U.S. Government Printing Office
Style
Manual
An official guide to the form and style of Federal Government printing
2008
G'JQ
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
Keeping America Informed www.gpo.gov
Production and Distribution Notes
This publication was typeset electronically using Helvetica and Minion Pro typefaces.
It was printed using vegetable oil-based ink on recycled paper containing 30% post
consumer waste.
The GPO Style Manual will be distributed to libraries in the Federal Depository
Library Program. To find a depository library near you, please go to the Federal
depository library directory at http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/public.jsp.
The electronic text of this publication is available for public use free of charge at
http://www.gpoaccess.gov/stylemanual/index.html.
Use of ISBN Prefix
r**. This is the official U.S. Government edition of this publication and is herein
AUTI IENTICATED f f^ r
us. government^-* identified to certify its authenticity. ISBN 978-0-16-081813-4 is for U.S.
INFORMATION r ^M ' '
GVOSj Government Printing Office official editions only. The Superintendent of
/ Documents of the U.S. Government Printing Office requests that any re-
printed edition be labeled clearly as a copy of the authentic work, and that a new ISBN be assigned.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800
Fax: (202) 512-2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402-0001
ISBN 978-0-16-081813-4 (CD)
THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE STYLE MANUAL
IS PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION AND AUTHORITY OF
THE PUBLIC PRINTER OF THE UNITED STATES
Robert C. Tapella
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
STYLE BOARD
M. Michael Abramson, Chairman
Ernest G Baldwin Kevin M. Lane
James T Cameron Barbara Day Prophet
Tony N. Gilbert Margaret V Ross
Michele Y Harris Andrew M. Sherman
Yalanda Johnson Pamela S. Williams
Ex officio
Olivier A. Girod, Managing Director, Plant Operations
John W. Crawford, Production Manager, Plant Operations
Dannie E. Young, Superintendent, Pre-Press Division
M. Michael Abramson Terence D. Collins Kenneth C. Puzey
Foreperson Foreperson Foreperson
Proof and Copy Markup Section Proof and Copy Markup Section Proof and Copy Markup Section
Shift 1 Shift 2 Shift 3
JOINT COMMITTEE ON PRINTING
Representative Robert A. Brady, Chairman
Senator Dianne Feinstein, Vice Chairman
Representative Michael E. Capuano Senator Daniel K. Inouye
Representative Susan A. Davis Senator Patty Murray
Representative Vernon J. Ehlers Senator Robert F. Bennett
Representative Kevin McCarthy Senator Saxby Chambliss
Previous printings of the GPO Style Manual: 1894, 1898, 1900, 1903, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1912, 1914,
1917, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1926, 1928, 1929, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1937, 1939, 1945, 1953, 1959, 1962, 1967,
1973, 1984, 2000
EXTRACT FROM THE
PUBLIC PRINTING LAW
(TITLE 44, U.S.C.)
§ 1105. Form and style of work for departments
The Public Printer shall determine the form and
style in which the printing or binding ordered by a
department is executed, and the material and the
size of type used, having proper regard to econ-
omy, workmanship, and the purposes for which
the work is needed.
(Pub. L. 90-620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1261.)
Historical and Revision Notes
Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §216 (Jan. 12,
1895, ch. 23, § 51, 28 Stat. 608).
About This Manual
By act of Congress the Public Printer is authorized to determine the form
and style of Government printing. The GPO Style Manual is the product
of many years of public printing experience, and its rules are based on prin-
ciples of good usage and custom in the printing trade.
Editors and writers whose disciplines have taught them aspects of style dif-
ferent from rules followed in this Manual will appreciate the difficulty of
establishing a single standard. The GPO Style Manual has served Federal
printers since 1894, and with this 30th edition, the traditions of printing and
graphic arts are carried forward in the 21st century.
Essentially, the GPO Style Manual is a standardization device designed to
achieve uniform word and type treatment, and it aims for economy of word
use. Such rules as are laid down for the submission of copy to GPO point to
the most economical manner for the preparation and typesetting of manu-
script. Following such rules eliminates additional chargeable processing by
GPO.
It should be remembered that the GPO Style Manual is primarily a GPO
printer's stylebook. Easy rules of grammar cannot be prescribed, for it is
assumed that editors are versed in correct expression. Likewise, decisions
on design and makeup are best determined by the individual publisher to
meet the needs of the intended audience. As a printer's book, this Manual
necessarily uses terms that are obvious to those skilled in the graphic arts.
Users of the GPO Style Manual should consider it as a general guide.
Its rules cannot be regarded as rigid, for the printed word assumes many
shapes and variations in type presentation. An effort has been made to pro-
vide complete coverage of those elements that enter into the translation of
manuscript into type.
The GPO Style Board made significant revisions to update this edition of the
GPO Style Manual. The changes include redesigning the format to make
it more modern and easier to read; replacing "What is GPO Access 7 ." with
"GPO's Online Initiatives"; removing the atomic weights column from the
Chemical Symbols table; expanding and updating time zone abbreviations;
vi About This Manual
listing additional entries to the Post Office abbreviations; extensively re-
viewing the capitalization chapter to remove outdated entries and include
new ones; realigning the abbreviations lists to create a new list of technical
abbreviations and initialisms; updating old and adding new tables to the
Useful Tables chapter; expanding military titles; creating new sample pages
for the Reports and Hearings chapter; providing many URLs as references;
and including many suggestions by users.
Comments and suggestions from users of the GPO Style Manual are in-
vited. All such correspondence should be addressed as follows:
GPO Style Board
Mail Stop PDE
U.S. Government Printing Office
732 North Capitol Street, NW.
Washington, DC 20401
email address: gpostyle@gpo.gov
For the purposes of the GPO Style Manual, printed examples throughout
are to be considered the same as the printed rules.
Acknowledgments
The GPO Style Board would like to thank the following people for assistance
in the production of this edition of the GPO Style Manual:
Stanley P. Anderson, Editor, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural
Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln,
Nebraska, for the new soil orders in the capitalization chapter.
Molly N. Cameron, for technical advice on the Index.
Robert W. Dahl, Cadastral Surveyor, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau
of Land Management, Minerals & Realty Management Directorate, Division
of Lands, Realty & Cadastral Survey (WO-350), for his contribution of the
Principal Meridians and Base Lines of the United States tables.
Cynthia L. Etkin, Program Planning Specialist, Library Services and Content
Management, Government Printing Office, for her technical advice on the
ANSI/NISO standards for publications.
About This Manual vii
Robert R. Finch, MarkE. Rockwell, Michele L. Spiro, Operations Directorate,
Document Automation and Production Service (DAPS), Defense Logistics
Agency, for their contribution to the list of military ranks.
Dean Gardei, Brand/Web Manager, Government Printing Office, for the
design of the cover and title page.
Jeremy Gelb, Pre-Press Specialist, Government Printing Office, for technical
assistance in the production of this Manual.
Geography Division, U.S. Census Bureau, for supplying the cities list.
Robert McArtor, past Chairman of the GPO Style Board and U.S. Board
on Geographic Names, who acted as an adviser to the present GPO Style
Board.
Joanne Petrie, Office of the General Counsel, U.S. Department of Trans-
portation, and Andrew Novick, National Institute of Standards and
Technology, for their assistance with time zone abbreviations.
Betty R. Smith, composition system operator, Government Printing Office,
for technical assistance in the production of this Manual.
Douglas E. Smith, Sr., Internal Printing Officer, Government Printing Office,
for preproduction planning and administrative assistance.
Janice Sterling, Director, Creative Services, and Marco Marchegiani, Graphic
Designer, Government Printing Office, for development and production of
the new design.
Marcia Thompson, Director, Congressional Record Index Office, Govern-
ment Printing Office, for revisions to the pages relating to the Congressional
Record Index.
Employees of the Proof and Copy Markup Section of the Government
Printing Office, for their contributions during the production process.
Current users who have contributed many ideas and suggestions that were
incorporated into this edition of the GPO Style Manual.
GPO's Online Initiatives
Printing continues to serve an important purpose in the Federal Government.
Congressional documents, official reports, pamphlets, books, regulations
and statutes, passports, tax and census forms, statistical data, and more — in
printed form these documents represent a major avenue of communication
and information transaction between the Government and the public. In
the 21st century, the Government Printing Office (GPO) is committed to
providing printed information products for Congress, Federal agencies, and
the courts as efficiently, creatively, and cost- effectively as the most modern
technology will allow.
With the advent of the electronic information age, GPO has also assumed
the responsibility for providing public access to the online versions of most
of the official documents it prints, as well as — to the greatest extent possi-
ble — the online versions of Government publications that are not printed
but are otherwise made available on other Federal Web sites. GPO recog-
nizes that a Federal author today often begins the content creation process
at a personal computer, and frequently publishes the final document on the
Web, without creating a print version that will make its way to a user's hands
or a library's shelves. Many Government publications are now born digital
and published to the Web, with few if any copies printed for traditional pub-
lic access via bookstores or libraries.
To accommodate this transition in Federal publishing strategies while pre-
serving the core responsibility for ensuring public access to Government
publications, in 1993 Congress enacted Public Law 103-40, the Government
Printing Office Electronic Information Access Enhancement Act, which re-
quired GPO to establish online access to key Government publications and
provide a system of storage to ensure permanent public access to the infor-
mation they contain. Since then, the number of publications featured by the
resulting Web site, GPO Access, at www.gpoaccess.gov, has grown exponen-
tially, as has its use by the public. A decade later the National Archives and
Records Administration formally recognized GPO as an affiliated archive
for the digital content on the GPO Access site.
To meet continued public demand for online access to Government publi-
cations, provide for an increased range of search and retrieval options, and
IX
GPO's Online Initiatives
ensure the preservation of official Government information content in the
21st century, in 2004 GPO embarked on the construction of a more com-
prehensive online capability, called GPO's Federal Digital System, or FDsys.
Scheduled to become available for public use in late 2008, the new system
will serve as GPO's digital platform for the production, storage, and dis-
semination of official Government publications for the years to come.
GPO Access
Opened to the public in 1994, the GPO Access Web site was GPO's entrance
into the digital age. GPO Access provides free electronic access to a wealth of
important information products produced by the Federal Government. The
information provided is the official published version, and information re-
trieved from GPO Access can be used without restriction unless specifically
noted. This free service is funded through annual appropriations provided
to GPO's Federal Depository Library Program.
Under the GPO Access legislation, the Superintendent of Documents, under
the direction of the Public Printer, is required to: (1) Maintain an electronic
directory of Federal electronic information; (2) provide a system of online
access to the Congressional Record, the Federal Register, and other appro-
priate publications as determined by the Superintendent of Documents;
(3) operate an electronic storage facility for Federal electronic information;
and (4) maintain the Federal Bulletin Board, which was then already in
existence.
GPO Access services
GPO Access services are designed to meet the needs of a variety of users.
GPO Access consists of content and links, including official, full-text infor-
mation from the three branches of the Federal Government. Databases are
updated based on their print equivalent and generally date back to 1994.
Users can find information on the Federal Depository Library Program,
which provides no-fee public access to publications disseminated by GPO,
regardless of format. GPO Access enables users to locate a depository library
in their area.
GPO's Online Initiatives xi
Users may also locate and order publications available for sale through GPO's
Publication and Information Sales Program. Orders may be placed online
securely through the U.S. Government Bookstore at http://bookstore.gpo.
gov.
Ben's Guide to the U.S. Government provides learning tools for K-12 stu-
dents, parents, and educators. The site provides age-specific explanations
about how the Federal Government works, explains the use of the primary
source materials available on GPO Access, and explains GPO's role in the
Federal Government.
Users needing assistance with GPO Access or other dissemination services
may direct inquiries to the GPO Contact Center specialists available
by email (contactcenter@gpo.gov), telephone (1-866-512-1800), or fax
(202-512-2104).
Authentication of digital documents
The increasing use of electronic documents poses a special challenge in veri-
fying authenticity, because digital technology makes such documents easy
to alter or copy in unauthorized or illegitimate ways.
To help meet this challenge, GPO has implemented digital signatures on
certain electronic documents in GPO Access that not only establish GPO as
the trusted information disseminator, but also provide the assurance that an
electronic document has not been altered since GPO disseminated it.
In early 2008, GPO authenticated the first-ever online Federal budget by
digital signature. The visible digital signatures on online PDF documents
serve the same purpose as handwritten signatures or traditional wax seals
on printed documents. The digital signature verifies document integrity and
authenticity for online Federal documents, disseminated by GPO, at no cost
to the customer.
GPO's Federal Digital System (FDsys)
A critical part of GPO's mission of Keeping America Informed is ensuring
permanent access to published Government documents. GPO is developing a
xii GPO's Online Initiatives
comprehensive digital content system capable of managing all known Federal
Government documents within the scope of GPO's Federal Depository
Library Program and other information dissemination programs. GPO's
Federal Digital System (FDsys) is an integrated content management system
which incorporates state-of-the-art technology for document authentica-
tion and digital preservation. FDsys supports GPO's transformation from a
print-based environment to a content-based environment, in which digital
content is created, submitted, preserved, authenticated, managed, and de-
livered upon request. The design of FDsys is based on the Reference Model
for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS) (ISO 14721:2003), which
describes a generalized structure for storing, preserving, and providing
access to digital content over time.
FDsys will automate content life-cycle processes and make it easier to deliver
digital content in formats suited to customers' needs. FDsys will allow Federal
content creators to submit content for preservation, authentication, and de-
livery to users. Content entered into the system will be cataloged according
to GPO and library standards, and will be available on the World Wide Web
for searching and viewing, downloading and printing, as document mas-
ters for conventional and on-demand printing, or by other dissemination
methods. Content may include text and associated graphics, video, audio,
and other forms that emerge.
FDsys capabilities will be deployed in a series of releases. An internal proof-
of-concept release of FDsys was completed in September 2007 to support the
last stage of testing. FDsys is scheduled to become available to agencies and
the public in early 2009, beginning a process of incremental releases. Each
release will add functionality to the previous one. The first public release
will provide FDsys core capabilities, including such foundational elements
as system infrastructure and security, and a digital repository that conforms
to the OAIS reference model and enables the management of content and
metadata. This release will replace the familiar Wide Area Information
Server (WAIS)-based GPO Access, in use since 1994, with enhanced search
and retrieval functionality.
For a comprehensive discussion of system capabilities by release, see the FDsys
documentation at http://www.gpo.gov/projects/fdsys_documents.htm.
GPO's Online Initiatives xiii
Information
The rules of grammar, spelling, punctuation, and related matters, as stated
in this Manual, will serve well when preparing documents for electronic
dissemination. Most of the documents currently available via GPO Access
are derived from databases used in the printing of Government publications.
However, as electronic dissemination of Government information continues
to grow, the rules as stated in this Manual will continue to be the GPO's
standard for all document preparation, electronic or otherwise.
Contents
Chapter Page
About This Manual v
GPO's Online Initiatives ix
1. Advice to Authors and Editors 1
2. General Instructions 7
3. Capitalization Rules 27
4. Capitalization Examples 43
5. Spelling 79
6. Compounding Rules 95
7. Compounding Examples 109
8. Punctuation 193
9. Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 221
Standard word abbreviations 238
Standard letter symbols for units of measure 247
Standard Latin abbreviations 251
Information technology acronyms and initialisms 255
10. Signs and Symbols 259
11. Italic 265
12. Numerals 269
13. Tabular Work 281
14. Leaderwork 299
15. Footnotes, Indexes, Contents, and Outlines 303
16. Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures 309
17. Useful Tables 321
U.S. Presidents and Vice Presidents 321
Most Populous U.S. Cities by State 322
Principal Foreign Countries 325
Demonyms: Names of Nationalities 332
Currency 334
Metric and U.S. Measures 339
Common Measures and Their Metric Equivalents 340
Measurement Conversion 341
18. Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 343
19. Congressional Record 371
Congressional Record Index 406
20. Reports and Hearings 417
Index 433
xv
1. Advice to Authors and Editors
The GPO Style Manual is intended to facilitate Government printing.
Careful observance of the following suggestions will aid in expediting your
publication and also reduce printing costs.
1.1. Making changes after submission of copy delays the production of
the publication and adds to the expense of the work; therefore, copy
must be carefully edited before being submitted to the Government
Printing Office.
1.2. Legible copy, not faint reproductions, must be furnished.
1.3. Copy should be on one side only with each sheet numbered con-
secutively. If both sides of copy are to be used, a duplicate set of copy
must be furnished.
1.4. To avoid unnecessary expense, it is advisable to have each page
begin with a new paragraph.
1.5. Proper names, signatures, figures, foreign words, and technical
terms should be written plainly.
1.6. Chemical symbols, such as Al, CI, Tl are sometimes mistaken for
Al, CI, Tl. Editors must indicate whether the second character is a
letter or a figure.
1.7. Footnote reference marks in text and tables should be arranged
consecutively from left to right across each page of copy.
1.8. Photographs, drawings, and legends being used for illustrations
should be placed in the manuscript where they are to appear in
the publication. They should be on individual sheets, as they are
handled separately during typesetting.
1.9. If a publication is composed of several parts, a scheme of the desired
arrangement must accompany the first installment of copy.
1.10. To reduce the possibility of costly blank pages, avoid use of new odd
pages and halftitles whenever possible. Generally these refinements
should be limited to quality bookwork.
2 Chapter 1
1.11. Samples should be furnished if possible. They should be plainly
marked showing the desired type, size of type page, illustrations if
any, paper, trim, lettering, and binding.
1.12. In looseleaf or perforated-on-fold work, indicate folio sequence, in-
cluding blank pages, by circling in blue. Begin with first text page
(title). Do not folio separate covers or dividers.
1.13. Indicate on copy if separate or self-cover. When reverse printing in
whole or in part is required, indicate if solid or tone.
1.14. Avoid use of oversize fold-ins wherever possible. This can be done
by splitting a would-be fold-in and arranging the material to appear
as facing pages in the text. Where fold-ins are numerous and cannot
be split, consideration should be given to folding and inserting these
into an envelope pasted to the inside back cover.
1.15. Every effort should be made to keep complete jobs of over 4 pages to
signatures (folded units) of 8, 12, 16, 24, or 32 pages. Where possible,
avoid having more than two blank pages at the end.
1.16. Indicate alternative choice of paper on the requisition. Where pos-
sible, confine choice of paper to general use items carried in inventory
as shown in the GPO Paper Catalog.
1.17. If nonstandard trim sizes and/or type areas are used, indicate head
and back margins. Otherwise, GPO will determine the margins.
1.18. Customers should submit copy for running heads and indicate the
numbering sequence for folios, including the preliminary pages.
1.19. Corrections should be made on first proofs returned, as later proofs
are intended for verification only. All corrections must be indicated
on the "R" (revise) set of proofs, and only that set should be returned
to GPO.
1.20. Corrections should be marked in the margins of a proof opposite
the indicated errors, not by writing over the print or between the
lines. All queries on proofs must be answered.
Advice to Authors and Editors
1.21. The following GPO publications relate to material included in this
Manual. They may be purchased from the Superintendent of
Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Word Division: Supplement to the United States Government
Printing Office Style Manual
This publication serves as a quick reference guide for finding correct word
divisions, as well as a spelling and pronunciation guide. In addition to the
list of words with divisions, it also contains wordbreak rules and line-ending
rules. Prepared especially for GPO printers and proofreaders, this supple-
ment is equally useful for keyboarding. 1987.
Government Paper Specifications
The purpose of these standards is to achieve compliance with relevant stat-
utes regarding printing papers; address environmental, workplace safety, and
paper longevity issues; and achieve maximum savings in the Government's
paper purchases. 2008.
GPO Paper Samples
This publication is a supplement to Government Paper Specification
Standards. It includes samples of papers used by GPO. Used as a planning
aid and guide in selecting an adequate grade, weight, and color of paper for
a job of printing. 2008.
For the latest information about the availability of these and other such pub-
lications, go to: http://bookstore.gpo.gov.
Chapter 1
1.22.
Corrections made to proofs should be indicated as follows:
svem
ami.
?
!
*
Roman type
Caps — used in margin
^= Caps — used in text
C+M Caps & small caps — used in margin
^= Caps & small caps — used in text
Insert period
fa Insert comma
: Insert colon
; Insert semicolon
Insert question mark
Insert exclamation mark
Insert hyphen
Insert apostrophe
Insert quotation marks
Insert 1 -en dash
Insert 1 -em dash
Insert space
M> Insert ( ) points of space
jjtilt Insert shilling
V Superior
A Inferior
Parentheses
Brackets
Indent 1 em
fTl Indent 2 ems
<ff Paragraph
No paragraph
Transpose 1 — used in margin
ru Transpose 2 — used in text
M> Spell out
jJijL Italic — used in margin
Italic — used in text
-&/. Boldface — used in margin Outj&HQffr Something omitted — see copy
wwv Boldface — used in text tf/ ? Question to author to delete 3
A. c. Small caps — used in margin A Caret — General indicator used
= Small caps — used in text
GO
01
□
np«Jf
A
J.C.
Lowercase — used in margin
/
Used in text to show deletion or
substitution
4
Delete
3
Delete and close up
«*
Wrong font
o
Close up
ZJ
Move right
c
Move left
n
Move up
u
Move down
II
Align vertically
=
Align horizontally
3C
Center horizontally
LJ
n
Center vertically
Y#
Equalize space — used in margin
kW
Equalize space — used in text
Let it stand — used in text
j&t.
Let it stand — used in margin
®
Letter(s) not clear
yumot/€A, Carry over to next line
/uui&cA
Carry back to preceding line
to mark position of error.
1 In lieu of the traditional mark "tr" used to indicate letter or number transpositions, the striking out of the
incorrect letters or numbers and the placement of the correct matter in the margin of the proof is the preferred
method of indicating transposition corrections.
2 Corrections involving more than two characters should be marked by striking out the entire word or number
and placing the correct form in the margin. This mark should be reserved to show transposition of words.
3 The form of any query carried should be such that an answer may be given simply by crossing out the complete
query if a negative decision is made or the right-hand (question mark) portion to indicate an affirmative answer.
Advice to Authors and Editors
TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS) flSJilX d(t. C g, SC
(Sd . does not a PP ear tna < tne earliest printers had e
jj, 1 (banyWnethodVbf V correctingierrors V before V the^orm
was on the press/ The 'learned The, learned cor- A
rectors of the first two centuries of printing were
■j. notproofreaders in our sense/ they wlfere rather •/"%
what we should term office editors. Their labors,-.' - '
not were A chiefly to see that die proof corresponded to
the copy, but that the printed page was correct
in its l&tinity — that — the ! words were — then*, and jfo£
that the sense was righ|. They cared but little >j
about orthography, bad letters, or purely printer^" AJX,k
errors, and when the text seemed to them wrong
they consulted fresh authorities or altered it on
their own responsibility. Good proofs, in the a
L/j ta
»/ tr,
n( jUlmodem sense, were impossible until professional
readers were employed i men who fhad \ first./ a-iyftp
printer's education, and then spent many years
; in the correction of prqof. The orthography of
English, which for the I past century has under. = /
gone little change, was \Jery fluctuating until after ™7)
the publication of Johnson's Dictionary, and capi-
tals, which have been used with considerable reg-
ularity for the past 80 years, were previously used
(K^on the (miss \ or J hit | planj The approach to regu-
££larity, so far as we have,| may be attributed to the
growth of a class of professional proofreaders, and
it is to them that we ow£ the correctness of mod-
^r/^ern printing. . More er.orsl have been found in the
"I-" Bible than in any other qne work. For many gen-
erations it was frequently the case that Bibles
were brought out stealthily, from fear of govem-
r- rjnental interference. JT nc y were frequently (putjAJU. DM.)
printed from imperfect texts, and were often mod-
ified to meet the views, of those who publised -£,
/TjajtthemThe story is related that a certain woman
Jl in Germany, who mas the wife of a Printer, *Qd-j0c/u/fit
had become disgusted with the continual asser-
Mtll/UHH tionsf a% the pupertortiyj of man over woman which
' ' she had heard, hurried iWto the composing room
while her husband was at supper and altered a
sentence in the {Jjble, VwjhichVne VwasYprinting, Yso At# v//fvfy/
rtT)J that it read .Nan. instead of J4err,. thus making •SWh
V/V the verse read* "And he sjhall be thy fool" instead
A of "and he shall be thy lord." The word .not, flTft
* was omitted by Barker, the king's printer in En- "
f'SUUnifMi u*£} an< * m l p 3 2, in p rinting ihe seventh commandment A
{JSZBLJ THe was fined (£0)OOOX>n this account. tJiouMs
I
I
Note. — The system of marking proofs can be made easier by the use of an imaginary vertical line
through the center of the type area. The placement of corrections in the left-hand margin for those
errors found in the left-hand portion of the proof and in the right-hand margin for right-side errors
prevents overcrowding of marks and facilitates corrections.
2. General Instructions
Job planning
2.1. The use of computers has dramatically altered every phase of the
printing industry beginning with the basic planning of each new
job. New publications are evaluated by application specialists who
review their requirements and design the necessary formats. Each
format is made to conform exactly to the copy's specifications for
page dimensions, line length, indentions, typefaces, etc. Upon com-
pletion, sample pages are produced and submitted to the customer.
At this time, customer agencies are requested to indicate precise de-
tails of any style changes because this set of pages serves as a guide
for the copy preparer, the beginning of actual production.
2.2. In recent years, changes in the needs of the library community
have led to a move toward uniform treatment of the component
parts of publications. In developing standards to guide publishers
of Government documents, consideration has been given to the
changing needs of those who seek to produce, reference, index,
abstract, store, search, and retrieve data. Certain identifying ele-
ments shall be printed on all publications in accordance with this
Manual and with standards developed by the (ANSI) American
National Standards Institute.
Publications such as books and pamphlets should contain:
(a) Title and other title information;
(b) Name of department issuing or creating publication;
(c) Name of author(s) and editor(s) (department or individual);
(d) Date of issuance;
(e) Availability (publisher, printer, or other source and address);
(f) Superintendent of Documents classification and stock numbers
if applicable; and
(g) The ISBN (International Standard Book Number).
(See ANSI Standard Z39.15, Title Leaves of a Book.)
Reports of a scientific or technical nature should contain:
(a) Title and other title information;
(b) Report number;
Chapter 2
Report
number
Availability
statement
Title
Author
Performing
organization
name and
address
Date
Type of
report
Federal Aviation
Administration
DOT/FAA/AM-08/6
Office of Aerospace Medicine
Washington, DC 20591
Use of Weather Information
by General Aviation Pilots,
Part I, Quantitative:
Reported Use and Value of
Providers and Products
William R. Knecht
Civil Aerospace Medical Institute
Oklahoma City, OK 73125
March 2008
Final Report
Sponsoring
organization
Notes:
(1) This sample report cover is reduced in size.
(2) In this sample, items are justified left. Other cover designs and
typefaces are acceptable.
(3) This sample page was prepared according to the guidelines of the
American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43d St., New
York, NY 10036. Users of ANSI standards are cautioned that all
standards are reviewed periodically and subject to revision.
General Instructions 9
(c) Author(s);
(d) Performing organization;
(e) Sponsoring department;
(f) Date of issuance;
(g) Type of report and period covered;
(h) Availability (publisher, printer, or other source and address);
and
(i) Superintendent of Documents classification and stock numbers
if applicable.
(See ANSI/NISO Standard Z39.18— 1995, Scientific and Technical
Reports — Elements, Organization, and Design.)
Journals, magazines, periodicals, and similar publications should
contain:
(a) Title and other title information;
(b) Volume and issue numbers;
(c) Date of issue;
(d) Publishing or sponsoring department;
(e) Availability (publisher, printer, or other source and address);
(f) International Standard Serial Number; and
(g) Superintendent of Documents classification and stock numbers
if applicable.
(See ANSI Standard Z39.1, American Standard Reference Data and
Arrangement of Periodicals.)
Makeup
2.3. The design and makeup of a publication is the responsibility of
the publisher. However, when the following elements occur in
Government publications, they generally appear in the sequence
listed below. The designation "new odd page" generally refers to
bookwork and is not required in most pamphlet- and magazine-
type publications.
(a) Frontispiece, faces title page.
(b) False title (frontispiece, if any, on back).
(c) Title page (new odd page).
10 Chapter 2
(d) Back of title, blank, but frequently carries such useful biblio-
graphic information as list of board members, congressional
resolution authorizing publication, note of editions and print-
ings, GPO imprint if departmental imprint appears on title
page, sales notice, etc.
(e) Letter of transmittal (new odd page).
(f) Foreword, differs from a preface in that it is an introductory
note written as an endorsement by a person other than the au-
thor (new odd page). An introduction differs from a foreword
or a preface in that it is the initial part of the text; if the book is
divided into chapters, it should be the first chapter.
(g) Preface, by author (new odd page).
(h) Acknowledgments (if not part of preface) (new odd page).
(i) Contents (new odd page), immediately followed by list of illus-
trations and list of tables, as parts of contents.
(j) Text, begins with page 1 (if halftitle is used, begins with p. 3).
(k) Glossary (new odd page).
(1) Bibliography (new odd page).
(m) Appendix (new odd page).
(n) Index (new odd page).
2.4. Preliminary pages use small-cap Roman numerals. Pages in the
back of the book (index, etc.), use lowercase Roman numerals.
2.5. Booklets of 32 pages or less can be printed more economically with
a self-cover. A table of contents, title page, foreword, preface, etc., is
not usually necessary with so few pages. If some of this preliminary
matter is necessary, it is more practical if combined; i.e., contents on
cover; contents, title, and foreword on cover 2, etc.
2.6. Widow lines (lines less than full width of measure) at top of pages
are to be avoided, if possible, but are permitted if absolutely neces-
sary to maintain uniform makeup and page depth. Rewording to
fill the line is a preferred alternative.
General Instructions 11
2.7. Paragraphs may start on the last line of a page whenever necessary.
If it is found necessary to make a short page, the facing page should
be of approximate equal depth.
2.8. A blank space or sink of 6 picas should be placed at the head of
each new odd or even page of 46-pica or greater depth; pages with
a depth of from 36 to 45 picas, inclusive, will carry a 5 -pica sink;
pages less than 36 picas, 4 picas.
2.9. When top centered folios are used, the folio on a new page is set 2
points smaller than the top folios. They are centered at the bottom
and enclosed in parentheses.
2.10. Where running heads with folios are used, heads are included in
overall page depth. However, first pages of chapters and pages with
bottom folios do not include the folios as part of the overall page
depth.
2.1 1 . Jobs that have both running heads and bottom folios or just bottom
folios will align all of the page numbers on the bottom in the mar-
gin, including those on preliminary pages. If at all possible avoid
use of running heads in conjunction with bottom folios.
2.12. Contents, list of illustrations, preface, or any other matter that
makes a page in itself will retain normal 6-pica sink.
2.13. Footnote references are repeated in boxheads or in continued lines
over tables, unless special orders are given not to do so.
2.14. When a table continues, its headnote is repeated without the word
Continued.
2.15. A landscape or broadside table that continues from an even to an
odd page must be positioned to read through the center (gutter) of
the publication when its size is not sufficient to fill both pages.
2.16. A broadside table of less than page width will center on the page.
2.17. Centerheads, whether in boldface, caps, caps and small caps, small
caps, or italic, should have more space above than below. Uniform
spacing should be maintained throughout the page.
12 Chapter 2
2.18. In making up a page of two or more columns, text preceding a
page -width illustration will be divided equally into the appropriate
number of columns above the illustration.
2.19. Two or more short footnotes may be combined into one line, with 2
ems of space between.
1 Preliminary. 2 Including imported cases. 3 Imported.
2.20. All backstrips should read down (from top to bottom).
Copy preparation
2.21. At the beginning of each job the proper formats must be plainly
marked. New Odd or New Page, Preliminary, Cover, Title, or Back
Title should also be plainly indicated.
2.22. Copy preparers must mark those things not readily understood
when reading the manuscript. They must also mark the correct ele-
ment identifier code for each data element, as well as indicate other
matters of style necessary to give the publication good typographic
appearance.
2.23. Preparers must indicate the proper subformat at the beginning of
each extension, verify folio numbers, and plainly indicate refer-
ences, footnotes, cut-ins, etc. Unless otherwise marked, text matter
will be set in 10-point solid and tables in 7 point. In tables utilizing
down rules, unless a specific weight is requested by the customer,
hairline rules will be used. (See rule 13.3.)
2.24. Quoted or extract matter and lists should be set smaller than text
with space above and below. Quotation marks at the beginning and
end of paragraphs should be omitted. If the same type size is used,
quoted matter should be indented 2 ems on both sides with space
top and bottom, and initial and closing quotes should be omitted.
Capitalization
2.25. Unusual use of capital and lowercase letters should be indicated by
the customer to guarantee correct usage.
General Instructions 13
Datelines, addresses, and signatures
2.26. Copy preparers must mark caps, small caps, italic, abbreviations,
indentions, and line breaks where necessary. (For more detailed in-
structions, see Chapter 16 "Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures.")
Decimals and common fractions
2.27. In figure columns containing both decimals and common fractions,
such decimals and/or fractions will not be aligned. The columns
will be set flush right.
"Et cetera," "etc.," and "and so forth"
2.28. In printing a speaker's language, the words and so forth or et cet-
era are preferred, but in "FIC & punc." matter etc., is acceptable.
If a quoted extract is set in type smaller than that of the preceding
text and the speaker has summed up the remainder of the quota-
tion with the words and so forth or et cetera, these words should be
placed at the beginning of the next line, flush and lowercase, and an
em dash should be used at the end of the extract.
Folioing and stamping copy
2.29. Folio numbers should be placed in the upper right corner, prefer-
ably half an inch from the top.
Headings
2.30. The element identifier codes to be used for all headings must be
marked. Caps, caps and small caps, small caps, caps and lowercase,
lowercase first up (first word and proper nouns capitalized), or italic
must be prepared. (See rule 3.49.)
Pickup
2.31. The jacket number of a job from which matter is to be picked up
must be indicated. New matter and pickup matter should conform
in style.
14 Chapter 2
Sidenotes and cut-in notes
2.32. Sidenotes and cut-in notes are set each line flush left and ragged
right, unless otherwise prepared, and are always set solid. Sidenotes
are usually set in 6 point, 4Ms picas wide. Footnotes to sidenotes and
text should be set 2VA picas.
An alleged violation of the rule relating to admission to the floor
Sec. 920. Abuse presents a question of privilege (III, 2624, 2625; VI, 579), but not a
of the rule. higher question of privilege than an election case (III, 2626). In one
case where an ex- Member was abusing the privilege * * *.
Signs, symbols, etc.
2.33. All signs, symbols, dashes, superiors, etc., must be plainly marked.
Names of Greek letters must be indicated, as they are frequently
mistaken for italic or symbols.
2.34. Some typesetting systems produce characters that look the same as
figures. A lowercase 1 resembles a figure 1 and a capital O looks like
a figure 0. Questionable characters will be printed as figures unless
otherwise marked.
Letters illustrating shape and form
2.35. Capital letters of the text face will be used to illustrate shape and
form, as U-shape(d), A-frame, T-bone, and I-beam.
2.36. Plurals are formed by adding an apostrophe and the letter 5 to letters
illustrating shape and form, such as T's and Y's. Golftee(s) should be
spelled, as shape is not indicated.
2.37. A capital letter is used in U-boat, V-8, and other expressions which
have no reference to shape or form.
Fol. lit. and FIC & punc.
2.38. After submittal to GPO, manuscript copy is rubber-stamped "Fol.
lit." or "FIC & punc." The difference between these two typesetting
instructions is explained thus:
Copy is followed when stamped "Fol. lit." (follow literally). Copy au-
thorized to be marked "Fol. lit." must be thoroughly prepared by the
requisitioning agency as to capitalization, punctuation (including
General Instructions 15
compounding), abbreviations, signs, symbols, figures, and italic.
Such copy, including even obvious errors, will be followed. The lack
of preparation on copy so designated shall, in itself, constitute prep-
aration. "Fol. lit." does not include size and style of type or spacing.
Obvious errors are corrected in copy marked "FIC & punc." (follow,
including capitalization and punctuation).
2.39. In congressional hearings, the name of the interrogator or witness
who continues speaking is repeated following a head set in boldface,
a paragraph enclosed in parentheses, and a paragraph enclosed in
brackets.
In a head set in boldface, the title "Mr." is not used, and "the
Honorable" preceding a name is shortened to "Hon." Street ad-
dresses are also deleted. Example: "Statement of Hon. John P. Blank,
Member, American Bar Association, Washington, DC."
2.40. Paragraph or section numbers (or letters) followed by figures or let-
ters in parentheses will close up, as "section 7(B)(1)(a)," "paragraph
23(a)," "paragraph b(7)," "paragraph (a)(2)"; but "section 9(a) (I) and
(2)", "section 7 a and b". In case of an unavoidable break, division
will be made after elements in parentheses, and no hyphen is used.
2.41. Bill style. — Bill copy will be followed as supplied. Bills will be treated
as "FIC & punc." This data is transmitted to the GPO via fiber optic
transmission with element identifier codes in place. Therefore, it is
not cost effective to prepare the manuscript as per the GPO Style
Manual and update the data once it is in type form.
2.42. Copy preparer's instructions, which accompany each job, are writ-
ten to cover the general style and certain peculiarities or deviations
from style. These instructions must be followed.
Abbreviations
2.43. In marking abbreviations to be spelled, preparers must show what
the spelled form should be, unless the abbreviations are common
and not susceptible to more than one construction. An unfamiliar
abbreviation, with spelled-out form unavailable, is not changed.
16 Chapter 2
Type composition
2.44. Operators and revisers must study carefully the rules governing
composition.
2.45. In correcting pickup matter, the operator must indicate plainly on
the proof what portion, if any, was actually reset.
2.46. Every precaution must be taken to prevent the soiling of proofs, as it
is necessary for the reviser to see clearly every mark on the margin
of a proof after it has been corrected.
2.47. Corrections of queries intended for the author are not to be made.
Such queries, however, are not to be carried on jobs going directly
to press.
Leading and spacing
2.48. Spacing of text is governed by the leading, narrow spacing being
more desirable in solid than in leaded matter.
2.49. A single justified word space will be used between sentences. This
applies to all types of composition.
2.50. Center or flush heads set in caps, caps and small caps, small caps, or
boldface are keyed with regular justified spaces between words.
2.51. Centerheads are set apart from the text by the use of spacing. The
amount of space varies with each publication. However, more space
is always inserted above a heading than below. In 10 -point type, the
spacing would be 10 points over and 8 points under a heading; in 8-
and 6 -point type, the spacing would be 8 points above and 6 points
below.
2.52. Solid matter (text) is defined as those lines set without horizontal
space between them. Leaded text is defined as lines separated by 1
or 2 points of space.
2.53. Unless otherwise marked, flush heads are separated from text by 4
points of space above and 2 points of space below in solid matter,
and by 6 points of space above and 4 points of space below in leaded
matter.
General Instructions 17
2.54. Full-measure numbered or lettered paragraphs and quoted extracts
are not separated by space from adjoining matter.
2.55. Extracts which are set off from the text by smaller type or are in-
dented on both sides or indented 3 ems on the left side (courtwork
only) are separated by 6 points of space in leaded matter and by 4
points of space in solid matter.
2.56. Extracts set solid in leaded matter are separated from the text by 6
points.
2.57. Flush lines following extracts are separated by 6 points of space in
leaded matter and by 4 points in solid matter.
2.58. Footnotes are leaded if the text is leaded, and are solid if the text is
solid.
2.59. Legends are leaded if the text is leaded, and solid if the text is solid.
Leaderwork is separated from text by 4 points above and 4 points
below.
Indentions
2.60. In measures less than 30 picas, the paragraph indention is 1 em.
Paragraph indentions in cut-in matter are 3 ems, overs are 2
ems. Datelines and signatures are indented in multiples of 2 ems.
Addresses are set flush left.
2.61. In matter set 30 picas or wider, the paragraph indention is 2 ems.
Paragraph indentions in cut-in matter are 6 ems, overs are 4
ems. Datelines and signatures are indented in multiples of 2 ems.
Addresses are set flush left.
2.62. In measures less than 30 picas, overruns in hanging indentions are
1 em more than the first line, except that to avoid conflict with a
following indention (for example, of a subentry or paragraph), the
overrun indention is made 1 em more than the following line.
2.63. In matter set 30 picas or wider, overruns in hanging indentions are
2 ems more than the first line, except that to avoid conflict with a
following indention (for example, of a subentry or paragraph), the
overrun indention is made 2 ems more than the following line.
Chapter 2
2.64. Indention of matter set in smaller type should be the same, in points,
as that of adjoining main- text indented matter.
2.65. Two -line centerheads are centered, but heads of three or more lines
are set with a hanging indention.
2.66. Overs in flush heads are indented 2 ems in measures less than 30
picas, and 3 ems in wider measures.
Legends for illustrations
2.67. It is preferred that legends and explanatory data consisting of one or
two lines are set centered, while those with more than two lines are
set with a hanging indention. Legends are set full measure regard-
less of the width of the illustration. Paragraph style is acceptable.
2.68. Legend lines for illustrations which appear broad or turn page
(landscape) should be printed to read up; an even-page legend
should be on the inside margin and an odd-page legend on the out-
side margin.
2.69. Unless otherwise indicated, legends for illustrations are set in
8 -point roman, lowercase.
2.70. Periods are used after legends and explanatory remarks beneath il-
lustrations. However, legends without descriptive language do not
use a period. (See rule 8.112.)
2.71 . At the beginning of a legend or standing alone, Figure preceding the
identifying number or letter is set in caps and small caps and is not
abbreviated.
Figure 5, not Fig. 5 Figure A, not Fig. A
2.72. If a chart carries both a legend and footnotes, the legend is placed
above the chart.
2.73. Letter symbols used in legends for illustrations are set in lowercase
italic without periods.
Proofreading
2.74. All special instructions, layouts, and style sheets must be included
with the first installment of each job.
General Instructions 19
2.75. If the proofreader detects inconsistent or erroneous statements, it is
his or her responsibility to query them.
2.76. If the grammatical construction of a sentence or clause is ques-
tioned by a proofreader and it seems desirable to change the form,
he or she must indicate the proposed correction, add a query mark,
and enclose all in a circle.
2.77. All queries appearing on the copy must be carried to the author's set
of proofs.
2.78. Proofs that are illegible or are in any manner defective must be
called to the attention of the deskperson.
2.79. The manner in which correction marks are made on a proof is of
considerable importance. Straggling, unsymmetrical characters,
disconnected marks placed in the margin above or below the lines
to which they relate, irregular lines leading from an incorrect let-
ter or word to a correction, large marks, marks made with a blunt
pencil, indistinct marks, and frequent use of the eraser to obliterate
marks hastily or incorrectly made are faults to be avoided.
2.80. In reading proof of wide tables, the proofreader should place the
correction as near as possible to the error. The transposition mark
should not be used in little-known words or in figures. It is better
to cancel the letters or figures and write them in the margin in the
order in which they are to appear.
2.81. To assure proper placement of footnotes, the proofreader and re-
viser must draw a ring around footnote references on the proofs,
then check off each corresponding footnote number.
2.82. Proofreaders must not make important changes in indentions or
tables without consulting the referee.
2.83. The marks of the copy preparer will be followed, as he or she is in a
position to know more about the peculiarities of a job than one who
reads but a small portion of it.
2.84. Any mark which will change the proof from the copy as prepared
must be circled in the margin.
2.85. All instructions on copy must be carried on proof by readers.
20 Chapter 2
2.86. Folios of copy must be run by the proofreader and marked on the
proof.
2.87. All instructions, comments, and extraneous notes on both copy
and proofs which are not intended to be set as part of the text must
be circled.
Revising galley proofs
2.88. The importance of revising proofs cannot be overemphasized.
Although a reviser is not expected to read proof, it is not enough to
follow the marks found on the proof. He or she should be alert to
detect errors and inconsistencies and must see that all corrections
have been properly made and that words or lines have not been
transposed or eliminated in making the corrections.
2.89. A reviser must not remodel the punctuation of the proofreaders or
make any important changes. If an important change should be
made, the reviser must submit the proposed change to the supervi-
sor for a decision.
2.90. In the body of the work, new pages must be properly indicated on
the proof. (For new page information, see rule 2.3 "Makeup.")
2.91. All instructions and queries on proofs must be transferred to the
revised set of proofs.
Revising page proofs
2.92. Page revising requires great diligence and care. The reviser must see
that the rules governing the instructions of previous workers have
been followed.
2.93. The reviser is responsible for marking all bleed and off-center
pages.
2.94. A blank page must be indicated at the bottom of the preceding
page.
2.95. Special care must be exercised in revising corrected matter. If it
appears that a correction has not been made, the reviser should
General Instructions 21
carefully examine each line on the page to see if the correction was
inserted in the wrong place.
2.96. The following rules must be carefully observed:
(a) See that the proof is clean and clear; request another if
necessary.
(b) Verify that the galley proofs are in order and that the data on the
galleys runs in properly to facilitate continuous makeup.
(c) Make sure that different sets of proofs of the same job are cor-
rectly marked in series ("R," "2R," "3R," etc.); where a sheet is
stamped "Another proof," carry the same designating "R" on the
corresponding clean proof. Advance the "R," "2R," "3R," etc., on
each set of page proofs returned from the originating office.
(d) Run the page folios, make sure they are consecutive and that
the running heads, if used, are correct. Check connection pages.
Verify correct sequence for footnote references and placement.
It is imperative that footnotes appear or begin on the same page
as their reference, unless style dictates that all footnotes are to
appear together in one location.
(e) Watch for dropouts, doublets, and transpositions.
(f ) Legend lines of full-page illustrations that appear broad should
be printed to read up — the even-page legend on the binding or
inside margin and the odd-page legend on the outside margin.
(g) If a footnote is eliminated, do not renumber the footnotes;
change footnote to read "Footnote eliminated."
2.97. If a footnote is added in proof, use the preceding number with a
superior letter added, as I5a .
2.98. Where a table with footnotes falls at the bottom of a page containing
footnotes to text, print the table footnotes above the text footnotes,
separated by a rule 50 points long, flush left, with spacing on each
side of the rule. (See also rule 13.77.)
22 Chapter 2
Press revising
2.99. Press revising calls for the exercise of utmost care. The press re-
viser must be thoroughly familiar with the style and makeup of
Government publications. He or she is required to OK all forms that
go to press — bookwork, covers, jobwork, etc. — and must see that all
queries are answered. A knowledge of the bindery operations re-
quired to complete a book or job and familiarity with all types of
imposition, folds, etc., is helpful. The reviser must be capable of as-
certaining the proper head, back, and side margins for all work, to
ensure proper trimming of the completed job.
2.100. Although speed is essential when forms reach the press reviser, ac-
curacy is still paramount and must not be sacrificed.
Signature marks, etc.
2.101. Unless otherwise indicated, signature marks are set in 6 -point low-
ercase and indented 3 ems.
2.102. Figures indicating the year should follow the jacket number in sig-
nature marks:
125-327—08 4 116-529— 08— vol. 1 3
116-529— 08— pt. 5 3
2.103. When the allmark (O) and signature or the imprint and signature
appear on same page, the signature line is placed below the allmark
or imprint. (See rule 2.117.)
2.104. The allmark is placed below the page, bulletin, or circular number
but above the signature line, if both appear on the same page.
2.105. Imprints and signature lines appearing on short pages of text are
placed at the bottom of the page.
2.106. On a congressional job reprinted because of change, the House and
Senate have approved the following styles:
House of Representatives: Senate:
•17-234—08 2 17-235—08 2 *(Star Print)
General Instructions 23
2.107. The following forms are used for signature marks in House and
Senate documents and reports printed on session jackets:
H. Doc. 73, 08-1 2 S. Doc. 57, 08-1 2
S. Doc. 57, 08-2, pt. 1 2 S. Doc. 57, 08-2, vol. 1 2
H. Rept. 120, 08-2 8 S. Rept. 100, 08-2 9
2.108. In a document or report printed on other than a session jacket, use
the jacket number, year, and signature number only, omitting the
document or report number. (See rule 2.102.)
2.109. For pasters, the jacket number, the year, and the page to be faced by
the paster are used as follows (note punctuation):
12-344 08 (Face p. 10)
2.110. On a paster facing an even page, the marks are placed on the lower
right-hand side; on a paster facing an odd page, the marks are placed
on the lower left-hand side.
2.111. If more than one paster faces the same page, each is numbered as
follows:
12-344 08 (Face p. 19) No. 1
12-344 08 (Face p. 19) No. 2
2.112. When a paster follows the text, the allmark is placed on the last page
of the text and never on the paster.
Reprints
2.113. To aid bibliographic identification of reprints or revisions, the dates
of the original edition and of reprint or revision should be sup-
plied by the author on the title page or in some other suitable place.
Thus:
First edition July 1990 Original edition May 1990
Reprinted July 1995 Reprinted May 1995
First printed June 1990 Revised ^ 1997
Revised June 1995
2.114. The year in the imprint on cover, title page, or elsewhere is not
changed from that in the original print, nor are the signatures
changed, unless other mends are necessary
24 Chapter 2
Imprints
2.115. Unless otherwise stipulated, the GPO imprint must appear on all
printed matter, with the exception of certain classified work.
2.116. The full GPO imprint is used on the title page of a congressional
speech.
2.117. The imprint and allmark are not used together on any page; if one is
used, the other is omitted.
2.118. The imprint is not used on a halftitle or on any page of a cover, with
the exception of congressional hearings.
2.119. If there is a title page, the imprint is placed on the title page; but if
there is no title page, or if the title page is entirely an illustration, the
imprint is placed on the last page of the text 4 ems from flush right
and below the bottom folio.
2.120. The GPO logo is used only on GPO publications. If it is printed on
page ii, the full imprint is used on the title page; if it is printed on the
title page, use the half imprint only, thus — Washington : 2008.
Sales notices
2.121. The use of sales notices is discouraged.
2.122. If there is a cover but no title page, the sales notice is printed on the
cover. Unless otherwise indicated, if there is a title page, with or
without a cover, the sales notice is printed at the bottom of the title
page below a cross rule. If there is no cover or title page, the sales
notice is printed at the end of the text, below the imprint, and the
two are separated by a cross rule.
Imprint variations
2.123. This is one style of an imprint that can appear on the title page.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
•Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: Toll Free 866-512-1800
• DC area 202-512-1800 • Fax: 202-512-2104
• Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001
• www.gpoaccess.gov
General Instructions 25
2.1 24. In the event that a title page is not used, the imprint is printed on the
last page and positioned flush left below the text.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Office
•Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free 866-512-1800
• DC area 202-512-1800 -Fax: 202-512-2250
• Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001
• www.gpoaccess.gov
2.125. Outside-purchase publications are identified by an open star at the
beginning of the imprint line. These lines are positioned 4 ems from
the right margin.
«U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 2008—456-789
2.126. Publications purchased outside which are reprinted by the GPO use
an em dash in lieu of the open star.
—U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 2008—456-789
2.127. Jobs set on outside purchase but printed by the GPO use an asterisk
in lieu of the open star.
*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 2008—456-789
2.128. Publications produced from camera copy supplied to the GPO are
identified by cc printed at the end of the line.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 2008— 123-456-cc
Franking
2.129. The franking (mailing) privilege on covers for Government publi-
cations should be at least lVs inches from the trim.
Bibliographies or references
2.1 30. There are many styles available to bibliographers, for there are many
classes of documents. A Government bulletin citation, according to
one authority, would be treated as follows:
Author's name (if the article is signed); title of article (in quotation marks);
the publication (usually in italic), with correct references to volume, number,
series, pages, date, and publisher (U.S. Govt. Print. Off.).
26 Chapter 2
Therefore the example would read:
U.S. Department of the Interior, "Highlights in history of forest and related
natural source conservation," Conservation Bulletin, No. 41 (serial number
not italic), Washington, U.S. Dept. of the Interior (or U.S. Govt. Print. Off.),
1997. 1 p. (or p. 1).
Another Government periodical citation would read as follows:
Reese, Herbert Harshman, "How To Select a Sound Horse," Farmers'
Bulletin, No. 779, pp. 1-26 (1926), U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.
Clarity may be maintained by capitalizing each word in book titles,
but only the first word in the title of articles.
Other examples are:
Preston W. Slosson, The Great Crusade And After: 1914-1928 (New York:
Macmillan, 1940)
Edward B. Rosa, "The economic importance of the scientific work of the
government," /. Wash. Acad. Sci. 10, 342 (1920)
or:
Preston W. Slosson, The Great Crusade and After: 1914-1928 (New York:
Macmillan, 1940)
Edward B. Rosa, "The Economic Importance of the Scientific Work of the
Government," J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 10, 342 (1920)
Note that the principal words in both book titles and titles of arti-
cles are capitalized. Consistency is more important in bibliographic
style than the style itself.
The science of bibliography is covered in many texts, and the follow-
ing references are available for study:
Better Report Writing, by Willis H. Waldo. Reinhold Publishing Corp.,
New York, 1965.
Macmillan Handbook of English, by Robert F. Wilson. Macmillan Co.,
New York, 1982.
The Chicago Manual of Style, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2003.
Words Into Type, Prentice-Hall, New York, 1974.
3. Capitalization Rules
(See also Chapter 4 "Capitalization Examples" and Chapter 9 "Abbreviations and Letter Symbols")
3.1. It is impossible to give rules that will cover every conceivable prob-
lem in capitalization; but by considering the purpose to be served
and the underlying principles, it is possible to attain a considerable
degree of uniformity. The list of approved forms given in Chapter 4
will serve as a guide. Obviously such a list cannot be complete. The
correct usage with respect to any term not included can be deter-
mined by analogy or by application of the rules.
Proper names
3.2. Proper names are capitalized.
Rome John Macadam Italy
Brussels Macadam family Anglo-Saxon
Derivatives of proper names
3.3. Derivatives of proper names used with a proper meaning are
capitalized.
Roman (of Rome) Johannean Italian
3.4. Derivatives of proper names used with acquired independent com-
mon meaning, or no longer identified with such names, are set
lowercased. Since this depends upon general and long- continued
usage, a more definite and all-inclusive rule cannot be formulated
in advance.
roman (type)
macadam (crushed rock)
italicize
brussels sprouts
watt (electric unit)
anglicize
Venetian blinds
plaster of paris
pasteurize
Common nouns and adjectives in proper names
3.5. A common noun or adjective forming an essential part of a proper
name is capitalized; the common noun used alone as a substitute for
the name of a place or thing is not capitalized.
Massachusetts Avenue; the avenue
Washington Monument; the monument
Statue of Liberty; the statue
Hoover Dam; the dam
27
28 Chapter 3
Boston Light; the light
Modoc National Forest; the national forest
Panama Canal; the canal
Soldiers' Home in Holyoke; the soldiers' home
Johnson House (hotel); Johnson house (residence)
Crow Reservation; the reservation
Cape of Good Hope; the cape
Jersey City
Washington City
but city of Washington; the city
Cook County; the county
Great Lakes; the lakes
Lake of the Woods; the lake
North Platte River; the river
Lower California
but lower Mississippi
Charles the First; Charles I
Seventeenth Census; the 1960 census
3.6. If a common noun or adjective forming an essential part of a name
becomes separated from the rest of the name by an intervening
common noun or adjective, the entire expression is no longer a
proper noun and is therefore not capitalized.
Union Station: union passenger station
Eastern States: eastern farming States
United States popularly elected government
3.7. A common noun used alone as a well-known short form of a spe-
cific proper name is capitalized.
the Capitol building in Washington, DC; but State capital building
the Channel (English Channel)
the Chunnel (tunnel below English Channel)
the District (District of Columbia)
3.8. The plural form of a common noun capitalized as part of a proper
name is also capitalized.
Seventh and I Streets
Lakes Erie and Ontario
Potomac and James Rivers
State and Treasury Departments
British, French, and United States Governments
Presidents Washington and Adams
3.9. A common noun used with a date, number, or letter, merely to de-
note time or sequence, or for the purpose of reference, record, or
Capitalization Rules
29
3.10.
temporary convenience, does not form a proper name and is there-
fore not capitalized. (See also rule 3.38.)
abstract B
figure 7
room A722
act of 1928
first district (not
rule 8
amendment 5
congressional)
schedule K
apartment 2
flight 007
section 3
appendix C
graph 8
signature 4
article 1
group 7
spring 1926
book II
history 301
station 27
chapter III
mile 7.5
table 4
chart B
page 2
title IV
class I
paragraph 4
treaty of 1919
collection 6
parti
volume X
column 2
phase 3
war of 1914
drawing 6
plate IV
ward 2
exhibit D
region 3
ie following terms
are lowercased, even with
a name or numb
aqueduct
irrigation project
shipway
breakwater
jetty
slip
buoy
levee
spillway
chute
lock
turnpike
dike
pier
watershed
dock
reclamation project
weir
drydock
ship canal
wharf
Definite article in proper place names
3.11. To achieve greater distinction or to adhere to the authorized form,
the word the (or its equivalent in a foreign language) is capitalized
when used as a part of an official name or title. When such name or
title is used adjectively, the is not capitalized, nor is the supplied at
any time when not in copy.
British Consul v. The Mermaid (title of legal case)
The Dalles (OR); The Weirs (NH); but the Dalles region; the Weirs streets
The Hague; but the Hague Court; the Second Hague Conference
El Salvador; Las Cruces; L'Esterel
The National Mall; The Mall (Washington, DC only)
The Gambia
but the Congo, the Sudan, the Netherlands
30 Chapter 3
3.12. In common practice, rule 3.11 is disregarded in references to news-
papers, periodicals, vessels, airships, trains, firm names, etc.
the Washington Post the U-3
the Times the Los Angeles
the Atlantic Monthly the Federal Express
the Mermaid the National Photo Co.
Particles in names of persons
3.13. In foreign names such particles as d\ da, de, della, den, du, van, and
von are capitalized unless preceded by a forename or title. Individual
usage, if ascertainable, should be followed.
Da Ponte; Cardinal da Ponte
Den Uyl; Johannes den Uyl; Prime Minister den Uyl
Du Pont; E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.
Van Rensselaer; Stephen van Rensselaer
Von Braun; Dr. Wernher von Braun
but d'Orhigny; Alcide d'Orbigny; de la Madrid; Miguel de la Madrid
3.14. In anglicized names such particles are usually capitalized, even if
preceded by a forename or title, but individual usage, if ascertain-
able, should be followed.
Justice Van Devanter; Reginald De Koven
Thomas De Quincey; William De Morgan
Henry van Dyke (his usage)
Samuel F. Du Pont (his usage); Irenee du Pont
3.15. If copy is not clear as to the form of such a name (for example, La
Forge or Laforge), the two-word form should be used.
De Kalb County (AL, GA, IL, IN)
but DeKalb County (TN)
3.16. In names set in capitals, de, von, etc., are also capitalized.
Names of organized bodies
3.17. The full names of existing or proposed organized bodies and their
shortened names are capitalized; other substitutes, which are most
often regarded as common nouns, are capitalized only in certain
specified instances to indicate preeminence or distinction.
Capitalization Rules 31
National governmental units:
U.S. Congress: 110th Congress; the Congress; Congress; the Senate; the House;
Committee of the Whole, the Committee; but committee (all other con-
gressional committees)
Department of Agriculture: the Department; Division of Publications, the
Division; similarly all major departmental units; but legislative, execu-
tive, and judicial departments
Bureau of the Census: the Census Bureau, the Bureau; but the agency
Environmental Protection Agency: the Agency
Geological Survey: the Survey
Government Printing Office: the Printing Office, the Office
American Embassy, British Embassy: the Embassy; but the consulate; the con-
sulate general
Treasury of the United States: General Treasury; National Treasury; Public
Treasury; the Treasury; Treasury notes; New York Subtreasury, the
subtreasury
Department of Defense: Military Establishment; Armed Forces; All-Volunteer
Forces; but armed services
U.S. Army: the Army; All-Volunteer Army; the Infantry; 81st Regiment;
Army Establishment; the Army Band; Army officer; Regular Army of-
ficer; Reserve officer; Volunteer officer; but army shoe; Grant's army;
Robinson's brigade; the brigade; the corps; the regiment; infantryman
U.S. Navy: the Navy; the Marine Corps; Navy (Naval) Establishment; Navy
officer; but naval shipyard; naval officer; naval station
U.S. Air Force: the Air Force
U.S. Coast Guard: the Coast Guard
French Ministry of Foreign Affairs; the Ministry; French Army; British Navy
International organizations:
United Nations: the Council; the Assembly; the Secretariat
Permanent Court of Arbitration: the Court; the Tribunal (only in the proceed-
ings of a specific arbitration tribunal)
Hague Peace Conference of 1907: the Hague Conference; the Peace Conference;
the Conference
Common-noun substitutes:
Virginia General Assembly: the assembly
California State Highway Commission: Highway Commission of California;
the highway commission; the commission
Montgomery County Board of Health: the Board of Health, Montgomery
County; the board of health; the board
Common Council of the City of Pittsburgh: the common council; the council
Buffalo Consumers' League: the consumers' league; the league
Republican Party: the party
32 Chapter 3
Southern Railroad Co.: the Southern Railroad; Southern Co.; Southern Road;
the railroad company; the company
Riggs National Bank: the Riggs Bank; the hank
Metropolitan Cluh: the cluh
Yale School of Law: Yale University School of Law; School of Law, Yale Uni-
versity; school of law
3.18. The names of members and adherents of organized bodies are capi-
talized to distinguish them from the same words used merely in a
descriptive sense.
a Representative (U.S.) aShriner a Boy Scout
a Republican a Socialist a Knight (K.C, K.R, etc.)
an Elk an Odd Fellow
a Federalist a Communist
Names of countries, domains, and administrative divisions
3.19. The official designations of countries, national domains, and their
principal administrative divisions are capitalized only if used as
part of proper names, as proper names, or as proper adjectives.
(See Chapter 17, Principal Foreign Countries table.)
United States: the Republic; the Nation; the Union; the Government; also
Federal, Federal Government; but republic (when not referring specifi-
cally to one such entity); republican (in general sense); a nation devoted
to peace
New York State: the State, a State (a definite political subdivision of first rank);
State of Veracruz; Balkan States; six States of Australia; State rights; but
state (referring to a federal government, the body politic); foreign states;
church and state; statehood; state's evidence
Territory (Canada): Yukon, Northwest Territories; the Territory (ies), Terri-
torial; but territory of American Samoa, Guam, Virgin Islands
Dominion of Canada: the Dominion; but dominion (in general sense)
Ontario Province, Province of Ontario: the Province, Provincial; but prov-
ince, provincial (in general sense)
3.20. The similar designations commonwealth, confederation (federal),
government, nation (national), powers, republic, etc., are capitalized
only if used as part of proper names, as proper names, or as proper
adjectives.
British Commonwealth, Commonwealth of Virginia: the Commonwealth;
but a commonwealth government (general sense)
Capitalization Rules
33
Swiss Confederation: the Confederation; the Federal Council; the Federal
Government; but confederation, federal (in general sense)
French Government: the Government; French and Italian Governments: the
Governments; but government (in general sense); the Churchill govern-
ment; European governments
Cherokee Nation: the nation; but Greek nation; American nations
National Government (of any specific nation); but national customs
Allied Powers, Allies (in World Wars I and II); but our allies, weaker allies;
Central Powers (in World War I); but the powers; European powers
Republic of South Africa: the Republic; but republic (in general sense)
Names of regions, localities, and geographic features
3.21.
3.22.
A descriptive term used to denote a definite region, locality, or geo-
graphic feature is a proper name and is therefore capitalized; also
for temporary distinction a coined name of a region is capitalized.
the North Atlantic States
the Gulf States
the Central States
the Pacific Coast States
the Lake States
East North Central States
Eastern North Central States
Far Western States
Eastern United States
the West
the Midwest
the Middle West
the Far West
the Eastern Shore (Chesapeake Bay)
the Badlands (SD and NE)
the Continental Divide
Deep South
Midsouth
the Far East
Far Eastern
the East
Middle East
Middle Eastern
Mideast
Mideastern (Asia)
Near East (Balkans, etc.)
the Promised Land
the Continent (continental Europe)
the Western Hemisphere
the North Pole
the North and South Poles
the Temperate Zone
the Torrid Zone
the East Side
Lower East Side (sections of
a city)
Western Europe, Central Europe)
(political entities)
but
lower 48 (States)
the Northeast corridor
A descriptive term used to denote mere direction or position is not
a proper name and is therefore not capitalized.
north; south; east; west
northerly; northern; northward
eastern; oriental; occidental
34 Chapter 3
east Pennsylvania
southern California
northern Virginia
west Florida; but West Florida (1763-1819)
eastern region; western region
north-central region
east coast; eastern seaboard
northern Italy
southern France
but East Germany; West Germany (former political entities)
Names of calendar divisions
3.23. The names of calendar divisions are capitalized.
January; February; March; etc.
Monday; Tuesday; Wednesday; etc.
but spring; summer; autumn (fall); winter
Names of holidays, etc.
3.24. The names of holidays and ecclesiastic feast and fast days are
capitalized.
April Fools' Day Independence Day
Arbor Day Labor Day
Armed Forces Day Lincoln's Birthday
Birthday of Martin Luther Memorial Day (also
King, Jr. Decoration Day)
Christmas Day, Eve Mother's Day
Columbus Day New Year's Day, Eve
Father's Day Presidents Day
Feast of the Passover; the Passover Ramadan
Flag Day Rosh Hashanah
Fourth of July; the Fourth St. Valentine's Day
Halloween Thanksgiving Day
Hanukkah Washington's Birthday
Hogmanay Yom Kippur
Inauguration Day (Federal) but election day, primary day
Capitalization Rules 35
Trade names and trademarks
3.25. Trade names, variety names, and names of market grades and
brands are capitalized. Some trade names have come into usage
as generic terms (e.g., cellophane, thermos, and aspirin); when ref-
erence is being made to the formal company or specific product
name, capitalization should be used. (See Chapter 4 "Capitalization
Examples" trade names and trademarks.)
Choice lamb (market grade) Xerox (the company)
Red Radiance rose (variety) but photocopy (the process)
Scientific names
3.26. The name of a phylum, class, order, family, or genus is capitalized.
The name of a species is not capitalized, even though derived from
a proper name. (See rule 11.9.)
Arthropoda (phylum), Crustacea (class), Hypoparia (order), Agnostidae
(family), Agnostus (genus)
Agnostus canadensis; Aconitum wilsoni; Epigaea repens (genus and species)
3.27. In scientific descriptions coined terms derived from proper names
are not capitalized.
aviculoid menodontine
3.28. Any plural formed by adding s to a Latin generic name is
capitalized.
Rhynchonellas Spirifers
3.29. In soil science the 12 soil orders are capitalized. (See Chapter 4
"Capitalization Examples" soil orders.)
Alfisols Andisols Aridisols
3.30. Capitalize the names of the celestial bodies as well as the planets.
Sun Earth Venus
Moon Mercury Mars
Jupiter Uranus but the moons of Jupiter
Saturn Neptune
36
Chapter 3
Historical or political events
3.31.
Names of historical or political events used as a proper name are
capitalized.
Battle of Bunker Hill
Christian Era
D-day
Dust Bowl
Fall of Rome
Great Depression
Great Society
Holocaust, the
Middle Ages
New Deal
New Federalism
New Frontier
Prohibition
Restoration, the
Reformation
Renaissance
Revolution, the
American, 1775
English, 1688
French, 1789
Russian, 1917
V-E Day
War of 1812
War on Poverty
but Korean war; cold war; Vietnam war; gulf war
Personification
3.32. A vivid personification is capitalized.
The Chair recognizes the gentlewoman from New York;
but I spoke with the chair yesterday.
For Nature wields her scepter mercilessly.
All are architects of Fate,
Working in these walls of Time.
Religious terms
3.33. Words denoting the Deity except who, whose, and whom; names
for the Bible and other sacred writings and their parts; names of
confessions of faith and of religious bodies and their adherents; and
words specifically denoting Satan are all capitalized.
Heavenly Father; the Almighty; Lord; Thee; Thou; He; Him; but himself; You,
Your; Thy, Thine; [God's] fatherhood
Mass; red Mass; Communion
Divine Father; but divine providence; divine guidance; divine service
Son of Man; Jesus' sonship; the Messiah; but a messiah; messiahship; messi-
anic; messianize; christology; christological
Bible, Holy Scriptures, Scriptures, Word; Koran; also Biblical; Scriptural;
Koranic
New Testament; Ten Commandments
Gospel (memoir of Christ); but gospel music
Apostles' Creed; Augsburg Confession; Thirty-nine Articles
Episcopal Church; an Episcopalian; Catholicism; a Protestant
Christian; also Christendom; Christianity; Christianize
Black Friars; Brother(s); King's Daughters; Daughter(s); Ursuline Sisters;
Sister(s)
Satan; the Devil; but a devil; the devils; devil's advocate
Capitalization Rules 37
Titles of persons
3.34. Civil, religious, military, and professional titles, as well as those of
nobility, immediately preceding a name are capitalized.
President Bush Dr. Bellinger
Queen Elizabeth II Nurse Joyce Norton
Ambassador Acton Professor Leverett
Lieutenant Fowler Examiner Jones (law)
Chairman Williams Vice-Presidential candidate Smith
but baseball player Ripken; maintenance man Flow; foreman Collins
3.35. To indicate preeminence or distinction in certain specified in-
stances, a common-noun title immediately following the name of a
person or used alone as a substitute for it is capitalized.
Title of a head or assistant head of state:
George W. Bush, President of the United States: the President; the President-
elect; the Executive; the Chief Magistrate; the Commander in Chief;
ex-President Clinton; former President Truman; similarly the Vice
President; the Vice-President-elect; ex-Vice-President Gore
Tim Kaine, Governor of Virginia: the Governor of Virginia; the Governor;
similarly the Lieutenant Governor; but secretary of state of Idaho; attor-
ney general of Maine
Title of a head or assistant head of an existing or a proposed National governmental
unit:
Condoleezza Rice, Secretary of State: the Secretary; similarly the Acting
Secretary; the Under Secretary; the Assistant Secretary; the Director; the
Chief or Assistant Chief; the Chief Clerk; but Secretaries of the military
departments; secretaryship
Titles of the military:
General of the Army(ies): United States only; Supreme Allied Commander;
Admiral Michael Mullen, Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff; Joint Chiefs of
Staff; Chief of Staff, U.S. Air Force; the Chief of Staff; but the commanding
general; general (military title standing alone not capitalized)
Titles of members of diplomatic corps:
Walter S. Gifford, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary: the
American Ambassador; the British Ambassador; the Ambassador; the
Senior Ambassador; His Excellency; similarly the Envoy Extraordinary
and Minister Plenipotentiary; the Envoy; the Minister; the Charge
d Affaires; the Charge; Ambassador at Large; Minister Without Portfolio;
but the consul general; the consul; the attache
Title of a ruler or prince:
Elizabeth II, Queen of England: the Queen; the Crown; Her Most Gracious
Majesty; Her Majesty; similarly the Emperor; the Sultan
38 Chapter 3
Charles, Prince of Wales: the Prince; His Royal Highness
Titles not capitalized:
Charles F. Hughes, rear admiral, U.S. Navy: the rear admiral
Steven Knapp, president of The George Washington University: the president
C.H. Eckles, professor of dairy husbandry: the professor
Barbara Prophet, chairwoman of the committee; the chairman; the chairper-
son; the chair
3.36. In formal lists of delegates and representatives of governments, all
titles and descriptive designations immediately following the names
should be capitalized if any one is capitalized.
3.37. A title in the second person is capitalized.
Your Excellency Mr. Chairman but not salutations:
Your Highness Madam Chairman my dear General
Your Honor Mr. Secretary my dear sir
Titles of publications, papers, documents, acts, laws, etc.
3.38. In the full or short English titles of periodicals, series of publica-
tions, annual reports, historic documents, and works of art, the first
word and all important words are capitalized.
Statutes at Large; Revised Statutes; District Code; Bancroft's History; Journal
(House or Senate) (short titles); but the code; the statutes
Atlantic Charter; Balfour Declaration; but British white paper
Chicago's American; but Chicago American Publishing Co.
Reader's Digest; but New York Times Magazine; Newsweek magazine
Monograph 55; Research Paper 123; Bulletin 420; Circular A; Article 15:
Uniform Code of Military Justice; Senate Document 70; House Resolution
45; Presidential Proclamation No. 24; Executive Order No. 24; Royal
Decree No. 24; Public Law 89-1; Private and Union Calendars; Calendar
No. 80; Calendar Wednesday; Committee Print No. 32, committee print;
but Senate bill 416; House bill 61; Congressional Record
Annual Report of the Public Printer, 2007; but seventh annual report, 19th
annual report
Declaration of Independence; the Declaration
Constitution (United States or with name of country); constitutional; but New
York State constitution: first amendment, 12th amendment
Kellogg Pact; North Atlantic Pact; Atlantic Pact; Treaty of Versailles; Jay Treaty;
but treaty of peace, the treaty (descriptive designations); treaty of 1919
United States v. Four Hundred Twenty-two Casks of Wine (law)
American Gothic, Nighthawks (paintings)
Capitalization Rules 39
3.39. All principal words are capitalized in titles of addresses, articles,
books, captions, chapter and part headings, editorials, essays, head-
ings, headlines, motion pictures and plays (including television and
radio programs), papers, short poems, reports, songs, subheadings,
subjects, and themes. The foregoing are also quoted.
3.40. In the short or popular titles of acts (Federal, State, or foreign) the
first word and all important words are capitalized.
Revenue Act; Walsh-Healey Act; Freedom of Information Act; Classification
Act; but the act; Harrison narcotic law; Harrison narcotic bill; interstate
commerce law; sunset law
3.41. The capitalization of the titles of books, etc., written in a foreign
language is to conform to the national practice in that language.
First words
3.42. The first word of a sentence, of an independent clause or phrase, of a
direct quotation, of a formally introduced series of items or phrases
following a comma or colon, or of a line of poetry, is capitalized.
The question is, Shall the bill pass?
He asked, "And where are you going?"
The vote was as follows: In the affirmative, 23; in the negative, 11; not voting, 3.
Lives of great men all remind us
We can make our lives sublime.
3.43. The first word of a fragmentary quotation is not capitalized.
She objected "to the phraseology, not to the ideas."
3.44. The first word following a colon, an exclamation point, or a question
mark is not capitalized if the matter following is merely a supple-
mentary remark making the meaning clearer.
Revolutions are not made: they come.
Intelligence is not replaced by mechanism: even the televox must be guided by
its master's voice.
But two months dead! nay, not so much; not two.
What is this? Your knees to me? to your corrected son?
40 Chapter 3
3.45. The first word following Whereas in resolutions, contracts, etc., is
not capitalized; the first word following an enacting or resolving
clause is capitalized.
Whereas the Constitution provides * * *; and
Whereas, moreover, * * *: Therefore be it
Whereas the Senate provided for the * * *: Now, therefore, be it
Resolved, That * * *; and be it further
Resolved (jointly), That * * *
Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), That * * *.
(Concurrent resolution, Federal Government.)
Resolved by the Senate of Oklahoma (the House of Representatives concurring
therein), That* * *, (Concurrent resolution, using name of State.)
Resolved by the senate (the house of representatives concurring therein), That * * *.
(Concurrent resolution, not using name of State.)
Resolved by the Assembly and Senate of the State of California (jointly), That * * *.
(Joint resolution, using name of State.)
Resolvedby the Washington Board of Trade, That* * *
Provided, That* * *
Provided further, That * * *
Provided, however, That * * *
And provided further, That* * *
Ordered, That* * *
Be it enacted, That* * *
Center and side heads
3.46. Unless otherwise marked, centerheads are set in capitals, and side-
heads are set in lowercase and only the first word and proper names
are capitalized. In centerheads making two lines, wordbreaks
should be avoided. The first line should be centered and set as full as
possible.
3.47. In heads set in caps, a small-cap c or ac, if available, is used in such
names as McLean or MacLeod; otherwise a lowercase c or ac is used.
In heads set in small caps, a thin space is used after the c or the ac.
3.48. In such names as LeRoy, DeHostis, LaFollette, etc. (one-word forms
only), set in caps, the second letter of the particle is made a small
cap, if available; otherwise lowercase is used. In heads set in small
caps, a thin space is used. (See rule 3.15.)
3.49. In matter set in caps and small caps or caps and lowercase, capital-
ize all principal words, including parts of compounds which would
Capitalization Rules 41
be capitalized standing alone. The articles a, an, and the; the prepo-
sitions at, by, for, in, of, on, to, and up; the conjunctions and, as, but,
if, or, and nor; and the second element of a compound numeral are
not capitalized. (See also rule 8.129.)
World en Route to All-Out War
Curfew To Be Set for 10 o'clock
Man Hit With 2-Inch Pipe
No-Par-Value Stock for Sale
Yankees May Be Winners in Zig-Zag Race
Ex- Senator Is To Be Admitted
Notice of Filing and Order on Exemption From Requirements
but Building on Twenty-first Street (if spelled)
One Hundred Twenty-three Years (if spelled)
Only One-tenth of Shipping Was Idle
Many 35-Millimeter Films in Production
Built-Up Stockpiles Are Necessary (Up is an adverb here)
His Per Diem Was Increased (Per Diem is used as a noun here); Lower Taxes
per Person (per is a preposition here)
3.50. If a normally lowercased short word is used in juxtaposition with a
capitalized word of like significance, it should also be capitalized.
Buildings In and Near the Minneapolis Mall
3.51. In a heading set in caps and lowercase or in caps and small caps, a
normally lowercased last word, if it is the only lowercased word in
the heading, should also be capitalized.
All Returns Are In
3.52. The first element of an infinitive is capitalized.
Controls To Be Applied
but Aid Sent to Disaster Area
3.53. In matter set in caps and small caps, such abbreviations as etc., et ah,
and p.m. are set in small caps; in matter set in caps and lowercase,
these abbreviations are set in lowercase.
Planes, Guns, Ships, etc. In re the 8 p.m. Meeting
Planes, Guns, Ships, etc. In re the 8 p.m. Meeting
James Bros, et al. (no comma)
James Bros, et al.
42 Chapter 3
3.54. Paragraph series letters in parentheses appearing in heads set in
caps, caps and small caps, small caps, or in caps and lowercase are
to be set as in copy.
SECTION 1.580(f)(1)
Addresses, salutations, and signatures
3.55. The first word and all principal words in addresses, salutations, and
signatures are capitalized. See Chapter 16 "Datelines, Addresses,
and Signatures."
Interjections
3.56. The interjection "O" is always capitalized. Interjections within a
sentence are not capitalized.
Sail on, O Ship of State!
For lo! the days are hastening on.
But, oh, how fortunate!
Historic or documentary accuracy
3.57. Where historic, documentary, technical, or scientific accuracy is re-
quired, capitalization and other features of style of the original text
should be followed.
4. Capitalization Examples
A
A-bomb
abstract B, 1, etc.
Academy:
Air Force; the Academy
Andover; the academy
Coast Guard; the Academy
Merchant Marine; the Academy
Military; the Academy
National Academy of Sciences; the
Academy of Sciences; the academy
Naval; the Academy
but service academies
accord, Paris peace (see Agreement)
accords, Helsinki
Act (Federal, State, or foreign), short or
popular title or with number; the act:
Appropriations
Classification
Clear Skies
Economy
Flood Control
Military Selective Service
No Child Left Behind
Organic Act of Virgin Islands
Panama Canal
PATRIOT
Revenue
Sarbanes-Oxley
Stockpiling
Tariff
Trademark
Walsh-HealeyAct; but Walsh-Healey
law (or bill)
act, labor-management relations
Acting, if part of capitalized title
Active Duty
Adjutant General, the (see The)
Administration, with name; capitalized
standing alone if Federal unit:
Farmers Home
Food and Drug
Maritime
Transportation Security
bu t Bush administration;
administration bill, policy, etc.
Administrative Law Judge Davis; Judge
Davis; an administrative law judge
Admiralty, British, etc.
Admiralty, Lord of the
Adobe Acrobat Reader
Adviser, Legal (Department of State)
Africa:
east
East Coast
north
South
South-West (Territory of)
West Coast
African-American (see Black; Negro)
Agency, if part of name; capitalized
standing alone if referring to
Federal unit:
Central Intelligence; the Agency
Chippewa (Indian); the agency
agent orange
Age(s):
Age of Discovery
Dark Ages
Elizabethan Age
Golden Age (of Pericles only)
Middle Ages
but atomic age; Cambrian age; copper
age; ice age; missile age; rocket age;
space age; stone age; etc.
Agreement, with name; the agreement:
General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT); the general agreement
43
44
Chapter 4
International Wheat Agreement; the
wheat agreement; the coffee agreement
North American Free-Trade
Agreement (NAFTA)
Status of Forces; but status-of-forces
agreements
United States-Canada Free-Trade
Agreement; the free-trade agreement
but the Geneva agreement; the Potsdam
agreement; Paris peace agreement
Air Force:
Air National Guard (see National)
Base (with name); Air Force hase (see
Base; Station)
Civil Air Patrol; Civil Patrol; the patrol
Command (see Command)
One (Presidential plane)
Reserve
Reserve Officers' Training Corps
Airport: La Guardia; Reagan National;
the airport
Al Jazeera
Alaska Native (collective term for Aleuts,
Eskimos, Inuits, and Indians of
Alaska):
the Native; but Ohio native, a
native of Alaska, etc.
Alliance, Farmers', etc.; the alliance
alliances and coalitions (see also powers):
Allied Powers; the powers (World
Wars I and II)
Atlantic alliance
Axis, the; Axis Powers; the powers
Benelux (Belgium, Netherlands,
Luxembourg)
Big Four (European); of the Pacific
Big Three
Central Powers; the powers (World
War I)
Coalition of the Willing
European Economic Community
Fritalux (France, Italy, Benelux
countries)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(see Organization)
Western Powers
Allied (World Wars I and II):
armies
Governments
Nations
peoples
Powers; the powers; but European
powers
Supreme Allied Commander
Allies, the (World Wars I and II); also
members of Western bloc (political
entity); but our allies; weaker allies,
etc.
Al Qaeda
Alzheimer's disease
Ambassador:
British, etc.; the Ambassador; the
Senior Ambassador; His Excellency
Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary;
the Ambassador; Ambassador at
Large; an ambassador
amendment:
Baker amendment
Social Security Amendments of 1983;
1983 amendments; the Social Security
amendments; the amendments
to the Constitution (U.S.); but First
Amendment, 14th Amendment, etc.;
the Amendment
American:
Federation of Labor and Congress of
Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO);
the federation
Gold Star Mothers, Inc.; Gold Star
Mothers; a Mother
Legion (see Legion)
National Red Cross; the Red Cross
Veterans of World War II (AMVETS)
War Mothers; a Mother
AmeriCorps Program
Amtrak (National Railroad Passenger
Corporation)
Capitalization Examples
45
Ancient Free and Accepted Masons; a
Mason; a Freemason
Annex, if part of name of building; the
annex
Antarctic Ocean (see Arctic; Ocean)
appendix 1, A, II, etc.; the appendix; but
Appendix II, when part of title:
Appendix II: ' Education Directory
appropriation bill (see also bill):
deficiency
Department of Agriculture
for any governmental unit
independent offices
aquaculture; acquiculture
Arab States
Arabic numerals
Arboretum, National; the Arboretum
Archipelago, Philippine, etc.; the
archipelago
Architect of the Capitol; the Architect
Archivist of the United States; the Archivist
Arctic:
Circle
Current (see Current)
Ocean
zone
but subarctic
arctic (descriptive adjective):
clothing
conditions
fox
grass
night
seas
Area, if part of name; the area:
Cape Hatteras Recreational
White Pass Recreation; etc.
but area 2; free trade area; Metropolitan
Washington area; bay area;
nonsmoking area
Arlington:
Memorial Amphitheater; the Memorial
1 The colon is preferred; a dash is permissible;
but a comma is too weak.
Amphitheater; the amphitheater
Memorial Bridge (see Bridge)
National Cemetery (see Cemetery)
Arm, Infantry, etc. (military); the arm
Armed Forces (synonym for overall
Military Establishment):
British
Retirement Home (AFRT)
of the United States
armed services
armistice
Armory, Springfield, etc.; the armory
Army, American or foreign, if part of name;
capitalized standing alone only if
referring to U.S. Army:
Active; Active-Duty
Adjutant General, the
All-Volunteer
Band (see Band)
branches; Gordon Highlanders; Royal
Guards; etc.
Brigade, 1st, etc.; the brigade;
Robinson's brigade
Command (see Command)
Command and General Staff College
(see College)
Company A; A Company; the company
Confederate (referring to Southern
Confederacy); the Confederates
Continental; Continentals
Corps, Reserve (see Corps)
District of Washington (military); the
district
Division, 1st, etc.; the division
Engineers (the Corps of Engineers); the
Engineers; four Army engineer
Establishment
Field Establishment
Field Forces (see Forces)
Finance Department; the Department
1st, etc.
General of the Army; but the general
46
Chapter 4
General Staff; the Staff
Headquarters, 1st Regiment
Headquarters of the; the headquarters
Regiment, 1st, etc.; the regiment
Regular Army officer; a Regular
Revolutionary (American, British,
French, etc.)
service
Surgeon General, the (see Surgeon
General)
Volunteer; the Volunteers; a Volunteer
army:
Lee's army; but Clark's 5th Army
mobile
mule, shoe, etc.
of occupation; occupation army
Red
Arsenal, Rock Island, etc.; the arsenal
article 15; bu t Article 15, when part of title:
Article 15: Uniform Code of
Military Justice
Articles:
of Confederation (U.S.)
of Impeachment; the articles
Asian (see Orient, the; oriental)
Assembly (see United Nations)
Assembly of New York; the assembly (see
also Legislative Assembly)
Assistant, if part of capitalized title; the
assistant
assistant, Presidential (see Presidential)
Assistant Secretary (see Secretary)
Associate Justice (see Supreme Court)
Association, if part of name; capitalized
standing alone if referring to
Federal unit:
American Association for the
Advancement of Science; the
association
Federal National Mortgage (Fannie
Mae); the Association
Young Women's Christian; the
association
Astrophysical Observatory (see
Observatory)
Atlantic (see also Pacific):
Charter (see Charter)
coast
Coast States
community
Destroyer Flotilla; the destroyer flotilla;
the flotilla
Fleet (see Fleet)
mid-Atlantic
North
seaboard
slope
South
time, standard time (see time)
but cisatlantic; transatlantic
Attorney General (U.S. or foreign country);
but attorney general of Maine, etc.
attorney, U.S.
Authority, capitalized standing alone if
referring to Federal unit:
National Shipping; the Authority
Port Authority of New York and New
Jersey; the port authority; the
authority
St. Lawrence Seaway Authority of
Canada; the authority
Tennessee Valley; the Authority
Auto Train (Amtrak)
autumn
Avenue, Constitution, etc.; the avenue
Award:
Academy
Distinguished Service
Merit
Mother of the Year
the award (see also decorations, etc.)
Axis, the (see alliances)
Ayatollah; an ayatollah
B
Badlands (SD and NE)
Balkan States (see States)
Capitalization Examples
47
Baltic States (see States)
Band, if part of name; the band:
Army, Marine, Navy
Eastern, etc. (of Cherokee Indians)
Bank, if part of name; the bank; capitalized
standing alone if referring to
international bank:
Export-Import Bank of the United States;
Ex-Im Bank; the Bank
Farm Loan Bank of Dallas; Dallas Farm
Loan Bank; farm loan bank; farm loan
bank at Dallas
Farmers & Mechanics, etc.
Federal Land Bank of Louisville;
Louisville Federal Land Bank; land
bank at Louisville; Federal land bank
Federal Reserve Bank of New York;
Richmond Federal Reserve Bank;
but Reserve bank at Richmond;
Federal Reserve bank; Reserve
bank; Reserve city
First National, etc.
German Central; the Bank
International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development; the Bank
but blood bank, central reserve, soil bank
Bar, if part of name; Maryland (State) Bar
Association; Maryland (State) bar; the
State bar; the bar association
Barracks, if part of name; the barracks:
Carlisle
Disciplinary (Leavenworth)
Marine (District of Columbia)
but A barracks; barracks A; etc.
Base, Andrews Air Force; Air Force base;
the base (see also Naval); but Sandia
Base
Basin (see geographic terms)
Battery, the (New York City)
Battle, if part of name; the battle:
of Gettysburg; foutbattle at Gettysburg;
etc.
of the Bulge; of the Marne; of the
Wilderness; of Waterloo; etc.
battlefield, Bull Run, etc.
battleground, Manassas, etc.
Bay, San Francisco Bay area; the bay area
Belt, if part of name; the belt:
Bible
Farm
Rust
Sun
but money belt
Beltway, capitalized with name; the beltway
Bench (see Supreme Bench)
Benelux (see alliances)
Bible; Biblical; Scriptures; Ten
Commandments; etc. (see also book)
bicentennial
bill, Kiess; Senate bill 217; House bill 31 (see
also appropriation bill)
Bill of Rights (historic document); but GI
bill of rights
Bizonia; bizonal; bizone
Black (see African-American; Negro)
Black Caucus (see Congressional)
bloc (see Western)
block (grants)
Bluegrass region, etc.
B'nai B'rith
Board, if part of name; capitalized standing
alone only if referring to Federal or
international board:
Employees' Compensation Appeals
Federal Reserve (see Federal)
Military Production and Supply
(NATO)
National Labor Relations
of Directors (Federal unit); but board of
directors (nongovernmental)
of Health of Montgomery County;
Montgomery County Board of Health;
the board of health; the board
of Regents (Smithsonian)
of Visitors (Military and Naval
Academies)
on Geographic Names
Railroad Retirement
48
Chapter 4
bond:
Government
savings
series EE
Treasury
book:
books of the Bible
First Book of Samuel; etc.
Good Book (synonym for Bible)
book 1, 1, etc.; but Book 1, when part of title:
Book 1: The Golden Legend
Boolean:
logic
operator
search
border, United States-Mexican
Borough, if part of name: Borough of the
Bronx; the borough
Botanic Garden (National); the garden (not
Botanical Gardens)
Bowl, Dust, Rose, Super, etc.; the bowl
Boy Scouts (the organization); a Boy Scout;
a Scout; Scouting; Eagle Scout;
Explorer Scout
Branch, if part of name; capitalized
standing alone only if referring to a
Federal unit:
Accounts
Public Buildings
but executive, judicial, or legislative
branch
Bridge, if part of name; the bridge:
Arlington Memorial; Memorial;
Francis Scott Key; Key
but Baltimore & Ohio Railroad bridge
Brother(s) (adherent of religious order)
budget:
department
estimate
Federal
message
performance-type
President's
Budget of the United States Government,
the Budget (publication)
Building, if part of name; the building:
Capitol (see Capitol Building)
Colorado
House (or Senate) Office
Investment
New House (or Senate) Office
Old House Office
Pentagon
the National Archives; the Archives
Treasury; Treasury Annex
Bulletin 420; Farmers' Bulletin No. 420
Bureau, if part of name; capitalized
standing alone if referring to Federal
or international unit:
of Customs (name changed to U.S.
Customs and Border Protection)
of Engraving and Printing
of Indian Affairs
C
C-SPAN
Cabinet, American or foreign, if part of
name or standing alone (see also
foreign cabinets):
British Cabinet; the Cabinet
the President's Cabinet; the Cabinet;
Cabinet officer, member
Calendar, if part of name; the calendar:
Consent; etc.
House
No. 99; Calendars Nos. 1 and 2
of Bills and Resolutions
Private
Senate
Unanimous Consent
Union
Wednesday (legislative)
Cambrian age (see Ages)
Camp Lejeune; David, etc.; the camp
Canal, with name; the canal:
Cross-Florida Barge
Capitalization Examples
49
Isthmian
Panama
Cape (see geographic terms)
Capital, Capital City, National Capital
(Washington, DC); but the capital
(State)
Capitol Building (with State name); the
capital
Capitol, the (Washington, DC):
Architect of
Building
caucus room
Chamber
Cloakroom
dome
Grounds
Halls (House and Senate)
Halls of Congress
Hill; the Hill
Police (see Police)
Power Plant
Prayer Room
Press Gallery, etc.
rotunda
Senate wing
stationery room
Statuary Hall
the well (House or Senate)
west front
catch-22
Caucasian (see White)
caucus: Republican; but Congressional
Black Caucus (incorporated name);
Sun Belt Caucus
CD-ROM
Cemetery, if part of name: Arlington
National; the cemetery
Census:
Twenty-third Decennial (title);
Twenty-third (title); the census
2000 census
2000 Census of Agriculture; the census
of agriculture; the census
the 23d and subsequent decennial
censuses
Center, if part of name; the Center
(Federal); the center (non-Federal):
Agricultural Research, etc.; the Center
(Federal)
Kennedy Center for the Performing
Arts; the Kennedy Center; the
Center (Federal)
the Lincoln Center; the center (non-
Federal)
central Asia, etc.
Central America
Central Europe
Central States
central time (see time)
century, first, 21st, etc.
Chair, the, if personified
Chairman, Chairwoman, Chair:
of the Board of Directors; the
Chairman (Federal); but chairman of
the board of directors (non-Federal)
of the Committee of the Whole House;
the Chairman
of the Federal Trade Commission; the
Chairman
Vice
chairman, chairwoman, chair
(congressional):
of the Appropriations Committee
of the Subcommittee on Banking
but Chairman Davis, Chairwoman
Landrieu
Chamber of Commerce; the chamber:
of Ada; Ada Chamber of Commerce;
the chamber of commerce
of the United States; U.S. Chamber of
Commerce; the chamber of
commerce; national chamber
Chamber, the (Senate or House)
channel 3 (TV); the channel
Chaplain (House or Senate); but Navy
chaplain
50
Chapter 4
chapter 5, II, etc.; but Chapter 5, when
part of title: Chapter 5: Research and
Development; Washington chapter,
Red Cross
Charge d'Affaires, British, etc.; the Charge
d'Affaires; the Charge
chart 2, A, II, etc.; but Chart 2, when part of
legend: Chart 2. — Army strength
Charter, capitalized with name; the charter:
Atlantic
United Nations
cheese: Camemhert, Cheddar, Parmesan,
Provolone, Roquefort, etc.
Chief, if referring to head of Federal unit;
the Chief:
Clerk
Forester (see Forester)
Intelligence Office
Judge
Justice (U.S. Supreme Court); but chief
justice (of a State)
Magistrate (the President)
of Division of Publications
of Engineers (Army)
of Naval Operations
of Staff
Christian; Christendom; Christianity;
Christianize; but christen
church and state
church calendar:
Christmas
Easter
Lent
Pentecost (Whitsuntide)
Church, if part of name of organization or
building
Circle, if part of name; the circle:
Arctic
Logan
but great circle
Circular 420
cities, sections of, official or popular names:
East Side
French Quarter (New Orleans)
Latin Quarter (Paris)
North End
Northwest Washington, etc. (District
of Columbia); the Northwest; but
northwest (directional)
the Loop (Chicago)
City, if part of corporate or popular name;
the city:
Kansas City; the two Kansas Citys
Mexico City
New York City; but city of New York
Twin Cities
Washington City; but city of Washington
Windy City (Chicago)
but Reserve city (see Bank)
civil action No. 46
civil defense
Civil War (see War)
Clan, if part of tribal name; Clan
MacArthur; the clan
class 2, A, II, etc.; but Class 2 when part of
title: Class 2: Leather Products
Clerk, the, of the House of Representatives;
of the Supreme Court of the United
States
clerk, the, of the Senate
client
client/server
coal sizes: pea, barley, buckwheat, stove, etc.
coalition; coalition force; coalition
members, etc.
coast: Atlantic, east, gulf, west, etc.
Coast Guard, U.S.; the Coast Guard;
Coastguardsman Smith; but a
coastguardsman; a guardsman;
Reserve
Coastal Plain (Atlantic and Gulf)
Code (in shortened title of a publication);
the code:
District
Federal Criminal
Internal Revenue (also Tax Code)
International (signal)
of Federal Regulations
Capitalization Examples
51
Penal; Criminal; etc.
Pennsylvania State
Radio
Television
Uniform Code of Military Justice
United States
ZIP Code (copyrighted)
bu t civil code; flag code; Morse code
codel (congressional delegation)
collection, Brady, etc.; the collection
collector of customs
College, if part of name; the college:
Armed Forces Staff
Command and General Staff
Gettysburg
National War
ofBishops
but electoral college
college degrees: bachelor of arts, master's,
etc.
Colonials (American Colonial Army); but
colonial times, etc.
Colonies, the:
Thirteen
Thirteen American
Thirteen Original
but 13 separate Colonies
colonists, the
Command, capitalize with name; the
command:
Air Force Materiel
Army
Central (CENCOM)
Naval Space
Zone of Interior
Commandant, the (Coast Guard or Marine
Corps only)
Commandos, the; Commando raid; a
commando
Commission (if part of name; capitalized
standing alone if referring to Federal
or international commission):
International Boundary, United States
and Canada
of Fine Arts
Public Buildings
Commissioner, if referring to Federal or
international commission; the
Commissioner:
Land Bank; but land bank
commissioner loans
of Customs and Border Protection
U.S. (International Boundary
Commission, etc.)
but a U.S. commissioner
Committee (or Subcommittee) (if part of
name; the Committee, if referring to
international or noncongressional
Federal committee or to the
Committee of the Whole, the
Committee of the Whole House, or
the Committee of the Whole House on
the state of the Union):
American Medical Association
Committee on Education; the
committee on education; the
committee
Appropriations, etc.; the committee;
Subcommittee on Appropriations; the
subcommittee; subcommittee of the
Appropriations Committee
Democratic National; the national
committee; the committee;
Democratic national committeeman
Democratic policy committee; the
committee
Joint Committee on Printing; the Joint
Committee; the committee; but a joint
committee
of Defense Ministers (NATO); the
Committee (see also Organization,
North Atlantic Treaty)
of One Hundred, etc.; the committee
on Finance; the committee
President's Advisory Committee on
Management; the Committee
Republican National; the national
committee; the committee;
52
Chapter 4
Republican national committeeman
Republican policy committee; the
committee
Senate policy committee
Subcommittee on Immigration; the
subcommittee
but Baker committee
ad hoc committee
conference committee
Committee Print No. 32; Committee Prints
Nos. 8 and 9; committee print
Common Cause
Commonwealth:
British Commonwealth; the
Commonwealth
of Australia
of Kentucky
ofMassachusetts
ofPennsylvania
of Virginia
Communist Party; a Communist
compact, U.S. marine fisheries, etc.; the
compact
Company, if part of name; capitalized
standing alone if referring to unit of
Federal Government:
Panama Canal Railway Company; the
Company
Procter & Gamble Co.; the company
Comptroller of the Currency; the
Comptroller
Comptroller General (U.S.); the
Comptroller
Comsat
Concord
Confederacy (of the South)
Confederate:
Army
flag
Government
soldier
States
Confederation, Articles of
Conference, if referring to governmental
(U.S.) or international conference:
Bretton Woods; the Conference
Judicial Conference of the United
States; U.S. Judicial Conference;
Judicial Conference; the Conference
Tenth Annual Conference of the
United Methodist Churches; the
conference
Congress (convention), if part of name;
capitalized standing alone if referring
to international congress:
Library of
of Industrial Organizations
of Parents and Teachers, National; the
congress
Congress (legislature), if referring to
national congress:
of Bolivia, etc.; the Congress
of the United States; First, Second,
10th, 103d, etc.; the Congress
Congressional:
Black Caucus; the Black Caucus; the
caucus
Directory, the directory
District, First, 10th, etc.; the First
District; the congressional district; the
district
Medal of Honor (see decorations)
but congressional action, committee, etc.
Congressman; Congresswoman;
Congressman at Large; Member of
Congress; Member; membership
Conservative Party; a Conservative
Constitution, with name of country;
capitalized standing alone when
referring to a specific national
constitution; but New York State
Constitution; the constitution
constitutional
consul, British, general, etc.
consulate, British, etc.
Capitalization Examples
53
Consumer Price Index (official title); the
price index; the index; but a
consumers' price index (descriptive)
Continent, only if following name;
North American Continent; the
continent; but the Continent
(continental Europe)
Continental:
Army; the Army
Congress; the Congress
Divide (see Divide)
Outer Continental Shelf
Shelf; the shelf; a continental shelf
continental Europe, United States, etc.
Continentals (Revolutionary soldiers)
Convention, governmental (U.S.),
international, or national political;
the convention:
89th National Convention of the
American Legion
Constitutional (United States, 1787);
the Convention
Democratic National; Democratic
Genocide (international)
on International Civil Aviation
Republican National; Republican
Universal Postal Union; Postal Union
also International Postal; Warsaw
copper age (see Ages)
Corporation, if part of name; the
Corporation, if referring to unit of
Federal Government:
Commodity Credit
Federal Deposit Insurance
National Railroad Passenger (Amtrak)
Rand Corp.; the corporation
St. Lawrence Seaway Development
Union Carbide Corp.; the corporation
Virgin Islands
Corps, if part of name; the corps, all other
uses:
Adjutant General's
Army Reserve
Chemical
diplomatic
Finance
Foreign Service Officer (see Foreign
Service)
Job
Judge Advocate General's
Marine (see Marine Corps)
Medical
Military Police
Nurse
of Cadets (West Point)
of Engineers; Army Engineers; the
Engineers; but Army engineer; the
corps
Ordnance
Peace; Peace Corpsman; the corpsman
Quartermaster
Reserve Officers' Training (ROTC)
VII Corps, etc.
Signal
Transportation
Youth
but diplomatic corps
corpsman; hospital corpsman
corridor, Northeast
Council, if part of name; capitalized
standing alone if referring to Federal
or international unit (see also United
Nations):
Boston City; the council
Choctaw, etc.; the council
Her Majesty's Privy Council; the Privy
Council; the Council
National Security; the Council
of Foreign Ministers (NATO); the
Council
of the Organization of American States;
the Council
Philadelphia City; the council
counsel; general counsel
County, Prince George's; county of Prince
George's; County Kilkenny, etc.;
54
Chapter 4
Loudoun and Fairfax Counties; the
county
Court (of law) capitalized if part of name;
capitalized standing alone if referring
to the Supreme Court of the United
States, to the Court of Impeachment
(U.S. Senate), or to an international
court:
Circuit Court of the United States for the
Tenth Circuit; Circuit Court for the
Tenth Circuit; the circuit court; the
court; the tenth circuit
Court of Appeals for the State of North
Carolina, etc.; the Tenth Circuit Court
of Appeals; the court of appeals; the
court
Court of Claims; the court
Court of Impeachment, the Senate; the
Court
District Court of the United States for
the Eastern District of Missouri; the
district court; the court
International Court of Justice; the Court
Permanent Court of Arbitration; the
Court
Superior Court of the District of
Columbia; the superior court; the
court
Supreme Court of the United States (see
Supreme Court)
Supreme Court of Virginia, etc.; the
supreme court; the court
Tax Court; the court
U.S. Court of Appeals for the District
of Columbia; the court
Covenant, League of Nations; the covenant
Creed, Apostles'; the Creed
Crown, if referring to a ruler; but crown
colony, lands, etc.
cruise missile
Current, if part of name; the current:
Arctic
Humboldt
Japan
North Equatorial
customhouse; customs official
czar; czarist
D
Dalai Lama
Dalles, The; but the Dalles region
Dark Ages (see Ages)
Daughters of the American Revolution;
a Daughter
daylight saving time
Declaration, capitalized with name:
of Independence; the Declaration
of Panama; the declaration
decorations, medals, etc., awarded by
United States or any foreign national
government; the medal, the cross, the
ribbon (see also Award):
Air Medal
Bronze Star Medal
Commendation Ribbon
Congressional Medal of Honor
Croix de Guerre
Distinguished Flying Cross
Distinguished Service Cross
Distinguished Service Medal
Good Conduct Medal
Legion of Merit
Medal for Merit
Medal of Freedom
Medal of Honor
Mother of the Year
Purple Heart
Silver Star Medal
Soldier's Medal
Victoria Cross
Victory Medal
but oakleaf cluster
also Carnegie Medal; Olympic Gold
Medal; but gold medal
Decree (see Executive); Royal Decree
Deep South
Capitalization Examples
55
Defense Establishment (see Establishment)
Deity, words denoting, capitalized
Delegate (U.S. Congress)
Delegates, Virginia House of
delegate (to a conference); the delegate; the
delegation
Delta, Mississippi River; the delta
Democratic Party; a Democrat
Department, if part of name; capitalized
standing alone if referring to a Federal
or international unit:
of Agriculture
of the Treasury
of Veterans Affairs
Yale University Department of
Economics; the department of
economics; the department
Department of New York, American
Legion
department:
executive
judicial
legislative
Depot, if part of name; the depot (see also
Station)
Depression, Great
Deputy, if part of capitalized title; but the
deputy
derivatives of proper names:
alaska seal (fur)
angora wool
angstrom unit
argyle wool
artesian well
astrakhan fabric
babbitt metal
benday process
bologna
bordeaux
bourbon whiskey
bowie knife
braille
brazil nut
brazilwood
brewer's yeast
bristolboard
brussel sprouts
brussels carpet
bunsen burner
burley tobacco
Canada balsam
(microscopy)
carlsbad twins
(petrography)
cashmere shawl
castile soap
cesarean section
chantilly lace
chesterfield coat
china clay
Chinese blue
collins (drink)
congo red
cordovan leather
coulomb
curie
degaussing apparatus
del ft ware
derby hat
diesel engine, dieselize
dixie cup
dotted swiss
epsom salt
fedora hat
frankfurter
french chalk
french dressing
french-fried potatoes
fuller's earth
gargantuan
gauss
georgette crepe
german silver
gilbert
glauber salt
gothic type
graham cracker
herculean task
hessian fly
holland cloth
hoolamite detector
hudson seal (fur)
india ink
india rubber
italic type
Jamaica ginger
japan varnish
jersey fabric
johnin test
joule
knickerbocker
kraft paper
lambert
leghorn hat
levant leather
levant ine silk
lilliputian
logan tent
london purple
lyonnaise potatoes
macadamized road
mach (no period)
number
madras cloth
maginot line
(non literal)
manila paper
maraschino cherry
mason jar
maxwell
melba toast
mercerized fabric
merino sheep
molotov cocktail
morocco leather
morris chair
murphy bed
navy blue
nelson, half nelson, etc.
neon light
newton
n is sen hut
norfolkjacket
oriental rug
oxford shoe
panama hat
parianware
paris green
parkerhouse roll
pasteurized milk
persian lamb
petri dish
pharisaic
philistine
photostat
pitman arm
pitot tube
plaster of paris
prussian blue
quisling
quixotic idea
quonset hut
rembert wheel
roentgen
roman candle
roman cement
roman type
russia leather
russian bath
rut her ford
sanforize
Saratoga chips
scotch plaid, but
Scotch tape
(trademark)
shanghai
Siamese twins
Spanish omelet
stillson wrench
surah silk
swiss cheese
timothy grass
turkey red
turkish towel
Utopia, Utopian
vandyke collar
vaseline
Venetian blind
venturi tube
victoria (carriage)
Vienna bread
Virginia reel
we dg wood ware
wheatstone bridge
wilton rug
zeppelin
dial-up
Diet, Japanese (legislative body)
diplomatic corps (see also Corps; service)
56
Chapter 4
Director, if referring to head of Federal or
international unit; the Director:
District Director of Internal Revenue
of Fish and Wildlife Service
of National Geodetic Survey
of the Mint
Office of Management and Budget
but director, hoard of directors
(nongovernmental)
Director General of Foreign Service; the
Director General; the Director
diseases and related terms:
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome)
Alzheimer's disease
cerebral palsy
Down syndrome
German measles
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
Hodgkin's disease
Lyme disease
Marfan's syndrome
Meniere's syndrome
myasthenia gravis
Parkinson's disease
Reye's syndrome
spina bifida
Distinguished Service Medal, etc. (see
decorations)
District, if part of name; the district:
Alexandria School District No. 4;
school district No. 4
Congressional (with number)
Federal (see Federal)
Los Angeles Water; the water district
but customs district No. 2; first assembly
district; public utility district
District of Columbia; the District:
Anacostia Flats; the flats
Arlington Memorial Bridge; the
Memorial Bridge; the bridge
Children's Hospital; the hospital
District jail; the jail; DC jail
Ellipse, the
Mall, The National; The Mall
Mayor (when pertaining to the District
of Columbia only)
Metropolitan Police; Metropolitan
policeman; the police
police court
Public Library; the library
Reflecting Pool; the pool
Tidal Basin; the basin
Washington Channel; the channel
Divide, Continental (Rocky Mountains);
the divide
Divine Father; but divine guidance, divine
providence, divine service
Division, Army, if part of name: 1st Cavalry
Division; 1st Air Cavalry Division; the
division
Division, if referring to Federal
governmental unit; the Division:
Buick Division; the division; a division
of General Motors
Passport; the Division
but Trinity River division
(reclamation); the division
Dixie
docket No. 66; dockets Nos. 76 and 77
Doctrine, Monroe; the doctrine; but
Truman, Eisenhower doctrine
doctrine, fairness
Document, if part of name; the document:
Document No. 130
Document Numbered One Hundred
Thirty
draconian
drawing II, A, 3, etc.; but Drawing 2 when
part of title: Drawing 2. —
Hydroelectric Power Development
Dust Bowl (see Bowl)
E
Earth (planet)
East:
Coast (Africa)
Middle, Mideast (Asia)
Capitalization Examples
57
Near (Balkans)
Side of New York
South Central States
the East (section of United States)
east:
Africa
coast (U.S.)
Pennsylvania
Eastern:
Gulf States
Middle, Mideastern (Asia)
North Central States
Shore (Chesapeake Bay)
States
United States
eastern:
France
seaboard
Wisconsin
easterner
EE-bond
electoral college; the electors
Elizabethan Age (see Ages)
email (lowercase within a sentence)
Email (uppercase "E" to start a sentence)
Emancipation Proclamation (see
Proclamation)
Embassy, British, etc.; the Embassy
Emperor, Japanese, etc.; the Emperor
Empire, Roman; the empire
Engine Company, Bethesda; engine
company No. 6; No. 6 engine
company; the company
Engineer officer, etc. (of Engineer Corps);
the Engineers
Engineers, Chief of (Army)
Engineers, Corps of (see Corps)
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary; the Envoy; the
Minister
Equator, the; equatorial
Establishment, if part of name; the
establishment:
Army
Army Field
Defense
Federal
Military
Naval; but naval establishment;
Naval Establishments Regs
Navy
Postal
Regular
Reserve
Shore
but civil establishment; legislative
establishment
Estate, Girard (a foundation); the estate
estate, third (the commons); fourth
(the press); tax; etc.
Eurodollar, euro
Excellency, His, Her; Their Excellencies
Exchange, New York Stock; the stock
exchange; the exchange
Executive (President of United States):
Chief
Decree No. 100; Decree 100; but
Executive decree; direction
Mansion; the mansion; the White House
Office; the Office
Order No. 34; Order 34; but Executive
order
power
executive:
agreement
branch
communication
department
document
paper
privilege
exhibit 2, A, II, etc.; but Exhibit 2, when
part of title: Exhibit 2: Capital
Expenditures, 1935-49
Expedition, Byrd; Lewis and Clark; the
expedition
Exposition, California-Pacific
International, etc.; the exposition
58
Chapter 4
F
Fair Deal
Fair, World's, etc.; the fair; Texas State Fair
fall (season)
Falls, Niagara; the falls
Far East, Far Eastern; Far West (U.S.); but
far western
Farm, if part of name; the farm:
Johnson Farm; but Johnson's farm
San Diego Farm
Wild Tiger Farm
Fascist; fascism
Father of his Country (Washington)
Fed, the (no period)
Federal (synonym for United States or other
sovereign power):
Depository Library Program but Federal
depository library, libraries
District (Mexico)
Establishment
Government (of any national
government)
grand jury; the grand jury
land bank (see Bank)
Register (publication); the Register
Reserve Board, the Board; also Federal
Reserve System, the System; Federal
Reserve Board Regulation W, but
regulation W
but a federal form of government
federally
fellow, fellowship (academic)
Field, Byrd, Stewart, etc.; the field
figure 2, A, II, etc. (illustration); but Figure
2, when part of legend: Figure 2. —
Market scenes
firewall
firm names:
ACDelco
America Online (AOL)
Bausch & Lomb Inc.
BP
Bristol-Myers Squibb
Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co.
Coldwell Banker
Colgate-Palmolive Co.
Comcast
Dow Jones & Co., Inc.
Dun & Bradstreet
eBay
E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.
FedEx
GlaxoSmithKline
Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. (A&P)
Hamilton Beach/Proctor Silex, Inc.
Hartmarx Corp.
Hewlett-Packard
Houghton Mifflin Co.
Ingersoll-Rand Co.
Intel Corp.
J.C. Penney Co., Inc.
Johns-Manville Corp.
Kennecott Exploration Co.
Kmart
Libbey-Owens-Ford Co.
Macmillan Co.
Merck & Co., Inc.
Merrill Lynch
Microsoft
Pfizer Inc.
Phelps Dodge Corp.
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Procter & Gamble Co.
RandMcNally&Co.
Rolls-Royce
Sun Microsystems
3M
Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.
US Airways
Wal-Mart
Weyerhaeuser Co.
Xerox Corp.
First Family (Presidential)
First Lady (wife of President)
First World War (see War)
flag code
flag, U.S.:
Old Flag, Old Glory
Capitalization Examples
59
Stars and Stripes
Star-Spangled Banner
flags, foreign:
Tricolor (French)
Union Jack (British)
United Nations
Fleet, if part of name; the fleet:
Atlantic
Channel
Grand
High Seas
Marine Force
Naval Reserve
Pacific, etc. (naval)
6th Fleet, etc.
U.S.
flex fuel
floor (House or Senate)
fly way; Canadian flyway, etc.
Force(s), if part of name; the force(s):
Active Forces
Active-Duty
Air (see also Air Force)
All-Volunteer
Armed Forces (synonym for overall
U.S. Military Establishment)
Army Field Forces; the Field Forces
Fleet Marine
Navy Battle (see Navy)
Navy Scouting (see Navy); Reserve Force
Rapid Deployment
Task Force 70; the task force; but task
force report
United Nations Emergency; the
Emergency Force; the Force; but
United Nations police force
foreign cabinets:
Minister of Foreign Affairs; Foreign
Minister; the Minister
Ministry of Foreign Affairs; the Ministry
Office of Foreign Missions; the Office
Minister Plenipotentiary
Premier
Prime Minister
Foreign Legion (French); the legion
Foreign Service; the Service:
officer
Officer Corps; the corps
Reserve officer; the Reserve officer
Reserve Officer Corps; the Reserve
Corps; the corps
Staff officer; the Staff officer
Staff Officer Corps; the Staff Corps; the
corps
Forest, if part of name; the national forest;
the forest:
Angeles National
Black
Coconino and Prescott National Forests
but State and National forests (see
System)
Forester (Chief of Forest Service); the Chief;
also Chief Forester
form 2, A, II, etc.; but Form 2, when part of
title: Form 1040: Individual Income
Tax Return; but withholding tax form
Fort McHenry, etc.; the fort
Foundation, if part of name; capitalized
standing alone if referring to Federal
unit:
Chemical; the foundation
Ford; the foundation
National Science; the Foundation
Russell Sage; the foundation
Founding Fathers; Founders/Founder (of
this Nation, Country)
four freedoms
Framers (of the U.S. Constitution; of the
Bill of Rights)
free world
Frisco (for San Francisco; no apostrophe)
Fritalux (see alliances)
Fund, if part of name; capitalized standing
alone if referring to international or
United Nations fund:
Democracy (United Nations); the Fund
International Monetary; the Fund
but civil service retirement fund;
60
Chapter 4
highway trust fund; mutual security
fund; national service life insurance
fund; revolving fund
G
Gadsden Purchase
Gallery of Art, National (see National)
Gallup Poll; the poll
GAO (Government Accountability Office)
Geiger counter
General Order No. 14; General Orders No.
14; a general order
General Schedule
gentile
Geographer, the (State Department)
geographic terms (terms, such as those
listed below, 2 are capitalized if part of
name; are lowercased in general sense
(rivers of Virginia and Maryland)):
Archipelago
Cave
Area
Cavern
Arroyo
Channel; but
Atoll
Mississippi River
Bank
channel(s)
Bar
Cirque
Basin, Upper (Lower)
Coulee
Colorado River,
Cove
etc. (legal entity);
Crag
but Hansen
Crater
flood-control basin;
Creek
Missouri River
Crossroads
basin (drainage);
Current (ocean
upper Colorado
feature)
River storage project
Cut
Bay
Cutoff
Bayou
Dam
Beach
Delta
Bench
Desert
Bend
Divide
Bight
Dome (not geologic
Bluff
Draw (stream)
Bog
Dune
Borough (boro)
Escarpment
Bottom
Estuary
Branch (stream)
Falls
Brook
Fault
Butte
Flat(s)
Canal; the canal
Floodway
(Panama)
Ford
Canyon
Forest
Cape
Fork (stream)
Cascade
Gap
2 List compiled with cooperation of the U.S.
Board on Geographic Names.
Geyser
Park
Glacier
Pass
Glen
Passage
Gorge
Peak
Gulch
Peninsula
Gulf
Plain
Gut
Plateau
Harbor
Point
Head
Pond
Hill
Pool
Hogback
Port (water body)
Hollow
Prairie
Hook
Range (mountain)
Horn
Rapids
Hot Spring
Ravine
Icefield
Reef
Ice Shelf
Reservoir
Inlet
Ridge
Island
River
Isle
Roads (anchorage)
Islet
Rock
Keys {Florida only)
Run (stream)
Knob
Sea
Lagoon
Seaway
Lake
Shoal
Landing
Sink
Ledge
Slough
Lowland
Sound
Marsh
Spit
Massif
Spring
Mesa
Spur
Monument
Strait
Moraine
Stream
Mound
Summit
Mount
Swamp
Mountain
Terrace
Narrows
Thoroughfare
Neck
Trench
Needle
Trough
Notch
Valley
Oasis
Volcano
Ocean
Wash
Oxbow
Waterway
Palisades
Woods
Geological Survey (see Survey)
GI bill of rights
Girl Scouts (organization); a Girl Scout; a
Scout; Scouting
G-man
Gold Star Mothers (see American)
Golden Age (see Ages)
Golden Rule
Gospel, if referring to the first four books of
the New Testament; but gospel music
Government:
British, etc.; the Government
Capitalization Examples
61
department, officials, -owned,
publications, etc. (U.S. Government)
National and State Governments
Printing Office (see Office)
U.S.; National; Federal
Government information product
government:
Churchill
Communist
District (of Columbia)
European governments
Federal, State, and municipal
governments
insular; island
military
seat of
State
State and Provincial governments
Territorial
governmental
Governor:
of Louisiana, etc.; the Governor; a
Governor; State Governor(s);
Governors' conference
of Puerto Rico; the Governor
of the Federal Reserve Board; the
Governor
Governor General of Canada; the Governor
General
GPO Access
grand jury (see Federal)
Grange, the (National)
grant, Pell
graph 2, A, II, etc.; but Graph 2, when part
of title: Graph 2. — Production levels
Great:
Basin
Depression
Divide
Lakes; the lakes; lake(s) traffic
Plains; but southern Great Plains
Seal (any nation)
Society
War (see War)
White Way (New York City)
great circle (navigation)
Greater Los Angeles, Greater New York
gross national product (GNP)
Group:
G8 (Group of 8) (representatives of the
eight leading industrial nations)
Helsinki Monitoring; the group
Military Advisory Group; the group
Standing (see Organization)
World Bank
group 2, II, A, etc.; but Group 2, when part
of title: Group II: List of Counties by
States
Guard, National (see National)
guardsman (see Coast Guard; National
Guard)
Gulf:
Coast States; foutgulf coast
of Mexico; the gulf
States
Stream; the stream
H
Hall (U.S. Senate or House)
Halls of Congress
H-bomb; H-hour
Headquarters:
Alaskan Command; the command
headquarters
4th Regiment Headquarters; regimental
headquarters
32d Division Headquarters; the division
headquarters
hearing examiner
Heaven (religious); heaven (place)
Heimlich maneuver
hell (place)
Hells (no apostrophe) Canyon
Hemisphere, Eastern; Western; etc.; the
hemisphere
62
Chapter 4
Hezbollah
High Church
High Commissioner
High Court (see Supreme Court)
high definition
High School, if part of name: Western; the
high school
Highway No. 40; Route 40; State Route 9;
the highway
Hill (the Capitol)
Hispanic
Holocaust, the (World War II); a holocaust
Holy Scriptures; Holy Writ (Bible)
home page
Hospice, if part of name
Hospital, if part of name; the hospital:
Howard University
St. Elizabeths (no apostrophe)
but naval (marine or Army) hospital
hospital corpsman (see corpsman)
House, if part of name:
Blair
Johnson house (private residence)
of Representatives; the House (U.S.)
Office Building (see Building)
Ohio (State); the house
but both Houses; lower (or upper)
House (Congress)
House of Representatives (U.S.), titles of
officers standing alone capitalized:
Chairman (Committee of the Whole)
Chaplain
Clerk; but legislative clerk, etc.
Doorkeeper
Official Reporter(s) of Debates
Parliamentarian
Postmaster
post office
Sergeant at Arms
Speaker pro tempore
Speaker; speakership
HUD (Department of Housing and Urban
Development)
Hudson's Bay Co.
Hurricane Andrew, Katrina, Rita, etc.
I
ice age (see Ages)
imam
Independent Party; an Independent
Indians:
Absentee Shawnee
Alaska (see Native)
Eastern (or Lower) Band of Cherokee;
the band
Five Civilized Tribes; the tribes
Native Americans
Shawnee Tribe; the tribe
Six Nations (Iroquois Confederacy)
Initiative, Caribbean Basin; but strategic
defense initiative
Inquisition, Spanish; the Inquisition
inspector general
Institute, if part of name; capitalized
standing alone if referring to Federal
or international organization:
National Cancer; the Cancer Institute;
the Institute
National Institutes of Health; the
Institutes
of International Law; the Institute
Woman's; the institute
Institution, if part of name; capitalized
standing alone if referring to
Federal unit:
Brookings; the institution
Carnegie; the institution
Smithsonian; the Institution
insular government; island government
intercoastal waterway (see waterway)
interdepartmental
interface
International Court of Justice; the Court
international:
banks (see Bank)
boundary
Capitalization Examples
63
dateline
law
Morse code (see Code)
Internet, Intranet
Interstate 95; 1-95; the interstate
Intracoastal Waterway; the waterway (see
also waterway)
intrastate
Irish potato
Iron Curtain; the curtain
Islam; Islamic
Isthmian Canal (see Canal)
Isthmus of Panama; the isthmus
Japan Current (see Current)
Java (computer language)
Jersey cattle
Job Corps
Joint Chiefs of Staff; Chiefs of Staff
Joint Committee on Printing (see
Committee)
Journal clerk; the clerk
Journal (House or Senate)
Judge Advocate General, the
judge; chief judge; circuit judge; district
judge; but Judge Judy
judiciary, the
Justice; Justice Stevens, etc.
K
kaffiyeh (Arabic headdress)
King of England, etc.; the King
Koran, the; Koranic
Krugerrand
L
Laboratory, if part of name; capitalized
standing alone if referring to Federal
unit: Forest Products; the Laboratory;
but laboratory (non-Federal)
Lake: Erie, of the Woods, Great Salt; the
lake
Lane, if part of name: Maiden; the lane
Latter-day Saints
law, copyright law; Ohm's, etc.
League, Urban; the league
Legion:
American; the Legion; a Legionnaire;
French Foreign; the legion
Legislative Assembly, if part of name:
of New York; of Puerto Rico, etc.; the
legislative assembly; the assembly
legislative branch, clerk, session, etc.
Legislature:
National Legislature (U.S. Congress);
the Legislature
Ohio Legislature; Legislature of Ohio;
the State legislature; the legislature
Letters Patent No. 378,964; but patent No.
378,964; letters patent
Liberal Party; a Liberal
Libertarian Party; a Libertarian
Liberty Bell; Liberty ship
Librarian of Congress; the Librarian
Library:
Army; the library
Harry S. Truman; the library
of Congress; the Library
Hillsborough Public; the library
Lieutenant Governor of Idaho, etc.; the
Lieutenant Governor
Light, if part of name; the light:
Boston
Buffalo South Pier Light 2; but light No.
2; light 2
but Massachusetts Bay lights
Lighthouse (see Light Station)
Lightship, if part of name; the lightship:
Grays Reef
North Manitou Shoal
Light Station, if part of name; the light
station; the station:
Minots Ledge
Watch Hill
Line(s), if part of name; the line(s):
Greyhound (bus)
64
Chapter 4
Holland-America (steamship)
Maginot (fortification)
line:
Mason-Dixon line or Mason and
Dixon's line
State
listserv
Local:
Columbia Typographical Union,
Local 101
International Brotherhood of Electrical
Workers Local 180; but local No. 180
local time, local standard time (see time)
locator service
Loop, the (see cities)
Louisiana Purchase
Low Church
Lower, if part of name:
California (Mexico)
Colorado River Basin
Egypt
Peninsula (of Michigan)
lower:
48 (States)
House of Congress
Mississippi
M
Madam:
Chair
Chairman
Chairwoman
Magna Carta
Majesty, His, Her, Your; Their Majesties
Majority Leader Reid; Majority Leader
Hoyer; but the majority leader (U.S.
Congress)
Mall, The National; The Mall (District of
Columbia)
Mansion, Executive (see Executive)
map 3, A, II, etc.; but Map 2, when part of
title: Map 2.— Railroads of Middle
Atlantic States
mariculture
Marine Corps; the corps:
Marines (the corps); but marines
(individuals)
Reserve; the Reserve
also a marine; a woman marine; the
women marines (individuals); soldiers,
sailors, coastguardsmen, and marines
Maritime Provinces (Canada) (see Province)
Marshal (see Supreme Court)
marshal (U.S.)
medals (see decorations)
Medicaid
MediCal
Medicare Act; Medicare plan
Medicare Plus
Medicare Program
Medigap
Member, if referring to Senator,
Representative, Delegate, or Resident
Commissioner of U.S. Congress; also
Member at Large; Member of
Parliament, etc.; but membership;
member of U.S. congressional
committee
Memorial:
Jefferson
Lincoln
Vietnam
WWII
Korean
Franklin D. Roosevelt etc.; the memorial
Merchant Marine Reserve; the Reserve;
but U.S. merchant marine; the
merchant marine
Metroliner
Metropolitan Washington, etc.; but
Washington metropolitan area
midcontinent region
Middle Ages (see Ages)
Middle Atlantic States
Middle East; Mideast; Mideastern; Middle
Eastern (Asia)
Capitalization Examples
65
Midwest (section of United States);
Midwestern States; but midwestern
farmers, etc.
Military Academy (see Academy)
Military Establishment (see Establishment)
milkshed, Ohio, etc. (region)
millennium
Minister Plenipotentiary; the Minister;
Minister Without Portfolio (see also
foreign cabinets)
Ministry (see foreign cabinets)
Minority Leader McConnell; Minority
Leader Boehner; but the minority
leader (U.S. Congress)
Mint, Philadelphia, etc.; the mint
minutemen (colonial)
missiles: capitalize such missile names as
Hellfire, Sparrow, Tomahawk, Scud,
Trident, etc.; but cruise missile, air-to-
air missile, surface-to-air missile, etc.
Mission, if part of name; the mission:
Gospel
but diplomatic mission; military mission;
Jones mission
Monument:
Bunker Hill; the monument
Grounds; the grounds (Washington
Monument)
National (see National)
Washington; the monument (District
of Columbia)
Mountain States
mountain time, mountain standard time
(see time)
Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG)
Mr. Chairman; Mr. Secretary; etc.
Mujahedeen
mullah
Museum, capitalize with name; the
museum:
Field
National
National Air and Space; the Air Museum
National Museum of the American
Indian
N
Nation (synonym for United States); but a.
nation; nationwide; also French
nation, Balkan nations
Nation, Creek; Osage; etc.; the nation
nation, in general, standing alone
National, in conjunction with capitalized
name:
Academy of Sciences (see Academy)
and State institutions, etc.
Archives and Records Administration
Capital (Washington); the Capital; but
national capital area
Endowment for the Arts; the
Endowment
Gallery of Art; the National Gallery;
the gallery
Grange; the Grange
Guard, Ohio, etc.; Air National; the
National Guard; the Guard; a
guardsman; Reserve; but a National
Guard man; National Guardsman
Institute (see Institute)
Legislature (see Legislature)
Muir Woods National Monument etc.;
the national monument; the
monument
Museum (see Museum)
Naval Medical Center (Bethesda, MD)
Park, Yellowstone, etc.; Yellowstone Park;
the national park; the park
Treasury; the Treasury
War College
Woman's Party
Zoological Park (see Zoological)
national:
agency check (NAC)
anthem, customs, spirit, etc.
British, Mexican, etc.
defense agencies
66
Chapter 4
stockpile
water policy
Native: Alaska; American; but Ohio native,
etc. (see Alaska)
Naval, if part of name:
Academy (see Academy)
Air Station (NAS) Patuxent River;
Pensacola; etc.
Base, Guam Naval; the naval hase
Establishment (see Establishment)
Observatory (see Observatory)
Reserve; the Reserve; a reservist
Reserve Force; the force
Reserve officer; a Reserve officer
Shipyard (if preceding or following name):
Brooklyn Naval Shipyard; Naval
Shipyard, Brooklyn; but the naval
shipyard
Volunteer Naval Reserve
War College; the War College; the college
naval, in general sense:
command (see Command)
expenditures, maneuvers, officer,
service, stores, etc.
petroleum reserves; but Naval
Petroleum Reserve No. 2 (Buena
Vista Hills Naval Reserve); reserve
No. 2
navel orange
Navy, American or foreign, if part of name;
capitalized standing alone only if
referring to U.S. Navy:
Admiral of the; the admiral
Battle Force; the Battle Force; the force
Establishment; the establishment
Hospital Corps; hospital corpsman; the
corps
Regular
Seabees (construction battalion); a
Seabee
navy yard
Nazi; nazism
Near East (Balkans, etc.)
Negro (see African-American; Black)
network
New Deal; anti-New Deal
New England States
New Federalism
New Frontier
New World; but new world order
North:
Atlantic
Atlantic States
Atlantic Treaty (see Treaty)
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
(see Organization)
Equatorial Current (see Current)
Korea
Pole
Slope (Alaska)
Star (Polaris)
the North (section of United States)
north:
Africa
Ohio, Virginia, etc.
north-central region, etc.
Northeast corridor
northern Ohio
Northern States
northerner
Northwest Pacific
Northwest Territory (1799)
Northwest, the (section of the United States)
Northwest Washington (see cities)
Northwestern:
States
United States
numbers capitalized if spelled out as part of
a name:
Air Force One (Presidential plane)
Charles the First
Committee of One Hundred
Twenty-third Census (see Census)
O
Observatory, capitalized with name:
Astrophysical; the Observatory
Capitalization Examples
67
Lick; the observatory
(nongovernmental)
Naval; the Observatory
Occident, the; occidental
Ocean, if part of name; the ocean:
Antarctic
Arctic
Atlantic
North Atlantic, etc.
Pacific
South Pacific, etc.
Southwest Pacific, etc.
Oceanographer (the Hydrographer), Navy
Office, if referring to unit of Federal
Government; the Office:
Executive
Foreign and Commonwealth (U.K.)
Government Printing; the Printing
Office; the Office
Naval Oceanographic
of Chief of Naval Operations
of General Counsel
of Management and Budget
of Personnel Management
of the Secretary (Defense); Secretary's
Office
Patent and Trademark
but New York regional office (including
branch, division, or section therein);
the regional office; the office
officer:
Army
Marine; font naval and marine officers
Navy; Navy and Marine officers
Regular Army; Regular; a Regular
Reserve
Old Dominion (Virginia)
Old South
Old World
Olympic Games; Olympiad; XXIX Olympic
Games
ombudsman, Maryland (State)
online
Operation Iraqi Freedom, Desert Storm
Order of Business No. 56 (congressional
calendar)
Ordnance:
Corps (see Corps)
Department; the Department
Organization, if part of name; capitalized
standing alone if referring to
international unit:
International Labour (ILO)
North Atlantic Treaty (NATO):
Chiefs of Staff
Committee of Defense Ministers
Council
Council of Foreign Ministers
Defense Committee
Military Committee
of American States (OAS)
Pact
Regional Planning Group; the Group
Standing Group; the Group
United Nations Educational, Scientific,
and Cultural Organization UNESCO)
Orient, the; oriental (see Asian)
Osama bin Laden
Outer Continental Shelf (see Continental)
Pacific (see also Atlantic):
Basin
coast
Coast (or slope) States
Northwest
rim
seaboard
slope
South
States
time, Pacific standard time (see time)
but cispacific; transpacific
pan-American games; but Pan American
Day
Pan American Union (renamed; see
Organization of American States)
68
Chapter 4
Panel, the Federal Service Impasses
(Federal), etc.; the Panel
Panhandle of Texas; Texas Panhandle; the
panhandle; etc.
papers, Woodrow Wilson, etc.; the papers;
but white paper
Parish, Caddo, etc.; but parish of Caddo
(Louisiana civil division); the parish
Park, Fairmount, etc.; the park (see also
National)
Park Police, U.S.; park policeman
Park, Zoological (see Zoological)
Parkway, George Washington Memorial;
the memorial parkway; the parkway
Parliament, Houses of; the Parliament
Parliamentarian (U.S. Senate or House)
part 2, A, II, etc.; but Part 2, when part of
title: Part 2: Iron and Steel Industry
Party, if part of name; the party
Pass, Brenner, capitalized if part of name;
the pass
patent (see Letters Patent)
Peninsula Upper (Lower) (Michigan); the
peninsula
Penitentiary, Atlanta, etc.; the penitentiary
petrodollar
phase 2; phase I
Philippines, Republic of the
Pilgrim Fathers (1620); the Pilgrims; a
Pilgrim
Place, if part of name: Jefferson Place; the
place
Plains (Great Plains), the
plan:
Colombo
controlled materials
5 -year
Marshall (European Recovery Program)
Planetarium, Fels, Hayden; the planetarium
Plant, Picatinny Arsenal; the plant; but
United States Steel plant
plate 2, A, II, etc.; but Plate 2, when part of
title: Plate 2. — Rural Structures
Plaza, Union Station (Washington, DC);
the plaza
Pledge of Allegiance; the pledge
Pole: North, South; the pole; subpolar
Pole Star (Polaris); polar star
Police, if part of name; the police:
Capitol
Park, U.S.
White House
political action committee (PAC)
political parties and adherents (see specific
political party)
Pool, Northwest Power, etc.; the pool
Pope; but papal, patriarch, pontiff, primate
Port, if part of name; Port of Norfolk;
Norfolk Port; the port (see Authority)
Post Office, Chicago, etc.; the post office
P.O. Box (with number); but post office box
(in general sense)
Postmaster General
PostScript; but a postscript
Powers, if part of name; the powers (see
also alliances):
Allied (World Wars I and II)
Axis (World War I)
Western
but European powers
precinct; first, 10th precinct
Premier (see foreign cabinets)
Preserve, Sullys Hill, National Game
Presidency (office of the head of
Government)
President:
of the United States; the Executive; the
Chief Magistrate; the Commander
in Chief; the President-elect; ex-
President; former President; also
preceding name
of any other country; the President of
Federal or international unit
but president of the Norfolk Southern
Railroad; president of the Federal
Reserve Bank of New York
Capitalization Examples
69
Presidential assistant, authority, order,
proclamation, candidate, election,
timber, year, etc.
Prime Minister (see foreign cabinets)
Prison, New Jersey State; the prison
Privy Council, Her Majesty's (see Council)
Prize, Nobel, Pulitzer, etc.; the prize
Proclamation, Emancipation; Presidential
Proclamation No. 24; Proclamation
No. 24; the proclamation; but
Presidential proclamation
Program, if part of name:
European Recovery
Food for Peace
Fulbright
Head Start
Mutual Defense Assistance
Social Security
but universal military training;
government bailout
Progressive Party; a Progressive
Project:
Gutenberg
Manhattan
Vote Smart
Proposition 13
Prosecutor; Special Prosecutor (Federal)
Province, Provincial, if referring to an
administrative subdivision: Ontario
Province; Province of Ontario;
Maritime Provinces (Canada); the
Province
Proving Ground, Aberdeen, etc.; the
proving ground
Public Law; Public Law 110-161, etc.
Public Printer; the Government Printer; the
Printer
public utility district (see District)
Pueblo, Santa Clara; the pueblo
Purchase, Gadsden, Louisiana, etc.
Puritan; puritanical
Pyrrhic victory
Q
Quad Cities (Davenport, Rock Island,
Moline, East Moline, and Bettendorf)
query
queue
R
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
Railroad, Alaska; the Railroad
Ranch, King, etc.; the ranch
Range, Cascade, etc. (mountains); the range
Rebellion, if part of name; the rebellion:
Boxer
Whisky
Reconstruction period (post-Civil War)
Red army
Red Cross, American (see American)
Reds, the; a Red (political)
Reformatory, Michigan; the reformatory
Refuge, Blackwater National Wildlife, etc.;
Blackwater Refuge; the refuge
region, north-central, etc.; first region, 10th
region; region 7; midcontinent
Regular Army, Navy; a Regular (see also
officer)
regulation:
greenhouse gas
W (see also Federal Reserve Board)
but Veterans Entitlements Regulations
religious terms:
Baha'i
Baptist
Brahman
Buddhist
Catholic; Catholicism; but catholic
(universal)
Christian
Christian Science
Evangelical United Brethren
Hindu; Hinduism
Islam; Islamic
Jewish
Latter-day Saints
70
Chapter 4
Muslim: Shiite; Sikh; Sunni
New Thought
Protestant; Protestantism
Scientology
Seventh-day Adventists
Seventh-Day Baptists
Zoroastrian
Renaissance, the (era)
Report, if part of name (with date or
number); the annual report; the report:
2007 Report of the Chief of the Forest
Service
9/11 Commission Report
Annual Report of the Secretary of
Defense for the year ended
September 30, 2008
Grace Commission report
President's Economic Report; the
Economic Report
Railroad Retirement Board Annual
Report, 2007; but annual report of the
Railroad Retirement Board
Report No. 31
United States Reports (publication)
Reporter, the (U.S. Supreme Court)
Representative; Representative at Large
(U.S. Congress); U.N.
Republic, capitalized if part of name;
capitalized standing alone if referring
to a specific government:
Czech
French
Irish
of Bosnia and Herzegovina
of Panama
of the Philippines
Slovak (Slovakia)
United States
also the American Republics; South
American Republics; the Latin
American Republics; the Republics
Republican Party; a Republican
Reservation (forest, military, or Indian), if
part of name; the reservation:
Hill Military
Standing Rock
Reserve, if part of name; the Reserve (see
also Air Force; Army Corps; Coast
Guard; Foreign Service; Marine
Corps; Merchant Marine; Naval;
National Guard):
Active
Air Force
Army
bank (see Bank)
Board, Federal (see Federal)
city (see Bank)
components
Enlisted
Establishment
Inactive
Naval
officer
Officers' Training Corps
Ready
Retired
Standby
Strategic
Reserves, the; reservist
Resolution, with number; the resolution:
House Joint Resolution 3
Senate Concurrent Resolution 18
War Powers Resolution (short title)
but Tonkin resolution
Revised Statutes (U.S.); Supplement to the
Revised Statutes; the statutes; Statutes
at Large (U.S.)
Revolution, Revolutionary (if referring to
the American, French, or English
Revolution) (see also War)
rim; the Pacific rim
Road, if part of name: Benning; the road
Roman numerals, common nouns used
with, not capitalized:
book II; chapter II; part II; etc.
Capitalization Examples
71
but Book II: Modern Types (complete
heading); Part XI: Early Thought
(complete heading)
Route 66, State Route 9 (highways)
rule 21; rule XXI; but Rule 21, when part of
title: Rule 21: Renewal of Motion
Rules:
of the House of Representatives; but rules
of the House; House rule X
Standing Rules of the Senate
(publication); but rules of the Senate
also Commission rules
Sabbath; Sabbath Day
savings bond (see bond)
schedule 2, A, II, etc.; but Schedule 2, when
part of title; Schedule 2: Open and
Prepay Stations
School, if part of name; the school:
any school of U.S. Armed Forces
Hayes
Pawnee Indian
Public School 13; PS. 13
school district (see District)
Scriptures; Holy Scriptures (the Bible)
Seabees (see Navy)
seaboard, Atlantic, eastern, etc.
seasons:
autumn (fall)
spring
summer
winter
seaway (see geographic terms; Authority;
Corporation)
Second World War (see War)
Secretariat (see United Nations)
Secretaries of the Army and the Navy; but
Secretaries of the military
departments; secretaryship
Secretary, head of national governmental
unit:
of Defense; of State; etc.; the Secretary
of State for Foreign Affairs (British); for
the Commonwealth, etc.; the
Secretary
of the Smithsonian Institution; the
Secretary
also the Assistant Secretary; the
Executive Secretary
Secretary General; the Secretary General:
Organization of American States
United Nations
section 2, A, II, etc.; but Section 2, when
part of title: Section 2: Test
Construction Theory
Selective Service (see Service; System)
Senate (U.S.), titles of officers standing
alone capitalized:
Chaplain
Chief Clerk
Doorkeeper
Official Reporter(s)
Parliamentarian
Postmaster
President of the
President pro tempore
Presiding Officer
Secretary
Sergeant at Arms
Senate, Ohio (State); the senate
Senator (U.S. Congress); but lowercased if
referring to a State senator, unless
preceding a name
senatorial
Sergeant at Arms (U.S. Senate or House)
Sermon on the Mount
server
Service, if referring to Federal unit; the
Service:
Extension
Federal Mediation and Conciliation
Fish and Wildlife
Foreign (see Foreign Service)
Forest
Internal Revenue
72
Chapter 4
Marshals
National Park
Natural Resources Conservation
Postal
Secret (Homeland Security)
Selective (see also System); but selective
service, in general sense; selective
service classification 1-A, 4-F, etc.
Senior Executive
service:
airmail
Army
city delivery
consular
customs
diplomatic
employment (State)
extension (State)
general delivery
naval
Navy
parcel post
postal field
rural free delivery; rural delivery; free
delivery
special delivery
star route
Shelf, Continental [see Continental)
ship of state (unless personified)
Sister(s) (adherent of religious order)
Six Nations [see Indians)
Smithsonian Institution (see Institution)
Social Security Administration (U.S.),
application, check, number, pension,
trust fund, system, etc.
Socialist Party; a Socialist
Society, if part of name; the society:
American Cancer Society, Inc.
of the Cincinnati
soil bank
soil orders:
Alfisols
Andisols
Aridisols
Entisols
Gelisols
Oxisols
Histosols
Spodosols
Inceptisols
Ultisols
Mollisols
Vert i sols
Soldiers' Home; the soldiers' home; (see
Armed Forces Retirement Home)
Solicitor for the Department of Labor, etc.;
the Solicitor
Solicitor General (Department of Justice)
Son of Man (Christ)
Sons of the American Revolution
(organization); a Son; a Real Son
South:
American Republics (see Republic)
American States
Atlantic
Atlantic States
Deep South (U.S.)
Korea
Midsouth (U.S.)
Pacific
Pole
the South (section of United States);
Southland
Southeast Asia
southern California, southeastern
California, etc.
Southern States
Southern United States
southerner
Southwest, the (section of United States)
space shuttle; the shuttle
space station
Spanish-American War (see War)
Speaker of the House of Representatives;
the Speaker
special agent
specialist
Special Order No. 12; Special Orders, No.
12; a special order
Spirit of '76 (painting); but spirit of '76 (in
general sense)
Sputnik
Square, Lafayette, etc.; the square
Capitalization Examples
73
Staff, Foreign Service (see Foreign Service);
Air (U.K.)
standard time (see time)
Star of Bethlehem
Star-Spangled Banner (see flag)
State:
Champion
government
legislature (see Legislature)
line, Iowa; Ohio-Indiana, etc.
New York
of Israel
of Maryland
of the Union Message/Address
of Veracruz
out-of-State (adjective); but out-of-stater
prison
Vatican City
state:
church and
of the art: state-of-the-art technology
welfare
also downstate, instate, multistate,
statehood, statehouse, stateside,
statewide, substate, tristate, upstate
State's attorney
state's evidence
states' rights
States:
Arab
Balkan
Baltic
East North Central
East South Central
Eastern; font eastern industrial States
Eastern Gulf
Eastern North Central, etc.
Far Western
Gulf; Gulf Coast
Lake
Latin American
lower 48
Middle
Middle Atlantic
Middle Western
Midwestern
Mountain
New England
North Atlantic
Northwestern, etc.
Organization of American
Pacific
Pacific Coast
rights
South American
South Atlantic
Southern
the six States of Australia; a foreign state
Thirteen Original; original 13 States
Western; but western Gulf; western
farming States
Station, if part of name; the station; not
capitalized if referring to surveying
or similar work:
Air Force base
Grand Central
Naval Air Engineering
television station WSYR-TV
Union; Union Depot; the depot
WAMU station; station WMAL; radio
station WSM; broadcasting station
WJSV
station 9; substation A
Statue of Liberty; the statue
Statutes at Large (U.S.) (see also Revised
Statutes)
Stealth: bomber, fighter
Stockpile, Strategic National
stone age (see Ages)
storage facility
Stream, Gulf (see Gulf; geographic terms)
Street, if part of name; the street:
I Street (not Eye Street)
110th Street
U Street (not You Street)
subcommittee (see Committee)
74
Chapter 4
subtropical, subtropic(s) (see tropical)
summit meeting; Earth summit
Sun; a sun
Super Bowl
Superfund; the fund
Superintendent, if referring to head of
Federal unit; the Superintendent:
of Documents (Government Printing
Office)
of the Naval (or Military) Academy
Supplement to the Revised Statutes (see
Revised Statutes)
Supreme Bench; the Bench; also High
Bench; High Tribunal
Supreme Court (U.S.); the Court; also High
Court; titles of officers standing alone
capitalized:
Associate Justice
Chief Justice
Clerk
Marshal
Reporter
but Ohio Supreme Court; the supreme
court
Surgeon General, the (Air Force, Army,
Navy, and Public Health Service)
Survey, if part of name of Federal unit; the
Survey: Geodetic; Geological
System, if referring to Federal unit; the
System:
Federal Home Loan Bank; the System
Federal Reserve; the System
National Forest; the System
National Highway; Interstate Highway;
the System
National Park; the System
National Trails; the System
National Wild and Scenic Rivers; the
System
Regional Metro System; Metro system
Selective Service (see also Service)
State and National forests
but Amtrak railway system; Amtrak
system; the system
also Federal land bank system
T
table 2, II, A, etc.; but Table 2, when part of
title: Table 2: Degrees of Land
Deterioration
task force (see Force)
Team, USAREUR Technical Assistance,
etc.; the team
television station (see Station)
Telnet
Ten Commandments
Territorial, if referring to a political
subdivision
Territory:
Northwest (1799); the territory
Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands;
Pacific Islands Trust Territory; the trust
territory; the territory
Yukon, Northwest Territories; the
Territory(ies), Territorial (Canada)
but territory of: American Samoa, Guam,
Virgin Islands
The, part of name, capitalized:
The Dalles; The Gambia; The Hague;
The Weirs; but the Dalles Dam; the
Dalles region; the Federal Bulletin
Board; the Hague Conference; the
Weirs streets
but the Adjutant General; the National
Archives; the Archives; the Times; the
Mermaid; the Federal Express
Third World
Thirteen American Colonies, etc. (see
Colonies)
Thirteen Original States
Thruway, New York State; the thruway
time:
Alaska, Alaska standard
Atlantic, Atlantic standard
central, central standard
eastern, eastern daylight, eastern daylight
saving (no s), eastern standard
Greenwich mean time (GMT)
Capitalization Examples
75
Coca-Cola
Dr Pepper
Hersheypark
iPod
iTunes
MasterCard
Hawaii-Aleutian standard
local, local standard
mountain, mountain standard
Pacific, Pacific standard
universal
title 2, II, A, etc.; but Title 2, when part of
title: Title 2: General Provisions
Tomb:
Grant's; the tomb
of the Unknowns; of the Unknown
Soldier; Unknown Soldier's Tomb;
the tomb (see also Unknown Soldier)
Tower, Eiffel, etc.; the tower
Township, Union; township of Union
trade names and trademarks:
Blu-Ray TiVo
U-Haul
UNIX
VISA
WebTV
Yahoo!
ZIP Code (Postal)
Trade Representative (U.S.)
transatlantic; transpacific; trans-Siberian,
etc.; but Transjordan; Trans-Alaska
Treasurer, Assistant, of the United States;
the Assistant Treasurer; but assistant
treasurer at New York, etc.
Treasurer of the United States; the Treasurer
Treasury notes; Treasurys
Treasury, of the United States; General;
National; Public
Treaty, if part of name; the treaty:
Jay Treaty
North Atlantic; North Atlantic Defense
of Versailles
but treaty of 1919
triad
tribe (see Indians)
Tribunal, standing alone capitalized only in
minutes and official reports of a
specific arbitration; also High
Tribunal; the Tribunal (Supreme
Court)
Tropic of Cancer, of Capricorn; the Tropics
tropical; neotropic, neotropical, sub-
tropic(s), subtropical
Trust, Power, etc.
trust territory (see Territory)
Tunnel, Lincoln, etc.; the tunnel; but
irrigation, railroad, etc., tunnel
Turnpike, Pennsylvania, etc.; the turnpike
Twin Cities (Minneapolis and St. Paul)
U
U-boat
Under Secretary, if referring to officer of
Federal Government; the Under
Secretary:
of Agriculture
of State
of the Treasury
Uniform Code of Military Justice (see Code)
Union (if part of proper name; capitalized
standing alone if synonym for United
States or if referring to international
unit):
Columbia Typographical
European
Pan American (former name; see
Organization of American States)
Station; font union passenger station;
union freight station
Teamsters Union; the Teamsters; the
union; also the Auto Workers, etc.
Universal Postal; the Postal Union
Western (see alliances)
Woman's Christian Temperance
but a painters union; printers union
United Nations:
Charter; the charter
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) (see
Organization)
Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO)
General Assembly; the Assembly
76
Chapter 4
International Children's Emergency
Fund (UNICEF)
International Court of Justice; the Court
Permanent Court of Arbitration (see
Court)
Secretariat, the
Secretary General
Security Council; the Council
World Employment Conference
World Health Organization (WHO);
the Organization
universal:
military training (see Program)
time (see time)
University, if part of name: Stanford; the
university
Unknown Soldier; Unknown of World War
II; World War II Unknown;
Unknown of Korea; Korea
Unknown; the Unknowns (see also
Tomb)
Upper, if part of name:
Colorado River Basin
Egypt
Peninsula (of Michigan)
but upper House of Congress
U.S.S.R. (former Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics)
V
Valley, Shenandoah, etc.; the valley; but the
valleys of Virginia and Maryland
V-E Day; V-J Day; V-chip
veteran, World War II; Vietnam
Veterans Affairs, Department of (see
Department)
Vice Chairman, etc. (same as Chairman)
vice consul, British, etc.
Vice President (same as President)
Voice of America; the Voice
volume 2, A, II, etc.; but Volume 2, when
part of title; Volume 2: Five Rivers in
America's Future
W
War, if part of formal name:
Between the States
Civil
First World War; World War I; World
War; Great War; Second World War;
World War II
for Independence (1776)
French and Indian (1754-63)
Mexican
of 1812
of the Rebellion; the rebellion
on Crime
on Drugs
on Poverty
on Terrorism, Global
Revolutionary; of the Revolution; the
Revolution
Seven Years'
Six-Day (Arab -Israeli)
Spanish-American
the two World Wars
also post- World War II
war, descriptive or undeclared:
cold, hot
European
French and Indian wars
Indian
Korean
Persian Gulf; gulf
third world; world war III
Vietnam
with Mexico
War College, National (see College)
War Mothers (see American)
ward 1, 2, etc.; first, 11th, etc.
Washington's Farewell Address
water district (see District)
waterway, inland, intercoastal, etc.; but
Intracoastal Waterway
Web:
page
site
Capitalization Examples
77
Week, Fire Prevention; etc.
welfare state
West:
Bank (Jordan)
Coast (Africa); but west coast (U.S.)
End, etc. (section of city)
Europe (political entity)
Far West; Far Western States
Florida (1763-1819)
Middle (United States); Midwest
South Central States, etc.
the West (section of United States; also
world political entity)
west, western Pennsylvania
Western:
bloc
civilization
countries
Europe(an) (political entity)
Hemisphere; the hemisphere
ideas
Powers
States
United States
World
but far western; western farming States
(U.S.)
westerner
Whip, Majority; Minority
Whisky Rebellion (see Rebellion)
White (see Caucasian)
White House:
Blue Room
East Room
Oval Office
Police (see Police)
Red Room
Rose Garden
State Dining Room
white paper, British, etc.
Wilderness, capitalized with name; San
Joaquin Wilderness, CA; the
wilderness; but the Wilderness
(Virginia battlefield)
Wood, if part of name:
Belleau
County
Fort Leonard
World: New, Old, Third; but free world
World Bank; the Bank
World Series
World War (see War)
World War II veteran
World Wide Web (WWW), the Web
x ray (note: no hyphen)
Y
year, calendar, fiscal
Your Excellency; Your Honor; Your
Majesty; etc.
Youth Corps; the Corps
Z
ZIP Code number; ZIP+4
Z39.50
Zone, if part of name; the zone:
British (in Germany)
Canal (Panama)
Eastern, Western (Germany)
Frigid
Hot (infectious area)
of Interior (see Command)
Temperate, Torrid; the zone
U.S. Foreign Trade; Foreign
Trade Zone; but the foreign trade
zone, free trade zone
zone:
Arctic
eastern standard time
no -fly
polar
tropical
Zoological Park (National); the zoo;
the park
5. Spelling
(See also Chapter 7 "Compounding Examples" and Chapter 9 "Abbreviations and Letter Symbols")
5.1. GPO uses Webster's Third New International Dictionary as its
guide for the spelling of words not appearing in the GPO Style
Manual. Colloquial and dialect spellings are not used unless re-
quired by the subject matter or specially requested. The tendency
of some producers of computer-assisted publications to rely on the
limited capability of some spell-checking programs adds impor-
tance to this list.
Preferred and difficult spellings
5.2. In addition to indicating the preferred forms of words with variant
spellings, the list also contains other words frequently misspelled or
causing uncertainty. (See also "Word Division," a supplement to the
GPO Style Manual.)
A
adjurer
all right
aqueduct
abattoir
adjuster
altogether
archaeology
aberration
ad nauseam
(completely)
arrester
abetter
adviser
all together
artifact
abettor (law)
advisor (law)
(collectively)
artisan
abridgment
adz
aluminum
ascendance, -ant
absorb (take in)
aegis
ambidextrous
ascent (rise)
adsorb (adhesion)
aesthetic
amoeba
assent (consent)
abysmal
affect (influence, v.)
ampoule
assassinate
a cappella
effect (result,
analog
athenaeum
accede (yield)
finish, n., v.)
analogous
attester
exceed (surpass)
afterward(s)
anemia
autogiro
accepter
afterword
anesthetic
awhile (for some
acceptor (law)
aging
aneurysm
time)
accessory
aid (n., v.)
anomalous
a while (a short
accommodate
aide
anonymous
time)
accordion
aide-de-camp
antediluvian
ax
accouter
albumen (egg)
antibiotics (n.)
aye
accursed
albumin
antibiotic (adj.)
acetic (acid)
(chemistry)
anyway (adv.)
B
ascetic (austere)
align
anywise (adv.)
backward
acknowledgment
allottee
appall, -ed, -ing
baloney (nonsense
acoustic
all ready (prepared)
appareled, -ing
bologna (sausage
adapter
already (previous)
aquatic
bandanna
79
80
Chapter 5
bargainer
bargainor (law)
baritone
bark (boat)
barreled, -ing
bastille
bathyscaph
battalion
bazaar (event)
bizarre (strange on
absurd)
behoove
beneficent
benefited, -ing
bettor (wagerer)
beveled, -ing
biased, -ing
blessed
bloc (group)
block (grants)
blond (masc, fern.)
bluing
born (birth)
borne (carried)
bouillon (soup)
bullion (metal)
boulder
bourgeoisie
breach (gap)
breech (lower part)
brier
briquet, -ted, -ting
Britannia
broadax
bronco
brunet (masc, fern.)
buccaneer
buncombe
bunion
bur
burned
bus, bused, buses,
busing
butadiene
C
caffeine
calcareous
calcimine
caldron
calendar
calender (paper
finish)
caliber
caliper
calk (spike)
caulk (seal)
calligraphy
callus (n.)
callous (adj.)
calorie
canceled, -ing
cancellation
candor
canister
cannot
canoeing
cantaloupe
canvas (cloth)
canvass (solicit)
capital (city, money)
capital (building)
carabao (sing., pi.)
carat (gem weight)
caret (omission
mark)
karat (gold weight)
carbureted, -ing
carburetor
Caribbean
caroled, -ing
carotene
carrot
cartilage
caster (roller)
castor (oil)
casual (informal)
causal (cause)
catalog, -ed, -ing
cataloger
catsup
caviar
caviled, -er, -ing
center
centipede
centrifugal
cesarean
chairmaned
chaise longue
chancellor
channeled, -ing
chaperon
chautauqua
chauvinism
chiffonier
chile con carne
chili (pepper)
chiseled, -ing
chlorophyll
cigarette
citable
cite (quote)
site (place)
clamor
climactic (climax)
climatic (climate)
cocaine
coconut
cocoon
coleslaw
colloquy
colossal
combated, -ing
commenter
commentor (law)
commingle
commiserate
complement
(complete)
compliment
(praise)
confectionery
confidant (masc,
fem.)
confident (sure)
confirmer
confirmor (law)
conjurer
connecter
connector (road)
connoisseur
consecrator
consensus
consignor
consulter
consummate
contradicter
control, -lable, -ling
converter
conveyor
cookie
cornetist
corollary
corvette
councilor (of
council)
counselor
(adviser)
counseled, -ing
cozy
crawfish
creneled, -ing
crystaled, -ing
crystalline
crystallize
cudgeled, -ing
cyclopedia
czar
D
darndest
debarkation
decaffeinated
Spelling
81
decalogue
defense
deliverer
deliveror (law)
demagogue
demarcation
dependent
descendant (n., adj.)
desecrater
desiccate
desuetude
(suspended)
destitute (bereft)
detractor
develop, -ment
device (contrivance)
devise (convey)
dextrous (syllable
division)
diaeresis
diaeretic
diuretic (water pill)
diagramed, -ing
diagrammatic
dialed, -ing
dialogue
dialysis
diaphragm
diarrhea
dickey
dietitian
diffuser
dike
dilettante
dinghy (boat)
diphtheria
discreet (prudent)
discrete (distinct)
disheveled, -ing
disk
dispatch
dissension
distention
distill, -ed, -ing,
enameled, -ing
exhibitor
-ment
encage
exhilarate
distributor
encase
exonerate
diverter
encave
exorbitant
divorcee
enclasp
expellant
doctoral
enclose
expose (n.,
doctrinaire
enclosure
exposure)
doggerel
encumber
expose (v., to lay
dossier
encumbrance
open)
doweled, -ing
encyclopedia
exsiccate
downward
endorse, -ment
extant (in existence)
dreadnought
endwise
extent (range)
extoll, -ed, -ing
dreamed
enfeeble
drought
enforce, -ment
dueled, -ing
duffelbag
engraft
enroll, -ed, -ing,
eying
eyrie
dullness
-ment
F
dumfound
en shade
fantasy
dwelt
en sheathe
farther (distance)
dyeing (coloring)
ensnare
further (degree)
dying (death)
ensure (guarantee)
favor
E
insure (protect)
fecal
eastward
entrench
feces
ecstasy
entrepreneur
fetal
edema
entrust
fetish
entwine
fetus
edgewise
electronics (n.)
envelop (v.)
fiber
electronic (adj.)
envelope (n.)
fiche (microfiche)
eleemosynary
enwrap
filigree
elicit (to draw)
eon
finable
illicit (illegal)
epaulet, -ed, -ing
finagle
embarrass
epiglottis
financier
embed
epilogue
fjord
embellish
equaled, -ing
flammable (not
emboweled, -ing
erysipelas
inflammable)
emboweler
escallop
flection
emigrant (go from)
escapable
fledgling
immigrant (go
esophagus
flexitime
into)
etiology
flier
emigree
evacuee
flotage
eminent (famous)
evanescent
flotation
imminent (soon)
eviscerate
fluorescent
employee
evocative
focused, -ing
82
Chapter 5
folderal
forbade
forbear (endurance)
forebear (ancestor)
foresee
forgettable
forgo (relinquish)
forego (precede)
format, formatted,
formatting
forswear
fortissimo
forward (ahead)
foreword (preface)
fricassee
fuchsia
fueler
fulfill, -ed, -ing,
-ment
fulsome
fungus (n., adj.)
funneled, -ing
furor
fuse (all meanings)
fuselage
fusillade
G
gaiety
gaily
galosh
gamboled, -ing
garrote
gauge
gazetteer
gelatin
genealogy
generalissimo
germane
glamorous
glamour
glycerin
gobbledygook
goodbye
graveled, -ing
gray
grievous
groveled, -ing
gruesome
guarantee (n„ v.)
guaranty (n., law)
guerrilla (warfare)
gorilla (ape)
guesstimate
guttural
gypsy
H
hallelujah
hara-kiri
harass
harebrained
healthful (for
health)
healthy (with
health)
heinous
hemoglobin
hemorrhage
heterogeneous
hiccup
highfalutin
hijack
homeopath
homogeneity
homologue
hors d'oeuvre
hypocrisy
hypotenuse
idiosyncrasy
idle (inactive)
idol (statue)
idyll
imminent (soon)
eminent (famous)
impaneled, -ing
impasse
imperiled, -ing
impostor
impresario
imprimatur
inculcate
indict (to accuse)
indite (to compose)
inequity (unfairness)
iniquity (sin)
inferable
infold
ingenious (skillful)
ingenuous (simple)
innocuous
innuendo
inoculate
inquire, inquiry
install, -ed, -ing,
-ment
installation
instill, -ed, -ing
insure (protect)
ensure (guarantee)
intelligentsia
interceptor
interment (burial)
internment (jail)
intern
intervener
intervenor (law)
intransigent (n., adj.)
iridescent
italic
J
jalopy
jalousie
jerry-(built)
jury- (rigged)
jeweled, -ing, -er
jewelry
judgeship
judgment
jujitsu
juxtaposition
K
karat
kerneled, -ing
kerosene
kidnapped, -ing
kidnapper
kilogram
knapsack
kopek
kumquat
L
labeled, -ing
lacquer
landward
lath (wood)
lathe (machine)
laureled
leukemia
leveled, -ing
leveler
liable (responsible)
libel (legal)
liaison
libelant
libeled, -ing
libelee
libeler
license
licenser (issuer)
licensor (grantor)
licorice
likable
lilliputian
linage (lines)
lineage (descent)
liquefy
liquor
liqueur
liter
livable
Spelling
83
loath (reluctant)
mil (Viooo inch)
loathe (detest)
mill (Vkooo dollar)
lodestar
mileage
lodestone
miliary
lodgment
(tuberculosis)
logistics (n.)
milieu
logistic (adj.)
milk cow
louver
millenary (1,000)
luster
millinery (hats)
lyonnaise
millennium
minable
M
missilery
madam
misspell
Mafia
miter
maim
moccasin
maize (corn)
modeled, -ing
maze (labyrinth)
modeler
maneuver
mold
manifold
mollusk
manikin (dwarf)
molt
mannequin (model)
moneys
mantel (shelf)
monogramed, -ing
mantle (cloak)
monologue
marbleize
mortise
marijuana
movable
marshaled, -ing
mucilage
marshaler
mucus (n.)
marveled, -ing
mucous (adj.)
marvelous
Muslim
material (goods)
mustache
materiel (military)
meager
N
medaled, -ing
naphtha
medalist
Navajo
medieval
nazism
metaled, -ing
neophyte
metalize
niacin
meteorology
nickel
(weather)
niter
metrology
nonplused
(weights and
northward
measures)
Novocain
meter
(trademark)
novocaine
perennial
(anesthetic)
periled, -ing
numskull
permittee
perquisite (privilege)
obbligato
prerequisite
obloquy
(requirement)
ocher
personal (individual)
octet
personnel (staff)
offal
perspective (view)
offense
prospective
omelet
(expected)
ophthalmology
petaled, -ing
opossum
pharaoh
orangutan
pharmacopeia
orbited, -ing
phoenix
ordinance (law)
phlegm
ordnance
phony
(military)
phosphorus (n.)
organdy
phosphorous (adj.)
overseas or oversea
photostated
P
pickax
pajamas
picnicking
paleontology
pipet
paneled, -ing
plaque
paraffin
plastics (n.)
paralleled, -ing
plastic (adj.)
parallelepiped
pledger
parceled, -ing
pledgor (law)
partisan
plenitude
pastime
pliers
patrol, -led, -ling
plow
peccadillo
poleax
pedant (n.)
pollination
pedantic (adj.)
pommeled, -ing
peddler
pontoon
penciled, -ing
porcelaneous
pendant (n.)
practice (n., v.)
pendent (u.m.)
precedence
percent
(priority)
peremptory
precedents (usage)
(decisive)
prerogative
preemptory
pretense
(preference)
preventive
84
Chapter 5
principal (chief)
principle
(proposition)
privilege
proffer
programmatic
programmed, -mer,
-ming
prologue
promissory
pronunciation
propel, -led, -ling
propellant (n.)
propellent (adj.)
prophecy (n.)
prophesy (v.)
ptomaine
puhic (anatomy)
pulmotor
pusillanimous
Q
quarreled, -ing
quartet
quaternary
questionnaire
queue
R
raccoon
racket (all meanings)
rapprochement
rarefy
rarity
ratable
rational (adj.)
rationale (n.)
rattan
raveled, -ing
reconnaissance
reconnoiter
recyclable
referable
refuse
registrar
reinforce
relater
relator (law)
remodeler
renaissance
reparable
repellant (n.)
repellent (adj.)
requester
requestor (law)
rescission
responder
(electronics)
responser
(electronics)
reveled, -er, -ing
rhyme, rhythmic
RIFing, RIFed, RIFs
rivaled, -ing
roweled, -ing
ruble
saccharin (n.)
saccharine (adj.)
sacrilegious
salable
sandaled, -ing
savable
savanna
savior
Saviour (Christ)
scalloped, -ing
schizophrenia
scion (horticulture)
scurrilous
seismology
selvage (edging)
salvage (save)
sentineled, -ing
separate (v., adj.)
sepulcher
seriatim
settler
settlor (law)
sewage (waste)
sewerage (drain
system)
sextet
Shakespearean
shellacking
shoveled, -ing
shriveled, -ing
sideward
signaled, -ing
siphon
site (place)
cite (quote)
sizable
skeptic
skillful
skulduggery
sleight (deft)
slight (meager)
smolder
sniveled, -ing
snorkel
soliloquy
sometime
(formerly)
some time (some
time ago)
some times (at
times)
southward
spacious (space)
specious
(deceptive)
specter
spirituous (liquor)
spirochete
spoliation
stationary (fixed)
stationery (paper)
statue (sculpture)
stature (height)
statute (law)
staunch
stenciled, -ing
stenciler
stifling
stratagem
stubbornness
stultify
stupefy
subpoena, -ed
subtlety
succor
sulfur (also
derivatives)
sulfanilamide
sulfureted, -ing
supererogation
surfeit
surreptitious
surveillance
swiveled, -ing
sylvan
synonymous
syrup
T
taboo
tactician
tasseled, -ing
tattoo
taxied, -ing
technique
teetotaler
tercentenary
theater
therefor (for it)
therefore (for that
reason)
thiamine
thralldom
thrash (beat)
thresh (grain)
threshold
tie, tied, tying
timber (wood)
timbre (tone)
tinseled, -ing
titer
tonsillitis
Spelling
85
tormenter
totaled, -ing
toward
toweled, -ing
toxemia
trafficking
trammeled, -ing
tranquilize(r)
tranquillity
transcendent
transferable
transferor
transferred
transonic
transponder
(electronics)
transshipment
traveled, -ing
traveler
travelogue
triptych
trolley
troop (soldiers)
troupe (actors)
troweled, -ing
tryptophan
tularemia
tunneled, -ing
tunneler
turquoise
typify
tyrannical
tyro
U
unctuous
unwieldy
upward
uremia
usable
V
vacillate
valance (drape)
valence
(chemistry)
veld
veranda
vermilion
vicissitude
victualed, -ing
victualer
vilify
villain
visa, -ed, -ing
vitamin
vitrify
volcanism
voluntarism
votable
vying
W
wainscoting
warranter
warrantor (law)
warranty
weeviled, -ing
welder
westward
whimsy
whiskey, -s
willful
withe
woeful
woolen
woolly
worshiped, -er, -ing
Anglicized and foreign words
5.3. Diacritical marks are not used with anglicized words.
A
cafeteria
crepe de chine
elite
abaca
caique
critique
entree
aide memoire
canape
critiquing
etude
a la carte
cause celebre
a la king
chateau
D
F
a la mode
cliche
debacle
facade
angstrom
cloisonne
debris
faience
aperitif
applique
apropos
comedienne
comme ci
comme ca
debut
debutante
decollete
faux pas
fete
fiance (masc, fem.)
auto(s)-da-fe
communique
confrere
dejeuner
denouement
frappe
B
consomme
depot
G
blase
cortege
dos-a-dos
garcon
boutonniere
coulee
glace
brassiere
coup de grace
E
grille
C
coup d'etat
coupe
eclair
eclat
gruyere
cabana
creme
ecru
H
cafe
crepe
elan
habitue
86
Chapter 5
I
ingenue
jardiniere
L
laissez faire
litterateur
M
materiel
matinee
melange
melee
menage
mesalliance
metier
moire
N
naive
naivete
nee
O
opera bouffe
opera comique
papier mache
piece de resistance
pleiade
porte cochere
porte lumiere
portiere
pousse cafe
premiere
protege (masc, fem.)
puree
R
rale
recherche
regime
risque
role
rotisserie
roue
S
saute
seance
senor
smorgasbord
soiree
souffle
suede
T
table d'hote
tete-a-tete
tragedienne
V
vicuna
vis-a-vis
5.4. Foreign words carry the diacritical marks as an essential part of
their spelling.
a l'americaine
charge d'affaires
entrepot
passe (masc, fem.)
attache
conge
expose
pate
beton
credit foncier
longeron
pere
blesse
credit mobilier
manana
pifia
caleche
cure
mate
precis
Canada
deja vu
mere
raisonne
canon
detente
nacre
resume
charge
dona
outre
touche
Plural forms
5.5. Nouns ending in o immediately preceded by a vowel add 5 to form
the plural; nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant add es to
form the plural, except as indicated in the following list.
albinos
falsettos
merinos
sextodecimos
armadillos
gauchos
mestizos
sextos
avocados
ghettos
octavos
siroccos
banjos
halos
octodecimos
solos
cantos
indigos
pianos
tangelos
cascos
infernos
piccolos
tobaccos
centos
juntos
pomelos
twos
didos
kimonos
provisos
tyros
duodecimos
lassos
quartos
virtuosos
dynamos
magnetos
salvos
zeros
escudos
mementos
Spelling
87
5.6.
5.7.
When a noun is hyphenated with an adverb or preposition, the plu-
ral is formed on the noun.
comings-in
fillers-in
goings-on
hangers-on
listeners-in
lookers-on
markers-up
passers-by
swearers-in
When neither word is a noun, the plural is formed on the last word.
also-rans go-betweens run-ins
higher-ups tie-ins
come-ons
5.8. In forming the plurals of compound terms, the significant word
takes the plural form.
Significant word first:
adjutants general
aides-de-camp
ambassadors at large
attorneys at law
attorneys general
billets-doux
bills of fare
brothers-in-law
charges d'affaires
chiefs of staff
commanders in chief
comptrollers general
consuls general
courts-martial
crepes suzette
daughters-in-law
governors general
grants-in-aid
heirs at law
inspectors general
men-of-war
ministers-designate
mothers-in-law
notaries public
pilots-in-command
postmasters general
presidents-elect
prisoners of war
reductions in force
rights-of-way
secretaries general
sergeants at arms
sergeants major
solicitors general
surgeons general
Significant word in middle:
assistant attorneys general
assistant chiefs of staff
assistant comptrollers general
assistant surgeons general
Significant word last:
assistant attorneys
assistant commissioners
assistant corporation counsels
assistant directors
assistant general counsels
brigadier generals
deputy judges
deputy sheriffs
general counsels
judge advocates
judge advocate generals
lieutenant colonels
major generals
provost marshals
provost marshal generals
quartermaster generals
Chapter 5
trade unions
under secretaries
vice chairmen
Both words equally significant:
Bulletins Nos. 27 and 28 not
Bulletin Nos. 27 and 28 but
Bulletin No. 27 or 28
coats of arms
masters at arms
men buyers
men employees
secretaries-treasurers
women aviators
No word significant in itself:
forget-me-nots
hand-me-downs
jack-in-the-pulpits
man-of-the-earths
pick-me-ups
will-o'-the-wisps
5.9. Nouns ending with ful form the plural by adding 5 at the end; if it
is necessary to express the idea that more than one container was
filled, the two elements of the solid compound are printed as sepa-
rate words and the plural is formed by adding 5 to the noun.
five bucketfuls of the mixture (one bucket filled five times)
five buckets full of earth (separate buckets)
three cupfuls of flour (one cup filled three times)
three cups full of coffee (separate cups)
5.10. The following list comprises other words the plurals of which may
cause difficulty
addendum, addenda
adieu, adieus
agendum, agenda
alga, algae
alumnus, alumni (masc); alumna,
alumnae (fern.)
antenna, antennas (antennae,
zoology)
appendix, appendixes
aquarium, aquariums
automaton, automatons
axis, axes
bandeau, bandeaux
basis, bases
bateau, bateaux
beau, beaus
cactus, cactuses
calix, calices
cargo, cargoes
chassis (singular and plural)
cherub, cherubs
cicatrix, cicatrices
Co., Cos.
coccus, cocci
consortium, consortia
corrigendum, corrigenda
crisis, crises
criterion, criteria
curriculum, curriculums
datum (singular), data (plural, but
singular in collective sense)
desideratum, desiderata
dilettante, dilettanti
dogma, dogmas
ellipsis, ellipses
equilibrium, equilibriums
(equilibria, scientific)
erratum, errata
executrix, executrices
flambeau, flambeaus
Spelling
89
focus, focuses
folium, folia
formula, formulas
forum, forums
fungus, fungi
genius, geniuses
genus, genera
gladiolus (singular and plural)
helix, helices
hypothesis, hypotheses
index, indexes (indices, scientific)
insigne, insignia
italic (singular and plural)
Kansas Citys
lacuna, lacunae
larva, larvae
larynx, larynxes
lens, lenses
lira, lire
locus, loci
madam, mesdames
Marys
matrix, matrices
maximum, maximums
medium, mediums or media
memorandum, memorandums
minimum, minimums
minutia, minutiae
monsieur, messieurs
nucleus, nuclei
oasis, oases
octopus, octopuses
opus, opera
parenthesis, parentheses
phenomenon, phenomena
phylum, phyla
plateau, plateaus
podium, podiums
proces-verbal, proces-verbaux
radius, radii
radix, radixes
referendum, referendum s
sanatorium, sanatoriums
sanitarium, sanitariums
septum, septa
sequela, sequelae
seraph, seraphs
seta, setae
ski, skis
stadium, stadiums
stimulus, stimuli
stratum, strata
stylus, styluses
syllabus, syllabuses
symposium, symposia
synopsis, synopses
tableau, tableaus
taxi, taxis
terminus, termini
testatrix, testatrices
thesaurus, thesauri
thesis, theses
thorax, thoraxes
vertebra, vertebras (vertebrae,
zoology)
virtuoso, virtuosos
vortex, vortexes
Endings "ible" and "able"
5.11. The following words end in ible; other words in this class end in able.
abhorrible
accendible
accessible
addible
adducible
admissible
appetible
apprehensible
audible
avertible
bipartible
circumscriptible
coctible
coercible
cognoscible
cohesible
collapsible
collectible(s)
combustible
comestible
commonsensible
compactible
compatible
competible
90
Chapter 5
compossible
iistractible
mpersuasible
nexpressible
comprehensible
iivertible
mplausible
nfallible
compressible
iivestible
mpossible
nfeasible
conducible
divisible
mprescriptible
nflexible
conductible
iocible
mputrescible
nfractible
confluxible
;dible
naccessible
nfrangible
congestible
sducible
nadmissible
nfusible
contemptible
effectible
napprehensible
nnascible
controvertible
sffervescible
naudible
nscriptible
conversable (oral)
eligible
ncircumscriptible
nsensible
conversible
eludible
ncoercible
nstructible
(convertible)
;rodible
ncognoscrible
nsubmergible
convertible
:vasible
ncombustible
nsuppressible
convincible
;versible
ncommiscible
nsusceptible
corrigible
evincible
ncompatible
ntactible
corrodible
sxemptible
ncomprehensible
ntangible
corrosible
exhaustible
ncompressible
ntelligible
corruptible
exigible
nconcussible
nterconvertible
credible
expansible
ncontrovertible
nterruptible
crucible
explosible
nconvertible
ntervisible
cullible
expressible
nconvincible
nvendible
decoctible
extensible
ncorrigible
nvertible
deducible
fallible
ncorrodible
nvincible
deductible
easible
ncorruptible
nvisible
defeasible
encible
ncredible
rascible
defectible
lexible
ndefeasible
rreducible
defensible
luxible
ndefectible
rrefrangible
delible
orcible
ndefensible
rremissible
deprehensible
rangible
ndelible
rreprehensible
depressible
ungible
ndeprehensible
rrepressible
descendible
usible
ndestructible
rresistible
destructible
gullible
ndigestible
rresponsible
diffrangible
lorrible
ndiscernible
rreversible
diffusible
gnitible
ndivertible
egible
digestible
llegible
ndivisible
mandible
dimensible
mmersible
ndocible
marcescible
discernible
mmiscible
nducible
misicible
discerpible
mpartible
neffervescible
negligible
discerptible
mpatible
neligible
nexible
discussible
mpedible
neludible
smissible
dispersible
mperceptible
nevasible
astensible
dissectible
mpermissible
nexhaustible
Dartible
distensible
mperscriptible
nexpansible
sassable (open)
Spelling
91
passible (feeling)
reflectible
sensible
transmissible
perceptible
reflexible
sponsible
transvertible
perfectible
refrangible
suasible
tripartible
permissible
remissible
subdivisible
unadmissible
persuasible
renascible
submergible
uncorruptible
pervertible
rendible
submersible
unexhaustible
plausible
reprehensible
subvertible
unexpressible
possible
repressible
suggestible
unintelligible
prehensible
reproducible
supersensible
unresponsible
prescriptible
resistible
suppressible
unsusceptible
producible
responsible
susceptible
vendible
productible
reversible
suspensible
vincible
protrusible
revertible
tangible
visible
putrescible
risible
tensible
vitrescible
receptible
runcible
terrible
redemptible
sconcible
thurible
reducible
seducible
traducible
Endings "ise," "ize," and "yze"
5.12. A large number of words have the termination ise, ize, or yze. The
letter / is followed by yze if the word expresses an idea of loosening or
separating, as analyze; all other words of this class, except those end-
ing with the suffix wise and those in the following list, end in ize.
advertise
compromise
excise
prise (to force)
advise
demise
exercise
prize (to value)
affranchise
despise
exorcise
reprise
apprise (to inform)
devise
franchise
revise
apprize (to
disenfranchise
improvise
rise
appraise)
disfranchise
incise
supervise
arise
disguise
merchandise
surmise
chastise
emprise
misadvise
surprise
circumcise
enfranchise
mortise
televise
comprise
enterprise
premise
Endings "cede," "ceed," and "sede"
5.13. Only one word ends in sede (supersede); only three end in ceed (ex-
ceed, proceed, succeed); all other words of this class end in cede
(precede, secede, etc.).
92 Chapter 5
Doubled consonants
5.14. A single consonant following a single vowel and ending in a
monosyllable or a final accented syllable is doubled before a suffix
beginning with a vowel.
bag, bagging red, reddish but
format, formatting rob, robbing total, totaled, totaling
input, inputting transfer, transferred travel, traveled, traveling
5.15. If the accent in a derivative falls upon an earlier syllable than it does
in the root word, the consonant is not doubled.
refer, reference prefer, preference infer, inference
Indefinite articles
5.16. The indefinite article a is used before a consonant and an aspirated
h; an is used before a silent h and all vowels except u pronounced as
in visual and o pronounced as in one.
a historic occasion
an herb seller
but
a hotel
an hour
an H-U-D directive
a human being
an honor
a HUD directive
a humble man
an onion
a union
an oyster
5.17. When a group of initials begins with b, c, d, g,j, k, p, q, t, u, v, w, y, or
z, each having a consonant sound, the indefinite article a is used.
a BLS compilation a GAO limitation a WWW search
a CIO finding a UFO sighting
5.18. When a group of initials begins with a, e,f, h, i, I, m, n, o, r, s, or x,
each having a vowel sound, the indefinite article an is used.
an AEC report an NSC (en) proclamation
an FCC (ef) ruling an RFC (ahr) loan
5.19. Use of the indefinite article a or an before a numerical expression
is determined by the consonant or vowel sound of the beginning
syllable.
an 11-year-old an VIII (eight) classification
a onetime winner a IV-F (four ef) category (military draft)
a III (three) group a 4-H Club
Spelling
93
Geographic names
5.20. The spelling of geographic names must conform to the decisions
of the U.S. Board on Geographic Names (BGN) (http://geonames.
usgs.gov). In the absence of such a decision, the U.S. Directory of
Post Offices is to be used.
5.21. If the decisions or the rules of the BGN permit the use of either
the local official form or the conventional English form, it is the
prerogative of the originating office to select the form which is most
suitable for the matter in hand; therefore, in marking copy or read-
ing proof, it is required only to verify the spelling of the particular
form used. GPO's preference is for the conventional English form.
Copy will be followed as to accents, but these should be consistent
throughout the entire job.
Nationalities, etc.
5.22. The table on Demonyms in Chapter 17 "Useful Tables" shows forms
to be used for nouns and adjectives denoting nationality.
5.23. In designating the natives of the States, the following forms will be
used.
Alabamian
Louisianian
Ohioan
Alaskan
Mainer
Oklahoman
Arizonan
Marylander
Oregonian
Arkansan
Massachusettsan
Pennsylvanian
Californian
Michiganian
Rhode Islander
Coloradan
Minnesotan
South Carolinian
Connecticuter
Mississippian
South Dakotan
Delawarean
Missourian
Tennessean
Floridian
Montanan
Texan
Georgian
Nebraskan
Utahn
Hawaiian
Nevadan
Vermonter
Idahoan
New Hampshirite
Virginian
Illinoisan
New Jerseyan
Washingtonian
Indianian
New Mexican
West Virginian
Iowan
New Yorker
Wisconsinite
Kansan
North Carolinian
Wyomingite
Kentuckian
North Dakotan
94 Chapter 5
5.24. Observe the following forms:
African-American
Alaska Native (Aleuts, Eskimos, Indians of Alaska)
Amerindian
Native American (American Indian)
Puerto Rican
Part-Hawaiian (legal status)
but part- Japanese, etc.
Native American words
5.25. Words, including tribal and other proper names of Indian, Aleut,
Hawaiian, and other groups, are to be followed literally as to spell-
ing and the use of spaces, hyphens, etc.
Transliteration
5.26. In the spelling of nongeographic words transliterated from Chinese,
Japanese, or any other language that does not have a Latin alphabet,
copy is to be followed literally.
6. Compounding Rules
(See also Chapter 7 "Compounding Examples''
6.1.
A compound word is a union of two or more words, either with
or without a hyphen. It conveys a unit idea that is not as clearly or
quickly conveyed by the component words in unconnected succes-
sion. The hyphen is a mark of punctuation that not only unites but
separates the component words, and thus facilitates understanding,
aids readability, and ensures correct pronunciation. When com-
pound words must be divided at the end of a line, such division
should be made leaving prefixes and combining forms of more than
one syllable intact.
6.2.
6.3.
In applying the rules in this chapter and in using the list of ex-
amples in the following chapter, "Compounding Examples," the
fluid nature of our language should be kept in mind. Word forms
constantly undergo modification. Two-word forms, which often
acquired the hyphen first, frequently bypass the hyphen stage and
instantly assume a one-word form.
The rules, therefore, are somewhat flexible. Exceptions must nec-
essarily be allowed. Current language trends continue to point to
closing up certain words which, through either frequent use or
widespread dissemination through modern media exposure, have
become fixed in the reader's mind as units of thought. The tendency
to merge two short words continues to be a natural progression to-
ward better communication.
General rules
6.4. In general, omit the hyphen when words appear in regular order
and the omission causes no ambiguity in sense or sound.
banking hours eye opener real estate
blood pressure fellow citizen rock candy
book value living costs training ship
census taker palm oil violin teacher
day laborer
patent right
95
96 Chapter 6
i.5.
Words are usually combined to express a literal or nonliteral (figura-
tive) unit idea that would not be as clearly expressed in unconnected
succession.
afterglow
forget-me-not
right-of-way
bookkeeping
gentleman
whitewash
cupboard
newsprint
6.6. A derivative of a compound retains the solid or hyphenated form of
the original compound unless otherwise indicated.
coldbloodedness outlawry Y-shaped
footnoting praiseworthiness
ill-advisedly railroader
6.7. A hyphen is used to avoid doubling a vowel or tripling a consonant,
except after the short prefixes co, de, pre, pro, and re, which are gen-
erally printed solid. (See also rules 6.29 and 6.32.)
cooperation semi-independent shell-like
deemphasis brass-smith hull-less
preexisiting Inverness-shire but
anti-inflation thimble-eye co-occupant
micro-organism ultra-atomic cross section
Solid compounds
6.8. Print solid two nouns that form a third when the compound has
only one primary accent, especially when the prefixed noun consists
of only one syllable or when one of the elements loses its original
accent.
airship cupboard footnote
bathroom dressmaker locksmith
bookseller fishmonger workman
6.9. Print solid a noun consisting of a short verb and an adverb as its sec-
ond element, except when the use of the solid form would interfere
with comprehension.
blowout builddown flareback
breakdown cooldown giveaway
hangover runoff but
holdup setup cut-in
makeready showdown phase-in
markoff thowaway run-in
pickup tradeoff sit-in
Compounding Rules
97
6.10.
6.11.
Compounds beginning with the following nouns are usually printed
solid.
book
eye
horse
house
mill
play
school
shop
way
wood
work
Compounds ending in the following are usually printed solid, espe-
cially when the prefixed word consists of one syllable.
berry
keeping
room
bird
land
shop
blossom
light
site
board
like
skin
boat
line
smith
book
load
stone
borne
maid
store
bound
maker
tail
box
making
tight
boy
man
time (not clock)
brained
master
ward
bug
mate
ware
bush
mill
water
cam
craft
mistress
way
field
monger
wear
fish
over
weed
flower
owner
wide
fly
but #ownership
wise
girl
person
woman
grower
picker
wood
headed
picking
work
hearted
piece
worker
holder
plane
working
hopper
power
worm
house
proof
worthy
keeper
roach
writer
98 Chapter 6
6.12. Print solid any, every, no, and some when combined with body, thing,
and where. When one is the second element, print as two words if
meaning a single or particular person or thing. To avoid mispro-
nunciation, print no one as two words at all times.
anybody everywhere somebody
anything everyone something
anywhere nobody somewhere
anyone nothing someone
everybody nowhere
everything no one
but anyone of us may stay; everyone of the pilots is responsible; every body was
accounted for
6.13. Print compound personal pronouns as one word.
herself
oneself
yourself
himself
ourselves
yourselves
itself
themselves
myself
thyself
6.14. Print as one word compass directions consisting of two points, but
use a hyphen after the first point when three points are combined.
northeast north-northeast
southwest south-southwest
also north-south alignment
Unit modifiers
6.15. Print a hyphen between words, or abbreviations and words, com-
bined to form a unit modifier immediately preceding the word
modified, except as indicated in rule 6.16 and elsewhere throughout
this chapter. This applies particularly to combinations in which one
element is a present or past participle.
agreed-upon standards Federal- State-local cooperation
Baltimore -Washington road German-English descent
collective-bargaining talks guided-missile program
contested-election case hearing-impaired class
contract-bar rule high-speed line
cost-of-living increase large-scale project
drought-stricken area law-abiding citizen
English-speaking nation long-term loan
fire-tested material line-item veto
Compounding Rules
99
6.16.
6.17.
long-term-payment loan
low-cost housing
lump-sum payment
most-favored-nation clause
multiple-purpose uses
no-par-value stock
one-on-one situation
part-time personnel
rust-resistant covering
service-connected disability
state-of-the-art technology
supply-side economics
tool-and-die maker
up-or-down vote
Where meaning is clear and readability is not aided, it is not nec-
essary to use a hyphen to form a temporary or made compound.
Restraint should be exercised in forming unnecessary combina-
tions of words used in normal sequence.
U.S. -owned property; U.S. -flagship
1-inch diameter; 2-inch-diameter
pipe
a 4-percent increase, the 10 -percent
rise
but
4 percent citric acid
4 percent interest. (Note the absence
of an article: a, an, or the. The
word of is understood here.)
atomic energy power
bituminous coal industry
child welfare plan
civil rights case
civil service examination
durable goods industry
flood control study
free enterprise system
ground water levels
high school student
elementary school grade
income tax form
interstate commerce law
land bank loan
land use program
life insurance company
mutual security funds
national defense appropriation
natural gas company
per capita expenditure
Portland cement plant
production credit loan
public at large
public utility plant
real estate tax
small businessman
Social Security pension
soil conservation measures
special delivery mail
parcel post delivery
speech correction class
but no-hyphen rule (readability
aided); not no hyphen rule
Print without a hyphen a compound predicate adjective or predi-
cate noun the second element of which is a present participle.
The duties were price fixing. The shale was oil bearing.
The effects were far reaching. The area is used for beet raising.
100 Chapter 6
6.18. Print without a hyphen a compound predicate adjective the second
element of which is a past participle. Omit the hyphen in a predicate
modifier of comparative or superlative degree.
The area is drought stricken. This material is fire tested.
The paper is fine grained. The cars are higher priced.
Moderately fine grained wood. The reporters are better informed.
6.19. Print without a hyphen a two -word modifier the first element of
which is a comparative or superlative.
better drained soil but
best liked books uppercrust society
higher level decision lowercase, uppercase type
highest priced apartment upperclassman
larger sized dress bestseller (noun)
better paying job lighter-than-air craft
lower income group higher-than-market price
6.20. Do not use a hyphen in a two-word unit modifier the first element
of which is an adverb ending in ly, nor use hyphens in a three-word
unit modifier the first two elements of which are adverbs.
eagerly awaited moment but
wholly owned subsidiary ever-normal granary
unusually well preserved specimen ever-rising flood
very well defined usage still-new car
longer than usual lunch period still-lingering doubt
not too distant future well-known lawyer
most often heard phrase well-kept secret
6.21 . Proper nouns used as unit modifiers, either in their basic or derived
form, retain their original form; but the hyphen is printed when
combining forms.
Latin American countries Seventh-day Adventists
North Carolina roads but
a Mexican-American Minneapolis-St. Paul region
South American trade North American- South American
Spanish-American pride sphere
Winston-Salem festival French-English descent
African-American program Washington-Wilkes-Barre route
Anglo-Saxon period or Washington/Wilkes-Barre
Franco-Prussian War route
Compounding Rules
101
6.22. Do not confuse a modifier with the word it modifies.
6.23.
6.24.
6.25.
elderly clothesman
old-clothes man
competent shoemaker
wooden-shoe maker
field canning factory
tomato -canning factory
hrave servicemen
service men and women
light blue hat (weight)
light-blue hat (color)
average taxpayer
income-tax payer
American flagship (military)
American-flagship
well-trained schoolteacher
elementary school teacher
preschool children (kindergarten)
pre-school children (before school)
rezoned wastesite
hazardous-waste site
but
common stockholder
stock ownership
small businessman
working men and women
steam powerplant site
meat packinghouse owner
Where two or more hyphenated compounds have a common basic
element and this element is omitted in all but the last term, the hy-
phens are retained.
2- to 3- and 4- to 5-ton trucks
2- by 4-inch boards, but boards 2 to 6 inches wide
8-, 10-, and 16-foot boards
6.4-, 3.1-, and 2-percent pay raises
moss- and ivy-covered walls, not moss and ivy-covered walls
long- and short-term money rates, not long and short-term money rates
but twofold or threefold, not two or threefold
goat, sheep, and calf skins, not goat, sheep, and calfskins
intrastate and intracity, not intra-state and -city
American owned and managed companies
preoperative and postoperative examination
Do not use a hyphen in a unit modifier consisting of a foreign
phrase.
ante bellum days ex officio member per diem employee
bona fide transaction per capita tax prima facie evidence
Do not print a hyphen in a unit modifier containing a letter or a
numeral as its second element.
abstract B pages
article 3 provisions
class II railroad
grade A milk
point 4 program
ward D beds
102
Chapter 6
6.26.
6.27.
6.28.
Do not use a hyphen in a unit modifier enclosed in quotation marks
unless it is normally a hyphenated term, but quotation marks are
not to be used in lieu of a hyphen.
"blue sky" law but
"good neighbor" policy right-to-work law
"tie-in" sale line-item veto
Print combination color terms as separate words, but use a hyphen
when such color terms are unit modifiers.
bluish green
dark green
orange red
bluish-green feathers
iron-gray sink
silver-gray body
Do not use a hyphen between independent adjectives preceding a
noun.
big gray cat a fine old southern gentleman
Prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms
6.29. Print solid combining forms and prefixes, except as indicated
elsewhere.
afterbirth
Anglomania
antedate
an ti slavery
foiweekly
bylaw
circumnavigation
cisalpine
cooperate
contraposition
countercase
deenergize
demitasse
excommunicate
extracurricular
foretell
heroicomic
hypersensitive
hypoacid
inbound
infrared
interview
intraspinal
introvert
isometric
Microanalysis
mesothorax
metagenesis
microphone
misstate
monogram
multicolor
neophyte
nonneutral
offset
oufbake
overactive
pancosmic
paracentric
part/coated
peripatetic
p/anoconvex
polynodal
postscript
preexist
proconsul
pseudoscholastic
reenact
retrospect
semiofficial
stepfather
sufosecretary
supermarket
thermocouple
transonic
transship
tricolor
u/traviolet
unnecessary
underflow
Compounding Rules 103
6.30. Print solid combining forms and suffixes, except as indicated
elsewhere.
portable
geography
procurement
coverage
manhood
innermost
operate
selfish
partnership
plebiscite
pumpkin
lonesome
twenty fold
meatless
homestead
spoonful
outlet
northward
kilogram
wavelike
clockwise
6.31. Print solid words ending in like, but use a hyphen to avoid tripling a
consonant or when the first element is a proper name.
lifelike girllike Scotland-like
lilylike bell-like McArtor-like
6.32. Use a hyphen or hyphens to prevent mispronunciation, to ensure
a definite accent on each element of the compound, or to avoid
ambiguity.
anti-hog-cholera serum
re-cover (cover again)
co-occurrence
re-creation (create again)
co-op
re-lay (lay again)
mid-decade
re-sorting (sort again)
multi-ply (several plies)
re-treat (treat again)
non-civil-service position
un-ionized
non-tumor-bearing tissue
un-uniformity
pre-midcourse review
pre-position (before)
but
pro-choice
rereferred
pro-life
rereviewed
6.33. Use a hyphen to join duplicated prefixes.
re-redirect sub-subcommittee super-superlative
6.34. Print with a hyphen the prefixes ex, self, and quasi.
ex-governor quasi-argument
ex-serviceman quasi-corporation
ex-son-in-law quasi-young
ex-vice-president
self-control but
self-educated selfhood
quasi-academic selfsame
104
Chapter 6
6.35. Unless usage demands otherwise, use a hyphen to join a prefix or
combining form to a capitalized word. (The hyphen is retained in
words of this class set in caps.)
anti-American non-Federal
pro-British
un-American but
non-Government nongovernmental
neo-Nazi overanglicize
post-World War II transatlantic
or post-Second World War
Numerical compounds
6.36. Print a hyphen between the elements of compound numbers from
twenty-one to ninety-nine and in adjective compounds with a nu-
merical first element.
twenty- one
twenty-first
6 -footer
6-foot-ll-inch man
24-inch ruler
3-week vacation
8 -hour day
10-minute delay
20th-century progress
3-to-l ratio
5-to-4vote
.22-caliber cartridge
2-cent-per-pound tax
four-in-hand tie
three-and-twenty
two-sided question
multimillion-dollar fund
10-dollar-per-car tax
thirty- (30-) day period
but
one hundred twenty-one
100-odd
foursome
threescore
foursquare
$20 million airfield
second grade children
6.37. Print without a hyphen a modifier consisting of a possessive noun
preceded by a numeral. (See also rule 8.14.)
1 month's layoff 3 weeks' vacation
1 week's pay 1 minute's delay
2 hours' work but a 1-minute delay
Compounding Rules 105
6.38. Print a hyphen between the elements of a fraction, but omit it
between the numerator and the denominator when the hyphen ap-
pears in either or in both.
one-thousandth twenty-three thirtieths
two-thirds twenty-one thirty-seconds
two one-thousandths three-fourths of an inch
6.39. A unit modifier following and reading back to the word or words
modified takes a hyphen and is printed in the singular.
motor, alternating-current, 3-phase, 60-cycle, 115-volt
glass jars: 5-gallon, 2-gallon, 1-quart
hefts: 2-inch, lW-inch, Vi-inch, W-inch
Civil and military titles
6.40. Do not hyphenate a civil or military title denoting a single office,
but print a double title with a hyphen.
ambassador at large secretary-treasurer
assistant attorney general sergeant at arms
commander in chief treasurer-manager
comptroller general under secretary
Congressman at Large but under-secretaryship
major general vice president
notary public font vice-presidency
secretary general
6.41. The adjectives elect and designate, as the last element of a title, re-
quire a hyphen.
President-elect (Federal) ambassador-designate
Vice-President-elect (Federal) minister-designate
Secretary of Housing and Urban
Development-designate
106 Chapter 6
Scientific and technical terms
6.42. Do not print a hyphen in scientific terms (names of chemicals, dis-
eases, animals, insects, plants) used as unit modifiers if no hyphen
appears in their original form.
carbon monoxide poisoning whooping cough remedy
guinea pig raising bu(
hog cholera serum Russian-olive plantings
methyl bromide solution Douglas-fir tree
stem rust control
equivalent uranium content
6.43. Chemical elements used in combination with figures use a hyphen,
except with superior figures.
Freon-12 uranium-235 Sr 90
polonium-210 U 235 92 U 234
6.44. Note use of hyphens and closeup punctuation in chemical formulas.
9-nitroanthra(l,9 > 4 > 10)bis(l)oxathiazone-2,7-bisdioxide
Cr-Ni-Mo
2,4-D
6.45. Print a hyphen between the elements of technical or contrived com-
pound units of measurement.
candela-hour light-year work-year
crop-year passenger-mile but kilowatthour
horsepower-hour staff-hour
Improvised compounds
6.46. Print with a hyphen the elements of an improvised compound.
blue-pencil (v.) George "Pay-As-You-Go" Miller
18-year-old (n., u.m.) stick-in-the-mud (n.)
know-it-all (n.) let-George-do-it attitude
know-how (n.) how-to-be-beautiful course
lick-the-finger-and-test-the-wind hard-and-fast rule
economics penny-wise and pound-foolish policy
make-believe (n., u.m.) first-come-first- served basis
one-man-one-vote principle but a basis of first come, first served
roll-on/roll-off ship
Compounding Rules 107
6.47. Use hyphens in a prepositional-phrase compound noun consisting
of three or more words.
cat-o'-nine-tails man-of-war but
government-in-exile mother-in-law heir at law
grant-in-aid mother-of-pearl next of kin
jack-in-the-box patent-in-fee officer in charge
6.48. When the corresponding noun form is printed as separate words,
the verb form is always hyphenated.
cold-shoulder blue-pencil cross-brace
6.49. Print a hyphen in a compound formed of repetitive or conflicting
terms and in a compound naming the same thing under two aspects.
boogie-woogie hanky-panky young-old
comedy-ballet murder-suicide but
dead-alive nitty-gritty bowwow
devil-devil pitter-patter dillydally
even-stephen razzle-dazzle hubbub
farce-melodrama walkie-talkie nitwit
fiddle-faddle willy-nilly riffraff
6.50. Use a hyphen in a nonliteral compound expression containing an
apostrophe in its first element.
asses'-eyes bull's-eye crow's-nest
ass's-foot cat's-paw
6.51. Use a hyphen to join a single capital letter to a noun or a participle.
H-bomb C-section but
I-beam V-necked x ray
T-shaped S-iron x raying
U-boat T-square S turns
C-chip X-ed out
6.52. Print idiomatic phrases without hyphens.
come by insofar as nowadays
inasmuch as Monday week
7. Compounding Examples
7.1. The following examples are based on the rules for compounding
found in chapter 6. Obviously, this list or any other list of compound
words could not possibly be a complete reference due to sheer vol-
ume. However, an analogy of the words listed with like prefixes and
suffixes together with an application of the rules will result in easier
handling of those compound words not listed.
7.2. In order to keep the list from becoming cumbersome, certain re-
strictions had to be adopted.
7.3. The listing of hyphenated compounds ending in ed was kept to a
minimum. The rationale was to provide one or two examples under
a keyword rather than needless repetition.
7.4. Similarly, many two -word forms which create no difficulty were
omitted.
7.5. Care was exercised to achieve fuller coverage of solid compounds,
particularly when the adopted form is different than that of Webster's
Third New International Dictionary. This dictionary is GPO's guide
for spelling with the exception of those words listed in rule 5.2. It is
not GPO's guide to compounding.
7.6. A distinction exists between words used in a literal sense and a non-
literal sense. With few exceptions, one-word forms usually express
a nonliteral interpretation, while two -word forms invariably convey
a literal meaning. For example, a person may have an interesting
sideline or hobby, but be forced to sit on the side line during periods
of inactivity.
7.7. Distinction should also be made in the compounding of two words
to form an adjective modifier and the use of the same words as a
predicate adjective; e.g., "crystal- clear water," but "the water is crys-
tal clear"; "fire-tested material," but "the material is fire tested."
109
110 Chapter 7
7.8. Caution should be exercised when distinguishing whether a succes-
sion of words is being used as a compound or whether they simply
appear together. Consider, for example, "We know someone should
do it and who that some one ought to be."
7.9. For better appearance, it may sometimes be necessary to treat alike
words which would have different forms when they appear sepa-
rately; e.g., bumblebee and queen bee, farmhand and ranch hand. In
juxtaposition, these and similar words should be made uniform by
being printed as two words. This is only a temporary expedient and
does not supersede the list.
7.10. Combining forms and prefixes are usually printed solid. For greater
readability, the hyphen is sometimes used to avoid doubling a vowel
(anti-inflation, naso- orbital); to facilitate a normally capitalized word
(mid-April, non-European); to assure distinct pronunciation of each
element of a compound or ready comprehension of intended mean-
ing (contra-ion, un-ionized); or to join a combining form or prefix to
a hyphenated compound (equi-gram-molar, pro-mother-in-law).
7.11. As nouns and adjectives, holdup, calldown, layout, makeup, and
similar words should be printed solid. Their er derivatives, (holder-
up, caller-down, layer-out, and maker-up) require hyphens. Such
compounds as run-in, run-on, and tie-in resist quick comprehen-
sion when solid. They are therefore hyphenated.
7.12. Words spelled alike but pronounced differently, such as tear-dimmed
and tearsheet, wind tunnel and windup, are listed under the same
keyword.
7.13. Words printed flush in the following list combine with the words
which follow to indicate solid or hyphenated compounds. A space-
mark (#) appearing before an indented entry indicates a two -word
form, but two-word forms appearing in the adjective position usu-
ally take a hyphen.
7.14. To indicate word function, several abbreviations have been ap-
pended. They are: adv., adverb; n., noun; v., verb; u.m., unit modifier;
pref, prefix; cf, combining form; and conj., conjunction.
Compounding Examples
111
A
addle
-cooled (u.m.)
-slaked (u.m.)
A
brain
course
sleeve
BC(s) (n.)
head
crew
space
-B-C (u.m.)
pate
-dried (u.m.)
speed
-bomb
add-on (n., u.m.)
-driven (u.m.)
stream
-day
-flat
adeno (c.f.)
drome
strike
all one word
drop
strip
-frame
aero (c.f.)
-dry (u.m., v.)
#time (radio and
-pole
-otitis
fare
TV)
-sharp
rest one word
-floated (u.m.)
wave
a
afore
flow
woman
borning, etc.
all one word
foil
worthy
foot
after (c.f.)
-formed (u.m.)
alder-leaved (u.m.)
while (adv.)
all one word
frame
ale
abdomino (c.f.)
agar-agar
freight
cup
all one word
age
g a P
-fed (u.m.)
able
less
glow
glass
-bodied (u.m.)
long
hammer
alkali#land
-minded (u.m.)
-old (u.m.)
head
all
about-face
-stricken (u.m.)
hole
-absorbing (u.m.)
above
-weary (u.m.)
hose
-aged (u.m.)
-cited (u.m.)
agribusiness
lane
-American
deck
ague
lift
-clear (n., u.m.)
-found (u.m.)
-faced (u.m.)
#line (line for air)
-fired (u.m.)
-given (u.m.)
-plagued (u.m.)
line (aviation)
-flotation
ground (u.m.)
-sore (u.m.)
liner
(mining)
-mentioned (u.m.)
aide-de-camp
link
#fours
-named (u.m.)
air
locked
#in
-said (u.m.)
bag
mail
-inclusive (u.m.)
-water (u.m.)
base
mark (v.)
mark (printing)
-written (u.m.)
bill
marker
-out (u.m.)
absentminded
blast
mass
-possessed (u.m.)
ace-high (u.m.)
-blasted (u.m.)
minded
-round (u.m.)
acid
blown
park
spice
fast
brake
path
-star (u.m.)
-treat (v.)
brush
photo
time (u.m.)
works
burst
port (all
wise
ack-ack
cargo
meanings)
alleyway
acre
-clear (u.m.)
#raid
alio (c.f.)
-foot
coach
scoop
all one word
-inch
-condition (all
ship
almsgiver
actino (c.f.)
forms)
show
along
all one word
-cool (v.)
sick
ship
112
Chapter 7
shore
side
alpen
glow
stock
alpha
-cellulose
-iron
-naphthol
also-ran (n., u.m.)
alto
cumulus
relievo
stratus
amber
-clear (u.m.)
-colored (u.m.)
-tipped (u.m.)
ambi (c.f.)
all one word
amidships
amino
#acid
as prefix, all one
word
ampere
-foot
-hour
meter
-minute
-second
amphi (pref.)
all one word
amylo (c.f.)
all one word
anchor
hold
#light
plate
angel
cake
-eyed (u.m.)
-faced (u.m.)
food
angio (c.f.)
all one word
angle
hook
meter
wing
worm
Anglo (c.f.)
-American, etc.
rest one word
anhydr(o) (c.f.)
all one word
ankle
bone
-deep (u.m.)
jack
ant
eater
hill
ante (pref.)
#bellum, etc.
-Christian, etc.
#mortem
mortem
(nonliteral)
rest one word
antero (c.f.)
all one word
anthra (c.f.)
all one word
anthropo (c.f.)
all one word
anti (pref.)
-American, etc.
-choice
christ
god
-hog-cholera
(u.m.)
-icer
-imperial
-inflation, etc.
-life
-missile-missile
(u.m.)
missile
personnel
trust, etc.
-New#Deal, etc.
rest one word
antro (c.f.)
all one word
anvil
-faced (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
any
body
how
one
#one (one thing
or one of
a group)
place (adv.)
aorto (c.f.)
all one word
apo (pref.)
all one word
apple
cart
jack
#juice
sauce
-scented (u.m.)
April-fool (v.)
aqua
culture
lung
marine
meter
puncture
tint
tone
aquo (c.f.)
-ion
rest one word
arc
-over (n., u.m.)
-weld (v.)
arch (pref.)
band
bishop
duke
enemy
-Protestant
archeo (c.f.)
all one word
archi (pref.)
all one word
archo (c.f.)
all one word
areo (c.f.)
all one word
aristo (c.f.)
all one word
arithmo (c.f.)
all one word
arm
band
bone
chair
hole
lift
pit
plate
rack
rest
-shaped (u.m.)
armor
-clad (u.m.)
-piercing (u.m.)
plate
-plated (u.m.)
smith
arm's-length (u.m.)
arrow
head
-leaved (u.m.)
plate
Compounding Examples
113
-shaped (u.m.)
shot
-toothed (u.m.)
arseno (c.f.)
all one word
art-colored (u.m.)
arterio (c.f.)
all one word
arthro (c.f.)
all one word
artillery
man
woman
asbestos
-covered (u.m.)
-packed (u.m.)
ash
bin
can
-colored (u.m.)
-free (u.m.)
-gray (u.m.)
#heap
pan
pile
pit
tray
assembly
#line
man
#room
astro (c.f.)
all one word
attorney#at#law
audio
frequency
gram
meter
tape
visual
auri (c.f.)
-iodide
rest one word
authorship
auto (c.f.)
-logon
matic#backup
-objective
-observation
-omnibus
-ophthalmoscope
rest one word
awe
-bound (u.m.)
-filled (u.m.)
-inspired (u.m.)
some
ax
-adz
-grinding (u.m.)
hammer
head
-shaped (u.m.)
axletree
axo (c.f.)
all one word
azo (c.f.)
-orange
-orchil
-orseilline
rest one word
B
B-flat
baby
#boomer
face (n.)
#food
sit (v.)
sitter
back
ache
band
bite (v.)
biter
bone
breaker
cap
chain
charge
-country (u.m.)
cross
date
down (n., u.m.)
drop
face
feed
fill
fire
flap
flash
flow
-focus (v.)
furrow
ground
hand
haul
-in (n., u.m.)
lash
list (v.)
log
lotter
packer (n.)
paddle (v.)
pay
payment
pedal (v.)
plate
rest
road
run
saw
scatter
set
shift
slide
space
spin
spread
staff
stage
stairs
stamp
stay
stitch
stop
strap
-streeter
stretch (n.)
string
strip (book)
stroke
-swath (v.)
swept
swing
tack
talk
tender
tenter
-titrate (v.)
track (v.)
trail
up (n., u.m.)
wall
wash
water
backer
-down
-off
-up
bag
boy
-cheeked (u.m.)
girl
pipe
-shaped (u.m.)
baggage
man
#rack
#room
#train
bailout (n., u.m.)
114
Chapter 7
bake
oven
pan
shop
bald
faced
head (n.)
pate
ball
field
#game
-like
park (nonliteral)
#park (literal)
player
point (n., u.m.)
stock
ballot#box
band
aid
box
cutter
saw
stand
string
-tailed (u.m.)
wagon
width
bandy
ball
-legged (u.m.)
hangup (n., u.m.)
bank
hook
note
#paper
side (stream)
bantamweight
bar
#bit
code
keeper
maid
post
tender
-wound (u.m.)
bare
-armed (u.m.)
hack
hone
faced
foot
handed
legged
necked
worn
barge-laden (u.m.)
bark
cutter
peel
-tanned (u.m.)
barley
corn
mow
#water
barnstormer
barrel
head
-roll (v.)
-shaped (u.m.)
base
hall
hall#hat
line
Mine (surveying)
-minded (u.m.)
basi (c.f.)
all one word
basketball
bas-relief
bat
blind
-eyed (u.m.)
fowl
wing
batcbMle
bath
mat
robe
# towel
tub
batswing (cloth)
hattercake
battle
ax
-fallen (u.m.)
front
ground
-scarred (u.m.)
ship
stead
wagon
haud#rate
bayholt
beach
comber
head
wagon
bead
flush
roll
beak
head
iron
-shaped (u.m.)
beam
filling
-making (u.m.)
bean
bag
cod
-fed (u.m.)
pole
pot
setter
-shaped (u.m.)
stalk
bear
baiting
herd
hide
hound
off (n., u.m.)
trap
beater
-out
-up
beauty
-blind (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
#shop
heaverpelt
bed
board
chair
chamber
clothes
cord
cover
-fallen (u.m.)
fast
fellow
frame
lamp
linen
pad
pan
plate
post
quilt
rail
#rest
ridden
rock
sheet
sick
side
sore
space
spread
spring
stand
Compounding Examples
115
stead
straw
time
bee
bread
-eater
herd
hive
keeper
line
way
beechnut
beef
eater
#extract
-faced (u.m.)
head
steak
tongue
bees
wax
wing
beet
field
#sugar
beetle
-browed (u.m.)
head
stock
before
-cited (u.m.)
hand
-mentioned (u.m.)
-named (u.m.)
behindhand
bell
-bottomed (u.m.)
crank
-crowned (u.m.)
hanger
hop
mouthed
ringer
wether
belly
ache
band
buster
button
fed (u.m.)
pinch
belowstairs
belt
-driven (u.m.)
saw
bench
fellow
-hardened (u.m.)
made (u.m.)
mark (nonliteral)
#mark (surveying)
warmer
bentwing (n., u.m.)
benzo (c.f.)
all one word
berry-brown (u.m.)
best
#man
seller (n.)
beta
-glucose
tron
between
decks
whiles
bi (pref.)
-iliac
rest one word
big
-eared (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
head (ego)
horn (sheep)
-horned (u.m.)
-leaguer
mouthed
name (top rank)
(n., u.m.)
bill
back
beetle
broker
fold
head
hook
poster
sticker
billet
-doux
head
billingsgate
bio (c.f.)
-aeration
-osmosis
rest one word
birchbark
bird
bath
bander
cage
call
catcher
#dog (literal)
dog (nonliteral)
-eyed (u.m.)
-faced (u.m.)
life
lime
lore
mouthed
seed
shot
watcher
bird's
-eye
#nest (literal) (n.)
-nest (n.,u.m., v.)
birth
bed
#date
day
mark
place
right
#year
biscuit-shaped
(u.m.)
bismuto (c.f.)
all one word
bit
stock
-mapped
bitter
-ender
head
sweet
-tongued (u.m.)
black
ball (nonliteral)
-bordered (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
guard
jack
leg
list
mail
mark
#market (n.)
-market (u.m., v.)
-marketer
out (n., u.m.)
plate (printing)
print
-robed (u.m.)
#sheep (all
meanings)
shirted
snake
strap (n.)
-tie (u.m.)
top
#widow
116
Chapter 7
blast
-hot (u.m.)
hole
hound
plate
letting
blasto (c.f.)
mobile
all one word
-red (u.m.)
bleach
ripe
ground
shed
works
shot
blear
spiller
eye
spot
-eyed (u.m.)
stain
-witted (u.m.)
stock
blepharo (c.f.)
stream
all one word
sucker
blight-resistant
thirsty
(u.m.)
-warm (u.m.)
blind
bloody
-bomb (v.)
-nosed (u.m.)
-flying (u.m.)
-red (u.m.)
fold
blossom
-loaded (u.m.)
-bordered (u.m.)
#man
-laden (u.m.)
spot
blow
stitch
back
story
by (n., u.m.)
blink-eyed (u.m.)
cock
blithe-looking (u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
blitz
gun
buggy
hard (n.)
krieg
hole
block
iron
buster
lamp
head
off (n., u.m.)
hole (v.)
out (n., u.m.)
ship
pipe
blood
spray
-alcohol (u.m.)
through (u.m.)
bath
torch
beat
tube
curdling
up (n., u.m.)
-drenched (u.m.)
blue
-giving (u.m.)
-annealed (u.m.)
guilty
beard (n.)
blood
setter
bonnet
shop
book (nonliteral)
side
bottle
swain
coat (n.)
wright
-eyed (u.m.)
yard
gill
bob
grass
cat
-gray (u.m.)
sled
-green (u.m.)
stay
-hot (u.m.)
tail
jack
white
jacket
bobby
nose
pin
-pencil (v.)
-soxer
point (oyster)
body
print
bearer
stocking
bending
streak (nonliteral)
builder
tongue (n.)
-centered (u.m.)
[under
guard
buss
-mind
head
plate
lunt
bog
-edged (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
-spoken (u.m.)
land
oar
man
spear
trot (v.)
staff
boil
oard
down (n., u.m.)
#foot
off (n., u.m.)
rack
out (n., u.m.)
walk
over (n., u.m.)
oat
boiler
builder
-off
crew
-out
head
plate
hook
works
house
boiling#house
loader
bold
owner
face (printing)
#people
-spirited (u.m.)
Compounding Examples
117
bolt
cutter
head
hole
-shaped (u.m.)
strake
bomb
drop
fall
shell
sight
thrower
-throwing (u.m.)
bone
ache
#ash
black
breaker
-bred (u.m.)
-dry (u.m.)
-eater
-hard (u.m.)
head
lace
meal
set
shaker
-white (u.m.)
boobytrap
boogie-woogie
book
binder
case
dealer
#end
fair
-fed (u.m.)
fold
-learned (u.m.)
-lined (u.m.)
list
lore
lover
mark
mobile
plate
rack
rest
sale
seller
shelf
stack
stall
stamp
stand
stitch
-stitching (u.m.)
-taught (u.m.)
wright
boom
town
truck
boondoggling
boot
black
hose
jack
lace
last
leg
lick
strap
bore
hole
safe
sight
bosom
-deep (u.m.)
-folded (u.m.)
-making (u.m.)
bottle
-fed (u.m.)
neck
-nosed (u.m.)
bottom#land
boughpot
bow
back
bent
grace
head
knot
legged
-necked (u.m.)
pin
shot
sprit
stave
string
wow
box
car
haul
head (printing)
truck
boxer
-off
-up
brachio (c.f.)
all one word
brachy (c.f.)
all one word
brain
cap
child
-cracked (u.m.)
pan
sick
-spun (u.m.)
storm
-tired (u.m.)
wash
brake
drum
head
meter
shoe
brandnew (u.m.)
brandy
-burnt (u.m.)
wine
brass
-armed (u.m.)
-bold (u.m.)
-smith
works
brave
hearted
-looking (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
brazen
-browed (u.m.)
face
bread
basket
crumb
earner
fruit
#knife
liner
plate
seller
stuff
#tray
winner
break
away (n., u.m.)
ax
back (n., u.m.)
bone (fever)
#circuit
down (n., u.m.)
-even (u.m.)
fast
fast#room
front
-in (n., u.m.)
neck
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
point
118
Chapter 7
through (n., u.m.)
giver
-pointed (u.m.)
hood
up (n., u.m.)
taker
broad
-in-law
wind (n.)
bric-a-brac
acre
brow
reaker
brick
ax
beat
-down
bat
band (n., u.m.)
point
-off
-built (u.m.)
-beamed (u.m.)
post
-up
-colored (u.m.)
brim
brown
reast
kiln
cast
back
band
layer
cloth
-eyed (u.m.)
beam
liner
head
out (n., u.m.)
bone
mason
#jump
print
-deep (u.m.)
-red (u.m.)
leaf(n.)
brush
-fed (u.m.)
setter
-leaved (u.m.)
ball
feed
work
loom
#holder
-high (u.m.)
yard
minded
off (n., u.m.)
hook
bride
-mouthed (u.m.)
-treat (v.)
mark
bed
share (n., v.)
brusher
piece
bowl
sheet (n.)
-off
pin
cake
side
-up
plate
chamber
sword
buck
plow
cup
wife
eye
rail
groom
woven
-eyed (u.m.)
rope
knot
broken
horn
work
lace
-down (u.m.)
hound
reath
maiden
-legged (u.m.)
passer
-blown (u.m.)
stake
-mouthed (u.m.)
plate
-tainted (u.m.)
bridge
bromo (c.f.)
pot
taking
builder
all one word
saw
reech
head
bronchio (c.f.)
shot
block
pot
all one word
skinned
cloth
tree
broncho (c.f.)
stall
loader
#wall
all one word
stay
-loading (u.m.)
work
broncobuster
stove
lock
briefcase
bronze
tooth
pin
bright
-clad (u.m.)
wagon
plug
-colored (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
wash
sight
-eyed (u.m.)
-red (u.m.)
bucket-shaped
reeze
brilliant
broom
(u.m.)
-borne (u.m.)
-cut (u.m.)
#handle
bufF
-lifted (u.m.)
-green (u.m.)
-leaved (u.m.)
-tipped (u.m.)
-swept (u.m.)
brine-soaked (u.m.)
-making (u.m.)
ware
way
bringer-up
stick
-yellow (u.m.)
ribe
bristle
brother
bug
-free (u.m.)
cone (u.m.)
-german
bear
Compounding Examples
119
bite
kite
-weld (v.)
cabinet
-eyed (u.m.)
bung
butter
maker
build
hole
ball
making
down (n., u.m.)
start
-colored (u.m.)
cable-laid (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
burn
fat
caco (c.f.)
built
-in (n., u.m.)
fingers
all one word
-in (u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
head
cage#bird
-up (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
milk
cake
bulb-tee (u.m.)
burned-over (u.m.)
mouth
baker
bulbo (c.f.)
burner-off
nut
bread
all one word
burnt
print
-eater
bulk
-out (u.m.)
-rigged (u.m.)
mixer
head
-up (u.m.)
scotch
-mixing (u.m.)
-pile (v.)
bus
-smooth (u.m.)
pan
weigh (v.)
boy
wife
walk
bull
#conductor
-yellow (u.m.)
calci (c.f.)
baiting
driver
button
all one word
dog
fare
-eared (u.m.)
calk-weld (v.)
doze
girl
-headed (u.m.)
call
-faced (u.m.)
line
hold
back (n., u.m.)
fight
load
bush
hole
box
frog
hook
down (n., u.m.)
head
mold
-in (n., u.m.)
-mouthed (u.m.)
beater
buzzerphone
note
neck
buck
by
-off (n., u.m.)
nose
fighter
-and-by
out (n., u.m.)
pen
-grown (u.m.)
-the -way (n.,
-over (n., u.m.)
ring
hammer
u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
#terrier
toad
-leaguer
-your-leave (n.,
u.m.)
camshaft
camel
-voiced (u.m.)
ranger
rest one word
back (rubber)
whack
whacker
-backed (u.m.)
whip
wife
C
driver
bullet
bustup (n., u.m.)
c
-faced (u.m.)
head
busy
-sharp
camel's-hair (u.m.)
maker
body
-star
camp
proof
-fingered (u.m.)
-tube
fire
bull's
head
cab
ground
-eye (nonliteral)
butt
driver
stool
-foot
-joint (v.)
fare
can
bumble
saw
#owner
capper
bee
stock
stand
not
foot
strap
cabbagehead
#opener
120
Chapter 7
canalside
-mile
carpo (c.f.)
-out
candle
owner
-olecranal
castlebuilder
bomb
pool
rest one word
(nonliteral)
-foot
port
carriage-making
cat
holder
sick
(u.m.)
back
-hour
wash
carrot
beam
lighter
lit
carbo (c.f.)
all one word
-colored (u.m.)
head (nonliteral)
bird
call
-meter
power
carbol (c.f.)
all one word
juice
top (nonliteral)
-eyed (u.m.)
face (n.)
-shaped (u.m.)
carcino (c.f.)
carry
fall
stand
stick
all one word
card
all (n.,u.m.)
around (n., u.m.)
gut
head
wick
wright
candystick
cane
case
-index (u.m., v.)
player
sharp
stock
back (n., u.m.)
forward (n.)
-in (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
hole
hook
-ion
like
-backed (u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
nap
brake
crusher
cutter
#sugar
canker
-eaten (u.m.)
-mouthed (u.m.)
cannonball
cardio (c.f.)
-aortic
rest one word
care
free
giver
-laden (u.m.)
cart
load
wheel (coin)
whip
wright
case
bearer
finding
nip
-o'-nine-tails
stitch
walk
CAT scan
catch
all (n.,u.m.)
-as-catch-can
canvas-covered
(u.m.)
taker
-tired (u.m.)
hammer
harden
(u.m.)
cry
cap
worn
load
penny
-flash (v.)
carpet
mated
plate
nut
bagger
worker
up (n., u.m.)
screw
beater
caser-in
weight
sheaf
#cleaner
cashflow
word
shore
-cleaning (u.m.)
cast
cater
car
-covered (u.m.)
away (n.,u.m.)
corner
barn
fitter
back (n., u.m.)
wauling
break
layer
-by (u.m.)
cat's
builder
-smooth (u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
-eye (nonliteral)
fare
-sweeping (u.m.)
out (n„ u.m.)
-paw (nonliteral
goose
weaver
-ridden (u.m.)
cattle
hop
-weaving (u.m.)
-weld (v.)
#boat
j acker
web
caster
feed
lot
woven
-off
-raising (u.m.)
Compounding Examples
121
yak
cauliflower
-eared (u.m.)
#ware
causeway
cave
dweller
-dwelling (u.m.)
#fish
-in (n., u.m.)
cease-fire (n., u.m.)
cedar-colored (u.m.)
celi (c.f.)
all one word
celio (c.f.)
all one word
cell
cement
-covered (u.m.)
mason
-temper (v.)
census
#taker
-taking
center
#field (sports)
head (printing)
line
most
piece
-second
centi (c.f.)
all one word
centimeter-gram-
second
centri (c.f.)
all one word
centro (c.f.)
all one word
cephalo (c.f.)
all one word
cerato (c.f.)
all one word
cerebro (c.f.)
-ocular
rest one word
certificate holder
cervico (c.f.)
-occipital
-orbicular
rest one word
cess
pipe
pit
pool
chaffcutter
chain
#belt
-driven (u.m.)
#gang
stitch
chair
fast
mender
person
-shaped (u.m.)
warmer
chalk
cutter
line
-white (u.m.)
chamber
maid
woman
changeover
chapfallen
chapelgoing
char
broiler
coal
pit
woman
charge
#book
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
chartbook
chattermark
cheapskate
check
bite
forger
hook
-in (n., u.m.)
list
mark
nut
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
passer (n.)
point
rack
rail
rein
ring
roll
rope
row
sheet
strap
string
up (n., u.m.)
washer
weigher
writer
checker
-in
-off
-out
-up
cheek
bone
strap
cheerleader
cheese
burger
cake
cloth
curd
cutter
head
lip
parer
plate
chemico (c.f.)
all one word
chemo (c.f.)
all one word
cherry
-colored (u.m.)
stone (nonliteral)
#stone (literal)
chestnut
-colored (u.m.)
-red (u.m.)
chicken
bill
-billed (u.m.)
#breast
breasted
#coop
#farm
feed
heart
pox
#yard
chief
#justice
-justiceship
#mate
child
bearing
bed
birth
care
crowing
hood
kind
life
-minded (u.m.)
ridden
wife
122
Chapter 7
chill-cast (u.m., v.)
chin
band
-bearded (u.m.)
-chin
cloth
cough
-high (u.m.)
rest
strap
china
-blue (u.m.)
#shop
ware
Chinatown
chipmunk
chiro (c.f.)
all one word
chisel
-cut (u.m.)
-edged (u.m.)
#maker
chitchat
chitter-chatter
chloro (c.f.)
all one word
chock
ablock
-full (u.m.)
chocolate
-brown (u.m.)
-coated (u.m.)
#maker
choir
boy
#master
choke
bore
chain
damp
out (n., u.m.)
point
strap
chole (c.f.)
all one word
chondro (c.f.)
-osseous
rest one word
chop
-chop
stick
chowchow
Christ
-given (u.m.)
-inspired (u.m.)
like
chromo (c.f.)
all one word
chrono (c.f.)
all one word
chuck
hole
plate
wagon
chucklehead
chunkhead
church
#choir
goer
like
work
yard
churn
-butted (u.m.)
milk
cigar
case
cutter
-shaped (u.m.)
cigarette
#holder
#maker
-making (u.m.)
cine (c.f.)
all one word
circuitbreaker
circum (pref.)
arctic, pacific,
etc.
-Saturnal, etc.
rest one word
cirro (c.f.)
all one word
cis (pref.)
alpine
atlantic
-trans (u.m.)
rest one word
city
-born (u.m.)
-bred (u.m.)
folk
#man
scape
clam
bake
shell
clampdown (n.,
u.m.)
clap
net
trap
clasphook
class
book
-conscious (u.m.)
#consciousness
#day
work
claw
bar
-footed (u.m.)
hammer
hatchet
-tailed (u.m.)
clay
bank
-colored (u.m.)
pan
pit
works
clean
-cut (u.m.)
handed
out (n., u.m.)
-shaved (u.m.)
-smelling (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
clear
cole
-cut (u.m.)
cut (forestry) (n.,
v.)
-eyed (u.m.)
headed
-sighted (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
wing
clearinghouse
cleft
-footed (u.m.)
-graft (v.)
client/server
cliff
dweller
-dwelling (u.m.)
hanger
side
top
-worn (u.m.)
clinch-built (u.m.)
clink-clank
clinker-built (u.m.)
clip
-clop
-edged (u.m.)
sheet
clipper-built (u.m.)
cloak
-and-dagger (n.,
u.m.)
room
Compounding Examples
123
clock
case
face
-minded (u.m.)
setter
#speed
watcher
clod
head
hopping
pate
close
hred
-connected (u.m.)
cross
-cut (u.m.)
down (n.)
-fertilize (v.)
fisted
handed
-knit
minded
mouthed
out (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
closed
-circuit (u.m.)
#end
#shop
cloth-hacked (u.m.)
clothes
hag
basket
brush
#closet
horse
pin
line
press
rack
#tree
cloud
base
burst
cap
-hidden (u.m.)
clover
bloom
leaf
seed
sick
club
#car
foot
hand
haul
mobile
ridden
room
root
-shaped (u.m.)
co (pref.)
-op
exist, operate, etc.
processor
rest one word
coach
-and-four
builder
whip
coal
bag
bed
bin
-black (u.m.)
breaker
#car
dealer
digger
-faced (u.m.)
hole
-laden (u.m.)
#loader
#mine
#oil
pit
rake
sack (astron. only)
shed
ship
#tar
#truck
yard
coastside
coat
hanger
rack
tailed
cob
head
meal
shed
web
cock
bill
brain
crow
eye
fight
head
pit
#robin
spur
sure
-tailed (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
cockleshell
cockscomb
cod
bank
fishing
head
#liver
piece
pitchings
smack
code
#name
-named (u.m.)
coffee
break
cake
-colored (u.m.)
-growing (u.m.)
pot
room
cofferdam
coffin-headed (u.m.)
cogwheel
coin-operated
(u.m.)
cold
blooded
-chisel (v.)
cuts
-draw (v.)
finch
-flow (v.)
-forge (v.)
frame
-hammer (v.)
-hammered (u.m.)
pack
-press (v.)
-roll (v.)
-rolled (u.m.)
-short (u.m.)
-shortness
-shoulder (v.)
type (printing)
#war
#wave
-work (v.)
cole
seed
slaw
coli (c.f.)
all one word
collar
bag
band
bone
124
Chapter 7
colo (c.f.)
all one word
color
bearer
blind
#blindness
fast
-free (u.m.)
Mine
type (printing)
(n.)
-washed (u.m.)
comb-toothed
(u.m.)
come
-along (tool)
back (n., u.m.)
-between (n.)
down (n.)
-off (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
-out (n.)
-outer
uppance
comic#book
command
-line
#prompt
commander#in
#chief
common
-carrier
#law
place
#sense (n.)
sense (u.m.)
weal
wealth
companionship
compressed#file
comptime
cone
-shaped (u.m.)
speaker
conference#room
Congressman#at
#Large
contra (pref.)
-acting
-approach
-ion
rest one word
cook
book
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
shack
stove
coolheaded
cooped
-in (u.m.)
-up (u.m.)
cop
#out (v.)
out (n.)
copper
-bottomed (u.m.)
-colored (u.m.)
head
-headed (u.m.)
#mine
nose
plate
-plated (u.m.)
smith
works
copy
cat
cutter
desk
#editor
fitter
holding
reader
right
writer
coral
-beaded (u.m.)
-red (u.m.)
cork
-lined (u.m.)
screw
corn
bin
bread
cake
cob
cracker
crib
crusher
cutter
dodger
-fed (u.m.)
husk
loft
meal
#pone
stalk
starch
corner
bind
post
corpsmember
cost
#effective (n.)
-effectiveness
wise
costo (c.f.)
all one word
cotton
-clad (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
-growing (u.m.)
#mill
mouth (snake)
packer
picker, ing
seed
sick
countdown (n., u.m.)
counter
#check (banking)
#septum
-off
act, propaganda,
top, etc.
as combining
form, one
word
country
-born (u.m.)
-bred (u.m.)
folk
people
side
wide
county
#seat
wide
court
bred
-martial
ship
cousin
-german
hood
-in-law
cover
alls
let
side
up (n., u.m.)
cow
barn
bell
catcher
-eyed (u.m.)
gate
hand
herd
hide
hitch
Compounding Examples
125
lick
path
pen
#pony
pox
puncher
shed
sucker
crab
cake
catcher
eater
faced
hole
meat
stick
crack
down (n., u.m.)
house (slang)
jaw
pot
-the -whip (n.,
u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
cradle
side
#snatcher
song
cranio (c.f.)
all one word
crank
case
-driven (u.m.)
pin
pit
shaft
crapehanger
crashdive (v.)
crawlup (n., u.m.)
crazy
bone
cat
cream
cake
-colored (u.m.)
creditworthiness
creek
bed
side
creep
hole
mouse
crepe#de#chine
crestfallen
crew
cut
member
cribstrap
crime
fighter
solver
wave
crisscross
crook
all one word
crooked
-foot (n.)
-legged (u.m.)
-nosed (u.m.)
crop
-bound (u.m.)
-haired (u.m.)
head
mark
-year
cross
-appeal
arm
band
bar
beam
bearer
bedded
belt
bench
-bidding
bill (bird)
#bill (legal)
bind
bolt
bond
bones
bred
breed
-bridge (v.)
-brush (v.)
-carve (v.)
-channel (u.m.)
-check
-claim
-compound (v.)
-connect (v.)
-country (u.m.)
-cultivate (v.)
current
-curve (math.) (n.)
cut
-date (v.)
-drain (v.)
-dye (v.)
-dyeing (n.)
-examine (v.)
-eye (n., u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
fall
feed
-fertile (u.m.)
-fertilize (v.)
-fiber (u.m.)
file
fire
flow
foot
-grained (u.m.)
hair
hand
hatch
haul
head
-immunity
-index (u.m.)
-interrogate (v.)
-interrogatory
-invite (v.)
legged
legs
-level (v.)
-license (v.)
lift (v.)
lock
lots
mark
member
patch
path
plow (v.)
-pollinate (v.)
-purpose (n.)
-question
rail
-reaction
-refer (v.)
-reference
road
row
-service
-shaft
-slide
-staff
-sterile
-stitch
-stone
-stratification
-sue (v.)
-surge (v.)
talk
tie
town
track
trail
tree
under (n., u.m.)
-vote
126
Chapter 7
walk
web
wind
word
crow
bait
bar
foot
crownbar
crow's
-foot (nonliteral)
-nest (nonliteral)
crybaby
crypto (c.f.)
-Christian, etc.
rest one word
crystal
-clear (u.m.)
-girded (u.m.)
-smooth (u.m.)
cubbyhole
cumulo (c.f.)
all one word
cup
bearer
cake
ful
head
curb
side
stoner
cure-all (n., u.m.)
curly
head
locks (n.)
currycomb
cussword
custom
-built (u.m.)
-made (u.m.)
-tailored (u.m.)
cut
away (n.,u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
glass
-in (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
rate (u.m.)
throat
-toothed (u.m.)
-under (u.m.)
-up (n.,u.m.)
cutter
-built (u.m.)
-down
head
-off
-out
-rigged (u.m.)
-up
cuttlebone
cyano (c.f.)
all one word
cyber
cyclecar
cyclo (c.f.)
-olefin
rest one word
cysto (c.f.)
all one word
cyto (c.f.)
all one word
D
-day
-major
-plus-4-day
dairy
-fed (u.m.)
-made (u.m.)
daisy#chain
damp
proofing
-stained (u.m.)
damping-off (n.,
u.m.)
dancehall
danger#line
dare
-all (n., u.m.)
devil
say
dark
-eyed (u.m.)
horse (nonliteral)
room (n.)
-skinned (u.m.)
dash
plate
wheel
data
bank
base
set
date
lined
mark
daughter-in-law
dawn
-gray (u.m.)
streak
day
beam
bed
break
-bright (u.m.)
care
dawn
dream
-fly (aviation) (v.)
-flying (u.m.)
going
lighted
lit
long (u.m.)
mark
side
star
-to-day (u.m.)
worker
de (pref.)
-air
icer
-ink
-ion
centralize,
energize, etc.
rest one word
dead
-alive
beat (n.)
born
-burn (v.)
#center
-cold (u.m.)
-dip (v.)
-drunk (u.m.)
-ender
eye (n.)
-eyed (u.m.)
fall
head
-heated (u.m.)
-heater
-heavy (u.m.)
latch
#load
lock
pan
-roast (v.)
weight (n., u.m.)
wood
death
bed
blow
day
-divided (u.m.)
-doom (v.)
#house
-struck (u.m.)
Compounding Examples
127
trap
top (n., u.m.)
die
watch
dessert
-away (u.m.)
-weary (u.m.)
#fork
back
decisionmaking
#knife
case
deckhand
spoon
-cast (u.m., v.)
deep
deutero (c.f.)
caster
-affected (u.m.)
all one word
-cut (u.m., v.)
-cut (u.m.)
devil
cutter
-felt (u.m.)
-devil
hard (n.,u.m.)
-freeze (u.m., v.)
dog (a marine)
head
-frying (u.m.)
-inspired (u.m.)
#proof (philately)
going
-ridden (u.m.)
(n.)
-grown (u.m.)
dew
setter
-laid (u.m.)
beam
sinker
most
cap
-square (u.m.)
mouthed
-clad (u.m.)
stock
-rooted (u.m.)
claw
diesel
#sea
damp
-driven (u.m.)
-seated (u.m.)
-drenched (u.m.)
-electric (u.m.)
-set (u.m.)
drop
dillydally
-sunk (u.m.)
fall
dim
-voiced (u.m.)
-fed (u.m.)
-lighted (u.m.)
water (u.m.)
deer
-laden (u.m.)
lit
drive (n.)
lap
out (n., u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
point
diner-out
food
dextro (c.f.)
ding
herd
all one word
bat
horn
di (pref.)
dong
hound
all one word
dining#room
meat
dia (pref.)
dinitro (c.f.)
stalker
all one word
#spray
stand
dialog#box
rest one word
tick
dial-up
dip
dehydr(o) (c.f)
diamond
-dye (v.)
all one word
back
-grained (u.m.)
demi (pref.)
-backed (u.m.)
head
-Christian, etc.
-shaped (u.m.)
stick
-incognito
diazo (c.f.)
dipper-in
rest one word
-oxide
direct
dermato (c.f.)
rest one word
-connected (u.m.)
all one word
dice
-indirect
desk
cup
direction-finding
#room
play
(u.m.)
dirt
-cheap (u.m.)
fast
-incrusted (u.m.)
plate
dirty
-faced (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
#work
dis (pref.)
all one word
dish
cloth
#cover
pan
rack
rag
# towel
washer
disk
#drive
jockey
pack
plow
-shaped (u.m.)
ditch
bank
digger
rider
side
dive
-bomb (v.)
#bomber
do
-all (n., u.m.)
-gooder
-little (n.,u.m.)
-nothing (n.,
u.m.)
dock
hand
head
side
worker
128
Chapter 7
dog
frame
-duty (u.m.)
face
bite
head
-dye (v.)
fall
-bitten (u.m.)
jamb
-edged (u.m.)
feed
breeder
keeper
-ender
filled
cart
knob
-entendre
flow
catcher
knocker
handed
fold
#days
mat
-headed (u.m.)
grade
-drawn (u.m.)
nail
header
gradient
-ear (v.)
#opener
-jointed
growth
-eared (u.m.)
plate
-leaded (u.m.)
hanging
face (soldier)
post
-quick (u.m.)
haul
-faced (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
-sided
hearted
fall
sill
#space (v.)
hill
fight
step
#take
lead
food
stop
talk
load
-headed (u.m.)
dope
tone (printing)
lock (n.)
hole
fiend
tree
look
leg
passer
-trouble
most
#owner
pusher
-up (u.m., v.)
payment
race
sheet
#work
pour
shore
dorsi (c.f.)
dough
rate
sled
all one word
boy
right
-tired (u.m.)
dorso (c.f.)
-colored (u.m.)
river
tooth
-occipital
face
rush
-toothed (u.m.)
rest one word
-faced (u.m.)
shore
trick
dot
head
side
trot
-matrix
mixer
sitting
watch
#pitch
nut
slip
-weary (u.m.)
double
down
slope
doll
-barrel (n., u.m.)
beat
-soft (u.m.)
face
-barreled (u.m.)
by
spout
-faced (u.m.)
-bitt (v.)
cast
stage
dollyhead
-breasted (u.m.)
check
stairs
donkey
-charge (v.)
coast
state
back
check (n., v.)
come
stream
-drawn (u.m.)
checked (u.m., v.)
-covered (u.m.)
street
-eared (u.m.)
-chinned (u.m.)
crier
stroke
doomsday
-click
cry
sun (adv., u.m.)
door
cross (nonliteral)
curved
swing
bed
deal (v.)
cut
take
bell
-decker
dale
throw
case
dipper
draft
thrust
check
(nonliteral)
drag
time
Compounding Examples
129
town
trampling
trend
trodden
turn
valley
weigh
weight
wind
draft
age (allowance)
#age
-exempt (u.m.)
drag
bar
bolt
net
pipe
rope
saw
staff
wire
dragger
-down
-in
-out
-up
dragon
-eyed (u.m.)
fly
#piece
drain
cleaner
pipe
plug
tile
drainage
#area
#basin
way
draw
-arch (n.)
back
bar
beam
bench
bolt
bore
bridge
cut
down (n., u.m.)
file
gate
gear
glove
head
horse
knife
knot
link
loom
net
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
pin
plate
point
sheet
span
stop
string
tongs
tube
drawer
-down
-in
-off
-out
drawing
#board
#room
dream
-haunted (u.m.)
land
lore
world
dredge#net
dressup (n., u.m.)
dressing#room
drift
#boat
bolt
meter
-mining (u.m.)
#net
pin
wind
drill
case
-like
stock
drip
cock
-drip
-dry (u.m., v.)
sheet
stick
drive
away (n.,u.m.)
belt
bolt
by (n., u.m.)
cap
head
-in (n., u.m.)
pipe
screw
#shaft
way
drop
away (n.,u.m.)
bolt
cloth
-down
-forge (v.)
front
hammer
head
kick
leaf (n., u.m.)
leg
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
sonde
stitch
drug
-addicted (u.m.)
mixer
passer
pusher
seller
#user
drum
beat
fire
head
stick
-up (n.,u.m.)
dry
-burnt (u.m.)
#cell
clean
-cure (v.)
dock
-dye (v.)
-farm (v.)
farming (n.,
u.m.)
gulch
(nonliteral)
lot
-pack (u.m., v.)
-rotted (u.m.)
-salt (v.)
wash
duck
bill
-billed (u.m.)
bore
#breast
foot (tool)
130
Chapter 7
-footed (u.m.)
dye
-bred (u.m.)
skin
pin
mixer
fall
spear
pond
stuff
fast
egg
walk
works
-fed (u.m.)
beater (all
due
dys (pref.)
fill
meanings)
-in (n., u.m.)
all one word
grubber
cup
out (n., u.m.)
E
#house
eater
duffelbag
E-minor
kin
fruit
dug
e
lit
head (nonliteral)
out (n.)
file
mover
hot (n.)
-up (u.m.)
Government
nut
nog
dull
Library
quake
plant
-edged (u.m.)
mail
-shaking (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
head
eagle
slide
shell
-looking (u.m.)
#eye
-stained (u.m.)
-white (u.m.)
-witted (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
wall
eight
dumdum
ear
east
-angled (u.m.)
dumb
ache
bound
#ball
bell
cap
-central (u.m.)
fold
head
drop
going
penny (nail)
waiter
drum
-northeast
-ply (u.m.)
dump
flap
#side
score
car
guard
-sider
-wheeler
cart
hole
-southeast
elbowchair
site
lap
Eastertime
elder
dunderhead
lobe
easy
#brother
duo (c.f.)
mark
going
-leaved (u.m.)
all one word
#muff
mark (n.)
electro (c.f.)
dust
phone
-rising (u.m.)
-optics
bag
-piercing (u.m.)
-spoken (u.m.)
-osmosis
bin
plug
eavesdrop
-ultrafiltration
brush
ring
ebbtide
rest one word
cloth
screw
edge
embryo (c.f.)
-covered (u.m.)
shot
#plane
all one word
fall
sore
shot
empty
-gray (u.m.)
splitting
ways
handed
-laden (u.m.)
tab
wise
-looking (u.m.)
pan
wax
eel
en
storm
wig
cake
#banc
duty
witness
catcher
#gros
bound
earth
fare
#route
-free (u.m.)
bank
pot
encephalo (c.f.)
dwelling#house
born
pout
all one word
Compounding Examples
131
end
-all (n., u.m.)
bell
brain
gate
lap
long
-match (v.)
matcher
-measure (v.)
most
-shrink (v.)
ways
ender
-on
-up
endo (c.f.)
all one word
engine
#shop
-sized (u.m.)
work
#worker
#yard
entero (c.f.)
all one word
entry
#book
way
envelope
#holder
#maker
epi (pref.)
all one word
equi (c.f.)
-gram-molar
rest one word
ere
long
now
errorproof
erythro (c.f.)
all one word
even
glow
handed
minded
-numbered (u.m.)
song
-tempered (u.m.)
ever
-abiding (u.m.)
bearing
blooming
-constant (u.m.)
-fertile (u.m.)
glade
going
green
lasting
more
-normal (u.m.)
-present (u.m.)
-ready (u.m.)
sporting (biol.)
which
every
day (n., u.m.)
#day (each day)
how
one (all)
#one (distributive)
#time
evil
doer
#eye
-eyed (u.m.)
-faced (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
minded (u.m.)
sayer
speaker
wishing
ex
#cathedra
cathedral
communicate
-Governor
#libris
#officio
#post#facto
#rights
-serviceman
-trader
-vice-president
extra
-alimentary
-American
bold
-Britannic
-condensed (u.m.)
curricular
-fine (u.m.)
hazardous
judicial
-large (u.m.)
-long (u.m.)
marginal
mural
ordinary
polar
-strong (u.m.)
territorial
vascular
eye
#appeal
ball
bank
bar
blink
-blurred (u.m.)
bolt
brow
-conscious (u.m.)
cup
flap
glance
glass
hole
lash
lens
lid
mark
-minded (u.m.)
#opener
peep
pit
point
service
shade
shield
shot
sick
sight
sore
spot
-spotted (u.m.)
stalk
strain
string
tooth
wash
#weariness
wink
witness
F
-flat
-horn
-sharp
fable
#book
teller
face
about (n., u.m., v.)
-arbor (v.)
cloth
-harden (v.)
-hardened (u.m.)
lifting
mark
132
Chapter 7
-off(n.)
-on (n., u.m.)
plate
up (n., u.m.)
fact
book
finding
sheet
fade
away (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
fail-safe
faint
heart
-voiced (u.m.)
fair
ground
-lead (n., u.m.)
minded
play
-skinned (u.m.)
#trade
fairy
folk
hood
tale
faithbreaker
fall
away (n.,u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
#guy
-in (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
-plow (v.)
-sow (v.)
trap
fallow#land
false
-bottomed (u.m.)
#face
-faced (u.m.)
hood
-tongued (u.m.)
fame
-crowned (u.m.)
-thirsty (u.m.)
fan
back
bearer
#belt
fare
fold
foot
-jet
-leaved (u.m.)
marker
-shaped (u.m.)
-tailed (u.m.)
fancy
-free (u.m.)
-loose (u.m.)
-woven (u.m.)
-wrought (u.m.)
far
-aloft (u.m.)
away (n., u.m.)
-borne (u.m.)
-distant (u.m.)
-eastern (u.m.)
-famed (u.m.)
fetched
flung (u.m.)
gone
-off (u.m.)
#out
-reaching (u.m.)
seeing
-seen (u.m.)
-set (u.m.)
sight
farm
-bred (u.m.)
hand
hold
people
place
stead
worker
fashion
-led (u.m.)
#piece (naut.)
#plate
-setting (u.m.)
fast
-anchored (u.m.)
back
-dyed (u.m.)
going
hold
-moving (u.m.)
-read (v.)
-reading (u.m.)
#time (daylight
saving)
fat
back
-bellied (u.m.)
-free (u.m.)
head
-soluble (u.m.)
father
-confessor
-in-law
land
fault
finder
line
slip
faux#pas
fax
-and-voice#
mailbox
#modem
-on-demand
fear
-free (u.m.)
nought
-pursued (u.m.)
-shaken (u.m.)
feather
bed (v.)
bedding
bone
brain
edge
-footed (u.m.)
head
-leaved (u.m.)
stitch
-stitched (u.m.)
-stitching
-tongue (v.)
weight
wing (moth)
fed-up (u.m.)
feeble
-bodied (u.m.)
minded
feed
back (n., u.m.)
bag
bin
box
crusher
cutter
head
lot
mixer
pipe
rack
store
stuff
feeder
-in
-up
fellow
craft
ship
rest two words
Compounding Examples
133
felt
cutter
-lined (u.m.)
packer
fenbank
fence
post
#row
fern
-clad (u.m.)
leaf
-leaved (u.m.)
ferro (c.f.)
-carbon-titanium
-uranium
rest one word
ferry
boat
#car
#slip
fever
less
-stricken (u.m.)
trap
-warm (u.m.)
fiber
-faced (u.m.)
glass
#optics
stitch
Fiberglas
(copyright)
fibro (c.f.)
-osteoma
rest one word
fickleminded
fiddle
back
-faddle
head
-shaped (u.m.)
stick
string
field
ball
glass
goal
-strip
fierce
-eyed (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
fiery
-flaming (u.m.)
-hot (u.m.)
-red (u.m.)
-tempered (u.m.)
fig
bar
eater
leaf
shell
figure
head
-of-eight (u.m.)
#work (printing)
file
card
-hard (u.m.)
name
setter
-soft (u.m.)
fill
-in (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
-up (n.,u.m.)
filler
cap
-in
-out
-up
film
cutter
goer
going
#paper
slide
strip
-struck (u.m.)
fin
back
-shaped (u.m.)
fine
-cut (u.m., v.)
-draw (v.)
-drawn (u.m.)
-featured (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
-set (u.m.)
finger
breadth
-cut (u.m.)
hold
hole
hook
mark
nail
parted
post
print
shell
spin
stall
tip
fire
arm
back (n.)
ball
bell
bolt
bomb
brand
brat
break
brick
-burnt (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
coat
cracker
crest
-cure (v.)
damp
#drill
-eater
fall
fang
fighter
guard
-hardened (u.m.)
horse
hose
lit
pit
place
plow
plug
-polish (v.)
power
proof
-red (u.m.)
-resistant (u.m.)
safe
side
spout
trap
truck
wall
warden
firm
-footed (u.m.)
-set (u.m.)
-up (n.,u.m.)
first
#aid
-aider
-born (u.m.)
-class (u.m.)
comer
hand (u.m.)
-made (u.m.)
-named (u.m.)
-nighter
-rate (u.m.)
134
Chapter 7
fish
back
bed
-bellied (u.m.)
bolt
bone
bowl
cake
eater
eye
-eyed (u.m.)
fall
#farm
-fed (u.m.)
food
garth
hook
-joint (v.)
kill
#ladder
meal
mouth
plate
pond
pool
pot
pound
trap
weir
works
fisher
folk
man
people
fishyback (n., u.m.)
fit
out (n.)
strip
five
bar
fold
-ply (u.m.)
-pointed (u.m.)
-reeler
score
flag
bearer
pole
post
-raising (u.m.)
ship
-signal (v.)
staff
stick
flame
-colored (u.m.)
-cut (v.)
out (n.)
proof
thrower
fiannelmouth
flap
cake
doodle
-eared (u.m.)
jack
flare
back (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
path
up (n., u.m.)
flash
back (n., u.m.)
bulb
card
cube
gun
lamp
pan
point
flat
back
(bookbinding)
bed (printing)
-bottomed (u.m.)
-compound (v.)
fold
foot (n.)
hat
head
iron
nose
out (n., u.m.)
-rolled (u.m.)
sawn
top
-topped (u.m.)
woods
flax
drop
-leaved (u.m.)
-polled (u.m.)
seed
flea
bite
-bitten (u.m.)
trap
fleet
foot
-footed (u.m.)
wing
flesh
brush
hook
-pink (u.m.)
pot
fleur-de-lis
flextime
flight
crew
-hour
path
-test (v.)
flimflam
flip
-flap
-flop
-up (n.,u.m.)
flood
cock
flow
gate
lamp
lighting
mark
#plain
tide
wall
water
floor
beam
cloth
head
lamp
mat
mop
#show
space
stain
walker
#wax
-waxing (u.m.)
flophouse
floppy#disk
flour
bag
bin
#mill
sack
#sifter
flow
chart
meter
off (n., u.m.)
sheet
through (n.,
u.m.)
flower
bed
bud
-crowned (u.m.)
Compounding Examples
135
#grower
-hung (u.m.)
#piece
pot
-scented (u.m.)
#shop
flue-cure (v.)
fluid
-compressed
(u.m.)
extract (pharm.)
(n.)
glycerate
fluo (c.f.)
all one word
fluoro (c.f.)
all one word
flush
-cut (u.m.)
-decked (u.m.)
-decker
gate
fluvio (c.f.)
all one word
fly
away
back
ball
-bitten (u.m.)
blow
blown
-by-night (n.,
u.m.)
catcher
eater
-fish (v.)
-fisher
-fisherman
#fishing
flap
-free (u.m.)
leaf
paper
sheet
speck
-specked (u.m.)
tier
trap
weight
wheel
winch
flying
#boat
#fish
foam
bow
-crested (u.m.)
-white (u.m.)
fog
bound
bow
dog
eater
-hidden (u.m.)
horn
flight
-ridden (u.m.)
fold
-in
up (n., u.m.)
folk
#dance
lore
song
follow
-on
through (n.,
u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
follower-up
food
-fasted (u.m.)
-fasting (v.)
packer
store
stuff
foolhardy
foolscap
foot
-and-mouth
(u.m.)
ball
band
bath
blower
board
brake
breadth
bridge
candle
fall
-free (u.m.)
gear
-grain
hill
hold
lambert
licker
light(s)
lining
locker
loose
mark
note
pad
path
pick
plate
-pound
-pound-second
print
race
rail
rest
rope
scald
-second
slogger
sore
stalk
stall
step
stick
stock
stool
-ton
walk
wall
-weary (u.m.)
worn
for (pref.)
all one word
fore
-age
-and-aft (n.,u.m.)
-and-after (n.)
-edge
-end
-exercise
word
rest one word
forest
-clad (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
#land
side
fork
head
lift
-pronged (u.m.)
tail
-tailed (u.m.)
form
fitting
#work (printing)
forth
coming
right
with
fortune
#hunter
teller
136
Chapter 7
forty-niner
foul
Mine
-looking (u.m.)
mouthed
-spoken (u.m.)
-tongued (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
fountainhead
four
-bagger
-eyed (u.m.)
flusher
fold
-footed (u.m.)
-in-hand (n.,
u.m.)
-masted (u.m.)
-master
penny (nail)
-ply (u.m.)
score
some
square
-wheeler
fox
-faced (u.m.)
hole
hound
#hunting
skinned
tailed
trot
fracto (c.f.)
all one word
frameup (n., u.m.)
free
hooter
horn
drop
-for-all (n.,u.m.)
-grown (u.m.)
hand (drawing)
handed
hold
lance
loader
-minded
masonry
#post
-spoken (u.m.)
standing (u.m.)
thinker
trader
wheel (u.m., v.)
wheeler (n.)
#will (n.)
will (u.m.)
freedom#fighter
freeze
down (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
freight
#house
-mile
#room
#train
fresh
-looking (u.m.)
-painted (u.m.)
water
frog
belly
eater
-eyed (u.m.)
face
mouth
nose
pond
tongue
(medicine)
front
-end (u.m.)
-focused (u.m.)
runner
stall
-wheel (u.m.)
fronto (c.f.)
-occipital
-orbital
rest one word
frost
bite
bow
-free (u.m.)
-hardy (u.m.)
-heaving (u.m.)
-killed (u.m.)
lamp
line
fruit
cake
#fly
growing
#shop
stalk
frying#pan
fuel
#line
#oil
full
back
-bellied (u.m.)
blood
-bound (u.m.)
-duplex
face
-fashioned (u.m.)
-flowering (u.m.)
-grown (u.m.)
-handed (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
-lined (u.m.)
#load
mouth
-strength (u.m.)
-text
-time (u.m.)
fundraising
funlover
funnel
form
-shaped (u.m.)
fur
-clad (u.m.)
coat
-lined (u.m.)
skin
-trimmed (u.m.)
fuse
box
#gauge
plug
G
G
-major
-man
-minor
-sharp
gabfest
gad
about (n., u.m.)
fly
gaff-topsail
gag
-check (v.)
#order
root
#rule
gaugepin
gain
say
-sharing (u.m.)
galact(o) (c.f.)
all one word
gallbladder
galley#proof
(printing)
galvano (c.f.)
all one word
Compounding Examples
137
game
bag
cock
gang
boss
plank
saw
gape seed
garnet-brown
(u.m.)
gas
bag
bomb
-driven (u.m.)
field
-fired (u.m.)
firing
fitter
-heated (u.m.)
-laden (u.m.)
lamp
lighted
line (auto)
#line (queue)
lock
#main
#mask
meter
works
gastro (c.f.)
-omental
rest one word
gate
house
keeper
leg (u.m.)
pin
post
tender
works
gay
#blade
cat
-colored (u.m.)
#dog
-looking (u.m.)
gear
box
case
-driven (u.m.)
fitter
-operated (u.m.)
set
shift
wheel
gelatin
-coated (u.m.)
-making (u.m.)
gelatino (c.f.)
bromide
chloride
gem
cutter
-set (u.m.)
#stone
genito (c.f.)
all one word
gentle
folk
-looking (u.m.)
man
-mannered (u.m.)
mouthed
-spoken (u.m.)
woman
geo (c.f.)
all one word
germ-free (u.m.)
gerrymander
get
-at-able
away (n.,u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
-together (n.,
u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
ghost
-haunted (u.m.)
write (v.)
giddy
brain
head
-paced (u.m.)
gilt-edge (u.m.)
gin-run (u.m.)
ginger
#ale
bread
-colored (u.m.)
snap
spice
give
-and-take (n.,
u.m.)
away (n.,u.m.)
glacio (c.f.)
all one word
glass
blower
#ceiling
cutter
-eater
-eyed (u.m.)
-hard (u.m.)
house
works
glauco (c.f.)
all one word
glidepath
globetrotter
glosso (c.f.)
all one word
glow
lamp
meter
gluc(o) (c.f.)
all one word
glue
pot
stock
glycero (c.f.)
all one word
glyco (c.f.)
all one word
g°
-ahead (n., u.m.)
-around (n., u.m.)
-as-you-please
(u.m.)
-back (n., u.m.)
-between (n.)
by(n.)
cart
-devil (n.)
-getter
-getting (n., u.m.)
-off (n., u.m.)
goal
post
#setter
goat
-bearded (u.m.)
-drunk (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
herd
goat's
-hair
-horn
God
-conscious (u.m.)
-fearing (u.m.)
-forsaken (u.m.)
-given (u.m.)
head
-man
-ordained (u.m.)
-sent (u.m.)
-sped (u.m.)
speed
-taught (u.m.)
god
child
138
Chapter 7
daughter
father
head
hood
less
mother
parent
send
ship
son
sonship
goggle-eyed (u.m.)
goings-on
gold
heater
hrick (shirker)
#hrick (of real gold)
-bright (u.m.)
-hrown (u.m.)
digger
#dust
-filled (u.m.)
foil
-inlaid (u.m.)
leaf
plate (v.)
-plated (u.m.)
-plating (u.m.)
smithing
-wrought (u.m.)
golden
-fingered (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
good
-bye
-for-nothing (n.,
u.m.)
-looker
-looking (u.m.)
-natured (u.m.)
#will (kindness)
will (salable
asset)
goose
bone
bumps
-cackle
#egg
-eyed (u.m.)
flesh
-footed (u.m.)
herd
mouth
neck
pimples
rump
step
wing
gospel
like
-true (u.m.)
gourdhead
Government
(U.S. or
foreign)
-in-exile
-owned (u.m.)
wide
governmentwide
(State, city, etc.)
grab
-all (n., u.m.)
#bag
hook
rope
grade
finder
mark
grain
-cut (u.m.)
field
-laden (u.m.)
mark
sick
gram
-fast (u.m.)
-meter
-molecular
-negative (u.m.)
-positive (u.m.)
grand
aunt
child, etc.
stand
grant-in-aid
grape
fruit
#juice
-leaved (u.m.)
seed
stalk
vine
graph
alloy
#paper
grapho (c.f.)
all one word
grass
-clad (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
cutter
flat
-green (u.m.)
hop
nut
plot
roots (nonliteral)
#roots (literal)
widow
grave
clothes
digger
side
stead
gravel
-blind (u.m.)
stone
gray
back (n., u.m.)
beard (n.)
-clad (u.m.)
coat (n.)
-eyed (u.m.)
-haired (u.m.)
head
-headed (u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
grease
#gun
#pit
proof
great
-aunt
coat
-eared (u.m.)
-grandchild, etc.
-headed (u.m.)
heart
mouthed
green
back (n., u.m.)
belt
(community)
-clad (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
gage (plum)
gill
grocer
horn
keeper
-leaved (u.m.)
sand (geology)
sick
stuff
sward
town
(community)
#wood (literal)
wood (forest)
greyhound
grid
Compounding Examples
139
lock
-saline (n.)
#pelorus
-baked (u.m.)
griddlecake
shoe
plane, compass,
-bound (u.m.)
grillroom
gun
etc.
caste
grip
#barrel
-clear
sack
bearer
H
cock (v.)
wheel
blast
H
cocked
gross
builder
-bar
(nonliteral)
-minded (u.m.)
cotton
-beam
-dark
#weight
crew
-bomb
#day
ground
deck
-hour
deck
breaking
fight
hack
-decked (u.m.)
hog
fire
barrow
-decker
mass
flint
hammer
-feed (v.)
nut
lock
log
hearted
path
paper
saw
-hourly (u.m.)
plot
pit
hailstorm
-life
-sluicer
play
hair
#load
speed
point
band
-loaded (u.m.)
#water
powder
breadth
-mast
wave
rack
brush
-miler
work
-rivet (v.)
-check (n.)
-monthly (u.m.)
group-connect (v.)
runner
cloth
-on (n., u.m.)
grownup (n., u.m.)
shop
cut (n.)
pace
grubstake
shot
do
penny
guard
-shy (u.m.)
dresser
-ripe
house
sight
-fibered (u.m.)
-shy
plate
stock
lock
-sole (v.)
rail
wale
pin
staff
guest
gut
#ribbon
stitch
chamber
less
space (printing)
-strength (u.m.)
house
string
splitting
title
room
gutter
spring
tone (printing)
guided-missile
blood
streak
track
(u.m.)
-bred (u.m.)
stroke (printing)
-true
guidepost
snipe
# trigger
-truth
guider-in
spout
half
-weekly (u.m.)
gum
gymno (c.f.)
-and-half (n.,
wit
boil
all one word
u.m.)
-witted (u.m.)
chewer
gyneco (c.f.)
-afraid
-yearly (u.m.)
digger
all one word
-alive
hallmark
drop
gyro
-angry
ham
-gum
#horizon
back (football)
shackle
lac
#mechanism
-backed (u.m.)
string
140
Chapter 7
hammer
cloth
dress (v.)
-hard (u.m.)
-harden (v.)
-hardened (u.m.)
head
lock
#thrower
toe
-weld (v.)
-wrought (u.m.)
hand
bag
ball
bank (v.)
barrow
bill
book
-bound (u.m.)
bow
brake
breadth
brush
-built (u.m.)
car
-carry (v.)
cart
-carve (v.)
clap
clasp
-clean (v.)
crank
cuff
-cut (v.)
-embroidered
(u.m.)
-fed (v.)
fold
grasp
grenade
g"P
guard
gun
-held (u.m.)
-high (u.m.)
hold
hole
-in-hand (u.m.)
kerchief
-knit (v.)
-knitter
laid
-letter (v.)
lift (truck)
liner
made
-me-down (n.,
u.m.)
mix (v.)
mold (v.)
mower
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
pick (v.)
post
press
print
rail
reading
saw
scrape (v.)
set
shake
spade
spike
splice
split
spring
spun
-stamp (v.)
stand
stitch
stroke
stuff
-tailored (u.m.)
tap
tool
-tooled (u.m.)
-tooling (u.m.)
truck
weave
wheel
worked
woven
write (v.)
written
wrought
hands#free
handlebar
hang
dog
nail
net
out (n., u.m.)
up (n.)
hanger
-back
-on
-up
happy-go-lucky
hara-kiri
harbor
master
side
hard
-and-fast (u.m.)
back (beetle)
-baked (u.m.)
-bitten (u.m)
-boiled (u.m.)
case
copy(n.)
core
#disk
#drive
fist (n.)
handed
hat (n.)
head
-hit (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
mouthed
nose
pan
-pressed (u.m.)
-set (u.m.)
#shell (n.)
ship
spun
stand
tack
top (auto)
ware
-won (u.m.)
#work
-working (u.m.)
wrought
hare
brain
foot
hound
lip
-mad (u.m.)
harness-making
(u.m.)
harum-scarum
harvesttime
has-been (n.)
hashmark
hat
band
box
brim
brush
cleaner
pin
rack
rail
stand
#tree
hatchback
Compounding Examples
141
hatchet-faced (u.m.)
band
stall
#rash
haul
bander
stand
-resistant (u.m.)
about (n., u.m.)
block
start
stroke
away (n., u.m.)
cap
stick
treat (v.)
back (n.)
chair
stock
-treating (u.m.)
have-not (n.,u.m.)
cheese
stream
#wave
haversack
chute
strong
heaven
hawk
cloth
waiter
bound
bill
count
wall
-inspired (u.m.)
-billed (u.m.)
dress
wind
-sent (u.m.)
head
-ender
header-up
heaver
-nosed (u.m.)
first
heal-all (n., u.m.)
-off
hawse
frame
heart
-out
hole
gate
ache
-over
pipe
gear
aching
heavy
hay
hunter
beat
back
band
lamp
block
-duty (u.m.)
cap
ledge
blood
-eyed (u.m.)
cart
lighting
break
-footed (u.m.)
cock
liner
burn
handed
#fever
lock
deep
-looking (u.m.)
field
long
felt
-set (u.m.)
fork
master
free (u.m.)
#water
lift
mistress
grief
weight (n., u.m.)
loft
mold
heavy
hecto (c.f.)
market
most
leaf
all one word
mow
note
-leaved (u.m.)
hedge
rack
-on (u.m.)
nut
born
rake
phone
quake
breaker
rick
plate
seed
hog
-scented (u.m.)
post
sick
hop
seed
quarters
sore
Pig
stack
rail
string
row
wire
reach
struck
#trimmer
hazardous
rest
throb
heel
#waste#site
ring
-throbbing (u.m.)
ball
hazel
rope
-weary (u.m.)
band
-eyed (u.m.)
set
hearth
block
nut
shake
rug
cap
he-man
sill
warming
fast
head
space
heat
g"P
ache
spin
drops
pad
achy
spring
#pump
path
142
Chapter 7
plate
hence
brow (nonliteral)
most
post
forth
-caliber (u.m.)
quarter
print
forward
-class (u.m.)
saddle
ring
hepato (c.f.)
-density
sight
stay
all one word
flier (n.)
wing
strap
hepta (c.f.)
flying (u.m.)
hip
tap
all one word
-foreheaded
bone
helio (c.f.)
here
(u.m.)
mold
all one word
about
#frequency
shot
hell
after
handed
hippo (c.f.)
bender
at
-hat (v.)
all one word
bent
by
jinks
histo (c.f.)
born
from
lander
all one word
bound
in
#light (literal)
hit
bred
inabove
light (nonlit.)
-and-miss (u.m.)
cat
inafter
-minded (u.m.)
-and-run (u.m.)
diver
inbefore
-power (u.m.)
-or-miss (u.m.)
dog
into
-pressure (u.m., v.)
hitchhiker
fire
of
-priced (u.m.)
hoarfrost
hole
on
# pro of
hoary-haired (u.m.)
hound
to
-reaching (u.m.)
hob
-red (u.m.)
tofore
-rigger (n.)
goblin
helpmeet
under
rise (building)
nail
helter-skelter
unto
road
nob
hemstitch
upon
#seas
hobbyhorse
hema (c.f.)
with
-speed (u.m.)
hockshop
all one word
herringbone
stepper
hocus-pocus
hemato (c.f.)
hetero (c.f.)
-tension (u.m.)
hod#carrier
all one word
-ousia, etc.
#tide
hodgepodge
hemi (pref.)
rest one word
-up (u.m.)
hog
all one word
hexa (c.f.)
#water
back
hemo (c.f.)
all one word
higher-up (n.)
-backed (u.m.)
all one word
hi-fi
hill
-faced (u.m.)
hemp
hide
culture
fat
seed
-and-seek (n.,
(farming)
frame
string
u.m.)
side
hide
hen
away (n.,u.m.)
top
nose (machine)
bill
out (n., u.m.)
hind
-nosed (u.m.)
coop
high
brain
pen
-feathered (u.m.)
ball
cast
sty
house
binder
gut (n.)
-tie (v.)
pecked
born
head
wash
roost
bred
leg
-wild (u.m.)
Compounding Examples
143
hog's-back (geol.)
hogshead
hoistaway (n.)
hold
all (n.,u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
-clear (n., u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
fast (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
holder
-forth
-on
-up
hole
#in#one
-high (u.m.)
-in-the-wall (n.)
through
hollow
back
(bookbinding)
-backed (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
faced
-ground (u.m.)
holo (c.f.)
all one word
holy
#day
stone
home
-baked (u.m.)
body
born
bred
brew
builder
#buyer
comer
coming
-fed (u.m.)
felt
folk
freeze (u.m., v.)
front
furnishings (n.)
going
grown
lander
life
made
maker
owner
#ownership
plate
#rule
seeker
sick
spun
stead
stretch
town
woven
homeo (c.f.)
all one word
home#page
homo
#legalis
#sapiens
homo (c.f.)
-ousia, etc.
rest one word
honey
-colored (u.m.)
comb
-cured (u.m.)
dew
drop
eater
-laden (u.m.)
lipped
moon
mouthed
pot
sucker
sweet
honor
bound
#guard
#man
hood
cap
mold
wink
hoof
beat
mark
print
-printed (u.m.)
hook
ladder
nose
-nosed (u.m.)
pin
up (n., u.m.)
hooker
-off
-on
-out
-over
-up
hoopstick
hop
about (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
scotch
toad
hope#chest
hopper
burn
dozer
horehound
hormono (c.f.)
all one word
horn
bill
blende
blower
-eyed (u.m.)
pipe
stay
tip
hornyhanded
horse
back
breaker
car
cloth
dealer
fair
fight
flesh
hair
head
herd
hide
hoof
-hour
jockey
laugh
meat
mint
play
pond
power-hour
power-year
pox
race
#sense (n.)
shoe
thief
# trade
whip
hot
bed
blood
-blooded (u.m.)
brain
cake
144
Chapter 7
-cold
dog
foot
head (n.)
-mix (u.m.)
pack
patch
plate
-press (v.)
rod (nonliteral)
-roll (v.)
-rolled (u.m.)
spot
-work (v).
hotelkeeper
houndshark
hourglass
house
breaking
broken
builder
#call
cleaner
-cleaning (u.m.)
coat
dress
father
furnishing(s) (n.)
guest
hold
husband
mother
owner
parent
pest
plant
-raising (u.m.)
ridden
top
trailer
warming
wife
how
-do-you-do (n.)
ever
soever
hub
cap
-deep (u.m.)
humankind
humble
bee
-looking (u.m.)
mouthed
-spirited (u.m.)
humdrum
hump
back
-shouldered
(u.m.)
humpty-dumpty
hunchback
hundred
fold
-legged (u.m.)
-percenter
-pounder
weight
hung-up (u.m.)
hunger
-mad (u.m.)
-worn (u.m.)
hurly-burly
hush
-hush
#money
up (n., u.m.)
hydro (c.f.)
all one word
hydro#station
hygro (c.f.)
all one word
hyper (pref.)
-Dorian, etc.
linked
text
rest one word
hypo (c.f.)
all one word
hystero (c.f.)
-oophorectomy
-salpingo-oopho-
rectomy
rest one word
I
I
-bar
-beam
-iron
-rail
ice
berg
blind
#blindness
blink
block
bone
breaker
cap
-clad (u.m.)
-cold (u.m.)
-cooled (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
#cream
fall
#fishing
floe (island)
flow (current)
-free (u.m.)
maker
melt
pack
plant
plow
quake
#storm
#water
ideo (c.f.)
-unit
rest one word
idle
headed
-looking (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
ileo (c.f.)
all one word
ilio (c.f.)
all one word
ill
-advised (u.m.)
-being (n.)
-born (u.m.)
-bred (u.m.)
#breeding (n.)
-doing (n.,u.m.)
-fated (u.m.)
-humored (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
-treat (v.)
-use (v.)
#will
-wisher
-wishing (u.m.)
in
-and-in (u.m.)
-and-out (u.m.)
-and-outer
-being (u.m.)
-flight (u.m.)
-house
-law (n.)
asmuch, sofar
#re, #rem, #situ,
etc.
in (pref.)
active (u.m.)
breeding
depth (u.m.)
hospital (u.m.)
migration (u.m.)
Compounding Examples
145
service
(u.m.), etc.
inch
-deep (u.m.)
-long (u.m.)
meal
-pound
-ton
worm
index-digest
indigo
-blue (u.m.)
-carmine (u.m.)
Indo (c.f.)
Chinese
-European, etc.
infra (pref.)
-anal
-auricular
-axillary
-esophageal
-umbilical
rest one word
ink
-black (u.m.)
mixer
pot
slinger
spot
-spotted (u.m)
stain
stand
well
inner
-city (u.m.)
#man
spring
ino (c.f.)
all one word
insect-borne (u.m.)
inter (pref.)
-American, etc.
rest one word
intra (pref.)
-atomic, etc.
rest one word
intro (pref.)
all one word
Irish
-American (u.m.)
-born (u.m.)
iron
#age
back
-braced (u.m.)
clad
fisted
-free (u.m.)
handed
hard
-lined (u.m.)
mold
-red (u.m.)
shod
shot (mineral)
(u.m.)
#shot (golf)
side
-willed (u.m.)
works
ironer-up
island
-born (u.m.)
-dotted (u.m.)
iso (c.f.)
-octane
-oleic
-osmosis
rest one word
ivory
-tinted (u.m.)
type (photog.)
-white (u.m.)
ivy
-clad (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
J
J-bolt
jack
ass
hammer
head
-in-the-box
knife
-of-all-trades
-o'-lantern
-plane (v.)
pot
rabbit
screw
jail
bird
house
jam
nut
packed
Java
#applets
Beans
Script
jaw
bone
breaker
-locked (u.m.)
twister
jay
hawk
walk
jelly
bean
roll
jerry
-build (v.)
builder
-built (u.m.)
jet
#airliner
#airplane
-black (u.m.)
lag
liner
port
-powered (u.m.)
prop
-propelled (u.m.)
#propulsion
stream
wash
jewel
-bright (u.m.)
-studded (u.m.)
jib
head
-o-jib
stay
jig
-a-jig
back
-drill (v.)
saw
job
#lot
seeker
#shop
site
joggle#piece
joint#owner
joulemeter
joy
hop
ride
stick
jump
master
off (n., u.m.)
rock
jungle
-clad (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
#gym
side
junkpile
146
Chapter 7
jury
#box
-fixing (u.m.)
-rigged (u.m.)
just#in#time
juxta (c.f.)
-ampullar
-articular
rest one word
K
K
#car
-ration
-term
keel
block
fat
haul
-laying (u.m.)
Mine
keepsake
kerato (c.f.)
all one word
kettle
drum
stitch
key
board
bolt
hole
lock
note
punch
ring
seat
stone
stop
word
worker
kick
about (n., u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
killjoy
kiln
-dry (u.m., v.)
eye
hole
rib
stick
tree
kilo (pref.)
gram-meter
voltampere
watthour
rest one word
kindheart
king
bolt
#crab
head
hood
hunter
maker
piece
pin
kins
folk
people
kiss-off (n., u.m.)
kite
flier
flying
knapsack
knee
-braced (u.m.)
brush
cap
-deep (u.m.)
-high (u.m.)
hole
-jerk (u.m.)
pad
pan
strap
knick
knack
point
knight
-errant
head
hood
knitback
knock
about (n., u.m.)
away (n.,u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
-knee (n.)
-kneed (u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
knocker
-off
-up
knot
hole
horn
know
-all (n., u.m.)
-how (n., u.m.)
-it-all (n., u.m.)
-little (n.,u.m.)
-nothing (n.,
u.m.)
knuckle
bone
buster
-deep (u.m.)
-kneed (u.m.)
L
L
-bar
-beam
-block
-shaped
-square
labio (c.f.)
all one word
laborsaving
lace
-edged (u.m.)
#edging
wing (insect)
-winged (u.m.)
worked
lackluster
ladder-backed
(u.m.)
lady
beetle
finger
killer
ship
lake
bed
front
lander
shore
side
lameduck
(nonliteral)
(n., u.m.)
lamp
black
-blown (u.m.)
-foot
hole
-hour
house
lighter
lit
post
shade
stand
wick
Compounding Examples
147
land
#base
-based (u.m.)
#bird
borne
fall
fast
fill
flood
form
grabber
-grant (u.m.)
holding
lady
locked
look
lord
lubber
mark
mass
mine
#office
owner
-poor (u.m.)
right
scape
sick
side
slide
slip
spout
storm
wash
wire
wrack
lantern-jawed
(u.m.)
lap
belt
-lap
robe
streak
top
weld (v.)
site
time
-welded (u.m.)
laundry#room
leaden
-welding (u.m.)
law
-eyed (u.m.)
large
-abiding (u.m.)
pated
-eyed
book
-souled (u.m.)
-handed (u.m.)
breaker
leader#line
-minded (u.m.)
-fettered (u.m.)
leaf
mouthed
giver
bud
-scale (u.m.)
#office
-clad (u.m.)
lark
suit
-eating (u.m.)
-colored (u.m.)
lawnmower
-shaped (u.m.)
spur
lay
stalk
laryngo (c.f.)
away (n.,u.m.)
lean
all one word
back (n., u.m.)
-faced (u.m.)
last
-by(n.)
-looking (u.m.)
-born (u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
-to (n.,u.m.)
-cited (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
leap
-ditcher
off (n., u.m.)
frog
-named (u.m.)
on (n., u.m.)
#year
latch
out (n., u.m.)
lease
bolt
up (n., u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
key
layer
hold
string
-on
leased-line
late
-out
leather
-born (u.m.)
-over
back
comer
-up
-backed (u.m.)
-lamented (u.m.)
lazy
-bound (u.m.)
-maturing (u.m.)
bones
-brown (u.m.)
latero (c.f.)
boots
-covered (u.m.)
all one word
#guy
head
lath-backed (u.m.)
legs
neck
lathe-bore (v.)
lead
side
latter
-alpha
ware
-day (u.m.)
-burn (v.)
leavetaking
most
-filled (u.m.)
lee-bow (v.)
lattice
-gray (u.m.)
leech
#stitch
-in (n., u.m.)
eater
work
line
#rope
laughing
#line (medical,
left
#gas
naut. only)
-bank (v.)
stock
off (n., u.m.)
#field (sports)
launch
out (n., u.m.)
-hand (u.m.)
#pad
#pencil
-handed (u.m.)
148
Chapter 7
-hander
#cycle
-year
stick
most
-cycle (u.m.)
lighter-than-air
listener-in
-sided (u.m.)
drop
(u.m.)
litho (c.f.)
wing (political)
float
like
-offset
leg
giver
-looking (u.m.)
rest one word
band
giving
-minded (u.m.)
little
puller
guard
lily
-known (u.m.)
rope (v.)
hold
handed
neck (clam)
work
jacket
-shaped (u.m.)
-used (u.m.)
lend-lease (n., u.m.)
long
-white (u.m.)
live
length
#net
lime
#load
ways
raft
#juice
long
wise
ring
kiln
stock
lepto (c.f.)
saver
lighter
#wire
all one word
-size (u.m.)
pit
wire (nonliteral)
let
-sized (u.m.)
quat
liver
down (n., u.m.)
span
stone
-brown (u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
spring
wash
-colored (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
stream
water
wurst
letter
style
linch
living#room
bomb
tide
bolt
loadmeter
#carrier
time
pin
loanword
drop
vest
line
lob
gram
weary (u.m.)
-bred (u.m.)
fig
head
lift-off (n., u.m.)
-breed (v.)
lolly
-perfect (u.m.)
light
casting
lobster-tailed (u.m.)
press
-armed (u.m.)
crew
lock
space
-clad (u.m.)
cut (printing)
box
writer
-colored (u.m.)
finder
fast
leuc(o) (c.f.)
-drab (u.m.)
-item (u.m.)
hole
all one word
-draft (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
jaw
liberal-minded
face (printing)
walker
nut
(u.m.)
-footed (u.m.)
link
out (n., u.m.)
lieutenant
handed
up (n., u.m.)
pin
#colonel
house#keeping
#up (v.)
ring
-colonelcy
(nautical)
lion
step
#governor
#housekeeping
-bold (u.m.)
stitch
-governorship
(domestic)
-headed (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
life
mouthed
hearted
washer
belt
-producing (u.m.)
-maned (u.m.)
locker#room
blood
ship
lip
lode
boat
-struck (u.m.)
read
star
#buoy
weight (n., u.m.)
service
stone
Compounding Examples
149
log
book
in
jam
on
off
roll
sheet
loggerhead
logo (c.f.)
all one word
long
-awaited (u.m.)
beard (n.)
-bearded (u.m.)
-billed (u.m.)
bow
cloth
-distance (u.m.)
-drawn (u.m.)
felt
hair (n.)
-haired (u.m.)
hand (nonliteral)
-handed (u.m.)
-handled (u.m.)
head (n.)
horn (cattle)
-horned (u.m.)
Johns
#jump
leaf
-leaved (u.m.)
-legged (u.m.)
legs (n.)
-lived (u.m.)
mouthed
-necked (u.m.)
nose (n.)
-nosed (u.m.)
-past (u.m.)
play (records)
playing (u.m.)
run (u.m.)
shoreman
spun
standing (u.m.)
stitch
#term (n.)
-term (u.m.)
wave (radio)
ways
wool (sheep)
look
down (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
#over (v.)
through (n.,
u.m.)
looker-on
loop
hole
#knot
stitch
loose
leaf (u.m.)
mouthed
-tongued (u.m.)
lop
-eared (u.m.)
sided
loud
mouthed
#speaker (orator)
speaker (radio)
-voiced (u.m.)
love
bird
born
-inspired (u.m.)
#knot
lorn
seat
sick
low
born
boy
bred
brow (nonliteral)
browed
(nonliteral)
-built (u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
-downer
-lander
-lived (u.m.)
-lying (u.m.)
-power (u.m.)
-pressure (u.m.)
rise
#water
lower
case (printing)
#deck
most
lug
bolt
mark
sail
lukewarm
lumber
jack
#room
lumbo (c.f.)
-ovarian
rest one word
lumen-hour
lunch
box
#hour
room
time
lying-in (n., u.m.)
M
M-day
macebearer
machine
-finished (u.m.)
gun
-hour
-made (u.m.)
#shop
#work
macro (c.f.)
all one word
mad
brain
cap
man (n.)
# money
made
-over (u.m.)
-up (u.m.)
magnetite
-basalt
-olivinite
-spinellite
magneto (c.f.)
-optics
rest one word
mahjong
maid
#of#honor
servant
maiden
hair
head
hood
#name
mail
bag
clad
clerk
guard
-order (u.m.)
pouch
room
slot
truck
150
Chapter 7
main
frame
mast
pin
sail
sheet
spring
stay
stream
(nonliteral)
top
topmast
#yard
major
-domo
#league
-leaguer
-minor
make
-believe (n., u.m.)
fast (n.)
over
ready (printing)
shift
up (n., u.m.)
weight
maker
-off
-up
making#up
mal (c.f.)
all one word
man
back
-child
-created (u.m.)
-day
eater
-fashion (u.m.)
-grown (u.m.)
handle
hater
-high (u.m.)
hole
-hour
killer
kind
made (u.m.)
-minute
-of-war (ship)
power
servant
-size (u.m.)
slaughter
slayer
stealer
stopper
trap
-woman
-year
manic-depressive
manifold
mantel
piece
shelf
tree
many
-colored (u.m.)
-folded (u.m.)
-layered (u.m.)
plies
-sided (u.m.)
mapreader
marble
head
-looking (u.m.)
-topped (u.m.)
-white (u.m.)
mare's
-nest
-tail
mark
down (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
shot
up (n., u.m.)
marker
-down
-off
-up
marketplace
marrowbone
marsh
buck
mallow
(confection)
#mallow (plant)
mass
-minded (u.m.)
-produce (v.)
mast
-brown (u.m.)
head
master
#at#arms
mind
#of#ceremonies
piece
ship
#stroke
#workman
mat-covered (u.m.)
match
book
head
-lined (u.m.)
mark
safe
stick
maxi (n.)
maxi (pref.)
all one word
May
#Day
-day (u.m.)
pole
tide
may
be (adv.)
beetle
day (distress call)
hap
mealymouth
mean
-acting (u.m.)
-spirited (u.m.)
time
(meanwhile)
#time
(astronomical)
tone (u.m.)
while
meat
ball
cutter
-eater
-fed (u.m.)
hook
-hungry (u.m.)
packer
works
wrapper
mechanico (c.f.)
all one word
medico (c.f.)
all one word
medio (c.f.)
all one word
medium
-brown (u.m.)
-size(d) (u.m.)
weight (n., u.m.)
meek
-eyed (u.m.)
hearted
-spirited (u.m.)
meetingplace
megalo (c.f.)
all one word
melon
grower
-laden (u.m.)
Compounding Examples
151
-shaped (u.m.)
melt
down (n., u.m.)
water
men
folk
kind
meningo (c.f.)
all one word
menu-driven
merry
-go-round
meeting
-minded (u.m.)
meshbag
meso (c.f.)
all one word
mess
hall
kit
room
tin
-up (n.,u.m.)
meta (pref.)
all one word
metal
ammonium
-clad (u.m.)
-coated (u.m.)
-lined (u.m.)
works
meter
-amperes
gram
-kilogram
-kilogram-second
-millimeter
metro (c.f.)
all one word
mezzo
graph
relievo
soprano
tint
micro (c.f.)
-organism
rest one word
mid (c.f.)
-American, etc.
-April
day
-decade
-dish
-ice
-level
-1958
-Pacific, etc.
-Victorian, etc.
rest one word
middle
-aged (u.m.)
breaker
brow (nonliteral)
-burst (v.)
buster
#ear
#ground
man (nonliteral)
most
-of-the-roader
-sized (u.m.)
splitter
weight
midi (n.)
midi (pref.)
all one word
mighty-handed
(u.m.)
mil-foot
mild
-cured (u.m.)
-mannered (u.m.)
-spoken (u.m.)
mile
-long (u.m.)
-ohm
post
-pound
-ton
-wide (u.m.)
milk
-fed (u.m.)
head
#run
shake
shed
sick
sop
-white (u.m.)
mill
cake
course
dam
feed
hand
-headed (u.m.)
pond
post
race
ring
stock
stream
wright
milli (c.f.)
gram-hour
rest one word
mincemeat
mind
#healer
-healing (u.m.)
reader
set (n.)
sight
mine
field
layer
ship
sweeper
thrower
works
mini (n.)
mini (pref.)
all one word
minor
#league
-leaguer
minute#book
mirror
-faced (u.m.)
scope
mis (pref.)
all one word
mischiefmaking
mist
bow
-clad (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
fall
miter
#box
-lock (v.)
mix
blood
up (n.)
mixing#room
mizzenmast
mock
-heroic (u.m.)
#turtle
up (n., u.m.)
mocker-up
mocking
stock
-up (u.m.)
mold
made (u.m.)
#shop
mole
catcher
-eyed (u.m.)
head
hill
152
Chapter 7
money
bag
changer
getter
grubber
lender
-mad (u.m.)
maker
saver
monkey
-faced (u.m.)
nut
pod
pot
shine
#wrench
mono (c.f.)
-ideistic
-iodo
-iodohydrin
-ion
-ousian
rest one word
month
end
long (u.m.)
moon
beam
blind
#blindness
blink
born
-bright (u.m.)
eye
face
gazing
glow
head
lighter
lit
-mad (u.m.)
path
rise
sail
set
shade
shine
shot
sick
struck
tide
walker
-white (u.m.)
moosecall
mop
head
stick
up (n., u.m.)
mopper-up
mopping-up (u.m.)
morning
#sickness
#star
tide
mosquito
-free (u.m.)
#net
moss
back
-clad (u.m.)
-green (u.m.)
-grown (u.m.)
head
-lined (u.m.)
most-favored-nation
(u.m.)
moth
ball
-eaten (u.m.)
hole
proof
mother
board
hood
-in-law
-of-pearl
moto (c.f.)
all one word
motor
bike
bus
cab
cade
car
coach
cycle
-driven (u.m.)
jet
-minded (u.m.)
#scooter
ship
truck
van
moundbuilder
mountain
-high (u.m.)
side
top
-walled (u.m.)
mouse
-brown (u.m.)
-eared (u.m.)
-eaten (u.m.)
hole
trap
mouth
-filling (u.m.)
-made (u.m.)
piece
wash
muck
rake (v.)
raker
sweat
muco (c.f.)
all one word
mud
bank
bath
-colored (u.m.)
flat
flow
guard
head
hole
lark
sill
slinger
-splashed (u.m.)
stain
sucker
track
#turtle
muddlehead
mule
back
#deer
skinner
multi (c.f.)
all one word
multiple-purpose
(u.m.)
muscle
bound
power
music
lover
-mad (u.m.)
maker
room
musico (c.f.)
all one word
musk
#deer
melon
#ox
rat
mutton
#chop (meat)
chop (shape)
fist
head
Compounding Examples
153
myria (c.f.)
all one word
mytho (c.f.)
all one word
myxo (c.f.)
all one word
N
nail
bin
brush
head
-headed (u.m.)
#hole
print
puller
rod
-shaped (u.m.)
-studded (u.m.)
name
-calling (u.m.)
-dropping (u.m.)
plate
sake
nano (c.f.)
all one word
naptime
narco (c.f.)
all one word
narrow
-mouthed (u.m.)
minded
naso (c.f.)
-occipital
-orbital
rest one word
nationwide
native-born (u.m.)
navy-blue (u.m.)
naysayer
near
by
sighted
neat's-foot (u.m.)
neck
band
bone
-breaking (u.m.)
cloth
-deep (u.m.)
fast
guard
-high (u.m.)
hole
lace
line
mold
tie
necro (c.f.)
all one word
needle
bill
case
-made (u.m.)
nose (pliers)
point
-shaped (u.m.)
-sharp (u.m.)
worked
ne'er-do-well
neo (c.f.)
-Greek, etc.
rest one word
nephro (c.f.)
all one word
nerve
ache
-celled (u.m.)
-racked (u.m.)
net
ball
braider
-veined (u.m.)
work
#worth
nettle
fire
foot
some
neuro (c.f.)
all one word
never
-ending (u.m.)
more
theless
new
born
-car (u.m.)
comer
-created (u.m.)
fangled
-fashioned (u.m.)
-front (v.)
-made (u.m.)
-mown (u.m.)
-rich (u.m.)
newlywed
news
boy
case
cast
clip
dealer
#editor
letter
paper
paper#work
photo
print
reader
reel
sheet
stand
story
teller
nick
-eared (u.m.)
name
nickel
plate (v.)
-plated (u.m.)
-plating (u.m.)
type
night
-black (u.m.)
#blindness
cap
-clad (u.m.)
clothes
club
dress
fall
-fly (aviation) (v.)
-flying (u.m.)
gown
-grown (u.m.)
hawk
long (u.m.)
mare
#school
shade
#shift
shirt
side
tide
walker
nimble
-fingered (u.m.)
footed
nimbostratus
(clouds)
nine
fold
#holes
-lived (u.m.)
pin
score
nitpicker
nitro (c.f.)
-hydro-carbon
rest one word
154
Chapter 7
no
east
shell
-job man
-account (n., u.m.)
going
sweet
-looking (u.m.)
-fault
most
man (arbiter)
-fee
-northeast
-numbered (u.m.
-good (n., u.m.)
-sider
oak
off
-hitter (n.)
nose
-beamed (u.m.)
-and-on (u.m.)
how
bag
-clad (u.m.)
beat
#man's land
bleed
-green (u.m.)
cast
#one
bone
#leaf
center (u.m.)
-par (u.m.)
dive
-leaved (u.m.)
color (u.m.)
-par-value (u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
oar
-colored (u.m.)
-show (n., u.m.)
gay
-footed (u.m.)
cut (printing)
-thoroughfare (n.)
guard
lock
day
whit
-high (u.m.)
oarsman
-fall (v.)
-year (funds)
hole
oat
-flavor (n., u.m.)
noble
-led (u.m.)
bin
-flow
-born (u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
cake
-go (n.)
-featured (u.m.)
heartedness
-looking (u.m.)
pipe
ring
-thumbing (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
-fed (u.m.)
meal
seed
oathbreaker
going
grade
hand
-hours
-minded (u.m.)
wheel
object-oriented
line
nol-pros (v.)
note
oblong
loading
non
book
-elliptic (u.m.)
look
-civil-service
#paper
-leaved (u.m.)
-lying (u.m.)
(u.m.)
worthy
-linear (u.m.)
peak
-European, etc.
notwithstanding
-ovate (u.m.)
print
-interactive
novel
-shaped (u.m.)
put
-pros (v.)
-reading (u.m.)
-triangular (u.m.)
-reckoning (n.)
#sequitur, etc.
#writer
occipito (c.f.)
saddle
-tumor-bearing
-writing (u.m.)
-otic
scape
(u.m.)
nucleo (c.f.)
rest one word
scour
as prefix, one
all one word
ocean
scum
word
nut
-born (u.m.)
-season
none
breaker
borne
set
such
-brown (u.m.)
-girdled (u.m.)
shoot
theless
cake
going
shore
noon
cracker
side
side
day
hatch
-spanning (u.m.)
site
tide
hook
octo (c.f.)
-sorts (n.)
time
pecker
all one word
spring
north
pick
odd
stage
-central (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
-jobber
street
Compounding Examples
155
take
-the-record (u.m.)
type
-wheel (n.)
-wheeler (n.)
-white (u.m.)
#year
office
#boy
holder
seeker
-seeking (u.m.)
oftentimes
ofttimes
ohm
-ammeter
meter
-mile
oil
#burner
cake
can
cloth
coat
cup
-driven (u.m.)
-fed (u.m.)
field
-forming (u.m.)
-harden (v.)
hole
meal
paper
proofing
seed
#shale
skinned
-soaked (u.m.)
spill (n.)
stove
-temper (v.)
tightness
#well
old
-fashioned (u.m.)
-fogy (u.m.)
-growing (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
#maid
-maidish (u.m.)
#man
-new
style (printing)
timer
#woman
-young
oleo
#butter
#gear
#oil
#strut
as combining
form, one word
olive
-brown (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
-drab (u.m.)
-growing (u.m.)
#oil
-skinned (u.m.)
wood
#wood (color)
omni (c.f.)
-ignorant
rest one word
on
-and-off (n., u.m.)
board (u.m.)
-go (n.)
going
line#service
site
noun, adjective,
one word
once
-over (n.)
-run (u.m.)
one
-armed (u.m.)
-decker
-eyed (u.m.)
fold
-half
-handed (u.m.)
ness
-piece (u.m.)
self
-sided (u.m.)
-sidedness
signed (u.m.)
-step (dance)
-striper
time (formerly)
(u.m.)
-time (one action)
(u.m.)
-two-three
-way (u.m.)
onion
peel
skin
op-ed
(newspaper)
open
-air (u.m.)
-armed (u.m.)
-back (u.m.)
-backed (u.m.)
band (yarn)
cast
cut (mining)
-end (u.m.)
-ended
-faced (u.m.)
handed
#house
minded
mouthed
#shop
side (u.m.)
-sided (u.m.)
worked
opera
goer
going
#house
operating#system
ophthalmo (c.f.)
all one word
orange
ade
colored (u.m.)
peel
-red (u.m.)
stick
orchard#house
orderly#room
organo (c.f.)
all one word
ornitho (c.f.)
all one word
orrisroot
ortho (c.f.)
all one word
osteo (c.f.)
all one word
other
wise
#world
worldly
oto (c.f.)
all one word
out
-and-out (u.m.)
-and-outer (n.)
-loud (u.m.)
-Machiavelli, etc.
migration
-of-date (u.m.)
-of-door(s) (u.m.)
-of-State (u.m.)
-of-the-way (u.m.)
156
Chapter 7
placement
gall
paint
#box
-to-out (u.m.)
harrow
box
#carrier
as prefix, one
hide
brush
cutter
word
horn
mixer
hanger
outer
shoe
pot
shell (n., u.m.)
-city (u.m.)
tail
spray
-shelled (u.m.)
#man
#team
stained (u.m.)
-thin (u.m.)
most
oxy (c.f.)
pale
weight
wear
all one word
belly
-white (u.m.)
outward
oyster
-blue (u.m.)
papier#mache
-bound (u.m.)
bed
buck
para (c.f. or pref.)
-bounder
#crab
-cheeked (u.m.)
-analgesia
ovate
house
face (n.)
-anesthesia
-acuminate (u.m.)
root
-faced (u.m.)
legal
-oblong (u.m.)
seed
-looking (u.m.)
medic
ovato (c.f.)
shell
-reddish (u.m.)
rest one word
-oblong
-white (u.m.)
paleo (c.f.)
parcel
-orbicular
-Christian, etc.
#carrier
rest one word
P
rest one word
-plate (v.)
oven
pace
pallbearer
#post
baked
maker
palm
parchment
dried
#setter
-green (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
peel
-setting (u.m.)
#leaf
#maker
ware
pachy (c.f.)
#oil
-making (u.m.)
over
all one word
-shaded (u.m.)
parieto (c.f.)
age (surplus)
pack
palmi (c.f.)
-occipital
age (older) (n.,
builder
all one word
rest one word
u.m.)
cloth
pan
parimutuel
all (n., u.m.)
horse
-American, etc.
park
-the-counter
-laden (u.m.)
-broil (v.)
#forest
(u.m.)
sack
#ice
land
as combining
saddle
rest one word
way
form, one word
staff
Pan
part
owl-eyed (u.m.)
thread
#American Union
-finished (u.m.)
ox
up (n., u.m.)
hellenic
#owner
biter
packing#box
panel-lined (u.m.)
-time (u.m.)
blood (color)
padlock
panic-stricken
-timer (n.)
bow
paddlefoot
(u.m.)
#way
brake
page
panto (c.f.)
parti (c.f.)
cart
-for-page (u.m.)
all one word
all one word
cheek
#proof (printing)
panty hose
party#line
eye
painkiller
paper
parvi (c.f.)
-eyed (u.m.)
painstaking
back (n.)
all one word
Compounding Examples
157
pass
dirt
pebble
pot
back (n.)
load
-paved (u.m.)
-red (u.m.)
book
off (n., u.m.)
-strewn (u.m.)
peptalk
key
out (n„ u.m.)
peeloff (n., u.m.)
per
out (n„ u.m.)
#raise
peep
#annum
port
roll
eye
cent
through (n.,
sheet
hole
#centum
u.m.)
-TV
show
compound
way
pea
sight
(chemical)
word
#coal
peer-to-peer
current
passenger-mile
coat
pegleg
(botanical)
passer(s)-by
cod
pellmell
#diem
passion
-green (u.m.)
pen
salt (chemical)
-driven (u.m.)
hen
-cancel (v.)
#se
-feeding (u.m.)
jacket
head
sulfide
-filled (u.m.)
nut
knife
peri (pref.)
#play
pod
manship
-insular
paste
shooter
#name
rest one word
down (n., u.m.)
-sized (u.m.)
point
permafrost
pot
stick
pusher
pest
up (n., u.m.)
peace
rack
hole
pastureland
-blessed (u.m.)
script
-ridden (u.m.)
patent-in-fee
breaker
-shaped (u.m.)
petcock
path
-loving (u.m.)
stock
petit
breaker
maker
trough
grain
finder
#pipe
pencil
#jury
way
time
#box
#larceny
patho (c.f.)
peach
holder
#point
all one word
bloom
-mark (v.)
petro (c.f.)
patri (c.f.)
blow (color)
penny
-occipital
all one word
-colored (u.m.)
-a-liner
rest one word
patrol
pear-shaped (u.m.)
pincher
pharmaco (c.f.)
man
pearl
weight
-oryctology
#wagon
-eyed (u.m.)
winkle
rest one word
pattycake
fishing
worth
pharyngo (c.f.)
pawn
-pure (u.m.)
pent-up (u.m.)
-esophageal
broker
-set (u.m.)
penta (c.f.)
-oral
shop
-studded (u.m.)
-acetate
rest one word
pay
-white (u.m.)
rest one word
phase
back (n., u.m.)
peat
pepper
-in (n., u.m.)
check
-roofed (u.m.)
corn
meter
#cut
moss
#jelly
out (n., u.m.)
day
stack
mint
-wound (u.m.)
158
Chapter 7
pheno (c.f.)
all one word
philo (c.f.)
-French, etc.
rest one word
phlebo (c.f.)
all one word
phonebook
phono (c.f.)
all one word
phospho (c.f.)
all one word
photo (c.f.)
-offset
-oxidation
-oxidative
rest one word
phrasemark (music)
phreno (c.f.)
all one word
phyllo (c.f.)
all one word
phylo (c.f.)
all one word
physico (c.f.)
all one word
physio (c.f.)
all one word
phyto (c.f.)
all one word
piano
forte
graph
#player
pick
aback
ax
lock
-me-up (n., u.m.)
off (n.,u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
#over (v.)
pocket
pole
shaft
up (n., u.m.)
picker-up
picket#line
pickle-cured (u.m.)
picture
#book
#writing
pie
bald
crust
-eater
-eyed
marker
pan
plant
#plate
-stuffed (u.m.)
#tin
piece
-dye (v.)
#goods
meal
mold
piezo (c.f.)
-oscillator
rest one word
Pig
-back (v.)
-backed (u.m.)
-bellied (u.m.)
belly
-eyed (u.m.)
face
-faced (u.m.)
foot
-footed (u.m.)
headed
herd
#iron
out
pen
root
stick
sty
tailed
wash
pigeon
gram
hole
-toed (u.m.)
wing
piggyback
pike
-eyed (u.m.)
staff
pile
driver
-driving (u.m.)
hammer
up (n., u.m.)
#weave
woven
pill
pusher
rolling
taker
pillow
case
made
slip
top
pilot
#boat
house
#light
pin
ball
block
bone
case
cushion
-eyed (u.m.)
fall
feather
fire
fold
head
hold
hole
hook
lock
paper
point
prick
rail
setter
spot
stripe
-tailed (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
wheel
pinch
back
bar
beck
cock
fist
-hit (v.)
-hitter
penny
pine
apple
-bearing (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
#cone
-fringed (u.m.)
# needle
#oil
-shaded (u.m.)
#tar
pink
-blossomed (u.m.)
eye (n.)
-eyed (u.m.)
pipe
-drawn (u.m.)
dream
Compounding Examples
159
fitter
layer
line
-shaped (u.m.)
stem
walker
welder
pisci (c.f.)
all one word
pistol-whipped (v.)
piston
head
#pin
#rod
#valve
pit
#hoss
#bull
-eyed (u.m.)
fall
head
-headed (u.m.)
hole
mark
-marked (u.m.)
-rotted (u.m.)
saw
side
pitch
-black (u.m.)
blende
#box
-colored (u.m.)
-dark (u.m.)
#darkness
fork
hole
-lined (u.m.)
man
-marked (u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
#pipe
up (n., u.m.)
place
card
kick
plague-infested
(u.m.)
plain
back (fabric)
-bodied (u.m.)
clothes (u.m.)
clothesman
-headed (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
-spoken (u.m.)
woven (u.m.)
plane
#curve
load
-mile
-parallel (u.m.)
table (surveying)
plani (c.f.)
all one word
piano (c.f.)
all one word
plant
#food
life
site
plasterboard
plate
cutter
#glass
-incased (u.m.)
layer
mark
#proof (printing)
-roll (v.)
-rolled (u.m.)
platy (c.f.)
all one word
play
-act (v.)
back (n., u.m.)
bill
book
boy
broker
day
down (n., u.m.)
fellow
goer
going
ground
mate
off (n., u.m.)
pen
reader
room
script
suit
thing
time
wright
#yard
pleasure
-bent (u.m.)
#boat
-seeking (u.m.)
-tired (u.m.)
-weary (u.m.)
pleo (c.f.)
all one word
pleuro (c.f.)
all one word
plow
back (n., u.m.)
-bred (u.m.)
hand
horse
pan
point
-shaped (u.m.)
share
shoe
sole
staff
#tail
wright
plug
-and-play
hole
-in (n., u.m.)
tray
-ugly (n., u.m.)
plumbline
plume-crowned
(u.m.)
pluri (c.f.)
all one word
pluto (c.f.)
all one word
pneumato (c.f.)
-hydato-genetic
(u.m.)
rest one word
pneumo (c.f.)
all one word
pock
mark
-marked (u.m.)
-pit (v.)
pocket
book (purse)
#book (book)
-eyed (u.m.)
knife
-sized (u.m.)
-veto (v.)
poet
-artist
#laureate
-painter
pointblank
Point-to -Point
poison-dipped
(u.m.)
pole
arm
-armed (u.m.)
160
Chapter 7
ax
burn
cat
-dried (u.m.)
horse
-pile (v.)
setter
-shaped (u.m.)
sitter
-stack (v.)
star
timber
trap
-vault (v.)
#vaulter
politico (c.f.)
-orthodox
rest one word
poll
book
#parrot
#tax
poly (c.f.)
all one word
poor
-blooded (u.m.)
farm
-spirited (u.m.)
pop
corn
eye
gun
up (n., u.m.)
poppy
-bordered (u.m.)
cock
-red (u.m.)
seed
pork
barrel (n., u.m.)
#chop
fish
#pie
port
cullis
fire
folio
hole
hook
manteau
-mouthed (u.m.)
side
#wine
post
#bellum
#boat
card
-Christian, etc.
-cold-war (u.m.)
#diem
-free (u.m.)
haste
#hospital
(military)
#meridiem
#mortem (literal)
mortem
(nonliteral)
#partum
#school (military)
audit, graduate,
etc.
as prefix, one
word
postal#card
pot
ash
bellied
boil
eye
hanger
head
herb
hole
hook
hunter
latch
lid
luck
pie
pourri
rack
#roast
shot
potato#field
poultry
#keeper
-keeping (u.m.)
#raiser
-raising (u.m.)
#yard
pound
cake
-foolish (u.m.)
-foot
worth
powder
-blue (u.m.)
box
#house
#keg
#mill
#room
-scorched (u.m.)
power
boat
# mower
-operated (u.m.)
pack
plant
praise
-deserving (u.m.)
-spoiled (u.m.)
worthiness
pre (pref.)
-Incan, etc.
audit, existing,
etc.
rest one word
president
-elect
#pro#tempore
press
#agent
-agentry
board
feeder
-forge (v.)
-made (u.m.)
mark
pack (v.)
plate
#proof (printing)
preter (pref.)
all one word
price
#cutter
-cutting (u.m.)
# fixer
-fixing (u.m.)
# index
list
-support (u.m.)
tag
prick
-eared (u.m.)
mark
seam
priesthood
prime
#minister
-ministerial
(u.m.)
-ministership
-ministry
prince
hood
-priest
print
cloth
out
script
Compounding Examples
161
printing
sheet
out (n., u.m.)
pussy
-in (n., u.m.)
prop
-push (u.m.)
cat
#ink
jet
through (n.,
foot
#office
wash
u.m.)
#willow
-out (n., u.m.)
proso (c.f.)
up (n., u.m.)
put
prison
all one word
puller
back (n., u.m.)
hound
proto (c.f.)
-in
off (n., u.m.)
-free (u.m.)
-Egyptian, etc.
-out
-on (n., u.m.)
-made (u.m.)
prisoner-of-war
rest one word
proud
pulp
board
out (n., u.m.)
-put (n.)
(u.m.)
prize
hearted
-looking (u.m.)
wood
-up (n.,u.m.)
putter
fighter
-minded (u.m.)
punch
-forth
#ring
psalmbook
board
-in
taker
pseudo (c.f.)
bowl
-off
winner
-Messiah, etc.
card
-on
-winning (u.m.)
-occidental
-drunk (u.m.)
-out
pro
-official
mark
-through
-Ally, etc.
-orientalism
-marked (u.m.)
-up
pyo (c.f.)
-choice
-orthorhombic
out (n.)
#football, etc.
-osteomalacia
punctureproof
all one word
#forma
-owner
pup#tent
pyro (c.f.)
-life
rest one word
pure
all one word
#rata
psycho (c.f.)
blood
#tem
-organic
bred
Q
#tempore
rest one word
#line (biological)
Q
-boat
as prefix, one
ptero (c.f.)
word
all one word
purple
-fever
prohlem-solver
public
-blue (u.m.)
quadri (c.f.)
procto (c.f.)
hearted
-clad (u.m.)
-invariant
all one word
-minded (u.m.)
-colored (u.m.)
rest one word
profit
-spirited (u.m.)
heart (wood)
quarrystone
-and-loss (u.m.)
#works
purse
quarter
-sharing (u.m.)
P u g
making
-angled (u.m.)
prong
nose
-proud (u.m.)
back
buck
-pile (v.)
#strings
-bloom (u.m.)
-hoe (v.)
pull
push
#boards
horn
back (n., u.m.)
button
-bound (u.m.)
-horned (u.m.)
#box
card
-breed (u.m.)
proof
down (n., u.m.)
cart
-cast (u.m.)
#press
-in (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
-cut (u.m.)
read
off (n., u.m.)
-pull (u.m.)
deck
reader
-on (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
-miler
162
Chapter 7
#note
horse
storm
trap
pace
track
wash
raw
-phase (u.m.)
way
water
boned
saw (v.)
radarscope
rakeoff (n.,u.m.)
-edged (u.m.)
staff
radio
ram
hide
stretch
generally two
jet
-looking (u.m.)
-yearly (u.m.)
words except
rod
razor
quartermaster
the following
forms
shackle
back
#general
ranch
-billed (u.m.)
-generalship
frequency
#hand
#blade
quasi
isotope
house
edge
all hyphened
telegraph
Random-access
-keen (u.m.)
queen#bee
telephone
range
-sharp (u.m.)
quick
rag
finder
strop
-change (u.m., v.)
bolt
flight
razzle-dazzle
-drawn (u.m., v.)
#doll
rider
re (pref.)
freeze (u.m., v.)
-made (u.m.)
rapid
-cover (cover
lime
sorter
#fire
again)
sand
tag
#transit
-create (create
set
time
rash
again), etc.
silver
rail
-brained (u.m.)
-cross-
examination
step
bird
-headed (u.m.)
-ice
#time
car
-hearted (u.m.)
-ink
-witted (u.m.)
guard
-minded (u.m.)
-redirect
quin (c.f.)
head
rat
evaluate, process,
all one word
-ridden (u.m.)
bite
etc.
quit
road
catcher
rest one word
claim
setter
hole
reading#room
rent
splitter
-infested (u.m.)
read
#train
#race
out (n.)
R
way#maker
-tailed (u.m.)
through (n., u.m.)
rabbit
wayman
-tight (u.m.)
README
-backed (u.m.)
rain
trap
ready
-eared (u.m.)
band
rate
-built (u.m.)
#fever
-beaten (u.m.)
#cutter
-handed (u.m.)
#foot
bow
-cutting (u.m.)
made (u.m.)
mouth
check
-fixing (u.m.)
-mix (u.m.)
-mouthed (u.m.)
coat
payer
# reference
skin
drop
-raising (u.m.)
room
race
fall
setting
-witted (u.m.)
about (n., u.m.)
#forest
rattle
rear
course
-soft (u.m.)
brain
#end
goer
spout
snake
guard
Compounding Examples
163
most
resino (c.f.)
-hander
river
view (u.m.)
all one word
-headed (u.m.)
bank
ward
retro (c.f.)
most
bed
:ception#room
-ocular
-of-way
#bottom
:cordbreaker
-omental
wing (political)
flow
;cti (c.f.)
-operative
rim
-formed (u.m.)
all one word
-oral
-deep (u.m.)
front
;cto (c.f.)
rest one word
fire
head
all one word
rheo (c.f.)
lock
scape
;d
all one word
rock
side
bait (v.)
rhino (c.f.)
ring
wash
-billed (u.m.)
-blooded (u.m.)
bone
buck
all one word
rhizo (c.f.)
all one word
rhod(o) (c.f.)
-adorned (u.m.)
-banded (u.m.)
-billed (u.m.)
bolt
-worn (u.m.)
road
bank
bed
cap (porter)
all one word
giver
head
block
coat (n.)
rhomb(o) (c.f.)
builder
eye (n.)
-eyed (u.m.)
-faced (u.m.)
all one word
rice
growing
-in (n., u.m.)
lead (v.)
leader
head
hog
kill
-haired (u.m.)
handed
head (n.)
#water
rich
-bound (u.m.)
-necked (u.m.)
-off (n., u.m.)
map
#runner (bird)
#show
-hot (u.m.)
-legged (u.m.)
Mine (literal)
-clad (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
rickrack
pin
-porous (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
side
sight
side
-test (v.)
way
#man
ridge
-weary (u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
band
rock
-skinned (u.m.)
pole
stand
abye
tape (nonliteral)
top
stick
bottom
#tape (literal)
riffraff
-tailed (u.m.)
(nonliteral)
-throated (u.m.)
rifleshot
-up (n.,u.m.)
#climber
-yellow (u.m.)
ri g
worm
-climbing (u.m.^
jformat
out (n., u.m.)
rip
fall (n.)
jgionwide
-up (n.,u.m.)
cord
-fallen (u.m.)
digio (c.f.)
right
-off (n., u.m.)
fill
all one word
about
rap
firm
:mote-access
about-face
roaring
pile
:pair#shop
-angle (u.m., v.)
sack
-ribbed (u.m.)
jpresentative
-angled (u.m.)
saw
#salt
#at#large
#away
snorter
shaft
-elect
#field (sports)
tide
slide
:search#worker
-handed (u.m.)
-up (n.,u.m.)
rod-shaped (u.m.)
164
Chapter 7
ie
#rot
shod
-stamped (u.m.)
buck
stalk
-sketch (v.)
ruby
#deer
stock
stuff
-hued (u.m.)
sentgeno (c.f.)
rope
tailed
-red (u.m.)
all one word
dance
#work (n.)
-set (u.m.)
all
layer
work (v.)
-throated (u.m.)
about (n., u.m.)
stitch
wrought
rudder
back (n., u.m.)
walk
rougher
head
call
rose
-down
hole
-fed (v.)
-bright (u.m.)
-out
post
film
bud
-up
stock
off (n., u.m.)
bush
roughing-in (u.m.)
rule#of#thumb
-on (n., u.m.)
head
round
rum
out (n., u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
about (n., u.m.)
-crazed (u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
-scented (u.m.)
about-face
runner
top
-sweet (u.m.)
-faced (u.m.)
seller
up (n., u.m.)
tan
head
rumpus#room
slier
#water
-made (u.m.)
run
#blade
rotor
mouthed
about (n., u.m.)
#coaster
craft
nose (tool)
around (n., u.m.)
-made (u.m.)
ship
out (n., u.m.)
away (n.,u.m.)
-milled (u.m.)
rotten
robin (petition)
back (n., u.m.)
#skate
omano (c.f.)
-canonical, etc.
-dry (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
rough
seam
table (panel)
-tailed (u.m.)
by(n.)
down (n., u.m.)
-Gallic, etc.
-and-ready (u.m.)
-topped (u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
Dof
-and-tumble (n.,
#trip
garden
u.m.)
-tripper
-on (n., u.m.)
line
cast (u.m., v.)
up (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
top
-coat (v.)
rub
over (n., u.m.)
tree
-cut (u.m.)
-a-dub
through (n., u.m.)
)om
draw (v.)
down (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
#clerk
dress (v.)
rubber
runner-up
keeper
dry (u.m., v.)
band
Russo (c.f.)
mate
-face (v.)
-down
-Chinese, etc.
jominghouse
-faced (u.m.)
-lined (u.m.)
rest one word
sot
hew
neck
rust
bound
house
-off
-brown (u.m.)
cap
-legged (u.m.)
-set (u.m.)
-eaten (u.m.)
-cutting (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
stamp
proofing
fast
neck
(nonliteral) (n.,
-resistant (u.m.)
hold
rider
u.m.,v.)
-stained (u.m.)
#mean#square
setter
#stamp (n.)
rye#field
Compounding Examples
165
s
-stitched (u.m.)
peter
pit
s
tree
pit
-pump (u.m., v.)
-bend
-wire (u.m.)
pond
shoe
-brake
safe
shaker
spit
-iron
blower
spoon
storm
-ray
cracker
sprinkler
table
-shaped
-deposit (u.m.)
water
weld (v.)
-trap
guard
works
-welded (u.m.)
-wrench
hold
salver
-welding (u.m.)
saber
#house
form
sandy-bottomed
-legged (u.m.)
#site
-shaped (u.m.)
(u.m.)
tooth
sage
sample
sangfroid
-toothed (u.m.)
brush
#book
sans
sable-cloaked (u.m.)
leaf
#box
#serif
Sabrejet
-leaved (u.m.)
maker
#souci
saccharo (c.f.)
sail
-making (u.m.)
sapphire
all one word
cloth
sand
-blue (u.m.)
sack
-dotted (u.m.)
bag
-colored (u.m.)
bearer
flying
bank
sarco (c.f.)
cloth
saintlike
bar
all one word
#coat
sales
bath
sashcord
-coated (u.m.)
book
bin
satin
-making (u.m.)
clerk
blast
#cloth
-shaped (u.m.)
manship
blown
-lined (u.m.)
sacro (c.f.)
people
box
-smooth (u.m.)
all one word
person
-built (u.m.)
sauce
sad
salmon
-buried (u.m.)
dish
-eyed (u.m.)
-colored (u.m.)
-cast (u.m., v.)
pan
iron
-red (u.m.)
culture
sauer
#sack
salpingo (c.f.)
#dune
braten
-voiced (u.m.)
-oophorectomy
fill
kraut
saddle
-oophoritis
flea
save-all (n., u.m.)
back
-ovariotomy
glass
saw
-backed (u.m.)
-ovaritis
heat
back
bag
rest one word
hill
belly
bow
salt
-hiller
bill (bird)
cloth
box
hog
-billed (u.m.)
-graft (v.)
cellar
hole
bones (n.)
#horse
-cured (u.m.)
lapper
buck
-making (u.m.)
#lick
lot
dust
nose
mouth
paper
-edged (u.m.)
-nosed (u.m.)
pack
pile
horse
sore
pan
pipe
setter
166
Chapter 7
timber
school
book
#bird
tooth
bag
#paper
-blue (u.m.)
-toothed (u.m.)
#board
works
board
sax
book
scratch
#boat
cornet
bus
brush
-born (u.m.)
horn
children
-brusher
borne
tuba
day
-coated (u.m.)
bound
say
-made (u.m.)
#pad
-bred (u.m.)
-nothing (n., u.m.)
mate
#test
coast
-so (n.)
ship
screen
-deep (u.m.)
scale
teacher
out (n., u.m.)
dog
bark
-trained (u.m.)
play
-driven (u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
#year
screw
drome
pan
-reading (u.m.)
scientifico (c.f.)
ball
-encircled (u.m.)
all one word
bolt
fare (food)
scapegoat
scissor
cap
fighter
scapulo (c.f.)
bill
down (u.m.)
#floor
all one word
-tailed (u.m.)
drive (v.)
folk
-winged (u.m.)
-driven (u.m.)
food
scar
scissors
driver
front
-clad (u.m.)
r
hold
head
girt
-faced (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
hook
goer
#tissue
#smith
jack
going
sclero (c.f.)
-lifted (u.m.)
hound
scare
-oophoritis
nut
lane
crow
head
-optic
rest one word
ship
#thread
#level
lift
scarfpin
score
-threaded (u.m.)
#lion
scarlet
board
-turned (u.m.)
mark
-breasted (u.m.)
book
scroll
port
#fever
card
-back
quake
-red (u.m.)
sheet
head
#room
scatter
scot-free
work
scape
brain
Scoto (c.f.)
scuttlebutt
#scout
good
-Britannic, etc.
scythe-shaped
scouting
#rug
Scotsman
(u.m.)
shell
scene
scout
sea
shine
shifter
#badge
#base
shore
wright
#car
-based (u.m.)
sick
schisto (c.f.)
hood
-bathed (u.m.)
side
all one word
master
beach
stroke
schizo (c.f.)
scrap
-beaten (u.m.)
#time (clock)
all one word
basket
bed
wall
Compounding Examples
167
weed
seer
-dentate (u.m.)
-up
wing
band
server-based
seven
worn
hand
service
-branched (u.m.)
worthiness
sucker
-connected (u.m.)
fold
-wrecked (u.m.)
seesaw
man
penny (nail)
seam
seismo (c.f.)
# man* and
score
blasting
all one word
#woman
-shooter
rend (v.)
self
member
-up (n.)
stitch
dom
person
severalfold
weld (v.)
-extracting
wide
shade
-welded (u.m.)
hood
woman
-giving (u.m.)
search
less
servo
-grown (u.m.)
#engine
ness
accelerometer
shadow
light
same
amplifier
boxing
gram
graph
plane
reflexive prefix,
control
seat
use hyphen
mechanism
belt
sell
motor
#line
#cover
off (n., u.m.)
system
shag
bark
-mile
out (n., u.m.)
sesqui (c.f.)
second
semi (pref.)
all one word
-haired (u.m.)
-class (u.m.)
-degree (u.m.)
-armor-piercing
(u.m.)
set
-aside (n., u.m.)
#rug
shake
-foot
-Christian, etc.
back (n., u.m.)
-guess (v.)
-idleness
bolt
down (n., u.m.)
hand (adv., u.m.)
-indirect, etc.
down (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
#hand (n.)
annual, arid, etc.
-fair (n.)
up (n., u.m.)
#in#command
rest one word
head
shallow
-rate (u.m.)
send
-in (n., u.m.)
-draft (u.m.)
#sight
off (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
-sighted (u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
shame
Secret Service
senso (c.f.)
out (n., u.m.)
-crushed (u.m.)
secretary
all one word
over (n., u.m.)
faced
#general
septi (c.f.)
pin
shank
-generalcy
all one word
screw
bone
-generalship
septo (c.f.)
-stitched (u.m.)
#mill
section#man
all one word
-to (n.,u.m.)
shapeup (n., u.m.)
seed
sergeant#at#arms
up (n., u.m.)
share
bed
serio (c.f.)
setter
bone
cake
all one word
-forth
broker
case
sero (c.f.)
-in
cropper
coat
all one word
-on
holder
kin
serrate
-out
out (n., u.m.)
stalk
-ciliate (u.m.)
-to
ware
168
Chapter 7
sharp
-angled (u.m.)
-cut (u.m.)
-edged (u.m.)
-freeze (u.m., v.)
-freezer
-looking (u.m.)
naysayer
-set (u.m.)
shod
shooter
-tailed (u.m.)
-witted (u.m.)
shavetail
shear
pin
waters
shedhand
sheep
biter
crook
dip
#dog
faced
#farm
fold
gate
herder
hook
kill
-kneed (u.m.)
nose (apple)
pen
shank
shear (v.)
shearer (n.)
shed
stealer
walk
-white (u.m.)
sheer
off (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
sheet
block
flood
#glass
rock
ways
shell
back
burst
fire
fishery
#game
hole
-like
shocked
shelterbelt
shield-shaped
(u.m.)
shilly-shally
shin
bone
guard
plaster
shiner-up
ship
breaker
broken
broker
builder
lap
mast
owning
-rigged (u.m.)
shape
side
wreck
shipping
#master
#room
shirt
band
#sleeve
tail
waist
shock
# therapy
#troops
#wave
shoe
black
brush
horn
lace
pack
scraper
shine
store
string
tree
shootoff (n.,u.m.)
shop
folk
lifter
-made (u.m.)
mark
owner
-soiled (u.m.)
talk
walker
window
shore
#bird
#boat
fast
going
#leave
side
short
-armed (u.m.)
bread
cake
change (v.)
changer
#circuit
-circuited (u.m.)
coming
cut (n., u.m., v.)
fall (n.)
-fed (u.m.)
hand (writing)
-handed (u.m.)
head (whale)
horn (n., u.m.)
-horned (u.m.)
-lasting (u.m.)
leaf (u.m.)
-lived (u.m.)
rib
run (u.m.)
sighted
staff
stop
#term
-term (u.m.)
wave (radio)
shot
gun
hole
put
star
shoulder
#belt
#blade
-high (u.m.)
#strap
show
boat
card
case
down (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
piece
place
room
through
(printing) (n.,
u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
shredout (n., u.m.)
Compounding Examples
169
shroud
plate
plate (v.)
sit
-laid (u.m.)
play
-plated (u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
plate
saddle
point (drawing)
-downer
shut
show
print
fast (n., u.m.)
away (n.,u.m.)
slip
tip
-in
down (n., u.m.)
splitting
-tongued (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
eye (n., u.m.)
step
top
sitter
-in (n„ u.m.)
stitch
simon-pure (u.m.)
-by
-mouthed (u.m.)
-stitched (u.m.)
simple
-in
off (n., u.m.)
sway
-headed (u.m.)
-out
out (n„ u.m.)
swipe
-minded (u.m.)
sitting#room
up (u.m.)
track
-rooted (u.m.)
sitz
shuttlecock
walk
-witted (u.m.)
#bath
sick
wall
simulcast
mark
hay
-wheeler
sin
six
hed
winder
-born (u.m.)
-cylinder (u.m.)
#call
sight
-bred (u.m.)
fold
#leave
hole
sine#die
penny (nail)
list
read
single
-ply (u.m.)
room
saver
bar
-shooter
sickle-cell (u.m.)
seeing
-breasted (u.m.)
-wheeler
side
setter
-decker
sizeup (n.,u.m.)
arms
sign
ski
band
off (n., u.m.)
-edged (u.m.)
handed
#jump
hoard
-on (n., u.m.)
hood
#lift
bone
post
-loader
plane
burns
up (n., u.m.)
#suit
car
silico (c.f.)
-minded (u.m.)
skid
check
all one word
-phase (u.m.)
lift (truck)
-cut (u.m.)
silk
-seater
road
dress (v.)
#screen
stick
#row
flash
-stockinged (u.m.)
#stitch
skin
head (printing)
works
tree
-clad (u.m.)
hill
siltpan
singsong
deep
hook
silver
sink
diver
kick
-backed (u.m.)
head
flint
lap
beater
hole
-graft (v.)
#light (literal)
-bright (u.m.)
Sino (c.f.)
skipjack
light (nonliteral)
fish
-Japanese, etc.
skirtmarker
Mine (literal)
-gray (u.m.)
sister
skullcap
line (nonliteral)
-haired (u.m.)
-german
skunk
long
-lead (u.m.)
hood
head
note
-leaved (u.m.)
-in-law
top
170
Chapter 7
sky
-blue (u.m.)
gazer
-high (u.m.)
j acker
lift
look (v.)
rocket
sail
scape
scraper
shine
writer
slab-sided (u.m.)
slack
-bake (v.)
-filled (u.m.)
#water
slambang
slant-eyed (u.m.)
slap
bang
dab
dash
down (n., u.m.)
happy
jack
stick
-up (n.,u.m.)
slate
-blue (u.m.)
-colored (u.m.)
works
slaughter
house
pen
slave
-born (u.m.)
-deserted (u.m.)
holding
#market
owner
pen
Slavo (c.f.)
-Hungarian, etc.
sledge
#hammer
-hammered (u.m.)
meter
sleep
-filled (u.m.)
talker
walker
sleepy
-eyed (u.m.)
head
-looking (u.m.)
sleetstorm
sleeveband
sleuthhound
slide
film
knot
#rule
sling
ball
shot
slip
along (u.m.)
band
case
cover
knot
#law
-on (n., u.m.)
#proof (printing)
proof
ring
sheet
shod
sole
step
stitch
stream
-up (n.,u.m.)
washer
slit
-eyed (u.m.)
shell
#skirt
slop
-molded (u.m.)
seller
slopeways
slow
belly
down (n., u.m.)
-footed (u.m.)
going
-motion (u.m.)
mouthed
poke
#time
up (n., u.m.)
-witted (u.m.)
sluice
box
#gate
slum
dweller
gullion
gum
lord
slumber-bound
(u.m.)
small
#arms
#businessman
pox
-scale (u.m.)
sword
talk
-time (u.m.)
town (u.m.)
smart
#aleck
-alecky (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
#set
-tongued (u.m.)
smashup (n., u.m.)
smearcase
smoke
-blinded (u.m.)
bomb
chaser
-dried (u.m.)
-dry (v.)
-dyed (u.m.)
-filled (u.m.)
house
jack
jumper
-laden (u.m.)
pot
screen
stack
smoking#room
smooth
bore
-browed (u.m.)
-cast (u.m.)
-mouthed (u.m.)
-tongued (u.m.)
-working (u.m.)
snackbar
snail
-paced (u.m.)
-slow (u.m.)
snail's#pace
snake
bite
-bitten (u.m.)
-eater
-eyed (u.m.)
head
hole
pit
snap
dragon
head
hook
Compounding Examples
171
-on (n., u.m.)
scape
culture
out (n.)
shade
#house
ring
shed
soda
roll
shooter
shot
shine
shoe
sled
jerk
#pop
#water
-up (u.m.)
slide
sofa
snapper
slip
#bed
-back
storm
# maker
-up
suit
-making (u.m.)
snipe
bill
-topped (u.m.)
#water
-ridden (u.m.)
soft
#eel
-white (u.m.)
ball
-nosed (u.m.)
snuffbox
-boiled (u.m.)
sniperscope
so
#coal
snooperscope
-and-so
#copy
snow
beit (n., conj.)
#drink
ball
bank
-called (u.m.)
-seeming (u.m.)
#goods
head
berg
blind
#blindness
blink
-so
soap
box
bubble
-pedal (v.)
-shelled (u.m.)
-soap (nonliteral)
(v.)
block
-blocked (u.m.)
dish
flakes
-soaper
(nonliteral) (n.)
blower
#opera
-spoken (u.m.)
break
rock
tack
capped
-choked (u.m.)
stock
suds
ware
wood
clad (u.m.)
sob
sole
#cover
#sister
cutter
-covered (u.m.)
#story
plate
drift
sober
somato (c.f.)
fall
-minded (u.m.)
all one word
field
sides
some
flake
line
social
#work
day
how
melt
-melting (u.m.)
mobile
#worker
socio (c.f.)
-official
one (anyone)
#one (distributive)
place (adv.)
pack
economic, etc.
time (adv., u.m.)
pit
plow
sod
buster
#time (some time
ago)
what
son-in-law
song
bird
fest
writer
sonobuoy
sooth
fast
sayer
sore
-eyed (u.m.)
foot (n.)
footed (u.m.)
head (n., u.m.)
sorry-looking (u.m.)
soul
-deep (u.m.)
mate
-searching (u.m.)
sick
sound
-absorbing (u.m.)
#field
film
-minded (u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
track
#wave
soup
bone
#bowl
#kitchen
#plate
spoon
sour
belly
bread
dough (n.)
faced
-natured (u.m.)
-sweet
172
Chapter 7
source
book
#file
south
-born (u.m.)
bound
-central (u.m.)
east
going
lander
paw
#side
-sider
-southeast
west
soybean
sow
back
belly
space
bar
craft
-cramped (u.m.)
#key
mark
ship
#time
spade
-dug (u.m.)
foot
-footed (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
Spanish
-American
-born (u.m.)
-speaking (u.m.)
spare
-bodied (u.m.)
rib
#room
spark
#plug (literal)
plug (nonliteral)
speakeasy (n.)
spear
cast
head
-high (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
spectro (c.f.)
all one word
speech
-bereft (u.m.)
-read (v.)
speed
boating
letter
trap
up (n., u.m.)
spell
binding
check
down (n., u.m.)
-free (u.m.)
spend
-all (n.)
thrift
spermato (c.f.)
all one word
spermo (c.f.)
all one word
spheno (c.f.)
-occipital
rest one word
sphygmo (c.f.)
all one word
spice
-burnt (u.m.)
cake
-laden (u.m.)
spider
#crab
-legged
-spun (u.m.)
#web (n.)
web (u.m., v.)
spike
horn
-kill (v.)
-pitch (v.)
spill
over (n., u.m.)
way
spin
back
#doctor (slang)
off
spindle
-formed (u.m.)
head
-legged (u.m.)
legs
shanks
spine
bone
-broken (u.m.)
-pointed (u.m.)
spino (c.f.)
-olivary
rest one word
spirit
-born (u.m.)
-broken (u.m.)
#writing
spit
ball
fire
stick
splanchno (c.f.)
all one word
splay
footed
mouthed
spleen
-born (u.m.)
sick
-swollen (u.m.)
spleno (c.f.)
all one word
split
finger
(crustacean)
fruit
mouth
saw
#second
-tongued (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
spoilsport
spondylo (c.f.)
all one word
sponge
#bath
cake
diver
-diving (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
spongio (c.f.)
all one word
spoolwinder
spoon
-beaked (u.m.)
-billed (u.m.)
bread
-fed (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
ways
sporeformer
sporo (c.f.)
all one word
sports
#editor
person
wear
writer
spot
#check
-checked (u.m.)
-face (v.)
light
weld (v.)
welded (u.m.)
Compounding Examples
173
-welding (u.m.)
spray-washed (u.m.)
spread
-eagle (u.m., v.)
head
out (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
-set (v.)
spring
back
(bookbinding)
bok
-born (u.m.)
buck
-clean (v.)
#fever
finger
-grown (u.m.)
halt
head
-plow (v.)
-plowed (u.m.)
tide (season)
time
trap
spritsail
spur
-clad (u.m.)
-driven (u.m.)
gall
-galled (u.m.)
-heeled (u.m.)
spy
glass
hole
tower
square
-bottomed (u.m.)
-built (u.m.)
-faced (u.m.)
flipper
head
-headed
#mile
-rigged (u.m.)
#root
-set (u.m.)
shooter
squeeze
-in (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
squirrel-headed
(u.m.)
stackup (n.,u.m.)
staff
-herd (v.)
-hour
time
stag
-handled (u.m.)
head
-headed (u.m.)
horn
-horned (u.m.)
hound
hunter
stage
coach
hand
#set
-struck (u.m.)
stair
case
head
step
#well
stake
head
out (n.)
stale -worn (u.m.)
stall
-fed (u.m.)
-feed (v.)
stand
by (n., u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
fast (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
offish
out (n., u.m.)
pat
pipe
point
post
still (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
standard
#bearer
bred
#gauge
#time
staphylo (c.f.)
all one word
star
blind
bright
dust
gazer
-led (u.m.)
light
lit
lite (gem)
nose (mole)
shake
shine
shoot
-spangled (u.m.)
stroke
-studded (u.m.)
#time
starchworks
stark
-blind (u.m.)
-mad (u.m.)
-naked (u.m.)
-raving (u.m.)
starter-off
start-stop
startup (n., u.m.)
stat (pref.)
all one word
State
-aided (u.m.)
#line
-owned (u.m.)
state
hood
-of-the-art (u.m.)
quake
room
side
station#house
stato (c.f.)
all one word
statute
-barred (u.m.)
#book
stay
-at-home (n., u.m.)
bar
bolt
boom
lace
log
pin
plow
sail
wire
steam
boating
car
-cooked (u.m.)
-driven (u.m.)
fitter
pipe
plant
-pocket (v.)
power (n.)
#powerplant
-propelled (u.m.)
174
Chapter 7
roll (v.)
roller (u.m.,v.)
ship
table
tightness
steamer#line
steel
-blue (u.m.)
-bright (u.m.)
-cased (u.m.)
clad
-framed (u.m.)
-hard (u.m.)
head
plate
works
steep
-rising (u.m.)
-to (u.m.)
-up (u.m.)
-walled (u.m.)
steeple
chase
-high (u.m.)
jack
top
stem
head
post
sickness
winder
stencil-cutting (u.m.)
steno (c.f.)
all one word
step
aunt
child, etc.
dance
down (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
ladder
off (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
-up (n.,u.m.)
stepping
-off (u.m.)
-out (u.m.)
stone
stereo (c.f.)
all one word
stern
castle
-faced (u.m.)
-heavy (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
most
post
#wheel
-wheeler
sterno (c.f.)
all one word
stetho (c.f.)
all one word
stew
pan
pot
stick
-at-it (n., u.m.)
fast (n.)
-in-the-mud (n.,
u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
pin
-to-it-iveness (n.)
up (n., u.m.)
sticker
-in
-on
-up
stiff
-backed (u.m.)
neck
-necked (u.m.)
still
-admired (u.m.)
birth
born
-burn (v.)
-fish (v.)
-hunt (v.)
#life
-recurring (u.m.)
stand
stink
ball
bomb
bug
damp
pot
stir
about (n., u.m.)
fry
-up (n.,u.m.)
stitch
down (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
stock
breeder
broker
#car
feeder
holding
jobber
judging
list
pile
pot
rack
raiser
-still (u.m.)
taker
truck
wright
stoke
hold
hole
stomach
#ache
-filling (u.m.)
#pump
-shaped (u.m.)
-sick (u.m.)
-weary (u.m.)
stomato (c.f.)
all one word
stone
biter
blind
brash
breaker
broke
brood
cast
-cold (u.m.)
#crab
crusher
cutter
-dead (u.m.)
-deaf (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
head
layer
lifter
mason
shot
#wall (n.)
wall (u.m., v.)
#writing
stony
-eyed (u.m.)
#land
stop
back (n.)
block
clock
cock
g a P
hound
list
log
-loss (u.m.)
Compounding Examples
175
off (n.,u.m.)
watch
storage#room
store
front
house
storm
-beaten (u.m.)
cock
flow
-laden (u.m.)
-swept (u.m.)
-tossed (u.m.)
#trooper
wind
#window
storyteller
stout
-armed (u.m.)
heartedness
-minded (u.m.)
stove
brush
-heated (u.m.)
pipe
stow
away (n.,u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
straddle
back
-face (v.)
-legged (u.m.)
straight
away
-backed (u.m.)
-cut (u.m.)
edge
-edged (u.m.)
#face
-faced (u.m.)
forward
head
-legged (u.m.)
Mine
-lined (u.m.)
-out (n., u.m.)
-spoken (u.m.)
#time
-up (u.m.)
-up-and-down
(u.m.)
strainslip
strait
-chested (u.m.)
jacket
laced
stranglehold
strap
-bolt (v.)
hanger
head
-shaped (u.m.)
watch
strato (c.f)
all one word
straw
berry#field
boss
-built (u.m.)
hat
-roofed (u.m.)
splitting
stack
-stuffed (u.m.)
#vote
walker
-yellow (u.m.)
stray
away (n.,u.m.)
#line
mark
stream
bank
bed
flow
head
lined
side
street
-bred (u.m.)
car
cleaner
-cleaning (u.m.)
sweeper
walker
strepto (c.f.)
all one word
stretchout (n., u.m.)
strike
breaker
-in (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
-over (n., u.m.)
striker
-in
-out
-over
string
course
halt
# pro of (density)
ways
strip
cropping
#mine
tease
strong
-arm (u.m., v.)
back (nautical)
-backed (u.m.)
box
hold
#man (literal)
man (nonliteral)
-minded (u.m.)
point (n.)
stub
runner
-toed (u.m.)
wing
stubble
#field
-mulch (u.m.)
stubbornminded
stucco-fronted
(u.m.)
stuck
up (n., u.m.)
-upper
-uppish (u.m.)
stud
bolt
horse
mare
stuntman
stupid
head
-headed (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
sturdy-limbed (u.m.)
stylebook
stylo (c.f.)
all one word
sub (pref)
-Himalayan, etc.
machinegun
#rosa, #specie, etc.
-subcommittee
polar, standard,
etc.
rest one word
subject
-object
-objectivity
subter (pref.)
all one word
such-and-such
suck
-egg (n., u.m.)
hole
-in (n., u.m.)
176
Chapter 7
sugar
#beet
#bowl
cake
cane
-coat (v.)
-coated (u.m.)
-cured (u.m.)
loaf
plum
spoon
sweet
#water
works
sulfa (c.f.)
all one word
sulfo (c.f.)
all one word
sulfon (c.f.)
all one word
sullen
hearted
-natured (u.m.)
summer
-clad (u.m.)
-dried (u.m.)
-fallow (v.)
-made (u.m.)
tide
time (season)
#time (daylight
saving)
sun
-baked (u.m.)
bath
-bathed (u.m.)
beam
blind
#blindness
bonnet
bow
break
burn
burst
-cured (u.m.)
dial
dog
down
dress
-dried (u.m.)
-dry (v.)
fall
fast
glade
glare
glow
#hat
lamp
lit
quake
ray
rise
scald
set
shade
shine
-shot (u.m.)
shower
spot
stricken
stroke
struck
tan
#time (measure)
time (dawn)
up
sunny
-looking (u.m.)
-natured (u.m.)
super (pref.)
-Christian, etc.
#high frequency
-superlative
highway, market,
etc.
rest one word
Super Bowl
supra (pref.)
-abdominal
-acromial
-aerial
anal
-angular
-arytenoid
-auditory
-auricular
-axillary
-Christian, etc.
rest one word
sur (pref.)
all one word
sure
-fire (u.m.)
-footed (u.m.)
-slow
surf
-battered (u.m.)
board
#fish
-swept (u.m.)
swallow
pipe
-tailed (u.m.)
swamp side
swan
-bosomed (u.m.)
dive
herd
mark
neck
song
swansdown
swash
buckler
plate
sway
back (n., u.m.)
-backed (u.m.)
bar
-brace (v.)
swearer-in
sweat
band
#gland
#shirt
shop
sweep
back (aviation)
(n., u.m.)
forward
(aviation) (n.,
u.m.)
stake
through (n., u.m.)
washer
sweet
bread
-breathed (u.m.)
brier
faced
heart
meat
mouthed
-pickle (v.)
-sour
-sweet
swell
-butted (u.m.)
head
toad
swelled-headed
(u.m.)
swept
back (n., u.m.)
forward (n.,
u.m.)
wing (n., u.m.)
swift
foot
-footed (u.m.)
-handed (u.m.)
-running (u.m.)
Compounding Examples
177
swill
play
tachy (c.f.)
taker
bowl
-shaped (u.m.)
all one word
-down
tub
stick
tag
-in
swimsuit
syn (pref.)
-affixing (u.m.)
-off
swine
all one word
lock
-over
-backed (u.m.)
synchro
rag
-up
bread
cyclotron
sore
tale
head
flash
tail
bearer
herd
mesh
band
carrier
pox
tron
#coat
teller
sty
Syro (c.f.)
-cropped (u.m.)
talkfest
swing
-Arabian, etc.
#end
talking-to (n.)
back (n., u.m.)
phenician
-ender
tall
bar
first
boy (n.)
dingle
T
foremost
-built (u.m.)
#gate
T
gate
-looking (u.m.)
#shift
-ball
head
tallow
stock
-bandage
-heavy (u.m.)
-faced (u.m.)
-swang
-beam
hook
-pale (u.m.)
tree
-boat
lamp
tally
swingle
-bone
pin
#board
bar
-cloth
pipe
#clerk
tree
race
-iron
ho
switch
spin
-man
#room
back
stock
-rail
# sheet
blade
-tied (u.m.)
box
-scale (score)
twister
tame
gear
-shape
-up (n.,u.m.)
-grown (u.m.)
plate
-shaped
wheel
-looking (u.m.)
plug
-shirt
wind
tan
rail
-square
tailor
bark
tender
table
-cut (u.m.)
works
swivel
cloth
made (u.m.)
tangent
#chair
-cut (u.m.)
-suited (u.m.)
-cut (v.)
eye
cutter
take
-saw (v.)
-eyed (u.m.)
-cutting (u.m.)
-all (n.)
tangle
-hooked (u.m.)
-formed (u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
foot
sword
#linen
-home (n., u.m.)
-haired (u.m.)
-armed (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
tank
bearer
spoon
off (n., u.m.)
#car
#belt
talk
out (n., u.m.)
farm
bill
top
over (n., u.m.)
ship
fishing
ware
up (n., u.m.)
town
178
Chapter 7
tap
tarso (c.f.)
-dimmed (u.m.)
tent
bolt
all one word
down (n., u.m.)
-dotted (u.m.)
dance
task
drop
pole
hole
#force
#gas
-sheltered (u.m.)
net
setter
-off (n., u.m.)
#show
off(n., u.m.)
tattletale
-out (n., u.m.)
terra
-riveted (u.m.)
tauro (c.f.)
pit
#cotta
room
all one word
sheet
#firma
root
tax
stain
mara
-tap
-burdened (u.m.)
-stained (u.m.)
terrace-fashion
water
#collector
teen
(u.m.)
tape
eater
age (u.m.)
test-fly (v.)
#deck
-exempt (u.m.)
ager
tetra (c.f.)
#drive
-free (u.m.)
teeter-totter
all one word
#measure
gatherer
tele (c.f.)
thanksgiving
string
-laden (u.m.)
all one word
thatch-roofed
-tied (u.m.)
paid
teleo (c.f.)
(u.m.)
taper
payer
all one word
text
bearer
#roll
tell
-based
-fashion (u.m.)
-supported (u.m.)
tale
#file
-headed (u.m.)
taxi
truth
#mode
tapestry
auto
telo (c.f.)
theater
-covered (u.m.)
bus
all one word
goer
#maker
cab
tempest-rocked
going
-making (u.m.)
meter
(u.m.)
thenceforth
#work
stand
temporo (c.f.)
theo (c.f.)
tapper-out
tea
-occipital
all one word
tar
ball
rest one word
theologico (c.f.)
-brand (v.)
cake
ten
all one word
brush
cart
fold
there
-coal (u.m.)
-colored (u.m.)
penny (nail)
about(s)
-dipped (u.m.)
cup
pins
above
#paper
dish
tender
across
-paved (u.m.)
kettle
#boat
after
pot
#party
-faced (u.m.)
against
-roofed (u.m.)
pot
foot
among
works
room
-footed (u.m.)
around
tariff-protected
-scented (u.m.)
footish
at
(u.m.)
spoon
-handed (u.m.)
away
tarpaulin
taster
heart
before
-covered (u.m.)
teamplay
loin
between
#maker
tear
-looking (u.m.)
by
-making (u.m.)
bomb
tenement#house
for
Compounding Examples
179
fore
-rate (u.m.)
fold
string
from
-rater
-in-hand
sucker
in
thistledown
-master
tack
inafter
thoraco (c.f.)
penny (nail)
worn
inbefore
all one word
-piece (u.m.)
thunder
into
thorn
-ply (u.m.)
bearer
on
back
score
blast
over
bill
some
bolt
through
-covered (u.m.)
-spot
clap
tofore
-set (u.m.)
-square
cloud
under
-strewn (u.m.)
-striper
head
until
tail
throat
peal
unto
thorough
band
shower
upon
-bind (v.)
cutter
storm
with
bred
latch
struck
lermo (c.f.)
-dried (u.m.)
strap
thymo (c.f.)
all one word
fare
thrombo (c.f.)
all one word
lick
going
all one word
thyro (c.f.)
-blooded (u.m.)
-made (u.m.)
through
all one word
head
paced
out
tibio (c.f.)
-looking (u.m.)
pin
put
all one word
pated
thought
#road
tick
set (n., u.m.)
-free (u.m.)
way
#feed
skinned
-out (u.m.)
throw
seed
skull (n.)
-provoking (u.m.)
away (n.,u.m.)
tacktoe
skulled
thousand
back (n., u.m.)
tick
-tongued (u.m.)
fold
-in (n., u.m.)
tock
wit
-headed (u.m.)
#line
ticket
-witted (u.m.)
-legged (u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
#seller
-wooded (u.m.)
legs (worm)
-on (n., u.m.)
-selling (u.m.)
-woven (u.m.)
thrall
out (n., u.m.)
#writer
lin
born
over (n., u.m.)
tidal#wave
-clad (u.m.)
dom
-weight
tiddlywink
down (n., u.m.)
-less
thrust-pound
tide
set (u.m.)
thread
thumb
flat
-voiced (u.m.)
bare
#hole
head
lio (c.f.)
-leaved (u.m.)
-made (u.m.)
mark
all one word
worn
mark
-marked (u.m.)
lird
three
-marked (u.m.)
race
-class (u.m.)
-bagger
nail
table
-degree (u.m.)
-cornered (u.m.)
print
-tossed (u.m.)
hand (adv., u.m.)
-dimensional
screw
waiter
#house
(u.m.)
stall
-worn (u.m.)
180
Chapter 7
tie
back (n.)
#bar
#beam
down (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
-out (n., u.m.)
pin
-plater
#rod
#tack
up (n., u.m.)
tierlift (truck)
tiger
eye
#lily
#shark
-striped (u.m.)
tight
-belted (u.m.)
fisted
-fitting (u.m.)
lipped
rope
-set (u.m.)
-tie (v.)
wad
wire
tile
-clad (u.m.)
#drain
-red (u.m.)
setter
works
wright
tilt
hammer
rotor
up (n.)
timber
-built (u.m.)
head
-headed (u.m.)
jack
line
-propped (u.m.)
#wolf
wright
time
bomb
born
card
clerk
clock
-consuming (u.m.)
frame
-honored (u.m.)
keeper
killer
lag
lock
outs (n., u.m.)
piece
pleaser
saver
server
sheet
slip
slot
span
-stamp (v.)
study
table
taker
waster
worn
tin
-bearing (u.m.)
#can
-capped (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
cup
#fish (torpedo)
foil
horn
kettle
-lined (u.m.)
man
pan
plate
-plated (u.m.)
pot
-roofed (u.m.)
type
-white (u.m.)
tinsel
-bright (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
#town
tintblock (printing)
tip
burn
cart
-curled (u.m.)
head
-in (n., u.m.)
most
off (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
staff
stock
tank
-tap
toe
top
-up (u.m.)
tire
changer
dresser
fitter
#gauge
#iron
-mile
#rack
shaper
some
tit
bit
#fbr#tat
mouse
titano (c.f.)
all one word
tithe
book
-free (u.m.)
payer
right
title
holder
-holding (u.m.)
#page
winner
-winning (u.m.)
to
-and-fro
-do (n.)
#wit
toad
back
-bellied (u.m.)
blind
fish
-green (u.m.)
stool
tobacco
#grower
-growing (u.m.)
#shop
toe
cap
#dance
hold
-in (n., u.m.)
-mark (v.)
nail
plate
print
toil
-beaten (u.m.)
Compounding Examples
181
some
shot
-set (u.m.)
torpedo
-stained (u.m.)
sore
-shaped (u.m.)
#boat
-weary (u.m.)
tack
some
#room
worn
tied
wash
torquemeter
toilet#room
tip
top
toss
toll
#twister
#brass
pot
bar
-twisting (u.m.)
cap (n.)
up (n., u.m.)
#bridge
tool
coat
touch
#call
bag
cutter
#and#go
gate
#belt
#dog
back (n., u.m.)
gatherer
box
-drain (v.)
down (n., u.m.)
house
builder
#drawer
hole
Mine
#chest
dress (v.)
-me-not (n., u.m.)
payer
crib
flight (u.m.)
pan
road
dresser
full
reader
taker
fitter
gallant (n., u.m.)
stone
torn
#grinder
-graft (v.)
up (n., u.m.)
boy
-grinding (u.m.)
hat
tough
cat
head
-hatted (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
foolery
holding
heavy
-looking (u.m.)
-torn
kit
kick
-skinned (u.m.)
tommy
mark
knot
tow
gun
plate
liner
away
rot
post
mark
boat
ton
rack
mast
head
-hour
setter
milk
line
-kilometer
shed
most
mast
-mile
slide
notch (nonliteral)
#net
-mileage
stock
rail
-netter
-mile-day
tooth
rope
path
tone
ache
sail
rope
-deaf (u.m.)
#and#nail
-secret (u.m.)
#truck
down (n., u.m.)
-billed (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
tower
-producing (u.m.)
brush
side (naut.)
-high (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
drawer
soil
-shaped (u.m.)
tongue
mark
topo (c.f.)
town
-baited (u.m.)
-marked (u.m.)
all one word
-bred (u.m.)
-bound (u.m.)
paste
topsy-turvy
#clerk
-free (u.m.)
pick
torch
#crier
-lash (v.)
plate
bearer
-dotted (u.m.)
Slashing
powder
#holder
folk
play
puller
lighted
gate
-shaped (u.m.)
-pulling (u.m.)
lit
going
182
Chapter 7
hall
-marked (u.m.)
#house
hammer
lot
side
-laden (u.m.)
wire
ship
sight
treaty
triple
side
-weary (u.m.)
breaker
-acting (u.m.)
site
train
-sealed (u.m.)
back (sofa)
talk
bearer
tree
branched (u.m.)
-weary (u.m.)
bolt
#belt
-edged (u.m.)
)wns
crew
-clad (u.m.)
fold
fellow
line
#line
#play
people
-mile
-lined (u.m.)
-tailed (u.m.)
>y
shed
nail
tree (n.)
#dog
sick
-ripe (u.m.)
trolley#line
-sized (u.m.)
stop
scape
troop
town
tram
top
ship
•acheo (c.f.)
-borne (u.m.)
#trunk
#train
all one word
car
trellis-covered
tropho (c.f.)
•achy (c.f.)
rail
(u.m.)
all one word
all one word
road
trench
tropo (c.f.)
•ack
barrow
hound
layer
mark
-mile
side
way
trans (pref.)
alpine
back
coat
foot
all one word
trouble
-free (u.m.)
atlantic
#knife
-haunted (u.m.)
-Canadian, etc.
pacific
mouth
#plow
maker
shooter
lAr^l I Wt*Y
uranic
-plowed (u.m.)
some
actor-trailer
rest one word
transit#time
tri (c.f.)
-iodide
truce
breaker
*ade
#board
trap
-ply (u.m.)
-seeking (u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
-laden (u.m.)
-made (u.m.)
mark
door
fall
shoot
trashrack
state, etc.
rest one word
tribespeople
tribo (c.f.)
truck
driver
#farm
-mile
#name
travel
all one word
stop
off
-bent (u.m.)
tricho (c.f.)
true
#union
time
all one word
-aimed (u.m.)
#wind
-tired (u.m.)
trim
-blue (u.m.)
adespeople
-worn (u.m.)
-cut (u.m.)
born
affic-mile
trawlnet
-dressed (u.m.)
bred
-agico (c.f.)
tread
-looking (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
all one word
mill
trinitro (c.f.)
-false
-ail
wheel
all one word
love (n., u.m.)
blazer
treasure
trip
penny (n.)
breaker
-filled (u.m.)
-free (u.m.)
#time
Compounding Examples
183
-unk
turbo (c.f.)
table
-decker
back
-ramjet (u.m.)
tail
-faced (u.m.)
nose
rest one word
-to (n.)
fold
-ust
turf
under (n., u.m.)
-handed (u.m.)
breaking
-built (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
penny (nail)
buster
-clad (u.m.)
turned
-piece (u.m.)
-controlled (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
-back (u.m.)
-ply (u.m.)
-ridden (u.m.)
#war
-down (u.m.)
score
worthy
turkey
-in (u.m.)
-seater
uth
back
-on (u.m.)
some
-filled (u.m.)
#buzzard
-out (u.m.)
-spot
lover
#gobbler
-over (u.m.)
-step (dance)
seeker
#trot
turner-off
-striper
-seeking (u.m.)
Turko (c.f.)
turtle
-suiter
teller
-Greek, etc.
back
-up (n.,u.m.)
y
rest one word
dove
-way (u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
turn
-footed (u.m.)
-wheeler
out (n., u.m.)
about (n., u.m.)
neck (u.m.)
tympano (c.f.)
square
about-face
#shell
all one word
works
again (n., u.m.)
twelve
type
ibe
around (n., u.m.)
fold
case
-eyed (u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
penny (nail)
cast
-fed (u.m.)
buckle
score
cutter
head
cap
twenty
face
-nosed (u.m.)
coat
-first
foundry
works
cock
fold
script
iberculo (c.f.)
down (n., u.m.)
-one
set
all one word
gate
twice
write (v.)
lbo (c.f.)
-in (n., u.m.)
-born (u.m.)
typho (c.f.)
-ovarian
key
-reviewed (u.m.)
all one word
rest one word
off (n., u.m.)
-told (u.m.)
typo (c.f.)
J g
out (n„ u.m.)
twin
all one word
boat
over (n., u.m.)
#boat
tyro (c.f.)
#of#war
pike
born
all one word
imbledown (n.,
pin
-engined (u.m.)
U
u.m.)
plate
fold
ine
round (n., u.m.)
-jet (u.m.)
u
out (n„ u.m.)
screw
-motor (u.m.)
-boat
up (n., u.m.)
sheet
-screw (u.m.)
-cut
innel
sole
two
-magnet
-boring (u.m.)
spit
-a-day (u.m.)
-rail
-shaped (u.m.)
stile
-along (n.)
-shaped
vision
stitch
(bookbinding)
-tube
184
Chapter 7
ultra (pref.)
coast
user
vellum
-ambitious,
country
#default
-bound (u.m.)
-atomic, etc.
dip
-defined
-covered (u.m.)
-English, etc.
end (v.)
-friendly
velvet
high#frequency
front (n., u.m.)
#group
-crimson (u.m.)
-high-speed (u.m.)
grade
# interface
-draped (u.m.)
#valorem, etc.
gradient
utero (c.f.)
-green (u.m.)
rest one word
keep
all one word
-pile (u.m.)
un (pref.)
lift
V
venthole
-American, etc.
load
ventri (c.f.)
called-for (u.m.)
-over (u.m.)
V
all one word
heard-of (u.m.)
rate
-connection
ventro (c.f.)
-ionized (u.m.)
river
-curve
all one word
self-conscious
stairs
-engine
vertebro (c.f.)
sent-for (u.m.)
state
-neck
all one word
thought-of (u.m.)
stream
-shaped
vesico (c.f.)
rest one word
swing
-type
all one word
under
take
vacant
vibro (c.f.)
age (deficit)
tight (n., u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
all one word
age (younger)
#tight (v.)
-looking (u.m.)
vice
(n., u.m.)
-to-date (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
#admiral
#cultivation
#to#date
vagino (c.f.)
-admiralty
(tillage)
town
all one word
#consul
cultivation
trend
vainglorious
-consulate
(insufficient)
turn
valve
#governor
#secretary
wind
-grinding (u.m.)
-governorship
-secretaryship
upper
-in-head (u.m.)
#minister
way
case (printing)
van
-ministry
as prefix, one
#class
driver
-presidency
word
classman
guard
#president
uni (c.f.)
crust (n., u.m.)
pool
-president-elect
-univalent
cut
vapor
-presidential
rest one word
#deck
-filled (u.m.)
#rector
union
most
-heating (u.m.)
-rectorship
-made (u.m.)
urano (c.f.)
#lock
regal
#shop
all one word
vase-shaped (u.m.)
-regency
unit-set (u.m.)
uretero (c.f.)
vaso (c.f.)
#regent
up
all one word
all one word
royal
-anchor (u.m., v.)
urethro (c.f.)
vegeto (c.f.)
#squad
-and-coming
all one word
all one word
#versa
(u.m.)
uro (c.f.)
vein
#warden
#and#up
all one word
-mining (u.m.)
videotape
beat
used-car (u.m.)
-streaked (u.m.)
Vietcong
Compounding Examples
185
view
finder
point
vile-natured (u.m.)
vine
-clad (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
dresser
growing
stalk
vinegar
-flavored (u.m.)
-hearted (u.m.)
-making (u.m.)
-tart (u.m.)
violet
-blue (u.m.)'
-colored (u.m.)
-eared (u.m.)
#ray
-rayed (u.m.)
#water
violin-shaped (u.m.)
vis-a-vis
viscero (c.f.)
all one word
vitreo (c.f.)
all one word
vitro (c.f.)
-clarain
-di-trina
rest one word
vivi (c.f.)
all one word
voice
-capable
#mail
over (n.)
volleyball
volt
ammeter
-ampere
-coulomb
meter
ohmmeter
-second
volta (c.f.)
all one word
vote
-casting (u.m.)
getter
-getting (u.m.)
vow
-bound (u.m.)
breaker
-pledged (u.m.)
vulvo (c.f.)
all one word
W
W
-engine
-shaped
-surface
-type
wage
#earner
-earning (u.m.)
#scale
worker
waist
band
belt
cloth
coat
-deep (u.m.)
-high (u.m.)
line
waiting
Mist
#man
#room
#woman
walk
around (n., u.m.)
away (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
way
walkie-talkie
wall
board
eyed
flower
-like
-painting (u.m.)
paper
plate
-sided (u.m.)
walled
-in (u.m.)
-up (u.m.)
war
#dance
-disabled (u.m.)
-famed (u.m.)
fare
head
horse (nonliteral)
like
monger
-made (u.m.)
path
plane
ship
-swept (u.m.)
#time (clock)
time (duration)
ward
heeler
robe
ship
warm
blooded
-clad (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
warmed-over (u.m.)
warpsetter
wash
basin
basket
board
bowl
cloth
-colored (u.m.)
day
down (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
pot
rag
#sale
stand
tray
trough
tub
up (n., u.m.)
washed
-out (u.m.)
-up (u.m.)
waste
basket
land
leaf
(bookbinding)
paper
site
word
watch
band
case
#chain
cry
dog
-free (u.m.)
glass
tower
water
bag
186
Chapter 7
bank
bearer
-bearing (u.m.)
-beaten (u.m.)
-bind (v.)
#blister
bloom
buck
color
-colored (u.m.)
-cool (v.)
-cooled (u.m.)
#cooler
course
craft
dog
-drinking (u.m.)
drop
fall
-filled (u.m.)
finder
flood
flow
fog
-free (u.m.)
front
gate
head
hole
horse
-inch
-laden (u.m.)
lane
leaf
Mine
-lined (u.m.)
locked
log
#main
mark
melon
meter
plant
pot
power
proofing
quake
-rot (v.)
scape
shed
shoot
side
-soak (v.)
-soaked (u.m.)
-soluble (u.m.)
spout
stain
#table
tight
wall
works
worn
watt
-hour
meter
-second
wave
-cut (u.m.)
form
guide
-lashed (u.m.)
length
mark
meter
-moist (u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
-swept (u.m.)
-worn (u.m.)
wax
bill
-billed (u.m.)
chandler
cloth
-coated (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
#paper
#stone
-yellow (u.m.)
way
back (n., u.m.)
beam
bill
down (n., u.m.)
farer
fellow
going
laid
lay
mark
post
side
-sore (u.m.)
-up (n.,u.m.)
worn
weak
-backed (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
handed
-kneed (u.m.)
minded
mouthed
weather
beaten
blown
-borne (u.m.)
break
cock
glass
going
-hardened (u.m.)
#house
-marked (u.m.)
most
proofing
-stain (v.)
strip
-stripped (u.m.)
worn
web
-fingered (u.m.)
foot
-footed (u.m.)
master
#press
Web#site
wedge
-billed (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
weed
-choked (u.m.)
-hidden (u.m.)
hook
killer
week
day
end
-ender
-ending (u.m.)
long (u.m.)
-old (u.m.)
weigh
bridge
-in (n., u.m.)
lock
out (n., u.m.)
shaft
well
-being (n.)
-beloved (u.m.)
-born (u.m.)
-bound (u.m.)
-bred (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
-deserving (u.m.)
-doer
-doing (n.,u.m.)
-drained (u.m.)
-drilling (u.m.)
#field
-grown (u.m.)
head
Compounding Examples
187
-headed (u.m.)
hole
-informed (u.m.)
-known (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
-meaner
-nigh (u.m.)
-off (u.m.)
-read (u.m.)
-set-up (u.m.)
-settled (u.m.)
side
-spoken (u.m.)
spring
stead
-thought-of (u.m.)
-thought-out
(u.m.)
-to-do (u.m.)
-wisher
-wishing (u.m.)
-worn (u.m.)
welterweight
werewolf
west
hound
-central (u.m.)
#end
-faced (u.m.)
going
most
-northwest
#side
-sider
wet
#bar
-cheeked (u.m.)
-clean (v.)
land
-nurse (v.)
pack
wash
whale
back
-backed (u.m.)
bone
-built (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
-mouthed (u.m.)
ship
wharf
#boat
hand
head
side
what
abouts (n.)
ever
-is-it (n.)
not (n.)
soever
-you-may-call-it
(n.)
wheat
cake
-colored (u.m.)
ear
-fed (u.m.)
field
grower
-rich (u.m.)
stalk
wheel
band
barrow
base
chair
-cut (u.m.)
going
horse (nonliteral)
#load
-made (u.m.)
plate
race
spin
stitch
-worn (u.m.)
wright
when
ever
-issued (u.m.)
soever
where
abouts
after
as
at
by
for
fore
from
in
insoever
into
of
on
over
soever
through
to
under
upon
with
withal
wherever
which
ever
soever
whiffletree
whip
cord
crack
-graft (v.)
#hand
lash
-marked (u.m.)
post
saw
-shaped (u.m.)
socket
staff
stalk
stall
stick
stitch
stock
-tailed (u.m.)
whipper
-in
snapper
whirl
about (n., u.m.)
blast
pool
-shaped (u.m.)
wind
whirlybird
whisk
broom
#tail
whistle
blower
(nonliteral)
#blower (literal)
stop
white
back
beard (n.)
#book
(diplomatic)
cap (n.)
coat (n.)
-collar (u.m.)
comb (n.)
corn
-eared (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
face
-faced (u.m.)
foot (n.)
-footed (u.m.)
Chapter 7
handed
-hard (u.m.)
head
-headed (u.m.)
-hot (u.m.)
Mine
out (u.m., v.)
pot
tail
-tailed (u.m.)
-throated (u.m.)
top (n.)
vein
wash
who
ever
soever
whole
-headed (u.m.)
#hog
-hogger
sale
some
whomsoever
whooping#cough
wicker-woven (u.m.)
wicket
keeper
keeping
wide
-angle (u.m.)
-awake (u.m.)
-handed (u.m.)
mouthed
-open (u.m.)
spread
-spreading (u.m.)
widow
#bird
hood
wife
beater
hood
killer
-ridden (u.m.)
wigwag
wild
cat (n.)
-eyed (u.m.)
fire
#land
life
#man
wind
will
-less
-o'-the-wisp
power
wilt-resistant (u.m.)
wind (v.)
down (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
bag
ball
blown
brace
breaker
burn
catcher
-chapped (u.m.)
chill
fall
fast
-fertilized (u.m.)
firm
flow
#force
gall
-galled (u.m.)
#gauge
hole
-hungry (u.m.)
jammer
lass
mill
pipe
-pollinated (u.m.)
-rode (u.m.)
row
screen
-shaken (u.m.)
-shear (u.m.)
shield
shock
side
sleeve
sock
speed
stop
storm
stream
swept
#tunnel
worn
window
breaker
-breaking (u.m.)
#cleaner
-cleaning (u.m.)
#dresser
-dressing (u.m.)
pane
peeper
#shade
-shop (v.)
-shopping (u.m.)
sill
#work
wine
bag
-black (u.m.)
-drinking (u.m.)
glass
growing
-hardy (u.m.)
pot
#press
-red (u.m.)
seller
taster
tester
vat
wing
band
bar
beat
bolt
bone
borne
bow
cut
#flap
-footed (u.m.)
handed
-heavy (u.m.)
-loading (u.m.)
-loose (u.m.)
nut
over (n., u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
-shot (u.m.)
span
-swift (u.m.)
tip
top
wall
-weary (u.m.)
winter
-beaten (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
-fallow (v.)
-fed (u.m.)
feed
#green (color)
green (plant, etc.)
-hardy (u.m.)
kill
-made (u.m.)
-sown (u.m.)
tide
time
-worn (u.m.)
Compounding Examples
189
wire
bar
-caged (u.m.)
-cut (u.m.)
cutter
dancer
draw (v.)
-edged (u.m.)
#gauge
hair (dog)
-haired (u.m.)
less
Mine
photo
puller
#rope
spun
stitch
-stitched (u.m.)
-tailed (u.m.)
tap
walker
works
-wound (u.m.)
wise
acre
crack
guy
head (n.)
-headed (u.m.)
-spoken (u.m.)
wishbone
witch
craft
#hazel
#hunt
-hunting (u.m.)
with
draw
hold
in
out
stand
within
-bound (u.m.)
-named (u.m.)
woe
begone
worn
wolf
-eyed (u.m.)
#fish
hound
pack
woman
folk
hood
kind
womenfolk
wonder
land
strong
-struck (u.m.)
wood
bark (color)
bin
bined
block
-built (u.m.)
-cased (u.m.)
chipper
chopper
chuck
craft
cut
grub
hole
horse
hung (u.m.)
land
-lined (u.m.)
lot
-paneled (u.m.)
pecker
pile
-planing (u.m.)
print
pulp
ranger
rock
#rot
shed
side
stock
turner
-turning (u.m.)
-walled (u.m.)
wind (music)
working (u.m.)
wooden
head (n.)
-hulled (u.m.)
wool
fell
gatherer
grader
growing
head
-laden (u.m.)
-lined (u.m.)
pack
press
shearer
shed
sorter
stock
washer
wheel
-white (u.m.)
winder
woolly
-coated (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
-white (u.m.)
word
-blind (u.m.)
book
builder
catcher
-clad (u.m.)
-deaf (u.m.)
flow
jobber
list
-perfect (u.m.)
play
seller
smith
work
aday (n., u.m.)
-and-turn (u.m.)
away (n.,u.m.)
bag
basket
bench
book
card
day
-driven (u.m.)
fare
flow
folk
force
group
hand
-hardened (u.m.)
horse
-hour (u.m.)
housed
life
load
manship
out (n., u.m.)
pace
pan
paper
people
place
room
saving
sheet
190
Chapter 7
shoe
shop
-shy (n.,u.m.)
-shyness
site
slip
space
-stained (u.m.)
stand
station
stream
study
tahle
time
up (n., u.m.)
ways
-weary (u.m.)
week
worn
working
#capital
#load
#room
world
beater
-conscious (u.m.)
#consciousness
#line
#power
-shaking (u.m.)
-weary (u.m.)
worm
-eaten (u.m.)
-eating (u.m.)
hole
-riddled (u.m.)
-ripe (u.m.)
seed
shaft
wood
worn
#away
down (u.m.)
out (u.m.)
outness
worrywart
worth
less
while (n., u.m.)
whileness (n.)
wrap
around (n., u.m.)
-up (n., u.m.)
wreath-crowned
(u.m.)
wreck-free (u.m.)
wring
bolt
staff
wrist
band
bone
drop
fall
lock
#pin
plate
watch
write
back (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
off (n., u.m.)
-protect
up (n., u.m.)
writing#room
wrong
doer
-ended (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
-thinking (u.m.)
wrought
#iron
-up (u.m.)
wry
bill
-billed (u.m.)
-faced (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
-mouthed (u.m.)
neck
-set (u.m.)
X
-body
-chromosome
-disease
#rated
-shaped
-axis
#ray (n.)
-ray (u.m.)
xantho (c.f.)
all one word
xeno (c.f.)
all one word
xero (c.f.)
all one word
xylo (c.f.)
all one word
-chromosome
-joint
-level
-potential
-shaped
-track
-tube
Yankee-Doodle
yard
arm
-deep (u.m.)
-long (u.m.)
stick
-wide (u.m.)
yaw
meter
-sighted (u.m.)
year
book
day
end
-hour (u.m.)
long (u.m.)
-old (u.m.)
-round (u.m.)
yellow
back
-backed (u.m.)
-bellied (u.m.)
belly
-billed (u.m.)
brush
#fever
-headed (u.m.)
-tailed (u.m.)
-throated (u.m.)
top
yes
-man
-no
yester
day
year
yoke
fellow
mating
-toed (u.m.)
young
eyed (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
-ladylike
-looking (u.m.)
-manlike
-old
-womanhood
youthtide
yuletide
Compounding Examples
191
z
zigzag
zoo (c.f.)
zymo (c.f.)
z
zinc
all one word
all one word
-bar
-coated (u.m.)
zoologico (c.f.)
zero
-white (u.m.)
all one word
axial
zip
zygo (c.f.)
-dimensional
#gun
all one word
(u.m.)
line
zygomatico (c.f.)
gravity
-lipped (u.m.)
-orbital
#hour
lock
rest one word
8. Punctuation
8.1. Punctuation is used to clarify the meaning of written or printed
language. Well-planned word order requires a minimum of punc-
tuation. The trend toward less punctuation calls for skillful phrasing
to avoid ambiguity and to ensure exact interpretation. The GPO
Style Manual can only offer general rules of text treatment. A
rigid design or pattern of punctuation cannot be laid down, except
in broad terms. The adopted style, however, must be consistent and
based on sentence structure.
8.2. The general principles governing the use of punctuation are: If it
does not clarify the text it should be omitted; and, in the choice and
placing of punctuation marks, the sole aim should be to bring out
more clearly the author's thought. Punctuation should aid reading
and prevent misreading.
Apostrophes and possessives
8.3. The possessive case of a singular or plural noun not ending in 5 is
formed by adding an apostrophe and s. The possessive case of a sin-
gular or plural noun ending in s or with an s sound is formed by
adding an apostrophe only. Some irregular plurals require both an
apostrophe and an s. (For possessives of italicized nouns, see rule
11.6.)
boss', bosses' man's, men's
child's, children's medium's, media's
citizen's, citizens' people's, peoples'
Congress', Congresses' Essex's, Essexes'
criterion's, criteria's Jones', Joneses'
Co.'s, Cos.' Jesus'
erratum's, errata's Mars'
hostess', hostesses' Dumas'
lady's, ladies' Schmitz'
8.4. In compound nouns, the 's is added to the element nearest the object
possessed.
comptroller general's decision attorney at law's fee
attorneys general's appointments John White, Jr.'s (no comma) account
Mr. Brown of New York's motion
193
194 Chapter 8
8.5. Joint possession is indicated by placing an apostrophe on the last el-
ement of a series, while individual or alternative possession requires
the use of an apostrophe on each element of a series.
soldiers and sailors' home editor's or proofreader's opinion
Brown & Nelson's store Clinton's or Bush's administration
men's, women's, and children's Mrs. Smith's and Mrs. Allen's children
clothing the Army's and the Navy's work
St. Michael's Men's Cluh master's and doctor's degrees
8.6. In the use of an apostrophe in firm names, the names of organiza-
tions and institutions, the titles of books, and geographic names,
the authentic form is to be followed. (Note use of "St.")
Masters, Mates & Pilots' Association Johns Hopkins University
Dentists' Supply Co. of New York Hinds' Precedents
International Ladies' Garment Harpers Ferry
Workers' Union Hells Canyon
Court of St. James's Reader's Digest
St. Peter's Church Actor's Equity Association
St. Elizabeths Hospital but Martha's Vineyard
8.7. Generally, the apostrophe should not be used after names of coun-
tries and other organized bodies ending in s, or after words more
descriptive than possessive (not indicating personal possession),
except when plural does not end in s.
United States control teachers college
United Nations meeting merchants exchange
Southern States industries children's hospital
Massachusetts laws Young Men's Christian Association
Bureau of Ships report
House of Representatives session but
Teamsters Union Veterans' Administration
editors handbook (now Department of Veterans
syrup producers manual Affairs)
technicians guide Congress' attitude
8.8. Possessive pronouns do not take an apostrophe.
its yours
ours hers
theirs whose
Punctuation
195
8.9. Possessive indefinite or impersonal pronouns require an apostrophe.
each other's books another's idea
some others' plans someone's guesstimate
one's home is his castle
8.10. The singular possessive case is used in such general terms as the
following:
arm's length fuller's earth
attorney's fees miner's inch
author's alterations printer's ink
confectioner's sugar traveler's checks
cow's milk writer's cramp
distiller's grain
8.11. While an apostrophe is used to indicate possession and contrac-
tions, it is not generally necessary to use an apostrophe simply to
show the plural form of most acronyms, initialisms, or abbrevia-
tions, except where clarity and sense demand such inclusion.
e'er (ever)
class of '08 (2008)
49ers
TVers
OKs
MCing
RIFing
RIFs
RIFed
YWCAs
ABCs
1920s
IOUs
10s (thread)
4Vis (bonds)
3s (golf)
2 by 4s
IQs
don't (do not)
I've (I have)
it's (it is/it has)
ne'er (never)
spirit of '76 (1776)
not in her '70s (age)
better: in her seventies
not during the '90s
better: during the 1990s or
during the twenties
but
he never crosses his t's
she fails to dot her i's
as, &'s, 7's
watch your p's and q's
are they l's or l's
the Oakland A's
a number of s's
his resume had too many l's
196 Chapter 8
When the plural form of an acronym appears in parentheses, a
lower case 5 is included within the parentheses.
(MPDs) (IPOs)
(MP3s) (SUVs)
(JPEGs)
8.12. The apostrophe is omitted in abbreviations, and also in shortened
forms of certain other words.
Danl., not Dan'l Halloween, not Hallowe'en
phone, not 'phone copter, not 'copter
coon, not 'coon
possum, not 'possum but ma'am
8.13. The plural of spelled-out numbers, of words referred to as words,
and of words containing an apostrophe is formed by adding s or es;
but 5 is added to indicate the plural of words used as words if omis-
sion of the apostrophe would cause difficulty in reading.
twos, threes, sevens yeses and noes
ands, ifs, and huts yeas and nays
ins and outs
the haves and have-nots but
ups and downs do's and don'ts
whereases and wherefores which 's and that's
pros and cons
8.14. The possessive case is often used in lieu of an objective phrase even
though ownership is not involved.
1 day's labor (labor for 1 day) for charity's sake
12 days' labor for pity's sake
2 hours' traveltime several billion dollars' worth
a stone's throw
2 weeks' pay but $10 billion worth
8.15. The possessive case is not used in such expressions as the following,
in which one noun modifies another.
day labor (labor by the day) State prison
quartermaster stores State rights
Punctuation 197
8.16. For euphony, nouns ending in s or ce and followed by a word begin-
ning with s form the possessive by adding an apostrophe only
for goodness' sake for acquaintance' sake
Mr. Hughes' service for conscience' sake
for old times' sake
8.17. A possessive noun used in an adjective sense requires the addition
of 5.
He is a friend of John's. Stern's is running a sale.
8.18. A noun preceding a gerund should be in the possessive case.
in the event of Mary's leaving the ship's hovering nearhy
Brackets
Brackets, in pairs, are used —
8.19. In transcripts, congressional hearings, the Congressional Record,
testimony in courtwork, etc., to enclose interpolations that are not
specifically a part of the original quotation, corrections, explana-
tions, omissions, editorial comments, or a caution that an error is
reproduced literally.
We found this to be true at the Government Printing Office [GPO].
He came on the 3d [2d] of July.
Our conference [lasted] 2 hours.
The general [Washington] ordered him to leave.
The paper was as follows [reads]:
I do not know. [Continues reading:]
[Chorus of "Mr. Chairman."]
They fooled only themselves. [Laughter.]
Our party will always serve the people [applause] in spite of the opposition
[loud applause]. (If more than one bracketed interpolation, both are in-
cluded within the sentence.)
The Witness. He did it that way [indicating].
Q. Do you know these men [handing witness a list]?
The bill had not been paid. [Italic added.] or [Emphasis added.]
The statue [sic] was on the statute books.
The Witness. This matter is classified. [Deleted.]
[Deleted.]
Mr. Jones. Hold up your hands. [Show of hands.]
Answer [after examining list]. Yes; I do.
Q. [Continuing.]
A. [Reads:]
198 Chapter 8
A. [Interrupting.]
[Discussion off the record.]
[Pause.]
The Witness [interrupting]. It is known
Mr. Jones [continuing]. Now let us take the next item.
Mr. Smith [presiding]. Do you mean that literally?
Mr. Jones [interposing]. Absolutely
[The matter referred to is as follows:]
The Chairman [to Mr. Smith].
The Chairman [reading]:
Mr. Kelley [to the chairman]. From 15 to 25 percent.
[Objected to.]
[Mr. Smith nods.]
[Mr. Smith aside.]
[Mr. Smith makes further statement off the record.]
Mr. Jones [for Mr. Smith].
A Voice From Audience. Speak up.
Several Voices. Quiet!
8.20. In bills, contracts, laws, etc., to indicate matter that is to be
omitted.
8.21. In mathematics, to denote that enclosed matter is to be treated as a
unit.
8.22. When matter in brackets makes more than one paragraph, start
each paragraph with a bracket and place the closing bracket at end
of last paragraph.
Colon
The colon is used —
8.23. Before a final clause that extends or amplifies preceding matter.
Give up conveniences; do not demand special privileges; do not stop work:
these are necessary while we are at war.
Railroading is not a variety of outdoor sport: it is service.
8.24. To introduce formally any matter that forms a complete sentence,
question, or quotation.
The following question came up for discussion: What policy should be adopted?
She said: "I believe the time is now or never." [When a direct quotation follows
that has more than a few words.]
Punctuation 199
There are three factors, as follows: First, military preparation; second, indus-
trial mobilization; and third, manpower.
8.25. After a salutation.
My Dear Sir:
Ladies and Gentlemen:
To Whom It May Concern:
8.26. In expressing clock time.
2:40 p.m.
8.27. After introductory lines in lists, tables, and leaderwork, if subentries
follow.
Seward Peninsula:
Council district:
Northern Light Mining Co.
Wild Goose Trading Co.
Fairhaven district: Alaska Dredging Association (single subitem runs in).
Seward Peninsula: Council district (single subitem runs in):
Northern Light Mining Co.
Wild Goose Trading Co.
8.28. In Biblical and other citations.
Luke 4:3.
I Corinthians 13:13.
Journal of Education 3:342-358.
8.29. In bibliographic references, between place of publication and name
of publisher.
Congressional Directory. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
8.30. To separate book titles and subtitles.
Financial Aid for College Students: Graduate
Germany Revisited: Education in the Federal Republic
8.31 . In imprints before the year (en space each side of colon).
U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington : 2008
8.32. In proportions.
Concrete mixed 5:3:1
but 5-2-1 or 5-2-1 (when so in copy)
200 Chapter 8
8.33. In double colon as ratio sign.
1:2::3:6
Comma
The comma is used —
8.34. To separate two words or figures that might otherwise be
misunderstood.
Instead of hundreds, thousands came.
Instead of 20, 50 came.
December 7, 1941.
In 2003, 400 men were dismissed.
To John, Smith was very kind.
What the difficulty is, is not known.
but He suggested that that committee be appointed.
8.35. Before a direct quotation of only a few words following an introduc-
tory phrase.
He said, "Now or never."
8.36. To indicate the omission of a word or words.
Then we had much; now, nothing.
8.37. After each of a series of coordinate qualifying words.
short, swift streams; but short tributary streams
8.38. Between an introductory modifying phrase and the subject
modified.
Beset by the enemy, they retreated.
8.39. Before and after Jr., Sr., Esq., Ph.D., F.R.S., Inc., etc., within a sen-
tence except where possession is indicated.
Henry Smith, Jr., chairman but
Peter Johns, F.R.S., London John Smith 2d (or II); Smith, John, II
Washington, DC, schools Mr. Smith, Junior, also spoke
Motorola, Inc., factory (where only last name is used)
Brown, A.H., Jr. (not Brown, Jr., A.H.) Alexandria, VAs waterfront
Punctuation 201
8.40. To set off parenthetic words, phrases, or clauses.
Mr. Jefferson, who was then Secretary of State, favored the location of the
National Capital at Washington.
It must he rememhered, however, that the Government had no guarantee.
It is ohvious, therefore, that this office cannot function.
The atom homh, which was developed at the Manhattan project, was first
used in World War II.
Their high morale might, he suggested, have caused them to put success of
the team ahove the reputation of the college.
The restriction is laid down in title IX, chapter 8, section 15, of the code.
but The man who fell [restrictive clause] hroke his hack.
The dam that gave way [restrictive clause] was poorly constructed.
He therefore gave up the search.
8.41. To set off words or phrases in apposition or in contrast.
Mr. Green, the lawyer, spoke for the defense.
Mr. Jones, attorney for the plaintiff, signed the petition.
Mr. Smith, not Mr. Black, was elected.
James Roosevelt, Democrat, of California.
Jean's sister, Joyce, was the eldest. (Jean had one sister.)
but Jonathan's brother Moses Taylor was appointed. (Jonathan had more than
one brother.)
8.42. After each member within a series of three or more words, phrases,
letters, or figures used with and, or, or nor.
red, white, and blue
horses, mules, and cattle; but horses and mules and cattle
by the bolt, by the yard, or in remnants
a, b, and c
neither snow, rain, nor heat
2 days, 3 hours, and 4 minutes (series); but 70 years 11 months 6 days (age)
8.43. Before the conjunction in a compound sentence containing two or
more independent clauses, each of which could have been written as
a simple sentence.
Fish, mollusks, and crustaceans were plentiful in the lakes, and turtles fre-
quented the shores.
The boy went home alone, and his sister remained with the crowd.
202 Chapter 8
8.44. After a noun or phrase in direct address.
Senator, will the measure be defeated?
Mr. Chairman, I will reply to the gentleman later.
but Yes, sir; he did see it.
No, ma'am; I do not recall.
8.45. After an interrogative clause, followed by a direct question.
You are sure, are you not? You will go, will you not?
8.46. Between the title of a person and the name of an organization in the
absence of the words of or of the.
Chief, Division of Finance colonel, 12th Cavalry Regiment
chairman, Committee on president, University of Virginia
Appropriations
8.47. Inside closing quotation mark.
He said "four," not "five."
"Freedom is an inherent right," he insisted.
Items marked "A," "B," and "C," inclusive, were listed.
8.48. To separate thousands, millions, etc., in numbers of four or more
digits.
4,230 but 1,000,000,000 is more clearly
50,491 illustrated as 1 billion
1,250,000
8.49. After the year in complete dates (month, day, year) within a
sentence.
The dates of September 11, 1993, to June 12, 1994, were erroneous.
This was reflected in the June 13, 2007, report.
but Production for June 2008 was normal.
The 10 February 2008 deadline passed.
The comma is omitted —
8.50. Between superior figures or letters in footnote references.
Numerous instances maybe cited. 1 2
Data are based on October production."''
Punctuation 203
8.51. Before ZIP (Zone Improvement Plan) Code postal-delivery
number.
Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20401-0003
East Rochester, OH 44625-9701
8.52. Between month, holiday, or season and year in dates.
June 2008 150 B.C.
22d of May 2008 Lahor Day 2006
February and March 2008 Easter Sunday 2006
January, February, and March 2008 5 January 2006 (military usage)
January 24 A.D. 2008; 15th of June spring 2007
A.D. 2008 autumn 2007
8.53. Between the name and number of an organization.
Columbia Typographical Union No. 101-12
American Legion Post No. 33
8.54. In fractions, in decimals, and in serial numbers, except patent
numbers.
V2500
1.0947
page 2632
202-275-2303 (telephone number)
1721-1727 St. Clair Avenue
Executive Order 11242
motor No. 189463
1450 kilocycles; 1100 meters
8.55. Between two nouns one of which identifies the other.
The Children's Bureau's booklet "Infant Care" continues to be a bestseller.
8.56. Before an ampersand (&).
Brown, Wilson & Co.
Mine, Mill & Smelter Workers
8.57. Before abbreviations of compass directions.
6430 Princeton Dr. SW.
8.58. In bibliographies, between name of the publication and volume or
similar number.
American Library Association Bulletin 34:238, April 1940.
204 Chapter 8
8.59. Wherever possible without danger of ambiguity.
$2 gold
Executive Order No. 21
General Order No. 12; but General Orders, No. 12
Public Law 85-1
He graduates in the year 2010 (not the year 2,010)
My age is 30 years 6 months 12 days.
John Lewis 2d {or II)
Murphy of Illinois; Murphy of New York (where only last name is used)
Carroll of Carrollton; Henry of Navarre (person closely identified with place);
but Clyde Leo Downs, of Maryland; President Levin, of Yale University
James Bros, et al.; but James Bros., Nelson Co., et al. (last element of series)
Dash
A 1-em dash is used —
8.60. To mark a sudden break or abrupt change in thought.
He said — and no one contradicted him — "The battle is lost."
If the bill should pass — which God forbid! — the service will be wrecked.
The auditor — shall we call him a knave or a fool? — approved an inaccurate
statement.
8.61. To indicate an interruption or an unfinished word or sentence. A
2-em dash is used when the interruption is by a person other than
the speaker, and a 1-em dash will show self-interruption. Note that
extracts must begin with a true paragraph. Following extracts, col-
loquy must start as a paragraph.
"Such an idea can scarcely be "
"The word 'donation' "
"The word 'dona' "
He said: "Give me lib "
The bill reads "repeal," not "am "
Q. Did you see A. No, sir.
Mr. Brown [reading]: "The report goes on to say that" — Observe this
closely — "during the fiscal year * * *."
8.62. Instead of commas or parentheses, if the meaning may thus be
clarified.
These are shore deposits — gravel, sand, and clay — but marine sediments
underlie them.
Punctuation 205
8.63. Before a final clause that summarizes a series of ideas.
Freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, freedom from
fear — these are the fundamentals of moral world order.
8.64. After an introductory phrase reading into the following lines and
indicating repetition of such phrase.
I recommend —
That we submit them for review and corrections;
That we then accept them as corrected; and
That we also publish them.
8.65. With a preceding question mark, in lieu of a colon.
How can you explain this? — "Fee paid, $5."
8.66. To precede a credit line or a run-in credit or signature.
Lay the proud usurpers low!
Tyrants fall in every foe!
Liberty's in every blow!
Let us do or die!
— Robert Burns.
Every man's work shall be made manifest. — I Corinthians 3:13.
This statement is open to question. — Gerald H. Forsythe.
8.67. After a run-in sidehead.
8.68. To separate run-in questions and answers in testimony.
Q. Did he go?— A. No.
A 1-em dash is not used —
8.69. At the beginning of any line of type, except as shown in rule 8.66.
8.70. Immediately after a comma, colon, or semicolon.
A 3-em dash is used —
8.71. In bibliographies to indicate repetition.
Powell, James W., Jr., Hunting in Virginia's lowlands. 1972. 200 pp.
Fishing off Delmarva. 1972. 28 pp.
206 Chapter 8
An en dash is used —
8.72. In a combination of (1) figures, (2) capital letters, or (3) figures and
capital letters. An en dash, not a hyphen, is used, even when such
terms are adjectival modifiers.
figures:
5-20 (bonds)
85-1 — 85-20 (Public laws. Note em dash between two elements with en
dashes)
1-703-765-6593 (telephone number)
230-20-8030 (Social Security number)
$15-$25 (range)
capital letters:
WTOP-AM-FM-TV (radio and television stations)
CBS-TV
AFL-CIO (union merger)
C-SPAN (satellite television)
figures and capitals:
6-A (exhibit identification)
DC-14 (airplane)
1-95 (interstate roadway)
4-H (Club)
LK-66-A(2)-74 (serial number)
but Rule 13e-4
section 12(a)-(b) (en dash used for the word "to")
ACF-Brill Motors Co. (hyphen with capital letters and a word)
loran-C (hyphen with lowercase word and capital letter)
MiG-25 (hyphen with mixed letters with figure)
ALL-AMERICAN ESSAY CONTEST (hyphen in capitalized heading)
Four Corners Monument, AZ-NM-UT-CO (hyphen with two-letter state
abbreviations)
8.73. In the absence of the word to when denoting a span of time.
2005-2008 January-June Monday-Friday
An en dash is not used —
8.74. For to when the word from precedes the first of two related figures
or expressions.
From June 1 to July 30, 2005; not from June 1-July 30, 2005
8.75. For and when the word between precedes the first of two related
figures or expressions.
Between 2000 and 2008; not between 2000-08
Punctuation 207
Ellipses
8.76. Three asterisks (preferred form) or three periods, separated by en
spaces, are used to denote an ellipsis within a sentence, at the begin-
ning or end of a sentence, or in two or more consecutive sentences.
To achieve faithful reproduction of excerpt material, editors using
period ellipses should indicate placement of the terminal period in
relation to an ellipsis at the end of a sentence. Note, in the following
examples, the additional spacing necessary to clearly define com-
mas and the terminal period when period ellipses are employed.
The Senate having tried Andrew Johnson, President of the United States,
upon articles of impeachment exhibited against him by the House of
Representatives, and two-thirds of the Senators present not having found him
guilty of the charges contained in the second, third, and eleventh articles of
impeachment, it is therefore
Ordered and adjudged. That the said Andrew Johnson, President of the
United States be, and he is, acquitted of the charges in said articles made and
set forth.
The Senate having tried Andrew Johnson * * * upon articles of impeach-
ment * * * and two-thirds of the Senators present not having found him
guilty of the charges * * *, it is therefore
Ordered and adjudged. That the said Andrew Johnson, President of the
United States be * * * acquitted of the charges * * *.
The Senate having tried Andrew Johnson . . . upon articles of impeachment
. . . and two-thirds of the Senators present not having found him guilty of the
charges . . . , it is therefore
Ordered and adjudged. That the said Andrew Johnson, President of the
United States be . . . acquitted of the charges. . . .
8.77. Ellipses are not overrun alone at the end of a paragraph.
8.78. When periods are not specifically requested for ellipses in copy that
has both periods and asterisks, asterisks will be used.
8.79. A line of asterisks indicates an omission of one or more entire para-
graphs. In 26V2-pica or wider measure, a line of "stars" means seven
asterisks indented 2 ems at each end of the line, with the remaining
space divided evenly between the asterisks. In measures less than
26V2 picas, five asterisks are used. Quotation marks are not used
on a line of asterisks in quoted matter. Where an ellipsis line ends a
complete quotation, no closing quote is used.
208 Chapter 8
8.80. Indented matter in 26Vi-pica or wider measure also requires a
seven- asterisk line to indicate the omission of one or more entire
paragraphs.
8.81. If an omission occurs in the last part of a paragraph immediately
before a line of asterisks, three asterisks are used, in addition to the
line of asterisks, to indicate such an omission.
8.82. Equalize spacing above and below an ellipsis line.
Exclamation point
8.83. The exclamation point is used to mark surprise, incredulity, admi-
ration, appeal, or other strong emotion which may be expressed
even in a declarative or interrogative sentence.
Who shouted, "All aboard!" [Note omission of question mark.]
"Great!" he shouted. [Note omission of comma.]
He acknowledged the fatal error!
How breathtakingly beautiful!
Timber!
Mayday! Mayday!
8.84. In direct address, either to a person or a personified object, O is used
without an exclamation point, or other punctuation; but if strong
feeling is expressed, an exclamation point is placed at the end of the
statement.
O my friend, let us consider this subject impartially.
O Lord, save Thy people!
8.85. In exclamations without direct address or appeal, oh is used instead
of O, and the exclamation point is omitted.
Oh, but the gentleman is mistaken.
Oh dear; the time is so short.
Hyphen
The hyphen (a punctuation mark, not an element in the spelling of words)
is used —
8.86. To connect the elements of certain compound words. (See Chap-
ter 6 "Compounding Rules.")
Punctuation 209
8.87. To indicate continuation of a word divided at the end of a line. (See
Word Division, supplement to the Style Manual.)
8.88. Between the letters of a spelled word.
The Style Board changed New Jerseyite to New J-e-r-s-e-y-a-n.
A native of Halifax is a H-a-1-i-g-o-n-i-a-n.
The Chinese repressive action took place in T-i-a-n-a-n-m-e-n Square.
8.89. To separate elements of chemical formulas.
The hyphen, as an element, may be used —
8.90. To represent letters deleted or illegible words in copy.
Oakland's - - bonic plague Richard Emory H
Parentheses
Parentheses are used —
8.91. To set off matter not intended to be part of the main statement or
not a grammatical element of the sentence, yet important enough to
be included. In colloquy, brackets must be substituted.
This case (124 U.S. 329) is not relevant.
The result (see fig. 2) is most surprising.
The United States is the principal purchaser (by value) of these exports (23 per-
cent in 1995 and 19 percent in 1996).
8.92. To enclose a parenthetic clause where the interruption is too great to
be indicated by commas.
You can find it neither in French dictionaries (at any rate, not in Littre) nor in
English dictionaries.
8.93. To enclose an explanatory word not part of a written or printed
statement.
the Winchester (VA) Star; but the Star of Winchester, VA
Portland (OR) Chamber of Commerce; but Athens, GA, schools
8.94. To enclose letters or numbers designating items in a series, either at
the beginning of paragraphs or within a paragraph.
The order of delivery will be: (a) Food, (b) clothing, and (c) tents and other
housing equipment.
You will observe that the sword is (1) old fashioned, (2) still sharp, and (3) un-
usually light for its size.
Paragraph 7(B)(1)(a) will be found on page 6. (Note parentheses closed up.)
210 Chapter 8
8.95. To enclose a figure inserted to confirm a written or printed state-
ment given in words if double form is specifically requested.
This contract shall be completed in sixty (60) days.
8.96. A reference in parentheses at the end of a sentence is placed before
the period, unless it is a complete sentence in itself.
The specimen exhibits both phases (pi. 14, A, B).
The individual cavities show great variation. (See pi. 4.)
8.97. If a sentence contains more than one parenthetic reference, the one
at the end is placed before the period.
This sandstone (see pi. 6) is in every county of the State (see pi. 1).
8.98. When a figure is followed by a letter in parentheses, no space is used
between the figure and the opening parenthesis; but if the letter is
not in parentheses and the figure is repeated with each letter, the
letter is closed up with the figure.
15(a). Classes, grades, and sizes.
15a. Classes, grades, and sizes.
8.99. If both a figure and a letter in parentheses are used before each
paragraph, a period and an en space are used after the closing paren-
thesis. If the figure is not repeated before each letter in parentheses
but is used only before the first letter, the period is placed after the
figure. However, if the figure is not repeated before each letter in pa-
rentheses and no period is used, space is inserted after the number
if at least one other lettered subsection appears.
15(a). When the figure is used before the letter in each paragraph —
15(b). The period is placed after the closing parenthesis.
15. (a) When the figure is used before the letter in the first paragraph but not
repeated with subsequent letters —
(b) The period is used after the figure only.
Sec. 12 (a) When no period is used and a letter in parentheses appears after a
numbered item —
(b) Space must be used after the number if at least one other lettered subsection
is shown.
8.100. Note position of the period relative to closing parenthesis:
The vending stand sells a variety of items (sandwiches, beverages, cakes, etc.).
The vending stand sells a variety of items (sandwiches, beverages, cakes, etc.
(sometimes ice cream)).
Punctuation 211
The vending stand sells a variety of items. (These include sandwiches, bever-
ages, cakes, etc. (6).)
8.101. To enclose bylines in congressional work.
(By Harvey Hagman, archeological correspondent)
8.102. When matter in parentheses makes more than one paragraph, start
each paragraph with a parenthesis and place the closing parenthesis
at the end of the last paragraph.
Period
The period is used —
8.103. After a declarative sentence that is not exclamatory or after an im-
perative sentence.
Stars are suns.
He was employed by Sampson & Co.
Do not be late.
On with the dance.
8.104. After an indirect question or after a question intended as a sugges-
tion and not requiring an answer.
Tell me how he did it.
May we hear from you.
May we ask prompt payment.
8.105. In place of a closing parenthesis after a letter or number denoting a
series.
a. Bread well baked 1. Punctuate freely
b. Meat cooked rare 2. Compound sparingly
c. Cubed apples stewed 3. Index thoroughly
8.106. Sometimes to indicate ellipsis.
8.107. After a run-in sidehead.
Conditional subjunctive. — The conditional subjunctive is required for all
unreal and doubtful conditions.
2. Peacetime preparation. — a. The Chairman of the National Security
Resources Board, etc.
2. Peacetime preparation — Industrial mobilization plans. — The Chairman of
the National Security Resources Board, etc.
2. Peacetime preparation. — Industrial mobilization. — The Chairman of the
National Security Resources Board, etc.
212 Chapter 8
62. Determination of types. — a. Statement of characteristics. — Before types of
equipment, etc.
Steps in planning for procurement. — (1) Determination of needs. — To plan
for the procurement of such arms, etc.
62. Determination of types. — (a) Statement of characteristics. — Before, etc.
DETERMINATION OF TYPES.— Statement of characteristics.— Before
types of, etc.
Note. — The source material was furnished.
but Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
8.108. Paragraphs and subparagraphs may be arranged according to the
following scheme. The sequence is not fixed, and variations, in ad-
dition to the use of center and side heads or indented paragraphs,
may be adopted, depending on the number of parts.
I. Outlines can hegin with a capital Roman numeral.
A. The number of levels and the width of the column determine alignment
and indention.
1. A set space (en space) following the identifier aids alignment.
a. Usually, typefaces and sizes are chosen to agree with the hierarchy of
the head breakdowns.
(1) Aligning runover lines with the first word which follows the
number or letter aids readability.
(a) It is important to vary (alternate) the use of letters and num-
bers in any outline.
(i) The lowercase Roman numerals (i), (ii), etc. may be used as
parts of the outline or to identify subparts of any previous
parts.
{ad) When absolutely necessary, double (or triple) lowercase
letters maybe used.
II. Where not needed, the capital Roman numerals may be discarded and the
outline can begin with the letter A. As in any composition, consistency in
indentions and order is essential.
8.109. To separate integers from decimals in a single expression.
13.75 percent 1.25 meters
$3.50 0.08 mile
8.110. In continental European languages, to indicate thousands.
1.317 72.190.175
Punctuation 213
8.111. After abbreviations, unless otherwise specified. (See Chapter 9,
"Abbreviations and Letter Symbols.")
Apr.
RR.
fig-
but
Ph.D.
m (meter)
NE. (Northeast)
kc (kilocycle)
SSE. (South-Southeast)
NY (New York)
8.1 1 2. After legends and explanatory matter beneath illustrations. Legends
without descriptive language do not receive periods.
Figure 1. — Schematic drawing.
Figure 1. — Continued.
but Figure 1 (without legend, no period)
8.113. After Article 1, Section 1, etc., at the beginning of paragraphs.
A center period is sometimes used —
8.114. To indicate multiplication. (Use of a multiplication sign is
preferable.)
a»b aXb
The period is omitted —
8.115. After-
Lines in title pages
Center, side, and running heads; but is not omitted after run-in
sideheads
Continued lines
Boxheads of tables
Scientific, chemical, or other symbols
This rule does not apply to abbreviation periods.
8.116. After a quotation mark that is preceded by a period.
She said: "I helieve the time is now or never."
8.117. After letters used as names without specific designation.
Officer B, Subject A, Brand X, etc.
A said to B that all is well.
Mr. A told Mr. B that the case was closed.
Mr. X (for unknown or censored name).
214 Chapter 8
but Mr. A. [for Mr. Andrews]. I do not want to go.
Mr. K. [for Mr. King]. The meeting is adjourned.
8.118. After a middle initial which is merely a letter and not an abbrevia-
tion of a name.
Daniel D Tompkins
Ross T Mclntire
but Harry S. Truman (President Truman's preference)
8.119. After a short name which is not an abbreviation of the longer form.
Alex Mac
Ed Sam
8.120. After Roman numerals used as ordinals.
King George V Super Bowl XLII
Apollo XII insigne
8.121. After words and incomplete statements listed in columns. Full-
measure matter is not to be regarded as a column.
8.122. Explanatory matter should be set in 6 point type under leaders or
rules.
(Name) (Address) (Position)
8.123. Immediately before leaders, even if an abbreviation precedes the
leaders.
Question mark
The question mark is used —
8.124. To indicate a direct query, even if not in the form of a question.
Did he do it?
He did what?
Can the money he raised? is the question.
Who asked, "Why?" [Note single question mark.]
"Did you hurt yourself, my son?" she asked.
8.125. To express more than one query in the same sentence.
Can he do it? or you? or anyone?
Punctuation 215
8.126. To express doubt.
He said the boy was 8(?) feet tall. (No space before question mark.)
The statue(?) was on the statute books.
The scientific identification Dorothia? was noted. (Roman "?".)
Quotation marks
Quotation marks are used —
8.127. To enclose direct quotations. (Each part of an interrupted quotation
begins and ends with quotation marks.)
The answer is "No."
He said, "John said, No.' " (Note thin space between single and double
closing quotes.)
"John," asked Henry, "why do you go?"
8.128. To enclose any matter following such terms as entitled, the word,
the term, marked, designated, classified, named, endorsed, cited
as, referred to as, or signed; but are not used to enclose expressions
following the terms known as, called, so-called, etc., unless such
expressions are misnomers or slang.
Congress passed the act entitled "An act * * *."
After the word "treaty", insert a comma.
Of what does the item "Miscellaneous debts" consist?
The column "Imports from foreign countries" was not * * *,
The document will be marked "Exhibit No. 21"; but The document may be
made exhibit No. 2.
The check was endorsed "John Adamson."
It was signed "John."
but Beryllium is known as glucinium in some European countries.
It was called profit and loss.
The so-called investigating body.
8.129. To enclose titles of addresses, articles, awards, books, captions,
editorials, essays, headings, subheadings, headlines, hearings, mo-
tion pictures and plays (including television and radio programs),
operas, papers, short poems, reports, songs, studies, subjects, and
themes. All principal words are to be capitalized.
An address on "Uranium-235 in the Atomic Age"
The article "Germany Revisited" appeared in the last issue.
He received the "Man of the Year" award.
"The Conquest of Mexico," a published work (book)
Under the caption "Long-Term Treasurys Rise"
The subject was discussed in "Punctuation." (chapter heading)
216 Chapter 8
It will be found in "Part XI: Early Thought."
The editorial "Haphazard Budgeting"
"Compensation," by Emerson (essay)
"United States To Appoint Representative to U.N." (heading for headline)
In "Search for Paradise" (motion picture); "South Pacific" (play)
A paper on "Constant-Pressure Combustion" was read.
"O Captain! My Captain!" (short poem)
The report "Atomic Energy: What It Means to the Nation"; but annual report
of the Public Printer
This was followed by the singing of "The Star-Spangled Banner."
Under the subhead "Sixty Days of Turmoil" will be found* * *.
The subject (or theme) of the conference is "Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy."
also Account 5, "Management fees."
Under the heading "Management and Operation."
Under the appropriation "Building of ships, Navy."
8.1 30. At the beginning of each paragraph of a quotation, but at the end of
the last paragraph only.
8.131. To enclose a letter or communication, which bears both date and
signature, within a letter.
8.132. To enclose misnomers, slang expressions, sobriquets, coined words,
or ordinary words used in an arbitrary way.
His report was "bunk."
It was a "gentlemen's agreement."
The "invisible government" is responsible.
George Herman "Babe" Ruth.
but He voted for the lameduck amendment.
8.133. Quotation marks close up to adjacent characters except when they
precede a fraction or an apostrophe or precede or follow a superior
figure or letter, in which case a thin space is used. A thin space is
used to separate double and single quotation marks.
Quotation marks are not used —
8.134. In poetry. The lines of a poem should align on the left, those that
rhyme taking the same indention.
Why seek to scale Mount Everest,
Queen of the air?
Why strive to crown that cruel crest
And deathward dare?
Punctuation 217
Said Mallory of dauntless quest:
"Because it's there."
8.135. To enclose titles of works of art: paintings, statuary, etc.
8.136. To enclose names of newspapers or magazines.
8.137. To enclose complete letters having date and signature.
8.138. To enclose extracts that are indented or set in smaller type, or solid
extracts in leaded matter; but indented matter in text that is already
quoted carries quotation marks.
8.139. In indirect quotations.
Tell her yes. He could not say no.
8.140. Before a display initial which begins a quoted paragraph.
8.141. The comma and the final period will be placed inside the quotation
marks. Other punctuation marks should be placed inside the quota-
tion marks only if they are a part of the matter quoted.
Ruth said, "I think so."
"The President," he said, "will veto the bill."
The trainman shouted, "All aboard!"
Who asked, "Why?"
The President suggests that "an early occasion be sought * * *."
Why call it a "gentlemen's agreement"?
8.142. In congressional and certain other classes of work showing amend-
ments, and in courtwork with quoted language, punctuation marks
are printed after the quotation marks when not a part of the quoted
matter.
Insert the words "growth", "production", and "manufacture".
To be inserted after the words "cadets, U.S. Coast Guard;".
Change "February 1, 1983", to "June 30, 2008".
"Insert in lieu thereof 'July 1, 1983,'."
8.143. When occurring together, quotation marks should precede footnote
reference numbers.
The commissioner claimed that the award was "unjustified." '
Kelly's exact words were: "The facts in the case prove otherwise." 2
218 Chapter 8
8.144. Quotation marks should be limited, if possible, to three sets (double,
single, double).
"The question in the report is, 'Can a person who obtains his certificate of
naturalization by fraud be considered a "bona fide" citizen of the United
States?' "
Semicolon
The semicolon is used —
8.145. To separate clauses containing commas.
Donald A. Peters, Jr., president of the First National Bank, was also a director
of New York Central; Harvey D. Jones was a director of Oregon Steel Co.
and New York Central; Thomas W. Harrison, chairman of the board of
McBride & Co., was also on the board of Oregon Steel Co.
Reptiles, amphibians, and predatory mammals swallow their prey whole or
in large pieces, bones included; waterfowl habitually take shellfish entire;
and gallinaceous birds are provided with gizzards that grind up the hardest
seeds.
Yes, sir; he did see it.
No, sir; I do not recall.
8.146. To separate statements that are too closely related in meaning to be
written as separate sentences, and also statements of contrast.
Yes; that is right.
No; we received one-third.
It is true in peace; it is true in war.
War is destructive; peace, constructive.
8.147. To set off explanatory abbreviations or words which summarize or
explain preceding matter.
The industry is related to groups that produce finished goods; i.e., electrical
machinery and transportation equipment.
There were three metal producers involved; namely, Jones & Laughlin, Armco,
and Kennecott.
The semicolon is not used —
8.148. Where a comma will suffice.
Offices are located in New York, NY, Chicago, IL, and Dallas, TX.
Punctuation 219
Single punctuation
8.149. Single punctuation should be used wherever possible without
ambiguity.
124 U.S. 321 (no comma)
Sir: (no dash)
Joseph replied, "It is a worthwhile effort." (no outside period)
Type
8.150. All punctuation marks, including parentheses, brackets, and supe-
rior reference figures, are set to match the type of the words which
they adjoin. A lightface dash is used after a run-in boldface side-
head followed by lightface matter. Lightface brackets, parentheses,
or quotation marks shall be used when both boldface and lightface
matter are enclosed.
Charts: C&GS 5101 (N.O. 18320), page 282 (see above); N.O. 93491 (Plan);
page 271.
9. Abbreviations and Letter Symbols
9.1 . Abbreviations and letter symbols are used to save space and to avoid
distracting the reader by use of repetitious words or phrases.
9.2. The nature of the publication governs the extent to which abbre-
viations are used. In text of technical and legal publications, and in
parentheses, brackets, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, leaderwork, and
bibliographies, many words are frequently abbreviated. Heads, leg-
ends, tables of contents, and indexes follow the style of the text.
9.3. Internal and terminal punctuation in symbols represening units
of measure are to be omitted to conform with practice adopted
by scientific, technical, and industrial groups. Where omission of
terminal punctuation causes confusion; e.g., the symbol in (inch)
mistaken for the preposition in, the symbol should be spelled out.
9.4. Standard and easily understood forms are preferable, and they
should be uniform throughout a job. Abbreviations not generally
known should be followed in the text by the spelled-out forms in
parentheses the first time they occur; in tables and leaderwork such
explanatory matter should be supplied in a footnote. As the printer
cannot rewrite the copy, the author should supply these explanatory
forms.
9.5. In technical matter, symbols for units of measure should be used
only with figures; similarly, many other abbreviations and symbols
should not appear in isolation. For example, energy is measured in
foot-pounds, not energy is measured in ft»lbs.
Capitals, hyphens, periods (points), and spacing
9.6. In general, an abbreviation follows the capitalization and hyphen-
ation of the word or words abbreviated. It is followed by a period
unless otherwise indicated.
co.d. St. but fi>lb
221
222 Chapter 9
9.7. Abbreviations and initials of a personal name with points are set
without spaces. Abbreviations composed of contractions and ini-
tials or numbers, will retain space.
H.S.T.
B.S., LL.D., Ph.D., B.Sc.
J.F.K.
H.R. 116 (but S. 116, S. Con
L.BJ.
Res. 116)
U.S.
C.A.D.C. (but App. D.C.)
U.N.
A.B. Secrest, D.D.S.
U.S.C. (but Rev. Stat.)
A.F. of L.-CIO (AFL-CIO
preferred)
but
A.D., B.C.
AT&T
e.s.t.
Texas A&M
i.e., e.g. (but op. cit.)
R&D
9.8. Except as otherwise designated, points and spaces are omitted
after initials used as shortened names of governmental agencies
and of other organized bodies. "Other organized bodies" shall be
interpreted to mean organized bodies that have become popularly
identified with a symbol, such as MIT (Massachusetts Institute
of Technology), GM (General Motors), GMAC (General Motors
Acceptance Corp.), etc. (See "List of Abbreviations.") Symbols, when
they appear in copy, may be used for acts of Congress. Example:
ARA (Area Redevelopment Act).
VFW TVA ARC
NLRB AFL-CIO ASTM
Geographic terms
9.9. United States must be spelled out when appearing in a sentence
containing the name of another country. The abbreviation U.S.
will be used when preceding the word Government or the name
of a Government organization, except in formal writing (treaties,
Executive orders, proclamations, etc.); congressional bills; legal cita-
tions and courtwork; and covers and title pages.
U.S. Government
U.S. Congress
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
U.S. district court
U.S. Supreme Court (but Supreme Court of the United States)
U.S. Army (but Army of the United States)
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 223
U.S. monitor Nantucket
U.S. -NATO assistance
U.S. Government efforts to control inflation must be successful if the
United States is to have a stable economy.
but British, French, and United States Governments; United States-British
talks
9.10. With the exceptions in the preceding rule, the abbreviation U.S.
is used in the adjective position, but is spelled out when used as a
noun.
U.S. foreign policy United States Steel Corp.
U.S. farm-support program (legal title)
U.S. attorney Foreign policy of the
U.S. citizen United States
United States Code (official title) not Temperatures vary in the U.S.
9.11. The names of foreign countries are not abbreviated, with the excep-
tion of the former U.S.S.R., which is abbreviated due to its length.
9.12. In other than formal usage as defined in rule 9.9, all States of the
United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands are abbreviated
immediately following any capitalized geographic term, includ-
ing armory, arsenal, airbase, airport, barracks, depot, fort, Indian
agency, military camp, national cemetery (also forest, historic site,
memorial, seashore, monument, park), naval shipyard, proving
ground, reservation (forest, Indian, or military), and reserve or sta-
tion (military or naval).
Prince George's County, MD Arlington National Cemetery, VA
Mount Rainier National Forest, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
WA Baltimore-Washington
Stone Mountain, GA International Airport, MD
National Naval Medical Center, Redstone Arsenal, AL
Bethesda, MD
Mark Twain National Wildlife but
Refuge, IL-IA-MO (note use of Leavenworth freight yards,
hyphens here) Kansas
Richmond, VA Altoona sidetrack, Wisconsin
9.13. The Postal Service style of two-letter State, Province, and Freely
Associated State abbreviations is to be used.
224
Chapter 9
United States
[Including freely associated States]
Kentucky KY
Louisiana LA
Maine ME
Marshall Islands MH
Maryland MD
Massachusetts MA
Michigan MI
Minnesota MN
Mississippi MS
Missouri MO
Montana MT
Nebraska NE
Nevada NV
New Hampshire NH
New Jersey NJ
New Mexico NM
New York NY
North Carolina NC
North Dakota ND
Northern Mariana
Islands MP
Canada
Northwest Territories NT
Nova Scotia NS
Nunavut NU
Ontario ON
Alabama AL
Alaska AK
American Samoa AS
Arizona AZ
Arkansas AR
California CA
Colorado CO
Connecticut CT
Delaware DE
District of Columbia DC
Federated States of
Micronesia FM
Florida FL
Georgia GA
Guam GU
Hawaii HI
Idaho ID
Illinois IL
Indiana IN
Iowa I A
Kansas KS
Alberta AB
British Columbia BC
Manitoba MB
New Brunswick NB
Newfoundland and Labrador ...NL
Ohio OH
Oklahoma OK
Oregon OR
Palau PW
Pennsylvania PA
Puerto Rico PR
Rhode Island RI
South Carolina SC
South Dakota SD
Tennessee TN
Texas TX
Utah UT
Vermont VT
Virgin Islands VI
Virginia VA
Washington WA
West Virginia WV
Wisconsin WI
Wyoming WY
Prince Edward Island PE
Quebec QC
Saskatchewan SK
Yukon YT
9.14. The names of other insular possessions, trust territories, and Long
Island, Staten Island, etc., are not abbreviated.
9.15. The names of Canadian Provinces and other foreign political subdi-
visions are not abbreviated except as noted in rule 9.13.
Addresses
9.16. Words such as Street, Avenue, Place, Road, Square, Boulevard,
Terrace, Drive, Court, and Building, following a name or number,
are abbreviated in footnotes, sidenotes, tables, leaderwork, and
lists.
9.17. In addresses, a single period is used with the abbreviations NW.,
SW., NE., SE. (indicating sectional divisions of cities) following
name or number. North, South, East, and West are spelled out at all
times.
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 225
9.18. The word Street or Avenue as part of a name is not abbreviated even
in parentheses, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, lists, and leaderwork.
14th Street Bridge Ninth Avenue Bldg.
9.19. The words County, Fort, Mount, Point, and Port are not abbreviated.
Saint (St.) and Sainte (Ste.) should be abbreviated.
Descriptions of tracts of land
9.20. If fractions are spelled out in land descriptions, half and quarter are
used (not one-half "nor one-quarter).
south half of T. 47 N., R. 64 E.
9.21 . In the description of tracts of public land the following abbreviations
are used (periods are omitted after abbreviated compass directions
that immediately precede and close up on figures):
SEV4NWV4 sec. 4, T. 12 S., R. 15 E., of the Boise Meridian
lot 6, NEW sec. 4, T. 6 N, R. 1 W.
NVi sec. 20, T. 7 N, R. 2 W., sixth principal meridian
Tps. 9, 10, 11, and 12 S., Rs. 12 and 13 W.
T. 2 S., Rs. 8, 9, and 10 E., sec. 26
T. 3 S., R. 1 E., sec. 34, WViEVi, WV4, and W%SEV4SEy*
sec. 32 (with or without a township number)
9.22. In case of an unavoidable break in a land-description symbol group
at end of a line, use no hyphen and break after fraction.
Names and titles
9.23. The following forms are not always abbreviations, and copy should
be followed as to periods:
Al Ben Fred Walt
Alex Ed Sam Will
9.24. In signatures, an effort should be made to retain the exact form used
by the signer.
George Wythe Geo. Taylor
9.25. In company and other formal names, if it is not necessary to preserve
the full legal title, such forms as Bro., Bros., Co., Corp., Inc., Ltd., and
& are used. Association and Manufacturing are not abbreviated.
226 Chapter 9
Radio Corp. of America Electronics Manufacturing Co.
Aluminum Co. of America Texas College of Arts & Industries
Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey Robert Wilson & Associates, Inc.
H.J. Baker & Bro. U.S. News & World Report
Jones Bros. & Co. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad
American Telephone & Mine, Mill & Smelter Workers
Telegraph Co.
Norton Enterprises, Inc.
Maryland Steamship Co., Ltd. but
Chesapeake & Delaware Canal Little Theater Company
Fairmount Building & Loan Senate Banking, Housing and
Association Urban Affairs Committee
9.26. Company and Corporation are not abbreviated in names of Federal
Government units.
Commodity Credit Corporation
Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation
Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation
9.27. In parentheses, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, and leaderwork,
abbreviate the words railroad and railway (RR. and Ry.),
except in such names as "Washington Railway & Electric Co." and
"Florida Railroad & Navigation Corp." SS for steamship, MS for mo-
torship, etc., preceding name are used at all times.
9.28. In the names of informal companionships the word and is spelled
out.
Gilbert and Sullivan Currier and Ives
9.29. In other than formal usage, a civil, military, or naval title preceding
a name is abbreviated if followed by first or given name or initial;
but Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms., M., MM., Messrs., Mile., Mme., and Dr. are
abbreviated with or without first or given name or initial.
United States military titles and abbreviations
Officer rank
Officer ranks in the United States military consist of commissioned offi-
cers and warrant officers. The commissioned ranks are the highest in the
military These officers hold presidential commissions and are confirmed at
their ranks by the Senate. Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps officers are
called company grade officers in the pay grades of O-l to 0-3, field grade
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols
227
officers in pay grades 0-4 to 0-6, and general officers in pay grades 0-7
and higher. The equivalent officer groupings in the Navy are called junior
grade, mid-grade, and flag.
Warrant officers hold warrants from their service secretary and are special-
ists and experts in certain military technologies or capabilities. The lowest
ranking warrant officers serve under a warrant, but they receive commis-
sions from the President upon promotion to chief warrant officer 2. These
commissioned warrant officers are direct representatives of the President
of the United States. They derive their authority from the same source as
commissioned officers but remain specialists, in contrast to commissioned
officers, who are generalists. There are no warrant officers in the Air Force.
Army
Navy
Coast Guard
Marines
Air Force
General of the Army
(Reserved for wartime only)
Fleet Admiral
(Reserved for wartime only)
General of the Air Force
(Reserved for wartime only)
O10
General
GEN
Army Chief of Staff
Admiral
ADM
Chief of Naval Operations
and
Commandant of the
Coast Guard
General
Gen.
Commandant of the
Marine Corps
General
Gen.
Air Force Chief of Staff
09
Lieutenant
General
LTG
Vice Admiral
VADM
Lieutenant
General
Lt. Gen.
Lieutenant
General
Lt. Gen.
08
Major General
MG
Rear Admiral
Upper Half
RADM
Major General
Maj. Gen.
Major General
Maj. Gen.
07
Brigadier General
BG
Rear Admiral
Lower Half
RDML
Brigadier General
Brig. Gen.
Brigadier General
Brig. Gen.
06
Colonel
COL
Captain
CAPT
Colonel
Col.
Colonel
Col.
05
Lieutenant Colonel
LTC
Commander
CDR
Lieutenant Colonel
Lt. Col.
Lieutenant Colonel
Lt. Col.
04
Major
MAJ
Lieutenant
Commander
LCDR
Major
Maj.
Major
Maj.
03
Captain
CPT
Lieutenant
LT
Captain
Capt.
Captain
Capt.
228
Chapter 9
Army
Navy
Coast Guard
Marines
Air Force
02
First Lieutenant
1LT
Lieutenant Junior Grade
LTJG
First Lieutenant
1st Lt.
First Lieutenant
IstLt.
01
Second Lieutenant
2LT
Ensign
ENS
Second Lieutenant
2nd Lt.
Second Lieutenant
2nd Lt.
W5
Chief Warrant Officer
CW5
Chief Warrant Officer
CW05
Chief Warrant Officer 5
CW05
NO WARRANT
W4
Chief Warrant Officer 4
CW4
Chief Warrant Officer 4
CW04
Chief Warrant Officer 4
CW04
NO WARRANT
W3
Chief Warrant Officer 3
CW3
Chief Warrant Officer 3
CW03
Chief Warrant Officer 3
CW03
NO WARRANT
W2
Chief Warrant Officer 2
CW2
Chief Warrant Officer 2
CW02
Chief Warrant Officer 2
CW02
NO WARRANT
Wl
Warrant Officer 1
WOl
Warrant Officer 1
WOl
Warrant Officer 1
WO
NO WARRANT
Source: http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/insignias/officers.html.
Enlisted rank
Service members in pay grades E-l through E-3 are usually either in some
kind of training status or on their initial assignment. The training includes
the basic training phase where recruits are immersed in military culture and
values and are taught the core skills required by their service component.
Basic training is followed by a specialized or advanced training phase that
provides recruits with a specific area of expertise or concentration. In the
Army and Marines, this area is called a military occupational specialty; in
the Navy it is known as a rate; and in the Air Force it is simply called an Air
Force specialty.
Leadership responsibility significantly increases in the mid-level enlisted
ranks. This responsibility is given formal recognition by use of the terms
noncommissioned officer and petty officer. An Army sergeant, an Air Force
staff sergeant, and a Marine corporal are considered NCO ranks. The Navy
NCO equivalent, petty officer, is achieved at the rank of petty officer third
class.
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols
229
At the E-8 level, the Army, Marines, and Air Force have two positions at the
same pay grade. Whether one is, for example, a senior master sergeant or a
first sergeant in the Air Force depends on the person's job. The same is true
for the positions at the E-9 level. Marine Corps master gunnery sergeants
and sergeants major receive the same pay but have different responsibilities.
All told, E-8s and E-9s have 15 to 30 years on the job, and are commanders'
senior advisers for enlisted matters.
A third E-9 element is the senior enlisted person of each service. The sergeant
major of the Army, the sergeant major of the Marine Corps, the master chief
petty officer of the Navy, and the chief master sergeant of the Air Force are
the spokespersons of the enlisted force at the highest levels of their services.
Army
Navy
Coast Guard
Marines
Air Force
E9
Sergeant Major
of the Army
(SMA)
Master Chief Petty
Officer
of the Navy
(MCPON)
and
Coast Guard
(MCPOCG)
Sergeant Major of the
Marine Corps
(SgtMajMC)
Chief Master Sergeant
of the Air Force
(CMSAF)
E9
Sergeant
Major
(SGM)
Command
Sergeant
Major
(CSM)
Master
Chief
Petty
Officer
(MCPO)
Fleet/
Command
Master
Chief
Petty
Officer
Sergeant
Major
(SgtMaj)
Master
Gunnery
Sergeant
(MGySgt)
Chief
Master
Sergeant
(CMSgt)
First
Sergeant
Command
Chief
Master
Sergeant
(CCM)
E8
Master
Sergeant
(MSG)
First
Sergeant
(1SG)
Senior Chief Petty
Officer
(SCPO)
Master
Sergeant
(MSgt)
First
Sergeant
Senior
Master
Sergeant
(SMSgt)
First Sergeant
E7
Sergeant First Class
(SFC)
Chief Petty Officer
(CPO)
Gunnery Sergeant
(GySgt)
Master
Sergeant
(MSgt)
First Sergeant
E6
Staff Sergeant
(SSG)
Petty Officer
First Class
(POl)
Staff Sergeant
(SSgt)
Technical Sergeant
(TSgt)
E5
Sergeant
(SGT)
Petty Officer
Second Class
(P02)
Sergeant
(Sgt)
Staff Sergeant
(SSgt)
E4
Corporal
(CPL)
Specialist
(SPC)
Petty Officer
Third Class
(P03)
Corporal
(Cpl)
Senior Airman
(SrA)
230
Chapter 9
Army
Navy
Coast Guard
Marines
Air Force
E3
Private First Class
(PFC)
Seaman
(SN)
Lance Corporal
(LCpl)
Airman First Class
(A1C)
E2
Private E-2
(PV2)
Seaman Apprentice
(SA)
Private First Class
(PFC)
Airman
(Amn)
El
Private
Seaman Recruit
(SR)
Private
Airman Basic
Source: http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/insignias/enlisted.html.
9.30. Spell out Senator, Representative, and commandant.
9.31. Unless preceded by the, abbreviate Honorable, Reverend, and
Monsignor when followed by the first name, initials, or title.
Hon. Elihu Root; the Honorable Elihu Root; the Honorable Mr. Root
the Honorables John Roberts, John Paul Stevens, and Ruth Bader Ginsberg
Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.; the Reverend Dr. King; Rev. Dr. King; Reverend
King (not Rev. King, nor the Reverend King)
Rt. Rev. James E. Freeman; the Right Reverend James E. Freeman; Very Rev. Henry
Boyd; the Very Reverend Henry Boyd
Rt. Rev. Msgr. John Bird; the Right Reverend Monsignor John Bird
9.32. The following and similar forms are used after a name:
Esq., Jr., Sr.
2d, 3d [or II, III) (not preceded by comma)
Degrees: LL.D., M.A., Ph.D., etc.
Fellowships, orders, etc.: FSA Scot, F.R.S., K.C.B., C.P.A., etc.
9.33. The abbreviation Esq. and other titles such as Mr, Mrs., and Dr.,
should not appear with any other title or with abbreviations indi-
cating scholastic degrees.
John L. Smith, Esq., not Mr. John L. Smith, Esq., nor John L. Smith, Esq., A.M.;
but James A. Jones, Jr., Esq.
Ford Maddox, A.B., Ph.D., not Mr. Ford Maddox, A.B., Ph.D.
George Gray, M.D., not Mr. George Gray, M.D., nor Dr. George Gray, M.D.
Dwight A. Bellinger, D.V.M.
9.34. Sr. and Jr. should not be used without first or given name or initials,
but may be used in combination with any title.
A.K. Jones, Jr., or Mr. Jones, Junior, not Jones, Jr., nor Jones, Junior
President J. B. Nelson, Jr.
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols
231
9.35. When name is followed by abbreviations designating religious
and fraternal orders and scholastic and honorary degrees, their
sequence is as follows: Orders, religious first; theological degrees;
academic degrees earned in course; and honorary degrees in order
of bestowal.
Henry L. Brown, D.D., A.M., D.Lit.
T.E. Holt, C.S.C., S.T.Lr., LL.D., Ph.D.
Samuel J. Deckelbaum, P.M.
9.36. Academic degrees standing alone may be abbreviated.
John was graduated with a B.A. degree; but bachelor of arts degree (lowercase
when spelled out).
She earned her Ph.D. by hard work.
9.37. In addresses, signatures, lists of names, and leaderwork but not
in tables nor in centerheads, Mr., Mrs., and other titles preceding
a name, and Esq., Jr., Sr., 2d, and 3d following a name, are set in
roman caps and lowercase if the name is in caps and small caps. If
the name is in caps, they are set in caps and small caps, if small caps
are available — otherwise in caps and lowercase.
Parts of publications
9.38. The following abbreviations are used for parts of publications
mentioned in parentheses, brackets, footnotes, sidenotes, list of ref-
erences, tables, and leaderwork, when followed by figures, letters, or
Roman numerals.
app., apps. (appendix,
appendixes)
art., arts, (article, articles)
bull., bulls, (bulletin, bulletins)
ch., chs. (chapter, chapters)
col., cols, (column, columns)
ed., eds. (edition, editions)
fig., figs, (figure, figures)
No., Nos. (number, numbers)
p., pp. (page, pages)
par., pars, (paragraph,
paragraphs)
pi., pis. (plate, plates)
pt.,pts. (part, parts)
sec, sees, (section, sections)
subch., subchs. (subchapter,
subchapters)
subpar., subpars. (subparagraph,
subparagraphs)
subpt, subpts. (subpart, subparts)
subsec, subsecs. (subsection,
subsections)
supp., supps. (supplement,
supplements)
vol., vols, (volume, volumes)
232
Chapter 9
9.39. The word article and the word section are abbreviated when appear-
ing at the beginning of a paragraph and set in caps and small caps
followed by a period and an en space, except that the first of a series
is spelled out.
Art. 2; Sec. 2; etc.; but Article 1; Section 1
Art. II; Sec. II; etc.; but Article I; Section I
9.40. At the beginning of a legend, the word figure preceding the legend
number is not abbreviated.
Figure 4. — Landscape.
Terms relating to Congress
The words Congress and session, when accompanied by a numeri-
cal reference, are abbreviated in parentheses, brackets, and text
footnotes. In sidenotes, lists of references, tables, leaderwork, and
footnotes to tables and leaderwork, the following abbreviations are
used:
9.41.
106th Cong., 1st sess.
1st sess., 106th Cong.
Public Law 84, 102d Cong.
Private Law 68, 102d Cong.
9.42. In references to bills, resolutions, documents and reports in paren-
theses, brackets, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, and leaderwork, the
following abbreviations are used:
H.R. 416 (House bill)
S. 116 (Senate bill)
The examples above may be
abbreviated or spelled
out in text.
H. Res. 5 (House resolution)
H. Con. Res. 10 (House concurrent
resolution)
H.J. Res. 21 (House joint resolution)
S. Res. 50 (Senate resolution)
S. Con. Res. 17 (Senate concurrent
resolution)
S.J. Res. 45 (Senate joint resolution)
H. Conf. Rept. 10 (House
conference report)
H. Doc. 35 (House document)
S. Doc. 62 (Senate document)
H. Rept. 214 (House report)
S. Rept. 410 (Senate report)
Ex. Doc. B (Executive document)
Ex. F (92d Cong., 2d sess.)
Ex. Rept. 9 (92d Cong., 1st sess.)
Misc. Doc. 16 (miscellaneous
document)
Public Res. 47
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 233
9.43. References to statutes in parentheses, footnotes, sidenotes, tables,
leaderwork, and congressional work are abbreviated.
Rev. Stat. (Revised Statutes); 43 Rev. Stat. 801; 18 U.S.C. 38
Supp. Rev. Stat. (Supplement to the Revised Statutes)
Stat. L. (Statutes at Large)
but Public Law 85-1; Private Law 68
Calendar divisions
9.44. Names of months followed by the day, or day and year, are abbrevi-
ated in footnotes, tables, leaderwork, sidenotes, and in bibliographies.
(See examples, rule 9.45.) May, June, and July are always spelled out.
In narrow columns in tables, however, the names of months may be
abbreviated even if standing alone. Preferred forms follow:
Jan. Apr. Oct.
Feb. Aug. Nov.
Mar. Sept. Dec.
9.45. In text only, dates as part of a citation or reference within paren-
theses or brackets are also abbreviated.
(Op. Atty. Gen., Dec. 4, 2005)
(Congressional Record, Sept. 25, 2007)
[From the New York Times, Mar. 4, 2008]
[From the Mar. 4 issue]
On Jan. 25 (we had commenced on Dec. 26, 2005) the work was finished. (In
footnotes, tables, leaderwork, and sidenotes)
On January 25, a decision was reached (Op. Atty. Gen., Dec. 4, 2006). (Text,
but with citation in parentheses)
but On January 25 (we had commenced on December 26, 2008) the work was
finished. (Not a citation or reference in text)
9.46. Weekdays are not abbreviated, but the following forms are used, if
necessary, in lists or in narrow columns in tables:
Sun. Wed. Fri.
Mon. Thurs. Sat.
Tues.
234
Chapter 9
Time zones
9.47. The following forms are to be used when abbreviating names of
time zones:
AKDT— Alaska daylight time
AKST — Alaska standard time
AKT — Alaska time (implies
standard or daylight time)
AST — Atlantic standard time
AT— Atlantic time
CDT — central daylight time
CST — central standard time
CT — central time
DST — daylight saving (no "s") time
EDT — eastern daylight time
EST — eastern standard time
ET — eastern time
GCT — Greenwich civil time
GMAT — Greenwich mean
astronomical time
GMT — Greenwich mean time
HDT — Hawaii-Aleutian daylight time
(not observed in HI)
HST — Hawaii-Aleutian standard time
LST — local standard time
MDT — mountain daylight time
MST — mountain standard time
MT — mountain time
PDT — Pacific daylight time
PST — Pacific standard time
PT — Pacific time
UTC — coordinated universal time
Acronyms and coined words
9.48. To obtain uniform treatment in the formation of acronyms and
coined words, apply the formulas that follow:
Use all capital letters when only the first letter of each word or selected words is
used to make up the symbol:
APPR (Army package power reactor)
EPCOT (Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow)
MAG (Military Advisory Group)
MIRV (multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle)
SALT (strategic arms limitation talks); (avoid SALT talks)
STEP (supplemental training and employment program)
Use all capital letters where first letters of prefixes and/or suffixes are utilized as
part of established expressions:
CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation)
ESP (extrasensory perception)
FLIR (/orward-Zooking infrared)
Copy must be followed where an acronym or abbreviated form is copyrighted or
established by law:
ACTION (agency of Government; not an acronym)
MarAd (Maritime Administration)
NACo (National Association of Counties)
MEDLARS (Medical Literature Analysis and .Retrieval System)
Use caps and lowercase when proper names are used in shortened form, any word
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 235
of which uses more than the first letter of each word:
Conrail (Consolidated Rail Corporation)
Pepco (Potomac Electric Power Co.)
Inco (International Nickel Co.)
Aramco (Arahian-American Oil Co.)
Unprofor (United Nations Protection Force)
Use lowercase in common-noun combinations made up of more than the first
letter of lowercased words:
loran (/ong-range navigation)
sonar (sound navigation ranging)
secant (separation control of aircraft by nonsynchronous techniques)
9.49. The words infra and supra are not abbreviated.
Terms of measure
9.50. Compass directions are abbreviated as follows:
N. S. ESE.
NE. NNW. 10° N 25° W.
E. W. NW.byN.V4W.
SW.
9.51. The words latitude and longitude, followed by figures, are abbre-
viated in parentheses, brackets, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, and
leaderwork, and the figures are always closed up.
lat. 52°33'05" N. long. 13°21'10" E.
9.52. Avoid breaking latitude and longitude figures at end of line; space
out line instead. In case of an unavoidable break at end of line, use
hyphen.
9.53. Temperature and gravity are expressed in figures. When the de-
gree mark is used, it must appear closed up to the capital letter, not
against the figures. Note the following related abbreviations and let-
ter symbols and their usages:
abs, absolute API, American Petroleum
Be, Baume Institute
°C,' degree Celsius 2 Twad, Twaddell
°F, degree Fahrenheit 100 °C
°R, degree Rankine 212 "F 1
K.kelvin 671.67 °R
273.15 K 18 "API
"API
'Without figures preceding it, °C or °F should be used only in boxhead and over figure columns in tables.
Preferred form (superseding Centigrade).
236
Chapter 9
9.54.
9.55.
9.56.
References to meridian in statements of time are abbreviated as
follows:
10 a.m. (not 10:00 a.m.)
2:30 p.m.
12 p.m. (12 noon)
12 a.m. (12 midnight)
The word o'clock is not used with abbreviations of time.
not 10 o'clock p.m.
Metric unit letter symbols are set lowercase roman unless the unit
name has been derived from a proper name, in which case the first
letter of the symbol is capitalized (for example Pa for pascal and W
for watt) . The exception is the letter L for liter. The same form is used
for singular and plural. The preferred symbol for cubic centimeter is
cm 3 ; use cc only when requested.
A space is used between a figure and a unit symbol except in the
case of the symbols for degree, minute, and second of plane angle.
3 m
45 mm 25
C
but 33°15'21
Prefixes for multip
'es and
mbmultiples
Metric units
E
exa (10 18 )
d
deci (10- 1 )
m
meter (for length)
P
peta (10 15 )
c
centi (10- 2 )
g
gram (for weight or n
T
tera (10 12 )
m
milli (10- 3 )
L
liter (for capacity)
G
giga(lO')
[ l
micro (10~ 6 )
M
mega (10 6 )
n
nano (10- 9 )
k
kilo (10 3 )
P
pico (10- 12 )
h
hecto (10 2 )
f
femto (10- 15 )
da
deka (10)
a
atto (10- 18 )
Length
Area
Volume
km
kilometer
km 2
square kilometer
km 3
cubic kilometer
hm
hectometer
hm 2
square hectometer
hm 3
cubic hectometer
dam
decameter
dam 2
square decameter
dam 3
cubic dekameter
m
meter
m 2
square meter
m 3
cubic meter
dm
decimeter
dm 2
square decimeter
dm 3
cubic decimeter
cm
centimeter
cm 2
square centimeter
cm 3
cubic centimeter
mm
millimeter
mm 2
square millimeter
mm 3
cubic millimeter
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols
237
9.57.
Weight
Land area
Capacity of containers
kg
kilogram
ha
hectare
kL
kiloliter
hg
hectogram
a
acre
hL
hectoliter
dag
dekagram
daL
dekaliter
g
gram
L
liter
dg
decigram
dL
deciliter
eg
centigram
cL
centiliter
mg
milligram
mL
milliliter
fig
microgram
A similar form of abbreviation applies to any unit of the metric
system.
volt mF
watt mH
kilocycle |a.F
kilovolt
kilovoltampere
kilowatt
A
amper
V
VA
voltampere
W
F
farad
kc
H
Henry
kV
Hz
Hertz
kVA
J
joule
kW
millifarad
millihenry
microfarad (one-
millionth of a farad)
9.58.
The following forms are used when units of English weight and
measure and units of time are abbreviated, the same form of ab-
breviation being used for both singular and plural:
Length
Area and volume
in
inch
in 2 square
inch
ft
foot
in 3 cubic inch
yd
yard
mi 2 square
mile
mi
mile (statute)
ft- 1 cubic foot
Time
Weight
Capacity
yr
year
gr
grain
gill
(not abbreviated)
IIIO
month
dr
dram
Pt
pint
d
day
oz
ounce
qt
quart
h
hour
lb
pound
gal
gallon
min
minute
cwt
hundredwe
ight
pk
peck
s
second
dwt
pennyweig
ht
bu
bushel
ton(s)
(not abbrev
iated)
bbl
barrel
butt
metric ton
[tonne)
9.59.
In astrophysical and similar scientific matter, magnitudes and units
of time may be expressed as follows, if so written in copy
5 h 3 m 9 s 4.5 h
238
Chapter 9
Money
9.60.
The following are some of the abbreviations and symbols used for
indicating money:
(For the abbreviations of other terms indicating currency, see the
table "Currency" in Chapter 17 "Useful Tables")
$, dol (dollar) Mex $2,650
c, ct, <t (cent, cents) P (peso)
TRL175 (Turkish) £ (pound)
USD15.000 d (pence)
€ (euro)
Use "USD" if omission would result in confusion.
Standard word abbreviations
9.61.
If abbreviations are required, use these forms:
2,4D (insecticide)
3d— third
4° — quarto
8° — octavo
Al (rating)
A.A. — Alcoholics Anonymous
AARP — American Association of
Retired Persons
abbr. — abbreviation
abs. — abstract
acct. — account
ACDA — Arms Control and
Disarmament Agency
ACTH — adrenocorticotropic
hormone
A.D. — (anno Domini) in the year
of our Lord (A.D. 937)
ADDH — attention deficit disorder
with hyperactivity
ADHD — attention deficit hyper-
activity disorder
AEF — American Expeditionary
Forces
AF — audiofrequency
AFB — Air Force Base
AFL-CIO — American Federation
of Labor and Congress of
Industrial Organizations
AID — Agency for International
Development
AIDS — acquired immuno-
deficiency syndrome
a.k.a. — also known as
A.L.R. — American Law Reports
AM — amplitude modulation (no
periods)
A.M. — (anno mundi) in the year of
the world
A.M. or M. A.— master of arts
a.m. — (ante meridiem) before noon
Am. Repts. — American Reports
Amtrak — National Railroad
Passenger Corporation
AM VETS — American Veterans of
World War II; Amvet(s)
(individual)
antilog — antilogarithm (no period)
AOA — Administration on Aging
API — American Petroleum
Institute
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols
239
APO — Army post office (no
periods)
App. D.C. — District of Columbia
Appeal Cases
App. Div. — Appellate Division
APPR — Army package power
reactor
approx. — approximately
ARC — American Red Cross
ARS — Agricultural Research
Service
ASCS — Agricultural Stabilization
and Conservation Service
ASME — American Society of
Mechanical Engineers
A.S.N. — Army service number
ASTM — American Society for
Testing and Materials
ATM — automatic teller machine
AtL— Atlantic Reporter; A.2d,
Atlantic Reporter, second
series
AUS— Army of the United States
Ave. — avenue
AWACS — airborne warning and
control system
AWOL — absent without leave
B.A. or A.B. — bachelor of arts
BBB — Better Business Bureau
B.C.— before Christ (1200 B.C.)
B.C.E. — Before Common Era
BCG — (bacillus Calmette-Guerin)
antituberculosis vaccine
bf. — boldface
BGN— Board on (not of)
Geographic Names
BIA — Bureau of Indian Affairs
BIS — Bank for International
Settlements
Blatch. Pr. Cas.— Blatchford's
Prize Cases
Bldg. — building
B. Lit(t). or Lit(t).B.— bachelor of
literature
BLM— Bureau of Land
Management
BLS — Bureau of Labor Statistics
Blvd.— boulevard
b.o. — buyer's option
B.S. or B.Sc. — bachelor of science
c. and s.c. — caps and small caps
ca. — (circa) about
ca — centiare
CACM — Central American
Common Market
CAD — computer-aided design
CAP— Civil Air Patrol
CARE — Cooperative for
American Remittances to
Everywhere, Inc.
CAT scan — computerized axial
tomography
CCA. — Circuit Court of Appeals
CCC — Commodity Credit
Corporation
CCITT — Consultative Committee
for International Telegraphy
and Telephony
CCls. — Court of Claims
C.Cls.R. — Court of Claims Reports
C.C.P.A. — Court of Customs and
Patents Appeals
CCR — Commission on Civil Rights
CDC — Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention
CE. — Common Era
CEA — Council of Economic
Advisers
cf — (confer) compare or see
CFR — Code of Federal Regulations
CFR Supp. — Code of Federal
Regulations Supplement
CHAMPUS— Civilian Health
and Medical Program of the
Uniformed Services
CIA — Central Intelligence Agency
CIC — Counterintelligence Corps
CT. — (corpus juris) body of law;
Chief Justice
240
Chapter 9
CNN— Cable News Network
CO — commanding officer
Co. — company (commercial)
c.o.d. — cash on delivery
COLA — cost-of-living adjustment
Comp. Dec. — Comptroller's
Decisions (Treasury)
Comp. Gen. — Comptroller
General Decisions
con. — continued
conelrad — control of
electromagnetic radiation
(civil defense)
Conus — continental United States
Corp. — corporation (commercial)
cos — cosine (no period)
cosh — hyperbolic cosine (no
period)
cot — cotangent (no period)
coth — hyperbolic cotangent (no
period)
c.p. — chemically pure
C.P.A. — certified public
accountant
CPI — Consumer Price Index
CPR — cardiopulmonary
resuscitation
cr. — credit; creditor
C-SPAN— Cable Satellite Public
Affairs Network
esc — cosecant (no period)
csch — hyperbolic cosecant (no
period)
Ct. — court
Dall. — Dallas (U.S. Supreme
Court Reports)
DAR — Daughters of the American
Revolution
d.b.a. — doing business as
d.b.h. — diameter at breast height
D.D. — doctor of divinity
D.D.S. — doctor of dental surgery
DDT — dichlorodiphenyl-
trichloroethane
DHS — Department of Homeland
Security
Dist. Ct. — District Court
D.Lit(t). or Lit(t).D.— doctor of
literature
DNC — Domestic Names
Committee (BGN)
do. — (ditto) the same
DOC — Department of Commerce
DOD — Department of Defense
DOE — Department of Energy
DOJ — Department of Justice
DOL — Department of Labor
DOS — Department of State
DOT — Department of
Transportation
DP — displaced person (no period)
D.P.H. — doctor of public health
D.P.Hy. — doctor of public hygiene
DPT — diphtheria, pertussis,
tetanus innoculation
dr. — debit; debtor
Dr. — doctor; drive
d.s.t. — daylight saving (no "s") time
D.V.M . — doctor of veterinary
medicine
E. — east
EDGAR— Electronic Data
Gathering, Analysis and
Retrieval (SEC)
EEOC — Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission
EFTA — European Free Trade
Association
EFTS — electronic funds transfer
system
e.g. — (exempli gratia) for example
EHF — extremely high frequency
emcee — master of ceremony
e.o.m. — end of month
EOP — Executive Office of the
President
EPA — Environmental Protection
Agency
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols
241
et al. — (et alii) and others
et seq. — (et sequentia) and the
following
etc. — (et cetera) and so forth
EU — European Union
Euratom — European Atomic
Energy Community
Euro — currency (common)
Eurodollars — U.S. dollars used to
finance foreign trade
Ex. Doc. (with letter) — executive
document
Ex-Im Bank — Export-Import
Bank of the United States
f, ff. — and following page (pages)
FAA — Federal Aviation
Administration
FACS — Faculty of the American
College of Surgeons
FAO — Food and Agriculture
Organization
f.a.s. — free alongside ship
FAS — Foreign Agricultural
Service
FBI — Federal Bureau of
Investigation
FCA — Farm Credit
Administration
FCC — Federal Communications
Commission
FCIC — Federal Crop Insurance
Corporation
FCSC — Foreign Claims
Settlement Commission
FDA — Food and Drug
Administration
FDIC — Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation
FDLP — Federal Depository
Library Program
Fed. — Federal Reporter; F.3d,
Federal Reporter, third series
FEOF — Foreign Exchange
Operations Fund
FHA — Federal Housing
Administration
FmHA — Farmers Home
Administration
FHLBB — Federal Home Loan
Bank Board
FHWA — Federal Highway
Administration
FICA — Federal Insurance
Contributions Act
FLSA — Fair Labor Standards Act
FM — frequency modulation
FMC — Federal Maritime
Commission
FMCS — Federal Mediation and
Conciliation Service
FNMA— Federal National
Mortgage Association
(Fannie Mae)
FNS — Food and Nutrition Service
P— folio
f.o.b. — free on board
FPC — Federal Power Commission
FPO — fleet post office (no periods)
FR — Federal Register
(publication)
FRG — Federal Republic of
Germany
FRS — Federal Reserve System
FS — Forest Service
FSLIC — Federal Savings and Loan
Insurance Corporation
FSS — Federal Supply Service
F.Supp. — Federal Supplement
FTC — Federal Trade Commission
FWS — Fish and Wildlife Service
GAO — Government
Accountability Office
GATT — General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade
GDR — German Democratic
Republic
GI — general issue; Government
issue
242
Chapter 9
GIS — Geographic Information
System
G.M.&S. — general, medical, and
surgical
GNMA — Government National
Mortgage Association
(Ginnie Mae)
GNP — gross national product
Gov. — Governor
GPO — Government Printing
Office
GPS — Global Positioning System
gr. wt. — gross weight
GSA — General Services
Administration
GSE — Government-Sponsored
Enterprise
H.C — House of Commons
H. Con. Res. (with number) —
House concurrent resolution
H. Doc. (with number) — House
document
hazmat — hazardous material
HDTV — high definition television
HE — high explosive (no periods)
HF — high frequency (no periods)
HHS— Health and Human
Services (Department of)
HIV — human immunodeficiency
virus
H.J. Res. (with number) — House
joint resolution
HMO — health-maintenance
organization
HOV — high-occupancy vehicle
How. — Howard (U.S. Supreme
Court Reports)
H.R. (with number) — House bill
H. Rept. (with number) — House
report
H. Res. (with number) — House
resolution
HUD — Housing and Urban
Development (Department of)
IADB — Inter- American Defense
Board
IAEA — International Atomic
Energy Agency
ibid. — (ibidem) in the same place
ICBM — intercontinental ballistic
missile
id. — (idem) the same
IDA — International Development
Association
IDE — integrated drive electronics
i.e. — (id est) that is
IEEE — Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers
IF — intermediate frequency (no
periods)
IFC — International Finance
Corporation
IMCO — Intergovernmental
Maritime Consultative
Organization
IMF — International Monetary
Fund
Insp. Gen. (also IG) — inspector
general
Interpol — International Criminal
Police Organization
IOU — I owe you
IQ — intelligence quotient
IRA — individual retirement
account
IRBM — intermediate range
ballistic missile
IRE — Institute of Radio Engineers
IRO — International Refugee
Organization
IRS — Internal Revenue Service
ISO — International Standards
Organization
ITO — International Trade
Organization
ITU — International
Telecommunications Union
JAG — Judge Advocate General
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols
243
jato — jet-assisted takeoff
J.D. — (jurum or juris doctor)
doctor of laws
JOBS — Job Opportunities in the
Business Sector
JIT — just in time
Jpn. — Japan or Japanese where
necessary to abbreviate
Jr. — junior
Judge Adv. Gen. — Judge Advocate
General
LAFTA — Latin American Free
Trade Association
lat. — latitude
LC — Library of Congress
LCD — liquid crystal display
lc. — lowercase
L.Ed. — Lawyer's edition (U.S.
Supreme Court Reports)
liq. — liquid
If — lightface
LF — low frequency
LL.B. — bachelor of laws
LL.D. — doctor of laws
loc. cit. — (loco citato) in the place
cited
log (no period) — logarithm
long. — longitude
loran (no periods) — long-range
navigation
lox (no periods) — liquid oxygen
LPG — liquefied petroleum gas
Ltd. — limited
Lt. Gov. — lieutenant governor
M — money supply: Ml, M2, etc.
M. — monsieur; MM., messieurs
m. — (meridies) noon
M — more
MAC— Military Airlift Command
MAG — Military Advisory Group
MarAd— Maritime
Administration
MC — Member of Congress
(emcee, master of ceremonies)
M.D. — doctor of medicine
MDAP— Mutual Defense
Assistance Program
MediCal — Medicaid California
memo — memorandum
MF — medium frequency;
microfiche
MFN — most favored nation
MIA — missing in action (plural
MIAs)
MIRV — multiple independently
targetable reentry vehicle
Misc. Doc. (with number) —
miscellaneous document
Mile. — mademoiselle
Mme. — madam
Mmes. — mesdames
mo. — month
MOS — military occupational
specialty
M.P. — Member of Parliament
MP — military police
Mr. — mister (plural Messrs.)
MRI — magnetic resonance
imaging
Mrs. — mistress
Ms. — feminine title (plural Mses.)
M.S. — master of science
MS. — MSS., manuscript,
manuscripts
MSC— Military Sealift Command
Msgr. — monsignor
m.s.l. — mean sea level
MSNBC— Microsoft National
Broadcasting Co.
MTN— multilateral trade
negotiations
N. — north
NA — not available; not applicable
NACo. — National Association of
Counties
NAFTA— North American Free
Trade Agreement
244
Chapter 9
NAS — National Academy of
Sciences
NASA — National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
NATO— North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
NCUA— National Credit Union
Administration
NE. — northeast
n.e.c. — not elsewhere classified
n.e.s. — not elsewhere specified
net wt. — net weight
N.F. — National Formulary
NFAH — National Foundation on
the Arts and the Humanities
NIH— National Institutes of
Health
NIST— National Institute of
Standards and Technology
n.l. — natural log or logarithm
NLRB— National Lahor Relations
Board
NNTP — Network News Transfer
Protocol
No. — Nos., number, numbers
NOAA — National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration
n.o.i.b.n. — not otherwise indexed
by name
n.o.p. — not otherwise provided
(for)
n.o.s. — not otherwise specified
NO VS— National Office of Vital
Statistics
NPS — National Park Service
NRC — Nuclear Regulatory
Commission
NS — nuclear ship
NSA — National Shipping
Authority
NSC — National Security Council
NSF — National Science
Foundation
n.s.k. — not specified by kind
n.s.p.f. — not specifically provided
for
NW. — northwest
OAPEC — Organization of Arab
Petroleum Exporting
Countries
OAS — Organization of American
States
OASDHI— Old-Age, Survivors,
Disability, and Health
Insurance Program
OASI — Old-Age and Survivors
Insurance
OCD— Office of Civil Defense
OD — officer of the day
OD — overdose; Odd, overdosed
OD. — doctor of optometry
OECD — Organization for
Economic Cooperation and
Development
OK— Oked, Oking, Oks
OMB— Office of Management and
Budget
Op. Atty. Gen. — Opinions of the
Attorney General
op. cit. — (opere citato) in the work
cited
OPEC — Organization of
Petroleum Exporting
Countries
OSD — Office of the Secretary of
Defense
OTC — Organization for Trade
Cooperation
PA — public address system
Pac. — Pacific Reporter; P.2d,
Pacific Reporter, second
series
PAC — political action committee
(plural PAC's)
Passed Asst. Surg. — passed
assistant surgeon
PBS — Public Building Service
PCV — Peace Corps Volunteer
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols
245
Pet. — Peters (U.S. Supreme Court
Reports)
Ph — phenyl
Phar.D. — doctor of pharmacy
Ph.B. or B.Ph.— bachelor of
philosophy
Ph.D. or D.Ph.— doctor of
philosophy
Ph.G. — graduate in pharmacy
PHS— Public Health Service
PIN — personal identification
number
PL — place
p.m. — (post meridiem) after noon
P.O. Box (with number) — foutpost
office box (in general sense)
POP — Point of Presence; Post
Office Protocol
POW — prisoner of war (plural
POWs)
PTSD — post-traumatic- stress
disorder
Private Res. (with number) —
private resolution
Prof. — professor
pro tem — (pro tempore)
temporarily
P.S. — (post scriptum) postscript;
public school (with number)
PTA — parent-teachers' association
Public Res. (with number) — public
resolution
PX — post exchange
QT — on the quiet
racon — radar beacon
radar — radio detection and
ranging
R&D — research and development
rato — rocket-assisted takeoff
Rd. — road
RDT&E — research, development,
testing, and evaluation
REA — Rural Electrification
Administration
Rev. — reverend
Rev. Stat. — Revised Statutes
RF — radiofrequency
R.F.D. — rural free delivery
Rh — Rhesus (blood factor)
RIF — reduction(s) in force; RIFed,
RIFing, RIFs
R.N. — registered nurse
ROTC — Reserve Officers'
Training Corps
RR. — railroad
RRB — Railroad Retirement Board
Rt. Rev. — right reverend
Ry — railway
S. — south; Senate bill (with
number)
SAC — Strategic Air Command
SAE — Society of Automotive
Engineers
S&L(s) — savings and loan(s)
SALT — strategic arms limitation
talks
SAR — Sons of the American
Revolution
SBA — Small Business
Administration
sc. — (scilicet) namely (see also ss)
s.c. — small caps
S. Con. Res. (with number) —
Senate concurrent resolution
s.d. — (sine die) without date
SDI — Strategic Defense Initiative
S. Doc. (with number) — Senate
document
SE. — southeast
SEATO — Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization
SEC — Securities and Exchange
Commission
sec— secant
sech — hyperbolic secant
2d — second
SHF — superhigh frequency
shoran — short range (radio)
246
Chapter 9
SI — Systeme International d 'Unites
sic — thus
sin — sine
sinh — hyperbolic sine
S.J. Res. (with number) — Senate
joint resolution
sonar — sound, navigation, and
ranging (no period)
SOP — standard operating
procedure
SOS — wireless distress signal
SP — shore patrol
SPAR — Coast Guard Women's
Reserve (semper paratus —
always ready)
sp. gr. — specific gravity
Sq. — square (street)
Sr. — senior
S. Rept. (with number) — Senate
report
S. Res. (with number) — Senate
resolution
SS — steamship
ss — (scilicet) namely (in law) (see
also sc.)
SSA — Social Security
Administration
SSS — Selective Service System
St. — Ste., SS., Saint, Sainte, Saints
St. — street
Stat. — Statutes at Large
STP — standard temperature and
pressure
Sup. Ct. — Supreme Court
Reporter
Supp. Rev. Stat. — Supplement to
the Revised Statutes
Supt. — superintendent
Surg. — surgeon
Surg. Gen. — Surgeon General
SW. — southwest
S.W.2d — Southwestern Reporter,
second series
SWAT — special weapons and
tactics (team)
T. — Tps., township, townships
tan — tangent
tann — hyperbolic tangent
TB — tuberculosis
T.D. — Treasury Decisions
TDY — temporary duty
Ter. — terrace
t.m. — true mean
TNT — trinitrotoluol
TV — television
TVA — Tennessee Valley Authority
uc. — uppercase
UHF — ultrahigh frequency
UMTA— Urban Mass
Transportation
Administration
U.N.— United Nations
UNESCO— United Nations
Educational, Scientific, and
Cultural Organization
UNICEF— United Nations
Children's Fund
U.S. — U.S. Supreme Court Reports
U.S.A. — United States of America
USA— U.S. Army
USAF— U.S. Air Force
U.S.C. — United States Code
U.S.C.A.— United States Code
Annotated
U.S.C. Supp. — United States Code
Supplement
USCG — U.S. Coast Guard
USDA— U.S. Department of
Agriculture
USES — U.S. Employment Service
U.S. 40— U.S. No. 40, U.S.
Highway No. 40
USGS — U.S. Geological Survey
USIA — U.S. Information Agency
USMC— U.S. Marine Corps
USN— U.S. Navy
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols
247
USNR— U.S. Naval Reserve
U.S.P.— United States
Pharmacopeia
USPS— U.S. Postal Service
U.S.S.— U.S. Senate
v. or vs. — (versus) against
VA — Department of Veterans
Affairs
VAT — value added tax
VCR — video cassette recorder
VHF — very high frequency
VIP — very important person
viz — (videlicet) namely
VLF — very low frequency
VTR — video tape recording
W. — west
w.a.e. — when actually employed
Wall. — Wallace (U.S. Supreme
Court Reports)
wf — wrong font
Wheat. — Wheaton (U.S. Supreme
Court Reports)
WHO— World Health
Organization
WIPO— World Intellectual
Property Organization
WMAL— WRC, etc., radio stations
w.o.p. — without pay
Yale L.J. — Yale Law Journal
ZIP Code — Zone Improvement
Plan Code (Postal Service)
ZIP+4— 9-digit ZIP Code
Standard letter symbols for units of measure
9.62. The same form is used for singular and plural senses.
A — ampere
Bd— baud
A — angstrom
bd. ft. — board foot (obsolete); use fbm
a — are
Be — Baume
a — atto (prefix, one-quintillionth)
Bev (obsolete); see GeV
aA — attoampere
Bhn — Brinell hardness number
abs — absolute (temperature and
bhp — brake horsepower
gravity)
bm — board measure
ac — alternating current
bp — boiling point
AF — audiofrequency
Btu — British thermal unit
Ah — ampere-hour
bu — bushel
A/m — ampere per meter
c — <t, ct; cent(s)
AM — amplitude modulation
c — centi (prefix, one-hundredth)
asb — apostilb
C — coulomb
At — ampere-turn
°C — degree Celsius
at — atmosphere, technical
cal — calorie (also: cal IT , International
atm — atmosphere
Table; cal [h — thermochemical)
at wt — atomic weight
cd/in 2 — candela per square inch
au — astronomical units
cd/m 2 — candela per square meter
avdp — avoirdupois
eg — centigram
b — barn
cd«h — candela-hour
B— bel
Ci — curie
b-bit
cL — centiliter
bbl — barrel
cm — centimeter
bbl/d — barrel per day
c/m — cycles per minute
248
Chapter 9
cm 2 — square centimeter
cm 3 — cubic centimeter
cmil — circular mil
cp — candlepower
cP — centipoise
cSt — centistokes
cwt — hundredweight
D — darcy
d — day
d — deci (prefix, one-tenth)
d— pence
da — deka (prefix, 10)
dag — dekagram
daL — dekaliter
dam — dekameter
dam 2 — square dekameter
dam 3 — cubic dekameter
dB — decibel
dBu — decibel unit
dc — direct current
dg — decigram
dL — deciliter
dm — decimeter
dm 2 — square decimeter
dm 3 — cubic decimeter
dol — dollar
doz — dozen
dr — dram
dwt — deadweight tons
dwt — pennyweight
dyn — dyne
EHF — extremely high frequency
emf- electromotive force
emu — electromagnetic unit
erg— erg
esu — electrostatic unit
eV — electronvolt
°F — degree Fahrenheit
F — farad
f — femto (prefix, one-quadrillionth)
fbm — board foot; board foot measure
fc — footcandle
fL — footlambert
fm — fentometer
FM — frequency modulation
ft— foot
ft 2 — square foot
ft 3 — cubic foot
ftH^O — conventional foot of water
fi>lb — foot-pound
fi>lbf— foot-pound force
ft/min — foot per minute
ftVmin — square foot per minute
ft 3 /min — cubic foot per minute
ft-pdl — foot poundal
ft/s — foot per second
ft 2 /s — square foot per second
ft 3 /s — cubic foot per second
ft/s 2 — foot per second squared
ft/s 3 — foot per second cubed
G — gauss
G — giga (prefix, 1 billion)
g — gram; acceleration of gravity
Gal — gal cm/s 2
gal — gallon
gal/min — gallons per minute
gal/s — gallons per second
GB— gigabyte
Gb — gilbert
g/cm 3 — gram per cubic centimeter
GeV — gigaelectronvolt
GHz — gigahertz (gigacycle per second)
gr — grain; gross
h— hecto (prefix, 100)
H — henry
h — hour
ha— hectare
HF — high frequency
hg — hectogram
hL — hectoliter
hm — hectometer
hm 2 — square hectometer
hm 3 — cubic hectometer
hp — horsepower
hph — horsepower-hour
Hz — hertz (cycles per second)
id — inside diameter
ihp — indicated horsepower
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols
249
in — inch
in 2 — square inch
in 3 — cuhic inch
in/h — inch per hour
inH 2 — conventional inch of water
inHg — conventional inch of mercury
in-lb — inch-pound
in/s — inch per second
J— joule
J/K — joule per kelvin
K — kayser
K — kelvin (use without degree symbol)
k— kilo (prefix, 1,000)
k— thousand (7k=7,000)
kc — kilocycle; see also kHz (kilohertz),
kilocycles per second
kcal — kilocalory
keV — kiloelectronvolt
kG — kilogauss
kg — kilogram
kgf— kilogram-force
kHz — kilohertz (kilocycles per second)
kL — kiloliter
klbf— kilopound-force
km — kilometer
km 2 — square kilometer
km 3 — cubic kilometer
km/h — kilometer per hour
kn — knot (speed)
kfl — kilohm
kt — kiloton; carat
kV— kilovolt
kVA — kilovoltampere
kvar — kilovar
kW— kilowatt
kWh — kilowatthour
L — lambert
L— liter
lb — pound
lb ap — apothecary pound
lb — avdp, avoirdupois pound
lbf— pound-force
lbf/ft — pound-force foot
lbf/ft 2 — pound-force per square foot
lbf/ft 3 — pound-force per cubic foot
lbf/in 2 — pound-force per square inch
(see psi)
lb/ft — pound per foot
lb/ft 2 — pound per square foot
lb/ft 3 — pound per cubic foot
let — long calcined ton
ldt — long dry ton
LF — low frequency
lin ft — linear foot
1/m — lines per minute
lm — lumen
lm/ft 2 — lumen per square foot
lm/m 2 — lumen per square meter
lm«s — lumen second
lm/W — lumen per watt
1/s — lines per second
L/s — liter per second
lx — lux
M — mega (prefix, 1 million)
M — million (3 M =3 million)
m — meter
m — milli (prefix, one-thousandth)
Ml — monetary aggregate
m 2 — square meter
m 3 — cubic meter
u — micro (prefix, one-millionth)
um — micrometer
mA — milliampere
\iA — microampere
MB — megabyte
mbar — millibar
fibar — microbar
Mc — megacycle; see also MHz
(megahertz), megacycles per
second
mc — millicycle; see also mHz
(millihertz), millicycles per
second
mD — millidarcy
meq — milliquivalent
MeV — megaelectronvolts
mF — millifarad
[i¥ — microfarad
250
Chapter 9
mG — milligauss
mg — milligram
|jg — microgram
Mgal/d — million gallons per day
mH — millihenry
uH — microhenry
MHz — megahertz
mHz — millihertz
mi — mile (statute)
mi 2 — square mile
mi/gal — mile(s) per gallon
mi/h — mile(s) per hour
mil — mil
min — minute (time)
(iin — microinch
mL — milliliter
mm — millimeter
mm 2 — square millimeter
mm 3 — cubic millimeter
|im 2 — square micrometer
l^m 3 — cubic micrometer
uu — micromicron (use of compound
prefixes obsolete; use pm,
picometer)
uuf— micromicrofarad (use of
compound prefixes obsolete; use
pF)
mmHg — conventional millimeter of
mercury
mfi — megohm
mo — month
mol — mole (unit of substance)
mol wt — molecular weight
mp — melting point
ms — millisecond
fis — microsecond
Mt — megaton
mV — millivolt
\iV — microvolt
MW — megawatt
mW — milliwatt
fiW — microwatt
M Wd/t — megawatt-days per ton
Mx — maxwell
n — nano (prefix, one-billionth)
N — newton
nA — nanoampere
nF — nanofarad
N«m — newton meter
N/m 2 — newton per square meter
nmi — nautical mile
Np — neper
ns — nanosecond
N»s/m 2 — newton second per square
meter
nt — nit
od — outside diameter
Oe — oersted (use of A/m, amperes per
meter, preferred)
oz — ounce (avoirdupois)
p — pico (prefix, one-trillionth)
P — poise
Pa — pascal
pA — picoampere
pet — percent
pdl — poundal
pF — picofarad (micromicrofarad,
obsolete)
pF — water-holding energy
pH — hydrogen-ion concentration
ph — phot; phase
pk — peck,
p/m — parts per million
ps — picosecond
psi — pounds per square inch
pt — pint
pW — picowatt
qt — quart
quad — quadrillion (10 15 )
°R — rankine
°R — roentgen
R — degree rankine
R — degree reaumur
rad — radian
rd — rad
rem — roentgen equivalent man
r/min — revolutions per minute
rms — root mean square
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols
251
r/s — revolutions per second
s — second (time)
s — shilling
S — Siemens
sb — stilb
scp — spherical candlepower
s«ft — second-foot
shp — shaft horsepower
slug — slug
sr — steradian
sSf— standard saybolt fural
sSu — standard saybolt universal
stdft 3 — standard cubic foot (feet)
Sus — saybolt universal second(s)
T — tera (prefix, 1 trillion)
Tft 3 — trillion cubic feet
T — tesla
t — tonne (metric ton)
tbsp — tablespoonful
thm — therm
ton — ton
tsp — teaspoonful
Twad — t waddell
u — (unified) atomic mass unit
UHF — ultrahigh frequency
V— volt
VA — voltampere
var— var
VHF — very high frequency
V/m — volt per meter
W— watt
Wb — weber
Wh — watthour
W/(m»K) — watt per meter kelvin
W/sr — watt per steradian
W/(sr»m 2 ) — watt per steradian square
meter
x — unknown quantity (italic)
yd — yard
yd 2 — square yard
yd 3 — cubic yard
yr — year
Standard Latin abbreviations
9.63. When Latin abbreviations are used, follow this list.
a. — annus, year; ante, before
A.A.C. — anno ante Christum in the
year before Christ
A.A.S. — Academiae Americanae
Socius, Fellow of the American
Academy [Academy of Arts and
Sciences]
A.B. — artium baccalaureus, bachelor
of arts
ab init. — ab initio, from the beginning
abs. re. — absente reo, the defendant
being absent
A.C. — ante Christum, before Christ
A.D. — anno Domini, in the year of our
Lord
a.d. — ante diem, before the day
ad fin. — ad finem, at the end, to one end
ad h.l. — ad hunc locum, to this place,
on this passage
ad inf. — ad infinitum, to infinity
ad init. — ad initium, at the beginning
ad int. — ad interim, in the meantime
ad lib. — ad libitum, at pleasure
ad loc. — ad locum, at the place
ad val. — ad valorem, according to
A.I. — anno inventionis, in the year of
the discovery
al. — alia, alii, other things, other
persons
A.M. — anno mundi, in the year of the
world; Annus mirabilis, the
wonderful year [1666]; a.m., ante
meridiem, before noon
an. — anno, in the year; ante, before
ann. — annales, annals; anni, years
A.R.S.S. — Antiquariorum Regiae
Societatis Socius, Fellow of the
Royal Society of Antiquaries
252
Chapter 9
A.U.C. — anno urbis conditae, ab
urbe conolita, in [the year from]
the building of the City [Rome],
753 B.C.
B.A. — baccalaureus artium, bachelor
of arts
B. Sc. — baccalaureus scientiae,
bachelor of science
C. — centum, a hundred; condemno, I
condemn, find guilty
c. — circa, about
cent. — centum, a hundred
cf. — confer, compare
CM. — chirurgiae magister, master of
surgery
coch. — cochlear, a spoon, spoonful
coch. amp. — cochlear amplum, a
tablespoonful
coch. mag. — cochlear magnum, a large
spoonful
coch. med. — cochlear medium, a
dessert spoonful
coch. parv. — cochlear parvum, a
teaspoonful
con. — contra, against; conjunx, wife
C.P.S. — custos privati sigilli, keeper of
the privy seal
C.S. — custos sigilli, keeper of the seal
cwt. — c. for centum, wt. for weight,
hundredweight
D. — Deus, God; Dominus, Lord; d.,
decretum, a decree; denarius, a
penny; da, give
D.D. — divinitatis doctor, doctor of
divinity
D.G. — Dei gratia, by the grace of God;
Deo gratias, thanks to God
D.N. — Dominus noster, our Lord
D. Sc. — doctor scientiae, doctor of
science
d.s.p. — decessit sine prole, died
without issue
D.V. — Deo volente, God willing
dwt. — d. for denarius, wt. for weight
pennyweight
e.g. — exempli gratia, for example
et al. — et alibi, and elsewhere; et alii, or
aliae, and others
etc. — et cetera, and others, and so forth
et seq. — et sequentes, and those that
follow
et ux. — et uxor, and wife
F. — Alius, son
f. — fiat, let it be made; forte, strong
fac. — factum similis, facsimile, an
exact copy
fasc. — fasciculus, a bundle
fl. — flores, flowers; floruit, flourished;
fluidus, fluid
f.r. — folio recto, right-hand page
F.R.S. — Fraternitatis Regiae Socius,
Fellow of the Royal Society
f.v. — folio verso, on the back of the leaf
guttat. — guttatim, by drops
H. — hora, hour
h.a. — hoc anno, in this year; hujus
anni, this year's
hab. corp. — habeas corpus, have the
body — a writ
h.e. — hie est, this is; hoc est, that is
h.m. — hoc mense, in this month; huius
mensis, this month's
h.q. — hoc quaere, look for this
H.R.I.R — hie requiescat in pace, here
rests in peace
H.S. — hie sepultus, here is buried; hie
situs, here lies; h.s., hoc sensu, in
this sense
H.S.S. — Historiae Societatis Socius,
Fellow of the Historical Society
h.t. — hoc tempore, at this time; hoc
titulo, in or under this title
I — Idus, the Ides; i., id, that;
immortalis, immortal
ib. or ibid. — ibidem, in the same place
id. — idem, the same
i.e. — id est, that is
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols
253
imp. — imprimatur, sanction, let it be
printed
I.N.D. — in nomine Dei, in the name of
God
in f. — in fine, at the end
inf. — infra, below
init. — initio, in the beginning
in lim. — in limine, on the threshold, at
the outset
in loc. — in loco, in its place
in loc. cit. — in loco citato, in the place
cited
in pr. — in principio, in the beginning
in trans. — in transitu, on the way
i.q. — idem quod, the same as
i.q.e.d. — id quod erat demonstrandum,
what was to be proved
J. — judex, judge
J.C.D. — juris civilis doctor, doctor of
civil law
J.D. — jurum or juris doctor, doctor of
laws
J.U.D. — juris utriusque doctor, doctor
of both civil and canon law
L. — liber, a book; locus, a place
£ — libra, pound; placed before figures
thus £10; if 1., to be placed after, as
401.
L.A.M. — liberalium artium magister,
master of the liberal arts
L.B. — baccalaureus literarum,
bachelor of letters
lb. — libra, pound (singular and plural)
L.H.D. — literarum humaniorum
doctor, doctor of the more
humane letters
Litt. D. — literarum doctor, doctor of
letters
LL.B. — legum baccalaureus, bachelor
of laws
LL.D. — legum doctor, doctor of laws
LL.M. — legum magister, master of
laws
loc. cit. — loco citato, in the place cited
loq. — loquitur, he, or she, speaks
L.S. — locus sigilli, the place of the seal
l.s.c. — loco supra citato, in the place
above cited
£ s. d. — librae, solidi, denarii, pounds,
shillings, pence
M. — magister, master; manipulus,
handful; medicinae, of medicine;
m., meridies, noon
M.A. — magister artium, master of arts
M.B. — medicinae baccalaureus,
bachelor of medicine
M. Ch. — magister chirurgiae, master
of surgery
M.D. — medicinae doctor, doctor of
medicine
m.m. — mutatis mutandis, with the
necessary changes
m.n. — mutato nomine, the name being
changed
MS. — manuscriptum, manuscript;
MSS., manuscripta, manuscripts
Mus. B. — musicae baccalaureus,
bachelor of music
Mus. D. — musicae doctor, doctor of
music
Mus. M. — musicae magister, master of
music
N. — Nepos, grandson; nomen, name;
nomina, names; noster, our; n.,
natus, born; nocte, at night
N.B. — nota bene, mark well
ni. pri. — nisi prius, unless before
nob. — nobis, for (or on) our part
nol. pros. — nolle prosequi, will not
prosecute
non cul. — non culpabilis, not guilty
n.l. — non licet, it is not permitted; non
liquet, it is not clear; non longe,
not far
non obs. — non obstante,
notwithstanding
non pros. — non prosequitur, he does
not prosecute
254
Chapter 9
non seq. — non sequitur, it does not
follow logically
O. — octarius, a pint
ob. — obiit, he, or she, died; obiter,
incidentally
ob. s.p. — obiit sine prole, died without
issue
o.c. — opere citato, in the work cited
op. — opus, work; opera, works
op. cit. — opere citato, in the work cited
P. — papa, pope; pater, father; pontifex,
bishop; populus, people; p.,
partim, in part; per, by, for; pius,
holy; pondere, by weight; post,
after; primus, first; pro, for
p.a. — or per ann., per annum, yearly;
pro anno, for the year
p. ae. — partes aequales, equal parts
pass. — passim, everywhere
percent. — per centum, by the hundred
pil. — pilula, pill
Ph. B. — philosophiae baccalaureus,
bachelor of philosophy
P.M. — post mortem, after death
p.m. — post meridiem, afternoon
pro tem. — pro tempore, for the time
being
prox. — proximo, in or of the next
[month]
P.S. — postscriptum, postscript; P.SS.,
postscripta, postscripts
q.d. — quasi dicat, as if one should say;
quasi dictum, as if said; quasi
dixisset, as if he had said
q.e. — quod est, which is
Q.E.D. — quod erat demonstrandum,
which was to be demonstrated
Q.E.F. — quod erat faciendum, which
was to be done
Q.E.I. — quod erat inveniendum, which
was to be found out
q.l. — quantum libet, as much as you
please
q. pi. — quantum placet, as much as
seems good
q.s. — quantum sufficit, sufficient
quantity
q.v. — quantum vis, as much as you
will; quern, quam, quod vide,
which see; qq. v., quos, quas, or
quae vide, which see (plural)
R. — regina, queen; recto, right-hand
page; respublica, commonwealth
1$ — recipe, take
R.I.P. — requiescat, or requiescant, in
pace, may he, she, or they, rest in
peace
R.P.D. — rerum politicarum doctor,
doctor of political science
R.S.S. — Regiae Societatis Sodalis,
Fellow of the Royal Society
S. — sepultus, buried; situs, lies;
societas, society; socius or
sodalis, fellow; s., semi, half;
solidus, shilling
s.a. — sine anno, without date;
secundum artem, according to
art
S.A.S. — Societatis Antiquariorum
Socius, Fellow of the Society of
Antiquaries
sc. — scilicet, namely; sculpsit, he, or
she, carved or engraved it
Sc. B. — scientiae baccalaureus,
bachelor of science
Sc. D. — scientiae doctor, doctor of
science
S.D. — salutem dicit, sends greetings
s.d. — sine die, indefinitely
sec. — secundum, according to
sec. leg. — secundum legem, according
to law
sec. nat. — secundum naturam,
according to nature, or naturally
sec. reg. — secundum regulam,
according to rule
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols
255
seq. — sequens, sequentes, sequentia,
the following
S.H.S. — Societatis Historiae Socius,
Fellow of the Historical Society
s.h.v. — sub hac voce or sub hoc verbo,
under this word
s.l.a.n. — sine loco, anno, vel nomine,
without place, date, or name
s.l.p. — sine legitima prole, without
lawful issue
s.m.p. — sine mascula prole, without
male issue
s.n. — sine nomine, without name
s.p. — sine prole, without issue
S.P.A.S. — Societatis Philosophiae
Americanae Socius, Fellow of the
American Philosophical Society
s.p.s. — sine prole superstite, without
surviving issue
S.R.S. — Societatis Regiae Socius or
Sodalis, Fellow of the Royal
Society
ss — scilicet, namely (in law)
S.S.C. — Societas Sanctae Crucis,
Society of the Holy Cross
stat. — statim, immediately
S.T.B. — sacrae theologiae
baccalaureus, bachelor of sacred
theology
S.T.D. — sacrae theologiae doctor,
doctor of sacred theology
S.T.P. — sacrae theologiae professor,
professor of sacred theology
sub. — subaudi, understand, supply
sup. — supra, above
t. or temp. — tempore, in the time of
tal. qual. — talis qualis, just as they
come; average quality
U.J.D. — utriusque juris doctor, doctor
of both civil and canon law
ult. — ultimo, last month (maybe
abbreviated in writing but should
be spelled out in printing)
ung. — unguentum, ointment
u.s. — ubi supra, in the place above
mentioned
ut diet. — ut dictum, as directed
ut sup. — ut supra, as above
ux. — uxor, wife
v. — versus, against; vide, see; voce,
voice, word
v. a., vixit annos — lived [so
many] years
verb. sap. — verbum [satis] sapienti, a
word to the wise suffices
v.g. — verbi gratia, for example
viz — videlicet, namely
vs. — vide supra, see above
Information technology acronyms and initialisms
9.64. If abbreviations are required, use these forms:
AARP— Apple Address Resolution
Protocol
ABLS — Automated Bid List System
ABM — asynchronous balanced mode
ACES — access certificates for
electronic services
ACP — Access Content Package
ACS — Access Content Storage
ACSIS — Acquisition, Classification,
and Shipment Information
System
AES — advanced encryption standard
AIFF — audio interchange file format
AIP — Archival Information Package
AIS — Archival Information Storage
ANSI — American National Standards
Institute
AP — access processor
ARK — archival resource key
ARP — address resolution protocol
ASCII — American Standard Code for
Information Interchange
256
Chapter 9
ASP — application service provider
BAC — billing address code
BBS — bulletin board service
BPEL — business process execution
language
BPI — business process information
BPS — business process storage
CA — certification authority
CCSDS — Consultative Committee for
Space Data Systems
CD — compact disk
CDN — content delivery network
CDR — critical design review
CD-ROM — compact disk read only
memory
CE — content evaluator
CFR — Code of Federal Regulations
CGP — Catalog of U.S. Government
Publications
CMS — content management system
CMYK — cyan, magenta, yellow, black
CO — content originator
COOP — continuity of operations plan
CP — content processor
CPI — content packet information
CRC — cyclic redundancy checks
CSV — comma separated variable
DBMS — database management system
DES — data encryption standard
DIP — Dissemination Information
Package
DMI — desktop management interface
DNS — domain name system
DO — digital objects
DOI— Digital Object Identifier
DoS — denial of service
DPI — dots per inch
DSR — deployment system review
DSSL — document style and semantics
language
DVD — digital versatile disc
EA — enterprise architecture
EAD — encoded archival description
EAC — estimate at completion
EAP — enterprise application platform
EBCDIC — Extended Binary Coded
Decimal Interchange Code
ePub — Electronic Publishing Section
FAQ — frequently asked question
FBCA — Federal Bridge Certificate
Authority
FDDI — fiber distributed data interface
FDLP — Federal Depository Library
Program
FDsys — Federal Digital System
FICC — Federal Identity Credentialing
Committee
FIFO — first in first out
FIPS — Federal Information Processing
Standard
FOB — free on board
FOSI — format output specification
instance
FTP — file transfer protocol
GAP— GPO Access Package
GDI — graphical device interface
GFE — government furnished
equipment
GFI — government furnished
information
GGP — gateway-to-gateway protocol
GIF — graphics interchange format
GILS — Government Information
Locator Service
GUI — graphical user interface
HDTV — high definition television
HMAC — key hashed message
authentication code
HSM — hardware security module
HTML — hypertext markup language
HTTP — hypertext transfer protocol
Hz— Hertz
ICMP — internet control message
protocol
ID — Information Dissemination
IDD — interface design description
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols
257
IEEE — Institute of Electronics and
Electrical Engineers
IETF — Internet Engineering Task
Force
ILS — Integrated Library System
IP — internet protocol
IPR — internal progress review
IPSEC — internet protocol security
ISO — International Organization for
Standardization
ISP — internet service provider
ISSN — International Standard Serial
Number
IT — information technology
ITU — International
Telecommunications Union
JDF — Job Definition Format
JPEG — Joint Photographic Experts
Group
LAN — local area network
LDAP — lightweight directory access
protocol
LPI — lines per inch
MAC — message authentication code
MARC— Machine Readable
Cataloging
METS — Metadata Encoding and
Transmission Standard
MHz — megahertz
MIME — multipurpose internet mail
extensions
MIPS — millions of instructions per
second
MMAR— Materials Management
Procurement Regulation
MODS— Metadata Object Descriptive
Schema
MPCF — marginally punched
continuous forms
NAT — network address translation
NDIIPP— National Digital
Information Infrastructure and
Preservation Program
NFC — National Finance Center
NIST— National Institute of
Standards and Technology
NNTP — network news transfer
protocol
OAI — Open Archives Initiative
OAI-PMH— Open Archives Initiative
Protocol for Metadata Harvesting
OAIS — Open Archival Information
Systems
OCLC — Online Computer Library
Center
OCR — optical character recognition
OLTP — online transaction processing
PRONOM— Practical Online
Compendium of File Formats
PTR — program tracking report
PURL — persistent uniform resource
locator
RAID — redundant array of
inexpensive disks
RAM — random access memory
RFC — request for comments
RGB — red, green, blue
RI — representation information
RMA — reliability, maintainability,
availability
RPC — remote procedure call
RSA — Rivest, Shamir, Adleman
(public key decryption algorithm)
RTF — rich text format
RVTM — requirements verification
traceability matrix
SAML — security assertion markup
language
SDLC — software/system development
life cycle
SDR — system design review
Section 508— Section 508 of the
Rehabilitation Act
SGML — standard generalized markup
language
SHA — secure hash algorithm
258
Chapter 9
SIP — Submission Information Package
SLIP — serial line internet protocol
SMP — storage management processor
SMS — storage management system
SMTP — simple mail transfer protocol
SNMP — simple network management
protocol
SPA — simplified purchase agreement
SSL — secure sockets layer
SSP — system security plan
SSR — software specification review
TDES — Triple Data Encryption
Standard
TIFF — tagged image file format
TLS — transport layer security
UDP — user datagram protocol
URL — uniform resource locator
URN — uniform resource name/
number
VLAN — virtual local area network
VPN — virtual private network
VRML — virtual reality modeling
language
W3C — World Wide Web Consortium
WAIS — wide area information service
WAN — wide area network
WAP — wireless application protocol
WAV — waveform audio format
WIP — work in process
WML — wireless markup language
WMS — workflow management system
WWW— World Wide Web
WYSIWYG — what you see is what
you get
XML — extensible markup language
XMLDsig — xml signature
XMLENC — xml encryption
10. Signs and Symbols
10.1. The increased use of signs and symbols and their importance in
technical and scientific work have emphasized the necessity of
standardization on a national basis and of the consistent use of the
standard forms.
10.2. Certain symbols are standardized — number symbols (the digits, 0,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9); letter symbols (the letters of the alphabet, a, b,
c, d, etc.); and graphic symbols (the mathematical signs +, -, ±, x,
*).
10.3. The signs +, -, ±, x, and -=-, etc., are closed against accompanying
figures and symbols. When the x is used to indicate "crossed with"
(in plant or animal breeding) or magnification, it will be separated
from the accompanying words by a space.
i-vii + 1-288 pages Early June x Bright (crossed with)
The equation A+B x 4 (magnification)
The result is 4x4 miles + gallons
20,000±5,000
Symbols with figures
10.4. In technical publications the degree mark is used in lieu of the word
degree following a figure denoting measurement.
10.5. Following a figure, the spelled form is preferred. The percent sym-
bol is used in areas where space will not allow the word percent to be
used.
In that period the price rose 12, 15, and 19 percent.
not In that period the price rose 12 percent, 15 percent, and 19 percent.
10.6. Any symbol set close up to figures, such as the degree mark, num-
ber mark, dollar mark, or cent mark, is used before or after each
figure in a group or series.
$5 to $8 price range but
5-7' long, not 5-7' long § 12 (thin space)
3<t to 54 (no spaces) J 1951 (thin space)
±2 to ±7; 2°±1° from 15 to 25 percent
#61 to #64 45 to 65 °F not 45° to 65° F
259
260 Chapter 10
Letter symbols
10.7. Letter symbols are set in italic (see rule 10.8) or in roman (see rule
9.56) without periods and are capitalized only if so shown in copy,
since the capitalized form may have an entirely different meaning.
Equations
10.8. In mathematical equations, use italic for all letter symbols — capitals,
lowercase, small capitals, and superiors and inferiors (exponents
and subscripts); use roman for figures, including superiors and
inferiors.
10.9. If an equation or a mathematical expression needs to be divided,
break before +, -, =, etc. However, the equal sign is to clear on the
left of other beginning mathematical signs.
10.10. A short equation in text should not be broken at the end of a line.
Space out the line so that the equation will begin on the next line; or
better, center the equation on a line by itself.
10.11. An equation too long for one line is set flush left, the second half
of the equation is set flush right, and the two parts are balanced as
nearly as possible.
10.12. Two or more equations in a series are aligned on the equal signs and
centered on the longest equation in the group.
10.13. Connecting words of explanation, such as hence, therefore, and simi-
larly, are set flush left either on the same line with the equation or
on a separate line.
10.14. Parentheses, braces, brackets, integral signs, and summation signs
should be of the same height as the mathematical expressions they
include.
10.15. Inferiors precede superiors if they appear together; but if either in-
ferior or superior is too long, the two are aligned on the left.
Signs and Symbols
261
Chemical symbols
10.16. The names and symbols listed below are approved by the
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry They are set in
roman without periods.
Element
Actinium
Aluminum
Americium
Antimony
Argon
Arsenic
Astatine
Barium
Berkelium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Bohrium
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Californium
Carbon
Cerium
Cesium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Curium
Darmstadtium....
Dubnium
Dysprosium
Einsteinium
Erbium
Europium
Fermium
Fluorine
Francium
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
Gold
Hafnium
Hassium
Helium
Holmium
Hydrogen
Indium
Iodine
Iridium
Iron
Krypton
Lanthanum
Lawrencium
Lead
Lithium
Lutetium
Magnesium
Manganese
Meitnerium
Symbol
Atomic
No.
Element
Mendelevium
Mercury
Molybdenum
Neodymium
Neon
Neptunium
Nickel
Niobium
Nitrogen
Nobelium
Osmium
Oxygen
Palladium
Phosphorus
Platinum
Plutonium
Polonium
Potassium
Praseodymium...
Promethium
Protactinium
Radium
Radon
Rhenium
Rhodium
Roentgenium
Rubidium
Ruthenium
Rutherfordium ...
Samarium
Scandium
Seaborgium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Sulfur
Tantalum
Technetium
Tellurium
Terbium
Thallium
Thorium
Thulium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Uranium
Vanadium
Xenon
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium
Symbol
Atomic
No.
Ac
Al
Am
Sb
Ar
As
At
Ba
Bk
Be
Bi
Bh
B
Bi-
Cd
Ca
Cf
C
Ce
Cs
CI
Cr
Co
Cu
Cm
Ds
Db
Dy
Es
Er
Eu
I'm
F
Fr
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
Hs
He
Ho
H
In
I
Ir
Fe
Kr
La
Lr
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mil
Mt
13
95
51
18
33
85
56
97
4
83
107
5
35
48
20
98
6
58
55
17
24
27
29
96
110
105
66
99
68
63
100
9
87
64
31
32
79
72
108
2
67
1
49
53
77
26
36
57
103
82
3
71
12
25
109
Md
Hg
Mo
Nd
Ne
Np
Ni
Nb
N
No
Os
O
Pd
P
Pt
Pu
Po
K
Pr
Pm
Pa
Ra
Rn
Re
Rh
Rg
Rb
Ru
Rf
Sm
Sc
Sg
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Tc
Te
Tb
Tl
111
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
u
V
Xe
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr
101
80
42
60
10
93
28
41
7
102
76
15
78
94
84
19
59
61
91
88
86
75
45
111
37
44
104
62
21
106
34
14
47
11
38
16
73
43
52
65
81
90
69
50
22
74
92
23
54
70
39
30
40
262
Chapter 10
Standardized symbols
10.17. Symbols duly standardized by any national scientific, profes-
sional, or technical group are accepted as preferred forms within
the field of the group. The issuing office desiring or requiring the
use of such standardized symbols should see that copy is prepared
accordingly.
Signs and symbols
10.18. The following list contains some signs and symbols frequently used
in printing. The forms and style of many symbols vary with the
method of reproduction employed. It is important that editors and
writers clearly identify signs and symbols when they appear within
a manuscript.
ACCENTS
acute
breve
cedilla
circumflex
dieresis
grave
macron
tilde
ARROWS
@ dot in triangle in
circle
© cross in circle
© copyright
® Ceres
® Pallas
© Juno
® Vesta
CODE
— » direction
* No. 1 6 pt. code dot
\ direction
■ No. 2 8 pt. code dot
r~+ direction
• No. 3 10 pt. code dot
^ direction
• No. 4 8 pt. code dot
(*. direction
• No. 4 10 pt. code dot
4- bold arrow
_ No. 1 6 pt. code dash
|^ open arrow
j=t reversible reaction
_ No. 2 8 pt. code dash
_ No. 3 10 pt. code dash
■■■ No. 4 8 pt. code dash
BULLETS
«■ No. 4 10 pt. code dash
• solid circle ; bullet
• bold center dot
COMPASS
• movable accent
° degree
CHEMICAL
? degree with period
' minute
'/..salinity
'. minute- with period
111 minim
* second
it exchange
". second with period
T gas
* canceled second
CIRCLED SYMBOLS
DECORATIVE
© angle in circle
<D circle with parallel
+ bold cross
rule
4" cross patte
@ triangle in circle
■ cross patte
O dot in circle
§§ cross patte
• (184 N)
®= key
| (206 N)
1 paragraph
ELECTRICAL
<R
reluctance
-» reaction goes both
right and left
t reaction goes both
up and down
t reversible
— ► direction of flow ;
yields
— » direct current
*=> electrical current
fc» reversible reaction
s=* reversible reaction
5=5 alternating current
s=4 alternating current
==s reversible reaction
beginning at left
±=; reversible reaction
beginning at right
it ohm; omega
Mfl megohm ; omega
liB microohm; mu
omega
<■> angular frequency,
solid angle; omega
♦ magnetic flux; phi
♦ dielectric flux ;
electrostatic flux;
psi
7 conductivity;
gamma
Signs and Symbols
263
ELECTRICAL— Con.
p resistivity; rho
A equivalent conduc-
tivity
IP horsepower
MATHEMATICAL
— vinculum (above
letters)
rf geometrical proportion
— : difference, excess
|| parallel
||s parallels
j* not parallels
| | absolute value
• multiplied by
: is to; ratio
■+■ divided by
.•. therefore; hence
■•' because
:: proportion; as
« is dominated by
> greater than
c- greater than
2: greater than or equal
to
2. greater than or equal
to
5 greater than or less
than
> is not greater than
< less than
"3 less than
$ less than or greater
than
•i is not less than
< smaller than
< less than or equal to
g less than or equal to
> or > greater than or
equal to
< equal to or less than
S equal to or less than
5 is not greater than
equal to or less than
> equal to or greater
than
5 is not less than equal
to or greater than
X equilateral
X perpendicular to
I- assertion sign
= approaches
MATHEMATICAL— Con.
= approaches a limit
?L equal angles
j«* not equal to
= identical with
^ not identical with
Hil score
w or == nearly equal to
= equal to
~ difference
^ perspective to
S congruent to approxi-
mately equal
^ difference between
O geometrically equiva-
lent to
C included in
D excluded from
<= is contained in
U logical sum or union
logical product or in-
tersection
V radical
V root
■i/ square root
■V cube root
•t/ fourth root
•V fifth root
\/ sixth root
«• pi
e base (2.718) of natural
system of loga-
rithms; epsilon
e is a member of; di-
electric constant;
mean error; epsilon
+ plus
+ bold plus
— minus
— bold minur
/ shill(ing); slash;
virgule
± plus or minus
T minus or plus
X multiplied by
= bold equal
# number
V per
% percent
y integral
| single bond
\ single bond
/ single bond
MATHEMATICAL— Con.
|| double bond
\ double bond
# double bond
<~> benzene ring
9 or 8 differential; varia-
tion
9 Italian differential
— » approaches limit of
~ cycle sine
Vj horizontal integral
f contour integral
oc variation; varies as
II product
S summation of;
sum; sigma
! or 1_ factorial product
MEASURE
lb pound
3 dram
/ 3 fluid dram
5 ounce
/5 fluid ounce
pint
MISCELLANEOUS
§ section
t dagger
t double dagger
% account of
% care of
ItU score
1 paragraph
\> Anglo-Saxon
<£ center line
cf conjunction
X perpendicular to
" or " ditto
« variation
T$ recipe
3 move right
C move left
O or O or © annual
O O or © biennial
g element of
3 scruple
/ function
! exclamation mark
El plus in square
% perennial
264
Chapter 10
MISCELLANEOUS— Con.
PLANETS— Con.
4> diameter
•© eclipse of Moon
J
Jurassic
c mean value of c
w lunar halo
"6
Triassic
U mathmodifier
u> lunar corona
P
Permian
C mathmodifier
? Ceres
P
Pennsylvanian
dot in square
6 Juno
M
Mississippian
A dot in triangle
D
Devonian
B station mark
PUNCTUATION
S
Silurian
@ at
{ ) braces
Ordovician
MONEY
[ ] brackets
€
Cambrian
cent
( ) parentheses
p-C Precambrian
¥ yen
< > square parentheses;
C
Carboniferous
£ pound sterling
iji mills
angle brackets
j Spanish open quote
VERTICAL
i Spanish open quote
I
5 unit vertical
MUSIC
I
8 point vertical
SEX
I
9 unit vertical
Iq natural
t> flat
cf or 6 male
WEATHER
S sharp
□ male, in charts
9 female
T
thunder
PLANETS
O female, in charts
R thunderstorm;
sheet lightning
S Mercurj r
9" hermaphrodite
<i sheet lightning
9 Venus
i
precipitate
© Earth
SHAPES
Cp
rain
o" Mars
♦ solid diamond
«-
floating ice crystals
01 Jupiter
open diamond
— ■
ice needles
b Saturn
O circle
▲
hail
$ Uranus
A solid triangle
®
sleet
V Neptune
A triangle
OSO
glazed frost
B Pluto
□ square
u
hoarfrost
fi dragon's head, as-
cending node
| solid square
O parallelogram
V
*
frostwork
snow or sextile
y dragon's tail, de-
scending node
cf conjunction
o rectangle
rta) double rectangle
if solid star
EI
-*•
snow on ground
drifting snow (low)
fog
cP opposition
•& open star
aj
haze
G or © Sun
Q Sun's lower limb
|_ right angle
A
Aurora
5 Sun's upper limb
Z. angle
V check
ZODIAC
d) solar corona
© solar halo
V check
T
Aries; Ram
9 Moon
(5 German ss
B italic German ss
a
n
Taurus; Bull
Gemini; Twins
• new Moon
WW solid index
2S
Cancer; Crab
3) first quarter
"TP8 solid index
fl
Leo; Lion
f) first quarter
"S3 index
mi
Virgo; Virgin
® third quarter
fS~ index
Libra: Balance
3 last quarter
111 Scorpio; Scorpion
(£ last quarter
GEOLOGIC SYSTEMS >
/
Sagittarius; Archer
CD last quarter
Q Quaternary
VJ
Capricornus; Goat
O full Moon
T Tertiary
M
Aquarius; Water be*
® full Moon
K Cretaceous
K
Pisces; Fishes
1 Standard letter symbols used by the Geological Survey on geologic maps. Capital letter indicates
the system and one or more lowercased letters designate the formation and member where used.
11. Italic
(See also Chapter 9 "Abbreviations and Letter Symbols"
and Chapter 16 "Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures")
11 .1 . Italic is sometimes used to differentiate or to give greater prominence
to words, phrases, etc. However, an excessive amount of italic defeats
this purpose and should be restricted.
Emphasis, foreign words, and titles of publications
11.2. Italic is not used for mere emphasis, foreign words, or the titles of
publications.
11.3. In nonlegal work, ante, post, infra, and supra are italicized only when
part of a legal citation. Otherwise these terms, as well as the abbrevia-
tions id., ibid., op. cit., et seq., and other foreign words, phrases, and
their abbreviations, are printed in roman.
11 .4. When "emphasis in original," "emphasis supplied," "emphasis added,"
or "emphasis ours" appears in copy, it should not be changed; but
"underscore supplied" should be changed to "italic supplied."
Therefore, when emphasis in quoted or extracted text is referred to
by the foregoing terms, such emphasized text must be reflected and
set in italic.
11.5. When copy is submitted with instructions to set "all roman (no
italic)," these instructions will not apply to Ordered, Resolved, Be it
enacted, etc.; titles following signatures or addresses; or the parts of
datelines which are always set in italic.
Names of aircraft, vessels, and spacecraft
11.6. The names of aircraft, vessels, and manned spacecraft are italicized
unless otherwise indicated. In lists set in columns and in stubs and
reading columns of tables consisting entirely of such names they will
be set in roman. Missiles and rockets will be set in caps and lowercase
and will not be italicized.
265
266
Chapter 11
SS America; the liner America
the Bermuda Clipper
USS Los Angeles (submarine)
USS Wisconsin
ex-USS Savannah
USCGS (U.S. Coast and Geodetic
Survey) ship Pathfinder
C.S.N. Virginia
CG cutter Thetus
the U-7
destroyer 31
H.M.S. Hornet
HS (hydrofoil ship) Denison
MS (motorship) Richard
GTS (gas turbine ship) Alexander
NS (nuclear ship) Savannah
MV (motor vessel) Havtroll
Apollo 13, Atlantis (U.S. spaceships)
West Virginia class or type
the Missouri's (roman "s") turret
the U-7's (roman "s") deck
but
Air Force One (President's plane)
B-50 (type of plane)
DD-882
LST-1155
MiG; MiG-35
PT-109
F-22 Raptor
F-117 Nighthawk (Stealth fighter)
A-10 Thunderbolt
11 .7. Names of vessels are quoted in matter printed in other than lowercase
roman, even if there is italic type available in the series.
Sinking of the "Lusitania"
Sinking of the "Lusitania"
Sinking of the "Lusitania"
SINKING OF THE "LUSITANIA"
Names of legal cases
11.8. The names of legal cases are italicized, except for the v., which is
always set in lowercase. When requested, the names of such cases
may be set in roman with an italic v. In matter set in italic, legal cases
are set in roman with the v. being set roman.
"The Hornet" and "The Hood,"
124F.2d45
Smith v. Brown et al.
Smith Bros, case (172 App.
Div. 149)
Smith Bros, case, supra
Smith Bros, case
As cited in Smith Bros.
Smith v. Brown et al. (heading)
SMITH v. BROWN ET AL.
(heading)
Durham rule
Brown decision
John Doe v. Richard Roe
but John Doe against Richard Roe,
the Cement case.
Italic 267
Scientific names
11.9. The scientific names of genera, subgenera, species, and subspecies
(varieties) are italicized, but are set in roman in italic matter; the
names of groups of higher rank than genera (phyla, classes, orders,
families, tribes, etc.) are printed in roman.
A.s. perpallidus
Dorothid 1 . sp. (roman "?")
Tsuga canadensis
Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens
the genera Quercus and Liriodendron
the family Leguminosae; the family Nessiteras rhomhopteryx
Measurements of specimens o/Cyanoderma erythroptera neocara
1 1 .1 0. Quotation marks should be used in place of italic for scientific names
appearing in lines set in caps, caps and small caps, or boldface, even
if there is italic type available in the series.
Words and letters
11.11. The words Resolved, Resolved further, Provided, Provided, however,
Provided further, And provided further, and ordered, in bills, acts,
resolutions, and formal contracts and agreements are italicized; also
the words To be continued, Continued on p. — , Continued from p. — ,
and See and see also (in indexes and tables of contents only).
Resolved, That (resolution)
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That
[To be continued] (centered; no period)
[Continued from p. 3] (centered; no period)
see also Mechanical data (index entry)
1 1 .1 2. All letters (caps, small caps, lowercase, superiors, and inferiors) used
as symbols are italicized. In italic matter roman letters are used.
Chemical symbols (even in italic matter) and certain other standard-
ized symbols are set in roman.
nth degree; x dollars
D^O.025 VJ 7 =0.042/G-l VJ 7
5Cu l S.2(Cu,Fe ) Zn)S.2Sb,S 3 4
268 Chapter 11
11.13. Letter designations in mathematical and scientific matter, except
chemical symbols, are italicized.
11.14. Letter symbols used in legends to illustrations, drawings, etc., or in
text as references to such material, are set in italic without periods
and are capitalized if so shown in copy.
11.15. Letters (a), (b), (c), etc., and a, b, c, etc., used to indicate sections or
paragraphs, are italicized in general work but not in laws and other
legal documents.
11.16. Internet Web sites and email addresses should be set in roman.
12. Numerals
(See also Chapter 13 "Tabular Work" and Chapter 14 "Leaderwork")
12.1. Most rules for the use of numerals are based on the general prin-
ciple that the reader comprehends numerals more readily than
numerical word expressions, particularly in technical, scientific, or
statistical matter. However, for special reasons, numbers are spelled
out in certain instances, except in FIC & punc. and Fol. Lit. matter.
12.2. The following rules cover the most common conditions that require
a choice between the use of numerals and words. Some of them,
however, are based on typographic appearance rather than on the
general principle stated above.
12.3. Arabic numerals are preferable to Roman numerals.
Numbers expressed in figures
12.4. A figure is used for a single number of 10 or more with the exception
of the first word of the sentence. (See also rules 12.9 and 12.23.)
50 ballots 24 horses nearly 13 buckets
10 guns about 40 men 10 times as large
Numbers and numbers in series
12.5. When 2 or more numbers appear in a sentence and 1 of them is
10 or larger, figures are used for each number. (See supporting rule
12.6.)
Each of 15 major commodities (9 metal and 6 nonmetal) was in supply.
but Each of nine major commodities (five metal and four nonmetal) was in supply.
Petroleum came from 16 fields, of which 8 were discovered in 1956.
but Petroleum came from nine fields, of which eight were discovered in 1956.
That man has 3 suits, 2 pairs of shoes, and 12 pairs of socks.
but That man has three suits, two pairs of shoes, and four hats.
Of the 13 engine producers, 6 were farm equipment manufacturers, 6 were
principally engaged in the production of other types of machinery, and 1
was not classified in the machinery industry.
but Only nine of these were among the large manufacturing companies, and only
three were among the largest concerns.
There were three 6-room houses, five 4-room houses, and three 2-room
cottages, and they were built by 20 carpenters. (See rule 12.21.)
269
270 Chapter 12
There were three six-room houses, five four-room houses, and three two-
room cottages, and they were huilt hy nine carpenters.
but If two columns of sums of money add or subtract one into the other and one
carries points and ciphers, the other should also carry points and
ciphers.
At the hearing, only one Senator and one Congressman testified.
There are four or five things which can be done.
12.6. A unit of measurement, time, or money (as denned in rule 12.9),
which is always expressed in figures, does not affect the use of fig-
ures for other numerical expressions within a sentence.
Each of the five girls earned 75 cents an hour.
Each of the 15 girls earned 75 cents an hour.
A team of four men ran the 1-mile relay in 3 minutes 20 seconds.
This usually requires from two to five washes and a total time of 2 to 4 hours.
This usually requires 9 to 12 washes and a total time of 2 to 4 hours.
The contractor, one engineer, and one surveyor inspected the 1-mile road.
but There were two six-room houses, three four-room houses, and four two-room
cottages, and they were built by nine workers in thirty 5-day weeks. (See
rule 12.21.)
12.7. Figures are used for serial numbers.
Bulletin 725 290 U.S. 325
Document 71 Genesis 39:20
pages 352-357 202-512-0724 (telephone number)
lines 5 and 6 the year 2001
paragraph 1 1721-1727 St. Clair Avenue
chapter 2 but Letters Patent No. 2,189,463
12.8. A colon preceding figures does not affect their use.
The result was as follows: 12 voted yea, 4 dissented.
The result was as follows: nine voted yea, seven dissented.
Measurement and time
12.9. Units of measurement and time, actual or implied, are expressed in
figures.
a. Age:
6 years old a 3 -year-old
52 years 10 months 6 days at the age of 3 (years implied)
Numerals 271
b. Clock time (see also Time):
4:30 p.m.; half past 4
10 o'clock or 10 p.m. (not 10 o'clock p.m.; 2 p.m. in the afternoon; 10:00 p.m.)
12 p.m. (12 noon)
12 a.m. (12 midnight)
4 h 30 m or 4.5\ in scientific work, if so written in copy
0025, 2359 (astronomical and military time)
08:31:04 (stopwatch reading)
c. Dates:
9/11 (referring to the attack on the United States that occurred on Septem-
ber 11,2001)
June 1985 {not June, 1985); June 29, 1985 {not June 29th, 1985)
March 6 to April 15, 1990 (not March 6, 1990, to April 15, 1990)
May, June, and July 1965 (but June and July 1965)
15 April 1951; 15-17 April 1951 (military)
4th of July (but Fourth of July, meaning the holiday)
the 1st [day] of the month (but the last of April or the first [part] of May, not
referring to specific days)
in the year 2000 (not 2,000)
In referring to a fiscal year, consecutive years, or a continuous period
of 2 years or more, when contracted, the forms 1900-11, 1906-38,
1931-32, 1801-2, 1875-79 are used {but upon change of century,
1895-1914 and to avoid multiple ciphers together, 2000-2001). For
two or more separate years not representing a continuous period, a
comma is used instead of a dash (1875, 1879); if the word from pre-
cedes the year or the word inclusive follows it, the second year is not
shortened and the word to is used in lieu of the dash (from 1933 to
1936; 1935 to 1936, inclusive).
In dates, A.D. precedes the year (A.D. 937); B.C. follows the year
(254 B.C.); C.E. and B.C.E. follow the year.
d. Decimals: In text a cipher should be supplied before a decimal
point if there is no whole unit, and ciphers should be omitted
after a decimal point unless they indicate exact measurement.
0.25 inch; 1.25 inches but .30 caliber (meaning 0.30 inch,
silver 0.900 fine bore of small arms); 30 calibers
specific gravity 0.9547 (length)
gauge height 10.0 feet
272
Chapter 12
e. Use spaces to separate groups of three digits in a decimal fraction.
(See rule 12.27.)
0.123 456 789; but 0.1234
f. Degrees, etc. (spaces omitted):
longitude 77°04'06" E.
35°30'; 35°30' N.
a polariscopic test of 85°
an angle of 57°
strike N. 16° E.
dip 47° W. or 47° N. 31° W.
25.5' (preferred) also 25'.5
but
two degrees of justice; 12
degrees of freedom
32d degree Mason
150 million degrees Fahrenheit
30 Fahrenheit degrees
g. Game scores:
1 up (golf)
3 to 2 (baseball)
h. Market quotations:
4'/2 percent bonds
Treasury bonds sell at 95
Metropolitan Railroad, 109
Dow Jones average of 10500.76
i. Mathematical expressions:
multiplied by 3
divided by 6
7 to 6 (football), etc.
2 all (tie)
gold is 109
wheat at 2.30
sugar, .03; not 0.03
a factor of 2
square root of 4
j. Measurements:
7 meters
about 10 yards
8 by 12 inches
8- by 12-inch page
2 feet by 1 foot 8 inches by 1 foot 3
inches
2 by 4 (lumber) {not 2 x 4 or 2 X4)
Vh miles
6 acres
9 bushels
1 gallon
3 ems
20/20 (vision)
30/30 (rifle)
12-gauge shotgun
2,500 horsepower
15 cubic yards
6 -pounder
80 foot-pounds
10s (for yarns and threads)
//2.5 (lens aperture)
Numerals
273
but
tenpenny nail
fourfold
three-ply
five votes
six bales
two dozen
one gross
zero miles
seven- story building
k. Money:
$3.65; $0.75; 75 cents; 0.5 cent
$3 (not $3.00) per 200 pounds
75 cents apiece
Rs32,25,644 (Indian rupees)
2.5 francs or fr2. 5
65 yen
P265
1. Percentage:
12 percent; 25.5 percent; 0.5 percent
(or one-half of 1 percent)
thirty-four one hundredths of
1 percent
3.65 bonds; 3.65s; 5-20 bonds;
5-20s; 4%s;3s
m. Proportion:
lto4
1-3-5
n. Time (see also Clock time):
6 hours 8 minutes 20 seconds
10 years 3 months 29 days
7 minutes
8 days
4 weeks
1 month
3 fiscal years; third fiscal year
1 calendar year
millennium
but
two pennies
three quarters
one half
six bits, etc.
50-50 (colloquial expression)
5 percentage points
a 1,100-percent increase, or an
1100-percent increase
1:62,500
but
four centuries
three decades
three quarters (9 months)
statistics of any one year
in a year or two
four afternoons
one-half hour
the eleventh hour
274
Chapter 12
o. Unit modifiers:
5 -day week
8 -year-old wine
8 -hour day
10-foot pole
Vi-inch pipe
5 -foot- wide entrance
10-million-peso loan
a 5 -percent increase
20th-century progress
but
two-story house
five-memher hoard
$20 million airfield
p. Vitamins:
B^B^A^etc.
Ordinal numbers
12.10. Except as indicated in rules 12.11 and 12.19, and also for day preced-
ing month, figures are used in text and footnotes to text for serial
ordinal numbers beginning with 10th. In tables, leaderwork, foot-
notes to tables and leaderwork, and in sidenotes, figures are used at
all times. Military units are expressed in figures at all times when
not the beginning of a sentence, except Corps. (For ordinals in
addresses, see rule 12.13.)
29th of May, but May 29
First Congress; 102d Congress
ninth century; 21st century
Second Congressional District; 20th
Congressional District
seventh region; 17th region
323d Fighter Wing
12th Regiment
9th Naval District
eighth parallel; 38th parallel
fifth ward; 12th ward
ninth birthday; 66th birthday
first grade; 11th grade
1st Army
1st Cavalry Division
7th Fleet
7th Air Force
7th Task Force
but
XII Corps (Army usage)
Court of Appeals for the Tenth
Circuit
Seventeenth Decennial Census (title)
12.11. When ordinals appear in juxtaposition and one of them is 10th or
more, figures are used for such ordinal numbers.
This legislation was passed in the 1st session of the 102d Congress.
He served in the 9th and 10th Congresses.
Numerals 275
From the 1st to the 92d Congress.
Their children were in 1st, 2d, 3d, and 10th grades.
We read the 8th and 12th chapters.
but The district comprised the first and second precincts.
He represented the first, third, and fourth regions.
The report was the sixth in a series of 14.
12.12. Ordinals and numerals appearing in a sentence are treated ac-
cording to the separate rules dealing with ordinals and numerals
standing alone or in a group. (See rules 12.4, 12.5, and 12.24.)
The fourth group contained three items.
The fourth group contained 12 items.
The 8th and 10th groups contained three and four items, respectively.
The eighth and ninth groups contained 9 and 12 items, respectively.
12.13. Beginning with 10th, figures are used in text matter for numbered
streets, avenues, etc. However, figures are used at all times and
street, avenue, etc. are abbreviated in sidenotes, tables, leaderwork,
and footnotes to tables and leaderwork.
First Street NW.; also in parentheses: (Fifth Street) (13th Street); 810 West
12th Street; North First Street; 1021 121st Street; 2031 18th Street North; 711
Fifth Avenue; 518 10th Avenue; 51-35 61st Avenue
Punctuation
12.14. The comma is used in a number containing four or more digits,
except in serial numbers, common and decimal fractions, astro-
nomical and military time, and kilocycles and meters of not more
than four figures pertaining to radio.
Chemical formulas
12.15. In chemical formulas full-sized figures are used before the symbol
or group of symbols to which they relate, and inferior figures are
used after the symbol.
6PbS.(Ag,Cu) 2 S.2As 2 S 3 4
276 Chapter 12
Numbers spelled out
12.16. Spell out numbers at the beginning of a sentence or head. Rephrase
a sentence or head to avoid beginning with figures. (See rule 12.25
for related numbers.)
Five years ago * * *; not 5 years ago * * *
Five hundred fifty men hired * * *; not 550 men hired* * *
"Five-Year Plan Announced"; not "5-Year Plan Announced" (head)
The year 2065 seems far off* * *; not 2065 seems far off* * *
Workers numbering 207,843 * * *; not 207,843 workers* * *
Benefits of $69,603,566* * *; not $69,603,566 worth of benefits * * *
1958 report change to the 1958 report
$3,000 BUDGETED change tO THE SUM OF $3,000 BUDGETED
4 million jobless change to JOBLESS number 4 MILLION
12.17. In verbatim testimony, hearings, transcripts, and question and
answer matter, figures are used immediately following Q. and A.
or name of interrogator or witness for years (e.g., 2008), sums of
money, decimals, street numbers, and for numerical expressions
beginning with 101.
Mr. Birch, Junior. 2008 was a good year.
Mr. Bell. $1 per share was the return. Two dollars in 1956 was the alltime
high. Two thousand ten may be another story.
Colonel Davis. 92 cents.
Mr. Smith. 12.8 people.
Mr. Jones. 1240 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20004.
Mr. Smith. Ninety-eight persons.
Q. 101 years? But Q. One hundred years?
A. 200 years.
Mr. Smith. Ten-year average would be how much?
12.18. A spelled-out number should not be repeated in figures, except in
legal documents. In such instances use these forms:
five (5) dollars, not five dollars (5)
ten dollars ($10), not ten ($10) dollars
Numerals 277
12.19. Numbers appearing as part of proper names, used in a hypothetical
or inexact sense, or mentioned in connection with serious and dig-
nified subjects such as Executive orders, legal proclamations, and in
formal writing are spelled out.
Three Rivers, PA, Fifteenmile three score years and ten
Creek, etc. Ten Commandments
the Thirteen Original States Air Force One (Presidential
in the year two thousand eight plane)
the One Hundred Tenth Congress hack to square one
millions for defense hut not one behind the eight ball
cent for tribute our policy since day one
12.20. If spelled out, whole numbers should be set in the following form:
two thousand twenty
one thousand eight hundred fifty
one hundred fifty-two thousand three hundred five
eighteen hundred fifty (serial number)
When spelled out, any number containing a fraction or piece of
a whole should use the word "and" when stating the fraction or
piece:
sixty-two dollars and four cents
ninety-nine and three-tenths degrees
thirty-three and seventy-five one-hundredths shares
12.21. Numbers of less than 100 preceding a compound modifier contain-
ing a figure are spelled out.
two % -inch boards but
twelve 6-inch guns 120 8-inch boards
two 5 -percent discounts three four-room houses
12.22. Indefinite expressions are spelled out.
the seventies; the early seventies; midthirties (age, years, money)
but the early 1870s or 1970s a thousand and one reasons
in his eighties, not his '80's nor 80's but
between two and three hundred 1 to 3 million
horses {better between 200 and mid-1971; mid-1970s
300 horses) 40-odd people; nine-odd people
twelvefold; thirteenfold; fortyfold; 40-plus people
hundredfold; twentyfold to 100-odd people
thirtyfold 3Vi-fold; 250-fold; 2.5-fold; 41-fold
278 Chapter 12
Words such as nearly, about, around, approximately, etc., do not
reflect indefinite expressions.
The bass weighed about 6 pounds.
She was nearly 8 years old.
12.23. Except as indicated in rules 12.5 and 12.9, a number less than 10 is
spelled out within a sentence.
six horses but
five wells Vh cans
eight times as large 2% times or 2.5 times
12.24. For typographic appearance and easy grasp of large numbers be-
ginning with million, the word million or billion is used.
The following are guides to treatment of figures as submitted in
copy. If copy reads —
$12,000,000, change to $12 million
2,750,000,000 dollars, change to $2,750 million
2.7 million dollars, change to $2.7 million
2% million dollars, change to $2% million
two and one-half million dollars, change to $2Vi million
a hundred cows, change to 100 cows
a thousand dollars, change to $1,000
a million and a half, change to Vh million
two thousand million dollars, change to $2,000 million
less than a million dollars, change to less than $1 million
but $2,700,000, do not convert to $2.7 million
also $10 to $20 million; 10 or 20 million; between 10 and 20 million
4 million of assets
amounting to 4 million
$1,270,000
$1,270,200,000
$2% billion; $2.75 billion; $2,750 million
$500,000 to $1 million
Numerals 279
300,000; not 300 thousand
$Vi billion to $1V4 billion (note full figure with second fraction); $IV* to %Wi
billion
three-quarters of a billion dollars
5 or 10 billion dollars' worth
12.25. Related numbers appearing at the beginning of a sentence, sepa-
rated by no more than three words, are treated alike.
Fifty or sixty more miles away is snowclad Mount Everest.
Sixty and, quite often, seventy listeners responded.
but Fifty or, in some instances, almost 60 applications were filed.
Fractions
12.26. Mixed fractions are always expressed in figures. Fractions standing
alone, however, or if followed by of a or of an, are generally spelled
out. (See also rule 12.28.)
three-fourths of an inch; not % two one-hundredths
inch nor % of an inch one-thousandth
one-half inch five one-thousandths
one-half of a farm; not Vi of a farm thirty-five one-thousandths
one-fourth inch but
seven-tenths of 1 percent Vi to 1% pages
three-quarters of an inch Vi-inch pipe
half an inch Vi-inch-diameter pipe
a quarter of an inch 3'/2 cans
one-tenth portion 2V4 times
one-hundredth
12.27. Fractions Q-A, l A, 3 A, 3 /s, %, %, Visst) or full-sized figures with the shil-
ling mark (1/4, 1/2954) may be used only when either is specifically
requested. A comma should not be used in any part of a built-up
fraction of four or more digits or in decimals. (See rule 12. 9e.)
12.28. Fractions are used in a unit modifier.
Vi-inch pipe; not %-milerun %-pointrise
one-half-inch pipe
280
Chapter 12
Roman numerals
12.29. A repeated letter repeats its value; a letter placed after one of greater
value adds to it; a letter placed before one of greater value subtracts
from it; a dashline over a letter denotes multiplied by 1,000.
Numerals
I
1
XXV
25
LXX
70
D
500
II
2
XXIX
29
LXXV
75
DC
600
Ill
3
XXX
30
LXXIX
79
DCC
700
IV
4
XXXV
35
LXXX
80
DCCC
800
V
5
XXXIX
39
LXXXV
85
CM
900
VI
6
XL
40
LXXXIX
89
M
1,000
VII
7
XLV
45
XC
90
MD
1,500
VIII
8
XLLX
49
XCV
95
MM
2,000
IX
9
L
50
IC
99
MMM
3,000
X
10
LV
55
C
100
MMMM
XV
15
LIX
59
CL
150
or MV
4,000
XIX
19
LX
60
CC
200
V
5,000
XX
20
LXV
65
CCC
300
M
1,000,000
LXLX
69
CD
400
Dates
MDC
1600
MCMXX
1920
MCMLXX
1970
MDCC
1700
MCMXXX
1930
MCMLXXX
1980
MDCCC
1800
MCMXL
1940
MCMXC
1990
MCMorMDCCCC
1900
MCML
1950
MM
2000
MCMX
1910
MCMLX
1960
MMX
2010
13. Tabular Work
(See also Chapter 9 "Abbreviations and Letter Symbols" and Chapter 14 "Leaderwork")
13.1. The object of a table is to present in a concise and orderly manner
information that cannot be presented as clearly in any other way.
13.2. Tabular material should be kept as simple as possible, so that the
meaning of the data can be easily grasped by the user.
13.3. Tables shall be set without down (vertical) rules when there is at least
an em space between columns, except where: (1) In GPO's judgment
down rules are required for clarity; or (2) the agency has indicated
on the copy they are to be used. The mere presence of down rules in
copy or enclosed sample is not considered a request that down rules
be used. The publication dictates the type size used in setting tables.
Tabular work in the Congressional Record is set 6 on 7. The balance
of congressional tabular work sets 7 on 8.
Abbreviations
13.4. To avoid burdening tabular text, commonly known abbreviations
are used in tables. Metric and unit-of-measurement abbreviations
are used with figures.
13.5. The names of months (except May, June, and July) when followed by
the day are abbreviated.
13.6. The words street, avenue, place, road, square, boulevard, terrace,
drive, court, and building, following name or number, are abbre-
viated. For numbered streets, avenues, etc., figures are used.
13.7. Abbreviate the words United States if preceding the word
Government, the name of any Government organization, or as an
adjective generally.
13.8. Use the abbreviations RR. and Ry. following a name, and SS, MS,
etc., preceding a name.
13.9. Use lot. and long, with figures.
13.10. Abbreviate, when followed by figures, the various parts of publica-
tions, as article, part, section, etc.
281
282
Chapter 13
13.11. Use, generally, such abbreviations and contractions as 98th Cong.,
1st sess., H. Res. 5, H.J. Res. 21, S. Doc. 62, S. Rept. 410, Rev. Stat,
etc.
13.12. In columns containing names of persons, copy is followed as to ab-
breviations of given names.
13.13. Periods are not used after abbreviations followed by leaders.
Bearoff
13.14. An en space is used for all bearoffs.
13.15. In a crowded table, when down rules are necessary, the bearoff may
be reduced in figure columns.
13.16. Fractions are set flush right to the bearoff of the allotted column
width, and not aligned.
13.17. Mathematical signs, parentheses, fractions, and brackets are set
with a normal bearoff.
Boxheads
13.18. Periods are omitted after all boxheads, but a dash is used after any
boxhead which reads into the matter following.
Boxheads run crosswise.
13.19.
13.20
13.21,
Boxheads are set solid, even in leaded tables.
Boxheads are centered horizontally and vertically.
Down-rule style (see Rule 13.3)
Employed boys and girls whose work records were obtained
Total
Time of year at beginning work [depth of this box does
not influence the depth of box on left]
Sex and age
June to August
September to May
Number
Distri-
bution
(percent)
Number
Distri-
bution
(percent)
Number
Distri-
bution
(percent)
Not re-
ported
Boys (12 to 14)
3,869
45.5
1,415
9.6
2,405
15.8
49
Tabular Work
283
No-down-rule style (preferred)
Table 9. — Mine production ofgold y silver y copper, lead y and zinc in 2008
Class of material
Short
Ions
Gold
(fine
ounces)
Silver
(fine
ounces)
Copper
(pounds)
Lead
(pounds)
Zinc
(pounds)
Concentrate shipped to smelters and recoverable metals
Copper
Lead
Zinc
Total:
2008
2007
Dry gold, dry gold-silver ore 134
Copper:
Crude ore
Slag
Lead
Mill cleanings (lead-zinc)
Total:
2008
2007
220,346
3,931
25,159
763
392
269
70,357
48,326
41,078
14,242,346
72,500
263,400
9,950
5,044,750
581,590
6,260
290,980
26,441,270
249,436
367,430
1,424
1,789
159,756
432,122
14,578,246
10,622,155
5,636,290
13,544,875
26,738,510
11,923,060
(
Drude material
shipped to smelters
107,270
421
844
10
12
39,861
165
1,693
254
2,442,882
285,421
5,950
1,450
124,100
2,200
528
31 ..
110,870
8,100
300
4,300
125,749
166,184
919
1,042
45,444
47,176
30,375,754
41,601,845
249,710
497,125
6,890
26,940
13.22. In referring to quantity of things, the word Number in boxheads is
spelled if possible.
13.23. Column numbers or letters in parentheses may be set under box-
heads, and are separated by one line space below the deepest head.
(If alignment of parentheses is required within the table, use brack-
ets in boxhead.) These column references align across the table.
Units of quantity are set in parentheses within boxheads.
Department of Agriculture
Department of Commerce
Commod-
ity Credit
Corpora-
tion, value
of com-
modities
donated
Special
school
milk
program l
Value of
commod-
ities dis-
tributed
within
States
Disaster loans,
etc. (payments
to assist States
in furnishing
hay in
droughtstriken
areas)
Civil Aero-
nautics
Adminis-
tration —
Federal
airport
program —
regular
grants
Bureau of Public
Roads: Highway
construction
Regular
grants 2
Emer-
gency
grants 3
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
$4,730,154
393,484
.... 4,545,983
$1,520,362
269,274
823,136
$7,970,875
591,487
6,512,639
$79,284
297,266
127,749
$1,176,401
12,366,106
9,317,853
$247,515
472,749
13.24. Leaders may be supplied in a column consisting entirely of symbols
or years or dates or any combination of these.
284
Chapter 13
Centerheads, flush entries, and subentries
13.25. Heads follow the style of the tables as to the use of figures and
abbreviations.
13.26. Punctuation is omitted after centerheads. Flush entries and sub-
entries over subordinate items are followed by a colon (single sub-
entry to run in, preserving the colon), but a dash is used instead of a
colon when the entry reads into the matter below.
25 Miscellaneous: Powerplant equipment $245,040.37
26 Roads, railroads, and bridges 275,900.34
Total 520,940.71
TRANSMISSION PLANT
42 Structures and improvements 26,253.53
43 Station equipment 966,164.41
Total 992,417.94
GENERAL PLANT
General plant:
Norris 753,248.97
Other 15,335.81
Total 768,584.78
Grand total 2,281,943.43
13.27. In reading columns if the centerhead clears the reading matter
below by at least an em, the space is omitted; if it clears by less than
an em, a space is used. If an overrun, rule, etc., in another column,
or in the same column, creates a blank space above the head, the
extra space is not added.
13.28. Units of quantity and years used as heads in reading and figure col-
umns are set in italic with space above and no space below.
No-down-rule style (preferred)
The rules are used here to aid readability.
2007
Oct. 1 35.6 15
Oct. 31 45.0 15
Nov. 14 40.9 18
Dec. 24 41.7 15
2008
Jan. 3 ..
Jan. 16....
Feb. 4
Feb. 17 ...
Mar. 4 ....
Mar. 19 ..
Apr. 2
Apr. 28 ..
45.2
50.2
43.4
45.6
42.7
10.9
47.7
May 8 46.5 15
May 22 45.1 18
June 9 47.1 14
June 24 48.2 16
July 9 46.6 17
July 24 45.9 16
Aug. 6 46.5 16
Tabular Work
285
Down-rule style (see Rule 13.3)
2007
Oct. 1
Oct. 31
Nov. 14
Dec. 24
2008
Jan. 3
35.6
45.0
40.9
41.7
Jan. 16...
Feb. 4 ....
Feb. 17 ..
Mar. 4 ...
Mar. 19 .
Apr. 2 ....
Apr. 28 .
45.2
50.2
43.4
45.6
42.7
40.9
47.7
May 8 ..
May 22
June 9 ..
June 24
July 9 ...
July 24.
Aug. 6..
46.5
45.1
47.1
48.2
46.6
45.9
46.5
15
18
14
16
17
16
16
Ciphers
13.29. Where the first number in a column or under a cross rule is wholly
a decimal, a cipher is added at the left of its decimal point. A cipher
used alone in a money or other decimal column is placed in the
unit row and is not followed by a period. In mixed units the cipher
repeats before decimals unless the group totals.
January +26.4 '+$0.7 27.1+ +40.4
February +66.7 -.9 65.8+ +98.1
March +143.1 +2.6 -7.5 +12.4 150.6 +224.1
13.30. In columns containing both dollars and cents, ciphers will be sup-
plied on right of decimal point in the absence of figures.
13.31. Where column consists of single decimal, supply a cipher on the
right, unless the decimal is a cipher.
0.6
o
3.0
4.2
5.0
13.32. Where column has mixed decimals of two or more places, do not
supply ciphers but follow copy.
0.22453
1.263
4
2.60
3.4567
78
12.6
102.14423
13.33. Copy is followed in the use of the word None or a cipher to indicate
None in figure columns. If neither one appears in the copy, leaders
are inserted, unless a clear is specifically requested.
286 Chapter 13
13.34. In columns of figures under the heading £ 5 d, if a whole number of
pounds is given, one cipher is supplied under s and one under d; if
only shillings are given, one cipher is supplied under d.
13.35. In columns of figures under Ft In, if only feet are given, supply
cipher under In; if only inches are given, clear under Ft; if ciphers
are used for None, place one cipher under both Ft and In.
13.36. In any column containing sums of money, the period and ciphers
are omitted if the column consists entirely of whole dollars.
Continued heads
13.37. In continued lines an em dash is used between the head and the
word Continued. No period is carried after a continued line.
13.38. Continued heads over tables will be worded exactly like the table
heading. Notes above tables are repeated; footnote references are re-
peated in boxheads and in continued lines.
Dashes or rules
13.39. Rules are not carried in reading columns or columns consisting
of serial or tracing numbers, but are carried through all figure
columns.
13.40. Parallel rules are used to cut off figures from other figures below
that are added or subtracted; also, generally, above a grand total.
Ditto (do.)
13.41. The abbreviation do. is used to indicate that the previous line is being
repeated instead of repeating the line, verbatim, over and over. It is
used in reading columns only, lowercased and preceded by leaders
(6 periods) when there is matter in preceding column. If ditto marks
are requested, closing quotes will be used.
13.42. Capitalize Do. in the first and last columns. These are indented
1 or 2 ems, depending on the length of the word being repeated,
or the width of the column; the situation will determine as it is
encountered.
Tabular Work 287
13.43. In mixed columns made up of figure and reading-matter items, do.
is used only under the latter items.
13.44. Do. is not used —
(1) In a figure or symbol column (tracing columns are figure
columns);
(2) In the first line under a centerhead in the column in which
the centerhead occurs;
(3) Under a line of leaders or a rule;
(4) Under an item italicized or set in boldface type for a specific
reason (italic or boldface do. is never used; item is repeated);
(5) Under an abbreviated unit of quantity or other abbrevia-
tions; or
(6) Under words of three letters or less.
13.45. Do. is used, however, under a clear space and under the word None
in a reading column.
13.46. Do. does not apply to a reference mark on the preceding item. The
reference mark, if needed, is added to do.
13.47. Leaders are not used before Do. in the first column or before or after
Do. in the last column.
13.48. In a first and/or last column 6 ems or less in width, a 1-em space
is used before Do. In all other columns 6 ems or less in width, six
periods are used. Bearoff is not included.
1 3.49. In a first and/or last column more than 6 ems in width, 2 ems of space
are used before Do. In all other columns more than 6 ems in width,
six periods are used. Bearoff space is not included. If the preceding
line is indented, the indention of Do. is increased accordingly.
13.50. Do. under an indented item in an inside reading column, with or
without matter in preceding column, is preceded by six periods
which are indented to align with item above.
288 Chapter 13
Dollar mark
13.51. The dollar mark or any other money symbol is placed close to the
figure; it is used only at the head of the table and under cross rules
when the same unit of value applies to the entire column.
13.52. In columns containing mixed amounts (as money, tons, gallons,
etc.), the dollar mark, pound mark, peso mark, or other symbol, as
required, is repeated before each sum of money.
13.53. If several sums of money are grouped together, they are separated
from the nonmoney group by a parallel rule, and the symbol is
placed on the first figure of the separated group only.
1958 1967
Water supply available (gallons) 4,000,000 3,000,000
Wheat production (bushels) 9,000,000 8,000,000
Operations:
Water-dispatching operations $442,496 $396,800
Malaria control 571,040 426,600
Plant protection 134,971 58,320
Total 1,148,507 881,720
Number of plants 642 525
Percent of budget 96.8 78.8
Note. — Preliminary figures.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
13.54. In a double money column, dollar marks are used in the first group
of figures only; en dashes are aligned.
$7-$9
10-12
314-316
1,014-1,016
13.55. The dollar mark is omitted from a first item consisting of a cipher.
but $0.12
$300 13.43
500 15.07
700 23.18
13.56. The dollar mark should be repeated in stub or reading columns.
to $0.99
$lto$24
$25 to $49
$50 to $74
Tabular Work 289
Figure columns
13.57. Figures align on the right, with an en space bearoff. There is no
bearoffon leaders.
13.58. In a crowded table the bearoff may be reduced in figure columns
only. It is preferable to retain the bearoff.
13.59. Figures in parentheses align if so required.
13.60. In double rows of figures in a single column, connected by a dash, a
plus, or minus sign, and in dates appearing in the form 9-4-08, the
dashes or signs can be aligned.
13.61. Plus or minus signs at the left of figures are placed against the fig-
ures regardless of alignment; plus and minus signs at the right of
figures are cleared.
13.62. Words and Roman numerals in figure columns are aligned on the
right with the figures, without periods.
Median value of livestock $224 $62
Median value of machinery $54 Small
Median value of furniture $211 $100
Possessing automobiles (percent) 25 17
Median age (years) 5.5
Median value $144
Fraternal membership:
Men IV 486
Women None
13.63. Figures (including decimal and common fractions) expressing
mixed units of quantity (feet, dollars, etc.) and figures in parenthe-
ses are aligned on the right.
13.64. Decimal points are aligned except in columns containing numbers
that refer to mixed units (such as pounds, dollars, and percentage)
and have irregular decimals.
13.65. It is preferred that all columns in a table consisting entirely of figure
columns be centered.
Footnotes and references
13.66. Footnotes to tables are numbered independently from footnotes to
text unless requested by committee or department.
290 Chapter 13
13.67. Superior figures are used for footnote references, beginning with 1
in each table.
13.68. If figures might lead to ambiguity (for example, in connection with
a chemical formula), asterisks, daggers, or italic superior letters, etc.,
may be used.
13.69. When items carry several reference marks, the superior-figure
reference precedes an asterisk, dagger, or similar character used
for reference. These, in the same sequence, precede mathematical
signs. A thin space is used to bear off an asterisk, dagger, or similar
character.
13.70. Footnote references are repeated in boxheads or in continued lines
over tables.
13.71. References to footnotes are numbered consecutively across the page
from left to right.
13.72. Footnote references are placed at the right in reading columns and
symbol columns, and at the left in figure columns (also at the left of
such words as None in figure columns), and are separated by a thin
space.
13.73. Two or more footnote references occurring together are separated
by spaces, not commas.
13.74. In a figure column, a footnote reference standing alone is set in
parentheses and flushed right. In a reading column, it is set at the
left in parentheses and is followed by leaders, but in the last column
it is followed by a period, as if it were a word. In a symbol column it
is set at the left and cleared.
13.75. Numbered footnotes are placed immediately beneath the table. If a
sign or letter reference in the heading of a table is to be followed, it
is not changed to become the first numbered reference mark. The
footnote to it precedes all other footnotes. The remaining footnotes
in a table will follow this sequence: footnotes (numbers, letters, or
symbols); Note. — ; then Source:.
13.76. For better makeup or appearance, footnotes may be placed at the
end of a lengthy table. A line reading "Footnotes at end of table." is
supplied.
Tabular Work 291
13.77. If the footnotes to both table and text fall together at the bottom of
a page, the footnotes to the table are placed above the footnotes to
the text, and the two groups are separated by a 50-point rule flush
left; but if there are footnotes to the text and none to the table, the
50-point rule is retained.
13.78. Footnotes to cut-in and indented tables and tables in rules are set
full measure, except when footnotes are short, they can be set in 1
em under indented table.
13.79. Footnotes are set as paragraphs, but two or more short footnotes
should be combined into one line, separated by not less than 2
ems.
13.80. The footnotes and notes to tables are set solid.
13.81. Footnotes and notes to tables and boxheads are set the same size,
but not smaller than 6 point, unless specified otherwise.
13.82. Footnotes to tables follow tabular style in the use of abbreviations,
figures, etc.
13.83. In footnotes, numbers are expressed in figures, even at the begin-
ning of a note or sentence.
13.84. If a footnote consists entirely or partly of a table or leaderwork, it
should always be preceded by introductory matter carrying the
reference number; if necessary, the copy preparer should add an in-
troductory line, such as " ' See the following table:".
13.85. An explanatory paragraph without specific reference but belonging
to the table rather than to the text follows the footnotes, if any, and
is separated from them or from the table by space.
Fractions
13.86. All fractions are set flush right to the bearoff.
Totallength 40 3 A 41 0.42 43 44 0.455 46 47 48 Yi in.
Sleevelength 10% 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 1 in.
Armhole length 8% S l A 9 9Vi 9Vi 10 10'/i WVi 11 1 in.
Sleeve cufflength (if cuff is 5V2 5 l A 5 l A 5 7 /i2 5V2 5 7 /i2 5V2 SVi 5V2 Maximum,
used).
Neck opening 26'/2 26 27 17 / 3 2 28 15 / 3 2 28 29 17 / 3 2 30 30 31 2 in.
Waist:
7,8,9, lOcut 23V2 24 25'/2 27 15 / 3 2 28 29V2 31 32 33'/2 6pct.
11, 12, 14 cut 22'/2 23!/2 25 26V2 27V2 29 30'/2 3P/2 33 6 pet.
292 Chapter 13
13.87. Fractions standing alone are expressed in figures, even at the begin-
ning of a line, but not at the beginning of a footnote.
Headnotes
13.88. Headnotes should be set lowercase, but not smaller than 6 point,
bracketed, and period omitted at end, even if the statement is a
complete sentence; but periods should not be omitted internally if
required by sentence structure.
13.89. Headnotes are repeated under continued heads but the word
Continued is not added to the headnote.
Indentions and overruns
Subentries
13.90. The indention of subentries is determined by the width of the stub
or reading column. Subentries in columns more than 15 ems wide
are indented in 2-em units; in columns 15 ems or less, with short
entry lines and few overruns, 2-em indentions are also used. All
overruns are indented 1 em more.
13.91. Subentries in columns of 15 ems or less are indented in 1-em units.
Overruns are indented 1 em more.
Total, mean, and average lines
13.92. All total (also mean and average) lines are indented 3 ems. In very
narrow stub columns, total lines may be reduced to 1- or 2-em in-
dentions, depending on length of line.
13.93. Where overrun of item above conflicts, the total line is indented 1
em more. Runovers of total lines are also indented 1 em more.
13.94. It is not necessary to maintain uniform indention of the word Total
throughout the same table. The word Total is supplied when not in
copy.
Tabular Work 293
.... , , , , _ Total, all National , Building
Wide stub column — subentnes 2 ems , , , . national . .
banks banks , , associations
banks
ASSETS
Loans and discounts:
Loans to banks $74,518 $1,267,493 $947,289 $135,619
Commercial and industrial loans 2,753,456 450,916 211,597 18,949
Total (total lines generally indent 3 ems) 2,827,974 718,409 1,158,886 154,568
Real estate loans:
Secured by farmland 12,532 29,854 186,228 19,044
Secured by residential property other than rural
and farm 1,011,856 167,765 1,554,084 3,172,837
Total (indent 1 em more to avoid conflict with
line above) 1,024,388 194,619 1,740,312 3,191,881
Securities:
U.S. Government obligations:
Direct obligations:
U.S. savings bonds 1,149,764 3,285,721 2,361,796 23,506
Nonmarketable bonds (including invest-
ment series A-1965) 242,500 490,677 732,689 167,735
Total (indent 1 em more than runover
above) 1,392,264 3,776,398 3,094,485 191,241
Italic
13.95. Names of vessels and aircraft (except in columns consisting entirely
of such names), titles of legal cases (except v. for versus), and certain
scientific terms are set in italic. The word "Total" and headings in
the column do not affect the application of this rule. In gothic type-
faces without italic, quotes are allowed.
13.96. Set "See" and "See also" in roman.
Leaders
1 3.97. Leaders run across the entire table except that they are omitted from
a last reading column.
13.98. The style of leadering is guided by two rules: (1) Tables with a single
reading column leader from the bottom line, and (2) tables with any
combination of more than one reading or symbol column leader
from the top line.
294 Chapter 13
13.99. If leadering from the top line, overruns end with a period.
13.100. A column of dates is regarded as a reading column only if leaders
are added; in all other cases it is treated as a figure column.
13.101. In tables with tracing figures on left and right of page, leader from
top line.
Numerals in tables
13.102. Figures, ordinals, and fractions are used in all parts of a table, except
fractions which will be spelled out at the beginning of a footnote.
Parallel and divide tables are discouraged
13.103. Parallel tables are set in pairs of pages, beginning on a left-hand
page and running across to facing right-hand page; leader from the
top line.
13.104. Heads and headnotes center across the pair of pages, with 2-em
hanging indention for three or more lines when combined measure
exceeds 30 picas in width. Two-line heads are set across the pair of
pages. A single-line head or headnote is divided evenly, each part
set flush right and left, respectively Words are not divided between
pages.
13.105. Boxheads and horizontal rules align across both pages.
13.106. Boxheads are not divided but are repeated, with Continued added.
13.107. Tracing figures are carried through from the outside columns of
both pages and are set to "leader from the top line."
13.108. In divide tables that are made up parallel, with stub column re-
peated, the head and headnote repeat on each succeeding page, with
Continued added to the head only.
13.109. Tables with tracing figures or stub, or both, repeating on the left of
odd pages, are divide tables and not parallel tables. Over such tables
the heads are repeated, with Continued added.
Tabular Work
295
Reading columns
13.110. Figures or combinations of figures and letters used to form a read-
ing column align on left and are followed by leaders. Do. is not used
under such items.
13.111. The en dash is not to be used for to in a reading column; if both
occur, change to to throughout.
13.112. Cut-in items following a colon are indented 2 ems.
13.113. A single entry under a colon line should be run in; retain the colon.
13.114. Numerical terms, including numbered streets, avenues, etc., are ex-
pressed in figures, even at the beginning of an item.
Symbol columns
13.115. A column consisting entirely of letters, letters and figures, symbols,
or signs, or any combination of these, is called a symbol column. It
should be set flush left and cleared, except when it takes the place of
the stub, it should then be leadered. No closing period is used when
such column is the last column. Blank lines in a last column are
cleared. Do. is not used in a symbol column.
Symbol
Typical commercial designation
Army
product
symbol
Filing
order
symbol
General description
Speci-
fication
symbol
GM(2)
CG
CW 1
Gasoline and diesel engine
oil, SAElOandSAElOW
grades.
Ball and roller bearing
grease.
. Wheel-bearing grease
Grease not typified
. Universal gear lubricant
OR10
41-X-59
OE20 2
A
N
X
Fuel, grease, chassis,
or soap base.
Extreme pressure
do
Further tests being
conducted.
Water-pump grease ...
G.&D.
BR
WBG 3
G090
S.&T.
B
80D
13.116. Columns composed of both symbols and figures are treated as fig-
ure columns and are set flush right. In case of blank lines in a last
column, leaders will be used as in figure columns.
Symbol
Symbol
Symbol
Symbol
or
Typical commercial designation
or
or filling
General description
or speci-
catalog
product
order
fication
number
number
symbol
number
WBD
Chassis grease, cup grease,
under pressure.
961
A
Especially adapted to very
cold climates.
1359
14L88
Water-pump bearing grease
SWA
}52
Under moderate pressure-
5190
Exposed gear chain lubricant
12L
N
High-speed use
AE10
E.P. hypoid lubricant
863
X
For experimental use only..
NXL
376
Special grade for marine use
468
Free flowing in any weather
749
296
Chapter 13
Tables without rules
13.117. It is preferable to set all tables alike; that is, without either down
rules or cross rules and with roman boxheads. When so indicated
on copy, by ordering agency, tabular matter may be set without
rules, with italic boxheads.
13.118. Column heads over figure columns in 6- or 8-point leaderwork are
set in 6 -point italic.
13.119. Horizontal rules (spanner) used between a spread or upper level col-
umn heading carried over two or more lower level column headings
are set continuous and without break, from left to right, between the
two levels of such headings.
Table 9. — Changes infixed assets and related allowances
Fixed assets
Investment
Operations
Balance June
30,2008 Current Adjustments Transfers Retirements Balance June
(table 9-a) additions 30, 2008
Supporting and general
facilities:
Transportation and
utilities:
Panama Railroad
Motor Transporta-
tion Division
Steamship line
Power system
Communication
system
Water system and
hydroelectric
facilities
$12,123,197
2,242,999
13,653,989
19,364,373
$306
122,597
10,247
366,311
2,739,012 151,819
10,590,820 104,039
($113,261)
($539) ($284,358) $11,838,606
2,143 (147,561) 2,220,178
13,664,236
(342) (290,174) 19,440,168
(26,100)
2,751,470
1,661
(48,920) 10,647,600
Total, trans-
portation
and utilities ..
Employee service and
facilities:
Commissary Division ..
Service centers
Housing Division
60,714,390 755,319
(113,261)
(797,113) 60,562,258
7,012,701 105,952
3,684,670 29,086
35,729,465 (10,336)
(130,891) 21,777 (36,418) 6,973,121
530 (230,276) 3,484,010
(485,548) (937,916) 34,295,665
Total employee service
and facilities
46,426,836 124,702
(130,891) (463,241) (1,204,610) 44,752,796
Grand total 107,141,236
0,021
(244,152) (466,164) (2,001,723) 105,315,054
Tabular Work 297
13.120. More than one figure column, also illustrating use of dollar mark,
rule, bearoff, etc.
For property purchased from —
Central Pipeline Distributing Co.:
Capital stock issued recorded amount $75,000
Undetermined consideration recorded 341
Pan American Bonded Pipeline Co.: Recorded money outlay .. 3,476
M.J. Mitchell: Recorded money outlay. 730
R. Lacy, Inc., and Lynch Refining Co.:
Recorded money outlay $157,000
Note issued 100,000
Subtotal 257,000
Less value of oil in lines and salvaged construction
material 26,555 230,445 $309,992
For construction, improvements, and replacements, recorded money outlay 522
For construction work in progress, recorded money outlay 933,605
Total 1,244,119
Quantity T , ,
. .,,. Value at point
(million r r
, . r , of consumption
cubicfeet) ' r
Use:
Residential 34,842 $21,218,778
Commercial 14,404 5,257,468
Industrial:
Field (drilling, pumping, etc.) 144,052 10,419,000
All other industrial:
Fuel for petroleum refineries 96,702
Other, including electric utility plants 346,704 61,440,000
Total 636,704 98,335,246
Estimated
2004 2008 Cha
nge
General account:
Receipts $64,800 $69,800 +$5,000
Expenditures (70,300) (67,100) (-3,200)
Net improvement, 2008 over 2004 1,800
Deduct 2004 deficit 1,500
Net surplus, estimated for 2008..
298 Chapter 13
[In U.S. -dollar equivalent]
Balance with the Treasury Department July 1, 2008 $165,367,704.85
Receipts:
Collections $564,944,502.99
Return from agency accounts of currencies advanced for liquid-
ation of obligations incurred prior to July 1, 2007 4,450,577.07
Totalreceipts 569,395,080.06
Total available 734,762,784.91
Units of quantity
13.121. Units of quantity in stub columns are set in lowercase in plural form
and placed in parentheses.
Coke (short tons) 4,468,437 ' 25,526,646 5,080,403 =29,519,871
Diatomite ( 123 ) (') (') ('")
Emery (pounds) 765 6,828 1,046 9,349
Feldspar (crude) (long tons) ( l ) ( l ) (') (')
Ferroalloys (short tons) 183,465 ! 18,388,766 259,303 2 30,719,756
13.122. Units of quantity and other words as headings over figure columns
are used at the beginning of a table or at the head of a continued
page or continued column in a double-up table.
13.123. Over figure columns, units of quantity and other words used as
headings, and the abbreviations a.m. and p.m., if not included in
the boxheads, are set in italic and are placed immediately above the
figures, without periods other than abbreviating periods. In con-
gressional work (gothic), or at any time when italic is not available,
these units should be placed in the boxheads in parentheses. Any
well-known abbreviation will be used to save an overrun, but if one
unit of quantity is abbreviated, all in the same table will be abbrevi-
ated. If units change in a column, the new units are set in italic with
space above and no space below. The space is placed both above and
below only when there is no italic available.
Quoted tabular work
13.124. When a table is part of quoted matter, quotation marks will open
on each centerhead and each footnote paragraph, and if table is end
of quoted matter, quotation marks close at end of footnotes. If there
are no footnotes and the table is the end of the quotation, quotation
marks close at end of last item.
14. Leaderwork
(See also Chapter 9 "Abbreviations and Letter Symbols" and Chapter 13 "Tabular Work")
14.1. Leaderwork is a simple form of tabular work without boxheads or
rules and is separated from text by 4 points of space above and below
in solid matter and 6 points of space in leaded matter. It consists of a
reading (stub) column and a figure column, leadered from the bot-
tom line. It may also consist of two reading columns, aligning on
the top line. In general, leaderwork (except indexes and tables of
contents, which are set the same style as text) is governed by the
same rules of style as tabular work. Unless otherwise indicated,
leaderwork is set in 8 point. The period is omitted immediately be-
fore leaders.
Bearoff
14.2. No bearoff is required at the right in a single reading column.
Columns
14.3. A figure column is at least an en quad wider than the largest group
of figures, but not less than 3 ems in single columns and 2 ems in
double-up columns. Total rules are to be the full width of all figure
columns.
Pounds
Year: 2000 655,939
Fiscal year:
2009 368,233
2010 100,000
Total 1,124,172
14.4. Where both columns are reading columns, they are separated by an
em space.
299
300
Chapter 14
Particulars Artist
To the French Government:
The entire collection of French paintings on loan, Degas,
with the exception of Mile. DuBourg (Mme.
Fantin-Latour).
Avant la Course Do.
To Col. Axel H. Oxholm, Washington, DC:
Martha Washington, George Washington, and Attrihuted to
Thomas Jefferson. Jonathan E. Earl,
Los Angeles, CA.
Roses Renoir.
Do Forain.
Roses in a Chinese Vase and Sculpture hy Maillol Vuillard.
Maternity Gauguin.
Continued heads
14.5. The use of continued heads in leaderwork is not necessary.
Ditto (do.)
14.6. The abbreviation do. is indented and capitalized in the stub. It is
capitalized and cleared in last reading column.
Dollar mark and ciphers
14.7. In a column containing mixed amounts (as money, tons, gallons,
etc.) the figures are aligned on the right, and the dollar mark or
other symbol is repeated before each sum of money. If several sums
of money are grouped and added or subtracted to make a total, they
are separated from the nonmoney group by a parallel rule, and the
symbol is placed on the first figure of the separated group only.
14.8. If two columns of sums of money add or subtract one into the other
and one carries points and ciphers, the other should also carry
points and ciphers.
Flush items and subheads
14.9. Flush items clear the figure column.
14.10. Subheads are centered in full measure.
Leaderwork 301
Footnotes
14.11. Footnotes to leaderwork follow the style of footnotes to tables.
14.12. Footnote references begin with 1 in each leadered grouping, and
footnotes are placed at the end, separated from it by 4 points of
space. Separate notes from matter following by not less than 6 points
of space.
14.13. If the leaderwork runs over from one page to another, the footnotes
will be placed at the bottom of the leadered material. 1
Units of quantity
14.14. Units of quantity or other words over a stub or figure column are set
italic.
14.15. The following example shows the style to be observed where there
is a short colon line at left. In case of only one subentry, run in with
colon line and preserve the colon.
Baltimore & Ohio RR.: Tom
Freight carried:
May 50,000
June 52,000
Coal carried 90,000
Dixie RR.: Freight carried Jan. 1, 1999, including freight carried hy
all its subsidiaries '2,000
'Livestock not included.
14.16. If there is no colon line, the style is as follows:
Freight carried by the Dixie RR. and the Baltimore & Ohio RR. in
May 71,500
14.17. Explanatory matter is set in 6 point under leaders (note omission of
period):
(Name) (Address) (Position)
1 If footnotes to leaderwork and text fall at bottom of page, leaderwork footnotes are placed above
text footnotes. The two groups are separated by a 50-point rule.
302 Chapter 14
14.18. In blank forms, leaders used in place of complete words to be sup-
plied are preceded and followed by a space.
On this day of 20
14.19. In half measure doubled up, units of quantity are aligned across the
page.
Inches Inches
Seedlings:
Black locust 27 Osage-orange 20
Honey locust 16 Catalpa 16
Green ash 7 Black walnut 10
14.20. Mixed units of quantity and amounts and words in a figure column
are set as follows:
Capital invested $8,000
Value of implements and stock $3,000
Land under cultivation (acres) 128.6
Orchard (acres) 21.4
Forest land (square miles) 50
Livestock:
Horses:
Number 8
Value $1,500
Cows:
Number 18
Estimated weekly production of butter per milk cow
(pounds) 7'/2
Hogs:
Number 46
Loss from cholera None
15. Footnotes, Indexes, Contents, and Outlines
Footnotes and reference marks
15.1. Text footnotes follow the style of the text with the exception of those
things noted in Chapter 9 "Abbreviations and Letter Symbols."
Footnotes appearing in tabular material follow the guidelines set
forth in Chapter 13 "Tabular Work."
15.2. In a publication divided into chapters, sections, or articles, each
beginning a new page, text footnotes begin with 1 in each such
division. In a publication without such divisional grouping, foot-
notes are numbered consecutively from 1 to 99, and then begin with
1 again. However, in supplemental sections, such as appendixes and
bibliographies, which are not parts of the publication proper, foot-
notes begin with 1.
15.3. Copy preparers must see that references and footnotes are plainly
marked.
15.4. If a reference is repeated on another page, it should carry the origi-
nal footnote; but to avoid repetition of a long note, the copy preparer
may use the words "See footnote 3 (6, 10, etc.) on p. — ." instead of
repeating the entire footnote.
15.5. Unless the copy is otherwise marked: (1) Footnotes to 12-point text
are set in 8 point; (2) footnotes to 11 -point text are set in 8 point,
except in Supreme Court reports, in which they are set in 9 point;
(3) footnotes to 10- and 8-point text are set in 7 point.
15.6. Footnotes are set as paragraphs at the bottom of the page and are
separated from the text by a 50-point rule, set flush left, with no less
than 2 points of space above and below the rule.
15.7. Footnotes to indented matter (other than excerpt footnotes) are set
full measure.
15.8. To achieve faithful reproduction of indented excerpt material (par-
ticularly legal work) containing original footnotes, these footnotes
are also indented and placed at the bottom of the excerpt, separated
303
304 Chapter 15
by 6 points of space. No side dash is used. Reference numbers are
not changed to fit the numbering sequence of text footnotes.
15.9. Footnotes must always begin on the page where they are referenced.
If the entire footnote will not fit on the page where it is cited, it will
be continued at the bottom of the next page. 1
1 5.1 0. Footnotes to charts, graphs, and other illustrations should be placed
immediately beneath such illustrative material.
15.11. A cutoff rule is not required between a chart or graph and its
footnotes.
15.12. For reference marks use: (1) Roman superior figures, (2) italic supe-
rior letters, and (3) symbols. Superior figures (preferred), letters, and
symbols are separated from the words to which they apply by thin
spaces, unless immediately preceded by periods or commas.
15.13. Where reference figures might lead to ambiguity (for example, in
matter containing exponents), asterisks, daggers, etc., or italic supe-
rior letters may be used.
15.14. When symbols or signs are used for footnote reference marks, their
sequence should be (*) asterisk, (t) dagger, ($) double dagger, and
(§) section mark. Should more symbols be needed, these may be
doubled or tripled, but for simplicity and greater readability, it is
preferable to extend the assortment by adding other single-charac-
ter symbols.
15.15. Symbols with established meanings, such as the percent sign (%)
and the number mark (#), are likely to cause confusion and should
not be used for reference marks.
15.16. To avoid possible confusion with numerals and letters frequently
occurring in charts and graphs, it is preferable in such instances to
use symbols as reference marks.
'When a footnote breaks from an odd (right-hand) page to an even (left-hand) page, the word (Continued) is set
inside parentheses in italic below the last line of the footnote where the break occurs
A 50-point rule is used above each part of the footnote.
When a footnote break occurs on facing pages, i.e., from an even page to an odd page, the (Continued) line is not
set, but the 50-point rule is duplicated.
Footnotes, Indexes, Contents, and Outlines 305
15.17. When items carry several reference marks, the superior-figure ref-
erence precedes an asterisk, dagger, or similar character used for
reference.
15.18. A superior reference mark follows all punctuation marks except a
dash, but falls inside a closing parenthesis or bracket if applying
only to matter within the parentheses or brackets.
15.19. Two or more superior footnote references occurring together are
separated by thin spaces.
Indexes and tables of contents
15.20. Indexes and tables of contents are set in the same style as the text,
except that See and see also are set in italic.
15.21. Where a word occurs in an index page column, either alone or with
a figure, it is set flush on the right. If the word extends back into the
leaders, it is preceded by an en space.
Page
Explanatory diagram Frontispiece
General instructions vm
Capitalization (see also Abbreviations) 16
Correct imposition (diagram) Facing 34
Legends. (See Miscellaneous rules.)
Appendixes A, B, C, and D, maps, illustrations,
and excerpts In supplemental volume
15.22. For better appearance, Roman numerals should be set in small caps
in the figure columns of tables of contents and indexes.
15.23. In indexes set with leaders, if the page numbers will not fit in the
leader line, the first number only is set in that line and the other
numbers are overrun. If the entry makes three or more lines and the
last line of figures is not full, do not use a period at the end.
If page folios overrun due to an excessive amount of figures
use this form 220,
224, 227, 230, 240
And this way when overrun folios make two or more lines 220,
224-225, 230-240, 245, 246, 250-255, 258, 300, 320, 330, 350,
360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410-500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 550, 560,
570, 580, 590, 600-620, 630, 640, 650
306 Chapter 15
(For examples of item indentions in a reading column of indexes set
with leaders, see index in this Manual.)
15.24. Overrun page numbers are indented 3V4 ems in measures not over
20 picas and 7 ems in wider measures, more than one line being
used if necessary. These indentions are increased as necessary to not
less than 2 ems more than the line immediately above or below.
15.25. When copy specifies that all overs are to be a certain number of
ems, the runovers of the figure column shall be held in 2 ems more
than the specified indention.
15.26. Examples of block-type indexes:
Example 1 Example 2
Medical officer, radiological defense, 3 Brazil — Continued
Medicolegal dosage, 44 Exchange restrictions — Continued
Military Liaison Committee, 4 Williams mission (see also
Monitoring, 58 Williams, John H., special
Air, 62 mission), exchange control
Personnel, 59 situation, 586-588
Civilian, 60 Trade agreement with United
Military, 59 States, proposed:
Sea, 61 Draft text, 558-567
Ship, 61 Proposals for:
Monitors, radiological defense, 3 Inclusion of all clauses, 531
15.27. In index entries the following forms are used:
Brown, A.H., Jr. (not Brown, Jr., A.H.)
Brown, A.H., & Sons (not Brown & Sons, A.H.)
Brown, A.H., Co. (not Brown Co., A.H.)
Brown, A.H., & Sons Co. (not Brown & Sons Co., A.H.)
15.28. In a table of contents, where chapter, plate, or figure is followed by a
number and period, an en space is used after the period. The peri-
ods are aligned on the right.
Chapter
I. Introduction i
II. Summary 1
VI. Conclusions 7
Footnotes, Indexes, Contents, and Outlines 307
15.29. Subheads in indexes and tables of contents are centered in the full
measure.
15.30. In contents using two sizes of lightface type, or a combination of
boldface and lightface type, all leaders and page numbers will be
set in lightface roman type. Contents set entirely in boldface will
use boldface page numbers. All page numbers will be set in the pre-
dominant size.
Page
Part I. Maintenance of Peace and Security 5
Disarmament 6
PeacefulUses of Atomic Energy 7
Parti. Maintenance of Peace and Security 5
Disarmament 6
PeacefulUses of Atomic Energy 7
Part I. Maintenance of Peace and Security 5
Disarmament 6
Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy 7
Outlines
15.31. Outlines vary in appearance because there is no one set style to fol-
low in designing them. The width of the measure, the number of
levels required for the indentions, and the labeling concept selected
to identify each new level all contribute to its individuality.
The following sample outline demonstrates a very basic and struc-
tured arrangement. It uses the enumerators listed in rule 8.108 to
identify each new indented level.
The enumerators for the first four levels are followed by a period and
a fixed amount of space. The enumerators for the second four levels
are set in parentheses and followed by the same amount of fixed
space.
Each new level indents 2 ems more than the preceding level and
data that runs over to the next line aligns with the first word follow-
ing the enumerator.
308 Chapter 15
Outline example:
I. Balancing a checkbook
A. Open your check register
1. Verify all check numbers
a. Verify no check numbers were duplicated
b. Verify no check numbers were skipped
B. Open your bank statement
1. Put canceled checks in sequence
2. Compare amounts on checks to those in register
a. Correct any mistakes in register
b. Indicate those check numbers cashed
(1) Mark off check number on the statement
(a) Verify amount of check
(i) Highlight discrepancies on statement
(aa) Enter figures on back
(ii) Enter missing check numbers on back with
amounts
(aa) Identify missing check numbers in
register
(bb) Verify those check numbers were not
cashed previously
16. Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures
16.1. The general principle involved in the typography of datelines, ad-
dresses, and signatures is that they should be set to stand out clearly
from the body of the letter or paper which they accompany. This is
accomplished by using caps and small caps and italic, as set forth
below. Other typographic details are designed to ensure uniformity
and good appearance. Street addresses and ZIP Code numbers are
not to be used. In certain lists which carry ZIP Code numbers, reg-
ular spacing will be used preceding the ZIP Code. Certain general
instructions apply alike to datelines, addresses, and signatures.
General instructions
16.2. Principal words in datelines, addresses, and titles accompanying
signatures are capitalized.
16.3. Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms., and all other titles preceding a name, and Esq.,
Jr., Sr., and 2d following a name in address and signature lines, are
set in roman caps and lowercase if the name is in caps and small
caps or caps and lowercase; if the name is in caps, they are set in
caps and small caps, if small caps are available — otherwise in caps
and lowercase.
Spacing
16.4. At least 2 points of space should appear between dateline and text
or address, address and text, text and signature, and signature and
address.
Datelines
16.5. Datelines at the beginning of a letter or paper are set at the right side
of the page, the originating office in caps and small caps, the address
and date in italic; if the originating office is not given, the address
is set in caps and small caps and the date in italic; if only the date
is given, it is set in caps and small caps. Such datelines are indented
from the right 1 em for a single line; 3 ems and 1 em, successively,
for two lines; and 5 ems, 3 ems, and 1 em, successively, for three
lines. In measures 30 picas or wider, these indentions are increased
by 1 em.
309
310 Chapter 16
The White HousE,nDD
Washington, DC, January 1, 2008.\^\
The White House, July 30, 2008.\Z\
Treasury DEPARTMENT,rjrjrjrjO
Office of the TREASURER,rjrjO
Washington, DC, January 1, .2008. rj
Treasury Department, July 30, £008. □
Department of Commerce, DDD
July 30, 2008.U
Fairfax County, VA.fJ
Office of John Smith & Co.,rjrjrj
New York, NY, June 6, 2008. O
Washington, May 20, 2008 — 10 o.m.D
Thursday, May 8, 2008—2 p.m.Q
January 24, 2008. D
Washington, November 28, 2008. □□□
[Received December 5, 2008]. □
On Board USS "CoNNECTicuT,"rjrjrj
January 22, 2008. \J
16.6. Congressional hearings:
TUESDAY, JULY 29, 2008 '
House of REPRESENTAnvEs,rjrjrjrjrjrjrj
Committee on the Judiciary, DODOD
Subcommittee on lMMiGRATrc>N,rjrjrj
Citizenship, REFUGEES,rjrjO
Border Security, and Internal L,AW,rjrjrj
Washington, ZJCfJ
u.s. s E NATE,nnnnn
Committee on Armed SERVicES,rjrjrj
Washington, -DC.rj
Congress of the United STATES,rjrjrjrjrj
Joint Committee on PRiNTiNG,rjrjrj
Washington, DCfJ
1 Normally, dates in House hearings on appropriation bills are set on the right in 10-point caps and small caps.
Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures 311
16.7. Datelines at the end of a letter or paper, either above or below signa-
tures, are set on left in caps and small caps for the address and italic
for the date. When the word dated is used, dateline is set in roman
caps and lowercase.
□May 7, 2008.
□Roanoke, VA.
□Roanoke, VA, July 1, 2008.
□Dated July 1, 2008.
□Dated Albany, March 13, 2008.
16.8. Datelines in newspaper extracts are set at the beginning of the para-
graph, the address in caps and small caps and the date in roman
caps and lowercase, followed by a period and a 1-em dash.
□Aboard USS Ronald Reagan April 3, 2008. —
□New York, NY, August 21, 2008. — A message received here from * * *.
Addresses
16.9. Addresses are set flush left at the beginning of a letter or paper in
congressional work (or at end in formal usage).
16.10. At beginning or at end:
To Smith & Jones and
□Brown & Green, Esqs.,
Attorneys for Claimant.
(Attention of Mr. Green.)
Hon. Dianne Feinstein,
U.S. Senate.
Hon. Nancy Pelosi,
U.S. House of Representatives. (Collective address.)
The President,
The White House.
16.11. A long title following an address is set in italic caps and lowercase,
the first line flush left and right, overruns indented 2 ems to clear a
following 1-em paragraph indention.
Hon. Daniel K. Akaka,
Chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management,
□□^fee Federal Workforce and the District of Columbia, U.S. Senate,
\Z\Washington, DC.
312 Chapter 16
16.12. The name or title forming the first line of the address is set in caps
and small caps, but Mr., Mrs., or other title preceding a name, and
Esq., Jr., Sr., or 2d following a name, are set in roman caps and
lowercase; the matter following is set in italic. The words U.S. Army
or U.S. Navy immediately following a name are set in roman caps
and lowercase in the same line as the name.
Lt. Gen. Robert L. Van Antwerp, Jr., U.S. Army,
Chief of Engineers.
Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army. (Full title, all caps and small caps.)
Lt. Gen. Robert L. Van Antwerp, Jr.,
Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army,
Washington, DC.
Hon. Lorraine C. Miller,
Clerk of the House of Representatives.
Hon. Robert C. Byrd,
U.S. Senator, Washington, DC.
Hon. Jim Webb,
Russell Senate Office Building, Washington, DC.
The Committee on Appropriations,
House of Representatives.
16.13. General (or collective) addresses are set in italic caps and lower-
case, flush left, with overruns indented 2 ems and ending with a
colon, except when followed by a salutation, in which case a period
is used.
16.14. Examples of general addresses when not followed by salutation
(note the use of colon at end of italic line):
To the Officers and Members of the Daughters of the American
^^levolution, Washington, DC:
To the American Diplomatic and Consular Officers:
To Whom It May Concern:
Collectors of Customs:
To the Congress of the United States:
16.15. Example of general address when followed by salutation (note the
use of period at end of italic line):
Senate and House of Representatives.
□Gentlemen: You are hereby * * *.
Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures 313
16.16. Examples illustrating other types of addresses:
To the Editor:
To John L. Nelson, Greeting:
To John L. Nelson, Birmingham, AL, Greeting:
To the Clerk of the House of Representatives:
Chief of Engineers
(Through the Division Engineer).
□My Dear Sir: I have the honor * * *.
□Mr. Reed: I have the honor * * *.
□Dear Mr. Reed: I have the honor * * *.
Lt. (jg.) John Smith,
Navy Department:
□The care shown by you * * *.
State of New York,
County of New York, ss:
□Before me this day appeared * * *.
District of Columbia, ss:
□Before me this day appeared * * *.
Envelope addresses
U.S. House of Representatives
Committee on Education and Labor
2181 Rayburn House Office Building
Washington, DC 20515
Signatures
16.17. Signatures, preceded by an em dash, are sometimes run in with last
line of text.
16.18. Signatures are set at the right side of the page. They are indented 1
em for a single line; 3 ems and 1 em, successively, for two lines; and
5 ems, 3 ems, and 1 em, successively, for three lines. In measures 30
picas or wider, these indentions are increased by 1 em.
16.19. The name or names are set in caps and small caps; Mr., Mrs., and all
other titles preceding a name, and Esq., Jr., Sr., and 2d following a
name, are set in roman caps and lowercase; the title following name
is set in italic. Signatures as they appear in copy must be followed in
regard to abbreviations.
314 Chapter 16
16.20. If name and title make more than half a line, they are set as two
lines.
16.21. Two to eight independent signatures, with or without titles, are
aligned on the left, at approximately the center of the measure.
Robert E. Schwenk.
Queen E. Hughes.
Erica N. Prophet.
Andre Rodgers,
Commander, U.S. Navy (Retired).^
William H. Coughlin, Chairman.
16.22. More than eight signatures, with or without titles, are set full mea-
sure, roman caps and lowercase, run in, indented 5 and 7 ems in
measures of 26Vi picas or wider; in measures less than 26Vi picas,
indent 2 and 3 ems.
□□□□□Brown, Shipley & Co.; Denniston, Cross & Co.; Fruhling &
□□□□□□□Groschen, Attorneys; C.J. Hambro & Sons; Hardy,
□□□□□□□Nathan & Co.; Heilbut, Symons & Co.; Harrison Bros. &
□□□□□□□Co., by George Harrison; Hoare, Miller & Co.; Thomas
□□□□□□□Eaton Co.
16.23. The punctuation of closing phrases is governed by the sense. A de-
tached complimentary close is made a new paragraph.
16.24. Examples of various kinds of signatures:
United States Improvement Co.,
(By) John Smith, Secretary.
Texarkana Textile Merchants &
Manufacturers' Association,
John L. Jones, Secretary.
Texarkana Textile Merchants &
Manufacturers' Association,
Joanne Wilder,
Board Member and Secretary.^
John W. SMiTHnDD
(And 25 others). D
John SMiT H ,nnnnn
Lieutenant Governor\Z\\Z\\Z\
(For the Governor of Maine). rj
Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures
315
North American Ice Co.,
Sylvia Rooney, Secretary.
John [his thumbmark] Smith. □
Nita M. Lowey,
Frank Wolf,
Managers on the Part of the House.\Z\
Joseph R. Biden, Jr.,
Richard Lugar,
Managers on the Part of the Senate.\^\
□I am, very respectfully, yours,
(Signed) □Fred C. Kleinschmidt,Q[^0
Assistant Clerk, Court of Claims.\Z\
□On behalf of the Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce:
Geo. W. Philips.
Saml. Campbell.
□I have the honor to be,
□□□Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
(Signed) □John R. King
(Typed) QJohn R. King,
Secretary. □
□Attest:
□By the Governor:
[^Approved.
□By the President:
□Respectfully submitted.
□□□Yours truly,
□□□Respectfully yours,
□□□Very respectfully,
(S) QJohn R.King
John R. King,
Secretary.^
Richard Roe, Notary Public.^
Nathaniel Cox, Secretary o/ State. □
John Smith, Governor.^
Condoleezza Rice, Secretary of State.\Z\
Mary Farrell, U.S. Indian Agent.\^\
Capt. James Staley, Jr.,QQQ
Superintendent.^
Mrs. Frank E. (Betty) Sheffield.^
Ron Golden, U.S. Indian Agent.\^\
316 Chapter 16
16.25. In quoted matter:
□□□"Very respectfully,
"Todd S. Gilbert.
"Paul Hartman.
"Dolores Hicks.
"Albert H. Jones.
"Joan C. Nugent.
"Brandon Proctor."
16.26. Examples of various kinds of datelines, addresses, and
signatures:
Re weather reports submitted by the International Advisory Committee of
□□the Weather Council.
Mr. John D. Dingell,
Chairman, House Committee on Energy and Commerce,
Washington, DC.
□Dear Mr. Dingell: We have been in contact with your office, etc.
John L. "Jack" Hayes^DDDD
Executive Director, OZD
National Weather Service.^
Lincoln Park, MI, February 15, 2008.\Z\
Re Romeo O. Umanos, Susanna M. Umanos, case No. S-254, U.S.
□□Citizenship and Immigration Services, application pending.
Hon. Russell D. Feingold,
Chairman, Subcommittee on the Constitution,
Committee on the Judiciary, Washington, DC.
□Dear Mr. Feingold: You have for some time * * *.
□□□Sincerely yours,
Edward Pultorak,QQQ
Architectural Designer.]^
Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures 317
Hon. Zoe Lofgren,
Chairman, Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship, Refugees,
\Z\\Z\Border Security and International Law of the Committee on
\Z\\Z\the Judiciary, House of Representatives, Washington, DC.
□Dear Ms. Lofgren: You have for some time * * *.
U.S. Department of □□□□□
coMMERCE.nnnnn
National Weather Service, [Tjrjrj]
Washington, March 3, 2008. □
Hon. Gene Green,
House of Representatives,
Washington, DC.
□Dear Mr. Green: We will be glad to
give you any further information.
□□□Sincerely yours,
F.W. Reichelderfer,QQQ
Chief of Service.\Z\
New York, NY, February 8, 2008.O
To: All supervisory employees of production plants, northern and
□□eastern divisions, New York State.
From: Production manager.
Subject: Regulations concerning vacations, health and welfare plans,
□□and wage contract negotiations.
□It has come to our attention that the time * * *.
Washington, DC, May 16, 2008.d
The Honorable the Secretary of the Navy.
□Dear Mr. Secretary: This is in response to your letter * * *.
□□□Very sincerely yours,
[seal] □George W Bush.Q
318 Chapter 16
East Lansing, MI, June 10, 2008.\Z\
To Whom It May Concern:
□I have known Kyu Yawp Lee for 7 years and am glad to testify as to his
fine character. He has been employed * * *.
□Wishing you success in your difficult and highly important job, we are,
□□□Sincerely yours,
Agostino J. Gonino.
Louise M. Gonino.
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, □□□□□□□
Office of the Secretary ofQQQQQ
Veterans Affairs,QQQ
Washington, DC.rj
Hon. Patrick J. Leahy,
Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary,
U.S. Senate, Washington, DC.
□Dear Senator Leahy: Further reference is made to your reply * * *.
□□□ Sincerely yours,
Gordon M. MANSFiELD,nLinCDCD
Deputy Secretary\Z\\Z\\Z\n\n\
(For and in the absence of □□□
James B. Peake, Secretary). □
Washington, DC, September 16, 2008.O
Mr. William E. Jones, Jr.,
Special Assistant to the Attorney General, Attorney for Howard
□□SwWiertawd, Director, Office of Alien Property.
□Dear Mr. Jones: In reply to your letter * * *.
□□□Yours truly,
(Signed) QThomas E. Rhodes, □□□
Special Assistant to the Attorney General.^
□PS. — A special word of thanks to you from J.R. Brown for your fine
□□help.
T.E.R.Q
Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures 319
Tokyo, Japan, November 13, 2008. □
U.S. Department of Homeland Security,
U.S. Citizenship and Naturalization Services,
Detroit, MI.
□Gentlemen: This letter will testify to the personal character * * *.
□□□Very truly yours,
Mrs. Grace C. LoHR,nnnnn
Inspector General Section, HQ, AFFE,\Z\\Z\\Z\
APO 343, San Francisco, CA.\Z\
16.27. The word seal appearing with the signature of a notary or of an or-
ganized body, such as a company, is spaced 1 em from the signature.
The word seal is to be set in small caps and bracketed.
[seal] □Richard Roe,QQQ
Notary Public. □
[seal]QI.M. WilberO
[seal]QBartlett, Robins & Co.Q
16.28. Presidential proclamations after May 23, 1967, do not utilize the
seal except when they pertain to treaties, conventions, protocols,
or other international agreements. Copy will be followed literally
with respect to the inclusion of and between elements of numerical
expressions.
Now, Therefore, I, George W. Bush, President of the United States of
America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and
laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim September 27, 2008, as
National Hunting and Fishing Day. I call upon the people of the United
States to join me in recognizing the contributions of America's hunters
and anglers, and all those who work to conserve our Nation's fish and
wildlife resources.
* * * * * * *
In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-sixth
day of September, in the year of our Lord two thousand eight, and of
the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and
thirty-third.
George W. Bush.Q
17. Useful Tables
This chapter contains useful tables presented in GPO style. The tables display
various design features most frequently used in Government publications
and can be considered examples of GPO style.
U.S. Presidents and Vice Presidents
President
Years
Vice President
George Washington ..
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison ..
James Monroe
John Quincy Adams ..
Andrew Jackson
Martin Van Buren
William Henry Harrison-
John Tyler
James K. Polk
Zachary Taylor
Millard Fillmore
Franklin Pierce
James Buchanan
Abraham Lincoln ..
Andrew Johnson....
Ulysses S. Grant
Rutherford B. Hayes..
James A. Garfield
Chester A. Arthur
Grover Cleveland
Benjamin Harrison ..
Grover Cleveland
William McKinley....
Theodore Roosevelt-
William H. Taft..
Woodrow Wilson
Warren G. Harding-
Calvin Coolidge
Herbert Hoover
Franklin D. Roosevelt-
Harry S. Truman
Dwight D. Eisenhower ..
1789-1797)
1797-1801)
1801-1809)
1809-1817)
1817-1825)
1825-1829)
1829-1837)
1837-1841)
1841)
1841-1845)
1845-1849)
1849-1850)
1850-1853)
1853-1857)
1857-1861)
1861-1865)
1865-1869)
1869-1877)
1877-1881)
1881)
1881-1885)
1885-1889)
1889-1893)
1893-1897)
1897-1901)
1901-1909)
1909-1913)
1913-1921)
1921-1923)
1923-1929)
1929-1933)
1933-1945)
1945-1953)
1953-1961)
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
Aaron Burr
George Clinton
George Clinton
Vacant
Elbridge Gerry
Vacant
Daniel D. Tompkins
John C. Calhoun
John C. Calhoun
Vacant
Martin Van Buren
Richard M. Johnson
John Tyler
Vacant
George M. Dallas
Millard Fillmore
Vacant
William R. King
Vacant
John C. Breckinridge....
Hannibal Hamlin
Andrew Johnson
Vacant
Schuyler Colfax
Henry Wilson
Vacant
William A. Wheeler
Chester A. Arthur
Vacant
Thomas A. Hendricks ..
Vacant
Levi P. Morton
Adlai E. Stevenson
Garret A. Hobart
Theodore Roosevelt
Vacant
Charles W. Fairbanks. ..
James S. Sherman
Vacant
Thomas R. Marshall
Calvin Coolidge
Vacant
Charles G. Dawes
Charles Curtis
John Nance Garner
Henry A. Wallace
Harry S. Truman
Vacant
Alben W. Barkley
Richard M. Nixon
(1789
-1797)
(1797-
-1801)
(1801-
1805)
(1805
-1809)
(1809
-1812)
(1812-
-1813)
(1813-
-1814)
(1814-
1817)
(1817-
1825)
(1825
-1829)
(1829
-1832)
(1832-
-1833)
(1833-
-1837)
(1837-
1841)
(1841)
(1841-
-1845)
(1845
-1849)
(1849
-1850)
(1850
-1853)
(1853)
(1853
-1857)
(1857-
1861)
(1861-
1865)
(1865)
(1865
-1869)
(1869
-1873)
(1873
-1875)
(1875
-1877)
(1877-
-1881)
(1881)
(1881-
1885)
(1885)
(1885
-1889)
(1889
-1893)
(1893
-1897)
(1897-
1901)
(1901)
(1901
-1905)
(1905
-1909)
(1909
-1912)
(1912
1913)
(1913
-1921)
(1921-
-1923)
(1923
-1925)
(1925
-1929)
(1929
-1933)
(1933
-1941)
(1941
-1945)
(1945
(1945
-1949)
(1949
-1953)
(1953
-1961)
321
322
Chapter 17
U.S. Presidents and Vice Presidents— Continued
President
Years
Vice President
Years
John F. Kennedy
Lyndon B. Johnson
Richard M. Nixon
(1961-1963)
(1963-1969)
(1969-1974)
(1974-1977)
(1977-1981)
(1981-1989)
(1989-1993)
(1993-2001)
(2001- )
Lyndon B. Johnson
Vacant
Hubert H. Humphrey
Spiro T. Agnew
Gerald R. Ford
(1961-1963)
(1963-1965)
(1965-1969)
(1969-1973)
(1973-1974)
(1974-1977)
(1977-1981)
(1981-1989)
(1989-1993)
(1993-2001)
(2001- )
Jimmy Carter
Ronald Reagan
George H.W. Bush
William J. Clinton
George W. Bush
George H.W. Bush
J. Danforth Quayle
Albert Gore, Jr
Richard B. Cheney
Most Populous U.S. Cities by State '
[2006 Census estimates]
Alabama:
Birmingham ..
Montgomery*
Mobile
Huntsville
Tuscaloosa
Alaska:
Anchorage
..229,424
..201,998
..192,830
.. 168,132
....83,052
Fairbanks..
Juneau*
Wasilla
Sitka City and Borough..
Arizona:
Phoenix*
Tucson
Mesa
Glendale
Chandler
Arkansas:
Little Rock*
Fort Smith
Fayetteville
Springdale
Jonesboro
California:
Los Angeles
San Diego
San Jose
San Francisco
Sacramento*
Colorado:
Denver*
Colorado Springs
Aurora
Lakewood
Fort Collins
Connecticut:
Bridgeport
Hartford*
New Haven
Stamford
Waterbury
..278,700
31,142
....30,737
9,236
8,920
1,512,986
..518,956
..447,541
..246,531
..240,595
..184,422
....83,461
....68,726
....63,082
....60,489
i, 849, 378
L,256,951
..929,936
..744,041
..453,781
.. 566,974
..372,437
..303,582
.. 140,024
.. 129,467
...137,912
,.124,512
..124,001
...119,261
...107,251
Delaware:
Wilmington
Dover*
Newark
Middletown
Milford
District of Columbia:
Washington
Florida:
Jacksonville
Miami
Tampa
St. Petersburg
Tallahassee*
Georgia:
Atlanta*
Augusta
Columbus
Savannah
Athens
Hawaii:
Honolulu*
Hilo
Kailua
Kaneohe
Waipahu
Idaho:
Boise*
Nampa
Meridian
Pocatello
Idaho Falls
Illinois:
Chicago
Aurora
Rockford
Naperville
Springfield*
Indiana:
Indianapolis*
Fort Wayne
Evansville
..72,826
..34,735
...30,014
.. 10,272
7,852
..581,530
..794,555
..404,048
..332,888
..248,098
...159,012
..486,411
.. 189,366
..188,660
.. 127,889
..111,580
. 377,357
... 40,759
...36,513
... 34,970
....33,108
.198,638
...76,587
... 59,832
....53,932
...52,786
..2,833,321
170,617
155,138
142,901
116,482
..785,597
..248,637
..115,738
Useful Tables
323
Most Populous U.S. Cities by State 1 — Continued
[2006 Census estimates]
Indiana — Continued
South Bend 104,905
Gary 97,715
Iowa:
Des Moines* 193,886
Cedar Rapids 124,417
Davenport 99,514
Sioux City 83,262
Waterloo 65,998
Kansas:
Wichita 357,698
Overland Park 166,722
Kansas City 143,801
Topeka* 122,113
Olathe 114,662
Kentucky:
Louisville 554,496
Lexington 270,789
Owensboro 55,525
Bowling Green 53,176
Frankfort* 27,077
Louisiana:
Baton Rouge* 229,553
New Orleans 223,388
Shreveport 200,199
Lafayette 114,214
Lake Charles 70,224
Maine:
Portland 63,011
Lewiston 35,734
Bangor 31,008
South Portland 23,784
Augusta* 18,560
Maryland:
Baltimore 631,366
Rockville 59,114
Frederick 58,882
Gaithersburg 57,934
Annapolis* 36,408
Massachusetts:
Boston* 590,763
Worcester 175,454
Springfield 151,176
Lowell 103,229
Cambridge 101,365
Michigan:
Detroit 871,121
Grand Rapids 193,083
Warren 134,589
Sterling Heights 127,991
Lansing* 114,276
Minnesota:
Minneapolis 372,833
St. Paul* 273,535
Rochester 96,975
Duluth 84,167
Bloomington 80,869
Mississippi:
Jackson* 176,614
Gulfport 64,316
Hattiesburg 48,012
Mississippi — Continued
Biloxi 44,342
Southaven 41,295
Missouri:
Kansas City 447,306
St. Louis 347,181
Springfield 150,797
Independence 109,400
Jefferson City* 39,274
Montana:
Billings 100,148
Missoula 64,081
Great Falls 56,215
Bozeman 35,061
Helena* 27,885
Nebraska:
Omaha 419,545
Lincoln* 241,167
Bellevue 47,594
Grand Island 44,632
Kearney 29,385
Nevada:
Las Vegas 552,539
Henderson 240,614
Reno 210,255
North Las Vegas 197,567
Carson City* 55,289
New Hampshire:
Manchester 109,497
Nashua 87,157
Concord* 42,378
Rochester 30,117
Dover 28,422
New Jersey:
Newark 281,402
Jersey City 241,789
Paterson 148,708
Elizabeth 126,179
Trenton* 83,923
New Mexico:
Albuquerque 504,949
Las Cruces 86,268
Santa Fe* 72,056
RioRancho 71,607
Roswell 45,582
New York:
New York 8,214,426
Buffalo 276,059
Rochester 208,123
Yonkers 197,852
Albany* 93,963
North Carolina:
Charlotte 630,478
Raleigh* 356,321
Greensboro 236,865
Durham 209,009
Winston-Salem 196,990
North Dakota:
Fargo 90,056
Bismarck* 58,333
Grand Forks 50,372
324
Chapter 17
Most Populous U.S. Cities by State 1 — Continued
[2006 Census estimates]
North Dakota — Continued
Minot 34,745
West Fargo 21,508
Ohio:
Columbus* 733,203
Cleveland 444,313
Cincinnati 332,252
Toledo 298,446
Akron 209,704
Oklahoma:
Oklahoma City* 537,734
Tulsa 382,872
Norman 102,827
Broken Arrow 88,314
Lawton 87,540
Oregon:
Portland 537,081
Salem* 152,239
Eugene 146,356
Gresham 97,105
Beaverton 89,643
Pennsylvania:
Philadelphia 1,448,394
Pittsburgh 312,819
Allentown 107,294
Erie 102,036
Harrisburg* 47,164
Rhode Island:
Providence* 175,255
Warwick 85,925
Cranston 81,479
Pawtucket 72,998
East Providence 49,123
South Carolina:
Columbia* 119,961
Charleston 107,845
North Charleston 87,482
Rock Hill 61,620
Mount Pleasant 59,113
South Dakota:
Sioux Falls 142,396
Rapid City 62,715
Aberdeen 24,071
Watertown 20,526
Pierre* 14,095
Tennessee:
Memphis 670,902
Nashville* 552,120
Knoxville 182,337
Chattanooga 155,190
Tennessee — Continued
Clarksville
Texas:
Houston
San Antonio
Dallas
Austin*
Fort Worth
Utah:
Salt Lake City*
West Valley
Provo
West Jordan
Sandy
Vermont:
Burlington
South Burlington
Rutland
Barre
Montpelier*
Virginia:
Virginia Beach
Norfolk
Chesapeake
Richmond*
Newport News
Washington:
Seattle
Spokane
Tacoma
Vancouver
Olympia*
West Virginia:
Charleston*
Huntington
Parkersburg
Wheeling
Morgantown
Wisconsin:
Milwaukee
Madison*
Green Bay
Kenosha
Racine
Wyoming:
Cheyenne*
Casper
Laramie
Gillette
Rock Springs
..2,144,491
..1,296,682
..1,232,940
709,893
653,320
. 178,858
. 119,841
.113,984
...94,309
...94,203
.38,358
... 17,014
.. 16,964
9,078
7,954
..435,619
...229,112
..220,560
.. 192,913
.. 178,281
..582,454
..198,081
..196,532
..158,855
....44,645
....50,846
....49,007
31,755
....29,330
....28,654
..573,358
..223,389
..100,353
....96,240
....79,592
..55,314
.52,089
.25,688
.23,899
. 19,324
1 The five most populous cities of each state are listed except where the capital city did not fall into the top five, in
which case the fifth most populous city was replaced by the capital city.
* State capital.
Source: Information courtesy of the U.S. Census Bureau.
Useful Tables
325
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332
Chapter 17
Demonyms: Names of Nationalities
[Demonym is a name given to a people or inhabitants of a place.]
Country
Demonym*
Country
Demonym*
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
American Samoa
Andorra
Angola
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda ..
Argentina
Armenia
Aruba
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
The Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bermuda..
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina ..
Botswana ..
Brazil
British Virgin Islands ..
Brunei
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burma (Myanmar ') .
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Cayman Islands
Central African Republic...
Chad
Chile
China
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands ..
Colombia
Comoros
Congo, Democratic
Republic of the.
Congo, Republic of the....
Cook Islands-
Afghan.
Albanian.
Algerian.
American Samoan.
Andorran.
Angolan.
Anguillan.
Antiguan Barbudan.
Argentine.
Armenian.
Aruban.
Australian.
Austrian.
Azerbaijani.
Bahamian.
Bahraini.
Bangladeshi.
Barbadian or Bajan.
Belarusian.
Belgian.
Belizean.
Beninese (singular and
plural).
Bermudian.
Bhutanese (singular and
plural).
Bolivian.
Bosnian, Herzegovinian.
Motswana (singular),
Batswana (plural).
Brazilian.
British Virgin Islander.
Bruneian.
Bulgarian.
Burkinabe (singular and
plural).
Burmese (singular and
plural).
Burundian.
Cambodian.
Cameroon ian.
Canadian.
Cape Verdean.
Caymanian.
Central African.
Chadian.
Chilean.
Chinese (singular and
plural).
Christmas Islander.
Cocos Islander.
Colombian.
Comoran.
Congolese (singular and
plural).
Congolese (singular and
plural).
Cook Islander.
Costa Rica
Cote dTvoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic-
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Falkland Islands. .
Faroe Islands
Fiji
Finland-
France....
French Polynesia-
Gabon
The Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Gibraltar
Greece
Greenland
Grenada
Guam
Guatemala
Guernsey
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau ..
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong-
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel-
Costa Rican.
Ivorian.
Croat or Croatian.
Cuban.
Cypriot.
Czech.
Dane.
Djiboutian.
Dominican.
Dominican.
Ecuadorian.
Egyptian.
Salvadoran.
Equatorial Guinean or
Equatoguinean.
Eritrean.
Estonian.
Ethiopian.
Falkland Islander.
Faroese (singular and
plural).
Fijian.
Finn.
Frenchman (men) or
Frenchwoman
(women).
French Polynesian.
Gabonese (singular and
plural).
Gambian.
Georgian.
German.
Ghanaian.
Gibraltarian.
Greek.
Greenlander.
Grenadian.
Guamanian.
Guatemalan.
Channel Islander.
Guinean.
Guinean.
Guyanese (singular and
plural).
Haitian.
Honduran.
Chinese/Hong Konger.
Hungarian.
Icelander.
Indian.
Indonesian.
Iranian.
Iraqi.
Irishman (men),
Irishwoman
(women), Irish
(collective plural).
Israeli.
Useful Tables
333
Demonyms: Names of Nationalities— Continued
[Demonym is a name given to a people or inhabitants of a place.]
Country
Demonym*
Country
Demonym*
Italy
Jamaica..
Japan
Jersey
Jordan
Kazakhstan ..
Kenya
Kiribati
Korea, North-
Korea, South..
Kosovo
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan ..
Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho-
Liberia
Libya
Liechtenstein-
Lithuania
Luxembourg ...
Macau
Macedonia....
Madagascar-
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands ..
Mauritania ..
Mauritius
Mayotte
Mexico
Micronesia, Federated
States of.
Moldova
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro....
Montserrat
Morocco
Mozambique-
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Italian.
Jamaican.
Japanese (singular and
plural).
Channel Islander.
Jordanian.
Kazakhstani.
Kenyan.
I-Kiribati (singular and
plural).
Korean.
Korean.
Kosovar (Albanian),
Kosovac (Serbian).
Kuwaiti.
Kyrgyzstani.
Lao or Laotian.
Latvian.
Lebanese (singular and
plural).
Mosotho (singular),
Basotho (plural).
Liberian.
Libyan.
Liechtensteiner.
Lithuanian.
Luxembourger.
Chinese (singular and
plural).
Macedonian.
Malagasy (singular and
plural).
Malawian.
Malaysian.
Maldivian.
Malian.
Maltese (singular and
plural).
Marshallese (singular
and plural).
Mauritanian.
Mauritian.
Mahorais (singular and
plural).
Mexican.
Micronesian.
Moldovan.
Monegasque or
Monacan.
Mongolian.
Montenegrin.
Montserratian.
Moroccan.
Mozambican.
Namibian.
Nauruan.
Nepalese (singular and
plural).
Netherlands-
Netherlands Antilles-
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Niue
Norfolk Island
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Pitcairn Islands
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russia
Rwanda
Saint Helena
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Pierre and Miquelon..
Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines.
Samoa
San Marino
Sao Tome and Principe-
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles-
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands-
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Suriname..
Dutchman (men),
Dutchwoman
(women), Dutch
(collective).
Dutch Antillean.
New Caledonian.
New Zealander.
Nicaraguan.
Nigerien.
Nigerian.
Niuean.
Norfolk Islander.
Norwegian.
Omani.
Pakistani.
Palauan.
Panamanian.
Papua New Guinean.
Paraguayan.
Peruvian.
Filipino.
Pitcairn Islander.
Pole.
Portuguese (singular
and plural).
Qatari.
Romanian.
Russian.
Rwandan.
Saint Helenian.
Kittian and Nevisian.
Saint Lucian.
Frenchman (men),
Frenchwoman
(women).
Saint Vincentian or
Vincentian.
Samoan.
Sammarinese (singular
and plural).
Sao Tomean.
Saudi.
Senegalese (singular
and plural).
Serb.
Seychellois (singular
and plural).
Sierra Leonean.
Singaporean.
Slovak.
Slovene.
Solomon Islander.
Somali.
South African.
Spaniard.
Sri Lankan.
Sudanese (singular and
plural).
Surinamer.
334
Chapter 17
Demonyms: Names of Nationalities— Continued
[Demonym is a name given to a people or inhabitants of a place.]
Country
Demonym*
Country
Demonym*
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Swazi.
Swede.
Swiss (singular and
plural).
Syrian.
Taiwan (singular and
plural).
Tajikistani.
Tanzanian.
Thai (singular and
plural).
Timorese (singular and
plural).
Togolese (singular and
plural).
Tokelauan.
Tongan.
Trinidadian, (singular
Tobagonian.
Tunisian.
Turk.
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
Turkmen.
Tuvaluan.
Ugandan.
Ukrainian.
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
(collective plural).
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Vietnam
Virgin Islands
Uruguayan.
Uzbekistani.
Ni-Vanuatu (singular
and plural).
Venezuelan.
Vietnamese (singular
and plural).
Virgin Islander.
Togo
Tokelau
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Yemeni.
Zambian.
Zimbabwean.
1 Since 1989 the military authorities in Burma have promoted the name Myanmar as a conventional name for
their state; this decision was not approved by any sitting legislature in Burma, and the U.S. Government did not
adopt the name, which is a derivative of the Burmese short-form name Myanma Naingngandaw.
*Note. — Plural references add s unless otherwise indicated.
Source: Information courtesy of World Factbook as of July 24, 2008; for more information see www.cia.gov/
library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/21110.html.
Currency
[As of July 2008]
Country
Currency
ISO 4217
code*
Afghanistan
Akrotiri
Albania
Algeria
American Samoa
Andorra
Angola
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda .
Argentina
Armenia
Aruba
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bermuda
Afghani
Euro
Lek
Algerian dinar
U.S. dollar
Euro
Kwanza
East Caribbean dollar
East Caribbean dollar
Argentine peso
Dram
Aruban guilder/florin
Australian dollar
Euro
Azerbaijani manat
Bahamian dollar
Bahraini dinar
Taka
Barbadian dollar
Belarusian ruble
Euro
Belizean dollar
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc .
Bermudian dollar
AFA
EUR
ALL
DZD
USD
EUR
AOA
XCD
XCD
ARS
AMD
AWG
AUD
EUR
AZN
BSD
BHD
BDT
BBD
BYR
EUR
BZD
XOF 1
BMD
Useful Tables
335
Currency— Continued
[As of July 2008]
Country
Currency
ISO 4217
code*
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
British Indian Ocean Territory
British Virgin Islands
Ngultrum and Indian rupee
Boliviano
BTN/INR
BOB
BAM
Pula
Real
BWP
BRL
GBP/USD
U.S. dollar
USD
BND
Bulgaria
Lev
BGL
XOF 1
Kyat
Burundi franc
Riel
MMK
Burundi
Cambodia
BIF
KHR
XAF 2
CAD
Cape Verde
Cayman Islands
Central African Republic
Chad
CVE
Caymanian dollar
KYD
XAF 2
XAF 3
Chile
China
Chilean peso
Renminbi, also called yuan
CLP
RMB/CNY
AUD
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Colombia
Comoros
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Republic of the
AUD
Colombian peso
Comoran franc
Congolese franc
COP
KMF
CDF
XAF 2
NZ dollar
NZD
CRC
XOF 1
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dhekelia
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Kuna
Cuban peso and convertible peso
Euro
HRK
CUP/CUC
EUR
CZK
Danish krone
Euro
DKK
EUR
DJF
XCD
DOP
USD
EGP
East Caribbean dollar
Dominican peso
U.S. dollar
Egyptian pound
U.S. dollar
USD
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
XAF 2
Nakfa
ERN
EEK
Ethiopia
Birr
Falkland pound
ETB
FKP
DKK
Fiji
Finland
France
French Polynesia
Fijian dollar
Euro
Euro
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc
FJD
EUR
EUR
XPF
XAF 2
Dalasi
GMD
Gaza Strip
Georgia
Germany
ILS
Lari
Euro
GEL
EUR
GHC
Gibraltar
Gibraltar pound
GIP
336
Chapter 17
Currency— Continued
[As of July 2008]
Country
Currency
ISO 4217
code*
Greece
Greenland
Grenada
Guam
Guatemala
Guernsey
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Holy See (Vatican City)
Honduras
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Isle of Man
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jersey
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Korea, North
Korea, South
Kosovo
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macau
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mayotte
Mexico
Micronesia, Federated States of..
Moldova
Euro
Danish krone
East Caribbean dollar
U.S. dollar
Quetzal and U.S. dollar
Guernsey pound and British pound
Guinean franc
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc .
Guyanese dollar
Gourde
Euro
Lempira
Hong Kong dollar
Forint
Icelandic krona
Indian rupee
Indonesian rupiah
Iranian rial
New Iraqi dinar
Euro
Isle of Man pound also called manx
New Israeli shekel
Euro
Jamaican dollar
Yen
Jersey pound and British pound
Jordanian dinar
Tenge
Kenyan shilling
Australian dollar
North Korean won
South Korean won
Euro and Serbian Dinar
Kuwaiti dinar
Som
Kip
Latvian lat
Lebanese pound
Loti and South African rand
Liberian dollar
Libyan dinar
Swiss franc
Litas
Euro
Pataca
Macedonian denar
Ariary
Malawian kwacha
Ringgit
Rufiyaa
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc .
Euro
U.S. dollar
Ouguiya
Mauritian rupee
Euro
Mexican peso
U.S. dollar
Moldovanleu
EUR
DKK
XCD
USD
GTQ/USD
**/GBP
GNF
XOF 1
GYD
HTG
EUR
HNL
HKD
HUF
ISK
INR
IDR
IRR
NID
EUR
IMP
ILS
EUR
JMD
JPY
**/GBP
JOD
KZT
KES
AUD
KPW
KRW
EUR/RSD
KWD
KGS
LAK
LVL
LBP
LSL/ZAR
LRD
LYD
CHF
LTL
EUR
MOP
NKD
MGA
MWK
MYR
MVR
XOF 1
EUR
USD
MRO
MUR
EUR
MXN
USD
MDL
Useful Tables
337
Currency— Continued
[As of July 2008]
Country
Currency
ISO 4217
code*
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Montserrat
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Netherlands
Netherlands Antilles
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Niue
Norfolk Island
Northern Mariana Islands
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Pitcairn Islands
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Romania
Russia
Rwanda
Saint Barthelemy
Saint Helena
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Martin
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
Samoa
San Marino
Sao Tome and Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Euro
Togrog/tugrik
Euro
East Caribbean dollar
Moroccan dirham
Metical
Namibian dollar and South African rand .
Australian dollar
Nepalese rupee
Euro
Netherlands Antillean guilder
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc
New Zealand dollar
Gold cordoba
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc .
Naira
New Zealand dollar
Australian dollar
U.S. dollar
Norwegian krone
Omanirial
Pakistani rupee
U.S. dollar
Balboa and U.S. dollar
Kina
Guarani
Nuevo sol
Philippine peso
New Zealand dollar
Zloty
Euro
U.S. dollar
Qatari rial
Romanian leu
Russian ruble
Rwandan franc
Euro
Saint Helenian pound
East Caribbean dollar
East Caribbean dollar
Euro
Euro
East Caribbean dollar
Tala
Euro
Dobra
Saudi riyal
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc .
Serbian dinar
Seychelles rupee
Leone
Singapore dollar
Slovak koruna
Euro
Solomon Islands dollar
Somali shilling
Rand
Euro
Sri Lankan rupee
EUR
MNT
EUR
XCD
MAD
MZM
NAD/ZAR
AUD
NPR
EUR
ANG
XPF
NZD
NIO
XOF 1
NGN
NZD
AUD
USD
NOK
OMR
PKR
USD
PAB/USD
PGK
PYG
PEN
PHP
NZD
PLN
EUR
USD
QAR
RON
RUB
RWF
EUR
SHP
XCD
XCD
EUR
EUR
XCD
SAT
EUR
STD
SAR
XOF 1
RSD
SCR
SLL
SGD
SKK
EUR
SBD
SOS
ZAR
EUR
LKR
338
Chapter 17
Currency— Continued
[As of July 2008]
Country
Currency
ISO 4217
code*
Sudan
Suriname
Svalbard
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Togo
Tokelau
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Turks and Caicos Islands.
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Vietnam
Virgin Islands
Wallis and Futuna
West Bank
Western Sahara
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Sudanese pound
Surinam dollar
Norwegian krone
Lilangeni
Swedish krona
Swiss franc
Syrian pound
New Taiwan dollar
Somoni
Tanzanian shilling
Baht
U.S. dollar
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc .
New Zealand dollar
Pa'anga
Trinidad and Tobago dollar
Tunisian dinar
Turkish lira
Turkmen manat
U.S. dollar
Australian dollar
Ugandan shilling
Hryvnia
Emirati dirham
British pound
U.S. dollar
Uruguayan peso
Soum
Vatu
Bolivar
Dong
U.S. dollar
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc
New Israeli shekel and Jordanian dinar
Moroccan dirham
Yemeni rial
Zambian kwacha
Zimbabwean dollar
SDG
SRD
NOK
SZL
SEK
CHF
SYP
TWD
TJS
TZS
THB
USD
XOF 1
NZD
TOP
TTD
TND
TRY
TMM
USD
AUD
UGX
UAH
AED
GBP
USD
UYU
uzs
vuv
VEB
VND
USD
XPF
ILS/JOD
MAD
YER
ZMK
ZWD
1 Responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States.
2 Responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States.
3 Since 1989 the military authorities in Burma have promoted the name Myanmar as a conventional name for their
state; this decision was not approved by any sitting legislature in Burma, and the U.S. Government did not adopt the
name, which is a derivative of the Burmese short-form name Myanma Naingngandaw.
* ISO 4217 is the international standard of 3-letter codes used to define names of currencies; it is used in place of
currency symbols or names. For more information see www.iso.org/iso/support/faqs/faqs_widely_used_standards/
widely_used_standards_other/currency_codes/currency_codes_list-l.htm.
** There is no currency code for Island monies. Guernsey and Jersey are both British crown dependencies, but not
part of the UK. However, the UK Government is constitutionally responsible for their international representation.
Source: World Factbook: www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2065.html.
Useful Tables
339
Metric and U.S. Measures 1
Length
Metric unit
U.S. unit
10 millimeters 1 centimeter.
10 centimeters 1 decimeter.
10 decimeters 1 meter.
10 meters 1 dekameter.
10 dekameters 1 hectometer.
10 hectometers 1 kilometer.
12 inches 1 foot (ft).
3 feet 1 yard.
22 yards 1 chain.
10 chains 1 furlong (660 ft).
8 furlongs 1 mile (5,280 ft).
1 nautical mile 1.1508 mile.
1 league 3 nautical miles.
Mass Weight
Metric unit
U.S. unit
10 milligrams (mg) 1 centigram.
10 centigrams 1 decigram (100 mg).
10 decigrams 1 gram (1,000 mg).
10 grams (g) 1 dekagram.
10 dekagrams 1 hectogram (100 g).
10 hectograms 1 kilogram (1,000 g).
1,000 kilograms 1 metric ton.
16 ounces 1 pound.
100 pounds (lbs) 1 hundredweight.
20 hundredweight 1 ton (2,000 lbs).
Volume
Metric unit
10 milliliters 1 centiliter.
10 centiliters 1 deciliter.
10 deciliters 1 liter.
1,000 liters 1 cubic meter.
U.S. liquid capacity
3 teaspoons 1 tablespoon.
2 tablespoons 1 fluid ounce (fl oz).
1 cup 8 fl oz.
2 cups 1 pint.
2 pints 1 quart.
4 quarts 1 gallon.
42 gallons 1 petroleum barrel.
U.S. dry measure 3
2 pints 1 quart.
4 quarts 1 gallon.
2 gallons 1 peck.
4 pecks 1 bushel.
8 bushels 1 quarter.
Temperature
Conversion 3
Celsius
Fahrenheit
Kelvin
Celsius
Fahrenheit
Kelvin
100
212
373.1
32
273.1
50
122
323.1
-10
14
263.1
40
104
313.1
-20
-4
253.1
30
86
303.1
-30
-22
243.1
20
68
293.1
-40
-40
233.1
10
50
283.1
-50
-58
223.1
-273.1
-459.7
1 At this time, only three countries — Burma, Liberia, and the United States — have not adopted the International
System of Units (SI, or metric system) as their official system of weights and measures.
2 Dry measurements are mainly used for measuring grain or fresh produce. Do not confuse dry measure for liquid
measure as they are not the same.
- 1 The equation for converting temperatures is as follows: °C to °F: multiply by 9, then divide by 5, then add 32;
°F to °C: subtract 32, then multiply by 5, then divide by 9.
340
Chapter 17
Common Measures and Their Metric Equivalents
U.S. to metric
Metric to U.S.
Inch
Foot
Yard
Mile
Nautical mile
League
Square inch
Square foot
Square yard
Acre
Square mile
Cubic inch
Cubic foot
Cubic yard
Cord
Ounce (liquid)
Pint (liquid)
Quart (liquid)
Gallon (liquid)
Pint (dry)
Quart (dry)
Quart, imperial...
Gallon (dry)
Gallon, imperial-
Peck
Peck, imperial
Bushel
Bushel, imperial..
Grain 1
Ounce 2
Ounce, troy 3
Pound 2
Pound, troy
Ton, short
Do
Ton, metric
Do
Ton, long
Do
..2.54 centimeters.
..0.3048 meter.
..0.9144 meter.
.. 1.6093 kilometers.
.. 1.852 kilometers.
..5.556 kilometers.
..6.452 square centimeters.
.. 0.0929 square meter.
.. 0.836 square meter.
..0.4047 hectare.
..259 hectares.
.. 16.39 cubic centimeters.
..0.0283 cubic meter.
..0.7646 cubic meter.
.. 128 cubic feet.
..29.574 milliliters.
..473.176 milliliters.
..946.35 milliliters.
..3.79 liters.
..550.61 milliliters.
..1101 milliliters.
.. 1137 milliliters.
..4.40 liters.
..4.55 liters.
..8.810 liters.
..9.092 liters.
..35.24 liters.
..36.37 liters.
..64.799 milligrams.
..28.35 grams.
..31.103 grams.
..0.4536 kilogram.
..12 troy ounces.
..907.185 kilograms.
..2,000 pounds.
..1,000 kilograms.
..2,204.6 pounds.
..1,016.047 kilograms.
..2,240 pounds.
Centimeter 0.3937 inch.
Meter 3.2808 feet.
Do 1.0936 yards.
Kilometer 0.6214 mile.
Do 0.5399 nautical mile.
Do 0.1799 league.
Square centimeter 0.155 square inch.
Square meter 10.7639 square feet.
Do 1.196 square yards.
Hectare 2.471 acres.
Do 0.0039 square mile.
Cubic centimeter 0.06 cubic inch.
Cubic meter 35.3146 cubic feet.
Do 1.3079 cubic yards.
Milliliter 0.0338 ounce (liquid).
Liter 1.06 quarts (liquid).
Do 0.26 gallon (liquid).
Do 0.91 quart (dry).
Do 0.23 gallon (dry).
Do 0.1135 peck.
Do 0.028 bushel.
Gram 0.04 ounce.
Do 0.032 troy ounce.
Kilogram 2.20 pounds.
1 The grain is used to measure in ballistics and archery; grains were originally used in medicine but have been
replaced by milligrams.
2 Avoirdupois; avoirdupois is the measure of mass of everyday items.
- 1 The troy ounce is used in pricing silver, gold, platinum, and other precious metals and gemstones.
Useful Tables
341
Measurement Conversion
Fraction
Vis
%
Vie
Vi
Vie
Y,
Vie
V2
Vie
%
ll /ie
%
"Ae
Decimal
inches
Milli-
meters
Picas
Points
Fraction
%
"Ae
1
Wt
Wi
VA
2
2'/2
3
va
4
5
6
Decimal
inches
Milli-
meters
Picas
Points
.0625
.125
.1875
.25
.3125
.375
.4375
.5
.5625
.625
.6875
.75
.8125
1.587
3.175
4.762
6.35
7.937
9.525
11.112
12.7
14.287
15.875
17.462
19.05
20.637
0p4.5
0p9
lpl.5
lp6
lpl0.5
2p3
2p7.5
3
3p4.5
3p9
4pl.5
4p6
4pl0.5
4.5
9
13.5
18
22.5
27
31.5
36
40.5
45
49.5
54
58.5
.875
.9375
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
5
6
22.225
23.812
25.4
31.75
38.1
44.5
50.8
63.5
76.2
88.9
100.6
127
152.4
5p3
5p7.5
6
7p6
9
10p6
12
15
18
21
24
30
36
63
67.5
72
90
108
126
144
180
216
252
288
360
432
18. Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions
Geologic terms
For capitalization, compounding, and use of quotations in geologic terms,
copy is to be followed. Geologic terms quoted verbatim from published ma-
terial should be left as the original author used them; however, it should be
made clear that the usage is that of the original author.
Formal geologic terms are capitalized: Proterozoic Eon, Cambrian Period.
Structural terms such as arch, anticline, or uplift are capitalized when pre-
ceded by a name: Cincinnati Arch, Cedar Creek Anticline, Ozark Uplift. See
Chapter 4 geographic terms for more information.
Divisions of Geologic Time
[Most recent to oldest]
Eon
Era
Period
Quarternary.
Tertiary (Neogene, Paleogene).
Mesozoic
Cretaceous.
Jurassic.
Triassic.
Paleozoic
Permian.
Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian, Mississippian).
Devonian.
Silurian.
Ordovician.
Cambrian.
Proterozoic
Neoproterozoic
Ediacaran.
Cryogenian.
Tonian.
Mesoproterozoic
Stenian.
Ectasian.
Calymmian.
Orosirian.
Rhyacian.
Siderian.
Neoarchean.
Mesoarchean.
Paleoarchean.
Eoarchean.
Hadean.
Source: Information courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey; for graphic see http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3015/
fs2007-3015.pdf.
343
344
Chapter 18
Physiographic regions
Physiographic regions are based on terrain texture, rock type, and geologic
structure and history The classification system has three tiers: divisions,
which are broken into provinces, and some provinces break further into sec-
tions. All names are capitalized, not the class; for graphic see http://tapestry
usgs.gov/physiogr/physio.html.
Physiographic Regions of the Lower 48 United States
Division
Province
Section
Laurentian Upland
Superior Upland.
Atlantic Plain
Continental Shelf.
Coastal Plain
Embayed.
Sea Island.
Floridian.
East Gulf Coastal Plain.
Mississippi Alluvial Plain.
West Gulf Coastal Plain.
Appalachian Highlands
Piedmont
Piedmont Upland.
Piedmont Lowlands.
Blue Ridge
Northern.
Southern.
Valley and Ridge
Tennessee.
Middle.
Hudson Valley.
St. Lawrence Valley
Champlain.
Northern.
Appalachian Plateaus
Mohawk.
Catskill.
Southern New York.
Allegheny Mountain.
Kanawha.
Cumberland Plateau.
Cumberland Mountain.
New England
Seaboard Lowland.
New England Upland.
White Mountain.
Green Mountain.
Taconic.
Adirondack.
Interior Plains
Interior Low Plateaus
Highland Rim.
Lexington Plain.
Nashville Basin.
Central Lowland
Eastern Lake.
Western Lake.
Wisconsin Driftless.
Till Plains.
Dissected Till Plains.
Osage Plains.
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions
345
Division
Province
Section
Great Plains
Missouri Plateau, glaciated.
Missouri Plateau, unglaciated.
Black Hills.
High Plains.
Plains Border.
Colorado Piedmont.
Raton.
Pecos Valley.
Edwards Plateau.
Central Texas.
Interior Highlands
Ozark Plateaus
Springfield-Salem Plateaus.
Boston "Mountains."
Ouachita
Arkansas Valley.
Ouachita Mountains.
Rocky Mountain System
Southern Rocky Mountains.
Wyoming Basin.
Middle Rocky Mountains.
Northern Rocky Mountains.
Intermontane Plateaus
Columbia Plateau
Walla Walla Plateau.
Blue Mountain.
Payette.
Snake River Plain.
Harney.
Colorado Plateaus
High Plateaus of Utah.
Uinta Basin.
Canyon Lands.
Navajo.
Grand Canyon.
Datil.
Basin and Range
Great Basin.
Sonoran Desert.
Salton Trough.
Mexican Highland.
Sacramento.
Pacific Mountain System
Cascade-Sierra Mountains
Northern Cascade Mountains.
Middle Cascade Mountains.
Southern Cascade Mountains.
Sierra Nevada.
Pacific Border
Puget Trough.
Olympic Mountains.
Oregon Coast Range.
Klamath Mountains.
California Trough.
California Coast Ranges.
Los Angeles Ranges.
Lower California.
Source: Information courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey.
346
Chapter 18
Geographic divisions
The Public Land Survey System (PLSS) has a hierarchy of lines. Principal
meridians and base lines and their related townships, sections, and subdivi-
sions of sections are incorporated in the description of land conveyed by the
Federal Government and others.
The Principal Meridians and Base Lines of the United States '
Black Hills Meridian and Base Line.
New Mexico Principal Meridian and Base
(South Dakota)
Line. (New Mexico-Colorado)
Boise Meridian and Base Line. (Idaho)
Point of Beginning and Geographer's
Chickasaw Meridian and Base Line.
Line. (Ohio)
(Mississippi-Tennessee)
Principal Meridian and Base Line.
Choctaw Meridian and Base Line. (Mississippi)
(Montana)
Cimarron Meridian and Base Line.
Salt Lake Meridian and Base Line. (Utah)
(Oklahoma)
San Bernardino Meridian and Base Line.
Copper River Meridian and Base Line. (Alaska)
(California-Nevada)
Fairbanks Meridian and Base Line. (Alaska)
Second Principal Meridian and Base Line.
Fifth Principal Meridian and Base Line.
(Illinois-Indiana)
(Arkansas-Iowa-Minnesota-Missouri-
Seward Principal Meridian and Base Line.
North Dakota-South Dakota)
(Alaska)
First Principal Meridian and Base Line.
Sixth Principal Meridian and Base Line.
(Ohio-Indiana)
(Colorado-Kansas-Nebraska-South
Fourth Principal Meridian and Base Line.
Dakota- Wyoming)
(Illinois)
St. Helena Meridian and Base Line.
Fourth Principal Meridian and Base Line
(Louisiana)
Wisconsin. (Minnesota-Wisconsin)
St. Stephens Meridian and Base Line.
Gila and Salt River Meridian and Base Line.
(Alabama-Mississippi)
(Arizona)
Tallahassee Meridian and Base Line.
Humboldt Meridian and Base Line.
(Florida)
(California)
Third Principal Meridian and Base Line.
Huntsville Meridian and Base Line.
(Illinois)
(Alabama-Mississippi)
Uintah Special Meridian and Base Line.
Indian Meridian and Base Line. (Oklahoma)
(Utah)
Kateel River Principal Meridian and Base
Line. (Alaska)
Umiat Principal Meridian and Base Line.
(Alaska)
Louisiana Meridian and Base Line.
Ute Principal Meridian and Base Line.
(Louisiana-Texas)
(Colorado)
Michigan Meridian and Base Line.
Washington Meridian and Base Line.
(Michigan-Ohio)
(Mississippi)
Mount Diablo Meridian and Base Line.
Willamette Meridian and Base Line.
(California-Nevada)
(Oregon-Washington)
Navajo Meridian and Base Line. (Arizona-
Wind River Meridian and Base Line.
New Mexico)
(Wyoming)
1 Information courtesy of the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management.
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions
347
Public Land Surveys Having No Initial Point as an Origin
for Both Township and Range Numbers 1
Between the Miamis, north of Symmes Purchase.
Scioto River Base. (Ohio)
(Ohio)
Twelve-Mile-Square Reserve. (Ohio)
Muskingum River Survey. (Ohio)
United States Military Survey. (Ohio)
Ohio River Base. (Indiana)
West of the Great Miami. (Ohio)
Ohio River Survey. (Ohio)
! Information courtesy of the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management.
Sources: Manual of Instructions for the Survey of the Public Lands of the United States, Bureau of Land
Management, GPO; Initial Points of the Rectangular Survey System, C. Albert White, 1996.
See http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/more/cadastralsurvey.html for more information on prinicipal
meridians and base lines.
Ma
or Rivers of the World
River
Length
(in miles)
River
Length
(in miles)
Nile (Africa)
4,160
4,000
3,964
3,395
3,362
2,744
2,734
2,718
2,635
2,600
Yangtze (China)
2,590
2,543
Ob-Irtysh (Russia)
Missouri (U.S.)
2,540
2,485
2,340
Congo (Africa)
2,310
Note. — Information compiled from numerous public domain Web sites; references cite different lengths for
the same river depending on origin.
Major Rivers of the United States
River
Length
(in miles)
River
Length
(in miles)
2,540
2,340
1,980
1,900
1,900
1,460
1,450
1,420
Ohio
1,310
Mississippi
Red
1,290
1,280
1,240
1,040
Platte
990
926
Atchafalaya
906
Source: Information courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey; see http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/riversofworld.html.
348
Chapter 18
States, capitals, and counties
The following includes parishes, boroughs, census divisions, districts,
islands, municipalities, and municipios of the 50 States, U.S. possessions,
and territories. County totals include city counties as denned by the National
Association of Counties. See www.naco.org for more information.
ALABAMA (AL) (67 counties)
Capital: Montgomery
Autauga
Cleburne
Fayette
Lowndes
Russell
Baldwin
Coffee
Franklin
Macon
St. Clair
Barbour
Colbert
Geneva
Madison
Shelby
Bibb
Conecuh
Greene
Marengo
Sumter
Blount
Coosa
Hale
Marion
Talladega
Bullock
Covington
Henry
Marshall
Tallapoosa
Butler
Crenshaw
Houston
Mobile
Tuscaloosa
Calhoun
Cullman
Jackson
Monroe
Walker
Chambers
Dale
Jefferson
Montgomery
Washington
Cherokee
Dallas
Lamar
Morgan
Wilcox
Chilton
De Kalb
Lauderdale
Perry
Winston
Choctaw
Elmore
Lawrence
Pickens
Clarke
Escambia
Lee
Pike
Clay
Etowah
Limestone
Randolph
ALASKA (AK) (27 entities: 16 boroughs,* 11 census areas)
Capital: Juneau
Aleutians East*
Juneau*
North Slope*
Wade Hampton
Aleutians West
Kenai Peninsula*
Northwest Arctic*
Wrangell-
Anchorage*
Ketchikan
Prince of Wales-
Petersburg
Bethel
Gateway*
Outer Ketchikan
Yakutat*
Bristol Bay*
Kodiak Island*
Sitka*
Yukon-Koyukuk
Denali*
Dillingham
Fairbanks
North Star*
Haines*
Lake and
Peninsula*
Matanuska-
Susitna*
Nome
Skagway-Hoonah-
Angoon
Southeast
Fairbanks
Valdez-Cordova
AMERICAN SAMOA (AS) (5 entities: 2 islands,* 3 districts)
Capital: Pago Pago
Eastern
Manu'a
Rose*
Swains*
Western
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions
349
ARIZONA (AZ) (15 counties)
Capital: Phoenix
Apache
Gila
La Paz
Navajo
Santa Cruz
Cochise
Graham
Maricopa
Pima
Yavapai
Coconino
Greenlee
Mohave
Pinal
Yuma
ARKANSAS (AR) (75 counties)
Capital: Little Rock
Arkansas
Craighead
Howard
Miller
Randolph
Ashley
Crawford
Independence
Mississippi
St. Francis
Baxter
Crittenden
Izard
Monroe
Saline
Benton
Cross
Jackson
Montgomery
Scott
Boone
Dallas
Jefferson
Nevada
Searcy
Bradley
Desha
Johnson
Newton
Sebastian
Calhoun
Drew
Lafayette
Ouachita
Sevier
Carroll
Faulkner
Lawrence
Perry
Sharp
Chicot
Franklin
Lee
Phillips
Stone
Clark
Fulton
Lincoln
Pike
Union
Clay
Garland
Little River
Poinsett
Van Buren
Clehurne
Grant
Logan
Polk
Washington
Cleveland
Greene
Lonoke
Pope
White
Columhia
Hempstead
Madison
Prairie
Woodruff
Conway
Hot Spring
Marion
Pulaski
Yell
CALIFORNIA (CA) (58 counties)
Capital: Sacramento
Alameda
Imperial
Modoc
San Diego
Solano
Alpine
Inyo
Mono
San Francisco
Sonoma
Amador
Kern
Monterey
San Joaquin
Stanislaus
Butte
Kings
Napa
San Luis
Sutter
Calaveras
Lake
Nevada
Obispo
Tehama
Colusa
Lassen
Orange
San Mateo
Trinity
Contra Costa
Los Angeles
Placer
Santa Barbara
Tulare
Del Norte
Madera
Plumas
Santa Clara
Tuolumne
El Dorado
Marin
Riverside
Santa Cruz
Ventura
Fresno
Mariposa
Sacramento
Shasta
Yolo
Glenn
Mendocino
San Benito
Sierra
Yuba
Humboldt
Merced
San Bernardino
Siskiyou
350
Chapter 18
COLORADO (CO) (64 counties)
Capital: Denver
Adams
Crowley
Gunnison
Mesa
Rio Blanco
Alamosa
Custer
Hinsdale
Mineral
Rio Grande
Arapahoe
Delta
Huerfano
Moffat
Routt
Archuleta
Denver
Jackson
Montezuma
Saguache
Baca
Dolores
Jefferson
Montrose
San Juan
Bent
Douglas
Kiowa
Morgan
San Miguel
Boulder
Eagle
Kit Carson
Otero
Sedgwick
Broomfield
El Paso
La Plata
Ouray
Summit
Chaffee
Elbert
Lake
Park
Teller
Cheyenne
Fremont
Larimer
Phillips
Washingtor
Clear Creek
Garfield
Las Animas
Pitkin
Weld
Conejos
Gilpin
Lincoln
Prowers
Yuma
Costilla
Grand
Logan
Pueblo
CONNECTICUT (CT) (8 counties)
Capital: Hartford
Fairfield
Hartford
Litchfield
Middlesex
New Haven
New London
Tolland
Windham
DELAWARE (DE) (3 counties)
Capital: Dover
Kent
New Castle
Sussex
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA (DC) (single entity)
FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA (FM) (4 States)
Capital: Palikir
Chuuk
Kosrae
Pohnpei
Yap
FLORIDA (FL) (67 counties)
Capital: Tallahassee
Alachua
Calhoun
De Sota
Gadsden
Hendry
Baker
Charlotte
Dixie
Gilchrist
Hernando
Bay
Citrus
Duval
Glades
Highlands
Bradford
Clay
Escambia
Gulf
Hillsborough
Brevard
Collier
Flagler
Hamilton
Holmes
Broward
Columbia
Franklin
Hardee
Indian River
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions
351
Jackson
Madison
Okeechobee
Putnam
Suwannee
Jefferson
Manatee
Orange
St. Johns
Taylor
Lafayette
Marion
Osceola
St. Lucie
Union
Lake
Martin
Palm Beach
Santa Rosa
Volusia
Lee
Miami-Dade
Pasco
Sarasota
Wakulla
Leon
Monroe
Pinellas
Seminole
Walton
Levy
Nassau
Polk
Sumter
Washington
Liberty
Okaloosa
GEORGIA (GA) (159 counties)
Capital: Atlanta
Appling
Cobb
Grady
McDuffie
Sumter
Atkinson
Coffee
Greene
Mcintosh
Talbot
Bacon
Colquitt
Gwinnett
Meriwether
Taliaferro
Baker
Columbia
Habersham
Miller
Tattnall
Baldwin
Cook
Hall
Mitchell
Taylor
Banks
Coweta
Hancock
Monroe
Telfair
Barrow
Crawford
Haralson
Montgomery
Terrell
Bartow
Crisp
Harris
Morgan
Thomas
Ben Hill
Dade
Hart
Murray
Tift
Berrien
Dawson
Heard
Muscogee
Toombs
Bibb
Decatur
Henry
Newton
Towns
Bleckley
De Kalb
Houston
Oconee
Treutlen
Brantley
Dodge
Irwin
Oglethorpe
Troup
Brooks
Dooly
Jackson
Paulding
Turner
Bryan
Dougherty
Jasper
Peach
Twiggs
Bulloch
Douglas
JeffDavis
Pickens
Union
Burke
Early
Jefferson
Pierce
Upson
Butts
Echols
Jenkins
Pike
Walker
Calhoun
Effingham
Johnson
Polk
Walton
Camden
Elbert
Jones
Pulaski
Ware
Candler
Emanuel
Lamar
Putnam
Warren
Carroll
Evans
Lanier
Quitman
Washington
Catoosa
Fannin
Laurens
Rabun
Wayne
Charlton
Fayette
Lee
Randolph
Webster
Chatham
Floyd
Liberty
Richmond
Wheeler
Chattahoochee
Forsyth
Lincoln
Rockdale
White
Chattooga
Franklin
Long
Schley
Whitfield
Cherokee
Fulton
Lowndes
Screven
Wilcox
Clarke
Gilmer
Lumpkin
Seminole
Wilkes
Clay
Glascock
Macon
Spalding
Wilkinson
Clayton
Glynn
Madison
Stephens
Worth
Clinch
Gordon
Marion
Stewart
352
Chapter 18
GUAM (GU) (single entity)
Capital: Agana
HAWAII (HI) (4 counties)
Capital: Honolulu
Hawaii
Honolulu
Kauai
Maui
IDAHO (ID) (44 counties)
Capital: Boise
Ada
Bonneville
Custer
Kootenai
Owyhee
Adams
Boundary
Elmore
Latah
Payette
Bannock
Butte
Franklin
Lemhi
Power
Bear Lake
Camas
Fremont
Lewis
Shoshone
Benewah
Canyon
Gem
Lincoln
Teton
Bingham
Caribou
Gooding
Madison
Twin Falls
Blaine
Cassia
Idaho
Minidoka
Valley
Boise
Clark
Jefferson
Nez Perce
Washington
Bonner
Clearwater
Jerome
Oneida
ILLINOIS (IL) (102 counties)
Capital: Springfield
Adams
Alexander
Bond
Boone
Brown
Bureau
Calhoun
Carroll
Cass
Champaign
Christian
Clark
Clay
Clinton
Coles
Cook
Crawford
Cumberland
De Kalb
DeWitt
Douglas
DuPage
Edgar
Edwards
Effingham
Fayette
Ford
Franklin
Fulton
Gallatin
Greene
Grundy
Hamilton
Hancock
Hardin
Henderson
Henry
Iroquois
Jackson
Jasper
Jefferson
Jersey
Jo Daviess
Johnson
Kane
Kankakee
Kendall
Knox
La Salle
Lake
Lawrence
Lee
Livingston
Logan
Macon
Macoupin
Madison
Marion
Marshall
Mason
Massac
McDonough
McHenry
McLean
Menard
Mercer
Monroe
Montgomery
Morgan
Moultrie
Ogle
Peoria
Perry
Piatt
Pike
Pope
Pulaski
Putnam
Randolph
Richland
Rock Island
St. Clair
Saline
Sangamon
Schuyler
Scott
Shelby
Stark
Stephenson
Tazewell
Union
Vermilion
Wabash
Warren
Washington
Wayne
White
Whiteside
Will
Williamson
Winnebago
Woodford
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions
353
INDIANA (IN) (92 counties)
Capital: Indianapolis
Adams
Elkhart
Jefferson
Noble
Starke
Allen
Fayette
Jennings
Ohio
Steuben
Bartholomew
Floyd
Johnson
Orange
Sullivan
Benton
Fountain
Knox
Owen
Switzerland
Blackford
Franklin
Kosciusko
Parke
Tippecanoe
Boone
Fulton
La Porte
Perry
Tipton
Brown
Gibson
LaGrange
Pike
Union
Carroll
Grant
Lake
Porter
Vanderburgh
Cass
Greene
Lawrence
Posey
Vermillion
Clark
Hamilton
Madison
Pulaski
Vigo
Clay
Hancock
Marion
Putnam
Wabash
Clinton
Harrison
Marshall
Randolph
Warren
Crawford
Hendricks
Martin
Ripley
Warrick
Daviess
Henry
Miami
Rush
Washington
De Kalb
Howard
Monroe
St. Joseph
Wayne
Dearborn
Huntington
Montgomery
Scott
Wells
Decatur
Jackson
Morgan
Shelby
White
Delaware
Jasper
Newton
Spencer
Whitley
Dubois
Jay
IOWA (IA) (99
counties)
Capital: Des Moines
Adair
Cherokee
Franklin
Johnson
Montgomery
Adams
Chickasaw
Fremont
Jones
Muscatine
Allamakee
Clarke
Greene
Keokuk
O'Brien
Appanoose
Clay
Grundy
Kossuth
Osceola
Audubon
Clayton
Guthrie
Lee
Page
Benton
Clinton
Hamilton
Linn
Palo Alto
Black Hawk
Crawford
Hancock
Louisa
Plymouth
Boone
Dallas
Hardin
Lucas
Pocahontas
Bremer
Davis
Harrison
Lyon
Polk
Buchanan
Decatur
Henry
Madison
Pottawattamie
Buena Vista
Delaware
Howard
Mahaska
Poweshiek
Butler
Des Moines
Humboldt
Marion
Ringgold
Calhoun
Dickinson
Ida
Marshall
Sac
Carroll
Dubuque
Iowa
Mills
Scott
Cass
Emmet
Jackson
Mitchell
Shelby
Cedar
Fayette
Jasper
Monona
Sioux
Cerro Gordo
Floyd
Jefferson
Monroe
Story
354
Chapter 18
Tama
Van Buren
Washington
Winnebago
Worth
Taylor
Wapello
Wayne
Winneshiek
Wright
Union
Warren
Webster
Woodbury
KANSAS (KS) (105 counties)
Capital: Topeka
Allen
Doniphan
Jackson
Morris
Saline
Anderson
Douglas
Jefferson
Morton
Scott
Atchison
Edwards
Jewell
Nemaha
Sedgwick
Barber
Elk
Johnson
Neosho
Seward
Barton
Ellis
Kearny
Ness
Shawnee
Bourbon
Ellsworth
Kingman
Norton
Sheridan
Brown
Finney
Kiowa
Osage
Sherman
Butler
Ford
Labette
Osborne
Smith
Chase
Franklin
Lane
Ottawa
Stafford
Chautauqua
Geary
Leavenworth
Pawnee
Stanton
Cherokee
Gove
Lincoln
Phillips
Stevens
Cheyenne
Graham
Linn
Pottawatomie
Sumner
Clark
Grant
Logan
Pratt
Thomas
Clay
Gray
Lyon
Rawlins
Trego
Cloud
Greeley
Marion
Reno
Wabaunsee
Coffey
Greenwood
Marshall
Republic
Wallace
Comanche
Hamilton
McPherson
Rice
Washington
Cowley
Harper
Meade
Riley
Wichita
Crawford
Harvey
Miami
Rooks
Wilson
Decatur
Haskell
Mitchell
Rush
Woodson
Dickinson
Hodgeman
Montgomery
Russell
Wyandotte
KENTUCKY (KY) (120 counties)
Capital: Frankfort
L dair
Boyd
Campbell
Crittenden
Franklin
Jlen
Boyle
Carlisle
Cumberland
Fulton
mderson
Bracken
Carroll
Daviess
Gallatin
allard
Breathitt
Carter
Edmonson
Garrard
arren
Breckinridge
Casey
Elliott
Grant
ath
Bullitt
Christian
Estill
Graves
ell
Butler
Clark
Fayette
Grayson
■oone
Caldwell
Clay
Fleming
Green
ourbon
Calloway
Clinton
Floyd
Greenup
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions
355
Hancock
Knox
Marshall
Nicholas
Shelby
Hardin
Larue
Martin
Ohio
Simpson
Harlan
Laurel
Mason
Oldham
Spencer
Harrison
Lawrence
McCracken
Owen
Taylor
Hart
Lee
McCreary
Owsley
Todd
Henderson
Leslie
McLean
Pendleton
Tri gg
Henry
Letcher
Meade
Perry
Trimble
Hickman
Lewis
Menifee
Pike
Union
Hopkins
Lincoln
Mercer
Powell
Warren
[ackson
Livingston
Metcalfe
Pulaski
Washington
(efferson
Logan
Monroe
Robertson
Wayne
[essamine
Lyon
Montgomery
Rockcastle
Webster
[ohnson
Madison
Morgan
Rowan
Whitley
Kenton
Magoffin
Muhlenberg
Russell
Wolfe
Knott
Marion
Nelson
Scott
Woodford
LOUISIANA (LA) (64 parishes)
Capital: Baton Rouge
Acadia
Concordia
La Salle
Red River
Tangipahoa
Allen
De Soto
Lafayette
Richland
Tensas
Ascension
East Baton
Lafourche
Sabine
Terrebonne
Assumption
Rouge
Lincoln
St. Bernard
Union
Avoyelles
East Carroll
Livingston
St. Charles
Vermilion
Beauregard
East Feliciana
Madison
St. Helena
Vernon
Bienville
Evangeline
Morehouse
St. James
Washington
Bossier
Franklin
Natchitoches
St. John the
Webster
Caddo
Grant
Orleans
Baptist
West Baton
Calcasieu
Iberia
Ouachita
St. Landry
Rouge
Caldwell
Iberville
Plaquemines
St. Martin
West Carroll
Cameron
Jackson
Pointe Coupee
St. Mary
West Feliciana
Catahoula
Jefferson
Rapides
St. Tammany
Winn
Claiborne
Jefferson Davis
MAINE (ME) (16 counties)
Capital: Augusta
Androscoggin
Hancock
Lincoln
Piscataquis
Waldo
Aroostook
Kennebec
Oxford
Sagadahoc
Washington
Cumberland
Knox
Penobscot
Somerset
York
Franklin
356
Chapter 18
MARSHALL ISLANDS (MH) (33 municipalities)
Capital: Majuro
dlinginae
Bokak
Kili
Mejit
Toke
dlinglaplap
Ebon
Kwajalein
Mili
Ujae
dluk
Enewetak
Lae
Namorik
Ujelanj
t rno
Erikub
Lib
Namu
Utirik
L ur
Jabat
Likiep
Rongelap
Wotho
ikar
Jaluit
Majuro
Rongrik
Wotje
ikini
Jemo
Maloelap
MARYLAND (MD) (24 counties)
Capital: Annapolis
Allegany Caroline Frederick
Anne Arundel Carroll Garrett
Baltimore Cecil Harford
Baltimore City Charles Howard
Calvert Dorchester Kent
Montgomery Talbot
Prince George's Washington
Queen Anne's Wicomico
St. Mary's Worcester
Somerset
MASSACHUSETTS (MA) (14 counties)
Capital: Boston
Barnstable Dukes
Hampden
Nantucket
Suffolk
Berkshire Essex
Hampshire
Norfolk
Worcester
Bristol Franklin
Middlesex
Plymouth
MICHIGAN (Ml) (83 counties)
Capital: Lansing
Alcona Cass
Gogebic
Kalamazoo
Marquette
Alger Charlevoix
Grand
Kalkaska
Mason
Allegan Cheboygan
Traverse
Kent
Mecosta
Alpena Chippewa
Gratiot
Keweenaw
Menominee
Antrim Clare
Hillsdale
Lake
Midland
Arenac Clinton
Houghton
Lapeer
Missaukee
Baraga Crawford
Huron
Leelanau
Monroe
Barry Delta
Ingham
Lenawee
Montcalm
Bay Dickinson
Ionia
Livingston
Montmorency
Benzie Eaton
Iosco
Luce
Muskegon
Berrien Emmet
Iron
Mackinac
Newaygo
Branch Genesee
Isabella
Macomb
Oakland
Calhoun Gladwin
Jackson
Manistee
Oceana
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions
357
Ogemaw
Otsego
Saginaw
Schoolcraft
Washtenaw
Ontonagon
Ottawa
St. Clair
Shiawassee
Wayne
Osceola
Presque Isle
St. Joseph
Tuscola
Wexford
Oscoda
Roscommon
Sanilac
Van Buren
MINNESOTA (MN) (87 counties)
Capital: St. Paul
Aitkin
Dakota
Lac qui Parle
Norman
Sibley
Anoka
Dodge
Lake
Olmsted
Stearns
Becker
Douglas
Lake of the
Otter Tail
Steele
Beltrami
Farihault
Woods
Pennington
Stevens
Benton
Fillmore
Le Sueur
Pine
Swift
Big Stone
Freehorn
Lincoln
Pipestone
Todd
Blue Earth
Goodhue
Lyon
Polk
Traverse
Brown
Grant
Mahnomen
Pope
Wabasha
Carlton
Hennepin
Marshall
Ramsey
Wadena
Carver
Houston
Martin
Red Lake
Waseca
Cass
Hubbard
McLeod
Redwood
Washington
Chippewa
Isanti
Meeker
Renville
Watonwan
Chisago
Itasca
Mille Lacs
Rice
Wilkin
Clay
Jackson
Morrison
Rock
Winona
Clearwater
Kanabec
Mower
Roseau
Wright
Cook
Kandiyohi
Murray
St. Louis
Yellow
Cottonwood
Kittson
Nicollet
Scott
Medicine
Crow Wing
Koochiching
Nobles
Sherburne
MISSISSIPPI (MS) (82 counties)
Capital: Jackson
Adams
Clay
Hinds
Lamar
Montgomery
Alcorn
Coahoma
Holmes
Lauderdale
Neshoba
Amite
Copiah
Humphreys
Lawrence
Newton
Attala
Covington
Issaquena
Leake
Noxubee
Benton
DeSoto
Itawamba
Lee
Oktibbeha
Bolivar
Forrest
Jackson
Leflore
Panola
Calhoun
Franklin
Jasper
Lincoln
Pearl River
Carroll
George
Jefferson
Lowndes
Perry
Chickasaw
Greene
Jefferson Davis
Madison
Pike
Choctaw
Grenada
Jones
Marion
Pontotoc
Claiborne
Hancock
Kemper
Marshall
Prentiss
Clarke
Harrison
Lafayette
Monroe
Quitman
358
Chapter 18
Rankin
Stone
Tishomingo
Warren
Wilkinson
Scott
Sunflower
Tunica
Washington
Winston
Sharkey
Tallahatchie
Union
Wayne
Yalobusha
Simpson
Tate
Walthall
Wehster
Yazoo
Smith
Tippah
MISSOURI (MO) (115 counties)
Capital: Jefferson City
Adair
Andrew
Clay
Clinton
Iron
Jackson
Montgomery
Morgan
St. Clair
St. Francois
Atchison
Cole
Jasper
New Madrid
St. Louis
Audrain
Barry
Barton
Cooper
Crawford
Dade
Jefferson
Johnson
Knox
Newton
Nodaway
Oregon
St. Louis City
Ste. Genevieve
Saline
Bates
Dallas
Laclede
Osage
Schuyler
Benton
Daviess
Lafayette
Ozark
Scotland
Bollinger
DeKalb
Lawrence
Pemiscot
Scott
Boone
Dent
Lewis
Perry
Shannon
Buchanan
Douglas
Lincoln
Pettis
Shelby
Butler
Dunklin
Linn
Phelps
Stoddard
Caldwell
Franklin
Livingston
Pike
Stone
Callaway
Gasconade
Macon
Platte
Sullivan
Camden
Cape Girardeau
Gentry
Greene
Madison
Maries
Polk
Pulaski
Taney
Texas
Carroll
Grundy
Marion
Putnam
Vernon
Carter
Harrison
McDonald
Ralls
Warren
Cass
Cedar
Chariton
Christian
Henry
Hickory
Holt
Howard
Mercer
Miller
Mississippi
Moniteau
Randolph
Ray
Reynolds
Ripley
Washington
Wayne
Webster
Worth
Clark
Howell
Monroe
St. Charles
Wright
MONTANA (MT) (56 counties)
Capital: Helena
Beaverhead
Broadwater
Cascade
Daniels
Fallon
Big Horn
Carbon
Chouteau
Dawson
Fergus
Blaine
Carter
Custer
Deer Lodge
Flathead
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions
359
Gallatin
Lewis and Clark
Musselshell
Ravalli
Sweet Grass
Garfield
Liberty
Park
Richland
Teton
Glacier
Lincoln
Petroleum
Roosevelt
Toole
Golden Valley
Madison
Phillips
Rosebud
Treasure
Granite
McCone
Pondera
Sanders
Valley
Hill
Meagher
Powder River
Sheridan
Wheatland
Jefferson
Mineral
Powell
Silver Bow
Wibaux
Judith Basin
Missoula
Prairie
Stillwater
Yellowstone
NEBRASKA (NE) (93 counties)
Capital: Lincoln
Adams
Cuming
Antelope
Custer
Arthur
Dakota
Banner
Dawes
Blaine
Dawson
Boone
Deuel
Box Butte
Dixon
Boyd
Dodge
Brown
Douglas
Buffalo
Dundy
Burt
Fillmore
Butler
Franklin
Cass
Frontier
Cedar
Furnas
Chase
Gage
Cherry
Garden
Cheyenne
Garfield
Clay
Gosper
Colfax
Grant
Greeley
Loup
Sarpy
Hall
Madison
Saunders
Hamilton
McPherson
Scotts Bluff
Harlan
Merrick
Seward
Hayes
Morrill
Sheridan
Hitchcock
Nance
Sherman
Holt
Nemaha
Sioux
Hooker
Nuckolls
Stanton
Howard
Otoe
Thayer
Jefferson
Pawnee
Thomas
Johnson
Perkins
Thurston
Kearney
Phelps
Valley
Keith
Pierce
Washington
Keya Paha
Platte
Wayne
Kimball
Polk
Webster
Knox
Red Willow
Wheeler
Lancaster
Richardson
York
Lincoln
Rock
Logan
Saline
NEVADA (NV) (17 counties)
Capital: Carson City
Carson City
Churchill
Clark
Douglas
Elko
Esmeralda
Eureka
Humboldt
Lander
Lincoln
Lyon
Mineral
Nye
Pershing
Storey
Washoe
White Pine
360
Chapter 18
NEW HAMPSHIRE (NH) (10 counties)
Capital: Concord
Belknap
Carroll
Cheshire
Coos
Grafton
Hillsborough
Merrimack
Rockingham
Strafford
Sullivan
NEW JERSEY (NJ) (21 counties)
Capital: Trenton
Atlantic
Cumberland
Hunterdon
Morris
Somerset
Bergen
Essex
Mercer
Ocean
Sussex
Burlington
Gloucester
Middlesex
Passaic
Union
Camden
Hudson
Monmouth
Salem
Warren
Cape May
NEW MEXICO (NM) (33 counties)
Capital: Santa Fe
Bernalillo
Dona Ana
Lincoln
Rio Arriba
Sierra
Catron
Eddy
Los Alamos
Roosevelt
Socorro
Chaves
Grant
Luna
San Juan
Taos
Cibola
Guadalupe
McKinley
San Miguel
Torrance
Colfax
Harding
Mora
Sandoval
Union
Curry
Hidalgo
Otero
Santa Fe
Valencia
De Baca
Lea
Quay
NEW YORK (NY) (62 counties)
Capital: Albany
Albany
Allegany
Bronx
Broome
Cattaraugus
Cayuga
Chautauqua
Chemung
Chenango
Clinton
Columbia
Cortland
Delaware
Dutchess
Erie
Essex
Franklin
Fulton
Genesee
Greene
Hamilton
Herkimer
Jefferson
Kings
Lewis
Livingston
Madison
Monroe
Montgomery
Nassau
New York
Niagara
Oneida
Onondaga
Ontario
Orange
Orleans
Oswego
Otsego
Putnam
Queens
Rensselaer
Richmond
Rockland
St. Lawrence
Saratoga
Schenectady
Schoharie
Schuyler
Seneca
Steuben
Suffolk
Sullivan
Tioga
Tompkins
Ulster
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Westchester
Wyoming
Yates
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions
361
NORTH CAROLINA (NC) (100 counties)
Capital: Raleigh
Alamance
Chowan
Guilford
Mitchell
Rutherford
Alexander
Clay
Halifax
Montgomery
Sampson
Alleghany
Cleveland
Harnett
Moore
Scotland
Anson
Columbus
Haywood
Nash
Stanly
Ashe
Craven
Henderson
New Hanover
Stokes
Avery
Cumberland
Hertford
Northampton
Surry
Beaufort
Currituck
Hoke
Onslow
Swain
Bertie
Dare
Hyde
Orange
Transylvania
Bladen
Davidson
Iredell
Pamlico
Tyrrell
Brunswick
Davie
Jackson
Pasquotank
Union
Buncombe
Duplin
Johnston
Pender
Vance
Burke
Durham
Jones
Perquimans
Wake
Cabarrus
Edgecombe
Lee
Person
Warren
Caldwell
Forsyth
Lenoir
Pitt
Washington
Camden
Franklin
Lincoln
Polk
Watauga
Carteret
Gaston
Macon
Randolph
Wayne
Caswell
Gates
Madison
Richmond
Wilkes
Catawba
Graham
Martin
Robeson
Wilson
Chatham
Granville
McDowell
Rockingham
Yadkin
Cherokee
Greene
Mecklenburg
Rowan
Yancey
NORTH DAKOTA (ND) (53 counties)
Capital: Bismarck
Adams
Divide
LaMoure
Pembina
Stark
Barnes
Dunn
Logan
Pierce
Steele
Benson
Eddy
McHenry
Ramsey
Stutsman
Billings
Emmons
Mcintosh
Ransom
Towner
Bottineau
Foster
McKenzie
Renville
Traill
Bowman
Golden Valley
McLean
Richland
Walsh
Burke
Grand Forks
Mercer
Rolette
Ward
Burleigh
Grant
Morton
Sargent
Wells
Cass
Griggs
Mountrail
Sheridan
Williams
Cavalier
Hettinger
Nelson
Sioux
Dickey
Kidder
Oliver
Slope
NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS (MP) (4 municipalities)
Capital: Saipan
Northern Islands
Rota
Saipan
Tinian
362
Chapter 18
OHIO (OH) (88
counties)
Capital: Columbus
Adams
Darke
Hocking
Miami
Sandusky
Allen
Defiance
Holmes
Monroe
Scioto
Ashland
Delaware
Huron
Montgomery
Seneca
Ashtabula
Erie
Jackson
Morgan
Shelby
Athens
Fairfield
Jefferson
Morrow
Stark
Auglaize
Fayette
Knox
Muskingum
Summit
Belmont
Franklin
Lake
Noble
Trumbull
Brown
Fulton
Lawrence
Ottawa
Tuscarawas
Butler
Gallia
Licking
Paulding
Union
Carroll
Geauga
Logan
Perry
Van Wert
Champaign
Greene
Lorain
Pickaway
Vinton
Clark
Guernsey
Lucas
Pike
Warren
Clermont
Hamilton
Madison
Portage
Washington
Clinton
Hancock
Mahoning
Preble
Wayne
Columbiana
Hardin
Marion
Putnam
Williams
Coshocton
Harrison
Medina
Richland
Wood
Crawford
Henry
Meigs
Ross
Wyandot
Cuyahoga
Highland
Mercer
OKLAHOMA (OK) (77 counties)
Capital: Oklahoma City
Adair
Coal
Harmon
Love
Osage
Alfalfa
Comanche
Harper
Major
Ottawa
Atoka
Cotton
Haskell
Marshall
Pawnee
Beaver
Craig
Hughes
Mayes
Payne
Beckham
Creek
Jackson
McClain
Pittsburg
Blaine
Custer
Jefferson
McCurtain
Pontotoc
Bryan
Delaware
Johnston
Mcintosh
Pottawatomie
Caddo
Dewey
Kay
Murray
Pushmataha
Canadian
Ellis
Kingfisher
Muskogee
Roger Mills
Carter
Garfield
Kiowa
Noble
Rogers
Cherokee
Garvin
Latimer
Nowata
Seminole
Choctaw
Grady
Le Flore
Okfuskee
Sequoyah
Cimarron
Grant
Lincoln
Oklahoma
Stephens
Cleveland
Greer
Logan
Okmulgee
Texas
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions
363
Tillman
Wagoner
Washita
Woods
Woodward
Tulsa
Washington
OREGON (OR) (36 counties)
Capital: Salem
Baker
Deschutes
Jefferson
Malheur
Umatilla
Benton
Douglas
Josephine
Marion
Union
Clackamas
Gilliam
Klamath
Morrow
Wallowa
Clatsop
Grant
Lake
Multnomah
Wasco
Columbia
Harney
Lane
Polk
Washington
Coos
Hood River
Lincoln
Sherman
Wheeler
Crook
Jackson
Linn
Tillamook
Yamhill
Curry
PALAU(PW) (16 States)
Capital: Melekeok
Aimeliik
Kayangel
Ngaraard
Ngatpang
Ngiwal
Airai
Koror
Ngarchelong
Ngchesar
Peleliu
Angaur
Melekeok
Ngardmau
Ngeremlengui
Sonsorol
Hatohobei
PENNSYLVANIA (PA) (67 counties)
Capital: Harrisburg
Adams
Chester
Fulton
McKean
Snyder
Allegheny
Clarion
Greene
Mercer
Somerset
Armstrong
Clearfield
Huntingdon
Mifflin
Sullivan
Beaver
Clinton
Indiana
Monroe
Susquehanna
Bedford
Columbia
Jefferson
Montgomery
Tioga
Berks
Crawford
Juniata
Montour
Union
Blair
Cumberland
Lackawanna
Northampton
Venango
Bradford
Dauphin
Lancaster
Northumberland
Warren
Bucks
Delaware
Lawrence
Perry
Washington
Butler
Elk
Lebanon
Philadelphia
Wayne
Cambria
Erie
Lehigh
Pike
Westmoreland
Cameron
Fayette
Luzerne
Potter
Wyoming
Carbon
Forest
Lycoming
Schuylkill
York
Centre
Franklin
364
Chapter 18
PUERTO RICO (PR) (78 municipios)
Capital: San Juan
Adjuntas
Catano
Gurabo
Maunabo
San German
Aguada
Cayey
Hatillo
Mayagiiez
San Juan
Aguadilla
Ceiba
Hormigueros
Moca
San Lorenzo
Aguas Buenas
Ciales
Humacao
Morovis
San Sebastian
Aibonito
Cidra
Isabela
Naguabo
Santa Isabel
Anasco
Coamo
Jayuya
Naranjito
ToaAlta
Arecibo
Comerio
Juana Diaz
Orocovis
Toa Baja
Arroyo
Corozal
Juncos
Patillas
Trujillo Alto
Barceloneta
Culebra
Lajas
Peiiuelas
Utuado
Barranquitas
Dorado
Lares
Ponce
Vega Alta
Bayamon
Fajardo
Las Marias
Quebradillas
Vega Baja
Cabo Rojo
Florida
Las Piedras
Rincon
Vieques
Caguas
Guanica
Loiza
Rio Grande
Villalba
Camuy
Guayama
Luquillo
Sabana Grande
Yabucoa
Canovanas
Guayanilla
Manati
Salinas
Yauco
Carolina
Guaynabo
Maricao
RHODE ISLAND (Rl) (5 counties)
Capital: Providence
Bristol
Kent
Newport
Providence
Washington
SOUTH CAROLINA (SC) (46 counties)
Capital: Columbia
Abbeville
Cherokee
Fairfield
Lancaster
Orangeburg
Aiken
Chester
Florence
Laurens
Pickens
Allendale
Chesterfield
Georgetown
Lee
Richland
Anderson
Clarendon
Greenville
Lexington
Saluda
Bamberg
Colleton
Greenwood
Marion
Spartanburg
Barnwell
Darlington
Hampton
Marlboro
Sumter
Beaufort
Dillon
Horry
McCormick
Union
Berkeley
Dorchester
Jasper
Newberry
Williamsburi
Calhoun
Edgefield
Kershaw
Oconee
York
Charleston
SOUTH DAKOTA (SD) (66 counties)
Capital: Pierre
Aurora
Bennett
Brookings
Brule
Butte
Beadle
Bon Homme
Brown
Buffalo
Campbell
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions
365
Charles Mix
Fall River
Hyde
McPherson
Shannon
Clark
Faulk
Jackson
Meade
Spink
Clay
Grant
Jerauld
Mellette
Stanley
Codington
Gregory
Jones
Miner
Sully
Corson
Haakon
Kingshury
Minnehaha
Todd
Custer
Hamlin
Lake
Moody
Tripp
Davison
Hand
Lawrence
Pennington
Turner
Day
Hanson
Lincoln
Perkins
Union
Deuel
Harding
Lyman
Potter
Walworth
Dewey
Hughes
Marshall
Roberts
Yankton
Douglas
Hutchinson
McCook
Sanborn
Ziebach
TENNESSEE (TN) (95 counties)
Capital: Nashville
Anderson
Decatur
Henderson
Maury
Sequatchie
Bedford
DeKalb
Henry
McMinn
Sevier
Benton
Dickson
Hickman
McNairy
Shelby
Bledsoe
Dyer
Houston
Meigs
Smith
Blount
Fayette
Humphreys
Monroe
Stewart
Bradley
Fentress
Jackson
Montgomery
Sullivan
Campbell
Franklin
Jefferson
Moore
Sumner
Cannon
Gibson
Johnson
Morgan
Tipton
Carroll
Giles
Knox
Obion
Trousdale
Carter
Grainger
Lake
Overton
Unicoi
Cheatham
Greene
Lauderdale
Perry
Union
Chester
Grundy
Lawrence
Pickett
Van Buren
Claiborne
Hamblen
Lewis
Polk
Warren
Clay
Hamilton
Lincoln
Putnam
Washington
Cocke
Hancock
Loudon
Rhea
Wayne
Coffee
Hardeman
Macon
Roane
Weakley
Crockett
Hardin
Madison
Robertson
White
Cumberland
Hawkins
Marion
Rutherford
Williamson
Davidson
Haywood
Marshall
Scott
Wilson
TEXAS (TX) (254 counties)
Capital: Austin
Anderson
Archer
Bailey
Bee
Borden
Andrews
Armstrong
Bandera
Bell
Bosque
Angelina
Atascosa
Bastrop
Bexar
Bowie
Aransas
Austin
Baylor
Blanco
Brazoria
366
Chapter 18
Brazos
Dimmit
Henderson
Llano
Real
Brewster
Donley
Hidalgo
Loving
Red River
Briscoe
Duval
Hill
Lubbock
Reeves
Brooks
Eastland
Hockley
Lynn
Refugio
Brown
Ector
Hood
Madison
Roberts
Burleson
Edwards
Hopkins
Marion
Robertson
Burnet
El Paso
Houston
Martin
Rockwall
Caldwell
Ellis
Howard
Mason
Runnels
Calhoun
Erath
Hudspeth
Matagorda
Rusk
Callahan
Falls
Hunt
Maverick
Sabine
Cameron
Fannin
Hutchinson
McCulloch
San Augustine
Camp
Fayette
Irion
McLennan
San Jacinto
Carson
Fisher
Jack
McMullen
San Patricio
Cass
Floyd
Jackson
Medina
San Saba
Castro
Foard
Jasper
Menard
Schleicher
Chambers
Fort Bend
JeffDavis
Midland
Scurry
Cherokee
Franklin
Jefferson
Milam
Shackelford
Childress
Freestone
Jim Hogg
Mills
Shelby
Clay
Frio
Jim Wells
Mitchell
Sherman
Cochran
Gaines
Johnson
Montague
Smith
Coke
Galveston
Jones
Montgomery
Somervell
Coleman
Garza
Karnes
Moore
Starr
Collin
Gillespie
Kaufman
Morris
Stephens
Collingsworth
Glasscock
Kendall
Motley
Sterling
Colorado
Goliad
Kenedy
Nacogdoches
Stonewall
Comal
Gonzales
Kent
Navarro
Sutton
Comanche
Gray
Kerr
Newton
Swisher
Concho
Grayson
Kimble
Nolan
Tarrant
Cooke
Gregg
King
Nueces
Taylor
Coryell
Grimes
Kinney
Ochiltree
Terrell
Cottle
Guadalupe
Kleberg
Oldham
Terry
Crane
Hale
Knox
Orange
Throckmorton
Crockett
Hall
La Salle
Palo Pinto
Titus
Crosby
Hamilton
Lamar
Panola
Tom Green
Culberson
Hansford
Lamb
Parker
Travis
Dallam
Hardeman
Lampasas
Parmer
Trinity
Dallas
Hardin
Lavaca
Pecos
Tyler
Dawson
Harris
Lee
Polk
Upshur
Deaf Smith
Harrison
Leon
Potter
Upton
Delta
Hartley
Liberty
Presidio
Uvalde
Denton
Haskell
Limestone
Rains
Val Verde
DeWitt
Hays
Lipscomb
Randall
Van Zandt
Dickens
Hemphill
Live Oak
Reagan
Victoria
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions
367
Walker
Wehb
Wilbarger
Winkler
Young
Waller
Wharton
Willacy
Wise
Zapata
Ward
Wheeler
Williamson
Wood
Zavala
Washington
Wichita
Wilson
Yoakum
UTAH (UT) (29 counties)
Capital: Salt Lake City
Beaver
Duchesne
Kane
San Juan
Utah
Box Elder
Emery
Millard
Sanpete
Wasatch
Cache
Garfield
Morgan
Sevier
Washington
Carhon
Grand
Piute
Summit
Wayne
Daggett
Iron
Rich
Tooele
Weber
Davis
Juab
Salt Lake
Uintah
VERMONT (VT) (14 counties)
Capital: Montpelier
Addison
Bennington
Caledonia
Chittenden
Essex
Franklin
Grand Isle
Lamoille
Orange
Orleans
Rutland
Washington
Windham
Windsor
VIRGIN ISLANDS (VI) (3 islands)
Capital: Charlotte Amalie
St. Croix
St. John
St. Thomas
VIRGINIA (VA) (95 counties)
Capital: Richmond
Accomack
Buckingham
Fairfax
Henrico
Mathews
Albemarle
Campbell
Fauquier
Henry
Mecklenburg
Alleghany
Caroline
Floyd
Highland
Middlesex
Amelia
Carroll
Fluvanna
Isle of Wight
Montgomery
Amherst
Charles City
Franklin
James City
Nelson
Appomattox
Charlotte
Frederick
King and Queen
New Kent
Arlington
Chesterfield
Giles
King George
Northampton
Augusta
Clarke
Gloucester
King William
Northumberland
Bath
Craig
Goochland
Lancaster
Nottoway
Bedford
Culpeper
Grayson
Lee
Orange
Bland
Cumberland
Greene
Loudoun
Page
Botetourt
Dickenson
Greensville
Louisa
Patrick
Brunswick
Dinwiddie
Halifax
Lunenburg
Pittsylvania
Buchanan
Essex
Hanover
Madison
Powhatan
368
Chapter 18
Prince Edward Richmond
Prince George Roanoke
Prince William Rockbridge
Pulaski Rockingham
Rappahannock Russell
Scott
Stafford
Washington
Shenandoah
Surry
Westmoreland
Smyth
Sussex
Wise
Southampton
Tazewell
Wythe
Spotsylvania
Warren
York
WASHINGTON (WA) (39 counties)
Capital: Olympia
Adams
Douglas
King
Pacific
Stevens
Asotin
Ferry
Kitsap
Pend Oreille
Thurston
Benton
Franklin
Kittitas
Pierce
Wahkiakum
Chelan
Garfield
Klickitat
San Juan
Walla Walla
Clallam
Grant
Lewis
Skagit
Whatcom
Clark
Grays Harbor
Lincoln
Skamania
Whitman
Columbia
Island
Mason
Snohomish
Yakima
Cowlitz
Jefferson
Okanogan
Spokane
WEST VIRGINIA (WV) (55 counties)
Capital: Charleston
Barbour
Grant
Logan
Nicholas
Summers
Berkeley
Greenbrier
Marion
Ohio
Taylor
Boone
Hampshire
Marshall
Pendleton
Tucker
Braxton
Hancock
Mason
Pleasants
Tyler
Brooke
Hardy
McDowell
Pocahontas
Upshur
Cabell
Harrison
Mercer
Preston
Wayne
Calhoun
Jackson
Mineral
Putnam
Webster
Clay
Jefferson
Mingo
Raleigh
Wetzel
Doddridge
Kanawha
Monongalia
Randolph
Wirt
Fayette
Lewis
Monroe
Ritchie
Wood
Gilmer
Lincoln
Morgan
Roane
Wyoming
WISCONSIN (Wl) (72 counties)
Capital: Mad
ison
Adams
Chippewa
Dunn
Iowa
Lafayette
Ashland
Clark
Eau Claire
Iron
Langlade
Barron
Columbia
Florence
Jackson
Lincoln
Bayfield
Crawford
Fond du Lac
Jefferson
Manitowoc
Brown
Dane
Forest
Juneau
Marathon
Buffalo
Dodge
Grant
Kenosha
Marinette
Burnett
Door
Green
Kewaunee
Marquette
Calumet
Douglas
Green Lake
La Crosse
Menominee
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions
369
Milwaukee
Pierce
Rusk
Taylor
Washington
Monroe
Polk
St. Croix
Trempealeau
Waukesha
Oconto
Portage
Sauk
Vernon
Waupaca
Oneida
Price
Sawyer
Vilas
Waushara
Outagamie
Racine
Shawano
Walworth
Winnebago
Ozaukee
Richland
Sheboygan
Washburn
Wood
Pepin
Rock
WYOMING (WY) (23 counties)
Capital: Cheyenne
Albany
Crook
Laramie
Platte
Teton
Big Horn
Fremont
Lincoln
Sheridan
Uinta
Campbell
Goshen
Natrona
Sublette
Washakie
Carbon
Hot Springs
Niobrara
Sweetwater
Weston
Converse
Johnson
Park
Common misspellings
Geographers and cartographers omit the possessive apostrophe in place-
names; however, apostrophes appearing in legally constituted names of
counties should not be changed.
The names of the following counties are often misspelled and/or confused:
Allegany in Maryland and New York
Alleghany in North Carolina and Virginia
Allegheny in Pennsylvania
Andrew in Missouri
Andrews in Texas
Aransas in Texas
Arkansas in Arkansas
Barber in Kansas
Barbour in Alabama and West Virginia
Brevard in Florida
Broward in Florida
Brooke in West Virginia
Brooks in Georgia and Texas
Bulloch in Georgia
Bullock in Alabama
Burnet in Texas
Burnett in Wisconsin
Cheboygan in Michigan
Sheboygan in Wisconsin
Clarke in Alabama, Georgia, Iowa,
Mississippi, and Virginia
Clark in all other States
Coffee in Alabama, Georgia, and
Tennessee
Coffey in Kansas
Coal in Oklahoma
Cole in Missouri
Coles in Illinois
Cook in Illinois and Minnesota
Cooke in Texas
Davidson in North Carolina and
Tennessee
370
Chapter 18
Davie in North Carolina
Daviess in Indiana, Kentucky,
and Missouri
Davis in Iowa and Utah
Davison in South Dakota
De Kalb in Alabama, Georgia,
Illinois, and Indiana
DeKalb in Tennessee and Missouri
Dickenson in Virginia
Dickinson in Iowa, Kansas, and
Michigan
Dickson in Tennessee
Forrest in Mississippi
Forest in all other States
Glascock in Georgia
Glasscock in Texas
Green in Kentucky and Wisconsin
Greene in all other States
Harford in Maryland
Hartford in Connecticut
Huntingdon in Pennsylvania
Huntington in Indiana
Johnston in North Carolina and
Oklahoma
Johnson in all other States
Kanabec in Minnesota
Kennebec in Maine
Kearney in Nebraska
Kearny in Kansas
Kenedy in Texas
Linn in Iowa, Kansas, Missouri,
and Oregon
Lynn in Texas
Loudon in Tennessee
Loudoun in Virginia
Manatee in Florida
Manistee in Michigan
Merced in California
Mercer in all other States
Morton in Kansas
Norton in Kansas
Muscogee in Georgia
Muskogee in Oklahoma
Park in Colorado and Montana
Parke in Indiana
Pottawatomie in Kansas and
Oklahoma
Pottawattamie in Iowa
Prince George in Virginia
Prince George's in Maryland
Sanders in Montana
Saunders in Nebraska
Smyth in Virginia
Smith in all other States
Stafford in Virginia
Strafford in New Hampshire
Stanley in South Dakota
Stanly in North Carolina
Stark in Illinois, North Dakota,
and Ohio
Starke in Indiana
Stephens in Georgia, Oklahoma,
and Texas
Stevens in Kansas, Minnesota,
and Washington
Storey in Nevada
Story in Iowa
Terrell in Georgia and Texas
Tyrrell in North Carolina
Tooele in Utah
Toole in Montana
Vermillion in Indiana
Vermilion in all other States
Woods in Oklahoma
Wood in all other States
Wyandot in Ohio
Wyandotte in Kansas
19. Congressional Record
Code of laws of the United States and rules for publication of
the Congressional Record
Title 44, Section 901. Congressional Record: Arrangement, style,
contents, and indexes. — The Joint Committee on Printing shall control
the arrangement and style of the Congressional Record, and while providing
that it shall be substantially a verbatim report of proceedings, shall take all
needed action for the reduction of unnecessary bulk. It shall provide for the
publication of an index of the Congressional Record semimonthly during
and at the close of sessions of Congress.
Title 44, Section 904. Congressional Record: Maps, diagrams,
illustrations. — Maps, diagrams, or illustrations may not be inserted in
the Record without the approval of the Joint Committee on Printing.
General rules
The rules governing document work (FIC & punc.) apply to the Congres-
sional Record, except as may be noted herein. The same general style should
be followed in the permanent (bound) Record as is used in the daily Record.
It is important to be familiar with the exceptions and the forms peculiar to
the Record.
Much of the data printed in the Congressional Record is forwarded to the
GPO via fiber optic transmission using the captured keystrokes of the floor
reporters. Element identifier codes are programmatically inserted, and
galley output is accomplished without manual intervention. It is not cost
effective to prepare the accompanying manuscript as per the GPO Style
Manual and it is too time-consuming to update and change the data once
it is already in type form. Therefore, the Record is to be FIC & punc. It is
not necessary to stamp the manuscript FIC & punc. because of its volume.
However, Record style, as stated in the following rules, will be followed.
Daily and permanent Record texts are set in 8-point type on a 9-point body.
Extracts are set in 7-point type on an 8-point body.
An F-dash will be used preceding 8-point cap lines in the proceedings of the
Senate and House.
371
372 Chapter 19
All 7-point extracts and poetry will carry 2 points of space above and below
unless heads appear, which generate their own space.
All extracts are set 7 point unless otherwise ordered by the Joint Committee
on Printing.
Except as noted below, all communications from the President must be set
in 8 point, but if such communications contain extracts, etc., the extracts are
set in 7 point.
An address of the President delivered outside of Congress or referred to as
an extract is set in 7 point.
A letter from the President to the Senate is set in 7 point when any form of
treaty is enclosed that is to be printed in the Record in connection therewith.
The letter is set in 7 point whether the treaty follows or precedes it or is sepa-
rated from it by intervening matter.
In all quoted amendments and excerpts of bills and in reprinting bills, the
style and manuscript as printed in the bill will be followed.
Except where otherwise directed, profanity, obscene wording, or extreme
vulgarisms are to be deleted and a 3 -em dash substituted.
All manuscript submitted in a foreign language will not be printed. It will be
returned for translation and resubmitted for printing in the next Record.
Extreme caution must be used in making corrections in manuscript, and no
important change will be made without proper authorization.
Observe the lists of names of Senators, Representatives, and Delegates, com-
mittees of both Houses, and duplicate names. Changes caused by death,
resignation, or otherwise must be noted. There is no excuse for error in the
spelling of names of Senators, Representatives, or department officials. In
case of doubt, the Congressional Directory will be the authority.
Datelines should be followed on Extensions of Remarks. If any question
arises as to the proper date to be used, a supervisor must be consulted.
Indented matter in leaderwork will be 1 em only.
Queries must not be made on proofs.
Congressional Record 373
Capitalization
(See also Chapter 3 "Capitalization Rules")
If the name of the Congressional Record is mentioned, it must be set in caps
and small caps and never abbreviated, even when appearing in citations,
except in extract matter, then cap/lowercase.
The name of a Senator or a Representative preceding his or her direct re-
marks is set in caps and is followed by a period with equal spacing to be
used.
The name of a Senator or a Representative used in connection with a bill or
other paper — that is, in an adjectival sense — is lowercased, as the Hawkins
bill, the Fish amendment, etc.; but Fish's amendment, etc.
The names of Members and Members-elect of both Houses of the Congress,
including those of the Vice President and Speaker, will be printed in caps
and small caps if mention is made of them, except in extract matter.
Deceased Members' names will be set in caps and small caps in eulogies
only on the first day the House or Senate is in session following the death
of a Member, in a speech carrying date when the Member was eulogized, or
on memorial day in the Senate and House. Eulogy day in one House will be
treated the same in the other.
Certificates of Senators-elect of a succeeding Congress are usually presented
to the current Congress, and in such cases the names of the Senators-elect
must be in caps and small caps.
Names of Members of Congress must be set in caps and lowercase in votes,
in lists set in columns, in the list of standing and select committees, in con-
tested-election cases, in lists of pairs, and in all parts of tabular matter (head,
body, and footnotes).
Observe that the names of all persons not certified Members of Congress
are to be set in caps and lowercase; that is, names of secretaries, clerks, mes-
sengers, and others.
Names of proposed Federal boards, commissions, services, etc., are
capitalized.
374 Chapter 19
Capitalize principal words and quote after each of the following terms:
Address, article, book, caption, chapter heading, editorial, essay, heading,
headline, motion picture or play (including TV or radio program), paper,
poem, report, song, subheading, subject, theme, etc. Also, following the word
entitled, except with reference to bill titles which are treated as follows: "A
bill (or an act) transferring certain functions of the Price Administrator to
the Petroleum Administrator for War," etc.
Figures
Follow the manuscript as to the use of numerals. Dollar amounts in Record
manuscript are to be followed.
Figures appearing in manuscript as "20 billion 428 million 125 thousand
dollars" should be followed.
Tabular matter and leaderwork
Record tables may be set either one or three columns in width, as follows:
One-column table: 14 picas (168 points).
Three-column table: 43V£ picas (522 points). Footnote(s) will be set 43V£
picas.
All short footnotes should be run in with 2 ems between each.
Italic
Italic, boldface, caps, or small caps shall not be used for emphasis; nor shall
unusual indentions be used. This does not apply to literally reproduced
quotations from historical, legal, or official documents. If italic other than
restricted herein is desired, the words should be underscored and "Fol. ital."
written on each folio. Do not construe this to apply to "Provided," "Provided
further," "Ordered," "Resolved," "Be it enacted," etc.
Names of vessels must be set in italic, except in headings, where they will be
quoted.
The prayer delivered in either House must be set in 8-point roman. If pref-
aced or followed by a quotation from the Bible, such quotation must be set
in 8-point italic. Extracts from the Bible or other literature contained in the
body of the prayer will be set in 8-point roman and quoted.
Congressional Record 375
When general or passing mention is made of a case in 8 point, the title is set
in roman, as Smith Bros. case. When a specific citation is indicated and ref-
erence follows, use italic for title, as Smith Bros, case (172 App. Div. 149).
In 8 point manuscript, titles of cases are always set in italic if followed by
references. In 7 point, manuscript is followed.
In 8-point matter, when only the title of a case is given, set in roman, as
United States versus 12 Diamond Rings.
When versus is used in other than legal phrases and for the purposes of
showing contrast, it is not abbreviated or set in italic, as "airplanes versus
battleships."
Miscellaneous
Do not quote any communication carrying date and signature. However,
a letter (or other communication) bearing both date and signature that ap-
pears within a letter shall be quoted.
Do not put quotation marks on centerheads in 7-point extracts unless cen-
terheads belong to original matter.
In newspaper extracts, insert place and date at beginning of paragraph. Use
caps and small caps for name of place and roman lowercase for spelled-out
date. Connect date and extract by a period and an em dash. If date and place
are credited in a bracket line above extract, they need not be used again at
the beginning of the paragraph.
Each Whereas in a preamble must begin a new paragraph. The Therefore
be it must be preceded by a colon and be run in with the last Whereas. Be it
will run in with the word Therefore, but must not be supplied when not in
manuscript. Note the following:
Whereas it has been deemed advisable Resolved, That the committee, etc.
to, etc.: Therefore be it
In the titles of legal cases manuscript is followed as to spelling, abbrevia-
tions, and use of figures.
Use single punctuation in citations of cases and statutes:
United States v. 12 Diamond Rings (124 U.S. 329; R.S. p. 310, sec. 1748).
376 Chapter 19
Indent asterisk lines 2 ems on each side. Use five asterisks.
If a title is used as part of the name of an organization, vessel, etc., spell; thus,
General Ulysses S. Grant Post No. 76, Grand Army of the Republic.
The order of subdivision of the Constitution of the United States is as fol-
lows: article I, section 2, clause 3.
If an exhibit appears at the end of a speech, the head Exhibit is set in 7-point
caps and small caps.
In extracts containing votes the names must be run in, as Mr. Smith of
Texas, AuCoin, and Clay, etc.
In a Senator's or a Representative's remarks, when amendments, sections,
etc., are referred to by number, follow the manuscript.
In text references to Senate and House reports and in executive and miscel-
laneous documents, follow the manuscript.
In headings and text references to resolutions and memorials, follow the
manuscript.
In gross or en gros
When a bill comes to final action, in the presentment of amendments col-
lectively for a vote, either the term "in gross" or the French equivalent "en
gros" may be used.
Examples of Congressional Record
USE OF CAPS AND SMALL CAPS
[Note the use of parentheses and brackets Mr. Etheridge's amendment was
in the following examples. Each will be used adopted
as submitted, as long as they are consistent M HARE Madam Speaker , t yield
throughout.]
to Mr. Hoyer.
Mr. WEBB. (Name all caps when a M r. HOYER said: If not paired, I
Member or visitor addresses Senate WO uld vote "no" on this bill,
or House.) a Member. And debate it afterward.
On motion by [or of] Mr. Webb, it Several Senators. I object,
was, etc. But: Several Senators addressed
The VICE PRESIDENT resumed the Chair,
the chair. Mr. KENNEDY, Mr. WEBB (and oth-
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. ers). Let it be read.
Levin). Is there objection? The AcTING Secretary. In line 11,
The SPEAKER called the House to afte r the word "Provided", it is pro-
order, posed, etc.
Congressional Record
377
Mrs. CAPPS was recognized, and
yielded her time to Mr. Cardoza.
[When two Members from the same State
have the same surname, full name is used.]
On motion of Ms. Linda T. Sanchez of
California . . .
On motion of Ms. Loretta Sanchez of
California . . .
Mr. LINCOLN DIAZ-BALART
of Florida and Mr. MARIO DIAZ-
BALART of Florida rose to a point of
order.
The CHAIRMAN appointed Mr.
Campbell of California and Mr. Inslee
as conferees.
[Extracts that consist of colloquies will
use caps and small caps for names of persons
speaking, as shown below:]
Mr. DeFazio. I think this bill is so well
understood that no time will be required
for its discussion.
Ms. Norton. Does this bill come from the
Committee on Armed Services?
The Speaker. It does.
SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED
By unanimous consent, permis-
sion to address the House, following
the legislative and any special orders
heretofore entered, was granted to:
Mr. Hoyer, for 1 hour, on Wednesday,
February 2.
Mr. Engel (at the request of Mr.
Hoyer), for 1 hour, on February 2.
(The following Members (at the re-
quest of Mr. Hall of New York) and to
revise and extend their remarks and
include therein extraneous matter:)
Mrs. Bachmann, for 5 minutes,
today.
Mr. Holden, for 5 minutes, today.
Mr. Inslee, for 60 minutes, today.
[Note the following double action:]
(Mr. HOYER asked and was given
permission to extend his remarks at
this point in the Record and to include
extraneous matter.)
(Mr. HOYER addressed the House.
His remarks will appear hereafter in
the Extensions of Remarks.)
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under
a previous order of the House, the
gentleman from Nebraska (Mr. For-
tenberry) is recognized for 5 minutes.
(Mr. FORTENBERRY addressed the
House. His remarks will appear here-
after in the Extensions of Remarks.)
PUNCTUATION
Mr. REID. Mr. President, I call up
my amendment which is identified as
"unprinted amendment No. 1296," and
ask that it be stated.
The bill was reported to the Senate
as amended, and the amendment was
concurred in.
The bill was reported to the Senate
without amendment, ordered to be
engrossed for a third reading, read
the third time, and passed.
The bill was ordered to be engrossed
for a third reading, read the third
time, and passed.
[Use this form when title of bill is given:]
The bill was ordered to be engrossed
and read the third time, was read the
third time, and passed.
The title was amended so as to
read: "A bill for the relief of Maude S.
Burman."
A motion to reconsider was laid on
the table. [House.]
[Use this form when title of bill is not
given:]
The bill was ordered to be engrossed
and read a third time, was read the
third time, and passed, and a motion
to reconsider was laid on the table.
[House.]
The bill was ordered to be engrossed
and read a third time, and passed.
The amendments were ordered to
be engTossed and the bill to be read a
third time.
378
Chapter 19
The amendment was agreed to, and
the bill as amended was ordered to be
engrossed and read a third time; and
being engrossed, it was accordingly
read the third time and passed.
There was no objection, and, by
unanimous consent, the Senate pro-
ceeded . . .
The question was taken, and the
motion was agreed to.
The question being taken, the mo-
tion was agreed to.
Ordered to lie on the table and to be
printed.
Ms. EDWARDS of Maryland. Mr.
Chairman, I move to strike the requi-
site number of words.
(Ms. EDWARDS of Maryland asked
and was given permission to revise
and extend her remarks.)
[Note use of interrogation mark in the
following:]
Mr. KERRY. Mr. President, what
does this mean? —
We have never received a dollar of this
amount.
POM-376. A resolution adopted by the
House of Representatives of the State of
Rhode Island expressing its opposition to
federal proposals to authorize increases
in the size or weight of commercial motor
vehicles; to the Committee on Commerce,
Science, and Transportation.
House Resolution No. 8296
Whereas, The State of Rhode Island is
committed to protecting the safety of mo-
torists on its highways and to protecting
taxpayers' investment in our highway in-
frastructure; and
Whereas, The General Assembly of the
State of Rhode Island and Providence
Plantations resolved jointly to urge the
Congress of the United States to . . .
Resolved, That this House of Represen-
tatives of the State of Rhode Island and
Providence Plantations hereby reaffirms
its opposition to proposals, at all lev-
els of government, that would authorize
increases in the size and weight of com-
mercial motor vehicles because of the
impact that these increases would have
on highway infrastructure, especially
bridges ; and be it further
Resolved, That the Secretary of State be
and he hereby is authorized and directed to
transmit duly certified copies of this reso-
lution to the President and Vice President
of the United States, the Speaker of the
United States House of Representatives,
the Majority Leader of the United States
Senate and the Rhode Island Delegation to
the Congress of the United States.
[Note use of italic in title of cases:]
. . . This is the occasion America did
not have to consider what other options
might guarantee maternal safety
while protecting the unborn. This is
our national opportunity to recon-
sider Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
Roe against Wade and its companion
case, Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179 (1973),
granted abortion the elevated status
of a fundamental constitutional right
and invalidated almost all effective
restrictions on abortion throughout
the 9 months of pregnancy ....
PARENTHESES AND BRACKETS
[The use of parentheses and brackets will be
followed as submitted for acronyms, symbols,
or abbreviations.]
This legislation would exempt cer-
tain defined Central Intelligence
Agency [CIA] operational files from
the search and review process of
the Freedom of Information Act
[FOIA], thus permitting - the Agency
to respond much more quickly to
those FOIA requests which are at
all likely to result in the release of
information.
Mr. BACA. Madam Speaker, I now
yield 5 minutes to the gentleman
from Indiana (Mr. Hill).
(Mr. BUTTERFIELD asked and was
given permission to revise and extend
his remarks in the Record.)
Ms. HARMAN. There is no "may
not" about it. Here is the form in
which they are printed.
Mr. DOYLE. I am in hopes we shall
be able to secure a vote on the bill
tonight.
["Vote! Vote!"]
Congressional Record
379
Mr. YOUNG. The Chair rather gets
me on that question. [Laughter.] I did
not rise. [Cries of "Vote! Vote!"]
Mrs. CAPPS [one of the tellers]. I do
not desire to press the point that no
quorum has voted.
The CHAIRMAN [after a pause].
If no gentleman claims the floor, the
Clerk will proceed with the reading of
the hill.
Mr. HALL of Texas. Then he is en-
deavoring to restrict the liberty of
the individual in the disbursement
of his own money. [Applause on the
Republican side.]
Mr. KENNEDY. Mr. Speaker, I de-
sire to ask unanimous consent that
the time of the gentleman [Cries
of "Regular Order ! "]
[Laughter.]
The SPEAKER. Is there objection
to the consideration of this bill at
this time? [After a pause.] There is no
objection.
The CHAIRMAN [rapping with his
gavel]. Debate is exhausted.
Mr. MORAN of Virginia. Patrick
Henry said
Ceasar had his Brutus, Charles I his
Cromwell, and George III
[here he was interrupted by cries of
"Treason, Treason"]
and George III may profit by their ex-
ample. If this be treason, let us make the
most of it!
(Mr. MILLER of Florida addressed
the Committee [or House]. His re-
marks will appear hereafter in the
Extensions of Remarks.)
[Names of Senators or Representatives
appearing in remarks of other Members of Con-
gress should be enclosed in brackets, except in
listing of tellers or when some title other than
"Mr." is used, as in the following examples:]
Mr. LIEBERMAN. Mr. President,
I thank my friend from Rhode
Island [Senator Whitehouse] for
that magnificent exchange of cor-
respondence between the Hebrew
congregation of Newport, RI, and
President Washington.
May I say that Senator Whitehouse,
in his own bearing and substance,
lives out the promise of religious
freedom that our first President gave
to all Americans.
Perhaps I should say I say that as
one of the descendants of the Stock
of Abraham who is privileged to be a
Member of the Senate today. I thank
Senator Whitehouse. I thank Senator
Coburn.
I am going to take the liberty,
if I may, to speak for a few min-
utes while we are waiting for either
Senator Murkowski, Senators Webb or
Martinez, who are going to read docu-
ments before I conclude.
[In Senate manuscript a Senator is referred
to as "the Senator from [Mr. ] ." Do not
supply name and brackets if name does not ap-
pear in manuscript.]
[Note that brackets are used only when Mr.,
etc., appears in manuscript.]
[See also use of Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms. in expla-
nation of votes under "Pairs."]
VOTING IN THE HOUSE AND IN COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE
[Note that a dash is used only when a comma
is necessary to separate the ayes and noes. If
only the ayes or the noes are given, no punc-
tuation is to be used. If the word and is used
to connect the ayes and noes, as ayes 52 and
noes 65, or 52 ayes and 65 noes, the dash is
omitted after the word were or being.]
On the question of ordering the yeas
and nays there were 18 ayes and 88
noes.
The House divided; and there were —
ayes 52, noes 65.
So (no further count being called
for) the amendment of Mr. Moran of
Virginia was not agreed to.
So (two-thirds having voted in favor
thereof) the rules were suspended,
and the bill was passed.
So (two-thirds not having voted in fa-
vor thereof) the motion was rejected.
The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman
raises the point of no quorum. The
Chair will count. [After counting.]
380
Chapter 19
Two hundred and seventeen present,
a quorum. The noes have it, and the
amendment is rejected.
The question being taken on the mo-
tion of Mr. Hoyer to suspend the rules
and pass the bill, it was agreed to
(two-thirds voting - in favor thereof).
So (the affirmative not being one-
fifth of the whole vote) the yeas and
nays were not ordered.
The question was taken by a viva
voice vote, and the Speaker an-
nounced that two-thirds appeared
to have voted in the affirmative
and [after a pause] that the bill was
passed.
The yeas and nays were ordered,
there being - 43 in the affirmative,
more than one-fifth of the last vote.
The question being taken on Mr.
Kennedy's motion, there were — ayes
18, noes 35.
The question being taken on con-
curring in the amendments of the
Senate, there were — ayes 101, noes 5.
The question was taken; and on a di-
vision [demanded by Mr. Hoyer] there
were — ayes 17, noes 29.
Mr. HOYER. Mr. Chairman, I de-
mand a recorded vote, and pending
that, I make the point of order that a
quorum is not present.
The CHAIRMAN. Evidently a quo-
rum is not present.
The Chair announces that pursuant
to clause 2, rule XXIII, he will vacate
proceedings under the call when a
quorum of the Committee appears.
Members will record their presence
by electronic device.
The call was taken by electronic
device.
□ 1715
[The above box followed by a four-digit num-
ber indicates floor time in the House (5:15
p.m.)]
QUORUM CALL VACATED
TheCHAIRMAN.OnehundredMem-
bers have appeared. A quorum of the
Committee of the Whole is present.
Pursuant to rule XXIII, clause 2, fur-
ther proceedings under the call shall
be considered as vacated.
The Committee will resume its
business.
The pending business is the demand
of the gentleman from Minnesota
[Mr. Oberstar] for a recorded vote.
A recorded vote was refused.
So the amendment to the amend-
ment offered as a substitute for the
amendment was rejected.
The CHAIRMAN. The question is on
the amendment offered by the gentle-
man from Pennsylvania [Mr. English]
as a substitute for the amendment of-
fered by the gentlewoman from South
Dakota [Ms. Herseth Sandlin].
The question was taken; and the
Chairman announced that the noes
appeared to have it.
RECORDED VOTE
Mr. ENGLISH. Mr. Chairman, I de-
mand a recorded vote.
A recorded vote was ordered.
The vote was taken by electronic
device, and there were — ayes 228, noes
188, answered "present" 1, not voting
47, as follows
[Roll No. 509]
AYES— 228
Abercrombie Baird Berman
Ackerman Baldwin Berry
Allen Barrow Bishop (GA)
Altmire Bean Bishop (NY)
Arcuri Becerra Blumenauer
Baca Berkley Boren
NOES— 188
Aderholt Bartlett (MD)
Blackburn
Akin Barton (TX)
Blunt
Alexander Biggert
Boehner
Bachmann Bilbray
Bonner
Bachus Bilirakis
Bono Mack
Barrett (SO Bishop (UT)
Boozman
ANSWERED "PRESENT"—!
Andrews
NOT VOTING-
-17
Boswell Frank (MA)
Inslee
Cooper Gilchrest
Lucas
Cubin Herger
Miller, Gary
Doolittle Hunter
Paul
Congressional Record
381
□ 1311
Mr. RYAN of Wisconsin changed his
vote from "aye" to "no."
Ms. WASSERMAN SCHULTZ, Ms.
HOOLEY, and Ms. ROS-LEHTINEN
changed their vote from "no" to "aye."
[The Speaker's vote is recorded only in the
"Ayes" or "Noes." It is never recorded as "not
voting."]
[If the Speaker votes, his name is not used,
but at the end of the "yeas" or "nays," accord-
ing to his vote, insert: "The Speaker."
So the amendment offered as a sub-
stitute for the amendment was agreed
to.
The result of the vote was an-
nounced as above recorded.
VOTING BY YEAS AND NAYS
Senate
QUORUM CALL
The clerk will call the roll.
The assistant legislative clerk
proceeded to call the roll, and the fol-
lowing Senators entered the Chamber
and answered to their names:
[Quorum No. 42]
Akaka Bennett Brownback
Alexander Biden Bunning
Allard Bingaman Burr
Barrasso Bond Byrd
Bacus Boxer Cantwell
Bayh Brown Cardin
The PRESIDING OFFICER [Mr.
Webb] . A quorum is not present.
Mr. REID. Mr. President, I move
that the Sergeant at Arms be in-
structed to require the attendance
of absent Senators, and I ask for the
yeas and nays on the motion.
THE PRESIDING OFFICER. Is
there a sufficient second? There is a
sufficient second.
The yeas and nays were ordered.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
question is on agreeing to the motion
of the Senator from Nevada. On this
question the yeas and nays have been
ordered, and the clerk will call the
roll.
The Assistant legislative clerk
called the roll.
Mr. DURBIN. I announce that
the Senator from Ohio (Mr. Brown),
the Senator from Massachusetts
(Mr. Kennedy), the Senator from
Illinois (Mr. Obama), the Senator
from Arkansas (Mr. Pryor), and the
Senator from Montana (Mr. Tester)
are necessarily absent.
Mr. KYL. The following Senators
are necessarily absent: the Senator
from Minnesota (Mr. Coleman), the
Senator from Nevada (Mr. Ensign),
the Senator from South Carolina
(Mr. Graham), the Senator from New
Hampshire (Mr. Gregg), the Senator
from Arizona (Mr. McCain), the
Senator from Alaska (Ms. Murkowski),
the Senator from South Dakota (Mr.
Thune), the Senator from Louisiana
(Mr. Vitter), and the Senator from
Mississippi (Mr. Wicker).
Further, if present and voting,
the Senator from Minnesota (Mr.
Coleman) would have voted "yea."
The result was announced — yeas 76,
nays 10, as follows:
[Rollcall Vote No. 163 Leg.]
YEAS— 76
Akaka
Conrad
Kohl
Alexander
Corker
Landrieu
Allard
Craig 1
Lautenberg
Baucus
Dodd
Leahy
Bayh
Dole
Levin
Bennett
Domenici
Lieberman
Biden
D organ
Lincoln
Bingaman
Durbin
Lugar
Bond
Feingold
Martinez
Boxer
Feinstein
McCaskill
Brownback
Grassley
McConnell
Byrd
Hagel
Menendez
Cantwell
Harkin
Mikulski
Cardin
Hatch
Murray
Carper
Hutchison
Nelson (FL)
Casey
Inouye
Nelson (NE)
Chambliss
Isakson
Reed
Clinton
Johnson
Reid
Cochran
Kerry
Roberts
Collins
Klobuchar
Rockefeller
382
Chapter 19
Salazar
Snowe
Voinovich
NOTVOTING-
-14
Sanders
Schumer
Sessions
Smith
Specter
Stabenow
Stevens
Sununu
Warner
Webb
Whitehouse
Wyden
Brown
Coleman
Ensign
Graham
Kennedy
McCain
Murkowski
Obama
Tester
Thune
Vitter
Wicker
NAYS— 10
Gregg
Pryor
Barrasso
Bunning
Cornyn
Crapo
Inhofe
Kyi
So the motion was agr
eed to.
Burr
DeMint
Coburn
Enzi
PAIRS
[The word with must always be used in pairs in
the House, not and; and manuscript must be al-
tered to conform thereto, as Mr. Smith with Mr.
Jones — not Mr. Smith and Mr. Jones. Note use of
lowercase for names in list of pairs in House.]
The Clerk announced the following-
pairs:
On this vote:
Mr. Abercrombie for, with Mr. Aderholt
against.
Until further notice:
Mr. Baca with Mrs. Bachmann.
Mrs. Capps with Mr. Calvert.
Mr. Artur Davis of Alabama with
Mr. Lincoln Diaz-Balart of Florida.
Mr. Ackerman with Mr. Young of
Alaska.
Mr. HALL of New York, Mrs.
DRAKE, Messrs. FOSTER, HILL, and
ISRAEL changed their votes from
"nay" to "yea."
So the bill was passed.
The result of the vote was an-
nounced as above recorded.
A motion to reconsider was laid on
the table.
Mr. BACA. Mr. Speaker, I voted,
but, being paired with the gentlelady
from Minnesota, Mrs. Bachmann, I
withdraw my vote.
Mr. ARTUR DAVIS of Alabama. Mr.
Speaker, I have a pair with the gentle-
man from Florida, Mr. Lincoln Diaz
Balart of Florida, who, if present,
would have voted "yea." I voted "nay." I
withdraw my vote and vote "present."
[In House pairs do not use brackets when
members are referred to by name. In Senate
pairs observe the following use of brackets:]
Mr. DOMENICI (when his name
was called). I am paired on this ques-
tion with the senior Senator from
Massachusetts [Mr. Kennedy]. If he
were here, I should vote "yea."
CALL OF THE HOUSE
Mr. MURTHA. Ms. Speaker, I move
a call of the House.
A call of the House was ordered.
The call was taken by electronic
device and the following Members re-
sponded to their names:
[Roll No. 41
j
rcrombie
Baird
Berman
erman
Baldwin
Berry
>n
Barrow
Bishop (GA)
nire
Bean
Bishop (NY)
Liri
Bee err a
Blumenauer
a
Berkley
Boren
[No reference will be made of the names of
those not voting.]
FORMS OF TITLES
[Always in roman lowercase, flush and hang
1 em, if more than two lines.]
H.J. Res. 2
Joint resolution authorizing the Sec-
retary of the Treasury to issue to
the public 2 per centum bonds or
certificates, etc.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Rep-
resentatives of the United States of America
in Congress assembled, That the . . .
Congressional Record
383
H.R. 4487
A bill to authorize the Rock Island
and Southwestern Railway Com-
pany to construct a bridge, etc.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House
of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That it
shall be lawful for the Rock Island and
Southwestern Railway Company, a cor-
poration organized under the general
Incorporation, etc.
ADDRESSES AND SIGNATURES
[No line spacing, street addresses, or ZIP
Code numbers are to be used in communica-
tions in the Record.]
The Honorable the Secretary of the
□□Navy.
□Dear Mr. Secretary: This is in response
to your letter, etc.
□□□Very sincerely yours,
Bill Clinton.Q
Columbia, iSO.OOD
January 17, 2008. □
Hon. Ike Skelton,
Cannon House Office Building,
Washington, DC.
□The President's farm message of today
. . . farmers and prevent the spread of this
depression to every part of our country.
Missouri Farmers
Association,
F.V. Heinkel, President.
January 20. 2008.Q
Hon. John B. Connally, Jr.,
The Secretary of the Treasury, Department
□□o/ift-e Treasury, Washington, DC.
□Dear Mr. Secretary': Mindful of the tre-
mendous workload, etc.
I would appreciate your comment on the
foregoing proposal.
Your proposal seems to be in the best in-
terest of all concerned.
□□□ Sincerely yours,
John P. Sarbanes.QQQ
Member of Congress.^
Alexandria, MN.DDD
November 10, 2008. □
Hon. Amy t Klobuchar,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, DC.
□We oppose the nomination of John Smith
for Secretary of Agriculture because he re-
sists family farms.
Ray t mond Wagner.Q
□Brandon, MN.
January 17, 1972 □
Re resignation from committee.
Hon. Carl Albert,
The Speaker, U.S. House of Representa-
\~2£~~}tives, U.S. Capitol, Washington, DC.
□Dear Mr. Speaker: Having changed my
politics from Republican to Democrat,
etc.
□With my best wishes.
□□□Sincerely.
Vincent J. Dellay.Q
U.S. Senate, □□□□□
President pro tempore, □□□
Washington, DC, March 17, 2008.\J
To the Senate:
□Being temporarily absent from the
Senate, I appoint Hon. Max Baucus, a
Senator from the State of Montana, to
perform the duties of the Chair during my
absence.
Robert C. Byrd.Q^Q
President pro tempore.^
DESIGNATION OF SPEAKER PRO
TEMPORE
□The SPEAKER pro tempore laid before
the House the following communication
from the Speaker:
Washington, DC.Q^Q
June 17, 2008 □
□I hereby appoint the Honorable Rick
Larsen to act as Speaker pro tempore on
this day.
Nancy Pelosi.QQQ
Speaker of the House of Representatives.^
□□The International Union op UnitedQQQ
□□□Brewery, Flour, Cereal, SoptQQQ
□□□Drinks & Distillery Workers opQQQ
□□□America,
Cincinnati, OH, March 25, 2007.\J
To the Senate of the United States.
To the United States House of Representa-
□□tzues.
□Honorable Sirs: April 7, 2007, being the
60th anniversary of the modification, etc.
[Two to eight independent signatures, with
or without titles, are aligned on the left.]
To the Honorable Senate and House of
\~~J~~]Representatives of the United States of
\~~J~~}America Now Assembled at Washington,
□□DC:
□The undersigned, officers of the Navy of
the United States, respectfully show unto
384
Chapter 19
your honorable bodies the following infor-
mation, etc.
James G. Green.
w.h. southerland.
Thomas Harrison.
F.P. Fletcher.
Robert Whelan.
C.C. Wilson.
□Respectfully submitted,
Karl F. Feller,
International President.^
Thomas Rusch,
Director of Organization.^
Arthur Gildea,
Secretary-Treasurer.^
Joseph E. Brady,
Director of Legislation.^
[More than eight signatures, with or with-
out titles, are set full measure, caps and
lowercase, run in, indented 2 and 3 ems, as
follows:]
Gene H. Rosenblum, Cochairman;
Paul H. Ray, Cochairman; Cyn-
thia Asplund, James Pedersen,
George Doty, Thomas St. Martin;
Joan O'Neill; Lloyd Moosebrugger;
Sam Kaplan; Ronald Nemer; Dean
Potter; Philip Archer; Thomas
McDonough; Mrs. LloydMoosebrug-
g - er; Minnesota Young Democratic
Civil Rights Committee.
John Smith, DDDDD
Lieutenant GovernorQQG
(For the Governor of Maine), fj
Texarkana Textile
Merchants &
Manufacturers'
Association,
John L. Jones,
Secretary.
CREDITS
[From the Wall Street Journal,
Oct. 31. 2007]
Surveillance Sanity
(By Benjamin Civiletti, Dick Thornburgh
and William Webster)
Following the terrorist attacks of Sept.
11, 2001, President Bush authorized the
National Security Agency to target al
Qaeda communications into and out of
the country. Mr. Bush concluded that this
was essential for protecting the coun-
try, that using the Foreign Intelligence
Surveillance Act would not permit the
necessary speed and agility, and that he
had the constitutional power to authorize
such surveillance without court orders to
defend the country.
Since the program became public in 2006,
Congress has been asserting appropriate
oversight. Few of those who learned the
details of the program have criticized its
necessity. Instead, critics argued that if
the president found FISA inadequate, he
should have gone to Congress and gotten
the changes necessary to allow the pro-
gram to proceed under court orders. That
process is now underway. The administra-
tion has brought the program under FISA,
and the Senate Intelligence Committee
recently reported out a bill with a strong
bipartisan majority of 13-2, that would
make the changes to FISA needed for
the program to continue. This bill is now
being considered by the Senate Judiciary
Committee.
POETRY
[If poetry is quoted, each stanza should start
with quotation marks, but only the last stanza
should end with them. The lines of the poem
should align on the left, those that rhyme tak-
ing the same indention. Poems are flush left;
overs 3 ems; 2 points of space between stan-
zas, and 2 points of space above and below.]
Casey" at the Bat
The outlook wasn't brilliant for the
Mudville nine that day:
The score stood four to two, with but one
inning more to play.
And then when Cooney died at first, and
Barrows did the same,
A pall-like silence fell upon the patrons of
the game.
A straggling few got up to go in deep
despair.
The rest clung to that hope which springs
eternal in the human breast;
They thought, if only Casey could get but a
whack at that —
We'd put up even money now, with Casey at
the bat.
Congressional Record
385
But Flynn preceded Casey, as did also
Jimmy Blake,
And the former was a hoodoo and the latter
was a cake;
So upon that stricken multitude grim mel-
ancholy sat,
For there seemed but little chance of
Casey's getting to the bat.
But Flynn let drive a single, to the wonder-
ment of all,
And Blake, the much despised, tore the
cover off the ball;
And when the dust had lifted, and the men
saw what had occurred,
There was Jimmy safe at second and Flynn
a-hugging third.
Then from five thousand throats and more
there rose a lusty yell;
It rumbled through the valley, it rattled in
the dell;
It pounded on the mountain and recoiled
upon the flat,
For Casey, mighty Casey, was advancing
to the bat.
There was ease in Casey's manner as he
stepped into his place;
There was pride in Casey's bearing and a
smile lit Casey's face.
And when, responding to the cheers, he
lightly doffed his hat,
No stranger in the crowd could doubt 'twas
Casey at the bat.
Ten thousand eyes were on him as he
rubbed his hands with dirt;
Five thousand tongues applauded when he
wiped them on his shirt.
Then while the writhing pitcher ground
the ball into his hip,
Defiance gleamed in Casey's eye, a sneer
curled Casey's lip.
And now the leather-covered sphere came
hurtling through the air.
And Casey stood a-watching it in haughty
grandeur there.
Close by the sturdy batsman the ball
unheeded sped —
"That ain't my style," said Casey. "Strike
one," the umpire said.
From the benches, black with people, there
went up a muffled roar,
Like the beating of the storm-waves on a
stern and distant shore.
"Kill him! Kill the umpire!" shouted some-
one on the stand;
And it's likely they'd a-killed him had not
Casey raised his hand.
With a smile of Christian charity great
Casey's visage shone;
He stilled the rising tumult; he bade the
game go on;
He signaled to the pitcher, and once more
the dun sphere flew;
But Casey still ignored it, and the umpire
said, "Strike two."
"Fraud!" cried the maddened thousands,
and echo answered fraud;
But one scornful look from Casey and the
audience was awed.
They saw his face grow stern and cold, they
saw his muscles strain,
And they knew that Casey wouldn't let
that ball go by again.
The sneer is gone from Casey 's lip, his teeth
are clenched in hate;
He pounds with cruel violence his bat upon
the plate.
And now the pitcher holds the ball, and
now he lets it go,
And now the air is shattered by the force of
Casey's blow.
Oh, somewhere in this favored land the sun
is shining bright;
The band is playing somewhere, and some-
where hearts are light,
And somewhere men are laughing, and
somewhere children shout;
But there is no joy in Mudville — mighty
Casey has struck out.
— Ernest Lawrence Thayer.
EXTRACTS
[Extracts must be set in 7 point unless or-
dered otherwise by the Joint Committee on
Printing. This does not refer to a casual quo-
tation of a few words or a quotation that would
not make more than 3 lines of 7-point type.
The beginning of the 7-point extract must
start with a true paragraph; 8-point type fol-
lowing is always a paragraph.]
On February 29, Sue Payton, who is
the Air Force's Assistant Secretary
for Acquisition, said at a DOD news
briefing':
We have been extremely open and trans-
parent. We have had a very thorough review
of what we're doing. We've got it nailed.
A week later, she told the House
Appropriations Subcommittee on
Defense:
The Air Force followed a carefully
structured source selection process, —
They what?
designedtoprovidetransparencymaintain
integrity, and ensure a fair competition.
386
Chapter 19
And throughout the last 4 months,
Air Force officials have insisted that
they selected the cheapest plane that
best met their criteria and that they
made no mistakes.
[Note, as above, that following an excerpt,
the 8 point mnst begin with a paragraph.]
[An address of the President delivered out-
side of Congress or referred to as an extract
will be set in 7 point.]
SCHEME OF TEXT HEADINGS
[In 8-point, heads are 8-point caps. After
the cap head, all sub heads are 7-point small
caps, regardless of any perceived hierarchy.
[In 7-point, the progression is as follows (in
descending order):
7-point caps and small caps.
7-point small caps.
7-point italic lowercase.
7-point roman caps and lowercase.
7-point roman lowercase.]
USE OF DOUBLE HEADS
This is something which has been
entirely overlooked by the . . .
ANALYSIS OF SPECIFIC PROVISIONS OF THE
COMMITTEE BILL
AMENDMENTS CHANGING THE INTERSTATE
COMMERCE PROVISIONS OF THE ACE
As the law stands today, it applies
only to an employee who . . .
EXECUTIVE PROGRAM
ESTATE TAX CONVENTION WITH
CANADA
AMENDMENTS SUBMITTED
RECIPROCAL TRADE
AGREEMENTS
SPECTER AMENDMENT NO. 1194
HEADS USED IN EXTENSIONS OF
REMARKS
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
AUTHORIZATION ACT, 2000
SPEECH OF
HON. JOHN CONYERS, JR.
OF MICHIGAN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, February 3, 1999
The House In Committee of the Whole
House on the State of the Union had under
consideration the bill (H.R. 1401) to autho-
rize appropriations for fiscal year 2000 for
the Armed Forces . . .
[The words "Speech of" are to be used only
when on manuscript and is an indication that
that particular Extension of Remarks is to
be inserted in the proceedings of the bound
Record of the date used in the heading.]
MISSING CHILDREN
HON. ORRIN G. HATCH
OF UTAH
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Wednesday, February 3, 1999
Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, I rise before this
distinguished assembly to focus additional
attention on the tragedy of missing chil-
dren. The Department of Health and Human
Services has estimated that approximately
1.3 million children disappear each year. A
significant number do not leave of their own
accord. . . .
Congressional Record
387
CONGRESSIONAL PROCEEDINGS
SENATE
Tuesday, July 15, 2008
(Legislative day of Monday, July 14, 2008) 1
The Senate met at 9:30 a.m., on
the expiration of the recess, and
was called to order by the Honorable
Sheldon Whitehouse, a Senator from
the State of Rhode Island.
[Above line to be used only when Senate had
been in recess.]
The Senate met at 9:30 a.m., and
was called to order by the Honorable
Benjamin L. Cardin, a Senator from
the State of Maryland.
[Note. — Entire prayer set in 8 point.]
The Chaplain, Dr. Barry C. Black,
offered the following prayer:
Let us pray.
Our Father in heaven, we thank You
for the beautiful differences in the
human family, for its varied shapes
and sizes, its features and colors, its
abilities and talents. Deliver us from
the forces that would destroy our
unity by eliminating our diversity.
Bless the Members of this body. Help
them in their debates to distinguish
between substance and semantics,
between rhetoric and reality. Free
them from personal and partisan pre-
occupations that would defeat their
aspirations and deprive Americans of
just and equitable solutions. May our
lawmakers avoid the works of dark-
ness and put on Your armor of light.
We pray in Your holy Name. Amen.
PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE
The Honorable Benjamin L . Cardin led
the Pledge of Allegiance, as follows:
I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the
United States of America, and to the
Republic for which it stands, one nation
under God, Indivisible, with liberty and
justice for all.
APPOINTMENT OF ACTING
PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
clerk will please read a communica-
tion to the Senate from the President
pro tempore (Mr. Byrd).
The legislative clerk read the fol-
lowing letter:
U.S. Senate,
President pro tempore,
Washington, DC, June 11, 2008.
To the Senate:
Under the provisions of rule I, section3, of
the Standing Rules of the Senate, I hereby
appoint the Honorable Benjamin L. Cardin,
a Senator from the State of Maryland, to
perform the duties of the Chair.
Robert C. Byrd,
President pro tempore.
Mr. CARDIN thereupon assumed
the chair as Acting President pro
tempore.
RECOGNITION OF THE MAJORITY
LEADER
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro
tempore. The majority leader is
recognized.
'To be used only when the Senate had
been In recess.
SCHEDULE
Mr. REID. Mr. President, follow-
ing my remarks and those of Senator
McConnell, there will be a period of
morning business for 1 hour, with
Senators permitted to speak therein
for up to 10 minutes each. The major-
ity will control the first 30 minutes;
388
Chapter 19
the Republicans will control the sec-
ond 30 minutes.
Following morning' business, the
Senate will resume consideration of
the motion to proceed to S. 3044, the
Consumer-First Energy Act. The
first 4 hours of debate will be equally
divided and controlled in 30-minute
alternating blocks of time, with the
majority controlling the first 30 min-
utes and Republicans controlling the
next 30 minutes.
Upon conclusion of the controlled
time, Senators will be permitted to
speak for up to 10 minutes each.
As a reminder, yesterday, I filed
cloture on the motion to proceed to
S. 3101, the Medicare Improvements
for Patients and Providers Act. That
cloture vote will occur tomorrow
morning.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Morn-
ing business is now closed.
RESERVATION OF LEADER TIME
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. Under the previous order, the
leadership time is reserved.
MORNING BUSINESS
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. Under the previous order, the
Senate will proceed to a period of
morning business for up to 1 hour, with
Senators permitted to speak therein
for up to 10 minutes each, with the
time equally divided and controlled
between the two leaders or their
designees, with the majority control-
ling - the first half and the Republicans
controlling the final half.
Mr. CARDIN. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the order for
the quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With-
out objection, it is so ordered.
CONSUMER-FIRST ENERGY ACT
OF 2008— MOTION TO PROCEED
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under
the previous order, the Senate will
resume consideration of the motion
to proceed to S. 3044, which the clerk
will report.
The legislative clerk read as
follows:
Motion to proceed to S. 3044, a bill to
provide energy price relief and hold oil
companies and other entities accountable
for their actions with regard to high en-
ergy prices, and for other purposes.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
Senator from Maryland is recog-
nized.
Mr. CARDIN. Mr. President, I take
this time on behalf of Marylanders
who are worried. They are worried
because of the high cost of energy.
They. . .
CONSUMER-FIRST ENERGY ACT
OF 2008— MOTION TO PROCEED—
Continued
[Note the use of bullets signifying that
which was not spoken on the floor.]
ADDITIONAL STATEMENTS
CONCLUSION OF MORNING
BUSINESS
CONGRATULATING MS. BAILEE
CARROLL MAYFIELD
• Mr. BUNNING. Mr. President,
today I congratulate Ms. Bailee
Carroll Mayfield on receiving the
American Veterans, AMVETS, schol-
arship award. The AMVETS National
Scholarship Committee has awarded
Ms. Mayfield a $4,000 scholarship
after competing successfully ag'ainst
nearly 200 applicants. AMVETS
has recognized Ms. Mayfield as an
outstanding high school senior exhib-
iting academic excellence, promise
and merit.
Congressional Record
389
The AMVETS organization awards
only six scholarships per year. Each
scholarship is awarded to a high
school senior who is the child or
grandchild of a United States vet-
eran, and is seeking a postsecondary
education. Ms. Mayfield plans to
utilize her scholarship at Eastern
Kentucky University to pursue a ca-
reer in psychology.
Ms. Mayfield has proven herself to
be an exemplary student, rightfully
receiving the AMVETS Scholarship
Award. She is an inspiration to the
citizens of Kentucky and to students
everywhere. I look forward to seeing
all that she will accomplish in the
future.*
MESSAGES FROM THE
PRESIDENT
Messages from the President of the
United States were communicated to
the Senate by Mr. Thomas, one of his
secretaries.
EXECUTIVE MESSAGES
REFERRED
As in executive session the
Presiding Officer laid before the
Senate messages from the President
of the United States submitting sun-
dry nominations which were referred
to the appropriate committees.
(The nominations received today
are printed at the end of the Senate
proceedings.)
REPORT ON THE ISSUANCE OF AN
EXECUTIVE ORDER CONTINU-
ING CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS
ON NORTH KOREA AND NORTH
KOREAN NATIONALS IMPOSED
UNDER THE TRADING WITH THE
ENEMY ACT— PM 55
The PRESIDING OFFICER laid
before the Senate the following mes-
sage from the President of the United
States, together with an accompany-
ing report; which was referred to the
Committee on Banking, Housing, and
Urban Affairs:
To the Congress of the United States:
Pursuant to the International
Emergency Economic Powers Act,
as amended (50 U.S.C. 1701 et sea.)
(IEEPA), I hereby report that I have
issued an Executive Order continu-
ing certain restrictions on North
Korea and North Korean nationals
imposed pursuant to the exercise of
authorities under the Trading With
the Enemy Act (50 U.S.C. App. letseq.)
(TWEA). . . .
I am enclosing a copy of the
Executive Order and proclamation I
have issued.
George W. Bush.
The White House, June 26, 2008.
[The above to be 8 point.]
[When communications from the President
contain extracts, etc., such extracts must be
in 7 point.]
MESSAGES FROM THE HOUSE
At 12:49 p.m., a message from the
House of Representatives, deliv-
ered by Mrs. Cole, one of its reading
clerks, announced that the House has
agreed to the following concurrent
resolution, in which it requests the
concurrence of the Senate:
H. Con. Res. 377. Concurrent resolution
authorizing' the use of the rotunda of the
Capitol for a ceremony commemorating
the 60th Anniversary of the beginning
of the integration of the United States
Armed Forces.
ENROLLED BILLS SIGNED
At 1:09 p.m., a message from the
House of Representatives, delivered
by Mrs. Cole, one of its reading clerks,
announced that the Speaker has
signed the following enrolled bills:
H.R. 6040. An act to amend the Water
Resources Development Act of 2007 to
clarify the authority of the Secretary of
the Army to provide reimbursement for
travel expenses incurred by members of
the Committee on Levee Safety.
390
Chapter 19
H.R. 6327. An act to amend the Internal
Revenue Code of 1986 to extend the funding
and expenditure authority of the Airport
and Airway Trust Fund, and for other
purposes.
The enrolled bills were subsequently
signed by the President pro tempore
(Mr. Byrd).
At 8:19 p.m., a message from the
House of Representatives, delivered
by Ms. Niland, one of its reading
clerks, announced that the House has
passed the following bill, in which
it requests the concurrence of the
Senate:
H.R. 637V. Anact to direct the Commodity
Futures Trading Commission to utilize
all its authority, including its emergency
powers, to curb immediately the role of
excessive speculation in any contract
market within the jurisdiction and con-
trol of the Commodity Futures Trading
Commission, on or through which en-
ergy futures or swaps are traded, and to
eliminate excessive speculation, price
distortion, sudden or unreasonable fluctu-
ations or unwarranted changes in prices,
or other unlawful activity that is causing
major market disturbances that prevent
the market from accurately reflecting the
forces of supply and demand for energy
commodities.
H.R. 3546. An act to authorize the Edward
Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant
Program at fiscal year 2006 levels through
2012.
MEASURES REFERRED
The following bills were read
the first and the second times by
unanimous consent, and referred as
indicated:
H.R. 6275. An act to amend the Internal
Revenue Code of 1986 to provide individu-
als temporary relief from the alternative
minimum tax, and for other purposes; to
the Committee on Finance.
H.R. 6358. An act to require certain
standards and enforcement provisions to
prevent child abuse and neglect in resi-
dential programs, and for other purposes;
to the Committee on Health, Education,
Labor, and Pensions.
MEASURES PLACED ON THE
CALENDAR
The following bill was read the first
and second times by unanimous con-
sent, and placed on the calendar:
MEASURES READ THE FIRST
TIME
The following bills were read the
first time:
H.R. 3195. An act to restore the intent
and protections of the Americans with
Disabilities Act of 1990.
S. 3202. A bill to address record high gas
prices at the pump, and for other purposes.
ENROLLED BILL PRESENTED
The Secretary of the Senate re-
ported that on today, June 26, 2008,
she had presented to the President of
the United States the following en-
rolled bill:
S. 3180. An act to temporarily extend the
programs under the Higher Education Act
of 1965.
EXECUTIVE AND OTHER
COMMUNICATIONS
The following communications
were laid before the Senate, together
with accompanying papers, reports,
and documents, and were referred as
indicated:
EC-6746. A communication from the
Under Secretary of Defense (Acquisition,
Technology and Logistics), transmitting,
pursuant to law, an annual report relative
to the conduct of the Defense Acquisition
Challenge Program for fiscal year 2007; to
the Committee on Armed Services.
REPORT ON CLASSIFIED
INFORMATION (S. DOC. NO. 107)
Mr. WARNER. Mr. President, the
Committee on Armed Services of
the Senate has recently requested
the Office of Public Relations of the
Department of the Navy to submit
to it a report on classified informa-
tion. The Department of the Navy has
complied with the request, and I now
present the report and ask that it be
published as a Senate document.
Congressional Record
391
The VICE PRESIDENT. Without
objection, the report will be printed
as a document as requested by the
Senator from Virginia.
[Note the insertion of S. Doc. No. — in cases
where papers are ordered to be printed as a
document. To be inserted only when ordered to
be printed or its equivalent is in manuscript.]
Third reading and passage of a bill.
MISSOURI RIVER BRIDGE NEAR
ST. CHARLES, MO
The bill (S. 4174) to extend the times
for commencing and completing the
construction of a bridge across the
Missouri River at or near St. Charles,
MO, was considered, ordered to be en-
grossed for a third reading, read the
third time, and passed, as follows:
S. 4174
Be it enacted by the Senate and House
of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That the
times for commencing and completing the
construction ofthebridgeacrossthe Missouri
River, etc.
GOVERNMENT OF THE
TERRITORY OF HAWAII
The Senate proceeded to consider
the bill (S. 1881) to amend an act enti-
tled "An act to provide a government
for the Territory of Hawaii," approved
April 30, 1900, as amended, to estab-
lish a Hawaiian Homes Commission,
and for other purposes, which had
been reported from the Committee
on Interior and Insular Affairs with
amendments.
The first amendment was, on pag'e 4
line 22, to strike out "Keaaupaha" and
insert "Keaaukaha".
The amendment was agreed to.
The next amendment was, on page 6,
line 19, after the figure "(1)", to insert
"by further authorization of CongTess
and", so as to make the paragraph
read:
(1) by further authorization of Congress
and for a period of five years after the
first meeting of the Hawaiian Homes
Commission only those lands situated on
the island of Molokaki, etc.
The Amendment was agreed to.
The bill was ordered to be engrossed
for a third reading, read the third
time, and passed.
Forms of amendments
The joint resolution (S.J. Res. 4) re-
questing the President to negotiate
a treaty or treaties for the protec-
tion of salmon in retrain parts of the
Pacific Ocean was announced as next
in order.
Mr. INOTJYE. Mr. President, I have
just had an opportunity to exam-
ine this joint resolution. I offer this
amendment.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
Secretary will state the amendment
offered by the Senator from Arizona.
The Reading Clerk. On page 1, line 11,
it is proposed to strike out the words
"both within and", so as to make the
joint resolution read:
Resolved by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That the
President of the United States be, and he is
hereby, requested to negotiate on behalf of
the United States, as promptly as is prac-
ticable, etc.
Mr. REID. Mr. President, I observe in
the report of the bill by the chairman
of the Foreign Relations Committee
that it is reported as a Senate joint
resolution. I ask for a modification of
it so that it will be a Senate resolution
instead of a Senate joint resolution.
The Legislative Clerk. It is proposed
to strike out "S.J. Res. 4" and insert
"S. Res. 85".
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is
there objection to the modification?
The Chair hears one and it will be so
modified.
Mr. INOUYE. Would it not be neces-
sary to change the resolving clause
also? The resolving clause reads:
Resolved by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled,
The amendment was agreed to.
392
Chapter 19
[Note use of words, figures, and punctuation
in the following example. Follow manuscript.]
The next amendment was, on
page 34, in line 9, under the head-
ing 1 "Employees' Compensation
Commission", before the word "as-
sistants", to strike out "five" and
insert "three"; in line 10, after the
word "clerks" and before the words "of
class 3", to strike out "seven" and in-
sert "five"; in line 11, before the words
"of class 2", to strike out "twelve" and
insert "nine"; in the same line, before
the words "of class 1", to strike out
"twenty-seven" and insert "twenty";
in line 12, before the words "at $1,000
each", to strike out "three" and in-
sert "two"; and in line 18, to strike out
"$124,940" and insert "$102,590", so as
to read:
employee's compensation commission
Salaries: Three Commissioners at $4,000
each; secretary, $2,750; attorney, $4,000;
chief statistician, $3,000; chief of ac-
counts, $2,500; accountant, $2,250; claim
examiners — chief $2,250, assistant $2,000,
assistant $1,800, three assistants at $1,600
each; special agents — two at $1,800 each,
two at $1,600 each; clerks — five of class 3,
nine of class 2, twenty of class 1, two at
$1,000 each; in all $102,590.
Mr. BAYH submitted an amendment
intended to be proposed by him to the
sundry civil appropriation bill, which
was ordered to lie on the table and to
be printed, as follows:
Add a new section, as follows: "That
the President of the Senate appoint three
Members of the Senate; and the Speaker of
the House three Members of the House."
The Senate resumed the consider-
ation of the bill (H.R. 4075) to limit
the immigration of aliens into the
United States.
States, together with accompany-
ing report; which was referred to the
Committee on the Judiciary.
To the Congress of the United States:
I am pleased to transmit the 2003
National Drug Control Strategy, con-
sistent with the Office of National Drug
Control Policy Reauthorization Act of 1998
(12U.S.C. 1705).
A critical component of our Strategy is
to teach young people . . .
George W. Bush. □
The White House, February 12, 2003.
To the Senate of the United States:
To the end that I may receive the advice
and consent of the Senate to ratification, I
transmit herewith a treaty of arbitration
and conciliation between the United States
and Switzerland, signed at Washington on
March 17, 1952.
Harry S. Truman. □
The White House, March 17, 1952.
[A letter from the President to the Senate
is set in 7-point type when any form of treaty
is encloses that is to be printed in the Record
in connection therewith. The letter is set in
7-point type whether the treaty follows or
precedes it or separated from it by interven-
ing matter.]
RECESS UNTIL TOMORROW AT
10:30 A.M.
Mr. REID. Mr. President, I know of
no further business to come before
the Senate. I move, in accordance
with the order previously entered,
that the Senate stand in recess until
the hour of 10:30 a.m. tomorrow.
The motion was agreed to and, at
7:34 p.m., the Senate recessed until
Wednesday, June 18, 2008, at 10:30
a.m.
[After the recess or adjournment the follow-
ing may appear:]
[An executive session usually being open,
the following precedes the recess or adjourn-
ment heading:]
NATIONAL DRUG CONTROL
STRATEGY FOR 2003— PM 15
The PRESIDING OFFICER laid
before the Senate the following - mes-
sage from the President of the United
NOMINATIONS
Executive Nominations received by
the Senate.
[Under the heads Nominations, Con-
firmations, Withdrawal, and Rejection,
the following scheme for subheads is to be
followed:
Congressional Record
393
[Heads indicating service, or branch or
department of Government and subheads indi-
cating subdivision or type of service — 7-point
small caps.]
[Subheads indicating new rank of appoin-
tee — 7-point italic initial cap.
[Text is set in 5 point caps.
[Note: Nominations will be set first name,
middle name (or first middle initial), and
last name throughout followed by period.
Asterisks, if any, precede names as in execu-
tive nominations.]
Executive nominations received by
the Senate:
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
RICHARD G OLSON, JR.. OF NEW MEXICO. A CAREER
MEMBER OF THE SENIOR FOREIGN SERVICE, CLASS OF
COUNSELOR, TO BE AMBASSADOR EXTRAORDINARY
AND PLENIPOTENTIARY OF THE UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA TO THE UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC.
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BRENT R. OLSON, JR. OF VIRGINIA, TO BE AN ASSIS-
TANT SECRETARY OF LABOR, VICE EMILY STOVER
DEROCCO.
IN THE ARMY
THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICERS FOR APPOINT-
MENT TO THE GRADE INDICATED IN THE RESERVE OF
THE ARMY UNDER TITLE 10, U.S. C, SECTION 12203:
To be colonel
KENNETH L. BEALE, JR.
THOMAS H. NROUILLARD
CONFIRMATIONS
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON LIBRARIES AND
INFORMATION SCIENCE
HAROLD C. CROTTY. OF MICHIGAN, TO BE A MEMBER
OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION.
394
Chapter 19
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, September 9, 2008
[When the Speaker is in the Chair, follow
this style.]
The House met at 9:30 a.m.
The Chaplain, the Reverend Daniel
P. Coughlin, offered the following
prayer:
Water, not only the essential plan-
etary element, O Lord, water itself
ushers in new human life. For Your
people of covenant, both old and new,
the symbol of water is complex, never
stable, always fresh and beautiful,
sometimes fearful and tragic.
As the Spring of Salvation, we call
upon Your Holy Name to calm the
waters of anxiety in mid-America.
Enable Your people to cross these
present waters of disaster and bring
them to Your promised land of fruit-
ful plenty.
In the book of Joshua, water upon
the fleece is Joshua's own test of
Your presence in the midst of trou-
ble; later the way his people take
water unto themselves becomes their
measurement.
End this waterboarding - of America's
fields and rural towns even if we can
no longer define torture ourselves. By
the wellspring of Your Spirit, mix all
our human endeavors with our natu-
ral resources in such an outstanding
victory that believers and unbeliev-
ers alike will be touched again as in
Joshua's day and acclaim: "Their
hearts melted and became as water!"
This is our prayer now and forever.
Amen.
[When the Speaker is not in the Chair, fol-
low this style.]
The House met at 12:30 and was
called to order by the Speaker pro
tempore (Mr. Larsen of Washington).
DESIGNATION OF SPEAKER PRO
TEMPORE
The SPEAKER pro tempore laid
before the House the following com-
munication from the Speaker:
Washington, DC,
June 17, 2008.
I hereby appoint the Honorable Rick
Larsen to act as Speaker pro tempore on
this day.
Nancy Pelosi,
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
PRAYER 1
The Chaplain, the Reverend Daniel
P. Coughlin, offered the following
prayer:
O God, who rules all the world from
everlasting to everlasting, during the
time given them, help this Congress
to set a great agenda for this Nation
and its future. Grasping a sense of the
urg'ent needs of Your people, may this
week provide a sense of priorities.
May the desires of the common good
overshadow particular concerns and
personal preferences.
Inspire each Member to draw upon
his or her best instinct and highest
ideal so true goodness overcomes
every evil and determined work whit-
tles away at every problem, until this
great Nation becomes Your living
glory for all the world to see.
Show us the way, fill us with life,
and let truth reign, both now and for-
ever. Amen.
1 Head is not used when the Speaker is in
the chair. See preceding' example.
THE JOURNAL
The SPEAKER pro tempore. The
Chair has examined the Journal of
the last day's proceedings and an-
nounces to the House his approval
thereof.
Pursuant to clause 1, rule I, the
Journal stands approved.
Congressional Record
395
PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE
The SPEAKER pro tempore . Will the
gentleman from Iowa (Mr. Boswell.)
come forward and lead the House in
the Pledge of Allegiance.
Mr. BOSWELL led the Pledge of
Allegiance as follows:
I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the
United States of America, and to the
Republic for which it stands, one nation
under God, indivisible, with liberty and
justice for all.
SWEARING IN OF THE HONOR-
ABLE DONNA EDWARDS, OF
MARYLAND, AS A MEMBER OF
THE HOUSE
Mr. HOYER. Madam Speaker, I ask
unanimous consent that the gentle-
woman from Maryland, the Honorable
Donna Edwards, be permitted to take
the oath of office today.
Her certificate of election has not
arrived, but there is no contest and no
question has been raised with regard
to her election.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection
to the request of the gentleman from
Maryland?
There was no objection.
The SPEAKER. Will Representa-
tive-elect Edwards and the members
of the Maryland delegation present
themselves in the well.
Ms. Edwards of Maryland appeared
at the bar of the house and took the
oath of office, as follows:
Do you solemnly swear or affirm that you
will support and defend the Constitution
of the United States against all enemies,
foreign and domestic; that you will bear
true faith and allegiance to the same; that
you take this obligation freely, without
and mental reservation or purpose of eva-
sion; and that you will well and faithfully
discharge the duties of the office on which
you are about to enter, so help you God.
The SPEAKER. Congratulations.
You are now a Member of the 110th
Congress.
WELCOMING THE HONORABLE
DONNA EDWARDS TO THE HOUSE
OF REPRESENTATIVES
[Welcoming speeches follow.]
[Initial speech of new Representa-
tive follows.]
ANNOUNCEMENT BY THE
SPEAKER
The SPEAKER. Under clause 5(d)
of rule XX, the Chair announces to
the House that, in light of the admin-
istration of the oath of office to the
gentlewoman from Maryland (Mrs.
Edwards), the whole number of the
House is 435.
OATH OF OFFICE OF MEMBERS
The oath of office required by the
sixth article of the Constitution of
the United States, and as provided
by section 2 of the act of May 13, 1884
(23 Stat. 22), to be administered to
Members, Resident Commissioner,
and Delegates or the House of
Representatives, the text of which is
carried in 5 U.S.C. 3331:
"I, AB, do solemnly swear (or
affirm) that I will support and de-
fend the Constitution of the united
States against all enemies, for-
eign and domestic; that you will
bear true faith and allegiance to
the same; that you take this obli-
gation freely, without and mental
reservation or purpose of evasion;
and that you will well and faith-
fully discharge the duties of the
office on which you are about to
enter, so help you God.
has been subscribed to in person and
filed in duplicate with the Clerk of the
House of Representatives by the fol-
lowing Member of the 110th Congress,
pursuant to Public Law 412 of the 80th
Congress entitled "An act to amend
section 30 of the Revised Statues of
396
Chapter 19
the United States" (2 U.S.C. 25, ap-
proved February 18, 1948:
Donna F. Edwards, 4th District of
Maryland
MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE
A message from the Senate by
Ms. Curtis, one of its clerks, an-
nounced that the Senate concurs in
the amendment of the House to the
bill (S. 2146) "An Act to authorize the
Administrator of the Environmental
Protection Agency to accept, as part
of a settlement, diesel emission reduc-
tion Supplemental Environmental
Projects, and for other purposes."
[Above usage occurs when there is only one
bill referenced. For more than one bill, use the
following style.]
MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE
A message from the Senate by Ms.
Curtis, one of its clerks, announced
that the Senate has passed without
amendment bills and a concurrent
resolution of the House of the follow-
ing titles:
H.R. 430. An act to designate the United
States bankruptcy courthouse located at
271 Cadman Plaza East in Brooklyn, New
York, as the "Conrad B. Duberstein United
States Bankruptcy Courthouse".
H.R. 781. An act to redesignate Lock and
Dam No. 5 of the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas
River Navigation System near Redfleld,
Arkansas, authorized by the Rivers and
Harbors Act approved July 24, 1946, as the
"Colonel Charles D. Maynard Lock and
Dam".
H.R. 1019. An act to designate the United
States customhouse building located at 31
Gonzalez Clemente Avenue in Mayagilez,
Puerto Rico, as the "Rafael Martinez Nadal
United States Customhouse Building".
H.R. 2728. An act to designate the station
of the United States Border Patrol located
at 25762 Madison Avenue in Murrieta,
California, as the "Theodore L. Newton,
Jr. and George F. Azrak Border Patrol
Station".
H.R. 3712. An act to designate the
United States courthouse located at 1716
Spielbusch Avenue in Toledo, Ohio, as the
"James M. Ashley and Thomas W.L. Ashley
United States Courthouse".
H.R. 4140. An act to designate the Port
Angeles Federal Building in Port Angeles,
Washington, as the "Richard B. Anderson
Federal Building".
H. Con. Res. 32. Concurrent resolution
honoring the members of the United States
Air Force who were killed in the June 25,
1996, terrorist bombing of the Khobar
Towers United States military housing
compound near Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
The message also announced that
the Senate has passed bills of the
following titles in which the concur-
rence of the House is requested:
S. 2403. An act to designate the new
Federal Courthouse, located in the 700
block of East Broad Street, Richmond,
Virginia, as the "Spottswood W. Robinson
III and Robert R. Merhige, Jr. Federal
Courthouse".
S. 2837. An act to designate the United
States courthouse located at 225 Cadman
Plaza East, Brooklyn, New York, as
the "Theodore Roosevelt United States
Courthouse".
S. 3009. An act to designate the Federal
Bureau of Investigation building under
construction in Omaha, Nebraska, as
the "J. James Exon Federal Bureau of
Investigation Building".
S. 3145. An act to designate a portion
of United States Route 20A, located in
Orchard Park, New York, as the "Timothy
J. Russert Highway".
[Observe that bills from the Senate to the
House read An act. If the manuscript should
read A bill, change to An act in conformity
with this rule, and place number first. Note
also the following forms:]
FOOD, CONSERVATION, AND
ENERGY ACT OF 2008— VETO MES-
SAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT OF
THE UNITED STATES (H. DOC.
NO. 110-125)
The SPEAKER pro tempore laid
before the House the following veto
message from the President of the
United States:
To the House of Representatives:
I am returning herewith without
my approval H.R. 6124, the "Food,
Conservation, and Energy Act of
2008."
The bill that I vetoed on May 21, 2008,
H.R. 2419, which became Public Law
Congressional Record
397
110-234, did not include the title III
provisions that are in this bill. . . .
For similar reasons, I am vetoing' the
bill before me today.
George W. Bush.
The White House, June 18, 2008.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. The
objections of the President will be
spread at larg'e upon the Journal, and
the veto message and the bill will be
printed as a House document.
The question is, Will the House, on
reconsideration, pass the bill, the
objections of the President to the con-
trary notwithstanding?
The gentleman from Minnesota (Mr.
Peterson) is recognized for 1 hour.
[Debate and vote follow.]
MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT
A message in writing from the
President of the United States was
communicated to the House by Mr.
Leomar, one of his secretaries, who
also informed the House that on the
following dates the President ap-
proved and signed bills and a joint
resolution of the House of the follow-
ing titles:
On June 2, 1971:
H.R. 4209. An act to amend the Revised
Organic Act of the Virgin Islands.
On June 4, 1971:
H.R. 5765, An act to extend for 6 months
the time for filing' the comprehen-
sive report of the Commission on the
Organization of the Government of the
District of Columbia; and
H.J. Res. 583. Joint resolution desig-
nating the last full week in July of 1971
as "National Star Route Mail Carriers
Week."
[Observe that bills coming from the Presi-
dent take the form of An act. This rnle must
be followed invariably, even if the manuscript
reads A bill.]
IOWANS UNITED IN TIME OF
TROUBLE
(Mr. BOSWELL asked and was given
permission to address the House for
1 minute and to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. BOSWELL. Mr. Speaker, today
I come to share with you that Iowa is
in a lot of trouble. We have had exten-
sive floods, etc.
MRS. VIRGINIA THRIFT
Mr. GOSS. Ms. Speaker, by direc-
tion of the Committee on House
Administration, I offer a privileged
resolution (H. Res. 321) and ask for its
immediate consideration.
The Clerk read as follows:
H. Res. 321
Resolved, That there shall be paid out
of the contingent fund of the House to
Mrs. Virginia Thrift, widow of Chester R.
Thrift, late an employee of the House, an
amount equal to six months' salary com-
pensation at the rate he was receiving at
the time of his death, and an additional
amount not to exceed $250 to defray funeral
expenses of the said Chester R. Thrift.
The Resolution was agreed to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on
the table.
BILLS PRESENTED TO THE
PRESIDENT
Ms. MATSUI, from the Committee
on Rules, reported that that com-
mittee did on this day present to the
President, for his approval, bills of
the House of the following titles:
H.R. 3331. An act for the relief of Harry
L. Smith; and
H.R. 3366. An act to amend section 409 of
the Interstate Commerce Act, relating to
joint rates of freight forwarders and com-
mon carriers by motor vehicle.
ENROLLED BILLS SIGNED
Ms. Lorraine C. Miller, Clerk of
the House, reported and found truly
enrolled bills of the House of the fol-
lowing titles, which were thereupon
signed by the Speaker:
H.R. 430. An act to designate the United
States bankruptcy courthouse located at
271 Cadman Plaza Bast in Brooklyn, New
398
Chapter 19
York, as the "Conrad B. Duberstein United
States Bankruptcy Courthouse".
H.R. 781. An act to redesignate Lock and
Dam No. 5 of the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas
River Navigation System near Redfield,
Arkansas, authorized by the Rivers and
Harbors Act approved July 24, 1946, as the
"Colonel Charles D. Maynard Lock and
Dam".
H.R. 1019. An act to designate the United
States customhouse building located at 31
Gonzalez Clemente Avenue in Mayagiiez,
Puerto Rico, as the "Rafael Martinez Nadal
United States Customhouse Building".
THE COMMON CALENDAR
The SPEAKER. The Clerk will call
the first bill on the Private Calendar.
JOHN SIMS
The Clerk called the first bill on the
Private Calendar, H.R. 399, for the re-
lief of John Sims.
H.R. 399
Be it enacted by the Senate and House
of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That the
Secretary of the Treasury is authorized
and directed to pay to John Sims, Mobile,
Alabama, the sum of $5,000.
The SPEAKER. The gentleman
from Florida offers an amendment,
which the Clerk will report.
The Clerk read as follows:
Amendment by Mr. Stearns: In line 4,
after the word "pay", add a comma and the
following words: "out of any money in the
Treasury not otherwise appropriated".
The SPEAKER. The question is on
agreeing to the amendment.
The amendment was ag'reed to.
On motion of Mr. Stearns, a motion
to reconsider the vote hy which the
bill was passed was laid on the [not
upon] the table.
SENATE BILLS REFERRED
Bills of the Senate of the following
titles were taken from the Speaker's
table and, under the rule, referred as
follows:
S. 2403. An act to designate the new
Federal Courthouse, located in the 700
block of East Broad Street, Richmond,
Virginia, as the "Spottswood W. Robinson
III and Robert R. Merhige, Jr. Federal
Courthouse"; to the Committee on Trans-
portation and Infrastructure.
S. 2837. An act to designate the United
States courthouse located at 225 Cadman
Plaza East, Brooklyn, New York, as
the "Theodore Roosevelt United States
Courthouse"; to the Committee on
Transportation and Infrastructure.
S. 3009. An act to designate the Federal
Bureau of Investigation building under
construction in Omaha, Nebraska, as
the "J. James Exon Federal Bureau of
InvestigationBuilding"; to the Committee
on Transportation and Infrastructure.
S. 3145. An act to designate a portion
of United States Route 20A, located in
Orchard Park, New York, as the "Timothy
J. Russert Highway"; to the Committee on
Transportation and Infrastructure.
[In the reference of Senate acts to House
committees the name of the committee will
be repeated after the act, though there may be
several acts referred to the same committee.]
COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE HOUSE ON
THE STATE OF THE UNION
SAVING ENERGY THROUGH PUB-
LIC TRANSPORTATION ACT OF
2008
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursu-
ant to House Resolution 1304 and rule
XVIII, the Chair declares the House
in the Committee of the Whole House
on the State of the Union for the con-
sideration of the bill, H.R. 6052.
□ 1408
IN THE COMMITTEE OP THE WHOLE
Accordingly, the House resolved it-
self into the Committee of the Whole
House on the State of the Union for the
consideration of the bill (H.R. 6052) to
promote increased public transporta-
tion use, to promote increased use of
alternative fuels in providing public
Congressional Record
399
transportation, and for other pur-
poses, with Ms. DeGette in the chair.
The Clerk read the title of the bill.
The CHAIRMAN. Pursuant to the
rule, the bill is considered read the
first time.
The gentleman from Minnesota
(Mr. Oberstar) and the gentleman
from Florida (Mr. Mica) each will con-
trol 30 minutes.
The Chair recognizes the gentle-
man from Minnesota.
Mr. OBERSTAR. Madam Chairman,
I rise in support of H.R. 6052, the
Saving Energy Through Public
Transportation Act of 2008. . . .
Mr. MICA. Madam Chairman, I
rise today in strong support of H.R.
6052, the "Saving Energy Through
Public Transportation Act of 2008".
This bill promotes energy savings
for all Americans by increasing pub-
lic transportation use in the United
States. . . .
The CHAIRMAN. All time for gen-
eral debate has expired.
Pursuant to the rule, the bill shall
be considered read for amendment
under the 5-minute rule.
The text of the bill is as follows:
H.R. 6052
Be it enacted by the Senate and House
of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the "Saving'
Energy Through Public Transportation
Act of 2008".
SEC. 2. FINDINGS.
Congress finds the following:
(1) In 2007, people in the United States
took more than 10.3 billion trips using pub-
lic transportation, the highest level in 50
years. . . .
The CHAIRMAN. No amendment to
the bill shall be in order except those
printed in House Report 110-734. Each
amendment may be offered only in
the order printed in the report, by
a Member designated in the report,
shall be considered read, shall be de-
batable for the time specified in the
report, equally divided and controlled
by the proponent and an opponent,
shall not be subject to amendment,
and shall not be subject to a demand
for division of the question.
AMENDMENT NO. 1 OFFERED BY MR. OBERSTAR
The CHAIRMAN. It is now in order
to consider amendment No. 1 printed
in House Report 110-734.
Mr. OBERSTAR. Madam Chairman,
I have an amendment at the desk.
The CHAIRMAN. The Clerk will
designate the amendment.
The text of the amendment is as
follows:
Amendment No. 1 offered by Mr. Ober-
star:
Page 3, after line 23, insert the fol-
lowing:
(9) Public transportation stakeholders
should engage and involve local commu-
nities in the education and promotion
of the importance of utilizing public
transportation. . . .
The CHAIRMAN. Pursuant to
House Resolution 1304, the gentleman
from Minnesota (Mr. Oberstar) and a
Member opposed each will control 5
minutes.
The Chair recognizes the gentle-
man from Minnesota.
Mr. OBERSTAR. I yield myself such
time as I may consume. . . .
I yield back the balance of my time.
Mr. OBERSTAR. I have no further
speakers on this amendment, and I
yield back the balance of my time.
The CHAIRMAN. The question is on
the amendment offered by the gentle-
man from Minnesota (Mr. Oberstar).
The amendment was ag'reed to.
The CHAIRMAN. There being no
other amendments, under the rule,
the Committee rises.
Accordingly, the Committee rose;
and the Speaker pro tempore (Mr.
Ross) having assumed the chair, Ms.
DeGette, Chairman of the Committee
of the Whole House on the State of the
Union, reported that that Committee,
having had under consideration the
bill (H.R. 6052) to promote increased
public transportation use, to promote
400
Chapter 19
increased use of alternative fuels in
providing public transportation, and
for other purposes, pursuant to House
Resolution 1304, she reported the bill
back to the House with sundry amend-
ments adopted by the Committee of
the Whole.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under
the rule, the previous question is
ordered.
Is a separate vote demanded on
any amendment reported from the
Committee of the Whole? If not, the
Chair will put them en gros.
The amendments were agreed to.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. The
question is on the engTossment and
third reading of the bill.
The bill was ordered to be engrossed
and read a third time, and was read
the third time.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. The
question is on the passage of the bill.
The question was taken; and the
Speaker pro tempore announced that
the ayes appeared to have it.
(Voting occurs)
So the bill was passed.
The result of the vote was an-
nounced as above recorded.
A motion to reconsider was laid on
the table.
CONFERENCE REPORT AND STATEMENT
Conference reports and statements to be set in 7 point.
Use 3 -point space before and after conference report and statement.
In the House the names of Members are to be first.
Follow manuscript literally in the report. Observe the form Amendments
numbered 1, 2, 3, etc., and when the amendment is to make an independent
paragraph, the phrase And the Senate [or House] agree to the same will be a
paragraph by itself; otherwise it will be run in after the amendment with a
semicolon. Examples of each are given in the report following.
In the statement change numbered, when in manuscript, to No., as amend-
ment No. 1, but do not supply No. or amendment if omitted in manuscript;
otherwise regular style will prevail.
Conference Report (H. Rept. 97-747)
The committee of conference on the dis-
agreeing votes of the two Houses on the
amendments of the Senate to the bill (H.R.
6863) making supplemental appropriations
for the fiscal year ending September 30,
1982, and for other purposes, having met,
after full and free conference, have agreed
to recommend and do recommend to their
respective Houses as follows:
That the Senate recede from its amend-
ments numbered 7, 9, 14, 31, 38, 39, 40, 52, 53,
56, 75, 76, 80, 81, 94, 102, 109, 116, 118, 129, 133,
141, 142, 148, 152, 154, 155, 162 163, 164, 171, 173,
179, and 181.
That the House recede from its disagree-
ment to the amendments of the Senate
numbered 20, 23. 25, 26, 28. 30, 32, 33, 34. 35,
36, 46, 48, 54, 61, 678, 70, 77, 78, 79, 87, 99, 101, 14,
105, 106, 110, 111, 125, 127, 134, 136, 139, 156, 157,
165, 167, 168, 170, 174, 175, and 176, and agree
to the same.
Amendment numbered 16 :
That the House recede from its disagree-
ment to the amendment of the Senate
numbered 16, and agree to the same with
an amendment, as follows:
In lieu of the sum proposed by said
amendment insert $4,400,000; and the
Senate agree to the same.
Amendment numbered 27:
That the House recede from its disagree-
ment to the amendment of the Senate
numbered 27, and agree to the same with
an amendment, as follows:
Congressional Record
401
In lieu of the sum proposed by said
amendment insert $53,700,000; and the
Senate agree to the same.
John T. Myers
(except amendments 54 and
177),
Clarence E. Miller,
Lawrence Coughlin,
Steny H. Hoyer,
George M. O'Brien,
Managers on the Part of the House.
Dale Bumpers,
Daniel K. Inouye,
Ernest F. Hollings,
Tom Harkin,
Richard H. Bryan,
J. Bennett Johnson,
Ron Wyden,
Patrick J. Leahy,
Dianne Feinstein,
Managers on the Part of the Senate.
Joint Explanatory Statement of the
Committee op Conference
The managers on the part of the House
and the Senate at the conference on the
disagreeing votes of the two Houses on the
amendments of the Senate to the bill (H.R.
6863), making supplemental appropria-
tions for the fiscal year 1982, rescinding
certain budget authority, and for other
purposes, submit the following joint
statement to the House and the Senate
in explanation of the effect of the action
agreed upon by the managers and recom-
mended in the accompanying conference
report:
TITLE I
CHAPTER I— DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE
Soil Conservation Service
conservation operations
Amendment No. 1: Reported in techni-
cal disagreement. The managers on the
part of the House will offer a motion to re-
cede and concur in the amendment of the
Senate which allows the Soil Conservation
Service to exchange a parcel of land in
Bellingham, Washington, for other land.
In lieu of the matter inserted by said
amendment, insert the following:
Food and Nutrition Service
child nutrition programs
If the funds available for Nutrition Educa-
tion and Training grants authorized under
section 19 of the Child Nutrition Act of 1966,
as amended, require a ratable reduction in
those grants, the minimum grand for each
State shall be $50,000.
The managers on the part of the Senate
will move to concur in the amendment
of the House to the amendment of the
Senate.
Committee on Agriculture: Solely for
consideration of title I of the House bill
and title I of the Senate amendment:
E de la Garza,
Thomas S. Foley,
David R. Bowen,
Fred Richmond,
Bill Wampler,
Paul Findley
(on all matters except
as listed below),
Tom Hagedorn
(on all matters except
as listed below),
Amendments
[As figures are used in bills to express sums
of money, dates, paragraph numbers, etc.,
amendments involving such expressions must
be set in figures thus: Strike out "$840" and
insert "$1,000", etc. for other enumerations,
etc., follow the manuscript as the data is
picked up from the bill and used for the Record
and then picked up from the Record and used
for the report.]
EMANUEL F. LENKERSDORF
The Clerk called the bill (H.R.
2520) for the relief of Emanuel F.
Lenkersdorf.
There being no objection, the Clerk
read the bill as follows:
H.R. 2520
Be it enacted by the Senate and House
of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled. That for
the purposes of the Immigration and
Nationality Act, Emanuel F. Lenkersdorf
shall be held and considered to have been
lawfully admitted to the United States for
permanent residence as of the date of the
enactment of this Act, upon payment of
the required visa fee. Upon the granting
of permanent residence to such alien as
provided for in this Act, the Secretary of
State shall instruct the proper officer to
deduct one number from the total number
of immigrant visas and conditional en-
tries which are made available to natives
of the country of the alien's birth under
paragraphs (1) through (8) of section 203(a)
of the Immigration and Nationality Act.
With the following committee
amendment:
On page 2, strike lines 4 through 6 and
insert in lieu thereof: "which are made
available to natives of the country of the
alien's birth under section 203(a) of the
Immigration and Nationality Act or, if
402
Chapter 19
applicable, from the total number of such
visas which are made available to such na-
tives under section 202(3) of such Act.".
The committee amendment was
agreed to.
The bill was ordered to be engrossed
and read a third time, was read the
third time, and passed, and a motion
to reconsider was laid on the table.
CONTESTED ELECTION, CARTER
AGAINST LeCOMPTE— MESSAGE
FROM THE CLERK OF THE HOUSE
OF REPRESENTATIVES (H. DOC.
NO. 235)
The SPEAKER laid before the
House the following' message from
the Clerk of the House of Rep-
resentatives, which was read and,
with the accompanying papers, re-
ferred to the Committee on House
Administration:
July 29, 2008.
The Honorable the Speaker,
House of Representatives.
Sir: / have the honor to lay before the
House of Representatives the contest for a
seat in the House of Representatives from the
Fourth Congressional District of the State
of Iowa, Steven V. Carter against Karl M.
LeCompte, notice of which has been filed in
the office of the Clerk of the House; and also
transmit herewith original testimony , pa-
pers, and documents relating thereto.
LEAVE OF ABSENCE
By unanimous consent, leave of ab-
sence was g'ranted to:
Mr. Conyers (at the request of Mr.
Hoyer) for today on account of per-
sonal business.
Mr. Engel (at the request of Mr.
Hoyer) for today on account of a codel
flight delay.
Mr. Gene Green of Texas (at the
request of Mr. Hoyer) for today on ac-
count of a doctor's appointment.
the legislative program and any spe-
cial orders heretofore entered, was
granted to:
(The following Members (at the re-
quest of Ms. Woolsey) to revise and
extend their remarks and include ex-
traneous material:)
Ms. Woolsey, for 5 minutes, today.
Mr. DeFazio, for 5 minutes, today.
Ms. Kaptur, for 5 minutes, today.
Mr. Spratt, for 5 minutes, today.
(The following - Members (at the re-
quest of Mr. Smith of Nebraska) to
revise and extend their remarks and
include extraneous material:)
Mr. Poe, for 5 minutes, June 20, 23
and 24.
Mr. Jones of North Carolina, for 5
minutes, June 20, 23 and 24.
Mr. Bishop of Utah, for 5 minutes,
today and June 18.
Mr. McCotter, for 5 minutes, June
19.
ADJOURNMENT
Mr. FORBES. Mr. Speaker, I move
that the House do now adjourn.
The motion was agreed to; accord-
ingly (at 9 o'clock and 56 minutes
p.m.), under its previous order, the
House adjourned until tomorrow,
Wednesday, June 18, 2008, at 9:30 a.m.
RECESS
The SPEAKER pro tempore.
Pursuant to clause 12(a) of rule I, the
Chair declares the House in recess
until 2 p.m. today.
Accordingly (at 12 o'clock and 50
minutes p.m.), the House stood in re-
cess until 2 p.m.
SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED
By unanimous consent, permis-
sion to address the House, following
□ 1400
AFTER RECESS
The recess having expired, the
House was called to order by the
Speaker pro tempore (Mr. Larsen of
Washington) at 2 p.m.
Congressional Record
403
[Follow manuscript as to expressing time of
adjournment as 6 o'clock and 25 minutes p.m.,
or 6:25 p.m.]
MOTION TO DISCHARGE
COMMITTEE
March IV, 2008.
To the Clerk of the House of Represen-
tatives:
Pursuant to clause 4 of rule XXVII, I,
Percy J. Priest, move to discharge the
Committee on Banking and Currency
from the consideration of the bill
(H.R. 2887) entitled "A bill transfer-
ring - certain functions of the Price
Administrator, with respect to petro-
leum and petroleum products, to the
petroleum Administrator for War,"
which was referred to said committee
March 7, 2008, in support of which mo-
tion the undersigned Members of the
House of Representatives affix their
signatures, to wit:
1. Percy J. Priest.
2. Oren Harris. . . .
217. William E. Hess.
218. James G. Polk.
This motion was entered upon the
Journal, entered in the Congressioal
Record with signatures thereto, and
referred to the Calendar of Motions
To Discharge Committees, February
29,2008.
House briefs
[The briefs follow at end of day's proceed-
ings, heads and dashes to be used as shown
here. This data is supplied from the House and
is printed as submitted.]
EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS,
ETC.
Under clause 8 of rule XII, executive
communications were taken from
the Speaker's table and referred as
follows:
7144. A letter from the Congressional
Review Coordinator, Department of Agri-
culture, transmitting the Department's
final rule — Consolidation of the Fruit Fly
Regulations [Docket No. APHIS-2007-
0084] (RIN: 0579-AC57) received June 9,
2008, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A); to
the Committee on Agriculture.
7145. A letter from the Director,
Regulatory Management Division,
Environmental Protection Agency,
transmitting the Agency's final rule —
Bifenthrin; Pesticide Tolerances
[EPA-HQ-OPP-2007-0535; FRL-8366-4]
received June 9, 2008, pursuant to 5
U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A); to the Committee on
Agriculture.
7146. A letter from the Director,
Regulatory Management Division,
Environmental Protection Agency,
transmitting the Agency's final rule —
1,3-Dichloropropene and metabolites;
Pesticide Tolerance [EPA-HQ-OPP-2007-
0637; FRL-8345-1] received April 30, 2008,
pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A); to the
Committee on Agriculture.
[Use the following form if only one commu-
nication is submitted — 8 point:)
7147. Under clause 8 of rule
XII, a letter from the Director,
Regulatory Management Division,
Environmental Protection Agency,
transmitting the Agency's final
rule — (Z)-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctade-
cane (Disparlure); Exemption from
the Requirement of a Tolerance
[EPA-HQ-OPP-2007-0596; FRL-8367-
7] received June 9, 2008, pursuant to
5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A), was taken from
the Speaker's table, referred to the
Committee on Agriculture, and or-
dered to be printed.
REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON
PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
Under clause 2 of rule XIII, reports
of committees were delivered to the
Clerk for printing and reference to
the proper calendar, as follows:
Mr. WAXMAN: Committee on Oversight
and Government Reform. Supplemental
report on H.R. 5781. A bill to provide that
8 of the 12 weeks of parental leave made
available to a Federal employee shall be
paid leave, and for other purposes. (Rept.
110-624 Pt. 2).
REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON
PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
Under clause 2 of rule XIII, reports
of committees were delivered to the
404
Chapter 19
Clerk for printing' and reference to
the proper calendar, as follows:
Mr. RAHALL: Committee on Natural
Resources. H.R. 2964. A bill to amend
the Lacey Act Amendments of 1981 to
treat nonhuman primates as prohibited
wildlife species under that Act, to make
corrections in the provisions relating to
captive wildlife offenses under that Act,
and for other purposes, with an amend-
ment (Rept. 110-712). Referred to the
Committee of the Whole House on the
State of the Union.
Mr. RAHALL: Committee on Natural
Resources. H.R. 3702. A bill to direct the
Secretary of Agriculture to convey cer-
tain land in the Beaverhead-Deerlodge
National Forest, Montana, to Jefferson
County, Montana, for use as a cemetery
(Rept. 110-713). Referred to the Committee
of the Whole House on the State of the
Union.
Mr. RAHALL: Committee on Natural
Resources. H.R. 5511. A bill to direct the
Secretary of the Interior, acting through
the Bureau of Reclamation, to remedy
problems caused by a collapsed drain-
age tunnel in Leadville, Colorado, and for
other purposes (Rept. 110-715). Referred to
the Committee of the Whole House on the
State of the Union.
Mr. THOMPSON of Mississippi: Com-
mittee on Homeland Security. House
Resolution 1150. Resolution expressing
the sense of the House of Representatives
that the Transportation Security Admin-
istration should, in accordance with the
congressional mandate provided for in
the Implementing Recommendations of
the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007, enhance
security against terrorist attack and
other security threats to our Nation's rail
and mass transit lines, with amendments
(Rept. 110-716). Referred to the House
Calendar.
[Use above form also when only one report
is submitted.]
PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
Under clause 2 of rule XII, public
bills and resolutions were introduced
and severally referred, as follows:
By Mr. SHADEGG:
H.R. 6274. A bill to provide an equivalent
to habeas corpus protection for persons
held under military authority under that
part of Cuba leased to the United States;
to the Committee on the Judiciary, and
in addition to the Committee on Armed
Services, for a period to be subsequently
determined by the Speaker, in each case
for consideration of such provisions as fall
within the jurisdiction of the committee
concerned.
By Mr. RANGBL (for himself. Mr.
McDermott, Mr. Lewis of Georgia,
Mr. Neal of Massachusetts, Mr.
Pomeroy, Mrs. Jones of Ohio, Mr.
Blumenauer, Ms. Berkley, Mr.
Crowley, Mr. Van Hollen, Mr. Meek
of Florida, Mr. Levin, and Mr.
Larson of Connecticut) :
H.R. 6275. A bill to amend the Internal
Revenue Code of 1986 to provide individu-
als temporary relief from the alternative
minimum tax, and for other purposes; to
the Committee on Ways and Means.
[Use the following form when only one bill
or resolution is submitted:]
Under clause 2 of rule XII:
Mr. CAZAYOUX (for himself, Mr.
Childers, Ms. Waters, Mr. Thompson of
Mississippi, Mr. Frank of Massachusetts,
Mr. Cuellar, and Mrs. Capito) introduced
a bill (H.R. 6276) to repeal section 9(k) of
the United States Housing Act of 1937; to
the Committee on Financial Services.
MEMORIALS
Under clause 3 of rule XII, memo-
rials were presented and referred as
follows:
[Use the following form when submitted
by the Speaker if By the Speaker is not in
manuscript:]
327. By the SPEAKER: Memorial of the
Legislature of the State of Louisiana,
relative to Senate Concurrent Resolution
No. 76 memorializing the Congress of the
United States to take such actions as are
necessary to expedite the reopening of the
Arabi branch of the United States Postal
Service located in St. Bernard Parish;
to the Committee on Oversight and
Government Reform.
328. Also, a memorial of the Legislature
of the State of Idaho, relative to Senate
Joint Memorial No. 114 expressing opposi-
tion to S. 40 and H.R. 3200; jointly to the
Committees on Financial Services and
the Judiciary.
MEMORIALS
Under clause 3 of rule XII,
[Use the following form when only one me-
morial is submitted:]
Congressional Record
405
326. The SPEAKER presented a memo-
rial of the Legislature of the State of
Louisiana, relative to Senate Concurrent
Resolution No. 51 memorializing the
Congress of the United States to estab-
lish a grant program to assist the seafood
industry in St. Tammany, St. Bernard,
Orleans, and Plaque-mines parishes; to
the Committee on Financial Services.
PRIVATE BILLS AND
RESOLUTIONS
Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private
bills and resolutions were introduced
and severally referred as follows:
By Mr. ATKINSON:
H.R. 6583. A bill for the relief of
Mohamed Tejpar and Nargis Tejpar; to the
Committee on the Judiciary.
By Mr. AuCOIN:
H.R. 6584. A bill for the relief of Celia
Maarit Halle; to the Committee of the
Judiciary.
[Use the following form when only one bill
or resolution is submitted:]
Under clause 1 of rule XXII,
Mr. LANTOS introduced a bill (H.R. 6766)
for the relief of Shanna Teresa Millich;
which was referred to the Committee on
the Judiciary.
ADDITIONAL SPONSORS
Under clause 7 of rule XII, sponsors
were added to public bills and resolu-
tions as follows:
H.R. 78: Mr. Garrett of New Jersey.
H.R. 96: Mr. Ranoel.
H.R. 154: Mr. Towns, Mr. Frelinghuysen,
Mr. Doyle, Mr. Space, and Mr. Larson of
Connecticut.
[Note. — Set sponsors caps and Members
caps and lower case.]
DISCHARGE PETITIONS
Under clause 2 of rule XV, the fol-
lowing discharge petitions were filed:
Petition 10, June 24, 2008, by Mr. JOHN
R. "RANDY" KUHL, Jr. on H.R. 5656, was
signed by the following Members: John
R. "Randy" Kuhl Jr., Doug Lamborn,
David Davis, Robert E. Latta, Joseph R.
Pitts, Charles W. Boustany, Jr., Ron Paul,
Michael T McCaul, John Kline, Randy
Neugebauer, Lynn A. Westmoreland, and
Wally Herger.
Petition 11, June 24, 2008, by Mr. THOMAS
G. TANCREDO on House Resolution 1240,
was signed by the following Members:
Thomas G. Tancredo and Jean Schmidt.
DISCHARGE PETITIONS-
ADDITIONS OR DELETIONS
The following Members added their
names to the following discharge
petitions:
Petition 3 by Mr. PENCE on House
Resolution 694: Timothy V. Johnson.
Petition 4 by Mr. ADERHOLT on H.R.
3584: Trent Franks.
Petition 5 by Mrs. DRAKE on H.R. 4088:
Timothy V. Johnson.
PETITIONS, ETC.
Under clause 3 of rule XII, petitions
and papers were laid on the clerk's
desk and referred as follows:
283. The SPEAKER presented a petition
of the City Council of Compton, CA, rela-
tive to Resolution No. 22,564 supporting
the Homeowners and Bank Protection Act
of 2007; to the Committee on Financial
Services.
284. Also, a petition of the California
State Lands Commission, relative to a
Resolution regarding the taking of ma-
rine mammals and sea turtles incidental
to power plant operations of once-through
cooling power plants in California; to the
Committee on Natural Resources.
[Use the following form when only one peti-
tion is submitted:]
Under clause 1 of rule XXII,
139. The SPEAKER presented a peti-
tion of the Council of the District of
Columbia, relative to the Council-adopted
resolution entitled, "National Park
Service-Georgetown Branch Rail Right-
of-Way Acquisition Resolution of 1990";
which was referred to the Committee on
the District of Columbia.
AMENDMENTS
Under clause 8 of rule XVIII, pro-
posed amendments were submitted
as follows:
H.R. 1328
Offered By: Mr. Cole of Oklahoma
Amendment No. 4: Page 341, line 11, after
"title." insert the following: "The Federal
Government shall not withhold funding.".
406 Chapter 19
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD INDEX
General instructions
Set in 7 point on 8 point, Record measure (168 points, 14 picas).
Cap lines and italic lines are set flush left.
Entries are indented 1 em, with overs 2 ems.
Bill introductions are to be identified as to sponsor or cosponsor.
Bullet following page number in index identifies unspoken material.
Pages are identified as S (Senate), H (House), and E (Extensions).
Pages in bound Record index are entered numerically, without S, H, or E
prefixes.
Abbreviations and acronyms—
(for use on notation of content line)
Abbreviations
Streets: St.; Ave.; Ct; Dr.; Blvd.; Rd.; Sq.; Ter.
Names: Jr.; Sr.; II (etc.)
Businesses: Co.; Corp. (includes all Federal corporations); Inc.; Ltd.; Bros.
States: See rule 9.13.
Dept. of Agriculture Sec. of Agriculture.
Dept. of Commerce Sec. of Commerce.
Dept. of Defense Sec. of Defense.
Dept. of Education Sec. of Education.
Dept. of Energy Sec. of Energy.
Dept. of Health and Human Services Sec. of Health and . . .
Dept. of Homeland Security Sec. of Homeland Security
Dept. of Housing and Urhan Development Sec. of Housing and . . .
Dept. of the Interior Sec. of the Interior.
Dept. of Justice Attorney General.
Dept. of Labor Sec. of Labor.
Dept. of State Sec. of State.
Dept. of Transportation Sec. of Transportation.
Dept. of the Treasury Sec. of the Treasury.
Dept. of Veterans Affairs Sec. of Veterans Affairs.
Congressional Record 407
Acronyms
Agency for International Development AID
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome AIDS
American Association of Retired Persons AARP
American Bar Association ABA
American Civil Liberties Union ACLU
American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations AFL-CIO
American Medical Association AMA
British Broadcasting Corp BBC
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives ATF
Bureau of Indian Affairs BIA
Bureau of Land Management BLM
Bureau of Labor Statistics BLS
Cable News Network CNN
Cable Satellite Public Affairs Network C-SPAN
Central Intelligence Agency CIA
Civil Service Retirement System CSRS
Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services CHAMPUS
Commodity Credit Corp CCC
Commodity Futures Trading Commission CFTC
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act CERCLA
Congressional Budget Office CBO
Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act COBRA
Consumer Product Safety Commission CPSC
Daughters of the American Revolution DAR
Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA
Disabled American Veterans DAV
Drug Enforcement Administration DEA
Employee Retirement Income Security Act ERISA
Environmental Protection Agency. EPA
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission EEOC
Export-Import Bank Eximbank
Federal Aviation Administration FAA
Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI
Federal Communications Commission FCC
Federal Crop Insurance Corp FCIC
Federal Deposit Insurance Corp FDIC
Federal Election Commission FEC
Federal Emergency Management Agency FEMA
Federal Employee Retirement System FERS
408 Chapter 19
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission FERC
Federal Housing Administration FHA
Federal Insurance Contribution Act FICA
Federal National Mortgage Association Fannie Mae
Federal Reserve System FRS
Federal Trade Commission FTC
Food and Drug Administration FDA
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GATT
General Services Administration GSA
Government Accountability Office GAO
Government Printing Office GPO
Gross national product GNP
Health maintenance organization(s) HMO(s)
Human immunodeficiency virus HIV
Internal Revenue Service IRS
International Business Machines Corp IBM
International Monetary Fund IMF
International Trade Commission ITC
Legal Services Corp LSC
Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program LIHEAP
Missing in action MIA(s)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NAACP
National Broadcasting Co NBC
National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA
National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST
National Institutes of Health NIH
National Labor Relations Board NLRB
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA
National Railroad Passenger Corp Amtrak
National Rifle Association NRA
National Security Council NSC
National Science Foundation NSF
National Transportation Safety Board NTSB
North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA
North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO
Nuclear Regulatory Commission NRC
Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA
Office of Management and Budget OMB
Office of Personnel Management OPM
Office of Thrift Supervision OTS
Organization of American States OAS
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC
Congressional Record 409
Overseas Private Investment Corp OPIC
Palestine Liberation Organization PLO
Parent-Teachers Association PTA
Prisoner of war POW
Public Broadcasting Service PBS
Racketeer Influenced Corrupt Organization Act RICO
Reserve Officers' Training Corps ROTC
Securities Exchange Commission SEC
Small Business Administration SBA
Social Security Administration SSA
Supplemental security income SSI
Tennessee Valley Authority TVA
United Auto Workers UAW
United Nations UN.
United Nations Children's Fund UNICEF
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO
Veterans of Foreign Wars VFW
Voice of America VOA
Women, Infants, and Children Program WIC
World Health Organization WHO
Young Men's Christian Association YMCA
Young Women's Christian Association YWCA
Spacing
Biweekly Record index folioed in upper right and left corner; no extra
spacing.
Bound Record index folioed in upper right and left corner; no extra
spacing.
History of Bills folioed in upper right and left corner using H.B. numbers;
no extra spacing.
Bound History of Bills folioed in lower right and left corner, first folio
numerically higher than the last folio of index; no extra spacing.
Capitalization
Capitalize principal words after these formats:
Addresses Book reviews
Analyses Booklets
Appendices Brochures
Articles and editorials Conference reports
Biographies Descriptions
410
Chapter 19
Documents
Essays
Essays: Voice of Democracy
Eulogies
Explanations
Factsheets
Forewords
Histories
Homilies
Hymns
Memorandums
Messages
Oaths of office
Pamphlets
Papers
Platforms
Poems
Prayers
Prayers by visitors
Prefaces
Press releases
Proclamations
Reports
Report filed
Resolutions of ratification
Resumes
Sermons
Sngs
Statements
Studies
Summaries
Surveys
Synopses
Testimonies
Transcripts
Treaties
Lowercase after these formats:
Advertisements
Affidavits
Agenda
Agreements
Amendments
Announcements
Appointments
Awards
Bills and resolutions
Bills and resolutions cosponsored
Bills and resolutions introduced
Bills and resolutions relative to
Briefs
Briefings
Broadcasts
Bulletins
Certificates of election
Chronologies
Citations
Civilian
Cloture motions
Colloquies
Commentaries
Comments
Communications from
Communiques
Comparisons
Cost estimates
Court decisions
Court documents
Declarations
Dedications
Definitions
Descriptions
Designated acting Presidents pro tempore
Designated acting Speaker pro tempore
Digests
Dispatches
Examples
Excerpts
Executive orders
Financial statements
Granted
Granted in the House
Congressional Record
411
Granted in the Senate
Guidelines
Hearings
Inscriptions
Interviews
Introductions
Invocations
Journals
Letters
Lists
Meetings
Military
Motions
Newsletters
Notices
Obituaries
Opinion polls
Orders
Outlines
Petitions
Petitions and memorials
Press conferences
Privilege of the floor
Programs
Projects
Proposals
Questionnaires
Questions
Questions and answers
Quotations
Recorded
Regulations
Remarks
Remarks in House
Remarks in House relative to
Remarks in Senate
Remarks in Senate relative to
Resignations
Resolutions by organizations
Results
Reviews
Rollcalls
Rosters
Rules
Rulings of the chair
Schedules
Subpoena notices
Subpoenas
Tables
Tests
Texts of
Transmittals
Tributes
Voting record
Punctuation
Comma precedes folio figures.
If numbers of several bills are given, use this form: (see S. 24, 25); (see H.R.
217, 218), etc.; that is, do not repeat S. or H.R. with each number.
In consecutive numbers (more than two) use an en dash to connect first with
last: S46-S48, 518-520.
Quotes are used for book titles.
A 3-em dash is used as a ditto for word or words leading up to colon:
Taxation: capital gains rates
earned income tax credit
rates
412 Chapter 19
Roman and italic
Use italic for Members of Congress descriptive data:
CARDIN, BENJAMIN L. (a Senator from Maryland);
EMANUEL, RAHM (a Representative from Illinois).
Names of vessels in italic:
Brooklyn (U.S.S.);
Savannah (vessel);
Columbia (space shuttle).
Flush cap lines
All cap lines are separate entries. They are set flush with overs indented 2
ems:
CARDIN, BENJAMIN (a Senator from Maryland)
EMANUEL, RAHM (a Representative from Illinois)
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES (George W. Bush)
VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES (Richard B. Cheney)
COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS (House)
COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS (Senate)
FARMERS see Agriculture
SENATE related term(s) Committees of the Senate; Legislative
Branch of the Government; Members of Congress; Votes
in Senate
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR related term(s) Bureau of Land
Management, Bureau of Reclamation
PRESIDENTIAL APPOINTMENTS
VOTES IN HOUSE
VOTES IN SENATE
Congressional Record
413
No. XII
(Eongrtssional THecord Mex
PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE
107
th
CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION
Vol. 154
JULY 21 TO AUGUST 8, 2008
Nos. 119 to 132
Note. — For debate and action on bills and resolutions see "History <
; and Resolutions" at end of Index, under numbers referred to in Index entry.
Dates, Issue Numbers, and Pages Included in Index XII
July 21 No. 119
July 22 No. 120
July 23 No. 121
July 24 No.
July 25 No.
July 26 No.
July 27 No.
July 28 No.
July 29 No.
July 30 No.
July 31 No.
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
H6731-H6734
H6735-H6826
H6827-H7059
H7061-H7166
H7167-H7169
H7171-H7330
H7331-H7631
H7633-H7707
E1507-E1511
E1513-E1527
E1529-E1547
E1549-E1554
. E1555-E1572
. S6947-S6980
. S6981-S7088
. S7089-S7201
. S7203-S7434
. S7435-S7485
. S7487-S7537
. S7539
. S7541-S7578
. S7579-S7708
. S7709-S7804
S7805— S7982
July 31 (Pt. II)* No. 129 H7709-H7790
August 1 No. 130 .... S7983-S8079 H7791-H7810
August 5 No. 131 .... S8081
August 8 No. 132 .... S8083
*Continuation of proceedings
NOTE: Elements in brackets which follow page numbers in the Index refer to the dates
Record in which those pages may be found. Unspoken material is indicated by a bullet (•).
E1573-E1577
E1579-E1591
E1593-E1625
E1627-E1640
E1641-E1703
D919-D922
D923-D930
D931-D940
D941-D948
D950-D956
. D958-D960
. D961-D962
D963-D966
D968-D980
D981-D994
D996-D1008
. D996-D1008
D1009-D1016
. D1017-D1018
. D1019-D1020
of the Congressional
AARP (organization)
Letters
Evaluate and extend the basic pilot program for
employment eligibility confirmation and ensure
protection of Social Security beneficiaries, H7592
[30JY]
Press releases
Medicare Trigger Ignores Real Problem- Skyrocketing
Health Care Costs, H7125 [24JY]
ABERCROMBIE, NEIL (a Representative from
Hawaii)
Bills and resolutions cosponsored
Armed Forces: tribute to the 28th Infantry Division
(see H. Con. Res. 390), H7308 [29JY]
Bulgaria: independence anniversary (see H. Res.
1383), H7630 [30JY]
Bureau of Prisons: provide stab-resistant personal
body armor to all correctional officers and require
such officers to wear such armor while on duty (see
H.R. 6462), H6734 [21JY]
Diseases: improve and enhance research and pro-
grams on cancer survivorship (see H.R. 4450),
H7308 [29JY]
Education: strengthen communities through English
literacy, civic education, and immigrant integra-
tion programs (see H.R. 6617), H7164 [24JY]
Medicare: ensure more timely access to home health
services for beneficiaries (see H.R. 6826), H7808
[1AU]
replace the prescription drug benefit with a re-
vised and simplified program for all beneficiaries
(see H.R. 6800), H7807 [1AU]
Motor vehicles: encourage increased production of
natural gas vehicles and provide tax incentives for
natural gas vehicle infrastructure (see H.R. 6570),
H7630 [30JY]
Palladio, Andrea: anniversary of birth (see H. Con.
Res. 407), H7788 [31JY]
Power resources: open Outer Continental shelf areas
to oil and gas leasing, curb excessive energy spec-
ulation, and require Strategic Petroleum Reserve
sale and acquisitions of certain fuels (see H.R.
6670), H7628 [30JY]
provide a comprehensive plan for greater en-
ergy independence (see H.R. 6709), H7785 [31JY]
U.S. Public Service Academy: establish (see H.R.
1671), H7789 [31JY]
Yunus, Muhammad: award Congressional Gold
Medal (see H.R. 1801), H7629 [30JY]
Remarks
Pearl Harbor, HI: anniversary of the Pearl Harbor
Naval Shipyard (H. Res. 1139), H6773, H6774
[22JY]
ABORTION
Remarks in House
China, People's Republic of: mandatory abortion and
sterilization policies, H7344, H7345 [30JY]
Supreme Court: anniversary of Roe v. Wade deci-
sion, H7283 [29JY], H7611 [30JY], H7776 [31JY],
E1545 [23JY], E1701 [1AU]
U.S. Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis,
and Malaria Act: prohibit use of funds for any
organization or program which supports or partici-
pates in the management of coerced abortions or
involuntary sterilization, H7116 [24JY]
414
Chapter 19
Remarks in Senate
Dept. of HHS: proposed regulation to change the defi-
nition of abortion, S7141 [23JY]
ACCESS, COMPARISON, CARE, AND ETHICS
FOR SERIOUSLY ILL PATIENTS (ACCESS)
ACT
Remarks in Senate
Enact (S. 3046), S7620 [29JY], S8021 [1AU]
ACCESS FOR ALL AMERICA ACT
Bills and resolutions
Enact (see S. 3412, 3413), S7905 [31JY]
Remarks in Senate
Enact (S. 3413), S7971-S7973 [31JY]
ACHIEVING OUR IDEA ACT
Remarks in House
Enact (H.R. 1896), E1701 [1AU]
ACKERMAN, GARY L. (a Representative from New
York)
Bills and resolutions cosponsored
Bangladesh: elections (see H. Res. 1402), H7788
[31JY]
China, People's Republic of: call for end to human
rights abuses of citizens, cease repression of
Tibetan and Uyghur people, and end support for
Governments of Sudan and Burma (see H. Res.
1370), H7309 [29JY]
Dept. of the Treasury: establish a commemorative
quarter dollar coin program emblematic of promi-
nent civil rights leaders and important events
advancing civil rights (see H.R. 6701), H7809
[1AU]
Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Water
Resources Compact: grant congressional consent
and approval (see H.R. 6577), H7165 [24JY]
Human rights: defeat campaign by some members
of the Organization of the Islamic Conference to
divert the U.N. Durban Review Conference from
a review of problems in their own and other coun-
tries (see H. Res. 1361), H7059 [23JY]
Immigration: modify certain requirements with re-
spect to H-1B nonimmigrants (see H.R. 5630),
H7629 [30JY]
New York, NY: extend and improve protections and
services to individuals directly impacted by the
terrorist attack (see H.R. 6594). H7630 [30JY]
Palladio, Andrea: anniversary of birth (see H. Con.
Res. 407), H7809 [1AU]
Religion: support spirit of peace and desire for unity
displayed in the letter from leading Muslim schol-
ars, and in the Pope Benedict XVI response (see H.
Con. Res. 374), H7165 [24JY]
Bills and resolutions introduced
Syria: express concern regarding continued viola-
tions of political, civil, and human rights and call
for release of prisoners of conscience and other po-
litical prisoners (see H. Res. 1398), H7788 [31JY]
ADAMS, MICHAEL F.
Letters
Higher Education Opportunity Act, S7854 [31JY]
ADERHOLT, ROBERT B. (a Representative from
Alabama)
Bills and resolutions cosponsored
Crime: provide for the use of information in the
National Directory of New Hires in enforcing sex
offender registration laws (see H.R. 6539), H7165
[24JY]
Dept. of the Interior: establish oil and gas leasing pro-
gram for public lands within the Coastal Plain of
Alaska (see H.R. 6758), H7787 [31 J Y]
House of Representatives: prohibit adjournment until
approval of a bill to establish a comprehensive na-
tional energy plan addressing energy conservation
and expansion of renewable and conventional en-
ergy sources (see H. Res. 1391), H7629 [30JY]
National Prostate Cancer Awareness Month: support
goals and ideals (see H. Res. 672), H7790 [31JY]
Power resources: expedite exploration and develop-
ment of oil and gas from Federal lands (see H.R.
6379),H7629[30JY]
promote alternative and renewable fuels,
domestic energy production, conservation, and
efficiency, and increase energy independence (see
H.R. 6566), H6824 [22JY]
provide a comprehensive plan for greater en-
ergy independence (see H.R. 6709), H7809 [1AU]
Schools: withhold Federal funds from schools that
permit or require the recitation of the Pledge of
Allegiance or the National Anthem in a language
other than English (see H.R. 6783), H7806 [1AU]
Social Security: extend funding for the State
Children's Health Insurance Program (see H.R.
6788), H7806 [1AU]
Bills and resolutions introduced
Power resources: enhance energy independence
through the usage of existing resources and tech-
nology (see H. Con. Res. 401), H7787 [31JY]
ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE, U.S. COURTS see
Courts
ADOPTION see Families and Domestic Relations
ADRIAN, MI
Remarks in House
Sand Creek Telephone Co.: anniversary, E1703
[1AU]
ADVANCING AMERICA'S PRIORITIES ACT
Bills and resolutions
Enact (see S. 3297), S7030 [22JY]
Cloture motions
Enact (S. 3297): motion to proceed, S7509 [26JY],
S7551 [28JY]
Letters
Provisions: Lynne Zeitlin Hale, Nature Conservancy
(organization), S7548 [28JY]
Molly McCammon, National Federation of
Regional Associations for Coastal and Ocean
Observing, S7547 [28JY]
Peter R. Orszag, CBO, S7510 [26JY], S7543
[28JY]
several ocean and coastal research, education,
and conservation organizations, S7547 [28JY]
Motions
Enact (S. 3297), S7509 [26JY]
Remarks in Senate
Appalachian Regional Development Act: reauthorize
and improve, S7545 [28JY], S7888 [31JY]
Chesapeake Bay Initiative Act: provide for continuing
authorization of the Chesapeake Bay Gateways.
Congressional Record
415
In history of bills, sequence is: Senate bills, Senate joint resolutions, Senate
concurrent resolutions, and Senate resolutions; then House bills, House joint
resolutions, House concurrent resolutions, and House resolutions: S. 14, S.J.
Res. 7, S. Con. Res. 26, S. Res. 5, H. 980, H.J. Res. 9, H. Con. Res. 16, and H.
Res. 50.
History of Bills and Resolutions
Dates, Issue Numbers and Bills Introduced ln Index VIII
May 12 No. 77
May 13 No. 78
May 19 No. 82
May 21 No. 84
May 22 No. 85
. S. 3001-3009
H.R. 6021-6024
. S. 3010-3014
H.R. 6025-6046
. S. 3030-3034
H.K. 6083-6084
. S. 3045-3047
H.R. 6104-6122
. S. 3048-3073
H.R. 6123-6166
S. Con. Res. 82
S.J. Res. 32
H. Con. Res. 348
S.J. Res. 33
H.J. Res. 86-87
S.J. Res. 34-36
H.J. Res. 88-89
..H. Con. Res. 354
S. Con. Res. 83
H. Con. Res. 360
S. Con. Res. 84-85
S. Res. 558-560
S. Res. 561-563
H. Res. 1187-1193
S. Res. 569-570
H. Res. 1208-1209
S. Res. 572-573
H. Res. 1217-1219
S. Res. 574-579
H. Con. Res. 361-365 H. Res. 1220-1232
s receiving legislative action during this Index period numerically precede new bills introduced.
SENATE BILLS
S. 11 — A bill to provide liability protection to volun-
teer pilot nonprofit organizations that fly for public
benefit and to the pilots and staff of such nonprofit
organizations, and for other purposes; to the
Committee on the Judiciary.
Cosponsors added, S4621 [21MY]
S. 2062 — A bill to amend the Native American Housing
Assistance and Self-Determination Act of 1996 to
reauthorize that Act, and for other purposes; to the
Committee on Indian Affairs.
Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs
discharged, S814 [8FE]
Amendments, S850 [11FE], S4836, S4839, S4844
[22MY]
Passed Senate amended, S4839 [22MY]
SENATE JOINT RESOLUTIONS
S.J. Res. 17 — A joint resolution directing the United
States to initiate international discussions and take
necessary steps with other Nations to negotiate
an agreement for managing migratory and trans-
boundary fish stocks in the Arctic Ocean; to the
Committee on Foreign Relations.
Debated, H4067 [19MY]
Text, H4067 [19MY]
Rules suspended. Passed House, H4402 [21MY]
Message from the House, S4790 [22MY]
S.J. Res. 28 — A joint resolution disapproving the
rule submitted by the Federal Communications
Commission with respect to broadcast media own-
ership; to the Committee on Commerce, Science,
and Transportation.
By Mr. DORGAN (for himself, Ms. Snowe, Mr.
Kerry, Ms. Collins, Mr. Dodd, Mr. Obama, Mr.
Harkin, Mrs. Clinton, Ms. Cantwell, Mr. Biden,
Mr. Reed, Mrs. Feinstein, Mr. Sanders, Mr. Tester,
and Mr. Stevens), S1597 [5MR]
Cosponsors added, S1704 [6MR], S1878 [11MR],
S2136 [13MR], S2233 [31MR], S234S [2AP],
S2947 [10AP], S3081 [16AP], S3700 [1MY]
Reported (S. Rept. 110-334), S3975 [8MY]
Passed Senate amended, S4267 [15MY]
Text, S4270 [15MY]
Message from the Senate, H4065 [19MY]
Held at the desk, H4065 [19MY]
SENATE CONCURRENT
RESOLUTIONS
S. Con. Res. 82 — A concurrent resolution supporting
the Local Radio Freedom Act; to the Committee on
Commerce, Science, and Transportation.
By Mrs. LINCOLN (for herself, Mr. Wicker, Mr.
Brownback, Mr. Allard, Mr. Nelson of Nebraska,
Ms. Murkowski, and Mr. Webb), S4029 [12MY]
S. Con. Res. 85 — A concurrent resolution authorizing
the use of the rotunda of the Capitol to honor Frank
W. Buckles, the last surviving United States vet-
eran of the First World War.
By Mr. SPECTER (for himself, Mr. Byrd, Mrs. Dole,
Mr. McCain, Mr. Warner, Mr. Lieberman, Mr.
Rockefeller, and Mr. Burr), S4793 [22MY]
416
Chapter 19
S. Con. Res. 85 — Continued
Text, S4810, S4848 [22MY]
Agreed to in the Senate, S4848 [22MY]
SENATE RESOLUTIONS
S. Res. 496 — A resolution honoring the 60th anniver-
sary of the commencement of the carving of the
Crazy Horse Memorial; to the Committee on the
Judiciary.
By Mr. THUNE (for himself and Mr. Johnson),
S2346 [2AP]
Text, S2362 [2AP], S4427 [20MY]
Committee discharged. Agreed to in the Senate,
S4427 [20MY]
S. Res. 562 — A resolution honoring Concerns of Police
Survivors as the organization begins its 25th year
of service to family members of law enforcement
officers killed in the line of duty.
By Ms. MURKOWSKI (for herself, Mr. Biden, Mr.
Brown, Mr. Menendez, Ms. Mikulski, Mr. Craig,
Mr. Whitehouse, Mr. Baucus, Mr. Dodd, Mrs.
Feinstein, Mr. Inouye, Mr. Lautenberg, Mrs.
Lincoln, Mr. Nelson of Florida, Mr. Pryor, Mr.
Smith, Ms. Stabenow, Mr. Stevens, Mr. Tester, and
Mr. Thune), S4106 [13MY]
Text,S4114, S4121[13MY]
Agreed to in the Senate, S4120 [13MY]
HOUSE BILLS
H.R. 158 — A bill to direct the Secretary of the Treasury
to mint coins in commemoration of the battlefields
of the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, and
for other purposes; to the Committee on Financial
Services.
Cosponsors added, H3108 [6MY], H4061 [15MY]
H.R. 503 — A bill to amend the Horse Protection Act
to prohibit the shipping, transporting, moving,
delivering, receiving, possessing, purchasing,
selling, or donation of horses and other equines
to be slaughtered for human consumption, and for
other purposes; to the Committees on Energy and
Commerce; Agriculture.
By Ms. SCHAKOWSKY (for herself, Mr. Whitfield,
Mr. Rahall, Mr. Spratt, Mr. Gallegly, Mr. Markey,
Mr. Pallone, Mr. Nadler, Mr. Van Hollen, Ms.
McCollum of Minnesota, Ms. Bordallo, Ms.
Schwartz, Mr. Ackerman, Mr. Doyle, Ms. Lee,
Mr. Cleaver, Mr. Serrano, Ms. Berkley, Mr. Shays,
Mr. Jones of North Carolina, Mr. McCotter, Mr.
Cummings, Ms. DeLauro, Mr. George Miller of
California, Mr. Grijalva, Mrs. Capps, Ms. Bean,
Ms. Matsui, Mr. King of New York, Mr. Burton
of Indiana, Mr. Kildee, Ms. Kaptur, Mr. Dicks,
Mr. Berman, Ms. Hirono, Mr. Chandler, Mr.
Gerlach, Mr. Tierney, Mr. Bishop of New York,
Mr. Frank of Massachusetts, Mr. Lynch, Mr. Kirk,
Mr. Campbell of California, Mr. Wilson of South
Carolina, Ms. Jackson-Lee of Texas, Mr. Sherman,
Mr. LaTourette, Mr. Larson of Connecticut, Mr.
Israel, Ms. Woolsey, Mr. Brown of South Carolina,
Ms. Eddie Bernice Johnson of Texas, Mr. Moore of
Kansas, Mr. Moran of Virginia, Mr. McNulty, Mrs.
Maloney of New York, Mr. Inslee, Mr. Wolf, Ms.
Carson, Mr. Weiner, Mr. Ruppersberger, Mr. Smith
of New Jersey, and Mr. Linder), H670 [17JA]
Cosponsors added, H1055 [30JA], H1153 [31JA],
H1565 [13FE], H1668 [14FE], H1896 [16FE],
H2165 [5MR], H2621 [15MR], H2821 [21MR],
H3279 [28MR], H3363 [29MR], H3476 [17AP],
H3724 [20AP], H4553 [7MY], H5054 [15MY],
H5927 [24MY], H6181 [7JN], H6439, H6476
[14JN], H6828 [20JN], H7202 [26JN], H8121
[18JY], H8821 [27JY], H9656 [2AU], H10696
[20SE], H11028 [27SE]
H.R. 4841 — A bill to approve, ratify, and confirm the
settlement agreement entered into to resolve claims
by the Soboba Band of Luiseno Indians relating to
alleged interences with the water resources of the
Tribe, to authorize and direct the Secretary of the
Interior to execute and perform the Settlement
Agreement and related waivers, and for other pur-
poses; to the Committee on Natural Resources.
Cosponsors added, H390 [22JA], H480 [28JA], H558
[29JA]
Reported with amendment (H. Rept. 110-649),
H4059[15MY]
Debated, H4075 [19MY]
Text,H4075[19MY]
Rules suspended. Passed House amended, H4401
[21MY]
Message from the House, S4790 [22MY]
Passed Senate, S7197 [23JY]
H.R. 6081 — A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code
of 1986 to provide benefits for military personnel,
and for other purposes; to the Committee on Ways
and Means.
By Mr. RANGEL (for himself, Mr. Stark, Mr.
McDermott, Mr. Lewis of Georgia, Mr. Neal of
Massachusetts, Mr. Pomeroy, Mrs. Jones of Ohio,
Mr. Larson of Connecticut, Mr. Emanuel, Mr.
Blumenauer, Mr. Kind, Ms. Berkley, Mr. Crowley,
Mr. Van Hollen, Mr. Meek of Florida, Mr. Altmire,
Mrs. Boyda of Kansas, Mr. Cohen, Ms. DeLauro,
Mr. Ellsworth, Mr. Loebsack, Ms. Tsongas, Mr.
Welch of Vermont, Mr. Walz of Minnesota, Mr.
Arcuri, Ms. Shea-Porter, Mr. Becerra, Mrs. Davis
of California, and Mr. Doggett), H4064 [16MY]
Cosponsors added, H4151 [19MY]
Debated, H4160 [20MY]
Text, H4160 [20MY]
Rules suspended. Passed House amended, H4187
[20MY]
Message from the House, S4617 [21MY]
Passed Senate, S4772 [22MY]
Message from the Senate, H4821 [22MY]
H.R. 6166 — A bill to impose certain limitations on the
receipt of out-of-State municipal solid waste, and
for other purposes; to the Committee on Energy
and Commerce.
By Mr. WITTMAN of Virginia (for himself, Mr.
Wolf, Mr. Moran of Virginia, and Mr. Donnelly),
20. Reports and Hearings
The data for these publications arrives at GPO from many different
sources. Congressional committee staff members are responsible for gather-
ing the information printed in these publications.
Report language is compiled and submitted along with the bill language
to the clerks of the respective Houses. The clerks assign the report numbers,
etc., and forward this information to GPO for typesetting and printing. In
many instances the reports are camera ready copy, needing only insertion of
the assigned report number.
Likewise, hearings are also compiled by committee staff members. The
data or captured keystrokes as submitted by the various reporting services
are forwarded to GPO where the element identifier codes are programmati-
cally inserted and galley or page output is accomplished without manual
intervention. It is not cost effective to prepare the manuscript as per the GPO
Style Manual as it is too time-consuming to update and change the data
once it is already in type form. Therefore, these publications are to be FIC
& punc, unless specifically requested otherwise by the committee. It is not
necessary to stamp the copy. However, style as stated in the following rules
will be followed.
Style and format of congressional reports
Below are rules that should be followed for the makeup of congres-
sional numbered reports. In either Senate or House reports, follow bill style
in extracts from bills. Report numbers run consecutively from first to sec-
ond session:
1. All excerpts to be set in 10 -point type, cut in 2 ems on each side, except
as noted in paragraph 3 below. For ellipses in cut-in matter, lines of five stars
are used.
2. Contempt proceedings to be considered as excerpts.
3. The following are to be set in 10-point type, but not cut in:
(a) Letters which are readily identified as such by salutation and
signature.
(b) Appendixes and/or exhibits which have a heading readily iden-
tifying them as such; and
417
418 Chapter 20
(c) Matter printed in compliance with the Ramseyer rule. 1
4. All leaderwork and lists of more than six items to be set in 8-point
type.
5. All tabular work to be set in 7-point gothic type.
6. An amendment in the nature of a substitute to be set in 8-point type,
but quotations from such amendment later in the report to be treated as
excerpts, but set full measure (see paragraph 10 below).
7. Any committee print having a report head indicated on original copy to
be set in report type and style.
8. Committee prints not having a report head indicated on original copy
to be set in committee print style; that is, excerpts to be set in 8 point, full
measure.
9. If a committee print set as indicated in paragraph 8 is later submitted
as a report or included in a report, and the type is available for pickup, such
type shall be picked up and used as is in the report.
10. On matter that is cut in on the left only for purposes of breakdown,
no space is used above and below, but on all matter that is cut in on both
sides, 4 points are used above and below. If a bill is submitted as an excerpt,
it will not be squeezed because of the indentions and the limited number of
element identifiers.
11. On reports of immigration cases, set memorandums full measure un-
less preceded or followed directly by committee language. Memorandums
are indented on both sides if followed by such language. Preparers should
indicate the proper indention on copy.
12. Order of printing (Senate reports only): (1) Report, (2) minority or
additional views, (3) Cordon rule 2 (last unless an appendix is used), (4) ap-
pendix (if any).
1 Ramseyer rule. — House: If report has "Changes in Existing Law" use caps and small caps for heads,
except for breakdown within a cap and small cap head.
2 Cordon rule. — Senate: If report has "Changes in Existing Law" use small cap heads, except for
breakdown within a cap and small cap head.
Reports and Hearings 419
13. Minority or additional views will begin a new page with 10-point cap
heading. In Senate reports, "Changes in Existing Law" begins a new page
if following "views." In conference reports, "Joint Explanatory Statement"
begins a new odd page.
14. Minority or additional views are only printed if they have been signed
by the authoring congressperson.
[Sample of excerpt]
In Palmer v. Mass., decided in 1939, which involved the reorganization of
the New Haven Railroad, the Supreme Court said:
The judicial processes in bankruptcy proceedings under sec-
tion 77 are, as it were, brigaded with the administrative processes
of the Commission.
[Sample of an excerpt with an added excerpt]
The Interstate Commerce Commission in its report dated February 29,
1956, which is attached hereto and made a part hereof, states that it has no
objection to the enactment of S. 3025, and states, in part, as follows:
The proposed amendment, however, should be considered to-
gether with the provisions of section 959(b), title 28, United States
Code, which reads as follows:
"A trustee, receiver, or manager appointed in any cause pending
in any court of the United States," etc.
[Sample of amendment]
On page 6, line 3, strike the words "and the service", strike all of lines 4, 5,
and 6, and insert in lieu thereof the following:
and, notwithstanding any other provision of law, the service credit
authorized by this clause 3 of rule XIII of the Rule of the House of
Representatives, change shall not —
420 Chapter 20
(A) be included in establishing eligibility for voluntary or in-
voluntary retirement or separation from the service, under any
provision of law;
[Sample of amendment]
The amendments are indicated in the bill as reported and are as follows:
On page 2, line 15, change the period to a colon and add the following:
Provided, That such approaches shall include only those neces-
sary portions of streets, avenues, and boulevards, etc.
On page 3, line 12, after "operated", insert "free of tolls".
[Sample of amendment in the nature of a substitute]
The amendment is as follows:
Strike all after the enacting clause and insert the following:
That the second paragraph under the heading "National Park Service" in the
Act of July 31, 1953 (67 Stat. 261, 271), is amended to read as follows: "The
Secretary of the Interior shall hereafter report in detail all proposed awards
of concessions leases and contracts involving a gross annual business of
$100,000 or more, or of more than five years in duration, including renewals
thereof, sixty days before such awards are made, to the President of the
Senate and Speaker of the House of Representatives for transmission to the
appropriate committees."
[Sample of letter inserted in report]
The Department of Defense recommends enactment of the proposed leg-
islation and the Office of Management and Budget interposes no objection
as indicated by the following attached letter, which is hereby made a part
of this report:
Reports and Hearings 421
March 21, 2008.
Hon. Nancy Pelosi,
Speaker of the House of Representatives,
Washington, DC.
My Dear Madam Speaker: There is forwarded herewith a draft of legisla-
tion to amend section 303 of the Career Compensation Act.
^s * * ifc H: * *
Sincerely yours,
Douglas A. Beook,QQQQQ
Assistant Secretary of the Navy\Z_
(Financial Management). \Z_
[Sample of cut-in for purposes of breakdown; no spacing above or below]
Under uniform regulations prescribed by the Secretaries concerned, a
member of the uniformed services who —
(1) is retired for physical disability or placed upon the tem-
porary disability retired list; or
(2) is retired with pay for any other reason, or is discharged with
severance pay, immediately following at least eight years of con-
tinuous active duty (no single break therein of more than ninety
days);
may select his home for the purposes of the travel and transportation allow-
ances payable under this subsection, etc.
[Sample of leaderwork]
Among the 73 vessels mentioned above, 42 are classified as major combat-
ant ships (aircraft carriers through escort vessels), in the following types:
Forrestal-class aircraft carriers 4
Destroyers 10
Guided-missile submarine 1
Total 42
422 Chapter 20
[Sample of sectional analysis]
SECTIONAL ANALYSIS
Section 1. Increase of 1 year in constructive service for promotion
purposes
The principal purpose of the various subsections of section 1 is to provide
a 1-year increase for medical and dental officers in * * *
Subsection 101(a) is in effect a restatement of the existing law
This subsection authorizes the President to make regular appointments
in the grade of first lieutenant through * * *
[Sample of amendment under Ramseyer rule]
Changes in Existing Law
In compliance with clause 3 of rule XII of the Rules of the House of
Representatives, changes in existing law made by the bill, as introduced, are
shown as follows (existing law proposed to be omitted is enclosed in black
brackets, new matter is printed in italic, existing law in which no change is
proposed is shown in roman):
Export Control Act of 1949
TERMINATION DATE
Sec. 12. The authority granted herein shall terminate on June 30, [1956]
1959, or upon any prior date which the Congress by concurrent resolution
or the President may designate.
Reports and Hearings 423
[The following examples are for sample purposes only]
[Sample of "Report" Skeleton]
110th Congress 1 f Rept. 110-542
2d Session | HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ( Paltl
PROVIDING FOR AND APPROVE THE SETTLEMENT OF
CERTAIN LAND CLAIMS OF THE SAULT STE. MARIE
TRIBE OF CHIPPEWA INDIANS 1
March 6, 2008.— Ordered to be printed 2
Mr. Rahall, from the Committee on Natural Resources,
submitted the following
REPORT
together with
DISSENTING VIEWS
[To accompany H.R. 4115]
[Including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office]
The Committee on Natural Resources, to whom was referred the
bill (H.R. 4115) to provide for and approve the settlement of certain
land claims of the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians,
having considered the same, report favorably thereon with an
amendment and recommend that the bill as amended do pass. 3
PURPOSE OF THE BILL 4
The purpose of H.R. 4115 is to provide for and approve the settle-
ment of certain land claims of the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chip-
pewa Indians.
1 If title makes more than three lines in 10-point caps, set in 8-point caps.
2 Must be set as indicated in copy. If illustrations accompany copy and are not ordered to be
printed, do not add with illustrations. Return copy to Production Manager.
3 If the wording in this paragraph is prepared in the singular form, follow.
4 For Senate Committee on Finance and House Committee on Ways and Means, heads are set
in bold caps.
424 Chapter 20
[Sample of "Report" Skeleton]
Calendar No. 652 '
110th Congress 1 Report
2d Session J SENATE j 110-300
CIVIL WAR BATTLEFIELD PRESERVATION ACT OF 2008
APRIL 10, 2008. — Ordered to be printed
Filed under authority of the order of the Senate of April 10
(legislative day, April 9), 2008 2
Mr. BiNGAMAN, from the Committee on Energy and Natural
Resources, submitted the following
REPORT
together with
ADDITIONAL VIEWS
[To accompany S. 1921]
The Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, to which was
referred the bill (S. 1921) to amend the American Battlefield Pro-
tection Act of 1996 to extend the authorization for that Act, and for
other purposes, having considered the same, reports favorably
thereon with an amendment and recommends that the bill, as
amended, do pass.
Purpose
The purpose of S. 1921 is to reauthorize the American Battlefield
Protection Act for an additional five years, from 2008 until 2013.
Background and Need
The American Battlefield Protection Program was authorized in
1996 to provide funding for preservation of threatened Civil War
battlefields. The program leverages Federal appropriations by re-
quiring matching non-Federal funds. The battlefield protection
1 Use this type and form only on Senate reports. There is only one calendar in the Senate.
2 Style for filed line, if present.
Reports and Hearings 425
[Sample of "Report" Skeleton]
110th Congress 1 f Report
2d Session ) HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ( no _ 590
PROVIDING 1 FOR CONSIDERATION OF THE BILL (H.R. 5715) TO ENSURE
CONTINUED AVAILABILITY OF ACCESS TO THE FEDERAL STUDENT
LOAN PROGRAM FOR STUDENTS AND FAMILIES 2
April 15, 2008. — Referred to the House Calendar and ordered to be printed
Ms. Castor, from the Committee on Rules,
submitted the following
REPORT
[To accompany H. Res. 1107]
The Committee on Rules, having had under consideration House
Resolution 1107, by a record vote of 8—4, report the same to the
House with the recommendation that the resolution be adopted.
SUMMARY OF PROVISIONS OF THE RESOLUTION
The resolution provides for consideration of H.R. 5715, the En-
suring Continued Access to Student Loans Act of 2008, under a
structured rule. The rule provides one hour of general debate
equally divided and controlled by the chairman and ranking minor-
ity member of the Committee on Education and Labor. The rule
waives all points of order against consideration of the bill except
clauses 9 and 10 of rule XXI. The rule provides that the amend-
ment printed in Part A of the Rules Committee report accom-
panying the resolution shall be considered as adopted and that the
bill, as amended, shall be considered as read. The rule waives all
points of order against provisions of the bill, as amended. (This
waiver does not affect the point of order available under clause 9
of rule XXI (regarding earmark disclosure).
The rule provides that no further amendments to the bill, as
amended, shall be in order except those amendments printed in
Part B of this report. The further amendments made in order may
be offered only in the order printed in this report, may be offered
only by a Member designated in this report, shall be considered as
read, shall be debatable for the time specified in this report equally
divided and controlled by the proponent and an opponent, shall not
1 If copy reads "To make" change to "Making", "To provide" change to "Providing", "To amend"
change to "Amending".
2 Sample of 8-point head.
426 Chapter 20
110th Congress ] Report
1st Session \ HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ( 110 _g 17
COLLEGE COST REDUCTION AND ACCESS ACT
SEPTEMBER 6, 2007.— Ordered to be printed
Mr. George Miller of California, from the committee of
conference, submitted the following
CONFERENCE REPORT
[To accompany H.R. 2669]
The committee of conference on the disagreeing votes of the two
Houses on the amendment of the Senate to the bill (H.R. 2669), to
provide for reconciliation pursuant to section 601 of the concurrent
resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2008, having met, after full
and free conference, have agreed to recommend and do recommend
to their respective Houses as follows:
That the House recede from its disagreement to the amend-
ment of the Senate and agree to the same with an amendment as
follows:
In lieu of the matter proposed to be inserted by the Senate
amendment, insert the following:
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; REFERENCES.
(a) Short Title. — This Act may be cited as the "College Cost
Reduction and Access Act".
(b) REFERENCES. — Except as otherwise expressly provided,
whenever in this Act an amendment or repeal is expressed in terms
of an amendment to, or repeal of, a section or other provision, the
reference shall be considered to be made to a section or other provi-
sion of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001 et seq.).
(c) Effective Date. — Except as otherwise expressly provided,
the amendments made by this Act shall be effective on October 1,
2007.
59-006
Reports and Hearings 427
JOINT EXPLANATORY STATEMENT OF THE COMMITTEE OF
CONFERENCE
The managers on the part of the House and the Senate at the
conference on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses on the
amendment of the Senate to the bill (H.R. 2669), to provide for rec-
onciliation pursuant to section 601 of the concurrent resolution on
the budget for fiscal year 2008, submit the following joint state-
ment to the House and the Senate in explanation of the effect of
the action agreed upon by the managers and recommended in the
accompanying conference report:
The Senate amendment struck all of the House bill after the
enacting clause and inserted a substitute text.
The House recedes from its disagreement to the amendment of
the Senate with an amendment that is a substitute for the House
bill and the Senate amendment. The differences between the House
bill, the Senate amendment, and the substitute agreed to in con-
ference are noted below, except for clerical corrections, conforming
changes made necessary by agreements reached by the conferees,
and minor drafting and clarifying changes.
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE
The House bill's short title is the "College Cost Reduction Act."
The Senate amendment provides that the Act may be cited as
the "Higher Education Access Act of 2007" and that, unless other-
wise indicated, references in the bill are made to the Higher Edu-
cation Act of 1965.
The House recedes with an amendment to provide a new short
title of the "College Cost Reduction and Access Act." The Conferees
adopt the Senate amendment as amended by the House.
TITLE I— GRANTS TO STUDENTS IN ATTENDANCE AT
INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION
SECTION 101. TUITION SENSITIVITY
The House bill (Sec. 101) eliminates the Pell grant "tuition sen-
sitivity" provision that prevents low-income students attending low-
cost institutions, such as community colleges, to benefit fully from
the Pell Grant. Authorizes and appropriates $5,000,000 for fiscal
year 2008.
The Senate amendment (Sec. 101) also eliminates the Pell
grant "tuition sensitivity" provision and authorizes and appro-
priates $5,000,000 for fiscal year 2008.
The House and the Senate recede with an amendment to au-
thorize and appropriate $11,000,000 for fiscal year 2008 to ensure
that all eligible students in award year 2007-2008 receive funding.
The Conferees concur and adopt the amendment.
428 Chapter 20
54
COMPLIANCE WITH HOUSE RULE XXI
Pursuant to clause 9 of rule XXI of the Rules of the House of
Representatives, this conference report contains no congressional
earmarks, limited tax benefits, or limited tariff benefits as defined
in clause 9(d), 9(e), or 9(f) of rule XXI.
George Miller,
Robert E. Andrews,
Bobby Scott,
Ruben Hestojosa,
John F. Tierney,
David Wu,
Susan A. Davis,
Danny K. Davis,
Timothy Bishop,
Mazie K. Hirono,
Jason Altmire,
John Yarmuth,
Joe Courtney,
Managers on the Part of the House.
Ted Kennedy,
Chris Dodd,
Tom Harkin,
Barbara A. Mikulski,
Jeff Bingaman,
Patty Murray,
Jack Reed,
Hillary Rodham Clinton,
Barack Obama,
Bernard Sanders,
Sherrod Brown,
Michael B. Enzi,
Lamar Alexander,
Orrin G. Hatch,
Managers on the Part of the Senate.
O
Reports and Hearings 429
FINANCIAL SERVICES AND GENERAL
GOVERNMENT APPROPRIATIONS FOR 2009
HEARINGS
BEFORE A
SUBCOMMITTEE OP THE
COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
ONE HUNDRED TENTH CONGRESS
SECOND SESSION
SUBCOMMITTEE ON FINANCIAL SERVICES AND GENERAL GOVERNMENT
APPROPRIATIONS
JOSE E. SERRANO, New York, Chairman
CAROLYN C. KILPATRICK, Michigan RALPH REGUIA, Ohio
C.A "DUTCH" RUPPERSBERGER, Maryland MARK STEVEN KIRK, Illinois
DEBBIE WASSERMAN SCHULTZ, Florida RODNEY ALEXANDER, Louisiana
PETER J. VISCLOSKY, Indiana VIRGIL H. GOODE, Jr., Virginia
ROBERT E. "BUD" CRAMER, Jr., Alabama JO BONNER, Alabama
MAURICE D. HINCHEY, New York
ADAM SCHIFF, California
NOTE: Under Committee Rules, Mr. Obey, as Chairman of the Full Committee, and Mr. Lewis, as Ranking
Minority Member of the Full Committee, are authorized to sit as Members of all Subcommittees.
Dale Oak, Bob Bonner, Karyn Kendall, and Francisco Carrillo,
Subcommittee Staff
PART 7
Page
Department of the Treasury 1
Office of Management and Budget 55
Internal Revenue Service 127
Securities and Exchange Commission 261
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
42-831 WASHINGTON : 2008
430
Chapter 20
COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS
DAVID R. OBEY, Wisconsin, Chairman
JOHN P. MUETHA, Pennsylvania
NORMAN D. DICKS, Washington
ALAN B. MOLLOHAN, West Virginia
MARCY KAPTUR, Ohio
PETER J. VISCLOSKY, Indiana
NITA M. LOWEY, New York
JOSE E. SERRANO, New York
ROSA L. DeLAURO, Connecticut
JAMES P. MORAN, Virginia
JOHN W. OLVER, Massachusetts
ED PASTOR, Arizona
DAVID E. PRICE, North Carolina
CHET EDWARDS, Texas
ROBERT E. "BUD" CRAMER, Jr., Alabama
PATRICK J. KENNEDY, Rhode Island
MAURICE D. HINCHEY, New York
LUCILLE ROYBAL-ALLARD, California
SAM FARR, California
JESSE L. JACKSON, Jr., Illinois
CAROLYN C. KTLPATRICK, Michigan
ALLEN BOYD, Florida
CHAKA FATTAH, Pennsylvania
STEVEN R. ROTHMAN, New Jersey
SANFORD D. BISHOP, Jr., Georgia
MARION BERRY, Arkansas
BARBARA LEE, California
TOM UDALL, New Mexico
ADAM SCHIFF, California
MICHAEL HONDA, California
BETTY McCOLLUM, Minnesota
STEVE ISRAEL, New York
TIM RYAN, Ohio
C.A "DUTCH" RUPPERSBERGER, Maryland
BEN CHANDLER, Kentucky
DEBBIE WASSERMAN SCHULTZ, Florida
CIRO RODRIGUEZ, Texas
JERRY LEWIS, California
C. W. BILL YOUNG, Florida
RALPH REGUIA, Ohio
HAROLD ROGERS, Kentucky
FRANK R. WOLF, Virginia
JAMES T. WALSH, New York
DAVID L. HOBSON, Ohio
JOE KNOLLENBERG, Michigan
JACK KINGSTON, Georgia
RODNEY P. FRELINGHUYSEN,New Jersey
TODD TIAHRT, Kansas
ZACH WAMP, Tennessee
TOM LATHAM, Iowa
ROBERT B. ADERHOLT, Alabama
JO ANN EMERSON, Missouri
KAY GRANGER, Texas
JOHN E. PETERSON, Pennsylvania
VIRGIL H. GOODE, JR., Virginia
RAY LaHOOD, Illinois
DAVE WELDON, Florida
MICHAEL K SIMPSON, Idaho
JOHN ABNEY CULBERSON, Texas
MARK STEVEN KIRK, Illinois
ANDER CRENSHAW, Florida
DENNIS R. REHBERG, Montana
JOHN R. CARTER, Texas
RODNEY ALEXANDER, Louisiana
KEN CALVERT, California
JO BONNER, Alabama
ROB Nabors, Clerk and Staff Director
Reports and Hearings 431
[House Appropriation Hearing sample]
DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY
APPROPRIATIONS FOR 2009
Tuesday, February 26, 2008.
IMMIGRATION ENFORCEMENT: IDENTIFICATION AND
REMOVAL OF CRIMINAL ALIENS, STUDENT AND EX-
CHANGE VISITOR PROGRAM FEE INCREASES
WITNESSES
CATHERYN COTTEN, DIRECTOR, INTERNATIONAL OFFICE, DUKE UNI-
VERSITY
JULIE L. MYERS, ASSISTANT SECRETARY, U.S. IMMIGRATION AND
CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT [ICE], DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECU-
RITY
Mr. Price. Subcommittee will come to order. Good morning, ev-
eryone. Today we will be discussing the wide variety of activities
carried out by Immigration and Customs Enforcement, or ICE, and
we will first focus on the Agency's Student and Exchange Visitor
Program.
BALANCING SECURITY AND STUDENT NEEDS
Mr. Price. Thank you very much. We will put your entire state-
ment in the record, which of course elaborates on the points you
made and goes beyond them. Let me ask you first a rather broad
question, and then I will zero in somewhat on the fee increases and
the benefits that might accrue from an increased flow of fee rev-
enue.
[Note style for questions and answers]
Question. What percentage of cases presented to prosecutors along the Southwest
border are prosecuted? Provide by sector and/or state. What was the prosecution
rate of criminals picked up off the street? (Culberson)
Answer. ICE does not track prosecutions, however, ICE works closely with U.S.
Attorneys and state and local prosecutors nationwide on a wide variety of cases.
FY2007 SAC office
Criminal
arrests
El Paso, TX
2,435
1,641
1,588
2,318
7,982
1,882
623
1,172
1,147
4,824
1,704
Phoenix, AZ
770
1 155
San Diego, CA
1842
5471
indictments and convictions may be comprised of arrests from previous years.
Mr. Culberson. Okay.
432 Chapter 20
[Standard Hearing sample]
ORGANIZATIONAL MEETING ON ADOPTION
OF COMMITTEE RULES; CONSIDERATION OF
INTERIM REPORT; AND HEARING ON VOT-
ING IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 27, 2007
House of REPRESENTATivEs.nnnnnnn
Select Committee To Investigate the VotingldOCD
Irregularities of August 2, 2007,nnn
Washington, DC. □
The committee met, pursuant to call, at 9:11 a.m., in Room H—
313, The Capitol, Hon. William D. Delahunt (Chairman of the com-
mittee) presiding.
Present: Representatives Delahunt, Davis, Herseth Sandlin,
Pence, LaTourette and Hulshof.
The Chairman. A quorum being present, the select committee
will come to order.
Today we are meeting to do three tasks: adopt our committee
rules, adopt the internal report, and to hear for the first time — of
what we expect to be multiple occasions — from the Office of the
House Clerk. We will wait for the gentlelady from South Dakota,
who was at her other select committee.
I now recognize myself for 5 minutes to make an opening state-
ment, but before I do, let me note I will then go to Congressman
Pence as the Ranking Member. And in subsequent hearings, it
would be our hope that just he and I would make opening state-
ments. But on this initial hearing, any member of the panel that
wishes to make an opening statement is most welcome.
I would be remiss not to begin by thanking the Chair of the
House Rules Committee, Louise Slaughter, and the Ranking Mem-
ber, David Dreier, for making their hearing room available to the
select committee.
I also want to welcome everyone to this initial meeting of the se-
lect committee that has been mandated by the House to review roll
call No. 814. I would note that none of the Members sought this
particular assignment, but each of us appreciates the role and the
significance of the House in our unique constitutional order, and
recognize that the integrity of the system by which we cast our
votes on the House floor is essential to the confidence that the
American people have in this institution, aptly described as the
people's House.
Index
[Numbers in parentheses refer to rules; bold indicates chapter heading]
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols
(9.1-9.64), 221-258
Addresses:
Correspondence (16.3, 16.9-16.16),
309,311-313
Ordinals (12.10), 274
Signatures, lists of names (9.37, 16.3),
231, 309
Street (9.16-9.19, 13.6), 224-225, 281
Article, section (9.39), 232
Calendar divisions (9.44-9.46, 13.5), 233,
281
Closed up, with periods (9.7), 222
College degrees (9.32, 9.35-9.36), 230,
231
Comma before and after (8.39), 200
Company, etc. (9.25), 225-226
Not abbreviated (9.26), 226
Congressional terms (9.30, 9.41-9.43,
13.11), 230, 232-233, 282
Dates (9.44-9.46, 13.5), 233, 281
Et al, etc. (3.53, 8.59), 41, 204
Figure, not abbreviated (9.40), 232
Foreign countries (9.11), 223
Geographic terms (9.9-9.15), 222-224
Grammatical (7.14), 110
Information technology (9.64), 255
Land descriptions (9.20-9.22, 13.9), 225,
281
Latin (9.63, 11.3), 251-255, 265
Lists (9.61-9.64), 238-258
Measures, weights, etc. (9.5, 9.50-9.59),
221,235-237
Metric (9.56-9.57), 236-237
Military titles, U.S. (9.29), 226-230
Money (9.60, 12.9k), 238, 273
Foreign, 334-338
Numerals used with (9.5, 9.51, 13.4), 221,
235,281
Organized bodies (9.8), 222
Parts of publications (9.38-9.40, 13.10),
231-232,281
Period used (8.103-8.114), 211-213
Not used (8.115-8.123), 213-214
Preparing copy (2.43), 15
Provinces, etc. (9.13, 9.15), 223, 224
Senator, Representative (9.30), 230
States (9.12-9.13), 223-224
Tabular work (13.4-13.13), 281-282
Technology (9.64), 255-258
Territories and possessions (9.12-9.14),
223-224
Time zones (9.47), 234
Titles, civil and military (9.29), 226-230
U.S.:
Before Government or Government
organization (9.9, 13.7), 222-223,
281
As adjective (9.10, 13.7), 223, 281
Vessels (9.27, 11.6-11.7), 226, 265-266
-able, words ending in (5.11, 6.30), 89-91,
103
About This Manual, v
Accents:
Anglicized and foreign words (5.3-5.4),
85-86
Geographic names (5.20-5.21), 93
List (10.18), 262
Acronyms and coined words (9.48, 9.61,
9.64), 234-235, 238-247, 255-258
Plurals (8.11, 8.13), 195, 196
Act, 43
Adjectives (see also Compounding):
Capitalization (3.5-3.6), 27-28
Modifier (7.7), 109
Nationalities (demonyms), 93, 332-334
Administration, 43
Adverbs ending in -ly (6.20), 100
Advice to Authors and Editors (1.1-1.22),
1-5
Air Force, 44, 227-230
433
434
Index
Allmark (2.103-2.104, 2.112, 2.117), 22, 23,
24
American National Standards Institute
(ANSI), 7-9
American Samoa (9.12, 9.13), 223, 224, 348
Ampersand (&):
Comma omitted before (8.56), 203
Firm names (9.25), 225-226
Index entries (15.27), 306
Anglicized foreign words (5.3-5.4), 85-86
ANSI (American National Standards
Institute) (2.2), 7-9, 255
Anyone, any one (6.12), 98
Apostrophes and possessives (8.3-8.18),
193-197
Abbreviations (8.11-8.12), 195-196
Authentic form in names to be followed
(8.6), 194
Coined plurals (8.11), 195-196
Contractions (8.11), 195-196
Possessive (8.3-8.8, 8.10), 193-194
Pronouns (8.8-8.9), 194, 195
Spelled-out words (8.13), 196
Appendix:
Abbreviation (9.38), 231
Footnote numbering (15.2), 303
Part of book (2.3m), 10
Plural form (5.10), 88-89
Area:
Abbreviations (9.56, 9.58), 236, 237
Metric equivalents, 339-341
Army, 45-46, 227-230
Article:
Abbreviation (9.38, 9.39), 231, 232
Capitalization (3.11-3.12, 3.49), 29-30, 40
Caps and small caps (9.39), 232
Assembly:
Legislative, 63
United Nations (3.17), 30-32, 75
Association (9.25), 225-226
Asterisk(s):
Ellipses (8.76-8.82), 207-208
Footnote reference (13.68-13.69,
15.13-15.14, 15.17), 290, 304, 305
Astronomical:
Bodies, capitalization (3.30), 35
Time (12.9b), 271
Astrophysical abbreviations (9.59), 237
Atomic numbers (10.16), 261
B
Backstrips, run down (2.20), 12
Base lines and meridians, 346-347
Basin, 47, 60
B.C. (9.61, 12.9c), 239, 271
Bible, etc. (3.33), 36-37
Bibliography:
Footnote numbering (15.2), 303
Part of book (2.31), 10
References (2.130, 8.29, 8.58, 8.71),
25-26, 199, 203, 205
Bill style (2.41), 15
Blank pages, avoid more than two (1.15), 2
Board on Geographic Names (5.20, 5.21), 93
Boldface:
Page numbers, contents (15.30), 307
Punctuation (8.150), 219
Braces, equations (10.14), 260
Brackets (8.19-8.22), 197-198
Dates abbreviated in (9.45), 233
Emphasis added, etc. (8.19), 197
Equations (8.21, 10.14), 198, 260
Headnotes (13.88-13.89), 292
More than one paragraph (8.22), 198
Type (8.150), 219
Bylines in parentheses (8.101), 211
Calendar divisions:
Abbreviations (9.44-9.46, 13.5), 233, 281
Capitalization (3.23), 34, 48
Called, so-called (8.128), 215
Capacity:
Abbreviations (9.56, 9.58), 236, 237
Metric equivalents, 339, 340
Capitalization Rules (3.1-3.57), 27-42
Addresses, salutations, and signatures
(3.55, 16.2), 42, 309
Index
435
Articles, definite (3.11-3.12), 29, 30
Calendar divisions (3.23), 34
Common nouns and adjectives (3.5-3.9),
27-28
Continued (13.37), 286
Countries, domains (3.19-3.20), 32-33
Firm names, 58
First words (3.42-3.45), 39-40
Heads, center and side (3.46-3.54),
40-42
Historic and documentary work (3.57),
42
Historic events (3.31), 36
Holidays, etc. (3.24), 34
Interjections (3.56), 42
Organized bodies (3.17-3.18), 30-32
Particles (3.13-3.16), 30
Proper names (3.2), 27
Derivatives (3.3, 3.4), 27
Religious terms (3.33), 36-37
Scientific names (3.26-3.30), 35
Soil orders (3.29), 35, 72
Titles:
Persons (3.34-3.37), 37-38
Publications, etc. (3.38-3.41), 38-39
Trade names and trademarks (3.25), 35,
74
Capitalization Examples (Chapter 4),
43-77
Capitals, foreign, 325-331
Capitals, U.S., 322-324, 348-369
Capitol, 49
Caps and small caps:
Abbreviation (1.22), 4-5, 239
Article, section (9.39), 232
Capitalization, in heads (3.46-3.49,
3.51-3.54), 40-41, 41-42
Congressional work, 418
Datelines, addresses, and signatures
(9.37, 16.3), 231, 309
Figure (2.71, 8.112), 18,213
Heads spaced with regular justification
spaces (2.50), 16
Names, surnames (3.47-3.48), 40
Note (13.75), 288
Quotation marks in (11.10), 267
Use of in hearings (8.19), 197-198, 372,
375, 384, 391, 416
Vessel names (11.6-11.7), 265-266
-cede, -ceed, -sede (5.13), 91
Celsius (9.53, 9.62), 235, 247
Centerheads (see Heads, center and side).
Chair (3.32), 36, 49
Chairman (3.35), 37-38, 49
Chapter:
Abbreviation (9.38), 231
Alignment, in contents (15.28), 306
Capitalization (3.9), 28
Chemical:
Elements:
Atomic numbers (10.16), 261
Compounding (6.43), 106
Numerals (6.43, 10.16), 106, 261
Symbols (10.16), 261
Formulas (6.44, 11.12, 12.15), 106, 267,
275
Symbols:
Preparing copy (2.33-2.34), 14
Set in roman (10.16), 261
Church (3.33), 36-37
And state (3.19), 32, 50
Ciphers:
Leaderwork (14.7-14.8), 300
Numerals (12.9d), 271
Tabular work (13.29-13.36), 285-286
Citations:
Abbreviations (9.42, 9.43, 9.45), 232, 233
Biblical, etc. (8.28), 199
Italic (11.3, 11.8), 265, 266
Punctuation (8.96, 8.97), 210
Cities, U.S., 322-324
Civil and military titles:
Abbreviations (9.29-9.37), 226-231
Capitalization (3.34-3.37), 37-38
Plurals (5.8), 87-88
Coast (3.22), 34
Coast Guard, 50, 227-230
436
Index
Code (3.38), 38-39
Colon (8.23-8.33), 198-200
Affecting use of numerals (12.8), 270
After salutations (8.25, 16.15), 199, 312
Biblical and bibliographic citations (8.28,
8.29, 12.7), 199, 270
Capitalization following (3.42, 3.44, 8.23,
8.24), 39, 40, 198-199
Ratio (8.32, 8.33), 199, 200
Subentries (8.27, 14.15), 199, 301
Colony (3.19), 32
Combining forms (6.29-6.35), 102-104
Comma (8.34-8.49), 200-202
Chemical formulas (6.44), 106
Compound sentences (8.43), 201
Omitted (8.50-8.59), 202-204
Semicolon, used with (8.145), 218
Commandant (9.30), 230
Commander in Chief (3.35), 37-38
Compounding (6.40), 105
Plural (5.8), 87-88
Commission (3.17), 30-32
Committee, 51-52
Company:
Abbreviation (9.25-9.26), 225-226
Ampersand with (9.25), 225-226
List, 52
Compass directions:
Abbreviations (9.50), 235
Capitalization (3.22), 33-34
Compound words (6.14), 98
Land description (9.20-9.21), 225
Compounding Examples (7.1-7.14),
109-191
Compounding Rules (6.1-6.52), 95-107
Chemical terms (6.42-6.44), 106
Civil and military titles (6.40-6.41), 105
Fractions (6.38, 12.26-12.28), 105, 279
General rules (6.4-6.7), 95-96
Improvised compounds (6.46-6.52),
106-107
Numerical compounds (6.36-6.39,
12.9o), 104-105,274
Prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms
(6.29-6.35), 102-104
Short prefixes (6.7), 96
Scientific and technical terms (6.42-
6.45), 106
Solid compounds (6.8-6.14), 96-98
Unit modifiers (6.15-6.28), 98-102
Units of measurement (6.45), 106
Congressional:
Abbreviations (9.41-9.43, 13.11), 232-233,
282
Capitalization (3.17), 30-32
Ordinals (12.10-12.11), 274-275
Congressional Record (Chapter 19),
371-416
Addresses and signatures, 383-384
Call of the House, 382
Capitalization, 373-374
Caps and small caps, 376-377
Committee of the Whole House on the
State of the Union, 398-400
Conference report and statement,
400-401
Credits, 384
Extensions of Remarks, 386
Extracts, 385-386
Figures, 374
Forms of titles, 382-383
General rules, 371-372
In gross or en gros, 376
Italic, 374-375
Miscellaneous, 375-376
Parentheses and brackets, 378-379
Poetry, 384-385
Proceedings:
House, 394-398
Senate, 387-393
Punctuation, 377-378
Samples, 376-405
Speech heads, 386
Tabular matter and leaderwork, 374
Text headings, 386
Title 44, U.S.C.,rv; 371
Index
437
Voting:
House and Committee of the Whole,
379-381
Pairs, 382
Yeas and nays, 381-382
Congressional Record Index, 406-416
Abbreviations and acronyms, 406-409
Capitalization, 409-411
Flush cap lines, 412
General instructions, 406
Punctuation, 411
Roman and italic, 412
Samples, 413-416
Spacing, 409
Congressional work:
Back title, 428, 430
Cover and title pages, 423-426, 429,
431-432
Joint explanatory statement, 427
Reports and hearings (2.39), 15, 417-432
Consonants:
A, an, before (5.16-5.19), 92
Doubled (5.14, 5.15), 92
Hyphen, to avoid tripling (6.7), 96
Contents (15.20-15.30), 305-307
Part of book (2.3i, 2.12), 10, 11
Type (15.28-15.30), 306-307
Contractions, apostrophe to indicate (8.11,
8.12), 195, 196
Copy (see also Preparing copy):
Blank pages, avoid more than two (1.15),
2
Corrections marked (1.19-1.20), 2
Covers to be indicated (1.13), 2
Fold-ins, avoid use of (1.14), 2
Folioing looseleaf or perforated work
(1.12), 2
Footnote references (1.7), 1
Illustrations:
Instructions (1.8), 1
Position (1.8), 1
Separate sheets (1.8), 1
Legible (1.2), 1
Numbering (1.3), 1
Paper stock (1.16), 2, 3
Paragraph, begin with (1.4), 1
Proofreader's marks (1.22), 4-5
Proper names, signatures, etc., plainly
marked (1.5), 1
Reprint, in duplicate (1.3), 1
Style sheets furnished (1.11), 2
Trim size (1.11, 1.17), 2
Typewritten, one side only (1.3), 1
Corrections:
Author's (1.19-1.20), 2
Proofreading (2.79-2.80), 19
Counties and geographic divisions,
348-369
Common misspellings, 369-370
Cover:
Kind to be indicated (1.13, 2.5), 2, 10
Report sample, 8
Crown (3.35), 37-38, 54
Currency (see also Money), 334-338
Dagger (13.68-13.69, 15.14), 290, 304
Dash (8.60-8.75), 204-206
Em dash (8.60-8.70), 204-205
En dash (8.72-8.75), 206
Figures, letters (8.72-8.73, 9.12, 12.7),
206, 223, 270
Not to be used for and (8.75), 206
Not to be used for to (8.74, 13.111),
206,295
Proportion (8.32), 199
Date columns (see Tabular work).
Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures
(16.1-16.28), 309-319
Dates:
Abbreviations (9.44-9.46, 13.5), 233, 281
A.D., B.C. (8.52, 12.9c), 203, 271
Commas with (8.49, 8.52, 12.9c), 202,
203,271
En dash (8.73-8.75, 12.9c), 206, 271
Ordinals in (12.10), 274
Roman numerals (12.29), 280
Tabular work (13.5), 281
438
Index
Days:
Abbreviations (9.46), 233
Holidays, etc. (3.24), 34
Decimal inches, converted to, 341
Decimals:
Alignment (2.27, 13.31), 13, 285
Ciphers with (13.29-13.33), 285
Comma omitted (8.54), 203
Used with numerals (12.9d), 271
Decorations, medals, etc., 54
Decree:
Executive, 57
Royal (3.38), 38-39, 54
Degree mark:
Repeated (10.6), 259
Spacing (12.9f), 272
With figures (9.50-9.51, 9.53, 10.6, 12.9f),
235, 259, 272
Degrees (scholastic, etc):
Abbreviations (9.32, 9.33, 9.35-9.36), 230,
231
Closed up (9.7), 222
Capitalization (9.36), 231
Sequence of (9.35), 231
Deity, words denoting (3.33), 36-37, 55
Demonyms (nationalities) (5.22), 93,
332-334
Derivatives:
Compounds (6.6), 96
Proper names (3.3-3.4), 27, 55
Scientific names (3.26-3.29), 35
Devil, etc. (3.33), 36-37
Diseases and related terms, 55
Do. (ditto):
Leaderwork (14.4, 14.6), 299-300
Tabular work (13.41-13.50), 286-287
Dollar:
Abbreviation (9.60), 238
Leaderwork (14.7-14.8), 300
Mark (9.60, 12.9k), 238, 273
Repeated (10.6), 259
Tabular work (13.51-13.56), 288
Dr. (9.29, 9.33), 226, 230
Not used with other titles (9.33), 230
Earth (3.30), 35
Editorial marks (illustration) (1.22), 4-5
Editors and authors, suggestions (1.1-1.22),
1-5
E.g., 252
Ellipses (8.76-8.82), 207-208
Email, email (11.16), 57, 268
Emphasis, italic not used (11.2), 265
Emphasis added, etc. (11.4), 265
Equations (10.8-10.15), 260
Esq., abbreviation (9.32, 9.33, 9.37), 230, 231
Et al., 252
Et cetera, etc. (2.28), 13, 252
Etseq. (11.3), 252, 265
Even space after sentences (2.49), 16
Everyone, every one (6.12), 98
Ex- (6.34), 103
Exclamation point (8.83-8.85), 208
Extracts:
Footnotes (15.8), 303-304
Quotation marks omitted (2.24), 12
Fahrenheit (9.53), 235, 339
False title (2.3b), 9
Federated States of Micronesia (9.12, 9.13),
223,224,350
FIC &punc. (2.28, 2.38, 2.41), 13, 14-15
Figure (2.71, 3.9), 18, 28
Not abbreviated (9.40), 232
Period not used at end (8.112), 213
Figures (see Numerals).
Firm names (see also Company), 58
First words capitalized (3.42-3.45), 39-40
Flush heads (see Heads, center and side).
Fol. lit. (2.38), 14-15
Fold-ins, oversize, avoided (1.14), 2
Footnotes, Indexes, Contents, and
Outlines (15.1-15.31), 303-308
Footnotes and reference marks (15.1-
15.19), 301-305
Comma not used (8.50, 15.19), 202,
305
Index
439
Follow punctuation (15.18), 305
Footnote added (2.97), 21
Footnote eliminated (2.96g), 21
Run across (1.7, 13.71), 1, 290
Sequence (15.14), 304
Superior figures (13.67, 15.12), 290, 304
Thin space (15.12), 304
Indexes and tables of contents (15.20-
15.30), 305-307
Leaderwork (14.11-14.13), 301
Outlines (15.31), 307-308
Tabular work (13.66-13.85), 289-291
Text (15.1-15.19), 303-305
Foreign:
Countries:
Abbreviations (9.11), 223
Capital cities, 325-331
Currency, 334-338
Heads of state, 325-331
Money, abbreviations (9.60), 238
Nationalities (demonyms), 332-334
Rivers, 347
Words:
Accents (5.3, 5.4), 85, 86
Compounding (6.24), 101
Italic (11.2), 265
Foreword (2.3f), 10
Fort, 59
Not abbreviated (9.19), 225
State name with (9.12), 223
Fractions (12.26-12.28), 279
Comma omitted (8.54, 12.9e, 12.27), 203,
272, 279
Hyphen in (6.38-6.39), 105
Land descriptions (9.20-9.22), 225
Spelled out (6.38, 12.26), 105, 279
Tabular work (13.86-13.87), 291-292
Alignment (13.63), 289
Franking privilege (2.129), 25
Frontispiece (2.3a), 9
-ful, words ending in (5.9, 6.30), 88, 103
General Instructions (2.1-2.130), 7-26
Geologic Terms and Geographic
Divisions (Chapter 18), 343-370
Geographic divisions, 346-347
Geographic terms, 60
Geologic terms, 343
Germany, West, etc. (3.22), 33-34
Gospel, etc. (3.33), 36, 60
Government(s) (3.8, 3.20), 28, 32-33, 60
Departments, capitalization (3.17), 30-32
Foreign, 325-331
Governor (3.35), 37-38
GPO's Online Initiatives, ix
Gravity terms (9.53), 235
Guam (9.12, 9.13), 223, 224, 352
H
Halftitle:
Imprint (2.118), 24
Part of book (2. 3j), 10
H-bomb, H-hour (6.51), 61, 107
Heads, center and side:
Capitalization (2.30, 3.46-3.54), 13,
40-42
Tabular work (13.25-13.27), 284
Heads of state, foreign, 325-331
Hearings (see Reports and Hearings).
Holidays, etc. (3.24), 34
Holy Scriptures, etc. (3.33), 36, 62
Honorable, etc. (9.31), 230
House, 62
Hyphen (see also Compounding Rules):
Chemical formulas (6.43, 6.44), 106
Civil and military titles (5.8, 6.40-6.41),
87-88, 105
Compass directions (6.14), 98
Division at end of line (8.87), 209
Fractions (12.26, 12.28), 279
Numerical compounds (6.36-6.39,
12.9o), 104-105,274
Prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms
(6.7, 6.29-6.35, 7.10-7.11), 96, 102-104,
110
440
Index
Scientific terms (6.42-6.44), 106
State abbreviations (8.72, 9.12), 206, 223
Unit modifiers (6.15-6.28), 98-102
Not used when meaning is clear (6.16),
99
I
Ibid, id. (11.3), 252, 265
-ible, words ending in (5.11, 6.30), 89-91,
103
i.e., 252
Illustrations:
Makeup (2.3i, 2.12, 2.18), 10, 11, 12
Separate sheets (1.8), 1
Imprints (2.115-2.120), 24
Signature marks (2.101-2.112), 22-23
Improvised compounds (6.46-6.52),
106-107
Inches, picas converted to, 341
Indentions (see also Overruns) (2.60-2.66),
17-18
Datelines, addresses, and signatures
(16.5-16.28), 309-319
Do. (13.41-13.50), 286-287
Extracts (2.24), 12
Footnote tables (13.84), 291
Hanging (2.62-2.63), 17
Heads (2.65-2.66), 18
Paragraphs (2.60-2.61), 17
Index (15.20-15.30), 305-307
Entries (15.27), 306
Part of book (2. 3n), 10
Plural form (5.10), 88-89
Roman numerals (15.22), 305
See, see also (11.11, 15.20), 267, 305
Inferior figures and letters:
Chemical elements (6.43), 106
Chemical formulas (10.16, 11.12, 12.15),
261,267,275
Equations (10.8), 260
Italic (10.8, 11.12), 260, 267
Precede superiors (10.15), 260
Preparing (2.33), 14
Information technology acronyms (9.64),
255
Infra:
Italic (11.3), 265
Not abbreviated (9.49), 235
Integral sign (10.14), 260
Interjections:
Capitalization (3.56), 42
Exclamation point (8.83-8.85), 208
Introduction (2.3f), 10
-ise, -ize, -yze (5.12), 91
Italic (11.1-11.16), 265-268
Aircraft (11.6), 265-266
Ante, post (11.3), 265
Continued from (11.11), 267
Credit line (8.66), 205
Datelines, addresses, and signatures
(16.5-16.26), 309-319
Emphasis (11.2), 265
Equations (10.7-10.8, 11.12-11.13), 260,
267-268
Fol. lit., etc. (2.38), 14-15
Foreign words, etc. (11.2-11.3), 265
Inferior letters (10.8, 11.12), 260, 267
Infra, supra (11.3), 265
Italic supplied, etc. (11.4), 268
Legal cases (11.8), 266
Legends (2.73, 11.14), 18, 268
Nth degree (11.12), 267
Paragraphs and sections, indicating
(11.15), 268
Provided, Resolved, etc. (3.45, 11.11), 40,
267
To be followed (11.5), 265
Publications, titles of (11.2), 265
Salutations (8.25, 16.14), 199, 312
Scientific names (11.9-11.10), 267
See, see also (11.11, 15.20), 267, 305
Symbols (2.73, 11.12-11.14), 18, 267-268
Tabular work (13.95-13.96), 293
Units of quantity (13.123, 14.14), 298, 301
v. (11.8), 266
Vessels (11.6-11.7, 13.95), 265-266, 293
Index
441
X dollars (11.12), 267
-ize, -ise, -yze (5.12), 91
Journals (2.2), 7-9
Jr., Sr.:
Abbreviation (9.32, 9.34), 230
Index entries (15.27), 306
Punctuation (8.39, 9.34), 200, 230
Type (9.37, 16.3), 231, 309
King (3.34), 37
Known as (8.128), 215
Land area abbreviations (9.56), 236-237
Land descriptions (9.20-9.22, 12.9f), 225,
272
Latin abbreviations (9.63, 11.3), 251-255,
265
Latitude, longitude:
Abbreviated (9.51, 13.9), 235, 281
Division at end of line (9.52), 235
Spaces omitted (9.51, 12.9f), 235, 272
Law (3.40), 39
Leaders:
Abbreviation before (8.123, 13.13), 214,
282
Leaderwork (14.1), 299
Tabular work (13.97-13.101), 293-294
Leaderwork (14.1-14.20) (see also Tabular
Work), 299-302
Bearoff (14.2), 299
Clears (14.9), 300
Columns (14.3-14.4), 299-300
Continued heads (14.5), 300
Definition (14.1), 299
Do. (14.6), 300
Dollar mark and ciphers (14.7-14.8), 300
Double up (14.19), 302
Examples (14.15-14.20), 301-302
Flush items and subheads (14.9-14.10),
300
Footnotes (14.11-14.13), 301
Units of quantity (14.14-14.20), 301-302
Leading and spacing (2.48-2.59), 16-17
Leading:
Datelines, addresses, and signatures
(16.4), 309
Extracts (2.54-2.57), 17
Footnotes (2.58), 17
Legends (2.59), 17
Line of stars (8.79), 207
Page, section, etc., over figure columns
(15.21), 305
Tabular work, boxheads (13.18), 282
Tabular work, centerheads (13.25), 284
Tabular work, footnotes (13.66), 289
Spacing:
Abbreviations with points (9.6), 221
Ampersand (9.7), 222
Article, section (9.39), 232
Citations (8.28), 199
Clock time (8.26, 12.9b), 199, 271
Colon (8.23-8.33), 198-200
Datelines, addresses, and signatures
(16.4), 309
Degrees, academic (9.7, 9.32-9.33,
9.35-9.36), 222, 230, 231
Ellipses (8.76), 207-208
Footnote references (8.50, 15.12,
15,19), 202, 304, 305
Footnote symbols (13.69, 15.12), 290,
304
Footnotes, two or more (2.19), 12
Heads, center, side (2.50), 16
Initials, personal name (9.7), 222
Letters or figures in parentheses (2.40,
8.94), 15,209
Mathematical signs (10.3), 259
Names, space after in small cap heads
(3.13-3.16, 3.47-3.48), 30, 40
Particles (3.48), 40-41
Question mark (8.124-8.126), 214-215
Quotation marks (8.127-8.144),
215-218
Section mark (10.6), 259
442
Index
Stars (8.79), 207
Symbols with figures (10.6), 259
Legal cases:
Capitalization (3.11), 29
Italic (11.8), 266
Legends (2.67-2.73), 18
Italic symbols (2.73, 11.14), 18, 268
Leading (2.59), 17
Makeup (2.68, 2.72, 2.96f), 18, 21
Punctuation (2.70, 8.112), 18, 213
Type (2.69), 18
Legislative bodies, foreign, 325-331
Letter of transmittal (2.3e), 10
Looseleaf work, "blue" folios marked (1.12),
2
-ly, words ending in (6.20), 100
M
M.,Mlle., etc. (9.29), 226
Magnification symbol (10.3), 259
Magnitudes (9.59), 237
Makeup (2.3-2.19), 9-12
Backstrips, run down (2.20), 12
Facing pages (2.7), 11
Fold-ins to be avoided (1.14), 2
Footnotes:
Leaderwork (14.11-14.13), 301
Tabular references repeated (2.13,
13.70), 11,290
Tabular sample, 301
Tabular work (2.98), 21
Text (15.9-15.11), 304
Illustrations (2.67-2.73), 18
Parts of book (2.3), 9-10
Roman numerals (2.4), 10
Running heads and folios (2.10-2.11), 11
Signature marks, imprints, etc. (2.101-
2.112, 2.115-2.128), 22-23, 24-25
Signatures, jobs over 4 pages (1.15), 2
Avoid over 2 blank pages (1.15), 2
Sink (2.8), 11
Title pages (2.5), 10
Widow lines (2.6), 10
Marine Corps, 64, 227-230
Market grades (3.25), 35
Marshall Islands (9.12, 9.13), 223, 224, 356
Mathematical equations (10.8-10.15), 260
Signs (10.2, 10.3, 10.18), 259, 262, 264
Measurement:
Abbreviations (9.56-9.58), 236-237
Conversion table, 341
Metric equivalents, 339-341
Numerals (12.9J), 272-273
Symbols (9.62), 247-251
Medals (see Decorations).
Meridians and base lines, 346-347
Messrs. (9.29), 226
Meteorology signs/symbols (10.18),
262-264
Metric:
Abbreviations (9.56-9.57), 236-237
Equivalents, 339, 340
Military:
Dates (8.52, 12.9c), 203, 271
Installations, State name with (9.12), 223
Time (12.9b, 12.14), 271, 275
Titles:
Abbreviations (9.29), 226-230
Capitalization (3.35), 37-38
Enlisted rank, 228-230
Officer rank, 226-228
Units, ordinals used (12.10), 274
Millimeters, converted to, 341
Million, etc.:
Roman numerals (12.29), 280
Use of figures with (12.24), 278-279
Minute:
Abbreviation (9.58), 237
Latitude, longitude (9.51-9.52, 12.9f),
235, 272
Time (12.9b, 12.9n), 271, 273
Astronomical (9.59, 12.9b), 237, 271
Money:
Abbreviations and symbols (9.60, 12.9k),
238, 273, 334-338
Decimals (12.9k), 273
Fractions (12.26-12.28), 279
Index
443
Months:
Abbreviations (9.44-9.45, 13.5), 233, 281
mo (9.58), 237
Punctuation (8.52, 8.74, 8.75, 12.9c), 203,
206, 271
Moon (3.30), 35
Signs (10.18), 262-264
Mount, not abbreviated (9.19), 225
Mr., Mrs.:
Abbreviation, when used (9.29), 226
Type (9.37, 16.3), 231, 309
With other abbreviations (9.33), 230
Mr. Chairman, etc. (3.37), 38
N
Names (see Personal names, Natives).
Nation, etc. (3.19, 3.20), 32, 33
Nationalities (see Demonyms).
Natives:
Foreign countries, 332-334
States, U.S. (5.23-5.24), 93-94
Nature (3.32), 36
Navy, Naval, etc. (3.17), 30-32, 66, 227-230
Near East (3.21), 33
Newspapers:
Capitalization (3.38), 38-39
Datelines (16.8), 311
Italic not used (11.2), 265
No., Nos. (9.38), 231
Not abbreviated (13.22), 283
Northern Mariana Islands (9.12, 9.13), 223,
224, 361
Note (8.107, 13.53, 13.75), 5, 211-212, 288,
290, 334, 347
Nouns:
Capitalization (3.5-3.10, 3.49), 27-29, 40
Compounding (6.8-6.11), 96-97
Nationalities, foreign, 332-334
Plural forms (5.5-5.10), 86-89
States, natives of (5.23), 93
Nth degree (11.12), 267
Number:
Abbreviation (see No.).
Chemical elements (10.16), 261
Mark (#) (10.6, 10.18, 15.15), 259,
262-264, 304
Numerals (12.1-12.29), 269-280
Age (12.9a), 270
Beginning a sentence (12.16), 276
Related numerals (12.25), 279
Chemical elements (6.43, 10.16), 106, 261
Chemical formulas (6.44, 12.15), 106, 275
Clock time (9.54, 12.9b), 236, 271
Colon affecting use (12.8), 270
Compound (6.36-6.39), 104-105
Dates (see Dates).
Decimals (12.9d), 271
Degrees (12.9f), 272
Equations (10.8-10.15), 260
Expressed in figures (12.4-12.15),
269-275
Formal writing (12.19), 277
Fractions (see Fractions).
Game scores (12.9g), 272
Hearings, etc. (12.17), 276
Indefinite expressions (12.22), 277-278
Land descriptions (9.21), 225
Large numbers (12.20, 12.24), 277,
278-279
Market quotations (12.9h), 272
Mathematical expressions (12.91), 272
Measurement and time (12.9a-12.9o),
270-274
In relation to other figures (12.6), 270
Money (9.60, 12.9k), 238, 273
Ordinals (see Ordinals).
Percentage (12.91), 273
Proportion or ratio (12.9m), 273
Punctuation (8.48, 8.109-8.110, 12.14),
202,212,275
Roman (see Roman numerals).
Serial (12.7), 270
Single:
10 or more (12.4), 269
Under 10 (12.23), 278
Unit of measurement, etc. (12.6), 270
Spelled out (12.16-12.25), 276-279
Tabular work (13.102), 294
444
Index
Time (12.9n), 273
Unit modifiers (6.23, 6.36-6.37, 6.39,
12.9o), 101, 104, 105, 274
Vitamins (12.9p), 274
With abbreviations (9.5, 13.4), 221, 281
0,Oh:
Capitalization (3.56), 42
Exclamation point (8.84, 8.85), 208
-o, words ending in (5.5), 86
Occident, etc. (3.21, 3.22), 33-34
O'clock (9.55, 12.9b), 236, 271
Office (3.17), 30-32, 66-67
Op. cit. (11.3), 254, 265
Order (3.38), 38-39
Ordered (3.45, 11.11), 40, 267
Ordinals (12.10-12.13, 13.102), 274-275, 294
Beginning with 10th (12.10), 274
In relation to other ordinals or numerals
(12.11), 274-275
Leaderwork (12.13), 275
Military units (12.10), 274
Street address (12.13, 13.6), 275, 281
Tabular work (12.13, 13.102), 275, 294
Orient, etc. (3.21, 3.22), 33-34
Outlines:
Indentions (15.31), 307-308
Numbering sequence (15.31), 307-308
Overruns (see also Indentions):
Addresses, datelines, and signatures
(16.5, 16.26), 309-310, 316-319
Center, side heads (2.65-2.66), 18
Hanging indentions (2.62-2.63), 17
Indexes (15.23-15.25), 305-306
Leaderwork (14.4), 299-300
Paragraphs (2.60-2.66), 17
Tabular work (13.90-13.94), 292-293
Total, mean, and average lines
(13.92-13.94), 292-293
Pact (3.38), 38-39
Page (3.9), 28
Abbreviation (9.38), 231
Numbers (2.4, 15.22, 15.30), 10, 305, 307
Palau (9.12, 9.13), 223, 224, 363
Paper stock (1.16), 2, 3
Paragraph (3.9), 28
Abbreviation (9.38), 231
Mark (j) (10.6), 259
Paragraphs:
Brackets, more than one paragraph
(8.22), 198
Indention (2.60-2.61), 17
Overruns (2.62-2.63), 17
Italic letters indicating (11.15), 268
Numbering sequence (8.108), 212
Parentheses (8.91-8.102), 209-211
Abbreviations in (9.2), 221
Citations or references (9.45), 233
Congressional (9.41-9.43), 232-233
Latitude, longitude (9.51), 235
Parts of publications (9.38), 231
Steamships, railroads (9.27), 226
Alignment in tables (13.59, 13.63), 289
Byline (8.101), 211
Chemical formulas (6.44), 106
Clauses (8.92), 209
Closed up (2.40, 8.94, 8.98), 15, 209, 210
Column numbers or letters (13.23), 283
Enclose letters or figures (8.94), 209
Equations (10.14), 260
Explanatory word (8.93), 209
More than one paragraph (8.102), 211
Not part of main statement (8.91), 209
Paragraph sequence (8.108), 212
Type (8.150), 219
Verifying numbers (8.95, 12.18), 210, 276
With punctuation (8.96-8.102), 210-211
Part (3.9), 28
Abbreviation (9.38), 231
Particles (3.13-3.16), 30
Parts of books:
Abbreviations (9.38-9.40), 231-232
Capitalization (3.9, 3.38, 3.39), 28, 38-39
Makeup (2.3), 9-10
Index
445
Quotation marks (8.129), 215-216
Percent (5.2), 79
Mark (10.18, 15.15), 262-264, 304
Use of figures (12.91), 273
Period (8.103-8.123), 211-214
Abbreviations (8.111, 9.6-9.7), 213,
221-222
After article, section, etc. (8.113), 213
Boxheads (8.115), 213
Decimals (8.109, 12.9d, 13.29-13.32), 212,
271,285
Declarative sentence (8.103), 211
Ellipses (8.76, 8.78), 207
Explanatory matter within parentheses
(8.122), 214
Indirect question (8.104), 211
In lieu of parentheses (8.105), 211
Inside-outside quotation marks (8.141-
8.142), 217
Legends (2.70, 8.112), 18, 213
Letters used as names (8.117), 213-214
Metric abbreviations (9.56-9.57),
236-237
Middle initial not abbreviation (8.118),
214
Multiplication (8.114), 213
Omitted (8.115-8.123, 9.3, 13.13, 15.23),
213-214, 221, 282, 305-306
Overruns, in indexes (15.23), 305-306
Roman numerals (8.120), 214
Run-in sideheads (8.107), 211-212
Short name not abbreviation (8.119,
9.23), 214, 225
Symbols (8.115), 213
To indicate thousands (8.110), 212
Words and incomplete statements
(8.121), 214
Periodicals, titles of:
Capitalization (3.38-3.39, 3.41), 38-39
Italic not used (11.2), 265
Makeup (2.2, 2.3), 7-10
Personal names:
Abbreviations followed (8.119, 9.23-
9.24), 214, 225
Initials set without space (9.7), 222
Particles (3.13-3.16), 30
Variations (8.119, 9.23-9.24), 214, 225
Personification (3.32), 36
Physics, signs and symbols (10.18), 262-264
Physiographic regions, 344-345
Pica conversion table, 341
Pickup matter (2.31), 13
Correcting (2.45), 16
Place:
Abbreviation (9.16, 13.6), 224, 281
Ordinals (12.13, 13.6), 275, 281
Planets (3.30), 35
Plate (3.9), 28
Abbreviation (9.38), 231
Numbers aligned (15.28), 306
Plurals:
Apostrophe (8.7, 8.11), 194, 195-196
Coined (8.11), 195-196
Common noun as part of proper name
(3.8), 28
Compound words (5.6-5.8), 87-88
Irregular (5.10), 88-89
Latin names (3.28), 35
Letters and figures (8.11), 195-196
Nouns ending in -ful (5.9), 88
Nouns ending in -o (5.5), 86
Of words (8.13), 196
Poetry:
Alignment and indention (8.134),
216-217
Capitalization of titles (3.39), 39
Congressional Record, 382-383
Credit line (8.66), 205
Quotation marks (3.39, 8.129, 8.134), 39,
215-217
Point, not abbreviated (9.19), 225
Points, converted to, 341
Political parties (3.17), 30-32, 68
Adherents (3.18), 32, 68
Port, not abbreviated (9.19), 225
Possessions, U.S. (9.12-9.14), 223-224,
348-367
Possessives and apostrophes (see
Apostrophes and possessives).
446
Index
Post (11.3), 265
Post Office, 68
Box, as part of address, 68
Directory of Post Offices (5.20), 93
ZIP Code numbers (8.51, 16.1), 203, 309
Pound mark (see Money, Number).
Preface (2.3g, 2.12), 10, 11
Prefixes (6.7, 6.29-6.35), 96, 102-104
Metric (9.56), 236-237
Preliminary pages (2.3-2.4), 9-10
Roman numerals for (2.4), 10
Preparing copy:
Abbreviations spelled out (2.43), 15
Bill style (2.41), 15
Capitalization (2.25,2.35), 12, 14
Copy kept clean (2.46), 16
Cut-in notes (2.32), 14
Datelines, addresses, and signatures
(2.26), 13
Addresses (16.9-16.16), 311-313
Datelines (16.5-16.8), 309-311
Signatures (16.17-16.26), 313-319
Decimals (2.27), 13
Et cetera, etc. (2.28), 13
Extracts (2.24), 12
FIC &punc, Fol. lit. (2.38-2.42), 14-15
Figures (2.38, 2.40), 15
Folioing and stamping (2.29), 13
Footnotes and reference marks:
Tabular work (13.66-13.85), 289-291
Text (15.1-15.19), 303-305
Heads (2.30, 3.46-3.54), 13, 40-42
Instructions to be followed (2.42, 11.5),
15, 177
Italic (2.26, 2.38), 13, 14
Pickup (2.31), 13
Plurals (2.36, 8.13), 14, 196
Punctuation followed (2.38-2.42), 14-15
Sidenotes (2.32), 14
Signs, symbols, etc. (2.33-2.34), 14
Type to indicate shape (2.35-2.37), 14
Prepositions (3.49), 40
In compound nouns (6.47), 107
Presidents and Vice Presidents, U.S.,
321-322
Pronouns:
Compounding (6.12, 6.13), 98
Possessive (8.8-8.9), 194, 195
Proofreader's marks (1.22), 4-5
Proofreading (2.74-2.87), 18-20
Proofs:
Clean (2.46, 2.96a), 16,21
Department (1.18-1.20), 2
Proportion (8.32, 12.9m), 199, 273
Provided, etc.:
Capitalization following (3.45), 40
Italic (3.45, 11.11), 40, 267
Province (3.19), 32
Not abbreviated (9.15), 224
Public Law, etc. (3.38), 38-39
Not abbreviated (9.41, 9.43), 232, 233
Publications (see Periodicals).
GPO(1.21),3
Puerto Rico (9.12, 9.13), 223, 224, 364
Punctuation (8.1-8.150), 193-219
Abbreviations:
Omitted (8.123, 9.3, 13.13), 214, 221,
282
When used (8.39, 9.6), 200, 221
Apostrophe (8.3-8.18), 193-197
Brackets (8.19-8.22), 197-198
Colon (8.23-8.33), 198-200
Comma (8.34-8.59), 200-204
Before and after abbreviations (8.39),
200
Omitted (8.50-8.59), 202-204
Used (8.34-8.49), 200-202
Dash (em) (8.60-8.70), 204-205
Not used (8.69-8.70), 205
Used (8.60-8.68), 204-205
Dash (en) (8.72-8.75), 206
Not used (8.74-8.75), 206
Used (8.72-8.73), 206
Ellipses (8.76-8.82), 207-208
Exclamation point (8.83-8.84), 208
Function (8.1, 8.2), 193
Index
447
Hyphen (8.86-8.90), 208-209
Compounding (6.1-6.52), 95-107
Legends (2.70, 8.112), 18, 213
Numerals (12.14), 275
Parentheses (8.91-8.102), 209-211
Period (8.103-8.123), 211-214
Omitted (8.115-8.123), 213-214
Used (8.103-8.114), 211-213
Question mark (8.124-8.126), 214-215
Quotation marks (8.127-8.144), 215-218
Not used (8.134-8.144), 216-218
Used (8.127-8.133), 215-216
Semicolon (8.145-8.148), 218
Sentence (2.49), 16
Single (8.124, 8.149), 214, 219
Q
Quantity (see Units of quantity).
Quart (9.58), 237
Metric equivalent, 339, 340
Quasi-, ex-, self- (6.34), 103
Queen (3.35), 37, 38
Queries:
Department must answer (1.20), 2
Not to be set (2.47), 16
Proofreading (2.75-2.78), 19
Question mark (8.124-8.126), 214-215
Closed up (8.126), 215
Direct query (8.45, 8.124), 202, 214
Doubt (8.125, 8.126), 214-215
With quotation marks (8.141, 8.144), 217,
218
Quotation marks (8.127-8.144), 215-218
Addresses, books, etc. (8.129), 215-216
Called, so-called, etc. (8.128), 215
Direct quotations (8.127), 215
Display initial with (8.140), 217
Double, single, double (8.144), 218
Entitled, marked, etc. (8.128), 215
Extracts, omitted (2.24, 8.138), 12, 217
Indirect quotations (8.139), 217
Letters within a letter (8.131), 216
Complete letter (8.137), 217
Misnomers, slang, etc. (8.132), 216
More than one paragraph (8.130), 216
Poetry, alignment (8.134), 216-217
Precede footnote references (8.143), 217
Punctuation with (8.47, 8.141, 8.142), 202,
217
Scientific names (11.10), 267
Spacing (8.133, 8.144), 216, 218
Tabular work (13.124), 298
Thin space (8.133), 216
Vessels (11.7, 11.8), 266
Quotations:
Capitalization (3.42, 3.43), 39
Comma before (8.35), 200
Ellipses (8.76-8.82), 207-208
Railroads, abbreviated (9.27, 13.8), 226, 281
Reference marks (see Footnotes and
references).
Reference materials, GPO (1.21), 3
Region (3.9), 28
Ordinals (12.10), 274
Regular, etc. (3.17), 30-32, 69
Related numbers:
Group (12.5, 12.25), 269-270, 279
Ordinals (12.10-12.12), 274-275
Religious terms (3.33), 36-37, 69
Report (3.38, 3.39), 38-39, 70
With quotation marks (3.39, 8.129), 39,
215-216
Reports and Hearings (Chapter 20),
417-432
Samples, 419-432
Representative (3.18), 32
Not abbreviated (9.30), 230
Reprint:
"All roman (no italic)" exceptions (11.5),
265
Dates (2.113-2.114), 23
Pickup (2.31), 13
Signature marks (2.114), 23
Republic (3.19), 32
448
Index
Reservation (3.5), 27-28
State name with (9.12), 223
Resolution (3.38), 38-39
Abbreviation (9.42, 13.11), 232, 282
Resolved, etc. (3.45), 40
Italic (3.45, 11.11), 40, 267
Reverend, etc. (9.31), 230
Revising (2.88-2.100), 20-22
Galley (2.88-2.91), 20
Page (2.92-2.98), 20-21
Press (2.99-2.100), 22
Rivers, 347
Road:
Abbreviation (9.16, 13.6), 224, 281
Ordinals (12.13, 13.6), 275, 281
Roman numerals:
Army corps (12.10), 274
Figure columns:
Indexes and contents (15.22), 305
Tabular work (13.62), 289
List (12.29), 280
Not preferred (12.3), 269
Period:
Aligned in contents (15.28), 306
Not used after (8.120), 214
Preliminary pages (2.4), 10
Royal titles (3.34, 3.35, 3.37), 37-38
Rules in tables (2.23, 13.3), 12, 281
Running heads:
Copy for, supplied (1.19), 2
Makeup (2.10-2.11), 11
Period omitted (8.115), 213
Sales notices (2.121-2.122), 24
Salutation:
Capitalization (3.55, 16.15), 42, 312
Colon after (8.25, 16.15), 199, 312
Italic (8.25, 16.14), 199, 312
Scientific terms:
Abbreviations, punctuation omitted
(9.3), 221
Capitalization (3.26-3.29), 35
Compounding (6.42-6.45), 106
Italic (11.9-11.10, 13.95), 267, 293
Quotation marks with (11.10), 267
Setinroman(11.9),267
Scriptures, etc. (3.33), 36-37
Seaboard (3.22), 33-34
Seal (16.27, 16.28), 319
Seasons (3.23), 34
2d, 3d, etc.:
Comma omitted before (8.39, 8.59, 9.32),
200, 204, 230
Ordinals (12.10-12.11), 274-275
Type (9.32, 16.3), 230, 309
Secretary, etc. (3.35), 37-38, 71
General, 71
No hyphen (6.40), 105
Plural form (5.8), 87-88
Section (3.9), 28, 71
Abbreviation (9.38, 13.10), 231, 281
Not abbreviated (9.39), 232
Caps and small caps (9.39), 232
Italic to indicate (11.15), 268
Roman, over figure column (15.21), 305
Section mark (§):
Footnote reference (15.14), 304
Space after (10.6), 259
-sede, -cede, -ceed (5.13), 91
See, see also:
Italic (11.11, 15.20), 267, 305
Roman (13.96), 293
See footnote, etc. (15.4), 303
Self-, ex-, quasi- (6.34), 103
Semicolon (8.145-8.148), 218
Avoid, where comma will suffice (8.148),
218
Before summarizing matter (8.147), 218
Clauses containing commas (8.145), 218
Senate, 71
Senator, 71
Not abbreviated (9.30), 230
Serial:
Letter, italic (11.15), 268
Parentheses (8.94), 209
Index
449
Numbers:
Comma omitted (8.54, 12.14), 203, 275
Figures used (12.7), 270
Parentheses (8.94), 209
Session:
Abbreviation (9.41, 13.11), 232, 282
Ordinals (9.41, 13.11), 232, 282
Shape, letters used (2.35-2.37), 14
Shilling mark, in fractions (12.27), 279
Sign (10.18), 262-264
Signature marks (2.101-2.112), 22-23
Signatures:
Abbreviations (9.24, 16.19), 225, 313
Capitalization (3.55, 16.2), 42, 309
Caps and small caps (9.37), 231
Examples (16.17-16.26), 313-319
Preceded by dash (8.66, 16.17), 205, 313
Preparation (2.26), 13
Punctuation (16.23), 314
Quoted matter (16.25), 316
Signed (8.128), 215
In signatures (16.24), 314-315
Signs and Symbols (10.1-10.18), 259-264
Chemical:
Elements (6.43, 10.16), 106, 261
Formulas (6.44, 10.15, 12.15), 106, 260,
275
Coined words and symbols (8.11, 9.48),
195,234
Degree mark (9.50-9.51, 9.53, 9.56, 10.4,
12.9f), 235-236, 259, 272
Equations (10.8-10.15), 260
Footnote references (15.12-15.19),
304-305
Sequence (15.14), 304
Foreign money (9.60), 238
Italic letters (2.73, 10.7-10.8, 11.12-11.14),
18, 260, 267-268
Legends (2.73), 18
List (10.18), 262-264
Mathematical signs (10.2-10.3), 259
Preparing copy (2.33-2.34), 14
Standardized (10.17), 262
Symbol columns (13.115-13.116), 295
x, crossed with, magnification (10.3), 259
Single punctuation (8.124, 8.149), 214, 219
Sink (2.8), 11
Small caps:
Etcetal. (3.53), 41
Heads spaced with regular justification
spaces (2.50), 16
Italic inferior letters (10.8), 260
Proper names (3.47-3.48), 40-41
Roman numerals (2.4, 15.22), 10, 305
Seal (16.27-16.28), 319
v., lowercase in legal cases (11.8), 266
Soil orders (3.29), 35, 72
Someone, some one (6.12), 98
Spacing (see Leading and spacing).
Spelling (5.1-5.26), 79-94
Anglicized and foreign words (5.3-5.4),
85-86
Apostrophes and possessives (8.3-8.18),
193-197
-cede, -ceed, -sede (5.13), 91
Doubled consonants (5.14-5.15), 92
Geographic names (5.20-5.21), 93
Idiomatic phrases (6.52), 107
Indefinite articles, use of (5.16-5.19), 92
List (5.2), 79-85
Nationalities (5.22-5.24), 93-94
Native American words (5.25), 94
Plural forms (5.5-5.10), 86-89
Transliteration (5.26), 94
Square, 72
Abbreviation (9.16, 13.6), 224, 281
Ordinals (12.13, 13.6), 275, 281
Stars (see Ellipses).
State, etc. (3.19), 32, 73
Staten Island (9.14), 224
States (3.6, 3.19, 3.21), 28, 32, 33, 73
Abbreviations (8.72, 9.12-9.13), 206,
223-224
Capitals, 322-324, 348-370
Counties, 348-370
Natives of (5.23), 93
Station (3.6, 3.9), 28, 73
State abbreviation with (9.12), 223
450
Index
Statutes, etc. (3.38), 38-39
Abbreviations (9.43, 13.11), 233, 282
Street, 73
Abbreviation (9.16, 13.6), 224, 281
Ordinals (12.13, 13.6), 275, 281
Subentries (8.27, 13.90-13.91, 13.113, 14.15),
199, 292, 295, 301
Subheads:
Indexes and contents (15.29), 307
Leaderwork (14.10), 300
Suffixes (6.30-6.31), 103
Summation sign (10.14), 260
Sun (3.30), 35, 74
Sign (10.18), 262-264
Superior figures and letters:
Astrophysical matter (9.59), 237
Chemical elements (6.43), 106
Comma omitted (8.50), 202
Equations (10.8), 260
Follow inferiors (10.15), 260
Footnote references (13.67, 15.12, 15.17),
290, 304, 305
Italic letters (8.50, 10.8, 11.12), 202, 260,
267
Preparing (2.33), 14
Type (8.150), 219
With punctuation (8.133), 216
Supra:
Italic (11.3), 265
Not abbreviated (9.49), 235
Survey (3.17), 30-32
Symbols (see Signs and Symbols).
Table (see also Useful Tables) (3.9), 28, 74
Table of contents (see Contents).
Tabular Work (13.1-13.124) (see also
Leaderwork), 281-298
Abbreviations (13.4-13.13), 281-282
Bearoff (13.14-13.17), 282
Leaderwork (14.2-14.4), 299-300
Tables without rules (13.117, 13.120),
296, 297-298
Boxheads (13.18-13.23), 282-283
Horizontal (13.19-13.21), 282
Centerheads, flush entries, and
subentries (13.25-13.28), 284
Ciphers (13.29-13.36), 285-286
Column numbers or letters (13.23), 283
Continued heads (13.37-13.38), 286
Dash instead of colon (13.26), 284
Dashes or rules (13.39-13.40), 286
To separate nonmoney groups (13.53),
288
Date column (13.28), 284
Decimals, alignment (13.29-13.36,
13.64), 285-286, 289
Ditto (Do.) (13.41-13.50), 286-287
Closing quotes (13.41), 286
Divide tables (13.103-13.109), 294
Dollar mark (13.51-13.56), 288
Figure columns (13.57-13.65), 289
Decimals (13.29-13.32, 13.63-13.64),
285,289
Footnotes and references (13.66-13.85),
289-291
Fractions (13.86-13.87), 291-292
Hairline rules (2.23), 12
Headnotes (13.88-13.89, 13.104), 292, 294
Indentions and overruns (13.90-13.94),
292,-293
Subentries (13.90-13.91), 292
Total, mean, and average lines
(13.92-13.94), 292-293
Italic (13.95-13.96), 293
Leaders (13.97-13.101), 293-294
Leading:
Boxheads, solid in leaded tables
(13.20), 282
Notes (13.85), 291
Makeup (see Makeup).
No. (13.22), 283
None (13.33, 13.35, 13.45), 285, 286, 287
Numerals (13.102), 294
Parallel tables (13.103-13.109), 294
Quoted tables (13.124), 298
Reading columns (13.110-13.114), 295
Index
451
See, see also (13.96), 293
Subentries (13.90-13.91, 13.113), 292, 295
Symbol columns (13.115-13.116), 295
Tables without rules (see also
Leaderwork) (13.117-13.120), 296-298
Total, mean, and average lines (13.92-
13.94), 292-293
Tracing figures (13.107, 13.109), 294
Type (2.23, 13.3), 12,281
Units of quantity (13.121-13.123), 298
Spacing (13.28), 284-285
Years, spacing (13.28), 284-285
Technical terms (see Scientific terms).
Temperature, abbreviations (9.53), 235
Temperature conversion, 339
Terrace:
Abbreviation (9.16, 13.6), 224, 281
Ordinals (12.13, 13.6), 275, 281
Territory, etc. (3.19), 32, 74
Territories, U.S. (9.12-9.14), 223-224,
348-367
Text footnotes (see Footnotes and
references).
The:
Partofspeech(3.49),40
Title, part of (3.11-3.12, 9.31), 29-30, 230
Thin space:
Footnotes (13.69, 15.12), 290, 304
Names (3.47, 3.48), 40
Number mark, not used with (10.6), 259
Paragraph mark (10.6), 259
Quotation marks (8.133), 216
Section mark (10.6), 259
Time:
Abbreviations (9.54, 9.55, 9.58, 9.59), 236,
237
Astronomical (12.9b, 12.14), 271, 275
Capitalization, 74
Clock (12.9n), 273
Geologic, 343
Military (12.9b, 12.14), 271, 275
Use of figures (9.59, 12.9b, 12.9n), 237,
271,273
Title (3.9), 28, 75
Title page:
Back of (2. 3d), 10
Congressional back title samples:
Appropriations hearing, 430
Conference report, 428
Imprints, etc. (2.113-2.128), 23-25
Makeup (2.2, 2.3), 7-10
Partofbook(2.3c),9
Period omitted at ends of lines (8.115),
213
U.S., not abbreviated (9.9), 222-223
Titles:
Acts (3.40), 39
Civil and military:
Abbreviations (9.25, 9.29-9.37),
225-226, 226-231
Compound (6.40-6.41), 105
Plurals (5.8), 87-88
Common nouns (3.35), 37-38
Foreign books (3.41), 39
Heads of state, 325-331
Legal cases (3.38, 11.8), 38-39, 266
Persons (3.34-3.37), 37-38
Publications, papers, etc. (3.38-3.39,
8.129, 11.2), 38-39, 215-216, 265
Second person (3.37), 38
To, en dash for (8.74, 12.9c, 12.9m, 13.111),
206,271,273,295
To Whom It May Concern (8.25, 16.14),
199, 312
Tracing figures (see Tabular work).
Trade names (3.25), 35, 75
Treasury, etc. (3.17), 30-32, 75
Treaty (3.9, 3.38), 28, 38-39, 75
Tribunal (3.17), 30-32,75
Tunnel, 75
Type:
Boldface, punctuation in (8.150), 219
Brackets (8.150), 219
Illustrating shape and form (2.35-
2.37), 14
Composition:
Correcting pickup (2.45), 16
Proofs, clean (2.46), 16
452
Index
Dash (8.150), 219
Datelines, addresses, and signatures
(16.2-16.3), 309
Extracts (2.24, 8.138), 12,217
Footnotes (15.5), 303
Headnotes (2.14, 13.88-13.89), 11, 292
Headings (2.30, 3.46-3.54), 13,40-42
Indexes and contents (15.20, 15.29-
15.30), 305, 307
Italic (11.1-11.16), 265-268
Vessels (11.6-11.7), 265-266
Jr., Sr. (9.37, 16.3), 231, 309
Leaderwork (14.1), 299
Legends (2.69), 18
Mr., Mrs., etc. (9.37, 16.3), 231, 309
Note (8.107, 13.53), 212, 288
Parentheses (8.150), 219
Picas converted to inches, 341
Seal (16.27, 16.28), 319
Signature marks (2.101), 22
Special typefaces (1.11), 2
Tabular work (2.23, 13.3), 12, 281
Text (2.23), 12
U
Under Secretary (see also Secretary), 75
Union (3.19), 32, 75
& in name (9.25), 225-226
Comma omitted between name and
number (8.53), 203
Unit modifiers (see Compounding).
United Nations (3.17), 30-32, 75
Units of quantity:
Leaderwork (14.14), 301
Numerals (12.6, 12.9), 270-274
Tabular work (13.120, 13.121-13.123),
297, 298
U.S. (see Possessions, Territories):
Abbreviation (9.9-9.10, 13.7), 222-223,
281
Closed up (9.7), 222
Spelled out (9.9-9.10), 222-223
Presidents and Vice Presidents (14.14),
321-322
USD (9.60), 238, 338
Useful Tables (Chapter 17), 321-341
Chemical elements, 261
Currency, 334-338
Demonyms (nationalities), 332-334
Foreign countries, capitals, chief of state,
etc., 325-331
Geologic time, 343
Measures, metric, etc., 339-341
Meridians and base lines, 346
Military titles, 226-230
Most populous U.S. cities, capitals,
322-324
Physiographic regions, U.S., 344-345
Postal abbreviations, 224
Public land surveys, 347
Rivers, 347
Roman numerals, 280
Signs and symbols, 262-264
Temperature conversion, 339
U.S. Presidents and Vice Presidents,
321-322
Italic (11.8, 13.95), 266, 293
Roman (11.8), 266
Van, von (3.13, 3.14, 3.16), 30
Verbs:
Adverb compounds (6.9), 96
Capitalization (3.49), 40
Infinitive (3.49, 3.52), 40
Improvised (6.48), 107
Vessels:
Abbreviations (9.27), 226
Italic (11.6-11.7, 13.95), 265-266, 293
Quotation marks (11.7, 11.8), 266
Virgin Islands (9.12, 9.13), 223, 224, 367
Volume (3.9), 28, 76
Abbreviation (9.38, 9.58), 231, 237
Metric (9.56), 236-237
Vowels:
A, an, before (5.16-5.19), 92
Hyphen, to avoid doubling (6.7), 96
Index
453
w
War (3.31), 36, 76
Ward (3.9), 28, 76
Web site (11.16), 76,268
Webster's Dictionary (5.1, 7.5), 79, 109
Weights:
Abbreviations (9.56, 9.58), 236-237, 237
Metric (9.56-9.57), 236-237
Metric equivalents, 339, 340
Numerals (12.9j), 272-273
Widow lines (2.6), 10
Word Division, GPO publication (1.21, 5.2),
3,79
Word division (8.87), 209
Land descriptions (9.22), 225
Latitude and longitude (9.52), 235
Words (see Spelling).
XYZ
x, crossed with, magnification (10.3), 259
Yard (9.58), 237
Metric equivalent, 339, 340
-yze, -ise, -ize (5.12), 91
Your Honor, etc. (3.37), 38, 77
ZIP Code numbers (8.51, 16.1), 77, 203, 309
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