogr., omitted by Rising. " It was a custom," says Lindestrom, " for the nuns and monks of the island to visit strangers and question them about their religion. They therefore paid a visit to the Swedes." Lindestrom with ten others were also invited by the monks to visit the monastery.
" Lindestrom relates that when they left the ship to go on shore " the people of the town collected, made a great noise and picked up stones which they threw at them, so that some of the Swedes received serious injuries. Rising then sent Lieut. Gyllengren and Lindestrom to the governor to make complaint, whereupon he commissioned one of his principal servants to send an officer with several drummers, beating the drum all round the city and at the entrance of all streets, to proclaim peace and that if any person dared to attack us [the Swedes] in any manner whatever, he should forfeit his life."
The Tenth Expedition. 4S7
merits, supplied to them here, revived their spirits and the majority recuperated from their sickness,'^- "but many died in the harbor."
Giving a farewell salute to the Canaries on March 25"^ they " sailed from that place with a north-east wind and south-west by west towards the Eastern Passage."^* Fresh supplies added somewhat to the comfort of the passengers, while quantities of fish and sea crabs were caught during the journey, but, as the heat increased, when they came further south and west, violent disease broke out among the people, causing great misery and suffering, some being so affected with dysentery and intermittent fever that they jumped into the sea.^^ It was therefore found necessary to land, when they approached the Caribbean Islands, " for their misery was increasing daily,"'" and on April 16 they cast anchor in the harbor at St. Christopher. After the re- ligious services Captain Skute with some soldiers went ashore to present their passport to Governor Everet, who offered them every kindness and sent them several boats of refreshments. Fresh water was likewise obtained and fish was caught by net, supplying food for the people.'" On April 17 the officers were invited to dinner by the widow of the former governor, now the
"The bills for supplies and lodging amounted to 400 R.D. Rising's Process (R.A.). One lot was valued at 137:4'/^ R.D. " Rach. pa hwadh. som ahr inkiopt . . . uthy Canaria," etc., March 24, 1654, N.S., I. (R.A.).
" Lindestrom has the twenty-sixth and Rising the twenty-fifth.
" Four canary birds were bought and taken to New Sweden. " Rackningh," etc., March 24, 1654, N.S., I. (R.A.).
^ Lindestrom adorns his description by ascribing it to the song and music of the sirens. " Some of our people were so much elated [because the sirens sang so beautifully] that they jumped into the sea on account of the delightful playing. . . . Those who did so in the daytime were got out again, but those who jumped through the portholes in the night were not rescued." Geogr. According to Lindestrom 230 persons were sick.
" " Nulla calamitas sola,'" exclaims Lindestrom, and he goes on to relate that the Turks approached with three ships for the purpose of attacking them and pursued them for some distance. Every man able to hold a gun was ordered on deck and brandy was given them to strengthen them. Shots were fired at the Turks and they withdrew, leaving the Swedes to go on their course. After the Turks had disappeared there vpas thanksgiving on board. Geogr. The story is improbable, although it has been accepted by some. The event is not men- tioned by Rising.
"Cf. "Reck. med. Sod. Com.," Rising's Process (R.A.).
488 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
wife of George March, and on the eighteenth Rising hired two horses from March by which he rode, in company with Linde- strom, to the residence of the French governor-general, a dis- tance of twenty-five miles, to inquire about the ship-wrecked Swedes at St. Cruz."® The governor received them "very civilly," said that the Swedes had left long before, but if any still remained they would be free to depart at any time. He also " promised that the Swedes would be welcome in all French territory, would be allowed to trade freely and would be treated as brothers in all their places."
When Rising returned he found the people very 111, longing for fresh food. To mitigate their sufferings he bought a large ox (valued at 1,440 lbs. of tobacco or 60 R.D.),'^" which was butchered and distributed among the people.
April 19 they again set sail in company with an English frigate. In the night of May i they were close to the American coast and in the morning they sailed into the Bay of Virginia, where a severe thunderstorm overtook them, compelling them to remove all the sails.*" Then for some days calm prevailed, but on May 5 a good wind favored them. After some sailing the mariners, being unable to take their bearings on account of cloudy weather, were of the opinion that they had passed the Bay of New Sweden, and on the ninth they sailed south again, arriving at Cape Henry and Virginia Bay on the twelfth, which they supposed to be the mouth of the South River. In the bay they experienced another sudden gust of wind, which snapped the foresail and mizzen sail from the rigging, as though they had been cut with a knife, and carried them far out to sea, while the ship was thrown violently on her leeward side.
After an unsuccessful attempt to establish connections with
"For the Island of St. Cruz at this time, see Ogilby, America, 364-5.
'" It was bought from George March and paid for by " three pieces of Holland cloth."
'° According to Lindestrom's story, " several of the men on the upper deck . . . were thrown into the sea and lost." The ship turned on her side with her masts in the water, so that they were compelled to cut the main mast before the ship righted herself. They were delayed several days in the bay to put the ship in order.
The Tenth Expedition. 489
two English vessels, which fled from them in the belief that they were sea-robbers, information as to their whereabouts was gained from an Englishman, who came on board the Orn.^^ The people were very ill, some dying daily, but the fresh water, which was brought aboard, somewhat revived them, and on May 16 they continued their journey, accompanied by two English vessels, reaching New Sweden Bay two days later. " Here the wind again betrayed them," but on May 20 the sails were swelled and in the evening they arrived before Fort Elfsborg, where they cast anchor. The next morning, which was Trinity Sunday, the ship moved on towards Fort Casimir, while services were conducted on board. The fort was taken and on May 22 the ship was anchored in the harbor of Christina.*-
The vessel being ready on July 15 set sail for Sweden with a fair wind, carrying a cargo of tobacco. The return voyage was a long and dangerous one. The ship went to St. Martin for repairs,*^ thence to Firth, where Captain Bocl^horn bought supplies for 1,200 D. k.m. from his own means. After some delay they set out for Gothenburg with a favorable wind, at which place they arrived about September 24.*^
^ A catch also visited the Orn.
'-Rising's Journal (Up. Bib. and R.A.) ; Geogr.; Rising's Process (R.A.).
"The ship was in a very poor condition and it was repaired shortly after its return to Sweden.
'"Com. Col. till K. Maj., October i6, 1663, Skr. till K. Maj., 1650-66 (R.A.) ; Papegoja to Rising, March to, 1655, N.S., I. (R.A.) ; Cora. Col. Prot., October 4, 1654; Am. Reg., October 4, October 7, 1654 (Fl.A.).
CHAPTER XL.
The Eleventh Expedition, 1654.
As soon as the Orn had gone to sea preparations for the journey of the GylJene Ha'j were continued. A report of the condition of the ship was sent to the Commercial College and Amundsson requested Eric Oxenstierna to give orders to Ad- miral Anckarhjelm to have her put in a sea-faring condition. The ship was slowly repaired; Anckarhjelm advanced more money with which additional goods were purchased for the cargo as well as provisions for the people.^ But matters pro- gressed slowly and as late as February 10 Anckarhjelm reported that " the Gyllene Haj was still leaking." He was getting tired of the affair. The discipline among the sailors was poor. " I know not how the journey with the Gyllene Haj will turn out," he wrote, " the captain pays hardly any attention to the ship and each [officer] is, I understand, his own master, so that one will not give in to the other. A short time ago a soldier gave the mate two black eyes, on account of which I have placed the former under arrest on the Crown's ship Hercules."^ As he had paid large sums out of his own means, he requested a draft for 1,000 R.D., when the Orn was about to sail, this being only part of the money he had disbursed. On February i the Com- mercial College requested Kramer to send them the bills and inform them whether or not money could be supplied in Stock- holm by the company or through draft on Joachim Korts in Riga,^ but there was no money in the treasury before the "tobacco participants" paid part or all of the 12,800 D. k.m.
^Amundsson to E. Oxenstierna, January 29, 1654, Ox. Saml. (R.A.) ; Anckar- hjelm to Hans Kramer, January 20, 1654, N.S., I. (R.A.)-
° Kramer to Asses, in the Com. Col., February 14, 1654; Anckarhjelm to Kramer, February 10 and February 15, 1654, N.S., I. (R.A.).
°The College made arrangements to pay a little later however.
490
)i«;.^-a -,^(pi.« 4,u:\.v- 6'-/-s«i.5-4.*WL',t4 j.';^»c..\ t,.- %''<».v5 ...l.»»^«-_',
^, p./ ..K ..X '.-^r? Jdi.'.,r, ^ .-^ .ll.A..
.il^jiic_ o^ii(4„«'^i fc.«j.u»<M-.-^ wrjk.^^.-i»W.-s..»l«Jj;«<~^'~ °»..-
;:\i#e#**
r^..
Letter from Hans Kramer to Eric Oxenstierna, February 10, 1654.
The Eleventh Expedition. 4qi
they owed and so the i,ooo R.D. could not be paid.* Anckar- hjelm continued his preparations, however. He hired a mate, supplied more money to the sailors and did everything in his power to rush the sailing of the ship. In the beginning of March the preparations were completed, except for some flour and a large quantity of rye for seed. Since no seed corn was on the Orn Rising proposed that " 20 or 30 barrels" of good rye and barley be sent in the Haj. Later, however, it was decided not to load the rye into the ship, as it would take too much room and could be bought cheaply in New England. Printz had asked that the expedition be delayed until he arrived in Sweden, as he had some suggestions to make, but the Commercial Col- lege ordered the vessel to sail as soon as there was a favorable wind.^
We have seen that the discipline among the sailors on the Haj was not of the best. Amundsson, who had been appointed captain on the journey and supervisor of the ship-building in New Sweden, had proved himself incompetent. Repeated com- plaints were made against him, so that the college found it advisable to have him removed. Two new men, Sven Hook and Hendrick von Elswick, were already in sight for the position. Lieut. Hook, who sought a post in New Sweden, was appointed to perform Amundsson's duties in the colony as well as to com- mand the vessel on the voyage and a commission was signed for him on March 4.*^
Hendrick von Elswick was a merchant in Stockholm, who had applied to Rising for permission to go to New Sweden as " Commiss or head-merchant" and, as Rising knew him per- sonally, he recommended him to Eric Oxenstierna.^ His ap- pointment was talked about in the Commercial College and
■"Com. Col. to H. Kramer, February u, 1654, Com. Col. Reg.; Anckarhjelm's bills had been presented to E. Oxenstierna, February 17 when he was in Stock- holm. Kramer to Asses, in Com. Col., February 14, 1654, N.S., I. (R.A.).
"Com. Col. to Anckarhjelm, March 4, 1654, Com. Col.. Reg. (R.A.) ; Rising to E. Oxenstierna, January 20, 1654, Ox. Saml.
'Com. Col. Reg., March 4, 1654; " S. Hooks Supplik," etc. (about January), 1654, N.S., I. (R.A.).
' Rising thought that if he should be approached, " he would go with the Galliot ... if he could bring his wife with him."
492 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Hans Kramer was requested to interview him and report his proposals in the case. On February lo Kramer wrote to the college, highly recommending Elswick as a man of good quali- ties and suggesting that "his salary could hardly be less than 300 R.D. a year." Two days later Kramer was informed that Elswick would be employed in the company's service and he was requested to come to Upsala to arrange matters with the mem- bers of the college. Within the next ten days he appeared before the college, received his commission as factor in New Sweden, being also appointed to have charge of the expedition to Porto Rico in the place of Amundsson. After having re- ceived 150 R.D. for his travelling expenses from Kramer, he left for Gothenburg in the beginning of March and arrived in the city on the twelfth of the same month.*
As information had been received by the college that Printz was in Holland, a commission appointing Johan Rising Director of New Sweden and Skute commander of the military forces was drafted in the beginning of March and sent with the other papers to Admiral Anckarhjelm.
At the same time the Admiral, being informed of the change in the appointments by the Commercial College, was ordered by the Admiralty to take the instruction as well as all other documents from Amundsson and give them to Elswick and' Hook. As soon as Elswick arrived in Gothenburg he was taken on board the Haj, given command of the ship and author, ized to have charge of the journey to Porto Rico** and to New Sweden.^" The ship was poorly armed, having only two little
'Com. Col. to H. Kramer, February 12, 1654 (Reg. R.A.). "Elswick skall strax och oforsummeligen begifwa sigh nijd till Gotheborgh," " Instruction," etc., Com. Col. Reg., March 4, 1654, fol. 35, copy in N.S., II. (R.A.) ; H. von Elswick to Oxenstierna, March 15 (n.s.), 1654, N.S., I. (R.A.) ; Kramer to the Com. Col., February 10 and 14, 1654, N.S., I. (R.A.).
' For the voyage to Porto Rico, see above, Chap. XXIX., and the Com. Col. to H. Elswick, March 4, 1654, fol. 57; Till Lieut. Sven Hook., etc., fol. 52.
^'Am. Reg., March, 1654, fol. 868. This entry in Am. Reg. is not dated, but the index has March 15. The Com. Col. to Anckarhjelm, March 4, 1654; "In- struction," etc., March 4, fol. 34 ff. ; " Fullmact," etc., March 4, fol. 58 ff. ; H. von Elswick to E. Oxenstierna, March 15, 1654, N.S., I. (R.A.). The documents were badly injured on the way to Gothenburg through water.
The Eleventh Expedition. 493
cannon and neither balls nor powder, but ammunition was finally supplied, some new merchandise was also purchased in the last moment and soon the Haj was ready to lift anchor and set sail.^^
As all preparations were completed the expedition was de- layed for want of a couple of sailors and a ship carpenter. Some of the sailors had proven themselves incapable of doing their work, these were discharged and others hired by Anckar- hjelm in their places. A sail-maker from Bergen was also engaged at the rate of thirteen florins a month and two months wages were given him in advance.*-
But a carpenter could not be hired, although Elswick did his best to find one. He went to Kongelf'^ and Marstrand" and "inquired with diligence for a ship-carpenter," but all to no avail. There were two carpenters on the Hercules, one of whom desired to go to America, but Anckarhjelm had no authority to give him leave, consequently Elswick requested the college to apply to the Admiralty for his permission to sail on the vessel, suggesting that " he could be used to great advantage at ship-building in New Sweden." Admiral Anckarhjelm also wrote to Stockholm about it, but since only Fleming was present in the Admiralty, no definite order could be given, and Anckar- hjelm was advised to find a carpenter elsewhere. The Admiral proposed that they should sail as far as England without a carpenter, where one could easily be hired, and Elswick had in mind to try his luck at Helsingor, but on March 31, just as he was writing to the Commercial College about it, " a good and
"There was a great scare of the Turks at the time and Elswick implored the Com. Col. that " wan in unsser ungliick so gross das wir vom Tiirken genommen, es wiirde alssdan das General Collegio, mir da nicht sitzen, sondern die gnade thuen, und wieder lossmachen lassen." Letter to the Com. Col., March 22, 1654, N.S., I. (R.A.) ; Cf. Lindestrora, Geogr.
"^Elswick to the Com. Col., March 15, 22, 31, 1654; Elswick to J. Majer, March 29, 1654, N.S., I. (R.A.) ; The Com. Col. to Anckarhjelm, March 22, 1654, Com. Col. Reg., fol. 69-70.
"The manuscript has Kungel. Kongelf is a town in " Goteborgs and Bohuslan," at the Nordreelf opposite Hisingen, not far from Gothenburg. The town was moved to its present position in 1680.
"Once a great Norwegian commercial city (founded by Haakan Haakansson). Later it came under Swedish rule and is to-day a fashionable watering place.
494 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
well trained carpenter, by the name of Jan Janssen from Alckmar,"^^ was engaged at 12 R.D. a month.^®
Elswick's luggage was now brought on board, the people took the oath of allegiance and a good wind was the only thing lacking, but "some of the people were bad," the mate was in- competent and a "rascal," and the omens for a happy journey were not good.*" The expenses connected with the expedition were quite large. Rising had paid ten florins for a messenger sent to look for the Haj and Anckarhjelm paid 4,5 13 D. (k.m.) for provisioning the ship besides large sums for the salaries of the crew.'^ As Captain Hans Amundsson had private claims in Porto Rico to look after he applied for permission to go on the Haj with his family and two servants,*^ promising to assist Elswick in whatever way he could. Some of the families who could not find room on the Orn went on this ship and a few soldiers and servants also came to America on this expedition, but the exact number is not known. ^*'
Unfavorable weather delayed the Haj for two weeks, but on April 15 she at last set sail "with a good wind from Korgards- holm(?), a mile [six and a half English miles] from Gothen-
"A city in Holland, see Nordisk familjebok, I. under name.
"Elswick to the Com. Col., Mar. 15, 22, 29, 31, 1654, N.S., I. (R.A ) Anckarhjelm to the Com. Col., April 5, 1654, N.S., I. (R.A.).
"Elswick to the Com. Col., March 31, 1654, N.S., I. (R.A.) ; Anckarhjelm to E. Oxenstierna, April 5, 1654, Ox. Sam!. (R.A.). Elswick writes later: " Es ist ein theill boss Volck. . . . Der Steiirman (ob er zwar seine sachen wohl verstehet) is der Gothlosseste und leichtfertigste Mensch den ich raein lebetage gesehen, habe ihme alhier itzo ins gefengniiss in die Eijsen sitzen." Elswick to E. Oxenstierna, August 7, 1654, N.S., L (R.A.) ; cf. above, Chap. XXIX.
'^Journal, no. 1176 ff.; "Reck, medh Thet Lof. Sod. eller Ame. Comp.," Rising's Process (R.A.) ; Kramer to the Com. Col., May 25, 1654, N.S., I. (R.A.) ; Anckarhjelm to E. Oxenstierna, April 19, 1654, Ox. Saml. Anckarhjelm was ordered by the Admiralty, April 4, to go by night and day to Stockholm with the ships Mercurius and Hercules, Am. Reg., April 4, 1654, fol. 1874-5. When he arrived at Stockholm he applied to Kramer for payment. There was no money in the company's treasury. 9,000 D. were still to be collected from the " tob. part.," but this was not available and Kramer was compelled to request the Com. Col. to order J. Potter to pay 4,000 D. left in his care. Kramer to the Pres. in the Com. Col., May 25, 1654, N.S., I. (R.A.).
" He had four children.
"■ Elswick to the Com. Col., March 15, 1654.
The Eleventh Expedition. 495
burg.""^ On account of contrary winds they were compelled to run into the Norwegian port of Hastenas on the eighteenth. The next day, however, they continued their journey and, tak- ing a northerly course, they arrived at the island of St. Michael on the thirteenth of May, casting anchor in the harbor of Villa Franca.-- Here Elswick had considerable trouble and expense. When the governor found that they were going to Porto Rico, he broke open the seal of the letter from the King of Spain and read it, giving a certificate, however, that he had done so against Elswick's will. In the night of May 20 they again set sail after they had taken in a supply of water and other neces- sary refreshments for the people, holding their course on the Caribbean Islands. On the way many of the people became sick, the water supply became low and it was found necessary to touch at the island of St. Christopher, which they did on the 17th of June, being informed that the Orn had been there two months before. New supplies were again brought on board and on June 26 they continued their journey, arriving at Porto Rico on June 30.-^ Governor Jacobus de Aquilera was aware of their coming, for "he waited on the shore with his Carethe and many prominent persons, immediately sending a large boat, which brought . . . [Elswick] ashore," who delivered the Swedish passports and returned to the Haj.-*
The people went ashore the following day and new supplies were provided for them. Hans Amundsson died on the island July 2 and was buried the same day outside the city, but the other passengers soon recovered from their sickness. The mate tried to "run away," wherefore Elswick was compelled "to put him into irons in the prison " until they sailed.-^ On
^Anckarhjelm to Oxenstierna, April 19, 1654, Ox. Saml. (R.A.) ; Elswick to E. Oxenstierna, August 7, 165+, N.S., I. (R.A.).
^A town on the south coast of the island of St. Michael, Azores, 14 miles east of Ponta Delgata.
°^ For Porto Rico at this time, see Ogilby's America, p. 327 ff.
"^ Elswick's activity in presenting the claims of the company and of the Crown have been elsewhere related. Cf. Chap. XXIX. above.
^ For this account see Elswick to E. Oxenstierna, August 7, 1654, N.S., I. (R.A.).
496 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
August 15 the Haj left Porto Rico for New Sweden. The people were well, the supplies plentiful and all were in a happy mood, but the expedition was destined to fail in its purpose. By mistake they passed Delaware Bay and "through careless- ness or rather wickedness of . . . [the] mate" the ship was led into " an unknown passage behind Staten Island towards the Raritans Kill" at New Amsterdam, on September 12 where it was put under arrest by Director Stuyvesant three days later.2'^ The efforts of Elswick to obtain the release of the ship and the protests and counter-protests which passed between the respective parties belong to another chapter.-^ Most of the people on the ship, including the carpenter, remained in New Amsterdam, persuaded thereto by Stuyvesant. When Elswick had done all in his power to effect a settlement, he left for New Sweden.^*
™ Elswick to E. Oxenstierna, June 16, 1655, N.S., I. (R.A.). " Doc, Xn. 76-83 ; Copy of Protests in Elswick's handwriting, N.S., L (R.A.) and (K.A.).
^Elswick to E. Oxenstierna; Cf. above, Chap. XLV.
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FORTS AND BLOCKHOUSES, 1623-1655.
/. Szvedisit Foytifications.
A. Forts (represented by sharpcornered squares)
1) Christina, 1638-1655. 2) NyaGoteborg (NewGothen-
borg), 1643-1655. 3) Nva (New) Korsholm, 1647-1653. 4)
Nya (New) Elfsborg, 1643-1651. 5) Trefaldighet (Trinity)
(New Castle), 1654-1655.
B. Blockhouses (squares inclosed in circles)
(1) Upland, 1643 +. (2) Province (Manaiping) Island
"in the Schuylkill," 1643-1647. (3) Nya (New) Vasa,
1645-1647. (4) Molndal, 1645-1651. (5) Tome (TSme),
1647 (?)-1655. (6) Blockhouse in front of Ft. Beversreede,
,1648+. _ .
//. Dutch Forhficahons. (A) Nassau (Eriworaeck?) 1623-1651. (fl) Beversreede, 164«-1651. (D Casiniir, 1651-1654. Blockhouse at the Schuylkill, 1633-1643 (-1647?).
///. English Fortifications. Blockhouse at Varkens KilH Salem, N. J.), 1641-1643. Blockhouse on Province Island, 1642.
DATES OF PERMANENT SETTLEMENTS
BEFORE 1655.
/. By the Swedes.
(a) Christina (Wilmington), 1638, 1641. (*) Finland
or Chamassungh, 1641, 1643. (f) Upland (Chester), 1641,
1643. (rf) PrinUtorp, 1643. (<•) Tequirassy, 1643. (/)
Tinicum, 1643. (^) Province Island, 1643. (/() Minqua s
Island, 1644. (j) Kingsessing (Vasa), 1644. (7) Molndal,
1645. (/!•) Tome (Aronaraeck), 1647(?). (m) The Stdo-
land (near P't. Christina), 1654. (n) Settlement above
Ft. Christina, 1654. {o) Timber Island, 1654. (/>) Strand-
viken, 1654. (q) Ammans land, 1654.
//. By the DuJch. (I) Sandhook (New Castle), 1651.
NAMES OF RIVERS AND PLACES.
River Delaware (De la Waer, Dellewarr, Delowar, etc ) called Delaware and Charles River by the English ; Zuvdt (various forms) River (South River), Nassau (.'), " off old called Nassau River " (Doc, II, 86), Prince Hen- drick, and Wilhelmus River by the Dutch ; Sodre Reyie- ret (the South River), the Swenskes Revier (the River of the Swedes) and Nya Sweriges Rivier (the River ol New Sweden) by the Swedes. .
River Schuylkill (schuyl, hiding, + Ktl, river or creek), called Schuylkil by the Dutch ; Schuylen Kyi (various forms) by the Swedes and Menejackse (various forms) andother names by the Indians. ,,..j iwo„<.!
Province Island (Fisher or State Island), called Manai- ping, or Druweeyland by the Swedes.
Marikes, Marikens (Marcus), Hook.
Manias or Mantes Kill (Creek).
PART II.
THE COLONY UNDER PAPEGOJA AND RISING.
CHAPTER XLI.
Government and Courts of New Sweden, 1653-1655.
I.
Conditions in the colony did not improve after the departure of Printz. Several settlers having been politely denied per- mission by Stuyvesant, at least for a time, to settle in New Netherland, " inasmuch as he did not know whether it would be well or ill received" by the Dutch West India Company,^ made secret application to the authorities in Virginia and Mary- land to be allowed to go there. Here they received a hearty welcome and fifteen settlers deserted and fled to the English colony on the south. When Papegoja was aware of their flight, he hired some Indians "to bring them back," but they resisted " and put themselves on the defense against the sav- ages, who had been sent after them [so that two] . . . were struck down whose heads were brought into Fort Christina."^ The assistant commissary, Gotfried Harmer, being one of the deserters, seems to have been the chief instigator and he wrote letters to some of the Swedes after his arrival in Virginia, ad- vising them to leave the colony and go over to the English. It was also said that Hendrick Huygen played false to the Swedes.^ We know nothing further about the events in New Sweden from October, 1653, until May, 1654, except that the Indians
^ Doc, I. 590, 600-1; XII. 73. The directors, however, had no objection to the influx of settlers from neighboring colonies and so informed Stuyvesant on November 4, 1653, probably in answer to his letter of October 6 of the same year.
"Rising's Journal, May 22, 24, 1654 (Up. B.).
'Rising's Journal (Up. B.).
33 497
498 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
set fire to Fort Korsholm and likely showed other signs of unrest.^
On Sunday morning of May 21, as the colonists were going to church, they were startled by the report of cannon some distance down the river. It was the Swedish salute; ships had arrived at last! A few hours later, "Vice-Commissary Jacob Svensson with some Swedish freemen " was sent down the river to ascertain the facts. They went on board the Orn and " all proved that they were happy on account of the arrival " of the ship. A little later Vice-Governor Papegoja also went down to the Swedish vessel, welcomed Rising and reported the condi- tion of the country. The immigrants "were now very ill on the ship and the smell was so strong that it was impossible to endure it any longer. It was therefore agreed that Papegoja should bring the people ashore in the morning with the sloop, the yacht and other crafts, which was accordingly done on the twenty-second. The people were partly distributed among the freemen up in the river, partly taken to Fort Christina, where they were nursed with all care." The same day Rising and his officers also entered the fort " and were well received by the vice-governor and the other Swedes."^
The instructions and memorials given to Rising before his departure from Upsala in December, 1653, authorized him, in case the governor had left the country or would not remain, to take charge of the government. He as well as Lindestrom and other officers were indisposed the first few days after their landing, due to the hardships and inconveniences of the journey and the change of climate, but already on May 23 arrange- ments were made for the new form of government, which the departure of Printz made necessary. "The Orders of Her Royal Majesty as well as the Instructions and Memorials of the Commercial College were read in the presence of [Director Johan Rising], Capt. [Sven] Skute, Lieut. [Johan] Pape- goja" and undoubtedly the larger part of the soldiers and
^Rising's Journal (Up. B.).
" Rising's Journal; Lindestrom's Geogr.
Government and Courts of New Sweden. 499
freemen. These instructions and memorials (minute and de- tailed, in several of their provisions resembling those given to Printz eleven years before) intrusted to Rising the "direction of the political, judicial and commercial affairs of the colony," leaving the military management to other officers. "His duty should especially be to bring the country on a prosperous foot- ing;" he should occupy and clear new land and assign planta- tions to the freemen ; he should plant tobacco, sow grain, hemp and linseed, cultivate grapes and fruit trees and experiment with silk-worms and the growing of ginger and sugar-cane; he should found cities, select harbors and begin commerce, seeking to draw all the trade in the river into the hands of the Swedes; he should prospect for minerals; he should select land for the company and work it for the benefit of the same; he should establish ropewalks, saw-mills, tanneries, tarburneries and man- ufactories of wooden utensils of all kinds, as well as fisheries in the rivers, streams and lakes; he should keep peace with the Indians, Dutch and English as far as possible, but he should also fortify the country with all vigor and ward off attack with the best means at hand; he should seek to increase the popula- tion of the colony and extend its settlement by inviting all valuable and industrious colonists to settle under the Swedish jurisdiction, but he should send away and remove (with cau- tion) all who might be a disturbance or a hindrance to the prosperity of the settlement; he should draw up good ordi- nances, make rides for hunting and the preservation of the forest^ preventing all indiscriminate cutting of trees, as well as ordinances concerning the trade, the agriculture and other pur- suits; he should institute commercial relations with Africa; he should send game, beer, bread and brandy to Spain and lumber and wood-materials to the Canary Islands; he was to handle the money sent from the Mother Country, supervise the hand- ling of the merchandise and see that proper and correct books were kept ; he was to raise money for the purpose of the colonial government, and finally he was to appoint "persons who could judge according to the law of Sweden and its right-
Soo The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
ful custom in order that justice and righteousness may have their course in the land.""
Rising now took over the leadership of the colony with the title of Director of New Sweden, appointing Sven Skute and Johan Papegoja as his assistants, who together with the direc- tor " would rule the country . . . under the authority of Her Royal Majesty and the Crown of Sweden until other orders were received," in special cases in connection with a council of "other good men," appointed for the purpose.
With the first opportunity the director summoned the free- men and proclaimed to them the new Royal privileges concern- ing the settlement. The private colonists were granted the right to trade freely with the neighbors and the Indians; they could buy their lands direct from the savages or from the com- pany and, by paying an export duty of 2 per cent, they could ship every form of produce from the colony, including gold and silver (other minerals being excluded), to Sweden and its dependencies duty free.'' The land in New Sweden had been purchased from the savages for the company (by goods be- longing to it) under the protection and jurisdiction of the Swedish government and the Crown regarded its colony on the Delaware in the same light as its European possessions, with right to grant lands and allodial freedoms to its servants. Several such grants were made in 1653. They were to be in force only after the governor or the director had given an admission and certificate to the effect in order to prevent con- fusion.* The land, that might be bought by individual free- men either from the company or from the savages, would be-
'" Instruction," December 15, 1654; "Memorial for Rising," December 18, 1653; Authorization for Rising, December 18, 1653, Com. Col. Reg. (R.A.) ; " Memorial oppa de arende . . . [for] Johan Printz deels . . . Johan Rising," December 12, 1653, N.S., L (R.A.), also in R.R. Copies in Am. Phil. Society from R.R. (a poor translation in Hazard) ; The Com. Col. to Johan Printz, December 15, 1653, " Creditbref," etc. for Printz, December 13, 1653, Com. Col. Reg. (R.A.) ; cf. above. Chap. XXXIX.
'Rising's Journal; "Memorial," etc.; Doc, XII. 73-4.
' Several freemen protested against the donations given to Skute and Hans Amundsson. The grants were never certified by the director and hence not legal. Rising's Journal, August 27, etc., 1654; Report, July 13, 1654.
CV^5riltitt<V -^.3^-^ ^^.v^^.vii.^^
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r^i..»«V »».
^5*^ %>^*i •«**wi A^iVw** -j^V"^* ^ -^ •*V**' fr^^'^-~ litt StyJ 1^' ^^ **«^ yw ^i-,^^^ ^euuerwii^^^rJtC^^^. VS^ ,w. >*^ *rAUW,^*. X-, miPurncvl ..^^«M. .^fU^,
/.^J>'~r
The appointment of Johan Rising as director of New Sweden. First page (original). Preserved in N. S. I. (R. A.), Stockholm.
y^^ riiJiiJi^vC^^ /l-^V -i-^^t^ *^£U\ . C^fit^ ^.__
Rising's appointment as director, second page, signed by Christina.
The large seal of Queen Christina.
Government and Courts of New Sweden. 501
come the unqualified perpetual property of the purchaser and his heirs and he "would enjoy allodial privileges for himself and his descendants forever."**
"After the sermon," on June 4, "the freemen were [again] collected and it was presented to them how Her Royal Majesty intended hereafter to continue the colony through the South Company by sending of good and early succor." A general day of fasting and prayer was thereupon proclaimed for the ninth "over the whole land." On that day they all "went to church at Tinnakonk " and "after the services the freemen were called together, old and young." They were once more told that succor from Sweden was expected and that the pros- pect for a successful period was good. But, since there had been mutinies and much trouble during Printz's time, it was found necessary to examine into the charges and counter-charges that were made and it was hoped that all the inhabitants of New Sweden from now on would act as "true subjects of Her Royal Majesty and honest colonists." An oath of allegiance and promise of good conduct was then read to them and signed by forty-eight persons, eight of whom were widows of freemen."
In the summer and autumn of 1654 provisions were made for carrying out certain paragraphs of the instructions and memorials regarding the internal affairs of the colony. Towards the end of July several new appointments were made, the gunner, Johan Stalkofta, being commissioned to "pre- pare material and planks for the buildings that were to be erected from time to time," the corporal, Anders Olofsson, to superintend the agriculture and the ensign, Peter Hansson Wendel, to manage the plantations and the clearing of the land. No special wages appear to have accompanied these offices, however. "There was some dislike [against the ar- rangement] among the people," says Rising, "but for what
'Memorial for Rising and Printz, par. 7; Rising's Journal, 1654; Report, 1654; Donations for Amundsson and Skute. Cf. above, Chap. XXXIX.- below' Chap. XLII. ' '
" Oath (copy), June 9, 1654, N.S., I. (R.A.) ; Rising's Journal, June 9, 1654 (Up. B.).
502 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
reason could not be ascertained." Certain plantations at the Sandhook had been forfeited to the company'^ and Sven Skute was ordered to superintend and manage these. '^
On the last day of September a messenger sent by Elswick brought the commissions formally appointing Rising " Director of the colony " and Sven Skute commander of the forts and the military affairs. Three days later these letters (from the gov- ernment and the Commercial College) were read to the people, who were assembled at a court in Fort Christina. There were promises of aid and it seems that Rising and his council took a bright view of the situation, for plans were now made for partly reorganizing the internal government of the settlement and for providing a sort of constitution or rule of conduct.'^
"On October 27 the best men [in the colony] were called together at Fort Christina and an ordinance was drafted." Rising says that it " was made by us jointly," but it is more than probable that he presented a draft of the ordinance to the commission and that the different points were taken up and dis- cussed. Several changes and suggestions may have been offered by the members, but the draft as presented by Rising undoubtedly underwent few changes.^ ^ The ordinance was proclaimed both among the Swedes and Dutch colonists, "but it could not be put into execution before succor should arrive from the fatherland."
In 1653, when preparations were on foot for the sending of a new expedition to New Sweden, a tentative budget was made. The salaries and wages of the officers (including the preacher, Nertunius, and the barber-surgeon, Stidden) and fifty soldiers were estimated at 3,722 R.D. "A budget was also drawn up for one hundred and fifty landspeople, skilled workmen and peasants, with wages amounting to 1,200 R.D. This list was
" Cf. Chap. XL.
"^ Rising's Journal, July 27; October 16, 1654 (Up. B.).
"Rising's appointment from the Queen, February 28, 1654, R.R., and from the Commercial College, Mar. 4, 1654, Com. Col. Reg. (R.A.). Original in N.S., I. (R.A.). See facsimile. Rising's Journal September 30, October 3, 1654 (Up. B.).
'* Report, June 14, 1655, N.S., I. (K.A.).
/
Government and Courts of New Sweden. 503
completed before the sailing of the Haj and when Hook and Elswick arrived in the colony, the staff of military officers with their salaries was as follows:
Director, Johan Rising i,2oo D.
Commandant, Sven Skute 900 D.
Lieutenant, Elias Gyllengren 432 D.
Lieutenant, Sven Hook 288 D.
Ensign, Per Hansson Wendel 216 D.
Watchmaster, Gregorius van Dyck 180 D.
The Head Gunner, Johan Danielsson (?)
Constaple, Johan Andersson Stalkofta 144 D.
Sergeant, Anders Larsson (?)
Armorer, Anders Kampe 144 D.
Engineer, Peter Lindestrom 144 D.
Provost-Marshal, Mans Stake io8 D.
Drummer, Johan Schalbrick 90 D.
Trumpeter, Peter Andersson 90 D. (?)
Muster-Clerk, Lars Andersson (?)
On December i (the day after his arrival) the memorials, commissions and instructions of Hendrick von Elswick were read before the council and others present. He was to act as commissioner in Huygen's place; he should keep all books, make lists and bills of goods sent to Europe or received in the colony from there; he should handle the money and keep cor- rect accounts of cargoes and other property, and he should keep account of the crops bought and sold here.
When Huygen left Christina, Jacob Swensson was placed in charge of the storehouse (since Gotfried Harmer deserted), but in the summer of 1654 he was needed for other purposes and Peter Mort was appointed by the council to keep the accounts and handle the goods. ^^
On February 9, 1655, an inventory of the goods in Fort Christina was made by Jacob Junge, under the direction of Sven Hook and Per Hansson Wendel (the goods at Tinicum
" None of his books have been preserved as far as is knovpn. Rising says that " han kom sedan fast till korta med sin rakning." In fact it seems that none of his books was brought to Sweden, for the officers of the American Com- pany complained that Rising presented no accounts of expenditures before the arrival of Elswick.
504 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
having been inventoried about two months before) and on this date the accounts commence in Elswick's " Schuldt und Carga- son Buch."^® Besides his salary Elswick was promised free board, but he found that only 52 bushels of maize, which could be bought from the savages for 10 yards of frieze, were allowed for this purpose.^''
Sven Hook, as we have already seen, was appointed to dis- charge some of the duties that had been assigned to Hans Amundsson.i* Hook, who was now to be employed in the capacity of a lieutenant, was " to superintend the shipbuild- ing "^^ and command the sailors as well as to take care of the ships and equipments belonging to the company.^" The quali- ties and offices of Skute and Gyllengren, who were stationed at Ft. Trefaldighet, have been indicated above and the duties of the minor officers remained the same as during the previous period.-^
In the beginning of 1655 a commission of representative men was called to meet at Fort Christina on January 1 1 for the purpose of drawing up a " proper ordinance for the colony." The conference lasted for two days and an "ordinance was established by the consent of most of the men." The document was likely based on the earlier one of the previous autumn and was again largely the work of Rising. It has been preserved to us by Lindestrom in his Geographia Americae. Never be- fore published and being of some interest it will be given in full.
"This is preserved in N.S., I. (R.A.).
" Instruction for Elswick, Mar. 4, 1654, Com. Col. Reg.; " Fullmakt," etc., March 4, 1654; letter fr. Com. Col. to Elswick, March 4, 1654, Com. Col. Reg.; letters to Anckarhjelm, Com. Col. Reg., March, 1654; Elswick's letter to E. Oxenstierna, June 16, 1654, N.S., I. (R.A.) ; Rising's Journal, November 30, December, 1654; "Schuldt und Carg. Buch," N.S., I. (K.A.).
" Cf. above, Chaps. XXIX., XL.
" Hans Amundsson was especially instructed to prosecute the building of ships in the colony with all vigor, and his instructions were partly transferred to Hook. See " Instruct." for Amundsson, December 13, 1653.
^Instruction for S. Hook, March 4, 1654, Com. Col. Reg.; letter to Rising, March 4, 1654, Postscript.
'■^ Cf. above. Chap. XXXVIII.
Government and Courts of New Sweden. 505 An Ordinance concerning people, land and agriculture,
FORESTRY AND CATTLE, GIVEN IN NeW SwEDEN IN THE YEAR 1654 [1655], ETC.
I.
Concerning the people^ their passage hither and their stay in the country, etc.
1. Soldiers are to serve at least three years or more and, if they then have anything coming to them, they may be rewrarded not only in merchandise and money but also writh pieces of land for an everlasting possession. When a soldier has served for three years he shall not be required to pay for [his] passage or transportation, but, if he leaves the service sooner, then [he shall] pay his passage according to the time, which is left on his term of three years of service, namely- — one half, one third, one fourth, etc.
2. If anyone should desire to hire one or more soldiers for his ovi^n work, he shall apply to the one who is in command of the soldiers at that place, and if the service of the company will allow it, he may hire one or more of the soldiers by the week and deduct from it the pay of the soldiers, etc.
3. All the officers of the company shall be free from [the payment of their] passage and transportation as well as any servant of the Crown, above [the rank of] a corporal, etc.
4. The passage, board and transportation of the freemen, their wives and children, widows, male servants and maid servants shall be esti- mated at the rate of sixteen riks daler per head over three years of age, besides their monthly rations here in the country, which they are after- wards to pay here in time, etc.
5. Every freeman brought over shall pay this passage and transporta- tion of sixteen riks daler in the third year after he has settled here, whether he is a workman or a farmer, etc.
6. Whoever desires to take into his service a laborer or a freeman, his children, his male servant or maid servant, he must pay the above mentioned transportation money after the lapse of a year and these engaged servants shall serve him in three years for board and necessary clothes, but if they, before the expiration of three years, take service with another or enter marriage, then the one, who takes them out of the service of the first, shall give so much of the transportation money as remains of their time of service, namely one half, one third, one fourth, etc., unless the master will remit it out of good will or in whatever
5o6 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
manner they may best agree according to the quality of the persons, etc.
7. Whoever takes children to himself who have been brought over [from Sweden] to bring up shall pay for them the said transportation money of sixteen riks daler when they have become fourteen years of age whereupon they shall serve for wages. If such children are brought up with several, the one shall pay the said money who has them in his service (when they are full fourteen years old). If such a child dies before the age of fourteen the transportation shall also die, etc.
8. Whoever hires from the company an indented servant over four- teen years of age shall give, besides the said transportation money, addi- tional twenty-four riks daler and then the servant shall serve him in six consecutive years. The servant shall annually be given board, shoes and shirts. After six years of service an indentured servant shall be entirely free, etc.
9. If an indentured servant has served the company here in the coun- try a year more or less, then so much of the servant's time and service shall be deducted from his second engagement in order that an inden- tured servant may become free after six years, etc.
10. Whatever a servant may gain through work, handicraft or manual labor, hunting or fishing, commerce or trade or with anything else, that shall all belong to his employer unless the latter grants it to him.
11. Every master shall give his indentured servants or employees suffi- ciently good board and proper clothes so that there can be no just cause for complaint. If anyone is found to do otherwise, he shall be brought to court and fined according to the case, etc.
12. No one shall entice or prevail upon another's [servant] people [to leave him] on penalty of 8 riks daler's fine for the first offence, twice as much for the second and three times as much for the third. . . ?- And in all these cases he shall be obliged to bring back the servant to his master, etc.
13. If anyone's servant or hired man runs away from his master out of spite, then no one shall knowingly conceal the same in his house over 24 hours on penalty of 24 riks daler's fine, but shall make it known at once to the master if he is near enough or otherwise to the neighbors and try to return the servant to his master, which everyone shall do to the other. The one who intentionally conceals another's servant shall pay a fine as already said, etc.
14. The hire of servants reckoned either according to days, weeks,
"The text or my copy is corrupt here.
Government and Courts of New Sweden. 507
months or years shall be reasonable and approach the monthly wage of the soldiers and no one shall raise the salary or outbid another, on penalty according to the case.
15. The said hire of the servants shall have preference above all other debts except that of the Crown and of the company, etc.
II.
Concerning land and agriculture.
1. Whoever buys land of the company or of anyone else shall pay in whole or according to the area in whatever manner they agree for cleared land as clear and for uncleared land as uncleared and shall pay for it more or less according to the situation for forest, streams, places for mills, fishing and the like, etc.
2. If anyone buys or receives as a gift a certain piece of land from the savages and the same has in general or particular been bought or given to the company by the same or other savages, it will remain the property of the company, but if the land has not been given or bought in general or in particular then he shall be free to possess it, etc.
3. A tunnland-^ holds according to Swedish land measure eighteen rods in length and nine rods in breadth, at nine ells to a rod {stang)-* making 13,122 sq. ells."^ But since the land here in New Sweden is much richer and needs less seed, we have found it expedient to let it be tried and estimated through Engineer Mr. Per Lindestrom, how large a piece of land is needed here in New Sweden for a barrel of seed and he has found that it ought to hold nineteen rods in length and ten in breadth, each rod being nine ells, making 15,390 sq. ells, etc.
4. A tunnland is worth, when one buys it for everlasting property of the company or other possessor, namely:
1. Cleared land as stated before . . .
2. Cleared land but unprepared and uncultivated.
3. Cleared prepared and cultivated land.
5. But if one buys cultivated land of a freeman, living upon it, he is to pay according to the situation or the agreement for each tunnland namely:
"-^ Cf. above, Chap. VI.
^ Stang, about nine English feet.
""The legal tunnland at this time was to be 14,000 sq. alnar (ells) and not 13,122 sq. alnar. Cf. above, Chap. VI. A modern tunnland is 53,138.4 sq. ft. or about i acre and i sq. rod.
5o8 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
1. If it is cleared . . . sixteen to twenty fl.
2. Prepared so that one can sow there, thirty to fifty florins, but
if the freeman, living upon it, has used it for three years [the buyer is to pay] one fourth less, if for five to six years one half less, if for eight years two thirds less and if it has been used for ten years he shall pay nothing for the clearing, but give tax according to the estimate besides the transportation, the ration and other bills if they have not been paid before,-^ etc.
6. Whoever takes possession and uses the land of another shall have right to it above others, children after children, and [he] cannot be driven ofi unless he is in arrears for tax for three }'ears.
7. If a renter wishes to use and cultivate the land of the company or of anyone else with the oxen and beasts of burden of the latter, then they-"* shall give half of the seed each and the owner of the land shall furnish oxen and beasts of burden. But the renter must use the land and keep the oxen and beasts of burden over the winter at his own cost as well as harvest the hay and the grain and thrash it and then each part shall take half of the grain and of the straw, estimating according to the proof and rooketahlet{'i)." But if anyone furnishes all the seed, then the other party shall pay the other his half part of it, when- ever it is demanded.
8. If several renters live together on the same land, build, clear, plant or sow, and if one or several wish to withdraw from the others, then their entire plantations shall be valued, clearing or seeding altogether, according to the estimate of good men, and those who remain shall then pay him or them, who withdraw according to their share, or otherwise to help him or them to clear, build, plant or sow on a new place, as much as his or their share demands, etc.
III.
Concerning forestry.
I. No one shall cut down, destroy or ruin on his own clearing, planta- tion or anywhere else any useful large tree or pine or oak tree from which wainscot,-^ planks or anything else useful can be made, unless he makes it known either to the governor or other person appointed for
" The Swedish is not clear, cf. text.
°'° 1. e. the renter and the owner.
^ Raknetalet( ?), estimate?.
°* Rising uses the Dutch word zcagenskoit (wagenschot).
Government and Courts of New Sweden. 509
that purpose ; in order that such trees, which are at this time the tax of the country, may not be wasted but used for the best purpose. If he makes his intentions known in time and he is not supplied [with in- formation] and ordered [what to do] by those whose business it is to see to it, he shall be without blame, etc.
2. Whoever manufactures, cuts or saws, planks, clapboards, timber, wainscot or any other wood material, that can be brought out, manu- factured, cut or sawed, he shall offer it first to the company or to the one owning the land for a reasonable price and then he is free to try his best [to sell it elsewhere], etc.
IV. Concerning cattle.
1. If anyone buys cattle of another he shall pay their value according to the market and execute it as in the case of other purchase, etc.
2. If anyone rents cattle to another for half of the offspring and the produce, then he shall receive every other calf a year old, well fed and the renter shall receive every other calf, to which the cow gives birth and he shall bring the calves up well at his own expense and give to the owner annually a lispund-^ of butter in rent, but if the cow dies before the owner receives his calf the renter shall pay for her ac- cording to her price, this to be continued as long as they agree to it, etc.
3. For the offspring of goats, sheep and swine there shall be the same law yet in these cases for milk, butter, cheese and wool of the goats and sheep according to the manner in which the owner and renter may best agree, etc.
This to whom it concerns for a submissive regulation. Actum ut supra. On behalf of the Honorable Royal South Companyj^*"
[Signed] Johan Rising.
II.
The colony now manifestly had a director, who was well suited for his post, and had he not by his rash act at Ft. Casimir and his too eager attempts at mastering the situation drawn upon himself the storm that was finally to sweep away the Swedish authority from the Delaware forever, the colony would
'" For lispund see above, Chap. VI. " New Sweden Company.
5IO The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
in all likelihood have prospered for many a year. Nor was he slow in exercising his judicial functions " that justice and right- eousness might have their course in the land " as well as pros- perity and the pursuit of wealth. At the meeting of the free- men on Sunday, June 4, Rising intimated that courts would soon be called to settle disputes and bring certain persons to justice, and five days later the date for the first court was set.
This court was convened at Tinicum^* on June 26 to examine into the charges against the Rev. Lars Lock and Olof Stille.^^ No definite evidence could be established against Lock, how- ever, and Stille secured bondsmen, who were accepted by the court. ^^ " The great majority complained about the severity of Governor Printz " and the director, who handled the case as delicately as possible, being unwilling to offend them, requested the dissatisfied ones " to draw up their points of complaints themselves, which they later did." The cases could not be settled in the colony for obvious reasons, hence the documents were sent to Sweden, " as Governor Printz was there himself, who could answer the [accusations] and explain himself at the proper place. "^*
On July 17 a court was held at Christina to examine nine adventurers from New England. They had heard that the Swedes were all dead,^° wherefore they came to take possession of the river in the name of the Protector of England.^*^ " They had no other passport than a writing which they had signed themselves and one called Baxter in Gravesend in New Eng- land, but nothing was done to them . . . and they were sent back again the same way they had come," to preserve the peace with the English colony.^"
°' The courts of this period sat partly at Tinicum, partly at Christina and in Fort Trefaldighet. Rising's Journal.
^"^ Rising was judge.
^ For the charges against Rev. Loclc and Stille see above, Chap. XXXVHL
^Report, 1654; Complaint, etc., 1654.
^ " Or so sick that they could not lift the anchor of the ship."
'"They arrived at Tinicum Island in the night or evening of July 14 and were taken to Chistina at once by Corporal Anders Olofsson.
^ Rising's Journal.
Government and Courts of New Sweden. 5 1 1
Another court was held at Christina on October 3 at which the majority of the freemen were present and several cases were examined. " Peter Lindestrom and Peter Mort were brought before the court, because on a night in the fort they had pounded an Englishman, Simon Lane, blue. The other Eng- lishmen still being there took it hard, yet, because Simon Lane remitted the case, they were made free."
The Dutch colonists caused Rising a great deal of trouble, several courts being held in reference to them and on Friday, June 23, a court was convened in Fort Trefaldighet at which several cases, " which had before been postponed among them," were settled.^^
Efforts were likewise made by the director to bring back the colonists, who had deserted since the departure of Printz, so that some old law-cases could be settled. As the two Swedish commissaries were sent to ( Maryland )^^ in May, 1654, they were instructed to demand from the officials the return of the deserters, who were given assurance of a free passage. But the efforts had no results. The deserters were brought before the council in Severn, which " found that they were not under ob- ligation nor contract to go back to New Sweden, since they had committed no crime and were refused a passport by Printz;" consequently no one returned. The result of the commission was reported on June 6, when Olofsson and Gronberg re- turned in company with Th. Ringold, who brought letters con- cerning the matter from the governor and magistrates in Severn. When Ringold returned, new letters were written to the governor and two men**^ were sent with him, who should
^Rising's yourna/ (Up. B.).
°°The Swedes spoke of the English settlements to the South of New Sweden as " Virginia," without always distinguishing between Maryland and Virginia proper. Rising's Journal (Up. B.) ; Reports, July 13, 1654, June 13, 1655; Lindestrom, Geogr. The English colonies to the north of New Sweden were called New England or North England, by the Swedes on the Delaware. Cf. Rising's Journal. Lindestrom, Geogr., Report, June 13, 1655. Cf. note 3, Chap. XLIL below.
"One of these was Hans Mansson, Rising's Journal, June 15 (LTp. B.).
512 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
try to bring the people back. An open letter, dated June 8,*^ was also sent to the deserters, giving them promise of an un- molested journey to New Sweden. " If they came and ex- plained their affairs, however they were, they could then go wheresoever they pleased." This commission and passport had as little effect as the first. No colonists returned and, although several English officials from Maryland appeared at Christina in June to treat with Rising, no further efforts seem to have been made along these lines. *-
Several new attempts to desert were made from time to time which naturally gave rise to lawsuits. On October 24 Andries Hudde*^ was examined, because he had been accused of having intentions of desertion. He confessed his fault^** and Bicker interceded for him, hence he was released; but "in his trunk were found letters from Virginia," very prejudicial to the Swedes, including one from Gotfried Harmer, in which, ex- pressing the wish that the Swedes should be driven from the river, he attempted to entice them to go to the English. Two weeks later (November 8) another court was held in Fort Christina to examine into charges made against Sander Kars- son, to the effect that he had solicited the people to desert. One of the witnesses, Peter Samskemakare,*^ confessed and testified that Sander Karsson had requested him to accompany him to New Amsterdam. Since Karsson could not deny these charges, he was called upon to make known his accomplices. At last he confessed that one Pal Qvist and a certain Lars Olofsson were in the plot, who were thereupon placed under arrest. Several soldiers were also called upon to testify, some being examined, and it was brought out that Pal Larsson, who had gone to
" The letter was issued in the name of " the Director of New Sweden, the humble servant of Her Royal Majesty of Sweden, etc.," June 8, 1654 (copy), N.S., L (R.A.).
'^Rising's Journal, May 27, June 6 ff., 1654 (Up. B.).
"He was later accused and brought before the court on November 16, 1654.
** He also promised the court that he would point out the place, where a pole with the arms of the Dutch West India Company upon it stood across the river at the Sandhook. Rising's Journal, October 24, 1654 (Up. B.).
" The skin-dresser.
Government and Courts of New Sweden. 513
Virginia (or Maryland?), had said that a certain old man promised to lead all the Swedes there. "This old man" could not be discovered, but suspicion fell on Mats Bengtsson, who had deserted in the time of Printz. He was examined by the court on the following day, but nothing could be proven against him. On November 1 1 the examination of Sander Karsson, Pal Ovist and Lars Olofsson was continued. They were all discharged on bail and promises of good behavior.*" Rising was judge in all of these cases, it seems. But like Governor Printz he was at a disadvantage, perhaps even more than the governor, for his authority was less. In his report of July, 1654, he requested his superiors to confer upon him "complete authority in higher and lower law cases" and to send over a hang-man In order to prevent secret plots as well as other dis- turbances. "It is greatly to be desired," he said, "that a law- reader should be sent here " and he suggested " that the fines, which were collected, be divided into three parts, one-third for the accuser (with which a fiscal under the name of substitute could be paid), the second one-third for the court and the third one-third for the government, to the reward of the law-reader, the support of the poor or the like."''^
•"Rising's Journal, May 23, June 9, 23, 26, July 5, 14, 17, September 9, October 3, 18, 2+, 26, 31, November 8, 11, 13, 16, 1654 (Up. B.). "Report, 1654.
34
CHAPTER XLII.
Social and Economic Life, i 654-1655.
I.
The first concern of Rising and Papegoja, after the arrival of the Orn, was to care for the sick people. Their illness in- creased and the sailors were so weak, when the ship came before Christina, that " they could not lift up the anchor nor row the boat without aid from the old colonists." To reheve the situa- tion and aid the people "the council found it expedient to butcher one of the company's young bulls, of which the lands- people and ships-people received one half part each and were refreshed by it." The old colonists undoubtedly did all in their power to make it comfortable for the newcomers and the bar- ber-surgeons were busy, caring for those in greatest need, while superintending the treatment of others.^
By the arrival of the Orn the population of New Sweden was increased more than five-fold. About twenty-five colonists and soldiers had left the colony with Printz and others had deserted so that the total number of inhabitants was only 70, when Rising came here. About 350 were on the Orn, as the ship set sail from Gothenburg, but nearly a hundred died on the journey and a few succumbed in the colony in the early summer, making the total population about the middle of July only "368 souls with the Hollanders and all."- But so large an increase in the number of colonists without additonal provisions and merchandise for the trade made the situation critical. The illness continued for some weeks, Skute and other officers also being afflicted. To aggravate matters, disease spread to the Indians, so that " they avoided all communication with the
'Rising to E. Oxenstierna, July ii, 13, 1654; Journal; Geogr. ° Rising's Journal; Geogr.; Report, 1654. Rising states in his Report, how- ever, that there were 370 people in the colony.
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■' I
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Social and Economic Life. 515
Swedes for a time and consequently brought them few supplies of meat and fish." One of the first duties of the council was therefore to obtain "provisions for all the people, since they were entirely destitute and would either die of starvation or desert. Hence it was resolved that Vice-Commissioner Jacob Swensson should be sent for this purpose with the sloop to North England, 3 since he had good and well-known friends there." About two weeks later trade was begun with the Indians In the Horn Kill and some supplies were obtained from them. "On July 21 Jacob Swensson returned with the sloop from Hartford, New England, bringing grain and provisions [purchased] from Mr. Richard Lord."* Conditions had now greatly changed for the better and Rising could pay more attention to other matters.®
In accordance with the instructions of the Commercial Col- lege arrangements were made as soon as possible for the secur- ing of a new cargo and on May 24 (two days after the ship's arrival at Christina and several days before Its unloading) the matter was under consideration by the council. No skins could be got from the savages, consequently It was decided to send messengers to Maryland, Virginia and New Amsterdam to see if any freight could be found for the ship at these places. News was received on June 25 that "numerous merchants at New Amsterdam were desirous of sending goods" to New Sweden for further transportation to Europe, but nothing except news about the matter ever appeared."
When Isaac Allerton became aware of the arrival of a Swedish vessel at Christina, he went there in his sloop and presented a number of old bills. These could not be paid, however, as there were no means on hand and many of the debtors had returned to the mother country, but Allerton was promised his money as soon as new supplies should arrive. It
^ New England, cf. Chap. XLI. above. *"The bills were delivered to Peter Mort."
■^Rising to E. Oxenstierna, July ii, 1654; Lindestrora to the Cora. Col., July 9, 1654; Rising's Journal; Geogr. 'Rising's Journal.
Si6 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware,
seems that he left the colony at once, returning in a week with 60 hogsheads of tobacco, for he observed that there was a chance to do some good business before the Orn set sail for Europe. His prices were somewhat high, 10 stivers a lb.,'' which he finally reduced to 9 stivers (declaring that he could not sell for less), but he was willing to risk the danger of loss on the sea and the fluctuation of the market, so that if the tobacco could not be sold at a gross profit of 7 stivers a lb. he would reduce his price to such an extent that this profit would be realized,* the only condition being, that half of the value of the tobacco at 9 stivers per lb., should be paid him at once, the other half when the next ship arrived with a cargo. Rising, however, "took It Into consideration a few days," probably expecting that other merchants would make their appearance. But none appeared and on July 3 the transaction was effected, Allerton selling "13,519® lbs. of Virginian tobacco for 6,083:115^ florins, Holland." "A written accord was made, signed by Rising and Allerton, and the tobacco was brought on board the Orn the same day." On Tuesday, the next day, goods to the value of 2,364:115^ florins were delivered to Allerton from the storehouse at Christina, and a "promise to pay the other 3,719^ florins," when the next boat should arrive, was signed by the director.^"
In his instruction Rising was directed to observe "that the land should be properly portioned out to the colonists, so that each one would receive as much ground as could be given to him."" The country was inspected by the director shortly after his arrival, whereupon it was decided that old farms be improved and new tracts reclaimed from the forest. Rising also caused a map to be made of the river " from the Bay up to
' six and seven stivers being the usual price.
* " Sa at hwad man skulle fa mindre for Llbdet i Sweerige an i6 styfer thet wille han arfijlla och af sin rast afdraga latha," Rising's Journal.
'The total was " 15,926 lib. netto 13,519 lib.," Rising's Journal.
"Rising's Journal, June 28, July 3, 1654; Report, 1654; Lindestrora to the Com. Col. July 9, 1654.
"^"Memorials," etc. (par. 10), December 18, 1653, Com. Col. Reg. (R.A.) ; Rising's Journal (Up. U.).
Social and Economic Life. 517
the Falls," "as good as was possible in a hurry," by " Andries Hudde, a Hollander."^ ^ As soon as the newly arrived freemen had recovered sufficiently they were assigned land and on June 10 Rising writes in his Journal that "this and the following [days] we settled the people, who were well to cultivate the land." These colonists were supported by the company until they " could make a start " and cattle were given to them for a certain part of the produce.
Several donations of land in New Sweden had been made by the Crown to officers who came here. In most cases this was done without proper knowledge of the location or condition of the tracts, hence difficulties were sure to arise. Some of these lands not only were occupied by other freemen, but they had not even been properly purchased from the Indians. On June 5, as Rising with some officers were on an inspection-tour, " Captain Skute presented a letter patent from [Her] Royal Majesty, Queen Christina, through which she had given him Passayunk . . . [and part?] of Kingsessing . . . But the freemen were not pleased at this, saying that it was too early for them to become tenants,^^ for they had enjoyed no freedoms as yet. They were pacified, however, by the infor- mation that Her Royal Majesty intended to give to Captain Skute only the title to the land, not their work and improve- ment, which they had done upon it." As a consequence, sev- eral of the old colonists desired to sell their homesteads in order to occupy " new lands, encouraged thereto by the privileges (freedoms) given by Her Royal Majesty ... [to private settlers], but no one of the new-comers had means to redeem them." Some cultivated farms were therefore purchased for the company, the improvement only being paid for, and in the summer and autumn Nils Mattson,^* Mans Mansson and other
"Rising paid "till en hollendare medh nampn Andreas Hydden, som haffver giort nagra karter bffver Rewiret och andra affritninggar, 20 [florins]." Rack, med Sod. Comp.," October 25, 1660, Rising's Process (R.A.). Cf. above, Chap. XXXVII.
" " Frelsebonder," tenants or serfs.
""At this time [July 10] I bought in behalf and for the benefit of the com- pany, Mans Anderson's land, called Siller, Johan Schaffebs and Iver the Finns
5i8 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
freemen were given tenure of lands at Upland, Printz-Torp and tracts on the Schuylkill.'^ Servants were also assigned to the estate of Printz at TInicum Island " to guard the Hall against the savages . . . and to do all that was necessary for the fields and meadows, besides whatever else might be re- quired."
It seems that the majority of the new colonists were assigned places between Christina and Ft. Trefaldighet, as near the Delaware as possible. A few were also located upwards along the bank of Christina River, "in order to protect the colony against Virginia " and in time to make a commercial road from the English River''* to the Swedish settlement. Some of the company's cows were portioned out to settlers on rental in June for one lispund (i8 lbs.) of butter yearly and half of the offspring. About the beginning of July "the rye [of the com- pany] was cut and brought into Fort Christina"" and the crops of the other plantations were harvested at the same time, but comparatively little grain had been sown and hence, although the yield was good, the crop was not large.'*
Rising also endeavored to carry out the other paragraphs of his instruction and he selected "suitable places, where vil- lages ... as well as towns and trading-places could be founded and established." LIndestrom was commissioned " to divide the fields [north of and next unto Christina] Into lots." The town proper was laid out into a rectangular plot (broken by the encroachment of the low-lands) with square blocks and streets running at right angles to each other — antedating Wil- liam Penn's Philadelphia plan about thirty years. A map of
cultivated land. A new freeman called Nils Matzon rented these three lands." Rising's Journal, July lo, 1654. (Up. U.).
"The beasts of burden and half of the seed being supplied by the company, the other half of the seed by the renters, who gave half of the produce to the company.
'"Elk River and the Chesapeake.
" " 30 staffer vijdh pass."
"Rising's Journal, June 5, 10, 19, July 6, 10, 24, 1654 (Up. U.) ; Instruction for Rising, December 15, 1653 (par. 6, 7, 12, 13, 14) ; Report, July 13, 1654; Sprinchorn, p. 93 ff.
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Social and Economic Life. 5^9
the fort and the town plan were completed by the engineer on July 8 and sent to Sweden with the Orn.^^
Towards the middle of July all necessary arrangements for the return voyage of the Orn, which had been in progress for some time, were completed. Lindestrom had been appointed to direct the preparations, but although he as well as Rising did their utmost to procure a sufficient cargo " both from Virginia and Manatan " as well as from the savages, " it could not be done." " Besides the goods that were furnished for the cargo Capt. Bockhorn should load timber upon the ship for ballast, which was to be sold at Lisbon in exchange for salt " ; but on account of the sickness of the people and the time of the year the instructions could not be followed. "On July 15 the despatches were finished and, as Papegoja had in mind to go home with the ship," a recommendation to the government was prepared for him by the director. He was to make an oral report and all the documents sent to Sweden were placed in his care, such as Rising's Journal-'^ and Report, Maps of Christina and of New Sweden, the Oath of the Hollanders, the two Land-Deeds and other papers. The settlers assembled on the shore at Fort Christina during the day (July 15, 1654), to bid farewell and to wish a happy voyage to the ship and its passengers and in the afternoon the Eagle spread its wings and glided down Christina River amid the cheers and farewells of the people on the bank. Rising went over land to Fort Tre- faldighet, where he boarded the ship and remained over night. On the sixteenth he went ashore together with Madame Pape- goja, who had also accompanied the vessel as far as Trefaldig- het to see her husband off, and the Orn made its final start for the return voyage. ^^
In his report sent with the ship Rising gave a review of the
"Instruction for Rising, December 15, 1653 (par 8), Com. Col. Reg. (R.A.) ;
Report, July 13, 1654; Sprinchorn, p. 96; Geogr., Lindestrora's Alap of Fort
Christina, July 8, 1654, N.S., II. (R.A.) ; cf. facsimile.
^ The one of which a fragment is now preserved in N.S., I. (R.A.)-
** Rising's Journal, June 30, July 15, 16 ff., 1654; Rising's Report, Lindestrom
to the Com. Col., July 9, 1654, N.S., I. (R.A.) ; Geogr.
S20 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
conditions he found in the colony and proposed several reforms, complaining that he was in want of potters, brick-makers, lime- burners, cabinet-makers, tanners, shoemakers and turners, but above all of provisions and supplies as well as additional colonists. ^^ He thought it was a pity that a country with so many advantages, where expenses would be rewarded a thou- sand-fold, should be neglected, when "one often spent both property and blood on land, which could not by far be com- pared with this. Why should one not risk the expense of money and property, without the shedding of blood . . . " on a settlement which " in the future, in case of need, would be able to do good service to the Fatherland and become a jewel in the Royal Crown, if now succor should be sent at an early date." He also requested more cannon and ammunition for the defence of the river. As yet he had made no progress in the establishment of manufactories and the founding of towns, on account of the bad health of the people and the small re- sources, but he promised to do his best as soon as opportunity occurred, since there were splendid locations for towns and serviceable waterfalls, where mills of various kinds could be built, his intention being to construct a dam at the "great fall" of Christina River,-^ " as soon as everything had been harvested and sown" in the autumn."^
Soon after the departure of the vessel Madame Papegoja made arrangements to remove from Christina, as the family property there had been bought for the company and Rising was to occupy the principal dwelling in the fort. " On August 30 . . . she went up to Tinicum with her children and house- hold in a little sloop," her personal property having been sent up a few days before, where she settled on her father's estate.-^
The efforts for the improvement of the colony, begun by
^ He proposed that some Dutch colonists be sent over also.
°' It seems clear that the fall in the Chistina River is meant, for Rising says " in this said river [Christinekijl] and near here in the neighborhood are some falls, but the principal one is called the great falls." There are also falls in the Brandywine creek, however.
'* Report, July 13, 1654.
^Rising's Journal, August 8, 26, 30, 1654 (Up. B.).
Social and Economic Life. 521
Rising on his arrival here, were continued throughout the sum- mer. In company with other officers the director visited the different settlements and the plantations belonging to the com- pany, endeavoring to learn the needs and conditions, so as to be able from personal knowledge to arrange for necessary im- provements. In the beginning of September the ale house at Tinicum, "being daily robbed of doors and clapboards by the savages, was brought to Christina on the keel-boat, where it was erected outside of the fort . . . for an inn." A cellar was dug in Christina, masoned with stone, and the store-house, which had been bought from Papegoja for 100 R.D.(?) was placed above it. " Five freemen from Kingsessing and some others . . . repaired the [principal] dwelling in Fort Chris- tina, the sill and five logs being decayed in the corner . . ., and covered the whole building below with planks, in order that the house should not rot from the water. Later they built the provision-house five rounds [of logs] higher, covered it with boards and protected it below with planks and dug [a ditch] around the storehouse which was likewise cased with planks on account of the water. Lastly they removed the roof of the bathhouse . . . raised [the walls] four rounds [of logs] higher, [so as to make It useful] for a smokehouse of meat and fish, etc., and made a porch before it out of planks." The other dwellings in the fort were likewise repaired, " four clapboard rooms " being made, which provided more space for the people.
It was the Intention to establish a staple town near the fort and to cause the skilled workmen, such as shoemakers, black- smiths, carpenters and the like to reside there. Here also manufactories of various kinds were to be founded and the harbor was to be improved so that it would become the centre for the trade of the country. In the autumn the lots were more accurately measured off and plans were projected for the build- ing of a town " since there was very little room In the fortress." Several men were appointed to "cut pine timber on the eastern bank " of the Delaware almost opposite Tinicum Island, under
522 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
the direction of Johan Stalkofta "and later they brought a little timber raft to Fort Christina."-*'
In October "some [of the settlers] commenced to build . . . manors and houses on their lots " and the walls of several new dwellings were soon to be seen above the ground. A plot was also prepared for an orchard, a sort of a park, "planted with fruit trees and surrounded with palisades." The city thus begun was called Christinehamn-'^ and if the conditions had been more favorable it might have grown into considerable im- portance.-*
One of the first concerns of Rising was naturally the repair- ing of the forts and the defense of the country. The Dutch fort received his immediate attention, as it was " the key to the river." Captain Sven Skute was appointed to superintend the strengthening of the old and the erection of new ramparts. Four 14-pound metal cannon,-® which had been taken from the Orn^'^ were placed behind an entrenchment, constructed in front of the fortress to further command the river. Balls, lead, powder and other articles to the value of 92 D., also taken from the ship, were brought into the fort. Captain Skute, assisted by the former Commander Bicker, worked all summer on the fortifications with twenty men. Towards the middle of Octo- ber the works were nearly ready, although somewhat delayed by the illness of Skute and others; but on the night of October 22 a fearful northeast storm, accompanied by an exceptionally high flood did great damage at Fort Trefaldighet, washing away the wall up to the palisades. " Fort Christina, ^^ being in
^ Rising's Journal; Geogr.
" Presumably in honor of Queen Christina. The name means the harbor of Christina. A city with the same name was founded in Sweden in 1642 (the place having several dwellings long before, however).
^Rising's Journal (Up. B.).
^ These were to be paid to the Admiralty by the company. They were valued at 576 D., "Wast. Com. raed. H. Kramer," etc., Soderk., 1637-59 (R.A.).
" " On the twenty-seventh of June it was decided that Captain Skute should go to Fort Trefaldighet and fortify it with all power . . . and that Captain Bockhorn should supply four fourteen pound iron guns for the defence of the fort and the river, which was done." Rising's Journal, June 27, 1654 (Up. B.).
°' In the night of August 29, a fire broke out in Christina. The fort was in great danger, but the fire was extinguished before it had done any damage.
o
Social and Economic Life. 523
a state of entire dilapidation," was also repaired during the autumn^^ by the freemen and soldiers. ^^
Agriculture and cattle raising were now becoming of first Importance to the colony. The settlers were well supplied with cattle when Printz returned to Sweden, but with the arrival of the new expedition the cattle and horses became too few for the great number of freemen. When " the English from Virginia " visited Christina in the summer, a contract was made with them for the delivery of a number of cows. Th. Ringold from Maryland desired to buy five or six mares. So large a number could not be spared, but it was agreed to sell two mares to him, each to be paid for by two cows that were with calf. In like manner March, "who was the richest man In his colony," promised to send over ten cows, when Ringold delivered his.^^ Through these purchases the value of a cow in New Sweden fell about fifty per cent.
In August an order was issued by the council, "that every freeman [at the Sandhook] should inclose his plantation and watch his cattle that they did no damage to others, on penalty of punishment."^^ In the autumn orders were also given to the freemen to clear certain lands. "The field at Fort Christina was plowed and manure was brought upon it . . . The land*® across Christina River [opposite the fort called the sidolandy whs [also] cleared and sown with wheat" by some freemen, who were to have one-third of the crop for their labor. Horses and oxen were taken to the Sandhook for the plowing and cul- tivation of certain farms, which had been forfeited to the com-
^' The work lasted for almost a month and new palisades were placed all around the fort, Rising's Journal, November i, 1654 (Up. B.)-
'^Rising's Journal, June 3, 27, August 30, October 22, November i, 1654; Rising to E. Oxenstierna, July 11, 1654; "Reck. med. Sod. Comp.," Rising's Process; Geogr.; Report, July 13, 1654; Sprinchorn, p. 99. "Wast. Comp. med. Bookh. H. Kramer," 1654, Soderk., 1637-59 (R.A.).
"Whether or not these cows were all delivered is not known.
"Rising's Journal, June 5, 19, August 8, October 8, 18, 1654 (Up. B.) ; Report, July 13, 1654.
^ About 50 acres of this land was sown with winter wheat in November. Rising's Journal, November 6, 1654 (Up. B.).
" " The side land."
\
524 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
pany by some Dutch freemen. In October, November and December " the new freemen were ordered to clear their land at various places, for the purpose of planting maize in the coming spring, and several fields at the Sandhook and Fort Christina, and up at the [Christina (?) ] river were cleared and sown for the benefit of the company with the grain which Mr. Lord had brought in." " A pair of young oxen belonging to the company were assigned to a freeman, called Mans Mans- son the Finn, who had rented a farm at Upland . . . Some old freemen were also ordered to help with their oxen so that suffi- cient land was cleared for [the sowing of] about 60 to 70 skeppor,^'''^ part of it being sown with wheat, the other part to be sown with maize in the spring."^®
Rising had been granted a piece of land in the colony, large enough for the settlement of 20 to 30 peasants. This land was " located down at Fort Trefaldighet, extending from the [river] back along a little stream, a quarter of a Swedish mile [ij4 English miles] up into the country and then along the river a quarter of a mile to Traneudden [Crane Hook] inclu- sive," but, "since the above was somewhat remote from Chris- tina so that Rising could not superintend it daily," he requested a grant of Timber Island with half of the land down to the Skoldpaddekill (Mudturtle Kill), the other half to be bought by him. The donation was recommended by Johan Papegoja, Sven Skute, Johan Bockhorn, Gerit Bicker, Andries Hudde, Gregorius van Dyck and four others.^" The director did not wait for an answer from Sweden, but proceeded in December to clear off Timber Island at his own expense with the assistance of the officers and freemen for the purpose of making a plan- tation there. Various kinds of fruit trees were also planted in the autumn both by Rising and the freemen.*"
The grain was thrashed in the fall and most of it was prob- ably ground at the mill as the mill-dam was repaired in August,
"' About 70 to 80 acres, cf. above, Chap. VI. ''Rising's Journal, August 25 S.
''Rising to Oxenstierna, July ii, P.S., July 17, 1654. "Rising's Journal (Up. B.)-
Plowing and preparing theground in the north according to Olaus Magnns (1555).
Types of manure forks (of wood) from Finland. (G.)
Social and Economic Life. 525
making it probable that the mill was in good condition. Towards the end of October, when some of the most necessary duties had been attended to, Rising went up to Naaman's Kill, " in company with several good men," where he found " a serviceable little waterfall for a sawmill." It was thought very necessary to build a saw-mill for the needs of the country and for supplying the neighbors with lumber and, as saw-blades had been taken over for this purpose, it would not be difficult to erect such a mill.*^
We have already seen that English merchants went to New Sweden to sell goods shortly after Rising's arrival. The condi- tion of the country and the failure of the arrival of new sup- plies made it imperative for the director to continue to buy provisions from the neighbors and the Indians. On September 24 Richard Lord from Hartford arrived at Christina "with a cargo of provisions and other goods," besides letters from Elswick relating the sorrowful news of the capture of the Haj. " It was a special injury to us," says Rising in his journal, " and a blow not easily repaired." The cargo was bought from Lord on October 2 and, since there was neither goods nor money on hand, he was given an obligation signed by director Rising and Jacob Svensson with a promise to pay in April.
As Lord undertook to transmit letters to Sweden via Eng- land, the director made his second report " to the Commercial College in which he related their weak condition . . . and the pressing need of relief, especially as the ship, the Gylletie Haj, had been seized by Stuyvesant at Manhathans . . . hop- ing that succor would be sent at the earliest [opportunity]. "■*-
About the end of November a boat "with provisions and people " was sent " up to the falls " to meet Hendrick von Elswick, who was expected to come overland from Manhattan. On the last of November he arrived at Christina in company with Sven Hook, a servant, a secretary and a soldier, bringing the letters and documents which had not been sent from New
"Rising's Journal, August 15, October 28, 165+; Report, 1654. '^ Letters were also written to the chancellor, Rising's Journal.
526 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Amsterdam and those concerning the Katt affair in Porto Rico. The account-books, bills and the like were now turned over to Elswick, who was given charge of the storehouse and the goods at Christina. At the inventory which was made it was found that the supply was very small and some of the articles were ruined.*^
During the autumn provisions were stored in the forts and, as there were indications that the winter would be cold, the dwellings were repaired, while the old barns were improved and new ones were built. In the beginning of December " the soldiers [and servants] commenced to clear land for the plan- tations of the company, as well at Christina as on the upper side [of the fort] and continued with it all winter so that beau- tiful pieces of land were cleared, which were to be planted with maize and tobacco for the company in the spring. The free- men also as well as other servants of the company [cleared] parts of their new lands at several places, namely about (?)^* 9 tracts on Strandviken^^ down at Ft. Christina, at Trefaldighet 7 tracts, at the Sandhook 2 tracts, on Amman's land up at the Kvarn KiW^ 3 tracts, two islands at Kingsessing and Timber Island at Ft. Christina."^'
In the autumn of 1653 Governor Printz and Hendrick Huy- gen made a list of the land (wild and Improved) and other property, belonging to the New Sweden Company on the Dela- ware and an estimate of the value of the same^^ as follows :
R.D.
1. From Sankikan to the Schuylkill about 45 miles, on the west bank of
the Delaware, as far landwards as the Swedes desired to use it, uncultivated, Indians dwelling upon it 20,000
2. Fort Korsholm, with eight morgens," cultivated land and some
meadow, the rest uncultivated 2,000
*^ There were only 166^ yards of frieze; 90 kettles; i bear skin; 63 otter skins; 255 lbs. of tobacco, etc. in the storehouse, "Anno 1655, Schuldt und Cargason Buch," N.S., I. (R.A.) ; cf. above. Chap. XLI.
""Wijdras 9 stycken " ^ " Vid pass 9 stycken"?
" " Strandwiken " = The Strand-Bay.
"Mill Creek.
"Rising's Journal (Up. B.).
" This formed the basis for later estimates in the efforts of Sweden to secure damages for the colony.
'"For the size of a morgen see Chap. LIV., note 2.
Social and Economic Life. 527
3. Ft. Vasa, also called Kingsessing about three (Eng.) miles up the
river, where 20 freemen live, 20 morgens field with cattle and
horses 6,000
4. Aronameck, about one and a half miles from Vasa, 4 morgens culti-
vated land S°o
5. Molndal with a water mill™ and 4 morgens cultivated land 1,500
6. Tenakung or New Gothenborg, 12 morgens of field, 50 beasts and the
buildings, which belong to Governor Printz 4,000
7. Tequirassy, about one and a half miles below, with three plantations
of 12 morgens cultivated land, buildings and beasts i,5°°
8. Upland otherwise called Meckopenacka, 12 morgens, cultivated land
with dwellings 1,5°°
9. Printztorp, 10 morgens cultivated land with dwellings and beasts,
belongs to Gov. Printz 2,000
10. Four plantations adjoining Printztorp with 16 morgens cultivated
land, houses and beasts 2,000
11. Ft. Christina with the dwellings and other property 10,000
12. Cultivated land, 12 morgens in the neighborhood of the fort 2,000
13. From the fort up along Christina River, one plantation of 8 morgens. 1,000
14. The Sandhook with Ft. Trefaldighet 8,000"
15. 20 morgens cultivated land and 20 houses near the fort 1,5°°
16. From the Sandhook to Cape Henlopen, of which the land of the Horn
Kill is mostly cleared 32,000
17. On the east bank of the Delaware from Cape Henlopen to Ft.
Elfsborg uninhabited land 28,000
18. Ft. Elfsborg with the surrounding 30 morgens of cleared land, " culti-
vated by the English a short time ago" 5,000
19. From Ft. Elfsborg to the Verkerte Kill at Ermewaraex, 8 German
miles, uninhabited land 16,000
20. The rest of the land up the Delaware is not yet bought by the
Swedes except two islands in the river, for a long time inhabited
by the Indians 4i°°°
Total value 148,500
or 222,750 D."
Such was the extent of the cultivated lands in New Sweden when Director Rising began to clear new lands in the autumn of 1654. Before spring and summer came, this had more than doubled.'^^
The Swedes and especially the Finns were accustomed to a primitive way of clearing the forest and making use of the land, the so-called Svedjebruket^* (agriculture by burning). ^^
■"Molndal with the mill was estimated at 1,000 R.D.
"'The fort was added later after its capture in 1654.
^''Journal, no. 1586; Beschr. van de S. R. gele. in Nova Svecia, N.S., II. (R.A.).
"^Report, 1655, Rising's Journal.
" The German, Uberlandbrennen, Sengen, Schoden.
■"The method is referred to in Kalevala, I. 16, 22, 23, 26; II. 691.
528 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
This method of clearing away the forest and preparing the ground for sowing has been employed by the American Indians and other primitive peoples of all times. It was used by the old Romans and has been employed in Sweden, Finland, Ger- many, Switzerland, Greece and other European countries down to our present day.
The svedging or burning served two objects, it cleared away the forest and prepared a splendid manure.®® When a tract of wooded land was to be made into fields in this way, the trees were felled (in a certain order), generally in summer or the fall, when there were leaves on the branches, or in the case of pines, in winter. The trees were then allowed to dry for about a year, when the branches were removed from the trunks and all useful trees cut into logs. The following summer the branches and trees were burnt, after certain incantations (among the Finns) had been read.
Men and women, dressed in their poorest clothes, would then superintend the burning and see that as far as possible, every part of the ground was singed. In the autumn, or a few weeks after the burning, rye was sown in the ashes among the stumps and the large tree-trunks that had not been removed or that would not burn. When the crop had been harvested all the trunks and logs were rolled or carried into piles, where they were burnt. The ground was then prepared more carefully and grain (oats, rye or wheat) was again sown. Soil that had been enriched by burning could bear good crops for five or six years without manuring or new burning. Hence cultivated land was sometimes "burnt," logs, branches and the like being brought from other places and spread out over the field. When they had been burnt, grain was sown as before.®^
In Sweden and Finland this method became so common dur- ing the seventeenth century that ordinances were passed against it by the government, many Finns being sent to New Sweden for violating these edicts. The Finns, and In some cases the
■"The ashes which remains after the burning is one of the best manures. "Grotenfelt, Det primiii-va jordb., etc., p. 27 ff., 36 ff., 147 ff.; Stolt, Minneiu p. 40.
A typical harvest scene in Kinland and Sweden. K,
A field piepare<i by Inuning ^.^,■'<'^r/t■nr«/i■). k.
Branch harrow ," used by the Finns and Swedes for preparing the ground for sowing after the " burning." It was dragged over the ' singed tract. "
' Hand lianuw " (made of wood) for prcpaiiiig the ground, used by the Finns and
.Swedes. .S,
Plow made of wood. R.
A sickle.
Stones for a hand-mill. R. See p. 53(i.
Social and Economic Life. 529
Swedes, continued the practise on the South River and several tracts were undoubtedly cleared in this manner in the winter of 1654-55, but there are very few references to It.'*
The winter became so severe that the rivers froze over and when the ice broke in January Christina Kill rose far above its usual level. The heavy flood carried the Ice down towards the fort, " a large part of which would have been swept away, had not the new palisades prevented it," and the sloop lying on the bank was carried far up on the land by the water. In February warm and pleasant weather returned, causing the ice to dis- appear.
There seems to have been very little trade with the neighbors or the Indians during the winter. In the early part of the year "an English bark"'^^ was anchored at Fort Trefaldighet, but whether or not any goods were sold does not appear. When It departed for New Amsterdam in the early spring, a quantity of skins was sent there under the care of Elswick,"'^ who ex- changed the skins for merchandise"' to be used in the trans- actions with the Indians. Elswick, having gone to New Am- sterdam " as though he Intended to return to Sweden," em- barked for Christina some time in May on a Boston sloop, which brought a quantity of provisions and merchandise to the colony of which the skipper sold 616 florins worth to the Swedes.**-
When spring came the Improved land was large enough to support the people. If the crops should be good; but it was found that the frost had ruined the grain which had been sown in the
""Doc, XII.; Hazard.
"" Elswick says that the bark belonged to Cornells Jansen vrho was probably a Hollander.
''° Elswick dates the entry of the transaction on March 14, 1655, Schuldt. u. Carg. B. and in his letter of June 16, 1655, he says he went there on March 15. N.S., I. (R.A.).
"'Fifty otter-skins were sold for 200 fl. ; 10 deer-skins for 150:15 fl., 25 beaver-skins for 175 fl., 26 mink-skins for 15:12 fl., the total amount being 541:7 fl., Schuldt. u. Carg. B.
"Rising's Journal, January, February, 1655; Fragment of Elswick's Journal, N.S., I. (K.A.) ; Elswick to E. Oxenstierna, June 16, 1655, N.S., I. (R.A.) ; "Schuldt u. Carg. B.," N.S., II. (R.A.) ; Report, 1655; cf. below. Chap. XLVL, XLVII.
35
530 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
autumn. There was no grain on hand for a new seeding, but Richard Lord was requested to bring seed and provisions to the colony. As he arrived rather late, the old fields were planted with tobacco in March and April and many new plots were prepared."*
About the beginning of May Isaac Allerton with his skipper, Michell Tentor, was in New Sweden and Rising bought from him a hogshead of French wine, a hundred pounds of butter, several gallons of vinegar, a quantity of hops and other goods."* On May 7 a skipper, William King, sold 320 yards of frieze for 1,144 florins. The two bills were paid for by drafts, one due in three months from date, the other on August 31. A few days later Richard Lord finally came to Christina with his ketch and a cargo " consisting of grain, fish, cloth, clothes, salt [hops, bread, meat] and other goods." His prices were exor- bitant, but the Swedes were in sore need and on June 14 they contracted a purchase."^ He presented his old bills and would not leave the goods on the same terms as formerly. Finally he accepted a draft for the amount (2,196^4 R.D.),"" drawn on the Commercial College (to be paid one month after sight), and signed by director Rising and Elswick,®' but on the condi-
" Rising's Journal, 1655 (Up. B.).
fl.
"* Fransz wein, i Oxhovet 104
Kopffen, 26 St. mit fasz 30:3
Butter, 100 lib 60
Eszig, 3 anker 60
Schue, 40 par 160
Frijss, 40 ell 160
Hembden, 23 st 103 :io
"He sold 1,424 lbs. of bacon(?), 1,107 "^s. of bread, three barrels of butter, " three barrels of salted ox-meat," " two barrels of pork," two barrels of mackerel, one barrel of cider, some brandy, 97 bushels of wheat, several pairs of stockings, hats, gloves, etc., 1,675 lbs. of lead and 85 lbs. of powder.
"A copy of the draft (in German) in N.S., L (K.A.). The draft was to be paid to Isaack Allen of London or to his factor " Ein monadt auf sicht," etc., from August 31.
"The bill was £488. 3s. loj^d., but of this sura £200. 12s. id. was an old debt since February. Each £, was to be reckoned at 454 R.D. The bill included interest and a fine of £23, because Rising could not deliver 315-5'^ beavers on the appointed day, as there were no beavers to be had from the savages. " Schuldt u. Carg. B."
Burningr a field " in Finland. G.
Social and Economic Life. S3i
tion that he should receive 8 per cent, on the new as well as the old debt until paid and that all damages, which he would suffer unless the bills were settled before August, were guaranteed to be paid him. Lord also sold pease and other articles to be paid for by beavers in 1656 and made smaller sales to individual colonists. About the same time, probably in company with Lord, Thomas Sandford from Boston arrived here, bringing with him a quantity of bread, dried meat, brandy and other goods, which were mostly sold in the colony."*
During his stay Lord also " promised to import English sheep and other cattle as well as [bees and] all sorts of fruit trees." Again as he had done in the previous autumn he promised to transport mail through his correspondents to Sweden and to the Swedish agents in Holland. Accordingly Rising wrote letters to his principals in Stockholm as well as to Peter Trotzig in Amsterdam and made his third relation.''^ He reported that the colony was in fairly good condition, much land had been cleared, corn had been planted and the ter- ritory of New Sweden had been greatly increased, but suc- cor in the way of provisions, cloth and the like was sorely needed and, if the hope of assistance and of the arrival of new supplies did not cheer the people, many would desert, as some had already done, so that " affairs would have a speedy end." More colonists ought to be sent over and the requests for skilled workmen were repeated — " house-carpenters, who understood how to cut all kinds of timber," he expected to find in New England. He proposed that a large capital should be employed for the good of the colony, according to plans sub-
"* The bill entered by Elswick is as follows:
Erbszen, 57 buszel @ 3 fl 171
Droge Fish, 500 lbs. . . . 100 lbs. pr. 14 fl 70
Brandewein, 2 ancker und 13 galen 138
Brott, 200 lbs., 100 lbs. @ i6 fl 32
Saltz, 10 Buszel @ 6 fl 60
Schue, 40 par @ ^'A fl 140
Wullen Schniire, ist. von 80 ell 5
"Schuldt u. Carg. B."
"Rising's Journal; Report, June 14, 1655, N.S., I. (K.A.).
532 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
mitted by Elswlck,'" and a new route for the expeditions was suggested. The journey by way of the Canaries was long and troublesome on account of the severe heat; the route farther north (used by the English) was many hundred miles shorter, could be accomplished at the most in from 5 to lo weeks and no people would die on the journey from heat. Nothing had been done in the way of establishing factories, but as soon as sup- plies were received, beginnings would be made. The threats of the Hollanders and the dangers from the English and the savages disturbed the colonists somewhat, but not to any alarm- ing degree. '^^
The colonists were busy with their various labors during the summer. The hay was cut on the lands of the company at Christina and at Trefaldighet as well as on the farms of the freemen during the latter part of June and the grain was harvested about the same time.
Shortly after the harvest. Rising in company with " Linde- strom as engineer," and three other men " sailed down to the entrance of the Bay, in order to observe the situation of the river" for the purpose of making a correct map of it and a few days later he went up to the falls at Trenton, "with some men who were acquainted there ... so as to make a sketch of the whole river." He suspected that there were minerals in this region and a sachem told him " that a large mountain was situated a day's journey from the falls, where the savages find lead-ore, with which they color themselves on the body and in the face." In the neighborhood of the falls the mountain of Mekekanckon, "being [about] 30 or 40 yards high," offered a good location for a fort, which could protect the falls and the surrounding country, "so that the river and country could be
"Elswick proposed that the New Sweden Company should invest 50,000 R.D. in merchandise and keep two vessels here continually, one of 25 to 30 lasts, the other of 40 to 50 lasts. Elswick to E. Oxenstierna, June 16, 1655, N.S., I. (R.A.).
^'^ Report, June 14, 1655. (This document, discovered by the author in 1906, has been translated by him for publication in Dr. Albert Cook Myers's Orig. Nar. of Penn., ed. by Jameson. It is well preserved and is now found in N.S., I. (K.A.)) ; Elswick to E. Oxenstierna, June i6, 1655, N.S., I. (R.A.).
Social and Economic Life. 533
well defended against attack up there through such a fort by a small force. "^-
Passable roads between the settlements were gradually made by the soldiers and freemen and it is probable that wagons were now beginning to be used for the transportation of goods.'-''
During the summer rumors were circulated that Stuyvesant intended to attack New Sweden. As a consequence the labors on the forts were pushed with vigor, Christina being repaired and the works on Trefaldlghet being greatly strengthened, but, as we shall see, to little avail. The colony was expecting a cargo from Sweden, but none arrived. The goods bought from the English and Dutch did not suffice. Provisions were apparently not very scarce, but clothes gave out. " Linen," writes Elswick in August, " is so scarce here that already some of the soldiers go without shirts. As long as baldan or sailcloth was at hand, shirts were made for them from it, but now this is also gone.""^ The freemen as usual fared better; the majority had enough for their daily needs and some were prosperous."*
"The deed for Mekekanckon Island (Menahannonck, a little below the falls), which had been bought by Printz, was confirmed at this time. Rising's Journal. '"" Cf. " Risinghs promem.," etc., Rising's Process. "Elswick to E. Oxenstierna, August 7, 1655. " Lindestrom, Geogr.
CHAPTER XLIII.
Customs, Habits, Dress, Dwellings, Superstitions, Religion, Etc.
I.
The customs, habits and dress of the settlers did not change materially from the first period until the overthrow of the Swedish power. The time was too short for radical changes, but certain customs of dress as well as some implements and forms of "domestic and industrial arts" were borrowed from the savages and the neighbors.
Canoes and the Indian paddle/ as a means of propelling them, were adopted. These canoes were made from the trunk of a large tree,^ hollowed out by axes and adzes. ^ Coats made out of buck-skin, called "savage-coats" and others made from otter skins, called " otter-coats," were used by the settlers,* while elk-skin trousers were common.'' Cloth, as far as this could be obtained, was also used for making garments, shirts, trousers, etc. Peter Kalm says, on the authority of an old settler, that the Swedes made their own shoes. "Those who were not shoemakers marked out [on the leather] around the foot, how large a shoe they needed, and sewed together the leather accordingly, namely a bottom, a little back-leather and the upper-leather. These shoes were called Kippaka."^ Much
' The Finns and Swedes had a sort of a paddle for steering. Cf. Retzius, Finland.
^ Since suitable birch-bark was hard to find.
' Lindestrom, Geogr.
* In the inventory made in February, 1655, there were "12 large savage coats " and " 40 small savage-coats " in the storehouse, " Schuldt u. Carg. B."
° Elk-skin trousers of a yellowish color are common in Dalarne, Sweden. The author saw them worn by the men attending services in the church at Rattvik, in August, 1906.
"Kalm, Resa, III. p. 71. Kippaka was apparently an abbreviation of the Lenape word Machtschipak, slioe, from which moccasin has been derived. Cf. Brinton, Dictionary, p. 71; The Century Dictionary.
534
Customs, Habits, Dress, Dwellings, Etc. 535
of the leather used in the colony in 1654-55 was prepared and tanned by the tanner, Peter Schall,^ who used the methods employed in Europe, but deer-skins were sometimes tanned according to " the Indian manner." Some sole leather was pur- chased from foreign merchants, but it was also made in the colony by Hendrick the Finn and Clement Michelsson the Finn, who are credited with several deliveries of this article to the company.^ The shoe-maker was Anders Botsman, who made 27 pairs of shoes here from February until the middle of April, 1655," and it is probable that other colonists made " regular shoes with heels. "^** Two or more tailors were employed in the colony and the records state that 26 yards of cloth were made into eight jackets and 12 yards of cloth into four jackets or coats."
"While my grandfather lived among the savages," remarks Holm, the Swedish women made small caps out of all kinds of old clothes, at the top of which they fixed a tassel of various colors. The tassels were made from differently colored rags, which they unravelled and mixed together. These caps pleased the Indians extremely and they gave good prices for them in their money. ^^
The food and drink of the colonists remained the same as in the previous periods, beer being the staple beverage, and meat, pork, venison, fish (fresh and dried), bread (made from rye, wheat or maize) being the principal articles of food (prices for these provisions being somewhat higher than during the governorship of Printz). The use of the maize-bread and the manner of preparing it was learned from the savages and the
'The 154 deer-skins and other hides given in the account book kept by Elswick from February to the autumn of 1655 were tanned by Schall.
'One hundred pounds were delivered by Hendrick and some ten pounds by Clement in 1655.
° He used 65 pounds of leather for the purpose. Eighty pair of shoes were sold by Allerton and Sandford in May.
"Cf. Kalm, Resa. III. 71.
"For the above account see "1655, Schuldt u. Carg. B.," N.S., II. (K.A.).
'^Cf. Holm (transl.), 131.
536 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
neighbors. Lindestrom describes the making of maize-bread as follows:
" But when the Christians bake bread of this maize or Indian wheat, they [heat the] oven and when there are suffi- ciently hot coals and ashes they make and work the whole dough into a loaf as wide as an oven-bottom/^ raised like a loaf (limpa), then [they] sweep the oven clean and place some layers of large green leaves upon the stones," upon which the bread is placed, around and above which a few layers [of leaves] are placed, thereupon turning the embers (askemorjan) over the whole, which is allowed to stand thus for a few hours' space to bake through. When one believes it to be well baked through, the ashes are carefully swept away, the bread is re- moved and the leaves torn off, when the bread looks brown on the outside like a pancake, but inside white like milk, and is such a natural bread that no more beautiful and natural can be put between the teeth."'''
The grist-mill was kept in repair for the grinding of the grain, but the immediate needs were likely supplied by the hand-mills, which seem to have been quite numerous.
The colonists had chickens, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle and horses'^ and the products of the farming community of New Sweden were, besides grain, vegetables, hides and the like, milk (cows' and goats' milk), butter, cheese and eggs, butter and cheese being made in the Dutch and Swedish manner. The swine and cattle (selected for that purpose) were butchered in the autumn and meat and pork were salted or smoked.'" We may assume that the wool from the sheep and the hemp grown
" " Kakubottn " (loaf-bottom), probably meaning the size of one of the large loaves, covering almost the whole bottom of the oven.
"" Narraast stenarne [i spijsen]," that is the bottom of the oven.
" Geogr., 221-2.
" It is likely that they had no bees, for no mention is made of them in the records and they were to be imported into the colony in 1654 and 1655, Rising's Journal.
The bath house at Christina was so arranged by Rising, that it could also be used for a smoke-house. Cp. above.
Customs, Habits, Dress, Dwellings, Etc. 537
here were spun into thread, which in its turn was woven into cloth or knitted into stockings or mittens.**
Hunting and fishing were as important as before, and there are no signs that the game or fish diminished to any extent.*** "Long French guns" and other fowling pieces were used. The old guns were made over by the blacksmiths*^ and fitted with flint-locks. The blacksmiths also repaired the farming implements and made new articles when necessary. Hooks and nets were employed in the catching of the fish, as we have seen. It is more than likely that nets were made here by the colonists to supply the need, only a few being brought from Sweden.^" It is also probable that other devices were used for catching the fish, as spears, junkets, eel-traps, and the like, for the Swedes and Finns came from regions where these methods of fishing were common.
II.
The dwellings of the settlers, built in 1654-1655, were ap- parently larger and more comfortable than those erected during the earlier years, while of the same style as those built during the latter part of Printz's governorship. We shall not be far wrong, if we suppose that these dwellings were very similar to the peasant's houses found in northern Sweden at this period or a little later. Two general types present themselves.
The one, a log cabin with a single room, which was used for a kitchen, dining-room and bedroom, containing the beds, the fireplace and the oven, cupboards, tables and other necessary conveniences. The entrance was on the gable end through a low door that opened outwards.
^ The records are silent on these points, but what could the colonists do with their wool? They did not sell it to the neighbors, at least the records make mention of no such sales. The Swedish women have always been skilled in weaving and knitting. Cf. Introduction.
'" Fish was very plentiful when Penn arrived. Cf. Penn. Mag., IX. 75.
"One of the blacksmiths was Clas Petersson. He pretended to have worked for twelve days at Ft. Trefaldighet, but he did nothing, nevertheless he is credited with 36 fl. for these twelve days, " Schuldt u. Carg. B."
^ " Net-needles " are often mentioned in the account-books.
538 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
The other type, also a log-cabin (in some cases built out of flat-hewn timbers, "cross-cut at the corners") divided (by a wall also constructed from logs) into a large room, an entrance hall and a storeroom which had a small loft that could be entered from the hall used for preserving various articles.
On Skansen, at Stockholm, is an old dwelling of this kind, which according to Dr. Nilsson contains the general charac- teristics found in all later dwellings of the Swedish peasants, and hence must have been a common form in earlier times. It is erected of flat-hewn pine timbers. The roof is gabled, the upper, joining edges resting on a large ridge, from which the rafters extend in pairs down to the wall-plates or to the last timbers of the side-walls. The rafters are covered with boards on which is placed a layer of birch-bark, held in position by small logs split in two, which are prevented from gliding down by transversal planks, fastened to the wall plates. The entrance is on the side (near the corner), above which a small porch- like roof (often carved) gives shelter from rain and snow. On entering such a house, we come into a dark hall {A) whence a ladder, often made out of a single log with steps cut into it,-^ leads to a small loft above the storehouse (5). Turning to the left we enter the main room, almost square, open to the ridge pole, with uncovered rafters and no other ceiling than the roof. One or two (in Sweden generally elaborately carved) " cloth-rails " of large dimensions, suspended from the roof in iron bars or simply resting with their ends on logs in the walls, is probably the first object to arrest our attention, especially since we must bend down to pass under it. It is used as a clothes-hanger, but also serves the purpose of dividing the room into two or three sections, designating the "territory where the children can play," where the beggars may remain, when coming into the house, etc., the space between the door and the first " hanger " being the less private, the space between the two "hangers" (if there were two) being more private and
" Cf. the ladder of the storehouses, above, Chap. XXXHI.
Plan of a typical house in Dalarne. A, Entrance Hall. C, Main (living) Room. B, Store-house, a, b, c, doors, cf, ladder to loft of the storehouse B ; e, /", windows or openings closed by shoveboards ; 1, fireplace: 2, cupboard; 3,4, beds ;' 5, table; 6, table or carpenter's bench ; 7, clock.
Table from Finland. R.
Bench from Finland. R.
.I/o/v/ house from Dalnriie, Swtdeii, now at Skanseii, Stockholm.
Interior of the Mni-a /timsr^ showing the fireplace, the clock, the bedsteads, the clothes- hanffers, the carpenter's bench, and the chairs.
Customs, Habits, Dress, Dwellings, Etc. 539
the inner space next to the gable wall being the most private. Crimes committed within these limits were punished in accord- ance with the above principle, leniently if committed near the door and more rigorously if near the inner gable wall.-- The fireplace in the corner to the right is the most conspicuous object and this will in the next place demand our notice. It is made (on a rock foundation) from bricks (in the more prosperous houses) or rough granite blocks or boulders. Divided into two parts (having a chimney in common) , it sei^ves the purpose of oven (for baking, etc.) and fireplace (for heating, etc.) in which an iron bar is placed, carrying a reversible hook for suspending the pot, where cooking and the like is done. On the same side, extending from the fireplace to the end wall, are the two "bunks" or enclosed bedsteads built into the wall. When necessary a second and third "sleeping-place" are constructed above the lower ones. Curtains, often with elaborate designs, cover the openings. " The bottom [of the bedsteads] consisted only of some loose pieces of boards or split poles, which rested on a couple of cut-in cross-pieces. Thatching-straw"^ was filled in and a cover, similar to that now used for carpets, was laid upon It ... In finer houses, sheets were used [even] on week days, especially by the mother and father. The bed-clothes were generally woolfells,-^ rugs [made out of fleeced wool- thread] and thick hair quilts . . . Below [the bedsteads] was a useful space for all kinds of rubbish . . . [and] the cat usually had his abode there." At the inner gable wall is a window or opening in the wall and below this may be seen a carpenter's or wood-worker's bench in some houses, where the house-father or sons can make the pails, wooden plates and the like or mend the utensils and instruments needed in the house and on the farm. The part of the room next to the door forms the kitchen of the house. Here is not only the fireplace,
" Cf. Nilsson, p. 15.
^ " Langhalm," that is long and good straw.
-'Various kinds of skins (as sheep-skins, deer-skins) prepared with the fur remaining.
540 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
but to the left in the corner is the cupboard, with shelves for the "plates and saucers (which are mostly of wood, some- times of tin or clay), turned wooden bowls and well-made troughs." On a nail or wooden peg by the side of the cup- board hangs the " spoon-basket," containing the knives and spoons of the household. Near the cupboard to the right is the table, where the occupants take their meals. At mealtime can be seen one or two pots and perhaps a pan or a large bowl in the centre, wooden or tin plates around the edges for the partakers, some wooden spoons and a number of knives, but no forks. Soup is always dished up in bowls by each one and if the meal happens to consist of porridge (grot), as is often the case in the evening, each member of the family will have a small dish of milk by his side, but they will all eat out of the central pot, dipping each spoonful in the milk. The meat is likewise placed in the centre and each one helps himself from the piece. On the wall near the door is a perpendicularly placed board with several holes, where the axes are kept, when not in use, and on a nail on the wall we might observe the saw. In the neighborhood of the cupboard we shall find (in some houses) a bench, where "the pot and other cooking utensils together with the scouring broom"-" are kept. Above the windows and probably also above the door we shall see little shelves on which are placed a few tin-plates, the candle stick and "other fineries." A few chairs, one or two made from the trunk of a hollow tree, with about one third of the outer shell extending a couple of feet above the seat, forming a back; the others constructed out of split planks, with legs (sometimes carved) and a flat back, one or two benches and the same number of chests"** completed the furniture of the room. If we should enter the store-house we would find that the sup- ply of meat and some other provisions were preserved there, the
"^ Called grantvagan in some districts, as it was made out of spruce-branches.
°° It is very probable that some of these chests were brought to New Sweden by the colonists. In the possession of the Sinexon family is an old iron chest which was probably brought from Europe by one of the early settlers.
" Swedish log cabin," situated " on the west bank of Darby creek about % mile above Clifton." Photographed by C. S. Bradford and used by his kind permission. The above (built in the 18th centurj-) shows many characteristics to be found in the log cabins built b}' the Swedes and Finns in their native country, the extension of the second story, " the porch-roof" etc.
Customs, Habits, Dress, Dwellings, Etc. 541
churn, milk pails (of wood) and various other utensils, prob- ably also clothes and other things, large quantities of meat, grain, etc., being preserved in the " outer storehouse," de- scribed in a former chapter.-^ Visiting guests that could not be accommodated in the main room would be lodged here, unless they were given a bed in the storehouse a short distance from the dwelling.-* On the loft of the storehouse, we should likely find the spinning wheel, the reel and other appliances, used by the female members of the household for making yarn, etc.29
We may feel tolerably certain that houses presenting the above described features were common on the shores of the Delaware from 1643 ""^il the beginning of the eighteenth cen- tury or later. The furniture was in some cases brought from Sweden, especially chests in which the clothes and other valu- ables were kept, and probably a few tables and chairs as well as some bed-clothes. It is probable, however, that skins and wool- fells were used more extensively here than in Sweden or Fin- land and that they, in the latter years, took the place of the woolen ones almost entirely.
Another type of dwelling having two stories was also found here. Acrelius says that there were " houses of two stories " at Kingsessing "built out of hickory."*" Buildings of two stories were known in Sweden from the earliest times*^ and some of these ancient houses are still to be seen there. In Dalarne and other northern provinces the second story of these houses often extended some distance outside of the first (re- sembling the store-houses of this type),*- making the house a sort of a fortress, where the inhabitants could defend them- selves in case of attack.** The two-story houses, built at
^ a. above, Chap. XXXIIL ^ Cf. above, Chap. XXXIII.
"Cf. Nilsson, Skansen, p. 13 ff. ; Jonas Stolt, Minnen, p. 13 ff. '" Acrelius, Beskrif., p. 39.
^ In southern Sweden the tvvo-storj- part of the house was not used for a living room, see Nilsson, Skansen, p. 20 ff. " See above. Chap. XXXIII. ^ Cf. Sundbarg, Sweden; Nilsson, Skansen.
542 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Kingsessing and other places away from the forts, were un- doubtedly of this type. They were constructed of round hick- ory timbers and their furniture and inside appearance resem- bled those of the other houses. They were probably divided by a middle wall and occupied by two families, but where the fireplace was located or how much of the house was used by the families in common does not appear from the records. Many of the freemen, being in prosperous circumstances, possessed considerable property in 1655,^* but we are not in- formed by the "Relations" who these freemen were, where their individual fields were located nor the extent of their lands. We have seen that Rising selected a tract of land on Timber Island, northwest of Christina for his dwelling place. Having been cleared and prepared for tilling in the beginning of the winter (1654-55), he "caused a house to be built thereon with two stories and a dwelling as well as a cellar below it." It was probably ready in the spring and it is likely that it was occupied by the director soon afterwards, remaining his residence until the arrival of the Dutch forces. We do not know how it was furnished nor do we know anything about its size and appear- ance beyond that it had two stories, but it seems likely that Ris- ing would build a house on the general plan of those found in his home district in Sweden. Like Governor Printz, Rising was obliged to receive commissioners and others from the neighboring colonies and to feed them as well as many of the Swedish oilicers^^ at his table. "He has so many visits from strangers and inhabitants," writes Elswick, in the summer of 1655, "that he can not keep up the maintenance of his house for less than 1,500 R.D. a year."^"
III.
Most of the customs of mealtime, etc., of the mother country were transplanted to the colony, but climatic and other condi-
'"Geogr.; Rising's Beskrif. 1656, N.S., H. (R.A.).
Elswick writes: " Icii biin zwar bissliero und auch nocli beim Herrn Directeur ziir Tafell," June 16, 1655, N.S., L (R.A.).
About $1,875 (or about $9,375 according to the present value of money). He must iiave kept a good table.
Sectiun uf a dwelling in Sweden (now at Skauken, Stockholm), showing the chair made from a hollow tree-trunk and the carpenter's bench and lathe. (See pp. 347, 539, 540.)
Customs, Habits, Dress, Dwellings, Etc. 543
tions modified them somewhat. Brahe says in his Oecono- mia that the proper time for rising was at four in the morning, breakfast should be served at seven, dinner at twelve and sup- per at eight. *^ Times for meals were different in different provinces in Sweden and no uniform custom seems to have been followed, but it is probable that three meals a day, taken about the time recommended by Brahe^* was the rule in New Sweden.^''
The festivities of the church year have already been referred to above.'*" Many peculiar customs were and are observed in Finland and Sweden on these festive days, especially at Christ- mas, and some of these must have been practised in the colony. If a New England settler had visited the homesteads of the Swedes and Finns at Christmas, 1654, he would have seen much that was new to him. The floor of the dwellings were covered with straw, ''^ in some cases with finely cut spruce-branches; outside of some doors was a large cross made out of straw; a cross might also be seen on barrels and other vessels, painted there before the Christmas holidays, all for the purpose of driv- ing away the evil spirits. The teeth of the cattle were often rubbed with salt and they were given extra feed on Christmas Eve; nor were the birds neglected, sheaves of rye or wheat being placed on poles for them to eat; steel was also placed in the barn and on the barn-door, that evil spirits should not enter. There was happiness everywhere. Long prepara- tions had been made, special bread had been baked, special beer had been brewed and the best that the house could afford was brought forth. Candles were lit, especially two large ones made for Christmas Eve and the clothes and silver of the house (if there was any), were brought in for the candles to shine on — it produced good luck. Everybody was greeted with
°' Brahe, Oeconomia, p. 77.
"" De la Card. Arch.
"The food was the same throughout the period, see above, Chap. XXXIII.
"Chap. XXXIV.
" This straw was later thrown into the fields to produce good crops, or tied around fruit trees, or given to the cattle, all for the purpose of bringing good results.
544 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
"Happy Christmas," and the old northern custom of giving presents was not forgotten. " Jul-grot," " a kind of Christmas pudding" or "Christmas-porridge," with butter and milk, was the principal course of the evening meal; the Jule-skoal''^ or Christ-skoal was drunk and a festive, somewhat solemn atmo- sphere pervaded the whole." Early on Christmas morning, about five o'clock, the settlers assembled in the church on Tini- cum Island, listened to two services, which lasted four hours or longer and then returned to their homes. The day was spent in quietness. The next day called the Second-Day-Christmas was passed in going to church and visiting neighbors. These visits were probably enlivened by the telling of old stories and personal experiences. The stories of ghosts, of giants, of dwarfs and of evil spirits, circulated in the home districts of the colonists, were of course transplanted to the Delaware region and related here to the rising generation, while the Dutch folk-tales added to the general store.
The belief in witchcraft was prevalent and superstitions played a large role in the life of the settlers. It was believed, for example, that at midnight, the hour of the birth of Christ, the flame of a candle would split in two. The cattle in the barns would all rise up and for a short time they had the power of speech, but no man durst be present at that moment — a Danish farmer who attempted to see and hear the phenomenon was very roughly handled. It was a common belief from the earliest times'** that the Finns possessed particular powers of performing supernatural things.*® In Sweden they were looked upon as masters in the art of witchcraft and sorcery*^ and the
*' Cf. Longfellow's Skel. in Armor, for the use of this word.
"There was no Christmas tree in Sweden at this time and hence none in the colony. It was brought into Sweden from Germany in the beginning of the nineteenth century.
" Cf. the story of Queen Gunhild (first half of tenth century) who was sent by her parents to Finmark to learn sorcery and witchcraft, and the Finn present at the court of King Halfdan at Yule-tide.
"Cf. Nordraann, p. no ff. The author was told by an old man in a southern province in Sweden in the summer of 1906 that a Finn called " Finn-Jan" lived a wandering life in the
Customs, Habits, Dress, Dwellings, Etc. 545
reputation followed them to America, " Lasse the Finn" and " Karin the Finnish woman " being accused of witchcraft and separated from the main settlement during the governorship of Printz.*^ That others were also supposed to possess this gift is probable and the belief in these things lived on, as we shall see, into a later period.
The following samples of formulas and superstitions will suffice to give an idea of their general nature. Bleeding is stopped by grasping around the sore -juith the hand and repeat- ing the formula " Thou shalt stand as jinn as Jordan stood, when John baptized in the name of the Father, of the Son and of the Holy Ghost." A psalm-book should he placed below the head of the newly-born child to prevent its being exchanged for a changeling [or elf -child) by the evil spirits. JVhen a cow is sold a bunch of hair should be taken from her and preserved to prevent the good luck from leaving the house with the cow. If milk is accidentally spilled into the fire, salt should always be thrown in to avoid misfortunes. To prevent rain from falling during harvest time, read the "Lord's Prayer" back-, wards. A cross should be cut into the broom to prevent witches from riding on it. If the spinning wheel is kept going after 6 o'clock on Saturday evening, the sheep will not pros- per. A little of each course from the Christmas table should be taken on Christmas morning and given to the cattle to preserve them against witchcraft.*^
One of the main difficulties in the colony was the lack of women. The company and the government endeavored to pre- vail upon men to migrate with their families, but the majority of the soldiers were unmarried or left their wives behind in Sweden and there was always a request " for some unmarried women." Even Rising wrote to Eric Oxenstierna that he should send him a good wife. " Women's labors are ... to
district some tvventy-five or thirty years ago, " who was able to do many wonder- ful things. He could find water with a stick, make cattle sick, cure disease by incantations," etc.
" Cf. above, Chap. XXXVIIL
" Cf. Nordmann, p. 113 fl. ; Kaira, IVdsterg. resa, p. 198. 36
546 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
look after the garden and the cattle, to spin and to weave both the linen and the wool with which to clothe the people, to keep the nets and the seines in order, to make malt, to brew the ale, to bake, to cook the food, to milk the cows, to make the cheese and the butter."*" On account of the scarcity of the women the men were often compelled to do this work and Pape- goja wrote in one of his letters: " Here we must cook and bake ourselves and do other things which belong to the women." Several young girls grew up and married®" and in 1654 a large number of families arrived, to some extent changing the former state of affairs.®^
IV.
Regular services were continued in the Church at Tinicum. Holidays and daily prayers were observed as before and special days of fasting and prayer were proclaimed.®- Rising also suggested plans for meeting the expenses of the church and for the building of schools and houses of worship, recom- mending that tithes of grain and cattle be paid " willingly by the people," "the half part of it to be used for the salaries of the preachers and the other half part for the erection and sup- port of a school-building and a church."®* Rev. Lars Lock was alone in the colony from 1648 until 1654, but two new preachers arrived here on the Orn, Matthias Nertunius and Peter Hjort.®* Nertunius who was assigned to Upland, where he lived on a tract of cleared land belonging to the company, conducted the services at Tinicum. He " was indeed the best " preacher in the colony at this period and Rising proposed to the government that the land "at Upland (on which he lived) [large enough for the sowing] of 20 to 30 bushels of seed, should be given for
"Brahe, Oeconomin, pp. 84-5.
"Redel had children, who were marled here before 1653, N.S., \. (R.A.).
"Papegoja to Brahe, July 15, 1644, Skokl. Saml., Redel's Supplik, N.S., L (R.A.)- Rising to E. Oxenstierna, July 11, 1654, Ox. Saml.
'^ Days of prayer and fasting were held on June 9, August 4, September i, 1654, when the majority of the settlers assembled at Tinicum. Rising's Journal; cf. above, Chap. XXXIV.
'"'Report, July 13, 1654.
" See above, Chap. XXXIX.
Customs, Habits, Dress, Dwellings, Etc. 547
a parsonage to [him] with the few houses there ... in which case he would need no other salary from the company." It seems, however, that he acted somewhat too independently at times. A day of prayer and fasting with services had been pro- claimed in the colony for the first of September but Nertunius called off the services without consulting either the director or the council about it. He was later called before the council and held to account for his actions.^'
Peter L. Hjort was stationed at Fort Trefaldighet, where he preached until the capture of the stronghold by the Dutch, but, as he was " a worldly and spiritually poor preacher," his labors were probably of small result. It seems that Lars Lock was transferred to Christina in the summer of 1654. He was, as has been seen, accused of mutiny, and Rising intended to send him to Sweden on the Orn " to defend and free himself," but he became severely ill as the ship was about to sail and the charges against him seem to have been dropped.^*
" The poor are always with us " and they were found in New Sweden. During the governorship of Printz, " Karin the Finnish woman " was compelled to beg for the support of her- self and her children and perhaps others were reduced to simi- lar circumstances. Rising established a charity fund and ap- pointed "the preacher" (probably Nertunius) to distribute food and goods, through orders from the director according to the needs of the poor. The colonists were invited to contribute to the fund and the blacksmith gave 19 115 florins to the "poor account" in the summer of 1655. "The children of Paul Malich, the little Pole, the blind Kirstin with her two children," Anders . . ., Per Paulsson's mother and the daughter of Clas Johansson are especially enumerated among those receiving aid in the summer and autumn of 1655, and clothes, food, shoes and other articles were given to them. The accounts were kept by Elswick in a separate book,^'' but they were also entered in the General Schuldt iind Cargason Buch.^^
"Rising's Journal.
°° Rising's Journal; Report, July 13, 1654.
" Not known to exist.
'"'Armen Rechnung," etc. "Schuldt u. Carg. B.," N.S., III. (K.A.).
548 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Slavery was not employed to any extent by the settlers. The slave brought to Christina in 1639^* was employed for many years, but beyond this single case there is no record of slaves in New Sweden.®*
The money values of the colony were generally reduced to Dutch guilders or florins; thus the salaries of the men, the expenses of voyages, the bills of goods were reckoned in Dutch money. The common currency was heaver skins and sezvant and these were employed in the payments of debts and salaries as well as on journeys and expeditions. Letters were generally sent to Europe through the aid of the Dutch, in a few cases through English merchants, and letters were sent to New Am- sterdam and the English colonies or received from there either by Indian guides or other messengers who went across the country or by boat."^ In going to Manhattan the settlers went by boat up the river to Crosswick's Creek, whence Indian paths lead across the country.
The instructions of the officers were written in Swedish, German and Dutch. The Dutch and German officers, soldiers and settlers were able to converse in Swedish, and they gradu- ally became fairly well versed in the language, but all the ac- count books and most of the bills preserved to us are written in Dutch or German. A peculiar characteristic of this age was the preponderance of certain Christian names. Among the officers of the company and the colony we find principally four such names: Hendr'tck, Johan, Peter and Sven, as Hendrick Els- wick, Hendrlck Huygen; Johan Beier, Johan Papegoja, Johan Printz, Johan Rudberus, Johan Rising; Peter Lindestrom, Peter Minuit, Peter Spiring, Peter Trotzig, Peter Liljehok; Sven Hook, Sven Skute, etc.
" Cf. above, Chap. XXL,
™Lars Svvartz {S-vart, Black) might have been a negro slave, but it is more likely that Svart simply referred to his complexion as Snohvit in the case of Joran Kyn. Cf. above.
" An Indian was paid sewant valued at 3 fl., for bringing letters from Nev? Amsterdam to New Sweden in June, 1643. Ace. B., 1643-48.
CHAPTER XLIV.
Literature of New Sweden, 1640- 165 5.
I.
The early voyages to America and the settlements here did not enter into the general imagination of the Swedish people nor did the records of the achievements of Champlain, Hudson, Smith or the Cabots become a permanent part of Swedish litera. ture as they did in English, Dutch and even German' letters, giving rise to plays,- references and scenes in Shakespeare, Jonson and other famous authors of that period.^ There was no Hakluyt to publish IVonderfiil Voyages, no Smith nor even a Munck* to describe them and no Purchas to edit A History of the World in Sea-Voyages. Some of these early voyages were known in the North and the colonial activities of Sweden gave rise to one or two poems (of inferior value) and refer- ences in contemporary Swedish literature, but they never made a strong impression on the people.
The same is true of the literature about New Sweden, writ- ten by men who came here. Literary men went to New Eng- land and poets to New Amsterdam. Governor William Berk-
^In German several works on voyages and discoveries appeared in the first half of the 17th century, as Jfest- und Ost-Indische Lustgart, etc. (1618) ; AVot? und warhajfte Relation, etc. {1619) ; Ztablfte Sc/iiffart, etc. (1627), (being the twelfth voyage of the Sammlung von 26 Sctiiffahrlen, etc.), and others.
- It has been argued that the theme of the Tempest was suggested to Shake- speare by the description of Capt. Argall's Voyage to America, of. Furness, The Tempest.
' Cf. Shakespeare's Tiuelfth Niglit; " You are now sailed," and his references to the great number of lines in the sea-maps, etc., Tiuelfth Night, III. Sc. 2.
*Munck was sent out by Christian IV. of Denmark in 1619 (May) on an ex- pedition of discovery. He explored parts of the Hudson Bay, remained on the coast over winter and returned to Denmark in 1620. He made maps of the region he visited and called it Neiu Denmark. Cf. Munck, Navig. Septentrionalis, etc. (1623) ; also map of America by Holm.
549
5 so The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
eley had written plays before he sailed for Jamestown,^ George Sandays, the English poet, translated Ovid on the banks of the James River; Nathaniel Ward took his fling at women In The Simple Cohler; "The Tenth Muse" composed her Contem- plations and Grasshopper Sons, where the " the black-clad cricket bear a second part," and it is even said that John Milton had In mind to go to America.'' The author has found only one instance, where a man of some poetic power was about to go to the Swedish settlement, a young man by the name of Aron Danielsson, who wrote a ballad still preserved,'' but he never reached the Delaware and no Steendam came here to sing " The Praise of New Sweden "* and no De Sllle to write poetry for Printz.* We need not seek far for a reason. Swedish lit- erature was just emerging into light and assuming conscious form and the Swedish language was attaining stability and per- manent shape.^" Hence, there were few men In Sweden like Sir Alexander Morton^' and Sandays and Milton and others and even had there been such it is doubtful whether they woulH have come here, for the colony never reached any degree of prosperity nor Importance in population and power. There was no printing press in New Sweden, where a " Booke of Psalmes " could be published and not a sufficient number of readers to make an edition of Ballads on the Delaware a " pay- ing proposition." It might therefore seem that a chapter upon
" Schelling, The El. Drama, IL 367-8 ; Fleay, A Biog. Chro. of the Eng. Dr. (1891) L 28; Dodsley-Hazlitt, XHL 500 flf.
"Richardson, Am. Lit., 1607-1885 (Student's Ed.), P- 63 ff-; Wendell, A Literary Hist, of America, p. 35 ff.; Taylor, Am. Lit., L; Mitchell, D., Am. Lands and Letters, L 3 ff. ; Morley, English Writers, VIH. 282 ff., IX. 99 ff., 193 ff., XI. 177 ff. and the bibliogr., p. 335 ff. ; Richard Hakluyt, The Principal Naviga- tions, Voyages, etc. (Glasgow, 1903) ; Purchas, Purchas His Pilgrimes (Glas- gow, 1903).
' It is preserved in Alfs Vtsbok, see Schuck, Sv. lit. hist., p. 392, note.
'Jacob Steendam wrote: " 'T Lof van N. Nederland " to inspire colonists to go to the South River in 1662. For a memoir of Steendam see Murphy's Antology, p. 23 ff. (Poetry, p. 46 ff.).
° Sille wrote poetry for Stuyvesant, see Murphy's Antology, p. 187 (for his poems see p. 190 ff.).
•° Cf. above, Chap. IV.
"Who wrote An Encouragement to Colonies (pr. 1624), as well as poems and dramas.
Literature in New Sweden. 55'
the Literature of New Sweden "would be in the same ludicrous predicament," to borrow a phrase from De Quincey, " as Van Troil's chapter on the snakes of Iceland." But this is not quite the case. Nothing has been preserved from the literary activ- ities of the colonists of New Sweden, which can be called belles lettres, but works of an historical character were written here and at least one translation was made.
IL
Of these writers Director Johan Rising occupies a conspic- uous place in Swedish literature of the period. Fryxell, the well-known popular historian of Sweden, says of him that he " saw far ahead of his time, and much of that which he already then demanded [in the way of reforms in the trade principles of his age] has been accomplished only in our days. He is the founder of the doctrines of Swedish free-trade "'^ and he wrote the first work on trade and economics in Sweden. He had been engaged to write a work about trade before he was appointed assistant to Governor Printz and a large mass of material had been collected and partly arranged in the autumn of 1653, but his strenuous life as ruler of New Sweden gave him little op- portunity for literary pursuits, and it is hardly probable that the collections and drafts of his work, brought to Christina in 1654 had been much improved, when he returned to Europe in the spring of 1656. In Holland his trunks were opened and many of his manuscripts stolen or confiscated and ruined, delay- ing the completion of the book. As soon as he was able, how- ever, he began anew his labors on his life-work, but his official duties, quarrels with the New Sweden Company (which de- manded much of his energies for the composing of memorials, supplications, reports, explanations and accounts), preparing of " Descriptions of New Sweden " as well as his endeavors to free himself from the blame of the collapse of the Swedish power in America, consumed a large share of his restless life.
"Fryxell, Berdl. ur sv. hist., XVIII. p. 124.
552 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Means also failed and A Treatise on Commerce was never completed. The book, planned largely along the lines sug- gested by the English economist, Malynes, in his Lex Merca- toria was to be divided into three parts and if completed would have been a monumental work. The first part (containing three books) and certain chapters of the second and third parts (the second part to contain two books, the third part to con- tain one or two(?) books) were completed, but only the first and second books of the first part have been preserved" to- gether with a table of contents of the completed work. Ac- cording to this table the contents of the book would have had the following appearance:
PART ONE. First Book of thirty-four chapters concern- ing: merchandise, maxims for the increase of trade, business transactions, contracts, debts and bonds, markets and fairs, trade marks, lotteries, merchants, brokers, monopolies and com- panies, colonies.
Second Book in four parts concerning : the principal trading places in Europe, Asia, Africa and America.
Third Book of twenty-three chapters concerning: naviga- tion, navigation latvs, sailors and officers, shipbuilding, equip- ment, freight, duties and excises, etc., insurance, journeys to foreign lands, piracy ports, staple-cities, the ownership of rivers and coasts, fisheries and the right to fish.
PART TWO. First Book of eighteen chapters concern- ing: money, the right of the government to coin money, gold and silver and their relative value, the shape and size of money, master-coiners, counterfeit money, how to increase money in the country, loaning and borrowing of money, usury.
Second Book " Concerning the reduction of all kinds of measures, standard and weights to \_the standard of weights and measuresi of Stockholm."
*' In the R.A. is a beautiful copy of the first book with a dedication to Charles XI. Copies of the first book are found in the Up. Bibl. (three copies), also a copy of the third book and another of the first three chapters of the first book; a copy of the first book is preserved in Kungl. Bibl. Cf. also Hist. Tid., 1896, p. 72.
Literature of New Sweden. 553
PART THREE. First Book of eleven chapters concern- ing: drafts, their use and history, kinds of drafts and their proper form, the acceptance, payment, refusal and protesting of drafts.^*
When Rising found that it would be difficult to finish his large work (probably also to interest the government and his patron) he made an abstract from the Treatise, which he was able to prepare for the press through the liberality of De la Gardie. It was published at Stockholm in 1669 with the title Itt Uthtogh om Kidp-Handelen eller Commercierne^^ {An Extract Concerning Trade or Commerce) . Two years later he published Een handbook}'^ (A Book Concerning Agricul- ture). A number of other treatises on Swedish and Dutch commerce and trade and how to increase the former and place it on a prosperous basis were also written by Rising, partly before, partly after his sojourn in America, but they do not concern us here.
His Descriptions of Nova Svecia and his Relations and Journals pertain directly to our subject, however. Rising used his pen diligently and his journals and reports are full of accurate information. He states the events plainly and clearly without unnecessary details and his diary extending over the greater part of the years 1654-1655 and his three reports are the most valuable documents concerning the history of New Sweden for the period they cover, giving more detailed infor- mation about the colony than any other sources preserved to us. In his acquired historical knowledge Rising is less accurate and, although he had read much of the colonial and historical litera- ture published in England" and Holland, and knew the gen- eral facts of the early journeys to America, his historical essays
" Up. B.
""Tryckt hoos Nicolaum Wankijff."
"Printed at VSsteras, 1671. Per Brahe wrote his Oeconomia in 1581; but it was not published until 1677 a"d hence Rising's book is the first of its kind printed in Sweden.
"Rising quotes An Eng. Descrip. of America, printed in London in 1655 in eight volumes, see Beskrif., N.S., 11. (R.A.).
554 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
contain many errors concerning events which took place before his arrival.i^ His four descriptions preserved to us differ somewhat in detail, various dates being given for the same events (in some cases, however, probably due to the copyist) and we can trace many statements and errors in dates to Rising, which are found in the early writers on New Sweden. He says that Minuit came here in 1631 (repeated by Campanius Holm, Geijer and a host of other historians) ^^ he states that King Charles I. surrendered his rights to the Delaware to the Swedes about 1 63 1 (other dates are also given by Rising) through Count Johan Oxenstierna.-" His descriptions are of much less importance for the history and conditions of Nova Svecia than his other writings concerning the colony and much space is given to prove the right of the Swedes to the colony, how to regain it and how to manage the colonial affair, "as well at home as out here for the benefit and prosperity of the Crown." The chapters on the location, climate, forests, "wild animals and birds" show considerable ability of observation, but are of less value than Lindestrom's writings on the same subjects.
The culture of Holland had made a deep impression on Rising and he used many Dutch words in his writings, as loyare {looier, tanner), wagenskott {wagenschot, wainscot), etc. His style is as a rule clear and logical and his spelling and punctuation are more uniform and consistent that is usually the case in this period.
Peter Mdrtensson Lindestrdm deserves a place next to Rising among the authors who came to New Sweden. Lindestrom published no books nor did he spend so large a part of his life as Rising in writing treatises on subjects in his special field, but he wrote the first Geography of the Delaware Region. When Lindestrom returned to Stockholm he made written and oral reports to the government, presenting maps and making verbal explanations in consequence of which he was "persuaded, ad-
"'He states in one Description that Lord Delaware discovered the Delaware River in 1600, N.S., H. (R.A.).
" See Holm, Beskrif., Geijer, HL, etc.
"Repeated by Lindestrom, Holm and Acrelius, cf. above, Chap. XX.
%
fUrf '
I iriVi
'"/
if^
avf
Title page of Liiidestrom's Ceof;raplna Ameiicae. Original preserved in the Riksarkiv, Stockholm.
Literature of New Sweden. 555
vised and solicited " by the government and persons of rank, both secular and clerical, to write a Geography of America and particularly of New Sweden. It appears that he elaborated "his sketches and notes" and made a large map of Nova Svecia, which was hung on the wall of the Royal Council Chamber in the Palace. In May, 1696, a request was granted to allow this (or another?) map to be copied "with the condi- tion that it should be returned."*' It was " engraved on cop- per" and published (for the first time) in the Catechism in the American Language in 1696."- But Lindestrom's plans of writing a Geography could not be executed for many years on account of his checkered career.-^ After many adventures he married and settled down to a more quiet life and it appears that he now endeavored to carry out his early ambition of writ- ing an American Geography. The book was to be a description of that part of the North American coast occupied by the English, Dutch and Swedes, but debts, illness and other troubles interfered with these plans and the Geography as we have it is limited (as far as its strictly geographical parts are concerned) to New Sweden. The title of the work covers a great deal more, however: A Geography of America or of West India, Description of the Outermost Part-* of America, with Geographical Charts and Delineations of Virginia, New Swe- den, Neiu Batavia-^ and New England.^^
The book was ready shortly before his death in 1692.-^ It
""See a small sheet found with Enkefru Roos's letters, N.S., II. (R.A.).
^In Hist. Tid., 1887 (Vol. 7), p. 86, H[arald] W[ieselgren] says that "an original map by Lindestrom is found in Rdlamb. Sam!., I., fol. 201, to be pre- ferred in many ways to the one in the R..4." This statement, however, is a mis- take. The map in this collection {Rtilamb. Sam!., I. fol. 201) is not an original, but a copy (in colors) from one of Lindestrom's maps (1654-5) ^nd it is not to be preferred to the one in the R.A.
^ Cf. below, bibHography.
" Yttersta deten probably means the coast district of America (the outer part), yttersda deten may also mean the farthest, the most distant part.
"New Holland.
" Geographia Americae eiter Indiae Occid[en']ta!is, Beskrijffningh Om den yttersta deten In America, med Geograp'hiske Carter och Delineationer df<wer Virginien, Novam Sveciam, Novam Battaviam och Novam AngHam.
"The book is beautifully copied in Lindestrom's handwriting. It was prob- ably bound in leather for the King.
556 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
was examined and (probably) read by Governor Gyllenstolpe, who likely made promises of recommending it to the govern- ment. Lindestrom's intention of presenting it to the King was frustrated by his death, but his desire was carried out by his widow, Margreta Roos, who sent it to his Majesty with re- quests for aid.^* The Geographia contains twenty-nine chap- ters, two maps (one of New Sweden and one of the east coast of North America from "Caput Henry" on the south to "Caput Cod" on the north) ^^ and several other charts and plans,^" with a table of contents and an index.^^ It is more than a geography, however, being a personal journal or diary as well. The first chapter gives an account of the journey to America, as well as the events in New Sweden^^ and the last chapter describes the attack of the Dutch. The other chapters are devoted to the life, manners and customs of the Indians, the navigation of the river and the description of the country, its climate, the extent of its cultivation, its agriculture, its animals, birds, fishes, trees, rivers and islands.
The dedication is addressed to Crown Prince Carl. Giving his reasons for inscribing the book to the Prince, Lindestrom extols the value of Geography, a science, on which history itself is based, which illustrates and reveals the mysteries of the Scriptures, a study which embraces not only continents, moun- tains, valleys and waters, nations, cities and governments, commerce and trade, customs and manners of various races and their habits and dwellings, animals, woods and plants, " but everything else on the Earth and in the Sea," enabling con- querors to carry on wars — Alexander the Great knew Geog- raphy, hence his successful campaigns to foreign lands — aiding men to find metals, for it describes the earth and is the source
" Geogr. (Intro.) ; letters from Margreta Roos (copies) in Biogr. "L" (R.A.). See below, biography.
™ See facsimile.
^ See illustrations.
'^The book, in a beautiful state of preservation, leather bound, gilt-edged, is now preserved in a special case among other books in the R.A. The volume deserves to be printed as a tribute to its author.
^' There is also an account of Lindestrom's return to Sweden.
Literature of New Sweden. 557
of many blessings. "The Preface to the Benevolent Reader"
is of much interest. Remarking that the men who had travelled much were formerly considered wise and learned, our author goes on to give his ideas on evolution and the development of society. Original man wore no clothes, he was naked and wild, gradually he covered himself with leaves of trees and later with skins. He wandered from place to place, slept under trees and " had no other dwelling," " he lived from the flesh of wild animals, fish and fruit and drank water"; he knew nothing of luxury, had no government, no commerce, no trade, no agri- culture, no domestic animals.^^ The struggle for existence be- comes fiercer, as food grows scarce, war develops, men begin to congregate, build cities, walls and ditches for their protec- tion and choose rulers and establish governments. "They begin to support themselves with their cattle and their handi- craft, tie trees together with which to float over rivers, train horses," cultivate the earth, plant vineyards and press grapes. Exchange of goods takes place, money is invented and finally trade and commerce attain importance, culture develops and the old conditions are transformed, men becoming more chaste, more noble, more enlightened.
In the chapters covering the journey to America and the events in the colony, including the attack of the Dutch, as well as the return to Europe, Lindestrom repeats the main facts of Rising's journal, but he also gives some information not to be found elsewhere. He has been largely drawn upon by his- torians from the time of Campanius Holm (who wrote his Description only eight or nine years after the completion of the Geographia) and Acrelius down to our present day.
With a view of interesting his readers (and also as an aid to those who travel) he adorned the accounts of the journey with stories and observations. At Calais pies were sold to the Swedes, made from the flesh of human beings. A barber, find- ing it a profitable business, murdered his customers by placing
^ Incidentally he remarks that the life of the old Swedes was like that of the Indians on the Delaware of his day.
558 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
them above a trap door, which gave way, when a spring was pressed, landing the poor victim in the cellar, where he was killed and sold to the pie-baker, — let those who travel beware ! At Dover, Lindestrom saw a castle, which Satan had caused to fly out of the city up on a high hill, where the Devil ruled over it, making it impossible for anyone to stay there and, oh horribile dictii, there were many castles in England to which Satan took a fancy (whether on account of the saintly lives of the inhabitants or the contrary the author does not say) and over which he held lordly sway. Lindestrom observed many of the customs of the people and of the conditions of the places visited on the course to America. In England, " a land with no forests," men and women saluted each other with a kiss when they met (whether Lindestrom had an opportunity to take advantage of the custom he does not say) and at Pirrin- quet(?) the city musicians serenaded the Swedish officers " honoring them with the most delightful and pleasing music, so that they had to open their purses." At the Canary Islands where the principal men spoke Latin, though with a Spanish accent, Lindestrom saw many strange things. At the gover- nor's palace he attended a banquet, which consisted entirely of sweetmeats and wines. He was visited by " charming nuns " and monks, who " were good drinking brothers, knowing how to do justice to the cup " and he was once on the point of being murdered by the interpreter for the Swedes,^* on account of a " trifling affair not worth mentioning." He found the dress of the people quite different from the habits of other nations, "particularly that of the women, who wore such large petti- coats with stays or bodices under them that . . . there was no door in any house in Sweden large enough to enable them to pass through without difficulty." On the sea he saw fish that could fly a Swedish mile (six English miles) .^^ At certain places the sirens sang so beautifully that many of the passen-
"The interpreter was a Frenchman. Concerning flying fishes and how they were looked upon hy other writers, see W. Y. Bontekoe, Aventuerlycke Reyse, p. 14 ff. (A picture of a flying fish is given on page 15.)
Literature of New Sweden. 559
gers "were so elated that they jumped into the sea on account of this deUghtful playing" and were lost^" and later, for " nulla cala7nitas sola," three Turkish ships pursued the Swed- ish vessel, until these were finally driven off by a few shots and the sight of soldiers on board.
The descriptive parts are also broken by anecdotes and stories, such as the story of an Indian, who brought gold to Governor Printz and the Swedish soldier, who at the first sight of fireflies one evening, gave alarm that the enemy were upon them and caused the men to fly for their arms.
By such decorations the author of the Geographia sought to give interest, color and life to his pages — the book was written for publication to sell — and we must admit that he has suc- ceeded. Had the book been printed, it is probable that it would have had a relatively large sale for that period.
From the above we see that Lindestrom is not always serious and his statements are not always to be taken at their face value ; but as a whole he is reliable and we are indebted to him for many interesting facts concerning the colony as well as the savages.
The chapters on the Indians" and on the country are based on first hand information and the work as a whole shows large powers of observation. The descriptions are often vivid,^* the style is at times animated (sometimes burdened by Latin quotations, however), generally direct and natural and often leaves an impression of earnestness that carries conviction.^' Lindestrom's maps and charts were also largely the result of his own labors, assisted to some extent by Rising and Hudde.
=» Cf. above, Chap. XXXIX.
" In speaking on the religion of the Indians he tells among other things a sort of a "Christ Story" about an Indian maiden, who drank from a creek, became heavy with child, etc. Repeated by Holm. The author hopes to publish the Geographia in the near future.
^For a sample of his style, see Sprinchorn, p. 51 ff.; Carapanius Holm, p. 70; Acrelius, p. 58.
" It is conceivable that his contemporaries would have read and believed all of his stories, if the book had been published and circulated. Rising's books were dry and generally uninteresting; Lindestrom's Geographia is anything but that.
S6o The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Lindestrom had many predecessors; Henry Briggs,*" Van Laet, Van der Donck and others presented material that could be used by a geographer of the Delaware district and Lindestrom was probably acquainted with these as well as with the sketches of Minuit and Huygen." He used material from Rising's jour- nal and from other sources, but as already stated the bulk of his work is original.^^
Johan Campanius, the most noted of the early Swedish min- isters of the Gospel on the Delaware, also belongs here. He had large interests; he preached the gospel; he worked for the conversion of the Indians and busied himself with agriculture as well; he made " astronomical observations," noted the length of the day, collected facts about the climate and other phe- nomena, and it seems probable that he had in mind to write a Description of America and the Indians.*^ He strove earnestly to learn the Indian language and by the aid of Van Dyck and Huygen he seems to have acquired a fairly accurate and com- plete knowledge of the same. He wrote treatises on their language** (partly preserved to us by his grandson), trying to prove its affinity with Hebrew and hence the Jewish origin of the American Indians,"*" and between the years of 1 643-1 648 he prepared the first known vocabulary (of any Importance) of the Indian tribes on the Delaware with phrases, numerals and dialogues and a convenient compendium for learning their dialect.**' During the same time he made the first translation of the Lutheran Catechism into the Indian tongue. The
"His map (1625) gives the Delaware River, see Nordenskiold's facsimile.
"^ Cf. above, Chap XXL
"Besides the Geogr. there is a shorter Description of Neiv Sweden by Lindestrom, novp preserved in N.S., H. (R.A.), and an old copy of the latter in Ralamb. Sam!. (Kungl. Bib.).
A copy of his journal (essentially the same as that pub. by Holm in his Description) is preserved in Ralamb. Sainl. (Kung. Bib.). See bibliography, below.
"The treatise referred to by his grandson was probably the introduction to the translation of the Catechism which was published in abstract in 1696.
' Cf. Holm (transl.), p. 114 ff., who quotes Penn and Hennepin to confirm the opinion. The idea that the Indians are the descendants of the lost tribes of Israel has been perpetuated in many dilettante books down to our present day.
"See Johan Campanius Holm, Beskrif.; Campanius, Luth. Cat., 133 ff.
The Frontispiece in Campanius's translation of the Catechism. From original in the University of Pennsylvania Museum.
Literature of New Sweden. 561
heathens, he says (whose good inclination he often observed, when he conducted services in the congregations) would hear and read the Word of God and be converted, if they could be- come acquainted with it, " but now this is hidden from their eyes, since they know no other language than their own mother- tongue." To make it possible for them to " be partakers of the holy truths," he translated the catechism, "that storehouse of true principles of faith." Jacob Swensson, Van Dyck and Huy- gen undoubtedly aided him in his work*^ and the translation was probably ready in 1648.*^ It was revised in Sweden and in 1656 Campanius sent it to the King for publication together with a memorial. It was not printed, however, till 1696.^^ It has been said that the translation is not accurate and that Campanius misunderstood and misconstrued the Indian lan- guage in several particulars, ^^ but we must remember that he was a pioneer and did not have the expert assistance at the dis- posal of Eliot a few years later.'^^
Governor Johan Priiitz must also be mentioned here. His education was partly theological and he was allowed to preach in his father's church."'^ It is said that he kept a diary or journal, which was seen by a collector about the middle of the eighteenth century. Two of his reports sent from New Sweden have been preserved,^^ which are of great value for the history of the colony. They are written in clear, strong Swedish, less mixed with foreign words than Rising's writings and their
" Van Dyck and Huygen were fairly well acquainted with the Indian lan- guage, having been in the country for a long time.
■" In the first draft.
" Campanius, Lut/i. Cat., foreword.
™ It has been said that Campanius did not know the difference between the singular and plural. But we must remember that the work was published after his death and by people who in all likelihood knew nothing whatever about the language, hence many mistakes might have crept in which Campanius would have corrected, had he published the book.
° Eliot was preparing to print a Catechism in the Indian language in the autumn of 1653 with the assistance of T. Stanton, a native Indian student, Plym. Col.. Rec, Acts, II. 105.
" See biography, below.
"See bibliogr., below. 37
562 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
sentences are less involved and shorter than is usually the case in the documents of the time.
Among these immigrants and colonists who wrote journals, Johan Jonsson Rudberus, being only a gunner, takes a peculiar place. His journal, giving an account of the Katt expedition, is an interesting relation of the ill-fated journey, full of vivid pictures of the hardships and the cruelties that were endured by the unfortunate people. The language is simple and clear, free from foreign words, and comes much closer to the daily speech of the colonists than the writings of Printz and Rising.^*
The journals kept by Van Dyck, Huygen, Minuit and others, are apparently lost, only a few references to them^^ being found and only fragments have been preserved of Elswick's journals as far as is known.^®
"The Journal was discovered by the author in Kammararkivet (Archives of the Exchequer) in 1906. It vpas published by the author with a short introduction in Valkyrian (New York), May, 1909, but very inaccurately, since the proof sheets <were not submitted for corrections.
"' See above, Chap. XXI. ff.
" See bibliogr., below.
CHAPTER XLV.
Relations with the Indians, 1654-1655.
The confidence and good will of the Indians, which had been disturbed through disease^ and other circumstances, were gradu- ally regained by the efforts of the director. Goods were sent down to the Horn Kill for trading purposes and presents were distributed for the confirmation of the land-purchase and the regaining of the friendship of the savages in this part of the river. Arrangements were also made about this time for a con- ference with the Indians living above Christina. "On [Satur- day] June 17," says Rising, " twelve^ sachems or princes of the Renapi [tribes], that is the natives who dwelled on the western bank of our river, came together [in Printz Hall] on Tenna- konk^* and when they had all seated themselves" an oration was delivered to them on behalf of the Great Queen of Sweden, through Gregorious van Dyck, the interpreter. They were re- minded of the former friendship, which existed between them- selves and the Swedes and they were assured that it would be for their mutual benefit to renew the old compact. " If any bad man," the speech went on, " had given them suspicions, that we had evil in mind against them (as was whispered among them) they should not believe such [things] ; but if they would make and keep a treaty with us, we would keep it irrevocably. Then we reminded them of the land, which we had bought from them," says the journal, " that they would keep the purchase [intact] whereupon they all unanimously answered with one sound. Yes. Then our presents were brought in and placed on the floor before them, but they indicated that the presents
'The disease which the Swedes had spread to the Indians, cf. above. 'Lindestrom says there were ten. Cf. the extract from him printed in Sprinchorn's N.S., p. 51 ff. 'Tinicum Island.
563
564 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
should be portioned out to each one, which we also did. And each sachem was given one yard of frieze, one kettle(?), one axe, one hoe, one knife, one pound of powder, one stick of lead and six awl-points.* To the other followers, who were 16 or 20 in number, some of each kind was given. When they had thus received it, some of them went out to take counsel what they should answer. [When these returned] their field mar- shal, called Hachaman, spoke in their behalf, saying to them: ' See how good friends these are, who have brought us such gifts,' reproaching them that they had spoken ill about us and at times done us harm. Now, however, [they] promised that hereafter they would all be our good friends, and stroked himself a few times down the arm, as a great sign of friendship."^ Then he expressed his thanks for the gifts on behalf of them all " and said that, if they had hitherto in the time of Governor Printz been as one body and one heart, striking his breast [as he said it], they would hereafter be as one head with us, grasping his head [and] twisting around with his hands, as if he wished to tie a secure knot. Thereupon he made a ridiculous comparison, saying that as a callibas^ is a round growth without crack or break, thus we should hereafter be as one head without a crack."^ Then the Indians were asked " if they all meant it thus, whereupon they all made a cry [of assent]. Thereafter the Swedish salute was fired from a couple of cannon, which pleased them much. Then they fired with their guns and promised that they would do us no harm, nor kill our people nor cattle. [They also] offered us permission to build a fort and house on Passayunk, which is their principal place [of abode], where the greatest number of them live and they prom- ised that they would keep all our land-purchases [intact]."
* " Och gafz ath hwar Sackiman, fryss en fanm, Kdtill i, yxe i, hacka i, knif I, Kruut Lib., bly: i Staff och 3 Lib., Sylespet 6," Rising's Journal, June 17, 1654 (Up. B.).
"Rising's Journal (Up. B.).
' Calabash.
' Geogr.; Sprinchorn, 51 ff. ; Holm, 70; Acrelius, p. 58. Rising says concerning this speech: "And this he expressed with such words, parables, gestures and signs, that we were astonished."
¥ A
.j^;,'.?f /.- ^^-^'-y^ C"'®. v,^.// .Vt— ^-.-^1
tfc- A •-- /f ^^-'.^i^ri^-^-.- -'-^i
l.tw"/*--"' I'M—- /" ^ _
^.
;;a/-
'l>.M ■V
-.'-lit' f;^"«"'-«
^ ^c^/ V- -*>-'^^v=^•^^>/V
Indian ooiifiniiation cm the sale of the .SaiKHiook to the Swedes. Translated below, p. 755. Original preserved in N. S.
I. (R. A.), Stockholm.
/
1
A^^
r.r
,^.j,>t.^^'U:;^^i;-^^
^ — n--lii'lT'i'1t;irii«^rJiir iiiimii.il preserved in N. S. I, (K, A), Stockholu
Relations with the Indians. 565
" The land-deeds were thereupon brought forth (although there was only a part of them at hand, the rest [being] in Stock- holm), but only the names signed to them were read. When the savages heard their names, they were much pleased, but when anyone was mentioned, who was dead, they bent down their heads." A defensive league was also made, the Indians promising that they would regard the enemies of the Swedes as their own enemies and that they would report any approaching danger, which they might by chance hear of. But although they were well satisfied with the Swedes, " yet they remarked that they had received sickness from the ship through which they feared that all their people would perish." Fire had been seen around the vessel at night and the savages believed that an evil spirit had come In the ship. "A chief, sitting on a table, asked for a boat for two medlclne-men, who should go down to take the spirit away," but it seems that no boat was available. " We gave them, however, the best comfort we could," says Rising, " that the Lord God . . . [would be able to help them] and if they put their trust In him, the plague would not harm them." To further satisfy the Indians " two large kettles and other vessels " full of sappan or porridge of Indian maize were placed before them upon the floor and some strong drinks, "which they love exceedingly," were given them. During the conference they were much offended because Van Dyck contradicted them, but he appeased them by praising their qualities and they left Printz Hall well satisfied and in the best of humor.*
On the morrow, which was Sunday, a sachem by the name of Agaliquanes of the MInquas, " a brother of their former general," came to Christina. He was given presents for which he promised to keep good peace with the Swedes and to cause his people to trade with them, for they treated the Indians well, unlike the English In Virginia, "who used to shoot them to death wherever they found them.""
In the beginning of July Rising again entered Into commu-
' Rising's Journal, June 17, 1654 (Up. B.) ; Geogr., June 17, 1654. "Rising's Journal^ June 18, 1654 (Up. B.).
S66 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
nication with the Indians and on the eighth two sachems ap- peared at Christina. The lands sold to the Swedes by Mitatsi- mint, who was dead, were claimed by Peminacka.'" But " Pemi- nacka, the sachem, now presented to the Swedes all the right and pretention, which he had as the rightful owner, to these lands na[mely] Tanakonck or the Sandhook with the lands lying around there, as also the land, which had not yet been bought all the way from Ft. Christina up along the river, especially Naaman's Point to Mariken's Point inclusive, with all its dependencies," " and as a sign [that the transaction was legal] he gave two yards of sewant [to the Swedes] and fired two muskets." The Swedes reminded him that he had also sold these lands to the D'utch, but he answered that he had only promised them to build their houses and the fort there for the gifts they gave him, no deeds having been made, and " now he retracted it." "A confirmation of this sale to the Swedes" was drawn up, which was signed by " Peminacka as rightful owner," Johan Rising, Johan Bockhorn and Gregorius van Dyck, on the one side and Ahopameck, Sinques and Pinnan on the other as witnesses.^' Thereupon Ahopameck also pre- sented a tract of land to the Swedes, stretching " from Marikis Hook all the way up to half of the Schuylkill, Tennakonck and other [lands] not mentioned which had been sold by other rightful owners with Kingsassingh, Arunameck, Mockorhut- tingh, Kokarakungh, with all the land and waters which were subject to it, Passayungh excepted [which he] retained for himself."'- Two yards of sewant were presented to Rising for confirming the purchase and two shots were fired. A deed embodying both donations was written in Swedish, describing the limits of the two tracts. It was signed by Peminacka and Ahopameck as rightful owners, and by Director Johan Rising and Gregorius van Dyck, the interpreter, the whole ceremony
" Cf. above, Chap. XXXH., and below, Chap. XLVII. "Rising's Journal; "Confirmation," July 8, 1654, N.S., I. (R.A.). '" " The other half [of the Schuylkill] he said he still wished to keep," Rising's Journal.
Relations with the Indians. 567
being concluded by the discharge of two cannon at the request of the chiefs. ^^
On the first day of August other Indians assembled at Chris- tina, made speeches, received gifts and gave promises of friend- ship and good behavior towards the Swedes, and on the third Jacob Swensson was sent to the White Minquas'* with presents. Some distance up the river he was met by the Sachem Ondokl- asnaky, who, in company with other Indians, was on his way to Christina. Some of the savages returned to their camps with Swensson, carrying his goods, but Ondokiasnaky proceeded to the Swedish fort "where he was well received," renewing his former alliance with the colony. Jacob Swensson was very successful on his mission. He found the savages friendly and well disposed. "They purposed to go to the Swedish fortress in the autumn with gifts and to present to the Swedes a piece of land and to keep a secure peace with them and to protect them against all attack."
A few days afterwards a large number of sachems and com- mon Indians, who lived on the east bank of the Delaware,'^ arrived at Christina and offered to keep intact the old sales of land. The Swedes promised to make settlements upon them at the first opportunity and to present gifts to the Indians. "At this time they received nothing except one [sachem] by the name of Mister, who promised to bring in all the hops which grew on his river." He was given some gifts and a bag, but he never returned the sack nor did he bring any hops to the fort. It seems that other sachems also promised that they would pick hops for the Swedes. Somewhat later Ahopameck again pre- sented himself at the fort, " made great promises of faithfulness towards the Swedes and of trade and demanded gifts, which were given to him.
As the fall was advancing, the usual commercial relations
"See facsimiles; Rising's Journal, July 9; Rising's Report, 1654. The deeds are dated July 8, but Rising has " Sunday, July 9 " in his Journal. The docu- ments were sent to Sweden on the Orn.
"The Susquehannas. Cf. above, Chap. XXI.
" " The Manteser."
V
568 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
with the Indians were renewed. The sloops were mended and put into repair for trading voyages and towards the end of August a boat was sent up the river to fetch the hops that had been promised, but it returned "with only a little," the gifts presented to the Indians being of much higher value than the hops. Two boats were also sent up the river about this time to purchase maize, but one soon returned from Passyunk, bring- ing only a small quantity, as the Indians had been very un- friendly. Jacob Svensson who was in command of the large sloop was more successful, and on September 27 he returned with a cargo of 400 bushels of corn. About the beginning of October Ahopameck for the third time came to Christina to establish trade- relations with the Swedes. He remained for two days, insisting that a large quantity of maize could be bought from his people. Accordingly two sloops were sent up to Passyunk and in about four days they returned with 960 bushels of maize, 20 bushels of beans, besides 20 bushels of maize presented to Rising as a gift from the sachem and a few deer-skins. Jacob Swensson was as usual the most successful, his sloop bringing in nine-tenths of the whole cargo, but he became ill on the journey so that he had to go ashore at Tinicum. Swensson was ill at various times during 1654, but, although in poor health, he was often sent on missions of trade. He recovered speedily from his last indispo- sition and in December we find him buying deer-meat from the savages at Appoquenema, " for frieze, powder and lead."^"
But although Rising allowed the savages "to pass freely in and out"^" and treated them with kindness and forbearance, a certain tribe became restless in the winter of 1655 and "killed a woman not far from Fort Christina . . . and stole what they could get hold of. Later they promised that they would make it good, but gave no more than ten yards of sevant as indemnity."^*
"Rising's Journal, June 6, i6, 17, 18, July 9, August i, 3, 4, 11, 17, 23, September 2, 4, 9, 16, 24, 27, October 2, 8, 12, 14, December 3, 1654.
"When Ringold was in New Sweden in June, 1654, he warned the Swedes not to allow the Indians so much liberty in coming and going, " because they were murderous men." Rising's Journal, June 6, 1654 (Up. B.).
^^ Report, June 14, 1655; Rising's Journal.
Relations with the Indians. 569
The Minquas remained friendly, however, and called them- selves " the protectors of the Swedes." For a long time Rising was desirous of buying a large tract of land from them, border- ing on the Chesapeake Bay. Thomas RIngold advised him to do it in the summer of 1654 and suggested that the Swedes " should build a fortress at Chakakitque for the purpose of trad- ing with those from Severn, Kent and the whole of Virginia."" The English also desired to buy this land, but Jacob Svensson finally succeeded in bringing about an understanding with the Indians, and June 6 "four sachems from the Minquesser"^" came with him to Christina, who let it be understood that they had important things to present from their entire council. They remained in the fort over night and on the following day a conference was held of which Rising gives the following account:
"On the 7th of this month-' they^- with a long oration, on behalf of the joint council of the Minquesser and of their united nations, presented to us Swedes all the land which is located on the east side of the Virginia River (called Elk River in Eng- lish), all [the way] from the beginning of Chakakitque Falls unto the end of Amisackan Falls; a land^^* ... of choice soil and endowed with beautiful fresh rivers, so that many thousand families, who might be settled there, can find their nourishment. And they gave us this with special ceremonies for an everlast- ing possession, the land with everything that might be upon it, woods, the ground, birds and animals, soil and everything that might be in it and could be found useful, the water and every- thing therein of fish, birds and animals (of which they enumer- ated a large number and designated with particular signs). [They] also promised that, whenever we would send our people there to settle said land, they would supply all the Swedish people with venison and maize for a year without any remu-
" Rising's Journal, June 6, 1654; Report, July 13, 1654. Cf. Chap. XLVI., note I.
™ Minquas; that is the White Minquas or the Susquehannas (Susquehannock).
^June.
^ The four chiefs.
^■" About 22 Dutch miles in length and 12 [Dutch] miles in breadth."
570 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
neration, on the condition that they could buy there from us cloth, guns and other merchandise, which they now purchase from the Hollanders and English and that we would settle blacksmiths and tanners there, who could make their guns and other things for good pay. As a sign that this donation would be legal they presented some beavers and then they caused their guns to be discharged, upon which they were answered by a Swedish salute from two cannon. Thereupon a deed was made, which they signed with their marks, namely Chakcorietchiaque , who was sent by the Tehaque and Skonedidehaga nation; Svanahandaz,'^^ sent by the true Minqueser; JVaskandquaz [sent] by the lower quarter of the Minques; Sahagoliwatquaz, sent by the Serosquacke [tribe] . . . And Mr. Richard Lord, who was there with us, was greatly astonished on account of the liberality and the speeches of these Minqueser, for they presented to us the lands, which the English desired to have long ago . . . [But] we, [who are] mentioned below also signed this letter of donation, Johannes Rising, Hend[rick] Elswick, Jacob Svensson, Sven Hook, the ship-lieutenant, Sven Hansson, the ensign.^* When all this was completed, these Minquese Sachems took us all by the hand and Svanahdnddz, who had been spokesman, took me-^ by the hand and led me forward on the floor and said, ' as I now lead you by the hand thus we will bring your people into the country and [we] will sustain you there and defend you against Indians and against Christian enemies. Thereupon we confirmed this donation with our gifts.' "-" By this purchase the territory of New Sweden was increased westward. It now included the present state of
^ " Svanahandaz " (Swedish word " Svanhiinder "?), swanhands?
"*This purchase is not mentioned by former writers.
™That is Rising.
=°Rising's Journal, 1655 (Up. B.) ; Report, June 14, 1655, N.S., L (K.A.). The dates in Rising's Journal at this point are confused. The account follows three entries of July i, 7 and 17, and the coming of the Indians is recorded as follows: "Den 6 hujus," etc., making it appear that the events took place on August 6 and 7 ; but from the Report, dated June 14, and from the fact that Lord was present at Christina it is clear that the sale took place in June. In the margin of the mss. is also " d. 6 Junij " opposite the entry for " Den 6 hujus," but this might easily have been a mistake for August 6, 1655.
Relations with the Indians. 571
Delaware, parts of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Maryland, bordering on two great bays, with splendid possibilities for de- veloping trade and shipping and, if sufficient resources had been at hand, Rising would have laid the foundation for a strong settlement and a prosperous colony with means to oppose the attaclcs of the neighbors. As it was the donation proved useless. Some former landgrants were also confirmed in 1655, among others, the title to the Island Mekekanckon and the Oytsesing land at Elfsborg. The relations with the savages continued to be friendly during the summer and autumn and it was said that they attacked the Dutch at Manhattan to avenge the expedition against New Sweden.-^
"Rising's Journal; Geogr. Cf. Doc. I.
CHAPTER XLVI.
Relations with the English, 1654-1655.
When Johan Olofsson and Constantin Gronberg went to Virginia shortly after Rising's arrival to secure a cargo for the t)rn, letters were sent with them " to Governor Bennet and the magistrates in upper Virginia or Severn^ informing them of the arrival of the Swedish ship and offering friendship and neigh- borhood." The governor and magistrates in Severn received the friendly offers with much pleasure and sent a commissioner, Thomas Ringold, to Christina, who on behalf of his superiors likewise offered neighborly friendship. The efforts of Rising to bring back some deserters^ gave rise to further correspon- dence and towards the middle of 'June Commander Lloyd,^ Commissioner March* and "Utie, the stepson of Governor Bennet," were sent to New Sweden to confer with Rising about the boundary. On June 18 Lloyd, on behalf of the commission, presented the English rights to the river. The stock-arguments, original discovery and King James's grant to Lord Baltimore,'*"
' Severn, a small river in Maryland, running into the Chesapeake Bay, passing Annapolis on the north (Thompson, The Geogr. Die, IV. 419) ; also a settlement by that name on the river. Cf. Doc, II. 90-91. By " Upper Virginia or Severn," Rising means Maryland.
' Cf. above, Chap. XLI.
° Edward Lloyd of Providence, Maryland.
'Probably John Marshall.
'" The right of a nation to new lands has been much written about. The principles laid down by Queen Elizabeth in her famous answer to Mendoza that the Spaniards had no right " to any places other than those they were in actual possession of" (in other words that discovery alone did not give a valid title to any territory, except it be 'actually settled and continually inhabited') were not always adhered to by the English. Judged by the Law of Nations as interpreted by the ablest jurists of modern times the Swedes had a perfect right to occupy and settle the west bank of the Delaware (opinions to the contrary have been expressed by judges who had an insufficient knowledge of the historical facts involved in the case ; see references to such opinions given in Penn, Mag., XXXIII. 2-3). Bluntschli says that "a State does not . . . violate International Law in seizing a country of which another State only took formal possession at
572
Relations with the English. 573
were as usual brought forth.^ Rising replied that " King James's donation . . . was like the donation'' given by the Pope in Rome to the Kings of Castilien^ and of Portugal, the Pope giving what he did not own nor was able to give," and, as to the discovery of the country, the English had no claim, for " the Spaniards first discovered it." The principles recognized as deciding the right and title of territorial acquisition, said Rising, were, (i) "Possession by conquest or the occupation of de- serted and desolate land; (2) by donation from the rightful owners or from those who could properly give it; (3) by pur- chase from the rightful owner; (4) by continuous possession and occupation." All these requirements were complied with by the Swedes; they had bought the land from the owners or received it as a donation from them and they had occupied it continually, hence they had the legal title.^ "To this," says Rising, " Mr. Lloyd answered not a word." Before the Eng- lish commission took its departure, " all neighborly friendship was promised " to the Swedes and the relations with the English colonies on the south remained cordial.
Rising also endeavored to establish friendly correspondence with the New England settlements and, when Jacob Svensson sailed for Hartford in June, he carried " letters to the governor and magistrates in that district, as well as to the former gover- nor-general, Endicott."* The letters were answered soon after
an earlier period," and Vattel says that " the law of nations will, therefore, not acknowledge the property and sovereignty of a nation over any uninhabited countries, except those of which it has really taken actual possession, in which // has formed settlements, or of ivhich it makes actual use," while another noted jurist states that " the limits of the occupation are determined by the material possibility to cause to be respected the authority of the government throughout the extent of the occupied territory." Cf. a good article by T. W. Balch in The Am. Journal of Intern. Laiv, April, 1910, on the Arctic and Antarctic Regions and the Lain of Nations, where extracts from noted jurists are given.
" Lloyd also related that Sir Edmund Plowden endeavored to secure a grant of the country and take possession of it, but he was hindered by the English. Journal, June 18, 1654.
'Cf. Papal Bull, pub. by Hart, Am. Hist. Told by Cant., I. 40-43.
' Castile.
'Rising's Journal, May 24, 27, June 6, 7, 18, 19, 1654 (Up. B.).
' John Endicott, chosen governor in 1644. Cf. Winthrop, II. 169 ff. (Jameson, Orig. Nar.).
574 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
their delivery and at the meeting of the general court in July it was ordered (July 5) that a letter should be "sent to the Swedes at Delaware Bay, informing them of the property, which some in this colony have to large tracts of land on both sides of Delaware Bay and River and desiring a neighborly correspondency with them both in trading and planting there and an answer hereof."" The letter, written on July 6, em- bodied the above sentiments and as news of Whitelocke's em- bassy had reached New England, Governor Eaton looked for a closer union between the two nations both here and in Europe. He complained against Printz " that he did . . . too much comply with the former Dutch governor," and he closed the letter with the hope that " we . . . may open and settle a free trade betwixt yourself and us."^' "Henry Rutherford, master of the pinnace called the Swallow," brought the letter to New Sweden, where he arrived on July 22. Rising made immediate arrangements for refuting the English claims. The council and " the oldest [settlers] in the country were called together " the same day for the purpose of replying to Governor Eaton's letter. Copies of the Indian donations of land were made and " an attestation, signed by the oldest [colonists was drafted,, stating] that the English held no tract of land in the river by proper purchase."^^
These documents were sent to the English governor, who presented them at the meeting of the commissioners of the United Colonies at Hartford in September. After some con- sultation the commissioners drafted an answer to Director Ris- ing's statements, "which appeared a little strange to them." They again affirmed that the New Haven people had a just claim to certain lands on the Delaware and they hoped that 'the friendship and good accord in Europe betwixt England and Sweden would have a powerful influence upon Rising's spirits and carriages in these parts of America.' Several per-
"M H. Col.Rec, II. H2.
"Copy of Governor Eaton's letter, July 6, 1654, N.S., I. (R.A.).
"Rising's Journal, July 22, 1654; "Attestation," etc., 1654, N.S., I. (R.A.).
Relations with the English. 575
sons also spoke privately with Governor Eaton " about the settling of the South River," but nothing came out of it.'*
At the general court for the town of New Haven, November 2, 1654, Governor Eaton read "the letters made in the case" and informed the court of the interest in the Delaware Bay, shown by some people at the Hartford Convention. The town was desirous to see how a settlement could be made, but it was said that " scarse any [settlers] . . . manifested their willing- ness to go at present to the Delaware." "After much debate about It . . .a committee was chosen, viz., Robert Seely, Wil- liam Davis, Thomas Munson and Thomas Jeffery," who were to report at a subsequent meeting. These gentlemen were to "treat with those of New Haven, who have purchased those lands " and to find out " what consideration they expected for them." All persons willing to go to the Bay should also consult them. The committee at once set about to find out who were Interested in the matter and "spoke with sundry persons In town," but the result did " not answer the expectations." Ac- cordingly they called "a meeting of the brethern and neigh- bors " to discuss the project and It was now said that the people " for the most part . . . were willing to help forward the work, some in person, others in estate so that the work might be carried on and foundation laid according to God." The meet- ing also expressed a desire that the " governor and one of the magistrates with one or both of the elders might by their per- sons " encourage the project. Later a church meeting was called before which the above propositions were laid. The elders were willing to further the work and they were pleased to see that it was begun, but Jr. Davenport, who had been asked to go to the Delaware, could not engage in it in person on account of his 111 health, nor W. Hooke "because his wife was gone for England." "The governor gave no positive answer, but said it was worthy of consideration." People from other plantations also expressed their willingness to engage in the enterprise, "the rather If it be begun by New Haven and
" Plym. Col. Rec, Acts, II. 127 ff.
576 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
foundations laid as there and government so carried on, think- ing it will be for the good of them and their posterity." A new company was organized and it seems that about fifty persons joined the same. The committee which had been appointed for the management of the company treated with the proprietors " about the purchase of the land," who declared that they were "out about six hundred pounds, but were willing to take half of this sum, to be paid in four years." A report of the above transactions and the progress that had been made was presented by the committee at the meeting of the Court in New Haven on November 27. The matter was further discussed and the two magistrates, Samuel Eaton and Francis Newman, were requested to take charge of the expedition that was to be sent and to "go with the company." Taking the business into con- sideration they signified their conditional assent at the court of December 11.
A second letter seems also to have been written to Governor Rising in the autumn, which was handed to Allerton for deliv- ery at the South River. Allerton's intention was to give it to Elswick at New Amsterdam with a request that it be delivered to the Swedish director, but Elswick had left Manhattan when Allerton arrived and the letter did not reach New Sweden be- fore the spring of 1655.^*
It seems that John Cooper and Thomas Munson were ap- pointed to bring the Delaware settlement before the general court for the jurisdiction of New Haven which was to be held in the beginning of 1655. Presenting a petition to the court on January 30, 1655 (English style January 30, 1654), in which were repeated the former reasons for the settlement on the river, they laid six propositions before the councillors; first, that Eaton and Newman be allowed to go in person to inspect the country and that their expenses be paid if they feel disin- clined " to lay out so much of their estate " ; secondly, that the proposed settlement be made under the protection of the New
" Rising's Journal; Elswick's Journal, N.S., II. (R.A.) ; N. H. Col. Rec, I.
128 ff.
Relations with the English. 577
Haven Jurisdiction " till . . . they may be able of themselves to set up a Com[m]onwealth according to the fundamentals for [the] gover[n]m[en]t laid at New Haven"; thirdly, that the court be asked to state how many it thought would be a "competent number" to carry the work to success; fourthly, " that two great guns and powder and what belongs to them might be granted"; fifthly, that those who go to make plan- tations "may be freed from rates and public charges" on the property left behind; sixthly, "that a sum of money may be raised, which may be employed, either to buy a small vessel that may attend the service or otherwise, as shall be thought meet."^'
The subject was taken up by the court the same day. Liberty was granted to the two magistrates to accompany the colonists and it was decided that the question of raising money for the settlement should be presented to the different plantations, whose answer would be reported " with all convenient speed." The government of the district was to be controlled either by the New Haven colony or by the planters themselves, " pro- vided," adds the court records, " that it be and remain a part or member of this jurisdiction." If the plantation should in- crease and become as large or larger than that at New Haven, the governor should reside " one year in one part and the next year in the other, the deputy-governor to be in that part, where the governor is not," and the " courts for making laws " should sit but once a year, in that district where the governor lived. " If," say the records, " God much increase [the] plantations in Delaware and diminish them in these parts, then possibly they may see cause that the governor may be constantly there and the deputy-governor here."
It seems that John Cooper was sent by the company to ascer- tain the views of the other plantations on the subject. He re- turned towards the middle of March and reported his success " at a General Court for New Haven, sixteenth day of March, 1655," called for the purpose of letting " them understand how
"See A'. //. Col. Rec, I. 129-130.
578 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
things are . . . concerning the Delaware."'® He found little encouragement, "few being willing to engage in [the ven- ture]," besides a report that "three ships being come to the Swedes" made the business more difficult, yet "after much debate about it, it was voted by the town . . . that they will be at twenty or thirty pounds charge, that Mr. Goodyear, Ser- geant Jeffery and such others as they think fit to take with them, may go to [the] Delaware and carry the commonwealth's letter and treat with the Swedes about a peaceable settlement of the English upon their own right and then, after harvest if things be cleared, [the] company may resort thither for the planting of it."i^
About the beginning of April, another " General Court for New Haven " was called for further considering the contemplated settlements at Delaware Bay. The secretary of the Delaware Company presented a note to the court, stating several objec- tions to the proposed jurisdiction of the new plantation, but " the business proceeded and diverse declared themselves will- ing to further it." As many were willing to go, the town " agreed to lend the company . . . two small guns " besides shot and powder and the property of those emigrating was to be partly exempt from taxes for a period of two years and a half.i*
Shortly afterwards Vice-Govemor Goodyear was sent to treat with the Swedes. He landed at New Amsterdam on his way where he met Elswick, who was in the town to buy goods for the Swedish colony. Rumors were afloat that the New Haven people were about to send 3,400 men into the
" Hazard's view that Cooper came from the Delaware Bay is probably incor- rect. Rising makes no mention of Cooper and no English vessel arrived in the South River between February lo and March 15 or 20, at least Rising makes no mention of one. " Now John Cooper is returned " proves nothing, as he might have returned from the other plantations, but the phrase " notwithstanding the discouragements from the bay " seems to point to the fact that Cooper had been there. It may, however, refer to the report about the three ships said to have arrived from Sweden. Cooper might possibly have been as far as New Amsterdam.
"A^. H. Cot. Rec, I. 130 ff.
"N. H. Col. Rec, I. 131-2; Hazard, p. 171 ff.
Relations with the English. 579
South River, and Elswick naturally felt some concern about the situation. On the day of Goodyear's arrival (April 28) Els- wick had a private conversation with Allerton, who, having large bills to collect from the Swedes, was rather friendly towards them, and did not wish to sec them disturbed in their possessions."
At ten o'clock in the morning of April 29 Vice-Governor Goodyear visited Elswick with Allerton as interpreter. The usual claims of the English were made to which Elswick replied that these ought to be presented to Director Rising or to the government at Stockholm and in a friendly manner, especially since a treaty had been made between England and Sweden. Goodyear, being somewhat angered by the way Elswick ad- dressed him, was even less satisfied at a second conference on the following day, which took place in Allerton's house (seven A.M.), when the same questions were discussed, "Elswick ex- plaining certain things more at length." Goodyear was of the opinion that the Swedish settlement was the work of private parties and that it did not concern the Swedish Crown, but Allerton testified that he had seen the commission of Governor Printz with the seal and signature of Her Royal Majesty of Sweden and he assured him that the present governor likewise had royal commission.*"^' VVe may assume that Vice-Governor Goodyear reported these circumstances to the New Haven people interested in the Delaware, for they made no further attempts at settlements there, while the Swedes were in power.
When Elswick made his report of the occurrences and deliv- ered the letter from Governor Eaton, Rising found that the demands and protests had been so completely answered at New Amsterdam that he did not think it worth while to make further reply. Director Rising was somewhat at a disadvantage in these disputes. Printz had carried most of the original deeds, court records and other documents to Sweden, in some cases,
"Elswick's Journal, N.S., I. (K.A.) ; cf. above, Chaps. XXXII., XLII. °° Fragment of a journal, kept by Elswick on his journey to New Amsterdam in April-May, 1655, N.S., I. (K.A.) ; Rising's Report, June, 1655, N.S., I. (R..^.)-
58o The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
however, leaving copies behind. Rising, properly thinking that these records ought to be in the colony, requested the govern- ment to return them. It is probable that this was done on the Mercurius and to this may be due the fact that so many original papers from the time of Governor Printz were lost.^^ Director Rising also requested his government to try to effect some settle- ment between the two nations in Europe of the territorial dis- putes here, but other events frustrated these plans.
"^ See Rising's letters and reports from the colony, N.S., L (R.A., K.A.), Ox. Saml, Skokl. Saml.
Gov. Peter Stiivvesaiil.
CHAPTER XLVII.
Relations with the Dutch and the Overthrow of New Sweden, 1654-1655.
I.
As we have already seen the outlook for friendly and neigh- borly relations with the adjoining colonies was very good in 1654. New Haven merchants indeed made new plans for settlements on the Delaware and the English on the south presented claims to the river, but there was no danger from that source, nor was there any immediate danger from the Dutch at this time.* The policy of the Swedish government was always a peaceful one in regard to its colony on the Dela- ware. In the memorial issued for Printz and Rising it is ex- pressly stated that both sides of the river ought to be secured for Her Royal Majesty, yet without hostility. Concerning Fort Casimir the following instructions were given: "If the Dutch could not be removed by argument and grave remon- strances and everything else which can be done without danger and hostility, then ... [it would be] better in terminis pro- testandi to tolerate the Dutch there, than that the same fort should fall into the hands of the English as the strongest and consequently the most dangerous " and to erect a Swedish stronghold below the Dutch fort which would control the river and make the latter useless, "since a hostile attack is not com- patible with the weak power of the Swedes in that place. "- These instructions seem clear enough. They would have been followed by a trained military man and friction avoided. Printz would have handled the situation and it is more than likely that the colony would have remained under Swedish jurisdiction
' Cf. above, Chaps. XXXVII., XLI.
^"Memorial," December i2, 1653, §4, " effter een fiendtligh antastning icke ar medh de Swanskes ringe macht pa den orthen compatibel."
581
S82 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
some years longer, had he been in command, when the Orn sailed up the South River. Rising knew little of the art of war, he had no knowledge of the strength of the Dutch nor of the restless energy of the old veteran, Peter Stuyvesant, and he was not acquainted with the condition of the colony he was sent to aid. As he anchored before Fort Elfsborg on May 20 the out- look was gloomy; the fort was deserted and in ruins. If the other Swedish forts were in similar condition he knew not and it would have been better for the colony, had he remained in ignorance until he came to Christina. But such was not to be the case. When the commander of Fort Casimir observed the Orn, riding at anchor before Elfsborg, he hoisted the Prince's flag and sent Andrian van Tienhoven with four freemen on board the ship "to ascertain whence she came." They re- mained on the ship over night, "being well treated," and from these Rising learned the condition of the Swedish colony and the weakness of the Dutch fort. He told them that he would demand the surrender of Fort Casimir, which had been placed on land belonging to the Crown of Sweden, while they in turn assured him " that they cared not who possessed the fort, as long as they were allowed to dwell there safely and freely."^
As the wind was favorable the following morning. Rising made preparations to proceed. At a council, which was held on board it was decided that they "should try at this opportunity [to gain possession of Fort Casimir] yet without force and hos- tility, but with proper remonstrances ... of [their] rights." About eleven o'clock the ship arrived before the fort, giving the Swedish salute, which was not answered by the Dutch cannon, for they had no powder, whereupon Rising sent Captain Sven
" " In the evening of the same day [May 20] four Hollandish freemen from Sandhoock, where the Hollander's Fort Casimir was placed, came on board to us. We received them well and told them . . . that we wished indeed to demand the surrender of Fort Casimir. . . . With this [information] the said Hollanders remained on the ship over night and were well pleased with it." Rising's Journal, May 20, 1654.
{JCI
r.
Jh^iSS.
Ma/acnxt. m^ "ycrtificcrAtm. -j-. \.^ ^ *
■'• -""^ ■■ ' ' ■■■■" "I i'.H,f:iiii[i " ■,..ii;;'mT iTttttttttt* tT' .i./rrf
(-■ ^tJ6-+8 (^o iz. J?f 9^ 1.53 .';o I
" Tree Falldigheets Fort in Nova Svecia, som ilet af ingenieuren HerrPehr I.indhestrom Anno 1654 och 1655 ar munierat ocli Fortificirat." {Fort Trefaldiglieet (Trinity) in New Sweden, as it was mounted and fortified in the years 1654 and 1655 by the engineer Pehr Lindestrtim.) From the original sketch in Lindestrom's Ceogr. " A block-house was built [at Fort Trefaldighet] facingthe river." — Rising. Perhaps the old fort was back of this, the tower and roof of which can be seen behind the second wall.
Relations with the Dutch. 583
Skute and Lieutenant Gyllengren ashore "with three files of musketeers,"* to demand the surrender of the fortress.^
Tienhoven, who returned to his fort about 8 A. M. on Sun- day, reported Rising's intention, requesting the commander to put the stronghold in a state of defence. But Bicker, seeing the uselessness of resistance, " neither gave nor issued any order." Meanwhile the Swedish soldiers were landed and Bicker went down to the shore, "welcomed [them] as friends and brought Sven Skute into the fort," where they held a con- sultation, during which Skute presented the Swedish rights to the land and fort, "promising Bicker, his soldiers and colonists all liberty and good offers." As the conference lasted for about two hours Rising became impatient and fired another salute for an answer. Bicker, desiring " a little time for consultation," sent Andrian van Tienhoven with two others on board the Orn to request three days' delay, but Rising informed the Dutch envoys that he would rather have an immediate reply, promis- ing, however, that he would await Skute's return before definite action was taken. In the meantime Gyllengren brought his soldiers into the fort as the gates were open and poorly guarded. " When the Hollanders wanted to use their guns," they were told to put them down " and thus the Swedes took possession of Ft. Casimir without hostility." A Swedish flag, which was brought from the vessel, was then raised on the fort instead of the Dutch" and some powder was supplied for the cannon, whereupon another salute was fired by the Orn, which was answered from the fort. Later Skute returned to the ship with the Dutch commander, who again requested delay in the sur- render; but Rising answered that it was now too late, assuring him fair treatment and freedom to remain or depart.
Ft. Casimir was now in the hands of the Swedes; no formal
'Bicker says about 20 soldiers and Van Tienhoven about 30. Doc, 1. 601, 602. Cf. also p._6o3 ff.
" Lindestrom says (probably without foundation) that a few shots from the large cannon were fired over the fort. Geogr.
'A Dutch document declares that "Bicker caused his own boy to haul down the [Dutch] flag." Doc, I. 605.
584 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
surrender had been made and it is difficult to see how Rising could maintain afterwards that such actions were "without force and hostility." Gyllengren with some soldiers was ordered to remain in the fort, whose name was changed to Fort Trefaldighet, "because it was taken on Trinity Sunday," says Lindestrom. The Dutch settlement at Sandhook. had been left more or less to itself since 1652.'^ There were 21 houses around the fortress, some of which were occupied by freemen, while Bicker with the soldiers lived inside the walls. The fort at the time of its surrender was manned by nine soldiers and armed with twelve iron cannon and one( ?) three pounder brass gun, but there were only 63 cannon balls and no powder. Some of the muskets of the soldiers were with the gunsmith and there were only 1,000 bullets on hand. Hence it is clear that the best policy on the part of Rising would have been to have left the fort alone; it could do no harm, while a new fort below or the rebuilding of Elfsborg would have solved the problem without hostility.
Before Rising continued his course up the river, the condi- tions upon which the Dutch could be taken under the protection of the Swedish Crown were read to them; "they were well satisfied with the remonstrance," promising to appear at the earliest opportunity before the Swedish council to swear the oath of allegiance. In the afternoon of May 23 Bicker with all the Dutch colonists and soldiers from Sandhook arrived at Fort Christina. The new and liberal privileges granted settlers in New Sweden were laid before them, which were con- trasted with the privileges enjoyed in New Netherland; the injuries they had caused the Swedes were recounted, but these
'In May (1654) there was fear of an attack by the English and Stuyvesant made certain " proposals to the Council of New Amsterdam in view of . . . [this] threatened attacic of the English." The general opinion was that the garrison at Fort Casimir should be withdrawn and the defence of the place left to the free- men. But on the other hand Stuyvesant did not consider it altogether wise to abandon the fort, for it would mean the surrender of the river to others. The council coincided with this opinion and decided on May 20 (30), the day before Rising took possession of the fort, " not to abandon Fort Casimir nor to call any of the troops from there." Doc, XII. 75-76.
Relations with the Dutch. 585
would all be forgotten and they would be treated as friends and good neighbors, if they would swear allegiance to the Swedish Crown and the New Sweden Company and become good, faith- ful subjects of Her Royal Majesty. "Thereupon they all begged pardon [for what they had done in the past against the Swedish colony], blamed everything on General Stuyvesant" and all "with one mouth" expressed a desire to remain in New Sweden as Swedish subjects. "They then took the oath in the open air with a waving banner overhead," signing their names to the documents, after which they were welcomed as subjects of the Crown and invited to join in a festive meal, prepared in honor of the occasion. The Dutch were much pleased. Bicker especially making great promises of faithfulness, aid and assis- tance to the Swedes, while Hudde, " who had been Stuyvesant's instrument in his undertakings against New Sweden, promised that he would now serve Rising as faithfully as he had served his former master."* As all the Dutch were not acceptable a consultation took place to determine who should be allowed to remain. Papegoja and Van Dyck brought forth grave charges against Andrian van Tienhoven and Cornelius de Boer, who were informed that they were undesirable in the colony. Boer was accused of having spoken disrespectfully about Her Majesty and of having said " that this land had been put up for sale on the Amsterdam exchange"; as a punishment his land was con- fiscated and his property, including six or seven goats, was placed at the disposal of the company until further action should be taken. Another Hollander, " Sander Boyer, was declared to be an evil and illreputed man, but [he] had a Swedish wife. Simon Lane and Thomas Brown, two Englishmen, were also placed in the same register. There was some hesitation about these three, whether they should be accepted [as colonists] or not, [but] on their large promises that they would be faithful and honest " they were allowed to remain.^ Three of the Dutch
'Rising's Journal, May 23, 1654; Lindestrom's Geogr., May 23, 1654. ° Boyer and I.ane went to New Amsterdam without making use of the privileges offered them.
586 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
soldiers applied for permission to become freemen on land that they had cleared near Fort Casimir or Trefaldighet, while the other six soldiers wished to go to Manathans first, then return to become settlers if they found that the colony would prosper, but later they departed for New Amsterdam without informing Rising about it. After their departure their muskets and swords, which had been left behind, were brought to Fort Chris- tina where they were preserved in the armory.
Rising being anxious to find out how Stuyvesant would take the surrender of the fort wrote to the Dutch governor two days after his landing in New Sweden,^'' informing him that Fort Casimir had been summoned to surrender, according to the commands of Her Royal Majesty, and that the Dutch colonists had " repaired under the obedience of the government of Sweden." "As this is a matter of greater consequence," the letter goes on, " than can be decided among servants, who must only obey orders, the sovereigns on both sides have to settle this matter among themselves and agree among themselves about it.""
Stuyvesant, having been informed, probably by Indians, about the arrival of the Orn, sent a messenger at once across the country with letters to Bicker and one addressed to the Swedish commander, in which he congratulated the Swedes on their arrival and offered to maintain friendly relations with them as well as " good correspondence against the Indians." On May 31 Rising sent a reply with Stuyvesant's messenger, " offering in return neighborly correspondence and referring to the letter which had already been sent."'^
On June 3 Rising in company with Lieut. Skute and Pape- goja visited the Dutch at the Sandhook. The oath of allegiance was again confirmed by 22 Dutch colonists, who were finally received under the Swedish Crown.
^° Doc, 1. 606. The date in the Doc. is May 27, but in Rising's Journal the letter is said to be written May 26, while it was sent May 28. It is therefore probable that the first draft was written May 26, that the letter was copied by the clerk and signed by Rising May 27. Journal, 1654.
" The letter was carried to New Amsterdam by Peter Jochim.
"Doc, 1. 601, 606; Rising's Journal.
Relations with the Dutch. 587
About a week after the surrender the Dutch commander informed Stuyvesant about his misfortune and three days later Andrian van Tienhoven, being " legally summoned " to appear before the fiscal of New Amsterdam, Cornelis van Tienhoven, to make a relation, presented a written report concerning the capture of the fort. Several witnesses were summoned to tes- tify,'^ who related the events of May 21, all blaming Bicker for not preparing means of resistance by which the Swedes could be properly opposed.*'*
On July 17 (27) Stuyvesant reported the matter to the directors of the Dutch West India Company, enclosing the signed statements of Tienhoven and the other witnesses. As these papers made strong accusations of disloyalty and even of treachery against Bicker, the directors required Stuyvesant to "use all possible means to get hold of" him "that he could be punished as an example to others."*' Governor Stuyvesant was furious about the capture of the fort, making up his mind to retaliate when an opportunity presented itself. Finding that the Swedes were about to send a sloop to New England on a trading expedition, he threatened that he would capture it. Rising, however, was hopeful of the outcome, writing to E. Oxenstierna that he was not afraid of Stuyvesant's threats; the English were preparing to attack New Amsterdam and Stuyve- sant would find a warm reception, if he should dare come into the South River. But Stuyvesant's report was now on its way to Holland; its arrival there was a signal for giving the death blow to the Swedish colony and It remained only a question of time, when the entire river would come under Dutch control.**'
Peter Jochim, who had been sent to New Amsterdam, be- came very ill there, making it impossible for him to return. In September he died and was burled, leaving a bill of 127 florins
" But none of the reports were taken under oath and would " have no ralue in a court of justice."
"Doc, I. 601-6; Albany Rec, IV. i68; Hazard, p. 170.
"Doc, XII. 86.
"Rising to E. Oxenstierna, July 13, 1654; Report, 1654.
588 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
for the New Sweden Company to pay. The Indian guide who accompanied him returned to New Sweden with letters on July 25, but Stuyvesant said he had nothing to answer to Rising's communication. He intimated, however, that he would come to the South River himself and during the summer rumors were circulated that Stuyvesant intended to attack New Sweden. ^^
In September, 1654, when the Swedish ship the Gyllene Haj by mistake sailed up the North River, an opportunity of retali- ating the capture of Fort Casimir presented itself to Governor Stuyvesant. Immediately upon his arrival in the river Elswick sent two of his men to New Amsterdam to engage a pilot, who for a money consideration would bring " the ship to the South River." When they arrived in the city they were arrested and placed in the guardhouse. Elswick was also taken from the ship and placed in the tavern of Sergeant Litschoe under the guard of eight musqueteers, but with "liberty and license to go and to come, to converse and to trade, where and with whom he pleased," except during the first week when he "was forbidden to leave the house." The ship was sailed up from Raritan's Kill to the harbor (September 15). The Swedish flag was hauled down, while the rudder was removed and two servants of the Dutch West India Company were placed on board to guard the cargo. Elswick protested orally against these pro- ceedings and reported the matter to Rising. The letters were brought to New Sweden by Richard Lord, who delivered them to Rising on September 24. According to Stuyvesant's protest Elswick applied for a passport for Rising, permitting him " without any hindrance to go to New Amsterdam to settle the differences In person." Elswick then sent one of his soldiers (promising him 30 gulden and 3 yds. of cloth If he would perform his mission to satisfaction) together with two Swedish sailors to the South River with a package of letters, Including Elswick's report. Rising's appointment as director of the colony and Skute's commission as commander over the military forces, besides other papers.*^ Stuyvesant also sent an open letter
" Rising's Journal.
"The letters and documents were received by Rising on September 30.
Relations with the Dutch. 589
inviting Rising " to talce refuge with him, since the Eng- lish of Gravesend intend to gain a foothold in the river." But Rising did not go to New Amsterdam; instead he wrote to Elswick, giving the details of the capture of Fort Casimir, in- structing him to present written protests concerning the rights of the Swedes.
About the beginning of October " Elswick by word of mouth requested permission to sell some hides, seized and detained in . . . the Haj."^^ The request was granted and he was permitted to sell the entire cargo, "provided that the proper proceeds be paid into the hands of the Hon. Attorney and Council of the Privileged West India Company, Mr. Fiscal Tienhoven, until such time, that proper restitution and lawful satisfaction be done and given to . . . the aforesaid Hon. Company for the surprise and capture of . . . Fort Casimir," but it does not appear whether or not Elswick sold the skins; he certainly did not sell the whole cargo. A little later, having been called before the council to give his answer to the proposals of Stuyve- sant, he informed the Dutch that Rising was neither inclined to come to New Amsterdam nor to send deputies. Accordingly the council decided to have the cargo and vessel " appraised by impartial men," " to store the durable and perishable goods in the Hon. Company's warehouse [and] to let the perishable ones be sold either by the factor himself according to his desire or in case of refusal publicly by the auctioneer to the highest bidder." The vessel including all rigging was valued at 2,958 :i3 D. The inventory was presented to Lieutenant Sven Hook-" for his signature, but he refused to sign it " for par- ticular reasons." On October 16 or 17^^ Elswick presented a written protest to Stuyvesant setting forth the details of the
"On October lo (20) the council passed a resolution to detain the Haj. Doc, XII. 78-
™ Hazard has wrongly Sven Huygens. Annals, p. 160.
''The copies in Doc, XII. 80-3, and Hazard, pp. 161-2, are dated October 17. It is probable, however, that the i6th is the correct date, since Stuyvesant's reply is dated October 27 (n.s.) and it is not likely that he would have answered on the same day that he received the protest.
590 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
siezure of the Haj and complaining about the damages and inconveniences done to the Crown of Sweden and the New Sweden Company.^^ Stuyvesant replied to the protest on the seventeenth (twenty-seventh), pretended to believe that the Swedes did not come as " friends and neighbours, but as spies and enemies," since the ship did " not enter through the regular chan- nel, .... but [through] an unknown passage behind Staten Island." For this reason and in order to retaliate the capture of Fort Casimir, the vessel was placed under arrest. Stuyvesant tried to further vindicate his actions by showing the " justice of his de- mands," reminding Elswick of the kind of treatment he and his people had received ; he did not protest " against Her Royal Maj- esty's order and authority, but against her officers and servants in this country." Copies of several other documents, verifying the protest from the Dutch point of view, were also enclosed with the letter.2^ On October 26 Elswick sent a counter protest. He endeavored to refute Stuyvesant's claims of the Dutch rights to the land on which Fort Casimir was placed, spurned the idea that they had come as spies, denied entirely that he had asked for a passport for Rising and maintained that it was done on Stuyvesant's initiative. The people, he said, who came over on the Haj, were indeed apparently allowed to go where they pleased, but they were persuaded by every means to settle in New Amsterdam so that most of them remained there.-* The protest accomplished nothing, however, and Elswick was com- pelled to proceed to New Sweden without his ship. The Haj remained in possession of the Dutch West India Company; her name was changed to Diemen and she was used " for the West Indian trade." But the revenge was not complete; nothing but a recapture of Fort Casimir would satisfy the Dutch author- ities.25
"Copia von mein. Protest., etc., October i6, 1654, N.S., L (R.A., K.A.) ; Doc, Xn., 80-3.
^ Doc, xn. 80-3. The protest was signed by the council including Stuyvesant.
""Copia," etc., contraprotesties, etc., November 5 (n.s.), 1654, N.S., L (R.A., K.A.).
"Rising's Journal; Doc, XH. 83, note; Hazard, p. 170.
Relations with the Dutch. 591
II.
In April, 1654, it was said that the directors of the Dutch West India Company had in mind to send some two hundred soldiers to the South River to garrison Fort Casimir. There was peace between England and Holland, hence these soldiers would not be needed against the English. Dutch ships were not allowed to trade with the English, but as Swedish ships could buy goods in Holland and sell them in the colonies, it was now thought that the soldiers would be sent to the South River to prevent such trading.*®
The friendly relations, that existed between Sweden and Hol- land in the early days of the colony, had to a large extent dis- appeared-' and, when the directors heard of the capture of Ft. Casimir, they at once resolved to revenge the act. Conse- quently they set about making preparations to send reinforce- ments to Stuyvesant, who had proposed to go to the South River to retake the fortress, as soon as he received orders from his superiors. The directors approved of the seizure of the Haj as it weakened the Swedish colony and removed one of the means of resistance. Not only Ft. Casimir, but the entire South River, was now to be captured and in November prepara- tions for an expedition were under way in Amsterdam. " The drum was daily beaten " to call men to enlist for service in New Netherland, the directors being " in hopes of sending over a detachment of soldiers in the ship De Groote Christofel to- gether with an arquebusier and two carpenters " and the ship, the Koninck Salomon, which had been requested by Governor Stuyvesant, was fitted out with all speed so that she could leave for the North River before cold weather set in. Letters were written to the director on November 6 (16), in which he was commanded to " do his utmost to revenge this misfortune not only by restoring matters to their former condition, but also by driving the Swedes at the same time from the river." In case the winter should prevent the sending of ships and new supplies
""Ext. iir ett bref," etc., April 29, 1654, N.S., I. (R.A.). " Cf. above, Chaps. II., XVII.
592 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
and reinforcements, Stuyvesant was advised to proceed to the South River with such power as he could command as it was thought that his forces were " about strong enough for the occu- pation of New Sweden, especially if the said expedition should be undertaken speedily and before the Swedes were reinforced." No other enemies were now threatening New Netherland and the hope of success was therefore good. He was advised to hire two or three private ships in addition to the Swarte Aretit-^ which was on her way there and to engage " all such freemen as offer themselves or might be induced by some other means." Haste was imperative for it was " feared, not without reason, that . . . the Swedes . . . might get assistance and reinforce- ments " in the near future.-* On the thirteenth (twenty-third) of the same month it seems that De Groote ChristofeP^ was also ready to sail, by which a letter was sent to New Amsterdam with the request that "not only authenticated copies of the con- veyance and titles for the purchased lands on the . . . South River, executed in the year 1651^' [be sent to Amsterdam] but also all such other authentical documents and papers as may be found necessary for the confirmation [of the company's rights and the establishment] of the indecency of these proceedings [of the Swedes] and the violation of the so lawful possession of the company."^- Some soldiers and a number of colonists were likewise sent over on the vessel. ^^
The directors, expecting that the expedition against the Swedes would be undertaken in the early part of 1655 or early
'^Sivarle Areni {Zwarte Arend), the Black Eagle. The " Siuarte Arent" carried the letter to New Amsterdam it seems. If that be so the ship left Amsterdam on or after November 6 (i6), 1654. In a letter of April 16 (26), 1655, At directors say: "In our last letter[s] directed to Director Stuyvesant in private and sent by the ships De Swarte Arent and [De'] Oroote C/iristoffel ..." Doc, XII. 88. This vpould confirm the above view, but in the letter of November 6 (16) it is stated that the Swarte Arent is "now on the way," which would seem to indicate that the ship had left the harbor. Doc, XII. 86.
"Dof., XII. 85-86; Hazard, p. 168-9.
"The Great Christopher.
"The copy in Doc, XII. 87, has the year 1650.
"Doc, XIL 86-7; Hazard, 170.
" Only one freeman, " Jan Paulo Jacquet with his family " is distinctly men- tioned in the records, Doc, XII. 87; cf. Hazard, p. 170.
Relations with the Dutch. 593
in the spring of that year, were much surprised, when they were informed in a letter of January 12 (22) that Stuyvesant was in Barbadoes and their disappointment was great.^** In April they began anew to make preparations for the long planned attack on New Sweden, at this time "concluding not only to take up again the expedition in question, but also to undertake and carry it out with more assurance of success." For this purpose a ship called De JVaag,^'" belonging to the burgomasters and council of the city of Amsterdam, was chartered. About 200 men were put on board under command of Captain Frederick de Coninck. The ship was still in the harbor May 21 (31 ), but it likely set sail soon after this date.^''
On several occasions the directors received information from Stockholm that preparations were being made to send a ship to the South River. Having again had news from Stockholm towards the end of May about a new voyage, they earnestly requested the council of New Amsterdam to " hasten so much the more with the expedition " to the Delaware, and not to await the return of Stuyvesant if he was still away from New Netherland, when the JVaag arrived. In case of the director- general's death or absence from the city the council should open the letters addressed to Stuyvesant and carry out " the orders given therein. "^^
Immediately upon the arrival of the JVaag at New Amster- dam on August 3 (13) preparations for the expedition were begun and on the sixth (sixteenth) Stuyvesant, who was ill, issued an order empowering the council and Capt. de Coninck to make all necessary arrangements, while a " Proclamation,
" Stuyvesant made the expedition to Barbadoes without the knowledge and consent of his superiors. Doc, XII. 89; cf. Brodhead; O'Callaghan.
^ De If'aegh ( tf'aeg, Waagli, Waag) , The Scales.
"May 26 (n.s.), 1655, it is expressly stated, "after the arrival of this raan- o'-war [De ll'aag']," Doc, XII. 90. On May 31 (n.s.) the directors again wrote to the council of New Netherland ; it is not known whether or not the letter was sent on the If'aag, but this is probable. Doc, XII. 90-1.
''Doc, XII. 88-91. To make sure that the contents of these private letters would become known to the council, copies of them were sent over on the Waag, for " the originals might be locked up."
39
594 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
appointing the fifteenth (twenty-fifth) of August a day of prayer and fasting to invoke God's blessing on the expedition," was issued at the same time. A few days later a call for volun- teers was published,^^ offering " a reasonable salary and board money" to the applicants and promising them a "proper reward " in case of injury. The Jews were exempted from military service but on the condition, " that each male person over 1 6 and under 60 years [should] contribute, for the afore- said freedom towards the relief of the general municipal taxes, sixty-five stivers every month." A special commissary was appointed August 9 ( 19) , who should " take care and supervise that all ammunition and victuals needed for the intended expe- dition ... be ordered, shipped and properly taken care of."*' On the same date a resolution was passed by the council " friendly to ask some of the merchant-ships . . . [then at New Amsterdam] into the service of the country with the promise of proper compensation for it," but " in case the skip- pers refused, [they should be pressed] into the service . . . with their ships, ammunition, the people with them, provisions and implements."^" In accordance with this resolution Captain Douwes was ordered on the fourteenth (twenty-fourth) to "keep himself ready" to embark upon receiving orders, and certain captains of vessels in the harbor were commanded to furnish each " two men and their surplus of provisions and ammunition of war,"*' Cornelius van Tienhoven and Frederick de Coninck being commissioned to proceed on board the ships, the Bontekoe,*^ the Beaver and the Nezu Amsterdam, to enforce the orders. Three sloops and a French privateer were hired for the expedition and a loan of " fifteen hundred guilders in black and white wampum" was made by the council to be used on the
^ Dated August 19, 1655.
** Foppe Jansen was appointed to the position. Doc, XH. 93.
"Doc, XU. 93 (August 19, 1655).
"Doc, Xn. 95. Besides the two men each ship was ordered to furnish " 200 lbs. of codfish, two or three small barrels of groats, one barrel of meat with one barrel of bacon and 300 lbs. of bread, also as much powder as they con- veniently could spare."
" The spotted cow.
Relations with the Dutch. 595
journey in paying the soldiers or for presents to the natives. Towards the end of August all preparations were made and on Sunday, the twenty-sixth (September 5) the fleet^^ set sail " after the sermon."** The fleet consisted of " two battleships, two small [merchant] vessels, two boyarts*^ and a sloop," and it carried a force of " three hundred and seventeen soldiers besides a company of sailors."*"
Every means was taken to prevent the Swedes from obtaining knowledge about the preparations. Shortly before the expedi- tion left New Amsterdam Edmund Scarborough desired to return to Virginia with his vessel, but permission was given only on condition that he would give bail to the amount of £5,000 sterling not to enter the South Bay or South River either directly or indirectly and that his people would promise under oath not to give information to anyone on sea or on land.'*^ These and other precautions were so successful that Rising was not aware of the impending danger before it was almost on him.
Reports of Stuyvesant's preparations reached the Indians, however, who straightway carried the intelligence to New Sweden that "the Dutch were about to come." Rising imme- diately called the council together, who decided to send two
" Two pilots, Wessel Gerritsen and Pieter Lourissen, were appointed to lead the fleet to the Delaware, Doc, XII. 95.
"Doc, XII. 91-97; Hazard, p. 180 ff.
"A bojert was a small vessel much used in Holland in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. See Nordisk Fametjebok, III. 934-5. The IVaag and the Spiegel (Dolphijn?) were the two large ships. Lindestrom, Geogr., p. 224.
"The fleet was composed of two yachts called the Hollanse Tuijn (Holland Garden), the Prinses Royael, a galiot called the Hoop (Hope), mounting four guns, the flyboat Liefde (Love), mounting four guns, the vice-admiral's yacht the Dolphijn with four guns, the yacht Abrams Offerhande (Abraham's offering), as rear admiral, mounting four guns," and the ICaag (Balance). Hist. Mag., II. 258. Jameson, ^'ar. of N. Neth., 383.
According to Rising the force consisted of about 600 to 700 men. Report, 1655 (in another place he says from 400 to 500, Journal), and this number (600 to 700) has been accepted as the correct one by the writers. Lindestrom goes further. He says: "Anno 1655 den 30 Aug. kom General Stuyvesant med en armee a 7,500 man stark." Geogr., p. 223. Stuyvesant said in 1664 that there were forty soldiers and 150 to i6o militia, or in all about 200 men. Doc, II. 233, 442.
" Doc, XII. 94.
596 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
men to Manhattan to gather news about Stuyvesant's move- ments. About the same time Sven Hook with four men was sent down the river to reconnoitre, but he returned on the tenth of August, having observed nothing." Hans Mansson and Jacob Sprint, however, who had been selected to go to New Amsterdam returned five days later from " Staten Island ... bringing a complete and sure intelligence that the director general of New Netherland intended to come .... [to New Sweden] with four large and several small ships and seven or eight hundred men," being ready to sail August 18. There- upon Sven Hook was again sent down the Bay with some soldiers, but he soon returned without news. Having been ordered down the river a third time to watch the enemy he appeared on August 30, reporting he had seen two or three ships in the Bay the previous evening.
In the meantime the forts were repaired and the best prepara- tions possible were made for the defence of the country. On August 16 Sven Skute went to Fort Christina to confer with the director and to receive instructions.** A council of war was called at which it was decided to defend Fort Trefaldighet In case the Dutch should attack it, a written resolution being given to Skute, setting forth his duties. When the Hollanders ap- proached he "should send [a messenger] to their ships . . . to find out if they came as friends and in any case warn them not to pass the above mentioned fort, for if they did he would fire at them, which they should not look upon as [an act of] hostility." " 150 lbs. of powder, a number of muskets, swords, pikes, bullets and other necessary things " were taken into the fort on the same day. Provisions were also supplied, 47 bushels of rye, fourteen gallons of brandy, quantities of beer and other necessaries being carried into the storehouse of Trefaldighet within a few days.'** The soldiers and freemen were also sup- plied with powder and other ammunition.^'^
"Elswick's Relation, 1655, N.S., L (R.A.).
"Rising's Journal, August, 1655; "Relation ofwer thet ahnfall," etc., Arfwed- son, p. 24; Elswick's Relation, N.S., I. (R.A.) ; Rising's "Reck, raed Sod. Comp.," Rising's Process (R.A.).
'"Schuldt u. Carg. B., 1655.
Relations with the Dutch. 597
Stuyvesant arrived in the bay about three o'clock in the after- noon of August 27 (September 6), but on account of the tide and a calm he was unable to proceed up the river before the following day. In the evening of August 29 he cast anchor be- fore Fort Elfsborg, landed his men and made his camp for the night,''' while his little force was reviewed and divided into five companies, "each under its own colors. "^^ During the night, which was very dark, hiding the maneuvers of the Dutch, a sloop was sent up to Sandhook, where a number of Swedish freemen were captured who gave information about the situa- tion in the colony. On August 31 the fleet moved up the river, " passed Fort Casimir about 8 or 9 P. M. without any act of hostility on either side, [and] cast . . . anchor above the fortress." Skute with his officers and men were at the guns as the vessels sailed by, and when Sander Lenertson's sloop, which was in the lead, passed the fort, Peter Lindestrom asked the commander if he should fire, but, though all the ships passed within range of the Swedish cannon no orders were given, for Skute, seeing the hopelessness of the situation, wisely withheld orders to fire. The Dutch troops were landed and as soon as possible "the passage to Christina [was] occupied by fifty men " to prevent news from reaching that place. Shortly after the fleet had come to anchor. Lieutenant Smith with a drummer and a white flag was sent ashore to demand the surrender of the
"Lindestrom relates that "the Dutch made their camp at Fort Elfsborg for the night, where they blockaded [the river] shot and thundered all night." Geogr., p. 224, " Hwarest dee blockade," etc. The meaning of blockade is not quite clear. In Swedish it means to blockade, to inclose, but it might be used here in the Dutch sense to " work," " to be busy," etc.
The general's [Stuyvesant's] company, of which Lieut. Nuijtingh was cap- tain, and Jan Hagel ensign-bearer, was ninety strong. The general's second company, of which Dirck Smit was captain, and Don Pouwel ensign-bearer, was sixty strong. Nicolaes de Silla, the marshal's company, of which Lieut. Pieter Ebel was captain and William van Reijnevelt ensign-bearer, was fifty-five strong. Frederick de Koningh, the major's company, of which Pieter de Coningckx was ensign-bearer, was sixty-two strong. The major's second- company, which was composed of seamen and pilots, with Dirck Jansz Verstraten of Ossanen as their captain, boatswain's-mate Dirck CIaesz[en], of Mannikendam as ensign-bearer, and the sail-maker, Jan Illisz of Honsum as lieutenant, consisted of fifty men, making altogether 317 men."
598 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
fort. Smith was met at the river by Lieut. Gyllengren with two musketeers to whom he delivered the orders of his commander, stating that the Dutch had been informed by the Swedish authorities that Fort Casimir had been taken " neither by the orders nor the consent of the Swedish government or of the Swedish Crown," it was therefore the duty of the Swedes to deliver up the fort to its rightful owners. But Gyllengren in- formed him that they had received no instructions to that effect and that they would fight to the last man. Smith, desiring to speak with the Swedish commander, was thereupon blindfolded and led through the fortress into Skute's dwelling. Skute, wish- ing to write to Director Rising, requested some delay, but it was denied, and Smith returned to the ships with the message that the Swedes would not surrender without resistance.*^
In the meantime Stuyvesant landed his artillery and prepared to lay siege to the fortress. Smith was sent a second time with a message, requesting Skute " under cover of the Dutch artillery not to wait the attack of their troops," but to give up the fort. He was again met by Gyllengren, who made the same reply as before to his demands, warning him not to come a third time, "for the land belonged to the Crown of Sweden." Smith once more requested to speak with the Swedish commander, which was granted him. He was informed that an armorer would be sent to speak with Stuyvesant and he was told to go to Director Rising with his demands. The armorer, Kampe, was then sent to confer with the Dutch governor, who requested Skute to meet him for a personal interview, to which the latter agreed.** Thereupon Skute with four musketeers met his opponent in the valley about half way between the fortress and the Dutch battery. The Swedish commander repeated his request of being allowed to send an open letter to Director Rising. This was
""Forhoor.," etc.; Doc, XH. loi ff.; Hazard, 183 ff.
" Skute says that he was requested to meet Stuyvesant half way between the camp of the Dutch and the fort. But Stuyvesant says that the request came from Skute and the same statement is found in Bogaert's report. Doc, XH. loi ; Hist, Mag., n. 258; Skute's Report of the capture to Eric Oxenstierna, August 31, 1655, " Fbrhoor," etc., N.S., I. (R.A.).
Relations with the Dutch. 599
denied him, but an hour's delay for a final answer to Stuyve- sant's summons was granted. After an hour Kiimpe was once more sent to the Dutch camp to ask for a delay until the next morning. This concession was likewise obtained on the condi- tion that Skute would again meet the Dutch governor at eight o'clock, "because we could not finish our battery [before that time]," says Stuyvesant.^^
Skute now encouraged his people and tried to spur them onto make all possible resistance, but the soldiers were mutinous and would not obey orders.'^'^ Several escaped over the walls, bring- ing news to Stuyvesant about the conditions in the fort, and of these fugitives, Gabriel Forsman, who was shot through the leg by Lieut. Gyllengren, as he climbed over the walls, died from the wounds (the only casualty through "the war"). About fifteen soldiers were then placed under arrest, whereupon the remain- der were brought back to order and obedience. During the night Anders Dalbo and Karl Julius were sent in a canoe to Fort Christina with reports and a request for aid. Rising encouraged Skute to hold out as long as possible, since help would soon be sent there, but if he was compelled to capitulate to do so on as good terms as possible."'
The Swedish commander " did not go to the camp of the Hol- landers " on Saturday morning (Sept. i), as Gov. Stuyvesant had requested, but he sent Anders Kampe at the appointed hour'** in his stead. The Dutch governor, however, insisted on Skute's coming and accordingly a second conference was ar- ranged between the two commanders half way between the fort and the Dutch batteries. Governor Stuyvesant once more de-
■' Rising's Jourruil; " Forhoor," etc.; Doc, XII. loi ; Hazard, pp. 83-4.
'■" " Soldaterne . . . , som dock pa sistone alle giorde sigh Rebellyske och goffwe sigh alle dhe 1,000 dieflar, som i Helwete bor, at dhee icke skulle staa, fast dhee wille partera dhem i 1,000 sr\-ken." Signed statement of Gyllengren, Rev. Hiort, Peter Lindestrom and others. August 31, 1655, inclosed with a letter to E. Oxenstierna. The document was discovered by Dr. Malmsten in Kammararkivet during the author's visit to Stockholm in 1909. It is now pre- served in Ox. Satnl. (R..\.).
"Skute's report, August 31, 1655; Rising's Journal; Lindestrom's Geogr.
"That is 8 A. M.
6oo The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
manded the surrender of the stronghold, but Skute still talked of resistance, promising to make it uncomfortable for the Dutch soldiers if they should dare to approach within reach of the Swedish bullets. To this threat Stuyvesant replied that if he lost a man he would not spare a soul in the fort. At last Skute came to terms, " but he desired to see Stuyvesant's orders before he would agree to anything." Having been brought on board the ship De Waag, where the orders of the Dutch West India Company were laid before him, he resolved to surrender, whereupon the conditions and terms of capitulation^* were dis- cussed.'^'^
In the meantime Rising sent some nine or ten freemen,''^ who had been ordered down from the plantations to help defend the country, to Fort Trefaldighet; but as they were crossing Chris- tina River about forty Dutch soldiers surrounded them, and ordered them to surrender. The Swedes, however, made oppo- sition and a fight ensued, but they were soon made prisoners except two, who escaped across the river in a boat amid a shower of bullets. They reached Fort Christina in safety, while the soldiers who pursued them were caused to withdraw into the woods by a ball from one of the guns on the battlements."-
Finally the capitulation and conditions of surrender between Skute and Stuyvesant were agreed upon and signed on board of the tVaag. "When the clock struck two in the afternoon," says Lindestrom, "a Dutch salute was given in their camp and answered . . . from the ships and it was easy to understand that an accord had been made with our commander.""^ The capitulation consisted of four articles which contain two general conditions. In the first place all goods as well as cannon and ammunition, belonging to the New Sweden Company, the Swedish Crown or private persons were to be preserved intact
"Signed the same day, September i, 1655. Doc, XH. 102. Jameson, Nar. of N. Neth., 384.
°° Geogr., Rising's Journal.
"Lindestrom gives the number as 60 or 80 men. Geogr. " Rising's Relation, etc. Arfwedson's De Colonia, etc. "Geogr., p. 230; J. Bogaert's Relation, Hist. Mag., U. 258.
Relations with the Dutch. 6oi
and could be removed by the owners at any time; but "all pieces of ammunition, material and other effects belonging to the General Incorporated West India Company" must be de- livered into the hands of the Dutch commander; and secondly the garrison was accorded the honors of war. But two im- portant points were omitted; Skute had neglected to insert an article, stating the time of the capitulation and the place to which the soldiers could go after the surrender."*
As Skute returned to the fort about 75 Dutch soldiers fol- lowed him. Some time between two and four the gates were opened"® and the commander marched out of the fort with the Swedish flag and twelve men in full accoutrements as his body- guard, the others having only their side arms. Thereupon the Dutch troops filed into the fortress, the Swedish flag was re- placed by the Dutch, the Dutch salute was given and Fort Trefaldlghet was again called Fort Casimir.*'® The Swedish soldiers were then brought on board the ships and a few days later (September 7) they were sent to New Amsterdam on the flyboat Liefde, but the officers were placed under guard in the fort in charge of two musketeers each. They were well treated by Stuyvesant, who dined them at his own table."' After the sur- render the Dutch forces were given a rest. On September 2
" " Forhoor offwer Com. Swen Schu[te]," etc., September 24, 1655, N.S., I. (R.A.) ; Doc, XII. loi ; Bogaert's Report, Hist. Mag., II. 258; Lindestrom's Geogr.; Hazard, 185.
"Lindestrom's account is colored and unreliable. He says: "Den i Septem- ber upfordrades andre gangen Fort Treefalldigheet igenora en Capitein Lieut, hwilcken Jagh Peer Lindestrbm blef beordrat till att mota. . . ." Lindestrom accuses Skute of capitulating without consulting the other officers and relates how he and Gyllengren gave the soldiers a barrel of beer and put them to work on the fortifications, while Skute was conferring with Stuyvesant. At four in the afternoon the work on the fort was ready to withstand an attack of the enemy, but then Skute had already surrendered and all was lost. Geogr., pp. 225-30.
"Lindestrora says: " Gafs Hollenskt losen pa Fort Treefaldigheet, sedan swarades uthi lagret, och pa Skieppen, therefter strax lassades heela umgangen pa Fort Treefaldigheet samt uthanwarket, suarades sa ater medh alle styckene i lagret och omgang[erne] pa Skieppen." Geogr., p. 231.
" Lindestrom says: "We who were officers were placed under arrest. Then we went into the fort and a house was placed at our disposal, where we should be by ourselves until further order. In the evening we were very splendidly and well entertained at General Stuyvesant's own table . . . and while we were in their arrest we had nothing to complain of." Geogr., p. 232.
6o2 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
(12) Divine services were conducted in Fort Casimir, after which Stuyvesant reported his success to the council of New Amsterdam, ordering them to appoint " a special day " for offering thanks for the victory.®*
Meanwhile Rising was making preparations to receive the enemy, if they should pass Fort Trefaldighet. In the early morning of August 31 Elswick visited the settlements north- ward along the river"* and at Kingsessing he called together the colonists, telling them " that the time had now come in which they could show their fidelity to Her Royal Majesty of Sweden by helping to defend Her Majesty's fortresses." He found the people ready and willing to aid in the defence and five men. Mats Hansson, Peter Rambo, Sven Gunnarsson, Hans Mansson and Mats Bengtsson, followed him at once. On their way down the river they landed on " Tenakong Island," at which place some soldiers and settlers were collected and from there they proceeded in a boat and two canoes to Christina, where they arrived an hour before daybreak the next morning.''"
When Rising found that the Dutch were getting the upper hand at Fort Trefaldighet, he sent Hendrick Elswick to enquire what they further intended to do. " Factor Elswick came from Fort Christina," says Stuyvesant, " and asked in a friendly way and in the name of his director the cause of our coming and . . . [desired to see] the orders of our superiors . . J^ He requested us to be satisfied with what we had accomplished, without advancing further upon the other Swedish fort, using at first persuasive and friendly words, afterwards mingled with menaces."''^ Stuyvesant was on the point of detaining Elswick as a spy, but finally sent him back with the reply that he had come to occupy the whole of New Sweden and that he would
"' Doc, Xn. 102.
°° Upland, Finland and Tenakong (Tinicum).
"Elswick's Relation, N.S., L (R.A.).
" Elswick was compelled to wait for two hours before the interview was granted as Skute was on board discussing the terras of capitulation. Elswick, Relation.
'""Doc, xn. loi.
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■■SlaiUieii Christina Hanibn medli Skanlzeii Christina Kort in Nova Svecia Sanipc Hollendarens belSgringh An" 1655." (The f [ofKhnstinahanibn with Kort Christina in Xc-w Sweden and the seigeof IheiHollender, in the year 1655). A. Skieppet Amstero. us wagen" (Tlic sliip Amsl,rdaiiis Ifaag (scales)). B. Spegell Skieppet (The ship Spegtl i-Virror. Dolphin f), C. Tennakoncks idet (the Tennakoncks land), D. Slagen Borjjh. Tre Compagnier (three companies), E. Christina Kyi (River), F. Ryt Flacht, G ggen liorgh, Fyra Canipagnier (Mosquito-burg. Four companies), H. Hollandarens belagring (the seige of the Holle'nder), Rottn irgh. Se.xCompagnier (Rat burg. Six companies). I. Christina Hambns Stadh (the city of Christinahambn ). K. Kifiket (the kit- n), I.. Kliegen Hourgh, Twa Compagnier (IHy-burg. Two companies), M. Timmer Eylandet (Timber Island), X. RVt Flacht, O. TcieKyleu (Fish Kill), 1'. Ryt Flacht, y. Ryt Flacht. R. Hanibn (Harbor), S. Christina Fort, T. Mina (mine). From I.indestronrs
I
Relations with the Dutch. 603
not return before he had accomplished his object. On receiving this message Rising collected all his people in the fort, putting them to work on the walls and battlements day and night. On Sunday, September 2, divine services were held as usual, after which they "worked busily on the fort." During the day an Indian, who brought a pig which he sold in the fort, related that he had seen the Swedish soldiers at Fort Trefaldighet carried prisoners to the Dutch vessels and this disheartened the garrison, but Rising tried to keep up their courage.
On the same day part of the Dutch force was marched up within sight of Christina, but Stuyvesant remained at Fort Casimir. On Monday morning the Dutch raised their flag on the Swedish sloop in the river above the Swedish fort, and as they prepared to take a stand by a house in the neighborhood, Lieutenant Hook with a drummer was sent there to inquire what their intentions were and why they took a stand there.''^ Before his boat landed he obtained the assurance of the Dutch that he would be received according to the rules governing the treatment of messengers between contending parties,"^* but he was made a prisoner and sent to Fort Casimir in chains."' During the night the Dutch rushed the work on the trenches to such an extent that their battery was ready on the following day. The Swedes now supposed that Stuyvesant intended to build a fort there so as to be able to control the whole district below Christina River, for it was not yet believed that he had come to capture all the forts.
On September 5 Fort Christina was surrounded on all sides.
" Lindestrom gives this occurrence on September 6. " On September 6 the enemy demanded the surrender of Fort Christina. Then Lieutenant Sven Hook was ordered by Director Rising to answer [them]." Geogr., p. 233.
" According to the Swedish records.
"It is probable that he offended the Dutch in some way. Lindestrom says: "And what words he spoke against the Dutch (for nahr talet och faldt hafwer), one cannot really know, [but] he was seized and brought on board the ship Amsterdams iVaag and there locked into heavy chains." Geogr., 233; Bogaert says: "The 13th was taken prisoner the Lieutenant of Fort Crist[ina], with a drummer, it being supposed that he had come as a spy upon the army, in conse- quence of the drummer's having no drum." Jameson, Nar. of N. Neth., 384-5; Hist. Mag., II. 258.
6o4 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
To the southwest across the river were three companies en- trenched around the little batteries with four cannon which were erected there;"" at some hundred feet apart to the north- west were four companies and two batteries, each with three cannon;"' directly north of the fortress, on the ground laid out for the city of Christinehamn there were six companies with trwo batteries and six cannon ;"* on Timber Island, a little to the east of the town, two companies were stationed with two bat- teries (one "in a new house") and four cannon.'® A short distance below the fort the river was closed by the ships De PFaag and the Spiegel (Dolphijn?) , below which the other ves- sels were anchored.*" As Rising with his people had labored diligently to put Christina in a state of defence, the strength of the fortress had been somewhat increased when the Dutch began to invest it, entrenchments being dug and the walls improved, but provisions were scarce and the director as well as Elswick were obliged to supply various things from their own means. Beer especially was used in large quantities and Rising supplied five barrels of the drink to the soldiers and freemen during the siege.*'
When Stuyvesant had enclosed Christina on every side and cut off all means of escape, he sent an Indian to the Swedish director with a letter, demanding the surrender of the fort and the entire river, after which all the Swedes must leave or come under the jurisdiction of the Dutch government. Rising sent a short reply with the Indian, stating that a deputation would be
" The batteries, according to Lindestrom, were made from sod and protected by gabions and breastworks. It was called " Slangenborg."
" These batteries were built out of logs, protected by breast works and gabions. This battery which was nearest the fort (see the map) was called " Myggen- borgh " because there was " such a fearful amount of mosquitoes there." Geogr.,
234-
"The batteries were built of logs, filled in with earth and covered with sod. On account of the large number of rats there, it was called " Rottnbourgh." Geogr., 234.
"The kitchen (see map) was enclosed in a fortified square. Geogr., 234.
^ Geogr., 233-4. The Spiegel given by Lindestrom was known under a different name by the Dutch and it was probably the same as the Dolphijn.
" Elswick's Relation, Rising's Journal; " Reck, raed Sod. Comp.," Rising's Process (R.A.).
Relations with the Dutch. 605
sent to Governor Stuyvesant, which would answer his demands in full. A council of war was then called to decide on the course of action to be taken. The walls of the fort were in poor condi- tion and only one round of ammunition was on hand. Besides the soldiers were out of spirits, some were mutinous, a few had escaped over the embankments and the general condition of the besieged was miserable. Yet there was no thought of surrender at present, but on the contrary it was decided to hold out against the enemy as long as possible. No hostilities should be begun and no occasion for action should be given by the Swedes on account of their lack of means of defence, but all attacks should be repulsed until further resistance was useless when they should surrender on the best terms obtainable.
The Dutch soldiers were now overrunning the territory above Christina River, killing the cattle, swine and goats of the set- tlers, breaking open the houses and plundering even,'thing they could get at. Several of the colonists had brought their posses- sions to Printz Hall for better protection, but some Dutch went there also who carried off the propert}' of Madame Papegoja and of the others and broke into the church, taking away " the cordage and sails for a new ship." The Indians also did their share of the plundering, and on September 2 they stole all Clement Mickelsson's goods from his house. *-
Ever}' hour the Dutch lines were drawn closer around the doomed fort. On September 7 a Dutch flag was raised on the new ship in Fish River and " Dutch banners were waving ever\^where." In the morning Rising sent a commission to Stu>'\'esant, who was still at Fort Casimir. The deputation consisted of Hendrick von Elswick, Gregorious van Dyck, and Peter Rambo. A memorial in seven paragraphs was given to them, defining their powers and giving minute instructions as to their procedure. Elswick, who was to give an oral answer to Stu\n-esant's demand of surrender, should see that the honor of
"Rising's Journal; Elswick's Relation; Doc., XII. 105, 109; Records of Gloria Dei; cf. Acrelius, pp. 78-9. " Hausset nu die Hollender sehr ubell mit Todtschlagung des Vihes, und pliindrung der Heusser aussen fiihr dieser Fort- resse." Elswick's Relation.
6o6 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
the Crown of Sweden and of the Commercial College was respected, that Rising and the other officers were given their proper titles for the honor of their superiors.*^ The commis- sioners were to refute Stuyvesant's demands by presenting the Swedish claims to the country, saying that they would defend it to the last, they were to endeavor to persuade him to abstain from hostilities on the ground that a continuation of the siege would bring about a break between the two nations in Europe, and as they were closely related in religion they ought to be friends, the country being large enough for both.*^ Elswick was further to insist that the dispute about the boundaries could better be settled in Europe and lastly he should protest against the imprisonment of Hook.*' The deputation presented these remonstrances as well as several other protests, among other things demanding that Stuyvesant should withdraw his troops from the fort at once. To these protests and remonstrances Stuyvesant simply replied that he was following the orders of his superiors who must answer for the consequences.*" On September 9 Elswick in the name of his superior was ordered to write a letter to the Dutch governor in which he was to protest against the robberies and atrocities of the Dutch soldiers. Stuyvesant answered the letter the same day. He allowed the Swedes no rights in the river, refuted Rising's arguments and again demanded the surrender of the fort. Another council of war was thereupon called at which it was decided that Rising should request an interview with the Dutch governor on the following day, " especially since he had on two successive days . . . demanded a conference" and a messenger was sent to Stuyvesant, informing him of the decision of the Swedish offi-
" In his letter of September 15 (n.s.) Stuyvesant had not used the proper titles in addressing Rising. See " Memorial," etc., September 6/16, 1655. (Copia) N.S., I. (R.A.).
"Elswick was also to say that Rising would not have attacked Fort Casimir if the gates had been closed, or if the garrison had made the least resistance.
Elswick went to the Dutch governor in a boat and the conference took place on the JVaag. It lasted for three hours. Elswick's Relation.
''Doc, XII.
Relations with the Dutch. 607
cers.*'' The proposal was agreeable to Stuyvesant and accord- ingly the two governors met between the fort and the Dutch camp.^* " A complete reply was made to . . . [Stuyvesant's] lengthy letter of the previous day " and more vigorous protests were made against his procedure. But they could come to no agreement and Rising returned to Christina to await further developments. On the following day the batteries of the Dutch were brought to completion. Stuyvesant " daily demanded Ris- ing's surrender with great threats " and sent a drummer on the twelfth (twenty-second) and thirteenth (twenty-third) requir- ing another colloquy with Rising, and demanded that the fort should be surrendered before sunset on the last mentioned day. Meanwhile the condition of the besieged was daily growing worse, some being mutinous and many being sick. The fort had been reduced to its last extremity, the guns of the Dutch were pointed at the walls and everything was ready for an attack. The officers saw the futility of further resistance and it was decided to capitulate on the best terms that could be had. At sunset Elswick was sent to Stuyvesant with the reply that Rising was willing to meet him on the fourteenth. Time and place of meeting having been agreed upon, the " director of New Sweden " and the general director of New Netherland met one another, "on the place of parole between Fort Christina and the headquarters of General Peter Stuyvesant in a large and beautiful tent erected for that purpose."*" Rising was ac- companied by Von Elswick and Jacob Swensson and Stuyvesant was followed by Vice-Governor de Sille and Major Friedrichde Coninck. The conference lasted for about an hour. Rising warned his opponent not to press things too far as the conse-
" A letter was sent with the messenger and Elswick presented a copy to the Commercial College in 1656. The message was sent on September 10, Elswick's Relation.
" Rising was accompanied by Von Elswick and Stuyvesant by the Vice-Gover- nor of New Netherland, De Sille. Elswick's Relation. There is no mention of this meeting in Rising's Journal.
'■' Lindestrom's Geogr., 235-6; Elswick's Relation; Doc, XI. 106. Rising, omitting the former interview, describes this similarly to Elswick's description of the previous one.
6o8 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
quences might have far-reaching results in Europe, but Stuyve- sant would listen to no other terms than " complete and uncon- ditional " surrender. Finally Rising agreed to give up the fort. The articles of capitulation, which had been drawn up by Els- wick at Rising's request, undoubtedly according to the proposi- tions and suggestions of the different members of the council of war, were presented to Stuyvesant for his approval. Very few changes were made, it seems, so that the treaty became a most favorable one to the Swedes. The capitulation which was to be signed by the two governors the following day ( September 15)"" consisted of eleven articles, containing the following main points: The garrison should march out of the fort to Timber Island with all the honors of war; all property "belonging to the High Crown of Sweden and the South Company ... in and about Fort Christina" should remain the property of the said parties and should be turned over to the owners whenever demanded; likewise "all writings, letters, documents and deeds of the High Crown of Sweden and the South Company or of private persons found in Fort Christina" were to "remain un- touched without hindrance and visitation In the hands of the governor and his people, to take them away, whenever they please"; "the officials, officers, soldiers and freemen . . .[were to be allowed to] keep their own movable goods unhindered and undamaged " and they were allowed to dispose of them in any manner they saw fit; the Swedes were to have liberty to
°° Elswick's Relation; Doc, XH. 102. Hence it is clear that the agreement to surrender was made on September 14 (24) and not on the fifteenth as Rising says and Acrelius and others state. From Stuyvesant's letter of Friday evening (about 8 P.M.) September 24 (n.s.) it can also be seen that Rising had already agreed to surrender and that only the signatures to the document were necessary. "These few lines are ... to serve [as an explanation?] to the enclosed capitulation entered into with the governor of Fort Christina, which, if it pleases God, will be signed and take effect to-morrow." Doc, XH. 102. But Rising says: " Altsa maste wij den 15 Hujus " (n.s., September 25), etc. " Skickades altsa dagen therefter [September 15] een harofwer uth till the Hollenske, att wij oss innan forsatte terminer skulle betanckia." " Relation," etc., Arfwedson, p. 30. Lindestrom says: "The 17th (n.s., 27th) of September we agreed on the terms and signed them." Geogr., 235-6. A manifest error. Cf. Bogaerdt's Report, Hist. Mag., H. 589; Acrelius, p. 73 ff.; Col. of N. Y. Hist. So., N.S., I. 443-8; Winsor, IV. 482, and others.
" Cannon balls dug up from the foundation ruins of Fort Christina." Benjamin Ferris says of these balls: "When I consider the indubitable genuineness of the treasures — that they are incontrovertibly the deposit of the Swedes before the sub- version of their authority on the Delaware in 1655, 1 think them the greatest curiosity pertaining to the original settlements on the River. " From the Year-Book of the Hist. So. of Delaware, 1901.
Relations with the Dutch. 609
leave the country without hindrance and all who returned home should be transported to Gothenburg free of expenses; Rising should have the right to admonish his own people to return to their native land in case some were inclined to remain, the length of I ^ years to be granted to such as could not go at once, in which "to dispose of their movable and immovable property"; all who wished to remain in the country under the Dutch Juris- diction should be allowed to do so and they were to " enjoy the privilege of the Augsburg Confession and [have] a person to instruct them therein," none of the officers, who might have con- tracted debts in behalf of the Crown or of the company, should " be arrested on account of them, within the jurisdiction of the general [director] "; and finally Rising was to have full liberty to " inquire into the behavior of Skute and the other officers dur- ing the surrender of the Fort on the Sandhook," and the capitu- lation should take effect on September 15."' "A secret article" was also included, which, however. Rising maintained was not secret, but made with the knowledge of his people and signed by Stuyvesant "in their presence on the place of parole."''- Accord- ing to this " secret separate article," Rising and Elswick were to be landed either in England or in France, while Stuyvesant promised "to advance to Director Rising either in cash or in bills of exchange the sum of £300 Flanders.""^ Goods of equivalent value belonging to the Swedish Crown and the New Sweden Company were to be mortgaged and left in the hands of the general director against receipt, and Rising promised to repay the sum at Amsterdam within six months.
In the forenoon of September 15 (25) the two governors again met on the place of parole. The articles " were re-ex- amined and found to be correct," whereupon two copies were
"Doc, XII. 104-5; Acretius, p. 73-5.
'^Rising calls the article a "separate treaty." The fact was undoubtedly that the article was not to be made public at the time. It was known to Rising's people to the extent that Elswick and the other Swedish officers present at the capitulation became acquainted with its contents and witnessed the signing of the document. Doc, XII. 110.
" It is possible that the " secret article " was not agreed upon before September 15 (25). Doc, XII. 106, Acrelius, p. 76. 40
6io The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
signed and New Sweden was a Swedish colony no more. At three o'clock in the afternoon the little garrison ("about thirty men")"* marched out of the fort"^ "with beating of drums, playing of fifes, flying banners, burning matches, musketballs in their mouths and hand and sidearms."*® The soldiers were quartered in the houses on Timber Island, but the officers were lodged in their own quarters in the fort. The Dutch soldiers took possession of Christina as soon as the Swedes departed and the Dutch flag was raised above it.®'^
Stuyvesant was lenient in his demands of the Swedes, but he had special reasons for being so. A few days after he had left New Amsterdam with his forces the Indians attacked several settlements in the Dutch colony, killing scores of settlers."* On September 2 (12), the day after the surrender of Fort Tre- faldighet and the date on which Stuyvesant reported his success, the council informed the governor by letter that the Indians had begun hostilities and committed many murders."-' They ques- tioned the sagacity of subduing distant places, when they ran the risk of losing "the old property." They promised to do their utmost in defending the colony against the savages, leav- ing it with Stuyvesant to act according to his judgment in the matter, but they requested him to send a speedy reply and from the tenure of the missive it is clear that they would rather have him return to defend New Netherland than to gain some slight
''Relation, etc., Arfwedson, p. 28.
""Elswick says: " Dreij Uhr nachmittag zogen die Hollender ein und unsere Volker mit fligender Fahne, slagende Trummell, riirende Pfeiffe, brandende Leiite sampt Ober- und Untergewehr, etc., auss dieser Fortresse Christina." Relation.
" Doc, XH. 104.
" Elswiclc's Relation; Rising's Journal; Lindestrom's Geogr., 235 ff. ; Doc, Xll. 104 ff. ; Rising's Relation, etc., Arfwedson, p. 29 ff. ; Col. of N. Y. Hist. So., N.S., I. 443 ff.
" 100 men were murdered in nine hours. Doc, XH. 99.
"The council reported to Stuyvesant that one Mr. Willet believed that the Swedes had bribed these savages and that through Swedish influence these troubles had fallen upon them, Doc, XIL 99. The report was, of course, with- out foundation. Lindestrom states that the Indians had a conference, when they found the Dutch were attacking New Sweden, and decided to attack New Netherland as revenge. Geogr.
Relations with the Dutch. 6ii
advantage on the Delaware.'"" The letter was handed to him in the afternoon of September 13 (23), the day before Rising agreed to surrender. It is clear that these misfortunes in- fluenced Stuyvesant's dealings with the Swedes and, had the let- ter arrived shortly after Fort Trefaldighet was captured and before Christina was besieged, it is more than likely that he would have returned to New Amsterdam as soon as possible, without further molesting the Swedish colony.
The council sent a second letter to the governor some time after September 3(13) advising him to destroy Fort Christina in case it was given into his hands, causing the Swedes to remove from there, otherwise " for the preservation of the most impor- tant object and the consolation of the inhabitants . . . [to] make speedily a provisional treaty with the governor of the Swedes in regard to the fort and the land of Christina, . . . and then . . . [return home] on the first opportunity with the ships and troops, to preserve what is left."'" It is not known whether or not this letter reached him before the treaty was signed, but it may have come into his hands on the fifteenth (twenty-fifth)."" At any rate half an hour after the Swedish soldiers had marched out of the fort, he appeared "with his officers and entire council " before Rising in Christina, offering to hand over the fort to the Swedes and to make with them an offensive and defensive league on the conditions that the Dutch be allowed to dwell undisturbed in possession of the land below Christina River and that the present troubles " be forgotten and forgiven." The Swedes were to remain in possession of all the land north of the fortress along the Delaware and " the country was large enough for them both.""*^ Rising was naturally
"^ Doc, XII. 98-99. The copy in the Doc. is dated September 12 (ii.s.), i655. but in the' text it is stated " that in the morning hours of the r^th inst. many armed savages came. ..." There is a mistake somewhere. Perhaps the 15th inst. is a mistake for the loth inst.
"' Doc, XII. 100.
"Mt had not arrived on the evening of September 14 (24K
™"In the year 1655, the 15th (25th) of September, Peter Stuyvesant with his officers and entire council came to me, Johan Rising, in Fort Christina . . . and presented an unexpected proposition, namely, if I would let our people go again
6i2 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
surprised at this unexpected turn of affairs. He answered the Dutch governor that the proposition seemed somewhat strange to him. He thought it was too late to come to any such agree- ments, but he requested Stuyvesant to present the offers in writ- ing and promised that a written reply would be delivered as soon as the Swedish council had considered the matter.^"*
As it was late and since all the members of the Swedish coun- cil were not in the fort, it was decided to postpone the decision until the next day. The council, which assembled in the fore- noon of September i6 (26), consisted of Director Rising, Lieut. Sven Hook, who had been released, Hendrick von Els- wick, Gregorius van Dyck, the gunner, Johan Danielsson, the ensign, Peter Wendell and Peter Rambo, besides some freemen. The unanimous opinion of the council was, however, that Stuy- vesant's offer could not be accepted. The arguments of the different members against repealing the capitulation may be summed up as follows."^ They had no authority to enter into an alliance with Stuyvesant, guaranteeing that no consequences would follow as a result of the Dutch attack nor to waive the rights and pretences of the Swedish Crown to damages for the losses caused by the Dutch; they could not subsist in the country, since their provisions were gone, a great part of their cattle and swine were killed and many of the plantations laid waste and finally it would be disgraceful to their superiors to reoccupy the
with the flag and occupy the fort and places all the way from Christina Kill [up the Delaware] and let the Hollanders occupy what there was below [Christina Kill] and assure him that the Swedes would never complain about it, but live toget-her [with the Dutch] in good friendship — the country being large enough for both — and we should make an offensive and defensive league." Minutes of the Council for considering Stuyvesant's proposition, September i6, 1655, N.S., I. (R.A.) ; see also Rising's Journal; Elswick's Relation, 1655, N.S., L (R.A.).
"" Lindestrom says: "Den 18 September om margonen kora General Styfves- andh inn till oss pa Fort Christina medh sitt Traabeen styltandes, rachte oss handen, till bodh oss wart landh igen och all giord skada wedhergialla willia." Geogr., p. 236.
^°'' Gregioius Van Dyck : " In consideration of the above mentioned reasons, [and] of the condition of the country [I] agree with the rest. We surrendered on favourable terms [Stuyvesant now tries] to entice us to go into [the fort] again, our superiors will have injury and disgrace through it, it is therefore best to stand by the capitulation." Report of the Proceedings of the Council, September 16, N.S., I. (R.A.)-
Relations with the Dutch. 613
fort. After a vote had been taken an answer to Stuyvesant's proposition was drafted by Elswick which was sent to the Dutch governor through two soldiers, informing him that the Swedish council had decided to abide by the capitulation.'"*'
Arrangements were therefore made by the Dutch to carry out the articles of surrender. When an inventory of the prop- erty belonging to the Swedish company and the Swedish govern- ment had been made (from September eighteenth to the twenty- second) which was signed and sealed, the keys to the storehouse were delivered to Stuyvesant's servants by the gunner Johan Danielsson.'"'^
The Dutch soldiers had plundered many of the plantations at Finland and Upland, during the siege, but it is probable that order was restored soon after the signing of the treaty, most of the settlers going back to their homes.'"®
An article had been included in the treaty giving Rising the right to inquire into the conduct of the Swedish officers at the surrender of Fort Trefaldighet, and on September 24 a court- martial was held on Timber Island, at which an examination was made into the behavior of Lieutenant Sven Skute.i"» He was blamed for not giving orders to fire on the Dutch ships as they passed, although Lindestrdm and Stalkofta stood by the guns ready to apply the match. He was also accused of not tak- ing council with his officers about what was to be done, and Rising told him openly that he had disobeyed his orders, while
"« The reasons for not accepting Stuyvesant's offer are summarized by Rising as follows- (i) They had no authority to make an offensive and defensive league with him, without the knowledge of their superiors, furthermore it would not be advisable as the Indians had attacked New Netherland while the savages were friendly to the Swedes. (2) They could not guarantee that no trouble would arise from the hostilitv, attacks and affronts he had made agamst the colony. (,) It was not to their honor to reoccupy the fort. (4) All pretensions to damages would be waived. (5) They could not subsist in the country since the provisions were gone, most of the cattle butchered, the plantations ruined and their credit with the English destroyed. Rising's Journal (Up. B.) ; cf. Linde- strora's Geogr., pp. 236-7; Elswick's Relation.
™Elswick's Relation, 1656, N.S., I. (R.A.) ; Lindestrora's Geogr.. pp. 237-8.
""Elswick's Relation, 1656, N.S., I. (R.A.) ; Lindestrom's Geogr., p. 237 ff.
"'Lindestrom is inaccurate. He gives the date as September 26. Geogr.,
p. 239.
6i4 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
several other accusations were made against him by Utter and Raf. But he denied them all and it was brought out during the examination that the soldiers were mutinous and that he had tried to encourage them and to make them "fight like men." It seems that Skute had expected to be held to account for giv- ing up the fort, for he prepared a statement, which being signed by Lieutenant Elias Gyllengren, Rev. Peter Hjort, Constaple Johan Andersson and others, exonerated him from all blame. It was sent with a report of the surrender to Eric Oxenstiema on September 29, 1655.^'°
" Preparations were now made with all diligence for the de- parture of the Swedes" for New Amsterdam and the restoring of order. Part of the goods belonging to the New Sweden Company was sold to the servants and freemen on credit while the remainder was placed under the care of the Vice-commis- sioner Jacob Svensson to be sold in the best way possible."^ Only a small number of the colonists desired to return to Swe- den. Those who remained, however, were obliged to swear allegiance to the Dutch. A " call upon the Swedes to take the oath" was drawn up and nineteen freemen signed the docu- ments preserved to us. It is likely that many of the other inhabitants of New Sweden took the oath later.""
From September 25 to 29 the baggage of the officers, soldiers and colonists, who desired to return to the fatherland, was loaded upon the Dutch ships and when Rising had gone on board the Waag^'^^ with his men on October i (11) the vessels set sail for New Amsterdam, where they arrived nine days later. Rising remained on the JVaag until Sunday afternoon, October 14 (24), when he was advised by Elswick to visit Governor Stuyvesant in his fort to make complaints about various damages done the property of the New Sweden Com-
"° Report sent by Skute to Eric Oxenstierna, August 31, and letter September 29, 1655, Ox. Saml. (R.A.).
"'Elswick's Relation, 1656, N.S., I. (R.A.).
'"Doc, Xn. 106-7.
'" A salute of five large guns was given, as Governor Rising arrived at the ship. See Elswick's Relation; cf. Lindestrom's Geogr., p. 239.
Relations with the Dutch. 615
pany. He also accused Stuyvesant "of breach of the stipulated capitulation," because he did not provide proper lodgings, " and disputes with [unfriendly] words were said to have occurred between them." Two days later Stuyvesant drew up " an answer and counter protest," which was presented to Rising on October 18 (28).^^* On the following day Rising replied to the counter protest, denied the accusations made by Stuyvesant, repeated some of his former complaints, " requested in all justice that, according to the capitulation the troops . . . should not be influenced to remain here, while those conformable to . . . [the] agreement [who desired to go], ought to come with [him] in the same ship " and finally he again protested against all that had been done " to His Majesty's subjects by the invasion, beleaguering and taking of the whole South River.""'^ The protest was delivered to Stuyvesant by Els- wick, accompanied by Lieutenant Sven Hook and Peter Hans- son Wendell and it seems to have remained unanswered.
Arrangements were now speedily made for the transportation of Rising and his men to Europe, orders concerning their passage and landing being given to the skippers in whose vessels they were to go;"*' but the Dutch, who did their best in per- suading the Swedes to remain at New Amsterdam, prevailed on most of the Swedish people to locate in the colony.^'" The officers and people (37 in all)"* who were determined to leave were finally placed on board three vessels with their baggage, and on October 23 (November 2) they went to sea.
"'Elsvvick's Relation; Doc, XII. 107-8. The protest was brought to Rising's dwelling by the secretary of New Amsterdam, Van Ruyven and " two good men."
^'' Doc. XII. 109-110; Elswick's Relation.
"'Doc, XII. no. The money promised to Rising was given in two drafts, one on De Cruso of London for 1,000 guilders and the other on Steenwyck for 800 guilders. Doc, XII. iii.
"' Elswick's Relation. The people were admonished by Rising and Elswick to return, but to no avail.
"'Elswick says: "35 Personen von uns Volk." He evidently excludes himself and Director Rising, Relation. N.S., I. (R.A.). Pufendorf says: " Eodem anno id quoque insensi a Belgis Sveciae illatum, quod hujus Colonos Nova Svecia plane ejecerint, cujus Gubernator Risinguis cum triginta sex hominihus mense Decembri Pleimuthensi in portu Angliae adpellebat." De Rebus a Carolo Gustavo, etc., Liber II., §85 (p. 120). Cf. Appendix below.
6i6 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
The ships arrived at Plymouth on December 7 (17), whence Elswick wrote to Commissioner Joachim Potter, giving a brief relation of the circumstances of the capture of New Sweden. Rising went " overland to London," drew his money and made a report to Christer Bonde, the Swedish Ambassador to Eng- land. From there he went to Amsterdam."^ The other pas- sengers continued on their way to Holland, arriving there in January. They were well cared for by Croon, the commis- sioner of the Dutch West India Company, being lodged and fed by him. Shortly after their arrival Lieutenant Hook made a report before Peter Trotzig at Amsterdam and several officers, soldiers and servants, who had money due to them from the com- pany, according to a list signed by Rising, applied for aid.'^" Elswick almost immediately set out for Stockholm, where he arrived February 6. On the following day he appeared before the Commercial College, presented a letter from Rising and made a report.^ ^^
"' Elswick's Relation. In Holland Rising's luggage was plundered and his large economic work was destroyed. lit Vthogh om Kibp-Hand., etc., p. 7.
"" See Lindestrom, Geogr., Journal, no. 1448 ff.
"^ Elswick's Relation. It is probable also that he was requested to prepare a written report and his Journal or Relation was presented a little later.
iJV". .•./«« <;,-/5 «;,.«.. rf.rM: f^:;^,--^:
/^
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Passport for Peter I.iiulestrom given by Johan Rising " on board the Dutch ship Bern, in the Channel, December 1, 1655."
BOOK V.
®ljp Atttpriran Qlmnpattg anii tiff QImflftI]i ^Exprbttuin. anh
tl|p ^uifiiialj ^rttktttpnta uniicr Sutrl| Sulr,
1B54-1BH4.
■Jx
u Z
PART I.
THE AMERICAN COMPANY, THE LAST EXPEDITION TO NEW SWEDEN AND THE EFFORTS OF SWE- DEN TO REGAIN THE COLONY, 1654-1736.
CHAPTER XLVIII.
The American Company or the Third Reorganization
OF THE New Sweden Company, 1654-1655.
Shortly after the sailing of the Haj Printz and Huygen' arrived at Stockholm and made oral and written reports to the Commercial College. The servants and soldiers, who had ac- companied the governor, gradually made their appearance in the capital also, relating their experiences and clamoring for pay. The condition of the colony and the urgent need for aid was therefore well known to the authorities and officers of the company and we might expect a period of great activity. Eric Oxenstierna, who continued to be the leading spirit in the efforts to promote the interest of New Sweden, brought the matter up for consideration in the Commercial College, which led to the proposal of certain plans. Already in the previous March, before the sailing of the Haj, the company had in mind to send out a new expedition, but there was not a sufficiently large capital in the treasury to make an immediate journey possible and, when the officers, soldiers and other servants presented themselves for aid, the treasury was further reduced."
' Printz landed in Gothenburg on April 24, 1654, and Huygen undoubtedly preceded him by a few days.
^Printz to E. Oxenstierna, April 25, 1654, Ox. Sam!.; Hans Kramer to E. Oxenstierna, May 25, 1654, N.S., I. (R.A.). Several men were paid by Kramer, John Matsson, Pawel Jansson, Peter Meyer, Peter Andersson, Thomas Jurgensson and Hans Janeke, being mentioned in the Journal among those returning. Journal, no. 11 80 ff.
619
620 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
The company stilP had claims against the government for several thousand riks daler, but the political situation was not favorable for pressing these bills. The pleasure-loving Queen no longer paid attention to the duties of a sovereign; the state treasury was empty through her extravagances and everything was in confusion.^ Under such conditions we can expect no great efforts in behalf of the little settlement on the Delaware. But things were soon to change. Christina surrendered her scepter to the great Charles X.
New life was now put into the machinery of the state and order was restored in the various departments of the govern- ment.' The colony was not neglected by the King nor by the Commercial College, which was still the "legal director" of the New Sweden Company. In the autumn the Orn returned from the South River bringing Rising's report and requests for more supplies.® On October 4 letters from Bockhorn and Pape- goja, written at Gothenburg, were read at a meeting of the Commercial College and the colony was discussed at several other sessions of that body. The oral and written reports, which were presented by Papegoja and Bockhorn in the autumn, helped to increase the interest in the colony and serious efforts were now made to prosecute the undertaking with more vigor.
Previously the college had made attempts at establishing trade between New Sweden and other places in America. Pal- bitsky was to request trade concessions from Spain for the Swedish colony on the Delaware'' and Israel Lagerfelt,* while on his mission of mediation to England,® proposed that " the navigation and commerce be free, lawful and uninterrupted for
' See above, Chap. L.
* See Introduction, above.
° Cf. above, Chaps. L, HI.
• Cf. above, Chap. XXXIX.
' Cf. above, Chap. II., p. lo. Documents concerning Palbitsky's mission to Spain not referred to on p. lo are Com. Col. Reg., 1651-1655; Beier to Oxen- stierna, March 5, 1652, Ox. Saml. (R.A.).
'Israel Lagerfelt (1610-1684) became vice-president in the Commercial Col- lege in 1654.
' Sent to England to mediate betiveen England and the Netherlands.
VCfftix ci Jlioe'riii'x,.(jiirumii2l)ihiniu-m ataeiuJdem VS^pui'iMMinwMnki
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3.
'O/rffiU-'
l-irst page of treaty between England and Sweden concerning the Swedish colonies in America and Africa, T'psala, May 8, 1654. Original preserved in the Riksarkiv. Trans- lated below, p. 753.
L-J Villus .wuiriim -mienJfivju.nqcTidi'.-.M'piiOb-jMvanda.- /urtj, S. traJevtiouJ Vi n^itmiwi'/ii'j mca in mt, mtntefTime rrapu) , e1^_ Q)uAi{rilth(iM' uiainuj mert ,SiJiM<tii eemfnre ■ Return Utjit/iir i tyf/etufts e/fla'y\yYnr.i l6^--'.r
S"^
J^u4h^}tii/U^,k^. ^k
Last page of the Uiiglish-Swedisli treaty, sigiu-il by Bulstrode Whitelocke.
The American Company. 621
Her Sacred Majesty of Sweden and all her subjects, generally and particularly, . . . throughout England, Scotland and Ire- land as also the Islands and ports subject and belonging to the Commonwealth of England In Virginia, New England, Guiney and elsewhere," to which the Council of State replied that the trade and navigation of both nations should be free " except in the Barbadoes and such plantations, ports and places in America, belonging to the Commonweadth of England, whereunto trade and traffic is prohibited without special license, both sides ob- serving the laws, customs and ordinances of each place respec- tively, "i"
In the treaty of friendship made between England and Swe- den on April II, 1654, through Ambassador Whitelocke and Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna, an article was included concerning the trade of Sweden in America," and in the special treaty of May 8 the same year*^ [^ ^^g stated that " the same rule [of friendship and good will] shall also be observed in America between the colonies of New Sweden and of the English so that they may cultivate true friendship and refrain on both sides from injuries and annoyances."'^' Again in December, when Peter Coyet,'* one of the officers of the Commercial College,'^ was sent to England, he was instructed to obtain permission from the English government for Swedish merchants to trade in the Barbadoes " and other islands and lands in America." " Lastly he was at the proper opportunity to present the case of the boundaries between New Sweden and Virginia In order that
'"Council of State to Lagerfelt, July 7, 28, 1653, Foreign Entry Books, 151, Pub. Rec. Office. Cf. above, Chap. II., p. I2, notes 16-19; Thurloe, State Papers, II. 142-3, 299-301, 314, etc.
" Treaty Papers, Sweden, 1618-1672, no. 69, Pub. Rec. Office; Whitelocke, Embassy. Cf. Mss. 32,093, fol. 320, Brit. Museum; Whitelocke to Thurloe, Upsala, March 10, 1653, jlitJ. 4156, fol. 92 (or 51 or 49 all three given). White- locke writes: "The Queene is pleased to spend some time to learne English of me."
" For discussions which led to the signing of the treaty see Whitelocke, Embassy.
" See facsimile and appendi.x, below.
"Peter Julius Covet (1618-1667) was ambassador to England in 1654-5, Swedish commissioner at Brede in 1667, where he died.
" Peter Coyet was now .Assessor in the college.
622 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
certain commissioners might be appointed for this purpose, who should inspect the boundaries and place certain limits and land- marks [between the two colonies], that the good friendship and confidence, which have been renewed and consolidated be- tween the two nations here in Europe, might be transplanted and enlarged [over] there in America, also that a free trade there no less than here might be commenced and established."'"
Nor was the business of the company in Sweden neglected. The officers first of all endeavored to increase the capital stock and since most of the old members had not furnished the full amount of their shares they presented the case to the King. His Majesty, who was very interested in the colony and the company, consequently ordered the Commercial College to re- mind the stockholders that the remainder should be paid and they were to take more interest in the company.'^
It is probable that Printz in his oral and written reports to the government suggested new plans for the increase of the colonial trade and that he explained the advantages that could be reaped by the company if a monopoly of the tobacco trade should be granted to it so that the tobacco could be brought directly from America. About this time a certain Wahlbeck made proposals for the beginning of such a trade with America and in Novem- ber he was called Into the college, questioned as to his plans and asked " if his Intention was to establish a trade in New Swe- den."'** Nothing, however, seems to have come out of it, but the question was not allowed to drop.
Towards the end of 1654 the members of the company made application for a monopoly on tobacco, and on December 23 the King Issued a Privilegiiim for "the American Company,"'" granting to the same the sole right to the importation of tobacco,
""Memorial," etc., December i6, 1654, Com. Col. Reg. (1651-55), i, fol. 43
(R.A.).
"R.R., December 23, 1654; Stiernman, H. 783; Hand, och Ndringar, Nord. Saml. (Up. B.) ; Journal. N.S., HL (K.A.) ; Com. Col. Prot., April ff., 1654 (R.A.).
"Com. Col. Prot., November 8, 1654.
" It seems, therefore, that steps had already been taken for the reorganizati 'n of the New Sweden Company and that the name was being changed.
The American Company. 623
" as an expedient and means, whereby it was hoped that Nova Svecia at that time not only would be preserved, increased and improved, but also that the nation by this would find a better opportunity and occasion to become acquainted with the Amer- ican navigation and trade and to use it for its great profit and prosperity." Any one found importing tobacco or selling the same would be fined 40 marks silver money for the first offense, if the amount was not over 20 lbs. (besides forfeiture of the lot imported) ; for the second offense the fine was doubled, and for the third it was increased fourfold and so on in geometrical progression. If more than 20 lbs. were confiscated, the owner was fined 20 ore silver money for each lb. besides the loss of the tobacco.^"
Daniel Junge was appointed factor to fill the place vacated by Bonnell and other steps were taken for the furtherance of the company at this time. Already in 1653 there was some thought of reorganization, but the idea was dropped for ob- vious reasons. In the beginning of 1655, however, the subject was taken up in earnest. The bookkeeper, Hans Kramer, was appointed treasurer to receive the funds. Letters were written to the heirs of the Oxenstiernas and of Klas Fleming, with the request that they not only pay the remainder of their shares, but that they also " resolve to increase the capital stock as much as each house was able and the colony of New Sweden should need." New subscribers were also invited to join. As a conse- quence it seems that inquiries were made about the colony and the advisability of investing in the company. An answer to these questions was drafted by Kramer, or some other officer,^' familiar with the subject. The document states that there is no country under the sun which could bring greater profits than New Sweden ; everything which Sweden must procure from other parts could be raised and obtained there, if the colony could be put on a prosperous footing; for no people in the
™ Stiernman, II. 783-5; " Prev. for dat Am. Comp.," December 23, 1654, R.R., fol. 2142 (R.A.) ; Com. Col. Prot., November 8, 1654. " Kramer, Junge or Strorasfcold.
624 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
world are more adapted for the cultivation of the soil than the Swedes and the Finns.-^ The document was probably dis- tributed in copies to several prospective stockholders."^
But the result of the efforts for the New Sweden Company were minimized by the activities of the Swedish African Com- pany, which also received the attention of the Commercial Col- lege, splitting the energies of that body. In August, 1654, " the African Organization " likewise endeavored to increase its capital from 125,000 R.D. to 300,000 R.D. There was a dividend of 28 per cent, on the old capital and three cargoes had just been sent to Africa, from which it was expected that a gain of 22 per cent, would be realized. New stockholders were therefore assured a large profit and the appeals from the direc- tors of the African Company were probably more effective than the requests for a larger capital for its older sister, the New Sweden Company.^*
The activity of the Commercial College in behalf of the New Sweden Company was not in vain, however. Some of the old stockholders increased their capital. Eric Oxenstierna and " his co-heirs " as well as the heirs of Gabriel Gustafsson Oxen- stierna increased their subscription by one half and a contract to this effect was drawn up for their signature. Eric Oxen- stierna paid in 2,000 R.D., leaving his contribution only 46.38 R.D. short of the amount subscribed and the Countesses Maria de la Gardie and Brita Kurk paid 1,450 R.D. each to the treasurer (or promised definitely to pay), completing their combined share of 4,500 R.D.'^® A subscription list was also drafted for new members and Hendrick Huygen^^ and the city of Viborg in Finland joined by subscribing 2,000 R.D.^^ each,
^ Usselinx expressed similar views. Cf. above.
^ " Swar pa een fragan," etc. (no date, but probably from the beginning of 1655), N.S., L (R.A.).
■■* Com. Col. Prot., October 4, fl. 1654 (R.A.) ; " Swar pa een fragan," etc., N.S., L (R.A.) ; Com. Col. Reg., August 11 (12), 1654, January 13, 1655 (R.A.).
"''According to later documents, however, it is clear that the total was either not paid up or some of the capital was later withdrawn. Cf. below.
^The company owed Huygen a large sum on his salary and it seems that he agreed to accept shares in payment.
" Viborg paid only a small part of this.
The American Company, 625
while Stromskold subscribed 1,209 D. in the beginning of 1655.28
During several sessions of the Commercial College in the beginning of 1655 attention was given to the company and it was decided to send a cargo to the colony as soon as possible. As early as January 13, a letter was written to Trotzig, by order of the King, requesting him to buy a cargo in Holland for about 6,000 florins. Olof Andersson Stromskold and Hans Kramer were appointed to draw up proposals and make estimates and inventories of the available means of the company, which could be presented to the members of the college for consideration. On February 1 1 these papers were laid before the college, ac- cording to which the Crown owed the company 19,34929 R.D. at the end of 1653, besides the value of three ships, amounting to 12,500 R.D. and some accounts due the company from the Admiralty. But the company had used 28,255 R.D. of the South-Ship Company's capital and it was now proposed that the government should buy up these shares (from the old stock- holders?)^" and thus reduce its debt to the New Sweden Com- pany.•''' The proposals were accepted by the members present and the chancellor himself undertook to present them to the King for his approval. ^^ ^j- jhig meeting (February 11) the
"Subscription contracts for the old and new members (no date but from the beginning of 1655), Sbderk., 1637-59 (RA.) ; " Fort. uppS part, uti Ara. C," etc. (no date but from 1655); "Gabriel Gustafsons och E. Oxenstiernas . . . Andel i Comp.," etc. (no date but from the beginning of 1655), Soderk., 1637-59 (R.A.) ; Stromskold till C. Bonde, October 30, 1658, Rising's Process (R.A.) ; Journal, N.S., III. (K.A.).
^The fractions are omitted.
'° It is not clear how the government was to buy the shares or to whom the money was to be paid. Perhaps it simply meant that the government should assume the shares and thus become the principal stockholder. Cf. above, Chap. XXIV.
^' Even then the Crown would owe the company almost 3,000 R.D.
''The account of the government with the company was as follows:
Debit.
Riksdaler. On December 31, 1653, The Crown was indebted to the com- pany for the sum of 19,349: 3:10
The Crown was further indebted to the company for three 41
626 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
company was fully re-organized, and it is from now on com- monly called the American Company, although the Official Journal still retains the old name,^^ in some cases, however, using both (thus "the New Sweden or the American Com- pany ") . New efforts were also made to raise the capital stock, which in February (1655) was as follows:
Daler.
The South-Ship Company 27,000
The government 9,000
The Countesses Maria de la Gardie and Brita Kurk 6>7SO
Eric Oxenstierna 6,75°
The heirs of Klas Fleming 2,250
The heirs of Peter Spiring 4>500
The city of Viborg 3,000
The Commissary Hendrick Huygen 3,000
Olof Andersson Stroraskold 1,209
Total 63.459"
A little later Johan Papegoja writes: "A new company has also been formed, yet along the same lines as the former one, much stronger, however, than it has been before."^^ Olof
ships, according to the certificate of the admiralty of August 5, 1646, namely:
The Kalmar Nyckel, estimated at 5,000 R.D.
The Fama, estimated at 5,000 R.D.
The Charitas, estimated at M?^ ^'^' '^'5°°
The Royal Admiralty was indebted to the New Sweden Com- pany on March 17, 1658, for the sum of 5,132 4o[4] 16/25
Total 36,981 43 ■14 16/25
Credit.
Riksdalcr.
Capital stock of the government in the company 6,000
As it was proposed that the government should buy up the stock of the South-Ship Company, 18,000 R.D., and the other money used by the New Sweden Company, 10,255:27 R.D.,
these sums were credited to the government 28,255 ^27
To balance this account the government is still indebted to the
New Sweden Company for the sura of 2,726:16:14 16/25
Total 36,981 :43 :i4 16/25
" H. Kongl. Maijt.," etc.. Mar. 17, 1655; certificate signed by Erich Ryningh, August 5, 1646, Soderh., 1637-59 (R.A.).
^ There is no break in the Journal.
""Fort, uppa part . . .," etc., Soderk., 1637-59 (RA.) Journal, N.S., (K.A.) ; "Staten," etc. (copies), N.S., L (R.A.), Soderk., 1637-59 (R.A.) ; and Rising's Process (R.A.).
"Papegoja to Rising, March 10, 1655, N.S., L (R.A.).
Seal of Carl X.
Signature of Carl X (iustaf.
The American Company. 627
Andersson Stromskold was appointed director with a salary of 600 D. per year (partly because Eric Oxenstierna, who had been the soul and spirit in the activities, was about to go to Prussia). Hans Kramer retained his position as bookkeeper, but he was also to act as a co-director with Stromskold and he signed the letters, instructions and other papers together with him. The new budget of the company at Stockholm was estimated as follows :
Per Month. Per Year.
One director 5° D. 600 D.
One bookkeeper 37'/2 D. 450 D.
One office boy i'A D. 100 D.
Office rent per year 60 D.
Eight cords'" of wood 12 D.
Two lispund (18 lbs.) of light (candles) 6 D.
Three reams of paper 18 D.
For ink and sealing wax 6 D. 102 D.
1,252 D."
A new budget was also made for the colony (including the following officers and servants) :
Military Officers and Servants.
Per Month. Per Ye»r.
I Commandant 75 D. 900 D.
1 Captain 36 !>. 432 D.
I Lieutenant 24 D. 288 D.
' I Ensign 18 D. 216 D.
1 Guard 15 D- 180 D.
2 Contaples, @ 8 R.D., who are also to be armorers,
each in his fort 24 D. 288 D.
I Corporal 9 D- 108 D.
I Drummer 7^ D. 90 D.
36 Common [soldiers] @ 4 R.D 216 D. 2,592 D.
I Provost-marshal 9 D. 108 D.
1 Executioner 6 D. 7a D.
Civil Officers.
2 Clergymen @ 10 R.D 30 D. 360 D.
I Head commissary who is to manage the trade and
the bookkeeping 30 D. 360 D.
1 Fiscal who is also to be the adjutant of the com- mandant 12 D. 144 D-
'"'8 fambnar," Famn, cord, 128 cubic feet (Eng.).
"Com. Col. Reg., January 13, 1655; Journal, N.S., HI. (K.A.) ; "Memorials, 1655, den ult. feb.," etc.. Rising's Process (R.A.) ; " Staten," etc. (copies), N.S., I. (R..^.), Soderh., 1637-59 (R.A.), and Rising's Process (R.A.).
628 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
I Barber-surgeon 15 D. iSo D.
I Engineer, who is also the secretary 12 D. 144 D.
I Assistant commissary, appointed to be at the Horn
Kill rz p. 144 D-
Grand total SS0V2 D. 6,606 D."
The salaries and wages of the officers and servants of the new company in Stockholm and in New Sweden were therefore estimated at 7,756 D. (including office rent and the like 7,858 D.), but this does not include all the officers that were em- ployed in the colony. The reports and letters of Johan Rising seem to have pleased the authorities at Stockholm and he was appointed Commandant of New Sweden.^*
About this time or a little later a new charter was drafted in several respects resembling that given to the " Old South Company." Only the company or those authorized by it had right, according to this octroy, to sail to the North American coast north of Nova Spania, or to trade there on pain of for- feiting goods and ships, and, as the territory of New Sweden was the property of the company, no one could settle there with- out the consent of the same. All the officers and servants were to be appointed and paid by the company, but the appointment of the governor was always to be ratified by the Crown and 1,000 R.D. were to be paid into the state treasury as often as the selection of a governor was affirmed. The company was granted the right to build cities and forts, to provide for the administration of political and judicial affairs and to grant privileges to cities and communities; it was at liberty to import duty-free raw material from America for the supply of manu- facturing establishments that might be founded in Sweden and all goods manufactured there could be exported for }i % duty, but usual duty was to be collected on all goods bought and shipped out of the kingdom; the ships built in the colony would have the same privileges as those built in Sweden ; the company had the power to give privileges to others to sail to its waters
""Staten," etc. (copy), N.S., L (R.A.) and Soderi., 1637-559 (R-A.).
^"Fullmacht for Wiilb. J'lhan Rysingh at wara commendant uthi Nya Swerige," July 30, 1655. Com. Col. Reg. (R.A.) ; cf. above. Chap. XLL, appendix, below.
The American Company. 629
for the purpose of trade by paying a certain duty; It could import tobacco by paying only 2 ore per lb. ; it could call upon the government for the aid of soldiers and officers, whose sala- ries and wages were to be paid by the company, and finally it could make treaties and compacts with the people with whom its people and officers came in contact, whether they were sav- ages or Christians. The company was to labor for the con- version of the heathens and the Augsburg Confession was to be maintained and lived up to In the colony, but other creeds were also to be tolerated. Swedish law and order was to be maintained, observed and administered, and from the judg- ments that were pronounced (which the governor -rt'as to exe- cute) there should be no appeal. The sovereignty of the Swed- ish government was to be acknowledged and all the inhabitants of the colony should swear allegiance to the Crown as well as to the company. The King also guaranteed that no ships, ammunition or cannon would be taken for the use of the gov- ernment, unless it was absolutely necesary for the welfare of the kingdom and then only on certain conditions.'**'
The charter (or copy of the same), as we have it. Is dated May, 1655, but It is evidently drawn up somewhat earlier. The copy is not signed by the King, nor is the charter entered in the Royal Copy Book,^' as far as the author has been able to find; but this is no certain proof that it was not Issued by His Majesty, for all royal documents and letters were not copied into the Copy Book.*^
During Februar)' and March there was much activity in behalf of the company and the colony. Kramer made a report on the condition of New Sweden and he and Stromskold were busily engaged, trying to place the company on a firm basis, while the Commercial College continued to discuss its business.
" Privilegiura for Amerikanska Compagniet, May, 1655, N.S., I. (R.A.) Sprinc- horn (p. 61) says, that it was " utfardat af Konungen i Maj, 1655," but the copy we have is not signed by the King and we have no means of knowing when 1
it was utfardat or if it was issued at all. Cf. Dr. Keen in Winsor, IV. 477.
" Nor was the charter printed.
" Riksregistraluret (R.A.).
630 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
It was also decided to appoint a special factor in Gothenburg to look after the interest of the company there and the position was offered to Ulrick Steinkamp, who accepted the same. No salary was connected with the office, but he was to have " a reasonable commission."*^
"Steinkamp to Kramer, July 6, 11, 1655. Soderi., 1637-39 (R.A.) ; Com. Col. Prol, March 15, 1655 (R.A.).
CHAPTER XLIX.
The Twelfth or Last Expedition, 1655-1656.
Preparations for a new expedition were now begun in earnest. On February 12 it was decided that a ship should be bought in Holland. At a meeting four days later letters from Rising and Elswick* were read, relating to the capture of the Haj and repeating the former requests for aid and reinforcements. These letters gave renewed vigor to the activities. Kramer and Stromskold were commanded to write to Trotzig, requesting him to buy a ship, provisions and goods and a letter was sent to the latter informing him of the above decision and of the fact that new directors had been appointed for the company. A letter from the directors dated February 17 was sent in the same package with the request that the commissary should buy a new ship (or one not more than three years old) "of 90 or 100 lasts, with good room, six or eight gun-holes and with double- sail," besides provisions and goods. He was also to hire a mate and sailors.- About the same time negotiations were begun with Hans Macklier for the purchase of a ship belonging to him and some other proprietors.* But Admiral Anckarhjelm, who was requested to inspect the ship, reported that it was " not suitable for such a dangerous passage " and the sale was not effected. •*
Trotzig, however, lost no time in executing his instructions. It seems that he was unsuccessful in finding a new ship for sale,
'Rising's letter dated September 23, 1654, and Elswick's letter from New Amsterdam. Cf. above.
^"Memorial," etc., Rising's Process (R.A.) ; letter to Trotzig, Jan. 13, Feb. 17, 1655, Com. Col. Reg. (R.A.) ; Stromskold and Kramer to Trotzig, February 17, 1655, Com. Col. Reg. (R.A.) ; Com. Col. Prot., January 3 ff., 1655.
' Cf. below.
* The Com. Col. to Anckarhjelm, .■\pril 14 and June 30, 1655, Com. Col. Reg. (R.A.).
631
632 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
answering the requirements of the directors, but instead he bought an old one (Merctirius), at Saardam,^ which "he caused to be built anew entirely." A cargo was also obtained and loaded upon the vessel, which was dispatched to Gothen- burg as soon as it was ready, where it arrived some time in July. Anckarhjelm had been requested to take charge of the vessel and he and Kramer managed the preparations of the expedition.® The ship was leaking as it came into port, making it necessary to unload the cargo and careen her. Further incon- venience was caused by the skipper, David Fredricksson, who deserted, taking charge of a Dutch vessel. Several sailors were also needed and Anckarhjelm found it very difficult to secure a sufficient crew, but some Danes and Swedes were finally hired. About the middle of August the ship was again in a condition to receive its cargo of goods, brought from Holland and pur- chased in Gothenburg and elsewhere. Stones were brought on board as ballast instead of the sand in the ship, " as sand was not serviceable on so long voyages." Thus while Stuyvesant was slowly advancing on the forts of New Sweden the company was making strenuous efforts to send out a large expedition.
Neither cannon nor ammunition could be obtained at Gothen- burg, "even if we would pay their weight in money," writes Anckarhjelm. Ten iron cannon (valued at 380.38 R.D.), 500 lbs. of powder (valued at 125 R.D.) and 500 balls (valued at 22.39 R-D-) were therefore purchased by Kramer in Stock- holm. Kramer also bought provisions and other material for the journey at Vastervik and hired a new skipper at the capital. The cannon and other goods were sent by sea on a sloop, which left the city about the end of August with Hendrick Huygen, Jon Hindricksson, the skipper, a barber-surgeon and several colonists on board. But the sloop encountered unfavorable weather and did not arrive at Gothenburg before October 4,
' Saardam, Zardam, Zaardara or Zaandam, a town 5'/^ miles northwest of Amsterdam, on the Zaan.
' Kramer wrote to Anckarhjelm at short intervals, giving orders, etc., and the latter kept the officers of the company informed of the progress of the preparations. See Anckarhjelm's letters to Kramer, 1655, N.S., 1. (R.A.).
M. T. Aiickarhjelni's letter to the directors of the Xew Sweden Company. Septem- ber 26. le.V'i. Preserved in N. S. I. (R. A.), Stockholm.
The Twelfth or Last Expedition. 633
delaying the expedition. The Mercurius was almost ready to sail about the middle of September, but nothing could be done before the sloop appeared. As soon as the sloop had arrived Anckarhjelm made great efforts to get the ship to sea. Sixty- six barrels of salt, shoes, cloth, four grindstones, nets, and various other articles were brought on board.''
Some efforts seem to have been made to gather colonists. On October 5 Anckarhjelm writes that " six families have come from Lytestegen( ?)* in Varmland, as the enclosed list shows, who relate that 80 persons small and big will come from other places in Varmland."" Gradually these colonists arrived in Gothenburg and on October 10, some 64 had made their ap- pearance, which number had swelled to about 200 a few days later. Kramer warned the admiral, however, not to allow too many people to go on board, that no sickness might arise as it happened in the case of the Orn, and advised him in one letter after another that the ship be made ready and sent off. Towards the end of October the cargo was all on board, but a larger stock of provisions was necessary than at first estimated on account of the increased number of emigrants, and the most desirable colonists to the number of 85 were selected from the whole (one hundred and ten being originally admitted, but in accordance with the warning of Kramer the number was re- duced). "A hundred persons or more were left behind" and "it is a pity and shame that they cannot all go along," writes Papegoja. " Here was seen such a lamentation and weeping, for the unfortunate ones have sold all they possessed, yea [they have] done away with home and ground for half of the value,
'The Com. Col. to Trotzig, May 5, 1655, and the Com. Col. to Anckarhjelm, June 30, July 28, 1655, Com. Col. Reg. (R.A.) ; Anckarhjelm to Kramer, July 20, 25, August 3, lo, 17, 24, September 8, 15, 26, 28, October 3, 5, 1655, N.S., I. (R.A.) ; "Reck, for kom. for Mer.," 1655; R.A. " Forslag," etc., 1655, Soderk, 1637-59 (R..\.) ; " Forslag hwadh Skeppet Mercurius," etc., N.S., I. (R.A.) ; "Rack, uppa dett, som . . . Mercurius," etc., N.S., I. (R.A.) ; Journal, no. 1246 ff.; Com. Col. Frot., January 3, March 15 ff., 1655 (R.A.).
'There seems to be no place by that name in Varmland now. Letsiigen is the old road between Nerike and Varmland from Orebro via Quistbro, Svarta, Nysund (where it crosses the Let River) and Visnum to Christinehamn.
'Anckarhjelm to Kramer, October 5, 1655, N.S., I. (R..'^.).
634 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
journeyed such a long way at their own expense and are now compelled to take up the beggar's staff, the one going here, the other there.""
Contrary winds delayed the vessel about a month after it was ready to sail, causing great expense, for the people had to be housed and fed in the city by the company. About the middle of November the wind began to be favorable, and the colonists were reviewed and brought on board. Some changes were made and the list was increased to no people (twelve of these being old settlers),'^ making 130 souls on the ship in- cluding the sailors.^^ The majority were "Swedish Finns" and, since Papegoja did not understand the Finnish language, he engaged one Hendrick Olsson, who had been in New Sweden before, to assist him. Hendrick Huygen went to the colony as head commissary and he had charge of the ship. A clergyman, Rev. " Mathias,"^^ and the barber-surgeon, Hans Janeke were also among the passengers. Johan Papegoja was appointed as commander of the people and to his care were intrusted the appointment of Rising as commandant and other documents.^* Johan Classon Rising, the younger, a brother of Director Ris- ing, was also on the ship and he had charge of some merchan- dise, which was consigned to his brother in New Sweden.
On Saturday, November 10, the ship drifted down to Elfs- borg,^® but on Sunday the wind became contrary again. Here
"Papegoja to Kramer, November 2, 14, 1655; Anckarhjelm to Kramer, •October 10 ff., 1655, N.S., L (R.A.).
" Who had been in New Sweden before.
"A classified list of the colonists was made by Huygen as follows:
Officers and old servants 9
Swedish women 2
Swedish maidens 2
Finnish men, old and young 3J
Finnish women 16
Finnish maidens 11
Finnish children from I2 years and thereunder 32
Total 105
Huygen to Kramer, no date but end of November, SoJerk., 1637-59 (R.A.).
" On the authority of Acrelius. It is not certain that he was on the ship, Tiowever.
" Cf. above.
" Sprinchorn (p. 62) says the ship set sail on October 16.
The Twelfth or Last Expedition. 635
she remained for over a week. On the twenty-third she " again set sail before noon, with a lot of other ships," but winds and fog again delayed the ship for two days. On No- vember 25, however, the wind was at last favorable and the Merciirius left port for its long journey across the Atlantic. In a bill preserved to us the cost of the expedition is itemized as follows:
Riksdaler.
The cost of the ship Merciirius in Holland R.D. 5,383 :i4
The cargo bought in Holland 2,569:36
Provisions bought in Holland 33['] :[3]o 8,284:32
Guns and ammunition from Stockholm 528 :29
Wages paid in Stockholm 345
Cargo bought in Gothenburg D. 4,244: 9
Monthly wages for the people D. 3,ii4'^iJ'2
Provisions consumed in Gothenburg and on the journey D. 1,716:30
For the preparation of the ship D. 1,911: 1V2
D. 10,986:30 2,746:35
Sixty-six barrels of salt bought in Stockholm 165
For the wages of the sailors, who were discharged in Gothenburg
and other expenses i,344 'AS
Total 13,414:45'=
The ship was at sea nearly four months, but the journey seems to have been rather free from casualties and sufferings so common to former voyages, for there is no mention of sick people, when the vessel sailed up the Delaware on March 14 (24), 1656.'' After obtaining a large cargo of tobacco, the ship set sail for Europe in the summer and arrived at Gothen- burg on September 6, 1656. Some time later she proceeded to Stockholm.'*
""Rech.," etc.; " Forslagh," etc., Sbderk., 1637-59 (R.A.).
"In my copy of Papegoja's letter concerning the events, the date is April 14 (24), which is manifestly an error for March 14 (24).
"Letters from Anckarhjelra to Kramer (and Stromskold) October 10, 17 (inclosing a list), 26, November 2, 7, 14, 16, 20, 23, 28, December 3 (ca.), 1655, N.S., I. (R.A.) ; letters from H. Huygen to Hans Kramer, November 20, November (end of month), 1655, July 11, 1656, Sdderk. (R.A.), to Arairalitetet, November 25, 1655, N.S., I. (R.A.) ; Papegoja to Kramer, Nov. 2, 1655; Papegoja to E. Oxenstierna, July 30, August 9, 1656, N.S., I. (R.A.) ; P. Meyer to Kramer, July 20, November 6, 1655, Soderk. (R..^.) ; J. Hendrickson Lange to Kramer, November 20, 1655, Soderk. (R.A.) ; Com. Col. Reg., July 30, 1655, fol. 16 ff.; "Rackning," etc., November, 1655, N.S., I. (R.A.) ; " Rechnung von dem . . . Mercurius," etc., July 12, 1655, N.S., I. (K.A.) ; "Rechnung inleef. aff He.
636 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Rising's relations and letters of June 14, 1655, as well as Elswick's letter of June 16 reached the Commercial College about the time or shortly after, the sailing of the Merciirius. These documents led to conferences of the interested parties and on November 30 the officers of the college, ignorant of the calamity that had befallen the colony and that Rising was ap- proaching the shores of Europe, wrote a letter to the director in answer to his own. Rising was advised to cultivate tobacco with all zeal, to strive to make the country feed the people, and to treat the Indians in a manner that he should be able to monopolize the fur trade. He was admonished eventually to give up trading with the English, for their friendship in the end would prove of more value to the colony than their trade, and he was especially to refrain from issuing drafts. He was assured of additional cargoes at an early date. Merchandise for a new expedition would be bought in the spring and efforts would be made to settle the disputes about the limits of the country through diplomatic channels. The directors also wrote to him. Their letter as far as the author is aware has not been preserved, but it was probably somewhat similar in contents to that of the college. On the following day (December i) the college sent copies of Rising's letters to Christer Bonde,*'' the Swedish ambassador at London,^'' with the reply of the college and a letter to the ambassador at the request of the directors, instructing him to try to effect some settlement " in the disputes about the limits and titles of land in America, so that no confusion may arise from it in the future."^^
Rentmast.," etc., November 19, 1655, Soderk.; "Rack, uppa dett, som . . . Mercurius," etc., N.S., L (R.A.) ; " Forslagh, hwad skeppet Mercurius," etc., 1655, N.S., L (R.A.); " Rulla," etc. (October 5, 1655), N.S., L (R.A.); Journal, nos. 1320 ff., 1401 ff. ; P. Andersson and P. Jansson to Stroraskijld, July 20, 1655, Soderk.; Steinkamp to Kramer, July 6, July 11, 1655, Soderk.; Doc, XIL 120 ff. ; " Kort Relation"; "Memorial," etc.; " Kort Memorial cm Com. . . . Rising," etc.; " Efterskfrefne saker ahre," etc., Rising's Process (R.A.).
"Christer Bonde (1621-1659) became president of the Commercial College after Oxenstierna's withdrawal.
'° Cf. above, p. 12.
"' Letter from the Com. Col. to Rising, November 30, and to Christer Bonde, December i, 1655, Com. Col. Reg., fol. 35 ff.
CHAPTER L.
The Tobacco Trade of the American Company, 1654-1658.
The tobacco trade had again begun to attain some impor- tance and the government, as we have seen, aided the company by granting special privileges. "The Tobacco Ordinance" was printed and sent to the governors and magistrates and other local and government officials throughout the kingdom. Special letters were also sent to the collectors of customs and others.* The tobacco brought over on the Orn was bought by the company, relieving Rising of the lot, and sold by the factor, Daniel Junge. The 1 1,056 lbs., which Printz brought to Hol- land for the company, had been sold there, but at a loss of 573 daler.^ Several thousand pounds were also purchased by Trotzig in Holland and sent to Sweden, where it was sold by Junge.3
In February, 1655, Daniel Junge, the factor (now also the treasurer), offered to pay the company 16,000 R.D. for the exclusive right of selling the tobacco in the kingdom, but no arrangements were made.* Junge also imported tobacco from Hamburg and Amsterdam for the Swedish trade, and from the time the company received its new privileges (December, 1654) until the end of February, 1656, 15,390^ lbs. of raw tobacco were sold, but "the spinning," which played such an important role in 1648-52, was continued and 15,950 lbs. were
'Com. Col. Reg., November 9, 1655, etc. (R.A.).
'It was sold bvTrotzig. Journal, nos. 1178-S0, 1213 ff. "Memorial," etc., Rising's Process (R.A.).
'Journal, N.S., III. (K.A.).
*" Memorial," etc., d. 11 Feb., 1655, Rising's Process (R.A.).
'The 15,390 lbs. were sold for 17,363 D. 24 ore. " Forteck," etc., Tobaksk., '643-59 (R.A.).
637
638 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
spun, of which 7,527 lbs. had been sold in February, 1656, for 1 1,290 D.®
Much smuggling was done, however, and in January, 1656, Daniel Junge was sent to the cities to establish and " organize the tobacco trade according to the Royal Mandate " ; but the effects of his efforts were not gratifying, for illegal importation continued^ and " at Narva and Nyen they refused point blank to live up to the orders of the King."* Soon reports of the capture of the colony reached Stockholm and relations of Rising, Lindestrom, Elswick and others were presented. The finances of the company were now in a deplorable state. Large sums were demanded by the returning people and there was little in the treasury to pay them. Several loans had been made which drew an interest of ten per cent, and the company still owed Trotzig some 2,000 R.D. for the provisions and the cargo bought by him.
In the early summer of 1656 Stromskold went to Prussia, where he met Rising and Eric Oxenstierna. He also carried with him new proposals for aiding the American Company, put forth in a letter from Kramer and Junge. The company could be kept going by securing new stockholders, but an effective means would be to grant new privileges, giving the company ex- clusive right to sell the tobacco as well as to import it. In the autumn of 1656 the Commercial College complained to the King about the matter and requested him to grant sole right to the company to sell the tobacco also, so as to increase the income of the Crown.*
But the privileges were not granted. To aggravate matters Isaac Allen, the factor of Richard Lord, appeared at Stock- holm and presented the draft of 2,196^4 R.D. The Com-
' Journal, no. 1380 ff.; " Forteckning," etc., 1656, Tobaksk., 1643-59 (R.A.), also in N.S., I. (R.A.) ; "Extract," etc., ult. Nov., 1656, Tobaksk., 1643-59 (R.A.).
'Until August 7, 1656, over 8,000 lbs. were confiscated by Von Klaen, "Ex- tract," etc., Tobaksk., 1643-59 (R.A.).
'The Com. Col. " Fullmacht for . . . Jungh," etc., January 4, 1655; the Com. Col. letter to the Gov. General of Lifland, February 8, 1656, Com. Col. Reg. (R.A.).
•The Com. Col. Reg. (R.A.).
Tobacco Trade of American Company. 639
mercial College ordered the company to pay the draft as well as the salary of Elswick and the duty on all imported tobacco. By strenuous efforts the bills were paid, but the treasury was now empty. Daniel Junge and others advanced money for buying tobacco and even made use of their personal credit. The Mercuriiis returned safely with several thousand lbs. and thus the trade went on as before.^"
But the demand for some reason was not as large as the directors had hoped for. In December, 1656, Daniel Junge and Ulrick Steinkamp, the factor of the company in Gothen- burg, had sold 37,299 lbs. of tobacco, but 39,888 lbs. were yet unsold in the storehouse at Stockholm. The importation con- tinued, but the duty became a burden and complaints were made to the Commercial College. In the autumn of 1657 the col- lege resolved that only 2 ore per lb. should be paid in duty and the excise paid by the company before that date was reduced by one half — making a difference of more than 2,700 R.D. for the years 1655 and 1656.^* From 1655 until the end of 1658 the company imported 107,914 lbs.'- and paid over 4,495 :68 R.D. in duty.*^ Illegal importation, however, in- creased, making it more difficult than ever to sell the tobacco and one of two things became necessary — the dissolution or the reorganization of the company.
"Letter from D. Junge and H. Kramer to E. Oxenstierna, May 3, 1656; " Kort Relat.," etc., 1653-59, Rising's Process; " Erkauf. Tob.," 1655-56, Tobaksk., 1643-59 (R.A.) ; the Com. Col. "till Kongl. Maj., December 6, 1656, Com. Col. Reg.; the Com. Col. " till Direk," December 12 and other dates, 1656 ; Elswick's letter of September 12, 1656, Rising's Process (R.A.).
"R.R., July 16, 1656; the Com. Col. Reg., July 24, 1657; the Com. Col. "till Am. Com.," July 31, 1656, Tobaksk., 1642-59 (R.A.) ; Journal, 1300 ff. (K.A.).
" 6,oi2 lbs. were imported directly to Viborg in Finland in 1655. "Am. Comp.," etc., N.S., I. (K.A.) ; "Specification," etc., 1655-1660, N.S., I. (K.A.).
"The tobacco imported for the different years from 1655 until 1659 was as follows :
1655 28,758 lbs.
1656 36,398 lbs.
1657 19,201 lbs.
1658 23,557 'bs.
Total 107,914 lbs.
CHAPTER LI.
The American Tobacco Company, 1658-1662.
The colony was lost, but the tobacco trade, which had proven itself the most profitable, could still become a source of large gain to the stockholders, if placed on a practical basis. The remedy proposed for the existing evils and drawbacks was the re-organization of the company, the extension of its activi- ties and a monopoly of the tobacco trade in the kingdom as well as the exclusive right of importation. The suggestions now met with the approval of the King and in the spring of 1658 the company was re-organized along the above lines.
On May 22, 1658, the King published a "placard concern- ing the importation and trade of tobacco."' One of the princi- pal reasons for the granting of the privilege to the company was "that the productive" colony in Nova Svecia, [which will be] of great benefit to Us, our kingdom and subjects, as well on account of the navigation as on account of the trade and com- merce and the accompanying profit and advantage, might be preserved and maintained." The ordinance contained eight articles, defining the rights of the company and prescribing fines and punishments for those found guilty of trespassing upon its privileges. The company was to appoint agents from among the residents in various parts of the kingdom to sell the tobacco, when application for such privileges were received; but, if no application was made by the cities within three weeks of the publication of the ordinance, the company had a right to appoint and send its own representatives there.^
' It was dated at Gothenburg.
' " Then importente Colonien i Nova Svecia." Importente seems to have had its Latin meaning of producing at this time. ' Stiernman, II. 875-80.
640
The American Tobacco Company. 641
The entire tobacco trade of Sweden was now placed in the company's hands and extended to almost every city, village and hamlet in the kingdom and to the principal centers in Finland and the other provinces. It also supplied the tobacco for the army in the field. Stromskold, Kramer and Junge were to re- main as managers and they are mentioned as the " Directors of the American Company." Chrispinus Flygge was appointed inspector general over the trade in Vastergotland, Varmland, Nerige, Dal, Halland, Skane, Blekinge, Bohus Ian,* the city of Gothenburg, Elfsborgs and Skaraborgs liin, and Daniel junge was appointed to the same office at Stockholm, with jurisdic- tion over a large territory. Searchers to control the trade and guard the rights of the company were also engaged^ and " in- spectors" and agents were appointed to sell the company's tobacco as well as to " inspect the tobacco trade " in their dis- tricts. Contracts were signed by them in which they agreed to follow the orders and regulationsof the company, and powers of attorney or warrants were given them by the directors." The searchers were given one third of the confiscated tobacco and in some cases a wage of 12 R.D. a month. ^
Several applications were also filed by private citizens, in accordance with the ordinance, for the privilege of retailing tobacco. These merchants or "contractors" like the agents
* The last four provinces were ceded to Sweden in the treaty at Roskilde, 1658. Hildebrand, Sv. hist., V.
"Jon Hansson Fries and Mans Rosell were appointed to visit all vessels coming to Waxholra. " Concept auf dera fullm.," etc., October 2, 1658, Tobaksk., 1643- 59 (R.A.). Two other Besucher were hired to work at Stockholm, Lars Berg and Nils Matsson, but Berg later went to Enkoping, Journal, no. 1539.
° Anders Andersson was appointed inspector over the trade in " Nerike and Vastmanland "; Pal Kroger was appointed inspector in Jacobstad, Finland; Krister Hansson in Vastervik ; B. Hanneman in Ekenas and surrounding district; Per Erissmansson in Kalmar Ian and city as well as Oland and surrounding dis- tricts. See Krister Hansson's " Revers," November i8, 1658 ; B. Hannemann's letter, December 3, 1658; Per Erissman's Revers, December 4, 1658; C. Flygge's letter, November 9, 1658; Stromskold's letter, June 9, 1658; Anders Andersson's "Revers," July 13, 1658; Kroger's "Revers," October 26, 1658; Tobaksk., 1643-59 (R.A.) ; C. Schmit's oligation, March 19, 1659, N.S., I. (K.A.).
^Journal, nos. 1538, 1539 ff.
42
642 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
and inspectors of the company signed rigid contracts, and re- tained a certain percentage of the amount they sold.* »
The accounts were still kept in the old journal of the New Sweden Company, but on December 31, 1658, the book was full and a balance was made as follows :
Assets. d. gre.
The Swedish government 29,023:195/12
The late Klas Fleming 227:21^
The heirs of Gabriel Gustafsson Oxenstierna ii57S
The heirs of A. Oxenstierna 70: 6
The Admiral Richard Clerk 83:24
The old shipbuilding at Vastervik 465:11'^
Hans Neuman and Robert Smith 711: 6^
Robert Smith 1,111:14^
Capt. Baerendt H. Hopp 457 :i6
The large sea-excise in Stockholm 1,042:17 11/15
The Royal Admiralty 9,563 :ioj4
The Shipbuilding Company at Vastervik i,575
The late Peter Friedell 57 :24 '-i
Cargo charged to Johan Rising 4,206 : 3 4/5
The Commissary Johan Rising 3,603 : 6
The King and Crown of Spain 34,693 :i6
The West India Company in Holland 241,133 :24 1/5
The ship Mercurius 8,844: 82/5
Ulrick von Steinkamp in Gothenburg 232:302/5
The Director Daniel Junge 300:153/5
Journey of the ship Mercurius to Liibeck 530:16 2/5
The searchers employed by the company 106
Tobacco (purchased) under Peter Olofsson ($9614 lbs.) 128
Confiscated tobacco under Peter Olofsson (z^sl^ lbs.) 122:24
The district court judge in Blekinge, Peter Durell 1,806: 8
The general-inspector, Mr. Chrispinus Flygge 1,685:16
Total 343i357 :2i 1 1 /20
' On August 31, 1658, privilege was granted to Jon Persson, Per Ersson( ?) and Steffan Andersson " to be the contractors of the company in the city of Upsala and the surrounding districts." S. Volckmar was retailer in Gothenburg, J. Larsson in Mariestad, Anders Andersson in Vannersborg, Jacob Junge in Alingsas, Fredrick E[n]gelbrecht( ?) in Lidkoping, T. Schneyder in Boras, Per Wilsson in Odemaldt (Odemala( ?) ), Anders Olsson in Skyffe(?), Jon Jonsson in Akerstrora and Anders Persson in Skara. Erick Ericksson was commissioned to sell tobacco in Hedemora and surrounding district. " Priv.," signed by H. Kramer and Olof Stromskold, Stockholm, August 21, 1658, and the contract of these tobacco merchants (unsigned) of same date, Tobaksk., 1643-59 (R.A.). "Erick Ericks- sons . . . Revers, d. 18 August, 1658," Chrispinus Flygge, Tobaksk. (R.A.).
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job :?{sS<J|t^iV:(ii< JWf<f^cx-tvvj<^ (o».|oA<!i(iwt ......... r .v«p iilc-. — //
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' y i , ■
H.ilaiKtr of Ihc books of Uic .N'cw Swctlfii C.mHMi;\ . iJLLcinbcr .U, lo.^^. I..isl page uf Uic Journal.
The American Tobacco Company. 643
Liabilities. d. ore.
The late Peter Spiring 118:14
The capital of the Crown in the company 9,000
The capital of the South-Ship Company 27,000
The capital of the late RiksJrols (Gabriel Gustafsson Oxen-
stierna) 4-50O
The capital of the late Chancellor 6,750
The capital of the late Klas Fleming 2,250
The capital of the late Peter Spiring 4.5°°
The ammunition account of the Crown i.S^S '• 3
The governor of New Sweden, Johan Printz 15,660: 7 2/5
The South-Ship Company, particular account 19,212 :3i34f
Peter Trotzig in Amsterdam (7,263:6 fl.) 3, 913: 9 i/5
The budget of the colony 8,481:17 1/15
His Excellency Christer Bonde 4,2io
The Swedish African Company ',210
The capital of Hendrik Huygen 3.000
The capital of the city of Viborg 857:204/5'
Cargo sent by Norfelt to Rising 3.700:13 l/s
Hans Kramer, the bookkeeper 196:143/20
One third of the confiscated tobacco, due the Crown 427:19 1/5
The capital of the American Company 226,785:31 47/60
Total 343.357 :2i 119/20
Hans Kramer, the bookkeeper and director of the company (who also continued to be bookkeeper for the African Com- pany), found his duties too arduous and in October, 1658, the company engaged one Per Olofsson as secretary at a salary of 200 R.D. per year with the understanding that he should take Kramer's place in January, 1659, with an increase of 100 R.D. Stromskold, who for various reasons'" desired to withdraw from the company, sold his shares to the Commercial College and resigned his position as director in February, 1659.''
As may be imagined, the business'" of the company attained
'Journal, nos. 1614, 1615.
" He was sued by Rising for a large sum and to escape paying this was prob- ably the main reason for his withdrawal. Rising's Process (R.A.).
"Journal, no. 1665; Olof Stromskold to the Com. Col., November 19, 1658, Tobaksk. (R.A.) ; " Kort Memorial, 1653-82," etc., "Kramer, Oloff Stromskold, etc.," July 10, 1657, Rising's Process (R.A.).
"13,484 lbs. of tobacco were distributed by Flygge in Gothenburg and the district assigned to him. (In 1655, 4,763 lbs. were sent to Gothenburg. Here it was ruined and it was later shipped to Stockholm, which circumstance seems to show that the greater part of the tobacco supply in Gothenburg before 1658 was obtained from smuggling.) In 1658 J. Larsson sold 960!/; lbs. in Mariestad,
644 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
enormous proportions.'^ Its complete organization seems to have worked almost to perfection. The searchers and inspec- tors prevented smuggling or secret sales in any considerable quantities, although the practice was not stamped out as can be seen from the fines imposed. But the smuggling business was more dangerous than before and less profitable. But com- plaints were soon made against the company and its methods. The opposition to the company reached a crisis already in 1660. The matter was brought before the diet, which was con- vened in the spring of this year, and in the Royal Resolutions of March 8 it is stated that the King decided to abolish the company the following year, since "it was considered harmful to his faithful subjects.""
Already in November the same year the Commercial College was instructed to dissolve the American Tobacco Company and to place the tobacco on the excise lists, made before the priv- ileges of the company were issued.'^ But some of the agents of the company sold tobacco for some months after the ordi- nance was published. Casper Schmid in Vasteras received a lot of 5,808 lbs. in July, 1661, and the company was not entirely dissolved till 1662.^®
739 lbs. were sold in Alingsas by June; Anders Persson sold 221 lbs. in Skara and F. E[n]gelbrecht sold 2,017^4 lbs. in Chrisrinehamn. About 6,000 lbs. were sent to the " Northern Army." These lots passed through the hands of Flygge. Tobaksk., 1643-1659 (R.A.).
"The importation of tobacco by the company was as follows in 1659-60:
1659 39>o36 lbs.
1660 52.707 lbs.
"Specification," etc., 1655-60, N.S., I. (K.A.).
" Stiernman, Riksdagars beslut, \\. 1331.
"" Stiernraan, IIL 6; Kong. Maj. to the Com. Col., March 6, 1661.
""Casper Schmid in Westeras," etc., 1659-60, N.S., I. (K.A.) ; Privilegier, Patenter, etc., Hand, och Ndringar, Nord. Saml. But see also Stiernman, 105 ff., 123 ff.
CHAPTER LII.
The New Tobacco Company and the American Com- pany AFTER 1662, 1662-1736.
I.
It was thought that the excise on the imported tobacco would not only not decrease after the company was abolished, but that it would bring a larger revenue into the treasury than the company paid.^ After the restrictions were removed, however, the tobacco was smuggled into the country in such quantities that the excise was very materially reduced, making it necessary to publish new regulations in less than two years, and in October, 1662, the importation and wholesale tobacco trade was assigned to Anders Andersson and Peter Bohm of Stockholm for a period of ten years (from January, 1663, until 1 673 ) . They were to pay the sum of 1 20,000 D.k.m. for the first five years and 170,000 D.k.m. for the last five years, being freed from the " little excise." Former ordinances were repeated and the privileges given to Bohm and Andersson were in several particulars similar to those given to the American Company in 1658.- Gerhard Burman was appointed fiscal over the tobacco trade and new placards and ordinances con- cerning the trade were published by the government in 1665, and in 1670 letters were sent to the governors and magistrates. But complaints were made as usual, leading to resolutions and
'Stiernman, HI. 6 ff.
' See Stiernman, HI. 105-24. Some of the excise received from the duty on the tobacco was to be used as follows:
(a) 100,000 D. copper money should be used for the payment of creditors.
(b) 200,000 D. copper money for the founding of workshops (" Handt warker") and the Orphans' Home in Stockholm.
(f) 50,000 D. copper money annually for the building of a frigate. (d) 8,000 D. copper money for the search for Swedish antiquities and their publication, etc.
645
646 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
royal letters (at the diet In the autumn of 1664 it was com- plained that poor tobacco was sold) and in 1670 new ordi- nances and contracts were made.
It seems that a new company was formed with Andersson and Bohm as principal stockholders in 1672, and in May the same year the old privileges (of 1662) were extended for two years, on the condition that the company paid into the state treasury 100,000 D.k.m. The participants of the company now made a new contract and drew up a charter concerning "the direction and management." In the summer of 1673 another "prolongation of the contract for the stockholders in the Tobacco Company" was issued. The contract was to be in force for ten years beginning on January i, 1675.^ The company was even now at times called the American Company, for in a document of 1689 it is stated that "The American Company" was in dispute with the inspector Sven de Blom about certain accounts.'*
II.
The American Company having lost its special privileges in 1660 was dissolved in 1662, but the company as well as its directors who figured in claims and lawsuits for a long time after this date (often confused with the African Company) are found in documents and bills as late as 1736.
When Rising returned to Europe he applied to the Com- mercial College for his salary and payment for the supplies,
^Stiernraan, HL 6 ff., 105 ff., 114 ff., 123 ff., 318 fit., 320, 819 ff., 821, 828 ff., 934 ff. ; " Fullm. for G. Burraan," etc., July 21, 1663; "Patent om godt Tob.," etc., March 18, 1665; " Re sol. for staderne," etc. (par. 7), August 27, i668; "Tobaksint. unders. Revers, 1662," etc.; "Explication pa Tobackzc," etc., December 10, 1663; " Resol. for Direct.," March 2, 1670; " Resol. for Tob. Comp.," etc., November 24, 1670; " Svar pa Landsh. H. Oxes bref," etc., June II, 1670; " Kongl. Maj:s forord.," November 27, 1670; " Intres. af Tobakzc. sins emel. up. cont.," etc., March 28, 1670; "Jonas Osterling och Anders Anderssons ingangne cont. om tobaksh.," April 7, 1670; " Sampt. Instr. af tob. Comp. . . . up. Cont.," September 20, 1673; "Cam Tien. Zacharias Renhorn att wara Tob. Comp. i Stockli. afnaraare," etc., 1673; "10 ars prolong, pa cont.," etc., June 26, 1673; " Berge Cronbergs Ankias och J. Ost[er] lings ... up. Contr.," July 26, 1674. " Priv. och Patenter," etc.. Hand, och Ndringar, Nord. Saml. (Up. B.)
* See De Blom's letter of September 25, 1689, and documents accompanying it, concerning the period of 1684 to 1689, N.S., L (K.A.).
The American Tobacco Company. 647
which he had provided the people in the colony, and for a quantity of merchandise sent to New Sweden on the Mercuriiis, but years passed and his claims remained unsettled. The King ordered the college to pay the sum in 1669, but the order could not be carried out, "because the directors had not been named." Being unable to obtain redress from the college. Rising tried to secure his claims from the company and from Stromskold but without result. The company claimed that he had not kept proper books, making him responsible for the cargo of the brn. It was also maintained that he had used goods belonging to the company in buying tobacco for his own trade. Finally Rising was blamed for the loss of the colony and consequently it was maintained that he was not entitled to anything.^
Rising died and no settlement was made. His heirs kept up the litigation, however, and there are documents in the case from 1675, 1680, 1681, 1682, 1683 and 1684 and probably later."
Governor Printz also had large claims for salary and his contributions to the soldiers and servants in the colony, amount- ing to 30,060 D.'' His claims, however, were presented to the government. They were not paid during his lifetime, but his heirs finally succeeded in collecting their different shares. The last documents the author has found in the case are from 1736, when the last payment seems to have been made.'*
"See the large number of documents in Rising's Process (R.A.) ; cf. also Hist. Tid. (1896), p. 46 ff.
° Rising's ProfCJj (R.A.).
'The bills presented were as follows: (i) Salary for 12 years 1474°° ^•
(2) Money advanced to the soldiers in New Sweden, etc 13,163:185^ D.
(3) Money advanced to the servants of the company 2,496:79'/^ P.
Total 30,060:79^ D.
His salary was also reckoned for 13 years, making 15,600 D. See " Likvi. forst., etc., 1620-1680," Printz (K.A.)- In the official Journal of the company Gov. Printz's account is 15,660:7 2/5. See above, p. 643.
'Letters in Saml. Biog. P. (R.A.) ; Jo/ian Printz, 396 (K.A.) ; letters from his daughters, from De. Rees, and others, J. Printz, 173 (K.A.) ; " Likvidat. forst. och lef., 1620-1680," Ser., B., No. 221, Johan Printz (K.A.). There are a great many documents concerning Printz in this collection. Cf. author's article in Ungdomsviinnen, March. 1909.
CHAPTER LIII.
Efforts to Regain the Colony, 1656-1673.
I.
It is now in order to turn to the efforts made by Sweden to regain the colony. Soon after the capture became known in Stockholm the Swedish resident at The Hague was instructed to protest against the Dutch occupation and on March 22 (n.s.), 1656, Harald Appelbom presented a memorial to the States General, demanding indemnity and the restoration of the colony. Almost immediately resolutions were passed by that body, as well as by the States of Holland, to the effect that the matter should be further investigated and referred to the Dutch West India Company.'
The efforts led to no settlement, however. Appelbom re- ported the state of affairs to his government, but the question was dropped for a time. The Swedish government was engaged in larger matters and paper weapons alone could effect nothing with the authorities at The Hague and at Amsterdam.
Charles X. was at this time extending the boundaries of his kingdom and shaping its final geographical form; but as soon as the first smoke from his victorious cannon had blown away, his far-reaching plans even included the recapture of the colony on the Delaware. That the King had serious intentions of re- gaining New Sweden either by diplomatic means or by the sword is clear from his remarks in the council April 15, 1658, and especially by the privileges given to the American Com- pany about a month later, where the retaking of the colony is taken as a foregone fact. Johan Rising made reports and presented plans for its recapture and further settlement and
'Thurloe, State Papers, IV. 599-600; Doc, I. 617 fit.; De Witt, VII. 201-2; Penn. At., V. 263 ff. ; Hazard, p. 210 ff.
648
Efforts to Regain the Colony. 649
reasons for doing so, but wars with the neighbors required all the energies of the kingdom, so that nothing was done.^
An opportunity having presented itself for renewing the claims in 1663, however, the government Instructed its repre- sentatives " in their conference with Heinsius,^ the resident of the States General," to demand the restitution of New Sweden as well as the payment of an indemnity to the company. But the Dutch had of course no intention of returning the colony to the New Sweden Company. They made every effort to keep intact what they had won and showed great concern about certain preparations that were now being made in Sweden.*
Vice-Admiral Sjohjelm fitted out two ships (in 1663), the Falk, carrying 32 guns, and " a yacht with 8 or 10 cannon " for an expedition, the object of which was kept secret. Sjohjelm (or Zeehelm as it is written in the Dutch records) "was well acquainted with the coast of New Netherland, inasmuch as he was employed there in 1641 with the ship Neptunis from Curasao." Hence there was some likelihood that his expedi- tion was destined for the Delaware. Rumors reached the directors at Amsterdam that the ships would take on board 200 soldiers in the sound and go directly to the South River. Stuyvesant was therefore ordered to be on his guard and prop- erly prepared. But they were soon relieved of their anxiety, for on the way from Stockholm to Gothenburg the yacht was wrecked. The directors obtained news of the mishap, which was conveyed to Stuyvesant, removing his fear also. Sjohjelm, however, set out with the Falk alone, manned with about 70-80 sailors, not for the South River but towards Africa. He visited " Madagascar, Sambigor,^ Anzoov," the Red Sea and
'Rddspr., April 15, 1658; cf. Sprinchorn, p. 81; Carlson, Hist., I. (old ed.), p. 160. A letter from Appelbom referring to the colony was read in the council on April 15, 1658. Cf. above.
' Nicolaas Heinsius. He was in Swedish service for some time, later Dutch resident at Stockholm.
* " Instruction," etc., July 4, 1663 (par. 12), R.R. (R.A.) ; Copia in Hollandica, Forhandlingar, 1661-1679 (R.A.).
°Sambeian(?).
• Anzooan( ?).
6$o The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Goa," remaining several weeks at some of those places. The vessel was finally sold by the admiral, whereupon some of the sailors made their way to Sweden, reporting the events.'
It is probable that Appelbom reported his endeavors in be- half of the American Company during his visit to the capital in 1 663-1 664, but no instructions to continue his negotiations along these lines seem to have been given to him as he left Sweden, but events of peculiar Interest to the government soon made the question acute.
In the beginning of 1664 a number of Finnish families from northern Sweden and probably from Finland landed in Holland on their way to New Sweden. January 17, Trotzig informed the government about the fact and suggested that such immigra- tion should be stopped unless Sweden could regain its colony.* This as well as two later missives, relating to the English and Dutch complications,^ again brought the attention of the gov- ernment to the matter and on March 5 a letter was sent to Appelbom, instructing him to protest against the Dutch occu- pation and to demand again that they should restore the colony, "which they were bound to do," watching closely that they should not gain any advantage in their negotiations with the English. Leijonberg, the Swedish ambassador at London at this time, was instructed to present the matter to the English government and to complain about the Dutch encroachments.^**
The chancellor also requested Trotzig to inquire further
' If the expedition had been sent to the Delaware and the two vessels had arrived here safely, it is likely that the colony would have been recaptured as was feared by Stuyvesant. See " Falken Exped.," 166+, Skepsexp., 1664.-66 (R.A.) ; cf. also Anrep., Attart., under Sjohjelm; Doc, II. 233, 236; XII. 445 fl., 455; The Com. Col. to Ch. Schneider, concerning the ship Folk in the Sound, September 7, 1663.
'Trotzig to the chancellor, May 24, 1664, De la Gard. Saml. (R.A.). A resume of this letter is found in Palmsk. Saml., 322 f., 335-6 (Up. B.).
'Trotzig till Kongl. Maj., January 26, and to the Riksk., February 16, 1664. Sprinchorn (N.S.) has a misprint or mistake in note i, p. 83. The letter is not addressed to E. Oxenstierna (who had long been dead), but to De la Gardie.
"To Appelbom, March 5, 1664, R.R., fol. 182; "Memorial for Leyonberg," April 28, 1664, R.R., fol. 487 (" Concerning New Sweden and the Guinean case"). Letters were also sent to Silfvercrona and Appelbom about the African Company, R.R., July 20, November 19, 1664 (fol. 202, 257), April 15, 1665 (fol. 468).
Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie. From.Pufendorf s Hist, du Reg. de CharUs Guslave.
Efforts to Regain the Colony. 651
about the Finnish families. Accordingly Trotz^ig went to Waterlandt/* where the colonists were housed, to investigate in person. He found that they were about " 140 souls, old and young, many children, boys as well as girls, small and quite large, who ran about mostly naked in shirts. The children and most of the [grown] people talk. Finnish and part of the men talk Swedish." Friends in New Sweden had written to them about the " glories of the country " and one of the immigrants showed a letter from his brother dated in New Sweden, 1657. They had made their way across Norway to Christiania, in some instances having passports (one passport being dated at "Medelpad, March 5, 1664, with the Seal of the Socken upon it in green wax"), and from thence they were taken to Holland on a Dutch vessel, hired by themselves as they said, but, as Trotzig supposed and as seems most probable, at the expense of those interested in the colony on the South River. They were fed and housed by the city-officials of Amsterdam and rumors reached the Swedish representatives that the immigrants had been enticed by special agents.^^
It is probable that Appelbom reported these rumors to the government, for towards the end of May, letters were sent to certain governors " about the families that are decoyed out of Finland," stating that "several hundred families had been enticed to leave their country and go across the mountains to Norway, in companies of five or six persons at the time." This could not be tolerated and the governors were ordered to keep close watch that it did not occur again. If the instigators of the migration could be captured they were to be kept in arrest.^^ A letter of much the same import was sent to Governor Baner in June, requesting him to investigate the facts.^"* Trotzig was
"A district in north Holland, between Amsterdam and Alkmaar. Probably a village by that name also.
"Trotzig to De la Gardie, May 2+, May 31, June 26, 1664. De la Card. Saml. (R.A.). Resume of the first letter in Palmsk. Saml. (Up. B.), 322 f.,
335-336-
"R.R., May 27, 1664, fol. 641.
"R.R., June 9, 1664. It is hardly probable that Dutch agents worked in Finland to secure colonists for the Delaware colony.
6s 2 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
instructed to present the matter to the States and demand that the " fugitives " should be returned to Sweden at the expense of those who had prevailed upon them to immigrate ;^^ but as it is not likely that Dutch officials or others easily detected had a hand in the affair (at least no substantial evidence was at hand) nothing could be done, and on June 26 (n.s. ?) Trotzig wrote^" that the Finns were about to be transported " within fourteen days to New Netherland on the South River, where New Sweden is located."^ '^ These events caused the Swedish govern- ment to consider the question of regaining the colony with more earnestness and the matter was taken up with much energy by Appelbom. Shortly after delivering his credentials, he re- quested a conference with the Dutch authorities and on June 19 (n.s.), he presented a memorial to the States General. Troubles with England were brewing — "Parliament decided in April ... to ask the King for redress" for injuries suffered at the hands of the Dutch'* — and the States General listened with more attention to Appelbom's protest than otherwise would have been the case, treating it with such respect that a resolution was passed upon it the same day. De Heyde was appointed to look up the case and report. Apparently the Swedish ambassador was not satisfied with the progress made, for on June 27 (n.s.) he again laid a memorial before the States General. This body (on the same day) again resolved to place the controversy in the hands of the Dutch West India Company, who should try to settle " the same in a friendly manner." A third, longer memorial, was thereupon presented to their " High Mightinesses," going into some detail about the
"R.R., May 27, 1664.
" In the same postscript Trotzig writes that " Just now in closing, it is affirmed, reported and said to me that a large number of families of Finns, at least 140 souls strong . . . have secretly left Finland this last winter, through the direction and large promises of evil persons." Letter to De la Gardie, Postcript, June 26, 1664, De la Card. Saml. (R.A.).
" It has also been said that the " Finns were sent to their homes in Sweden and Finland in June." See Nordmann, "Fin. i mel. S<v.," p. 151.
"Ranke, Hist, of Eng., III. 417 ff.
Efforts to Regain the Colony. 653
Swedish claim to the colony on the Delaware.^* Appelbom's memorials were answered, partly in writing, partly orally by Van Braeckel and other Dutch deputies at their conferences with the Swedish ambassador.^"
II.
In the autumn of 1664 further conferences were held. Appelbom was told that the claims of the African Company would be settled, but that the New Sweden troubles would once more be referred to the Dutch West India Company.^^ In October, however, the latter body sent an answer to the letters of the States General, denying all rights of the Swedish com- pany to the land and the settlements on the South River and this ended the matter for a while, it " being placed in the hands of Messrs. Van Ommeren and the other their High Mighti- nesses' deputies for the affairs of the . . . [Dutch] West India Company, to inspect, examine and then to report on them."22
In the meantime New Holland passed into the hands of England and in February, 1665, Trotzig wrote to De la Gardie that " news had come in that the English had captured every- thing on the South River.''-^* The relation with England was cordial. In July, 1656, a "friendship and commercial treaty" was made between the two nations,^* and again in the autumn of 1 66 1 another treaty of friendship was concluded. In March, 1665, a new treaty was signed, including among other
"This memorial bears no date, but it was written on or after June 27 (n.s.), 1664.
*• Appelbom's memorials, June 27, 1664; Doc, II. 239-42, 246-7, 258-60 (where the memorials, etc., are translated) ; Penn. Ar., V. 513 ff. The answer of the States General, August 29, 1664, and letters from Appelbom to the Swedish government are preserved in R.A.
^The letter of the States General to the company was dated August 15, 1664.
''Doc, II. 258-90.
•'Letter, February 20 (n.s.), 1665, De la Gard. Saml. (R.A.).
""Eng. trak.," No. 3, A, B (R.A.), especially §9, "Quod ad Coramerciura in America habendum," etc. See also " Treat>- Papers," Sweden, 1618-72, No. 69, Pub. Rec. Office.
654 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
things " that a perpetual peace shall subsist between the two Crowns, both at home and in Africa and America. "^^
It could not be expected, however, that England should turn over to Sweden a territory she had captured from the Dutch, and hence the Swedish government still pressed its claim at The Hague, and Konigsmark, who was sent on an embassy to France in 1665, was given a historical resume of the relation between Sweden and Holland in his lengthy instruction.^" also stating that demands had been made from the Dutch "to re- store His Royal Majesty's land in Guinea and America," and of this as well as of the other points he was to advise the French government and gain its sympathy for the Swedish claims.-^
Soon a new opportunity for pressing its claims presented itself to the Swedish government. The States General sought the friendship of Sweden in the war with England and sent a special envoy to Stockholm. The Swedish claims in America were now presented to him, but he gave evasive answers, de- claring that Rising was to blame for the capture through his act of hostility. The colony was not under Dutch control and in order to be able to present the Swedish demands, proofs of their validity must be presented. The Commercial College, therefore, aided by Kramer, made an inventory of the property lost by the American Company as a consequence of the Dutch occupation. The Katt expedition and the claims against the Spanish government were also added, " since the company was unable to press its claims [in Spain] through the actions of the Dutch," and the bill footed up to 262,246 R.D.^s
^Treaty of alliance between Sweden and England, October 21, 1661 ; Treat}', March i, 1664/1665; "King of Swe. full power, February 27, 1665," and other documents. Other treaties between Sweden and England were made in July (25), 1668, and on April 4/14, 1672. Treaty Papers, Sweden 1618-72, No. 69, Pub. Rec. Office.
"'Dated May 31, 1665, in 36 paragraphs, R.R., fol. 642 ff. (R.A.).
"Paragraph 30.
""Akter ang. Isbrandt," etc., (R.A.) ; Radspr., November, 1665; R.R., December 18, fol. 804, December 24, 1665; " Forteck. uppa K. Maj. och Ameri. Comp.," etc., N.S., L (R.A.) ; " Deductio Juris, quod in Novam Sveciam," etc., February 27, 1667, N.S., I. (R.A.). Cf. Monumenta polit., etc., quoted by Sprinc- horn, N.S., p. (249) 85, where the sum is 262,240 R.D.
Efforts to Regain the Colony. 655
At the conference between the Swedish and Dutch envoys in the spring of 1667 the question was again considered and claims and counterclaims were presented. The treaty of April 13, 1667, contained a paragraph relating to the American Com- pany,-" and, in the "treaty of friendship," three months later, a new paragraph was inserted about the American claims to the effect that these should be settled according to justice and as soon as possible.'" In the following year the Swedish govern- ment again instructed its foreign representatives to find out who of the contesting parties was in possession of New Sweden " in order that it might be restored."'*
In the beginning of 1669 a report reached the Swedish government that there were 500 families in New Sweden for- saken and left to themselves. In February a letter was written to the Commercial College about it and Appelbom'- and Leijon- berg'* were instructed to correspond with one another and do their best at their respective courts to obtain redress. About two months later Leyonberg was enjoined upon " to try to ascertain what England intended to do with the colony" and inform his government about it. In the summer a memorial,'* setting forth the rights of the American Company to the col- ony, was transmitted to the English government through its ambassador at Stockholm, and a copy with a letter and further instructions were sent to Leijonberg. He presented the case to the English officials and the British representative to Sweden promised to do all in his power to secure redress. But of course nothing came out of these efforts. Leyonberg was answered that England got the colony through conquest and treaty; it was now too late to change the result.'^
^Treaty at the Hague, April 13, 1667, §6 (R.A.).
=" " Vanskapsf.," July 18/28, 1667, §6, Holland, No. 10 C (R.A.) ; Acrelius, p. 88.
"A new treaty was made bet\Teen Sweden and England, July 25, 1668. Treaty Papers, Sweden, 1618-72, No. 69, Pub. Rec. Office.
"^At the Hague.
''At London.
** " Memoriale juris, quod habet Societas Sveco-Americana in Novam Sveciam ab Anglis jam occupatam " (in eight paragraphs), July, 1669, N.S., L (R.A.).
"Letter to Appelbom, April 18, 1668; to the Commercial College, February
656 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Two years later^" or in the summer of 1671 a letter was written by the Swedish representative at The Hague to De la Gardie, stating that he " had pointed out on several occasions of what great importance and consideration it was to recover New Sweden ... It is a country which is flourishing greatly. The peasants being well suited are ardently awaiting the deliverance for which they have been made to hope." The letter goes on to say that the restitution ought now to be much easier, since the land had been given to an English Count.
Sweden was about to send an embassy to London, and hence it was a proper time to speak about it.*^ As a consequence the questioii was again renewed and in June, 1672, a letter was sent to Leyonberg requesting him to " try in a polite way to prevail upon England to return New Sweden. If they would not want to give back the land then they [ought to be requested] to allow Sweden to bring her colonists away from there."^*
The next year the question was taken up with Holland and the third paragraph of the commercial treaty between Sweden and Holland (April 22, 1673) is devoted to the encroachment which Sweden suffered in America. ^^ But it was all wasted energy. No indemnity was secured by the Swedish American Company and the colony was forever lost to Sweden.
13, 1669; to Leyonberg, April 28 (and earlier), June 30, R.R. (fol. 41 ff.) ; "Leyonberg till Kongl. Maj." (R.A.) ; State Papers, For., Sweden, 1666-7, No. 6; orig. letters from Leyonberg, 1668-70 and from others, State Papers, For., Sweden, 1668-71, No. 7, Pub. Rec. Office.
^ 1669 is the last mention of the colony in the diplomatic correspondence used by Sprinchorn. See his N.S., p. 86.
"Letter to De la Gardie (in French), May 12, 1671, N.S., L (R.A.).
" Pamsk. Saml., 322, f. 337 referring to Linsk. Proloc, 1672, del I. 320 (R.A.t
^ " Con. inter legates Reg. Sve. et Com. ord. Gene. Foed. Belg.," etc.. Actum, Hagae, 22 April/2 May, 1673, § 3, Holland, A'o. 15, A.B. (R.A.).
PART II.
LIFE IN THE COLONY, 1655-1664.
CHAPTER LIV.
The First Period of the Swedish Settlements under
Dutch Rule and the Coming of the Mercur'tus,
1655-1656.
We have now come to the period of the Swedes under Dutch jurisdiction, the last period of the present treatise. When the articles of surrender had been accepted and Rising with his men was about to leave the country, Stuyvesant made provisions for a temporary form of government. The seat of power was transferred from Christina to Fort Casimir, and Captain Dirck Smith was appointed commander, until other arrangements could be n.ade, an instruction doubtless being given him. In November Jean Paul Jacquet was selected as vice-director, who was to have "supreme command and authority," governing the colony with a council* under the direction of Peter Stuyvesant. In his instruction (issued at New Amsterdam) he was required to enforce the observance of the Sabbath, the regulations con- cerning the sale of liquor to the Indians and to keep peace and order in the colony. He should require the soldiers and officers to remain in the fort over night, debarring all freemen from the same, especially the Swedes ; he was to allow no vessels to pass above the stronghold which he was to keep "in a becoming state of defense," he should take care in distributing lands that " at least 16 or 20 persons or families" were placed together so as to form villages, and in order to prevent the immoderate desire for land he "should impose a tax of 12 stivers annually
'The council consisted of Andries Hudde, E. Cleyn and two sergeants. 43 657
6s8 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
for each morgen'"^ he was to lay out a town on the south side of Fort Casimir, where lots were to be assigned and he was to provide for the expenses of the government by Imposing excises on goods, sold by the tavern-keepers as follows :
For a hogshead of French or Rhenish wine fl. 20
For an anker of the same wine fl. 4
For an anker of brandy, Spanish wine or distilled water fl. 7
For a barrel of imported beer fl. 6
For a barrel of New Netherland beer fl- 4
Finally he should "look well after the Swedes" and he was to try to remove such as were " not friendly disposed to the Hon- orable Company" and send them to New Amsterdam if possi- ble. On December 8 (n.s.) Vice-Director Jacquet took the oath of office before Peter Stuyvesant and it is probable that he set out for the South River shortly after.^
In the meantime the Swedes who remained in the country made the best of their situations, repaired the damage done by the invasion as far as possible, and settled down to their former peaceful occupations. Of Smith's rule we know very little. He ordered lands to be sown and cultivated and made other provisions for the welfare of the settlement, but he was sum- moned to appear before the council at New Amsterdam for " grave reasons," which indicates that complaints were made against him, and he seems to have done nothing for the im- provement of the forts.^
On (or shortly before) December 18 (n.s.), 1655, Jean Paul Jacquet assumed his office as vice-director at Fort Casimir, and several new ordinances were soon put into effect. Some of the articles in Jacquet's instruction would effect the old settlers in their rights if put into execution, but caution was used and "the letter of the law" was hardly ever followed.^
Allerton and probably other traders visited the river In the autumn, winter and spring and several Jews, "who had put
- M or gen, acre, " a superficial measure = 600 sq. perches of 144 sq. feet each." Calisch, IVoordenb., H. 441.
'Doc, XH. 113 ff.; Hazard, p. 204 ff. *Cf. Doc, XH. 118; 134 ff. 'Doc, XH. 133 ff.
First Period under Dutch Rule. 659
goods on board a ship for the South River," requested permis- sion to trade there, which was conditionally granted to them. The Swedish barks and yachts surrendered by Rising were used on trading expeditions, but Eindrachfi stranded at Sandy Hook in January, 1656. The council at New Amsterdam authorized Jan Teunissen, the carpenter, to save the vessel and he was promised 200 florins if he succeeded.^
A law court was established by Jacquet shortly after his arrival, at which several settlers presented their grievances, while others were summoned to appear in suits. In January, 1656, some Swedish freemen living near Fort Casimir appeared before Jacquet and his council and requested permission to remain on their lands until the expiration of one year and a half, agreeably to the capitulation, as they had not then any inclination to change their place of abode nor to build in the new town. The petition was granted and they remained undis- turbed in their possessions.*
About March 13 the ship Merciir'tus arrived, as we have seen. Hendrick Huygen and Johan Papegoja went ashore, pre- sented themselves to the Dutch commander at Fort Casimir and reported their instructions and intentions, requesting permis- sion to land the people somewhere in the river, until further orders were received from Sweden. This was denied them and Huygen was arrested as an enemy of the state. Johan Pape- goja appealed to Stuyvesant in a letter, dated March 14 (24), informing the latter of the arrival of the ship and requesting permission to revictual and return unmolested to Europe, also remonstrating against the treatment accorded Huygen.'' Vice- Director Jacquet likewise made a report to his superior at New Amsterdam.
The letters, which were "brought to Manhattan by Aller- ton's ketch, arrived there in the night of March 18-19 (28-29), it seems, and a meeting of the council was immediately called.
' Cf. above. Chap. XXXII.
'■Doc, XIV. 117 ff.
'Doc, XII. 133 ff.; Hazard, p. 208 ff.
* Huygen also wrote to Stuj-v-esant.
66o The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
It was decided not to allow the Swedes to land, but they should be free to return unmolested and they were allowed to provide themselves with necessary provisions for their homeward jour- ney. A pass was issued for the ship, giving it free passage to New Amsterdam, where necessary supplies could be obtained. To prevent an uprising of the Swedes It was decided to send several soldiers to the South River. It was likewise decided that all Swedes, who had not hitherto taken the oath of alle- giance, should now be required to do so. Those " who refused or contravened against it" should be sent away "by every op- portunity," and Jacob Swensson and Sven Skute were especially named as " undesirable citizens," since they held secret con- ferences with the Indians, being looked upon with suspicion "because," says Acrellus, " they^" often came to the homes of the Swedes and were, as usual, well received.""^
When these Instructions were received at Fort Casimir, Huy- gen determined to go to New Amsterdam and present his case in person. He went over land, arriving at the Dutch fort about April I ( 1 1 ) , and delivered a written remonstrance to the Dutch council. The council decided that his requests could not be granted, repeated the former promises of an unmolested return voyage and stated that. If the Swedes persisted In their designs and would not leave the river, force would be used to expel them. To show that they were in earnest, It was decided to send the warship the JVaag there. Finding that he could accomplish nothing, Huygen appeared before the council the following day and accepted the proposals, making It unneces- sary for the Waag to proceed to the Delaware. Huygen re- ported the outcome to Papegoja and the Mercurius was soon expected to arrive at New Amsterdam. But over two weeks passed and no ship was heard of. Rumors were circulated that difficulties had arisen on the Delaware and on April i8 (28) it was decided at a hurried meeting of the council to send
"The savages. The council answered Papegoja's letter on March 29 (n.s.), Doc, XH. 123.
^' Doc, Xn. 120 flF.; Acrelius, p. 91.
First Period under Dutch Rule. 66i
Ensign Smith overland to the South River with twelve to six- teen soldiers to ascertain the state of affairs. When Smith arrived there, however, the ship had already landed the goods and people.'^
Papegoja gives the following description of the events in his letter of July 30 (August 9), 1656. In accordance with Stuyvesant's orders "we decided to set sail for Manhattan. But as soon as the savages or Indians observed this they col- lected speedily in great numbers, came down to us and reminded us of the former friendship and love, which they had had for us Swedes, above all other nations, and said that they would destroy and exterminate both Swedes and Hollanders, unless we remained with them and traded as in the past. Then all our Swedes, who feared the savages, came to us also and protested strongly against us in writing, . . . saying that we would be the cause of their destruction if we departed ..." Papegoja was therefore unable to decide what to do, but, seeing the danger of refusing the request of the angry savages, he com- manded the sk'pper to proceed up the Delaware. (It has also been said that a large number of Indians and some old Swedish colonists went on board the vessel.)'^ The ship then gave the Swedish salute (which was answered by one discharge from the fort) and sailed up to New Gothenborg,** where the people were put ashore.^''
Letters were thereupon written to Huygen, informing him of the events, and Jacquet wrote to the Dutch governor also, at the same time sending Hudde to make an oral report. Hudde arrived at Manhattan on April 21 (May i). The same day the council read and re-read the letters and declarations and re- solved to dispatch the Waag with troops for the place of dis- turbance to bring the Mercitrius from there and settle the diffi- culty with the natives. Huygen as well as Papegoja were
"Dof., XXI. 122 flf.
"Acrel'uis, p. 92; Sprinchorn, pp. 74-75. " Acrelius says the vessel was brought to Christina.
'* Papegoja met his wife here and probably remained in Printzhof during his stay in the country.
662 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
exonerated from blame and the former was allowed to return to his ship on the Waag, after he had given bond that he would behave well and attempt to settle the differences between the savages and the Christians.^"
The councillors De Sille and Van Tienhoven were com- missioned to go to the river for the purpose of investigating the matter. The Waag set sail as soon as the wind was favor- able, but when the vessel arrived in the South River she ran on a sandbank and could not proceed. But when the commander saw, says Papegoja, that we showed no hostile intentions, he requested the Swedes to help them get the Waag off the bank, as well as to pacify the savages. When the Merctiritcs arrived at the bay, however, the Dutch vessel was afloat. Some mer- chandise was then brought on board of the latter ship which was presented to the savages in the name of the Hollanders and thus peace was restored.
The Mercurius was later brought to New Amsterdam, where the cargo was sold in July, after a certain import duty had been paid. Papegoja desired to return with the ship, but differences arose between him and Huygen and the former departed from Manhattan Island, on a Dutch vessel on June 13 (23) arriving in Amsterdam about the beginning of August. The Mercurius was loaded with a return cargo and finally set sail for Europe some time during the summer. But Huygen remained in the colony and we find him employed in various capacities in the service of the Dutch." It seems that the great majority of the newcomers remained in the colony. They were gradually given land, and as soon as they were able they built new homes and cleared their plantations.
"Doc, XH. 125 ff.
"Letter from Papegoja to E. Oxenstierna, July 30/August 9, 1656, N.S., I. (R.A.) ; letter from Huygen, June 11, 1656, Sb'Jerk., 1637-59 (RA.) ; Stuyvesant to Papegoja, March 30, 1656 (copy), N.S., L (R.A.) ; Trotzig to the directors, August 16, 1656, Soderk., 1637-59 (R.A.) ; Doc, XH. 120 ff.; Acrelius, p. 91.
CHAPTER LV.
The Last Period of the Swedish Settlements under THE Dutch, 1656-1664.
The Swedes and Finns behaved well and gave no trouble. Consequently Fort Christina was allowed to go to ruin and Papegoja says that it "was robbed of gates, windows and chimneys." Lieutenant Gyllengren, Sven Skute and Gregorius van Dyck remained here and they naturally became the leaders of the Swedes and Finns. These men carried on agriculture like the rest and probably fared well. Disturbances of a milder kind arose from time to time and sometimes murders and graver misdemeanors were reported ("the sister of Elias Gyllengren's wife" being shot in the autumn of 1656). Madame Pape- goja remained at New Gothenborg and she was allowed to retain Printztorp, experiencing some difficulty, however, in find- ing people willing to cultivate the land on the terms she offered. The grants of many of the other Swedes were confirmed by the Dutch, "some having deeds from Queen Christina. "^ Various improvements were made by the Dutch which bettered the condition of the Swedes, bricks being made, roads improved, bridges built, fences constructed, overseers and tobacco-inspec- tors appointed, etc.^
In the summer of 1656 the Dutch West India Company, for financial reasons, was compelled to surrender part of the South River to the City of Amsterdam.-'' The seat of government of the city's colony was to be Fort Casimir, whose name was
'As for instance Gyllengren (through Araundsson) and Sven Skute.
-Doc, XII.
•' The States General ratified the transfer in August and arrangements for the organization of the cir\'s colony were soon thereafter made. The company retained the land above Ft. Christina along the Delaware. It has been stated by some that the " city's colony " was above Ft. Christina. Ferris, p. io6, etc.
663
664 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
changed to New Amstel,-'' while Christina (changed to Altena) was to be the center of power for the company's colony, and Stuyvesant was commanded to garrison the latter as well as Fort New Gothenborg with eight or ten soldiers.
Jacob Alrichs was appointed director at New Amstel In December, but, being delayed by a shipwreck and other mis- fortunes, he did not arrive at his destination before the spring of the following year. Quite a large number of colonists also arrived with hlm.^
In the meantime complaints were made against Jacquet. He was finally removed from office and put In arrest, but he was later released. Fort Christina was placed In a better state of defense with the arrival of Alrichs as the Dutch still distrusted the Swedes, the new director being commanded to watch them closely.
In the spring of 1658 Governor Stuyvesant went in person to arrange matters at the Delaware. The Swedes were required to swear a new oath of allegiance, but they requested to be ex- empt from taking sides If trouble should arise between Sweden and Holland, which was granted them.
The country was now divided into court jurisdictions and the Swedes were given a sort of self-government at Tinicum Island.* About the same time Sven Skute was elected captain; Anders Dalbo, lieutenant; Jacob Swenson, ensign; Gregorius van Dyck, sheriff; and Olof Stille, Matts Hansson, Peter Rambo and Peter Cock were elected magistrates.^ On May 8, (1658) they appeared before Stuyvesant with a petition for certain privileges. They requested Instructions for their guid- ance, they desired a court messenger and free access to Fort Altena, so that they could get assistance in case of necessity and they petitioned that nobody should be allowed to leave the colony without the knowledge of the magistrates. The Swedes and Finns gradually gained the confidence of the Dutch author-
'^ Nieutuer-Amstel after one of the suburbs of Amsterdam. 'Doc, Xn., n. Alexander d' Hinoyossa was made lieutenant. ' Their council met there. ' Some of these had been elected before this.
Last Period under Dutch Rule. 665
ities, and performed many valuable services for them as inter- preters and guides. They cut masts and other timber and by their thrift were able to supply much of the food used by the soldiers.**
The crops were poor in 1658, there being too much rain. Butter, cheese and salt were scarce and sickness was general. The total number of inhabitants was now about 600 souls, but it is not possible to say how many of these were Swedes and Finns. The cattle and horses belonging to the Dutch West India Com- pany were given out for half of the increase to the Swedes and Dutch, a custom employed by Rising as we have seen, but com- plaints were made that the horses were ill-treated."
On July 20 (30), 1658, Willem Beeckman was appointed commissary and vice-director for the West India Company at Fort Altena with highest authority over the company's officers, "except in the district ... of New Amstel," and his instruc- tions in eight articles were given to him on October 18 (28). He was to have the oversight and supervision of the Swedes and was to be the custom-officer and auditor in the country, being required to be present at New Amstel, when ships arrived there or whenever his duties so required.
Beeckman proposed to tax the Swedes and Finns to the amount of 400 guilders a year, thus providing for the current expenses, and the directors of the Dutch West India Company did not approve of giving them officers of their own, but Stuy- vesant replied to their orders for discharging these officers and appoint Hollanders in their stead, that he thought that the best way to win the hearts of the Swedes was by lenient methods of governing them. The Swedes were also called upon to do military duty, but they objected strongly, and the Dutch had no power to force them, Beeckman reporting that if an emerg- ency should arise "they would be more cumbersome than use- ful." Troubles arose with the English as well as the savages, keeping the Dutch in constant alarm, and they were therefore
'Doc. XII. 212 flF.
'Doc, II. 8 ff., 50 ff., etc.; XII. 187 ff.; Hazard, 242 ff.
666 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
compelled to treat the Swedes and Finns with more respect and consideration than would otherwise have been the case.*
Attempts were made from time to time to settle them in villages, to simplify the jurisdiction over them, and in the spring of 1660 the fiscal, De Sille, was instructed to engage some of them as soldiers or to persuade them to settle near New Amsterdam as freemen, asking " with all imaginable and kindly persuasive reasons " the Swedish sheriff's and commissaries " help and intercession." But they were opposed to removal and De Sille was unsuccessful in his mission.
Jacob Alrichs died December 20 (30), 1659, and Alexander d'Hinoyossa was made provisory director in his stead. The Swedes and Finns now numbered about 130 men who could bear arms according to the report of Van Dyck.*^ Disputes arose among them about this time on account of the distribution of land, perhaps largely occasioned by the fact that many of the Finns did not understand Swedish, making business transactions difficult. In the spring of 1660 some twenty Swedish and Finnish families desired to remove to the neighborhood of New Amstel, but it appears that they were forbidden to do so. Later, however, D'Hinoyossa invited others to settle there. The Swedes and Finns contrived throughout this period to trade with the savages, but they were somewhat restricted in their freedom by D'Hinoyossa, giving rise to complaints and dis- satisfactions.
The Swedes and Finns were very successful in cultivating the land, and many of them undoubtedly had attained prosperity, and they were very desirable in the colony, requests being made that more agriculturists be sent here, " not Hollanders, how- ever, but other nations and especially Finns and Swedes, who are good farmers." A grist mill was built by Johan Stalkofta (Stalcop), L. Petersson and Hans Block in the summer of 1662 at the Falls of the Turtle Kill and the old mill erected by Printz was kept in repair.
'Doc, H., XH.
"' In August, 1657, Rev. Megapolensis wrote that " at least two hundred " Swedes and Finns lived above Ft. Christina. Jameson, Nar. of N. Neth., p. 395.
Last Period under Dutch Rule. 667
In the autumn of 1663 the Swedes, Finns and other nations^ had erected about no good boweries, stocked with about 200 cows and oxen, 20 horses, 80 sheep and several thousand swine. The settlers, as we have seen,^" wrote to relatives and friends in Sweden, praising the land and inviting them to come over. They were also encouraged by the Dutch authorities to do so, and as a result several settlers arrived from Sweden from time to time. In the summer of 1663 the skipper Peter Luckassen brought a number of colonists to the South River, among whom were some 30 Swedes, and in December Alexander d'Hinoyossa arrived there with 1 50 colonists, including 32 or more Finns and probably some Swedes."
The colony was peaceful as a rule also during this period. A few minor disturbances arose, however, and Evert Hindrick- son, the Finn, was accused of maltreating Joran Kyn and other grave complaints were made against him. He was brought into court, tried and banished from the colony as a dangerous character. Peter Meyer was also accused of disturbance and assaults and several other cases of like nature were brought into court. The Swedes and Finns continued to have their own officers and some were even employed in the service at the forts. Timon Stidden, who remained here, continued to act as barber- surgeon and he treated the ill and wounded as far as he was able. Witchcraft also played a role in the settlement in this period and Margareta Matsson was said to be a witch, as Henry Drystreet was told about this time. The fish in the river continued to be plentiful and the settlers obtained some provi- sions from this source as well as from hunting. Many deserted the colony on account of debts or for other reasons and a num- ber went to settle among the English in Maryland ; but a few returned from time to time.^-
" Probably Germans are meant. There were also a few Danes in the colony.
"Cf. above, Chap. LII.
" Doc, XII. 421 ff.
"Peter Meyer ("a subject of Sweden") came into Maryland from New Amstel in 1661 with wife and children and was granted permission by the council to settle there.
Axel Stille (from New Amstel), Peter Jacobs[s]on, Marcus Sipherson
668 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Little Is known of the religious history of the Swedes and Finns during this period. According to the articles of surrender they were allowed to retain a minister of the Gospel of their own confession and were to be undisturbed in their services, a concession that was later regretted by some of the Dutch. Lars Lock remained here and he seems to have conducted regular services in the church at Tinicum. He was given a salary by the Swedish commissaries, probably raised by volun- tary collections from the settlers. Rev. Lock continued to have trouble and in 1661 his wife was unfaithful to him and eloped with another man, causing Inconvenience and law-suits. Having obtained a divorce, he married again, however, but the mar- riage was declared null and void by the Dutch authorities, be- cause he performed the ceremony himself. Later he was fined 50 florins for marrying a young couple without proclamation In the church and against the will of their parents. He as well as Olof Stille objected to the interference of the Dutch court, saying that the consistory in Sweden alone had jurisdiction over the case. Rev. Lock also had other troubles, and one time he was "fearfully beaten and marked in his face" by Peter Meyer, who was summoned to appear in court, but the affair was settled between the parties themselves. Acrellus asserts that a priest by the name of Mathlas came out here on the ship Mercurius, but he returned to Sweden with the vessel accord- ing to the same authority.^* As many Lutherans resided at New Amstel who desired a minister, they applied for permis- sion to call a young man by the name of Abelius Zetskorn or Setskorn to serve them. The Swedish commissaries at Tinicum desired to have him preach in their church, but Rev. Lock ob- jected " to it with all his influence." Setskorn preached there
(Sifversson), Clement Mickels[s]on, Andrew (Andreas) Cleraent[s]son, Hendrick Hendricks[s]on, Peter Montson (Mansson), Ma[t]thias Cornelisen( ?), Hendrick Mathias[s]on, Joh[a]n Wheeler, Bartholimeus Hendricks[s]on, Cornelius Urin- s[s]on, Joh[a]n Urin[s]son, Andrew Toreson (Andreas Thors[s]on), Paul Joh[a]n[s]son, Gothofried Harnner are also given in the Md. Archives as coming from the Delaware. They were given permission to live there as " free denni- zens." Md. Archi'ves, HI. 428-30. " Cf. above.
Last Period under Dutch Rule. 669
on the second day of Pentecost, however, and he received a call as school-master with the same salary as the preacher enjoyed, but the people "of New Amstel would not let him go,"!* and Lock remained alone among the Swedes and Finns, north of New Amstel. The population was now too large for the work of one preacher and besides the language question complicated matters. Many of the Finns could not understand Swedish during the first years and these were without religious instruc- tion. As time went on, however, the Swedish language became predominant, the Finns and Dutch gradually acquiring the same.'''
In the autumn of 1663 the entire Delaware district was trans- ferred to the city of Amsterdam and D'Hinoyossa was made commander. The Swedes and Finns were now absolved from their former oaths and required to swear new allegiance. This they refused to do, unless they were granted " the same privi- leges in trading and other matters as they had had under the government of the Hon. Company," being inclined rather to remove than to submit to the conditions offered them.
Many new plantations had now been begun by the Swedish and Finnish settlers and land grants were made and confirmed by the Dutch. The customs and manners remained the same as in the former period, the bath-house, the Finnish and Swedish log-cabins, the splinter-sticks, and all the other utensils and implements, which we have learned to know in previous chap- ters, continued to be used. The domestic animals had greatly increased, the fields were comparatively numerous and in many cases large, and the settlement had acquired a certain stability and form. The colony had not been a success from the Dutch point of view, however. Thousands of florins were borrowed and expended and other thousands were needed to put the col- ony on a prosperous footing.
In 1664 rumors of a Swedish attempt at recapturing the
"There is no direct evidence that the Swedes tried to get rid of Lock as is stated by Norberg, p. 6, Smith, Hist, of Del. Co., p. 90 ''Doc, XIL, IL
1
670 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
river were afloat in Holland, as we have seen, causing some uneasiness until it was reported that the expedition had been wrecked. A large number of Finns were about to depart for the colony In the spring and other measures were taken to build up the settlement. But Dutch rule, except for a short interval, was drawing to a close on the Delaware and in America. The English forces, sailing up the Hudson in the autumn, compelled Stuyvesant to surrender on September 3. On the same day Sir Robert Carre was commissioned to proceed to the Delaware for the purpose of bringing that colony under the power and authority of the English Crown. Carre arrived at the Dela- ware on September 30 and on October i ( 1 1 ) , the articles of capitulation were signed. The inhabitants were to be protected in their estates under the authority of the English King; the old magistrates were to continue in their jurisdiction as formerly, and "the sheriff and other inferior" officers should remain in power for six months until other steps could be taken; all the people were to enjoy religious liberty and be free " as any Englishman " upon the taking " of the oath," and anyone was allowed to depart from the river within six months after the date of the articles. We are now at the beginning of a new era and the following years belong to another period.*®
"Doc, n., HL 68 ff., XHL 113 fit.; Cal. of State Papers, Col., t66i-68, p. 2sfr ff.; Hazard, Register, I. 16; Min. of Pro. Council, I. 93 ff.; Penn. Mag., V. 169, X. 269; Acrelius, Beskrif., 89 ff.; Hazard, 208 ff.; Norberg, p. 6.
APPENDICES.
APPENDIX A.
Brief Biographies.
Anckarhjelm, Martin Thijsen (his Dutch name was Maarten Thijsen), was born in Viissingen. He served the Dutch West India Company for some time and in 1644 he was placed in command of the fleet which De Geer sent to Sweden in aid against Denmark. The same 3'ear he entered Swedish service and was raised to the rank of the nobility, whereupon he was given the name of Anckarhjelm, He was used in various capacities by the government and his services were of great value to Sweden. He often prepared ships for commercial expe- ditions to foreign countries. At times he supplied large sums of money to the Crown and he took a lively interest in the New Sweden Com- pany as well as mercantile and manufacturing establishments in his adopted country. Anckarhjelm received several honors from the Swedish government and in 1653 he was made an admiral in the navy. He died in Stockholm, 1657.
Printed Sources. Munthe, Sv. sjiJhj.j V. 195 ff . ; Nordisk familjebok (2d Ed.), 1.920; Holf berg, Bio^r. /eAT. (2d Ed.), I. 29; Hand. ror.Skan. Hist., V. 87 if., XX. 303 ff. ; Kernkamp, De Sleutels van de Sont. Histories of Holland, Denmark and Sweden give facts about him.
Manuscripts. I. Riksarkivet. A great number of letters in R.R. to Anckarhjelm and letters from him in N.S., I. (R.A.) ; letters from Anckarhjelm to Axel Oxenstierna {Ox. Saml.) ; letters from the Com. Col. to Anckarhjelm (Reg., 1653).
II. Flottans arkiv. A. A great many " Skrifvelser till Anckarhjelm," 1645 (about 23 in all) ; 1646 (about 23), March 18, fol. 245, February 28, fol. 203, from fol. 765 to 1053, etc.; 1647, letters to Anckarhjelm in Portugal, February 6, fol. 74 etc.; 1653, January 12, 20, April 30, May 2, 6, II, 14, etc. (concerning the fitting out of ships and procuring of provisions), June 24, fol. 386, etc.; 1655, March 22, April 2, 5, 7, 12, fol. 30, etc. (concerning the shipbuilding establishment at Gothenburg. He was to collect material, etc.), May 17, August 30, etc.; 1657, February 3, fol. 47 (concerning money advanced by Anckarhjelm). A 44 673
6/4 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
great many other entries found in the different volumes of the Am. Reg.
B. Ankomnaskrifvelser (till amiralitetet). A great many letters from Anckarhjelm to the Admiralty {Sixty during 1646, etc.).
III. Kammararkivet also contains various letters and documents con- cerning Anckarhjelm.
Appelbom, Harald, was born in 1612 at Soderby in Sweden. Became correspondent in Holland in 1642 to take the place of Samuel Blom- maert. In 1647 he was made commissary at Amsterdam. In 1652 he was sent to England to take the place of Spiring, who died in London the same year. Appelbom was made a resident at the Hague after his return to Holland and he presented protests against the Dutch encroach- ments and occupation of New Sweden. He died at the Hague on March 8, 1674. Besides his diplomatic duties, he was engaged in literary pur- suits and translated into Swedish, Barclay's Argenis, " the Indian saga," En Book om konungars Liuus eller Conduite, etc.
Printed Sources. Nordisk familjebok (2d Ed.), I. 1242; Schiick och Warburg, Sv. lit. his., I. 375, 378, etc.; Hand.r'6r.Skan.Hist.,Y\l. 77; IX. 94 ff. Thurloe, State Papers, I. ff. ; Hazard, Reg. Penn., I.; Hazard, Annals; Doc., I., II.; Aitzema, V., etc.; the histories of Sweden, Holland and England contain references to him.
Manuscripts. Diplomatic correspondence in Riksarkivet, Stockholm. Memorials and letters at the Hague and letters in the Record Office, London.
Beier, Johan (von), was born in Berlin, on May 10, 1606 (?), and died in Stockholm September 13, 1669. He entered Swedish service in 1632 (?). In 1637 he was appointed secretary of the Commercial College and in 1642 he became " postmaster here in the kingdom [Sweden]." The same year it was proposed in the council that he should be put on the budget of the chancery and become secretary in the old chancery, handling the German correspondence. He edited the first paper in Sweden in 1645. He was treasurer of the New Sweden Com- pany and took much interest in the welfare of the colony. Reports and letters from New Sweden were often sent to him and he at times paid the colonists and sailors, who had served the company.
Printed Sources. De la Gard. Arch., VI. 12 ff. ; Rddspr., II. ff . ; Nordisk familjebok (2d Ed.), II. 1228-29; Hofberg, Biogr. lex., I. 66; Anrep, I. 135; Sv. Biogr. lex., Ny foljd, II. 49-54. (This account is inaccurate, but it gives a great many interesting facts about him.) Holm, Sv. all. postv., I.-III. (a good work) ; Sv. postv. alder.
'ir^M£^^ (-1^^%^
Clirister Bonde. (See pp. 616, 636).
vnoc
Willeiii Usseliiix (see p. 69.S).
[Aiidries] Hiulde. See pp. 408 IT., 581 IT
Swen Scliiite. (See p. 451 IT.)
qqS'^^ -^"^^^
Sveii Hiirik. (Seep. 6S1.)
\
(itist.'ilT Print/..
Henrich von Klhswich. (,See p. 6S0. )
I'aciiniiles of the signatures of Usselinx, Hudde, CUistaf, Piintz, Hook, Bonde, Sknte and Klswick. For the hand- « lilinK of Anckarhjehu, see p. 632, of Beier, p. 132, of S. Blomniaert, p. 92, of Van den Bogaert, p. 142, of Bonde, p. 17'', of Brahe, p. 238, of Burell, p. 238, of Carl X Gustaf p. 626, of Christina, p. 501, of Peter Coyet, p. 479, of Durell, p. 17'^ of Van Dyck. pp. 128-129, of Klas Fleming, p. 238, of Gustavus Adolphus, p. 52, of Huygen, p. 318, of Kramer, pp. Ji3, 452, 642-643, of Lagerfelt, p. 479, of Van Langdonk, p. 200, of Lindestrora, pp. 518, .S,S4, of Macklier, p. 194, of Min- uit, pp. 96-97, of Axel Oxenstierna, p. IS^, of Eric Oxenstierna, p. 479, of Gabriel Oxenstierna, p. 2,38, of Papegoja, pp. 454-455, of Johan Printz, pp. 318, 444-447, of Ridder, pp. 198-199, of Rising, pp. 564-565, 616, of Ruttens, pp. 184-185, of Schotting, p. 233, of Spiring, p. 154, of Stuyvesant, p. 4,32, of Trotzig, pp. 282-283, of Whitelocke, p. 620, Weis, p. 124.
Brief Biographies. 675
For his writings see Biogr. lex., Ny f'oljd, II. 53-54; Hammarskold, Sv. IVitterh., p. 173 (but several of the works given there belong to his son, Johan Gustaf von Beier (1646-1705), who was a poet and author).
Manuscripts. R.R. ; Letters from Beier to the government (R.A.) ; letters to A. Oxenstierna {Ox. Saml.) ; letters to De la Gardie {Sandb. Saml., K.A.) ; letters in Dahlb. Saml. (R.A.) ; letters in N. S., I. (R.A.).
Blommaert/ Samuel, was born in Antwerp on August 2i, 1583. From Antwerp Blommaert's father removed to England, where he died in September, 1 591. Young Samuel was sent to school in London by his stepmother. (His mother died when he was about a year old and his father married again.) Later he was sent to the Hague, Haarlem, Amsterdam, Hamburg and other cities to learn the trade of a merchant. In 1603 he entered the service of the Dutch East India Company and went to the East Indies the same year, where he spent almost seven eventful years. In September, 1610, he took passage on the ship Hoorn and arrived at Texel the following June.
On his return to Holland he settled at Amsterdam in the business of a merchant. Here he prepared expeditions to the Indies and soon became " an important man." He also became a stockholder in the Dutch West India Company and was elected one of its directors several times. He was appointed factor of Eric Larsson von der Linde (a Swedish citizen and nobleman) and he had large transactions in grain and copper with the Swedish government in 1630 and 1 63 1 and perhaps earlier. He was also interested in Swedish manufacturing establishments and obtained privileges from the government. Through Falkenberg and Le Blon he was brought into communication with Axel Oxenstierna and in 1636 he was made Swedish commissary at Amsterdam with a salary of 1,000 R.D. a year (paid out of the Dutch subsidies) and allowances for travelling expenses. Finding that his position as a representative of the Swedish Crown and as the principal promoter and shareholder in the rival Swedish company became obnoxious to his fellow-members of the Dutch West India Company and a source of much disagreeable criticism, he withdrew from the Swedish service in the summer or autumn of 1642 (the last letter I have found to him is dated April, 1642, N. S., I., R.A.), for in July arrangements were made at Stockholm to appoint some one in his place (see above, p. 156).
'There were many others by the name of Blommaert at this time. Thomas Blommaert, who removed to Sweden and advanced the Swedish iron and brass industries. He had also dealings with the commercial companies. Andriaen Blommaert was a trader in New Netherland, skipper on the Hope, etc.
(i7^ The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Blommaert was interested in the Dutch settlements in America. In company with Godyn, De Laet, Van Rensselaer, Paauw and Hamel he founded a colony on Brand-pylens Island, having a tenth share in the same, and he registered a colony on the Fresh River in November, 1629, which was never settled, however. He was one of the patrons, who bought land on the South River before the coming of the Swedes and established the unsuccessful Swanendael colony of which he owned one fifth. He had also plans in 1630 to establish a colony on the " Island of St. Martin or Barbadoes among the Caribbean Islands." His name was attached to several places in America. The Fresh River was called Blommaert' s River after him, but the name did not last. " The fourth creek above Fort Orange on the west side " of the Hudson was also named Blommaert' s Kill; " Bargenal Inlet " was called Blommaert's Point; five small islands lying north of Fort Orange were called Blom- maert's Islands and a farm near by was known under the name of Blommaert's Burg.
He continued to serve the Dutch West India Company and was a member of its board of accounts in 1647." He was alive in October, 1650, and is mentioned as lately dead on June 20, 1652. It is therefore probable that he died in the spring or early summer of 1652 (hence not in 1654 as is stated by Y,U3.s, De Froedsch. van Amst., l.^y^; Kernkamp, Zweed. Arch., 23).
Sources. The best and only account is given by Professor Kernkamp in his Zweed. Arch., p. 3 fE.
Documentary materials besides those used by Prof. Kernkamp are found in Doc, I. 43, 70, 88 ff., 217, 248 fE., 320, 330, 406 £f., 480, 518 ff. Kam. Kol. Reg., October 6, 1632; September 10, 1636; Novem- ber 22, 1641 (K.A.) ; Rddspr., IX.; N. S., I. (R.A. and K.A.) ; De Vries, Korte Historiael; Van Ren. Bowier Mss., ed. by Van Laer and Hand. ror. Skan. Hist., IX. At Sjoholm (Sweden) is a letter or bill from him. (See Catalogue in R.A.)
Bonnell," Benjamin, was an Englishman* of some means, who seems
" In Doc. I. 248, the signature is given as J. Blommaert, but this must be a mistake.
"There were a number of Bonnells (Bonnel) in America. Abraham, Jacob, Joseph, John, Nathaniel Bonnel, etc. See New Jersey Archives, II. 336, IV. 203 ff., V. 142, etc., IX. 185 ff., etc. The name was also found in England during Bonnell's time. Thurloe, State Papers.
* On July 17, 1655, B. Bonnell addressed a letter to Thurloe asking for aid in which he says: "It is ray unhappinesse and not my sin, that makes me suffer; and most of my suffering is for being an Englishman and for having been ever
Brief Biographies. 677
to have been a merchant at Amsterdam for a time. He resided in Spain and Portugal for about twenty years ("weil ehr . . . woU 20 Jahre in Spanien und Portugal sich ufienth."). About 1625 he went to Sweden to establish a glass factory. He was later engaged by the South Company to begin the manufacture of glass, but the venture failed. He remained in Stockholm, however, and testified to the honesty and good character of Looff in the latter's quarrels with the directors of the old South Company. In the autumn of 1640 he was appointed factor of the New Sweden Company at Stockholm (see above, Chaps. XVn., XIX.). In the autumn of 1651, he was commissioned to go to England to look after the interests of Sweden (above. Chap. XXXI., p. 299) and in the following year he was again sent there to endeavor to secure the release of the arrested ships of the Swedish African Company.^ He arrived at London on February 17, 1653, where he was received with greater ceremony and respect than his rank entitled him to. In 1656 he once more went to London in his former capacity. He seems to have returned to Sweden in 1660 (there is a " supplik from him to the Crown," no date, but undoubtedly written in 1660).
Printed Sources. (No biography.) Thurloe, State Papers, II. 142-3, 216 ff., 299-301, 314, 360, III. References to him and his mission in Ellen Fries, Eric Oxenstierna; but Dr. Fries is mistaken in calling him a merchant from Gothenburg. When he was sent to Eng- land the first time he had been factor in Stockholm for the New Sweden Company for several years. (See above.) Other references are found in Heimer, Dipl. for., p. 69 fi.; Granlund, En sv. koL, p. 17 ff.
Manuscripts. Documents in N. S., I. (R.A.) and N. S., I.-III. (K.A.) ; letters from Usselinx to A. Oxenstierna {Ox. Saml.) ; letters from Bonnell to A. Oxenstierna {Ox. Saml.) and to Christina, also letters from him to Carl X. (January 9, 1657 — March 14, 1660, one in Swedish, the rest in French) ; " Fragepunct.," etc., signed by Bonnell and others, July, 1634, Skepsk., 1629-50 (R.A.). See index below.
Brahe, Per Abrahamsson, d. y. ( Jr.) , was born in 1602. He belonged to one of the richest and most influential families in the kingdom and was
true and faithful to my native country, which hath bred me many enemys in Swedland." Thurloe, Slate Papers, III. 655.
° He arrived in Gothenburg on his way to London on November 30, 1652, and intended to set sail on December 18, but was delayed here by contrary winds until February 5, 1653, and landed at Gravesend on February 14, 1654. Bonnell to A. Oxenstierna, December i, 17, 1652; February 14, 18, 1654, Ox. Saml. (R.A.).
678 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
an intimate friend of Gustavus Adolphus. He spent some years in the army, but peaceful occupations were more to his taste and he soon with- drew from the field. He was appointed governor-general of Prussia in 1635, and governor of Finland in 1637 and again in 1648. He took great interest in the Finnish people, was instrumental in founding the University of Abo, established schools and founded numerous cities. Finland owes more to him than to any other man of olden times. His wise government gave rise to a proverb that has become a part of the Swedish language. He was a member of the Council of State for a number of years and he took great interest in New Sweden, giving Printz valuable advice. He became a member of the government in 1660, during the minority of Carl XL and died in 1680.
Sources. Hofberg, Biogr. lex., I. 128; Finsk. biogr. handbok, I. 254-5, and the bibliography given there. See also Settervall, Sv. hist, bibl., for further bibliography. Cf. index, below.
Campanius Holm.," Rev. Johan (Johannes), the son of Jonas Peter, was born at Stockholm in the congregation of St. Klara on August 15, 1601. He went through the schools of his native city and after finish- ing his studies at the gymnasium he entered the University of Upsala, where he studied theology with distinction until he was ordained on July 19, 1633. In March (23), the following year, he was appointed chaplain to a Swedish legation to Russia and when he returned he was employed as schoolmaster in Norrtalje, a small Swedish town on the coast, a short distance north of Stockholm. Later he became preceptor and resident clergyman at the Orphans' Home of Stockholm. On February 3, 1642, he was formally called by the government to go to New Sweden, where he remained over five years. (For his activities as an author and his labors in America see above, Chap. XLIV.)
Campanius left the colony with his family in May, 1648, with a good recommendation from Governor Printz. His services in New Sweden were appreciated by the authorities and he was made first preacher to the Admiralty on the Skeppsholm, an island in Stockholm (the station of the Swedish navy) already on August 5. The following year (1649) he
' There was a military preacher by the name of Anders Campanius, on the ship Fortuna in 1653, Am. Reg., October 8, 1653. There were several others by the name of Holm at this time. One Johan Holm was engaged at the court in 1652 ff. He was raised to the rank of the nobility in 1653. See Biogr. (R.A.). One Eric Holm held high offices in Stockholm at this time and he was also made a nobleman in 1653. There were also other Holms. Holm, or Holmiensis indicates that Campanius was from Stockholm.
Brief Biographies. 679
became rector of the pastorate of Frosthult and Hernevi, where he remained until his death. After a short illness he died on September 17, 1683, and was buried in the Church of Frosthult, where a handsome monument was erected to his memory. The church books giving the details of his labors in his congregation are now deposited in Landsarki- vet at Upsala. Campanius was somewhat of a scholar, knowing Latin perfectly, and he was interested in literature and in the natural sciences. He seems to have been an able preacher and he performed his duties with faithfulness and legends about him lived on among the Swedes on the Delaware for more than a century. Acrelius says (l759) that, "since he associated much with the savages, a legend still circulates to the eiifect that he journeyed up into the country among them and made his way to Sweden by land."
Printed Sources. (No complete biography.) J. E. Fant, Up. drkest. herdam., I. 401-2 ; Holm (transL), pp. 107-8; Acrelius, Beskrif., p. 8g.
Manuscripts. Church books of Frosthult, 1649, ff. ; N. S., I. (Up. Domkap.); N. S., HI. (K.A.) ; Beier's letters to A. Oxenstierna, 164.7-8. See index, below.
Christina, the famous Queen of Sweden and daughter of Gustavus Adolphus, was born at Stockholm on December 8, 1626. Her education was thorough and extensive and at the age of sixteen she could write and speak German and Latin fluently and had a good knowledge of Greek. On December 8, 1644, at the age of eighteen, she ascended the Swedish throne, but already tired of her duties she resigned her crown in 1654. At Innsbruck she formally accepted the Catholic faith the following year and was received with great splendor at Rome, where she lived (except at short intervals) the rest of her days. She revisited her native land in 1660 and again in 1667 and made pretentions to the throne. She died at Rome in April, 1689.
She was one of the most remarkable queens that ever ruled. She called artists, philosophers and scholars to her court and astonished them by her brilliancy and versatilitj'. But she was not suited for a ruler and her government was almost disastrous to Sweden. Had a more states- man-like sovereign occupied the Swedish throne from 1638 until 1654, New Sweden would have had a different story.
Printed Sources. See any Cyclopedia. Bibliography very large. Cf. bibliography and index. There is a good article by E. Meyer on " The Literary work of Christina in Italy," in Samlaren, 1 884, p. 65 fif. A list of her works is given on p. 98 ff.
68o The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Elswick, Hendrick von, a merchant from Liibeck. Moved to Stock- holm, where he continued in his trade, as it seems, until the autumn of 1653. Being appointed factor in New Sweden in the early part of 1654, he went to Porto Rico in the same year and presented the claims of the Swedish government for the ship Katt. He arrived in New Sweden in the autumn of 1654. He was an able and faithful commissary and his books are complete and full of information. He returned to Sweden in 1656 and was paid his salary by Kramer.
Manuscript Sources. See bibl. below. Rising's Relations; Rising's Journal; Elswick's Journal (fragment) and Relation; Elswick's letters to Eric Oxenstierna (referred to above) ; documents in N. S., I. and Sbderk. (R.A.) ; Com. Col. Reg., 1653-6; Geogr. (R.A.). See index, below. Cf. also Doc, I., Xll.
Fleming, Klas Larsson. One of the greatest names in Swedish history at this period. He occupied various responsible positions in the kingdom and everjrwhere his great energy and large ability effected marvelous results. He reorganized the Swedish navy and it was largely through his efforts that Sweden was able to cope with Denmark on the seas in the war of 1 644-1 646. From the first he took charge of the affairs of the New Sweden Company, and had he lived it is likely that New Sweden would not have been so greatly neglected.
Fleming was born in 1592 and he was killed by a stray bullet from a Danish batterj', July 26, 1644.
Printed Sources. Munthe, Sv. sjohj., V. 3 ff. ; Nordisk familjebok, VHI. 565-6; Hofberg, Biogr. lex., I. 339; Biogr. lex., IV. 562 ff. (For the Fleming family see Biogr. lex., IV. 531.) A great many of the Flemings were called Klas, see ibid., 538 ff. ; Stiernman, H'of. Minnen, I. 55 ff. For older bibliography see Biogr. lex., IV. 564. Lykpredikan Sfwer Then adle och Welborne Herre, Herr Claes Flemming . . . aff D. Olavo Laurelio, Stock. 1645, Palmsk. Saml. (Up. B.), 417, pre- dikan no. 2, p. 149.
Documents are found in Hand. ror. Skan. Hist., II. 80, 92, 112, V. 86 ff.; VIII. 27 ff.; IX. 80 ff., 164; XXIV. 288, etc. (Fleming's letter to C. von Falkenberg concerning grain, etc., November 25, 1631, IX. 80 ff. etc.) ; Stiernman, Kungl. br., etc., II. 190 ff. ; Rddspr., 1629-1644.
Manuscripts. Thirty-four letters (1627-44) from Fleming to A. Oxenstierna (see Munthe, Sv. sjohj., V. p. ix, and Sonden, A. Oxen- stierna {Ox. Saml.) ; Ndgra Clas Fleming papper 1630 ock 1640 talen (R.A.) (not made use of by Munthe) ; also Ox. Concepter; Documents
Brief Biographies. 68 i
in Soderk. and Tobaksk. (R.A.); Klas Fleming to Brahe, 1637-4O, Skokl. Saml. (R.A.) ; there are also letters in (K.A.) Reg. signed by him, also letters written to him in N. S., I. (K.A.). In " Baner bref," etc., are letters signed by Fleming alone and by him and J. Casimir (R. Library Stkh.).
Fluviander, Rev. Israel Holg, " was the son of Governor Printz's sister." He came to America in 1643 and remained here until March, 1647, preaching at Elfsborg and Christina. Holm says that he became rector in Ods congregation in the diocese of Skara, but Sprinchorn informs us that he is not mentioned in the church-books of this congregation. Sprinchorn, N. S., p. 29, note.
Manuscript Sources. Journal, N. S., III. (K.A.) ; Beier's letters to Oxenstierna, 1647, Ox. Saml. (R.A.). See index, below.
Gustavus Adolplius, the greatest ruler and statesman of the Scandi- navian North, the reorganizer of the military, political and economic systems of Sweden and the founder of modern warfare, was born in Stockholm, on December g, 1594, and died on the battle-field of Liitzen on November 6, 1632.
Sources. The bibliography is very large. See any Encyclopedia or bibliography of historical writings.
Hook, Sven, applied for permission to go to America in the service of the government or the company in 1653 and came here on the Haj on the eleventh expedition. He served in the settlement in the capacity of a lieutenant and returned to Sweden after the capture of the colony. It seems that he entered the navy upon his return to his native country and it appears that he was in charge of the ship Postryttaren in 1658. The same or another Sven Hook was commander of the Haj in 1647. See N. S., I. (R.A.) ; Com. Col. Reg. (R.A.). Memorial for Sven Hook, Am. Reg., July I, 1658. See index, below.
Kieft, Willem, was the sixth governor of New Netherland (1638- 1647). He assumed the government of the colony about the time Minuit arrived in the Minquas Kill. The settlements were not in the best condition and things did not improve much with his coming. Indian massacres and other troubles arose, due to Kieft's policies. He was on friendly terms with Governor Printz, however, and there was not much trouble between the Swedes and Dutch during his time. He left the colony in 1647 and was drowned in a storm on the coast of Wales. No accurate biography.
Printed Sources. Histories of New York; Jameson, Nar. of N. Neth.,
682 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
66, 211, etc.; Doc, I., XII.; Nat. Cyclo. of Am. Biogr., VI. 91-2 (not accurate). Cf. index, below.
Kramer, Hans, a German. He was appointed book-keeper for the New Sweden Company in 1640 and continued in this capacity until the dissolution of the American Company in 1662. He was also director in the company after 1655 and held the positions of book-keeper and director in the African Company. He was alive in 1668.
Sources. Letters and bills, N. S., I.-II. (R.A.) ; Soderk., 1637-59 (R.A.); N. S., I.-III. (K.A.); Rising's Process (R.A.) ; Mss. in Afrik. Komp., I.-III. (R.A.) and in Nord. Saml. (Up. B.). Cf. index, below.
Lindestrom, Peter Martensson, was the son of Marten Mansson, who was knighted and assumed the name of Lindestrom. Peter Linde- strom studied at the University of Upsala, whereupon he secured employ- ment as secretary in the College of Mines for two years. Again entering the university he specialized in mathematics and the art of fortification for some time. In 1653 he was appointed to go to New Sweden as engineer (cf. above, p. 554 ff.). He did great service for the company, but he was not satisfied with his position here, and Rising could with diffi- culty persuade him to remain in the autumn of 1654. He returned to Europe with the director and visited the fortifications at Plymouth and eleven other forts in England during his stay there in December, 1655.^ He went through Holland, Germany and Denmark on foot. He was robbed at Grensmohlen( ?) and arrested at Wismar, but he was released and given full satisfaction, whereupon he continued his journey and arrived in Sweden after many adventures. In March, 1657, he was in Stockholm and, finding that there was a vacancy in the army, he applied for the position of fortification-engineer and secured the appointment (his commission being dated April 8, 1657). He was then stationed in Jamtland " to continue the fortification " there. Later he took part in the campaigns against the Danes "in Skane and Norway." In 1661 he went abroad to seek his fortune in foreign nations, but he returned in a " couple of years," unable to obtain what he wanted.^ Again in
' Near the English coast his chest filled with instruments, maps and descrip- tions was to be transferred in a boat from the ship Bontekoe to the Bern, on November i, 1655; but as it was hauled upon the latter vessel, it was struck against the side so violently that the cover came open and all the instruments, valued at 150 R.D., were lost. The charts and descriptions were recovered, how- ever. Geogr., 73.
' He could have secured a position in " General Rylios' army," if he could have proven that he had had a longer experience as an engineer. It seems that his stay in New Sweden did not count.
Brief Biographies. 683
January, 1666, he applied for a recommendation from the College of War, having in mind to serve under Gustaf Wrangel " on German soil." Finally he married and settled at Brosater. About 1679 he " became afflicted with a painful suffering in all his limbs " and from 1683 until his death in 1691 he was confined to his bed, making work almost impossible. During the latter part of his life, however, he wrote his Geographia which was completed in its present form shortly before his death. " His last will was that the book should be presented to the King." He was given donations of land (Knapla and Wedhyx) In 165 1 and several other grants later, but he died in very poor circum- stances, due to his illness and the expenses connected with it. His widow, Margreta Roos ("about sixty years old" in 1691) was given 200 R.D. by the government in May, 1693.
Printed Sources. No accurate biography. Anrep, Attart., W. 772.
Manuscripts. Geogr. (R.A. ) ; letters from Lindestrom in Biogr. L. (R.A.) ; letters from Margreta Roos in N. S., II. (R.A) ; letter dated January 15, 1666, in "oordnade buntar " (K.A.) ; letter to Com. Col. in N. S., I. (R.A.); Rising's Journal; Red. Kol. Akt., 266 (K.A.) ; Saml., A. I, fol. 906, Bergskol.
Macklier, Hans, settled at Gothenburg^ some time before 1629 (Berg says between 1620 and 1630). He was of a Scotch noble family and had been an officer in the English navy. At Gothenburg he became a merchant, importing salt and the like. He supplied the government with goods, became wealthy by his trade and did great service to his adopted city. He acted as commissary for the New Sweden Company after 1646 and was of great aid in the preparations of some of the expe- ditions. He received many honors from the city, being its representative at Stockholm on several occasions and in 1649 he was made a Swedish nobleman ("introduced in 1652"). He befriended the Marquis of Montrose during the latter's stay in Gothenburg and advanced him 60,000 R.D. in 1649, also making over to him a large quantity of arms. He was made an English baron in 1650. He married twice and had many children. He died in 1666 and was buried in the German Church at Gothenburg. All the letters the writer has seen from him, are writ- ten in German.
Source. Letters to A. Oxenstierna (R.A.) ; manuscripts in Gothen- burg; N. S., I. (R.A.); N. S., I.-ni. (K.A.); Anrep, Attart., U. 848 a.; Berg, Saml. till Goteb. hist., I. 89-90, 120 (and bilagor) ;
' He also had a brother in Sweden.
684 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Radspr., I. 185; 11. 141, 184; V. 127, VII. 279. 327, 343; XI. lOI, 183, 303, 333; Gardiner, Hist, of the Com. and the Protec, I. 212.
Minuit, Peter,^" the third governor of New Netherland and the first of New Sweden was born at Wesel on the Rhine about 1580-5.^^ He was probably educated at the Gymnasium of Wesel. He married the sister (?) of Hendrick Huygen and knew and associated with the wealthiest and most influential men in his home town. During the Spanish occupation of the city (1614-1629) trade was ruined and prosperity disappeared and it appears that he removed about 1623 or 1624 for in the spring of 1625 it is stated that he "had left for foreign countries," his wife having gone to Cleves. It is probable that he went direct to Holland (likely to Amsterdam) and that he secured profitable employment there through the influence of the Huygen family.
In 1625 he was appointed general director of New Netherland, begin- ning his duties here in 1626. His rule was wise and successful, but he made himself obnoxious to a strong party among the directors and he was recalled in 1 63 1. He left New Amsterdam in the beginning of 1632 and returned to Holland.
His activities from 1632 until 1635 are practically unknown. About this time he offered his services to Samuel Blommaert and he soon became interested in the colonial and mercantile plans of Sweden. He was introduced to Oxenstierna and Spiring and he suggested the first practical plan to the chancellor for the colonizing of the Delaware and proposed the name New Sweden. He did not specify the territory to be settled, but that the west side of the Delaware is meant, can be seen from other circumstances. Being unnecessary for us to recount his labors while in the Swedish employ, since it has been done elsewhere (above Chaps. XI.-XIV., XXL), we pass them over. His two vessels arrived in the Delaware about March 15, 1638. He bought lands from the Indians, built a fort at Minquas Kill and left the colony in June.
On his way home at the island of St. Christopher, he was invited as a guest on a ship called the Flying Deer. Suddenly a terrible storm arose. The ship was blown out to sea and was never heard of again, Minuit and the other passengers disappearing forever.
" Kapp is mistaken in thinking that his name was Frenchified by American historians. According to Kapp the name ought to be written Minnewitt, but he used the French form himself and spelled it Minuit, hence I don't see that we have a right to change it. Cf. facsimile ; Doc, I. 43, etc. It is, however, also written Minnewit in the documents, see Doc, I. 291, etc. See Kapp. Sybels Hist. Zeit., XV. 232.
" His father was Jan Minuit and his mother was Sara.
Brief Biographies. 685
It has been said that Minuit was a German. He was indeed born in Germany, but his parents were of Walloon or of French descent and his education must have been Dutch (and probably partly French) for he writes Dutch (and in Dutch characters although his spelling is sometimes German) even to Oxenstierna and it is extremely improbable that he would have used that language in writing to the Swedish chancellor, /'/ he had knoivn German. There was a large Dutch colony in Wesel and that Minuit belonged to this and associated with Dutch or " Batavized " Walloons is probable. His relative Hendrick Huygen (from Wesel, said to have been a born Frenchman, however) likewise used the Dutch language in his correspondence with the Swedish authorities.
Printed Sources. No good biography. The most complete is that by F. Kapp, Peter Minnewit aus Wesel in Sybels Hist. Zeit., XV. 225 ff. The Hist. Mag.. 2d S., HI. 205 ff. ; Zeit. des Berg. Gesch. Ver., 1867 Acrelius, Beskrif.; Odhner, A^. S., 8 fE. ; Doc. I. ; Fan Ren. Bowier Mss. Kernkamp, Zweed. Arch.; Rddspr., 1636-8.
Manuscripts. Blommaert's letters to Oxenstierna (Ox. Saml.) ; Spiring to Oxenstierna; Fleming to Oxenstierna {Ox. Saml.). See bibliogr. and index, below.
Nertunius, Rev. Matthias Nicolaus, was well educated. He was engaged to go to America in 1649 on the Katt but he was wrecked with the other passengers near Porto Rico. Robbed of his property and per- secuted " for religion's sake " he finally made his way to Sweden after many hardships. His troubles did not end here, however. He suffered want and privation. He complains most bitterly to the chancellor that " he had suffered for some space of time in this famous capital," exclaim- ing that of him it could truly be said what the poet sings: "Through various accidents through so many dangers we strive.""" Together with Joachimus Lycke he prayed the chancellor " to stretch out a helping hand " as he was " not only lightly tinged but deeply dyed with afflic- tion." In 1653 he again decided to try his luck in New Sweden and this time he reached his destination safely. He returned with Rising and was recommended to the grace of the archbishop by the directors of the Commercial College in October, 1656.
Sources. N. S., I.-II. (R.A.) ; N. S., I.-III. (K.A.) ; Com. Col. Reg.. October 3, 1656.
"* " Vero verius dici potest quod Poeta canit: 'Per varios casus, per tot dis- crimina rerum Tendimus, etc' " Letter from Nertunius and Lycke, no date, but about the autumn of 1652. N. S., I. (R.A.).
686 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Oxenstierna, Axel, was born in Upland on June i6, 1583. Like Per Brahe he belonged to one of the most influential families in Sweden. He received a thorough education and studied at Jena, Rostock and Wittenberg. He soon became one of the leading spirits in his country and while still a young man he was employed on important diplomatic and other missions. He was made chancellor in 16 12 and became the right hand of Gustavus Adolphus in the formation and execution of the great plans that were to place Sweden among the leading powers of Europe. After the death of his king he became the virtual ruler of Sweden for many years and through his genius the cause of the Protes- tant allies finally triumphed. He was greatly interested in the settle- ments on the Delaware and through his initiative the New Sweden Company came into being. " He was the greatest statesman of Sweden below the throne " — the first place must be given to Gustavus Adolphus — and with the exception of Richelieu " he was the greatest uncrowned statesman of the age," " the great man of the continent," as Cromwell called him. He died in 1654.
Sources. No complete biography. Hofberg, Biogr. lex., II. 252; Nordisk familjebok, and English, German and French Encyclopedias. Cf. bibliogr. below, also Odhner, Sv. in. hist., p. 36 ff., 73 ff. The manuscript material for a biography is vast, and is found almost all over Europe. His writings are being published at Stockholm.
Oxenstierna, Eric, the son of Axel Oxenstierna, was born on Febru- ary 13, 1624. He was educated at the University of Upsala, whereupon he spent about two years in foreign travels and studied at Amsterdam and Leyden. He possessed many of the great qualities of his great father and became one of the leading diplomats and statesmen of his country, although he died at an early age.
In 1652 he was appointed president of the Commercial College and was the leading force in the renewed activities in behalf of New Sweden in 1653. The following year he was made chancellor to succeed his father. He was made governor-general of Prussia in 1655 and died there in 1656, at the age of thirty-two.
Printed Sources. The best biography is by Ellen Fries, but it is not complete and not always accurate. Cf. Wrangel, Sv. lit. forb. med. Hoi. (also in Dutch transl.) ; Hofberg, Biogr. lex., H. 254, and other Swedish biographical works.
Papegoja, Johan, made several journeys to New Sweden, arriving here for the first time in 1643. He married Armegot Printz about
Brief Biographies. 687
1645, but the marriage does not seem to have been a happy one. It appears that they had five children, two girls and three boys (Bernt, Gustaf and Goran). The girls and at least two of the boys were born in New Sweden, probably Goran and Bernt, who were sent to Sweden with Rising after the capture of the colony and they arrived safely at their grandfather's (Governor Printz's) home in the spring of 1656. Johan Papegoja, who desired to enter the naval service already in 1645, became captain in the Swedish navy about 1661 (Anrep says in 1663).^^ He lived at Ramstorp, where he owned an estate, and it seems that he died in 1667.
The family name of this branch of the Papegojas became extinct before 1720. It has been said that the last male representative of the family died in 1774, but in a document written in September, 1720, a few days after the death of the last daughter of Governor Printz, it is stated that " Bernt Papegoja died without children and with him that family became extinct."
Bernt like his father entered the navy and advanced to the rank of captain. It seems that he was later commander of the castle of Lecko. His brother Goran entered the army and took part in the war of 1676 against the Danes. He advanced to the rank of major. Gustaf Pape- goja became captain in 1673 and commander in 1675. He died in 1675. (In some manner about half of the writer's notes on Johan Papegoja and on Trotzig were lost and it was not possible to replace the material as the sources are in Sweden.)
Printed Sources. There is no biography. Anrep, Attart., III. 157; Manuscripts. Palmsk. Saml. (Up. B.), 230, fol. 230, 377-89. " Rela. om sin adm. No. 53, 1661 " (by Printz), Skr. fr. landsh. till K. Maj. (R.A.); N. S., I. (R.A.); N. S., I.-III. (K.A.); Red. Kol. Act. Printz (KA.) ; Am. Reg. (Fl. Ark.).
Printz, Gustaf, son of Governor Johan Printz, came to New Sweden in 1643. He was employed here as an officer, finally given the rank of lieutenant. He returned to Europe in command of a vessel in 1653. It seems that he had in mind to return to the colony on the tenth expedition, for travelling expenses were supplied to him on December 22, 1653, but
" In the " Rela. om sin admin.", etc., Printz states under date of December I, 1661, that Capt. Johan Papegoja was paid 493:16 D. {Skr. fr. landsh. till K. Maj. (R.A.). Anrep has probably taken his statements from Palmsk. Saml., 230 f- 377-89 (Up. B.), where it is stated that Johan Papegoja became skeppskapten'm 1663. It is also stated there and in .'\nrep that he became major in l6y6 (this is nine years after his death!).
688 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
for some reason he did not go, probably because his father had left the colony. In 1656 he was in Elbing on some duty. The next year he was again in Sweden, seeking employment in the Swedish army. Through the influence of Per Brahe he was finally given an appointment in " Of. Herr H. Horns Regemente af Wastg. Reuttery" about July, 1657, with a salary of 820 D., but he died in Skane the same year.
Sources. No biography. Letters to Per Brahe, Skokl. SamL, to A. Oxenstierna, Ox. SamL; Com. Col. Prot.; Journal, N. S., III. (K.A.) ; Wastg. Ryt.j Krigsarkivet.
Printz, Johan, was born in Bottnaryd, Smaland, Sweden,^^ on July 20, 1592. He went to school in his home district and later attended the universities of Rostock and Greifswald, but he was soon compelled to return home on account of financial straits. In 1620, however, Gus- tavus Adolphus made it possible for him to go abroad again. He studied at Leipzig, Wittenberg, Jena and other places, but circumstances once more forced him to break off his studies. He was made a prisoner by some soldiers, who compelled him to accompany them to Italy, and he was now thrown into a long list of adventures. After spending some time in the field, in French and Austrian armies, he returned to Sweden in 1625. Thereupon he entered Swedish service and it has been said that the King gave him two fully barbed steeds from his own barn.
In 1630 he became cavalry captain and four years later he was advanced to the rank of major. In 1635 and 1636 he fought in Ger- many under the command of Ture Bjelke and was captured by the imperial forces in February of the latter year. " He bought himself free, however, for 800 R.D.," which were returned to him by the gov- ernment. In 1638 he was again promoted, receiving the rank of lieuten- ant-colonel. Two years later, when he was in the city of Chemnitz with only a few soldiers, he was compelled to surrender after a heroic defense. Returning to Sweden soon after he made a grave mistake in not securing a passport and leave from Johan Baner, the commanding general. As a consequence he was arrested in Stockholm and accused of having surrendered the city with disgrace. He was tried by the College of War, but this body exonerated him in the surrender of Chemnitz (it was even brought out that he made a most heroic stand against the enemy), and it was thought that he had been punished sufficiently through his imprisonment for his neglect to secure a passport. The
" It is difficult to see how the statement widely circulated, that Printz was born in Germany, could have arisen.
Brief Biographies. 689
Council of State, however, reversed the sentence and removed him from his command " as a warning to other insubordinate officers."
In 1642 he was requested to become governor of New Sweden and in July the same year he was knighted. He was governor of the colony from 1643 until the autumn of 1653. When he returned to Sweden he was received with favor and was again given the rank of colonel. In 1657 he was appointed commandant of the castle at Jonkoping and the follow- ing year he was made governor of Jonkopings Ian. He died on May 3, 1663.
Printz was twice married. His first wife, Elizabeth Bock, died in 1640. Before his departure for New Sweden in 1642 he married Maria von Linnestau and his family accompanied him to the colony. He had six children, who attained to maturity (five girls — Armegot, Catharina, Christina, Elsa and Gunilla — and one boy — Gustaf).
He was of a religious nature, as religion was taken in those days. It is said that he often read the Bible and he was permitted to preach in his father's congregation while a student. The English said that he was " furious and passionate, cursing and swearing upon every occasion " and the Swedes themselves accused him of tyranny and ill treatment, but we must not take any of these statements at their face value." Printz was a soldier, educated in the rough school of the Thirty Years' War, and his language was not characterized by restraint, but he was not the tyrant and ruffian he is often made out to be. He was of heavy build and it is probable that he increased in weight as years grew upon him. The Indians called him the big tub and de Vries speaks of him as weigh- ing over 400 Ibs.'^
Printz has received much unjust criticism from historians. He per- formed his duties faithfully as governor of New Sweden and his services as governor of Jonkopings Ian were marked by ability and executive power. He was strict in his demands and required absolute obedience from his subjects. He was of hot temper and at times he went beyond his limit, but his rule as a whole was just. He was in many ways a remarkable character (his adventures before entering Swedish service in 1630 border on romance) and he deserves a prominent place among the early governors of the American settlements.
" See above, Chaps. XXXII., XXXVIII. and index below.
" " Was ghenaemt Capiteyn Prins, een kloeck Man van postuer die over de vier- hundert pondt woeg." De Vries, Korte Historiael, p. 184. The statement that he was a heavy drinker is not borne out by the documents. 45
690 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Printed Sources. There is no complete biography of Printz. Biog- raphies and references to him are found in all Swedish and large American biographical works and histories. Cf. Pufendorf, Der Sch. und Deut., etc., I. 332, 540; II. 45-6; Pufendorf, Drot. Christinas hist., etc. A biography was published by the present writer in Ungdoms- vdnnen, March, 1909, pp. 84-5.
Manuscripts. Letters from him to the King, March 14, 1658 — December 30, 1658 (15 in all) ; January 9, 1659 — December 28, 1659 (39 in all) ; Landsh. skr., Jonk. Idn., 1 640-167 1 (R.A.) ; A journal of his official acts (R.A.) ; R.R., January 30, 1659; February 6, 10, December 10, 1659, etc.; letters from him to P. Brahe, Skokl. Sarnl.; to A. Oxenstierna, Ox. Saml.; also letters in Biogr. (R.A.). In Kam- mararkivet are a large number of documents concerning him. Likvida- tioner, 1620-80, Ser. B., No. 221, etc. (Also letters from the daughters of Printz in these collections in K.A.) Cf. below, index and bibliogr.
Armegot Printz married Johan Papegoja in New Sweden. She lived in Fort Christina until August, 1654, when she removed to Tini- cum Island.
In May, 1662, she sold the island to De la Grange for six thousand florins, whereupon she seems to have taken her personal property to Printz Torp and returned to Sweden,^" where she met her husband for the last time. She came here again before March 8, 1671, and settled at Printz Torp. As the second half of the price for Tinicum was not paid, Armegot "obtain[ed] a judgment upon the verdict of a jury . . . against Andrew Carr and Priscilla, his wife, for the sum of 3000 " florins and in the spring of 1673 the governor confirmed the decision, empowering the sheriff to put Armegot " into possession of the said island and the stock thereon." She now returned to Tinicum, where she continued to live until her final departure for Sweden" in i676( ?).^^ She probably lived upon her husband's estate Ramstorp, at least at inter- vals after her return. She died on November 26, 1695.
Madame Papegoja was given many privileges by the Dutch.'" She
"On her way home she was paid 3,000 florins in Holland on July 31, 1662.
" Having sold the island to Peter Kock.
"* On pp. 646-649 Fernow prints a " Census of the responsible housekeepers " between two documents from April 21, 1680, and May i, 1680, making us believe that Armegot was still in the country. But it is an error and the census must have been made a few years earlier. Doc, XH. 646-649.
Armegot had two sons in the Swedish war of 1675-1679 and not two sons-in- law as is stated in Mem. of Long Isl. Hist. So., 1. and elsewhere.
" Acrelius is mistaken, however, in stating that the Dutch gave her " ist. godd
Brief Biographies. 691
carried on agriculture and distilled small quantities of liquors from corn. She had difficulty in finding servants, however, to perform her vv^ork. In 1672 she had "only one man-servant" and was compelled to hire other people in harvest time. She was a woman of some ability, and seems to have been of an overbearing nature, irritable and self-willed, and the Swedes complained greatly about her tyranny.
Printed Sources. No biography. The article in Prarieblomman, 1903, p. 148 fl. is not reliable. Sources for her life are found In Doc, XII. ; Sluyter's Journal, Mem. of Long hi. Hist. So., I. 177 ff. ; Hazard, Annals; Acrelius, Beskrif.; Penn. Mag., II. 467.
Manuscripts. In Kammararkivet among the Printz-papers; N. Y. Col. Mss., XX. fol. 26, 82, XXI. fol. 51.
Catharina Printz married Major Pylfelt and died in 1703.
Christina Printz married Governor Orneklo. She died on January 13. 1696.
Elsa Printz married twice, the first time Von Rohr, the second time Lagmannen Jacob du Rees who died on May 9, 1720. Elsa died on the twenty-fourth of September, 1720.
Gunilla Printz married Major Gyllenpatron and she died on Febru- ary I, 1697. Red. Kol. Act. (K.A.).
Ridder, Peter Hollender. Ridder was of Dutch or low German origin (his German letters prove this and his attempts at Swedish were not successful at least not before 1655). The date of his arrival in Sweden^" cannot be determined. He entered Swedish service about 1635-^ and was used in various capacities by the Admiralty in Finland and Sweden. In 1639 he was engaged to go to New Sweden. He arrived here on the second expedition and remained as governor of the colony until February, 1643.
Some time after his return to Sweden he was again given a position in the Swedish navy with the rank of lieutenant (a rank which he had before going to America). He was made captain in i648( ?) and sent to Riga on commercial voyages about this time; chief for Gothland's
Oxe: nagra godda Svvin och tilrackelig brodsad," Beskrif., 100. She requested permission from the Dutch in 1660 to be allowed to pay these things in taxes, Doc, XII. 310.
"He had a brother in Sweden in 1640.
^ There is some conflict in his statements about entering Swedish service. In 1644 he says that he had served the Crown over five years (that would give us about 1638 or 1639), but in 1659 he says that he had served the government for twenty-four years, this will give us the year 1635 as the time when be entered Swedish ser\-ice.
692 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Company 1 648-165 1 and went to the island of Gothland to collect money and contributions for the navy; he was sent to Finland at various times to superintend the conscriptions and took part in the war of 1658-9 with honor. He advanced to major in 1660 and he was employed on various missions and important expeditions by the Admiralty until 1666, when he became hopman, later (1669) commander, at the castle of Viborg in Finland. (Several donations of land had also been given him in Viborgs liin and socken already in 1650.)
After his strenuous life and many hardships, he was now given a position where he could spend the remainder of his numerous days in peace and quietness. Viborg Castle had once been of great importance as a guard against Russian hordes; but this importance was lost long before 1666 and little attention was now paid to its maintenance as a fort and stronghold. It is therefore probable that Ridder had little to do. He was married before going to New Sweden. He had at least two sons, Peter Peterson Ridder and Constantin Ridder,-- and at least four daughters. There is some uncertainty about the year of his birth as well as the year of his death. But his son Constantin writes the day after his death ("f gar som war den 23 huius," the letter, however, being without date), that he was 84 years old when he died and that he had served the government for 56 years. Now if he entered Swedish service in 1635 (and the statement of his son is correct) he must have died in 1691 and in that case he was born in 1607.-^
Printed Sources. There is no biography. Short mention of him in Ruuth, Viborgs Stads hist., I. 392-3, G. Lagus Ur Wiborgs hist., 1\. pp. 62-3, and Zettersten, Sv. flot. hist., H. 228, 622.
Manuscripts. A large number of letters to him in Am. Reg. {Fl. Jr.), 1638, April 14, June 19, November 3, December 22; 1639, March II, May 16, July 8; 1646, February 5; 1648, February 21, 26, June 23, October 27; 1649, April 20, Sept. 13; 1650; 1651, August 22, Septem- ber 23; 1653, February 8, 18, March 4, August 20, October 21 ; 1655, February 2, December 13, 15; 1656, April 4, May 22, June 18, 20, December 23; 1657, January 15, April 3, May i, 14, June 11, July 9, 16, August 20; 1658, December 21; 1659, January 2; 1660, July 18, December 7 (also a large number of letters from him in Inkomna skrifvelser) . Letters and other documents in Red. Kol. Act., No. 313
"^ Lagus mentions only one son.
"That this is approximately correct {perhaps correct) is borne out by other facts, for we know that he was alive in 1685 and that he was dead in 1693.
Brief Biographies. 693
(K.A.). Peter H. Ridder till Kung. Maj. and letters from Constantin Ridder, Ursula Ridder, John Elvers, Otto von Mengden, Biographica (R.A.). Peter Ridder to Carl X., July 5, 1659 (R.A.). Letter to Klas Fleming, May 13, 1640, N. S., I. (K.A.) ; letters from Ridder to A. Oxenstierna, Ox. Saml. (R.A.). See index below. For a history of Viborg Castle see Ruuth, Viborgs; stads hist., I. 254 ff.
Rising,-* Johan Classen,-'' was born in 161 7 (if his own statement is correct) and, after graduating from the Gymnasium at Linkoping, he entered the University of Upsala in the autumn of 1635. After his university studies he spent several years in foreign countries (he was for a time a student at Leyden), partly as a companion to Count Tott and Sten Bjelke, partly on stipends given by De la Gardie and Queen Chris- tina and " he travelled through many kingdoms, countries and provinces, observed their manners, laws and statutes and learnt various tongues and languages." The stipends given to him by the government entailed the condition that he should study commerce and trade and write a treatise on these subjects. For this purpose he revisited Holland in 1647 and 1650 and spent some time in Amsterdam, which possessed the greatest and most perfectly organized commercial system of that time. As he returned to Sweden the Commercial College was being organized and in the summer of 1 651 he was appointed secretary in this department of the government. He resigned in the autumn of 1653, however, being com- missioned to go to New Sweden as an assistant to Governor Printz. Shortly before his departure he was raised to the rank of a nobleman. He arrived here in 1654. After the fall of New Sweden he returned to Europe and landed in England. After a visit to London he went to Holland, where his books, manuscripts and clothes were confiscated and sold at auction and from there he proceeded to Elbing in Prussia, where he met Eric Oxenstierna and made a report to him. In December, 1657,
"^ Rising was the name of the district (socken) where Johan Rising was born and he adopted that name. There are over eight places by the name of Risinge in Sweden. Rising's father was Rev. Clas Botvidi.
■° Rising had two brothers by the name of Jo/ian Rising, one of whom went to New Sweden on the Mercurius in 1655; the other lived at Gothenburg and held several offices there. One Johan Rising (not mentioned by Dr. Fries) was lieutenant on the ship Fatken in 1659, and it is stated in Med. fr. S'V. Riksark., V. p. 151, that he had been governor of New Sweden. But this is of course a mistake. There are several memorials and letters to this Rising in Am. Reg. November 9, December 8, 15, 1660, etc. (Fl. Ar.). A Johan Rising was living in Norrkoping, who does not seem to have been any relation to the director of New Sweden.
694 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
he settled at Elbing, having been appointed general inspector over the collection of tolls in Prussia and Pomerania, with a salary of 1,200 R.D. annually. But his duties virere not to his liking. Already in October, 1658, he asked to be released. It seems that nothing better was offered him, however, and he remained at his post. During his stay there he wrote several reports and memorials and collected further materials for his great work. But in 1660 he was compelled to leave his office and return to Sweden, since Elbing was captured by the enemy. He was now without permanent employment and he was for years unsuccessful in his attempts to collect his salary and other bills dating from the time of his directorship of New Sweden. (Only a very small part of his salary was ever paid him, and his bills against the American Company were never collected, in fact the officers of the company maintained that he owed the same several thousand dollars.) In 1665 he was made an assessor in the newly organized Maritime Court with a salary of 400 D. a year, but the court was not put into operation and the officers were of course paid no salary. With the exception of some aid from his patron, the Swedish Mecenas De la Gardie, Rising was dependent on what little he could make in this way or that and it is not clear how he managed to live. (His relatives, however, supplied funds for him in later years.) His life was one of intense hardships and privation. He continued his literary labors, however (see above, Chap. XLIV., Rising as an author), and his ambition and burning desire to complete his one great work, A Treatise on Trade, never deserted him. But he labored under tremendous difficulties. He was forced to occupy the most miser- able quarters, and he was barely able to provide sufficient clothing for his body. Cold prevented him from doing thorough work in winter and when summer came necessary books and other materials, yes even ink, were wanting. He was ever in debt and kind-hearted people and royal intercession alone saved him from the prison bars. Under such condi" tions it is a wonder that he could accomplish what he did. The end came in April, 1672. It is a sad picture to see the former director of New Sweden, the first writer of importance on economy and commerce in this country, " ages ahead of his time in his views," die in a small, miserable hovel in a tailor's hut. A later age has been more considerate and more charitable, and his books, which could not be sold during his lifetime, are eagerly sought for by the collector and they often bring a comparatively large price.
Printed Sources. There is no complete biography. The best is that
Brief Biographies. 695
of Ellen Fries in Hist. Tid. (1896), p. 31 ff. but it is not accurate. Older and less accurate articles are to be found in Biogr. lex., Ny foljdj VIII. 495 ff. ; Stiernman, Matrikel; Anrep, Attart.; Nordisk fam'il- jebok. References to him are found in Wrangel, Sv. lit. forb. med Hol- land (a splendid work) ; Fryxell, Berdt., XVIII. 123 ff. ; Carlson, Hist., II. 66; Arvvedson, De Col, Nova Svecia; Doc, II., XII.
Manuscripts. Letters from him to E. Oxenstierna, Ox. Saml.; letters to the King, to De la Gardie and others (R.A. ) ; letters and reports in N. S., I. (R.A.) and N. S., I. (K.A.) ; and a large number of manu- scripts in Rising's Process (R.A.).
Schotting,-" Timon van, was born in Flanders, 1603, and went to Sweden with his father about the age of 24. He settled at Gothenburg and seems to have engaged in mercantile business there. In 1639 he was appointed factor for the New Sweden Company, but his bills were often faulty and he allowed some of the goods to go to ruin under his care, making his resignation necessary. Later he became burggraf-'' in Gothen- burg and received other honors. He died in 1674.
Sources. Manuscripts in N. S., I.-III. (R.A.) ; N. S., I.-III. (K.A.). Anrep, III. 661; Berg. Saml. till G6t. hist., I. 79-80. Cf. index, below.
Spiring-** Silfverkrona, Peter. Spiring was the son of a wealthy Dutch merchant. He came in touch with A. Oxenstierna about 1623 (a memorial dated " d. 24 Junio, A. 1623," being the first paper in the Ox. Saml. from him), and he was soon employed by Sweden in various capacities. He was sent to Holland, 1635, to represent Sweden and to try to obtain subsidies from the States (Oxenstierna considering him more suitable for this mission than Camerarius, says Aitzema, II. 340) and later he was made resident at the Hague. In 1636 he received the title of nobility with the name of Silfverkrona, and from now on he always signed his name " Peter Spiring Silbercron van Noresholm." He did great service to Sweden and was often called upon to give advice in commercial and other matters. He was one of the stockholders of the New Sweden Company and always took a keen interest in its business. He presented several memorials to the States General concerning ships belonging to the company and he was always of aid to the expeditions on
" It was often written by himself and others with an en, Schottingen.
" Burg-grefve, " the highest office in the cities of Gothenburg, Malmo and Norrkoping." The title was retained at intervals in Gothenburg until 1719.
™ His brothers, Isaac and Arent Spiring also had dealings with the Swedish government and served the same.
696 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
their route to or from America, when they went by way of Holland. Although a Hollander he was a true friend of his adopted country. He was highly valued by the chancellor, who often listened to his counsel.
In the autumn of 165 1 he was ordered to go to London on a diplo- matic mission to look after Swedish interests and to endeavor to gain the good will of Cromwell and the English Parliament. But on the day set for an audience with Cromwell, he became severely ill and died, shortly afterwards, on February 9, 1652.
Printed Sources. Thurloe, State Papers; Odhner, Sv. delt. i. Fastf. fredsk., p. 46, N. S., p. 7-8; Heimer, De dipl. forb. met. Sv. och Eng., 1633-54, p. 65 ff.; Anrep, Attart., HI. 725; Fryxell, Handl., I, 56 fif.; Rddspr., I. ff. volumes. The larger histories of Sweden, Denmark, Holland and England contain many references to him.
Manuscripts. His letters to A. Oxenstierna from 1623 until Decem- ber 8, 1 65 1, are collected in six large bundles in Ox. Saml. (R.A.). Most of the letters are written in German (copied by a secretary, Niepeisen and others, and signed by Spiring), some are in Dutch (often in his own hand), others are in French. Several letters to Spiring, Am. Reg. (Fl. Ar.), 1633 ff- There are many documents concerning him in Kainmararkivet, Red. Kol. Akter, No. 319 (where Spiring's will is found, dated June 20, 1643); King to the Kam. Kol, February 22, 1653, etc. There are also a great number of letters to Spiring in Kam. Kol. Reg. (K.A.) and in R.R. (R.A.) ; letters and bills from him in N. S., I. (R.A.), N. S., I.-ni. (K.A.). See bibliography and index below.
Stuyvesant, Peter. He was probably born in 1602 in Friesland. Being the son of a clergyman, he received a good education. Soon after leaving school he entered military service, losing a leg at St. Martin, 1644, and had served a long apprenticeship before he was appointed to the directorship of New Netherland in 1646. He took charge of the colony in May, the following year. He was an active governor and the colony prospered during his reign. Accusations of various kinds were made against him, but most of these were unjust and we must assign him the first place among the governors, who ruled over New Nether- land. He showed more firmness against the neighbors than his prede- cessor. He erected a new fort on the Delaware and finally captured New Sweden ; but he was himself to suffer the same penalty as he had inflicted upon Rising, and New Netherland passed into the hands of the English in 1664. Stuyvesant remained in the colony under the English govern-
Brief Biographies. 697
ment, thus escaping the fate of Rising, and he died at New York in 1682 about the age of eighty.
Printed Sources. There is no accurate biography. In the Nat. Cyclop, of Am. Biog., V., p. 138 ff., it is said that he died " in seclusion upon his farm in August, 1672," the statement on his tombstone also being accepted that he was 80 years of age at that time and born in 1 602 ! The article in Appleton's Cycl. of Am. Biog., V., p. 735, is a better one. Facts about him can be found in all the histories of New York. See also Fiske, The Dutch and Quaker Col.; Doc. I.-II. See bibliography below and index.
Torkillus, Rev. Reorus, was born at Molndal, near Gothenburg (now a manufacturing town) in 1608. He attended school at Lidkoping and Skara and was later called as a lecturer to the High School of Gothenburg. Here he was employed as a chaplain to the superintendent, Andrew Printz, until he was sent to New Sweden on the second expedi- tion in 1639. He had much trouble with the Hollanders of the Re- formed Faith, both on the journey to America and in the colony, and his labors here were not very pleasant. He was the first preacher in New Sweden and the first Lutheran clergyman to serve in America and as such he is worthy of remembrance. He was married and had one child. He seems to have been ill during the greater part of 1643. He died on September 7, 1643 and was buried by Campanius.
Sources. Rrnhpr., IV., Journal. N. S., III. (K.A.) ; Holm, Beskrif., p. 107; Norberg, Sv. kyr. mis., p. 3.
Trotzig, Peter,-'' was born in Sweden, but he moved to Amsterdam and became a merchant there. He was employed by the Swedish govern- ment in Amsterdam in 1642 to take the place of Blommaert, and con- tinued to serve his country for a great many years, being made a com- missary in 1661. He hired Dutch sailors, officers and skilled laborers for Swedish service, he bought ships and caused others to be built and he was employed in various commercial transactions. He was the factor of the New Sweden Company in Holland and purchased many of the cargoes sent to the Delaware. About 1666 he returned to his native land and was employed in the city government at Stockholm. He was knighted and changed his name to Trotzenfelt. (The author lost most of his notes on Trotzig with those of Papegoja, making it impossible to give further details.)
His two brothers Anthoni and Johan Trotzig were engaged in cannon manufacture in Sweden at this time. See Am. Reg., 1650; 1651, June i8; 1652; June 7 (F. A.).
698 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Printed Sources. Wrangel, Sv. lit. forb. med. Holland. Manuscripts in Am. Reg.. 1643 ff. (Fl. Ar.) ; Kam. Kol. Reg.. 1642 ff. (K.A.) ; R.R. (R.A.) ; N. S., I. (R.A.) ; letters to A. Oxenstierna {Ox. Saml.) and to De la Gardie (R.A.). See index below.
Usselinx, Willem, the founder of the Dutch West India Company and of the Swedish South Company, was born at Antwerp in June, 1567. After receiving a business education in his native town he spent several years abroad, in Spain, Portugal and the Azores, and returned to Hol- land a wealthy man, about 1591. He soon formed the idea of founding trading companies and from 1 600 until his death (about 1647), he was engaged in the promotion of great projects and plans of colonization and trade.
Source. A good biography by J. F. Jameson, Pap. of the Am. Hist. Ass., n., p. 161 ff.
Whitelocke, Bulstrode, was born in 1605. He was educated at Oxford, which he left without a degree, and was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1626. He became a member of Parliament and served the government in various capacities. In 1653 the Council of State nominated him as ambassador to Sweden and he was pressed by Cromwell to accept the post. His mission was successful and after his return to England he was appointed to other important offices. He died in 1675. Whitelocke was a voluminous writer, even writing plays, and he was a great copyist, several " original manuscripts " being preserved of some of his writings. His Swedish Embassy, being a journal of the embassy, is a work of much value.
Sources. Dictionary of National Biography. LXI., p. no ff. and the references there; Schelling, The Eliz. Drama.
APPENDIX B.
Lists of Officers, Soldiers, Servants and Settlers in New Sweden, 1638-1656.
I. garrison and servants at ft. CHRISTINA IN NEW SWEDEN,
1638-1640.
Officers.
Mans Nilsson Kling, commander.
William Laury, provost (provost-marshal).^
Hendrick Huygen, commiss.
Soldiers and Servants.
Clas (Klas) Jansson and twenty other soldiers. The negro slave Anthony.
II. GARRISON, SERVANTS AND FREEMEN IN NEW SWEDEN,
1640-1643.
Officers.
Peter Hollender Ridder, commander.
Mans Nilsson Kling, lieutenant.
Joost van Langdonk,^ commissary.
The Rev. Reorus Torkillus.
The Rev. Christopher.
Gregorius van Dyck,^ assistant commiss.
Joran (Goran) Olsson* (from Osmo?),^ provost (profoss).
Per Anders [s] on, guard and skipper on the yacht.
' It is not possible to determine with certainty whether Laury came here on the first expedition in 1638 or on the second in 1640. He returned to Sweden on the Kalmar Nyckel in 1642. He was probably an Englishman. Journal, no. 146.
^ He returned to Europe in 1642 upon the arrival of Hendrick Huygen.
"Returned to Europe in 1642.
* Joran also written Jurgen.
° Osmo, a socken or district in Stockholms Ian.
699
700 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Soldiers, Servants and Freemen.
Clas Classon. Anders Nilsson Nagel.
Ambrosius Ericksson. Pafvel Nilsson.
Per Gunnarsson. Mats Olofsson.
Johan Hindricksson, constaple. Steffan Olofsson.
Martin Guttersson." Anders Olsson Brandt.
Clas (Klas) Jans [s] on (Jansen). Mats Sifversson.^
Anders Joransson, constaple. Anders Svensson.*
Anders Larsson Dalbo. Nils Svensson.*
Mickel Larsson, from Osmo. Olof Svensson.
Johan Matsson, constaple. Bengt Thomasson.
For other freemen in the colony at this time see above, Chap. XVIII., pp. 151-53; appendix B, IV.
The following returned to Europe in 1643: Lieutenant Peter Hollen- der Ridder, The Rev. Christopher, Per Andersson, Bengt Thomasson, Johan Hindrickson, Olof Svensson, Clas Classon (the carpenter), Joran Olsson (the provost-marshal), Johan Matsson and Johan Papegoja.
in. ROLL-LIST OF THE MALE INHABITANTS OF NEW SWEDEN IN
1643-1644.
(Adapted from the list of Gov. Printz, 1644.)
I. At Fort Christina.^"
Officers :
Lieutenant Johan Papegoja i
Commissary Hendrick Huygen I
The Rev. Mr. Johan Campanius i
° Martin Gottersson.
' Also written Mats Siwersen.
' Andreas Swenson.
" Nils Swenson.
"RULLA.
oppa altt deedt Folck, sasom vthi Nye Swerigie ahro, huru thee pa alle platzer och plantatier fordelte ahro, som vnder specificeres pro Anno 1644.
Officererne widh Cihrstina Skantz:
Johann Paapegaia i
Commissen Hindrich Hugenn 1
Pastoren M :r Johann Companius i
Lists of Officers, Soldiers, Servants, etc. 701
Barber-surgeon Hans Janeke I
Trumpeter Erick Andersson I
The gunner Mats Hansson i
The blacksmith Mr. Hans Rosback i
The provost-marshal Johan Olofsson i
Balbererenn M :r Hannss
Trurabetarenn Erich Andersonn
Constapel Matz Hansonn
Smedenn M ;r Hanns
Proposenn Jahan Oluffzonn
Effterschreflfne aflf Compagnitz Folckett plantera Tooback vpa plantatien weedh Cihrstina:
Knut Marthensonn
Peer Gunnersonn Rambo
Marthenn Gottersson
Lars Andersonn Vlff
Manns Andersonn
Lars Kackin
Svann Gunnersonn
Marthenn Glaasere
Joenn Torsonn
Oluff Torsonn
Anders Timbermann
Effternembde ahro Timberman pa Halmenn:
Class Claasonn
Tommas Timbermann
Effterskrefne ahro forordnade att waara continve pa Slupenn:
Skepperen Andress
Lars Tommesonn
Bengt Torsonn
Vndertecknade arbeeta Tobakz faat och annat kyperj :
Lauriss Kyper
Lukass Personn
Swine Wachterenn :
Anders Minck medh sin sonn )
Claas Andersonn ]
Poickenn som wachtar boskapen :
Svvenn Swensonn i
Molnaren som ahr continue hoos quarnen:
Anders Dreijer I
Comis: Hindrick Hugens drengh:
Gaatfreedh Herraansonn i
Saldater weedh Cihrstina:
Erich Taat i
Marthen Hansonn I
Lars Jacobsonn i
34
702 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
The following people of the company plant tobacco on the plantation at Christina:
Knut Martensson Vasa
Per (Peter) Gunnarsson Rambo
Marten Gottersson
Lars Andersson Ulf
Mans Andersson
Lars Kackin (Kock?)
Sven Gunnarsson
Marten Martensson Glasare (also Glasbiten)
Jon Thorsson
Olof Thorsson
Anders Mats( ?) Persson (Person), the carpenter
The following are carpenters on the island:
Claas Claason
Thomas Goransson (also Jurgensson) the carpenter
The following are appointed to be on the sloop continually :
The skipper Andries Lucas [sen] (he returned to Holland in 1646)
Lars Thomasson
Bengt Thorsson
The laborers listed below make tobacco casks and other cooper's articles:
Lauris the Cooper
Lukas Persson ,
The swineherd:
Anders Classon Mink with his son
Clas (Klas) Andersson
The boy who herds the cattle:
Sven Svensson
The miller who is continually at the mill :
Anders Kristiansson Dreijer
The servant of Com. Hendrick Huygen:
Gotfried Harmer
Soldiers at Christina:
Erick Akesson Tatt
Martin (Marten) Hansson
Lars Jacobsson
Total at Fort Christina 34
Lists of Officers, Soldiers, Servants, etc. 703
II. At Fort Elfsborg." Officers :
Lieutenant Sven Skute
Head guard {wachtmaster) Gregorius van Dyck.
Gunner Johan Matsson
Drummer Sven Andersson
Rev. Israel Holg Fluviander
Common Soldiers:
Nicklas Bock
Johan Gustafsson
Peter Meyer
Isack van Eissen (or von Eysen)
Constantinus Gronberg (Griinenburg)
Peter Jochim (Jochem, Joachim)
Anders Jonsson
Bengt Hindricksson (also Hindersson)
Anders Andersson
Jacob Svensson (Svvenson)
Walle Looer (also Lohe and Loo)
Jon (Joen) Nilsson the tailor
Knut Liljehok
Total at Fort Elfsborg
" Officererne widh Skantzenn Elssborgh:
Leutenampten Swann Skuuta
Wachraesteren Gregorius van Dicke
Constap : Jahaan Matzonn
Trumbeslageren Swann Andersonn
Giemene Saldater:
Nicklaus Bock
Jahann Gustaffzonn
Fetter Meijer
Isack vann Eissenn
Constantinos Gronebergh
Fetter Jochim
Anders Joensonn
Bengt Hindrichsonn
Anders Andersonn
Jacob Svvensonn
VValle Looer
Joenn Skreddere
Knut Liliehock
17
704 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
III. At the Schuylkill Plantation.^^ Officer :
Lieutenant Mans Kling i
The working-people, who plant tobacco on the plantation in the Schuylkill: Pafvel Jonsson. (Probably the same as "Jons Pafvelsson, servant of the Company " who died here in the summer
of 1645.)
Sven Larsson
Hindrick Matsson
Mats Pipare( ?)
Ambrosius Ericksson
Anders Larsson Dalbo
Peder (Peter) Larsson Keck (Cock)
Total at the Schuylkill 8
IV. At the Upland Plantation. ^^ Officers :
Per Liljehok i
Elias the tobacco-planter I
Mickel Nilsson, the blacksmith i
^ Officer erne widh Skyllerkill:
Leute : Manns Klingh i
Arbetz Folcket som planta Tooback pa plantatien weedh Skyllerkill:
Pafvell Jonsonn
Swenn Larsonn
Hindrich Matzonn
Matz Pipere
Ambrosius Erichsonn
Anders Daalbo
Fader Kick
8 " Officererne widh Vplanndh:
Fader Liliehock
Elias Toobakzplantere
Sraeden Mickell Nilsonn
Effterskrefne Arbeetare planta Tooback weed plantatien Vplandh:
Hindrich Matzonn
Matz Hansonn
Iffwer Hindersson
Jahann Andersonn
Hanns Mansonn
Lists of Officers, Soldiers, Servants, etc. 705
The following laborers plant tobacco on the plantation at Upland:
Hindrick Matsson
Mats Hansson
Ifvar (Ivar) Hindersson
Johan Andersson Stalkofta
Hans Mansson
Eskill Larsson
Lars Bj6r[n]sson ,
Bertil Eskilsson ,
Johan Ericksson
Jacob Spaniol (the Spaniard?) ,
Clemet (Klement) Joransson
Total at Upland 14
V. At Fort Tinicum.^* Officers:
Governor Johan Printz i
Gustaf Printz, son of Governor Printz i
Hindrick Olsson, servant of Governor Printz i
Eskill Larsonn i
Lars Bibrsonn I
Bertill Eskilsonn i
Johann Erichson I
Jacob Spaniol (?) i
Clemet Jbrensonn i
" Officererne
widh Tennakungh:
Governeuren Jahann Printz i
Satt offuer proffwiantet och rechningerne:
Carll Jahansonn i
Skriflfwaren:
Knut Personn i
Bosse Smedenn:
Mester Niklaus i
Constapelz Maat hooss dhee 4 sraa kopperstyckenn pa Tennakungh:
Svvenn VVaass i
Saldaterne, som dageligen folia, foresa och achta pS Governeuren:
Elias Gyllenngrenn i
Hanns Liineburger i
Jorann Snohuitt i
Lars Andersonn i
Anders Andersonn i
Nils Anderssonn i
46
7o6 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Placed over the provisions and accounts:
Carl (Karl) Johansson i
The secretary Knut Persson i
The gun-smith Master Nicklas i
The gunner [whol is in charge of the small copper cannon on Tinicum :
Sven Vass i
The soldiers who daily follow and serve the governor:
Elias Gyllengren i
Hans Liineburger i
Joran (Goran) Kyn Snohvit {Snow-white, probably so called on account of his complexion. Goran, same as
George ) I
Lars Andersson i
Anders Andersson i
Nils Andersson i
Johan Andersson i
Mans Nilsson, " from Trammegiald "^*^ i
The laboring people, who are appointed to cut hay for the cattle and also in the meantime to follow the governor on the little sloop:
Anders Svensson Bonde i
Per Andersson i
Anthoni, the negro (" the black ") i
Olof Ericksson i
Total at Fort Tinicum 19
Jahann Andersonn i
Manns Nilsonn i
Arbetz Folcket, som ahr forordnadt till att slaa hoo for booskapenn, sasom och dess eraellann folia Governeuren pa denn lilla Jachtenn:
Anders Bonde i
Perr Andersonn i
Antoni Swart i
Oloff Erichsonn i
17
""Tranegarde( ?), Elfsborgs Ian, southwestern Sweden.
Lists of Officers, Soldiers, Servants, etc. 707
The following have died in New Sweden in 1643 and 1644:^'
Officers :
On September 7, 1643, the preacher Reorus Torkillus at Christina I
On July 18, 1643, the corporal Karl Hakansson at Elfsborg. i Soldiers :
On June lO, 1643, Mickel Kyrsner at Christina i
On July 3, 1643, Mans Larsson, from Bratta, at Elfsborg. . i On July 5, 1643, Erick Hindersson, from Sodertelje, at
Christina I
" Effterskrefne ahro Anno 1643, 1644 vthi Nye Swerigie medh diiddh affgangne:
Officer erne: Den 7 Septemb. 1643, Predikanten herr Regardh vthi Kirstina. . . . Den i8 Juli 1643, Corporal Carll Hackensonn vthi Elfzborg
Sdldaterna:
Den 10 Junij 1643, Mickell Kyrssner wid Kirstina
Den 3 Julij 1643, Mans Larsonn widh Elfzborgh
Den 5 dito 1643, Erich Hindersonn vfidh Kirstina
Den 3 Augustij 1643, Rutkiert Tysk widh Kirstina
Den (?) Novemb: 1643, Johenn Hartman weed Tennakungh. . . . Den 4 Martij 1644, Bleff vtaff dhe wille i hielslagne eraellan Kirstina och Elfzborgh eflfterskrefne Saldater:
Marthenn Bagge
Marthen Finne
Vtaff Compag: Arbetz Folck ahro dode blefne:
Den 9 Julij, 1643, Friman Jbnns Pafvelsonn widh Vplandh
Den lo dito 1643, Carll Marckusonn widh Elfzborgh
Den 12 dito 1643, Marthenn Biorsonn weedh Vplandh
Den 29 dito 1643, Matz Jorensonn widh Kirstina
Den 30 dito 1643, Joen Isacksonn wid Elfzborgh
Den 31 Juli, 1643, Bonden Per Mickellsonn weed Elfzborgh.... Den 31 dito 1643, Bonden Larss Andersonn ifran Alandh weed
Elfzborgh
Den 13 Augusti, 1643, Pafuel Pafuelson weed Elfzborgh
Den 14 dito 1643, Jacob Tommeson weed Kirstina
Den 30 dito 1643, Peder Oloffzon ifran Giefle wed Elfzborgh. . . .
Den 31 dito 1643, Joenn Jerpe widh Elfsborgh
Den 10 Decemb:, 1643, Zachriss Andersonn weedh Kirstina....
Den II dito 1643, Pafwell Personn weed Skyllerkill
Den I Marti, 1644, Frimann Jahann Finne benembd, drungknadh
weedh Vplandh i
Den 7 dito 1644, Een angelssman, huilkenn haffuer taaget sigh een
swensk hustru, mordade och i hiellslegne aff dhee wille.... 2 Den 4 dito 1644, Giert Elekenn i hielslagenn aff dhee wille eraellan
Kirstina Skantz och Elfzborgh i
7o8 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
On August [3], 1643, Rutkiert Tysk (also Rother Tijck) from Hamburg, at Christina
On November (?), 1643, Johan Hartman, from Hamburg, at Tinicum
On March 4, 1643, the following soldiers were killed by the savages between Christina and Elfsborg:
Martin Bagge, from Roslagen, Sweden
Martin Thomasson, the Finn, from Osterbotten
The following laborers of the company have died:
On July 9, 1643, the freeman Jons Pavelsson at Upland —
On July 10, 1643, the freeman Karl Markusson at Elfsborg.
On July 12, 1643, the freeman Martin Bj6r[n]sson at Up- land
On July 29, 1643, the freeman Mats Jorensson at Christina.
On July 30, 1643, the freeman Jon Isacksson at Elfsborg. .
On July 31, 1643, the peasant Per Mickelsson at Elfsborg. .
On July 31, 1643, the peasant Lars Andersson, from Aland, at Elfsborg
On August 13, 1643, [the peasant?] Pafvel Pafvelsson at Elfsborg
On August 14, 1643, Jacob Thommasson at Christina. . . .
On August 30, 1643, Peter Olofsson, from Gefle, at Elfs- borg
On August 31, 1643, Jon Jarpe at Elfsborg
On December 10, 1643, Sakris Andersson at Christina. . . .
On December 11, 1643, Pafvel Persson at the Schuylkill..
On March i, 1644, the freeman called Johan the Finn, drowned at Upland i
On March 7, 1644, John Johnson, an Englishman, who took a Swedish wife, was murdered and killed [with his wife] by the savages 2
On March 4, 1644, Giert Elcken, [was] killed by the sav- ages between Fort Christina and Elfsborg I
Lists of Officers, Soldiers, Servants, etc. 709
The Following Returned Home to Sweden in 1644:" Officers :
Captain Christer Boije (Boje)"* i
The barber-surgeon Timon Stidden i
Soldiers:
Esbjorn Martensson from Stockholm i
Pafvel Smal from Stockholm. Came here in 1643 i
Total 123
Deceased 26
Departed for Europe 4 30
Living male inhabitants 93
English Planters at Varkens Kill near Elfsborg UNDER Swedish Jurisdiction."
Elias Baily
William Braunvell (?)
Robert Coxwell
John Erie
Thomas Marod
Mr. Spinning (?)
John Wall ( ?) (John Wallin or Woollen ?)
7 The male Swedish inhabitants of the colony as given above including five others not given by Printz^' 98
" Effterskrefne forrese heer ifran till gamble Swerigie:
Officerer:
Christer Boije i
Predikanten herr Israeli i
Balberen Mester Zim i
Sdldaater:
Esbiornn Marthensonn i
Pafuell Smaal i
Suramal i2i
Datvm Kihrstina denn 20 Junij 1644
JoHEN Printz manu propria. Odhner, A'. S., 37-39; N. S., I. (R.A.). "* Boije belonged to a Swedish-Finnish noble family. There were several by that name in Sweden and Finland at this time. Cf. Ox. Saml. (R.A.). "From Ace. B., 1643-8.
" Mickel Johansson, who came here in 1641 is not mentioned in the above list. He returned to Sweden before 1648. Mans Svensson Lom, Olof Stille, Axel Stille and Eskil Larsson are also not given in Printz's list.
7IO The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Total number of male inhabitants of New Sweden in 1644 105
IV. ROLL LIST OF THE PEOPLE WHO WERE ALIVE IN NEW SWEDEN ON THE FIRST OF MARCH, 1648."
Officers :
Governor Johan Printz.
Lieutenant Gustaf Printz. (Not given in Kramer's list of March, 1648. He returned to Sweden in 1652.)
Lieutenant Johan Papegoja.
Lieutenant Schwenn Schuute (Sven Skute), came here with Gov. Printz in 1643.
The preacher Lars Carlsson Loock (Lock), who went to New Sweden with the ship Swan from Gothenburg on the twenty-fifth of Septem- ber, 1647.
The barber-surgeon, Hans Janeke, " from Konigsbergh, who went to New Sweden on the ship Fama in 1643 and settled there on the thirty-first of March, 16^44, in the service of the Crown."
The head guard (watch-master) Gregorius van Dyck, who returned to "New Sweden with Governor Printz in 1642."
Soldiers^ Freemen and Servants:
Clas (Klas) Jansson, freeman, " who went over to New Sweden with Commander Pieter Minuit in 1637."
Anthony, a Morian or Angoler,-" who was a purchased slave, brought here on the Grip in 1639. The following arrived here on the Kalmar Nyckel in 1640:
Peer (Per) Gummersson (Per Gunnarsson) Rambo, freeman. (Prob- ably from Rambo, Degersfors socken, Vasferbotten, Northeastern Sweden. )
Peer (Per) Andersson, skipper on the Speel-yzcht.
Anders Svensson Bonde, served as constaple (gunner) at New Gothen- borg from May I, 1643, until September i, 1653, and returned to Sweden with Printz in 1653. He returned to the colony.
Mans Andersson, freeman.
Joen Toorsson (Jon Thorsson), freeman.
" Based on a list in Kramer's handwriting (probably a copy from a list sent to Sweden by Printz in 1648), N. S., I. (R.A.).
*" " Morian [negro] or Angoler " indicates that he came from Angola, the Portuguese Colony in West Africa near the river Kunene.
Lists of Officers, Soldiers, Servants, etc. 711
Anders Larsson Daalbo (Dalbo) provost-marshal. (Probably from Dalbo on the island of Gothland, or he may have come from Dalarna.) He was a tobacco planter in 1644. On November i, 1647, "he was hired by Printz to serve among the soldiers as provost-marshal " at the rate of 6 R.D. a month. He served until November 15, 1648, when he left. He entered the service again about December 15, 1650.
Swenn (Sven) Larsson Maarbo, laborer.
Swenn (Sven) Gunnarsson, freeman. (Probably a brother of Per.)
Larss Svvensson (Lars Svensson), freeman.
Marten (also Martin) Guttersson (or Gottersson), laborer. Returned to Sweden on the Orn in 1654. Died in Sweden in the autumn of 1654. The following arrived here in 1641:^^
Claess Claesson, a Dutch carpenter. He returned to Sweden in 1653.
Laurens Andriesson, the barman, a Hollander, who came here on the ship Kalmar Nyckel. He returned to Sweden with Claesson in 1653.
Matz (Mats) Hansson, appointed gunner in 1641, in which capacity he served until December i, 1646, when he was made a freeman, came over on the Kalmar Nyckel.
Gottfriedt Hermer (Gotfried Harmer, also Hermansson), who went over on the ship Charitas in 1641 as a cabin guard, later became an assistant to Commiss. Huygen.
Hfwer (Ifvar) Hindricksson (Cf. above, p. 151), laborer, was hired by Mans Kling in 1641 and came over as a farm hand.
o
Johan Ericksson from Angermanland (Northeastern Sweden, bordering on the Gulf of Bothnia), was hired by Mans Kling in 1641 as a laborer. Became soldier on October i, 1646. Deserted in 1651, leaving a debt of 1,017 florins behind.
Anders Hansson, freeman, was hired by Mans Kling as a farm hand in 1 64 1 and was later made a freeman.
Jacob Sprint from Nyland (northern Sweden) was hired by Kling in 1641 as a farm hand, was later appointed a soldier.
Powell Joensson (Pafvel Jonsson or Jonsson), from Jiimtland, was hired by Kling in 1641 as a farm hand. On October i, 1646, Gov- ernor Printz hired him as a soldier for 4 R.D. a month. He returned to Sweden with Printz.
Axel Stille,-'* was hired by Hing in 1641 as a farm hand and was later made a freeman.
°Cf. above, p. 151 ff.
"' Probably from Lanna socken, Roslagen, Stockholms Ian.
712 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Hindrick Matzon (Matsson), was hired by Kling in 1641 as a farm
hand and was later made a soldier. Johan(n) Andersson, from Strangnas, was hired by Kling in 1641 for a
farm hand. On October i, 1646, he was hired by Printz to serve as
soldier. He seems to have left with Printz. Olof (f) Ericks[s]on, was hired by Kling in 1641 for a farm hand. Mat(t)s Hansson from Borga (Finland), the servant of the late Mr.
Klas Fleming, was sent here in 1641 to serve the company and was
later made a freeman. Peer (Per, Peter) Larsson Kock (Cock), freeman, was sent here in
1641 to serve the company and was later made a freeman. Eskell (Eskil) Larsson, laborer, was sent here in 1641 by the College
of War, to serve as a punishment, because he deserted from the army ;
later he was made a free laborer. Hanss Mansson, from Skara, was sent here from Gothenburg as a
laborer in 1641 and was later made a freeman. Lars Andersson from Gothenburg, the cook on the sloop here. RofE Toorsson (Olof Thorsson), laborer, who came here as a midship- man on the Kalmar Nyckel in 1641. Lars Biorsson (Bjornsson), laborer, who came here as a midshipman
from Gothenburg in 164 1. Lucas Persson, sailor on the sloop here who went over as a sailor in 1641
on the ship Charitas. Knut Martensson Wasa (Knut Martinsson Vasa), probably from Vasa
in Finland, freeman, went over as a sailor on the ship Charitas in
1 641, later made a freeman. Lars Thomsson (also Thomasson), from Weddinge, sailor on the sloop
here, came over on the ship Charitas as a sailor in 1641. Matz Olufsson (Mats Olofsson), wood sawj'er here, came over as a
sailor on the Kalmar Nyckel in 1641. Mans Swensson Loom (Svensson Lom), freeman, had been a lieutenant
before and came over on the Charitas in 1641. Olof (f) Stille,"^'' freeman, a mill-wright, with his family consisting of a
wife and two children. Siwirt or If(f)wert Siewertsson (Ifvar Sifversson), came over on the
Charitas as a freeman in 1 64 1. Anders Christiaensson (Kristiansson), the miller, came to New Sweden
from Gothenburg.
"" " From Roslagen, Lanna socken and Penningsby gdrd."
Lists of Officers, Soldiers, Servants, etc. 713
Mans Jurrensson the Finn, freeman, was sent here on the ship Kalmar Nyckel in 1 64 1 as a laborer, later he became a freeman.
Clement Jurgensson (Goransson) the freeman, was sent here as a serv- ant of the company and was later made a freeman.
Hinrich Matzon (Matsson), the Finn, was hired as a soldier by Printz on October i, 1646, served until March i, 1648, when he was made a freeman.
Eskiell (Eskil) Larsson, or Lars Eskiellson, was sent here in 1641 and was later made a freeman.
Bartell Eskielsson (Eskilsson), came here with his father Elskiel Lars- son and was later made a freeman. The following arrived here in 1643:
Knuut Peersson (Knut Persson), secretary. Died before the autumn of
1653. Swen(n) Andersson, drummer, served here until 1655. Nicholaes Borck (Nicklas or Nickolaus Bock), corporal. Hans Liineburger (Lynberger), soldier from Stralsund (at that time
belonging to Sweden). Came on the Fa/na. He died in New Sweden
about the middle of June, 1650. Lars Andersson, soldier, " fran Saltuna socken.'""" He served here until
September i, 1653, and returned to Sweden with Governor Printz. Joen Nielsson (Jon Nilsson), "soldier from Skanings hdrad," Skara-
borgs Ian. Lars Jacobsson, soldier. Elias Gyllengren (Gyllengren), constaple at Ft. Korsholm. Served as
soldier until March I, 1648. Served as constaple from March i,
1648, until July 31, 1651, when he returned to Sweden. He came
here again in 1654. Anders Andersson Homman, " from Saltuna socken." Came here on the
Swan in 1643, served as soldier until March I, 1648, from which
time until 1653 he served as trumpeter. Zettersten, Sv. fl. hist., H.
609. Jurgen Schneeweiss (Goran Kyn Snohvit), soldier. Peter Meyer (Meyer), soldier from Gothenburg. Constantinus Griinenborgh (also Konstantin Gronberg), "soldier from
Mark Brandenborg." Johann Olufsson (Johan Olofsson), was hired to serve as provost- marshal in 1642. Came here on the Fama. Returned with Printz
in 1653.
""" SoIIentuna socken, Stockholms Ian.
714 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Peter Jochimson (Peter Jochum or Jochim), soldier from Slesvik- Holstein.
Isack von Eyssen (van Eisen or Eissen), from Stockholm. Served as soldier until August, 1643, vi^hen he was made a corporal at a wage of 6 R.D. a month.
Jacob Swensson, " from Sarestad in Askerad,"-^'^ constaple at Christina.
Michell Nielsson (Mickel Nilsson), blacksmith.
Thomas Jurgensson (Goransson), carpenter, returned to Sweden with Printz in 1653.
Marten Martensson (Martin Martinson) Glassbijten, freeman.
Johan Gustaffsson (also Johan Gostasson), from KinekuUe, Sweden. Came here on the Swan in 1643. Served as soldier until 1653, when he probably became a freeman.
Niels (Nils) Andersson, "from Mallpa(?) in Kinna-'^ hundred." He served here as a soldier until the middle of March, 1649, when he died, owing the company 35:42 R.D.
Anders Andersson, the Finn, was sent here from the Castle of Elfsborg as a punishment. Returned to Sweden in 1653. The following arrived here in 1644 on the Fama:
Jan Matzon (Johan Matsson), constaple (gunner) at Fort Elfsborg. Engaged as constaple on April i, 1644, at 6 R.D. a month. On December i, 1646, his wage was raised to 8 R.D. a month. He served as constaple until September i, 1650, when he was engaged as skipper on the sloop at 25 florins a month. From August 15, 1651, until September I, 1653, he served again as constaple. He returned to Sweden with Governor Printz.
Anders Joensson^^ (Jonsson), soldier, was engaged on the first of Decem- ber, 1643, by the nobleman Johan Papegoja. Served as soldier until August, 1653. He was executed on August I. 1653.
Wolle Lohe (Walle Looer), soldier, was engaged by the nobleman Papegoja on December i, 1643. Seems to have left the service in 1653 and returned to Sweden.
Swen Swensson (Sven Svensson), a youth, went to New Sweden with Papegoja in 1643.
"'' Askeryd socken, north Vedbo harad, Jonkopings Ian.
°"'Kinda(?) hundred in Ostergotlands Ian.
^ He is probably the same as Anders Jonsson, from Nykoping, who was here in 1642. In that case he returned to Sweden in 1643 and came here a second time in 1644.
Lists of Officers, Soldiers, Servants, etc. 715
Skipper Dirck (Diedrick) Jacobsson, skipper on the sloop in the river, was taken into the company's service in New Sweden on August lO, 1646. He died here about 1650 (before 1652).
Hindrick Olufsson (Olofsson), the Finn, was taken into the govern- ment's service in New Sweden as a soldier on September i, 1646. (The list has December i, 1646.) He owed the company 28:32 R.D. in September, 1653. The following are not found in Kramer's list:
Acke Israelsson (also Israel Ackesson) came here in 1641 according to Journal, N. S., HI. (K.A.), and returned to Sweden in 1654 on the drn{?). Cf. Monatg. B., 1642-56, but he is not mentioned in Printz's list of 1644 nor in the list of 1648 unless he is given under a different name. In the list of 1644 is an Erich Taat (Erick Akesson Tatt), however.
Peter Bock (not given in list of 1648 nor in list of 1644), probably a son of Nicklas Bock, who came here in 1643. Signed the Indian certificates of July 13, and July 16, 1651.
Anders Mats( ?) Persson (Person), the carpenter, was here in 1644 and is mentioned as being in New Sweden in 1649, but he is not given in the list of 1648.
Total number of male inhabitants In 1648: 83. Names of the fortified places in New Sweden in 1648:
1. Fort Christina.
2. Fort Elfsborg.
3. Fort New Gothenborg.
4. Fort New Korsholm on the Schuylkill.
5. Molndal.
6. Tarne (Torne). (Probably erected about 1647 after Vasa had
been abandoned. Called after Tarne (Torne), at the northern point of Bay of Bothnia.) The folloiving returned to Sweden in 1648:
Erick (Eric) Andersson, the trumpeter, came here in 1643, served the Crown until July 1, 1645, when he became a freeman. On February I, 1647, he again entered the service of the Crown and remained in the service until April i, 1648. He came here again in 1654.
Mans Nilsson Kling, Rev. Johan Campanius, the blacksmith Hans Ros- back, Anders Classon Mink, Knut Liljehok, Mans Nilsson, Eric Akesson Tatt (who served as a soldier from 1643 until April i, 1648),
7i6 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Johan Andersson (soldier), Friedrich Hans Koch (barber-surgeon), and Bengt Hindricksson (Hindersson).^^
V. LIST OF OFFICERS, SOLDIERS, SERVANTS AND FREEMEN IN THE COLONY, 1654-1655.'*
Officers.
Rising, Johan, director.
Papegoja, Johan, lieutenant.^"
Elswick, Hendrick von, commis- sary (1654).
Svensson, Jacob, assistant com- missary.
Skute, Sven, captain.
Hook, Sven, lieutenant (1654).
Gyllengren, Elias, lieutenant.
Lindestrom, Peter, engineer
(1654).^ Stake, Mans,^° provost-marshal
(1654)- Kampe, Anders, rustm'dstaren
(armorer) (1654). Julius, Carl (Karl), schreiber
(secretary)-' (1654). Junge, Jacob, packhausechreiber
(1654), from Gothenburg. Hjort, Peder (Peter) Larsson,
Rev. (1654).
Lock, Lars Karlsson, Rev. Nertunius, Matthias, Rev. (1654). Olofsson, Anders (also Anders
Olsson), corporal (1654). Peters [s] on, Peter, trumpeter
(1654). Peters [s] on, Peter, drummer^'*
(1654). Schalbrick(?)=^ Johan, drummer
(1654), from Reval. Lars[s]on, Anders, sergean t
(1654). Lars [s] on. Nils, Gewaldiger^**
(1654). Stidden, Timon,^^ barber-surgeon.
Anderson, Lars, munsterschreiber (muster-clerk) (1654?).
Andersson, Sven, trumschlager (drummer).
Dyck, Gregorius van, wachtmas- ter (head guard).
^ He was a brother of Christiernus Alsinius, Rector Scholae of Stockholm.
"The names have been gathered from N. S., I.-II. (R.A.) ; N. S., I.-III. (K.A.) ; Rising's Journal; Doc, XII., and private ^letters. 1654 after the names indicates that the persons came here in 1654 on the Orn. It is the intention of the writer to publish a more complete list in a following volume, which will com- prise names of Swedish, Dutch, Danish and Norwegian settlers from 1656 to 1700, also indicating the localities where the colonists lived. For some names not given here Cf. Chap. XXXVIII. note 45 and p. 726 below.
"Returned to Sweden on the Orn.
^Probably the same as Mans Person Stake.
" Came on the Haj, 1654. Arrived in New Sweden November 30, 1654.
^'° He is probably same as Peter Peters[s]on, trumpeter.
" Mss. have Schialbrich, Schialbrick and Schallbrucher.
^° One Ms. has Gevaliar. Gavaldiger was the old Swedish name for a constable, also a prisonkeeper.
'""From Hammel," Hammal{?), north of Sundsvall, Sweden. His mother lived at Stockholm in 1641.
Lists of Officers, Soldiers, Servants, etc. 717
Soldiers, Servants and Free- men.
o
Akerman, Hakan Persson (or simply Hakan Persson), soldier
(1654). Anders i Salungen(?), freeman
(1654). Anders, the Finn, freeman (1654). Andersson, Anders, freeman. Anders[son], Benjamin, free-
man(?) (1654)- Anders[s]on, Eric, soldier (1654). (Erick) Anders [s]on's widow.^" Anders[s]on, Hindrick, freeman^'
(1654).
Anders[s]on Sta(h)lkof (f)ta,^-' Johan, gunner.
Anders [s] on, Jons, Smidt (black- smith) (1654).
Anders[s]on, Lars, the Finn, sol- dier.'^
Anders [s] on, Mans (also Moens Andriesen).
Nils Anders [s]on's^* widow (1654).
Anders [s] on. Nils, miiller (the miller).
Anders[s]on Husgalen (House- crazy), Olof (1654).
Andriasson, Mans, freeman
(1654). Backare(?) (the baker), Isack
(1654). Olof Bagge's widow,^' freeman
(1654).
Bankson ( Bengtsson ) , Andrew (Andreas), b. 1640.
Benckson (Bengtsson), Erick, sol- dier (1654).
Bengts[s]on, Israel, soldier
(1654). Bengts[s]on, Mathias, free-
man(?)^'' (1654). Bengts[s]on, Mats" (1654). Bertils[s]on Likagod (just as
good), Olof, soldier (1654). Bickert (Bicker), Gerrit. Boijs (Boyer), Alexander, Dutch
freeman. Brun (Brown), Thomas, an Eng- lish freeman. Braueversche, Hustro Agneta'*
(1654). Burke(?), Cornelius (1654?). Bus(?), Lars (1654?). Carson (Karsson), Nils, Junge
oder pojke^' (1654). Clasen, Abbe, skipper (1654).
"Andersson died on the journey or in New Sweden before June 9, 1654.
" III June 9, 1654.
=^Later changed to Stalcop (Cf. Acrelius (trans.), p. 192, 265.). Stdlkofta means steel-coat or jaclcet.
There are two or three with same name.
"Nils Andersson, freeman, died on the Urn or before June 9, 1654. Bagge died on the journey or in the colony before June 9, 1654.
" He lived at Kingsessing.
"Probably the same as Mathias Bengt[s]son.
* It is difficult to see what the name is. Hustro Agneta, Frau (fru) Agneta? But Braueversche may mean that she brewed ale in the colony.
''Boy.
7i8 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Clementsson (Clemetson), An- ders, soldier (1654). ColHnns(?), Lars Andersson
(1654).
Dalbo, Anders Larsson, freeman.
Daniels[s]on, Gosta (Josta), sol- dier" (1654).
Daniels[s]on, Gustaf (1654).
Danielsson, Johan, Arklimastare (gunner) (1654).
Eckhoff, Jan, freeman (1654?).
Ericksson, Abraham (1654).
Lars Ericks[s]on's wide w*^
(1654). Ericksson, Olof, freeman. Esbjorsson Skraddare (tailor),*^
Lars (1654). Esbjornsson, Lars, soldier*^ (1654). Eskelsdotter, Margareta" (1654). Eskils[s]on(?), Bertil (Bartill),
the Finn.*^ Eskelsson, Abraham, soldier
(1654). Eskelsson, Mats (1654). Esselse(?), Mathias, freeman
(1654). Evers, Peter (1654).
Forsman, Gabriel Samuels[s]on, soldier (1654).
Fransson,*^ Olof, freeman.
Friland, Samuel Pers[s]on, free- man (1654).
From,*^ Hindrick Lars[s]on, sol- dier (1654).
Grimm, Otto (1654).
Gronberg (Gronenbergh, Gryne- berg, Griineburg), Constanti- nus, freeman.
Gunnarsson, Sven, freeman.'"
Gustafs[s]on (Gostasen), Anies (?), freeman(?)« (1654).
G6stas[s]on, Johan (Jon), gun- ner^" (1654?).
Gustafs[s]on, Johan (?).
The widow of Rolof de Haes
(1654). Hakans[s]on, Nils, freeman(?)
(1654). Hans [s] on, Klas, freeman (1654). Hans[s]on, Mats." Hans [s] on Friskebonde, Olof^^
(1654)- Hermers(?), Peter (1654).
"Hired at Stockholm in 1653 for 4 R.A. a month. Josta or Gosta.
"Ericksson, freeman, died in the colony before June 9, 1654. His widow took oath of allegiance to the Swedish Crown.
'" Hired in Stockholm in 1653 for 4 R.D. a month.
" Probably same as the foregoing.
" Margareta Elskelsdotter, Margarete the daughter of Elskel (Elskil).
" He lived at the Schuylkill.
"Doc, Xn. 107, has Olof Franien. He was ill on June 9, 1654.
" From =1 good, pious.
" Lived at Kingsessing.
"Doc, xn. 107, has Gostaffsen Anies instead of Anies{?) Gbstaffsen (Gus- taf sson).
°° Mss. has Giostason, may be the same as Johan Gustafs[s]on.
"Probably same as Mats Hans[s]on, who was hired in 1641 at Gothenburg to serve as gunner at Christina. Cf. above.
" Fiskebonde, " fish-peasant."
Lists of Officers, Soldiers, Servants, etc. 719
Hijden (Hiden?), Anders
(1654). Hindricks[s]on, Anders, freeman
(1654). Hindricks[s]on, Hindrick, soldier
(1654). Hindricks[s]on, Ifvert (Juert,
I vert, etc.), freeman.^^ Hindricks[s]on, Johan, freeman"
(1654). Isgra ( Icegrey ) , Olof , soldier
(1654). Jacobs [s] on, Hindrick, soldier
(1654). Jacobs[s]on, Johan,'^'* freeman(?)
(1654). Jacobs [s] on, Johan, sagemiilsmeis-
ter (mill-wright) (1654). Jacobs[s]on, Johan, freeman
(1654).
Jacobs [s] on, Pader (Peter), free- man (1654).
Jans[s]on, Anders,'^" freeman(?)
(1654?). Jans [s] on, Bernt (Baernt Jan- sen)" (1654).
Jans[s]on, Hans, the Finn (1654). Jockum (Jochim), Peter, freeman. Johans[s]on, Girret (1654). Johans[s]on, Herman (Harman
Janz[on]), freeman (1654). Johans[s]on, Henrick, freeman"'
(1654). Johans[s]on, Hindrick"'" (1654). Johansdotter,"" Karin (1654). Johans[s]on, Philip (1654). Johansson, Simon, soldier (1654). Tomas (Thomas) Johans[s]on's^^
widow (1654). Jons[s]on, Anders, soldier (1654). Jons[s]on, Bengt, freeman ( 1654). j6ns[s]on, Joran (Goran,
George), freeman (1654). Jons[s]on, Hans, soldier"^ (1654). Jons[s]on, Olof (1654). Jons[s]on, Paul, freeman*'^
(1654). Jorans[s]on, Nils, soldier (1654). Justen(?), Jan,*** freeman(?)
(1654). Klemels[s] on,"" Anders (1654).
•' He lived at the Schuylkill.
"He was ill in June, 1654.
"May be same as Johan Jacobs[s]on Sagenmuhmeister.
"'Doc. XII. 107 has Andries Jansen.
" May be the same as Bengt Jons[s]on.
°*This can hardly be the same H. Johans[s]on who escaped from Ft. Tre- faldighet, for he joined Elswick on his own accord on August 31. Elswick's Rela- tion, see also N. S., II. (R.A.). He lived at the Schuylkill.
'"Escaped from Ft. Trefaldighet in 1655.
'"The daughter of Johan (Jon).
°' Thomas Johans[s]on, freeman, died during journey on Orn or in colony before June 9, 1654.
°^ May be same as Hans Jans[s]on Finne.
•'Lived at the Schuylkill.
"Doc. XII. 107. Possibly the same as Johan Gustafsson( ?).
" Probably Klementsson.
720 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Kock (Cock), Peter Lars[s]on,
freeman. Lasse Kock (Cock, Cocke), b.
1646. KoskeU?), Johan. Krum, Marten (Martin), soldier
(1654). Kyn, Gjorgen (Gorgen or Goran,
Joran). Kypere,**" Lukas (1654). Larsdotter (the daughter of
Lars)," Karin (1654). Larsdotter,*^ Karin (1654) Lars[s]on, Anders, freeman""
(1654). Bartil Lars[s]on's widow'"
(1654).
Larsson, Hindrick, the Finn, sol- dier (1654).
Lars [s] on, Jons (1654).
Lars [s] on, Lars, Freiiwerbo- ther(?) (1654).
Lars[s]on, Markus (1654).
Mats Lars[s]on's widow'^ (1654).
Lars[s]on, Pafvel (Pawel)
(1654).
Lars [s] on, Peder (or Per), sol- dier (1654).
Lane, Simon, an Englishman.
Lom, Mans, the widow of. Lorans (Lorensen or Lorensson),
Frans'2 (1654). Lukas Kriiger, Sigesmundus,''*
(1654).
Mans [s] on, Hans.''*
Mansson Klockare (parish- clerk),'^ Lars (1654).
Mans [s] on, Peder (Peter), free- man (1654).
Matzdochter, Carin (Karin Mats- dotter) (1654).
Mats[s]on Kjaring (Woman), Anders (1654).
Mats [s] on, Hindrick, the Finn, freeman (1654).
Mats[s]on, Hindrick, freeman.
Mats[s]on Skrika, Johan, soldier
(1654). Mats [s] on, Martin (Martin),
freeman (1654). Matsson, Mats (Matz Matzon),
the blacksmith (1654). Mats[s]on, Mathias (Mats)'*
(1654). Mats [s] on.
Marten) Mats [s] on.
Morten (Martin,
(1654). ^
Nils, sagkvarnsmas- tare," from Torshalla (1654).
™ Kypare = barman.
" The small maid-servant of the company.
" The large maid-servant of the company.
"Ill June 9, 1654.
"Bartil Lars[s]on, freeman, died on voyage or before June 9, 1654. Oath.
" M. Larsson, freeman, died on voyage or in colony before June 9, 1654.
"Probably a Dutchman.
" " Cordewanbereiter," Preparer of Cordowan leather.
" Lived at Kingsessing.
" Klockare, a sacristan, a parish-clerk, one who leads or aids in singing.
" Lived at the Schuylkill, probably on Province Island.
" Millwright from Torshalla, Sodermanland, Sweden.
Lists of Officers, Soldiers, Servants, etc. 721
Mickelsson, Clement(?), freeman Nils[s]on, Torgel (Torkil?)
(1654)- (1654).
Mickels[s]on Fischer, David Olof in Slobijen (1654).
Olofs[s]on, Bjorn, freeman
(1654).
01ofs[s]on, Johan (1654).
Olofs[s]on (Oloi?son), Lars, sol- dier (1654).
Olofs[s]on, Mats, soldierJ^
01ofs[s]on, Mathias (1654).
Olofs[s]on Raf, Nils (Nilsz RaafI) (1654).
PafveIs[s]on (Pawelson), Mans (1654).
(1654). MickeIs[s]on, Erick, soldier
(1654). MickeIs[s]on, Jacob (1654). Mickels[s]on, Lambert, freeman
(1654). Mjolnare (the miller). Nils
(1654). Morris, William, freeman(?),
probably an Englishman. Mort, Peter, Proviant-screiber
Martinson (Martensson) Glas- P^fveIs[s]on Peder (Peter, Per),
are (glasbiten, the piece of '°''^'" (1654)-
glass), Martin (Morten), free- Pers[s]on, Jon (1654)-
P^3P_ Pers[s]on, Johan, soldier^" ( 1654).
Mortens[s]on Vasa, Knut, free- Pers[s]on i Bogen (at the Bog),
man. Samuel (1654).
Mortens [s] on, Morten (Martin Peters [s] on (Persson), Lucas,
Martinsson), freeman (1654). freeman(?).
Nils Snickare (carpenter (1654). Peters[s]on," Samuel, freeman
Nils[s]on Jute (Dane?), (1654).
B6rge(?) (1654). Preutz (Pryss also Prentz), Hans,
N . . . , David, soldier." Stenhuggare (stone cutter), sol-
NiIs[s]on Skraddare (tailor), dier'^ (1654).
John (Jon, Joen, Johan), free- Quist, Pafvel Nils[s]on, soldier'^
man. (1654).
Nils [s] on, Peder (Per), soldier Rambo, Peter^* (Per) Gunnarson.
(1654). Rase(?), Olof, soldier (1654),
"Came here on the Haj in 1654.
"Probably same as Mathias 01ofs[s]on. Lived at the Schuylkill.
"Probably same as Jon Pers[s]on.
" Pieterson.
" Hired at Stockholm in 1654.
"Hired at Stockholm in 1653.
"Lived at Kingsessing.
47
722 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Rosenmann(?), Marten (Martin)
(1654). Rudenius, Lars Jons [s] on, sol-
dier^° (1654). Samuel i (at) Frijandan (1654). Schaggen, Johan (1654). Schal (Skall), Peter, the tanner
(1654).
Skate i (at the) Slobyen(?), free- man (1654).
Schoffel, Jan (Johan Skofvel), freeman (1654).
Skog, Jonas, soldier (1654).
Skog, Jan Mans [s] on (1654).
Scott, Richard (an Englishman?).
Skute, Johan (John), son of Capt. Skute, b. Sept. 4, 1654.
Smed (the blacksmith), Nicholas
(1654)- Sprint (Sprinck), Jacob. Stake, Mans Persson (1654). Stille, Axel, freeman. Stille, Olof, freeman. Swartz (Black), Antoni (Anthony
the negro ) , the slave.*"
Swartz (Black), Lars'' (1654). Swens[s]on, Anders, sailor
(1654). Thomasson, Klas (Claes Tommas-
sen), freeman (1654). Thomasdochter (Thomasdotter,
daughter of Thomas), Elin, the
company's maid-servant (1654). Thomas [s] on (Thomson), Lars,
freeman. Thomas [s] on Thomas, freeman. Thorsson, Anton (Anthony Thor-
son) (1654). Thorsson, Olof. Thors[s]on Svardfejare,^' Sander
(Alexander) (1654). Utter, Nils Mats[s]on, soldier^'
(1654). Hans[s]on Wendel, Peder
(Peter), ensign (1654). Zakariasson (Zachariezon and
Zacharieszon), Anders, soldier
(1654).
''Hired at Stockholm in 1653.
"He made several purchases from the company in 1654. He may have been a freeman at this time.
''He may have been a negro or called Black (Svart) on account of his complexion.
"Hired in 1653. Sword-cutler, bladesmith, furbisher.
" Hired at Stockholm in 1653.
Lists of Officers, Soldiers, Servants, etc. 723
soldiers and colonists hired to go to new sweden, whose presence there has not been determined."
For other sailors on the Haj, besides those given below, see above Chap.
XXXIX., note 44.
Andersson Snickare (cabinet- dier.'"^
maker), Nils,*' soldier. Norman Ostens[s]on, Nils, sol- Eric[k]s[s]on, Bengt, upper boat- dier."^
swain. °^ 01ofs[s]on, Sigfrid, boatswain.^"*
Ericks[s]on, Eric, from Orebro.®^ Olofsson Skinnare (skinner), Erics[s]on, Johan, boatswain.** Nils.^"^
Hakans[s]on Brodd, Sven.°^ Olofsson, Johan, common sailor.^"*
Hansson, Anders, gunner.*' Petersson, Johan, from Stock- Johansson, Gustaf.*' holm.^°'
Johans[s]on, Jacob, boatswain.*' Stegsson, Hans.
j6rans[s]on, Eric, boatswain.*" Swens[s]on, Anders, boatswain.'"'
Jostsen, Berent, " sailmaker."'** Stake, Lars Ericks[s]on, sol- Stijrman, Matheus, the ship-car- dier( ?).'"*
penter.'"' Torkels[s]on, Olof, boatswain.^'* Mat [s] on Menlos, Mickel, sol-
" Most of these were on the Haj and stayed in New Holland. It is probable, however, that many of them went to New Sweden after 1655.
" Hired at Stockholm in 1653 for 4 R.D. a month.
""On the Haj, 1654. Stayed in New Amsterdam.
" Hired at Stockholm in 1653, for 4 R.D. a month; he probably left on the Haj.
"On the Haj, 1654.
°^ Hired at Stockholm in 1653 to serve in New Sweden for a wage of 4 R.D. a month. He probably went on the Haj and stayed in New Amsterdam.
'"On the Orn, 1654. Probably same as Anders Hansson who was paid 15:18 D, in 1641 by the Admiralty. He perhaps died on the journey.
" Hired at Stockholm in 1653.
"On the Haj, 1654, remained in New Amsterdam.
"On the Haj, 1654, remained in New Amsterdam.
'" On the Haj in 1654.
'"'On the Haj 1654, stayed in New Amsterdam.
"'Hired in Stockholm in 1653.
"'Hired in Stockholm in 1653.
'"On the Haj, 1654.
'"Hired at Stockholm in 1653 for 4 R.D. a month.
'""On the Haj, 1654.
'"Hired in Stockholm in 1653 for 4 R.D. a month.
""On the Haj, 1654.
""Hired in Stockholm in 1653.
""On the Haj, 1654.
724 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
VL A list of some OF THE OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS, WHO RE- TURNED TO EUROPE WITH DIRECTOR RISING IN 1655.'"
Roll List of the officers and soldiers, who return to the fatherland, and undoubtedly are to receive each a month's wage from Peter Trotzig in Amsterdam, according to this inventory :
R.D.
Lieutenant Sven Hook 16
Engineer Peter Lindhestrom 12
Ensign Petter Wendhell (Vendel) 12
Rev. Matthias Nertunius 10
Rev. Petrus (Peter) Hiort 6
Armorer Andhers Kiampe 6
Corporal Andhers Olufsson 5
The commissary of stores Petter Mort 8
Drummer Swen Andhersson 6
Grefrijderen (freeman) Biorn Olufsson 5
The tailor, Lars Essbiornsson 4
The soldier Marten Crum (Krum) 4
The soldier Hans Preutz (also Pryss) 4
The soldier Lars lonsson 4
The soldier ( ?) Carl Julius 4
The soldier Andhers Kiampe 4
The soldier Hakan Akerman 4
The soldier Hans likorn (also Ekor, squirrel) 4
The soldier Pafwel Quist (Kvist) 4
The soldier Erich Bengtsson 4
Total 20 158"='
Vn. ROLL LIST OF THE COLONISTS, ABOUT TO GO TO NEW SWE- DEN, WHO HAVE BEEN EXAMINED AND WRITTEN DOWN TO THE SEVENTEENTH OF OCTOBER, 1655:
From Frijsdalen:'^'^^
Johan Grels[s]on with wife and three children 5
Martin Pafvelsson with wife only 2
Nils Nilsson (also Niels Nielsson) with wife and four
children 6
""The list contains all but 17 names of the people who returned to Sweden. *" Original list signed by Rising, N. S., I. (R.A.), a draft (varies, the amount given is 148:15 R.D.) in Soderk. 1637-59 (R.A.).
""Probably Fryksdal in Karlstads stift, Varmland, Sweden.
Lists of Officers, Soldiers, Servants, etc. 725
Anders Larsson with wife and five children 7
Mats Matsson (also Matz Matzon) with wife and one
child 3
Olof Olofsson (also Oluf Olufsson), a servant i
Gertrud (Gertrudh) a [maid] servant i
Joen StafIes[s]on( ?), the blacksmith i
Karin Andersdotter (Karin the daughter of Anders), a
widow with one child 2
Marcus Sigfriedhsson, a servant i
Joran Joransson, a servant I
Nils Simonsson with wife and three children 5
Joran Sigfridsson with wife 2
Hindrick Jacobsson with four almost grown sons 5
Grels Grelsson (also Greels Greelsson), a servant i
Eric Matsson (Erich Matzon), a servant i
Lars Larsson, a servant i
Olof Clemetsson, a servant i
Jonss Hindricksson, a servant I
[EJlissabeth Esekelsdotter (daughter of Esekiel?), a
servant l
Olof Olofsson (Oluf Olufsson), a servant i
From Lijtestegen :"*
Thomas (also Thomes) Jacobsson with wife, maid-servant
and three children 6
Pafvell Persson with wife, maid-servant and three children. 6
Olof (Oluf) Philips [s] on with wife and five children. ... 7
Pavel (Pafvel?) Nils[s]on with wife and two children. . 4
Olof Nils[s]on (also Oluf Nilsen), with wife only 2
Lars Bengtsson with wife, man-servant and four children . . 7
Jons Jons [s] on with wife and six children 8
Carol (Carl) Jons [s] on with wife, maid-servant and three
children 6
Eric Martensson (also Erick Martenson), with wife and
two children 4
Johan Simonsson (Simonsen) with wife and three children. 5
"' Cf. above, Chap. XLIX.
"'Brunskog, north of lake Varmelen in Varraland, Sweden.
726 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
From Brunskogh Siocke'\n :^^^
Anders Jacobsson with wife, maid-servant and three
children 6
Total .Tio"«
NAMES OMITTED IN LIST V. ABOVE (p. 716 ff.):
Botsman, Anders. Matsson, Anders.
Ekor, Anders. Persson, Hakan.
Larsson, Alexander (Sander). Persson, Mans.
Larsson, Olof. Ref (Raf), Nils.
Mansson, Jon (Johan). Sakrisson, Anders.
The above were all soldiers except Botsman and they were paid various sums by Rising. Rising's Process (R.A.).
"'The list was made by Admiral Anckarhjelm on October 17, 1655, and sent with a letter of the same date to Kramer. It is now preserved in N. S., I. (R.A.). In all probability all of these no colonists remained here.
APPENDIX C.
Documents and Translations of Documents.
Instruction,
Hwarefter Generale Commercie Collegium will opa Sodre Compag- nietz wagnar, att Commissarien uthi bemte. Gen. Comm. Collegio, Edle och Walb. Johan Rissing, uthi Nya Swerige och annorstades i America a bemte. Compagnietz tianst, sassom een Assistentz Radh sigh skall hafva att forhalla.
I.
Skall han efter alia formago dar han trachta, att han uthi denne tianst Hens. Kongl. Maijttz. war allernadigste drottningh sampt Fader- neslandzens ahro och Reputation dar soker at uthwidga och stabiliera, och till den anda medh flijt effterfollier alt dett, som kan tiana till Kongl. Maijttz. Intention medh Sodre Compagniet dar i warket att stalla, all hinder och skada efter sitt basta weth och macht att afwaria eller i tidh tillkanna gifwa ; hwar till Gouverneuren medh alle dhem, som dar pa Kongl. Maijttz. och Compagnietz wagnar bora giora och latha, till- warkia och handen rackia skola.
2.
Skall han iampte Gouverneuren omvardnat draga, att een flitigh Gudztianst dar hallas matte, och at alia sigh under den Augustaniske bekennelssen undergifwa, och at alia fafiinga disputer till Sinnes for- hittzningar fortagas och afwarias, Sa at alt till Eenigheet i dett stycket och Gudz nampne till ahro sckickas och stallas matte.
3- I synnerheet schal hans bestallningh wara, att han medh Gouver- neurens Radh skall tillsee, at landet mate uthi godt schick stallas, Sa wall medh Politike Regiringen och Justitie wasendet, Sassom och medh Commercierne och till coloniens ratta innrattningh och formehringh goda Ordinancier forfatta och att dhe sampteligen draga omsorgh att
727
728 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
uthi godh defension emoth alia fienttliga anfall, matte pa alia gorlige satt stalt och schickatt warda.
4. Skall han iampte Gouverneuren medh dhe om Hggande Engell-och HoIIendske Colonier sassom och medh dhe wilde Americaner sokia all tillborlig wanskap att halla, och hwar Kongl. Maij :tt och Compagnietz Interest i nagon matto nagot fornahr befinnes att skee, ta gripa till dhe medell, som dar till efter lagenheterna beqwamligast kunna befinnas, doch icke latteligen till nagon af dhem omliggiende uthbrista, uthan sa wida som Coloniens nodige forswar fordra kan, in till dess att frambdeles af Compagniet derom ordres forfattes kunna.
5. Alle dhe Personer, af dhe omliggiande Nationer, som till landzens bruuck, Faatackt, Fiskerijer eller annat nyttigt tianliga finnes kunna, skall han med Gouverneurens godtfinnande sokia under Colonien att draga; Man afwaria och borttskynda dhem som nagon schada eller intrangh skulle tyckias tillskynda och medh sigh bringa; Uthi hwilket alt han een serdeles forsichtigheet anwanda och bruka skall uthi synnerheet nu medh Gouverneuren ofver och anlaggia, huruledes man kunde medh det forsta dhe HoUendske, som sigh icke lange sedan hafwar oppa landet dar een Skantz Upkastatt och dar indhsatt, uthur och ifran dhen ortten qwitt warda, doch medh all gorligh forsichtigheett.
6.
Dherhooss schall han brede widh Gouverneuren nooga tillsee, att landetz Grantzer forwidgade warda matte, och sielfwa landet ath Colo- nierne tillborligen uthdeelas, sa att hwar och een sa mycket jordh bekommer, som han markias kan wal hafda kunna, till dess ordres af Compagniet derom giorde warda; lamwal och att hwar sitt landh pa till- borligett satt och medh flijtt brukar och bebygger, och till dhen anda i hwar district wysse uppsichtesman stalla, hwilka darom beskeed inlef- werera skola.
7-
Skall och det sa lagas, att alt det, som Colonierne af landetz Cultur och bruck ofwer deras egit hwshaldz behof winna och forofwa kunna, maga pa wissa ortter for billigheet foryttra kunna, och altssa sigh nagon fordeel daraf foskaffa, hwarigenom dhe deste mehra till flytt upwackias
Documents and Translations of Documents. 729
matte, sa att dhe och frambdeles kunna nagot hafwa till Landzens styrckio och forswar att gifwa och wederwaga; Hwarast alt sadant sa forhandlas och stallas skall, att icke fremmande uthan Compagniet och Colonien diiraf matte nytto och fordeel hafva, eller athminstonne ingen skadha.
8. Fordenskulldh skall Commissarien bredewidh Gouverneuren uthsee beqwanliga ortter, hwarast bijar och landflackier, sa wall som och Stader och handels platzer anlaggias och inrattas kunna.
9- Efter att Lagh och Ratt itt af dhe fornambste Stycken iblandh alia Folck till roligheet och wal Lefnadh halles och achtas; Ty skall han tillijka medh Gouverneuren darom draga forsorgh, att dhiir stalla dhe Personer, som efter Sweriges Lagh och lofliga sedwana wetha att domma, pa dett att Riitt och rattfardighcet i Landet sin gangh hafva matte.
10. Han schall ocksa Jampte Gouverneuren medh flytt tillsee, huruledes Fiskerierne sa wall i Revieren och des kylar, som uthe i Sioen effter andre Nationers satt och bruck i werkett stallas kunne, alt till Landzens och Compagnietz gagn och fordeel.
II. Deslykest schall der och eftersokias, om dar i Landet nager Minera- lier opfinnas kunna, Iblandh hwilka Jam och koppar till Landzens eller Coloniens nodtorfft allenest brukas skola, och alldeles inthet uthforas maga; Men wal Guldh och Solwer, hwar Gudh lyckan gofwo, att dhe Upstackias matte.
12.
Bredewidh att pa akerbrwket och Landzens Uproyande, hwar uthaf Sadh, Ortter, Rotter, Hampa, Lyn, Fruchter sampt pa allehanda Faii- tacht, daraf Kostwahrurne dar tillwarkias matte, skall godh insicht hafvas; Sa schall dar och Tabaksplantagen medh all flytt fortsattias, Jamwal och tillsees, om dar icke Ingifahr, Suckerrohr och annat sadant nyttigt kunde sta till att planta; Om hwilket alt och sadant mehra han, Commissarien, brede widh Gouverneuren een flytigh forsorg draga skall.
13.
Efter att i Landet wilde wynrancker af atskillige slagh finnes, ty skall Commissarien efter moyeligheeten sa laga, att dhe dar matte Cultiveras
730 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
till Landzens gagn och basta och dartill een snell wynarbetare af nagon ortt sigh forsee, sa och wynstockar uhr ander ortter tytt frambdeles for- skrifwa och forskaffa.
14. Efter att och ingen ringa nytta af barande traan och dheras fruchter undfangas plagar; Ty skall han sin flytt och therom gora och folcket dartill halla, att dhe sadanne fruchtbarande Traan, som landet efter des ortt draga kan, medh flijtt plantera och underhalla.
15. Dhesforuthan schall han pa alle noble skogar, som dar ahro i Landet een nooga Upsicht taga latha, sa att dhe icke onodigt uthhuggas matte, uthan sparsambligen till nytto och i rattan tydh matte; Jamwal och Trawerket i ratt proportion tillagas eftersom dedh till eett eller annat pa sine ortter sigh kan schickas och begaras.
16.
Sedan hwadh nytta man sigh dar i landet af Jacht pa Wildh diur och Foglefangie gora kan, Skall han och sa desslykest medh flyt tillsee och efter som sigh bast giora lather gode Ordres darofwer stalla. Thesslykest och tillsee, om Climaten medhgifwa kan, och dar Silkels matkar sattias kunde, efter dar nogh Muhlbars Traan waxa, hwaruthaf sedan Silke till stoor fordeel framdeles matte bekommas.
17- Emadan som Uthaf Commercierne (genom Gudz wallsignelsse) for- wanttas dhen fornambste fordeel, som Kongl. Maij :tt och Compagniet emot the anwande stora kastningar af denne Colonie, skall hafva att niuta; Ty gifvas har medh mehrbem:te Commissarien fullmacht, dett Stycket uthi sin Upsicht och Direction at taga, medh alt dett der widh och der uthaf dependerar och medh hogsta flytt darhan medh Gouver- neurens tillhielp trachta, att han heela Suid-Rivierens handell uthur de fremmandes och uthi ware Swenskes bander kan bringa och stalla.
18. Fordenschuldh schall han widh sitt affreesande tillsee att han Man af godhe Capital uthi wagen, serdeles uthi Goteborgh, der han kan dispo- nera att dhe tillkommande Wahr och Sommar tytt till Nya Swerige for
Documents and Translations of Documents. 731
sanda Skepp till att trafiquera, halst efter han dhem lean forsakra. Hen :s. Kongl. May:ttz: nadigste wilia wara, att alle dhe Swanske Undersa- thare, sum nu wele medh egne Skeep dar i Suid Riveren handel drifwa, skola dett fritt sa wall medh dhe wilde som medh dhe angrantzande Christne, Jamvviill och medh sielfwe Compagniet obehindrade giora maga, och icke mehra an 2 pro cento dar i Recognition till compagniet gifwa efter den Taxa, sum pa godzet diir stalles kan, och sedan ta the sadanne wahrur, som dhe i Suid Riviren dar uphandlat hafvva, och medh Swenske Skep i nagon Swansk hampn inbringandes warda, skola dhe dhem dar Tullfryt uthlasta och foryttra maga, allenast dhe een Certifi- cation ifran Gouverneuren och Commissarien darpa wysa, att samma wahrur dar i Suid Riviren och icke annorstades uphandlade ahro. Thes- foruthan dhem dar till mehra att animera, skall han hwar och een for- sahra maga, att dhem skall frijtt wara, dar i Landet Colonierer att indsattia, Landhet dJirmedh Tabakz plantager och annat sigh till nytto att bruka och ewerdeligen emot billigh recognition behalla pa dhe ortter, dar Compagniet icke till seerschiltz egendomb dhet intagit hafwer for sigh att bruka.
19. Fordenskuldh skall han, nar Gudh will han medh detta folcket lyckeli- gen i Landet ankommer, medh Gouverneuren uthsee for Compagnietz serskillte egendomb ett Stycke walbelagit gott Landh, Huilket med Colonierer skall besattias och saledes bestallas, att dhe wahrur, som af dett Landzens Cultur falla, och ofwer des torff tillwarkas kunna, matte sa wall pa dhe omliggiande Custer och Oyer, sasom och ath Africa och Europa forsandes och foryttras; Nembl. Sadh, Ohl, Brodh och Bran- nevvyn ath dhe Spanske och Caribeske Oyerne, Jamwall ath Fiskeryerne widh Terra Neufor^ och Rio Grande de Canada och annorstades, Trawerckie och Wynfaat ath Canarierne, Portugall, Algerbo, Spanien och Franckerijke; Till hwilke foresagde ortter han skall maga forreesa till att trafiqvera, nodigt folck till Coloniens formehringh att forskaffa, och elliest beqwemligheterne af ortterne vthsee, alt till Compangnietz och Coloniens nytto, nar lagenheeterne dedh medhgifwa kunna.
20. Skall han sin flytt giora, att alt hwadh som af dhe raa Wahrarne, som dar falla uthi Manufacturer, nu effter handen skall kunna dar
' Terra Nova = Newfoundland.
732 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
tillreedas och upwarkias, Till Exempel Braden och allahanda Trakarell, hwilke warda dyrtt for slide mangestades i America och pa Carybis Oyerne, Samskede Skinn och hudar, Cordwan, Larefft, Toghwerk, Tiaru och annatt, matte medh flytt tillwarkas och bearbetas.
21.
Alle dhe wahrur, som particuliere Colonierer, ehwilke dhe och wara mage, dar i Landet tillwarkat hafwa och dhem willia uth till handels forsanda, skola dett frijtt giora maga, allinast dhe derfore een Recogni- tion till 2 pro C" uthi Uthgaende gifwa.
22.
Sedan skall han, Commissarien, i synnerheet brede widh Gouverneuren hafwa Fullmacht att emottaga och i forwahringh stalla dhen Cargasoen, peningar och Medell, som uhr Faderneslandet tijtt till Nya Swerige af Compagniet forsanda warda, dhem sammaledes och quittera och sedan eflter dhe medhgifne Ordres dhen Cargasoen ath dhe Wildhe eller andra omliggiande folck till Compagnietz fordeel igenom een Com- pagnietz dar till bestallte Factor foryttra och nooga Rachningar diir ofwer halla latha, och dhem efter richtigheetz befinnande tillijka medh Gouverneuren underteckna. Sammaledes skall dett och skee medh dhe wahrur, som dar ifran till Fadernes Landet till retour forsandas af hwilka bagge sydor Rachningh itt Exemplar dar i Landet till Acterne fohras och forwahras skall, och itt hijtt ofwersandas.
23-
Iblandh dhe fornambste Styckier, som han uthi denna sin bestallningh hafwer till att achta, skall detta wahra, att han tillijka medh Gouver- neuren skall sokia alia dhe wagar, hwar medh han dar medell kan up- bringa till att belohna dhe betiantte och understodia andre beswar, dari- genom ta Compag'. nagon lindringh och forkoflringh for store Expenser, hwar icke nagon winst, athniuta kunde. Thett wari sigh ta igenom een ratt bestallningh och direction i handelen eller af Landzens Cultur och des Inkombster eller af Fiskerijerne eller af Manufacturer eller af publike Krogar eller af sma Accijser opa fortahringen eller af hwadh maneerligit och lampeligit salt dett hiilst wara kan daraf folcket dhe sigh minst markia kunna att beswarade warda.
Documents and Translations of Documents. 733
24.
Thesse och andre fleere nodige Stychior, som till Landzens forswar, Upkompst och forkoffringh Jamwall och Commerciernes fortsattiande landa kunna, Skall mehrbem'^. Commissarien tillijka medh Gouverneu- ren dar efter sitt basta forstandh och macht sassom een Ehrligh Patriot bor, i nooga acht taga och i werket stalla, sa att alt till Compagnietz forded, Landzens ahro och wallstandh, matte medh Troo, Forsichtig- heett och flijtt dirigerat warda. Hwarfore han af Kongl. Maij :tt medh all Nade till befordringh skall ansedd och af Compagniet pa alia gorliga satt belohnt warda. Actum, Ubsala, d. 15 Decemb., A. 1653.
Pa dragande Kails och Embetes wagnar,
Christer Bonde.
Erich Oxenstierna Axellsson.
Martin Augustini Sohn Leyonskoldh.
II.
Bestallningsbrejf- for Capitenen Swan Skuthe uthi Nya Swerige.
Dett Kongl. Generale Commercie Collegium Gior harmedh wetter- liglt att hafwa antagit Breffwyssere Ehrligh och Manhafftigh Swan Skuthe oppa Sodre Compagnietz wagnar for een Capitain ofwer dett Landh- och Wiirfningz-folck, som till Coloniens forstarckningh a Nya Swerige nu medh Cronones Skepp Ornen (dar till Gudh lyckan for- lahna) arnas at ofwersandas. Och sassom hans plickt daruthinnan fornambligast skall besta, att han denna sin tianst uthi alle dhe Styckier, som een Capitain agnar och bor, fliteligen och troligen forestar Hen :s Kongl : Maij :ttz tianst och Sodre Compagnietz gagn och basta, i alia matte soker att framnia och befordra, skadha och forhinder i tijdh till- kanna gifwa och afwaria. Alltssa skall han efter sin ankompst till Nya Swerige (dar Gudh lyckan tillgifwe) medh flijt och troheet sigh diirom winlaggia, att han alt, hwadh som af hans Embetes plicht fordras, i werket staller, och dar uthinnen Gouverneurens ordres sa i dett eena som i dett andra tillborligen folgier och effterlefwer. Hwarfore skall han deremot hafwa Ahrligen att niuta dhen lohn, som honom for Capitains platz uthi dhen giorde Staten af bem'^. Compagniet pafordh ar, iamwall och frambdeles af Kongl. Maij :tt een Nadigh wedergallningh och avance- ment formedelst Compagnietz Promotion till een hogre Charge otuif- wellachtigt formoda. Wy wele fordenskulldh att Gouverneuren sampt
" Com. Col. Reg., 1654.
734 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
andre Compagnietz betiantte daruthe wille honom Swan Skuthe for een Capitain erkanna och uthi denne tillfortrodde Charge tillborligen main- tenera, och sassom hans godha forhallande och lagenheeterna af sakernes forlopp medglfwandes warda, honom avancera och befordra, hwareffter alle the, som thetta angar skole hafwa sigh att ratta. Detta till wisso hafwa wij medh egna banders underskrifft och General Commercie- Collegij wanlige Secret bekraffte lathit. Datum, Ubsala, den 13 Decemb., A. 1653.
Pa dragande kails och Embetes wagnar,
Christer Bonde.
Erich Oxenstierna Axellsson. Morten Augustini Sohn Leyonskoldh.
III.
Instruction,^ Hwarefter Generale Commercie Collegium oppa Sodre Compagniets wagnar will att Ehrligh och Manhafftigh Hans Amundson oppa Reesan till Porto Rico och sedan till Nya Swerige sassom och dar i landet sigh skall hafwa at forhalla och efterratta.
I. Forst skall ban medh all flijtt uppa dryfwa, att Gallioten Gyllende Haije medh alt sitt tillbehor medh dedh forsta bar ifran matte affiirdigat warda, hwaropa han skall hafwa Commendo och bestiillningh af een Skepz-Capitain uthi Sodra Compagnietz tianst, och sigh nu straxts ther medh bar ifran ath Goteborgh begifwa.
2.
Skall han uthi Oresundh widh Helsingoor sattia latha och daraf Kongl: Maij:ttz war Allernadigste Drottningz Resident begiira een Styreman, som bem««. Galliot till Porto Rico och Nya Swerige styra kan, effter som till Walb^". H"". Residenten allereeda ahr aviserat wordit, att han der forskaffa wille.
3-
Efter the ordres, som honom bar allareeda gifne ahro, skall ban bar det folck, som till Galliotens ofwerforssell och Compagnietz tianst nodigt befinnes, antaga, medh onodigt folck sigh inthet for denna gangen
' Com. Col. Reg., 1653.
Documents and Translations of Documents. 73 s
belada, warandes honom allenast forundt 4 personer, som till Landzens arbete och fordeel diir i Nya Swerige brukas mage.
10.
I synnerhet skall ban, Hans Amundsson, ther hafwa bestallningh af een Capiten till Sioes, och af Compagniet hwar Manadh niuta till underhaldh Tiugu Fyra Richzdaler. Hwarfore ban skall serdeles wara forplichtadt till att taga alt dedh i acht, som tber i landet till Skepz bygningen kan landa och bora, och dhen pa alia giorliga salt sokia till att beframia, seandes till att Materialierne i rattan tijd falte och tilla- gade, sa och allahanda Sorter af Fahrkostar, deels tiiinlige pa dhen Custen, deels hijt ath att segla, bebygda warda.
Actum, Ubsala den 13. Decemb. A". 1653. Pa dragande kails och Embetes wagnar,
Erich Oxenstierna Axellson. Marten Augustini Sohn Leyonskoldh.
Christer Bonde.
IV.
Till Leuten : Swan Hook,'' om den forordningh vthi den Commission, Capiten Hanss Amundsson war gifwen sa till Porto Rico, som sedan till Nya Swerige; Och at Hindrich Elsswich i des stalle ar numehra for- ordnat, etc.
Emadan sassom Wij, Swan Hook, af serdeles orsaker hafwe foran- drat den Commission, Capiten Hans Amundsson war gifwen, sa till Porto Rico som sedan vthi Nya Swerige, och i det stallet forordnatt Ehrligh och Forstandigh Hinrich Elsswich, hwilken fuller heela Direc- tionen till reesans befordringh fohra skall, men hwadh Commendo pa Skepzfolket angar iampte dhen Vpsicht, som sielfwa Skeppet medh all dess Reedskap och tillbehor tarffwer, dett hafwe Wy edher harmedh welat tilltroo, Vthi dhen forhopningh at i drage sorgh fohre, huru alt ma schickeligen och wall tillga, och goodh ordre iblandh Skepzfolcket vnderhallas medh inbordes godh samia och eenigheet. Vthi detta och alt annat maste i effterlefwa, Hwadh Admiralen Ankerhielm wijdare effter ware Ordres eder forehallandes warder, och sasom i pa behorigh ortt wela och skola kunna Rackenskap gohra, och till swarsstanda. Nar i nu
* Com. Col. Reg., 1654.
736 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
saledes denne edher ombetrodde tianst troligen och wall hafwa forestadt, och medh Gallioten Gyllenheij, folliandes Factorens Elsswich inradande och Disposition, anlanda till Nya Swerige, Sa hafwe Wij skrifwit Com- miss. Johan Risingh till, at han eder darsammastedes Vpdrager Leute- nampt Charge till Sioss, och at i vnder bans Direction ma hafwa opsicht pa Sodre Compagnietz Skeep och des reedskap med alt det till Seglations vthreedningh Sodre Compagniet tillkommer taga i godh forwahringh och wetha at giora darfore godh reeda och rackenskap, stallandes eder vthi alt detta, som i welen forhoppas at wij vthaf sadan eder flijt och troheet ma blifwa fororsakade i basta matton edher at ihugkomma och Promovera. Befahle eder bar medh Gudh Alsmechtigh. Ubsala, d. 4 Martij, A". 1654.
Pa dragande kails och Embetes wagnar,
Erich Oxenstierna Axellson. Israel Lagerfeldt.
Christer Bonde.
P. DuREEL, Secret.
V.
Instruction,^ Hwarefter General Commercie Collegium will att a Sodre-Compag- nietz wagnar des tillforordnade Factor i Nya Swerige, Hindrich Elswich, sa i sin ombetrodde Tianst dar sammastadz som i sin Com- mission till Porto Rico skall wetha att efter ratta.
I.
Eftersom Kongl. Maij". war Allernadigste Drottningh hafwer nadigst behagat att tilltroo Generale Commercie Collegiumet direc- tionen aff Sodre Compagniet, och Gouverneuren i Nya Swerige, Johan Printz, tillijka med Commissen Huygen nu ahre reeste darifran och Vnder wagen hijtt ath, den Commission, och sassom Capitain Hanss Amundsson icke allenast i Nya Swerige Vthan och till Porto Rico war betrodd, for serdeles schaal och orsaker skuUdh, ahr blefwen forandratt; Hwarfore hafwer General Commercie Collegium for een nodtorfft erachtat, at nu straxt och oforsummeligen, efter Commissarien Johan Rising, som for nagot kortt till Nya Swerige ahr ailardigatt, och dhen dar till wijdare ordre och sa lange een wiss Gouverneur ater kan blifwa forordnat, Directorium darsammastades fohra skall, Vthij Sodre
" Com. Col. Reg., 1654, fol. 34 ff. Only the first and tenth paragraphs are printed.
Documents and Translations of Documents. 737
Compagnietz tianst antaga och till een Factor forordna och ofwerschicka dytt uth, Hindrich Elsswich, at han bade vthj Nya Swerige Commissens Huygens stalle fortrada, och i Porto Rico Sodre Compagnietz A". 1649 lijdne skada affordra skall, vthi hwilka bagge Ahrenders och Tiansters forrattningar General Commercie Collegium honom, Elsswigh, denne Ordre och rattelse hafwer welat medgifwa.
10. Nar nu Elsswich denne sin Commission till Porto Rico, salunda som for bemalt iihr, hafwer foriittat, skall han dirigera sin Cours medh Gallioten ath Soder Revieren i Nya Sverige, och sa snart han tijtt anlander gifwe sigh an hoos Commissarien lohan Rising, offerera honom sa Kongl. Maijttz. warallernadigste Drottningz som General Comm. Colegy breff, och dar iampte latha honom wetha, hwadh han [i] Porto Rico vthrattat hafwer, sasom och det han, Elsswich, wore pa Sodre Compag- nietz wiignar for een Factor in Nya Swerige antagen, och derfore ofwer- kommen. Och sassom Elsswich fuller weth, dett Directionen af wercket dar vthe, halst nu emadhan ingen Gouverneur ahr, ware Commissario Risingh tillbetrodd ; Sa skall han och wetha honom at ga tillhanda vthi alia the saker, som han kan tanckia landa Kongl. Maijtt. och Sodre Com- pagniet till behagh, nytta och tianst. Enkannerligen skall bans ahoga och Embete daruthinnan besta, at then Cargasoen, Penningar och medell, som Sodre Compagniet i Nya Swerige hafwer, ma efter Commiss. Risings ordre icke allenast blifwa hallen i godh forwahringh, vthan och fohras till bok och richtigh Rachningh, och at alt hwadh som Vthgifwes eller inkommer, det angar anten wahra egne Swanske eller handelen medh dhe wildhe eller andre, at det flijtigt och noga annoteras. Effter som han skall wara omtancht richtige Bocker och Riickenskaph halla ofwer all Compagnietz Cargasoen, Medell, Peningar och hwadh eliest Com- pagniet dar uthe hafwe, anten det ahr harifran kommit eller dar i Nya Swerige waxt eller acqvirerat eller af dhe wildhe eller andra forwaxlat eller elliest Vpnegotierat. Han skall och icke mindre Vpteckna alt, hwadh diir vthifran gar och siindes hijt hem, sa att bade Vthgaende och inkommande halles i richtighet, och sa iust som han dett in for Gudh, Hens. Kongl. Maijtt., Gen. Comm. Coll. och Sodre Compagniet, ia hwar ahrligh man will och skall kunna answara. Dett ar sa hwadh Generale Commercie Collegium hafwer godtfunnit Factoren Hinrich Elsswich bade i Porto Rico och i Nya Swerige a Compagnietz wegnar at forratta,
48
738 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
tilltroer sa det, som hwadh mehra kan infalla hanss flijt och dexteritet, at han ma sigh wist forsakra at blifwa darfore medh alt gott ihugkomnet och recompencerat. Actum, Ubsala, d. 4 Martij, A". 1654. Pa dragande kails och Embetets wagnar,
Erich Oxenstierna Axelson. Israel Lagerfeldt.
Christer Bonde.
P. DUREEL.
VI.
Instruction, '^
Aussgegeben Vom General Commercie Collegio wegen der Lobl. Suder
Compagnie, Darnach sich der Capitain Johan J. Bockhorn auff dem
Konigl. Schiffe Ornen, auf seiner Reise nacher New Schweden zurichten
hatt.
I.
Anfanglichen soil er dafiir sorge tragen, das weder am SchifE nach aller gerethschafft, so zu dieser Reise erfordert wirdt, nichtes ermangle, Sondern alles dergestallt angeschaffet undt bestellet werden moge, damit Er sich, nechst Gottlicher Hiilffe, diese Reise hin undt wieder zu ver- richten sicherlich getrawn konne.
a.
Von alien in Schiff geladenen Guthern undt wahren sollen zweij Special verzeichnussen oder Inventaria verfertiget werden, welcher bemelter Capitain Johan Bockhorn nebenst den Capitain Swen Schutte unterschreiben soil, undt soil von solchen verzeichnussen eines in Gothen- burg an H. Admiral Anckerhielm geliefert undt zuruck gelassen, das andere aber mittgenommen werden.
3- Darnach soil Er, im Gottes Nahmen, ohne alien fernern Zeit Verlust, wander bestimbte Termin zuseinem Ausslauf herbeynahet, auch wetter undt wind dasselbe zulasset, nebenst einen der Lobl. Suder Compagnie zugehorigen Galliot, Gylldehayn genandt, zu Segel gehen, undt seinen Cours den geradesten undt beqwamsten weg nach Nova Svecia oder der Siider Rivier zunehmen, auch unterwegen gute undt fleissige vorsorge tragen, damit dass bem:'<' Galliot nicht etwas zuruck, Sondern dass solches allezeit biss an den orth, wo sich die bequamste gelegenheit
'Com. Col. Reg., 1654.
Documents and Translations of Documents. 739
praesentiren wirdt, das es seinen Cours nacher Porto Rico nehmen kan, unter seinen defension undt beschiitzung bleiben mogte. Nichts weniger soil Er, Capitain Bockhorn, auch verpflichtet sein auf sein unterhabendes Schiff zunehmen die einigen Coloniers, so der Capitain Hans Amunds- sohn bey seiner ablauffung nacher Porto Rico, auf dem Golliot unnotig mit zugehen ernehtet, undt selbige gleichfals als die Seinige nacher Nova Svecia bringen.
4- Auch soil Er guth Regiment unter dem Schiffsfolck halten, Sie zu aller frommigkeit undt erbahren Leben ehrmahnen, Die Bethstunden nicht vernehten, sondern fleissig abwarten lassen, undt insonderheit darauf sehen, dass alles friedlich unter dem Schiffsfollk undt Coloniers zugehen moge.
5. Fur die geladene Guther soil Er fleisige serge tragen, damit nichtes darvon verkommen oder einigen Schaden nehmen, Sondern alles (vvie as nahmen haben mag) der gebiihr nach wohl in acht genommen werden mogte.
6. Alldieweiln der Boutiellier oder Schaffer auf dem SchiiTe Ornen nicht allein zu unterhalltung der Cronen, Sondern auch der Compagnie vivres gesetzet ist, alss soil dem Capitain Bockhorn obliegen mit Capitain Swen Schuten, ernstlich dariiber zuhalten, damit der Schaffer die Coloniers so wohl alss das Schiffs folk, doch einen ieden von den seinigen in Essen undt trincken accommodire, undt gleichwohl auch so, damit die vivres nicht unnotig Consummiret oder gemissbreuchet werden mogten, auch mehr gemelten Boutiellier dahin halten, dass Er Ihme, wie auch Capitain Schuten, einen ieden von den seinigen eine richtige Rechnung einliefre.
7.
So oft etwas wichtiges fiirfallet, soil Er mitt dem Capitain Swen Schuten undt andern bei sich habenden Officieren uberlegen undt berath- schlagen, was am besten dar in gethan zu werden dienet, allerzeit mit ein ander guthe einigkeith undt Correspondence halten, einen den andern, so oft es die Noth erfordert, in seinen dingen mit Rath undt That zu hiilffe erscheinen, undt Ihr augenmerk in allem auf den gemeinen Nutz undt dienst der lobl. Siider Compagnie richten.
740 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
8.
Er soil auch ni'cht unterlassen ein Tagk Register oder Journal zu halten, undt darinen alles was etwa denckwiirdiges passiret, so wohl auf der hinn- alss auf der Ruckreise, fleissig anzeichnen, undt solches bey seiner (Beliebts Gott) wieder anhero kunfft dem General Commercio- Collegio einliefern.
9-
Wan Er nun (Gott gebe zu gliich) dortt im lande wirdt eingelanget sein, soil Er alles Gutt gebiihrlich von sich liefern, den Commiss aldar von alien wass vom Schiffe auf das landt dort geliefert wirdt, es habe nahmen wie es wolle, ein perfect verzeichnuss machen, dass selbe nicht allein von bem'*. Commiss, sondern auch zugleich von H. Gouverneuren Johnn Printzen aldar unterschreiben lassen, undt also mit sich zuruck bringen.
10.
Folgendts soil Er was dasselbst an Giithern in Vorath ist, oder in der eyl erhandelt undt Ihme geliefert werden mogte, wiederumb einnehmen, dariiber den abermahls eigentliche verzeichnusse machen, undt solche nebenst den Commiss sampt Gouverneuren Johan Printzen aldar unter- schreiben, eines mit anhero bringen, das ander aber dortt im Lande ver- bleiben lassen; undt wirdt Er alss den die einhabende Giither auf der Reise wiederumb fiir alien unfall wohl zu verwahren wissen.
II.
Anstatt des Ballasts soil Er aldar Eichen oder, wo Ess so baldt zu- haben, Nussbawmen holtz einnehmen, doch aber wo von diesen beiden stiicken keines so geschwind an die hand gebracht werden kondte. Soil er sonsten von anderen Materie, die Niitzen bringen mochte, an statt des Ballasts laden, undt dess wegen keine zeit unniittzlich verliehren.
12.
Wan Er nun, geliebts Gott, zu Gothenburgk wieder angelanget sein wirdt, soli Er daselbst ordre, was weiter zu thuen oder zu lassen, vor sich finden, darnach Er sich in allem zurichten. Das iibrige alles, was in die feder in Eyll nicht hatt konnen gefasset werden, wirdt Er seinen besten verstande nach anzustellen, undt sich also, wie einen getrewen undt Beliebenden Man eignet undt wohl anstehet, zuverhalten wissen. Datum, Ubsala den 13 Decemb., A. 1653. Christer Bonde.
Erich Oxenstierna Axellsson.
Marten Augustini Sohn Leyonskoldh.
Documents and Translations of Documents. 741
I.
Instruction according to which the General Commercial College on behalf of the South Company desires that the commissary in the said General Com- mercial College, noble and well born Johan Rissing, shall act in New Sweden and elsewhere in America, in the service of the said company, as an assistant councillor.
I.
He is, according to all [his] ability while in this service, to try to ex- tend and to strengthen the honor and reputation of Her Royal Majesty, our most gracious Queen, and of the fatherland and for this purpose to seek out all that which may serve the intention of Her Royal Majesty with the South Company and to turn off all hindrance and harm accord- ing to his best knowledge and power or to make it known in time, for which the governor with all those who are there ought, on behalf of Her Royal Majesty and the Company, to work and act and lend their assistance.
2.
[He] shall together with the governor see to it that diligent religious service may be conducted there and that all may submit themselves to the Augsburg Confession and that all useless disputes for the excitement of the minds may be avoided and removed, so that everything in this regard might be ordered and regulated for harmony and the honor of the name of God.
3.
His commission shall especially be that he, with die council of the governor, is to see that the land may be placed in good condition, as v^ll in the political government and matters of justice as in commercial [affairs] and to draw up good ordinances for the proper management and increase of the colony, and that they jointly shall take care that the land, in all possible ways, may be placed in a [state of] good defence against all hostile attacks.
4-
Together with the governor he shall seek to keep on all proper terms of friendship with the surrounding English and Dutch colonies as well as with the savage Americans, and, whenever it is found that the interests of Her Royal Majesty and the company are in any way harmed, they shall then make use of those means which might best be found according to
742 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
the circumstances, yet not begin hostilities easily with any of the sur- rounding [peoples], except so far as the necessary defence of the colony demands, until orders concerning it may be drawn up by the company in the future.
5- All those persons of the surrounding nations who might be found use- ful for cattle raising, fisheries or anything else, he shall with the gover- nor's pleasure try to bring into the colony, but avoid and send away those who would seem to cause or bring with them harm or trouble; in all of which [things] he is to exercise and use due care [andj especially now to consult and plan with the governor about how it would be possible, at the first [opportunity], yet with all possible care, to get rid of the Hollanders who have erected a fort on the land and settled there.
6. Moreover, he shall, together with the governor, strive to extend the limits of the country and properly parcel out the land itself to the colonists so that each one may receive as much ground as it is seen he is able to use and care for until orders concerning the same have been made by the company ; also that each one uses and settles his land in a proper manner and with all diligence, and for this purpose he shall appoint overseers in each district who are to make reports concerning it.
7.
He is also so to arrange things that the colonists may for the best price be able to sell in certain places the produce which they may get above their own need so that they may gain some profit by it through which they may be the more incited to diligence, in order that they in the future may have something to give and contribute to the power and defence of the country; wherefore all such things are so to be managed and ordained that not strangers but the company and colony may have use and profit by it or at least suffer no harm.
8.
Therefore the commissary together with the governor is to select suit- able places, where villages and hamlets as well as cities and trading places may be founded and located.
Documents and Translations of Documents. 743
9-
Since law and right is considered and held to be one of the principal things among all people for [the preservation of] peace and good order, therefore he shall, together with the governor, appoint such persons there, who will know how to judge according to the Swedish law and licit custom, in order that right and righteousness may have their course in the land.
10.
He is also in connection with the governor with diligence to see to it, how fisheries may be established in the river and its tributaries as well as in the sea, according to the manner and custom of other nations, all for the good and benefit of the country and the company.
II. Likewise he shall also seek for minerals in the country, among which iron and copper may be used only for the needs of the country or the colony and absolutely nothing may be exported, except indeed gold and silver, if God should give luck, that these be discovered.
12. In addition to that he is to supervise the agriculture and the clearing of the land from which grain, herbs, roots, hemp, flax and fruit [are raised], as well as all kinds of cattle raising of which food-stuffs may be made there, he shall also continue tobacco planting with all diligence; also see if ginger, sugar cane and other such useful [plants] may not be cultivated ; concerning all which and more of the same kind the commis- sary together with the governor is to have diligent care.
13-
Since there are several species of wild grapes in the country, the com- missary shall, according to possibilities, so arrange it, that they may be cultivated for the service and good of the countrj', and for this [purpose] procure from some place a good vine gardener as well as order and import vines in the future from other places.
14.
Since it is customary that no small good is obtained from fruit bear- ing trees, therefore he shall diligently keep the people to this, that they
744 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
may plant and cultivate such fruit bearing trees, as the land can produce according to its climate.
15-
Besides he shall pay particular attention to all noble forests which are in the country, that they might not unnecessarily be cut down but might be sparingly felled for usefulness and in proper time, also that the wood material may be prepared in proper proportion and according to the manner in which it is requested and desired for one thing and another at different places.
1 6.
Then he shall also diligently see, what use one can make there in the land of hunting wild animals and the catching of birds and draw up good rules concerning it in the best manner that is possible. Furthermore he is to observe whether or not the climate will allow that silk worms can be reared, since enough mulberry trees grow there, from which silk to great advantage may in the future be obtained.
17- Since it is expected that the principal advantage, which Her Royal Majesty and the company is to receive for the great expenses outlaid on this colony, will be derived from commerce (through the Grace of God) ; therefore authority is herewith given to said commissary to have oversight and directions over these things and in all that which depends upon it and with the greatest diligence with the help of the governor to strive that the trade of the whole South River might be brought out of the hands of foreigners and placed in the hands of our Swedes.
i8.
Therefore he is at his departure on the way and especially in Gothen- burg to try to prevail upon men of good capital that they in the coming spring will send ships to New Sweden for traffic, especially since he can assure them that it is the gracious will of Her Royal Majesty, that all her Swedish subjects who now wish to conduct trade with their own ships there in the South River may do so freely as well with the savages as with the neighboring Christians, also with the company itself and do not need to give more than 2 per cent, in duty to the company, according to the estimate which is placed upon the goods there; and then [as to] such goods as they have bought in the South River and shall bring into
Documents and Translations of Documents. 745
a Swedish port or Swedish ships [it is ordered that] they may duty free unload them and sell them, if only they show a certificate from the governor and the commissary to the eflect that such goods are purchased in the South River and nowhere else. Besides, in order to animate them all the more, he is to assure each and everyone that they shall have the liberty to plant colonies in the land and to use the land to their benefit for tobacco plantations and other things and to retain it for ever by paying a small recognition in those places, where the company has not selected ground to be used for itself as a special property.
19. Therefore he shall, when he, God willing, arrives with this people happily in the land, in connection with the governor, select a piece of well situated, good land for a special property of the company, which is to be colonized with settlers and thus be arranged that the produce, which comes from the cultivation of the land and which can be manu- factured above the needs of the same, might be sent and sold as well on the surrounding coasts and islands as in Africa and Europe, namely: grain, oil, bread and brandy for the Spanish and the Caribbean Islands, also to the fisheries at Terra Nova and Rio Grande de Canada and else- where, wood material and wine barrels to the Canaries, Portugal and Algerbo,^ Spain and France, to which places he may travel to obtain necessary people for the increase of the colony and otherwise to seek out the advantages from the places, all for the use of the company and the colony, whenever opportunities may allow.
20. He is also diligently to see that the raw material, which can be used for manufacturing purposes, may as time goes on be made and manu- factured, for example boards and all sorts of wooden utensils, which are sold for a high price in many places in America and on the Caribbean Islands [also that] prepared skins and hides, cordovan [leather], linen- cloth, ropes, tar and other suchlike [materials] might be made and manufactured with diligence.
21. All the merchandise which individual colonists, whosoever they may be, have made in the country and which they wish to export for trade, may freely [be sold], if only they pay an export duty of 2 per cent. ' Algeria ?
746 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
22.
Then the commissary is especially in connection with the governor to have power to receive and keep in preservation the cargo, the money and the means which are sent out of the fatherland to New Sweden by the company, to receipt the same and then according to the transmitted orders sell the cargo to the savages or other surrounding people for the good of the company, through a factor of the company appointed for that pur- pose, and cause accurate accounts thereof to be kept, and sign them in connection with the governor when they have been found correct. The same is to be done with the goods which are sent in return to the father- land of which bills one copy is to be placed with the documents in the country and one to be sent over here.
23-
Among the principal things which he is to observe in his commission shall be this: that he, together with the governor, shall seek out all the ways by which he can raise means for the reward of the servants and for the support of other service* through which the company then maj^ have some abatement [of expenses] and protection against larger outlays, if no profit might be made. This may be obtained either through a proper organization and management of the trade or from the cultivation of the land and its income, or of the fisheries or of the manufactories or of public inns, or of small excises on the consumption, or in whatever proper and suitable way it can be done, from which the people may least observe it and be least troubled.
24.
These and many other necessary points which may conduce to the defence, increase and prosperity of the land, as well as for the continuation of the commerce, the often mentioned commissary shall, together with the governor, according to his best knowledge and power as an honorable patriot, take into careful consideration and put into operation that every- thing might be directed with faithfulness, prudence and diligence for the advantage of the company and the honor and well being of the land ; wherefore he shall be looked upon with all grace by Her Royal Majesty [as worthy] of advancement and shall in all possible manners be rewarded by the company. Actum, Ubsala, December 15, 1653.
In virtue of our ofSce, etc.
' Beswar (besvdr), means "service," "burdens," "expenses," etc., when refer- ring to kameralvdsen ("matters of the exchequer").
Documents and Translations of Documents. 747
II.
Commission for Captain Swan Skuthe in New Sweden.
The Royal General Commercial College makes it herewith known that it has engaged the bearer, noble and brave Swan Skuthe, on behalf of the South Company, as a captain over the settlers and enlisted people, who are about to be sent over for the reinforcement of the colony in New Sweden with a Crown's ship Ornen (may God grant luck to it). And his duty^^ shall especially consist in this, that he shall conduct himself in Her Royal Majesty's service faithfully in all those things which become' a captain and try to promote and advance in all manner the good of the South Company and in time ward off and make known all damage and hindrance. Thus he shall after his arrival in New Sweden (if God grant luck thereto) strive with diligence and faithfulness to do all which the duty of his post requires and in this follow and live up to the orders of the governor in the one thing as well as in the other. WTierefore he is annually to receive the salary which has been granted to him for a captain's position in the established budget of the company, in addition to which he is to expect a gracious reward and advancement by Her Royal Majesty through the promotion of the company to a higher charge. Therefore we desire that the governor and other servants out there shall acknowledge him, Swan Skuthe, as a captain and maintain him prop- erly in this appointed charge and advance him according to his good be- havior and as the course of the affairs may allow. According to which all whom it may concern shall be required to act. In faith whereof we have signed this with our own hands and caused [it] to be confirmed with the stamp of the General Commercial College. Dated at Ubsala, December 13, 1653.
In virtue of our office, etc.
III.
Instruction
according to which the General Commercial College on behalf of the
South Company desires that noble and brave Hans Amundson is to act
and regulate himself on the journey to Porto Rico and then to New
Sweden as well as there in the country.
'* Sassom, as, must be omitted in the translation. ' Agnar och bor, " becomes and ought."
748 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
I.
In the first place he shall diligently strive for this that the galiot Gyllende Haije, upon which he is to have the command and position of a captain in the service of the South Company, may be despatched from here at the earliest [opportunity] and [he is] to set out immediately with it for Gothenburg.
2.
In Oresund at Helsingoor he shall land and there request from the Resident on behalf of Her Royal Majesty, our most gracious Queen, a mate who can steer the said galiot to Porto Rico and to New Sweden, as the honorable Resident has already been advised to provide [one] there.
3.
According to the orders which have already been given to him, he is to take on board the people here which are found necessary for the sailing of the galiot and the service of the company, [but] he is not to be con- cerned at this time with unnecessary people, only four persons being granted to him, who may be used for the work and benefit of the land there in New Sweden.
lO.
Especially he, Hans Amundsson, is to have the office of a captain at sea and is to be paid twenty-four Riksdaler a month. Wherefore he is especially required to take all that into consideration which there in the country concerns and belongs to the shipbuilding and to seek in all possi- ble ways to promote it, seeing that all material may be felled and pre- pared in right time, so also that all sorts of vessels may be built partly for use on that coast and partly to sail hither.
#»«****»♦
Given at Ubsala, December 13, 1653, etc.
IV.
To Lieutenant Swan Hook concerning the ordinance in the commis- sion which was given to Captain Hanss Amundsson on his way to Porto Rico as well as to New Sweden and that Henrich Elsswich is appointed in his stead, etc.
Since we for particular reasons. Swan Hook, have changed the com-
Documents and Translations of Documents. 749
mission which was given to Hans Amundsson as well to Porto Rico as later in New Sweden and in his place appointed honorable and wise Henrich Elsswich, who indeed is to have the entire direction during the journey, but what concerns the command of the crew together with that supervision of the ship itself with all its implements and belongings which is necessary, we have herewith desired to entrust to you in the hope that you may look after it that everything may pass ofif properly and well and that good order may be preserved among the sailors with mutual good understanding and harmony. In this and in everything else you must observe what Admiral Ankerhielm will further, according to our orders, require of you, in such a manner that you may and will be able to give an account and be responsible at the proper place. When you thus have performed this your entrusted service faithfully and well, following the advice and disposition of factor Elsswich, and [when] you arrive in New Sweden, we have written to the Commissioner Johan Rising that he may there give you a charge at sea as a lieutenant, and that you under his direction may have supervision over the ships of the South Company and its implements with all that belongs to the South Company for the preparation of commercial voyages, making good accounts and perform- ing your duties in such a manner that you will have reason to hope that we, on account of your diligence and faithfulness, may have occasion in the best manner to remember and to promote you. Commending you here- with to God Almighty.
Ubsala, March 4, 1654, etc.
V.
Instruction according to which the General Commercial College on behalf of the South Company desires that the appointed factor in New Sweden Hendrich Elswich is to act in his entrusted post there as well as in his commission to Porto Rico.
I. As [Her] Royal Majesty, our most gracious Queen, has graciously pleased to intrust the management of the South Company to the General Commercial College and [since] the Governor of New Sweden, lohan Printz, together with the Commissary Huygen have departed from there and are on the way hither and, as the commission with which Hannss Amundsson was intrusted has been changed for the sake of special rea- sons, wherefore the General Commercial College has thought it neces-
7SO The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
sary now immediately and without delay (since the commissary Johan Rising, who a short time ago was sent to New Sweden and who is to have the direction [of affairs] there until further orders and until a certain governor can again be appointed) to accept as a factor and appoint and send thither Hinrich Elsswich in the service of the South Company that he may both take the place of Commissary Huygen in New Sweden and demand damages which the company suffered in Porto Rico in 1649, for the execution of both of which objects and services the General Commercial College has desired to give unto him, Elsswigh, this order and guidance.
10. When Elsswich now has completed this commission in Porto Rico as has been stated, he shall direct his course with the galiot to the South River in New Sweden and as soon as he arrives there he shall make him- self known to the Commissary lohan Rising and deliver to him Her Royal Majesty's, our most gracious Queen's, letter as well as that of the General Commercial College and in addition let him know what he has accomplished in Porto Rico as well as that he, Elsswich, has been engaged on behalf of the South Company as a factor in New Sweden and has come over for that purpose. And as Elsswich fully knows that the direction of the work out there, especially now since there is no governor, has been entrusted to Commissary Risingh, he is to assist him in all those things which he may suppose will be for the pleasure, use and service of Her Royal Majesty and the South Company. His duties are especially to consist in this [that he shall see] that according to the orders of Com- missary Rising, the cargoes, money and means which the South Company has in New Sweden are not only kept in good preservation, but also entered in the books and that proper accounts are kept and that every- thing, which is given out or which comes in, whether it concerns our own Swedes or the trade with savages or others, may be diligently recorded. In like manner as" he is to keep proper books and accounts of the com- pany's cargoes, means and money and whatever else the company may have out there, whether it has come from here or it has been grown in New Sweden or acquired there or exchanged with the savages or others or otherwise obtained, so he shall no less make lists of all that which
" Efter som which generally means because, since, seems here to mean in like manner.
Documents and Translations of Documents. 751
goes from there and is sent home here so that [records of] both the out- going and incoming goods may be kept with accuracy in such a manner that he can give account before God and Her Royal Majesty, the Gen- eral Commercial College and the South Company, yes [before] every honest man. This is then what the General Commercial College has found good for the factor Hinrich Elsswich to do in Porto Rico and in New Sweden on behalf of the Company, — this as well as what else may fall to his diligence and dexterity to do that he may truly assure himseff to be remembered and recompensed for it with all good things. Ubsala, March 4, 1654, etc.
VI.
Instruction,"
issued by the General Commercial College on behalf of the Honorable
South Company, according to which Captain Johan J. Bockhorn is to
conduct himself on his journey to New Sweden on the royal ship Orn.
I.
In the first place he shall see that nothing is wanting on the ship of all the supplies which will be needed for this journey, but that everything shall be provided, procured and ordered, so that he can with certainty assure himself that he will be able to perform the journey thither and back again with the help of God.
2.
Two special lists or inventories shall be made of all the goods and merchandise loaded upon the ship, which are to be signed by said Captain Johan Bockhorn together with Captain Swen Schutte, and of such lists one shall be delivered to and left with Admiral Anckerhielm in Gothen- burg, the other one, however, shall be taken along with him.
3- After that he shall, in God's name, without all further loss ot time when the appointed period of his departure draws near, weather and wind allowing, go to sea together with a galiot belonging to the Honor- able South Company called the Gyllden Haij and take his course by the straightest and best way to Nova Svecia or the South River and during the way pay good and diligent attention to this, that the said galiot is not left behind but that it may remain under his defence and protection
" This is a typical instruction given to tlie captains who were sent to New Sweden. Com. Col. Reg.
752 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
and at all times follow him on to the place, where the best opportunity presents itself to it for taking its course towards Porto Rico. In lite manner Captain Bockhorn shall also be obliged to receive into the ship under his command those few colonists whom Captain Hans Amunds- sohn at his departure towards Porto Rico finds unnecessary to take on the galiot and to bring the same in like manner as his own to Nova Svecia.
4- He shall also keep good order among the people on the ship, require them to live a good and honorable life, not to be away from the hours of prayer but diligently to observe these, and [he is] especially to see that everything passes peacefully between the crew and the colonists.
5-
He shall diligently take care of the cargo so that nothing of it shall be ruined or in any way damaged, but that everything (whatever name it might have) might, according to his duty, be taken into [his] con- sideration.
6.
Since the bouteillier or steward on the ship the Orn is appointed to look after not only the provisions of the Crown but also those of the company, therefore Captain Bockhorn is, together with Captain Swen Schute, earnestly to take care that the steward shall accommodate the colonists and the crew with food and drink from the supply of each and in such a manner that the provisions will not be unnecessarily consumed or wasted, also to require the said steward to deliver a correct bill to him as well as to Captain Schute.
7-
As often as anything of importance occurs he shall take counsel with Captain Swen Schute and other officers he has with him and decide what is best to do and at all times to keep good harmony and correspondence with one another, and as often as need requires it one is to appear with counsel and assistance to the other and [all are to] make it their duty to work for the common good and the service of the Honorable South Company.
8.
Furthermore he is not to neglect to keep a daily register or a journal and write down diligently everything noteworthy that takes place as well
Documents and Translations of Documents. 753
on the journey thither as on the journey back and deliver such at his (God granting) return to the Commercial College.
9- When he then (God grant luck) arrives in the country, he shall deliver all the goods from the ship unto the commiss and make a perfect list of everything which is delivered from the ship whatever name it may have which is to be signed not only by the said commiss but also by Gov- ernor Johan Printz and [he] is to bring it back with him.
10.
Then he shall load again into the ship the goods which are in store there or that might be bought in a hurry and delivered to him of which he shall again make a list to be signed by the commiss and Governor Johan Printz, one of which is to be brought here the other to be left in the country, and he is to preserve the goods well against all mishap on the return voyage.
II.
Instead of the ballast he is to take in oak or walnut trees, if it is possi- ble to obtain them so soon, yet, however, if none of these things can be secured so quickly he shall in their stead [procure] other material which might bring some gain and load [it upon the ship] instead of the ballast, losing no time on this account, however.
12.
When he (if it pleases God) arrives at Gothenburgk again, he will find orders there, what is further to be done and to be let, according to which he is to act in everything. All the rest, which it has not been possible to draw up in a hurry, he will, according to his best knowledge, know how to accomplish, acting as a faithful and trusted man.
Dated at Ubsala, December 13, 1653, etc.
VII.
Treaty between Sweden and England Concerning the Swedish
Colonies in Africa and America.
I, Bulstrode Whitelocke, signed below, keeper of the castle of Windsor
and one of the costodians of the Great Seal of the Commonwealth of
England, Commissioner, Procurator, Deputy and Extraordinary Ambas-
49
754 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
sador of the most serene and most high Lord Oliver, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland and the dominions thereof and of the said Commonwealth do make known and testify, that whereas by the treaty of alliance^^ between the said my most serene and most high Oliver Lord Protector and the most serene and most potent Princess and Lady, the Lady Chistina, by the grace of God, Queen of the Swedes, Goths and Vandals, etc., great Princess of Finland, Duchess of Esthonia, Carelia, Bremen, Verden, Stettin, Pomerania, Cassubia and Vandalia, Princess of Rugen and ruler of Ingria and Wismar, etc., a firm peace and friendship is established; and I have judged it chiefly consonent thereto to find out means to remove certain grievances of the people and citizens of either state, and to take away all grounds and occa- sions of their arising in time to come. Therefore, concerning certain mooted questions, I have made an agreement with the most illustrious and most excellent Lords Plenipotentiary Senators and Commissioners of the said Royal Majesty and of the kingdom of Sweden, the Lord Axel Oxen- stierna. Chancellor of the kingdom and Provincial Judge of East Norr- land, Lappland, Herjedalen and Jamtland, Count of Sodre More, Free Baron in Kimitho, Lord of Fiholm and Tidon, Golden Knight, and the Lord Eric Oxenstierna, son of Axel, President of the General Com- mercial College, Count of Sodre More, Free Baron in Kimitho, Lord in Tidon, Vi[s]by and Gorweden, as is expressed and explained in the following:
In the first place, whereas a certain English company trading in Guinea has made complaint of one Henry Carelove,^^* who in the capacity of governor of the Swedish Company has in their name de- prived the English of some places on the said coasts inhabited by the latter, and treated them with other injuries, while the said Swedish company has undertaken not only that the guilt of the said governor and of themselves cannot be proved, but has also retorted their charges against the servants of the said English company, and whereas these individual quarrels of merchants it has been impossible on this occasion
"Treaty of Alliance between Sweden and England, April n, 1654.
" § 16. Concerning other advantages to be enjoyed, and rules according to which the ships of war shall demean themselves which shall come into the ports or stations of the other confederate, of the trade to be had in America, also of the commodities of fishing for herrings and other fish whatsoever, of the staples and marts to be appointed for trade, and of other matters and conditions which may be required for the greater evidence of the former articles, as by a particu- lar treaty and mutual contract shall be hereafter agreed." Cf. Whitelocke, Embassy, H. 102 ff., 160 ff.
'"' Hendrik CarloflF, first governor of the Swedish settlement in Africa.
Documents and Translations of Documents. 755
for certain reasons altogether to remove, it has been thought most advis- able on both sides that they should be settled as soon as possible in a most friendly and straightforward way before certain commissioners from both sides. In the meantime, however, it is agreed that this delay shall not be prejudicial to either party, so that the partners and servants of the aforesaid companies and the subjects and citizens of both States shall not either in Guinea, and that in the freest traffic there, or on the voyage cause injury or annoyance to each other, but referring the decision of their quarrels to the chief men of each side, as is above indi- cated, they shall live among themselves in friendly fashion and treat each other with such good will as is agreeable to the treaty concluded on both sides. The same rule shall also be observed in America between the colonies of New Sweden and of the English so that they may culti- vate true friendship and refrain on both sides from all injuries and annoyances. And in the first place let them take care for their mutual preservation until the question of the boundaries of the colonies and any other laws of friendship together with the remaining business of indi- viduals can be duly settled before commissioners appointed from both sides, which things by virtue of my commission on me [conferred] by these presents I wholly accept to be enjoined upon all and singular the subjects and citizens of both States whom it concerns, and to be by them observed, and by the subscription of my hand and by my seal I ratify.
Done at Upsala, May 8, 1654.
BULSTRODE WhITELOCKE [SEAlJ
VIII.
Indian Confirmation on the Sandhook and Surrounding
Districts.
A. D. 1654, on July 8 ... the two( ?) sachems, . . . [Ahopam]eck and Peminacka, came to Fort Christina and got into conversation about the [Sandh]ock and that land which is located around there all [the way] to Christina [Kill]. Herewith they acknowledged that the purchase which the Swedes before this(?)" had contracted with Metat- simint was firm and legal, so that no one else hereafter could rightfully pretend to it, and that Peminacka had never sold the Sandhock or its^* surrounding lands to Stuvesand, Gou[verno]r at Manathes, but had
" Ms. defective, see facsimile. The reading might he " for detta " before this, or "pa detta "(?), upon this.
" l/icss, its (Sandhook's) or his (Peminack's).
7S6 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
received some presents from him, for which he promised him [per- mission] to place a house there, no deeds concerning it having been made or given. Wherefore Peminacca desired to confirm herewith the said purchase, which the Swedes had closed with him, as the rightful owner of the said land, which Metatsimint had presented to him before the purchase and before his death, so that none hereafter may find cause to object to^^ or censure this. This they certify with their marks. Done at Fort Christina, the day and date given above.
Peminacka, as rightful owner, Ahopameck, as witness, Sinques(?) as witness, Pinnar( ?) [as w]itness. Johan Risingh, Jan Ja[nss] on Bock- horn, Gregorius [va]n Dijck, Johan (?) [Papegoja?]
IX.
Indian Deed of Land.
A. D. 1654, on July 8, the Sachems Peminacka and Ahopameck came to Fort Christina, where they began to talk about their lands, which belong to them. Thus Peminacka, the sachem, presented to the Swedes all the right and pretention which he, as rightful owner, had to these lands, namely: Tamakonck or the Sandhock with the surrounding lands, so also all the land all the way from Fort Christina up the river which has not yet been bought, especially Naamans Point to Marikens point in- clusive with all its pretentions. Ahopameck, as the rightful owner, also presented to the Swedes all the land, which is located, all the way from Marikis Hook, all the way to half of the Skulkijll, Tennakonck and other [lands] unmentioned, which has been sold of other rightful owners, together with Kinsassingh, Arunameck, Mockorhuttingh, Kokarakungh, with all the lands and waters, which are subject to it, Passaijungh excepted. [They] testify and declare that these lands have been their own and are not bought by any one in particular before.^^ Where- fore they and their descendants herewith sell all these aforesaid lands . . ." For futher surety they confirmed this with their marks and witnesses who were present, placing their signatures below. Made at Christina as above.
Peminacka as the rightful owner Ahopameck as the rightful owner.
Johan Risingh Gregorius van Dijck
'°Seija(?), say, speak against (?).
" The idea is that this district as a whole had been bought by the Swedes before, but the particular districts had not been pointed out and bought before. " Ms. defective.
Documents and Translations of Documents. 757
Testimony of the Heirs of Mitatsimint.
We the undersigned hfers of the deceased Sachem Mitatsimint give by this our writing the testimony that the land lying below Appachai- hackingh unto Mettocksinowousingh, belongs to no one else than to us, Peminacka being allowed to hunt upon Quinamkot but not as the owner to sell the same. We also know that the late Sachem Mitatsimint bargained about the said land with the Swedes, wherefore, for a con- firmation, we have desired, as the true heirs and owners, by this our drawn up contract to testify that no one else, be [it] what nation it may, has a right or pretention to dwell upon the aforesaid lands or to incorporate [them] than the Swedes alone, for which [lands] we also have been contended by them, like our deceased sachem and father. Besides [we] will show (prove) by the savages in the entire river that the aforesaid land has been the property not of Pemenacka but of Mitat- simint, and [this] we as his heirs herewith maintain for a testimony of the truth, subscribing [to it] with the marks of our own hands.
Dated, Elsborgh, July 3, 1651.
The mark of Kiapes the son of Mitatsimint.
The mark of Notike the widow of Mitatsimint.
The mark of the two children of Mitatsimint.
As witnesses:
Peter Johimson.
GOTHEFRYD HaRMER.
APPENDIX D.
I. The Expeditions Prepared for New Sweden, 1637-1656.
I. The First Expedition, 1637-1639. The ship Kalmar NyckeV- {Key of Kalmar).^ Commander, Peter Minuit. Skipper, Jan Hindricksen^ van de Waeter. First mate, Michel Symonszen.* Second mate, Jacob Everts Sandelin.'' Upper boatsivain, Peter Johanss. from the Bemster v/ho succeeded
Andres Lucassen. Gunner, Johan Joachimss.
Sailors, Herman Andersson, Johan Svensson, Sander Clerck.* The ship Fogel Grip or Gripen'' (the Bird Griffin). Skipper, Andrian Joransen.* The cost of the expedition was about 36,000 florins.
^Kalmar Nyckel was purchased by the Kalmar (Calmar) division of the South-Ship Company in 1632 for 27,098 D. (and not "by Peter Minuit at Gothen- burg in 1637" as stated by Zettersten in Sv. flat, hist., II. 573). It was taken over by the government and sold to Cornelius Rolofsson in 1651 (estimated value was then 5,000 R.D.). Cf. above, Chap. XLVIII., note 32. A ship called Calmare Barcken (the Calmar Bark) is mentioned in the fleet of King Erick XIV., Cf. Ett bidr. till flat, hist.. Hist. Tid., XIII. 69-71.
" Calmar, Kalmar a city on the south-eastern coast of Sweden.
^ Johan (Jehan, Jon) Hendricksen (Hendrixsz).
'Michel (Michell) Simons (Simonsz).
^ Jacob Evertsen and Jacob Evertsz Sandelyn.
" It has been said that there were no Swedish sailors along on the first voyage, but Andersson and Swensson were Swedes and probably Clerk also. They were dead in i6+o and their widows, who lived in Stockholm, were paid a small amount of money by the company. Journal, No. 28.
' Fogel Grip also belonged to the South-Ship Company and was not purchased by Minuit as stated by Zettersten, S-v. flat, hist., II.
During a storm in August, 1639, the ship, lying in the harbor at Gothenburg, after its return from New Sweden, " although secured by two anchors . . . was driven upon sandshoals I'A fathoms deep." The ballast and cannon were re- moved, but it would not float and it seems that the ship foundered there, for it is mentioned no more. Cf. Ndgra Clas Fleming papper (R.A.). A ship called Stora Gripen (the Large Griffin) and another called Lilla Gripen (the Small Griffin) are mentioned in 1564. Cf. Hist. Tid., XIII. 69-71.
'Andriean Janesen.
758
Expeditions Prepared for New Sweden. 759
2. The Second Expedition, 1639-1640.
The ship Kalmar Nyckel (its second voyage to New Sweden). Captain, Cornells van Vliet° as far as Holland. The cost of the expedition was 15,840:25 D.
Commander, Pauwel Jansen, who was appointed in Holland on the
outward journey of the ship. Mate, Herman Willemsen.
3. The Third Expedition, 1640-1641 {from Holland).
The ship Freedenburgh.
Commander, Joost van Bogaert.
4. The Fourth Expedition, 1641-1642, The ship Kalmar Nyckel (its third voyage to America).
Skipper, Andrian Jansen^" from Saardam.
Mate, Lambert Pietersen. The ship Charitas.^^
Skipper, Jan Jochimsen.
Mate, Jacob Everts Sandelin.
5. The Fifth Expedition, 1642-1643. The ship Swan^^
Skipper, Lambert Pietersen. ^^ Boatswain, Johan Andersson.
° Cornells Van Filet.
"Andrlaen Jansz.
^ Flojten Charitas belonged to (Norrkoping-dlvlsion( ?) of) the South-Ship Company (not to the Vasterviks skeppskompani as Zettersten has it in S-v. flat, hist., II. 564). Zettersten states that it Is mentioned for the last time in 1646, but it is mentioned in 1650-1653 as being among the ships captured by the English from Swedish merchants. (See State Pap. For., Sweden, Tr. and A dm. Pap., 1650-59, Pub. Rec. Office.) In 1653 the " galiot the Cliaritie" of Norrkoping, coming from France loaded with Aqua vitae was taken by the English. Entry Books, Sweden, 1653, Pub. Rec. Office.
''The Sivan belonged to the South-Ship Company. It was of 165 lasts burden and carried 36 cannon {.'im. Reg., July 21, 1657). It took part in the naval expeditions against the Danes, 1644-1645, and was in the battle of Fehmarn in October. It was used on picket duty in the sound in the spring of 1652 and it seems that it was captured by the Danes in 1659. A Swan was also found in the Swedish navy in 1560. (There was also a Swan in the Danish fleet.) Cf. above, XXV., p. 251; Palmsk. Sam!. (Up. B.), 322, fol. 333; Am. Reg., April i, 1652; August 23, October 25, 1656; July 2i, 1657; Zettersten, Sv. flat, hist., II.
"Lambert Pietersson.
760 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
The ship Fama?-^
Skipper, Thering Hindricksen. Boatswain, Nils Svensson.
6. The Sixth Expedition, 1643-1644. The ship Fama (second voyage to New Sweden). Skipper, Peter Pawelsson Kabeliaw.^° Mate, Jacob Cornelisen. The cost of the cargo was 13,563 :io D. (12,214:16 D. for the Indian trade, 1,348:26 D. for the needs of the colony).
The ship Kalmar Nyckel (sailed to the West Indian Island, cf. above). Captain, Berendt Hermansson Hopp. Skipper, Vinsent Beckman.
7. The Seventh Expedition, 1646-1647.
The ship Gyllene Haj"-^ (the Golden Shark). Captain, Jan Jochimsen" from Cappel. Mate, Jacob Albrechtsen. The cost of the cargo was 10,075 D.
8. The Eighth Expedition, 1647-1648. The ship Siuan (second voyage to New Sweden). Captain, Steffen Willemsen.^s Skipper, Nils Sifvertson."
" It was called Engclen or Fama and Tellige skeppet Fama or Tellige skeppet Engelen.
The Fama belonged to the South-Ship Company (and was not bought by Vasterviks skepskompani in 1641 as stated by Zettersten, Sv. flat, hist., II. 567). It was rerigged in 1641, and later taken into the service of the Crown. In 1653 it was repaired, made journeys to Narva (Capt. Peter Petersson) in 1653-4, and to London in 1654 (Richard Staffort, Commander). It was lost during a fog in 1659 according to Zettersten. Cf. above, Chap. XLVIIL, note 33; Beier to Fleming, 1638, Nagra Clas Fleming papper (R.A.) ; Gen. Hand, och Skepsk., IL, 1623-52 (K.A.) ; Zettersten, Sv. flat, hist., II. 567.
" Cabeliau.
"The Haj is not mentioned by Zettersten in Sv. flat. hist. It belonged to the South-Ship Company and was commanded by Skipper Peter Michelsson (Michel- sen) in 1631-1633 who made several journeys with the ship. It was captured by Stuyvesant in 1654 and used by the Dutch in the West Indian trade. Cf. above, Chap. XL.; Gen. Hand, och Skepsk., III. i630-i636[7] (K.A.).
" Johan Jochimsson.
''Stephen Williamsson.
"Nels Siwersen (Siversson).
Expeditions Prepared for New Sweden. 761
Lieutenant, Anders Jonsson.-" Mate, Jan Jansson Bockhorn.-^ Cost of cargo was 1 1 ,964 D.
9. The Ninth Expedition, 1649.
The ship Katf- (the Cat).
Commander, Hans Amundsson. Captain, Cornelius Lucifer. Skipper, Mans Bengtsson. Mate, Jan Jansson Bockhorn. Cost of cargo exclusive of ammunition and cannon was 5j2I5 D.
10. The Tenth Expedition, 1654. The ship Orn (the Eagle). "^
Commander, Johan Rising. Captain, Jan Jansson Bockhorn.
H. The Eleventh Expedition, 1654. The ship Gyllene Haj (did not reach New Sweden). Commander, Hendrick Elswick. Mate, Anders Matheus(?) from Amsterdam. Second mate, Bengt Olsson. Lieutenant, Sven Hook.
12. Tivelfth Expedition, 1655-1656. The ship Mercurius.^*
"Andreas Joranson (Jonson).
"Johan Janson Bockhorn.
^The Cat belonged to the government. It carried from 18 to 22 cannon and had a crew of about 50 sailors. It took part in the naval expeditions against the Danes, 1644-1645. Was wrecked near Porto Rico in 1649 and then burnt by the Spaniards. Cf. above, and Rddspr., IX. 333, etc.
^ The Orn was taken from the Danes in June, 1644, and was rerigged the following year at Wismar. It was 129!/ (Swedish) feet long and 30 (Swedish) feet broad, carried 34 to 40 cannon and had a crew of about 80 men. It was repaired in the autumn of 1654, was ordered to bring Secretary Coijet to Eng- land in October, 1654 (Am. Reg., October 4, 1654). According to Zettersten it was sunk at Karlskrona in 1680.
^ Mercurius was bought in 1655 by Trotzig in Holland and was entirely rebuilt. It carried 14 cannon and was of about 100 lasts burden. It made journeys for some time after 1656 for the American Company. There were also two or three other ships by this name at the time. Cf. above. Chap. XLIX.; Am. Reg. (FI. Ar.), May 22, 1644, October 8, 1653, January 14, 24, 1654, June 23, July 21, 1657, etc.; Zettersten, Sv. /lot. hist., II. 576-7. (The Mercurius belonging to the American Company is not mentioned by Zettersten.)
762 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Commander, Johan Papegoja.
Second Commander or Captain{?), Hendrick Huygen. sapper, Jan Hindrickson Lang. Mate, Jacob Jansson. Barber-surgeon, Heindrich Mundt. The total cost of the expedition including the ship was 13,414 R.D. according to one bill.
II. Ships Belonging to the South-Ship Company, that
DID not make Journeys to New Sweden.
1. Christina, belonged to the Nykoping division of the South-Ship Company. She made several long voyages for the company, carrying salt and other merchandise. She w&s sold to De Geer, after which she made journeys to Africa for the Swedish African Company. She was captured by the English, but was later released.
There was a ship called Queen Christina in 1665 for which Leijonberg applied for permission in that year to sail to Barbadoes.
Gen. Hand, och SkepsL, III., 1630-1636 [7] (K.A.). " Forhand. ang. Hoi. ersattn.," etc., and other documents in Afrik. komp., I.-II. (R.A.) ; cf. also Granlund, En sv. koL, etc., State Pap., For., Sweden, No. 5, 1639-65, Pub. Rec. Office.
2. Forgylda Lejonet (The Gilded Lion), probably belonged to the Stockholm division of the South-Ship Company. Was sent to Spain with a cargo of masts and spars in 1 63 1 , where it was captured by order of King Philip in 1632. Cf. above, p. 73.
3. Gefleskeppet. (The ship of the Gefle-division of the South-Ship Company. Cf. above, p. 69 ff.) She was probably built by Welshuisen (cf. above, p. 70). She made several commercial journeys for the South-Ship Company and was sent to Spain in 1631-32, where she was captured. Cf. above, p. 73 ff. ; Gen. Hand, och Skepsk., HI., 1630- 1636(7) (K.A.).
4. Konung David {King David)-^ also called Gamle Konung David (Old King David), belonged to the South-Ship Company. It was com- manded by Skipper Clas Hindersson Boender, who made a great number of commercial journeys with the ship. It was sold in 1641 by Peter Trotzig for 8,100 florins, which (less 148:12 florins expenses) were turned over to the New Sweden Company. This vessel is not mentioned by Zettersten in Sv. flat. hist. Cf. Gen. Hand, och Skepsk., II., 1623-52
"'The ship on which De Vries sailed to the West Indies in the summer of 1634 was called King David. Cf. Cot. of N. Y. Hist. So., 2d $., III. 49.
Expeditions Prepared for New Sweden. 763
(K.A.) ; Kompanler and Atskilliga komp. (K.A.) ; Am. Res-, October 26, 1641.
5. Nye Konung David (also called Der Newe Konig David, the New King David)"" was built (or rebuilt) in Holland (1641) for the South- Ship Company for the sum of 9,900 D. to replace the Old King David. It was commanded by Skipper Clas Hindersson Boender, who owned one- sixteenth of the ship. The ship made 1,125 D- on freight which was carried to Stockholm on the first journey and fifteen-sixteenths of the ship were insured in Amsterdam for 6,000 florins at a premium of 135 florins for the journey. The ship earned several thousand D. for the company until it was sold by the government in 1645 to Louis De Geer for 9,000 D. (of which Boender received his share, or 375 R.D., the other 5,625 R.D. being placed to the credit of the South-Ship Company in the books of the New Sweden Company). Cf. Journal, no. 71 ff. ; " Rach. med Sod. Comp.," SiJderk., 1637-59 (R.A.) ; above; Zettersten, Sv. {lot. hist., II.
6. Neptunis. Sold by Le Thor and Blommaert in 1640.
7. Norrlandskeppet. (The ship of the Norrland-division of the South-Ship Company.) Made commercial journeys for the South-Ship Company before the autumn of 163 1. It was captured in Spain in 1632. Cf. above, p. 73.
8. Stockholms Kronan (the Crown of Stockholm). It belonged to the Stockholm division of the South-Ship Company and was undoubtedly built by Christian Welshuisen. It was captured in Spain in 1632. Cf. above, p. 73 ff. This ship is not mentioned by Zettersten in Sv. flot. hist.
9. The ship Svarte Hunden. (the Black Dog), of 120 lasts burden, was sold by the government in October, 1640, to Daniel Schlegel in Stettin for 9,000 R.D. The sails and rigging valued at 3,000 R.D. belonged to the government and the remainder were credited to the New Sweden Company. Cf. " Hen. Kongl. Maj. och Cron. Rachn. med. Sod. Comp.," Soderk., 1637-59 (R.A.) ; Journal, no. 88, etc.
10. Turturdufvan (Turtell Taube, the Turtle Dove) was sold in 1640 by Le Thor and Blommaert in Holland and the money was used by the New Sweden Company for paying the wages of its servants and for buying the merchandise for the Indian trade. Journal, nos. 19, 35. etc.
*'On November 3, 1666, a pass was granted by the Lord High Admiral of England to the Swedish resident at London for a ship called King David, which was to sail from Rochelle to Lemerick with salt, thence to the Barbadoes. Acts of the Privy Council, p. 413.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. A. Secondary Works.
GENERAL HISTORY, HISTORIES OF COLONIZATION, BIBLIOGRAPHY.
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^^o The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
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1884.) Holm, Theodor, Sveriges allmdnna postvdsen.^ I-II I. (Stockholm,
1906-9.)
'The bibliography lacks Odhner, Sv. inre hist, and Stiernman, Kongl. href, etc.
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Hvlten-Cavallius och Stephens, Sveriges historiska och poUtiska visor.
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1834.) Lagus, W. G., Ur If'iborgs historia. (Wiborg, 1893-5.) Mandelgren, N. M., Atlas tillSveriges odlingshistoria. (Stockholm, 1877.)
(Swedish and French tex, 5-33. A large number of illustrations,
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translation. Nordlander, Johan, Om birkarlarne. (In Hist. Tid., XXVI, 215 £E.,
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Richlv illustrated.
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(Stockholm, 1886.) Quoted: Sillen, p. — . SuNDBARG, G., Sverige. (Stockholm, 1901.) Tigerstedt, K. K., Bidrag till Kexholms Idns historia under drottning Kris-
tinas tid. (Abo, 1877-1887.) Upmark, G., Valda Skrifter. (Stockholm, 1901.) Contains histories of
Stockholms Slott, Tido Slott and Riddarehuset. Westling, B. G. W., Hufvuddragen af den svenska folkundervisningens
historia. (Stockholm, 1900.) Reviewed in Hist. Tid., XXI, 23 ff. WiSTRAND, P. G., Svenska folkdrdkter. (Stockholm, 1907.) Good work,
but it gives almost entirely " festskrudar." Wrangel, E., Om de fr'dmmande Idrde vid drottning Christinas hof. (In
Hist. Tid, 1897, P- 331 ff.) Yeats, J., The Natural History of the Raw Materials of Commerce.
(London, no date, but dedication of the second ed. is dated 1 87 1.)
3. Siuedish Relations to Other Countries.
Carlbom, J[ohan] Levin, Sveriges forhdllande till Osterrike under Ferdinand HI, etc. (1655-1657). (Gothenburg, 1898.)
Carlbom, J[ohan] Levin, Sverige och England, 1635-1637, etc. (Gothen- burg, 1900.)
Carlbom, J[ohan] Levin, Magnus Dureels negotiation i Kbpenhamn, 1655-1657. (Gothenburg, 1901.)
Evelyn, J., A Diary. (A new ed. edited by Wheatley. London, 1879.)
Forbind. mellan Sverige och araberna. (In K. Vitterh., Hist, och Antiq. Akade. mdnadsbl., 1890.)
Fries, Ellen, Bidrag till kdnnedom om Sveriges och Nederldndernas diplomatiska forbindelser under Karl X Gustafs regering. (Upsala, 1883.)
Gardiner, Samuel Rawson, Letters Relating to the Mission of Sir Thomas Roe to Gustavus Adolphus, 162Q-30. (The Camden Mis- cellany, VII, 1875.) Reviewed in Hist. Zeitschr., XXXIV, 464.
Hammarstrom, p. a., Om tullforh. mellan de skand. rikena frdn dldsta tider till freden i Bromsebro 1645, etc. (In Lunds Universitets arskrift, 1875-76.)
Heimer, August, De diplomatiska forbindelserna mellan Sverige och England, 163 3-1654. (Lund, 1892.)
Bibliography. 775
Heimer, August, Grefve Magnus Gabriel de la Cardies ambassad till
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hapten Francisco de Eraso 1578-1571). (In Hist. Tid. (1886), VI,
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till fremmande magter 1483-1874. (In Kongl. Bibliotekets hand-
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1885.) The work is not very satisfactory as far as the Swedish
diplomatic history is concerned. It does not give very many of the
Svi'edish sources. It is not mentioned by Settervall. Reviewed in
Hist. Tid., V, Ofvers. och granskn., p. 75-77. Odhner, C. T., Sveriges forbindelser med den Venitianska republiken under
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i824-maj 1630. (Upsala, 1890.) Reviewed in Hist. Zeitschr., 1892,
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^^(i The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
III. Biographies.
I. General Biographical Works.
Aa, a. J., VAN DER, B'log. Woordenhoek der Nederlanden. (Haarl., 1852-
1878.) Anrep, G., Svenska Jdelns Attar-taflor. I-IV. (Stockholm, 1858-64.) Biogafiskt lexicon ofver namnkunnige svenske man. I-XXIII. (Upsala
och Orebro, 1835 ff.) Carpelan, Tor [Harald], Finsk biografisk handbok. I-II. (Helsingfors,
1903-) Dansk Biografisk Lexikon, etc. I-XIX. (Copenhagen, 1887-1905.) Dictionary of National Biography. (New York and London, 1885-1900.)
Supplement, I-III. (1901). Index and Epitome (1903). Eliot, John, Biographical Dictionary of New England. Frederiks, [Johannes] G[odefridus], en Branden, F[ranz] J[osef]
[Peter] van den, Biographisch Woordenhoek der Noord- en Zuid-
nederlandsche Letterk. Munthe, Arnold, Svenska sjohjaltar. V. (Stockholm, 1905.) Stiernman, a. a. von, Swea och Gotha Hofdinga-Minne. I-II. (Stock- holm, 1745.) Svenskt biografiskt lexikon, ny foljd. I-X. (Orebro och Stockholm,
1857-90.) The National Cyclopedia of American Biography, Vols. V, VI, XII. (A
complete index to the volumes, 1906.) Westrin, Teodor. Nordisk familjebok. (First edition, 1876-99, second
edition, 1900 ff. not yet complete.)
2. Special Biographies. Gustavus Adolphus {Great Captains), by Th. Ay. Dodge. (Boston and New York, 1895.) Reviewed in the Am. Hist. Review, 1896, p.
331 ff. History of Gustavus Adolphus by J. L. Stevens. (New York and London,
1884.) Minnewit, Peter, aus Wesel. In Sybels Historische Zeitschrift, XV, p. 225 ff- Ofverstelojtnant Joh{^an^ Printz med vestgota ryttare vid Chemnitz' kapitu-
lation dr 1640. (In Hist. Tid., 1887, p. 342 ff.) Oxenstierna, Eric, Ellen Fries.
Stuyvesant, Peter, Life, by J. S. C. Abbott. (New York, 1873.) Usselinx, Willem, by J. F. Jameson. (New York and London, 1887. In
Pap. of the Am. Hist. Ass., Vol. II, no. 3.) Reviewed in Hist.
Zeitschr., LXII, 125.
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AMERICAN HISTORY AND THE HISTORY OF NEW
SWEDEN.
I. General American History. I. Bibliography. The Connecticut Historical Society and Associated Institutions.. (Hart- ford, 1889.) Bibliography of the Society, p. 80 ff. Channing, Edward, and Hart, Albert Bushnell, Guide to the Study
of American History. (Boston and London, 1896.) A good bib- liography. Green, S. A., Bibliography of the Massachusetts Historical Society.
(Boston, 1871.) Holmes, A., Annals of America. A large list of books on American history
published before 1829 given in I, p. IX ff. Kohl, J. G., A Descriptive Catalogue of those maps, charts and surveys
relating to America, which are mentioned in Vol. Ill of Hakluyt's
great work. (Washington, 1857.) Laet, Joannis de, Novvs Orbis, etc. (Leyden, 1633.) In the introduc- tion is given a list of books on America. Larned, J[osephus] N[elson], The Literature of American History.
A Bibliographical Guide. (Boston, 1902.) WiNSOR, Justin, Narrative and Critical History of America. Gives good
bibliographies.
2. General Accounts. Arber, E., First Three English Books on America, [T5lif]-iSSS- Edited
by E. Arber. (Birmingham, 1885.) Channing, Edward, History of the United States. I-II. (1000-1760.)
(New York, 1907-1908.) D[apper], 0[liver], Die Unbekante Newe Welt, etc. (Amsterdam,
1673-) Doyle, J[ohn] A[ndrew], English Colonies in America. Vols. I-IV.
(New York, 1 889-1 907.) Fisher, George Park, The Colonial Era. (In the American History
Series, New York, 1892.) Hart, Albert Bushnell (Editor), The American Nation. A History
from Original Sources by Associated Scholars. Vols. I-V. (New
York and London, 1904.) Laet, Joannis de, Nieuive JVereldt, ofte Beschrijvinghe van IVest-Indien,
etc. (Leyden, 1630.) Lodge, Henry Cabot, A Short History of the English Colonies in America.
(New York, 1881.) Montanus, De Nieuive en Onbekende Weereld; of Beschrijving van
"77% The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
America en 't Zuyd-Land, etc. (Amsterdam, 1671.) Gives map of
New Netherland and New Sweden; picture of New Amsterdam,
p. 124. Morris, Henry C, The History of Colonization. I-II. (New York,
1900.) WiNSOR, Justin, Narrative and Critical History of America. I-IV.
(Boston and New York, 1889.)
II. The Neighboring Colonies. I. New England.
Atwater, Edward Elias, History of the Colony of New Haven, etc. (Meriden, Conn., 1902.)
Belknap, Jeremy, The History of New Hampshire, etc. Vol. I. (Phila- delphia, 1784.)
Bryington, Ezra Hayt, The Puritan as a Colonist and Reformer. (Bos- ton, 1899-)
HoLLiSTER, Gideon Hiram, The History of Connecticut, etc. I-II. (New Haven, 1855.)
Hutchinson, Thomas, The History of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, etc. Vol. I. (London, MDCCLXV.)
Johnson, Alexander, Connecticut, etc. (Boston, 1887. In the American Commonwealths series.) Contains good bibliography, 397-400.
Palfrey, John Gorham, A Compendious History of New England, etc. I-IV. (Boston and New York, 1883.)
Trumbull, Benjamin, A Complete History of Connecticut, etc. Vol. I. (Hartford, 1797.)
Weeden, William B., Economic and Social History of New England, etc. I-II. (Boston, 1890.)
2. Maryland.
BozMAN, John Leeds, The History of Maryland {1632-1660). I-II. (Baltimore, 1837.)
Bozman, John Leeds, A Sketch of the History of Maryland, During the Three First Years After Its Settlement, to which ts Prefixed a Copious Introduction.
Browne, William Hand, Maryland, The History of a Palatinate. (Bos- ton, 1897-)
Latane, John H., The Early Relations Between Maryland and Virginia. (Johns Hopkins University Studies, Baltimore, 1895.)
Lippencott, Constance, Maryland as a Palatinate. (Philadelphia, 1902.)
Neill, Rev. Edward Duffield, Light thrown by the Jesuits upon Hitherto Obscure Points of Early Maryland History. {Penn. Mag. (1881),
V, p. 51 ff.)
Bibliography. 779
Neill, Rev. Edward Duffield, Sir Edmund Plouden. (Penn. Mag., V, 206 ff.)
Neill, Rev. Edward Duffield, The Founders of Maryland as Portrayed in Manuscripts, Provincial Records and Early Documents. (Albany, 1876.)
Randall, Daniel R., A Puritan Colony in Maryland. (Johns Hopkins University Studies, Baltimore, 1886.)
Steiner, Bernard C, Beginnings of Maryland, 1631-1630. (Johns Hop- kins University Studies, Baltimore, 1903.)
3. Virginia. Bruce, Philip Alexander, Economic History of Virginia, etc. I-II.
(New York, 1896.) Cooke, John Esten, Virginia: A History of the People. (Boston, 1889-) Standard, The Colonial Virginia Register. A list of Governors, council- lors, etc. (Albany, 1902.)
4. Neiv Netherland. {New York.) Brodhead, John Romevn, History of the State of New York. I.
(1853.) A good account. Dunlap, William, History of the New Netherlands, etc. I-II. (New
York, 1839-) FiSKE, John, The Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America. I-II. (Bos- ton and New York, 1899.) Goodwin, [Mrs.] Maud Wilder, (and others) Editor. Historic New
York. The Half Moon Papers. Vol. II. (New York and London,
1901.) Griffis, William Elliot, The Story of New Netherland. The Dutch in
America. (Boston and New York, 1909.) Innes, J. H., New Amsterdam and Its People. Studies, Social and Topo- graphical, of the Town under Dutch and Early English Rule. (New
York, 1902.) O'Callaghan, Edmund Bailey, History of New Netherland or New
York under the Dutch. I-II. (New York, 1846-1848.) O'Callaghan, E. B., The Documentary History of the State of New
York. I-IV. (New York, 1849-1851.) Rensselaer, Mrs. [Mariana G.] Schuyler van. History of the City of
New York in the Seventeenth Century. I-II. ( New York, 1909.)
The best work on the subject. Roosevelt, Theodore, New York. (New York and London, i895-) Pp-
1-37 treats of the Dutch colony and mentions the Swedes. Smith, William, The History of the late Province of New York from its
78o The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Discovery to 1762. Vol. I. (New York, 1829. In Col. of N. Y.
Hist. So., First Se., IV.) The history is fairly accurate for the
time it was written, but many of the names are very distorted, thus
he calls Elswick " Deswyck," etc. The meager account of the
Swedish colony is of no value. Wagenaar, Jan, Beschryving van Amsterdam. (Amsterdam, 1760-68.)
Three volumes folio, another edition in thirteen volumes octavo. Vol.
I, 594 (fol.) ; V, 224 (oct.). Extract in Col. of N. Y. Hist. So., 2d
Se., Ill, 285 fi. Wassenaer, Nicolaes van, Historisch Verhael, etc. Extract published
(in translation) in Jameson, Nar. of New Neth., 67 flf. Wilson, James Grant (editor). The Memorial History of the City of
Neiv York. Vol. I. (New York, 1892.)
III. The Colony of New Sweden, the Delaware Indians and OTHER Subjects.
I. Bibliographies.
Americana, livres et cartes provenant en partie de la collection d'un ancien ministre aux Etats-unis. (Amsterdam, 1896.) (Book catalogue by F. Muller & Co. Portraits of Usselinx listed on p. 87.)
ASHER, G. M., A Bibliographical and Historical Essay on the Dutch Books and Pamphlets relating to New Netherland, etc. (Amsterdam,
1854-67.) Baker, Ernest A., A Descriptive Guide to the Best Fiction, etc. (London,
1903.) Bibliotheca Americana. Karl W. Hiersemann's Catalogues. (Leipzig.) Bibliotheca Americana, or A Chronological Catalogue, etc. (London,
MDCCLXXXIX.) Bibliographia Sveco Americana. In Norton's Literary Gazette, III, 216
and IV, 160. (New York, 1853-4.) Gives a few critical remarks
and historical references. Branch, West, Histories of Pennsylvania. {Daily Gazette and Bulletin,
Williamsport, Pa., Jan. 12, 1871.) Attempts to give critical esti- mates of the histories of Pennsylvania, written up to 1871. Brandberg, C. F. E., Svensk topograflsk litteratur i Trolleholms bibliotek.
(Trolleholm, printed at Lund, 1905?) Catalogue of Printed Books in The Library of the New York Historical
Society. (Col. of the N. Y. Hist. So., 2d Se., IV. New York, 1859-) ChanNING and Hart, Guide to the Study of American History. (Cf.
above.) Check-List of Pennsylvania County, Town and Township Histories, 1794-
1892. (Harrisburg, 1892.)
Bibliography. 781
Ford, Paul Leicester, Check List of Bibliographies, Catalogues, Refer- ence-Lists, etc. (Brooklyn, New York, 1889.)
Griffin, Appleton Prentiss Clark, Bibliography of American Historical Societies (The United States and Canada). (Washington, 1896. Second edition, revised and enlarged, 1907.)
Htstorisk Tidskrift, V, 183. A short list of works and translations on New Sweden, published by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
Keen, Gregory B., A good Bibliography of New Sweden in Winsor, Nar- rative and Critical History, IV, 488 if.
Kellv, R. H., The New York Historical Society, 1804-1904. (New York, 1905.) A history of the society; also contains a bibliography, pp. 135-160.
Lane, W. C, and Browne, N. E., A. L. A. Portrait Index. (Washing- ton, 1906.) A very useful work in hunting for portraits.
Larned, J[osephus] N[elson], The Lit. of Am. Hist., etc. Cf. above.
Mitchell, Samuel L., A Concise and Comprehensive Account of the Writings which Illustrate the Botanical History of North and South America. A discourse delivered before the New York Historical Society, December, 1813. (In Col. of the N. Y. Hist. So., 1st Be. (1814), II, 149 S.) Gives a list of books published in America in the seventeenth cent, treating of botany, II, 165 S.
Nelson, William, Fifty Years of Historical Work in New Jersey. (In Pro. of N. J. Hist. So., 2d Se. (1894-5), XIII, p. 201 if.)
Nield, Jonathan, A Guide to the Best Historical Novels and Tales. (New York and London, 1904.)
Sabin, Joseph, A Dictionary of Books relating to America, etc. (New York, 1868 ff.) A great work. Gives an almost complete list of books on American subjects.
SUPAN, A., Die Territo. Entwecklung der Europ. Kol. Contains a number of maps (something about New Sweden), also a bibliography.
Thwaites, Reuben Gold, The Colonies, 1492-1730. (In Epochs of American History. New York, 1902.) Bibliography of the middle colonies (1609-1700), p. 195.
2. Historical Accounts.
Acrelius, Isr-^el, Beskrifning Om De Swenska Fbrsamlingars Forna och Ndrwarande Tilstdnd Uti Det sd kallade Nya Swerige, Sedan Nya Nederland, etc. (Stockholm, 1759.)
Acrelius, Isr.'VEL, New Sweden or the Swedish Settlements on the Dela- ware. Translated by Nils Collin. (In Col. of the N. Y. Hist. So., 2d Se. (1841), I, 401 ff. Extracts only.)
Acrelius, Israel, A History of New Sweden or The Settlements on the
782 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
River Delaware. Translated by William M. Reynolds. Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. (Philadelphia, 1874.) Re- viewed in New Eng. Hist, and Geneal. Reg., XXIX, p. 208 ff. The translation is not always accurate.
AcRELlUS, Israel, The Founding of New Sweden. From his Beskrifning, etc. In Old South Leaflets, Gen. Se., IV, no. 96. Boston, 1898.)
Adams, John Quincy, The New England Confederacy of MDCXLHI. A discourse. (In Col. of the Mass. Hist. So., 3d Se., IX, 189 ff.) Mentions the Swedish colony, p. 192.
^n Historical Account of the First Settlement of the Swedes in America. (In the Columbian Magazine, 1788. Reprinted in Hazard's Reg., IV, 75-6.)
Arfwedson, Carolus David, De Colonia Nova Svecia in Americam Bore- alem Deducta Historiola. (Upsala, 1825.) A translation into Eng- lish (with illustrations) appears in Proc. of Penn. German So., XVHI.
Armor, W. C, Lives of the Governors of Pennsylvania, etc., 1609-1872. (Philadelphia, 1872.) History of the Early Settlements on the Delaware, 17 ff.; biographies of Ridder, 31-2; Minuit, 30-1; Printz, 32-4; Papegoja, 35-6; Rising, 36-42.
Armstrong, E., The History and Location of Fort Nassau on the Dela- ware. (A paper read before the N. J. Hist. So., January 20, 1853. In Pro. of N. J. Hist. So., VI, 185 ff. See also p. 102 ff. Also reprinted, Newark, N. J., 1853.) Valuable paper, gives " a descrip- tion of all(?) old maps."
Armstrong, Ed., An Address, etc. Before the Historical Society of Penn- sylvania. (Philadelphia, 1852.) Gives an account of the Swedish settlements, pp. 8 ff. Bound in Vol. I, Mis. Publications of the Hist. So.
Ashmead, Henry Graham, Historical Sketch of Chester, on Delaware, etc. (Chester, Penn., 1883.) Pp. 1-15 give an account of the Swedish Colony at Chester and contain two historical maps, show- ing the old land grants of the Swedish government, etc. The third map is from 1765 (ca.).
Ashmead, Henry Graham, History of Delaware County, Pennsylvania. (Illustrated.) (Philadelphia, 1884.)
BaCKMAN, D. a., Om nytian, som kunnat tilfalla wart kjdra fddernesland af des nybygge i America, fordom Nya Swerige kalladt, etc. (Dis., Praes. P. Kalm.' Abo, 1754?) Gives a short sketch of the South Company and of the colony, p. 3 ff.
Bancroft, History of the United States. I. (New York, 1887.)
'A number of dissertations were written under Kalm's direction.
Bibliography. 783
Barber, J. W. and Howe, H., Historical Collections of the State of New Jersey, etc. (New York, 1844.) Of little value.
Barker, James N., Sketches of the Primitive Settlements on the River Delaware. (Philadelphia, 1827.) Commemorating the landing of Penn. Gives an account of the Swedes. (Extracts in Hazard's Reff., I, 179 ff.)
Beekman, J. W., Early European Colonies on the Delaware. (In Pro- ceedings of the N. Y. Hist. So., June, 1847, pp. 86-108.)
Benson, Memoirs [of Indian, Dutch, Spanish and English names of places, etc., in America]. (1835?)
Bercstrom, R., Svenska bilder. (Stockholm, 1882.) Nya Sverige, pp. 55-78.
Beronius, Olof, America noviter detecta. (Stockholm, 1691.)
BlORCK, Tobias Eric, Dissertatio Gradualis, de Plantatione Ecclesiae Svecanae in America, etc. (Upsala, MDCCXXXI.)
BoLLES, A. S., Pennsylvania Province and State, l6oo-iygO. I-II. (Phila- delphia and New York, 1899.) I, 42 ff. account of New Sweden based on other accounts.
BoyD, Stephen G., Indian Local Names with Their Interpretation. (York, Pa., 1885. Noted in Penn. Mag., IX, 361.)
Brinton, D. G., a Lenape-English Dictionary. (Philadelphia, 1888.)
Brinton, D. G., The Lenape and their Legends. (Philadelphia, 1885.)
Brodhead, John Romeyn, An Address before the New York Historical Societ}', November 20, 1844. (In Proceedings of the N. Y. Hist. So., 1843-1844.)
Buck, W. J., History of the Indian Walk, etc. (Privately printed. No place, 1886.) On the right of the Indians to the soil, see pp. 20 if.
BuRK, John, The History of Virginia, etc. I-II. (Petersburg, Va., ■ 1804 ff.)
[Burke, Edmund], An Account of the European Settlements in America. Vols. I-II. (London, 1757.) Short statement about New Sweden, II, 178. Inaccurate.
Burr, Horace, The Records of Holy Trinity {Old Swedes) Church, etc. Translated by Burr. (In Papers of the Hist. So. of Del., IX. [Wil- mington], 1890.)
Sutler, Benjamin Franklin, Outline of the Const. History of New York. (In Col. of N. Y. Hist. So., 2d Se., II, 9 ff.)
Chambers, George, Political Annals of the Present United Colonies, from their Settlements to the Peace of 1763. I. (London, 1780.)
Chronological sketch of Events {in Pennsylvania^ Prior to 1682. (In Hazard's Reg. (1828), I, 24.) Gives a short account of the Swedish colony. Inaccurate.
784 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Clay, Jehu Curtis, Annals of the Swedes on the Delaware. (Phila- delphia, 1835; new ed., 1858, corrected and enlarged.)
Clement, John, Swedish Settlers in Gloucester County previous to 1684. (In New York Genealogical and Biographical Record, April, 1893.)
Conrad, H. C, History of the State of Delaware. I. (Wilmington, 1908.)
Cooper, Ale.XANDER B., Fort Casimir. Its Location and History, 1651- l6yi. {Papers of the Hist. So. of Del., XLIII.)
Cornell, William Mason, The History of Pennsylvania. (Philadelphia, [1876].) Of no value.
Cort and Murray, Memorial Services in honor of Peter Minuit, etc.. Held Tuesday, April 23, iSgS- (Dover, 1895.) Some account of New Sweden, 25 ff., 36 ff.
Corwin, Edward Tanjore, Manual of the Reformed Dutch Church*
Craig, N. [Editor], The Olden Time, etc. I-II. (Pittsburgh, 1846-7.)
Cronau, R., Drei Jahrh. d. Lebens in Amerika. (Berlin, 1909.) Die d. Gouver. von Neu-Nederland und Neu-Schweden, pp. 11-25.
Day, Sherman, Historical Collections of the State of Pennsylvania. (Phil- adelphia, no date but entered in the clerk's office, 1843.) Page 10, a short account of Swedish colony; p. 291, also an account, some details. Not accurate.
De Costa, Benjamin F., Cabo de Baxos, etc. (New York, 1881.)
DuPONCEAU (Du Ponceau), Peter Stephen, An Historical Discourse delivered before the Society for the Commemoration of the Landing of IVilliam Penn, 24 October, 1832. (Philadelphia, 1832.)
Eaton, R., A Geography of Pennsylvania. (Philadelphia, 1835, 2d Ed.,
1837-)
Ebeling, Christoph Daniel, Erdbeschreibung und Geschichte von America, etc. Ill, V. (Hamburg, 1796, 1799.) Cf. Vol. Ill, 27 (especially), 558-69; V, 126 (account of the Swed. In. Comp. and Colony). Gives a list of sources. One of the best of the early accounts. (Partly translated by Du Ponceau, of which typewritten copies are preserved in the Penn. Hist. So. and Del. Hist. So. Printed in Hazard, Reg., I, 340 ff., 352 ff., 369 ff., 385 ff., 391 ff.)
EcLE, William Henry, Illustrated History of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. I. (I-II, also in one volume. Harrisburg, 1876.) Early history of the Delaware, I, 28 ff. Nothing new, inaccurate. On p. 818 are represented some Indian relics; an iron helmet, an iron axe, hoe and part of another instrument of iron. Dr. Keen
'Claims that there was a Dutch Reformed Church at New Castle in 1642! (see p. 307).
Bibliography. 785
suggests in Winsor, IV, 499, that the helmet might be of Swedish
origin. Ferris, Benjamin, A History of the Original Settlements on the Dela- ware, etc. (Wilmington, Del., 1846.) Good account for this early
date. Fisher, Sydney G., The Making of Pennsylvania. (Philadelphia, 1898.) FjELLSTEDT, Peter, De forsta svenska nybyggena i Amerika efter ett for-
edrag af doktor Fjellstedt. {Firr och Nu, II, 119-122.) Gordon, Thomas P., The History of Pennsylvania, etc. (Philadelphia,
1829.) An account of the early history of the Delaware and the
Swedish settlements, pp. 2 ff. The best account of the Delaware
settlements before Penn in English up to this time (1829). Gordon
had the advantage of assistance from such men as Collin and a few
of his statements are based on manuscript materials. He quotes
from Lindestrom's Geogr. (Ms. copy in Am. Phil. So.) See pp.
596-7. Grabner, A. L., Geschichte der Luthe. Kirche in America. I. (St. Louis,
Mo., 1892.) Grahame, James, The History of the Rise and Progress of the United
States of North America, etc. I-II. (London, 1827.) Griffis, W. E., The Romance of Discovery, etc. (Chicago, no date but
copyrighted 1897.) Popular but fairly accurate. GyLLENGRANAT, C. a., Sveriges sjokrigs-historia i sammandrag. (Carls-
krona, 1840.) South Company and the New Sweden colony, pp.
185-6. Inaccurate. Harrison, P. D., The Stars and Stripes, etc. (Boston, 1906.) Cf. p. 14. Hazard, Samuel, Annals of Pennsylvania, etc., 1609-1682. (Philadelphia,
1850.) Valuable for its source material, but uncritical, ill digested
and lacks method. Quoted: Hazard. Hesselius, Andreas, Kort Berettelse om then Svenska Kyrkios ndrvarande
Tilstand i America, etc. (Norrkoping, 1725.) Hodge, Frederick Webb (Editor), Handbook of the American Indians
north of Mexico. In two parts. Part I. (Washington, 1907.)
Smithsonian Inst. Bureau of Am. Ethnolog)', Bulletin 30. Holm, Thomas Campanius, Kort Beskrifning Om Provincien Nya
Swerige, etc. (Stockholm, 1702.) Holm, Thomas Campanius, A Short Description of the Province of New
Sweden, etc. Translated by Du Ponceau. (Memoirs of the Hist.
So. of Penn., Vol. III. Philadelphia, 1834.) The translation is not
accurate. Holmes, Abiel, American Annals, etc. I-II. (Cambridge, 1805.) New
Sweden, I, 242 ; 259. Inaccurate.
51
786 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Holmes, Abiel, Annals of America, etc. I-II. (Cambridge, 1829.) Gives brief notices about the Swedish colony in I, 250, 267, 273, etc. A much better book than the American Annals.
Hubbard, William, A General History of New England from the Dis- covery to 1680. I-II. (Cambridge, Mass., 1815. Reprinted, 1848, in Col. of the Mass. Hist. So., 2d Se., V-VI.)
Janney, Samuel Macpherson, Peace Principles Exemplified in the Early History of Pennsylvania. (Philadelphia, 1876.) A brief account of the settlements before Penn, p. 12 fE. Based on Hazard and Ferris.
Jenkins, Howard M. (editor), Pennsylvania Colonial and Federal, A History, 1608-1903. I. (Philadelphia, 1903.) A good account of the Swedes and Dutch in Chaps. Ill, 67 fE., IV, in ff.
Johnson, Amandus, Svenskarne vid Delaware. (In Varia, Stockholm, 1907.)
Kalm, Pehr, En Resa Til Norra America, etc. I-II. (Stockholm, 1753- 1761.) Found in English, German and French translations.
Keen, Gregory B., New Sweden, or the Swedes on the Delaware. (Win- sor, Nar. and Crit. Hist., IV, 443 ff.) A good account with a bibliography.
Keen, Gregory B., The Descendants of Joran Kyn. Penn. Mag., II, 325 ff., etc.
Keen, Gregory B., Note on New Albion. (Winsor, Nar. and Crit. Hist., Ill, 457 ff.) Mentions relations of Sir Edmund Plowden with Gov. Printz.
Keen, Gregory B., The Dutch and Swedish Colonies on the Delaware. {Proceedings of the Delaivare Co. Hist. So., I, 137 ff.)
Kidder, Fr., The Swedes on the Delaware and their Intercourse with New England. (Boston, 1874. Reprinted from The New Eng. Hist, and Geneol. Reg., XXVIII, 42-50.)
KiRBiN, J. L. J., Catholicity in Philadelphia. (Philadelphia, 1909.) Pp. 1-5, short account of the early settlements in Pennsylvania.
KONKLE, B. A., History of the Medical Profession in Philadelphia. (Ms. copy in the Lib. of College of Physicians, Philadelphia.)
Lagerbring, Sven, Sammandrag af Swea Rikes Hist. (Stockholm, 1790.) New Sweden, p. 93. Inaccurate.
Lambrechtsen, N. C, Korte Beschrijving van de Ontdekking en der ver- dere Lotgevallen van Nieuw-Nederland, etc. (Middelburg, 1818.) A translation in Col. of the N. Y. Hist. So., 2d Se., I, 79 ff. In- accurate. Rev. of, in N. Am. Rev., IX (1819), 77.
Levick, J. J., The Early Physicians of Philadelphia and its Vicinity. ( Phil- adelphia, 1886.) Noted in Penn. Mag., X, 237.
Bibliography. 787
LoccENius, JoHAN, Historta Svecana. (Upsala, 1654.) Swedes on the
Delaware, p. 556. Martin, J. H., Chester, Delaware County, etc. (Philadelphia, 1877.) A
fairly accurate account of the early settlements, pp. 3 ff. He also
quotes at length from some documents and prints others in full.
See pp. 6, 7, 8, 9, etc. Noted in Penn. Mag., I, 232. Good for
local history. Mease, J., Picture of Philadelphia. (First edition, 1811; 2d edition, 1828;
3d edition, 1831; increased and continued by T. Porter.) The
account of the Swedish settlement follows Holm and is inaccurate. Mease, J., A Reply to the Criticisms by J. N. Barker on the Hist. Facts
in the Picture of Philadelphia. (Philadelphia, 1828.) Gives a
number of facts about New Sweden and points out some errors of
Barker but also makes a number of mistakes. Mickley, Joseph J., Some Account of William Usselinx and Peter Minuit,
etc. (Wilmington, Del., 1881. Papers of the Hist. So. of Del, III.)
Of no value. Mitchell, D. G., American Lands and Letters. I. Richly illustrated.
(New York, 1898.) Morley, Henry, English Writers. XI. (London, 1895.) Moulton, Joseph W., History of New York. (New York, 1824.) The
Swedish Settlements. 406 ff. Inaccurate. Murphy, H. C, Anthology of New Netherland; or translations from
early Dutch poets of New York, etc. (Bradford Club, New York,
1865.) Nelson, William, The Indians of New Jersey. Their Origin, etc.
(Paterson, 1894.) Nelson, William, Some Notes on Matinneconk Island. {Penn. Mag.,
X, 214-16.) NoRBERG, Otto, Svenska kyrkans mission vid Delaware, etc. (Stockholm,
1893.) Ms. translation of half of it by J. Lindahl in Hist. So. of
Penn. Nordmann, Petrus, Finnarne i mellersta Sverige. (Helsingfors, 1888.)
Contains an account of New Sweden, pp. 144-156. Reviewed in
Hist. Tid.. IX, p. 9 fl. O'Callaghan, E. B., Hist, of New Netherland. I-II. Uses unpublished
materials, gives an account of New Sweden and the relations of the
Dutch and Swedes. Not accurate. OdHNER, C[las] T[hE0D0r], Kolonien Nya Sveriges grundldggning,
1637-1642. {Hist. Bibl, Ny foljd, I, 197 fl. Stockholm, 1876.
Also separately printed.) A good account. Odhner, C[las] T[heodor], The Founding of New Sweden, 1637-1642.
788 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
A translation of the above by G. B. Keen, in Penn. Mag., Ill, 269- 84. 395-411. 462 ff. For corrections to the translation see Penn. Mag., IV, 125.
Odhner, C[las] T[heodor], Sveriges inre historia under drottning Chris- tinas fSrmyndare. (Stockholm, 1865.) (Pp. 299 ff. concerning Wil- lem Usselinx translated by Keen in Penn. Mag., VII, 268 ff.)
[Oldmixon, J.], The British Empire in America, etc. I-II. (London, 1708, 2d Ed., 1741.) (The first edition has the name of the author affixed to the dedication p. VI, but not the second edition.) Vol. I (2d edition), p. 282, 299 ff., gives a short account of New Svi^eden.
Palfry, J. G., History of New England, etc. I-II. (Boston, 1892.) Swedish connections with the English, II, 142-3.
Pennsylvania a Lutheran Colony. (In Luth. Church Review, 1901.)
Ponceau, Peter Stephen Du, Notes and Observations on Eliot's Indian Grammar. (In Col. of the Mass. Hist. So., 2d Se., IX (1823), 313 ff. Contains some remarks on Holm's Luther's Catechism.
Prince, J. D., Notes on the Modern Minsi-Delaware Dialect. (In Jm. Journal of Philology, XXI, no. 3.)
Prince, J. D., A Modern Delaware Tale. {Am. Philo. Society, XLI, no. 168.)
Proud, Robert, The History of Pennsylvania, etc. I-II. (Philadelphia, 1797-98.) Printed and sold by Z. Poulson, Jr. I, no ff. gives an account of New Sweden, but it is very inaccurate.
PuFENDORF, Samuel, Commentarii de Rebus Svecicis. (Utrecht, 1686.)
PuFENDORF, Samuel, De Rebus A Carolo Gustavo, etc. (Norimbergoe, MDCXVI. Also a French edition, 1697.) Makes but a slight mention of the capture of the colony and Rising's arrival in England in December, I, 120 (French edition, I, 142).
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Gregorius van Dyck.
Conrad von Falkenberg. (His letters are published up to 1634, see
above.) Klas Fleming. (The collection of Fleming's letters also contains Extract Schreibens von d. Herr Admiral Fleming an H. Residen- ten Spiering. . . , 8 Junij, 1639; Memorial fiir Martin Augustinson. Datum Stockholm den 28 Februarii, Anno 1639.) Hans Kramer. (The Kramer collection contains Copia afl kambnare Domen angaende H. Jacob Blome. . . den 10 Decemb., Anno 1653.) Isak Niepeisen. (H. Peter Spierings abgefertigte diener.) Johan Papegoja. ,
Johan Printz.
Peter Hollender Ridder. (The collection contains a copy of an In- struction for Leut. Peter Hollender. . . Stockholm d. i Julij, 1639.) Johan Jonsson Rud[berus]. (There is also in this collection a copy of a letter from him in Kramer's handwriting, dated Anno 165 1 den 13 Apprillis. The author is inclined to believe that the letter was
'Quoted: Ox. Saml. (R.A.).
8oo The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
not written to Oxenstierna but to Kramer. Cf. his journal in bibliography below.)
Robert Smythe.
Peter Spiring. (Letters written in German and in Dutch, generally by a copyist, and some few in French. A number of letters are written in Spiring's handwriting, often the Dutch ones. The last letter is written December 8, 1651. There are six volumes of letters in the collection.)
Timon Stidden.
Joachim Stumpff. Six letters, two memorials and a copy of a letter from Oxenstierna.
Peter Trotzig.
Willem Usselinx.
2. Axel Oxenstiernas Concepter, 1635-1647. Quoted: Ox. Saml., Con- cep. Eric Oxenstlernska Samlingen. (Quoted: Ox. Saml. (R.A.).) Letters to Eric Oxenstierna from:
Gustaf Printz.
Johan Rising. 10 letters relating to the journal of the Orn, one from New Sweden. The collection also contains a " Memorial," " Under- danig Postulata," etc.
J. J. Ahrman. (Supplik. No date, no place, only a copy.) Johan Oxenstlernska Samlingen. Letters from:
Johan Beier, 1642-1649(5).
Klas Fleming.
Gustaf Printz. (One letter dated Elbing d. 22 April, 1657. It is addressed to M. Gottfrid Allbinus, the secretary of Johan Oxen- stierna.)
Johan Classon Rising. (From Stettin, July, 1642, May, 1643.) Skokloster Samlingen.
1. Letters to P. Brahe from: Johan Papegoja.
Gustaf Printz.
Johan Printz. (The first letter is dated April 18, 1638 and last is
dated April 30, 1663. Cf. Catalogue II, 52, Skokl. Saml. Printz'
Report, 1647, is also in this collection.)
2. Per Brahes Concepter. Stegeborg Samlingen.
1. Johan Casimir. Letters from:
Samuel Blommaert. Klas Fleming.
2. Adolf Johans arklv. Letters from:
Johan Rising.
Bibliography. 8oi
II. Kammararkivet° (the Archives of the Exchequer).
(a) Catalogues and Indices:
Forteckning bfver de i Kammararkivet forvarade handlingar. Af dr Rosman.
General catalogue of the various collections. Diarier bfver Kammararkivets registratur, 1630 £E. Register ofver Sandbergska Samlingen.
(b) Collections of Letters and Documents: Handel och sjofart. Kolonier.
1. Nya Sverige, I. (Quoted: N. S., I. (K. A.).)
2. Nya Sverige, II. (Quoted: N. S., II. (K. A.).)
3. Nya Sverige, III. (Quoted: Journal, no. I, 2, etc., or Journal, N. S.,
III. (K. A.).)
4. Kompanier, I.
5. Kompanier, II.
6. Kompanier, III. {Gen. Hand, och Skepsk., i630-6[7].)
7. Atskilliga kolonier. (1650-1808.)
8. Enskilda rdkningar, I, VII, VIII, IX, XI.
9. Strodda handlingar, I.
10. Strodda handlingar, II.
11. Strodda handlingar. III.
Inkomtia skrifvelser till Kammarrddet. 1637 S- Quoted: Skr. till Kam-
mar. (K.A.). Kammar Kollegie Protokoll. Quoted: Kam. Kol. Prot. (K.A.). Kammar Kollegie Registratur, 1637 ff. Quoted: Kam. Reg. (K.A.). Kam. Journal.
Kommers Kollegie Acta, 1653-9. Quoted: Kom. Kol. Ac. (K.A.). Kommers Kollegie skrifvelser till Kongl. Maj:i., 1650 ff. Quoted: Kom.
Kol. skr. till Kongl. Maj. (K.A.). Kongliga href i Kammar Kollegium, 1635-54. Quoted: Kongl. br. i Kam.
Kol. (K.A.). Landsbbcker, Elfsborgs Idn. Rikshufvudboken.
Sandbergska Samlingen, Volume Q. Quoted: Sandb. Saml. (K.A.). III. Flottans arkiv." (the Archives of the Navy). (a) Catalogues and Indices:
General Catalogue of the collections by Zettersten. Register till Ameralitetets Registratur. (An index at the end of most
volumes.)
'Cf. E. Hildebrand, Ett par ord om kammararkivet. (In Hist. Tid., XVI, 151-62.)
" Cf. Gustav Kleen, Anteck. om svenska krigsarkivet. (Krigsv. akad. tid. 1880, p. 225 ff.)
"^Cf. Zettersten, Flottans arkiv pa Skeppsholmen (in Hist. Tid., VI, 227-234).
52
8o2 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
(i) Collections of Letters and Documents:
Ameralitetets registratur, 1630-60. Quoted: Jm. Reg. (Fl. An).
Ankomna handlingar, 1636 ff.
IV. KlUGSARKlVET (the Archives of War). A General catalogue in the Archives. Vastgota regemente.
V. KuNCLiGA BiBUOTEKET (Royal Library).
(a) Catalogues and Indices:
Kongl. Bib:s Saml. af Sv. Brefvexl., af E. Tegner. (Stockholm, 1880.)
(b) Collections of Letters and Documents: Ralambska Samlingen.
B. UPSALA. L Universitetsbibhoteket (the University Library).
(a) Catalogues and Indices:
Handskriftkatalog E., Sveriges historia till 1607. Handskriftkatalog L., Sveriges statskunsk., etc. Nordinsia Samlingen, I-III.
Palmsiioldska Samlingen, Register ofver. Tom. I-II. (I also made use of the special " Register " in the different volumes of Palmsk. Saml., Vols. 81, 82, 230, etc.)
Westinska handskriftsamlingen. (Cf. Samlaren, 1882, pp. 5-16.)
(b) Collections of Letters and Documents:
Copiebok af Kongl. bref till landshofd. Olof Stake. 1639-43, pp. 8-9. Handlingar om sv. handeln. L. 13 1. Handel och ndringar. N. 386.
Palmsiioldska {Palmscholska) Samlingen. Vols. 81, 82, 104, 322. Quoted: Palmsk. Saml. (Up. B.). Vol. 322 contains copies of Rising's berdttelser and other documents concerning New Sweden. Oxenstiernska brefvexlingen. Letters from: Klas Fleming. Gustaf Printz. Johan Printz. Risings Journal. E. 433. En kort ber'dttehe, etc. Cf. below. Quoted:
Rising's Journal. (Up. B.). n. Domkapitlets arkiv (the Archives of the Chapter or Consistory of the Arch- bishop of Upsala).
(a) Catalogues and Indices: General catalogue of the collections.
(b) Collections of Letters and Documents: Nya Sverige, I.
Nya Sverige, II. Quoted: N. S., I. (D. A.). Pro to. Consist. Ecclesia Stici Ubsaliensis, 1636 fi.
Bibliography. 803
III. Landsarkivet. (The District Archives.) A General catalogue. Church Records.
C. LUND.
Ukiversitetsbiblioteket (University Library).
General Catalogue.
De la Gardiska arkivet. Letters from Johan Printz.
D. OTHER LIBRARIES IN SWEDEN.
(a) Catalogues and Indices:
Forteckning pa handskriftsamlingen a Espelunda, by V. Koersner. (Stock- holm, 1882. Bound at the end of Hist. Tid., Vol. II.)
Forteckning pa handskriftsamlingen a Bergshammar, by J. A. Lagermark. (Suppl. to Hist. Tid., Vol. V.)
Handskrifter i Linkopings bibliotek, Forteckning ofver.
Forteckning ofver autogr. samlingen pa Sjoholm (1889). In Riksarkivet.
II. England.
A. LONDON.
I. British Museum.
Class Catalogue of Manuscripts, Single State Papers, Vol. XI. Foreign Series, 1625-1873. Gives list of Manuscripts in chronological order.
Class Catalogue of Manuscripts, Single State Papers, Vol. XIV. Foreign Series, 1600-1873.
II. Public Record Ofhce.
(a) Catalogues, Calendars, and Indices:
List of Volumes of State Papers, Foreign, Preserved in the Public Record Office. {Lists and Indexes, No. XIX. Public Record Office, Lon- don, 1904.)
'A Guide to the Various Classes of Documents Preserved in the Public Record Office. By S. R. Scargill-Bird. (Third edition, London, 1908.)
Calendars and Indexes, No. 488. Patent Rolls. (1626-1636.)
(b) Collections of Letters and Documents:
Signet Office Bills, Warrants or King's Bills, Docquet Books. Vols. IX and X. 1627-1633. For a description cf. Guide to Documents, pp. 80-85.
Slate Papers, Foreign. Archives, Poland [and Sweden^, No. 88. Contains copies of letters from King of Sweden, etc.
State Papers, Foreign. Entry Books, Sweden, Nos. 151, 152, 163, 166.
State Papers, Foreign. Trade and Admiralty Papers (Sweden), Nos. 1-9.
State Papers, Foreign. Treaty Papers (Sweden), Nos. 69, 516, 520.
8o4 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
B. OXFORD.
Bodleian Library. General Card Catalogue of Manuscripts. Letters from:
Benjamin Bonnell.
Queen Christina.
Israel Lagerfelt.
Axel Oxenstierna. Svecia. News Letters from Svecia, 1653-1658, 1655-1657.
III. Holland, the HAGUE. I. Hex Rijksarchief (the Royal Archives). Resolutien, etc. Index opt' Register van Haer Ho. Mo. Resolutien, etc.
found in the beginning of each volume. These indices are not always
reliable. Index for 1640 refers to fol. 136 instead of 137, etc. Secrete Kas. L. A. Loketkas M. No. g. The copies of Indian signatures
found here are not accurately reproduced in Doc, I, 593, 596, 597.
The mark of Ackehoorn is changed and that of Van Borsum is
inverted {Doc, I, 600). West Indische Compagnie. Loketkas of the States General, Litt L. No.
4g. A small volume bound in parchment, well preserved. Reff. van Resolutien concerning the Dutch West India Company. 1638 S.
I-II. An index in the beginning of each volume. Vol. I (Oct. 25,
1638), fol. II, concerning a paper from Spiring about Kalmar
Nyckel; fol. 16; (December 31, 1638), fol. 17; Suydercomp., Nov.
16, 1639; 1644, fol. 129; 1645, fol. 148-149, 151, 155; concerning S.
Blommaert, 1648, Sept. 20, Nov. 20, fol. 434, December, fol. 436;
1649, April, fol. 458, June I, fol. 462, July, fol. 469; 1650, March 10,
fol. 592; June, fol. 568, 569.
IV. America.
A. PHILADELPHIA.
I. Library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
An Alphabetical Card Catalogue.
Copies of Documents from the Royal Archives in Stockholm. These copies
are very good, containing but few mistakes. Archivum Americanum. Upsal Documents relating to the Swedish
Churches on the Delaware. Translated copies. I-II. Willem Usselinx and the South Company. Manuscript copies in Penn.
Hist. So. from the Archives at Stockholm, done by Sjoberg for J. F.
Jameson. Quoted: Jameson Mss., Penn. Hist. So.
Bibliography. 805
II. American Philosophical Society. Jn Alphabetical Card Catalogue.
Records of the Colony of New Sweden. One Volume of copies from the Royal Archives at Stockholm. (Also a French translation in the collection.) Poorly translated in Hazard's Reg. Cf. bibliography above.
An Extract (translated into French) of Lindestrom's Geogr. Presented by W. Jones in 1822.
III. The Library Company of Philadelphia. An Alphabetical Card Catalogue.
Du Simitiere Manuscript Copies. Contain lists of Indian tribes, extracts of the Beschr. van Nieuw-Ned., Korte Historiael, etc.
IV. Archives of Gloria Dei.
Kyrkio-handling[ar^ wijd Forsamlingen Wicaco Ifran de Sveskes forste
ofwerkomst till America och des deal Nya Swerige Sedan Niew
Nederlandh.
B. WASHINGTON, D. C. Library of Congress.
Col. and Rev. Doc. of the State of Delaware, III-IV. Cf. Penn. Evening Post. July 4, 1778.
C. NEW YORK CITY. Library of the New York Historical Society. Translation of Notes to C. D. Arfwedson's Nova Svecia. Copies of Manuscripts Relating to the Swedes on the Delaware. Copied
for B. Fernow. Also translations into English. Manuscript Translation from Acrelius (printed in Col. of N. Y. Hist. So.,
2d Se., I) and of Hesselius' Swedish Churches in America, 1725.
(See above.)
CONTEMPORARY ACCOUNTS.
A. Published.
A Perfect Description of Virginia, etc. (London, Printed for R. Wodenoth, at the Star under Peter's Church in Cornhill, 1649.) Reprinted in Col. Mass. Hist. So., 2d S., IX, 105 ff.
BoGAERT, Johannes, Letters to Hans Bontemantel, August 28, October 31, 1655. (First printed in 1858 in the Navnrscher. Translated by Henry C. Murphy and published in The Hist. Mag., II, 257 ff. Revised translation of the letter of October 31 published in Jameson, Nar. of Neu' Neth., 383-386.) Bontemantel was director of the Dutch West India Company at Amsterdam.
8o6 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Breeden-Raedt, etc. (Antwerp, 1649.) Translated by H. C. Murphy (New York, 1854) '1 ^ volume also containing Vertoogh van Nieu Nederland. p. 125 ff. Also in Col. of N. Y. Hist. So., 2d Se. (1857), III, 237 ff.
Bressani, Father Francesco Giuseppe, Breve Relatione D'Alcune Missioni De' PP. della Compagnia di Geiu nella Nuova Francia. (Macerata, 1653.) An Italian Relation mentioning the Swedes. Reprinted and translated in Thwaites, Jesuit Relations, XXXVIII, 203 ff., XXXIX, 12 ff.
Campanius [Holm], Johan, De itinera Mag. Johan Campanii, etc., 1643-1648. Ralambska Samlingen, fol. 201. (Kongl. Bib.) Printed in Holm (transl.), p. 70 ff. The manuscript copy is partly in Latin and partly in Swedish. Kernkamp, Skand. Archivalia, p. 151, gives the title in Swedish as found in an older catalogue.
Concerning New Netherland or Manhattan. Unsigned but written by one who was well acquainted with the history of the settlements on the Delaware. It is found in the Clarendon Papers, preserved in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. (Published 1869 in Col. of N. Y. Hist. So., Fund Se., II, 1-14.)
J Description of the Province of New Albion, etc. by " Beauchamp Plant- agenet." (1648.) Reprinted by Peter Force, Hist. Tracts. (1838.) II. For the full title and a criticism see Winsor, Nar. and Crit. Hist., Ill, 460 ff., IV, 427, 428, 437. See Sabin's Dictionary, V, no. 19, 724. " One Bagot under the Swedes name," etc. p. 10. " Some Swedish soldiers with the Indians marched into Virginia and carried thence the King of Pawtomeck prisoner," etc.
DoNCK, Andriaen van der (author?), i. Petition, etc., to the States General; 2, Additional observances on the preceding Petition, July 26, i64g. Translated and printed in (1856) Doc, I, 259-270.
DoNCK, Andriaen van der (author?), Vertoogh van Nieu-N eder-Land IVeghens de Ghelegentheydt, Vruchtbaerkeydt, en Soberen Staet desselfs. (The Hague, 1650.) The document was perhaps drawn up by Van der Donck and signed by him, Augustin Herrman and sev- eral others on July 28, 1649. Transcribed from the authenticated manuscript copy in the Royal Archives at the Hague and translated and printed (1856) in Documents Relative to the Colonial History of New York, I, 271-318. A translation by Murphy of the printed tract was published in 1849 in Col. of N. Y. Hist. So., 2d Se., II, 251-329 (also in a reprint, 1854).
DoNCK, Andriaen van der, Beschryvinge van Nieuvv-Nederlant," etc.
'^ He relates that an expedition sailed from Norway and Sweden which was never heard of again. Some think, he says, that the Indians are the descendants of these Scandinavians.
Bibliography. 807
(Amsterdam, 1655, 2d ed., 1656.) Translated in Col. of N. Y. Hist. So., 2d Se., I, 125-242. (New York, 1841.) Extract in Old South Leaflets, No. 69.
Hammon, J., Leah and Rachel; or the Two Fruitful Sisters Virginia and Maryland, etc. (London, 1656.) Reprinted by Force, Hist. Tracts, III. " Much land there next the Swead," etc., p. 21.
Jaque, Father Isaac, Novum Belgium (1646). A translation was pub- lished in 185 1 by O'Callaghan in his Doc. Hist, of the State of New York, IV, 21 ff. Another translation printed in Col. of N. Y. Hist. So., 2d Se. (1857), III, 215-219; a revised translation published in Jameson's Nar. of New Neth. (1909), 259-263. In Thwaites, Jesuit Relations, XXVIII, 105 ff., appears the text with a trans- lation.
Letters of the Dutch Ministers to the Classis of Amsterdam, 1655-1664. Translated and edited in Jameson's Nar. of New Neth., pp. 39I-4I5'
Megapolensis, Johannes, Jr., Een korte Ontwerp vande Mahakvase Indiaenen, etc. (1644). (Alkmar, 1644.) Reprinted in Beschr. van Virginia, Nieuw Nederlant, etc. Amsterdam, 1651. Translation published in Col. of N. Y. Hist. So., 2d Se., Ill, 137 ff.; revised translation in Jameson, Nar. of New Neth., 168 ff.
Plockhoy, p. C, Kort en klaer ontwerp, etc. (Amsterdam, 1662.) Con- cerning the planting of a colony on the South River. Sabin, Dic- tionary, Pts. LXXXVII-LXXXVIII, no. 63425-
Printz, Johan, Relation till ddtt hoglof. West Indische Compagn. . . den II Junij anno 1644. [Ft. Christina, June 20, 1644.] Published by Odhner, Kol. N. S.. p. 27 (223) ff. Paragraphs 2, 3, 14, 15, 17 are omitted by Odhner. Quoted: Report, 1644. A translation by the author occurs in Albert Cook Myers, Nar. of Early Penn.
Printz, Johan, Relation till ddtt hoghloffl. Westindiske Compagn. . . den 20 februari 1647. Translated by Keen in Penn Mag., VII, 271 ff. A revised translation by the author occurs in Myers, Nar. of Early Penn.
Relation De Ce Qui s'est passe de Plusremarquable es Missions des Peres de la Compagnie de lesus, en la Novvelle France, es annees 1647- 1648. (Part Second by Paul Ragueneau.) (Paris, MDCXLIX.) Reprinted and translated in Thwaites, Jesuit Relations, XXXII, XXXIII.
Rising, Johan, Relation concerning the conditions in New Sweden in 1654." Dated Christina in New Sweden, July 13, 1654. Printed by Sprinchorn, in Kol. Nya Sv. hist., pp. 92-102. {Hist. Bibl., pp. 256-266.) Translated by the author for Albert Cook Myers, Nar. of Early Penn.
"Copy preserved in N. S., I. (R.A.).
8o8 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Rising, Johan, Relation ofwer thet ahnfall, etc. Printed in Arfwedson's De Colonia Nova Svecia (1825), p. 23 ff. Translated and published in Col. of N. Y. Hist. So., 2d Se., I, 443 ff. Quoted at large by Hazard, p. 190 ff. ; reprinted in the Penn. Arch. The translation revised by the author will be printed in Albert Cook Myers, Nar. of Early Penn.
SwEERINGEN, Gerrit (Garrett) VAN, Relation. . . concerning his knowl- edge of the seating of Delaware Bay and River. . . by the Dutch and Swedes. (May 12, 1684.) Printed in Doc, III, 342; Md. Arch., V, 411 ff.
Vries, David Petersz. de, Korte Historiael, ende Journaels, etc. (Alk- maer, 1655.) Translated by Henry C. Murphy" and printed by James Lenox (New York, 1853), reprinted in Col. of N. Y. Hist. So., 2d Se., Ill, 1-129. A revised translation of part of the Historiael, in Jameson's Nar. of New Neth., p. 186 ff.
WiNTHROP, John, " The History of New England " from 1630 to 164Q. Edited by James Savage. I-II. (Boston, 1825, 1826.) Reedited by James Kendall Hosmer {Winthrop's Journal, "History of New England," 1630-1649) in Jameson's Orig. Nar. of Early Am. Hist.
B. In Manuscript. Elswick, Hendrick von, Relation, August, 1655-February, 1656. A
journal of events in New Sweden during the siege of the Dutch and
occurrences up to February, 1654. Moulded and partly unreadable.
Preserved in N. S., I. (R. A.). Elswick, Hendrick von, Fragment of a Journal during a commercial
journey to New Amsterdam in the spring of 1655. Preserved in
N. S., I. (K. A.). LiNDESTROM, Peter, Een kort relation och beskrifning ofwer Nye Swerige,
etc., 1654-5. Manuscript copy in N. S., II. (R. A.). Copy in Penn.
Hist. So. LiNDESTROM, Peter, Een kort relation och beskrifning ofwer Nya Sweriges
situation, etc., 1654-5. Fourteen pages. Ralambska Saml., fol.
201. (Kongl. Bib.) LiNDESTROM, Peter, Geographia Americae, etc. Quoted: Geogr. Cf.
above, Chap. XLIV. Copy of Chaps. II, IV, XXIX in Swedish,
with translations and translations of other chapters (without copies
in Swedish) are found in Penn. Hist. So.
"Murphy has made some changes in the translation. Page 120 (Col. N. Y. Hist. So., 2d Se., HL) he has Rotterdam. The original reads: "Den 28 Septem- ber arriveerden alhier een Haring Gainckjen ofte Buysjen dat van .Amsterdam ivas," De Vries, p. 182. In the margin of the copy of the N. Y. Hist. Library some one has written Rotterdam and crossed out Amsterdam The translation as a whole is quite accurate.
Bibliography. 809
Relation of the First Coming of the Swedes. Sworn statement of four men from the Kalmar Nyckel. Cf. facsimile reproduction. Original preserved in Kammararkivet (Archives of the Exchequer) ; dis- covered by the author in 1906. Translated by the author for Albert Cook Myers, Orig. Nar. of Early Penn.
Rising, Johan:
1. Een berdttelse om Nova Svecia, etc. Elbing, 1656. Copy in Palmsk.
SamL, LXXIV, 322, p. 263 ff. (Up. Bib.) Copy in Penn. Hist. So.
2. Een berattelse, etc. No date. Manuscript copy in Palmsk. SamL,
LXXIV, 322, p. 145 f!. (Up. Bib.)
3. Een beskrifningh om Nova Svecia, etc. Elbing, 1658. Manuscript
copy in N. S., II. (R. A.).
4. Een beskrifningh om Nova Svecia, etc. No date, manuscript copy in
N. S., II. (R. A.).
5. Relation om Nya Sverige, 1655. N. S., I. (K. A.). Quoted:
Report, 1655. Lately published by the author in German American Annals, N. S., VIII, 87 ff-, 288. Has been translated by the author for publication in Albert Cook Myers, Orig. Nar. of Early Penn.
6. Berattelse ofwer thet, som sigh tilldragit hafwer i Nova Svecia
widh thet Ahnfall thermed the Hollenske. . . then Svenska Colo- nien i Nova Svecia med fiendligheet. . . hafwa ofwerfallit. No date. At end of Rising's Journal in Upsala Bibliotek.
7. Een Kort Berattelse om Reesan till Nye Swerige, 1654-1655. No
date. (Up. Bib.) Rising's Journal to New Sweden and in the Colony. Gives much new material. It is well preserved. The author hopes to publish it together with a translation in the near future.
8. A Report in the form of a Journal, dated July 6, 1654, '" N. S., I.
(R. A.). Moulded and partly unreadable. Begins January 27, ends June 6; contains eight leaves, 14J/2 pages, the top and bot- tom of each page being moulded.
9. Een Kort Berattelse om Thet Anfall, etc. Manuscript copv in N. S.,
I. (R. A.) Rudb[erus], Johan Jonsson, Relation of min reesas olyckelige afgdngh, etc. 1649-51. Concerning the Kattan Expedition. Now preserved in K. A. Discovered by the author in 1906.
8io The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware. C. Literary Works.
NOVELS, POEMS AND LITERARY WORKS REFERRING TO
NEW SWEDEN AND TO THE DELAWARE AND
NEIGHBORING COLONIES."
Arfwedson, C. D., Forenta Staterna och Canada Aren 1632, 1833 och 1834. (Stockholm, 1835.) P. 120 fE. treats of the Swedish Colony. (Also in English translation.)
[Arfwedson, C. D.], Scener i Nord-Amerika. Ur en svenk resandes min- nes-bok. (Stockholm, 1836.) Svensken i Amerika. A story from New Sweden.
(Belden, J. Van Zile, Antonia. Novel: Dutch Colonists in Hudson River Districts, 1640-50.)
(Bennet, J., Barnaby Lee. Novel: Founding of New York and Maryland, 1664.)
Buck, W. J., Local Sketches and Legends, etc. (Printed for the author, 1887.) The Tree and the Fine, p. 33 ff., refers to Campanius Holm, and the Swedish settlers. (Also printed in Bucks County Intelli- gencer and Hatboro Public Spirit, May 6, 1882.)
Foster, C. F., The Bi-Centennial Hymn. Refers to the Swedes. (In Hist. Sketch of Chester, pp. 284-5.)
Frame, R., A Short Description of Philadelphia, etc. (Philadelphia, 1692. Reprinted 1867.) Poem refers to the Swedes and Finns, p. 5.
(Goodwin, Maud Winder, Sir Christopher. Novel: Maryland, 1644.)
Holme, John, A True Relation of the Flourishing State of Pennsylvania. The poem is printed in Proceed, of the Hist. So. of Penn., I, no. 12, 161-80.) It was perhaps written in 1689. He refers to the Swedish and Finnish settlers, p. 167.
Hylten-Cavallius, G. O., Sveriges Hist, och Polit. Visor. (Forsta delen, Orebro, 1853.) On p. 305 (strophe 12) is a verse about the companies founded by King Gustavus Adolphus.
Irving, Washington, Knickerbocker's History of New York. (New York, 1851.) Book IV, Chap. IX (pp. 227-41), treats of the found- ing of New Sweden and the English settlements on the Schuylkill. For other Chapters on the Swedish settlements see Books V and VI.
LiNDBLAD, E., Till Minneapolis. (In 2Soth Anniversary, etc.) Pp. 40-1 refers to New Sweden on the Delaware.
LiNDHOLM, A. T., Gamla och Nya Sverige. (In 250th Anniversary, etc.)
Pp. 32-3- Longfellow, H. W., Evangeline. Works, II, 19-106. P. lOi refers to the Swedish Church at Wicacoa of a later period than the one treated in this volume. "The author has made no special efforts to furnish a complete list.
Bibliography. 8ii
Nyvall, D., An "Ode" on the Swedish Colony. (In 2S0th Anniversary, etc.) Pp. 36-7.
Mattson, Hans, 250th Anniversary of the First Swedish Settlement in America, etc. (Minneapolis, no date but copyright, 1889.) Con- tains speeches, orations, etc., of historic character about the colony.
(Motley, J. L., Merry-Mount. Novel: Plymouth Colony, Boston, 1849.)
[Paulding, James Kirke], Konigsmarke [Long Finn] or Old Times in the New World, I-II."
Peterson, Arthur, Collected Poems. (Philadelphia, 1900.) II. Songs of New Sweden, pp. 57-148.
1. Dedication.
2. Prologue.
3. The Coming of Printz.
4. Printz's Hall.
5. The Settlement.
6. The Lady Armagot (in four parts).
7. Brita (in five parts).
8. Eric the Archer (in four parts).
9. The Fall of Fort Christina (in three parts).
10. The Blackbeard (in two parts). (It concerns the pirate Ed.
Teach.)
11. Epilogue. The Dream of Isaac the Quaker, Kelpius's Hymn and Indian Rock do not really belong to the collections although they are included in Songs of New Sweden. See p. 59.
Printz Hall. A Record of New Sweden. By the author of " Blackbeard." Rydberg, Victor, Fribytaren pd Ostersjon. (Stockholm, 4de, up.) Pp.
445-6, 480-8, 498 contain references to New Sweden. Steendam, Jacob, Prickel-Vaersen. Refers to the South River, the Colony
at the Swanendael, etc. Printed and also translated by Murphy in
Antology, etc. St. John, M., Lettres, etc. I-III. (Paris, 1787.) Tome II, p. 230,
refers to the Swedish settlements. StockenstrOM, H., An " Ode " on the Swedish Colony on the Delaware.
(In 2S0th Anniversary, etc., pp. 28-9.) Strindberg, August, De lycksalujas oar. (In Samlade romaner och berdt-
telser af Aug. Strindberg. Stockholm, 1900. Pp. 197-199.) Townsend, G. a.. Poems of Men and Events. (New York, 1899.) See
pp. 224-5, 229, 268, 309 ff- Two Hundred Years Ago; or Life in New Sweden. (By the author of
"Over the Hedge." Philadelphia, 1876. American Sunday School
" Life in New Sweden.
8 12 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
Union.) Purports to be a diary of a young Swedish girl who came
over in the Swan in 1647. The Journal is continued down to 1682. Unonius, G., Minnen fran en sjuttonarig vistelse i Nordvestra Jmerika." Yaconta, A Legend of West Jersey, in Miss Leslie's Magazine. Treats
of an incident related in De Vries Journal. See Barber, Historical
Collections of New Jersey, p. 204.
ADDENDA TO THE BIBLIOGRAPHY.
A Contribution to Pennsylvania Historical Bibliography. Pub. of the Penn.
Hist. Club. Vol. I. [Albert Cook Myers, editor.] (Philadelphia,
1909.) Byskomakaren Jonas Stolts minnen fran 1820-talet. Bidr. till var odhs
hafder, 5. (Stockholm, 1892.) Charter to William Penn, etc. {Duke of Yorke's Book of Laws, 1676-
1682). Compiled and edited by S. George, B. M. Nead and T.
McCamant. (Harrisburg, 1879.) New Sweden, p. 42a if. Not
accurate. Hall, Clayton Colman, Narratives of Early Maryland, 1633-1684.
(New York, 1910.) Jameson, John Franklin, Narratives of New Netherland, 1609-1664.
(New York, 1909.) Retzius, Gustaf, Finland i Nordiska Museet, etc. Bidr. till var odhs
hafder, I. (Stockholm, 1881.)
" Almost every book of travel on America written by Swedes contains reference to New Sweden and many books of a literary character by Americans or Swedish- Americans about Sweden likewise refer to the colony.
INDEX
INDEX
N. B. The Swedish letters a, ii and o are treated like a and o and do not follow the Swedish order. In some cases information not to be found in the text about men and places is given in the index and in most instances various spell- ings of the proper names found in the documents are given in parenthesis. All the abbreviations used in the text are either printed in full in the index or referred to the proper place in the bibliography. The names of the settlers are given under the heading colonists, and the various expeditions, forts and ships are given together under the headings expeditions, forts and ships, respectively.
A
A. B. C. Book, published in 1611, 23
Abo (Turko), education in, 31; Royal Court at, 239; salt sent to the mayor of, 288
Acciount'\ B[ook'], 1643-1648, quoted, 192, 242, 245, 256, 261, 304, 305, 308- 318, 320-321, 323-333. 335. 347. 376. 399, 409, 455. 548
Acc[ount] Book of Beier, quoted, 242, 247 ; see also Beier
Acerbi, Joseph, quoted, 359-361
Ackehorn (Ackehoorn), sells lands to the Dutch, 440-441
Acrelius, Israel, quoted, 49, 57, 175- 176, 190, 238, 304, 338, 350, 367, 380, 411-412, 412, 423, 429, 430, 465-466, 541. 554. 60s, 609, 634, 655, 660- 662, 670
Adams, Thomas, of Maryland, endeav- ors to establish trade with the Svredes,
342
Admiralty, 692-693 ; see also expedi- tions, and the New Sweden Company
Adzes, sent to New Sweden, 255
Africa, proposals of Swedish trade to, 92, 133; trade from New Sweden to, 139
African Company, Swedish, 676, 683 ; to trade with slaves in America, 10; founded, 49; capital stock of, 49, 624; endeavors to increase its capital, 624; claims of, to be settled, 654
Agriculture, important industry in Swe- den, government favors, 36-37; im- plements of, on first expedition, 112, on second expedition, 128; used by Indians, 193; placed on a prosperous footing in New Sweden, 319; col-
onists could sell 100 barrels of grain, 338; rain damages grain in 1652, 341; by burning, 147, 527 fif. ; see also Printz, Ridder, Rising and New Sweden
Ahopameck, witness, signs papers, 566
Aillon, Lucas Vasquez de, makes land- ings at New York, 165
Aitzema, L. van, quoted, 14, 141-142
Akilles (A chillis), see ships
Aland, elks shot at, 239
Albany, 166
Albany Rec\_ords'], quoted, 382, 411,
Albion, New, see New Albion
Albrechtsen, Jacob, 761
Ale-house, erected on Tinicum Island,
355
Alexander the Great, 556
Alexander, quoted, 42
Alfs -visbok, quoted, 550
Algonkin, meaning of, 187
Algonquian tribes, largest family in North America, 187 ff.
Alingsas, tobacco sold in, 644
Allen, Isaac, 638
Allerton, Isaac, trades in the colony, 316-318, 323, 333, 339, 515; friendly to the Swedes, 576, 579 ; factor of, 638 ; continues trade on the South River during the Dutch occupation, 658 ff. ; signs a document for the Dutch, 437
" All's Well that Ends Well," 26
Almquist, quoted, 147-148
Atn, length of, etc., 42
Alrich, Jacob, appointed director of New Amstel, 664; dies, 666
Altena (Altona) (Christina), Fort,
i'S
3i6
Index.
governor of the company's colony at, 664; Beeckman appointed commis- sary at, 665 ; see also Christina
Altmark, truce at, in 1629, 5
Amattehoorn, see Mattahorn
America, 677, 682, 697, 698 ; see also Dutch, English, Swedes, New Swe- den, expeditions American Company, the, 683, 695 ; third reorganization of the New Sweden Company, 619 ff. ; claims against the government, 620; members of, make application for monopoly on tobacco, 622-623 ; Junge appointed factor in place of Bonnell, 623 ; efforts in be- half of, by the Commercial College, 624; proposals made for, 625; name given to, capital of, 626 ; officers of, 627-628; budget of, in Stockholm, 627 ; new budget made by, for the colony, 627-628 ; salaries of officers of, 627-628 ; abstract of charter for, 628-629; efforts in behalf of, 629- 630; prepares the twelfth expedition, 631 ff. ; tobacco trade of the, 637 ff. ; proposals for aiding, 638; tobacco imported and sold by the factors of, 637-639; indemnity demanded for, 649; Appelbom's endeavors on be- half of, 650; inventory of the prop- erty of, 654; memorials concerning the rights of, 655 ; no indemnity se- cured by, 656; reorganization of the, 640 ff. ; see also American Tobacco Company
Am[erican] Phil[osophical] So[ciety], quoted, 320; copies in, 500
American Tobacco Company, The, re- organization of the American Com- pany, 640; tobacco trade placed in the hands of, 640 ff.; inspectors ap- pointed for, 641 ; searchers appointed by, 641-642; assets and liabilities of, 642-643 ; officers of, 643-644 ; tobacco imported by, 644; dissolu- tion of, 644, 646; figures in claims and lawsuits as late as 1736, 646- 649; Rising presents claims against, 646-647; Gov. Printz's claims against, 647 ; see also New or Fourth Tobacco Company
Amira, quoted, 456
Amisackan Falls, 569
Ammunition, brought over on first ex- pedition, 105 ; see also expeditions
Am. Reglistraturl, quoted, 121, 124, III, 240-241, 243-244, 251, 254-255, 258, 267, 277-279, 470-472. 489. 492
Amsterdam, no, 118, 122, etc., 675, 677> 685, 687, 694, 698 ; ships arrested at, 78 ; Oxenstierna at, 91 ; see also expeditions
Amundsson, Hans, 762 ; sent to the colony on the ninth expedition in the capacity of a Commander, 268 ; com- plains to the governor of Porto Rico about the ill treatment of the Swedes, 271; receives aid from the Spaniards, 271 ; is permitted to leave the island, 272; differs in some details in his account from Rudberus, 275 ; arrives in Sweden, 276 ; appointed to de- mand damages for the ninth expedi- tion, 278, 291, 480; removed from his commission, 279, 492; greatly to blame for the delay of the Haj, 474; on the Haj from Stockholm to Goth- enburg, 480; Hook and Elswick ap- pointed in place of, 491 ; documents taken from, 492; allowed to go with his family on the Haj, 494; dies at Porto Rico, 495; quoted, 275, 490
Amundsson, Jon, desires to go to New Sweden, 478
Anckarhjelm, Martin Tijssen (Ancker- hielm, Anckerhelm), works without pay for the company, 226 ; instructed to make the Fama ready, 255; takes an active part in the ninth expedi- tion, 266 ; secures provisions for the ninth expedition, 268 ; buys provisions for the tenth expedition, 470; advises Rising not to think of Florida as a suitable place for a colony, 479; sup- plies additional money for the tenth expedition, 482; aids in preparing the eleventh expedition, 490 ff.; removes Amundsson from his commission, 492 ; endeavors to find a mate for the eleventh expedition, 493 ; reports con- cerning a ship for sale by Macklier, 631; aids in preparing the twelfth expedition, 632 ff. ; reports concern- ing colonists, 633; quoted, 480-482, 490, 495, 632-635, biography, 673
Andastoes, supposed to be the Susque- hannas, 334; a Christian Indian visits New Sweden on his way to,
334 Andersson, Dr. Aksel, quoted, 59 Andersson, Anders, rents tobacco trade,
645 Andersson, Herman, sailor, 758 Andersson, Jesper, subscribed to the
South Company, 60 Andersson, Johan, 759
Index.
817
Andersson, Lucas, sells cargoes coming from New Sweden and the Carib- bean Islands, 248-249
Andersson, Mans, contributes on behalf of Fleming to the sixth expedition, 242
Andersson, Mats, bailiff, furnishes money for second expedition, 125
Andersson, Nils, Governor, requested to aid in securing colonists, 259
Andersson, Peter (Per), appointed director of South Company, 58 ; sub- scribes for the Company, 63 ; re- quested to hurry completion of the ropewalk, 64-65; made burggraf at Norrkoping, 65; consults with the Council about the journeys to the West Indies, 67
Andersson, Steffan, 642
Andriesen, Laurens Cornelius, permis- sion to sail to American ports given to, 341, 343
Andriessen, Marion, Huygen buys sewant from, 310
Andriessen, Peter, witnessed against Lamberton, 386
Andriesson, Jan (Jan Andriesen), granted land, 411; did not settle the land, 412; signs the land deed, 429
Andriesson, Jan, of Beren-Bach, 433
An. Eng. Descrip. of America, 553 ■
Anp-ermannus, [Abrahamus], works for interest of Swedish education, 27
Anjou, quoted, 22, 29
Ankare, size of, 42, 342
Anrep, quoted, 59, 650
Anstruther, sent to Oxenstierna, 91
Antigua, island of, the Swedes at, 240, 269
Antiquities, Swedish, money from the tobacco excise to be used for the publication of, 645
Antwerp, 676, 698
Anzoov (Anzooan( ?) ), 649
Appelbora, Harald, to be appointed in place of Blommaert, 156; presents memorials to the States-General, 648, 652 ff. ; reports to the government, 651; biography, 674
Aquilera, Jacobus de, governor of Porto Rico, receives Elswick, 280, 495 ; refuses to pay the sum de- manded by Elswick, 280
Arber, quoted, 11
Arch. A me., quoted, 372
Archangel, 72; see also South-Ship Company
53
Archbishop, Campanius writes to, 372- 373
Arend, quoted, 135, 142
Arfwedson, quoted, 596, 600, 610
Argall, Samuel, anchors in Delaware, 167; quoted, 167
Argonautica Gustaviana, published, 81- 82; quoted, 57, 81-82
Arken, see ships
Arlington, Lord, 51
Armada, the, destroyed by England, 3
Armeni'erius, district at the Schuylkill sold to Corsen, 422 ; title renewed, 422
Arraewamese Indians, tried to overrun the Dutch, 415
Armstrong, quoted, 456
Arnheim, Hiiygens von, shares in com- pany, 106
Arnhera, Gerrit van, 106
Arregahaga (Black Minquas), the fur trade comes from, 342
Artisans, Hindricksson requested to ob- tain, 125-126 ; to be sent to Long Island, 174
Arunameck (Aronameck), 527, 566
Aschbach, referred to, 165
Asher, quoted, 166
Asia, a short route sought for, i66
Asinpinck (Trenton) Falls, corn fields at, 193
Aspinwall (Aspenwall), William, in command of the expedition to dis- cover the Great Lakes, 395; member of the company, 395; delivers letters of recommendation, 396; not allowed to pass the Dutch fort, 396-397; compelled to stop by the Swedish fort and pay for the shot fired at him, 305, 397; returns with his ship to Boston, sued, 397
Assanpink (Assinpinck, Asinpinck) Kill, 113
Atskilliga kolonier (K.A.), quoted, 163
Augsburg Confession, to be maintained in the colony, 609, 629
Augustinsson Leijonskold, Marten (Martin), assessor in the First Com- mercial College of Sweden, 16; in- structed to look for colonists, memo- rial for, 125; ordered to let salt for the Company' in duty-free, 229; vice- director of Commercial College, ig; memorial for, 123 Austria, makes war on Carl X., 8 Avalon, colony of Lord Baltimore, 172 Axelsson, Ake, subscribed to the South Company, 60
8i8
Index.
Axes, sent to New Sweden, 255; see
also expeditions Azores, 495, 698
B
Baat, Seved, kammarrdd, proposed to send prisoner to New Sweden, 256
Baconian theory, referred to, 165
Baelter, Sven, quoted, 368-370
Bain, quoted, 7-8, 20
Balch, T. W., quoted, 573
Baltic, the, to be made a Swedish in- land sea, 5
Baltic ports, vessels forbidden to sail to, 142
Baltic provinces, see Lithuania, Cour- land, Livonia, Ingria (Ingerman- land)
Baltimore, Lord, colony of Avalon, ap- plies to King James for a charter, 172 ; charter to Cecil, second Lord Baltimore, 172 ff. ; makes settlement on grant, becoming nearest neighbor to New Sweden, 174
Bancroft, George, quoted, 'iTj
Baner, Axel, governor, subscribed to the South Company, 60; letter to, 651
Baner, Johan, 689, victory of, at Witt- stock, 7
Baner, Per, subscribed to the South Company, 60
Baner, Svante, subscribed to the South Company, 60
Bang, quoted, 23, 29
Barbadoes (Barbados), Swedish ships sailed to, 40; Swedish merchants to trade at, 621
Barben, Jacob, commander on the Grip, III
Barber-masters, see barber-surgeons
Barber-surgeons, in Sweden, 29 ; hired to go to New Sweden, 243, 260; see also expeditions, life in the colony. New Sweden
Barclay, 674
Barfod, quoted, 17, 33, 44, 251
Barley, Ridder requests, 198 ; see also expeditions, life in the colony, New Sweden
Barns, built for the shelter of the cattle, 315; see also life in the colony, New Sweden
Basque, probable visits of, to the Dela- ware, 165
Bastu (badstu), see bath-houses
Bath-houses, erected by the Swedes and Finns, 357 ff.
Batt, to go to New Albion, 401
Bavaria, 398
Baxter, quoted, 392
Baxter, from Gravesend, New England, 510 .. .
Bay of Virginia, see Virginia Bay
Beans, Ridder requests, 198 ; see also life in colony. New Sweden
Beaver, the ; see ships
Beavers, trade of, in Holland, 119; trade of in Sweden, 159 ff. ; not satisfactory in Sweden, 223 ; sold by Bonnell in Stockholm, 288-289 ! ^t^ also life in colony. New Sweden
Beckman, quoted, 25
Beckman, Vinsent, 760
Beeckman, Willem, appointed commis- sary at Fort Altena, 665 ; proposes to tax the Swedes, 665; quoted, 350
Beer, different kinds of, 35; shipped to New Sweden, 128; made in the col- ony, 354 ff. ; see also life in the col- ony. New Sweden and the expeditions
Bees, not found in New Sweden, 536 n. 16
Behm, Daniel, prepares instructions for the officers of the Commercial Col- lege, 17 . .
Beier, Johan, identified with the com- pany, 107; appointed treasurer, 132; appointed to negotiate with Blom- maert and Reede, 136-137; ammu- nition and other supplies procured by, 151; secretary of the first Com- mercial College in Sweden, 16; to be appointed secretary of the reor- ganized Company, 222; paid a sal- ary by the government, 225 ; con- tinues to act as treasurer, 230; en- gages a blacksmith for the sixth ex- pedition, 238 ; furnishes money to Printz, 240; pays returning servants on the fifth expedition, 241 ; assists in preparing the sixth expedition, 242 ; buys goods for the sixth expedi- tion, 243 ; pays returning colonists, 248 ; writes to the Queen on behalf of returning sailors, 249 ; papers from New Sweden sent to, 252 ; helps prepare the seventh expedition, 253; busy in Stockholm to prepare the eighth expedition, 258 ; complains about the Company, 259; money paid by Secretary Ericksson to, 263 ; re- quested to report about the ninth expedition, 278 ; called into the Coun- cil to give a report about New Swe- den, 283 ; buys copper for the Com- pany, 2S8; present at conferences
Index.
819
with the Tobacco Company, 291 ; quoted, 120, 153, 240, 242, 257-259, 300, 371-372, 620; biography, 674
Belgium, 32
Belknap, quoted, 394
Bell, church, 366
Bengtsson, Mans, 761
Bengtsson, Per, contributes on behalf of Fleming to the sixth expedition, 242
Bennet, Gov., letters sent to, 572
Bennigen (Beuningen), Peter von, sub- scribed to South Company, 60
Berg, quoted, 29, 328
Berg, Lars, 641
Bergen, 493
Bergkvarna, glass factory at, 34
Bergslagen, Kling to go to, 149
Berkeley, William, Governor, proposes that the Swedes should apply for privileges of trade to the King of England, 185; sends protest to the Swedes, 216; complains about the Dutch, 340
Berlin, 357, 674
Berndes, Johan, general director of the Commercial College, 18; governor, 239
Bernhard, Duke, of Saxe-Weimar, de- feat of, 6, 82, 91
Beschr. van Virginia, etc., quoted, 171, 192
Bessels, Adam, shares in New Sweden Company, 106
Beuningen, Koenraad van, Dutch resi- dent at Stockholm questioned about the invasion of New Sweden, 286
Bible, of Gustavus Adolphus, 22
Bicker, Commander, 522, 5S3-584; quoted, 583
Bijdr. en Mededeel., quoted, 17
Bill, typical, showing articles used by a settler, 356
Biographica (R.A.), quoted, 476
Biog. ll'oordenb., quoted, 135
Bjelke, Sten, 693
Bjelke, Ture, 688
Bjorkman, quoted, 42, 351
Black Dog {Svarte Hunden), see ships
Black Eagle, see Svarte Arent
Black Minquas (Arregahaga), why so named, 188; difficult to identify, 189; location of, 190-191; Huygen sent into the country of, 332; beaver trade rene^ved with, 333; killing of the River Indians would give an un- molested trade to, 377; said to have
attacked Fort Christina, 387; see also Minquas
Blacksmith, Hindricksson requested to obtain, 126; Beier engages, 238; see also New Sweden
Blacksmith shop, in Christina, 307; bellows of, mended, 307
Blackstone, quoted, 456-457, 459
Blanck (Planck) Jurrian, sent to Fort Nassau, 409; ordered to depart, 409- 410; leaves the Schuylkill, 410
Blanck, Abraham, see Planck
Blasbjerg, 357
Blekinge, tobacco trade in, 641, 642
Block, Adriaen, voyage by, 167 ; returns to Holland, 16S
Block, Hans, builds a grist-mill, 666
Block-houses, built by English at Var- kens Kill, 210; on the Schuylkill, 213; see also New Sweden and rela- tion with the Dutch, the English
Blome (Blume), Jacob, member of the Tobacco Company, 291 ; treasurer of the company, 292; complains about the tobacco trade, 294; refuses to pay the full amount claimed by Kramer, 296 ; instructed by the Commercial College to pay 10,000 D., 297; quoted, 289, 293-294, 297
Blommaert, Bugeslac (?), shares in a brass factory at Nacka, 89
Blommaert, Samuel, 674, 6S4, 697; writes to Falkenberg, 88-89; in the East Indies, 89; Erik Larsson's factor, 89; erected brass factory at Nacka, 89; refers to West Indian trade, 90; interviews with, 90; interest in Swe- dish commerce, 90; Oxenstierna calls on, 91; presents plan for West Indian trade, 92; meets Peter Minuit, 93; sends letters to Spiring, 94; com- mercial plans of, 94, 98; engaged as an agent of the Swedish Crown, 99; interviews with Spiring, 95, 99-100, 102; manager of the company in Holland, 103 ; reports to Oxenstierna, 103-104; informed of the progress in Sweden, 105 ; contributes to the com- pany, 106; receives orders for the buying of goods, 107 ; ships goods to Sweden for the company, 109 ; drafts charters and other papers for the company, 103, 105-106, 107-109, 112, 114; requested to go to Sweden, no; gives details of the expedition to Oxenstierna, 116; repairs Kalmar Nvckel, 117, 119; Fleming to corre- spond with, 120; money delivered to,
820
Index.
122; buys new cargo for the second expedition, 122; mentioned, 129; peltries sold by, 131; continues to aid expeditions, 132; visits Spiring, 136; requested to write to Sweden, 136; Beier to correspond with, 137; not to be informed about Utrecht colony, 143 ; requested to aid returning ships in 1642, 155; connections with com- pany severed, 156; buys land on the Delaware, 170-171 ; said to have sold land to the Swedes, 176; said to own the upper part of the Delaware, 179; quoted, 92-97, 99-107, 109-114, 116- 119, 122-129, 136-137. 193-195; biography, 675
Blommaert, Thomas, buys tobacco, 159
Blomrnaeri's Burg, 676
Blommaert's Islands, 676
Blommaert's Kill, 676
Blommaert's River, 676
Blon, Michel le, 676; conferences with Blommaert, reports to Spiring, 90
Bluntschli, quoted, 572
Blyde Bootschap, see ships
Bock, Elizabeth, 689
Bockhorn, Jan Janson (Jansen), mate on the ninth expedition, 268 ; dam- ages sustained at Porto Rico, 278 ; appointed captain on the Orn, 470; refuses aid from the English, 484; buys supplies at Firth, 489; instructed to take timber to Lisbon as ballast, 519; biography, 470 n. 4
Boender, Capt. Clas Hindersson, 762- 763 ; sails the AVw King David, 227
Boer, Cornelius de, lands of, con- fiscated, 585
Bogaert, Johannes, quoted, 600-601, 603, 608
Bogaert, Joost van den, 759; sent to Sweden, 137; engaged as agent in New Sweden, 141 ; returns to Hol- land, 141-142; has in mind to leave for America, 144; arrives in New Sweden, 200; "disappears from His- tory," 203 ; quoted, 143-144
Bogardus, Rev., 327
Bohm, Peter, rents tobacco trade, 645
Bohus Ian, 493 ; tobacco trade in, 641
Boije, Christer, comes here on the fifth expedition, 238; given command of the blockhouse at Upland, 307 ; ap- pointed lieutenant in April, 451; judge at the court in July, 1643, 460; member of court of January, 1644, 461 ; sent to New Holland to
buy provisions and bring back some deserters, 310; letter of introduction for, 407 ; expenses on his journey, 452; returns to Sweden, 452
Bomkin's Hook, 303, see Bomten's Hook
Bomten's (Bontiens) Hook, land situ- ated between, and the Schuylkill, 184, 440; called Canaresse by the Indians, 440
Bonde, Carl, subscribed to the South Company, 60; governor, 239
Bonde, Christer, ambassador to Eng- land, 12, 636; president of the Com- mercial College, 636; report made to, 616
Bonnel, Abraham, Joseph, John, etc., 676
Bonnell (Bonnel), Benjamin, to found a glass factory at Gothenburg, 63-64; appointed factor of New Sweden Company, 132, 157; tobacco placed in the care of, 157; sells tobacco, 159 ff. ; buys tobacco from Holland, 159 ff. ; continues to act as salesman of the reorganized Company, 232; pays for the bringing of tobacco from the ship to the storehouse, 257; sells skins for the company, 288, 289; present at conferences with the To- bacco Company, 291 ; sells tobacco for the company, 293 ff. ; imports tobacco for the company, 295 ; over- charges the Tobacco Company, 297 ; services for the company come to an end, sent to England, 12, 299—300; quoted, 12, 300; biography, 675
Bontekoe, see ships
Bontekoe, W. Y., quoted, 558
Bookkeepers, see Kramer and Gall
Books of the company, 231; see also New Sweden Company
Boompjes Hook, 440; see Bomten's (Bomtiens) and Bomkin's Hook
Borga, salt sent to, by the company, 288; Usselinx visits, 62
Boston, complaints about the Swedes presented to the court at, 388 ff. ; citizens of, attempt to reach the Great Lake, 394-395 ; expedition leaves, 395 ; returns to, 397 ; bark with seven men sent out from, murderers sent to, 398; a company for the discovery of the " Great Lake " formed at, members of company, 395
Botello (Botelho) Rodrigo, Portuguese ambassador to Sweden, 11
Bothnia, Gulf of, 62 ; see also Usselinx
Bottnaryd, 688
Index.
821
Boxes, musical, sent to New Sweden, 256
Boxes, tobacco, sent to New Sweden, 25s
Boyart (bojert), meaning of, 595
Boyer, Alexander (Sander), brings pro- test to Printz, 414; placed in com- mand of Fort Nassau, 424; in dis- pute with Skute, 425 ; was interpreter for the Dutch. 436; declared to be an illreputed man, 585; quoted, 425
Bozman, quoted, 173, 214
Bradford, William, governor, quoted, 166
Braganza, John of. King of Portugal, no longer recognized by Queen Chris- tina, 10
Brahe, Per, 686, 688; interested in Swedish education, 27 ; quoted, 206, 313, 315, 366, 375, 378-379, 452, 543, 546; biography, 677
Brand-pylens Island, 676
Brandenburg, coalition of, against Swe- den, 9
Brandy, carried over on the expedi- tions and made in the colony, 355; Ridder requests, 198 ; see also expe- ditions
Brandywine Creek, 520
Breitenfeld, victories at, 302
Brechin heights, 483
Brewing, industry in Sweden, 35; in the colony, 354 fl.
Bricks, made in Sweden, 35; brought to the Delaware by Heyes, 170; brought by Minuit, 193; fireplaces built of, 193 ; New Sweden Company trade in, 242 ; 6,000 sent to New Swe- den, 242 ; good clay, for, in New Sweden, 198; Printz makes requests for 20,000, 321; made in the colony, 663
Brickmakers, Hindricksson to obtain, 126; requests for, in New Sweden, 198, 321
Brickyards, 35
" Brief van den Koop," quoted, 247
Briggs, Henry, quoted, 560
Brinton, quoted, 187, 190, 531
British Museum, 621
Briton, probable visits of, to the Dela- ware, 165
Broadsides, quoted, 54
Brodhead, confuses Laconia and Ly- gonia, quoted, 93, 166, 169-172, 377, 384, 392, 593
Brodinus, Aug., consul general, aids LoofI, 76
Broecke, quoted, 192
Brokerage, 40
Broman, President of Gothenburg, 472
Brosater, 683
Brown, Anthony, see Bruyn
Briigee, Gillies von, shares in company,
106 Brugman, quoted, 17 Brushes, gilded, sent to New Sweden,
255 Bruyn, Anthony, beaver skins sold to,
157 Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of,
makes treaty with Gustavus Adol-
phus, 177 Budget, of the colony, 451, 503, 627;
of the American Company, 627, 628 Biihring, J., quoted, 9 Bullo, quoted, 9
Bureus, Andreas, studies the old lan- guage, etc., 25; quoted, 31 Bureus, Jonas, 21 Burgesses, the, one of the estates of
Sweden, 20 Burlington, 429
Burman, Gerhard, appointed fiscal, 645 Burson, Nils, subscribed to the South
Company, 61
c
Cabbage, Ridder requests, 198
Cabeliau, Abraham, becomes general director of the trading company, 45 ; appointed general director of the South-Ship Company, 71 ; factor of, 74; proposes trade with Spain, 73- 74; blamed by Nilsson, 77; heirs of, released from responsibilit)', 227-228
Cabot, Sebastian, 165-166
Caesar, quoted, 361
Calais, Swedes cast anchor in, 483
Cal. of State Papers, quoted, 185, 670
Calfood(?), Joachim, sells goods to the Swedes, 323 ; paid, 324
Calisch, quoted, 658
Camecongh, see Tamecongh
Camerarius, ambassador of Sweden to Holland, 6, 95
Campanius Holm., 697; Rev. Johan, mentioned, 164; engaged to go to America, 238, 372; entertained by the English Governor at Antigua, 240; journal of, quoted, 240-241; service in New Sweden. 372 ff. ; farmed land on the Delaware, 372-373; desirous to return home, 373; labored for the conversion of the Indians, 372; re- turns home, 261, 374; probably sent
822
Index.
to order the Dutch to leave the Schuylkill without delay, 409; most noted of the early clergymen, 372, 560; his catechism, 560-561; quoted, 2+1, 261, 372-373, 560-561 ; biog- raphy, 678
Canada, 394
Canals, extensive system of, in Svreden and Finland proposed, 39
Canaresse, see Bomten's Hook
Canary birds, brought to New Sweden,
Canary Islands, Swedish ships sailed to, 40; Swedes at, 485; wood mate- rials from the colony to be sent to,
499 Candles, how made, 352 Candlesticks, 352 Cannon, see firearms Cape Cot, 427
Cape Henry, Swedes arrive at, 488 Cape Malabare, 427 Caps, English, sent to New Sweden,
255; used in the colony, 353; cost of,
353 Cargo, on first expedition, iii-iiz; see
also expeditions, New Sweden
Caribbean (Caribbees) Islands, Minuit to sail by way of, 113, 114; trade from New Sweden could be carried on to, 28^; the Swedes at, 487
Carl IX., see Charles IX.
Carlberg, J. O., quoted, 30
Carl, Prince, see Charles IX.
Carl (Charles) X., King of Sweden, assumes the Government, 7, 620; takes interest in the American Com- pany, issues privileges for the Ameri- can Co., 622 ; issues a charter for the American Co., 628-629; publishes a placard concerning tobacco, 640, de- cides to abolish the Tobacco Co., 644; serious intentions of regaining New Sweden, 648 ; makes war on Poland, 7-8; war with Denmark, 8; char- acter of, dies, 8
Carloff, Hendrik, 754
Carlson, quoted, 8, 15, 29, 31, 35-36, 38-39, 48, 267, 649
Carlsson, Admiral, 153, 249
Carolstadius, Salomon Petri], quoted, 292
Carpenters, on first expedition, 112; Governor Hindricksson to obtain, 126; Jacob Cornelisson prepares to go to America, 243 ; see also Ridder and Printz
Carvel's House, see Churchill
Casimir, see forts
Casirair, Johan, contributes to South- Shin Company, 71, 74; quoted, 89
Casimir, John, King of Poland, refuses to recognize King Clar X., 7
Castle Island, 166
Cat, see Katt
Catholic League, combat with the Evangelical Union, 5
Cattle, to be captured at Isle de Sable and brought to South River, 113; to be bought at Spaniola, 114; to be sent to New Albion, 174; see also New Sweden
Caucasus, 361
Celsius, 360
Century Dictionary, The, quoted, 531
Certificate, quoted, 201, 209, 210, 213,
439
Chains, copper, sent to New Sweden, 255; see also expeditions and New Sweden
Chains, plated, sent to New Sweden, 255; see also New Sweden and ex- peditions
Chains, silvered, sent to New Sweden, 255 ; see also expeditions
Chakakitque Falls, 569
Champlain, map of, 112; mentioned, 164; knowledge of lakes and inland seas in America due to the labors of, 392
Chancery, old, 674
Charitas (Charitie), see ships
Charles I., King of Ent'land, sends am- bassador to Oxenstierna, 91 ; said to have transferred rights of the Dela- ware to the Swedes, 175, 177; grant from, probably existed, 178
Charles (Carl) IX., Swedish law pub- lished by, 21 ; encourages Finnish migration to Sweden, 147
Charles River (Delaware), named in honor of King Charles, 179; English settlers on, 216; see also the South River
Charter, of the South Company pub- lished, 54; resume of, 54-57; of the New South Company, 81 ff.; of the New Sweden Company, 107 ; no new charter for the reorganized New Sweden Company, 228 ; of the American Company, 628-629
Chemnitz (City), 688
Chemnitz, quoted. 91
Chesapeake Bay, Lord Baltimore's grant extended to, 172 ff.
Chesumquesett Kill, Creek or River, 209
Index.
823
Cheverell, Capt., Commander of the Pearl, 484; brother of the Comman- der of Dover castle, 484 n. 58
Chickens, kept in a cage in the house, 365
Christiaenzen, Hendrick, voyage made by, 167
Christian IV., King of Denmark, takes part in the Thirty Years War, 5-6; offends Sweden by his jurisdiction in the Sound, 250
Christina Creek, see Christina Kill
Christina Fort, see forts
Christina Harbor, see Christina Fort and Christinehamn
Christina, Isle de Sable to be called, 113
Christina, Queen of Sweden, 693 ; gives Royal Assurance, 20; splendor of her Court, 20; neglects matters of State, 236; present in the Royal Council, discusses New Sweden, 283 ff. ; in- structs Printz to remain, 329; learns English from VVhitelocke, 621; re- signs her crown, 7, 20; biography, 679
Christina (Minquas, Elbe, Sittoensaene) Kill, River or Creek, Minuit to sail up to, 113; land on west side of, to be bought, 113; Minuit to build house on, 114; Hendricksen at (Min- quas Kill), 168; Minuit arrives at, 182; sails up, 182-183; bought by the Swedes, 183; lands on both sides sold by savages, 184; given the name of Elbe, 184; path of Minquas In- dians, 188 ; fort built 2 miles from the mouth of, 292; land bought at, 437, 440, 443; brn glides down, 519; dams to be constructed at the falls of, 420; land cleared at, 523-524; a sachem came to, 565; district below to be controlled by the Dutch, 603; the Dutch to be allowed to dwell below, 611; 681, 684
Christina Rock, 165
Christina (ship), see ships
Christinehamn, meaning of, 522; see also Christina Fort and New Sweden
Christinehamn in Sweden, 522 n. 27,
633. 644 Christmas, 315, 368 Christmas tree, 544 Chiton, Indian chief, sells land to
Minuit, 183 Christopher, Island, see St. Christopher
Christopher, Rev., goes to New Sweden,
153; remained in the colony, 205 Christoffer's laiMS, quoted, 458 Churches, one built by Ridder, 205-
206; see also religious worship Churchill, Carvel's House, quoted, 347 Chynaeischen, trade, 95; see also the
Guinean trade Cinquack, at the mouth of the Potomac,
173
Cities, favored by the Government, new towns founded, 37 ; to be founded in New Sweden, see New Sweden, Ri- sing
Clarendon Papers, quoted, 177
Clark, Capt., sent to treat with Gover- nor Printz, 399
Clark, Thomas, member of the com- pany formed at Boston, 395
Classon, Anders, Captain, from Amster- dam, trading at St. Cruz, 274; aids in releasing the Swedes, 274-275
Classon, Johan, Captain, from Rotter- dam, aids in releasing the imprisoned Swedes at St. Cruz and brings Rud- berus to Holland, 274, 275
Classon, William, to sell tobacco for the company, 292
Clay, quoted, 117
Clayborne (Claiborne), William, set- tlements on the island of Kent by,
173
Clergy, the, one of the estates of Swe- den, 20; well educated in Sweden, 22
Clerk, Jeremiah, brings new cargoes to the settlement, 325
Clerk (Clerck), Richard, Major, biog- raphy of, 107 ; commission to buy goods for fourth expedition, 145 ; transactions with the company, 642; see also expeditions and trade of the company
Clerck, Sander, sailor, 758
Cleves, 684
Cleyn, E., member of the council on the South River, 657
Club-ivar, in Finnland, 147
Cobb's Creek, a mill erected on, 32S
Cock, see ships
Cock, Jan Cornelissen, ship of, 109
College of Admiralty, 15; see also expeditions
College of Antiquity, founded, 27
College of the Exchequer, see Kammar- kollegium
College of Mines, 15
College of War, 15, 683, 688
824
Index.
Col\lections'] of Maine Hist. So\_ciety'],
quoted, 393 Cot[lectiojis'] of Mass. Hist. So., quoted,
i66, 215, 384, 388, 392-394. 396-398 Col. of N. y. Hist. So., quoted, 167, 169, 172, 174-175. 207, 306, 326, 340, 343. 401,. 417. 445. 608 Collicott, Richard, agent of " Lyconnia Company," 395; complaints of, 399 Colonists :'
Ackesson, Israel, see Israelsson Akerraan, Hakan Persson, 724 Andersson, Anders, 706; hired by
Papegoja, 243 Andersson, Anders, 703, 714; com- plains against Printz, 463 Andersson, Eric, Trumpeter, 261,
307, 701, 715 Andersson, Johan, 706, 712, 716 Andersson Stalkofta (Stalcap), see
Stalkofta Andersson, Jons, paid by Beier, 248 Andersson, Clas (Klas), 702 Andersdotter, Karin, 725 Andersson, Lars, salary of, 706, 713 Andersson, Lars, cook on the sloop,
712 Andersson, Lars, 503, 716 Andersson, Lars, from Aland, 708 Andriesson, Laurens, 711 Andersson, Mans, 702, 710; com- plains against Printz, 463 Andersson, Nils, 706, 714 Anders[s]on, Per, 699-700, 706,
710 Andersson, Peter, salary of, 503 Andersson, Sakris, 708 Andersson, Sven, drummer, 305,
451, 703, 713, 716, 724 Anthony, slave, 699, 706, 710 Bagge, Martin, 708 Baily, Elias, 709; English at Var-
kens Kill, 323 Bengtsson, Erich, 724 Bengtsson, Lars, 725 Bengtsson, Mats, 513, 602 Bj6r[n]sson, Lars, 705, 712 Bj6r(n)sson, Marten, 708 Bock (Borck), Nicklas, 703, 713 Bock, Peter, 715; report signed by,
442 Boije (Boje), Christer, 709; see
Boije above Bonde, Anders Swensson, appointed
gunner, 306, 4151, 706, 710 Bonde, Lasse (Lars), vritnessed
against Lamberton, 386 Borck, see Bock
' Officers, as Rising, etc., are not
Botsman, Anders, 532
Brandt, Anders Olsson, 700
Braunvell, William, 709; English at Varkens Kill, 323
Broen (Brown) Thomas, an Eng- lishman, prepares to erect a dwelling, 423; requests the aid of Printz, 428; illreputed, 585
Bross, Lars Thomasson, complains against Printz, 463
Campanius, Rev. Mr. Johan, 700, 715; see Campanius above
Christopher (Christoifer), Rev., 153. 699-700; ^^^ "1^0 Christo- pher above
Christiaensson (Kristiansson), An- ders, 712
Claason, Claas (Claes Claeson, Clas Claasonn), 702, 711; at work on new habitations, 308 ; builds a vessel, 340-341
Classon, Clas, " the carpenter," 700
Clements[s]on, Andrew (An- dreas), goes to Maryland, 668
Clemetsson, Olof, 724
Cock, see Kock
Cornelisen( ?), Ma[t]thias, goes to Maryland, 668
Coxwell, Robert, 709; English at Varkens Kill, 323 ; see also Cox- well below
Crum (Krura), Marten, 724
Dalbo, Anders Larsson, 599, 7or, 704, 711; appointed marshal in- stead of Olofsson, 453 ; magis- trate, 664
Danielsson, Johan, salary of, 503 ; ensign, 612; delivers store-house keys to Stuyvesant's servants, 613
Dreijer, Anders Kristiansson, 702; miller, 321
Dyck, Gregorlus van, see Greg, van Dyck below
Eissen (Eysen), Isack van, 703,
714 Elias, the tobacco planter, 704 Elcken, Giert, 708 Elswick, Hendrick von, 716; see
also Elswick below Ericksson, Ambrosius, 700, 704 Ericksson, Bengt, 480 Ericksson, Johan, 152, 705, 711 Ericksson, Olof, 152, 706, 712;
complains against Printz, 463 Erie, John, 709 Esekelsdotter, Elissabeth, 725 Eskelsson, Bertil (Bartell), colo-
given among the colonists.
Index.
825
nist, requests to go to America,
149. 705, 713 Eskelsson, M., paid by Beier, 248 Essbiornsson, Lars, 724 Eysen, Isack von, 703 Fluviander, Rev. Israel Holg, 703 ;
see also Fluviander below Forsman, Gabriel, fugitive, dies,
599 Fransson, Johan, colonist frora Vi-
borg, 239 Fysk (Fisk), Johan, complains
against Printz, 463 Gertrud, 725 Glasare, Marten Martensson, see
Martensson Glasbiten, see Marten Martensson Goransson, Thomas (Thomas Tim- merman, Thomas the carpenter),
308, 702, 714 Gottersson, Marten, 702 Grelsson, Grels, 725 Grels[s]on, Johan, 724 Gronberg, Constantin[us], 572,
703, 713 Gunnarsson, Per, see Rarabo Gunnarsson, Sven, 602, 702, 711;
complains against Printz, 463 Gustafsson (Gostasson), Johan,
703, 714 Guttersson (Gottersson), Marten,
700, 711
Gyllengren, Elias, 706, 713, 716;
see also Gyllengren belovf Hakansson, Carl (Karl), corporal,
451. 707
Hansson, Anders, 152, 711; com- plains against Printz, 463
Hansson, Johan, returned to Swe- den, 241
Hansson, MSrten (Martin), 702
Hansson, Mats, gunner, 153, 602,
701, 711; in charge of the can- non at Ft. Christina, 307; com- plains against Printz, 463
Hansson, Mats, 152, 705, 712
Harmer, Gotfried, 702, 711; brings report that Lamberton had bribed the Indians, 383; testifies against Lamberton, 390; signs an Indian document, 439; assistant to Huy- gen, 453 ; deserted, 503 ; letter from, prejudicial to the Svsedes, 512; goes to Maryland, 668
Hartman, Johan, 70S
Hendricks[s]on, Bartolimeiis, goes to Maryland. 668
Hindersson (Hindricksson), Bengt,
703, 716; hired by Papegoja,
243 Hindersson, Erick, 707 Hindrickson, Evert, accused and
banished, 667 Hindricks[s]on, Hindrick, goes to
Maryland, 668 Hindricksson, Ifvar (Ivar, Iffwer,
Ifvar), 151, 705, 711; complains
against Printz, 463 Hindricksson, Johan, 700 Hindricksson, Jonas, 725 Hjort, Rev. Peder (Peter) Larson,
716, 721; see Hjort below Homman, Anders Andersson, 713 Hook, Sven, 480, 716, 721, 761; see
also Hook below Huygen, Hendrick, 699, 700; see
also Huygen below Hwiler, Johan, see John Wheeler likorn (Ekor), Hans, 721 lonsson, Lars, 724 Isacksson, Jon, 708 Israelsson, Acke (Israel Akesson),
715
Jacobsson, Anders, 723
Jacobsson, Dirck (Diedrick), 715
Jacobsson, Hindrick, 725
Jacobsson, Lars, 702, 713
Jacobs[s]on, Peter, goes to Mary- land, 667, 714
Jacobsson, Thomas, 722
Janeke, Hans, 701, 710; see also Janeke below
Jansson, Karl (Carl), bookkeeper, goes to America, 150, 152; sent to the Dutch, 409 ; member of court, 460-461, 706
Jans[s]on (Jansen), Clas (Klas), 700, 710
Jarpe, jfon, 708
Jochim, Peter, 703, 714; breaks into Fort Beversreede, 425; signs Indian document, 439; dies at New Amsterdam, 439, 587, 588
Joensson (Jonsson, Jonsson), Powell (Pafvel), 711
Johan, a boy, 152
Johan the Finn, 708
Johansson, Effwert, 481
Johansson, Jacob, 480
Johansson, Karl, see Karl Jansson
Johansson, Klas, complains against Printz, 463
Johansson, Michel, 709
Joh[a]n[s]son, Paul, goes to Mary- land, 668
Johansson, (?), Per, 152
826
Index.
Johnson, John, 708
Jonsson (Jonsson), Anders, 703, 714; hired by Papegoja, 243; accused of rebellion and exe- cuted, 463
J6ns[s]on, Carol (Carl), 725
J6ns[s]on, Jons, 725
Jonsson, Mickel (Bolm), 153
Jonsson, Pafvel, see J. Pafvelsson
Joransson, Anders, 700
Joransson, Erich, 480
Joransson, Joran, 725
Joransson (Jurgensson), Klement (Clemet), colonist, requests to go to America, 149, 705
Joransson, Paul, 152; see also Paul Johansson
Jorensson, Mats, 708
Julius, Karl (Carl), 480, 599, 716,
724 , ,
Junge, Jacob, 503, 716; cf. also
Jacob Junge, 642 Jurgensson, Clemet, see Joransson Jurgensson, Thomas, see Thomas
Goransson Jurrensson, Mans, 713 Kackin (Kock?), Lars, 702 Kampe (Kiampe), Anders, ar- morer, 716, 724; salary of, 503; acts as messenger, 598-599 Kampe (Kiampe), Anders, soldier,
724 Karsson (Carson), Alexander
(Sander), 512
Kling, Mans Nilsson, 153; see Kling below
Kock, Friederick Hans, 716; en- gaged to go to New Sweden, 260
Kock, Per (Peter) Larsson (Per Cock), IC2, 704, 712; brought to court, 461; magistrate, 664; com- plains against Printz, 463
Krackfoot, Gustaf Johansson, 480
Kyn Snohvit, Joran, 706, 713; badly treated by Hindrickson, 667
Kyper, Lauris, see Lauris
Kyrsner, Mickel, 707
Lane, Simon, 585
Langdonk, Joost van, 699; see Langdonk below
Laom, see Lorn
Larsson, Anders, 725
Larsson, Anders, salary of, 503, 716
Larsson, Eskil, colonist, requests to go to America, 149, 705, 713
Larsson, Eskil (Eskell), 153, 712
Larsson, Lars, 725
Larsson, Mans, 707
Larsson, Mickel, 700
Lars[s]on, Nils, 716
Larsson, Sven, 704, 711
Lasse the Finn, settled the planta- tion at Upland, 350
Lauris the Cooper, 320, 702
Laury, William, 690
Liljehok (Lilliehook), Knut, 703, 715; colonist to New Sweden, 243 ; arrives in New Sweden, 317; engaged as a simple soldier, 453; returns to Sweden, 261, 453
Liljehok, Per, 704; colonist to New Sweden, 243 ; arrives in New Sweden, 317; appointed Com- mander at Upland, 453 ; served for 2i5<2months, 453
Lindestrom, Peter, 716, 724; see also Lindestrom below
Lock, Rev. Lars Carlsson, 716; see also Lock below
Lom (Laom), Mans Swensson, 709, 712; a tailor, comes on the 4th expedition, meaning of the name, 152; sent with a protest to the Dutch, 413
Loo (Lohe, Looer), Valerius (Walle, Wolle), 703, 714; com- plains against Printz, 463
Loock, see Lock
Lucas[sen], Andries, 702
Lijneburger, Hans, 706, 713
Maarbo, Swenn (Sven) Larsson, see Sven Larsson
Mansson, Hans, 596, 602, 705, 712; complains against Printz, 463
Mansson, Mans, 517
Markusson, Karl, 708
Markusson, Lars, 153
Marod, Thomas, 709 ; see also Marod below
Martensson, Eric, 725
Martensson, Esbjorn, 709
Martensson Glasare, Marten, 702, 714; complains against Printz, 463
Mathias[s]on, Hendrick, goes to Maryland, 668
Matsson, Eric, 725
Matsson, Hendrick, 152, 704, 712
Matsson, Hindrick, 705, 713, com- plains of Printz, 463
Matsson, Johan, gunner, 305, 700, 703, 714; colonist to New Swe- den, 243
Matsson, Margareta, said to be a witch, 667
Index.
827
Matsson, Mats, 725
Meyer, Peter, 703, 713; accused of disturbance, 667; granted per- mission to reside in Maryland, 667
Mickelsson, Clement, house of, plundered, 605 ; goes to Mary- land, 667
Michellsson, David, 480
Michelsson, Per, 708
Mink, Andreas Classon, 702, 715; engaged to look after the cattle,
319
Montson (Mansson), Peter, goes to Maryland, 668
Mort, Peter, 724; appointed to keep the accounts, 503
Mortensson, E., paid by Beier, 248
Mortensson, J., paid by Beier, 248
Nagel, Andreas Nilsson, 700
Nertunius, Rev. Matthias, 716 724; see also Rev. Nertunius
Nicklas, Master, 706
Nilsson, Jon (Joen) (Joen Skrad- dare), 703, 713; a tailor, 352
Nilsson, Jonss, 481
Nilsson, NIans, 706
Nilsson, Mickel, 704, 714; engaged as blacksmith to go to New Swe- den, 238; sent to Varmland to collect laborers, 238
Nilsson, Nils, 724
Nilsson, Pafvel, 724; probably the same as Pafvel Nilsson who was here in 1640-1643
Nilsson, Pafvel, 700
Olofsson (Olsson, Olufsson), An- ders, 716, 724
Olofsson, Johan, 480
Olofsson, Johan, marshal, 307, 451, 701, 713
Olofsson, Jonss, 480
Olofsson, Mats, 700, 712
Olofsson, Olof, 725
Olofsson, Peer (Peterl, 708; pris- oner at Smedjegarden, to be sent to New Sweden, 256
Olofsson, Steffan, 700
Olsson, Hendrick, interpreter, 634
Olsson, Hindrick, 705
Olsson, Joran (Goran), 699-700
Olufsson (Olofsson), Hindrick, 715
Olufsson (Olofsson), Biorn, 724
Papegoja, Lieut. Johan, 700, 710, 716; see also Papegoja below
Pavelsson, Jons, 708
Pafvelsson, Jons, colonist, requests to go to America, 149, 704
Pafvelsson, Marten, 724 Pafvelsson, Olof, 151 Pafvelsson, Pafvel, 708 Pederson, Israel, to be sent to
America, 267 Persson, 481 Persson (Person), Anders
Mats( :
702, 715
Persson, Knut, 706, 713; sent to
New England to buy sewant and
oxen, 333; leaves a gun with
Kock, 462; dead, 462 Persson, Lukas, 702, 712; makes
casks, etc., 320 Persson, Pafvel, 708 Persson, Pafvel, 725 Petersson, L., builds a grist mill,
666 Peters(s)on, Peter, 716 Peterssen, Roelof, skipper in New
Sweden, 200 Philips[s]on, Olof, 725 Pipare( ?), Mats, 704 Poulsson, Peter, paid by Beier, 248 Preutz (Pryss), Hans, 724 Printz, Gustaf, 705, 710; see also
Gustaf Printz below Printz, Governor Johan, 705, 710;
see also Johan Printz below Quist (Kvist), Pafwel (Pal), 512,
724
Rambo, Per (Peter) Gunnarsson (Gummarsson), 700, 702, 710, 602, 605, 612; summoned to Court, 462; complains against Printz, 463 ; magistrate, 664
Rambo, Peter, Jr., 344
Raf, 614
Rasmunsson, returned to Sweden, 241
Ridder, Peter Hollender, 699-700; see also Peter Ridder below
Rising, Johan, 716; see also Rising below
Rosbach, Hans, blacksmith, 701, 715; returns to Sweden, 261
Schal, Pafvel, 155
Schall, Peter, tanner, 532
Schalbrick, Johan, salary of, 503,
.7'6 Sievesson (Sipherson, Sifversson),
Ifvar, 386, 712 Sifversson, Mats, 700 Sigfridsson, Joran, 725 Sigfriedhsson, Marcus, 725; goes
to Maryland, 667 Siraonsson, Johan, 725
828
Index.
Simonsson, Nils, 725
Sipherson (Sifversson), Marcus, see Sigfriedhsson
Skute, Lieut. Sven, 703, 710, 716; see also Sven Skute below
Slom, Moens, see Lorn
Smal, Pafvel, 709
Snohvit, Joran (Goran), see Kyn (Keen)
Spaniol, Jacob, 705
Spinning(?), Mr., 709
Sprint, Jacob, 152, 596, 711
Staffes[s]on, Joen, 725
Stake, Mans, 503, 716
Stalcop, see Stalkofta
Stalkofta (Stalcop), Johan Anders- son, 503, 522, 614, 666, 705, 717
Steghson, Hanss, 480
Stidden, Timon (Zim), paid by Trotzig in Holland, 248 ; on the ninth expedition, 268 ; brings re- port about Laraberton, 383 ; tes- tifies against Lamberton, 390; wages of, 502; remains in the colony, 667; 709, 716
Stille, Axel, 152, 711; complains against Printz, 463 ; goes to Maryland, 667
Stille, Olof, 712; came on the fourth expedition, 152; Campanius sells a calf to, 372; delivers a protest to the Dutch, 413; protests against Printz, 463; officer, 664
Strahl, Gustaf, 153
Svensson, Anders, 700
Svensson (Swenson, Swensson), Jacob, 515, 568, 703, 714, 716; storehouse of Christina placed in the care of, 343 ; sent to New England in 1653, 343; goes down to meet Rising, 498 ; carried let- ters to Hartford, 573 ; looked upon as an undesirable citizen by the Dutch, 660; appointed magistrate, 664
Swensson, Larss (Lars Svensson), 711
Svensson, Nils, 700
Svensson, Olof, 700
Svensson, Sven, 702, 714; cattle herded by, 319
Tatt (Tott), Erick Akesson, 702,
715 Thomasson, Bengt, 700 Thommasson, Jacob, 708 Thomasson, Lars, 702, 712 Thomasson, Marten, 708 Thorsson, Bengt, 702
Thorsson, Jon, 702, 710 Thorsson, Olof (Rolof), 702, 712 Tijck, Rother (Rutkiert Tysk), 708 Toreson, Andrew (Andreas Thors-
[s]on), goes to Maryland, 668 Torkillus, Rev. Reorus, 699, 707;
see also Torkillus below Ulf, Lars Andersson, 702 Urinsson, Cornelius, 668 Urin[s]son, Joh[a]n, goes to
Maryland, 668 Utter, 614
Vasa, Knut Martensson, 701, 712. Vass (Wass, Waass), Sven, 706; gunner, 306; falls asleep and allows the Fort to catch fire, 326 ; examined at a Court in 1646, re- examined in 1647 and sent to Sweden, 461-462 Wall(?), John, 709 Wallin, Jan (John), killed by the
Indians, 376; see Woollen Wendell, Peter Hansson, 503, 612,
615, 721 Wheeler (Hwiler), Joh[a]n, com- plains against Printz, 463 ; goes to Maryland, 668 Woollen (Woolen, Wallin, Wol- len), John {probably the same as John IVallin and John IV all), 211; confessed that Hollender bought land, 386; testimony re- quired, 387 ; confesses he has not been prevailed upon to tes- tify falsely, 390 Wulff, Johan Pedhersson, 480 Colonization, Swedish, 49 Columbia, District of, Lord Baltimore's
grant, including parts of, 173 Columbus, 165
Combs, horn, sent to New Sweden, 255; see also expedition, trade with the Indians Coraenius, Amos (Komensky), labors
in Sweden, 27 Commercial College, the, 674, 685, 686, 693; first plans for, 15-16; officers of, 16; other plans for the erection of, 16-17; final establishment of, 17-18; budget and officers of, 18-19; assumes the management of the New Sweden Company, 19, 469; manages the preparations for the tenth expedi- tion, 470 ff.; manages the prepara- tions of the eleventh expedition, 490 ff. ; continues to manage the Com- pany, 619 fl^. ; activities in behalf of the Company, 620 flf. ; manages the
Index.
829
preparations for the twelfth expedi- tion, 621 flf., 631; complains to the King, 638 ; ordered to dissolve the American Tobacco Company, 644; makes an inventory of the property of the American Company, 654; let- ter written to, about the American Company, 655 Com[mers} Col[_legie'\ Protlokoll],
quotcJ, 489, 622-624 Com[mers] Colllegie] Reglistraturl, quoted, 278, 279, 344, 472-479, 489, 491-493, 500, 504, 516, 620, 627-631, 633, 636-639 Commercial companies, in Sweden,
1607-1664, 44 ff. Commercial House at Seville, com- manded by the King of Spain to release the Katt and the prisoners, 277 Commerce and trade, in Sweden, i6ck>-
1664, 38 flf.; see also Sweden Concerning Drunkards and Their De- struction, 26 " Confirmation," quoted, 566 Confiscation, see tobacco Coninck (Coningh, Koningh), Capt.
Frederick de, 593, 594, 607 Consonants (Swedish), change of, 24-
25 Constitution of Sweden, written by A.
Oxenstierna, 19 Converts, Swedes made, to the Catholic religion, 272; Campanius converts the Indians, 379; see also Indians Cooper, John, 576-577 Copenhagen, battle of Kalmar Nyckel and St. Peer, near, 251 ; see also ex- peditions Copper Company, not a success, 45, 87 Copper mining, reaches its highest de- velopment in Sweden, 34; importance of, in Sweden, 87 Copper money (Swedish k.m.), value
of, 41 Copper trade, to the West Indies, 88- 102 ; of the New Sweden Company, 288 Corals, sent to New Sweden, 255; see
also expeditions Cornelisen, Evert, sells goods to the Swedes, 342 ; see also New Sweden Cornelisen, Jacob, 760 Cornelissen, Peter, prepares to build,
434 Cornelius, quoted, 22 Cornelius, . . . , settler, 433 Corsen, Arent, commissioner at Fort
Nassau, 178 ; buys land on the Schuylkill, 179, 422, 426 Costa, B. F. de, quoted, 165-166 Council of State, 689, 698; becomes important in Sweden, 20; number of members and public function of, 21; see also expeditions Council of State, English, quoted, 621 Courland, Usselinx goes through; 62 Courts of New Sweden, 459 flf., 497 ff- Court Records (July 10, 1643, January 16, 1644), quoted, 209, 210, 211, 371, 384-388, 462 Coutinho, De Sousa, Portuguese ambas- sador to Sweden, n Coventrv, H., 12, 51 Cows, Ridder requests the Company to send over some, 198; eight landed alive in 1641, 202; bought from New Amsterdam, 313; from t^ie English,
523 Cox, William, sells a large cargo in
the colony, 311 Coxwell, Robert, touches at New Am- sterdam, 213; sails to Varkens Kill and the Schuylkill, 214 Coyet (Coijet, Cojet), Peter Julius sent to London, I2, 621; assessor in the Commercial College, 621 Coynet (Coijet, Cojet) Gilius (Julius), father of Peter Julius Coyet, sub- scribed to the South Company, 60
Cregier (Cruijer, Crygier, Kryger, Krigier, etc.), Marten (Merten), 437
Criminals, sent to New Svyeden, 152- 153. 239; see also expeditions, New Sweden and Appendix B
Cromeguwge, 113
Cromwell, Oliver, 8, 686, 696
Cronholm, quoted, 3-5, 52, 57, 61, 177
Crosswick's Creek, 548
Crown, the Swedish, stockholder in the New Sweden Company, 24 ff. ; see also expeditions
Crusius, Benedictus Olaus, first Pro- fessor of law in Sweden, 21
Cuba, Minuit to sail near, 113
Cura(;ao, 649
Curtains, belonging to Printz, 349
D
Dahlman, Sven, quoted, 49
Dal, see map; Stake, governor of, 126; tobacco trade in, 641
Dalarne, see map ; province of Swe- den, 28; location of, 149-150, 541; see expeditions
830
Index.
Daler (D.), value of, 41
Dalgren, quoted, 263
Dalin, quoted, 457
Danby, to go to New Albion, 401
Dane(?), John, member of the Dela- ware Company, 208
Danes, 682, 687 ; see also Denmark ex- peditions
Danish language, influences the Swe- dish, 23
Danker, quoted, 354
Dansk Biog. Lex., quoted, 44
Danzig, Sweden collects duty at, 6; English company at, 46
Darby Creek, Cobb's Creek, a tributary of, 328
Dartmouth, 167
Davenport, Jr., 575
Davioff, Stephen, skins sold to, 288- 289
Davis, William, member of Hartford Convention, 575
Deal, the Orn blown back to, 484
Dean, quoted, 392-393
De Hollandsche Tuyn, see ships
De Jure Sveonum et Gothorum Ves- tuto., quoted, 457 fiF.
Delaware Bay, Hudson visits, 166; named by the English, 167; Lord Baltimore's grant extending to, 172- 173; Swedes first arrive in, 182; see also South River, New Sweden Bay
Delaware (De La Ware), Cape, named by Argall, 167
Delaware Companj', formed by the English of New Haven, 208; did not relinquish its claims on the Dela- ware, 401 If.
Delaware, Lord, said to have touched the bay, 167
Delaware Reg., quoted, 411
Delaware River, 93-94, 102-103 ; 684, 686, 696, 697; see the South River
Delawares, see Lenape
Delaware Watergap, 175
Delvendahl( ?), Gabriel, member of the Tobacco Company, 291 ; not men- tioned as a member of the company in 1647, 294
Demetriowitz, Maxim, skins sold to, 288-289
Denmark, mentioned, 122, 673, 680, 682; in war with Sweden, 7-8, 250 if.; takes part in the Thirty Years' War, 5-6 ; see also seventh expedition
" Depery, Mr.," governor of Wey- mouth, 485
Diarium, quoted, 49
Dictionary, Swedish, antiquarian to collect words for, 23
Didricksen, Didrick, a Dutch Captain, arrives at Porto Rico with his ship which is made a prize, 271, 272
Diedricksson, Gierdt, subscribed to the South Company, 60
Diemen, see ships
Diet, the, of Sweden, favors the estab- lishment of the Commercial College, 17 ; made up of the four estates, 20
Dincklage (Dincklagen) Lubbert van, Vice-Director, accuses Hudde, 417; sent to the South River, 421 ; departs from New Amsterdam, 422 ; buys land from the Indians, 422; visits Printz, 422
Diplomacy of Sweden, 1625-1660, 9 ff.
Directors of the South Company, de- cide to found a ropewalk, 64; re- quest advice from the council, 65 ; plan ship building, are accused by Usse- linx of neglect of the company, 65; director appointed by the Bishops, 65 ; directors all dead, 228 ; see also the South Company, the South-Ship Company, New Sweden Company
Directors of the Dutch West India Company, quoted, 427, 432, 592; see also Stuyvesant, relation with the Dutch, expeditions
Dirschau, Usselinx leaves, 62
Disalago, Gov. Don Philipo, receives the Swedes kindly, 486
Djursholm, 331
Doc[uments relative to the Colonial History of the State of Neiu York], quoted, 112, 117-118, 143, 168-171, 179, 181-182, 186, 188, 190, 192, 194- 196, 213-214, 215, 245-248, 286, 304- 306, 311, 326, 327-328, 332, 338-339, 343. 376-378, 400-401, 403, 408, 410, 415. 417-420, 422-437, 44i-443> 445- 449. 466. 496-497, 500, 571-572, 583- 584, 586-587, 589-590, 592-595 ; 599- 604, 606-611, 614-615, 648, 650, 653, 658-667, 669-670
Dodsley-Hazlitt, quoted, 550
Dolphijn, the, see the Spiegel
Domestic trade, see Home trade
Donck, van der, quoted, 18S, 192, 355
Douwes, Capt. Anne, in readiness to embark, 594
Dove, the, see Dufvan
Dover Castle, brother of Cheverell, commander of, 484
Index.
831
Dover, Straits of, 483 ; Swedes anchor
at, 4S4 Drafts, extensively used, 40; see also
expeditions Drottning/;o/m, 331 Droysen, J. G., quoted, 61 Druveeijland, see Province Island Drystreet, Henry, quoted, 667 Dublin, sailor boy from, 154 Duck Creek, land lying south of, bought
by Ridder, 201 Dufva, Joran, on the ninth expedition, buys a bark together with Rudberus and leaves Porto Rico, 273 ; ill- treated by the French, 274 Dufvan, see ships Diinamunde, captured by the Swedish
fleet, 4 Dunkirkers, captures Dutch ship, 170 Durell, Peter, 642
Dutch, the, 681 ; allowed to settle in New Sweden, 123 ; early visits to the Dela- ware, 166; employ Hudson to go on a voyage of discovery, 166-167; visit the Delaware, 168 ff. ; plant a colony on the Delaware, 170 ff. ; said to transfer their rights of the Delaware to the Swedes, 176 ff. ; buy land from the Indians, 178-179, 411-412, 419-420, 422, 436 ff. ; protest against Minuit, 185 ff. ; too weak to oppose the Swedes on the Delaware, 195 ; merchants have trade on the Dela- ware, 198 ; settlers of, arrive at Fort Christina, 200; Ridder's troubles with, 200, 201, 207 ; protest against the English, 213 ff. ; expel the Eng- lish on the Schuylkill, 215, 380; on good terms with the Swedes, 405 ff., 460; allowed to trade in the Dela- ware, 407 ; Printz asks for more definite instructions concerning, 40S ; a new era in the Swedish-Dutch re- lations in America begins, 408 ff. ; Printz's troubles with, 409 ff. ; seek to discover a gold mine, 410-411; messengers of, complain against Printz, 414; diligence of Printz gives the Swedes an advantage over, 415; Printz complains against, 416; re- main at Fort Nassau without caus- ing further trouble for the Swedes, 416; busy improving Fort Nassau, 418; prepare to build on the Schuyl- kill, 419; erect Fort Beversreede, 420; freemen assigned places for settlement beside the Schuylkill, 422 ; Printz prevents the building of.
423 ; informed by Skute that they are not to build on the Schuylkill, 425; basis for the Dutch rights to the Schuylkill, 426 ff.; rights of the Swedes and the Dutch compared, 426-427 ; gap in the history of the Swedish-Dutch relations, 427; en- deavor to prevent Printz from buying land above Fort Nassau, 428, 430; distrust and enmity between the Dutch and the Swedes reaches its high- est point, 430-431; erect new houses on the South River, 431; planned concerted action with the Swedes against the English, 432; no data concerning the settlements of, at Fort Nassau during the winter of 1649- 1650, 432; abandoned Fort Bevers- reede, 433 ; last phase of Swedish- Dutch relations during the adminis- tration of Printz, 434 ff- ; Printz ignorant of the approach of, 435 ff. ; said by the Indians to be the first to come into the River, 436-437; pay no attention to Printz's protests, 439; Printz draws up a formal protest against, 439-440; Indian chief ap- pears at the camp of, 443; validity of the Dutch rights examined, 443 ff.; Fort Casimir erected by, 445 ; all traders in the South River compelled to pay duty to, 446 ; masters on the Delaware, 446 ff. ; Fort Beversreede abandoned by, 447; building at Fort Casimir erected by, 448 ; compelled to abandon their settlements, except that of Fort Casimir on account of the Indians, 448; Rising instructed to keep peace with, 499; colonists cause Rising a great deal of trouble, 511; fort of, not to be attacked by Rising, 581 ; Rising had no knowl- edge of the strength of, 582 ; plunder- ing New Sweden, 605 ; Fort Christina surrendered to, 608 ff. ; Rising could not agree to waive the right of com- plaint against the injuries of, 612- 613; arrangements made by, to carry out the articles of surrender, 613; protests presented to the States-Gen- eral against the occupation of the Delaware by, 648 ; have no intention of returning the colony to the New Sweden Company, 649; first period of the Swedes under Dutch jurisdic- tion, 657 ff. ; last period of the Swedes under Dutch jurisdiction.
832
Index.
663 S. ; rule of, on the Delaware and in America comes to a close, 670
Dutch language, influences the Swed- ish, 23
Dutch members, contribute to the New Sweden Company, 106 ; dissatisfied, 116; proceeds of first expedition divided among, 119; refuse to con- tribute to second expedition, 124; withdraw from company, 131 ff.
Dutch soldiers, employed in New Swe- den, 199 ; see also Christina, New Sweden, expeditions
Dyck, Gregorius van, 699, 703, 710, 716; goes on second expedition, 127; given written instruction, 204; com- plains of Van Langdonk, 129; letters from, read in the council, 146; sent to protest against Capt. Turner, 210; returns to the colony, 238 ; stationed at Fort Elfsborg, 305 ; examines the English, 384; sent to make inquiries concerning the English land-pur- chase, 385 ; sent to prevent the Dutch from building, 423 ; brings forth grave charges against Tienhoven and De Boer, 585 ; sent 230 miles into the Minquas country, 329; elected officer in the colony during the Dutch administration, 663-664; report of, 666; quoted, 127, 129-130, 146, 196, 199-200, 204-205, 612
Dyck, Jacob van, in the diplomatic service of Sweden, 9
E
Eagle, the, see the Orn
East India Company, Dutch, Hudson
in the employ of, 166; 676 Eastern passage, Swedes pass through,
269, 487 Eaton, Theophilus, member of the Delaware Company, 208; complains about the Swedes, 388; applies for commission from court of Massa- chusetts, 391 ; writes to London, 402- 403; writes to Rising, 574; interests himself in the Delaware, 575 ff. Ecoccyn, see Wicaco (Wicacoa) Edmundson, G., quoted, 49 Egg Island, see Vogele Sant Eighth Expedition, see expeditions Eindracht (Endrdkt), see ships Ekehoff, Hindrick, member of the To- bacco Company, 291 Ekenas, tobacco trade in, 641 Eksjo, tobacco to be sold at, 292
Ekstrand, quoted, 15 Elbe, Minquas Kill called, 184 Elbing, 688, 693, 694; privileges for the English Company renewed at, 46 Eleventh Expedition, see expeditions Elfsborg, see forts
Elfsborgs Ian, Hindricksson governor of, 125 ; tobacco trade in, 641 ; see also map of Sweden Eliot, Rev. John, prepares to print a catechism in the Indian language, S6i Elizabeth, Queen, quoted, 572 Elk River (The English River), 518,
569 Elsingburg Fort Point, 304-305 Elswick, Hendrick von, 762 ; commis- sion of Amundsson transferred to, 279, 492; arrives at Porto Rico and presents damages for the Katt, 280; appointed commissioner to New Swe- den, 491, 492; endeavors to rush the preparations for the eleventh expe- dition, 493 ff. ; leaves New Nether- land, 496; begins his duties in New Sweden, 503-504, 525-526 ; activities during the siege, 602 ff. ; arrives in Sweden, 6i6; quoted, 280, 481, 492-496, 504, 529, 531-533. 535> 542, 576. 579. 590. 592. 596. 602, 604-608, 6io-6i6, 631, 639; biography, 680; see also Rising and New Sweden Elswick, Herrman, probably a relative of Hendrick von Elswick, bookkeeper of the Tobacco Company, 292 Elupacken, sells lands to Minuit, 183 Encyclopaedia Brittanica, quoted, 29 Endicott, Governor John, letters sent
to, 573
Endrdkt (Eindracht, Harmony), see Eindracht
Engel Gabriel, see ships
England, 674, 676, 693, 698; Johan Oxenstierna sent to, 91 ; policy of, generally one of friendship towards Sweden, 11; alliance of, with Swe- den, 12 ; ambassadors from Sweden sent to, 12 ; treaties of, with Sweden, 621 ; see also Sweden
English caps, see caps
English Channel, ships go through, 129, 483 ; Lindestrom states that there were 90 warships in, 484; see also tenth expedition
English Company at Gothenburg, 46-
47 English Company, North (New),
Index.
833
Printz proposes to invest 20,cxx3 R.D. in, 341 English Eastland Company at Danzig,
English house, built in Fort Elfsborg,
347 English-Swedish Trading Company of
1665, 50-51 English, The, 696; apply for privileges for a Company at Gothenburg, 45- 46, 50-51; at the Delaware, 167; trade in beavers at the Delaware, 169; planting colonies in America, 172; land granted to, at the Dela- ware, 172 ff. ; rights of, transferred to the Swedes, 175-178; visit the Delaware, killed by Indians at the Delaware, 179; take possession of Fort Nassau, 180; relation of, to the Swedes, 208 ff., 380 ff., 572 ff . ; buy land on the Delaware, 208-212; trade with the Swedes on the Dela- ware, 198 ff., 309 ff., 515 flf. ; in- struction of Printz concerning, 380 ff. ; accusations of, against Printz, 388 ff. ; Printz endeavors to appease, 390 ff. ; attempts of, to reach the Great Lake, 391 ff. ; sends an expedi- tion to the Delaware, 395 ff. ; Printz reports to his Government concern- ing, 397; English in New Haven do not give up hopes of settling the South River, 400; trouble Printz no more, 401 ; send another expedition to the Delaware, 404; Printz reports that he isn't sure of the North Eng- lish, 403 ; Printz seeks the friendship of the Dutch against, 406; the Dutch anxious to join with the Swedes against, 431-432; English arrive at Christina in 1654, 572 ff. ; present claims of the Delaware to Director Rising, 573, 576; capture New Netherland, 670 Enkhuizen, 118; see also expedition Enkoping, tobacco trade, 641 Eracoise, Lake of, location of, 391 Eraso, sent to Sweden to make a treaty,
ID
Eric the Red, quoted, 165
Ericksson, Johan, secretary, pays 1000 D. to Beier, 263
Ericksson, Jonas, 480-481
Ericksson, Lars, 481
Ericksson, Mats, writes to the Govern- ment on behalf of Finns, 267
Erissmansson (Erissman), Per, 641
Ersson( ?), Per, 642 54
Erupacken, see Elupacken
Evangelical Union, Gustavus Adolphus chosen to be the leader of, 5
Evelin, makes a draft of Delaware Bay, 179
Everet, Gov., treats the Swedes kindly, 487 __
Expeditions:
First expedition, plans proposed for, 96; proposed cost of, 97; further preparations for, 104 ff. ; money furnished for, 106; desti- nation of, 107 ff. ; goods pro- cured for, 109; ships prepared for, in; cost of cargo for, iii; instructions concerning, n2 ff. ; ready to sail, 115; leaves Hol- land, 116; ships arrive in the Delaware, 117; vessels return to Europe, 117-118; skins from the expedition sold, 119; see also Kalmar Nyckel, the Grip and Minuit Second expedition, preparations for, 120; commander appointed for, 121; cargo bought for, 122; ships to be prepared for, 123 ; money supplied for, 124-125; colonists collected for, 125, 128 ; domestic animals sent on, 128 ; misfortunes of, in Holland, 128 ; leaves Europe, 129; cost of, 129; journey of, across the ocean, 129- 130; return of, to Europe, 130; see also Kalmar Nyckel, Van Vliet, Van Dyck, Ridder Third expedition, preparations in Holland for, 135-137; Bogaert sent to Sweden concerning, 137; changes in the proposed charter of, 137-138; delay of, 142-143; about to leave, 144; return of ship, 144; see also Bogaert Fourtli expedition, activities begun for, 145 ; government urges Fleming to prepare ships for, 145-146; return of Kalmar Nyckel increases interest in, 146 ; efforts to secure colonists for, 147 ; Finns collected for, 148-149; Kling to solicit col- onists for, 149-150; Printz en- gaged to look for colonists for, 150; captured Finns to be sent on, 150-151; ships of, 151; list of settlers leaving on, 151-153; cost of, 154; leaves Europe, 155; arrival at New Sweden and re-
834
Index.
turn of, 155-156; see also Kal- mar Nyckel and Charitas
Fifth expedition, preparations for, 237 ; efforts to obtain colonists for, 238; ships selected for, 240; leaves Gothenburg, 240; arrival at Fort Christina and return to Europe, 241 ; see also Swan and Fama
Sixth expedition, preparations for, 242 ff. ; Papegoja hires colonists for, 243 ; goods secured for, 243- 244; Fama returns from Ame- rica, seized in Holland, 245-248; cargo sold, 248 ; ships arrive in Gothenburg, 249; see also Fama, Sivan and Johan Printz
Seventh expedition, delayed by the Danish War, 250-252 ; report of Printz gives impetus to prepara- tions of, 253 ; a cargo for, bought by Trotzig, 253-255; articles sent on, 255-256; arrives in New Sweden, 256; return voyage 256- 257 ; see also the Gyllene Haj
Eighth expedition, cloth made for, 258; vessel selected for, 258; goods sent on, 259; government to pay for preparation of ship, 259; colonists on, 260; return of the ship, 261 ; see also the Swan
Ninth expedition, letters from New Sweden give impetus to the preparations of, 266; great num- ber of colonists on, 267-268 ; supplies sent on, 268 ; voyage of, 269 ff. ; ship wrecked at Porto Rico, 270; taken by the Span- iards, 270-271; colonists re- tained on the island, 271-272; small remnant of the colonists of, leave the island, 273 ; col- onists tortured by the French, 274; Rudberus leaves the island, 275 ; surviving colonists of, re- turn to Sweden, 275-276; efforts to secure damages for, 277 ff. ; Elswick sent to collect damages for, 279; Elswick presents bills of damages to the Governor of the Island, 279-280; see also the Katt, eleventh expedition
Tenth expedition, preliminary prep- arations for, 469 ff. ; vessels ap- pointed for, 470; Bockhorn cap- tain on, 470; a great number of colonists to be collected for, 471-472, 482; Skute appointed
to hire soldiers and laborers for, 471 ff. ; officers sent to the col- ony on, 475 ff. ; goods sent on, 473 ; expedition delayed, 478 ; people on, reviewed, 479-482 ; expenses on account of the delay, 482; leaves harbor, 483; en- counters storms, 483 ; arrives at Dover, 484; leaves the shores of Europe, 485; arrives at the Canary Islands, 485-486; casts anchor in the harbor of St. Christopher, 487 ; anchors in the Bay of Virginia, 488 ; passes the Bay of New Sweden, 488 ; anchors in the harbor of Chris- tina, 489 ; returns to Europe,
499> 519 1 •J"' "l^" the Orn Eleventh expedition, soldiers, col- onists and sailors on, 480-481; final preparations for, 490; one of its objects to collect damages for the Katt, 277 ff., 492 ff.; officers appointed for, 277 ff., 491 ff. ; delay of, 493-494; sets sail, 495; arrives at St. Michael, 495 ; arrives at Porto Rico, 495 ; arrives in America, 496 ; see also the Gyllene Haj Twelfth expedition, activities on behalf of, 625 ff., 629, 631; a new ship bought for, 631-632; sailors hired to take part in, 632; efforts to gather colonists for, 633; delay of, 634; classified list of colonists on, 634; cost of, 635; arrival at the South River of, 635, 659; landing of the people of, 661; return of, 635, 662; see also Mercurius, Papegoja and Huygen
F
Factories, in Sweden, cloth, shoe, glove, 34; see also Sweden
Faden, Dutch and German, see famn
Fahlcrantz, quoted, 457-459
Falk, the, see ships
Falkenberg (Falckenberck), Conrad von, 676; writes to the chancellor about the copper trade, 88 ; Blom- maert corresponds with, 88-89; com- municates with Blommaert, 90; col- lects money for second expedition, 124; quoted, 88-90
Falkman, quoted, 42, 471
Falun, tobacco to be sold at, 292
Famn, length of, 42
Index.
835
Famn (cubic), cord, size of, 627 n. 36
Fat, size of, 42
Fe^reus (Fegraeus) Stromfelt, Johan, subscribed to the South Company, 60
Fehmarn, ships taking part in the bat- tle of, 251
Feif, Jacob, lawsuit against, 292; quoted, 292
Ferdinand, defeats Horn and Bernhard, 6, 82, 91
Ferkenski!, see Varkens Kill
Fernovr, B., mistaken in thinking the land near Egg Harbor was settled, 412; quoted, 165, 168, 4.09, 412
Ferris, Benjamin, quoted, 182, 305, 32S, 663
Field, Darby, an Irishman, 394
Fijrborn, Johan, member of the first Tobacco Company, 161; of second Tobacco Company, 291
Findley, quoted, 456-457
Finland, 691, 692; conditions in, simi- lar to those in Sweden, 31; people in, desirous to migrate, 31; popula- tion of, 31-32; history of, 31; com- pany organized for the benefit of the trade of, 45 ; Usselinx collects money in, 62 ; letters to be written to gov- ernors in, 68 ; cities in, gradually join the company, 71-72 ; club war in, 147; vagrants commanded to return to, 148 ; reasons for the migra- tion of Finns from, 148 ; emigrants from, on fifth expedition, 239; col- onists from, on sixth expedition, 243 ; articles furnished for the Caribbean tobacco trade, 244; colonists from, on the ninth expedition, 267; salt sent to, in 1642, 288 ; large quantities of tobacco smuggled into, tobacco sent to, 292 ; houses in, in olden times, 345-365; author purchases a pair of shoes in, 357; author ob- serves bath-houses in, 361; belfry commonly built away from the church, in, 366; burning of the forests common in, 528 ; customs ob- served in, 543 ff. ; Viborg, a city in, joins the American Company, 624; business of the American Company in, 641 ff. ; families from, land in Holland, 650 Finnish houses, see dwellings and cus- toms, 345 ff. "Finn-Jan," 544-545 Finns, the Swedish language among, 31; desire to migrate, 31; migrate to northern and central Sweden, 147 ff. ;
break mandates of the Crown, 148; apply for permission to go to Amer- ica, 149 ; Lejonhufvud to capture, 150; on the sixth expedition, 243; 200 desire to go to New Sweden, 267; two from Finnland on the ninth expedition, 267; proposals that a lot of Finns be sent to the colony, 322; dwellings erected bj-, 345 ff.; beer brewed by, 354; skilled in making articles from birch-bark, understood the value of bathing, 357; bath- houses erected by, 358; peculiar cus- tom among, 359 ff. ; supposed to have borrowed their method of bathing from their neighbors, 361 ; store- houses built by, 363 ff.; mill bought from, in New Sweden, 464; rent a farm at Upland, 524; tanners, 535; homesteads at Christina, 543 ; sup- posed to possess particular power of performing supernatural things, 544; witchcraft among, 545 ; go on the last expedition, 634; sent to the col- ony in 1664, 650-651; about to de- part to the South River, 652; grad- ually gain the confidence of the Dutch, 664-665 ; proposals to tax, number of, 665-666; the Swedish language not understood by, 666 ; said to be good farmers, 666 ; prop- erty of, 667 ; continue to have their own officers together with the Swedes, 667; absolved from their former oaths, granted land by the Dutch, 669
Flnsk bastu {badstu), 358 ff. ; descrip- tion of, in Swedish towns, 361-362; see also bath-houses
Firearms, Swedish, famous in England,
".34 Fireplaces, probably built in Christina, 193; description of, 204, 346-347, 358,
537-539 Fischbeck (Vischbeek, Wisbeck),
Johan, member of the new Tobacco
Company, 298 Fish Company, 50 Fishing, means of subsistence in New
Sweden, 203 ; implements for, 203 ;
see also New Sweden Fiske, John, quoted, 377 Five Nations, White Minquas at war
with, 188-189 Flags, cloth for, brought to New Swe- den, 317; see also New Sweden, the
Dutch and forts Flanders, 609, 695
836
Index.
Fleetwood, George, sent to England, I2
Fleming, Herman, 19
Fleming, Klas, president of the first Commercial College in Sweden, 16 ; favors English Company at Gothen- burg, 46 ; makes proposition about South-Ship Company, 73 ; advises that ships be sent to Spain, 74; ap- points men to re-establish the com- pany, meets a committee of the estates, 79; appointed to meet the directors, 80; appointed to correspond with Spiring about the company, loi ; letters sent to, 104-105 ; con- tributes to the company, 106 ; ap- pointed director, 107 ; requests Blom- maert to hire seamen, 109-110; jour- nals and sketches of Minuit sent to, 118; orders skins to be sold in Hol- land, 119; makes preparations for second voyage, 120-121; appoints Van Vliet to lead second expedition, 121 ; continues his preparations for second voyage, 122-123 < confers with Van Vliet, 124; furnishes money for the expedition, 125 ; gives instruc- tion to Ridder, 127 ; decides to send a small number of domestic animals to the colony, 128 ; gives memorial to Beier, 132; memorial for Bonnell drawn up by, 132-133; commercial plans presented to, by Smythe, 133; interest in the Utrecht settlement, 135; writes to Oxenstierna about Utrecht settlement, 136; urged to make ready two ships for a new expedition, 145 ; procures articles for the fourth expedition, 151; one of his servants sent to America, 152; complaints made to the council through, 159; consults the magis- trates at Stockholm concerning the South-Ship Company, 221 ; makes proposals for the increase of capital of the New Sweden Company, 223 ; proposes that the Crown should par- ticipate in the company, 224; sub- scribes to the company, 228 ; con- tinues as director of the compan", 229 ; reorganizer of the Swedish Navy, 229-230; death of, 230, 251; heirs of, written to, 623 ; quoted, 43, 121, 123-126, 128, 136, 227, 290; biography, 680 Florida, Minuit to take possession of land in, 114; Rising has plans to sail to, 479
Florida Company, see New Sweden Company
Florijn, see Florin
Florin (fl.), value of, 41
FI[ottans] Ar[kiv], 801
Fluviander, Rev. Israel Holg, 304; goes to New Sweden with Printz, 371; no commission from the government, de- cides to return home, 371 ; service in the colony, 371-372; difficulties con- cerning his salary, 372; returns home, 330, 371-372; biography, 68i
Flygge, Chrispinus, appointed general director, 641-642
Flying Deer, see Het Vliegende Hert
Focke, Johan, member of the New To- bacco Company, 298
" Forklaring," quoted, 358, 364-365, 372. 454. 462, 464
Foenix, see ships
Folkestone, 485
Foot, Swedish, see fot
Forbes, Alexander, sent to Stockholm,
Foreign Entry Books (Sweden), Pub.
Rec. Office, quoted, 12, 621 Foreign laborers, engaged in Sweden,
33-34 Forestry, Rising draws up ordinances
concerning, 499, 508-509 " Forhoor," quoted, 598-599, 601 Forks, not found in the colony, 355 Forts :
Altena (Altona), name of Fort Christina changed to, 664; see also Fort Christina Beversreede, meaning of the name, 420; built by the Dutch to control the beaver trade in the Schuylkill, 420; corn planted in the neighborhood of, by the Swedes, 335; Printz builds a log-house near, 424; house be- gun within the walls of, 425; abandoned in 1650, 433; reoccu- pied in 1651, 434; finally aban- doned, 447 Casimir, erection begun, 439; loca- tion of, armament of, 445 ; events at, in the summer of 1652 un- known, 447; dwellings erected at, tenth expedition arrives at, 489; council decided to take possession of, 582; Swedes take possession of, 583; name changed to Fort Trefaldighet, 584; see also Fort Trefaldighet Christina, 681, 690; built by Min-
Index.
837
uit, 192-193, sketch of, 117-118; second expedition arrives at, Ridder commander of, 127, 197; poor condition of, 197; Dutch to be located above, 138-139; Dutch arrive at, 200; fourth ex- pedition arrives at, 202 ; to be garrisoned by Swedish soldiers, 238; fifth expedition arrives at, 241 ; Printz takes over the com- mand of, 302 ; repaired by Printz, 307; English and Dutch visit during the time of Printz, 304, 311 ff. ; Spanish wine sup- plied to the sick in, 315; Gyllene Haj casts anchor before, 328 ; Sican anchors in the harbor of, 334; Suan leaves the harbor of, 337; the Cock anchored above, 383 ; court of inquiry held in, 384-387, 459 ff. ; black Minquas act as if they wished to scale the walls of, 387; Papegoja com- mander at, 452; principal prison located in, 454; government transferred from, to Fort New Gothenborg, 455; government of New Sweden again removed to, 466, 497 ff. ; principal storehouse during Rising's time, kept at, 503 ff. ; commission to draft ordinance for New Sweden meets at, 504; courts held at, during the time of Rising, 510 ff. ; re- paired by Rising, 522-523 ; lands in the neighborhood of, cleared, 523-524; Indians arrive at, dur- ing the time of Rising, 563 ff. ; English from Maryland arrive at, 572 ; fortifications improved at, 603 ; Dutch lay seige to, 603- 604; the Dutch inclose on every side, 604; surrendered to Stuy- vesant, 608-610; Stu\vesant offers to return the fort to the Swedes, 611, value of, in 1654- 1655, 527; seat of power at, transferred to Fort Casimir, 657; name of, changed to Altena, 664; allowed to go to ruin, 663 ; center of power of the company's col- ony located at, 664; see also Altena (Altona) Elfsborg, location of, 304-305 ; built by Printz in 1643, 304- 305 ; Sven Skute in command of, 305; armament and garrison of, 305 ; key to the river, 305 ; cora-
pells Aspinwall to cast anchor, 396; abandoned by Printz, 339; in ruins as Rising arrives, 582; Stuyvesant casts anchor before and makes his camp over night
at. 597 Nassau, Dutch must pass, 138 ; erected by May, 170 ; deserted by the Dutch, 178-179; English capture, 180; garrison at, main- tained, 181; Jan Jansen com- missioner at, 181; Minuit sails above, 185; Minuit is prevented from passing, 186; garrisoned by about 20 men, 207 ; Utrecht colony to be located above, 138; fires at Ridder's vessel, 207; in- structions given to the commis- sary of, to remove the English, 215; Gov. Printz sends secretly to the commissary at, reouesting him not to let the English pass, 396; Aspinwall prevented from passing, 396; Printz ordered to be on friendly terms with Hol- landers at, 405 ; Dutch trade at, 407; friendly relations continue while Jansen is in command at, 408 ; Printz's instructions con- cerning, 409 ; Blanck sent to, 409 ; Dutch commissary at, lost no time in reporting to New Amsterdam, 410; traders resid- ing at, 412; Dutch remain at, 416; Hudde's return to, 417; Dutch busy improving, 418 ; Swedish bark passes, 418; In- dians appear at, 419; Dutch magistrates arrive at, 422; Hudde leaves, in want of pro- visions, 424; Hudde returns to, 425; Stuyvesant did not go to, 427; Printz endeavors to buy land above, 428, 430; permission given to the Dutch to settle be- low, 428 ; Dutch buy land south of 431; Stu>'vesant arrives at, 436; Indian chiefs come to, 436 ff. ; abandoned, and cannon of, brought to Fort Casimir, 445 ; directors are not sure that the demolition of, was a prudent act, 447 Neiu Gothenborg, location of, 305 ; built by Printz, 306; armament of> 305-306 ! gunners at, 306 ; destroyed by fire, 326; rebuilt, 326
838
Index.
Nya Korsholm (New Korsholm), built on Manaiping, 213 ; located a gun-shot in the Schuylkill, 331 ; Mans Kling commander of, 331-332, 453; abandoned, 339; burnt by the Indians, 497-4.98 Orange, feared that Printz would destroy the trade at, 431 Fot (foot), length of, etc., 43 Foxes, black, to be captured at Isle de
Sable, 113 France, trade with, 73 ; ships go to, 154; relation of, to Sweden, 11; document "of the King of," 217; see also expedition and Oxenstierna Franck, Joh., quoted, 158 Frankfort-on-Main, 82 Fredricksson, David, skipper, 632 Freedenhurgh (ship), see ships Freeman, quoted, 456 " Frelsebonder," explained, 517 French Company, 46 Frenchman, probable visits of, to the Delaware, 165; captures the remnant of the Swedes from the ninth expe- dition, 273 ; ill-treats the Swedes, 273 ff. Fresh River, 676
Fridericia, quoted, 8-9, 33, 250, 251 Friedell, Peter, to aid in the prepara- tion of the tenth expedition, 470, 642 Fries, Ellen, quoted, 6, 17, 19, 469, 475 Fries, Jon Hansson, 641 Friesland, 696 Frieze, price of, 352 Frishe and Company, Jacob, beaver
skins sold to, 157 Frosthult, 679 Fruit trees, 531; see also New Sweden,
Printz, Rising and agriculture Fryxell, quoted, 30, 551 Fuerborn, Johan, see Johan Fijrborn
Gall, Hans, bookkeeper of South-Ship
Company, 71 Gallas, defeats Horn and Bernhard, 6,
82, 91 Gangunkel, Paul, builds a factory at
Bergkvarna, 34 Garden, George, buys tobacco, 159 Gard\iska\ Arc/ilivet}, De la, quoted,
21, 23, 25-26, 29-30, 39, 43, 289 Gardie, Jacob de la, 693, 694; conducts
the Russian campaign, 4; in Poland,
5 Gardie, De la, letter sent to, 656
Gardie, Countess Marie de la, con- tributes to the American Company, 624 Gardiner, quoted, 5, 7, 12, 91, 177-178 Gdsen, see ships Geer, Laurence de, 478 Geer, Louis de, 673 ; relations with Comenius, 27; enters into an agree- ment with the South-Ship Company about the founding of a ropewalk, 64; to insure the Achilles, 133; buys King David; quoted, 12, 48 Gefle, Usselinx visits, 62 Geijer, Eric Gustaf, quoted, 4, 7, 52-
53. 59, 61, 79, 98, 251, 252, 554 General Commercial Company, 83 Genleral] Handsels'] och Skep{p']s- klompaniertj, quoted, 65, 71-73, 78, 80, 163 Genezereth (Gennesareth), Lake of,
391 Geogr[aplna Americael, 683 ; written by Lindestrom, account of, 555-560; quoted, 188, 190-191, 193, 274; see also Lindestrom Geraet (Gerardy), Jan, trades in the
South River, 417-418 German correspondence, to be con- ducted by Beier, 225 German language, influences the Swed- ish, 23 Germany, 682, 688 ; Swedish arms in, 90-91; Swedes in danger of being driven out of, 91 ; Usselinx detained in, 120; Gustavus Adolphus sails for, 7 g.g., see guldgiillen Gilbert, Matthew, member of the Dela- ware Company, 208 Gilded Lion, see Forgylda Lejonet Ginea, see Guinea Glass, factory, in Sweden, 34 Glass windows, see window-panes Glogau, victories at, 302 Gloria Dei, 366; see Old Swedes Church Goa, 650 Goats, two landed alive in 1641, 202;
see also New Sweden Goblets, horn, sent to New Sweden, 255 Godyn, Samuel, 676; applies for privileges to found a colony on the South River, 170; proprietor of the Swanendael, 171 Goldscheider, quoted, 43 Gomes, Estevan, said to have visited
the country, 165 Goodyear, Stephen (a London mer- chant, died 1658), vice-governor,
Index.
839
member of the Delaware Company, 208 ; sent to treat with the Swedes, 578 ff.
Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, given a patent for the discovery of the Great Lake, 392; sends Capt. Neal to America, 393-39+, quoted, 391-394
Goteborgs Hist., quoted, 478
Gothenburg, no, in, 122, 124, 125, 130, 683, 695, 697; manufacture of glass at, 63; factor at, 123; goods bought at, 105, 125 ; tobacco sold at, 233; tobacco trade at, 641; see also expeditions
Gothland, 692
Goths, Christina, Queen of, 184
Gothus, bishop, quoted, 28
Gotland (ship), see ships
Government, departments of, in Swe- den, 15; constitutional, 19; handed over to Christina in 1644, 20; self- government in Sweden dates to an- tiquity, 20; system of, 21; a stock- holder in the New Sweden Com- pany, 245 ff. ; in New Sweden during the time of Printz, 450 ff. ; of Rising,
497 ff-
Granaries, 364
Granberg, quoted, 30
Grange, De la, 690
Granlund, quoted, 49
Grantvagan, 540
Graphaeus, Anthon, appointed to raise subscriptions in Sweden, 66
Grasmeer, Wilhelraus, 437
Gravesend (Gravesand), in New Eng- land, 510
Great Lake, to be discovered by Young, 179; English try to discover, 392 ff.
Gregson (Grigson), Thomas, member of the Delaware Company, 208 ; com- plains about the Swedes, 388
Greifswald, 688
Grensmohlen, 682
Grimm's Law, foreshadowed by Georg Stiernhjelm, 25
Grip, see ships
G.ips/;o/m, 331
Groote C/iristoffel, see ships
Grotenfelt, quoted, 528
Grotius, in the diplomatic service of Sweden, 9
Grubbe, Lars, assessor in the Com- mercial College, 16
Guilder (gulden), value of, 41
Guilds, in Sweden, 43
Guinea, copper sent to, 89 ; navigation to, 92 ; see also copper trade
Guinean Company, see New Sweden Company
Guinean trade, 95 ; see also the West Indian trade
Guiney, 621 ; see also Guinea
Gulden, see guilder
GuldgUllen, same as gold guilder (gul- den), 88
Gummere, quoted, 361
Gustaf L, King of Sweden, treaty with England, 11; founds the city of Vasa in Finland, 328
Gustavus Adolphus, 679, 686, 688; as- cends the Swedish throne, 3 ; con- ducts the Russian campaign in per- son, 4; called upon to become the leader of the Protestants, 5 ; engages in the Thirty Years War, 6 ; gives a royal assurance, 19; the Bible of, 22; charters trading companies, 45 ff . ; grants audience to Usselinx, 53; gives commission to Usselinx to found a general trading company, 53-54; grants charter to the South Company, 54; appoints two directors for the South Company, 58 ; con- tributes to the company, 59; Usselinx' visit to, 61 ; gives privileges to Bon- nell, 63-64; greatly interested in the ropewalks of the South Company, 64; assigns a small vessel to the South Company, 66; Usselinx ob- tains his release from, 68 ; proposes the founding of a ship company, 69; presents the needs of the ship com- pany to the diet, 70; contributions to the South-Ship Company, 71 ; takes interest in the New South Company, 81; well disposed towards Finnish migration to Sweden, 147; makes treaty with Buckingham, 177 ; biog- raphy, 681
Gylle(?), de, 76
Gyllene Haj, see ships
Gyllengren, Elias, buys goods at Nevr Amsterdam, 339; returns to the col- ony in the capacity of a Lieutenant, 477; complains to the governor, 486; sent ashore by Rising to demand the surrender of Fort Casimir, 583; con- ferences with Dutch, 598, 614; wife of, killed, 663; remains in the col- ony, 663 ; see also Fort Trefaldighet
Gyllenpatron, X'ajor, 691
Gymnasier, secondary schools in Swe- den, 27
840
Index.
H
Haakansson, Haakan, 493 Haarlem, 675
Hachaman, Indian chief, 564 Hague, 118, 674, 675, 695; Oxenstierna's
visit at, 91; see also Spiring, Blom-
maert, Minuit and Trotzig Ha'h see Gyllene Ha] Hakluyt, quoted, 550 Half Moon, see ships Hall, Printz, see Printz Hall Halland, tobacco trade in, 641 Hamburg, mentioned, 105, 675, see also
Usselinx Hamel, 676
Haramel (Hammal), 716 Hand, och Ndringar, Nord. Saml.,
quoted, 622, 644, 646 Hand. ror. Shan. Hist., quoted, 45, 58,
95, 126, 149, 151 Hanneman, B., 641 Hansa League, 44 Hansson, Hans, to sell tobacco for the
Company, 292 Hansson, Isak, to sell tobacco for the
Company, 292 Hansson, Krister, 641 Hards-cloth, price of, 352 Harkhofen, brings 40 families into the
South River, 447 Harlingen, Swedish ships at, 245 ; see
also expeditions Harmensen, Pieter, granted land, 411;
did not settle the land, 412 Harmony, see Endriikt Harommuny, Island of, Dutch prepare
to build at, 434 Harrington, quoted, 190 Hart, Albert Bushnell, quoted, 573 Hartford, New England, 515; see also
Jacob Svensson and the English Hartford Convention, 574-575 Hartung, quoted, 361 Harvey, Sir John, Governor, quoted,
167 Hasser, H., quoted, 29 Hastenas, 495 Hattowens, Indian chief, sold land to
the Dutch, 429 Hazard, Ebenezer, (State Papers),
quoted, 173, 175, 213-215, 402 Hazard, Samuel, quoted, 57, 117, 139,
141, 143, 169-170, 172, 179, 185-186,
192, 194, 196, 304-305, 320, 326, 328,
334, 338, 343, 350, 382, 410-411, 413,
417-418, 451-452, 466, 529, 578, 587,
589-590, 592, 595, 598-599, 601, 648, 658-659, 665, 670
Heckemak, 381
Hedderly, 366
Hedemora, tobacco to be sold at, 292, 642
Heffner, Jacob, mayor of Borga, salt assigned to, 288
Heikel, quoted, 346
Heilbronn, 81; League of, practically dissolved, 91
Heimer, quoted, 177
Heinsius, Nicolaas, demands presented to, 649
Helsingor, mentioned, 105, 493 ; ships arrive at, 261, 472 ; see also expedi- tions
Hemming, Clas, suit against, 233
Hemp, Ridder requests, 198
Hemp Company at Riga, 47-48
Henlopen, Cape, 384; Bogaert proposes to build a fort at, 143 ; Cabot prob- ably passed, 165; Godyn and Blom- maert buy land at, 170; Printz to build a stronghold at, 303
Hennepin, quoted, 560
Henrietta Maria, Queen, Maryland called in honor of, 173
Henry VIII., treaty with Sweden, 11
Henry, Prince, letter of recommenda- tion for Usselinx to, 68
Hercules, see ships
Hernevi, 678
Hernlund, quoted, 23
Herrman, Augustin, authorizes to col- lect debts, 339; brings news about the shipwreck of the Katt, 433 ; signs Indian deed, 422; map of, 189; quoted, 188-190
Hessen, Landtgrefven af, 98
Hewes, Josua, member of the Company formed at Boston, 395
Heyde, de, 652
Heyes, Capt. Peter, sails to the Dela- ware, 170; founds Swanendael at the Horn (Hoere) Kill, 171
Hielmare Canal, constructed, 39
Hildebrand, quoted 3-8, 10-12, 15, 20- 21, 49, 57, 251, 252, 282, 356, 456-
459, 641 Hill, Valentine, member of the Com- pany formed at Boston, 395 Hindricksson, Jon, skipper, 632 Hindricksson, Johan, governor, con- tributes to second expedition, 125 ; secures colonists, 126-127; successful, 127 ; letters to be sent to, 146 ; to
Index.
841
consult Roloffson, 147; supplies pro- visions, 224; see also expeditions Hindrickson (Hindrixsz., Henderickse), van der Water (de Waeter, Waet- ter), Jan (Jehan, Johan), skipper on Kalmar Nyckel, 112 ff. Hindricksen, Thering, 760 Hinoyossa, Alexander d', made Direc- tor, 666; arrives at South River, 667; made commander of the colonies, 669 Hisingen, 493 Hist. Arkisto, quoted, 37 Hist. Bibl., quoted, 48, 244 Hist. Col. of Mass., quoted, 208, 213 Hist. Mag., quoted, i88, 190, 259, 595,
597-598, 600-601, 603, 608 Hist, of IFyoming, quoted, 208 Hist[orisi] Tid[skrift}, quoted, 9, 30, 34, 36, 37, 40, 378, 475, 552, 555, 646 Hjarne, quoted, 457 Hjarta, quoted, 456
Hjort, Rev. Peter, on tenth expedition, 478 ; stationed at Fort Trefaldighet, 546-547, 614 Hodge, quoted, 188 Hoeufft, Mattheus, shares in a brass
factory at Nacka, 89 Hocffnaegell, Jaris, shares in Company,
106 Hoere Kill, see Horn Kill Hof, Printz, see Printz Hall Hofberg, quoted, 29 Hogstrom, quoted, 49 Holidays, observed in the colony, 369
flf. ; special, 370, 346-347 Holland, 327, 641, 674, 675, 682, 684, 693, 695, 696, 698; defeats Spain, 3; friend of Sweden, 12-13; controls the shipping of the Baltic, 13; turns against Sweden, 8, 13-14; skilled w-orkmen imported from, 64; mate- rials secured in, 64; merchants of, 91; sailors hired in, 109-1 11 ; tobacco sent from, 161 ff.; mentioned, 327, 641; see also expeditions. Spiring, Trotzig, Oxenstierna, Bloramaert Hollander, quoted, 27, 29 Hollandica, quoted, 649 Hot. Doc. quoted, 410 Holm., Rev., see Campanius Holm, Thomas Campanius, repeats statement of Rising, 175; quoted, 176, 190-191, 240-241, 261, 347, 367, 374, 376, 379, 482, 535, 554, 559-560 Holm, Theodor, quoted, 16, 39 Holm(e), meaning of, 331 Holmberg, quoted, 30
Holstein, trade from, 46 ; harbors in,
142 Holmes, George, sails up to Fort Nas- sau, 180 Home-trade, in Sweden, 40 Hooghkamer, Hendrik, takes place of
Van Reede, 138 Hook, Erick Ericksson, petition of, 249 Hooks, fish, sent to New Sweden, 255; see also expeditions and New Sweden Hook, Lieut. Sven, on the Haj from Stockholm to Gothenburg, 480; ap- pointed in the place of Amundsson in New Sweden, 491 ; papers of Amundsson given to, 492; salary of, 503; arrived at Christina, 525; re- fused to sign inventory, 589; sent to look for the Dutch, 596 ff. ; released, 612; reports to Trotzig, 616 Hoorn, see ships
Hopp, Capt. Berendt Hermansson, 760; makes a trading journey to the Carib- bean Islands, 244 ff. ; owes the com- pany, 247, 642 Horn, Clas, subscribed to the South
Company, 60 Horn, Evert, conducts the Russian
Campaign, 4 Horn, Gustaf, Field Marshal, takes part in Russian campaign, 5; army of, defeated, 6, 82, 91 Horn, Paridon von, subscribed to the
South Company, 60 Horn (Hoorn) Kill, colonists to be settled at, 143; colony at, 170-171 ; name discussed, 171; goods sent to, 563 ; see also Swanendael Horses, sent to New Sweden, 128; five landed alive in 1641 in New Swe- den, 202 ; bought from New Amster- dam, 331; sold to the English, 523 Horst, van der, see Godard van Reede Houses, built by Minuit in Fort Chris- tina, 118, 193; built at Fort Nassau, 178 ; description of, in New Sweden, 204, 345 ff., 537 ff. Howkeshocken, English lands extend
from, 211 Hubbard, see Col. of Mass. Hist. So. Hudde, Andries (Anders), appointed the_ successor of Jansen, 408 ; more active and aggressive than jansen, 409 ; orders Blanck to proceed to the Schuylkill, 409; advises Governor Kieft of the troubles with the Swedes, 410; attempts to ascend the Delaware in search of gold, 411; buys land from the Indians, 412 ff. ;
842
Index.
protests against the Swedes, 413- 414; complains tliat the Swedes stirred up the Indians against the Dutch, 415; personal relations with Printz seem to have been cordial, 416; goes to New Amsterdam to re- port, 417; ordered to erect a house at Fort Nassau, 418 ; in dispute with the Swedes, 418-419; receives a grant of land from the Indians, 419-420; erects fort Beversreede, 420; Stuy- vesant writes to, 420-421 ; ordered to send Indians to New Amster- dam, 420-421 ; instructed to inform the commissioners about the situa- tion of the River, 421-422; Printz complains about the actions of, 423 ; goes again to New Amsterdam, 424; accused of fraud, 424-425; about to report, 426; buys new land from the Indians, 428 ff. ; instructed to join hands with Printz against the English, 432; signs the deed, d37 ; aids in making a map for Ri- sing of the South River, 517; prom- ised to serve Rising as faithfully as he had served his former master, 585 ; examined at court because he was accused of desertion, 512; member of the council in the South River under the Dutch, 657; sent to New Amsterdam, 661 ; quoted, 323, 410, 418-419, 422, 425-426, 429
Hudson, Henry, an Englishman of Lon- don, 166; Spaniards, visit New York a century before, 165 ; enters service of the Dutch East India Company, 166; in the Delaware Bay, 166; re- turns to Europe, 167
Hudson River, Printz to be on good terms with the Dutch on, 405 ; Stuy- vesant supposes that Printz intends to build a fort at the source of, 430- 431; feared that the English would try to get possession of, 432
Hunting, in New Sweden, 202-203 ; see also New Sweden
Huygen, Hendrick (Hendrik Huygen, Huyghen, Hughen, Hugen), appointed commissioner for the colony, 112; re- turns to Sweden, 130; sent to Holland to buy goods, 145; sells tobacco, 161- 162; signs the deeds of the first land bought by the Swedes, 184; mer- chandise left in the charge of, 194; tried to obtain a cargo for the re- turning ships of the fourth expedi- tion, 155; protest addressed to, 216;
sent to New Amsterdam to buy sup- plies and bring back deserters, 310- 311; sent to New Amsterdam on the second expedition to buy oxen, 313; sent into the Minquas country with merchandise, 329; sent into the Minquas country in 1647, 332; states that the Hollanders conducted a harmful inland trade, 335; letter of introduction for, 407 ; sent to remove the Dutch arms from the limits of the land, 413; Hudde complains about, 414; sent to deliver a protest to the Dutch, 420; estimate of, 453; secretary or clerk at the court, 459- 461; returns to Sweden, 466; arrives in Sweden, 619; stock-holder in the American Company, 626; returns to the colony as liead commissary and in charge of the ship, 634; lands at Fort Casimir, 659; arrested as an enemy of the state, 659 ; goes to New Amsterdam to present his case before the council, 660; differences with Papegoja, remains in the colony and enters Dutch service, 662 ; 684, 762 ; quoted, 154-155, 201, 204, 210, 659 Hvittis Socken, colonists from, 243
I
Illiteracy, in Sweden, among the Dela- ware Swedes, 28 Imports, into Sweden, 34; see also Swe- den and New Sweden Inch, Swedish, length of, 42 Indeanischen Estata Rathen, 277 Indians, destroy the Swanendael col- ony, 171; Young trades with, 179; kill English in Delaware, 179; in- form the Dutch of the presence of the English in the Delaware, 179- i8o; Minuit buys land from, 183- 184; Ridder buys land from, 200 flF. ; trade with Minuit, 187-191; gifts presented to, 192; trade with the Swedes, 185, 187, 191 ff., 199, 309 ff., 568 ff. ; Printz buys land from, 332, 335. 3371 Rising buys land from, 564 ff., 567 ff., 569 ff. ; English buy land from, 208 ff. ; Dutch buy land from, 170 ff., 178-179, 412 ff., 422, 428 ff., 436 ff. ; relation of, with the Swedes, 199, 375 ff., 563 ff.; stirred up by the Dutch against the Swedes, 276, 415, 420 Industries, see Sweden and New Swe- den
Index.
843
Ingerraanland (Ingria), ceded by Russia to Sweden in 1617, 4.; efforts to raise subscriptions in, 67
Inkomna skrifvelser (K.A.), quoted, 163
Innsbruclc, 679
Instructions, quoted, 210, 214, 303, 309, 312, 404, 408, 450, 498-500
Insurance, 40, 145
Ireland, Lord Justice of, issues grant to Plowden, 174
Irish, probable visits of, to the Dela- ware, 165
Iron works, Swedish, famous in Eng- land, II, 34
Iroquois, meaning of, 187; Lakes and Rivers of, 191-192; see also Black and White Minquas, Indians and New Sweden
Iroquoian tribes, location of, 187
Isin-glass, Swedes said to have made windows of, 348
Isle de Sable, to be occupied by Swedes, 112; to trade at, 114; to be called Christina, 113; black foxes to be hunted on, 113; cattle to be captured on, 113; maps of, to be made, 112
Italy, 688 ; relation with Sweden, 9
J
Jacie, Henry, quoted, 398
Jacobs O., see Jacque's Island
Jacobsson, Jacob, subscribed to the South Company, 60
Jacobstad, tobacco trade in, 641
Jacque's Island (Jacobs O), Printz to build a stronghold on, 303
Jacquet, Jean Paul (Paulus), ap- pointed Vice-Director, 657; assumes his office, 658; petition to, 659; re- ports to Stuyvesant, 659-661 ; com- plaints against, 664
Jamaica, 177
James I., King of England, vanity of, 4; gives privileges to Lord Balti- more, 172
James City, see Jamestown
Jameson, Dr. p., quoted, 38, 45, 52-54, 57-58, 62-65, 68, 77, 81-83, '02, 120, 167, 169, 172, 466, 573, 595, 600, 603, 666
Jamestown, 174, 382; Charles I. sends a document to, 216
Jamtland, 682
Janeke, Hans, barber-surgeon, hired to go to New Sweden, 243 ; arrives in the colony, 317, 634
Jannson, Johan, cartographer, quoted, 391
Jansen, Andrian, 759
Jansen, Jan, skipper, trading on the South River, 343
Jansen, Jan, commissioner of Fort Nas- sau, 181; arrives on the South River, 186; shoots at the Swedish sloop, 207 ; reports the presence of the Enflish to New Amsterdam, 214; expels the English from the Schuyl- kill, 215; testifies against Lamberton, 384-385; ordered not to let Aspin- wall pass Fort Nassau, 396; on good terms with the Swedes, 407-408 ; ac- cused of fraud, Hudde appointed his successor, 408 ; Hudde more aggres- sive than, 409 ; member of the court in 1643, 460
Jansen, Peter, sells goods to the Swedes, 310
Jansen, Pouwel, commander of Kalmar Nyckel, 129, 759
Jansen, Peter, witness, 382
Janssen, Jan, Capt., 258
Jansson, Anders, 474
Jansson, Bartolomeus, rope-maker, 65
Jansson, Jacob, 762
Jansson, Thomas, see Thomas Johan- sson
Jansson, VV., quoted, 75
Jeffery, Thomas, member of the Hart- ford Convention, 575 ; to go to the Delaware, 578
Jena, 686, 688
Jesuit Relations, quoted, 334
Jews, exempt from military service, 594; trade at the South River, 658- 659
Joachimss, Johan, 758
Jochimsen, Jan, 760
Jochimson, see colonists
Johanss., Peter, 758
Johansson, M., secretary on Kalmar Nyckel. 245; badly wounded, 251
Johansson, Thomas, member of the tobacco company, 161, 291
Johnson, Col. R. G., quoted, 305
Jol, admiral, 195
Jonkoping, difficulty in raising shares, 70; 689
Jonkopings Ian, 689
Jonsson, Anders, 761
Jonsson, Jon, 642
Jonsson, Pafvel, account of, 352
Joransen, Andrian, skipper, H2, 758
Joransson, Ambrosius, petition of, 249
Joransson, Eric, letter sent to, 67
844
Index.
Joransson, Johan, to sell tobacco for the company, 292
Josselyn, John, quoted, 175
Journal (K.A.), quoted, 163
Journal (N.S., III. (K.A.)), quoted, v>- 41, 105-108, III, 122, 124-125, 130- »33, 144-145, 149-150, 154, 157, 161, 194, 205, 225-228, 231-234, 240-244, 247-248, 253, 255, 261, 263-266, 268, 276, 282-283, 287-289, 293-300, %oi- 305, 310, 317, 327, 336, 342-343, 348, 357, 366, 371-372, 451-452, 454, 471- 474, 478, 494, 502, 527, 616, 626, 633, 637-638, 641, 643
Journal of Rising, see Rising
Juet, Robert, second mate(?) on the Half Moon, 166, quoted, 166-167
Julian Calendar, used in Sweden and New Sweden, 42
Jung (Junge), Melchior, establishes glassworks at Stockholm, 34
Junge (Jung), Daniel, to establish a fish company, 50; member of new Tobacco Company, 298 ; appointed factor in place of Bonnell, 623 ; offers to pay for the right of selling to- bacco, 637; sent to organize the to- bacco trade, 638; advanced money for the company, sells tobacco, 639; manages the company, 641 ; quoted,
639 Junge, Jacob, sells tobacco in Alingsas,
642
Jury, Swedish, origin of, 456-457; de- scription of, 457-458 ; in New Swe- den, 459 ff.
Jutland, ships pass, 261; see also ex- peditions
K
K.A. (Kammar Arkiv), 802 Kabbeljouw, Abraham, see Cabeliau Kabeliaw, Peter Pawelsson, 760 Kadiz, 75
Kagg, Lars, writes to Oxenstierna con- cerning colonists for New Sweden, 268 ; instructed to keep Gothenburg in a state of defense, 276; quoted, 259, 268 Kahre, Truls, member of the New
Russian Company, 50 Kalevata, quoted, 351, 354, 527 Kallmeter (Kalmater, Kohlmather), Jacob, 289 ; member of the first To- bacco Company, 161; member of the Tobacco Company, 291 ; remains member of the Company in 1647, 294 ; direction of the company in
the hands of, 292 ; buys large quan- tities of tobacco from Bonnell, 296
Kalm, Peter, quoted, 204, 348-349, 358, 531-532
Kalmar, Tobacco Company has agents at, 292
Kalmar Ian, tobacco trade in, 641.
Kalmar Nyckel, see ships
Kalmater, see Kallmeter
Kammarkollegiura (College of the Exchequer), 15, 476
Kam[mar'\ Kolllegie} Reglistratur'i, quoted, 49, 89, 131, 476
Kampen, 109; town in Holland near the Zuyder Zee, 258 ; see also expedi- tions
Kanna (Swedish), capacity of, 42
Katt [Kattan], see ships
Keel-boat, made at Fort Elfsborg, 315; see also shipbuilding
Keen, G. B., quoted, 175, 400, 629
Kent, island, settled by Clayborne, 173
Kernkamp, quoted, 48, 92-97, 104, 106, 117, 120, 137-138, 185, 193-195, 250-
251 Kettles, sent to New Sweden, 255; see
also expeditions Kexholm, Karl Johansson from, 152-
153; ceded to Sweden, 4 Kexholras Ian, ceded by Russia to
Sweden, 4 Key, quoted, 27 Keyser, Andrian, to report on Hudde's
accounts, 424 Kiapes, son of Mitatsimint, testifies
against Peminacka, 438 ff. Kickeesickenom, sold land to the Dutch,
429 Kidder, is mistaken in supposing that the letter of Mar. 21, 1644, was sent with Aspinwall, 391 ; quoted, 389-
391, 397, 461
Kikitan, 381
Kieft, Willera, governor, makes agree- ment with the Swedes, 143 ; protests against Minuit, 186; no orders to oppose the Swedes by force, 195; protests against Coxwell, 213; recom- mends Coxwell to the favor of his commissary at the Delaware, 214; Printz writes to, 310; sell merchan- dise to Huygen, 310-311; paid by Huygen for lodging, sloop of, brings cattle to New Sweden, 313; orders Jansen not to let the English pass the fort, 396; protests against the Swedes, writes friendly letters to the Swedes, 407; complaints made
Index.
84s
against the leniency of, towards the Swedes, 408 ; shows more concern about the trading post in the South River, 409; Hudde writes to, 410; orders his commissary to buy land on the South River, 412; Stuyvesant appointed in place of, 416 ; biog- raphy, 681
King Dawid, see ships
Kingsassingh, see Kingsessing
Kingsessing (Kingsassingh), 464, 527, 566; see also New Sweden, the Dutch, Rising and the Indians
King, William, skipper, 530
Kintakosy, sold land to the Dutch, 429
Kippaka, 531
Kirby, Francis, quoted, 398
Kirke, success of, in 1629, 393
Kirsfoot(?), paid by the Swedes, 333
Klimpert, quoted, 42
Kling, Mans Nilsson, 699, 704, 715; goes on first expedition, 112; accom- panies Minuit up Minquas Kill, 184; left in command of the fort, 194; returns to Europe, 130; collects col- onists, 149-150; goes again to the colony, 153, 202; placed in command of the block-house in the Schuylkill, 318-319; does business with the sav- ages, 324; commander of Fort Kors- holm, 331-332; returns to Sweden, 261, 336
Kluge. quoted, 351
Knapla, 683
Knives, sent to New Sweden, 255; brought over in large quantities, 355
Kock, referred to, 25
Kohlmaiher, see Jacob Kallmeter
Kokarakungh, 566
Kom[mers'] Koll^egium'], see Com- Imers^ Coll[egium'\.
Kompanier, (K.A), quoted, 163
Kongelf, 493
Konigsmark, Count Otto Wilhelm, 654
Koninck Salomon, see ship
Konung David, see King David
Konung Carl, see ships
Koping, 137; Bogaert goes to, 137
Kopparberget, 239; Kling goes to, 150; Tobacco Company to have its own representatives at, 291
Koskinen, Yrjo, quoted, 31, 147
Kola (kdta) , meaning of, 345
Kramer, Hans, 680; buys goods for fourth expedition, 151; copies ac- counts from New Sweden into the official books of the company, 231; bookkeeper of the African Company,
49 ; present at discussions of the company, 221-222; remains book- keeper of the Company, 231; the office of the Company in the house of, 232; helps to prepare the sixth expedition, 242 ; buys goods for the Fama, 243; documents sent to, 252; busy in preparing eighth expedition, 258 ; helps to prepare the ninth ex- pedition, 266; instructed to report concerning the ninth expedition, 278; probably writes to the chancellor and the Queen, 283 ; ordered to re- pair Gyllene liaj, 287 ; pays money to returning people on the ninth ex- pedition, 275-276; makes inventory of the goods of the company, 287; brings suit against the Tobacco Company, 297; aids in preparing the tenth expedition, 470; purchases sup- plies for the tenth expedition, 471, 474; aids in preparing the eleventh expedition, 490; recommends Els- wick to the Commercial College, 492; appointed treasurer of the American Company, 623 ; draws up proposals for the Company, 625; retains his position as bookkeeper in the com- pany, 627; reports concerning the condition of New Sweden, 629; writes to Trotzig, 631 ; manages the preparations for the twelfth expedi- tion, 632; warns against sending too many colonists on the tivelfth expe- dition, 633; new proposals for the American Company, made by, 638; to remain as manager of the Amer- ican Tobacco Company, 641 ; bal- ances the books of the New Sweden (the American) Company, 642-643; secretary engaged as aid to, 643 ; biography, 682; quoted, 153, 252, 297, 482, 490, 623, 632
Krober, Anders Nilsson, captain on Kalmar A'yckel, in
Kroger, Pal, 641
Kudrun, 361
Kungliga Biblioteket, see Royal Library at Stockholm
Kruse, Peter, governor, 239
Kullin, referred to, 25
Kurk, Countess Brita, contributes to the American Company, 624
Kvarn Kill, 526
Kykesycken, 437
Kyperj (kuiperij), explained, 320 and n. 67a.
846
Index.
Laconia, grant of, 392; why so named,
3927393 Laconia Company, sends Capt. Neal to America, 393 ; see also Lyconnia Company Ladoga, 152 Laer, Arnold J. F. van, quoted, 172;
see also Appendix A Laet, Johan de, 676; map of, 112, 394;
quoted, 167, 169-170, 191-192 Lagerfelt, Israel, at London, 12, 620-
621 Lamberton, George, member of the Del- aware Company, sent to purchase part of the Delaware, 208 ; purchases land on the Delaware, 209-212; builds a block-house at Varkens Kill, 210-211; builds block-house at the Schuylkill, 213-214; escapes with his vessel, 215; continues his trade at the Delaware, 382 ff . ; anchored with the ship, the Cock, above Fort Chris- tina, 383; arrested by Printz, 384; brought into court and examined, 306, 384-387, 459-460; decision against, 387, 460; pays duty, 388; complains against Printz, 388; given commission to go and treat with the Swedish Governor, 389 ; Woollen con- fesses that he had not been prevailed upon to testify falsely against, 390
Land-grants in New Sweden, made to Printz, 317; to Amundsson and Skute, 500, 517; to Rising, 524; see also New Sweden, Printz, Amunds- son, Gyllengren, Skute
Lang, Jan Hindrickson, 762
Langdonk, Joost van, factor in New Sweden, 127; Van Dyck complains against, 129 ; goes to Spiring at the Hague, 155, lacks the qualities of a commissary, 199; quarrels with the commander, 199-200; makes inven- tory of the goods at Christina, 202 ; his return to Europe, 205
Language, Swedish, of seventeenth cen- tury, passing through a transition, 23; foreign influence on, 23-24; special characteristics of, 24; change of consonants of, 24; vowels of, 25
Lanterns, 352
Larsen, quoted, 457
Larsmas (August 10), rye to be sown at, 313
Larsson, Bengt, customs collector at Gothenburg, 109
Larsson, Erik (Erik Larsson von der
Linde), 33, 78, 88-89, 221, 675 Larsson, J., sells tobacco, 643-644 Larsson, Jan (Johan), bailiff at Gothen- burg furnishes cash and provisions for second expedition, 125 Larsson, Johan, secretary of South- Ship Company, 71 Larsson, Jurgen, skipper, brings goods
to Gothenburg, 283 Larsson, Lars, commander of Elfsborg,
109 Larsson, Per, colonist on the ninth ex- pedition, returns to Sweden, 276 Latin, influences the Swedish language,
23 Laurenssen, Laurens, 327 Laurents, Peter, former owner of the
bark, 382 Laws, printed in Sweden, 21; of
Moses, 21 Leach, presents a description of the
Delaware, 400 Lecko, 687
Leendertsen, Alexander (Sander), pre- pares to build, 434 Leendertsen, Cornells, sells goods in
New Sweden, 312 Lehigh River, Munsees extending to,
188 Leijonberg (Leyonberg, Leionberg, Lei- jonbargh), Johan Barkman, in- structed to present the claims of the American Company, 650; 655-656; quoted, 12, 51 Leijonskold, see MSrten Augustinsson Leipzig, 688
Lejonhufvud, Gustaf, governor, va- grant Finns in his district, 148 ; gov- ernment writes to, 150 Leksand, district in Dalarne, Sweden,
education in, 28 Lemerick, 763 Lenape, inhabited New Sweden, 187 ;
location of, 187-188 Leni-Lenape, see Lenape Letstigen, see Lytestegen( ?) Lewes, quoted, 483 Lex Mercatoria, quoted, 42 Leyden, 109, 686, 693 Libau, Sweden collects duty at, 6 Libraries, see Royal Library, University
Library of Upsala Library, belonging to Printz, 349 Lidkoping, 642, 687 Liefde, see ships Lifland, see Livonia Linde, von der, see Erik Larsson
Index.
847
Lindestrom, Peter Martensson, recom- mendation issued for, 477; at the University of Upsala, 477 ; decides to go to New Sweden, 477 ; goes ashore at Calais, 483 ; complains to the Governor, 486 ; visits the French Governor-General, 488 ; salary of, 503 ; ordinance preserved in his Gcograph'ta, 504 ff. ; brought into court, 511; commissioned to divide the fields into lots, makes a plan for a new town, 518-519; writes the first Geography of the Delaiuare Re- gion, 554; map of, published, Geog- raphia ready, 555; account of his Geogrnphia, 556 ff. ; quoted, 164, 175, 190-191, 274, 347, 353-355, 429, 445i 472, 477, 482-489, 493, 511, 514- 515, 5'9, 523, 530, 542, 554-560, 563- 565, 57i> 583-585, 595, 597, 599-6oi, 603-604, 610, 612-614, 616; biog- raphy, 682
Linen cloth, price of, 352
Lingard, quoted, 177
Linkbping, 693 ; ropewalk at, 64
Linnestau, Maria von, 689
Lisbon, 519; Swedish resident at, ii
Lispund, weight of, 42, 518
Lithuania, 62
Litschoe, Sergeant Daniel, 588
Little Imatra, 357
Livonia, subscriptions for the South Company in, 62, 67; trade in, 45; duty on tobacco at, 290
Lloyd, Commander, Edward, sent to confer with Rising, 572; presents English rights to the Delaware, 572- 573
Loccenius, Johannes, teacher of Rising, 21
Lock (Look, Look, Lockenius), Rev. Lars Karlsson (Carlson, Carlsson), engaged to serve in the colony, 260, 373, 374; arrives, 334, 374; conducts services on Tinicum after the depar- ture of Campanius, 374; involved in disturbance, 463 ; alone in the col- ony from 1648 to 1654, 546; charges against, about to be sent back to Sweden, 510; remains in the country, 668 ; wife of, elopes, 668 ; trouble with Meyer, 668 ; objects to Setskorn, 668- 669; remains alone among the Swedes and Finns north of New Amstel, 669
Lorn, explained, 152
Lomma, 152
London, 166, 674, 675, 693, 696; Swed-
ish ambassadors go to, 11-12; Bon- nell arrives at, 677
Longfellow, quoted, 544
Long Island (Long Isle, Isle of Plow- den), granted to Sir Edmund Plow- den, 174
Loockermans, Govert, trading on the South River, 407
Looff, Thomas, 677 ; commander of ex- pedition to Spain, 74; endeavors to sell his cargo, 75; seeks the release of his ships, 75-76 ; accused by the sailors and skippers, brought into court, 77
Looff' s Journal, quoted, 74-77
Loos, C. C, Capt., 258
Lord, Richard, sells goods in New Swe- den, 311-312, 515, 524 ff.
Louis XI\^, French government during the infancy of, organized along the lines of the Swedish government, 33
Lbvgren, Nils, quoted, 22
Liibeck, 680
Lucassen, Andres, on the Kalmar Nyckel, 182, 184
Lucifer, Cornelius, 661 ; Captain on the Katt, 268 ; refuses to comply with the requests of the other officers, 269-270
Luckassen (Lucassen), Peter, brings colonists to the South River, 667
Lumber, manufactured in Sweden, 36; Ridder proposes the sawing of, 198; oak planks bought for use in Fort Elfsborg, 314, 323
Lundell, referred to, 25
Lund, 369
Lundin, quoted, 30
Lundstrom, Herman, quoted, 22
Luther, catechism of, translated into Swedish, 22
Lutheran Church, Swedish, service of, 367 ff.
Lutheran Church Revleiv, quoted, 205
Liitzen, 68i; battle of, 6
Lijtzow, Francis, quoted, 27
Lycke, Joachimus, 685; bookkeeper on ninth expedition, 268; sent to Stock- holm to report about the ship-wreck, 271 ; reaches Sweden, 276
Lyell (Level), Jacob, buys tobacco, 159
Lyconnia Company at Boston, formed in 1644, members of, 395; see also Boston and Aspinwall
Lygonia, often confused with Laconia, 392
Lytestegen( ?), location of, 632
848
Index.
M
Macklier, Hans, factor of the New Sweden Company, 333; ordered to prepare the Gyllene Haj for the seventh expedition, 255; buys goods in Gothenburg for the eighth expedi- tion, 258 ; helps to prepare the ninth expedition, 266 ff. ; commission to sell tobacco in Gothenburg, 292; probably writes to the chancellor and the Queen, 283 ; pays Fluviander, 371 ; Ankarhjelm negotiates with, for the sale of a ship, 631; biography, 683
Madagascar, 649
Madrid, Pallibsky sent to, 10, Looff goes to, 76
Magni, Jonas, 2i
Magnus, Olaus, quoted, 34, 351
Mahomen, Indian chief, sells land to Minuit, 183
Mail-service, see post office
Maine, province of, 392
Maitland, quoted, 456
Maize (Indian corn), explained, 333; planted in the colony, 308-309; plan- tations of, put into tobacco in 1644, 319; bought at New Amsterdam, 333; planted by Rising, 524; see also Fort Korsholm and New Sweden
Malaga, 72
Malbon, Richard, member of the Dela- ware Company, 208 ; sells tobacco in the colony, 318; sells goods in New Sweden, 324
Malmo, battle fought near, 251
Malmsten, Dr., 599
Manaiping (Province Island), English build block-house on, 213; see also Province Island, Druveeijland
Manatans (Manathans, Manhattan, Manite, Manatan, Manattans), see New Amsterdam
Mankell, J., quoted, 30
Mansson, Marten, 682
Mantas (Minquas?), Printz buys land from, 332
Mantas Creek, Printz buys land at, 337
Mantas (Mantaes) Hook, Printz buys land at, 428
Maps, figurative, of the Delaware, 168- 169; map and plan of Fort Chris- tina, drawn by Lindestrom, 518; map made of the South River by Andrles Hudde, 516-517; Lindestrom's, 555
March, George, Rising hires two horses from, sells an ox to the Swedes, 488
March (probably John Marshall) sent to confer with Rising, 572
Mariestad, tobacco sold in, 642
Marie, see ships
Mariken's (Marikis, Marikes, Marit- ties, Marietiens, Marquess, Markus, Marcus) Point (Hock, Huuk, Hook), 566
Maritime Court, 694
Marstrand, 493
Marod, Thomas, sells goods to the Swedes, 323
Martin, E., quoted, 361
Maryland, Baltimore's grant including parts of, 173 ; name given to, 173 ; people in, oifer to sell cattle to the Swedes on the South River, 198; grant of, presented as giving the English a right to the Delaware, 572 ; messenger sent to, from New Sweden, 511, 515; called Upper Virginia or Severn, 572
Maryland Hist. Mag., quoted, 170
Mason, Capt. John, given a patent for the discovery of the Great Lake, 392
Mason, J. A., quoted, 209
Massachusetts, 389-391
Mass. Archives, quoted, 392
Massachusetts Bay, 391
Massklader, 367
Mathias, Rev., 634
Mastmaker's Hook, Root ordered to build on, 412, 425; Hudde complains against the damages of the Swedes at, 426
Mathaeus, Andreas, 481, 761
Matienzo, makes landings at New York, 165
Matsson, Hindrick, 480
Matsson, Nils, 641
Mattahorn (Mattehooren, Mattehoorn, Mathehoorn, Amattehoorn), Indian chief, sells lands to Minuit, 183, 438; sells lands to Lamberton and Turner at the Schuylkill, 211; sells land to the Dutch, 420, 440-441 ; quoted,
332. 437, 440 ff- Maurisen, Cornells, refused payment
by the Swedes, 439 May, Cornells Jacobsen, skipper, later director, sent to New Holland, 167; sails up the Delaware, 169; explores the country, erects Fort Nassau, 170 McMaster, quoted, 457 Md. Archives, quoted, 343, 668 Mechanics, Swedish, study abroad, 34 Mechechason (Mekekanckan) (Tren- ton Falls), Printz buys land to, 332
Index.
849
Mechekyralames, chief, sells land to Printz, 332
Meckpott (?), Claes Cornelisson, con- tract made with, 161
Medelpad, settlers from, 651
Mederablik, 115, 117-118; repairs made at, 128; see also expeditions
Medicine, sent to New Sweden, 260; see also expeditions and barber- surgeons
Medina, Duca de, 74
Mediterranean Sea, trade from New Sweden to, 139
Meekrat, Indian chief, meaning of name, 411
Meil (mile), common German, length of, 42
Mein, Thomas, 480
Mekekanckon, Island of, near Trenton Falls, bought by Printz, 335; good location for a fort, 533 ; title to, 571
Mekopemus, Indian chief, reports to the Swedes, 20i
Melanchthon, prophecy of, 28
Memel, Sweden collects duty at, 6
" Memorie voor Willem Usselinx," quoted, 62
Mem. of Long hi. Hist. So., quoted,
305,. 354 Memoires pour ser<vir, etc., quoted, 165 " Memorial," quoted, 581 Memorial Hist, of New York, quoted,
169 Menius of Dorpat, quoted, 28 Mennonites, said to have settled at the
Horn Kill, 170 Mercu. Ger., see Usselinx Mercurius, see ships Messenius, Johannes, appointed pro- fessor of law, 1609, 21 Meteren, Emanuel van, quoted, 166 Mey, Peter, assistant commissioner of
Fort Nassau, i8i; sails down to meet
Minuit, 185; protests against the
Swedes, 186 Mithobius, Hector, 81 Michaelivitsch, Czar Alexis, practiced
fraud in transaction of the Russian
Company, 50 Middle Temple, 698 Mijne, Jacque de la, skins sold by, 144;
vessel insured by, 145 Mil (mile), Swedish, length of, 42 Mill Creek, 304 Mill-maker, see raill-wright Mill stones, 324 Mills, windmill made in New Sweden,
203 ; water-mill erected on Cobb's
ss
Creek, windmill discarded, 328; grist-mill built in 1662, 666; see also saw-mill
Mills, hand, 464; see also New Sweden
Mill-wright, 152
Miner, C, quoted. 208
Minerals, 139; see also New Sweden
Minnesota, 357
Minquas Kill, see Christina Kill
Minquas (Minguee, Mingo, Minquass, Minque, Minquas, Minquesser, Myn- kussar, etc.), meaning of name, 188; name given to, by the Dutch, 188 ; trade with the Swedes, 191 ; gifts given to, 309 ; trade with the Swedes during the administration of Printz, 309 ff. ; to be brought to Christina, 312; Huygen and Dyck sent to the country of, 329; Printz in communi- cation with, 332; Blanck to wait for, 409; Swedes go to sell ammunition to, 376; remain friendly, call them- selves the special protectors of the Swedes, 569; tribes of, 570; see also Black and White Minquas
Minquas country, situation of, i9:-i92; Swedes sent into the, 329, 332; bounds of, 440
Minsi, see Munsee
Minuit (Munuyt, Minnewit, Munuit, Miniet, Minuict, Minuiet, Munut), Peter, meets Blommaert, 93 ; gover- nor of New Netherland, 93, 170; has cause for complaint against the XIX., 94; expresses desire to present his views to the chancellor, presents proj- ect of New Sweden, 96-97 ; promises to contribute to the company, 97, 103 ; commercial plans of, presented in Stockholm, 98; called to Amster- dam to meet Spiring, requested to go to Sweden, 100; visits the Hague to confer with Spiring, 102; presents charts and maps of the Delaware, 102-103 ; appointed leader of expe- dition, 103; leaves for Sweden, 104; arrives in Stockholm, 105; ill, 105; begins work anew, 105-106 ; makes final preparations in Holland, no; prepares the ships in Gothenburg, in; secret instruction to, 112-115; rules of conduct for, 115; comman- der of Kalmar Nyckel, requested to transport goods and people from Hol- land to New Amsterdam, 116; ar- rives at the Delaware, 117; leaves New Sweden, is drowned off the Island of St Christopher, 177; jour-
850
Index.
nal of, sent to Fleming, 117; sails up the Minquis Kill, 182; buys lands from the Indians, 183-184; sends the Grip to Jamestown, 185; in dispute with the Dutch, 185-186; trades with the savages, 191-192; builds a fort, 191 ; prepares provisions for the men, 194; quoted, 96-97; biography, 681; 684. 685, 758
Minutes of the Provincial Council, quoted, 191, 670
Miod, Hans, 481
Mirrors, frame, sent to New Sweden,
255 Mirrors, tin, sent to New Sweden, 255 Mirrors, gilded, sent to New Sweden,
255 Mister, Indian chief, 567 Mitatsimint (Metotscheming), sells land
to Minuit, 183; dead in 1651, said
to have given his land to Peminaka,
438-443 Mitchell, Donald G., quoted, 550 Mitot Schemingh, see Mitatsimint Mockorhuttingh, 566 Mohawks, 168 Molineaux, map of, 112 Mollnaer, Peter Cornelisson, contract
made with, 161, 293, 295 Molndal, 697; name given to, and
mill built at, 328; abandoned, 339 Montelius, quoted, 356 Montrose, Marquis of, 683 Monumenta polit., quoted, 654 Moore, Mr. Edward, 382 Moore, Virginia merchant, sells goods
to the Swedes, 310 Momma, Abraham, presents proposal
to the Commercial College, 289 Momma, Jacob, presents proposal to
the Commercial College, 289 Momma, Willem, skins sold to, 289 Monatg[etder1 B[uf/i], the, quoted, 231,
243-244, 276, 283, 306, 307, 312, 336,
353-354> 356-357. 374. 451-453. 463 Money, English £, etc., 530; Swedish
and Dutch, 41; Indian, 192 Monroe County, 175 Montagne, Dr. Jean (Johannes) de la,
goes to the South River, 421-422;
buys land from the Indians, 422 Morley, Henry, quoted, 550 Morris, Henry C, quoted, 44 Morton, Thomas, quoted, 391, 394 Moses, laws of, 21 ; laws of, used in
the colony, 459 Motley, J. L., quoted, 169 Mugs, tin, sent to New Sweden, 255
Munck, quoted, 205, 549 Mundt, Heinrich, 762 Munsee, tribe of the Lenape, 187; lo- cation of, 187-188 Munson, Thomas, member of Hart- ford Convention, 575-576 Munthe, A., quoted, 251 Murner, Thomas, quoted, 361 Murphy, Henry C, quoted, 166, 550 Myers, Albert Cook, quoted, 179, 536
N
Naaman's Kill, 525
Nacka, brass factory at, 89
Namd (nembda) origin of, 456 ff. ; ex- plained, 457
Narraticons (Narratacus, Narraticonse, Narratica) Kill, 201, 209, 423, 428, 430; see also Racoon Kill
Narva, trade from, 46 ; Tobacco Com- pany have agents at, 292
Nassau, see forts
Nautila By, colonists from, 243
Neal, Capt. Walter, goes to America to discover the " Great Lake," 393-
394
Neckatoensing (Neckatoensingh, Necka- toesing) Kill, 443
Nederhorst, Lord of, see Godard van Reede
Neeyeck, a kill, land bought near, 429
Neptunis, see ships
Nerike, 148 ; tobacco trade in, 641
Nertunius Rosenbeckius, Rev. Matthias, goes on ninth expedition, 268 ; treated well by the Spaniards, 271 ; sent to Stockholm to report the shipwreck, 271; reaches Sweden, 276; among the passengers on the tenth expedi- tion, 478 ; salary of, 502 ; assigned to serve at Upland, 546; considered to be the best preacher in the colony, 546; acted too independently, 547; leaves New Sweden, 614, 668 ; biog- raphy, 685
Netherlands, the, see Holland
New Albion, Plowden's grant called, 174; extent of, 174-175; Plowden be- gins preparations to go to, 215; people residing in, written to, 216- 217 : description concerning, pub- lished, 400 ; petition of the Earl of, 401 ; quoted, 179. 400
New Amstel, name of Fort Casimir changed to, 664; see also Fort Casi- mir
Neiu Amsterdam, the, see ships
Index.
851
New Amsterdam (Manhattan, Mana- tans, etc.), 114, 167, 169, 180; Minuit to deliver goods at, 116; Jan Jansen at, 186; Coxwell touches at, 213; goods bought at, 311; oxen and rye bought at, 313; De Vries leaves, 315; journeys to, 316; sewant bought from, 322 ; Dutch at, capture Spanish prizes, 322; a new journey to, in the summer of 1645, 324; oxen bought at, 324; Printz sends sloop to, 327; sloops sent to, twice, 330; another journey made to, 333; Eng- lish arrive at, 396; Stuyvesant ar- rives at, 416; Indian guides to be sent to, 421, 588 ff. ; see also, Dutch, Stuyvesant, Jan Jansen, Hudde, Printz, New Sweden New Castle, Dutch fort near, 445 New England (North England), trad- ing journey from New Sweden made to, 314; Englishmen from, trading in the Delaware, 316; Printz pro- poses plans for buying sewant from, 322; Persson sent to, for the purposes of trade, 333; company of, 341; Svensson sent to, for the purposes of trade, 343 ; Rivers of Sagadahok and Merrimack, in the country of, 392 ; distance of Great Lake from, 392; Morton's description of, 395 ; news of the victories of Gustavus Adol- phus penetrates into the settlements of, 398; Captain Clark sent from, to arrange for the settlement of a hundred families at the South River, 399 ; planters of, probably foil Plow- den's attempt at settlement, 401 ; merchants of, write to Winslow, 402 ; Swedish sloop sent to, by Rising, 515; friendly relations with, 573 ff. New England Coast, 113 New Englis/i Canaan, quoted, 391, 394 Neiu Eng. Gen. Reg., quoted, 397 Neive und luarhafte Relation, quoted,
549
Newfoundland (Terra Nova), 102; jurisdiction over, to be secured by Swedish government, 113; 165, 187
New Gothenborg, see forts and Tini- cura Island
New Hampshire Provincial Papers, quoted, 392
New Haven, company formed at, 208; general court at, 212; Coxwell's ves- sel leaves, 213; people from, buy land on the Delaware, 208 ff. ; set- tlement of, on the Delaware success-
ful in trade, 212; settlement of, at Varkens Kill, 210-211, at the Schuyl- kill, 212-213; settlement of, at the Schuylkill destroyed by the Dutch, probably in connection with the Swedes, 214-215; letter from the King concerning the settlement at the Delaware, 215, 217; Lamberton still at, 383 ; Eaton and Gregson, commissioners of, present complaints against Printz at the General Court of Boston, 388; Printz accused of reviling the English of, 388; prisoners sent to Boston by a bark of, 398; English of, do not give up their hopes in the South River, 400; the Delaware Company of, urges its claim on the South River, 401 ; people of, again prepare to settle on the South River, 402; merchants of (New England) present their cause in London, 402-403 ; planters of, propose to appear in the Delaware in force, 403 ; letters from, to Director Rising, 574; new discussions concerning the Delaware lands at, 575; agents ap- pointed for, 576; plans formulated at, for the founding of a strong set- tlement on the South River, 575 ff. ; Goodyear sent by the people of, to treat with the Swedes, 578 ff. ; trade of the Swedes with the merchants from, 198, 316 ff., 515 ff., 658 ff. ; Jacob Swensson sent to trade at, 515 Nleiii] Hlaven] Col[onial] Reclords^, quoted, 208; 211-213, 215, 384, 388,
399. 404, 574, 576-578 New Holland, see New Netherland and
New Amsterdam New India Company, see New Sweden
Company Neva International Encyclopedia, the,
quoted, 29 New Jersey, New Albion part of, 175 ;
New Sweden part of, 571 Neiv King David, see ships Newman, Francis, magistrate, 576 Newman, Hans, 235, 262, 642 New Netherland, 97, 113, 116, 681, 6S4, 696; expedition sent to, by the Swedes, 310; Huygen in, 311; name of, given to New Sweden, 415; concerning the limits of, 427 ; accepted by their High Mightinesses, 432; Swedes desire to remove to, 448; Swedes escape to, 454; see also New Amster- dam and the Dutch New Netherland Company, United,
852
Index.
formed, charter granted to, 168-169; Samuel Godyn, one of the members of, 170
New Russian Company, 50
New Ship Company, formed, 48 ; Queen proposes that it should be united with the New Sweden Company, 284
New South Co., propositions for the founding of, memorials concerning, gi; presented during the convention of Heilbronn, 81 ; at Frankfurt-on- Main, 82; comes to an end, 82; Us- selinx organizing, 177
New South Company in Holland, 83
New Stockholm, 114
New Style (Gregorian Calendar), used by the Dutch, 43, 436, 439; see also old style
New Sweden, ii8, 120, 674, 678-680, 682, 684-691, 693, 696-697; name proposed, 96-97 ; rights of the Swedes to settle in, 572-573 ; plans for popu- lating of, 121 ; Dutch to be allowed to settle in, 123 ; strongest rights of the English to, 173; fort built in, 192; name given to, by Minuit, 184; Indians inhabiting, 187; grain to be planted in, 193-19A: the Grip re- turns to, 194; first negro slave brought to, 195 '< horses and cattle in, 198, 202; suitable for agriculture, 198; Dutch colonists arrive in, 200; condition of, under Ridder, 197 if.; sickness in, 203 ; dwellings in, dur- ing time of Ridder, 204; religious life in, during the time of Ridder. 205-206; lacks skilled workmen, 198; English buy land in, 208 ff. ; Lam- berton and Turner arrive, 208 ; Plowden makes preparations to go to, 215 ff. ; English at Varkens Kill un- disturbed, 217; fifth expedition ar- rives in, 241 ; sixth expedition arrives in, 245 ; seventh expedition arrives in, 256; eighth expedition arrives at, 260; winter of 1642-1643 in, 301; Printz arrives in, 302 ; forts built by Printz in, 304 ff. ; inspection of, by Printz, 303 ; relation concerning, by Printz, 307 ; land cleared in, 308 ; tobacco planted in, 308-309 ; beaver trade in, during the time of Printz, 309 ff. ; trade of English and Dutch in, during time of Printz, 310 ff. ; corn planted in, 308-309, 312; grain sowed in, 312 ff. ; cattle brought to, 314 ff. ; manufactures to be estab- lished in, by Printz, 320; whale
fishery to begin in, 320; improve- ments in, suggested by Printz, 321 ff. ; tobacco crop in 1644, 323; oak planks sold in, 323; fire in, 326; conditions in, unfavorable, 327 ; first water-mill erected in, 328 ; report concerning, in 1647, 330 ff. ; dwel- lings erected in, during the time of Printz, 308, 332; lands bought in, 332; Christian Indian from New France visited, 334; list of the people in, 335; troubles with the Dutch in, 338 ff., 408 ff. ; vessels built in, 340-341; conditions in 1652- 1653 in, 341-344; dwellings of the Finns in, koia, p'ortet, 345-347; dwel- lings of Swedes in, 347-349; bath- houses in, 357-362; store-houses in, 362-364; granaries in, 364; manu- facture of birch bark articles in, 357; modes of lighting In, 351-352; dress of the people in, 352-353; food in, 353-354; beer brewed in, 354; wine made in, 355; brandy in, 355; dishes and utensils of the people in, 355-356; religious wor- ship in, during the time of Printz, 366 ff. ; relations with the Indians during the time of Printz, 375 ff. ; relations with the English in, 380 ff. ; English bark arrives in, 381; Lam- berton trades in, 383 ; English ar- rested in, 384; court concerning the English in, 384 ff. ; Aspinwall ar- rives in, 396; Capt. Clark sent to, 399 ; relations with the Dutch in, 405 ff. ; the Dutch invade in 1651, 435 ff. ; government of, during the time of Printz, 450 ff.; courts in, dur- ing the time of Printz, 454 ff. ; tenth expedition arrives in, 489; govern- ment and courts in, during the time of Rising, 497 ff. ; officers in, in 1654, 503 ; ordinance relating to the Govern- ment of, adopted, 504 ff. ; popula- tion in 1654-1655, 514; trade of the English and Dutch in, during the time of Rising, 514 ff. ; donations of land to individuals, 517; a city founded in, 518; agriculture and cattle rasing in, during the time of Rising, 523 ff. ; land cleared in 1654- 1655, 526-527; peculiar method of clearing away forests in, 527-529; shoes made in, 534 ff.; capsraade for the Indians in, 535; making of maize-bread in, 535-536; dwellings during the time of Rising in, 537
Index.
853
ff. ; utensils in 540; peculiar customs in, 542 ff. ; vTitchcraft in, 544-545; religious services in, during the time of Rising, 546 S.; literature in, 549 ff. ; relations with the Indians in, during the time of Rising, 563; land in, bought from the Indians, 569 ff . ; relations with the English in, dur- ing the time of Rising, 572 ff. ; Eng- lish commissioners arrive in, 572; relations with the Dutch in, during the time of Rising, 581 ff. ; Stuyve- sant invades and captures, 597 ff. Rising with his men leaves, 615 twelfth expedition arrives in, 635 659; Jacquet, vice-director in, 657 ff. Smith, commander over, 657 ff. courts in, during the administration of the Dutch, 659 ff. ; part of, sur- rendered to the Dutch West India Company, 663 ; Willem Beeckman, vice-director in, 665; Swedish offi- cers in, during the administration of the Dutch, 664; Alexander d' Hino- yossa vice-director in, 666 ff. ; popu- lation and extent of settlement in, during the administration of the Dutch, 667; colonists leave during the administration of the Dutch, 667- 668 ; religious history during the ad- ministration of the Dutch, 668-669; captured by the English, 670
New Sweden Bay, see Delaware Bay and South River
New Sweden Company, proposals for copper trade leads to the founding of, 87 ff. ; Spiring becomes connected with plans of, 94; discussions con- cerning the founding of, 91;; Minuit presents project of, 96-97; plans dis- cussed in the council, 98; Fleming to correspond about, loi ; Minuit's suggestion of, 102-103 ; capital of, 106; members of, 106; director of, agents for, 107 ; privileges of, 107- 108 ; Dutch stockholders withdraw from, 131-132; new officers appointed for, 132, 157; trade of, in Europe 1640-1643, 157-163; finances of, 163; reorganization of, 221 ff. ; meet- ings of the officers of, 221-222; pro- posals for the increase of the capital of, 222 ; discussions concerning the trade of, 223 ; proposals for the re- organization of, presented to the government, 223-224; Council of State considers, 221 ff. ; Crown is a stockholder in, 224-225 ; Crown's in-
terest in, 225-227 ; capital of the South-Ship Company used for, 227 ; South-Ship Company permanently joined with, 228 ; private stock- holders in, 228; charter of, 228-229; officers of the reorganized company, 229-234; finances of the reorganized company, 234-236; preparations for the fifth expedition of, 237 ff. ; sixth expedition prepared by, 242 ff.; bricks and tiles imported to Sweden by, 242; seventh expedition pre- pared by, 250 ff. ; eighth expedition prepared by, 258 ff. ; borrows 1,500 R.D., 259; finances of, in 1647, 261- 263 ; income from confiscated tobacco of, 264-265 ; preparations of the ninth expedition of, 266 ff. ; prepara- tions for other expeditions of, 281 ff. troubles with the Tobacco Company of, 281, 297; copper trade of, 2I salt trade of, 288 ; beaver trade of, 288-289; tobacco trade of, 289 ff contract with the Tobacco Company, 291; spinning of tobacco of, 295- 296; bills of, to collect from the To- bacco Company, 297 ; tobacco trade of, discontinued, 299; Bonnell severs his connection with, shares in the Ship-Building Company, 299, 300; preparations for the tenth expedi- tion, 469 ff. ; sends out the eleventh expedition, 490 ff. ; third reorganiza- tion of the, 619 ff. ; 674, 677, 680, 682, 683, 686, 695, 697; see also American Company New (Fourth) Tobacco Co., formed by Andersson and Bohm, privileges given to, 645 ; sometimes called the American Company as late as 1689, 646 New Year, 315 New York, Spaniards at, 165 Nicholson, John P., quoted, 420 Nicolaistad, Vasa changed to, 328 Niepeisen, Isak (Isaac), Peter Spiring's secretary, customs officer, etc., quoted, 252 Nieuw Port May, mouth of Delaware
so called, 169 Nilsson, quoted. 345-346, 539, 541 Nilsson, Hans, subscribed to the South
Company, 60 Nilsson Tungel, Lars, ambassador of
Sweden to France, 6 Nilsson, Nils, member of the New Rus- sian Company, 50 Nilsson, Valentin, incapable as a direc-
854
Index.
tor, 66; warns against sending ships to Spain, 73-74; blames Cabeliau, 77 ; requests money for the ship building plant, 78
Nobility, the, one of the estates of Sweden, 20
Norberg, Otto, quoted, 669-670
Nordenskiold, quoted, 560
Nordisk familjebok, quoted, 9, 41, 147,
456, 494 Nordiska handskrtfterna (Nord. Saml.)
quoted, 59, 294, 622, 646 Nordlingen, battle at, 91 Nordmann, Petrus, quoted, 147-148,
345-346, 544-545, 652 Nordreelf, 493
Noreen, Adolf, quoted, 25, 350 Norfelt, Israel, president of Gothen- burg, cargo sent by, to Rising, 643 Norlin, quoted, 22
Norrbotten, Usselinx passes through, 62 Norrkoping, ropewalk at, 64-65 ; ship
bought by, 123 ; Tobacco Company
has agents at, 292 Norrlandskeppet, see ships Norrtalje, 678 Norsemen, probable visits of, to the
Delaware, 165 North America, English pretend to,
177, 389, 572-573 North England, see New England Northern Company, 50 North River, see Hudson River North Sea, 117, 128 Norton, Frank, member of the " Lycon-
nia Company" formed at Boston,
395 Norway, Dutch vessels forbidden to
sail to, 142; colonists pass through,
651; 688 Notike, widow of Mitatsimint, friendly
to the Swedes, 438 ff. Nova Spania, American Company has
right to trade in, 628 Niirnberg, iron articles from, 259 Nya Goteborg, see New Gothenborg N[ya] S[verige], I.-III. (K.A.), 802 N[ya] S[verige], I.-II. (R.A.), 799 Nya Sverige i Sodra Amerika, quoted,
49 Nyen, trade from, 46 Nykoping, Tobacco Company has
agents at, 292 Nysund, 633
o
O'Callaghan, quoted, 93, 117-118, 139, 168, 181, i86, 213, 451, 593
Od, 681
Odell, Anders Swensson, first diplomat of Sweden, 9
Odemala (Odemaldt), tobacco trade in, 642
Odhner, Klas Teodor, quoted, 4, 9, 15- 17, 20-22, 29, 31, 39-40, 43, 45-46, 57, 77, 83, 87, 98-99, 146, 195-196, 204-205, 243, 304-307, 312-313, 316,
.. 321-322, 371, 377, 381, 452-453
Odkarby, a district in Finland, col- onists from, 267
Office of the Company, location of, 232
Ogilby, quoted, 488, 495
Ohlander, C, quoted, 46-47
Oland, ships to America at, iii
Old King David, see ships
Old Style (Julian Calendar), used by the Swedes on the Delaware, 42-43 ; English way of counting time, 43 ; former historians keep the Old Style of the Swedes and the New Style of the Dutch without comment, 436, 439; see also New Style
Old Swedes' Church (Gloria Dei), said to be built from Swedish bricks,
347 Olofsmas (July 29), rye to be sown at,
313 Olofsson, Anders, see Stromskold Olofsson von Saar, Michell, 481 Olofsson, Per, engaged as secretary,
643 Olofsson, Peter, 642 Olofsson (Olossen), Richard, witness,
382 Ommeren, van, 653 Ondaaiondiont, visits New Sweden,
334
Onrust, see ships
Opitz, Martin, quoted, 26
Orange, Fort, see forts
Orange, Prince of, 414
Ordinances, drawn up in New Swe- den, 504 ff.
Orebro, 633; governor of, 148
Oririchime, 442
Orn, see ships
Orneklo, Gov., 691
Orphans' Home, 645, 678
Osterbotten, rents of, applied to salary of Printz, 226
Otte, quoted, 7
Oxen, Ridder requests some for work in the colony, 198 ; bought at New
Index.
S55
Amsterdam in 1643, 313, 324; Pers- son sent to New England to buy, 333
Oxenstierna, Axel, complaints sent to, 65 ; directors desire to know the opinion of, 67; appoints a collector of subscriptions in Sweden, 66; sub- scribes to the South Company, 60; Falkenberg's letters to, 88-90; prom- ises of the King of England pre- sented to, 91 ; interviews with Blom- maert, 91 ; Blommaert corresponds with, 92 ff., 116; goes to France, 91; visits the Hague, 91-92; Minuit willing to make a personal call on, 94; Spiring corresponds with, con- cerning the new trade, 95-96 ; re- turns to Sweden, 97-98 ; brings the commercial plans of Blommaert and Minuit into Council of State, 98; StumpfF proposes commercial plans to, loo-ioi ; shareholder in the com- pany, 106; Ridder visits, 127; Robert Smythe has an interview with, 133; plans concerning the Dutch, settle- ment presented to, 135; Fleming writes to, 135-136, Bogaert lays his commission and documents before, 137; memorials sent to, 138; Ridder writes to, 197 ff. ; conferences con- cerning the New Sweden Company, 221 ff. ; capital in the Company, 228; head of the company after Fleming's death, 230; had been waiting for a chance to attack Denmark, 250; too busy to work for the interest of the Company, 252; Trotzig writes to, 254-255, 258; Kagg writes to, 259; Printz writes to, 241, 282, 285 ; pres- ent at the discussions concerning the colony in the Council, 285 ff. ; con- tract with the Tobacco Company re- newed by, 294; heirs of, written to, 623; biography, 686; quoted, 221, 252-253, 286, 294, 334, 373; 675, 684, 686, 695; handwriting of,
[Axet] Oxenstiernas Skrifter, quoted,
39, 45, 87-90. 148, 259
Oxenstierna, Eric, 693; recommends founding of the Commercial College, 17; president of the Commercial Col- lege, 19; takes over the management of the Commercial College, 469; rec- ommends Rising for an assistantship to Gov. Printz, 475; pays up his shares in the American Company, 624; in Prussia, 627; biography, 686; handwriting of,
Oxenstierna, Gabriel Bengtsson, con-
tributes to company, 106; present at conferences concerning the Company, 221 ; capital in the Company, 228,
235 .
Oxenstierna, Gabriel Gustafsson, con- tributes to company, 106 ; present at conferences concerning the Com- pany, 221 ; capital in the Company, 228, 235, 262
Oxenstierna, Johan, sent to England, 91 ; said to obtain rights for Sweden on the Delaware, 175 ; sent to Lon- don, 177
Ox\_e7istiernska'] Saml[ingen\, see Oxenstierna, quoted, and Bibliog- raphy, 800
Oxford, 698
Oytsesing (Oitsessingh), title to, 571
Paauw, 676
Paehahacking, a small tract at, be- longs to the Swedes, 420
Palbitsky, Mathias, goes to Spain, 10, 277, 620
Palestina, 391
PatmsklioldskaJ Samllingen'], quoted, 163, 651
Pamark, colonists from, 243
Papegoja, Madame Armegot, accom- panies the Orn to Trefaldighet, 519; removes to Tinicum, 520; property of, stolen by the Dutch, 605 ; remains at New Gothenborg, 663 ; biography of, 690; 686
Papegoja, Bernt, 687
Papegoja, Goran, 687
Papegoja, Gustaf, 687
Papegoja, Johan, 317, 321, 687, 690, 762 ; goes to New Sweden, 686 ; pre- pares to return to America on the sixth expedition, 243 ; not put on the budget, 257, 451-452; instructed to collect colonists for the eighth expe- dition, 259; returns to Christina, 260; writes to Sweden, 266 ; dispatched to make an oral report, 311; returns to Siveden a second time, 330; in love with Armegot Printz and is married, 4S2; Vice-Governor of New Sweden, 466, 497 ; returns to Sweden on the tenth expedition, 519, 620; comman- der of the people on the twelfth expe- dition, 634; arrives in New Sweden, 659; returns to Europe for the last time, 660; quoted, 266, 315, 321, 376, 452, 465, 546, 626, 634-635, 662;
856
Index.
biography, 686-687 i handwriting of,
455-456 Paper, manufactured in Sweden, 35;
see also Sweden Papers of the Am[erican'] Hist[^orical]
Ass[ociation~\, quoted, 77 Papuq ( ... ), riverlet, 209 Paradise Point [Paradisudden) , Swedes
first land at, 182 Paris, 83
Parkman, Francis, quoted, 164-165 Parliament, writes to Virginia on be- half of Plowden, 216; patents granted by, 403 Parsnip seed, Ridder requests, 198 Parzival, quoted, 25 Passyunk (Passayunk), 564, 566, 568; sachems of, sell land to the Dutch,
419-420 Patronat, mentioned, 93 Patrons, 139
Paul, Herman, quoted, 456 Paulinus, Laurentius Gothus, works for
interest of Swedish education, 27 Paulson, quoted, 29 Pearl, see ships Peas, Ridder requests, 198 Peasantry, one of the estates of Swe- den, 20 Peminacka, speech of, 436-437 ; pre- sents lands to the Dutch, 437, 440;
confessed that he had never sold land
to the Dutch, 441, 566 ; signed papers,
566; quoted, 441, 566 Penington, quoted, 400 Penn, William, quoted, 320, 560 Pennsylvania, Lord Baltimore's grant
including parts of, 173 ; New Albion
part of, 175 Penn[sylvania'] Ar^chives"], quoted, 169,
215, 648, 653 Penn. Hist. So[ciety], 83, 115, 259, 343,
390 Pennlsylvania"] Mag^^azine"], quoted,
83, 96, 174-175. 259, 320, 326-327.
343-344, 348, 381-382, 397. 420, 456,
462, 537, 572, 670 Pequod, sachem of, 208; war with the
English, 209 Pernau, captured by the Swedish fleet,
4; Usselinx visits, 62 Persia, relation to Sweden, 9 Persson, Anders, 642 ; sells tobacco in
Skara, 644 Persson, Hans, 268 Persson, Henrick, reports concerning
America before the Council, 284
Persson, Jacob, to sell tobacco for the company, 292
Persson, Jon, 642
Pestocomeco, see Howkeshocken
Petersson, Jurgen, buys tobacco, 159
Philadelphia, 332; Dutch to locate ten miles above, 138; land bought some- what above West Philadelphia, 325 ; see also Wicacoa
Philip II., King of Spain, sends Erase to Sweden, to
Philip III., King of Spain, gives orders for the arrest of Swedish ships, 75- 76; 272
Phogegus(?), Nils Nilsson, 480
Physicians, foreign, called into Sweden, 29 ; see also barber-surgeons
Pietersen, Lambert, 759
Pigs, killed in the autumn, 202 ; al- lowed to run loose, 365
Pillau, Sweden collects duty at, 6
Pimentelli, Don Anthony, ambassador to Sweden, writes to the governor of Porto Rico, 278, 280
Pinnan (Pinnar(?), Pennan), witness, .566, 756
Pipes, tobacco, duty on, 158
Pirtti, see port
Plagman, salt consigned to, 288
Planck (Blanck), Abraham, granted land, 411; did not settle the land, 412
Plantagenet, quoted, 203, 400
Plowden, Sir Edmund, applies for grant of Long Island, 174; sole pro- prietor of the district, 175 ; begins making preparations to go to New Albion, 215; requests Parliament to write to Virginia on his behalf, 216 ; bark of, arrives at Elfsborg, 381 ; landed at Smith's Island, 381; res- cued by an English bark, 382; seems to have visited New Sweden a second time in 1648, 399; returns to Eng- land, description of New Albion, 400-401 ; secures colonists for his grant, 401
Plowden, Isle of, see Long Island
Plymouth, 682, in sight of, 261 Plym. C»l[ony) Reclords'], Acts, quoted, 208, 210, 214-215, 378, 384, 388-389, 392, 395, 397, 399-400. 402-403, 561, 575
Plym. Col[ony'] Reclords"], Court Orders, quoted, 169, 402
Plym. Collony] Reclords], Deeds, quoted, 343
Point Comfort, English from, 180
Index.
857
Poland, truce draws to an end with, new truce made, 91; at war with Sweden, 4 S.
Pollock, quoted, 456
Pomerania, 694
Ponta Delgata, 495
Pop. Memo. Vol., quoted, 392
Port (piriti), meaning of, 345; de- scribed, 345-346
Porto Rico, 680, 685 ; Swedes ship- wrecked near, 270; shipwrecked Swedes brought to, 271 ; Swedes ill- treated at, 271 ff. ; governor of, 271; eleventh expedition proceeds to, 277 flf. ; Elswick arrives at, 280; presents damages to Governor of, 280; Governor of, receives Elswick, 495; Amundsson dies at, 495; Els- wick leaves, 280, 496
Portsmouth, 474
Portugal, 677, 698 ; commercial rela- tions with Sweden, 10 ff. ; Embassy of, sent to Stockholm, 11; money coming from, to be applied to the New Sweden Company, 224-225 ; Bockhorn goes to, 470
Portuguese, probable visits of, to the Delaware, 165
Posse, Knut, 256
Post office, in Sweden, 39; see also Swe- den
Postmaster General, see Johan Beier
Postryttnren, see ships
Potomac River, 394; Baltimore's grant bounded by, 173
Pots, tin, sent to New Sweden, 255
Potter, Commissioner Joachim, Elswick writes to, 616
Poulson, Am. Daily Advert., quoted, 320
Powder, manufactured in Sweden, 35; see also Sweden, expeditions and New Sweden
Powelsen, Jacob (skipper), to command the ship Freedenhurgh, 140
Prague, peace at, 91
Prince, J. Dyneley, quoted, 190
Prince IFillem. see ships
Printz, Andrew, 697
Printz, Armegot, 689; biography, 690; see also Madame Papegoja
Printz, Catharina, 689, 691
Printz, Christina, 689, 691
Printz, Elsa, 689, 691
Printz, Gunilla, 689, 691
Printz, Gustav, 705, 689; officer in New Sweden, 710; returns to Sweden, probably placed in command of
Scarborough's ship, 342-343, 474- 475; oral report of, 478; biography, 687 Printz, Johan, 678, 681, 687, 693; re- quested to collect colonists, 150; ap- pointed governor of New Sweden, 237; instructions for, issued, 238; arrives in New Sweden, 241, 301 ; requests additional colonists and new supplies, 250; supplies provisions for the return of the seventh expedition, 256, 330; prepares a list of articles needed in the colony, 258; additional request for colonists and supplies sent by, 268 ; letters from, concerning the invasion of New Sweden read in the council, 285; inspects New Sweden, 303 ; begins the erection of Fort Elfs- borg, 304; supplies goods to the people, 304; begins the erection of Fort New Gothenborg, 305-306; erects a dwelling on Tinicum Island, 306, 347; makes his first relation, 307 ; assigns ground to new colonists, 307-308, 334-335; plants corn in 1643, 308-309; begins trade with the Indians, 309 ; buys goods for an ex- pedition to New Holland, 310; de- cides to sow grain in 1644, 312-313; entertains De Vries, 314-315; re- ceives a grant of Tinicum Island, 317; obtains a cargo for the Swan, 317; attempted to establish manu- factories, 320; requests new supplies, 321 ; suggests improvements, 321-322 ; residence of, burned, 326; awaits new supplies, 326; sends his sloop to Manhattan, 327 ; buys goods for a draft, 327; erects a mill, 328; com- manded to remain in New Sweden, 329, 334; makes his third report, 330 ff. ; builds Fort Korsholm, 331- 332; buys land from the Indians, 332, 337; sends his fourth relation, 336; informed of the shipwreck of the KatI, 338; reports to Sweden, 338; few colonists on which he could rely, 339; had had no news from Sweden for 3 years and 9 months, 340; built ships in New Sweden, 340-341 ; ill, 341 ; makes provision to send tobacco to Sweden, 342; de- cides to return to Sweden, 343; library of, 349; Printz accused of enriching himself at the expense of his subjects, 349-350; acquires Printz Torp, 350; bath-house built for the use of, 358; instructed to decorate
558
Index.
the church, 366; instructed to be on friendly terms with the Indians, 275 ; describes the Indians, 375; collects his soldiers to avenge murders by the Indians, 372; feared the Indians as soon as supplies gave out, 376; proposes to exterminate the In- dians, 377 ; instructed to convert the Indians to Christianity, 378 ; pro- poses to compel the Indians to accept Christianity, 379; instructed to keep the Swedish title of Varkens Kill intact, 380; said to have compelled the English at Varkens Kill to re- move or swear allegiance to the Swedish Crown, 381; imprisons the servants of Plowden, 381-382; re- fuses to let the English pass Fort Elfs- borg, 382; Lamberton sends protests to, 383; imprisons Lamberton and his men, 383-384; causes a court to be held at which the English are tried, 384-388; English complain against, 388-389; Winthrop writes to, 389; causes a new court concern- ing the English accusations to be held, 389-390; writes to Governor Winthrop, 390; letters acknowledged by Governor Winthrop, 390-391; much concerned about the activity of the English Puritans, 396; requests the Dutch Commissary to refuse them to pass the fort, 396; writes again to Governor Winthrop, 397; reports his troubles with the English to the Swedish Government, 397 ; showed his friendship for the English, 398; denies the requests of Capt. Clark, 399; offends Plowden, 399-400; re- ports to Sweden that the English Puritans trouble him no more, 401; writes to the chancellor in 1651 that he is not secure from the North Eng- lish, 404; instructed to keep peace with the Dutch, 405 ; sought the friendship of the Dutch against the English, 405-406 ; refutes the claim of Governor Kieft, 407 ; writes to Governor Kieft, 407; asks for more definite instructions concerning the Dutch, 408-409; informs Blanck that he must leave the Schuylkill, 409- 410; prevents Hudde through an Indian chief from ascending the Del- aware, 411; builds a guard-house at the Schuylkill, 413 ; protests against Hudde, 413; accused by Hudde of disrespectful treatment of the Dutch,
414 ; complains about the Dutch to his Government, 415-416; monopo- lizes the Indian trade, 416; seizes the ship Siraen, 417; active collect- ing building material at the Schuyl- kill, 419; sends Huygen to protest against the Dutch, 420; complains to Governor Stuyvesant about Hudde, 423 ; gives strict orders not to allow the Dutch to build, 424; buys land from the Indians to prevent the Dutch from obtaining it, 428; sup- posed by the Dutch to have intentions of fortifying the Hudson River, 430- 431; Hudde instructed to confer with, about the English, 432 ; reports the expedition of Stuyvesant, 435 ff. ; calls a conference of the Indian chiefs to dispute the Dutch land title, 438 ; sends a orotest to Governor Stuyvesant, 439-440; arranges for another conference with the Indians, 441 ff. ; tries to buy land from an Indian chief, 443 ; conference with Stuyvesant, 446 ; opposes the Dutch, 448; given large powers, 450; salary of, 451 ; establishes a court at Chris- tina, 454; removes his seat of Gov- ernment to New Gothenborg, 455; administration of justice in New Sweden systematized with the ar- rival of, 456; judge in most cases in the courts among the Swedes during his administration, 456; plaintiff against Lamberton, 459-460; judge in a court to examine the accusations of the English, 461 ; imposes fines on settlers, 462 ; a revolt rises against, 462-463 ; petitions to, 462-463 ; an- swers petition, 463-464; causes exe- cution of Anders Jonsson, 463 ; ac- cused of ill-treating the colonists, 464; estimate of, as an official, 465; returns to Svpeden, 466; arrives in Sweden, 619; as an author, 561; claims for salary and contributions paid to his heirs, 647; biography, 688-690; quoted, 150, 203, 283, 285, 287, 307, 309, 311, 326, 329-330. 338- 340- 343. 366-367. 370-371. 376, 379. 381-382, 390, 397, 401, 404, 407, 434- 436, 439, 443. 446-448, 455. 466, 619; see also Reports of Printz, New _Swe- den, Dutch and English. Printz Torp (Dorp), see iorp Printz Hall, location for, 305-306; erec- tion of, 308, 347-348 ; said to have been built of bricks brought from
Index.
859
Sweden, erroneous, 347-348 ; built out of hewn logs, 348 ; description of, 347-349; destroyed by fire, 326, 349; rebuilt in 1646, 326, 349
Prison, in Christina, 454; see also Christina, New Sweden
Prophet Daniel, see ships
Profoss, explained, 453
Protest (English), quoted, 211-212, 384
Proud, quoted, 191, 214
Province Island {Mzna\ping, Druiveeij- land/i), Korsholm located on, 331; English at, 213; Dutch at, 179
Prussia, 686, 693, 694
Psalm-book, several editions in Swe- den, 22
Public Record Office, 12, 172; present writer makes search at, 176
Pufendorf, quoted, 91, 615
Fund (pound), weight of, 42
Purchas His Pitgrimes, quoted, 167, 550
Pusey, quoted, 172
Putnam, quoted, 170
Pylfelt, Major, 691
Q
Quebec, 164
Quenieck, 442
Quesne, Abraham de, given privileges
by the king, 45 Quistbro, 633
R
R.A., see Royal Archives
Racoon Creek, lands extending to, 201, 210; Printz buys land at, 337, 428
Rddspr[otokoir\, quoted, io-i2, 16, 21, 34, 38, 46, 47, 48, 49, 53, 58, 59, 60, 61, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72-80, 98- 99, loi, 107, 120-121, 124, 127, 136, 146, 156, 205, 222-228, 237-238, 240, 243, 249, 253, 255-256, 266-267, 276, 283, 285-2S6, 290-291, 351, 450, 649, 654
Rdlamb. Saml., quoted, 241, 560
Raleigh, Walter, supposed to have dis- covered a rich gold mine, 177
Ramstorp, 687, 690
Ranke, L. von, quoted, 33, 652
Raritan Kill (River), Plowden's grant extending to, 175; 496, 588
Rask, Christer Ludwig, subscribed to the South Company, 60
R.D., see Riksdaler
Real, see ships
Records of Gloria Dei, quoted, 605
Rec. of Mass., quoted, 391, 395, 400
Records of the Virginia Co., quoted, 11
Red Sea, 649
Reede, Godard van, seeks to found a colony in New Sweden, 135; visits Spiring, 136; withdraws name of, 137-138
Reedy Island, see Vogele Sant
Rees, Van, quoted, 68
Rees, Jacob de, subscribed to the South Company, 61
Rees, Lagmannen Jacob du, 691
Relation of Sweden to other Countries, see Sweden
Relation with the neighbors, see Eng- lish, Dutch and New Sweden
Religious liberty, in large cities in Sweden, 22 ; granted to Dutch in New Sweden, 139
Religious worship, during the time of Ridder, 205 ff. ; during the time of Printz, 366 ff. ; during the time of Rising, 546; during the Dutch Period, 668
Renappi, see Lenape
Reyneke Fosz, 26
Rensselaer, Kiliaen van, sends goods with Minuit to New Amsterdam, 116
Rensselaer, Mrs. van, quoted, 166, 169
Rensselaerswyck, 437
Reorganized New Sweden Company, see New Sweden Company
Reports of Printz, quoted, 231, 245, 256. 259, 305-307, 309, 312-316, 319- 322, 326, 328-330, 332, 373, 376-379, 381-382, 391, 399, 407-408, 416, 433. 453-454, 462,^ 465
Reports of Rising, quoted, 500-502, 510-511, 513, 518-520, 523, 525, 527,
531-533, 546, 567-570, 579 Retzius, Gustaf, quoted, 361, 345-346,
351, 357-3.58, 361-362, 364-365, 534 Reval, Usselinx visits, 62 Reynier, Domenicus, prepares to build,
434
Reynst, Magaretha, 106
Ribbing, Per, 471
Richardson, quoted, 550
Richelieu, 686; Oxenstierna accepts " the predominence " of, 91 ; advises Gustavus Adolphus to take part in the Thirty Years War, 6
Ridder, Constantin, 692
Ridder, Peter Hollender, appointed commander of Christina, 126-127; instruction given to, 127; Bogaert recommended to, 141 ; takes com- mand of Fort Christina, 197; reports to Sweden, 198; keeps on friendly
86o
Index.
terms with the Indians, 199; quar- rels with the Dutch, 199 fF. ; receives commissions and papers from Bo- gaert, 200; buys land from the In- dians, 201-202 ; erects place of wor- ship, 205-206; difficulties with the Dutch, 207 ; troubles with the Eng- lish, 208-215; protests made to, 216 £F. ; returns to Sweden, 241; biog- raphy, 691-692; quoted, 127, 130, 144, 146, 196-202, 204, 206, 210, 303; handwriting of, 197-198
Ridder, Peter Peterson, 692
Ridd. och Adelns Riksdagspr., quoted,
Riga, 691 ; Swedish fleet sails for, 5 Riksarkivet, see Royal Archives Riksregistraturet, see Royal Copybook
(R.R) Rinckes, Harry, skipper, brings goods
from Holland to Gothenburg, 258 Riksdaler (R.D.), value of, 41 Rikshufvudb. (K.A.), quoted, 163 R[iks] R3d[et], quoted, 70, 72 Ringold, Thomas, 523 ; advised Rising
to buy land, 569, 572 Rising, Johan Classon, brother of
Director Rising, 634 Rising, Johan Classon (Klasson), direc- tor, 164, 685, 687, 696, 761 ; states that King Charles transferred his rights on the Delaware to the Swedes, 175 ff. ; states that the Dutch sold their rights on the Delaware to the Swedes, 176; presents report, 178 ; misdirected zeal of, 449 ; appointed as an assistant to Printz, 475; documents issued for, 476 ; arrives at Gothenburg, 478 ; re- quests Oxenstierna to send copy of privileges, 478 ; asks about the ad- visability of founding a colony in Florida, 479 ; engages people to go to the colony, 482 ; intends to sail, 483 ; writes to Oxenstierna from Dover, 484; visits the French governor-gen- eral, 488 ; recommends Elswick to Oxenstierna, 491; appointed director in New Sweden, 492, 498; arrives at Fort Christina, 498 ; takes charge of the Government of the colony, 499- 500; resume of the instruction to, 499-500; drafts an ordinance in October, 1654, 502; salary of, 503; drafts a new ordinance, quoted at length, 505-509; calls courts in New Sweden, 510 ff. ; judge at the courts, 513; first concern of, 514; directed to pay attention to agriculture, 516;
tour of inspection, 517; endeavors to carry out the articles of his instruc- tion, 518; endeavors to secure a cargo for the Orn, 519; repairs the forts, 522; land granted to, 524; im- proves his land, 524; buys goods from the English, 530; reports to Europe, 531; selects a piece of land for a dwelling and erects a house, 542; his expenses, 542 ; writes to Oxenstierna to send him a good wife, 545 ; occu- pies a conspicuous place in Swedish literature, 551; works of, 551-554; conference with the Indians, 563, 565 ff., 569 ff. ; allows the savages to pass freely in and out, 568 ; desirous to buy lands from the Indians, 569; replies to the arguments of the Eng- lish, 573, 577; makes arrangements to refute the English claims, 574; English rights to America, 573 ; at a disadvantage in his disputes with the neighbors, 579-580; learns the condition of the colony, 582 ; relates his intentions to the Dutch, 583; mistakes of, in capturing Fort Casi- mir, 584; Dutch promise faithful- ness to, 585 ; writes to Stuyvesant, 586; visits the Dutch, 586; not in- clined to go to New Amsterdam, 5S9; calls a council, 595; sends aid to Fort Trefaldighet, 600; makes prep- arations to receive the enemy, 602; sends commission to Stuyvesant, 6oz- 603; collects his people in the fort, 605 ; sends reply to Stuyvesant, 604- 605 ; refutes the arguments of the Dutch, 605-606 ; meets Stuyvesant, 607-608 ; agrees to surrender, 608- 609; signs the articles, 609-610; Stuyvesant offers to hand over the fort to, 611-612; refuses the offers of, 612—615; examines Skute, 613— 614; arrives at New Amsterdam, 614; protests against Stuyvesant, 614- 615; goes to sea, arrives in Europe, 615-616; relations of, received by the Commercial College, 636; com- pany takes over the tobacco bought by, 636; letters written to, 636; ap- plies to the Commercial College for his pay, 646; was unsuccessful, 647; biography, 693 ff. ; quoted, 13, 40, 176, 179, 298, 320, 328, 335, 353-355, 446-447, 453, 478-487, 489, 491, 494, 497-498, 500-504, 508, 510-520, 522- 527, 533, 536, 542, 546-547. 553-55+, 5«4-S74, 573-574, 57^, 580, 582, 585-
Index.
86 1
588, 590, 596, 599-600, 604-605, 609-
613, 616, 625, 631; handwriting of, 565-566, 615
Riva, Governor de la, promises to set the prisoners of Porto Rico free, 271
River Indians, see Lenape
Rix dollar, see Riksdaler
Roads, in Sweden, praised by White- locke, 38-39; in New Sweden, caused to be made by Rising, 533
Robarch(?) (Roxbury?), Mr. Lamber- ton of, 460
Roberts[on], Robert, Printz buys an English bark from, 333
Robertson, Doctor, subscribed to the South Company, 60
Rochelle, 763; ships at, 155
Roe, Thomas, ambassador of Gustavus Adolphus and of England, 6
Rohr, von, 691
Roloffsson, Timon, Hindricksson to con- sult, 147
Roman law, influence of, in Sweden, 21
Rome, 679
Roos, Margreta, 683; quoted, 555-556, 683
Root, Simon, granted land, 411; did not settle the land, 412; arranged to build at Mastmakers Hook, 425 ; affidavit of, 425 ; offers to buy land from the Indians, 428 ; land pur- chased by, 431; denied payment by the Swedes, 439
Ropewalk, preparations for the found- ing of, begun, 64, ropes made, 65; first at Stockholm and Vastevik, 36
Rosell, Mans, 641
Rosenberg, C. M., quoted, 64, 89, 328
Rosengren till Grenzholm, Ture Jakobs- son, 21
Rostock, 686, 688
Roswitha, referred to, 165
" Rottnbourgh," 604
Rotterdam, 117, 274
Royal Archives (Riksarkivet), Sprinc- horn makes search in, 176 ; cf. bibli- ography
Royal Assurance, given by Gustavus Adolphus 19; by Christina, 20
Royal Copybook (R.R., R.A.), all docu- ments not copied into, 629 ; quoted, 10-12, 16, 17, 19, 21, 29, 31, 35, 41, 45, 47. 48-50, 54. 55. 57. 61-63. 65- 66, 68-72, 74-75, 78, 80, 137, 141- 142, 146-147, 149-151, 192, 240, 243- 245, 249, 254, 256, 265, 267, 289, 299, 317, 329, 405, 470, 476, 629, 649-652, 655-656
Royal Court at Abo, see Abo
Royal Library at Stockholm (Kungliga Biblteket) founded, 27
R.R., see Royal Copybook (Riks Regis- tratur)
Rudbeck, Olaus, first great investigator in Sweden, 29
Rudbeckius, Johannes, works for inter- est of Swedish education, 27
Rudberus, Johan Jonsson, went on the ninth expedition, 268; buys a bark, 273 ; leaves the island, 273 ; captured by the French, 273, 274; illtreated by the French, 274; sold as a slave for 500 lbs. tobacco, 275; leaves St. Cruz, 274-275; criticisms of his journal, 275; journal of, 562; quoted, 269, 270-276
Rulla, quoted; 243, 304-307, 309, 315, 319-321, 335, 352, 452-453
Russia, 678; in war with Sweden, 4; trade with, 63 ; treaty with, 63
Russian Company, founded, 46
Russian gloves, worn in colony, cost of,
353
Rutgersius, Johan (Janus), in the diplo- matic service of Sweden, 9
Rutherford, Henry, master of the Swalloiu, brings answer to Rising's letter, 574
Ruttens, Peter, notary in Amsterdam, 118
Ruyven, van, 615
Rydfors, A., quoted, 5-6, 177
Rye, Ridder requests some for seed, 198; when sown, 313; bought at New Amsterdam, 313; sown in the colony, 314; see also New Sweden, Printz and Rising
RjTner, Thomas, quoted, 179
Ryning, Eric, appointed to meet the committee of the estates, 79; dis- cusses journey to New Sweden, 253
St. Christopher, 684; tobacco bought at, 247; Swedes at, 269, 487
St. Cruz, French bark captures Swedes near, 273 ; governor of, ill-treats the Swedes, 273-274; causes a Swedish woman to be murdered, 274; Rud- berus sold as a slave at, 274-275; the Swedes released from, 275
St. Hop, see ships
St. Klara, 678
St. Martin, 696; ships to sail by way
862
Index.
of, 114; Swedes at, 269; take in salt at, 269 St. Martin, see ships St. Michael, 495 ; see also expeditions St. Peer, see ships St. Peter, see ships Saardam, various forms of, 632 Sachem, meaning of, 183 Sacraments, observed in the Lutheran
fashion, 370 ff. Sailor's Narratives, quoted, 165 Saltberget, Berndes, Governor of, 239 Salt Company, founded, 47 Salt, trade, 63 ; trade of the Nevr
Sweden Company in, 288 Salt works, in Sweden, 35; see also
New Sweden Samlaren, quoted, 10, 23, 25-27 Sanbigor (Sambelan( ?) ), 649 Sand Bay, at the mouth of Raritan River, New Albion extending to, 175 Sandelin, Jacob Evertssen (Evertsen), on the Kalmar Nyckel, 182, 184, 759 ; sells goods to the Swedes, 327; sells French wine, 370; on fourth expe- dition, 759 Sandelyn, see Sandelin Sandford, Thomas, 531 Sandhook, sold to the Dutch, 442 ff. ; sale of, to the Swedes confirmed, 566 Sankikan, 384, 411; see also New
Sweden Sankikan Kill, 113 San Lucar, 74-75 Saw-mill, to be erected by Rising, 525;
saw-crank for, saw-blades of, 473 Saxony, elector of, makes peace with
the Emperor, 91 Scandinavia, trial by jury in, 456 Scarborough, Edmund, 595; made a contract with Printz to send 80,000 lbs. of tobacco to Gothenburg, 342; see also Printz and New Sweden Scheiding (Skeding, Skeiding), Holger,
letter sent to, 67 Scheidinck (Schedingk, Skeiding), Philip, promised to subscribe to the South Company, 61 Schelling, Felix, quoted, 550 Schinna, sold land to the Dutch, 429 Schlyter, C. J., quoted, 457-458 Schmid, Casper, bought tobacco, 644 Schotting (Schottingen), Timon van, factor at Gothenburg, 123-124; pre- pares Kalmar Nyckel, 124; money supplied to, 125; buys provisions for fourth expedition, 151; tobacco sold by, 159, 162; retained as factor, 232-
233; helps to prepare the fifth expe- dition in Gothenburg, 237 ; aids in preparing the sixth expedition, 242; his connection with the company severed, 233; quoted, 317; biography, 695; handwriting of, 133
Schiick, Henrik, quoted, 21, 22, 25-27, 29. 456
Schuldt Boeck (1638-1648), quoted, 192, 194-195, 204
Schuldt ul^ndl Cargl^asori] B[uch'], quoted, 504, 526, 531-534, 537, 547, 596
Schultz, quoted, 361
Schuylkill, Hendricksen ascends the Delaware up to, 168; Lord Balti- more's grant beginning at, 173 ; Plowden's grant extending to, 175; lands on, bought by the Dutch, 179; corn fields near, 193; region of, 212; English at, expelled, 215; Coxwell sails to, 214; new ground cleared at, 318; fort built at, 331; English at, 380; Lamberton claims lands on, 383-384; Kling dwells at, 385; Dutch trade at, 407, 409 ; Printz collects building material at, 419; Fort Beversreede built at, 420; seizure of, 422 ; see also Printz, New Sweden, the Dutch, the English, and the Indians
Schwartwout, Thomas, tobacco spinner for the New Sweden Company,
295 ff- .
Schweidnitz, victories at, 302
Scotch, probable visits of, to the Dela- ware, 165
Scotch Dutchman, see ships
Scotland, tenth expedition sails along the coast of, 483
Scott, quoted, 361
Sea-horse, see ships
Sedgwick, Capt. Robert, member of the " Laconnia company " formed at Boston, 395
Seed, all kinds to be taken to the Dela- ware, 193-194; various kinds brought over by Printz, 312; see also expedi- tions. New Sweden
Self-government, dates from antiquity in Sweden, 20
Seeley, Robert, member of Hartford Convention, 575
Settlers, 125-126; lists of, 151-153, 699 ff. ; alphabetic lists of, 716; see also expeditions, Hindricksson, Stake, New Sweden, Printz, Rising, Ridder, the Dutch, and colonists
Index.
863
Setskorn, see Zetskorn
Setubal, Swedes on the way to fetch
salt from, 485 Severn, 511, 572 Seville, 75
Sewant (siwan, wampum), explained, 113, 192; bought in New England, 333; see also the Indians, the Eng- lish, New Sweden, the Dutch Shakespeare, quoted, 361, 549 Shea, quoted, 190 Sheep, five landed alive in 1641, 202;
number of, in colony in 1663, 667 Shillington, quoted, 11 Ship-building, 78; in Sweden after 1611, 35-36; in New Sweden, 320, 340-341- 735, 736, 748-749; Amunds- son especially instructed to prosecute in the colonv. 504, 735, 748; see also ships, vessels and Appendix C Ship Company, see South-Ship Com- pany Shipping, in the hands of foreigners
in Sweden, 40 Ships:
A chillis (old ship), to be hired
from the government, 133 Arken (old ship), to be rebuilt and repaired for a journey to New Sweden, 123 Beaver, the, 594
Black Dog, the {Svarte Hunden), belonging to South-Ship Com- pany, sold, 132, 763 Blyde Boolschap, May of Hoorn,
sails up Delaware in, 169 Bontekoe, 594
Charitas (Charitie), being pre- pared, 151; arrives at Gothen- burg, 153; implements loaded onto, 154; arrives at Fort Chris- tina, 155; takes part in the battle of Fehmarn, 251; estimate of, 626, 759 Christina, to be repaired for com- mercial voyages, 120; to be sent to Barbadoes, 40, 762 Cock, the, 388; sails to New Swe- den, 382-383 Diemen, name of Gyllene Haj changed to, used by the Dutch West India Company for the West Indian trade, 5Q0 Dolphijn {Spiegel?), 595, 604 Dufvan (The Do-ve), to be used for expedition to New Sweden, 120
Eindracht (Endrdkt), bought by Printz, 342 ; stranded at Sandy Hook, 659
Engel Gabriel (Angel Gabriel), Van Vliet goes to Holland on, 122
Folk, fitted out by Sjohjelm for an expedition to Africa, 649
Varna, repaired for fifth expedi- tion, 240; returns to Sweden with a cargo of salt from Portugal, 241 ; prepared for the sixth ex- pedition, 242 ff.; seized in Hol- land, 245 ff . ; cargo of, sold, 248; takes part in the battle of Feh- marn, 251; proposed to make the seventh expedition, 255; not in a condition to make eighth expe- dition, 258; estimate of, 626, 760 ; see also seventh expedition
Foenix, copper sent to Holland on, 288
Fbrgylda Lejonet ( The Gilded Lion), 74, 762
Freedenburgh (Dutch ship), to sail to New Sweden, 140; Hol- landers engaged to bring over, 142 ; arrives in New Sweden and returns, 144, 759
Gasen (the Goose), sails from Stockholm to Gothenburg with passengers for the ninth expedi- tion, 268
Gefleskeppet, 74, 762
Gotland, belonged to the Trading Company, 299
Grip, pass given for, in; selected instead of a government ship, hi; Joransen skipper on, 112; to remain in country, 114; leaves New Sweden, 118; cargo on, 119; drifts upon a sandbank,
125. 758 Groote Christoffel, De, 591-592 Gyllene Haj, bought in Holland, 254; prepared for the seventh expedition, 255; cargo of, 255- 256; voyage, 256-257; proposed to fit out for a new expedition, 286; repaired, 287; to be pre- pared for the tenth expedition, 470; repaired at Stockholm, 473- 474; soldiers and people go on, 480-481; arrives at Gothenburg leaky and in bad condition, 4S0- 481 ; repaired at Gothenburg, 490; delayed, 493 ff. ; arrives in New Amsterdam, 496, 588 ; cap-
864
Index.
tured by the Dutch, 588; re- mained in possession of the Dutch West India Company, name changed to Diemen, 590; 681; 760-761; see also eighth, tenth and eleventh expedition
Half Moon, Hudson sails in, 166
Hercules, mate from the Haj placed in arrest on, 490; car- penters on, 493
Hollandsche Tuyn, De, 429 ; land title signed on, 428-429
Hoorn, 675
Knlmar Nyckel, purchased,, 78; mentioned, 114, ii6, 119, 149, 154. 152, 194. 199, 200, 202; arrives at Texel, 115; driven out of harbor, 117; officers of, 118; to be sent again to Amer- ica, 121, 124; goods loaded onto, 122; adrift, 125; returns to Svre- den, 146, 199; repaired, 151; deeds signed on board of, 183 ; guns taken from, 193 ; fitted out for trading expedition to the Caribbean Islands, 244; seized in Holland, 247; cargo on, sold, 248 ; fights with the Danish ship, 251; too old to perform the ninth expedition, 266-267; estimate of, 626; 758-760; see also expedi- tions
Katt, selected to make the ninth expedition, 267 ; shipwrecked near Porto Rico, 270; burnt by the Spaniards, 278; damages claimed for, 277-280; 680, 685, 761
Koninck Salomon, 591
Konung Carl, 40
Liefde, 595, 601
Marie, Printz in command of, captured, 474-475
Mercurius, Trotzig ordered to buy, 631; rebuilt, 632; ready in Sep- tember, 633; cost of, 635; ar- rives at the South River, 635, 659; return to Sweden, 635, 662, 761-762; see also twelfth expe- dition
Neptunis, expedition made in by Sjohjelm, 649
Neptunis, belonged to the South- Ship Company, 763
New Amsterdam, the, 594
Neiii King David, makes numer- ous voyages for the Company, 227, 763
Norrlandsskeppet, 74, 763
Old King David, makes numerous voyages for the company, 227, 762-763
Orn (Eagle), selected instead of Wismar, 470; goods loaded upon, 471 ; leaves Stockholm for Gothenburg, 472 ; ready to de- part, 479 ; provisions transferred to, 482 ; leaves the harbor, 483 ; becomes leaky, 483 ; Capt. Chev- erell sends his mate on board, 484; turns her prow towards America, 485; sails and rigging of, destroyed by the wind, 488 ; mainmast cut, 488 ; repaired on the homeward journey, 489; 762; see also tenth expedition
Onrust, Hendricksen in command of, visits the Delaware, 168
Pearl, fires at the Orn, 484
Postryttaren, 681
Prince IVillem, Stuyvesant intends to go to the South River with, 421
Prophet Daniel, loaded with slaves, made a prize by the Spaniards, 272
Real, ordered to the South River, 215
St. Hop, 40
St. Martin, ordered to the South River, 215
St. Peer, fights a battle with Kal- mar Nyckel, 251
St. Peter, 40
Scotch Dutchman, Sandelin arrives at the South River with, 327
Sea Horse, Blanck arrives with, 409
Siraen, visited by Printz, 417-418
Stockholms Kronan, 74, 763
Svarte Hunden (Black Dog), 763
Siuan, makes the fifth expedition, 240 ff. ; selected for the eighth expedition, 258; cargo of, 259; journey, 260-261, 266; took part in the Danish War, 251; 759- 760
Siaarte A rent {Ziuarte A rend), 592
Turturdufvan (Turtle Dove), sold by Le Thor, 130, 763
Vliegende Hert, Het (The Flying Deer), 117, 684
Waag, De, chartered, Capt. Frede- rick de Coninck in command of,
Index.
865
593, 595. 600, 603-604, 606, 61+, 660-662 Walvis (IValvisch, the IV hale), commanded by Capt. Peter Heyes, 170 Warwick, Capt. Neal sent to
America with, 393-394 Wismar, Admiralty ordered to fit out, for a voyage to New Swe- den, 470 Shirts, 530; cost of, 353 Shoemaker, Gov. Hindricksson re- quested to obtain, 126, 357, 531-532; see also New Sweden Shoes, cost of, in the colony, 353; of birch-bark made by Finns, 357; made by the Swedes, 534-535; see also expeditions and New Sweden Sideniiis, 21
SidolanJ, meaning of, 523 Sifvertson, Nils, 760 Sigismund III., King of Poland, pre- tends to the Swedish throne, 5 Signet Office, 172
Silfverkrona, Peter Spiring, see Spiring Silfvercrona (Silbercron), Johan Philip,
650 Silk-worm industry, Printz instructed to begin, 320; Rising to begin, 499,
744 Sille, Nicasius de, 550, 607, 662, 666 Sillen, quoted, 9, 22, 30, 32, 34-37, 39-
40, 45. 47-48. 63, 148 Silver Fleet, 75, 194, 322 Silver money (Swedish s.m.), value
of, 41 Sinexon family, 540 Sinques (Sinquees, Sinquessen, Sin-
quesz), Indian chief, sells land to
the Dutch, 440 flf. ; witness, 566, 756 Siraen, see ships Siscohoka, chief, sells land to Printz,
332 Sittoensaene (Minquas), Christina Kill
called, 443 ; see also Christina Kill Sjohjelm (Zeehelm), Vice-Admira!
Hendrick Gerritsen, fits out two
ships for an expedition, 649-650 Skagen, 483
Skdlpund, see pund (Swedish) Skane, 679, 688; tobacco trade in, 641 Skansen, 538; dwelling moved to, 346 Skara, 681, 697; tobacco sold at, 642 Skaraborgs Ian, tobacco trade in, 641 Skeppa (skeppor), 42, 524 Skeppsepp[editioner'\, quoted, 650 Skeppsholm, 678 ; see also Bibliography Skeppund, weight of, 42 56
Skepsk. (Skeppskapaniet), quoted, 65, 69, 70, 72, 74, 77
Skrlifvelserl till K. Maj\_estdt'\, quoted' 489
Skunck, Nils, member of the New Rus- sian Company, 50
Skute, Sven, appointed commander of Fort Elfsborg, 305 ; goes on board the English pinnace, forcing it to fall lower down, 396; sent to expel the Dutch, 425; returns to Sweden, 2S2, 338; arrives in Stockholm, 283; reports concerning the colony, 283, 2S4; appointed to collect soldiers and colonists for the tenth and eleventh expeditions, 471 ; gathered people in Vasteras, 472 ; returns to the colony on the Orn, 477; appointed member of the council in New Sweden, 498 ; commander of Fort Trefaldighet, 503; assistant to Rising, 500; com- mander of Forts and Military Affairs, 502-503 ; donations of land at Pass- yunk and Kingsessing, 500, 517; recommends donation of land to Ris- ing; 524; sent to demand the sur- render of Fort Casirair, 583; goes to Christina to confer with the director and receive instructions, 596; allows the Dutch to pass the Fort without hostility, 597; Dutch confer with, 598 flf.; surrenders the fort to the Dutch, 600-601 ; court-martialed by Rising, 613-614; named as an unde- sirable citizen by the Dutch, 660; elected in the colony, 664; quoted,
598-599. 614
Skyffe(?), 642
Skytte, 300 men of his regiment remain at home, 268
Skytte (Skytt, Schytt, Skittins), Johan, interested in Swedish education, 27
Skytte, Lars, Swedish resident at Lis- bon, II
Slectenhorst, Brant van, not favorably disposed toward the Company, 431
Sleds, used in hauling hay and grain, 364-365, 464
Sluyter's Journal, quoted, 305, 348, 354
Smaland, 688
Smith, Captain (also lieutenant and ensign), Dirck, at the capture of New Sweden, 597 fl. ; appointed commander at Fort Casimir, 657; accusations against, 658; sent to the Delaware with 16 soldiers, 661
Smith, George {Hist, of Del. Co.), quoted, 182, 350, 669
866
Index.
Smith, Capt. John, writes to Bacon, 392 Smith, Robert, buys salt from com- pany, 288, 235, 642; probably the same as Smythe, 134; see Robert Smythe Smith, William, 214 Smoking habit among the students at
Upsala, 158 Smythe, Robert, interviews with Oxen- stierna, 133; proposals for an expe- dition, 133-134 Soap works, in Sweden, 35; see also
Sweden Soderby, 674
S6derk[ompaniel~\, quoted, 106, 109,
125, 131, 145, 151, 154, 159, 163, 224-
226, 228, 233, 242, 247, 259, 281, 282,
522, 625, 630, 633, 635, 662
Soldiers, 126 ; see expeditions, New
Sweden and Appendix B Sonden, Per, quoted, 98, 101 Soop, Mathias, subscriber to the South
Company, 60 South Company, 677'; names of, 53; Usselinx presents views concerning, to Gustavus Adolphus, 53; com- mission for Usselinx to found, 54; charter of, 54-57; brought before the diet, 58 ; directors appointed for, 58- 59; poems concerning, 59; subscrip- tions for, 60-61 ; King requested to pay his first installment for, 61 ; Usselinx sent to the Baltic provinces, Finland and Northern Sweden to collect subscriptions for, 62 ; trade of, 62—63; ropewalk of, 64; ships of, to be sent to the West Indies, 66; journey to the West Indies dropped, 67; letters concerning, 68; commis- sioners to be sent to Germany, France and Venice, 68 ; business of the company grows bad, 68 ; agents to be sent to Finland and Norrland to collect money for, 68 ; joined with the Ship Company, 70-71 ; see also South-Ship Company and New Sweden Company South-Ship Company, founded, 69 ; plans concerning, 69; raising of money for, 69-71 ; ships contracted to be built for, 70; King proposes plans for the increase of the capital of, 70; the estates contribute to, 70- 71; officers of, 71; capital of, 71-72; sixteen ships ready, 72 ; ships sailed to Archangel, North Sea, Holland and Stralsund, 72; freight made by, due from the Crown, 72-73 ; cargo
sent to France, 73 ; plans for the sending of ships to Spain, 73-74; ships prepared, 74; New ships pur- chased and built, 77-78 ; ships again sent to Archangel, 78 ; committee appointed to audit the books of, 79 ; various propositions for the continua- tion of, 79 ; ships carrying freight for, 80; factors of, 71; capital of, to be used for the New Sweden Com- pany, 121 ; permanently joined with the New Sweden Company, 227-228, iii; see also South Company and New Sweden Company South River (Delaware), 93, 122, 124; called the South River by the Dutch, 169; cattle to be taken to, 113; lands on the west side of, to be bought, 113; land on, to be called New Swe- den, 114; sloop to be stationed in, 114; Minuit arrives at, 117; map made of, 117, 517, 555; forts erected on, 117-118, 192; second expedition arrives at, 130; Dutch to settle a colony on, 139; English granted land on, 143 ; early history of, 164 ff. ; Henry Hudson in, 166; English and Dutch at, 167; discoveries at, 168; Cornells May sails up, 169; French in, 169; Fort Nassau built on, 170; Swanendael colony on, 170-171 ; De Vries at, 171, 314; grant to Lord Baltimore of, 172-173 ; grant to Plowden of, 174-175; King Charles I. grants to the Swedes, 175, 178 ; Fort Nassau reoccupied, 178-179; English visits at, 179-180; garrison at Fort Nassau maintained, x8i ; the arrival of the Swedes at, 182; lands bought on, 183, 184; the Dutch claim of, 186; Indians on, 187-188; New Swedish fort proposed to be built on, 197; second expedition sails up, 202; English buy land at, 208-210; Eng- lish built block house on, 210; Eng- lish trade successfully in, 212 ; Eng- lish colony to be planted in, 213; English expelled from, 215; Plow- den makes new pretentions to, 216- 217; fifth expedition receives in- juries in the bay of, 240; climate of, undecided in, 301 ; a fort to be erected which would be the key to, 303-304 ; Swedish fort located on the east side of, 304-305 ; Fort New Gothenborg commands, 306 ; busy life on the western side of, in 1643, 308 ; Virginian merchants trade in.
Index.
867
310 ff. ; Indians of, poor, 322, 377; freezes over, 326; Sandelin arrives in, 327; Dutch obstruct the free traffic on, 338; English merchants from Barbadoes sail to, 339; Eng- lish traders in, harshly treated by the Dutch, 339-3+0; Adams endeav- ors to establish trade in the bay of, 342; Jansen trading on, 343; dwel- lings erected by the Finns on, 345 ff. ; first dwellings of the Swedes erected on, 203-204, 347 ff., 537 ff. ; Printz Hall erected on the banks of, 347; bricks from Sweden brought to, 347 ff. ; description of the Indians on, 187, 188, 375; English settle- ments on, during the time of Printz, 380 ff.; Lamberton, fits out his pi7t- nace for trade on, 282-283; Lam- berton trades in, 283; English trade in, 311 ff., 316 ff. ; English claims to land at, disputed, 384 ff. ; Lamberton forbidden to trade in, 387-388; Printz promises the English to be allowed to go on with their planta- tion at, 391; English suppose that the source of, is the Great Lake, 394; English merchants of Boston send a pinnace to ascend the, 395 ; the English not allowed to pass up, 396; Boston bark trades in, 398; English of New Haven do not give up their hopes of settling on, 400; Plowden finds settlers willing to go to, 400-401 ; Plowden's expedition did not reach the Delaware, 401 ; trouble with the English on, New- Haven Delaware Co. does not re- linquish its rights at, 401 ; English about to improve their "just rights" at, 402 ff. ; a witch accused of being able to say something about, 404; Printz instructed not to disturb the Dutch in their possessions on, 405 ; intrusion of the English tended to obstruct the Dutch territory at, 406 ; Kieft accused of allowing the Swedes to usurp the, 408 ; Kieft shows more concern about the trading-post on the, 409 ; Dutch commissary at, ordered to buy land on the west shore, 412; Stuyvesant not to allow the Swedes to usurp the, without a protest, 416; Hudde reappointed as a commiss at, 417; Geraet (Gerardy) in, for the purpose of trade, 417, 418; a Swed- ish bark sails up the, 418-419; Stuy- vesant desirous to go to, 420 ff. ; two
Dutch officers sent to transact busi- ness at, 421 ff.; Hudde departs for the, 425; Dutch rights to, examined, 427, 444 ff.; Stuyvesant unable to give proper assistance to his com- miss at, 427 ; Dutch buy lands on the east side of, 428-429 ; Printz suspected of desiring to control the entire beaver trade of, 430-431; Dutch erect new houses on, 431; Dutch and Swedes unite and plan to keep the English out of, 432 ; hopes of settling the, from Holland, 432; Dutch freemen unwilling to settle on, 433; boundaries between the colonies at, to be settled by treaty, 434; Stuyvesant tired of the complaints that came from, 434; Stuyvesant sends a vessel to, 435; large expedition prepared for, 435; Dutch fleet arrives in, 436; Indians present lands to the Dutch on the west side of, 437 ; protest from Stu>"vesant because of the injuries received from the Swedes on, 439 ; acts of Stuyvesant during his stay at, 445-446 ; Fort Casimir commands the, 446; all traders in, compelled to pay duty to the Dutch, 446 ; the Dutch now masters in, 446 ff.; ex- pedition of Stuyvesant to the, not ap- proved by the directors in Holland, 447 ; few ships visit the, 448 ; Dutch again active at, in 1653, 448; Stuy- vesant admonished to be careful in his intercourse with the Swedes at, 448 ; courts upon the shores of, 454 ff., 509 ff. ; first judge on the shores of, 455; tenth expedition reaches the bay of, 489 ; the eleventh expedition by mistake passes the bav of, 496 ; a map of, 516; land given to Rising at, 524; English merchants trade in, during the time of Rising, 525; value of improved and unimproved lands in 1653, 526-527; peculiar methods of clearing employed by the Swedes and Finns at, 527-529; freezes over in 1655, 529; supersti- tions among the Swedes and Finns at, 545 ; a poet who intended to go to New Sweden never arrived at, 550; Campanius the most noted of the Swedish ministers at, 560; English commissioners arrive at, 572 ff. ; English present claims to lands at, 574 ff. ; agent sent to view, 577-578 ; reports concerning, presented to the
868
Index.
English Court, 578 ; rumors about the New Haven people were about to send 3,400 men to, 578-579; Eng- lish make new plans at settlements on, 581; the Orn sails up, 582; directors decide to capture the, 587, 591 ; Stuyvesant advised to proceed to, 592 ; preparations to proceed to, 593 ff. ; Scarborough gives bail not to enter the, 595 ; Hook sent down the, to look for the Dutch, 596; Stuyvesant with his fleet proceeds up the, 597; the Dutch land on the shores of, 598 ; Swedish freemen go down the, to help against the Dutch, 603 ; proposes that the Swedes should remain along the, north of Chris- tina, 6x1-612; the Mercurius sails uPi 635; rumors that Sjohjelm was to proceed to, 649; Finns sent to America at the expense of those interested in the colony on, 651; re- ported that the Finns were to pro- ceed to, within 14 days, 652; Swed- ish claims concerning the colony on, 652-653 ; Jacquet sets out for the, 658; Jews to trade at, 658-659; de- cision to send soldiers to the, 660; rumors that difficulties with the In- dians had arisen, 660-661 ; Papegoja sails the Mercurius up the, 661 ; the fVaag arrives at, 662; Stuyvesant goes to arrange matters at the, 664; colonists brought to, 667 ; entire dis- trict of, transferred to the city of Amsterdam, 669; English capture of, 670; see also New Sweden, the Dutch, the English, Printz, Rising and Stuyvesant Spain, trade to, 63-74; Swedish ships arrested in, 75-76; enemy of Swe- den, 9, 276 ff. ; trade of, with Swe- den, 9-10; Palbitsky sent to, 10, 276-277 ; Rising to institute trade from the colony to, 499, 675, 698,
731. 745 Spaniards, 76 ff., 270 ff.; see also
Spain, Sweden, Palbitsky and Pi-
mentelli Spanish prizes, to be captured, 116 Spaniola, Minuit to sail near, 113, 114 Spanish Sea, Swedes pass through, 269 Sparre, Johan, subscribed to the South
Company, 60; agreement with Per
Andersson, 63 Speckt, Cornelius, 70 Spens (Spence), Jacob (James) d. a.
(Jr.), ambassador of Sweden and of England, 6, 11
Spiegel, the, see Dolphijn
Spiring (Spierinck, Spiering, Spieringk, Spieringh), Peter, 674, 684; instructs Blommaert to send letters to him, 94; sent to Holland to raise the Dutch subsidies, 94-95 ; confers with Blom- maert and writes to the chancellor about the proposed trade, 95-96 ; in- terviews with Minuit, 96; goes to Amsterdam, 99-100; report of, re- ceived by the chancellor, loi ; con- fers with Blommaert and Minuit about the West Indian trade, 102; takes shares in the company, 103- 106; reports to the chancellor, 103- 104; visits Sweden, 98; his proposi- tions read in the council, 98 ; returns to Holland, 99; inspects Kalmar Nyckel, 128 ; removes the captain from the ship, 129; ordered to pay the shares of the Dutch members, 132; plan for the Utrecht colony presented to, 136; charter presented to, 137; writes to Beier about the proposed Dutch settlement, 137; presents Ge- genbedencken, 138; written to, about the Dutch settlement, 141 ; applies to the States General for permission to equip a ship in Holland, 142; proceeds of the sale of skins turned over to, 144; money furnished by, 145; reports made to, 155; causes a statement to be made concerning the first expedition, 118; present in the council, 222 ; proposes that a tobacco company should be founded, 223 ; thinks that the peltries from New Sweden should be sold in Sweden, 223 ; Spiring turns over money to Trotzig, 224-225 ; does much busi- ness for the company without pay, 225-226 ; handles money for the members of the Company, 228 ; papers from New Sweden sent to, 229 ; looks after the diplomatic busi- ness of the company in Holland, 234; buys provisions for the fifth expedi- tion, 237 ; instruction for Printz made along the line suggested by, 238 ; assists in preparing the sixth expedi- tion, 242 ; sends protests to the States General, 245 ff.; secures release of ships, 248 ; to send an expedition from Holland to New Sweden, 252; letter from, concerning New Sweden read in the council, 253; to give
Index.
869
Governor Printz good advice, 254; capital in Nevp Sweden Company, 262, 626; heirs of, retain capital in the Company, 626; quoted, 45, 95- 96, 98-100, 103, 122-124, 131. 136, 156; biography, 695-696; handwrit- ing of, 155
Sprinchorn, Dr. Carl, 681 ; makes search in the Royal Archives for evidence of the English transfer of the Dela- ware, 176; quoted, 238, 260-261, 265, 304, 338, 381, 384, 436, 440, 466, 518, 523, 559, 563-564, 629. 634. 649> 654, 656
Staats, Abraham, 437
Stake, bricks exported from, 35
Stake, Olof, governor, instructed to collect colonists, 126; successful, 127; ordered to restore property to Finns, 149; letter sent to, 150, 239
Stang, length of, 507
Starback, C. Georg. quoted. 10, 11, 5°
Slate Papers (Pub. Rec. Office), quoted, 12, 14, 40, 46, 51, 474
Staten Island, 496
States General, no, 695; see Spiring, Appelbom, expeditions
Steam-bath, see bath-houses
Steel, Ridder requests, 198; see also expeditions and New Sweden
Steendam, Jacob, quoted, 550
Steiner, quoted, 173
Steinkamp, Ulrick, appointed factor in Gothenburg, 630
Stettin, 81
Stidden, Timon, see colonists
Stiernhjelm, Georg, 23; foreshadows Grimm's law, 25
Stiernhook, Johannes (Johan) Olai Dalecarlus, 21; quoted. 456 9.
Stiernman, A. A. von, said by Acrelius to confirm the purchase from the Dutch " out of the documents," 176 ; quoted, 16. 19. "7. 4°, 45, 47-5°, 66, 71, 80, 148, 158, 160, 291, 29^-294, 296, 298, 622-623, 640, 644-645
Still, brought to the colony on the tenth expedition, 473; see also expeditions and New Sweden
Stockings, cost of, 353
Stockhnlms Slads tdnhehok. quoted, 70
Stockholm, 67-68, 70, 105, 108, 120, 130, 436, 673-677, 678-682, 683, 688, 697; see also Bonnell, Kramer, Flem- ing and expeditions
Stockholms Kronan (Crown of Stock- holm), see ships
Stolbova, peace at, 4
Stolt, Jonas, quoted, 352, 356, 365, 528,
541
Stone, quoted. 457
Stop, size of, 42
Store-houses, built in New Sweden, 362; described, 363 fit.
Strachey, quoted, 167
Stralsund, 72, 81, 95-96
Strandviken, 526
Strangnas, bricks exported from, 35
Strindberg, August, quoted, 30
Stromskold, Anders Olofsson, secretary of the Commercial College, 18; ap- pointed to draw up proposals, 625; subscribes to the Company, 625-626; appointed director, 627 ; works for the Company, 629 ; goes to Prussia, 638 ; withdraws from the Company, 643 ; sued by Rising, 646 ; quoted, 625, 631, 643
Stroudsburg, 175
Stubbs, William, quoted. 456
Stud, tilleg. Se/iiUk, quoted, 25
Stuiver. value of, 41
Stumpff, Joachim, presents plans for West Indian trade, loo-ioi
Stuyvesant, Governor Peter, appointed director in the place of Kieft, 416; character of, 416; letter of congratu- lation to, 399; protests against Printz, 417; news sent to, 418; ordered Hudde to settle down beside the Swedes, 419; resolves to go to the South River, 420-421 ; journey abandoned, 421; Printz writes to, complaining of Hudde, 423 ; report sent to, 424; complains to the direc- tors in Holland, 427; gives permis- sion to Dutch freemen to live at Mantashook, 428 ; date of his letter, April 9(19), 1649, determined, 429- 430; admonishes his commander at Fort Nassau to oppose the Swedes, 431; letter from directors to, 432; informs Printz about the disaster of the Katt. 433; prepares to go to the South River with a large expedition, 435; marches across the country with 120 men, 436; called Indian chiefs to a conference, 436; answers Printz, 439; buys lands from the In- dians, 440-441, 443-444-445 ; builds Fort Casimir, 445 ; obstructs the trade in the river, 445-446 ; leaves the Delaware, 445-446; said to have had conferences with Printz, 442, 446 ; hopes to appear in the river with greater force, 447 ; directors
870
Index.
not pleased with the expedition of, 447 ; Swedes apply for permission from, 448 ; writes to the directors in behalf of Printz, 466; everything blamed on him, 585; Rising writes to, writes to Rising, 586 ; reports the capture of Fort Casimir, 587 ; cap- tures the Gyllene Haj, 588 ; protests of, and to, 588-589, 590; advised to capture the South River, 592 ; in Barbadoes, 593; reports of the prep- arations of, reach the Swedes, 595- 596; arrives in the Bay with his fleet, 597; lands his artillery, 598; demands the surrender of the strong- hold, 599-600; agrees to the capitu- lation of Trefaldighet, 600; Elswick sent to, 602 ; remains at Fort Casi- mir, 603 ; demands the surrender of Fort Christina, 605-606; reply sent to, 607 ; meets Rising, 607 ; agrees to the articles of surrender, 608-609 ; again meets Rising, 609-610; reports his success to New Amsterdam, 610; council writes to, 611; proposes to return Fort Christina to the Swedes, 611-612; Rising visits, 614-615; col- ony to be governed under the direc- tion of, 657; Papegoja writes to, 659; visits the Delaware in 1658, 664; biography, 696; quoted, 401, 419. 429, 430-431. 434. 598. 662; hand- writing, 433
Styffe, quoted, 39
Suffering and Resurrection of our Lord Jesus Christ, The, 26
Sugar factories, in Sweden, 35
Sundbiirg, Gustav, quoted, 351, 457,
541
Sunden, D. A., quoted, 351
Sundsocken, Finns from, 149
Suppeckongh (Supeskongh), West point of Minquas (Christina) Kill, 440
Surveyors, German, employed in Swe- den, 15
Susquehannas, same as White Min- quas, 188
Susquehanoer, see Susquehannas
Susquehannocks, see Susquehannas
Svarta, 633
Svarte Hunden, see Black Dog
S'vecia, see Sweden
S<v. Hist, och Polit. Visor, quoted, 251
Svensson, Johan, sailor, 758
Svensson, Nils, 760
Swan, see ships
Swanendael, 676; dilapidated fort at.
143 ; Dutch colony on Horn Kill called, 170-171 ; colony not a suc- cess, 180; sold to the Dutch West India Company, 181 Swanendael Company, not a success, i8o; differences arise with the Dutch West India Company, 181 Sivarle Arent, see ships Swartling, Birger, quoted, 25 Sweden, 673, 674, 675, 679-681, 684- 686, 688-691, 693, 695, 697, 698; Reformation saved by, 3 ; Gustavus Adolphus ascends the throne of, 3 ; in war with Russia, 4; Poland, 4-5; takes part in the Thirty Years War, 6; in war with Denmark, 7, 250 ff., 641 ; comes in contact with the out- side world, 9; relation of, to Spain, 9-10, 270 ff., 276-280; relation of, to Portugal, lo-n ; relation of, to France, 11; relation of, to England, 11-12, 299; treaty with England, 11, 621; relation of, to Holland, 12-14, 591; government of, 15 ff.; highly organized military system of, 15; departments of State of, 15; Com- mercial College of, 15-19; govern- ment of, Constitutional, 19 ; self- government of people in, 20; Coun- cil of State of, 20-21; judicial sys- tem of, 21; professor of law in, 21; Reformation in, 22; religious liberty in, language of, in the 17th century, 23-25 ; poets and authors in, 25-26 ; literature of, 26 ; education in, 26-28 ; natural sciences in, during the first half of the 17th century, 29; class distinctions, characteristics of the Swedish peasants, 29-30; patriotism of the people in, 30-31; population 0^1 3i~32; reasons for migrating from, 32 ; military system of, in ad- vance of the age, 33 ; systems of government imitated by other coun- tries, 33; wealthy Dutchmen settle 'f| 33~34> 52; iron works in, become famous, 34; copper mining in, 34; textile and clothing industries in, 34; shoe and glove factories in, 34; kettles and utensils manufactured in, glass factories in, 34-35; brickyards in, 35; paper manufactured in, 35; various industries in, 35-36; agricul- ture in, 36-37; cities favored in, 37; country roads in, 38-39; canals in, 39; communication of, with foreign countries, 39; post office of, 1620- 1654. 39-40; domestic trade in, 40;
Index.
871
export trade of, 40; money of, 41; weights and measures of, 41-42 ; calendar used in, 42—43 ; societies and guilds of, 43 ; Christian II. of Denmark proposes to found a trad- ing company in, 44; company char- tered at Gothenburg, 1607, 45; Gen- eral Trading Company, 1615, founded in, 45; other companies founded in, 45-48 ; a New Ship Com- pany founded in, 48 ; Swedish Afri- can company founded in, 49; minor companies, 50; English-Swedish Company to be founded in, 50-51; South Company founded in, 52 ff.; Usselinx goes to, 52-53; subscrip- tions for the South Company raised in, 58-62 ; United Ships Company founded in, 69 if.; importance of copper trade in, 87, 88; trade to the West Indies of, proposed, 90; Finns in, 147 ff. ; beaver trade in, 157; tobacco trade in, 158-163; New Swe- den Company reorganized in, 221 ff.; fifth expedition prepared in, 237 ff. ; sixth expedition prepared in, 242 ff. ; colonists return to, on the sixth ex- pedition, 248 ; heavy toll in the Sound a heavy burden to, 250; Denmark a false friend in the peace negotiations of, 250; industries in, badly damaged, 251 ; could spare ships for commer- cial journeys, 252; preparations for the seventh expedition from, 254; goods secured in, for seventh expedi- tion, 255; tobacco shipped to, on the Haj, 256; goods shipped to, for the eighth expedition, 258; books from America brought to, colonists return to, on the eighth expedition, 261, 336; Papegoja requests to be allowed to return to, 266; colonists on the ninth expedition endeavor to return to, 273; survivors of the ninth expe- dition return to, 275-276; plans for new expedition from, in 1660, 281; Skute returns to, 282; colonists sup- ported the people without aid from, 283 ; salt brought to, 288 ; peltries sold in, 289 ; use of tobacco had enormously increased in, 1643, 289; large quantities of tobacco illegally brought into, 289-290; Tobacco Company to be organized in, 290 ff. ; sole right of the Tobacco Company to sell tobacco in, 291 ; tobacco press and other instruments shipped to, 295; ship on her way to, captured.
299 ; news from, desired by settlers, 302; Printz instructed to plant to- bacco which could be shipped direct to, 308 ; colonists adhered to the cus- toms in, 312 ff. ; method of sowing rye in, 313; 300 skins bought in the Schuylkill for the Sivan, shipped to, 317; draft arrives in, 327; Molndal in, 328; Swan returns to, 335; big sums of money paid to the returning colonists in, 336; neither news nor supplies came from, in 1650, 338; Printz writes to, in 1652, 341 ; lack of tobacco in, 342 ; Printz decides to go to, 343 ; forms of houses in olden times in, 345 ff. ; bricks sent to New Sweden from, 348; crofters in, 351; snuff-boxes of birch-bark common among peasants in, peasants in, know how to prepare various kinds of skins, 357; Finnish form of bathing common in Sweden, 361 ; storehouses built in, 363; chickens in the dwel- ling-houses in, 365; style of churches in, 366; festivities in, 369; authori- ties in, endeavor to supply the re- ligious wants, 373 ; Campanius re- turns to, 373-374; 2 Indians to be sent to, 378 ; English forced to swear allegiance to the crown of, 381; Lamberton protests against the crown of, 385 ; success of the king of, known in New England, 398; Kieft informs Gov. Printz of news from, 407 ; Printz receives no further orders from, concerning the Dutch, 409 ; their High Mightinesses are unwil- ling to come into conflict with, 413; Olofsson seems to have returned to, 453 ; documents sent to, by Printz, 455; Regner, king of, 456; jury said by some to be foreign to, 457 ; prepa- rations for the tenth expedition in, 469 ff. ; regulations concerning col- onists from, 506; cargo expected from, 530; Rising sends reports to, 531; buildings of two stories in, 541- 542; times for meals in, 543; cus- toms at Christmas in, 543-544; Finns looked upon as masters of witchcraft in, 544; soldiers leave their wives behind in, 545 ; early voyages gave rise to no literature in, 549; popu- lar historian of, quoted 551; friend- ship between England and, has powerful influence upon Rising, 574; Printz had carried most of the orig- inal documents to, 579; friendly re-
872
Index.
lations between Holland and, have largely disappeared, 591 ; treaty of, with England concerning the trade, 621 ; tobacco sent to, 637 ; tobacco trade of, placed in the hands of the Company in 1648, 641; provinces ceded to, 641 ; preparations made in, concern the Dutch, 649; Finnish families from, to go to America in 1664, 650; fugitives to be returned to, 652 ; not to be expected that Eng- land would turn over the colony to, 654; British representative in, 655; colony forever lost to, 656; further orders to be received from, 659; Swedes desire not to take sides with the Dutch, should trouble arise be- tween Holland and, 664; several settlers from, arrive in New Sweden, 1663, 667; see also expeditions, New Sweden Companj', South Company, South-Ship Company, Usselinx Swedes, the, 681; things become brighter for, 7 ; illiteracy of, 28 ; patriotism of, 30; large company to consist of Englishmen and, 50; com- ing of, 182; two ships of, 182; the Indians with whom they came in contact, 187; Indians trade with, 188; Minquas country called by, 191; undersell the Dutch, 195; resolve to move to Manhattan, 195-196; Eng- lish and Dutch begin trade with, at an early date, 198; Dutch settling among, 203 ; Dutch vessels trade with, 207 ff., 314 ff. ; English trade with, 198, 311 fl. ; 525 ff. ; houses of, 204, 345 ff. ; relation of, with the neighbors during the administration of Ridder, 207 ff. ; Lamberton sends protests to, 209; Berkeley protests against, 216; shipwreck of, 270; Spanish ship sent to, 270; pumping done by, 271 ; ill-treated by the Spaniards, 271-272; conversion of, to Catholicism, 272-273; submitted to ill-treatment by the French, 273 ; understood the value of bathing, 357; storehouses of, 362 ff. ; granaries of, 364; religious worship of, during the time of Printz, 366 ff. ; relations of, with the Indians, 375 ff., 563 ff. ; murdered by Indians, 376 ff. ; relations of, with the English during the ad- ministration of Printz, 380 ff.; Lam- berton accused of planning to kill, 383, 386-387; Printz accused of try- ing to make Woollen testify falsely,
388-389-390; Gov. Winthrop has high opinions of, 398; Collicott com- plains against, 399; English sell their property to, 399 ; the New Haven people to receive aid against, 403 ; rights of, to be guarded, 405 ; on good terms with the Dutch, 406; Jan Jansen on good terms with, 407; allowed to usurp the Delaware by Kieft, 408 ; Dutch trade of disad- vantage to, 409; Swedes had ac- quired title to certain territory, 412; diligence of Printz gives a decided advantage to, prudence of, saves them from attack, 415; reports of, not to be taken too literally, 416; Stuyve- sant to use more power against, 416- 417; could not expect succor, 418; Dutch to settle down by the side of, 419; Indians accuse, 419-420; In- dians ill-disposed towards, 420; Hudde is accused of using vile lan- guage against, 423 ; Dutch partici- pate in the purchase of land, 423; do whatever they please in the river, title acquired by, armaments of, forces of, proceedings of, 426 ; Stuy- vesant cautioned to have patience with, 427 ; Broen asks the assistance of, 428 ; would have gained a foot- hold on the eastern bank, but for the watchfulness of Hudde, 430; sup- posed to have intentions of closing up the North River, 431; Dutch plan concerted action with, 432 ; attacks to be resisted, 432 ; boundary of the Schuylkill to be recovered from, 433; complications of, with the Dutch ap- proaching a crisis, 434; insolence of, to be checked, 435; the Dutch forces to impress, 436; Indian ref- erences to, 436-437; Indians report of land-sales to, 438 ff. ; land-par- chase of, said to be legal, 441 n.; Mitatsimint said to have sold land to, and to no one else, 442 ; relations with Dutch, winter 1651-1652, 447; prohibited from trading with the Dutch, 462; conceived an unmerited hatred of the Governor, made slaves by Printz, 465 ; well received by the English, at Dover, 484; monks and nuns at the Canary Islands visit, receive injuries from the inhabitants, 486 ; Turks reported to have at- tacked, 487 ; said to have left St. Cruz, 488 ; Huygen said to have -' played false to, 497 ; trade of the
Index.
873
river to be drawn into the hands of, 499; reported to be all dead, 510; a certain old man promises to lead the, to Virginia or Maryland, 513; Indians avoid all communication with, 514-515; accustomed to a orim- itive form of agriculture by burning, 527 ff. ; customs, habits and dress of, 534 ff. ; possess a sort of paddle for steering, 534; make their own shoes, 534; in sore need, 530; dwellings 0^1 5371 description of the coast occu- pied by 555; pies made from the flesh of human beings sold to, lives of, like that of the Indians, 557; in- terpreter for the, on the point of murdering Lindestrom, 558; rela- tions of, with the Indians during the time of Rising, 563 ff. ; disease of, spreads to the Indians, 565; Indians well satisfied with, and to keep peace with, 565; confirmation of sale of land to, 567 ; Minquas, the protectors of, present land to, 1655, 569-571 ; relations of, with the English, 1654- '655, 572; a perfect right to occupy and settle the Delaware, 572-573; principles recognized as giving right to a territory adhered to by the Swedes, 573 ; Goodyear sent to treat with, 578 ; Allerton has large bills to collect from, 579; power of, too weak to attack Fort Casimir, 581; Fort Casimir in the hands of, 583- 584; injuries done by the Dutch to be forgotten, 584-585; congratula- tions on the arrival of, in 1654, 586; about to send a sloop to New Eng- land, 587; every means taken to pre- vent knowledge of the expedition from reaching, 595; must leave or come under the jurisdiction of the Dutch, 604; no occasion for action to be given by, 605 ; to have liberty to leave the country or remain, 608- 609 ; Stuyvesant made lenient de- mands of, said to have bribed the savages to attack the Dutch, 610; proposal to give the land above Fort Christina to, 611; savages friendly to, 613; Dutch do their best in per- suading the, to remain, 615; new period of, 657 ; to be looked well after by the Dutch, 65S ; to prevent uprising of, 660; demand that the Mercurius be brought up the river, 661 ; required to swear new oath of allegiance, 664; gradually acquire
the confidence of the Dutch, 664-665; tax of, called upon to do military duty, 665; successful in cultivating the land, 666 ; number of, who could bear arms, 666; property of in 1663, 667; continue to have their own officers, 667 ; religious history of, during the Dutch period, 668 ; Rev. Lock remains alone among, 669
Swedish books, burnt by Spaniards, 271
Swedish Crown, see Crown
Swedish Finns, Finns living in Sweden, 634
Swedish members of New Sweden Com- pany, 106, T19; buy out the Dutch, I3rff.
Swedish South Company, 698; see South Company
Swedland, see Sweden
Sweerlngen, van, quoted, 171
Swensson, Anders, see Odell
Sybels Hist. Zeitschrlfl, quoted, 93
Symonssen (Symonsz, Simons, Simonsz>, Michel (Mickel), mate, no, 112, 758
T
Tacitus, quoted, 361
Tailors, go to New Sweden, 152; see also expeditions and New Sweden
Tamecongh (Tamicongh, Cameconck), position of, sold by the Indians, situ- ation of, 440, 443
Tar, made by Swedes, 11; see also New Sweden and expeditions
Tar Company, the, 48
Tar Company in Gothland, 48
Tarn, explained, 333
Tariv, see Taru
Tarvce, see Taru
Taylor, quoted, 550
Tennekonck, see Tinicura and Tinne- konck
Tenth Expedition, see expeditions
Tentor, Michell, 530
Terra Nova, see Newfoundland
Terreau, Pierre, member of the New Russian Company, 50
Terserus, quoted, 28, 31
Texel, 675 ; Kalmar Nyckel arrives at, 115, 128, 129; see also expeditions
Textile factories in Sweden, 34; see also Sweden
Theiussen, Jan, skipper, brings goods to Gothenburg, 266
Thiens, Gerard, shares in a brass fac- tory at Nacka, 89
Thil Ulspegel, 26
874
Index.
Thimbles, sent to New Sweden, 255
Thirty Years' War, 689 ; comes to an end, 7; Finns leave their native country during, 148 ; King Christian takes part in, 5 ; Gustavus Adol- phus enters, 6; see also Sweden
Thompson, Sieter (Sieton), trading at Christina, 315
Thompson, quoted, 572
Thor, Johan le, Fleming to correspond with, 120; draft from, 130; quoted, 89, 122, 145
Throckmorton, Mr., former owner of a bark, 382
Thurloe, J., quoted, I2, 648
Thwaites, quoted, 172, 190, 334
Tidningar, quoted, 243, 267
Tido (castle), Ridder sent to, 127
Tienhoven, Andrian (Andriaen) van, requests Skute to desist from using violence, 425 ; writes to Stuyvesant, 426; on board the Orn, 582; sent on board the Orn by Bicker to request a delay, 583 ; appears at New Am- sterdam, 587; quoted, 425, 583
Tienhoven, Cornells (Cornelius) van, 382, 587, 589; to examine Hudde's accounts, 424; copies letter from the South River, 426; sent to the South River, 663
Tilly, Count, defeats the Danish King, 5-6
Timber Island, 526
Tinge, Mr. William, member of the Company formed at Boston, 395
Tinicum Island (New Gothenborg), 690; Printz locates his residence at, 305-306; description of, 305; New Gothenborg built at, 304-306 ; fire at, 326; church built on, 366; services at, 369; Campanius performs services at, 372; Rev. Lock conducts services on, 374, 668 ; seat of Government of New Sweden removed to, 455; courts held at, 461 if., 510 ff. ; Printz de- parts from, 466; Mme. Papegoja re- moves to, 520-521; value of, 527; settlers collected at, to defend settle- ment against the Dutch, 602; Dutch rob property at, 605; Papegoja stays at, on the twelfth expedition, 66i; passengers from twelfth expedition landed at, 661; Mme. Papegoja al- lowed to retain, 663 ; fort at, to be garrisoned by 8 or lo soldiers of the Dutch, 664
Tinnekonck (Tenakongh), 501; land bought at, 429
Tobacco, brought over on first expedi- tion, 131; storehouse for, rented, 157; introduced into Sweden by Dutch sailors, 158; first large cargo brought into Sweden, 159; ordinance con- cerning, published, 159 ff. ; company founded, 159; amount sold, 162; profits on, 162-163; books concern- ing, 158; discussions concerning the trade of, in the council, 222-223 i trade of, in Sweden, 1643-1653, 289 ff. ; spin- ning of, 295-296; sale and importa- tion of, made free, 296, 297, 298 ; shipped from New Sweden, 256 ; to be planted in New Sweden, 308; raised in New Sweden, 312, 322- 323; bought in New Sweden, 318, 330, 516; Printz makes arrangement for sending 80,000 lbs. to Gothen- burg, 342; bought by most of the settlers, 356; land cleared in New Sweden to be planted with tobacco, 526 ; brought to Sweden on the Mer- curius, 635, 662; advantages to be derived from a monopoly of the trade in, 632 ; sole right of the im- portation of, given to the American Company, 622-623 ; trade of, by the American Co., 637 ff. ; brought to Holland by Printz, sold at a loss, 637 ; importation of, from Hamburg and Amsterdam, 637 ; smugsling of, 638; amount sold in 1656, 639; amount imported from 1655-1658, 639; placard concerning the im- portation of, published, 640; entire trade of, in Sweden placed in the hands of the American Tobacco Co., 641 ; inspectors over the trade of, 641 ; privileges to sell, granted to individuals, 642; distributed at Gothenburg, 643 ; placed on the excise list, 644; importation of, in the year 1659-1660, 644; wholesale trade of, assigned to Andersson and Bohm, 645 ; excise received from the duty on, to be used for various pur- poses, 645 ; see also New Sweden, Printz, Rising, expeditions, trade of the company and Tobacco Com- panies
Tobacco Company, first formed, 16 1
Tobacco Company, the Second, discus- sions concerning the founding of, 290; founded, 291; members of, 291;
Index.
875
officers of, 292 ; new contract made by Oxenstierna dissolved, 296
Tobacco Company, Third, organized, 298 ; owes the New Sweden Com- pany, 281
Tobacco planters, to be taken to the Delaware, 193; see also expeditions and New Sweden
Tobacco trade, see tobacco
Tohaksk\_ompaniet], quoted, 162-163, 289, 290, 637-639, 641-644
Tomquncke, riverlet, 209
Torkillus, Reorus ("Rev.), goes on sec- ond expedition, 127; ill, 129; arrives in New Sweden, 205 ; abused by the Dutch, 205; ill, dies, 315, 371; biog- raphy, 697
Torp (Printz), 474, 690; meaning of, 350; taken by Printz, 350
Torshalla, tobacco to be sold at, 292
Torstensson, Lennart, 7
Torwig, Torsten, 481
Tott, Count (whose brother was in New Sweden), 693
Trade, in Sweden, 38 ff . ; see also Sweden
Trade, with Indians, 113, 114; see also Indians, New Sweden, Minuit, Rid- der, Printz, Rising
Trading Company (Handelscorapag- niet), Bonnell sent to England by, 299
Trading Company at Riga, 45
Trading voyage to the Caribbean Islands, Katmnr Nyckel prepared for, 244; buys tobacco at St. Christopher, 247; ship seized in Holland, 247; cargo of ship sold, 248
Translations, of foreign works into Swedish, 23
A Treatise on Trade, 694
"Treaty Papers" (Pub. Rec. Office), quoted, 12, 51, 653-656; see also State Papers
Trenton, see Asinpinck Falls
Treyden, Usselinx at, 62
Tripp & Co., 87
Troili, G. K., quoted, 11
Trost (Trosth), Mattias, member of the Tobacco Company, 291, 294
Trotzig, Jacob, 687; member of First Tobacco Company, 161; member of the Tobacco Company, 291 ; made director of the Tobacco Company, 292; denied that he was a director of the Company, 292
Trotzig, Peter, to be employed in place of Blommaert, 156; buys tobacco in
Holland, 161; works for the Com- pany without pay, 226 ; acts as the Company's factor in Holland, 233; buys goods for the sixth expedition, 242; purchases brandy and wine for the tobacco trade, 244; pays return- ing colonists and soldiers, 248 ; re- ceives money from Andersson, 253; prepares a ship for New Sweden, 254; orders cloth to be made in Kampen, 258; helps to prepare the ninth expedition, 266; aids colonists returning from the ninth expedition, 276 ; buys large quantities of goods for a new expedition, 283 ; hires tobacco spinner, 295; Printz writes to, 338; report made to, 6i6; buys a ship, 631-632; reports to the Govern- ment about Finnish families, 650- 651 ; reports that the English have captured the colony, 653 ; biography, 697; quoted, 49, 254, 255, 258, 281, 285, 290, 338, 399, 651-652; hand- writing of, 285-286
Trumbull, quoted, 215
Tunna, Swedish (barrel), 42 n.
Tunna gutd (barrel of gold), value of, 41 n. 18
Tunnland, Swedish, land measure, size of, 42, 507
Turko, see Abo
Turks, the, Lindestrom reports three ships of, approach, 487 ; a great scare of, at the time, 493
Tu[rner], J[oh]n(?), member of the Delaware Company, 208
Turner, Captain Nathaniel, member of the Delaware Company, sent to pur- chase part of the Delaware, 208 ; sails up the Delaware, 208; pur- chases land from the Indians, 209; Van Dyck sent to, 210; builds a block-house and makes other arrange- ments for settling, 210-21 1; buys land at the Schuylkill, returns to New Haven in the late summer of 1641, again sets sail for the Dela- ware in the spring of 1642, 212; sells goods at Christina, 316; the testimony of, produced by Lamber- ton, 385; arrives at Christina, 389; member of the Court in January, 1644, 4^'
Turnips, Ridder requests, 198
Turtle Kill, a grist mill at the falls of, 666
Turturdufva (The Turtle Dove), see ships
876
Index.
Tweedie, Mrs., quoted, 358, 361, 362 Twelfth Expedition, see expeditions Twiiler, van, 4.27 Tyreso, factory at, 34
u
Ulfsby Socken, colonists from, 243 Unalachtigo, a tribe of the Lenape, 187 Unami, a tribe of the Lenape, 187 Ungdomsviinnen, quoted, 647 United New Netherland Company, see
New Netherland Company University of Abo, founded, 27 University of Upsala, 678, 682, 686, 693 ; professors at, recommended to present the learning of the world in Swedish, 23; reorganized, 27; Li- brary of, founded, 27 University Library at Upsala, founded,
27 University of Dorpat, founded, 27 Upland, 686; colonist from (in Swe- den), 24; blockhouse at, 307; name given to, 307; Christer Boije given command of blockhouse at, 307 ; im- portant plantation at, 319; see also New Sweden Uppmark, quoted, 263 Upsala, division of South-Ship Com- pany, directors of, 70; tobacco trade in, 642 ; see also expeditions Usquata, Sachem of Narratacus, sells
land to the English, 209 " Usselinx and the South Company,"
quoted, 54 Usselinx (Usselincx, Uselincxs, Uisse- lincx, Urselincx, Ussling, Usling, Wsselinx, Wsselincx, Vsselinx), Wil- lem, complains to Oxenstierna, 65; called into council chamber, 66; presents his views to the council, 67; not pleased with the management of the company, 68 ; recommends An- tony Monnier as director at Gothen- burg, 68 ; severs his connections with the South Company, leaves Sweden, 68 ; plans for a new South Company, 81; appointed General Director, 81; publishes Argonaut'ica Giistamana, 81-82; distributes his book, 82; goes to Paris, 83 ; proposals for the found- ing of a new South Company in Holland, 83 ; project for a General Commercial Company ; his Argo- nautica quoted, 82; fails in his en- deavors, 87; Fleming writes to, 120; requested to suggest a successor for
Minuit, 123 ; organizer of the Dutch West India Company, 169; probably made suggestions to Oxenstierna, 177 ; biography, 698; quoted, 31, 54, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 78, loi, 123, 365, 624; handwriting of, Usselinx Manuscripts, quoted, 53, 54 Utrecht, people in, to found a colony,
135 Utrecht Colony, plans for the permis- sion of, 135 ff. ; Fleming in favor of, 136; charter concerning, 137; changes in charter, 137-138; loca- tion of colony, 138-139; memorials concerning, 138-139; charter of, is- sued, 139-140; arrival of colonists in New Sweden, 144, 200; disappear- ance of the colony, 203
V
Valkyrian, quoted, 562
Van Rensselaer B. Mss., quoted, 106, 116, 135. 172
Varkens Kill, English colony at, 210 flF.; settlement undisturbed at, 217 ; Printz ordered to keep the title to the dis- trict of, intact, 303 ; English settled at, sell tobacco, 312; English settle- ments at, swear allegiance to the Swedish Crown, 381; English settlers had intimated that Indians and Eng- lish would kill the Swedes, 386-387; settlers at, confess that they had not been driven off, or urged to become Swedish subjects, 390; a bark from Boston remains near the English plantation at, 398 ; English at, prob- ably remove before 1647, 399
Varmland (Varralands Ian), Stake governor of, 126; location of, 126; tobacco trade in, 641
Vasa (Wasa), a blockhouse erected at, place in Finland, 328
Vasteras, colonists to be collected at, 471-472, 553
Vastergotland, tobacco trade in, 641
Vasterick, Gerritt, ship of, 418, 430
Vastervik (Wasterwik), ropewalk at, 36; ship to be built at, 123; tobacco company has agents at, 292 ; tobacco trade at, 641
Vastmanland, tobacco trade in, 641
Vattel, quoted, 573
Venedig, Gustav Adolf und Rohan, quoted, 9
Venice, relation with Sweden, 9 ;
Index.
877
agents to be sent to, concerning the South Company, 68 Verbruggen, Peter (Pieter), spies the Silver Fleet, 194
Verrazzano, sails by the Delaware, 165 Vertoogh van N. N., quoted, 400, 408
Vessels, 80; captured by the English, II ff., 299-300; captured by Spain, 75-76; built at New Elfsborg, one of about 200 tons burden, built at Christina, 340-341; sloop built, 340; boats built, 320; see also shipbuild- ing and ships
Vesterviksskeppskompani, 48
Viborg, 692; Usselinx visits, 62; sub- scribes to the American Company, 624-626; see also tobacco trade
Vigfusson, quoted, 351
Vignois, Cornelius, 118
Vikings, probable visits of, to the Dela- ware, 165
Villa Franca, 495
Vinland Coast, Norsemen at, 165
Virginia, 97; Lord Delaware visits, 172; eight men from, sent to explore the Delaware, 179; Thomas Young at, 179-180; prisoners sent to, 180; the Grip arrives at, 185; people in, offer to sell cattle to the Swedes on the South River, 198; name vaguely used, 245 ; merchants from, visit the South River during the time of Printz, 309, 525 ff. ; messengers sent from New Sweden to, 515; see also New Sweden, the English
" Virginien " (New Sweden), see New Sweden
Virginia Bay, Swedes experience acci- dent in, 488
Virginia Britannia, quoted, 167 Virginia Company, Baltimore's grant
carved from, 173 Virginia River, 569; see fl/io Elk River Vischer, G., to hire laborers in Sweden,
II .
Vischer, Michel, supplies money for second expedition, 125
Visnum, 633
Vlie (in Holland), Kalmar Nyckel at, 117
Vliet, Cornelis van, captain on Stock- holm's Croicn, 74; commander of second expedition, 121 ff. ; goes to Holland, 122; arrives at Stockholm, 124; Ridder to follow instructions of, 127; did not do his duty, 128; re- moved from service, 129, 759
Vlissingen, 673
I'ogele Sant, location of, 411
V'olckmar, S., 642
Volger, Melcher, member of the To- bacco Company, 291
Voss, contract for ships made with, by Nykoping, 70
Vowels, Swedish, change of, 25
Vries, Petersen de, arrives at Swanen- dael, 171; visits Fort Nassau, 172; carries English prisoners to Virginia, 180; compelled to strike his colors be- fore Fort Elfsborg, 305 ; visits New Sweden and is cordially received by Prince, 314-315; quoted, 135, 171- 172, 180, 207, 304-305, 315
w
Ifaag, de, see ships
Wachtmeister, quoted, 49
Wadmal, meaning of, 352; price of,
352 . ^,
Waeter, Isaac von dem, shares in New
Sweden Company, 106 Wahlbeck, made proposals about tobacco
trade from America, 622 Wales, 681 Wall, John, sells goods to the Swedes,
323 Walpurgis night, Fmns must leave
Sweden before, 148 Walter, Hans, 482 Ifahis, the, see ships Wampum, 113; see sewant Wankijff, Nicolaum, 553 Wappanghzewan, sells lands to the
Dutch, 445 Warburg, Karl, quoted, 22, 25-26 Ward, quoted, 5, 7-8 JVariuick, see ships Wasa, see V'asa Wasteras, see Vasteras Wasterwik, see Vastervik Water (Waeter), van der (van de),
758; see Hindrickson Watermelons, found in the colony, 353 Watkin's Point, Lord Baltimore's grant
bounded by, 172-173 Watson's Annals, quoted, 171 Wattsesinge, 209, see Wehenset Waxholm (Vaxholm), 641 Wedhijx, 683 Wehenset, sachem of Wattsesinge, sells
lands to the English, 209 Weinhold, quoted, 361 Weinschenck, Frans, Minuit lodged
with, 105
8/8
Index.
Weis, Hans, engaged to help prepare
expeditions, 124, quoted, 124.— 125;
handwriting, 123 ff^eizeti, see Taru Welshuisen (Welshuysen), Christian,
director of the South Company, 62,
70 Wends, Christina, Queen of, 184 Werner, Mickel, subscribed to the South
Company, 60 Wesel, 684, 685 Westerwik (Wasterwik), see Vaster-
vik Westewiks Company, the Large, 48 Westewiks Company, the Little, 48 West Indian Company, in Gothenburg,
47 West India Co., Dutch, 675-676, 698; advanced prices of copper, 88, 118; organized by Usselinx, 169; neces- sary that the, is not informed about Utrecht colony, 102, 143 ; Minuit and Blommaert dissatisfied with the man- agement of, 94; endeavors to frus- trate the Utrecht plan, 142 ; rumors that the Swedes in the colony were to be transported to Europe on the ships of, 143 ; register of Bloramaert's colony by, 170; difficulties with the Swanendael Company arise, i8i; Jan Jansen claims the whole river for the, 207 ; Printz instructed about his relations to the agents and stock- holders of, 404-405 ; the private traders having commission from, to trade in the Delaware, 407; Printz jokes with the possessions of, 416; Stuyvesant complains to the directors of, 427 ; Schlechtenhorst reported to be unfavorably inclined toward the Company, 431; Stuyvesant inquires what hope there is to maintain the rights of, 433; Dutch colonists re- ported by Printz to have no aid from, 447 ; Stuyvesant writes to directors of, 448-450; Stuyvesant reports the capture of Fort Casimir to the direc- tors of the, 587; goods on the Haj to be sold or placed in the warehouse of the, 589 ; the Haj remains in the possession of, 590; the directors of, said to have in mind to send 200 soldiers to the South River, 591 ; the directors of, determine to re-capture Fort Casimir and the whole South River, 591-592; directors of, receive information of the preparation for the twelfth expedition, 593 ; materials
at Fort Casimir belonging to the, 601 ; matter concerning the damages demanded by Sweden, referred to the, 648, 652 ; compelled to surrender part of the South River to the city of Amsterdam, 663 ; directors of, do not approve of appointing Swedish offi- cers, 665
IVest India Company, quoted, 214
West Indies, copper trade to, 87-88 ff. ; ships to be sent to, iii; trade from New Sweden to, 139
Westling, quoted, 29, 31
Westman, Herman, subscribed to the South Company, 61
Westrin, Dr. Theodor, quoted, 53, 75
Westphalian Treaty, 20
West- und Ost-Indische Lustgart, quoted, 549
Weymouth, Swedes at, 485
Whale fishery, Printz instructed to be- gin, 320
Whitelocke, embassy of, to Sweden, 12, 621; " Depery," inquiries concerning the Embassy of, 485 ; concludes treaty of friendship with Sweden, 621; quoted, n, 12, 30, 32, 34, 39, 40, 107, 371, 621 ; biography, 698 ; handwrit- ing of, 623
White Minquas, identification of, 188 ; name given to, by the Swedes, 188; fur trade comes from, 342; killing of the river Indians would give an un- molested trade to, 377
White, Philip, Plowden buys bark from, 381
Whiting, William, sells goods in New Sweden, 318; spelling of name of, 318, 323, 324; sells rye, 327, 333
Whitschut( ?), Jurian, sells goods in New Sweden, 324
Wicacoa (Wicaco, Wychquahoyngh, Wichquacoingh, Wigquakoing), Printz buys land from, 332; Dutch buy land at, 412; English buy land at, 211 Wickusi (Wichusi, Wickusy, Wischusi), Indian chief, sells lands to the Swedes, 201 ; sends messenger to the Swedes, 210, 385
W[ieselgren], H[arald], quoted, 555
Wighco, River, near the Chesapeake, 173
Wieselgren, Per, see De la Gar. Arch. Wilcox, John, comes from Virginia with a cargo, 309, 310; brings new cargo to the settlement, 325, 333 Willemsen, Herman, mate, 759
Index.
879
Willemsen, Steffen, 760
Willemsen, Theunis, " left over from the Swanendael," 171
VVillet, 610
VVillet, David, 118
Window-panes, made at Bergkvarna, 34; Ridder requests, 198; sent to Nev? Sweden, 259, 348
Wine, made in the colony from grapes, 355; Spanish, supplied to the ill people, 315; French, brought to the colony, 317; see also expeditions and New Sweden
Winslow, E., Eaton writes to, 402-403 ; Court of Massachusetts writes to, 403
Winsor, Justin, quoted, 96, 112, 117, 135, 139, 165, 174-175, 179, 212, 305, 382, 392, 394, 400, 608, 629
Winthrop, John, governor, writes to Gov. Printz, 3S9 ; acknowledges re- ceipt of, 390; corrections made to letters of, 391 ; opinions of the Swedes, 397-398 ; copies of letters and documents sent to, 461 ; quoted, 203, 208-211, 326, 381, 384, 388-391, 393-401, 573
Wisbeck, Johan, see Fischbeck
Wismar, see ships
Wismar, 75, 682
Wissemenetto, sells land to the Dutch, 420
Wissman, Baltzar, 289; member of the Tobacco Company, 291 ; writes to Fleming, 290; remains member of the company in 1647, buys large quantities of tobacco, 296; quoted, 290
Wischusi, see Wickusi
Witchcraft, " Lasse the Finn," accused of, belief in, prevalent among the colonists, 544; formulas of, 545; plays its role in the settlement in the last period, 667
Witkowski, quoted, 26
Witt, de, quoted, 648
Wittenberg, 686, 688
Wittstock, victory of Baner at, 6-7
Wivalllus, first great poet in Sweden, 26 ; poems of, edited, 26
Wood, letters from, 12
Woodcarving, highly developed in pre- historic times in the Scandinavian countries, 356
Wrangel, Gustaf, 683
Wychquohoyngh, see Wicacoa (Wic- aco)
Y
Young, J. R., quoted, 420
Young, Thomas, London merchant ar- rives at the Delaware, 179; returns to Virginia, 180; tried to reach a Great Lake, 394; quoted, 179, 191
Yssel, River, 258
z
Zeehelm, see Sjohjelm
Zetskorn (Setskorn), Abelius, called as
minister, 668 Zettersten, Axel, quoted, 15, 29, 35, 36,
48, 78, 107, 109, 133, 151, 182, 251 Zewant (zewand), see sewant Zuyder (Zuider) Zee, 258 ; see also
expeditions Zwarte Arend, see Sivarte Areni Ziveed. Arch, see Kernkamp Zivolfte Schiffart, quoted, 549
THE SWEDISH COLONIAL SOCIETY. CONSTITUTION.
Article I.
This association shall be called "The Swedish Colonial Society."
Article II.
The object of the Society shall be to collect, preserve, and publish records, documents, and other material, printed or in manuscript, and to commemorate events relating to the history of Swedes in America.
Article III.
Any male person over twenty-one years of age, of good char- acter, shall be eligible to membership. All members shall be elected by the Council, who shall have power to suspend or expel any member who in their judgment may have conducted himself in an improper manner.
Article IV.
The entire management of the affairs of the Society, includ- ing the selection of its officers and the adoption of by-laws, shall be committed to the Council. The Council shall consist of twenty-five Councillors. Officers of the Society who may not be Councillors shall be ex officio members of the Council. The Councillors shall be elected by the Society at its annual meeting for a term of five years, five each year, except that, at the first annual meeting, five shall be elected for one year, five for two years, five for three years, five for four years, and five for five years. The Founders of the Society shall constitute the Council 57
The Swedish Colonial Society.
until the first annual meeting of the Society. In case of a va- cancy in the Council from any cause, it may be filled by the Council until the next annual meeting of the Society. Five members of the Council shall constitute a quorum for the trans- action of business.
Article V.
Amendments to this Constitution may be made at the annual meeting of the Society, provided such proposed amendments be produced in writing, signed by at least ten members of the Society, and notice of the same be filed with the Secretary, and mailed to the members thirty days prior to said meeting. A three-quarters vote of the members present at the meeting shall be required for the adoption of all amendments.
High Patron, His Majesty Gustaf V., King of Sweden.
Honorary President, HisExCELLENCY CoUNT JOHAN JakOB AlBERT EhRENSVARD,
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary OF Sweden to the United States.
President,
Chevalier Marcel A. Viti,
Royal Vice-Consul of Sweden at Philadelphia.
First Fice-President and Treasurer. Gregory B. Keen, LL.D.
Second Vice-President Axel Petre.
Third Vice-President John W. Jordan, LL.D.
Fourth Vice-President Baltzar E. L. de Mare.
Fifth Vice-President Hon. Henry A. DU Pont.
Sixth Vice-President Richard M. Cadwalader.
Secretary ,. . . . Amandus Johnson, Ph.D.
The Swedish Colonial Society.
Councillors:
Henry Graham Ashmead,
Thomas Willing Balch,
Thomas Francis Bayard,
Richard M. Cadwalader,
Hon. Magnus Clarholm,
Henry Darrach,
Baltzar E. L. de Mare,
Hon. Henry A. du Pont,
Hon. W. a. F. Ekengren,
Captain Alfred J. Erickson,
Prof. Albert Bushnell Hart, Ph.D., LL.D.,
William Macpherson Hornor,
Amandus Johnson, Ph.D.,
John W. Jordan, LL.D.,
Gregory B. Keen, LL.D.,
Prof. Marion D. Learned, Ph.D., L.H.D.,
Prof. John Bach McMaster, Litt.D., LL.D.,
Thomas L. Montgomery,
Hon. Samuel W. Pennypacker, LL.D.,
William A. Peterson,
Axel Petre,
Hon. Birger Gustaf Adolf Rosentwist,
Francis J. Roth, Ph.G., D.D.S.,
Hon. Charles Axel Smith,
Chev. Marcel A. Viti.
Honorary Members.
His Excellency Herman Ludvig Fabian de Lagercrantz, Late Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Swe- den to the LInited States, First Honorary President of the Society, Stockholm, Sweden.
Professor Gustaf Oscar Augustin Montelius, Royal Antiquary of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden.
Carl K. S. Sprinchorn, Ph.D., Malmo, Sweden.
The Swedish Colonial Society.
Active Members.
Members and Associates who are descendants of early Swedish
settlers on the Delaware River and in its vicinity are
designated by an asterisk.
* Henry Eckert Alexander, Louis S. Amonson,
Hon. Carl G. G. Anderberg,
* Joseph Ashbrook,
* Louis Ashbrook,
* Frank M. Ashmead, Henry Graham Ashmead,
* Thomas G. Ashton, M.D.,
* William E. Ashton, M.D.,
* Thomas Willing Balch, John Bancroft, Samuel Bancroft, Jr., William P. Bancroft,
* John P. Bankson,
* John Sellers Barnes,
Hon. Norris S. Barratt, LL.D.,
* Thomas Francis Bayard, Alden R. Benson.
* Edwin N. Benson, Jr.,
* Hugh Stockdell Bird, *John B. Bird,
* Robert Montgomery Bird,
* Samuel Ashton Bonnaffon, M.D.
* Jasper Yeates Brinton, Hon. William B. Broomall,
* Rev. Edwin Brown,
* John Douglass Brown,
* Edward S. Buckley, Jr., *John Bird Burnham,
John Cadwalader,
* Richard M. Cadwalader,
Trenton, N. J. Philadelphia, Pa. New York, N. Y. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Buffalo, N. Y. Chester, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Wilmington, Del. Wilmington, Del. Wilmington, Del. Philadelphia, Pa. Bryn Mawr, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Wilmington, Del. Dover, Del. Philadelphia, Pa. Williamsburg, Va. Wilmington, Del. South Bethlehem, Pa. Wilmington, Del. Philadelphia, Pa. Chester, Pa. Frederick, Oklahoma. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Essex, N. Y. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa.
The Swedish Colonial Society.
James A. G. Campbell,
Hon. Hampton L. Carson, LL.D.,
* Thomas Stryker Chambers, Hon. Magnus Clarholm,
* John L. Clawson,
James Harwood Closson, M.D.,
T. Edward Clyde,
C. Howard Colket (Life Member),
Hon. Henry C. Conrad,
Charles A. Converse,
Porter Farquharson Cope,
Hon. Alexander Peterson Corbit,
* Justice Cox, Jr.,
* Edmund J. D. Coxe, George Linden Cutler, Henry Darrach,
* Brig.-Gen. Charles L. Davis, U.S.A.
(Retired),
* H. Kent Day, BaltzarE. L. de Mare, Alfred O. Deschong, O. B. Dickinson, Alexis L du Pont,
* Hon. Henry A. du Pont, Pierre S. du Pont,
T. Coleman du Pont, William Ashmead Dyer, Howard Edwards, Count Johan J. A. Ehrensvard, Hon. W. A. F. Ekengren,
* Alfred Stidham Elliott,
* George A. Elliott,
* John Watson Ellmaker, Capt. Alfred J. Erickson,
* George Harrison Fisher,
* Henry M. Fisher, M.D.,
Chester, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Trenton, N. J. New York, N. Y. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Chester, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Georgetown, Del. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Odessa, Del. Bryn Mawr, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Chester, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Schenectady, N. Y.
Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Chester, Pa. Chester, Pa. Wilmington, Del. Wilmington, Del. Wilmington, Del. Wilmington, Del. Chester, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Washington, D. C. Washington, D. C. Wilmington, Del. Wilmington, Del. Lancaster, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa.
The Swedish Colonial Society.
Stephen B. Fotterall,
* Robert Frazer, Jr.,
* John Morton Fultz,
* John W. Garrett, Samuel Garrett,
* Harry T. Gause,
* Albert Pepper Gerhard,
* George S. Gerhard, M.D.,
* William Gerhard, George C. Gillespie, William Goodrich,
* Foster C. Griffith,
* Edward Burd Grubb,
* Barker Gummere, William Penn-Gaskell Hall,
* Henry J. Hand,
* William Henry Harper,
* William Hall Harris,
* Prof. Albert Bushnell Hart, Ph.D.,
LL.D., Le Roy Harvey,
* Benjamin C. Hatfield,
* W. Horace Hepburn, Jr., T. Allen Hilles, William S. Hilles,
* Arthur Hillman,
* George M. Holstein,
* William Macpherson Hornor (Life
Member),
* Hon. James H. Huling,
* Hon. Willis J. Hulings,
* Francis Nash Iglehart,
* Rev. Melancthon W. Jacobus, D.D., Amandus Johnson, Ph.D.,
Hon. David Marshall Johnson, Charles Henry Jones,
Philadelphia, Pa. Washington, D. C. Philadelphia, Pa. Rome, Italy. Philadelphia, Pa. Wilmington, Del. Overbrook, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Moorestown, N. J. Philadelphia, Pa. Trenton, N. J. Edgewater Park, N. J. Trenton, N. J. Philadelphia, Pa. Wayne, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Baltimore, Md.
Cambridge, Mass. Wilmington, Del. Lancaster, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Wilmington, Del. Wilmington, Del. Wilkes-Barre, Pa. New York, N. Y.
Bryn Mawr, Pa. Charleston, W. Va. Oil City, Pa. Baltimore, Md. Hartford, Conn. Philadelphia, Pa. Chester, Pa. Rydal, Pa.
The Swedish Colonial Society.
* George M. Jones,
* Augustus W. Jordan,
* Ewing Jordan, M.D., *John W.Jordan, LL.D.,
* Rev. Walter Jordan,
* Alfred R. Justice,
* Barton L. Keen,
* Charles Barton Keen,
* Edwin F. Keen,
* Frederick L. Keen,
* Gregory B. Keen, LL.D.,
* Harold Perot Keen,
* Harry Highlands Keen,
* Harry R. Keen,
* James Stiles Keen,
* James Watt Keen, M.D.,
* Joseph S. Keen,
* Joseph S. Keen, Jr.,
* Kennard G. Keen,
* Hon. Oscar Keen,
* Weaker L. Keen,
* William W. Keen, M.D., LL.D.,
Ph.D. (Upsal.),
* Edward W. Keene,
* George Frederick Keene, Charles P. Keith, Charles Albert Kindberg,
* Ernest Law, William H. Lambert, J. Granville Leach,
Prof. Marion D. Learned, Ph.D., L.H.D.,
* George M. Lehman, Charles Ramsay Long,
* James Barton Longacre, *John M. Longacre,
Reading, Pa. Merchantville, N. J. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. St. Davids, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Bellevue, Del. Ridley Park, Pa. Lansdowne, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Bellevue, Del. Ardmore, Pa. Newark, N. J. Syracuse, N. Y.
Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Brooklyn, N. Y. St. Davids, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa.
Philadelphia, Pa. Pittsburgh, Pa. Chester, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa.
The Swedish Colonial Society.
Henrik V. von Zemicow Loss,
* J. Gibson McCall,
* Andrew H. McCIintock,
* Jacob Y. McConnell,
Prof. John Bach McMaster, Litt.D.,
LL.D., Josiah Marvel, Philip Marvel, M.D., *E. Thomas Massey,
* Levi Mattson,
W. Nelson Mayhew,
* Dudley Tyng Mervine,
* William M. Mervine,
Caleb J. Milne (Life Member),
* Henry Eglinton Montgomery,
* Thomas L. Montgomery,
John T. Morris (Life Member), David W. Myhrman, Ph.D.,
* Arthur E. Newbold,
* Clement B. Newbold,
* Thomas Earp Newbold,
* Hugh M. North, Jr., Josef B. Nylin, M.D., S. Davis Page,
* David W. Patterson, Garnett Pendleton,
* Hon. Samuel W. Pennypacker, LL.D.,
* Charles Penrose Perkins,
* Penrose R. Perkins,
* Arthur Peterson,
* George Peterson, William A. Peterson, Axel Petre,
Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Darby, Pa.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Wilmington, Del.
Atlantic City, N. J.
Massey, Md.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Kansas City, Mo.
Edgewater Park, N. J.
Philadelphia, Pa.
New York, N. Y.
Harrisburg, Pa.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Upsala, Sweden.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Jenkintown, Pa.
"Brookdale," Chester- field Tp., Burling- ton Co., N. J.
Columbia, Pa.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Charleston, W. Va.
Chester , Pa.
Pennypacker's Mills, Pa.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Overbrook, Pa.
Ardmore, Pa.
Chicago, 111.
Philadelphia, Pa.
The Swedish Colonial Society.
Hon. William Potter, S. H. Pousette, Howard Pyle, *Ormond Rambo,
* Nathan Rambo,
* Wayne P. Rambo,
William Brooke Rawle (Life Mem- ber), John Reilly, Jr.,
* Albert L. Richardson, Hon. Harry A. Richardson, Joseph G. Rosengarten, LL.D.,- Hon. Birger G. A. Rosentwist, Francis J. Roth, Ph.G., D.D.S.,
* Henry P. Rumford,
* Henry Martyn Rumsey, Julius F. Sachse, Litt.D., Edward S. Sayres, William I. Schaffer,
* Edwin Jaquett Sellers,
* Howard Sellers, Rev. Snyder B. Simes,
* John Henry Sinex,
* Justus Sinexon, M.D.,
* Charles Sinnicl<son,
* Hon. Clement Hall Sinnickson,
* George R. Sinnickson, A. Lewis Smith, Benjamin H. Smith, Hon. Charles Axel Smith,
* Edmund A. Souder,
* Ralph Souder,
* S. Ashton Souder, *Willard Springer, M.D.,
Hon. William C. Sproul,
* William Corbit Spruance, Jr.,
Philadelphia, Pa. Washington, D. C. Wilmington, Del. Philadelphia, Pa. Bridgeport, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa.
Philadelphia, Pa. Salem, N. J. Baltimore, Md. Dover, Del. Philadelphia, Pa. Boston, Mass. Philadelphia, Pa. Wilmington, Del. Salem, N. J. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Chester, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Millbourne, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. EdgewaterPark, N.J. Philadelphia, Pa. Rosemont, Pa. Salem, N. J. Paoli, Pa. Media, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Minneapolis, Minn. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Overbrook, Pa. Wilmington, Del. Chester, Pa. Wilmington, Del.
The Swedish Colonial Society.
Hon. William H. Staake, George Steinman,
* Joseph A. Steinmetz,
* Ewing Stille, Edward A. Stockton,
* Thomas P. Stokes, Adam J. Strohm,
* Samuel S. Sti7ker, M.D.,
* Adam A. Stull, James M. Swank, Frank Gould Sweeney, Emil Swensson,
* Joseph Swift,
* William Henry Swift,
* William H. Taylor,
* Hon. Douglas H. Thomas, Hon. Charlemagne Tower, LL.D., Rev. C. H. B. Turner,
* William Fitzhugh Turner, Elwood Tyson,
Count Ludvig af Ugglas,
Alexander Van Rensselaer,
Charles Harrod Vinton, M. D. (Life
Member) , Chev. Marcel A. Viti,
* Francis King Wainwright, John Warner,
Eben Boyd Weitzel, William R. Wenstrom,
* Richard Wetherill,
* Andrew Wheeler,
* Arthur L. Wheeler,
* Charles Wheeler,
* Walter S. Wheeler,
* Kingston G. Whelen,
* William Baker Whelen,
Philadelphia, Pa. Lancaster, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Trenton, N. J. Philadelphia, Pa. Ardmore, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Chester, Pa. Pittsburgh, Pa. Wilmington, Del. Wilmington, Del. Somerville, N. J. Baltimore, Md. Philadelphia, Pa. Lewes, Del. San Francisco, Cal. Chester, Pa. Washington, D. C. Camp Hill Pa.
Atlantic City,
Philadelphia,
Philadelphia,
Wilmington,
Ridley Park,
Philadelphia,
Chester, Pa.
Philadelphia,
Philadelphia,
Bryn Mawr,
Philadelphia,
Philadelphia,
Devon, Pa.
N.J.
Pa.
Pa.
Del.
Pa.
Pa.
Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa.
The Swr.nisii Colonial Sociltv.
Rev. Hans Luther Wilson,
* Howard Sellers Worrell,
* Goodloe H. Yancey,
* Prof. Albert Duncan Yocum, Ph.D.,
* Howard H. Yocum,
* Isaac C. Yocum,
* Thomas Jones Yorke, Jr.,
* Jacob Stanley Ziegler,
* Thomas Marshall Ziegler,
* Walter M. L. Ziegler, M.D.,
Greensburg, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Atlanta, Ga. Chester, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Swarthmore, Pa. Salem, N. J. Washington, D. C. Richmond, Va. Philadelphia, Pa.
ASSOCLATES.
* Clara Augusta Alexander,
* Mildred Sellers Almy,
* Margaret Ross Bell,
* Ellen D. C. Bennett,
* Mar}' J. B. Chew, Martha B. Clark, Anne H. Cresson, Mary McCalla Evans,
* Julia V. Finney,
* Daisy Elizabeth Brooke Grubb, Charles Hallberg,
Samuel Hammond,
* Ethel Hand,
* Ulande F. Hersperger,
* Caleb Wright Hornor,
* James Crawford Hornor,
* Julia Maria Washington Hornor,
* Peter Townsend Hornor,
* William Macpherson Hornor, Jr.,
* Lucy K. Johnston,
* Caroline Tyler Lea,
* Mary Elizabeth Libbey,
* Mary Elizabeth Libby,
Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Goldfield, Nevada. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Lancaster, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Caldwell, Idaho. Lancaster, Pa. Ottumwa, Iowa. Boston, Mass. Philadelphia, Pa. Sewickley, Pa. Bryn Mawr, Pa. Bryn Mawr, Pa. Bryn Mawr, Pa. Bryn Mawr, Pa. Bryn Mawr, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Princeton, N. J. Summit, N. J.
The Swedish Colonial Society.
Frances S. Locke,
* Mary C. Marts,
* Josephine de Teisseire Monges, Clementine Gould Newbold,
* Harriet Hendrickson O'Brien,
* Ella Parsons,
* Mary Yancey Phinizy,
* Hester Dorsey Richardson,
* Frances K. Roach, C. L. Seaquist,
* Saida Bird Smith,
* Mary V. Hawthorne Steinmetz,
* Virginia M. Struthers,
* Sara Burnside Valentine,
Chester, Pa.
New York, N. Y.
Philadelphia, Pa.
"Brookdale," Chester- field Tp., Burling- ton Co., N. J.
Clarksboro, N. J.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Augusta, Ga.
Baltimore, Md.
Evansville, Ind.
Portland, Oregon.
Baltimore, Md.
Lancaster, Pa.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Bellefonte, Pa.
Deceased Members.
* Edward S. Buckley, Philadelphia, Pa.
* Philip S. P. Conner (Life Member), Rowlandsville, Md.
*John S. Gerhard, Israel W. Morris,
* Joseph H. Springer, Hon. J. N. Wallem,
* S. Bowman Wheeler,
* Charles S. Whelen,
Overbrook, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Wilmington, Del. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa.
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