Beer : its history and its economic value as a national beverage

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OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES BREWERS ASSOCIATION.,

HENRY H. RUETER, Pres't, Boston, Mass.

J. AHLES, Treas., New York. R. KA TZENMA YER, Sec'y, New York.

H. CLAUSEN, Jr., Vice Pres't, New York.

BEER,

ITS HISTORY AND ITS ECONOMIC VALUE

NATIONAL BEVERAGE,

F. W. S A LEM.

HARTFORD, CONN.:

F. W. SALEM &c COMPANY.

1880.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1879, by

F. "W. SALEM,

In the office of the Librarian of Congress, "Washington, D. C.

THE CLARK W. BRYAN COMPANY,

PRINTERS, ELECTROTYPERS AND BOOK-BINDERS,

SPRINGFIELD, MASS.

DEDICATION.

. TO THE BEER BREWERS OF THE UNITED STATES OF

AMERICA.

Thinking as I do, that in the Beer Brewers of the United
States we must recognize real, though perhaps unconscious,
promoters of the great and glorious cause of genuine tem-
perance, and that greater practical results may be attained
through their instrumentality than in any other way, it
seems fitting that this attempt to expound the true nature
and value of beer should be specially-dedicated to them as
a body, and accompanied with the assurance of the author's
profound respect and esteem.

Frederick William Salem.

Hartfokd, Conn., January, 1880.'^

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

-•♦•-

PAGK.

Preface — . . . 9

Chapter I — Preliminary view of the subject, .... 11

Chapter II — Early History of Beer, 16

Chapter III — Early History of Beer, continued, ... 30

Chapter IV — Modern History of Beer, 47

Chapter V — How Beer is made, and what it is, . . . . 60
Chapter VI — The development of ale, porter and lager

beer, 68

Chapter VII — The condition and prospects of the beer

trade, 74

Chapter VIII — Comparative advantages of Beer over

distilled or spirituous liquors, .... 84

Chatter IX — Beer brewing a benefit to farmers, . . . 101

Chapter X — Prohibitory laws and their effects, .... 108

Chapter XI — What authorities say, 128

Chapter XII — Conclusion, 151

Appexdix A — Total production and consumption of Beer

in various countries and cities, .... 166

" B— Analyses of Beers, 170

" C — Illustrations and descriptions of Breweries, 177
" D — List of Brewers, with product for the past

two years, also product by states, . . . 185

ILLUSTRATIONS.

1. Jacob Van Artevelde, " Brewer of Ghent," Patrician,

Orator and Ruler of the Province of Flanders. Killed
July 17, 1345. Taken from the original oil painting in
possession of Jan Van Artevelde, in Amsterdam.

2. Mykher Jacobus, Brewer and First Burgomaster of New

Amsterdam [the present New York], 1644.

3. William Penn, the Quaker Brewer, and Founder of Penn-

sylvania, 1644—1718.

4. Israel Putnam, the great American General, Brewer and

Tavern Keeper, at Brooklyn Conn., 1718 — 1790.

5. Sign of General Putnam's Tavern in Brooklyn, Conn.

(Original of which is now in the Rooms of the Histor-
ical Society, at Hartford, Conn.)

6. Porti-aits of the officers of the United States Brewers'

Association.

7. Portrait of Hon. Frederick Lauer of Reading, Pa.

8. Portrait of Hon. M. T. Bass, M. P., of Burton on Trent.

9. View of a Brewery of the old Egyptians, as described by

Manathos (3d century B. C), High Priest in Heliop-
olis. (Said Brewery must have stood at El Kahirch,
the present Cairo.)

10. View of a Brewery connected with a convent in Bohemia,
as described by ThaddeusHagecius, ab Hayek, 1585, in
his book written in Latin, under the title " De Cerevisia."

8 Illustrations.

11. William Perm's House and Brewery in Pennsbury, Bucks

county, Pa.

12. Brewery of the Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company, Milwau-

kee, Wis.

13. Brewery of the Hon. Frederick Lauer, Reading, Pa.

14. Brewery of the Hon. Gottfried Krueger, Newark, IN". J.

PREFACE.

Our object in presenting the following pages to
the public, is to call attention to the value of pure
beer as a preventive of intemperance. Few persons
are aware of the amount of patient investigation this
question has received at the hands of eminent social
economists and men of science, or of the mass of facts
and testimony that has been collected, and lies ready
at the hand of any one who is able and willing to
work it over into a compact consecutive form, in
which it shall be easy of access, and available for use
in the further discussion of the subject. This we
have attempted to do thoroughly and fairly. Great
caution has been used in making statements and no
inference has been drawn that could be considered in
any way forced or doubtful.

There are doubtless many persons to whom some
of the facts and conclusions here presented, may
seem strange or even startling, and to such it must
be said that the authorities quoted are generally men
whose reputation for accuracy and sound judgment
stands so high that they cannot afford to make a
mistake or a loose assertion.

2

. V

10 Preface.

The work has involved much labor and historical
research, and the author Relieves that the informa-
tion contained in the following pages cannot fail to
be of value to those who are interested in any phase
of the beer question, whether as brewers, legislators
or students of sociology. The end proposed to be
served is that of temperance, and the method sug-
gested is one that has been successfully tried in other
countries. From the total abstinence party we ask
the candid examination of our facts and arguments
that is due to a fair statement from all who claim re-
spect for their own opinions, and are honest friends
of real temperance.

ITS HISTORY AND ITS ECONOMIC VALUE

AS A

National Beverage.

CHAPTER I.

PRELIMINARY VIEW OF THE SUBJECT.

As extremes do and must perforce exist, the noblest
philosophy of life is comjiromise.

Temperance then is the truest medium between total
abstinence and excess, and in the same manner, beer occu-
pies the medium position between ardent spirits and water.
This fact is of the greatest importance, and until the public
thoroughly understands the differences, whether from a
moral, social, economic, or sanitary point of view, between
distilled and fermented liquors, or in other words, beer and
whisky there can be no hope of proper legislation as to the
traffic in these articles. This legislation is now greatly
influenced by the public advocates of total abstinence,
among whom, if their own repeated claims be taken into
account we might expect to find only disinterested, high-
minded philanthropists. But it is notorious that their ranks
are largely swelled by ignorant, ambitious or foolish men,
whose vanity or pecuniary interest determines their action,
and whose persistence and numerical strength will con-
stitute an effective power until legislative bodies and the

12 Beer Conducive to Temperance.

people at large are more thoroughly informed as to the
actual experience of countries in which the problem has
been dispassionately studied and brought to a successful solu-
tion. In too many of our states the liquor laws represent
the triumph of ignorance and prejudice over reason and the
welfare of the community. We hold that the solution of
the temperance question is to be found through fermented
liquors, and " Beer Against Whisky" is our motto.

Before coming, as we shall do later in this book, to a de-
tailed examination of the facts in regard to the use of beer,
it may be well to declare briefly our position, and give some
indication of the kind of testimony that will be more fully
displayed under a separate heading.

We hold that the production and sale of beer is so far
from being subversive of public morals, that experience in
all countries where beer is the national beverage, demon-
strates precisely the opposite of this position. We hold
too, that the use of beer is not merely indifferent, but,
within the limits of temperance (i. e. moderation), a good
and rational means of developing the mental and bodily
powers of man.

We cannot join in the gratulations of those who now — as
they say — so enthusiastically enjoy the blessings of total
abstinence. During the last thirty years we have seen
something of the operation of this enthusiasm, not only in
Great Britain, but in the native state of the originator of
the movement in this country, and we find it impossible to
assent to the famous proposition that a pledged abstainer is
a drunkard saved. We have been convinced that a pledged
abstainer is too often a man who drinks in secret and thus
adds hypocrisy to his other sins.

Prohibitory Law Demoralizes. 13

Notice this passage from evidence given before a state
committee appointed to inquire into the action of the re-
strictive laws. The Hon. James H, Duncan of Haverhill,
says :

" My observation and convictions are, that temperance
has not been promoted by the prohibitory law ; that the
temperance of our people is not so good now as before the
passage of the law ; it has no efficacy in checking intemper-
ance and the evils that result from it ; it has been produc-
tive of more mischief than good, and I think it an unwise
act:. It is impossible to make that a crime which is not
made a crime b}' the divine law, and the use of beer, wine
and cider cannot by any effort be made a crime per se, yet
the prohibitory statute makes it a crime to sell either, and
worse, it is a crime for a carrier to carry them. No wonder
that such a law demoralizes the community, for a vast
amount of lying and fraud have been called into existence
through its agency."

The Rev. George Putnam, D.D., said; "I believe and
know that the prohibitory law produces demoralization, and
disrespect for a law that cannot be enforced. It demoral-
izes jurors and witnesses. It demoralizes the buyers and
sellers of liquors, inducing them to resort to all manner of
frauds, tricks and evasions to do that unlawfully which they
cannot do lawfully. It is injurious to the conscience of the
people to be always violating this law ; and so far as liquor
selling is concerned the law has done no good."

These extracts and many others to be given later, go to
prove that it is most unwise to interfere with the social
habits of a people, that it is dangerous for a state to do so,
and that, as a matter of fact, temperance is not promoted

14 Duty of Legislators.

by a prohibitory law. Public testimony that such laws are
a blunder, or worse, has been given hy such men as John
Quincy Adams, Professor Agassiz of Cambridge, Rev.
Leonard Bacon, D. D., of Connecticut, Professor Bigelow
of Boston, Professor Edward Clark of Boston, ex-Governor
Clifford, the late Right Rev. M. Eastburn, D. D., the late
Governor Andrews, and Oliver Wendell Holmes, all of
Boston, ex-Governor Washburn of Massachusetts, Pro-
fessor Bo wen of Cambridge, General Burrell of Roxbury,
Hon. Joel Parker of Cambridge, Judge Patch of Lowell,
Hon. James H. Duncan of Haverhill, Mass., Rev. George
Putnam, D. D., of Mass., Dr. Garcelon, Governor of Maine,
Dr. Willard Parker of the Inebriate Asylum at Bingham-
ton, N. Y., A. Schwartz, Esq., the distinguished editor and
publisher of the Americanischer Bierbrauer^ and many
others, comprising eminent statesmen, judges, and divines
of all the states of the Union.

Our legislators should consider it their solemn duty to
protect and foster the manufacture and sale of pure beer,
and should frame such laws as will protect the people
against imposition and secure the manufacture of an article
that shall not only be made from good materials, but be
thoroughly well brewed and wholesome, and sold at a mod-
erate price.

Such a course will prove a blessing to mankind, and we
do not hesitate to say, that notwithstanding what fools or
fanatics may say, preach or write, Americans, and particularly
those of the Eastern States, who are probably the most
practical people on the face of the globe, will before long
adopt beer as their national beverage. In doing so they
will but follow the example of the most civilized countries

Thomas Jeffeuson. 15

of Europe ; and it will soon be recognized that every brew-
ery and every beer saloon helps to loosen the grasp which
alcohol has on any country where distilled liquors are ha-
bitually used. Thomas Jefferson, writing Dec. 13, 1818, to
M. de Neuville in reference to intemperance and the use of
light wines as a substitute for spirits, says, " No nation is
drunken where wine is cheap." Beer is yet less alcoholic
than wine of any sort and has advantages of its own which
will be discussed in due place. Experience shows that
sound, wholesome beer at a moderate cost is the best cathol-
icon yet discovered for intemperance. It weans a people
gradually but surely from strong drink and brings happiness,
content and morality in the place of dissipation and suffer-
ing. But it must be good, cheap and accessible, and the
responsibility of making it so rests with our lawgivers.
The poorer classes are those who need it most and cause
most injury and loss to the state when for lack of it they
consume ardent spirits — and these cheap and adulterated.

In spite of all difficulties considerable progress has been
made, as is shown by a consumption last year of more than
nine million (9,473,361) barrels of beer, which is the best
evidence of a step in the right direction towards national
temperance.

CHAPTER II.

EARLY HISTORY OF BEER.

It is impossible to say where and when the brewing of
beer began, for the earliest historical records show its gen-
eral use.

It is mentioned by Manathos, High Priest of Heliopolis,
an Egyptian of Greek education, who lived about 300 B. C.
and by command of Ptolemaus Philadelphus translated the
old Egyptian history into Greek. He says that the Egyp-
tians, thousands of years before, had beer, and that its inven-
tion was attributed to Osiris, a divinity representing all the
beneficent principles, also that celebrated breweries existed
at that time at El Kahirch, the Cairo of Europeans, and at
Pelusinum on the river Nile.

The Greeks had their zythos (beer) as also their wine of
barley, ek krithon methu, and the oinos kriihinos as men-
tioned by Sophocles, iEschylus, 470 B. C, Diodorus of
Sicily and Pliny. Xenephon in his account of the Retreat
of the Ten Thousand, written 400 B. C, mentions that the
inhabitants of Armenia used fermented drinks made from
barley.

The Romans had their cerevisia (beer) but with them it
was a special luxury. Julius Caesar was a noted admirer
of it, and Plutarch, 50 A. D., and Suetonius, each of whom
wrote of Csesar, tell us that after he had crossed the Rubi-
con, 49 B. C, he gave a great feast to his leaders at which
the principal beverage used was cerevisia, and the biographers
of Lucullus tell us that at his magnificent entertainments

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Beer Among Allemanni. 17

beer was served to his guests in golden goblets of the most
costly device. And at that time also the Romans were
alreadj' accustomed to sing Cerevlsiam bibunt homines, ccetera
animalia fontes.

In Germany beer was known about the same time, and
Tacitus (54 A. D.,) says, that the Roman general Varius,
who was sent by Augustus to conquer the country and sub-
due the inhabitants, but was defeated by Arminius the leader
of the Teutons, attributed the desperate valor of the enemy
and their complete success, in great measure to their free
use of bior (beer).

The Allemanni, a large German tribe who were first
mentioned by Dion Cassius, 218 A. D., and who occupied
the country between the river Main and the Danube, were
formidable enemies both to the Romans and the Gauls.
They attached great importance to their beer which was
brewed under the supervision of the priests, and before use
was blessed with many solemn rites. In an old code of
theirs we find that every member of a church (Gotteshaus)
had to contribute for its maintenance fifteen seidel of beer
or some equivalent. The Emperor Julian who* defeated
them in the year 357 A. D., near Strasburg, where all their
forces were assembled under seven chiefs, found on the field
of battle numerous utensils designed to be employed in
brewing.

The old Saxons in the seventh and eighth centuries when
sitting in council to consider questions of high importance
would only deliberate after drinking beer, which they took
in common out of large ffumpen "(stone mugs).

Charlemagne (742-814 A. D.,) himself gave directions
how to brew the beer for his court, and was as careful in

18 Feast of Charlemagne.

selecting his brew-masters as in choosing his councilors and
leaders. A single circumstance, attendant on his defeat of
the Saxons at Paderborn, 777 A. D., illustrates the high re-
spect in which brewing was then held, and in this particu-
lar, is suggestive of its semi-sacred character among the
Allemanni as mentioned above. On that occasion it is
related that the Emperor, surrounded by his chief leaders
and councilors and by the ambassadors of distant nations,
received the homage of the heathen Saxon warriors, caused
many thousands of them to be baptized and then celebrated
the double triumph of his arms and the Christian faith at a
great feast, at which there were seated with him Eginhard,
Paul Warnefried and Alcuin, the Emperor's friends and
advisers, and all drank of beer brewed by Charlemagne
himself, while they discussed the great events that had
just occurred. The drinking vessels were large mugs of a
peculiar form which are still to be seen among a collection
of relics presented to the Emperor by eastern potentates
and now kept in a tower at the west end of the Cathedral
of Aix-la-Chapelle, and exposed to public view once in
every seven years. Within a few years numerous relics
have been found in the vicinity of Paderborn which indi-
cate that beer brewing must have been as common and
necessary in both parties as the cooking of food.

The old Danes as far back as 860 A. D. under Gorm the
Old, 936 A. D. under Harold Bluetooth, and 985 A. D. under
Swend Twybeard, were acquainted with the art of brew-
ing, and their old codes mention it as a most honorable
occupation.

In Bohemia, breweries were built at Budweis in the year
1256 A. D. by direction of Ottokar II., King of Bohemia,

Budweis Brewery. 19

and few cities in the world can point to an establishment of
such antiquity. Budweis beer is now almost universally
known and approved, though it is needless to say that it
differs materially from that made six hundred years ago.
In the thirteenth century we see by an old law of France,
in the reign of Louis IX., of the year 1268, how highly beer
was esteemed and that laws were already made to secure
the purity of beer as well as to protect the brewers in their
avocation, and for curiosity's sake we give our readers an
extract of those laws as mentioned above :

1. No one shall brew beer or remove it in drays or
otherwise, on Sundays or on the solemn feasts of the Holy
Virgin.

2. No one shall set up in the brewery who has not
served a five years' apprenticeship, and been three years a
partner with a regular brewer.

3. Nothing shall enter into the composition of beer, but
good malt and hops, well gathered, picked, and cured,
without any mixture of buckwheat, darnel, etc., and the
hops shall be inspected by juries, to see that they are not
used after being heated, moldy, damp, or otherwise dam-
aged.

4. No beer yeast shall be hawked about the streets, but
shall be all sold in the brew-houses to bakers and pastry-
cooks, and to no others.

5. Beer yeast brought by foreigners shall be inspected
by a jury before it is exposed to sale.

G. No brewer shall keep in, or about, his brew-house any
cows, oxen, hogs, geese, ducks, or poultry, as being incon-
sistent with cleanliness.

7. There shall not be made in any brew-house more than

20 Old French Beer Laws.

one brewing of fifteen septiers at the most, of ground malt
in a day.

8. Casks, barrels, and other vessels made to hold beer,
shall be marked with the brewer's mark, in the presence of
a jury.

9. No brewer shall take away from a house he serves
with beer any vessels which do not belong to him.

10. Those who sell beer by retail shall be subject to the
inspection of juries.

11. No one shall be a partner but with a master brewer.

12. No master brewer shall have more than one appren-
tice at a time, which apprentice shall not be turned over
without the consent of a jury.

13. No one shall take a partner who has quitted his
master without the consent of such master.

14. A widow may employ servants in brewing, but may
not take an apprentice.

15. Master brewers shall not entice away one another's
apprentices nor servants.

16. There shall be three masters elected for jurymen,
two of which shall be changed every two years.

17. Such jurymen shall have the power to inspect in the
city and suburbs.

In addition every brewer had to pay duty, so that the
king might not be defrauded, was obliged to give notice of
every brewing to a commissioner, stating the day and hour
he intended to kindle the fire of his boiler, under a penalty
of fine and confiscation. As brewing necessitates the em-
ployment of a large quantity of grain, it was customary, in
times of scarcity, for the king to put a stop to the manu-
facture of beer for a certain number of weeks. These

JACOB VAN ARTEVELDE,
' Brewer of Ghent," Patrician, Orator and Ruler of the Province of Elanders. Killed July
17, 1345. Taken from the original oil painting in possession of Jan Van Artevelde, in
Amsterdam.

Jacob van Artevelde and Gambrinus. 21

rules and regulations, made more than six hundred years
since, are interesting and curious to the brewers of to-day.

In the fourteenth century the monks were the ordinary
brewers, and one brewery founded by them at Dobraw near
Pilsen, Bohemia, and endowed by Charles IV. shortly be-
fore his death with a prescriptive right to brew beer, is still
in existence and is probably the oldest in the world. Its
five hundredth anniversary was lately celebrated with
great pomp, by all classes of society in that ancient city.
Bohemian beer is to be ranked with the very best known,
and an idea of the annual product for home and foreign
consumption may be formed from the fact that there are
now no less than eight hundred and eighty-seven breweries
in actual operation.

In Austria, the first brewery built at Vienna was on the
Weidenstrasse and dates back as far as 1384. The oldest
standing brewery in the same place is the St. Marx Brew-
house, founded in 1706.

In the Provinces of Flanders and Brabant a beer brewed
of malt and hops was the national beverage as early as the
fourteenth century, and brewers occupied an important
position and were held in high esteem. History tells us
that one of them, Jacob Van Artevelde the Brewer of
Ghent, a nobleman by birth, became a celebrated popular
leader who drove Louis I., Count of Flanders, into France,
held the government of the province and supported Edward
III. of England until his death, July 17, 1345.

His son Philip, who at one time was chosen ruler of the
provinces and who died 1382, was as well known as a cele-
brated brewer as his father.

To Flanders also belongs the celebrated Gambrinus, who

22 Beer in the Monasteries.

under his real name of Jan Primus, Duke of Flanders,
ruled Flanders and Brabant wisely, and became the pro-
tector of the beer-brewing fraternity. Under the popular
cognomen, however, (to which many mythical attributes
have been attached) he is universally known, and perhaps
held in higher esteem by a greater number of adherents
than all the saints, even including Saint Patrick, who have
been canonized up to the present da}'.

In England beer was introduced by the Bomans. The
Saxons found it there and improved wonderfully upon the
discovery. For centuries it received, in the modern litera-
ture of England, the constant attention and consideration
of churchmen, historians, poets and political economists.
The churchmen especially were active in the improvement
of malt liquors. William of Malmsbury says that the best
brewers in England at the time of Henry II. were to be
found in the monasteries, and every reader of early English
literature remembers frequent allusions not only to beer in
general but to that of the holy fathers in particular. The
monks were the first to discover the peculiar fitness of the
waters of Burton on Trent for brewing purposes, and
may thus be said to have paved the wa}r for the development
of the enormous establishments that now scatter their prod-
uct over all the world.

According to " Tennant's Guide to London," published
at the beginning of the present century, there were in the
reigns of the Tudors great breweries at London, situated on
the river-side below St. Katherine's. In 1492 King Henry
VII. licensed a Flemish brewer, John Merchant, to export
a large quantity of the so-called " berre," and that the
beer had to be of good quality and was under the surveil-

Queen Mary and Burton Beer. 23

lance of the authorities, is proved by the fact that Geffrey
Gate, an officer of the king, twice destroyed the brew-
houses on account of the weakness of the beer.

In the reign of Elizabeth the demand for ale increased
very largely, and we find mention of an export of five hun-
dred tuns of the precious liquor at one time. This was sent
to Amsterdam for the use of the thirsty army in the Nether-
lands. Mary Queen of Scots in the midst of her troubles
seems not to have been altogether insensible to the attrac-
tions of English beer, for when she was confined in Tutbury
Castle, Walsingham, her secretary asked " At what place
near Tutbury beer may be provided for her majestie's use ?■"
To which Sir Ralph Sadler, governor of the castle made
reply, " Beer may be had at Burton, three miles off." This
Burton on Trent began to be famous, for its water in the
thirteenth century. There is a document still extant, dated
1295, in which it is stated that Matilda, daughter of Nicholas
Shoben had released to the abbot and convent of Burton on
Trent certain tenements, for which release they granted her
daily for life two white loaves from the monastery, two gal-
lons of conventual beer and one penn}^, besides seven gal-
lons of beer for the men.

In the fifteenth century the monks in Germany brewed
two kinds of beer in the convents, one kind for the Patres,
and an inferior beer for the convents.

In the sixteenth century the breweries in Germany were
already celebrated for their malt beer.

Cities not having good cellars, on account of which good
beer could not be produced, were provided with the bever-
age through their cit}' fathers from other places, stored
and sold in the cellars of the city hall, hence the origin of

24 PRIVILEGES OF BliEWERIES.

the name Raths-keller. Tlie most celebrated beer at that
time, was the Braunschweiger Mumme, and the beer of
Eimbeck, Merseburg and Bamberg. Beer before it could be
sold had to pass a strict examination by a committee con-
sisting of brewers of the greatest reputation, appointed by
the burgomaster under and by advice of the city fathers ;
and a " Brauherr," (proprietor and brew-master of a brew-
ery) was a man of importance. In the principality of
Brandenburg — afterwards the kingdom of Prussia — it was
thought as early as the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
that beer was the most wholesome of all beverages, and the
electors of Brandenburg, later the kings of Prussia, fostered
breweries by the concession of numerous privileges which
were increased from time to time. Grants of this character
and of no small advantage were held by brewers in Cottbus,*
Province of Brandenburg, and were considerably enlarged
by Frederick the Great in favor of Huguenots who had at
his invitation settled in the kingdom after being forced by
the revocation of the edict of Nantes to leave Fiance.
These privileges, enjoyed by the Toussaints, Salems and
others for many years, were abolished by the declaration of
the freedom of trade in 1838.

After the year 1721 coffee began to be extensively used,
and at last Frederick the Great in order to check its intro-
duction erected laro;e coffee roasting establishments which
had a monopoly of the business, and where the coffee was sold
at an enormous price, only the nobility, having the right of
roasting their coffee beans. " Coffee smellers " or spies
were appointed to look out for evaders of the law, just as

*Celebrated for the famous white beer which was at that time largely ex-
ported to Upper Silesia, Bohemia, Berlin, Hamburg, etc.

MYNHER JACOBUS,
Brewer and First Burgomaster of New Amsterdam (the present New York), 1644.

Coffee and Beek Manifesto. 25

we have now beer and whisky smellers. On the 13th
day of September, 1777, the great king issued his celebrated
" coffee and beer manifesto." It was particularly addressed
to the provincial members (Landstande) of the provinces of
Pommerania and Brandenburg, which were called the nurs-
eries of his armies, and read as follows : " It is disgusting to
notice the increase in the quantity of coffee used by my
subjects and the amount of money that goes out of the
country in consequence. Everybody is using coffee. If
possible this must be prevented. My people must drink
beer. His majesty was brought up on beer and so were his
ancestors and his officers and soldiers. Many battles have
been fought and Avon by soldiers nourished on beer, and the
king does not believe that coffee-drinking soldiers can be
depended on to endure hardship or to beat his enemies in
case of the occurrence of another Avar." This proclamation
had the desired effect, and coffee Avas thenceforth used
merely as a luxury, Avhile beer became the usual drink of
the people.

In the United States the pioneers in the brewing business
Avere William Penn and Jacobus, a Dutch breAver of Avhom
Irving tells us that he left the States General of Holland
to settle on Manhattan Island in company with Hendricks,
the Kips and others. It will be remembered that Manhat-
tan Island Avas discovered by Hendrik Hudson in 1609
Avhen he passed inside Sandy Hook in search of a north-
Avest passage, and that it Avas granted by charter of the
States General to the West India Company to colonize the
island. The company Avas not slow to discover the adATan-
tages of such a concession and immediately set at Avork to
build forts, a church, a mill and a bakery while Jacobus, who

4

26 Jacobus and William Penn.

thoroughly understood the good effects of beer and the bene-
fits that would follow its introduction in the colony, estab-
lished a brewery ( in 1644 ) and a beer garden on what is now
the corner of Pearl street and Old Slip. He afterwards be-
came the first burgomaster and is said to have dispensed beer
and justice with equal gravity and impartiality, and to the
complete satisfaction of the inhabitants of new Amsterdam.

It may be interesting to some readers to know that while
Jacobus settled near the lower end of the present city the
Kips were established in the neighborhood of Bellevue
Heights, and that on a part of that settlement — in East
38th street — stands now the well known and justly esteemed
lager beer brewery of A. Huepfel's Sons.

Somewhat later the same business was undertaken by
Israel and Timothy Horsfield, who came from England, one
in 1706 and the other in 1720, and settled in Brooklyn,
L. I. Their brewery was near the ferry in what is now
Wallabout.

William Penn, 1644 — 1718, a man of Dutch extraction on
his mother's side, founder of Pennsylvania and the leading
spirit of its settlement — so justly celebrated for his virtues
— brewed and sold beer at Pennsbury, Bucks County, Pa.

Good Quaker as Penn was, he was no ascetic. He was
a great lover of beer, and accustomed to praise his own
brewing — he was not averse to society, in his house was no
lack of comfort, his table was well provided, and his taste
for good living could never be impeached — dancing did not
shock him, for both he and his familjr patronized country
dances and country fairs, and William Penn's beer was the
beverage used on such occasions.

Under his proprietary laws he allowed beer to be sold

Israel Putxam. 27

free of license, and this sensible enactment was continued
under the state laws until the year 1847, when a ten dollar
license was substituted. Such a tax certainly compares
favorably with that of many other states and displays a mod-
eration and reasonableness that does credit to the Quaker
community and is in strong contrast to the spirit recently
exhibited in some parts of the country.

Another celebrated promoter of early beer brewing in
America was Gen. Israel Putnam, known to every child as
the hero of the wolf's den and the desperate ride down the
rocks, and to an older generation as a brave soldier and
marked character, the man who " dared to lead where any
dared to follow," and who has gained a higher position in
history by virtue of his personal qualities and a touch of
romance that clings to his name than might strictly attach
to his military services.

Although generally known as a Connecticut man he was
born at Salem, Mass., 1718, and in 1739, at the age of
twenty-one, removed to Pomfret, Conn., and later to Brook-
lyn in the same state, with which latter place his name is
afterwards associated. Here as a farmer and tavern-keeper
he passed the remainder of his life except that considerable
part which was given to the active military service of his
country. The change from the life of a successful soldier
to these commonplace pursuits would seem to many to be
near akin to a fall, but Putnam's practical good sense found
no difficulty in it. When he returned from the army he
resumed his farming, tavern business and beer brewing, and
seems to have had no false shame at either of the humbler
avocations. Like a wise and self-contained man he did the
work nearest to his hand and found honor in it whatever it

28 Beeu without Hops.

might be. On the other hand, however, it is no small credit
to the beer brewing fraternity to have had such a man in
their ranks, even were it in a more limited and incidental
way than was actually the case. The tavern sign of Gen-
eral Israel Putnam, which hung before his door in Brooklyn,
(Conn.,) in the year 1768 and later, is now preserved in the
rooms of the Historical Society at Hartford, (Conn.,) and
an illustration representing it will be found on the opposite
page.

The sign is made of yellow pine, painted alike on both
sides. The device is a full length portrait of General Wolfe,
dressed in scarlet uniform. The portrait of the young hero
is quite correct.

The sign was presented to the Historical Society by Rufus
S. Mathewson of Woodstock.

Aside from the early public breweries there were doubt-
less many in which beer was made for family consumption.
" Home brewed " was common in the native homes of most
of the colonists, and there is no reason to suppose that they
voluntarily changed their accustomed manner of living and
dispensed with a wholesome drink to which they had been
used from infancy.

In leaving this branch of the subject it should be noted
that the beer of the earliest periods, like the ale of England
before the seventeenth century, was usualty made without
hops, and it is impossible to say when these were first
employed, although the experiment was certainly of no very
modern date. It was probably the greatest improvement
ever made in the production of beer, since it gives a light,
clear, and elegant product very different from anything that
was produced on the other plan. The modern demand was

S**S*tjJk*V<

Gen' WOLFE J

SIGN OF GENERAL PUTNAM'S TAVERN IN BROOKLYN, CONN.

The original is now in the Rooms of the Historical Society, at Hartford, Conn.

Thr Best Malt Liquor. 29

for a drink that should be agreeable, refreshing and moder-
ately stimulating, and it is now abundantly recognized that
the fermented decoction of malted barley, clarified and pre-
served by the hops, best fulfills this requirement.

Beer has been considered a necessity in all generations,
and only in this, the nineteenth century, have extremists
arisen to condemn its use. It is worthy of note that its
greatest enemies are among a class who, in the olden times,
were its greatest friends. The old abbeys and monasteries
were the places where the best malt liquor was brewed ;
and not least among the benefactors of their species were
the Franciscans and Dominicans, who brewed good beer to
cheer the hearts of toiling humanity. Bishops have written
in its praise ; universities have encouraged its production ;
and kings having the comfort and contentment of their
subjects in view have cared for its proper provision. Under
date January 27, 1617, it is noted in " Langbaine's Collec-
tions" that one John Shurle had a patent from Abraham
Lake, Bishop of Bath and Wells and Vice Chancellor of
Oxford, for the office of Ale-taster to the university. " The
office of Ale-tasting requires that he go to every ale-brew-
er that day they brew, according to their courses, and
taste their ale ; for which his ancient fee is one gallon of
strong ale and two gallons of strong wort."

Such a fact is enough to make the modern teetotal dom-
inies stand aghast, but it may well be doubted if they are
better or wiser men than their predecessors, one of whose
distinguishing characteristics was usually a sound common
sense in the ordinary affairs of life.

CHAPTER III.

EARLY HISTORY OF BEER — CONTINUED.

With the close of the preceding chapter we had intended
to leave this branch of the subject, but a paper of Hans
von der Planitz, written in German on the same topic, is
so interesting that we cannot do better than quote a con-
siderable portion. It is written with genuine enthusiasm
and is valuable not merely for its facts regarding the early
history of beer, but also as a picture of customs and man-
ners, often given in the words of writers contemporary with
the circumstances described. The picturesque or realistic
effect of the old German has been as far as possible pre-
served in the rendering of passages written in that style,
and very often the original is added in a note or otherwise,
for the enjoyment of readers who are able to appreciate its
flavor. Quotation at such length has involved a trifling
amount of repetition of matter already stated, but it has
seemed better to submit to this than to mutilate an inde-
pendent account, much of whose effect depends on its man-
ner of developing the subject. Commencing with the ninth
century the writer says :

" Beer brewing in England and Flanders is mentioned by
Walafried Strabo. (849 A. D.) It had been known from
a remote antiquity and continued in use partly, at least,
through Celtic influence. In France beer gradually gave
place to wine, while in Germany it made good its position,
and lager beer was discovered as early as the thirteenth
century, that of the Mark being especially celebrated. In

Early Bavarian Beer. 31

Bohemia the earliest account of beer brewing dates as far
back as 1086 A. D. Poland and Prussia were addicted to
the barley juice before the time .of modern civilization and
honored a special god of beer, Raugunzemapat, whose name
is derived from rugti, to ferment, and literally signifies the
god of fermentation. In Bavaria, where, under Roman in-
fluence, wine growing had attained an important place which
it was destined afterwards to lose, beer was commonly
known within the first thousand years of the present era
and is mentioned by Voehrung, 816, and others. According
to Graesse it was a dull brown and reddish drink and soured
easily. In the more primitive districts oats were used as
the basis, and only " upper-ferment " beer was made. In
the latter part of the middle ages the process by " under
fermentation " was discovered, its origin, according to Pro-
fessor Holzner of Weihenstephan, being in one of the mon-
asteries. From this point beer brewing increased vigorously
until Bohemian competition and Bohemian hops gave it a
staggering check. In the southern countries of Europe
beer does not easily give place to wine though hard pushed,
while in Asia and Africa the inhabitants use their tradi-
tionary drink from one generation to another, and in Egypt
especially, the Arabs acquired a taste for the beer of the
Copts. Such was the condition of things when the dawn
of a new age showed itself on the horizon.

" The characteristic of a period is found essentially in its
variation from the adjacent epochs, and that of the one
under consideration has been already indicated. But beside
the scientific researches, that had very little connection with
trade, there grew up a descriptive literature that stands in
close relation to the first general empire of beer. To sup-

32 First Beer Epoch.

pose that the present age is the first time of real triumph
for the liquor of Gambrin us, shows a very superficial knowl-
edge of the history of civilization, for apart from the Egyp-
tian and Celtic-Germanic beer epochs, which were some-
what local, we have already long passed the real first period
of success which fell in the time of the Renaissance. In
those days the brown flood spread out not merely over Ger-
many, England and Belgium, but into the far corners of
recently discovered countries ; in village taverns and raths-
kellers peasants and citizens drank themselves full and
merry. At the high schools the students already went to
the kneipen with their rapiers (spiessen} and swords, studied
and rioted behind the tin can, and in the banquet halls of
princes and the cabinets of noble ladies, the barley juice
was a favorite beverage, not swallowed hastily from tum-
blers, but taken with deliberation and full enjoyment from
deep, wide-mouthed mugs or tankards. Seven maas a day
was the allowance for a lady of high rank.* About the
end of the seventeenth century the increasing use of brandy
and coffee put a stop to this immoderate consumption, as at
the same time the influence of France and the colonies with
their new dishes and resulting change of tastes, brought
about the progress from middle age cookery to that of mod-
ern times, and as the Gustavus Adolphus boots and wide-
brimmed plumed hats gave place to silk stockings and
perukes. The present age witnesses the second triumph of
Gambrinus, a triumph perhaps even greater than the first,
for though the capacity of individuals is far from equal to-
that of the men of the Renaissance, except in the case of
some academic beer soakers and Munich Danaidenfaesser
*Sieben Maas Bier per Tag vors graefliche Frauenzimmer war Vorsclirift.

Eevolution in Chemistry. 33

(bottomless vessels), yet the distribution of beer is more
extensive, more general and more uniform. The consump-
tion in Europe alone has increased tenfold within fifty years
and grows constantly. In the first quarter of this century
the wave spread from Bavaria farther and farther over the
whole map of Europe, and about twenty years ago a new
source was opened in Austria, and the Vienna beer flowed
through the canals which the Bavarian product had opened.
This first epoch stands in close relation with the general
abounding strength of that period of civilization. Adventur-
ous sailors and explorers had broken the bonds of the known
earth, plain men had dared to enter the lists with that hier-
archy, to attack which had been held profanation ; art had
thrown aside the old traditions and brought out the old
master- works, the world of scholars had torn itself loose from
petrified scholasticism and turned to the ancient classics,
and, as in most branches of science, so also in chemistry,
there was a genuine revolution, and it was studied in refer-
ence to medicine almost as assiduously as it had previously
been in the search for the philosopher's stone. New inquiries
were set on foot, old problems revived and attacked from a
new point of view, and among these the subjects of yeast
and fermentation played an important part. Not many de-
cades have passed since the practical brewer found neither
interest nor profit in theories of fermentation, and especially
all chemical and physical discussion of his work and processes.
The purely scientific style which too often had very little
reference to the practical man, and the various contradictory
views and learned controversies were not calculated to
attract the interest of the beer brewer. Scholars discussed
and disputed, the man of trade brewed and coopered, and

5

34 The Fermentum of the Alchemists.

neither paid any attention to the other. Now the case is
very different. Intelligent and thoughtful brewers have
been forced to admit that an insight into the nature of the
materials they use, and the changes these undergo while in
their hands will not merely enlarge their intellectual hori-
zon, but be of great practical use in their business, and in
consequence are found keenly alive to the progress of scien-
tific inquiry.

Some reference has already been made to the empirical
knowledge of the earlier ages. Even Pliny's often quoted
"Palam est naturam (farinas) acore ferment ari " is merely
a summary of the result of observation. Noah's wine
making, the leaven* of the Jews and such like may be left
to special history. The word fermentum as used by the
alchemists has no very definite meaning ; in general their
explanation is to the effect that by means of the ferment a
purifying and refining process is set in action — and hence
many efforts were made to discover a general ferment by
whose instrumentality it would become possible among
other things, to transform the baser metals into gold. For
this reason they often use the word fermentum to indicate
the anxiously sought " philosopher's stone. "f The indefi-
nite character of the word is mentioned by Petrus Bonus of
Ferrara (1345) : " Apud philosophos fermentum dupliciter
videtur dici : uno modo ipse lapis pnilosophorum e suis ele-
mentis compositus et completus, in comparatione ad metalla ;
aHo modo illud quod est perftciens lapidem et ipsum com-
plens" and Raymond Lull's definition, "Fili, fermentum est

*GaIlue et Hispanice frumento in potum resoluto spama ita concreta pro fer-
mento utuntur ; qua de causa levior illis quam ceteris panis est.

\De fermento , sine quo ars alchemioz perfeci et compleri non potest.

BASILIUS VALENTINUS ON FERMENTATION. 35

corpus perfectum, subtiliatum et alter atum per potestatem
convertentium" has the predicate so indefinite as to give no
real information. We add another quotation from the
same author merely to show further the jargon these men
of learning were accustomed to use. He writes "Fili,
propparatio istius est, quod Mud sit transactum primo per nat-
ural principalia controvertentia, antequam de isto facias fer-
mentationem, quia Mud fiat principio pulvis calcinatus per
coagulationem et quarto sublimatus per separationem."
George Ripley's consideration of the subject calls for no
special notice, but the views of Basilius Valentinus who
wrote in the latter half of the fifteenth century will be
found more interesting. He held fermentation to be a puri-
fication by means of which the spirit of wine that already
existed in a fluid was put in condition to act, unfermented
beer being dead, "because existing impurities prevent the
spirit from doing its work. Yeast induces in beer an inter-
nal quickening that advances of itself and results in a
division and segregation of the clear and muddy elements,
and after this separation puri ah impuro the spirit can ac-
complish its duty successfully, as appears from the subse-
quent power of the liquor to produce intoxication." Val-
entine is the last in the series of scholars who though be-
longing chronologically to a previous epoch must from the
nature and relations of their inquiries be reckoned as be-
longing to the new era. It is not in the history of progress
as in that of politics where two adjacent periods can be
sharply defined and their limits assigned to exact dates.
Progress goes on gradually, modifying or adding to what
has already existed, and we do not clearly notice the trans-
formation until it is complete or at least far advanced. So

36 The Second Epoch of Beer.

it was in this case. Far back in the middle ages men
turned their attention to the " ferment " and to fermenta-
tion. Much was written, much nonsense and humbug pub-
lished ; almost no results were attained, but the beginning
was made. Men of the later time grasped the collected
material, regulated and systematized the inquiry and vied
with each other in its prosecution. Struggle and activity
were then so universal that there was a disposition to con-
sider fermentation a special branch of chemistry, and
after treating of the fermentation of wine, beer, vinegar,
etc., it was suggested that the whole vital process might be
nothing more than a continual fermentation.

Notwithstanding all that has been said it seems best to
date the new epoch definitely from the beginning of the
sixteenth century, and this although we can reckon no
names or events of importance in the jeav 1501, and must
pass over a number of decades to reach Libarius the first
theorist of the second epoch. The reasons for such a divi-
sion are various, partly to remove as far as possible all un-
certainty from the discussion, partly because at that memo-
rable time the general break with blind tradition and the
development of new intellectual and social conditions took
place in such a manner as to have a direct influence on the
history of beer and so connect the general revolution with
the province of zymotechnic inquiry. If we date from Laba-
rius we commit an anachronism, for he stands in the full
light of the new era. In short, beer and its history are
so intimately related to social life and its development that
we cannot consider the former alone and without regard to
the latter. The oldest book in this sort of literature at present
known, was published in 1530, under the title, "An Excellent

■*

hi

rt

.2

S

a

■g

+»

el

to

M

a

O

o

o

a

ce

rfi

*

13

Heinrich Knaust. 37

Little Book of the Making of Wine and Beer so that they may
be Useful and Wholesome to Man. Printed at Erfurt by
Melchior Sachssen at Noah's Ark."* In 1551, a scholar
(Plocotamus) wrote "De natura cerevisiarum et de mulso"
and somewhat later (1585) Thaddeus Hagecius ab Hayek
wrote in Latin a work with the title "De cerevisia ejusque con-
ficiendi ratione, natura, viribus et facultatibus.'''' More impor-
tant than any of these is a book written in German by Hein-
rich Knaust, its value consisting not so much in historical de-
ductions as in a review, grounded on the personal knowledge
of the author, of the facts regarding beer in his time. It is
chiefly through this volume that we are able to. form a clear
conception of the high development and actual power of beer
at the end of the sixteenth century. On the first page of the
book the master wrote in a style thoroughly characteristic
of the period with its swelling, stilted bombast and mag-
niloquence, the famous title, " Five Books of the Divine and
Noble Gift of the Philosophical, Precious and Admirable
Art of Beer Brewing. Also of the names of the most Ad-
mirable Beers in all Germany, and of their Natures, Tem-
peraments, Qualities, Individual Characters, Wholesome-
ness, and Unwholesomeness, whether wheat or barle}% white
or red beer, spiced or not spiced. Newty revised and much
Fuller and More Perfect than the former edition. By Mas-
ter Heinrich Knaust, Doctor of Law and of Medicine.
Published at Erfurt by George Baumann, 1575, in the
twelfth month."f As a matter of curiosity we reproduce

*Ein schoenes Buechlein von bereytung der wein und bier zu gcsundlieit und
nutzbarkeit der menschen gedruckt zu Erffurd durch Melchior Sachssen zu
der Archen Noe.

fFuenf Buecher von der goettlichen und edeln Gabe der philosophischen

38 Beer a Substitute for Wise.

his view of the origin of beer. According to this the men
before the deluge ate herbs and vegetables and drank water,
and he thinks it strange that they should ever have plucked
up heart to become saucy on such a diet. " After the del-
uge they received the gift of wine, and where no vines
grew God taught them to make a drink of wheat and bar-
ley that was both healthful and agreeable and as well fitted
to strengthen and support the human system as wine itself."
When a well known physician of Berlin, Dr. F.G. Zimmer-
man, felt himself compelled to declare beer a poison, it was
Abraham A. Santa Clara of Vienna who, in his " History
of the Discovery of Beer," entitled " Something for All,"
1710, spoke as follows : " Noah planted the first vineyard
and the culture of the vine afterwards spread all over the
world, but as some climates are too harsh for the grape and
prevent its ripening, human ingenuity was forced to discover
another drink which should not merely quench thirst, but
like wine excite the brain.* Among the Germans it is
called beer, and its brewing requires a special experience,
so that the men of this craft are not counted least among
workmen." So said also Ehinger, Fritsch, Germershausen,

hochteuren und wundersbaren Kunst Bier zu brauen. Auch von Namen der
vornempstere Biere in ganz Teutschland und von deren Naturen, Teinpera-
menten, Qualitaten, Art und Eigenschaft, GesuDdheit und Ungesundheit, sey
ein Weitzen oder Gersten, Weisse oder Kotte Biere, Gewuertzet oder Unge-
wuertzet. Aufs neue uebersehen und in viel wege ueber vorige edition ge-
mehrt und gebessert Durch Herrn Heinrich Knausten, beider Rechten Doc-
tor. Getr. zu Erfurt durch Georgium Baumann 1575 in 12.

*Der Noe hat zwar den ersten Weinstock gepflantzt welches Gewuechs nach-
mals durch die ganze Welt ausgebreitet worden ; weil aber etlicher Orten der
rauhe Luft dem Weinstock zuwider und folgsam, soldier in dergleichen Orten
nicht fruchtsam tuht, also hat der Menschen Witz ein anderes Trunk erfunden
welches nicht allein den Durft loeschet sondern gleich dem Wein, auch den
Tuermel in den Kopf bringt.

Luther's Fondness for Beer. 39

Gleditsch, Heuman, Hofman, Sensky, Solms and Trafen-
reuter. In all this scientific and learned emulation in the
matter of fermentation (zymologie) we learn plainly enough
that even the representatives of science did not confine their
attention to a purely theoretical consideration of the barley
juice, but hid the contents of many a can and mug behind
their wide stiff collars, the clergy taking their full share in
this part of the discussion. Luther's fondness for beer is
well known, and on the evening of that eventful day at
Worms, April 18, 1521, the Duke Erich von Braun-
schweig, sent him a pot of Eimbecker beer, to which he was
specially addicted. The students, whether of medicine or
theology, used every effort to follow faithfully the illustrious
example, whence perhaps it comes that the youth of the
high schools and universities, wedded to tradition, still de-
light to hang about the inviting, wide-yawning door of the
cool beer cellar. In the Renaissance, however, the last
trace of the Biercomment and Bierspielen was finally lost.

*The common people would not sober stay,
Could find to cup or mouth the nearest way ;
Enjoyed their life, and of the barley's blood
Swilled day and night the brown and foamy flood.

Beer was retailed in beer-houses and vaults, and in warm
weather before the door, and places which had the heredi-
tary right of brewing also sold beer occasionally in the liv-
ing room of the house, and announced the fact by a mat-
weed stuck horizontally above the door. In this custom
we see plainly enough the origin of the later shop signs

*Des Volks gemeine Horte blieb nicht hinten,
Es wusste Kneip' unci maul sehr wohl zu finden ;
Im Hochgenuss des Seins, aus Schlauch und Fass
Soft's Tag und nacht das edle braune Nass.

40 Fairs and Markets.

In Oberpfalz (the Upper Palatinate), in the Schwarzwald
(Black Forest), and elsewhere, even now when a privileged
brewer wishes to give notice that he will sell on draught,
he hangs up a broom or a triangle of fir boughs. The pub-
licans of a later time simply exchange this primitive adver-
tisement for the more durable ones of tin and iron. Before
the windows of the pot houses were folding tables at which
the wagoners usually preferred to drink, and the wandering
bands, of whom there was then an immense number, were
accustomed to seat themselves at these same tables and pass
the time in riotous talk and games of dice until the " beer
bell " of the place broke up the assembly and drove them
to their homes and to the inn.* When a fair was held the
women dealers in refreshments (Kretschenweiber) took
possession of the benches and sold their beer there in cups
of tin, stone or wood, while bread, meat, sausages, cheese,
etc., were brought from the neighboring stands of the
butchers and bakers, for even then people liked to do their
business where wine and beer were close at hand. On any
occasion of public festivity beer booths were a prime neces-
sity, bagpipes and fiddles were not wanting and a lusty,
merry throng danced in the open space between the crowded
benches and tables. The Netherlandish painters have left
us hundreds of cabinet pictures of these festivities and of
the manner and fashion in which they were carried en, and
their delightful and characteristic variations of the theme
enable us to form a vivid conception of what it must have
been. Especially worthy of notice in this respect are
Teniers, (whose "Yearly Market "f in the Munich Pinak-

*See the Civil Law of Erfurt.

J The picture is eight feet high and twelve feet wide.

Netherlandish Painters. 41

othek contains 1138 human figures, 45 horses, 67 asses, 37
dogs, etc , curiously crowded in a jovial throng,) P.
Brueghel, the Ostades, Brower, Jan Steen, who from a
fancy for this sort of life himself became a tavern keeper,
and Rubens, whose sketches in this sort are strikingly good.
During the " Thirty Years War," that is, at the very cul-
minating point of the epoch, tobacco came into use and the
now inseparable pair, "beer and tobacco," played an impor-
tant role together even then. Barley and " mixed corn " (rye
and wheat, barley and oats, oats and rye,) were chiefly
used for brewing purposes, but theic were always those
who preferred plant beer. It is interesting to know that
pitch was supposed to give the product of fermentation a
better keeping quality.

We must not omit to mention that this beer worship was
not so well developed in South Germany where it is now
best marked, as in North Germany. Saxony, the Mark and
Pomerania were mentioned as " the great drinking coun-
tries." There was a swarm of names celebrated in beer,
and Knaust's book shows that it was held no small credit to
have drunk various noted kinds of beer where they were
made. There was a Lubeck Israel, an old Klaus (Branden-
burg), a Goslauer Gose, a Hanover Braehan, a Soltzman at
Saltzwedel, a Rastrun at Leipsie, beer of Corvey, beer of
Harlem, Dantzic brew, Eimbecker brew, and many others.*
Of English beer, Hersford (Kamma) and the Yorkshire ale
were chiefly esteemed. Most celebrated of all, however,
was the Braunschweig Mumme, named for its discoverer,
Christian Mumme (1492). By the side of these brewing

*To these should he added the celehrated beers of Cottbus, and the Karthuser
of Frankfort on the Oder. — Author.
G

42 Loss or Beer Privileges by the Monasteries.

celebrities the old beer cities of the middle ages had retained
their character into the time of the Renaissance, as for in-
stance, Hamburg, with its wheat beer,* and others ; and many-
places made every effort to reach a similar position, partly
by the adoption of new methods, and partly by the enlarge-
ment and increase of beer breweries. In Nuremberg, for
instance, the first white beer was brewed in 1541; inVienna
the brewery with a hundred towers was built in 1564 ;
breweries were erected at Gumpendorf in 1689, and at St.
Marx in 1706 ; and in 1633 there were established at Frei-
burg six malt-houses and twelve breweries.

The important beer privileges that had been so eagerly
grasped by the monasteries and cities in the middle ages,
were by hereditary right brought over into the new era.
The landed estates of the nobles received back in 1517 the
privileges which had been so long kept from them, and by
this means all obstacles were removed from the beer traffic
which had reached so hopeful a development during the
middle ages, and it became possible for it to develop to an
extent of which our own time need not be ashamed. Now
it is no great matter to transport beer from Vienna to Paris
by rail and in iced compartments, but we can not but ad-
mire the successful enterprise that in those days and with
such means of transportation as existed, could export Eim-
becker beer to Lombardy as described by the Italian
Arnoldus of Villanova in 1594, and even to Alexandria and
Cairo. Nuremberg was one of the great centers of the beer
trade. Rostock and Lubeck supplied all England and sent
not less than 800,000 barrels yearly to that country until

*Wheat beer played an important role in the thirty years war. Wallenstein
himself was very much addicted to its use.

Allowance of Beeb for Noble Ladies. 43

the business was checked by a marked increase in the
quantity brewed by the English themselves. A number of
the large English breweries were founded about this time.

In the households of the reigning princes, there was a
strong tendency to supplement the native brew by imported
products, and at such festivities as marriages, christenings,
target-shooting and hunting, immense quantities of drink
were swallowed. The cellar ordinance of Duke Ernst the
Pious, in 1648, allowed for ladies of noble rank four maas
of beer a day, and three maas for a " nightcap." How
much ought in such circumstances to be the allowance for
a man of similar rank, and of his hangers on is left to the
imagination of the reader.

Noble families that had no brew-houses were obliged to
supply themselves from the brewery of the prince. A beer
tax also was levied on vassals who brewed their own beer.
An excellent illustration of the condition of things is afforded
by the celebrated Hofbrauhaus at Munich, in whose white-
washed rooms every stranger still takes at least one maas.
As early as the time of Louis the Severe, there existed a
little court brewery at Munich near the Burggasse, but
towards the end of the sixteenth century, the demand in-
creasing and the facilities for production having long been
inadequate, William V. proceeded to the building of the
present brew-house, which was at first intended only for the
making of white beer, the brown being still made in the old
quarters. In 1708, however, brown beer also began to be
made in the new establishment. This topic is treated in a
stereotyped article which appears every year in the May
number of the Munich Beer Gazette, under the title " Bock
article," and gives the worshipful bock-drinking community

44 Origin of Bock Beek.

a solemn and moving account of the court brewery and its
products down to the minutest particulars. As regards
bock itself, which is no longer an exclusive specialty of
Munich, as a drink under the same name is sold every year
in various cities, Graesse places its origin in the seven-
teenth century, and suggests that it was an imitation of the
Eimbecker beer, — the last rather in virtue of a general theory
and of a supposed play on words, Eimbeck, Aimbock Bock —
than as an actual fact.* He says that " the Munich Aim-
bock or Bock was made before 1616, the same that is now
sold at the beginning of May on Corpus Christi dny." Now,
however, it has been shown that all through the second
half of the sixteenth century (15^3-1574) Aimpecker and
Eimbecker beer was spoken of, and that there was an im-
port of beer to Vienna from Eimbeck as late as 1771, while
no trace of any play of words on the name is discovered.
Moreover, that the " bock cellar " f (on the place of the
present Restaurant Bonner) was in full operation at the
beginning of the present century, is shown by Chr. Mueller
who wrote under Max Joseph, and described the manners o£
the place very nearly as they were to be observed recently,
just before the disappearance of this historical locality, and
it is doubtless the fact that the larger half of the reputation
of Munich beer is due to this specialty. Graesse, speaking
of the high reputation of Bavarian beer, in which he includes
as a matter of course that of Munich, is of the opinion that
the general preference for it does not reach back farther
than the early part of this century, and produces some im-
portant evidence to support this view of the case. On the

*The Munich " Fremdenblatt " has lately expressed the same view,
tin a coach house of the old residenz in Munich, Bavaria.

Bavarian and Munich Beer. 45

other hand it is to be claimed in opposition that in such a
discussion a careful distinction is to be made between
Bavarian beer and Munich beer, since the renown of the
first is relatively new and hardly goes to the first twenty
years of the century, and its export did not begin in Munich,
and also because that city has not yet been able to attain to
the first rank as an exporter of beer. The reputation of
Munich beer is older, for Mueller (^1816) speaks of it as
celebrated, and complains that the excellence of the native
product is far surpassed by that of the Toelzer and Dachauer
beers, and that the latter prevail in the Munich beer shops.
This statement corresponds with the unfortunate situation
of the beer interest that was inherited from the previous
century, and that forces us to go back to the seventeenth
century for a time of unquestioned supremacy for beer. In
connection with this subject should be mentioned the suc-
cessful founding of the Munich Court Brewery by William
V. at the end of the sixteenth century, and these same old
rooms should be regarded as the center and starting point
where the fame of Munich beer was born and nourished,
and where even through all the epoch of perukes and cues,
after the fall of the monasteries that had contributed so
much to the reputation of Munich beer, it was preserved
from decay.

In the seventeenth century, in the time of Louis XIV.,
all Germany fell under the SAvay of French influence.
There were French conversation, prayers and oaths, French
amusements and French sins, French eating and drinking.
An effort to imitate all the French fashions that the cav-
aliers brought from Paris was a characteristic of the sad
season, that followed, a time sad for patriots, sad for

46 French Influence in Germany.

beer-brewers and for beer. Beer was une boisson de commun.
The beautifully ornamented mugs and beakers were put
away in the lumber-room (rumpel-kammer') and cham-
pagne glasses from Paris took their place. At evening,
where formerly the jovial barons and their chief followers
had encamped round the carved-oak table and laid a strong
grasp on the mug — there was now a service of cakes and
tea, and where formerly milk and pepper or beer was used
as a morning draught, the coffee breakfast constantly ac-
quired more use and repute. The common people, how-
ever, stood fast for the old way, and were never better
pleased than when the privileged beer came to honor. At
this time, too, the change of roles took place, and South
Germany entered on its new and important course at the
beginning of the present century. (The brewery at St.
Marx was built in 1710, and in 1732 there were three brew-
houses at Schwechat.)

It is as if the minds of men slumbered long, only to come
at once into a never suspected activity. In the midst of
the tumult we find Balling, Dreher, Sedlmayer, Kaiser,
Otto and man}' others. Everything in brewing is changed.
Laboratories spring out of the ground and discoveries and
inventions come in countless numbers, brewing journals are
started, schools opened, fairs and associations multiply, and
all in the space of a single half century.

CHAPTER 1Y.

MODERN HISTORY OF BEER.

From the account already given, it will be seen that beer
not only took an early hold on the affections of the people,
but kept its position wherever it was introduced. It is
now well established in every civilized country and plays so
important a part in the economy of nations that a review
of the light in which it is regarded by different govern-
ments cannot fail to be both interesting and useful.

In Germany the state uses every possible means to pro-
vide good, wholesome beer for the people. It is the habit-
ual beverage of most of the population, used by them at
their meals and their places of amusement, cheering but
not intoxicating, and rendering them temperate, industri-
ous, healthy and contented, a people whose bravery is be-
yond question, and whose peaceable yet progressive quali-
ties tend to make the nation powerful, and its government
respected at home and abroad. And yet an advance
by the government of half a cent a quart on the price of
beer has in 3'ears not long passed caused a serious riot.
Cheap, wholesome beer is considered a necessity of life, and
the attempt to increase its cost an interference with the
primary rights of the community.

In Austro-Hungary, too, for many years government su-
pervision has secured the production of pure beer, which is
sold at a very moderate price. Some of the breweries are
very large and the product is by many held to be unsur-
passed in quality. That of Vienna and Pilsen, in particu-

48 Noble Brewers in Austro-Hungary.

lar, is universally known and esteemed. Beer is thoroughly
the national drink, and the beer gardens of Vienna are the
resort of all classes, from the Emperor down to his private
soldiers.

The most important men of the empire have extensive
breweries, and among the great Austro-Hungarian brewers
we find such names as Anton Dreher of Schwechat near
Vienna, Count Area Valley of Zell, Upper Austria, Count
Arco Zinneburg of Kaltenhausen, Count Tliurti Valsassina
of Sorgendorf, and in Bohemia Count Thun Hohenstein of
Alt Benatek, His Majesty the Emperor Franz Josef, Prince
Carl Hohenzollern, Prince Trautmansdorf, Prince Josef
Mansfeld, Prince J. A. Schwartzenberg, Prince Max Thurn
Taxis, the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Rudolf Count von
Schoteck and many others.

A correspondent says : " At Trieste the drinking of beer
is universal ; from infancy to age light wine and beer are
the common beverages." He states that on Saturday night
a pretty large number of laboring people are "jolly drunk,"
but not savage drunk. The latter condition is unknown
except among English and American sailors visiting the
port. Among the better classes no instance is known of a
merchant, lawyer, physician, shop-keeper, or master-me-
chanic becoming an inebriate and gradually losing position,
prosperity and business, and sinking into a drunkard's grave.
Sometimes an Englishman or American has ruined himself
by the use of spirits — not of wine or beer.

Holland has brewed good beer for centuries, and though
this country has been better known as a producer of gin,
the national beverage is certainly beer. Professors Tilamus
and Swingar of Amsterdam, and the Secretary of the

Holland Sells Gin and Drinks Beeh. 49

" Netherlands Society for the Abolition of Spirituous
Drinks," say that gin drinking is no longer respectable, and
they recommend beer as a daily beverage. The beer gar-
dens of Amsterdam and Rotterdam are very widely known.
Good bands are provided and people of all ranks congregate
to sip beer, smoke, talk, or listen to the music. On his first
visit to these places the writer made careful inquiries as to
the consumption of gin and other spirits, and was agreeably
surprised to learn that their use was practically confined to
the lowest classes and that beer was the common beverage.
To find a drunken man it was necessary to go to the docks
and wharves, among the Irish and American sailors.
Nine-tenths of the gin manufactured is exported to the
United States, and most of its use at home is for medical
purposes.

The little kingdom of Belgium ranks next Bavaria as a

° ft *°

beer consuming country. There are three kinds of beer —
Mars, a light beer and generally used by the laboring class,
Lambic, strong and light, and the Faro, a mixture of Mars
and Lambic. Brussels and Antwerp have some of the finest
beer gardens in the world, which furnish music to their
patrons equal to the best, and the general habits of the peo-
ple are temperate. Drunkenness is hardly found even
among the lower classes.

Spain even is becoming a beer drinking country. The
beer formerly consumed there was imported from England,
Germany and Austria, and in 1869 all the breweries in the
country did not produce 500,000 liters, equal to 132,062
gallons, while the returns of the year 1878 show a produc-
tion of over 4,750,000 liters, or 1,254,594 gallons — an aston-
ishing increase in a wine producing country — and the beer

7

50 Sweden, Norway and Denmark.

brewed at the Santa Barbara brewery at Madrid is taking
the lead of the imported article.

Sweden and Norway also recognize the necessity of pro-
viding a wholesome stimulant for the people, and for more
than a hundred and fifty years their respective governments
have given attention to the matter. Not long ago patents
for the manufacture of ardent spirits, which had long been
held among the nobility, were revoked, and an attempt made
to secure temperance through the more common use of
malt liquors. Mr. George Hay ward, then proprietor of the
celebrated Lion Brewery at London, England,* was en-
gaged by the gov^git^Oifcl tAf ^tip^hitend the introduction
of improved bae&5m Swe4eo^jLnd iSe\experiment proved a
thorough success. J^fja&nv Mj^eastfdjdrunkenness dimin-
ished, and both gojvema^tKand people/have recognized the
benefits of malt Hgu<o§Sp Ac^Mmg/to figures lately fur-
nished by Dr. Ellis &&d««bi»d#of the Swedish statistical
bureau, beer brewing has attained the position of a leading
industry in that country. The annual product exceeds
twenty-six million gallons, and this result is largely due to
an increased tax on spirits and the remission of- all taxation
on beer, which may now be fairly considered the national
beverage.

Denmark formerly consumed great quantities of ardent
spirits, the amount used in proportion to the population
being even greater than in the prohibitory state of Maine.
The introduction of the excellent beer made by Jacobsen at
Carlsberg brought about an entire change. Beer is now
the drink of the country and public feeling is strongly op-
posed to the use of whisky. The people have become re-

*Mr. Hayward died a short time ago at Albany, N. Y.

Drunkenness in Russia. 51

markable for quiet and good order, and the police magistrates
of the larger cities, as Copenhagen and Elsinore report that
for a long time no cases of murder, homicide or theft brought
before them have been traced to the influence of strong
drink. Arrests for street disorder are very rare and chiefly
confined among the foreign seamen. The consumption of
beer is about twenty gallons annually to the individual, and
this amount seems to produce only favorable effects, as the
people are a strong, hardy race with an average longevity
far above that of the United States. The advantages of all
kinds that have followed the general introduction of beer
are very remarkable.

In Russia, a commission was some time ago appointed to
investigate the question of drunkenness in the empire. The
use of strong ardent -^spirits had been almost universal.
Drunkards were not to benigckonepl by individuals or even
families. Whole districts were plunged in habits of brutal
intoxication and this national pest demoralized the armies,
filled poor-houses and hospitals, the lunatic asylums and the
prisons.

As a result of the labors of this commission, and in accord-
ance with the unanimous report of its members, the Czar
has recently conferred very valuable privileges on those who
establish breweries in his dominions. The object being to
secure for the people good beer at a low price, all taxes on
beer and articles used in its manufacture have been abol-
ished, while the use of ardent spirits is still further checked
by the imposition of heavy duties on all introduced to the
country, and severe taxes on its manufacture or sale ; and*

* Owing to a light crop the Russian government has prohibited the export of
barley for the current year, 1879.

52 Inducements Offered by France to Brewers.

whenever the crop of barley turns out to be light, the gov-
ernment prohibits exporting the same.

In Greece, breweries are springing up about Athens and the
Piraeus, and all over the Levant and the neighboring islands,
and the ek krithon methu (barley wine) of olden times is
going to be the ordinary beverage of the people instead of
the rather strong wines that the country produces.

In France during the reign of Napoleon III., it was dis-
covered that the ardent spirits most in use were so adulter-
ated as to produce serious injury to consumers apart from
that which always attends the free use of these liquors.
Spirits were used to a much greater extent than could be
justified on any sound principle. The Emperor, whose prac-
tical judgment was excellent in matters not immediately af-
fecting his own ambition, offered inducements to English
and German brewers to establish themselves in the country
and the consumption of beer was increased with very ad-
vantageous results. The change has already gone so far as
to alarm the wine merchants, and according to the " British
Mercantile Gazette " the consumption in Paris alone now
reaches one hundred million liter bottles per annum or
nearly half a pint a day to every Parisian, which is not bad
for a beginning. The beer used, however, is still chiefly of
foreign manufacture, the lager beer coming chiefly from
Vienna and Bavaria, and the ale from Alsopp and Bass.
Some American brewers of New York, Philadelphia and St.
Louis received gold medals at Paris for the excellence of
their beer, and are now shipping considerable quantities to
that place.

Americans who have lately been in France must usually
have been surprised to notice how bogh (lager beer) is al-

Use of Beer in Fbakce. 53

ready the common beverage in the fashionable cafes of the
chief cities.

Some leading French savants trace a direct connection
between the free use of beer and the national greatness and
indomitable personal courage of their opponents in the late
war, and hope by the development of the brewing interest
to add to the traditional virtues of Frenchmen some of
those displayed in the neighboring empire. The notion may
be rather fine spun, but the actual benefit of the develop-
ment of a home industry in beer will be none the less, and
it cannot be doubted that their end will be at least partially
attained, though perhaps not in so direct a fashion as they
suppose. Monsieur Lunier has just brought before the
French Academy of Medicine, some very interesting statis-
tics on the use of fermented and other liquors. According
to him, wine is still the national drink. The consumption of
cider is diminishing, although still large, and brandy is much
used to facilitate the digestion of cider. The more cider, the
more brandy. The quantity of beer used, has considerably
increased in most of the Departments, and he proves con-
clusively that most cases of accidental death in consequence
of excess, occur in the departments where there is most
drinking of spirits, that apprehensions for drunkenness are
five times as numerous in these Departments as in those
where wine is chiefly used, that drunkenness in the beer-
drinking regions is hardly known, and that alcoholic insan-
ity is almost everywhere in proportion to the consumption
of ardent spirits. The only exceptions are La Vendee and
Charente Inferieure where they drink only white wines,
but use them in immoderate quantities.

French brewers are now engaged in forming an associa-

54 Proposed French Brewers' Association.

tion and the first meeting has been announced to take
place at Toulouse, in the late autumn of the present year
(1879). The Industriel de Lyon speaks of the matter as
follows :

" In consequence of their number, and as representing
forty-two departments, the brewers who should support this
association are most influential. They would, by means of
combination, be able to properly protect their important in-
dustry, and struggle against errors of the past, such as ex-
cise regulations, octroi, etc. Besides the meetings of the
Syndicate, whether held at Toulouse or Lyons, might take
up general economical questions of interest to its members,
and also deal with the fabrication of beer, malting, and the
scientific phenomena, which are more numerous and com-
plex than is imagined. Brewing, it is further asserted, is
an industry of the future. Beer is a drink of progress on
account of its refreshing and especially nutritive qualities.
To produce beer cheap, appetizing to the eye, and agreeable
to the stomach, is the program which the brewers of the
South have in view, and which they must strive energetically
to carry out if they wish to compete at all successfully with
the German beers. The phylloxera is not an eternal enemy.
Sooner or later science will neutralize its effects.

" In the South of France, therefore, the opinion is held
that the greatest care should be given to the production of
beer. Besides, people in the South do not drink the good
wine which they produce ; they export it. Money is more
valuable to them than good wine. Inferior wine, however,
remains, and is consumed to a great extent. We are of
opinion that beer would offer to all considerable advantages ;
and therefore it is desirable that the brewing industry in

The Duke of Wellington and the "Beer Bill." 55

the South of France should be developed in the fullest
possible manner."

In England about the year 1833 the use of intoxicating
liquors had increased to such a point that government ap-
plied itself to the discovery of some means of diminishing
the consumption. The Duke of Wellington, whose long
career as a soldier on the continent and elsewhere had taught
him the beneficial influence of beer, and who saw clearly the
amount of misery and degradation caused among his country-
men by the use of distilled liquors, introduced while Prime
Minister, the well known "Beer Bill." Its passage was
urged distinctly on the ground that a free consumption of
beer would greatly diminish the use of spirits. The Duke
himself strongly advocated the bill and instanced the con-
tinental beer-drinking countries as the happiest and most
temperate on the globe.

On the other hand the so called temperance men appeared
in large deputations to urge (against all reason) that what-
ever beer might be consumed would be in addition to the
previous consumption of ardent spirits and not in place of it,
or any part of it, that intoxication would be increased in a
ratio correspondent to the amount of beer used, and in short
that the proposed plan of reform was much like an attempt to
quench fire by pouring on oil. The bill, however, was at last
passed by a large majority and has proved very successful.
The consumption of beer has largely increased, distilled liq-
uors are less used, and, notwithstanding the assertions of some
over- zealous partisans of total abstinence, we can prove by
statistics carefully collected that the amount of drunkenness
in the country began to decrease immediately after the pas-
sage of the bill. William E. Gladstone, the great English

56 Me. Gladstone on Beek and Coffee.

statesman who, in the year 1868-9, carried through Parlia-
ment an act intended to promote the cause of temperance
by cheapening wine and beer and making their sale part of
the business of restaurants and confectioners' shops, wrote
a short time ago as follows: "I am opposed to coffee and
tea palaces as I believe they are more deteriorating than beer
shops. The stimulating properties of coffee or tea are greater
and more injurious than those of malt liquors."

The course advocated by the Duke of Wellington and Mr.
Gladstone has been fully justified by the results. Drunk-
enness has decreased and breweries have multiplied. The
measure of advantage is to be found in the increase of large
breweries whose product is distributed through many chan-
nels, for these furnish what is to take the place of the ardent
spirit formerly consumed when one was away from home or
wanted a change from the home-brewed ale to which he
was accustomed. They also attract the favor of the poorer
classes because they furnish so much more in bulk and nu-
tritive power at the same or a less price.

There are, however, man}' small breweries, such as those
attached to country inns or to private houses. Some brew-
eries also confine their business to supplying families with
pale and table ales, stout or porter, in small barrels of four
and a half, nine, and eighteen gallons. The number of
breweries in Great Britain — aside from those which are
strictly for private use — is, according to official returns,
twenty -six thousand, two hundred and fourteen, which it
will be seen is about nine times the number in the United
States. The cost of good ale is about one shilling sterling
a gallon.

It is worthy of notice that the brewers of England are

VSUS* : $*»Mf

M.T.BASS, ESQ. MP

THE GREAT BURTON-ON-TRENT BREWER, ENGLAND.

Generosity of Brewers. 57

distinguished for a wise generosity and public spirit, and
such men as Charington, Fox, Meux, Alsopp, Hanbury,
Buxton, Mann, Truman, Guinness, Walker and Bass, * will
be long remembered for the magnificent charities that en-
noble and perpetuate their names. To a greater or less de-
gree the same characteristic comes to light in every country
where beer is established as the popular beverage. Ja-
cobsen, a brewer of Copenhagen, before his death set aside
$280,000 to found a laboratory of scientific research. A
part of the money is to be spent in keeping up the labora-
tories attached to his breweiy, in which chemical and physi-
ological researches are carried on with a view to establish
as completely as possible a scientific basis for brewing and
malting.

The generous juice of barley, seems to draw out the more
kindly and human feelings of all who have their dealings
in it. Can any such thing be said of distilled liquors?

The late Khedive of Egypt, who has done more for the
advancement of that country than any other ruler since the
time of the Pharaohs, perceived the advantages to be gained
by the introduction of beer, and granted very valuable priv-
ileges to a company of Swiss brewers, whose establishment
is now in full and successful operation at Cairo. The con-

*Michael Thomas Bass, the senior member of Parliament for Derby, is best
known as the largest brewer in the world. He is now over eighty years old,
and ha# been engaged in the brewery business founded by his grandfather for
about sixty-two years. He was educated at the Buxton Grammar School, and
has supplemented this early instruction by a course of reading that leaves him
not at all behind many University men in the matter of scholarly attainments.
He has always been noted for the efficient discharge of his public and private
duties, and has for more than thirty years represented the old town of Derby as
senior member of Parliament. His public and private gifts have been fre-
quent and munificent, the last of importance being a free library for the town of
Derby.

58 Japan, Persia and Turkey.

sumption is chiefly in the cities which are largely inhabited
by Europeans, generally disposed to drink beer if it is good
and readily attainable, but sure to use stronger drinks if
the beer is wanting, and perhaps, from the circumstance of
residence at a distance from home, more apt to use any in-
toxicating liquor to excess.

Japan, a kingdom hardly known to us twenty-five years
ago, and now recognized as one of the most highly civilized
in the world, has thus far suffered very little from intoxi-
cating drinks. Native stimulants have been used, and in
some cases have proved as injurious as strong whisky,
though perhaps more strictly harmful to the individual, and
less so to his family and the community. The people are by
nature and education gentle and polite, and their social man-
ners are in many particulars a lesson to Europeans. They
are usually temperate in all things, happy and contented.
The Mikado, however, wisely considering that in the grow-
ing intercourse of Japan with foreign countries, a taste for
ardent spirits can hardly fail to be developed, unless some
counteracting influence be at work, has decided to foster
the erection of beer breweries, and thus avert as far as pos-
sible an impending danger, while at the same time he gives
his subjects an innocent and refreshing beverage. With
this view, the representatives of Japan, now in Germany,
have been directed to enter into arrangements with well-
known brewers, for the erection of large breweries in Yok-
ohama, Tokio, Saga, Nagasaki and Shidz-u-o-ka.

The Shah of Persia also, is so far convinced of the advan-
tages of beer, as to have made arrangements during his last
visit to Vienna, for parties there to undertake its intro-
duction in his kingdom.

Cyprus under English Eule. 59

In Turkey, there are at Constantinople six breweries with
an annual product of about one hundred and twenty thou-
sand gallons. The hops are imported from Germany, but the
other materials are supplied by the country. After the
island of Cyprus passed from Turkish to English rule, it is
worthy of notice that the first shipment by the Thessalia
was fifty barrels of beer, a shipment well illustrating Eng-
lish national habits.

The condition of the beer trade in the United States
being part of the general subject of this book, and especially
illustrated in the chapter under the heading " The Condi-
tion and Prospects of the Beer Trade," and also in the list
of breweries given in Appendix C, needs no remark here.

CHAPTER V.

HOW BEER IS MADE AND WHAT IT IS.

The production of beer, as of all other malt liquors, bears
a striking similarity to the making of bread ; the chief dif-
ference being in the quantity of grain employed, and the
amount of water added. The one intended for a solid food
is baked, the other for a liquid refreshment is boiled.

The process of making beer is as follows : A certain
quantity of malted barley is taken and ground, it is then
mashed with hot water, the sweet liquor or wort extracted,
a portion of hops added, and the whole boiled until the pre-
servative quality as well as the aroma of the hops is obtained.
It is then allowed to cool, and afterwards fermented with
yeast to produce the small quantity of alcohol it contains,
and to give it life. According to analyses made by different
chemists, lager beer contains 91.0 water, 5.4 malt extract,
3.5 alcohol, and the remainder — making in all 100 parts —
carbonic acid. Ale and porter differ only in having a
slight additional percentage of alcohol, and a large amount
of solid extract.

The substantial and useful character of the chief ingre-
dient of beer may be seen from the nature of an analysis of
the malt which forms its basis. The result is from Dr.
Lermer, whose researches in this direction have been of
great value.

Dry Barley. Dry Malt. Difference.

Starch, 63.43 minus 48.86 14.57

Proteic substances, . . 16.25 minus 15.99 0.26

Alcohol in Bread. 61

Dky Bakley. Dry Malt. Difference.

Dextrine, 6.63 plus 6.86 0.23

Sugar, — plus 2.03 2.03

Fatty matters, .... 3.08 minus 2.50 0.58

Cellulose 7.10 plus 7.31 0.21

Other substances, . . . 1.11 plus 3.16 2.05

Ash, 2.40 minus 2.10 0.30

100.00 88.81

In the ordinary process of bread fermentation, a portion
of the sugar contained in the flour is decomposed and con-
verted into alcohol. It has been supposed that the whole
of this alcohol was expelled by heat during baking ; but re-
cent experiments indicate that a perceptible amount still
remains in yeast-raised bread after baking. The result of
six experiments, showed that one-third of one per cent, in
weight of alcohol was obtained from fresh baked bread.
From forty loaves of fresh bread, two pounds each, alcohol
equal to one bottle of port wine may be extracted.

The celebrated Professor Balling of Prague, who has
spent much time in the chemical analysis of different fer-
mented beverages, arrives at the following result in reference
to lager beer : " Lager beer manufactured of malt and hops
according to the noble rules of brewing, properly fer-
mented, stored for some time and perfectly clear, is a
healthy and agreeable beverage,' which when partaken of
quenches thirst and strengthens, and thus combines the
qualities of water, wine and food. The water is the thirst-
quenching element, the wine the enlivening, the malt ex-
tract (composed of sugar, gum, etc.) the nourishing, and
the carbonic acid gas the refreshing, while the hop extract
strengthens the stomach, helps digestion, acts on the blad-

62 Adulteration of Beer.

der and is grateful to the human constitution. There is no
doubt that lager beer brewed and stored strictly as before
mentioned is hardly intoxicating."

An impression has gained ground in some quarters that
as a matter of fact, beer is extensively and injuriously adul-
terated and certain persons claiming to be well informed
have spread statements that potato starch, grape sugar,
glycerine and molasses are added as substitutes for malt
(barley), that Indian corn and rice are used instead of bar-
\ey, that pine bark, quassia, walnut leaf, wormwood, bitter
clover, aloes, picric acid, cocculus indicus and strychnine are
substituted for hops, and that various chemicals are used to
neutralize acidity or conceal dilution. A few of the first
named would not be objectionable, unless in point of flavor,
and as a matter of fact all of the substances named may at
some time have been used by irresponsible brewers. A
careful inquiry, however, has satisfied us that the adulter-
ation of beer is rare, and one who reflects on the lively com-
petition that exists in the trade must see how speedily and
surely such a practice would be detected and exposed by
business rivals. Touching the use of stiwchnine in par-
ticular, Dr. Ure says that

1st. " Strychnine is exceedingly costly.

2d. " It has a most unpleasant bitter, metallic taste.

3d. " It is a notorious poison whose use would ruin the
reputation of any brewer.

4th. " It cannot be introduced into ordinary beer brewed
with hops because it is entirely precipitated by the infusion
of that wholesome, fragrant herb. * * * * Were the
nuz-vomica powder from which strychnia is extracted even
stealthilv thrown into the mash tun, its dangerous principle

Why Beer is Generally Unadulterated. 63

would be all infallibly thrown down with the grounds in
the subsequent boiling with the hops."

When we remember the immense improvement in the
quality of American beer within the past few years and
learn how often expensive machinery and appliances have
been abandoned after a short use in favor of something bet-
ter, we can hardly believe that brewers who conduct their
business after such a fashion, will at the same time try to
make a petty profit by using poor material and so deterior-
ating the product on whose excellence the success of their
business depends. The genuineness of beer from any estab-
lished brewery may usually be taken for granted. In 1872
after an extensive examination of beers in Great Britain
only six samples were found to be adulterated.*

An effort has been made by many so called temperance
papers to disseminate an opposite view in this matter and
the statements made can only be excused on the ground of
ignorance — which in the circumstances is inexcusable. No
doubt beer has been often adulterated, but to represent the
practice as common or as prevailing in breweries that ex-
pect to live and that have a character to maintain is to
speak in contradiction to the facts and to common sense.
Lately at Newark, New Jersey, charges of this general nat-
ure were made by a total abstinence speaker and the matter
was for once taken up by the brewers of the city, in whose
behalf a well known member of the trade addressed the
following letter to the orator of the day :
The Rev. W. F. Boole, Brooklyn :

Sir — In a lecture delivered by you at Park Hall, Newark, N. J., on
Sunday afternoon, July 13, 1879, you are reported in the Newark Morn-

*Encydopedia Britannica, Art. Brewing.

64 Newark Brewers axd a Prohibitory Speaker.

ing Register to have said : " The traffic is a traffic of compound poisons,
"and not even the finest imported liquors are free from them. Strych-
" nine and stramonium, two deadly poisons, are used in the manufac-
" tare of beer, and a little potash is added to prevent the taste. Bella-
" donna, one of the most virulent of poisons, is also used, and not less
" than 10,000 tons of the deadly cocculus are consumed. Cocculus is
" never given as a medicine, but it is drank daily by the masses in their
" beer and ale."

You, as a teacher of religion, should be a lover of truth. On behalf
of the brewers of the United States, I denounce this statement as a de-
liberate falsehood, and I challenge you to prove any part of it ; and in
the event of your not doing so, or withdrawing your assertion, I shall
not only take steps to publish the fact that you are a willful perverter
of the truth, but also to prosecute you for slander.

Yours truly,

(Signed) C. FEIGENSPAtf.

Thereupon the lecturer made answer that the papers had
not reported him correctly. Here the matter might have
dropped, and there was in fact an end of this particular phase
of the question. The case, however, had made astir and pres-
ently a representative of the teetotal party called at the office
of the United States Brewing Association to collect informa-
tion which was given him as a matter of course. Then
came a proposition from the same party for a public discus-
sion on the following extraordinary terms. Twelve propo-
sitions were to be advanced and supported by a practiced
speaker on the teetotal side. The representative of the
Newark Brewers was to have an opportunity to reply to
each, and the other speaker was then to sum up and con-
clude the discussion. The brewers' representative had only
three days notice and naturally declined any such arrange-
ment in which all the advantage was evidently assumed by

Twelve Theses of Pkohibitjonists. 65

the other side. The discussion also was to be confined to
one evening, and a collection was to be taken up " to defray
expenses." The Newark Brewers' Association, however,
expressed their willingness to debate on fair terms and
with one evening for each proposition, but this arrange-
ment was declined. We have taken pains to procure the
twelve propositions of the total abstinence club, and append
them here chiefly in order to call attention to the fact that
the greater part are especially treated in this book, while
the others are touched incidentally or by direct inference.
The propositions are as follows :

No. 1. — The use of malt liquors is a direct cause of intemper-
ance.

No 2. — The use of malt liquors tends to the use of stronger
liquors

No. 3 — Malt liquors, if habitually used to any considerable
extent, tend to cause ill-health.

No. 4. — The claim that malt liquors are valuable as food is
without foundation.

No. 5 — As a medicine, malt liquors are of use only to those
who do not ordinarily use them, and are dangerous because of
their tendency to create habit.

No. 6— The theory that malt liquors can be substituted by
consumers of alcoholic beverages for distilled liquors, to any im-
portant extent, is false.

No. 7 — Beer in this country is far more evil in its effects than
in Germany; but even there its bad effects, as used by the peo-
ple, are obvious to every traveler who has no theory to maintain.

No 8. — The use of beer by the working classes has a direct
relation to poverty.

No. 9. — The use of malt liquors by the masses has a relation

66 Misrepresentation of Prof. Liebig.

to crime, which, though differing in some respects from that of
distilled liquors, is marked and alarming.

No. 10. — Beer saloons and gardens, as a whole, are demoraliz-
ing in their effects on individuals, families, and especially on
children.

No. 11. — The great increase in the use of malt liquors and the
increase in intemperance for the past fifteen years have heen
parallel, and are intimately connected.

No. 12. — That beer saloons should be subjected to the same
restrictions under which ordinary grog-shops are placed.

Farther comment would be superfluous, especially as this
whole matter is, strictly speaking, a digression from the
purpose of the chapter, although one that is so natural as
to be almost inevitable.

There has also been much misrepresentation of the views
of prominent men. For instance, the Religious Herald of
Hartford, Conn., recently reprinted an article in which it is
asserted that Professor Liebig " has proved to a certainty
that as much flour as can lie on the point of a table knife is
more nutritious than eight quarts of Bavarian beer, counted
the best made. Also that the man who drinks two gallons
of Bavarian beer a day for a year, gets only as much nutri-
ment from his seven hundred and thirty gallons as he would
from one five-pound loaf of bread or three pounds of flesh!"
The article has been extensively copied all over the country
and is calculated to do much harm by throwing the influence
of an important name on a side where it was never intended
to go.

Now it is barely possible that Professor Liebig made such
a statement as to nutriment of a special form, though we
are not aware of any passage that can give the least color

Prof. Liebig's Opinion of Beer. 67

to the asseition. On the other hand his real view appears
in such passages as the following: " Pure lager beer, when
taken with lean flesh and little bread yields a diet approach-
ing to milk ; with fat meat, approaching to rice or potatoes."
And again, " In beer-drinking countries it is the universal
medicine for the healthy as well as for the sick, and it is
milk to the aged." These views are shared by almost all
the eminent men who have made a scientific study of beer,
and the opinions and results reached by a large number of
chemists of high authority will be found in a subsequent
chapter. We have anticipated thus much here because in
describing beer as it is, it seemed necessary to indicate to
some degree what it is not, at least so far as to explain that
it is not generally adulterated, and is not wholly useless, as
a large party constantly asserts it to be.

CHAPTER VI.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALE, PORTER AND LAGER BEER.

It has been already mentioned that the earliest beers
were made without hops. After the use of this plant was
discovered beer brewing as an art made rapid progress, and
not only did every country make its own special sort of
beer, but many varieties existed side by side in most of the
German states and in England. Experiments were made
wilh all sorts of grain, with potatoes and with plants and
herbs, the object being in every case to produce a wort
whose beer should have special advantages in point of flavor
or cost or both. Gradually, however, most of the materials
were quietly dropped, although potatoes are still used for
the Strasbourg beer, and wheat forms an important ele-
ment of the famous white beer of northern Germany. Bar-
ley is the grain that has universally been found best
adapted to the purpose of making a brown beer of an agree-
able flavor and of moderate price. With the question of
material thus practically settled, it might be supposed that
the difference between various brews of beer would disap-
pear. On the contrary the number of varieties is to-day
greater than ever before. Every step in the manufacture,
from the selection of the grain and hops on to the final de-
livery of the product to the consumer, has something to do
with the characteristics of the beer, and the difficulty does
not lie in producing something new, but in reproducing ac-
curately what has once been successfully tested.

Whatever the distinguishing features of the product, it is

FOMENTATION OF ALE AND LaGEH BeEK. G9

still beer, and any one specimen of the genus has the gen-
eral properties of all the others. All beer has a notably
small percentage of alcohol, the strongest ales and porters
showing less than many specimens of cider ; all contain an
appreciable amount of solid nutriment which in some heavy-
bodied beers is quite considerable ; all are palatable and
wholesome, and all are adapted to take the place of ardent
spirits and thus reduce intemperance and drunkenness to a
minimum. It is hardly necessary to explain that in this book
the word beer is used in its wide sense. When special varie-
ties are meant they are spoken of by name unless the con-
text is such as to remove all doubt.

After the time of experiment and the disuse of most of
the grains, etc., that had been tried, there still remained
two well-marked varieties differing essentially in the mode
of fermentation, and our modern ale and lager beer ma}r be
taken as types of the two kinds. The former is fermented
rapidly at a high temperature and the fermentation checked
while a considerable portion of sugar still remains unchanged,
while the latter is fermented slowly and thoroughly at a
low temperature. The first process is the one originally
employed everywhere and has held almost undisputed
ground in England, where, as might in such circumstances
be expected, ale-brewing has reached its most thorough
development. At the beginning of the eighteenth century
there were in that country three recognized sorts, ale, beer
and two-penny, differing chiefly in the quantity of malt
used for each kind. These were often mixed to suit cus-
tomers and in 1730, to avoid the trouble of constant mixing,
anew drink was brewed, called "entire," and meant to
resemble the triple compound. This was afterwards known

70 Characteristics of Different Ales.

as porter, and at present the general distinction is between
porter and ale, though we still hear of small beer. The
variety of ales, however, is very great. They are made of
all colors and all degrees of strength, very bitter like the
pale ale, and sweetish like the Scotch ale, so long-lived that
they can be exported to hot climates and kept for years,
and so short-lived that they must be used within three or
four weeks. Some are perfectly clear and bright, and re-
semble nothing so much as Rhine wine, of whose flavor also
they have an indescribable suggestion, while others are dark
with solid extract and possess a characteristic delicate fla-
vor that resembles nothing else. In this respect America is
yet far in the rear. There is plenty of good ale but there
has been no demand sufficient to cause so varied a supply
or to develop so well-marked special flavors. When, how-
ever, we remember for how long a time cider was the com-
mon drink of the people to the exclusion of beer, and see
how, in spite of such an obstacle at the start, the business
gradually gained ground, and when we remember that out-
side the larger cities, even twenty years ago, ale was almost
sure to be dull and muddy and very apt to be sour, we
must admit that American ale-brewers have accomplished
much. They have succeeded so far as to secure a large
sale for their brew, and so far that now almost anywhere
one is certain of a tolerable glass of beer — unless the exist-
ence of a prohibitory law excludes everything but whisky.
Their success appears the more striking because of the
recent great increase in the use of lager beer, for enormous
as is the consumption of the latter it has hardly produced
any effect on the sales of the ale-brewers. There is a large
number who prefer the flavor of ale, others drink it from

The Choice between Ale and Lager Beek. 71

habit and will always do so, others drink it because they
ape English fashions, others because the comparatively
secluded and unsocial character imported from England to
our ale-houses suits them better than the more social and
gregarious customs of the lager beer garden, some even
because it is usually the more costly of the two beverages.
Some doubtless prefer it because it usually contains a little
more alcohol than lager beer, and very many use either beer
indifferently according to circumstances and convenience.

As to porter there is little that need be said. Its origin
has been already mentioned, and when we add that the
color is due to browned malt and its flavor to seeds or the
like we have stated all that would interest the general reader.
It is essentially a heavy-bodied ale, however great the su-
perficial unlikeness.

The difference in the manner of fermentation of ale and
lager beer has been previously indicated, but the following
passage from Professor Liebig will be found of interest :
" In that country (Bavaria) the malt wort is set to ferment
in open backs with an extensive surface, and placed in cool
cellars having an atmospheric temperature not exceeding
8° or 10° C (-16^ or 50 F.). The operation lasts from
three to four weeks ; the carbonic acid is disengaged, not
in large bubbles that burst on the surface of the liquid, but
in very small vesicles like those of a mineral water or of a
liquor saturated with carbonic acid when the pressure is
removed. The surface of the fermenting wort is always in
contact with the oxygen of the atmosphere as it is hardly
covered with froth and as all the yeast is deposited at the
bottom of the back under the form of a very viscid sedi-
ment, called in German unterhefe.''''

72 Brewing in the English Colonies.

The process thus described results in the production of a
beer which will not sour even if kept exposed to the air
for a long time. Barrels only half full have remained un-
injured for months. It is to be noticed, however, that both
ale and lager beer can be prepared under many modifica-
tions of the main plan, and both are often made for imme-
diate use without regard to keeping qualities and pass by
the names of present use ale and Schenck beer.

As lager bser usually contains a little less alcohol than
ale, it has been most commonly spoken of by those who are
striving to eradicate intemperance by introducing beer in
the place of ardent spirits. The difference in alcoholic
strength is not, however, so great as many persons suppose,
the percentage in ales ranging from 8.88 to 5.36, while
that of lager beer varies from 6.50 to 8.06. The kind of
beer to be preferred for the work in any country is that
best suited to the tastes and traditions of the people. On
the continent of Europe and in America lager beer has
thus far played the more prominent part, while in England
the responsibility of all that has been accomplished belongs
to ale.

It is not improbable that the English brewing business
has already reached its culminating point. A large part of
the annual product has long been exported to the colonies,
and now these are beginning to brew beer for themselves
and will soon have a supply of their own make, sufficient
in quality and quantity to make them independent of the
mother country. With us the case is different. The con-
sumption is increasing rapidly, and brewers show a wise
liberality in securing new processes and appurtenances, and
spare no effort to improve the quality of their product.

Malt Bevekages in the Future. 73

Those who make the best beer secure the most custom, and
the fraternity are fully aware of the fact. All this rivalry
cannot fail to benefit the consumer. Every year sees bet-
ter ale and lager beer sent over the country, and every year
something is contributed to the solution of the problem in
brewing — to produce a mild beer that with more extract
than is now found shall contain even less alcohol, and re-
main bright and refreshing. Whether full success in such
an attempt is to be sooner reached by the ale or lager beer
brewers remains to be seen, or it may well be that some
new malt beverage may be discovered, unlike either of the
others and superior to both. Such a result would be no
more striking than other steps in progress already made,
and brewers of large experience are to be found who be-
lieve that some such discovery is impending. In the mean-
time we have the satisfaction of knowing that America
already produces malt liquors made from native materials
that are wholesome and agreeable and at least up to the
average of similar liquors made in countries where brewing
has been carefully studied and extensively practiced for
centuries, while with us it is chiefly a recent growth. The
degree of success that is possible when we take into ac-
count the natural resources of the country and the enter-
prising character of the brewers is hardly to be realized.

CHAPTER VII.

THE CONDITIONS AND PROSPECTS OF THE BEER TRADE.

I believe that Germans are destined to be really the greatest benefactors of
this country by bringing to us — if we choose to accept the boon — their beer.
Lager beer contains less alcohol than any of the native grape wines. This fact,
with the other fact, that the Germans have not the pernicious habits of our peo-
ple, would, if we choose to adopt their custom, tend to diminish intemperance
in this country.

Dr. Henry J. Bowditch,

Chairman of the State Board of Health of Massachusetts.

Geniesst im edlen Gerstensaft

Des Weines Geist, des Brodes Kraft.

The strength of bread, the fire of wine
O noble barle}' juice are thine.

Tivoli.

The brewing of ale has been so long an established indus-
try in this country and advances so regularly from year to
year as to offer no striking facts for comment. With lager
beer the case is different, and the rapidity of the increase in
its use is something remarkable. Fifty years ago it was
hardly known as a beverage in the United States. Now
and then some good old German would import a keg from
his native home in the old country, to be drunk on the occa-
sion of some great family festival, and call up in his adopted
home thoughts of the merry days of youth and friendly
faces, last seen perhaps in some deep valley of the Tyrol or
in the shadows of a city that was old when the Pilgrims
landed at Plymouth Rock. But in the case of so good a
creature as lager beer such occasional and almost poetical
use could not always remain the only one, and at last a
German of Philadelphia conceived the idea of erecting a

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The First Lager Beer Brewing in America. 75

lager beer brewery. According to the Hon. Frederick Lauer
of Reading, Pa., (and we have all reason to put implicit
faith in his version) it was introduced by one Wagner, a
practical brewer who came from Germany to the United
States in a sailing vessel in the year 1842, and shortly after
landing he brewed the first lager in a miserable shanty on
the outskirts of Philadelphia, and thus became the Gambri-
nus of America. (We would here refer the reader to the
biographical sketch of Frederick Lauer, Esq., in Appen-
dix A.)

His success induced another German to try the same
experiment on a small scale in the city of New York, and
from this insignificant beginning the business has increased
to its present immense proportions, so that there are now
according to the latest return of the Internal Revenue De-
partment at Washington, no less than two thousand eight
hundred and thirty ale and lager beer breweries in active
operation. The number is in fact considerably larger than
that given by the Department, owing to the method of re-
turning only those in actual business at the beginning of
the year and to other causes. The annual product accord-
ing to the Department figures, is over three hundred million
gallons. More exactly the figures are, 303,147,552 gallons,
or 9,473,361 barrels. In addition to this there are numerous
private breweries where beer is made for home consumption
but not for sale, and these do not fall under the Internal
Revenue regulations and are consequently not reported.

Figures as given below in reference to the capital invested
in the brewing, malting and hop business, and taken after
careful investigation from the best sources attainable, will
give the reader a faint idea of its vast extent.

76 Capital Invested in Breweries.

CAPITAL.

Capital invested in 2,830 breweries in operation at the end of
the last fiscal year, (taking the low estimate of $10.00 upon
every barrel of malt beverage produced, viz. : 9,473,361
barrels at $10.00, $94,733,610 00

Capital invested in 485 malt-houses of all dimensions having
altogether a malting capacity of 35,227,984 bushels :

Real estate, $16,567,562 00

Capital invested in the production, 18,620,950 00

$35,188,512 00

Capital invested in 1,614,654 acres of land under cultivation for

barley, $72,659,430 00
Capital invested in 67,216 acres of land under cultivation for

hops, 2,689,232 00

Capital invested in gathering ice needed for brewers, 15,000,000 00

Capital invested in fodder of all kinds, 5,000,000 00

LABOR.

Men employed in breweries now in operation ; men 22,640 ;

annual wages, $13,584,000 00

Men employed in malt-houses ; men 3,045 ; annual wages, 1,324,575 00

Men employed in the culture of barley, 10 men to every 100

acres; men 16,446; annual wages, 4,844,000 00

Help employed in the culture of hops, 1 person to every 10

acres; persons 6,721 ; annual wages, 2,016,630 00

All other adjuncts necessary as capital invested by architects,

builders, wagon and harness-makers, coppersmith, coopers,

machinists, etc , will amount to not less than, 60,000,000 00

Total, $307,039,989 00

A glance at the figures just quoted is enough to show
that this branch of industry has become very important.
Such a production implies the contribution of a large amount
of capital, and after careful investigation of the most
trustworthy data we find that there are more than three

Product of Different States. 77

hundred million dollars invested in breweries, malt-houses
and other adjuncts of the manufacture of beer in the United
States. The direct investment however, is not the only
thing to be considered. A business of this magnitude fur-
nishes occupation not merely to vast numbers of laborers,
but also to thousands of men who follow some profession or
trade, such as architects, civil engineers, masons, carpenters,
coopers, coppersmiths, wagon and harness-makers, and the
like.

The following table exhibits the production of the various
states and territories for the last year, together with the in-
crease or decrease as compared with the previous year, and
also the amount of brewers' manufacturing tax collected :

BREWERS' MFG.
INCREASE. DECREASE. TAX COLLECTED.

NAME.

BBLS.

North Carolina,

4

Maine,

7

Alabama,

74

Arkansas,

104

Vermont,

173

South Carolina,

586

New Mexico,

847

Arizona,

1,030

Idaho,

1,207

Wyoming,

4,227

Dakota,

4,548

Montana,

4,596

Georgia,

5,690

Delaware,

7,387

Washington,

7,473

Utah,

7,909

Texas,

9,585

Tennessee,

10,278

Nevada,

12,002

299
457

1,213
1,005

215

544

25

9,572

7,024

110

6

100

112

115

246

100

164

• 245

100

100

132

260

640

580

1,319

620

250

480

205

4,859

2,362.49

320.84

387

1,640

78

Product of Different States.

BREWERS MFG.

NAME.

BBLS.

INCREASE. DECREASE.

TAX COLLECTED

Oregon,

13,028

2,776

$1,480.50

Virginia,

14,302

1,195

316.67

Colorado,

21,185

1,242

360.50

W. Virginia,

22,157

Same Amount.

858.83

Kansas,

24,102

1,801

1,890.67

Nebraska,

28,403

4,455

2,460.75

Rhode Island,

32,510

4,514

2,640.50

Louisiana,

38,275

375

2,210.30

Connecticut,

51,235

8,239

2,008.34

Minnesota,

103,020

12,329

9,435.82

New Hampshire,

113,740

4,954

8,760.40

Kentucky,

116,493

15,810

3,570.88

Indiana,

170,573

7,881

6,937.49

Iowa,

171,951

14,271

11,449.99

Michigan,

185,606

2,592

11,266.67

Maryland,

218,642

9,496

6,583.35

California,

346,369

5,628

15,327.91

Wisconsin,

463,409

20,345

17,954.17

New Jersey,

478,782

11,979

5,608.34

Missouri,

507,963

46,793

5,762.50

Illinois,

550,976

29,270

11,470.82

Massachusetts,

572,098

77,639

3,904.22

Ohio,

908,254

89,468

17,066.70

Pennsylvania,

957,060

20,848

17,358.05

New York.

3,285,498

125,646

32,601.01 '

The percentage yielded by the several leading states to
the total government income from malt beverages during
the last fiscal year is shown in the following table :

New York having 405 Breweries, contributed 34.31 per cent.

Pennsylvania " 383 " " 10.07 "

Ohio " 207 " " 9.41

Massachusetts " 35 " " 5.94

Illinois " 154 '* " 5.75 "

GoVEKNMENT IvEYENUE FKOM BliEWEKlES.

79

Missouri

having

65

Breweries,

contributed

5.21

per cent.

New Jersey

"

69

"

"

5.00

a

Wisconsin

il

248

it

u

4.89

tt

California

sc

213

a

a

3.69

tt

Maryland

tt

82

K

tl

2.31

tt

Michigan

IS

141

"

it

2.13

u

Iowa

it

150

it

tt

1.94

ft

Indiana

tt

101

a

tl

1.82

tt

Kentucky

"

34

ft

it

1.24

tt

New Hampshire

"

4

ft

"

1.20

If

Minnesota

"

140

it

ft

1.17

If

All other States

and Territories

399

Breweries.

tt

3.92

tl

2,830

100.00

It thus appears that 96.08 per cent, of the revenue was
derived from the sixteen states just mentioned. They con-
tain 2431 breweries as against 399 in the remaining states
and territories. The stamps issued to brewers during the
year indicate a sale of 9,173,361 barrels, put up as follows :

In hogsheads,
In barrels,
In half-barrels,
In quarter "
In third "
In sixth "
In eighth "

1,140,361 barrels.

1,220,000 "

1,325,000 "

4,650,000 "

71,000 "

277,000 "

790,000 «

9,473,361

Enormous as the above figures may seem we are to re-
member that a great majority of the breweries in the coun-
try have been erected within the last fifteen years, and it is
certain that no other branch of industry can show equal

80 Imports and Exports of Beer.

progress during the same time. The following tables, show-
ing the imports and exports of beer for the past few years,
demonstrate the strong position American beer is taking at
home and abroad. The imports decrease. The exports in-
crease, and this is the best proof that our brewers produce
an article which is equal if not superior to the foreign, and
we have no doubt that with the help of wise laws they will
soon be enabled to compete with those of any nation and
thus not only enrich the coffers of the United States Treas-
ury but add in other waj^s to the welfare of our great
country.

IMPORTATION OF FOREIGN BEER INTO THE UNITED STATES.

Gallons.

Value in Dollars.

1872,

1,989,713

$1,485,781 00

1873,

2,289,053

1,827,763 00

1874,

2,088,858

1,752,559 00

1875,

2,167,251

1,742,120 00

1876,

1,490,150

1,161,467 00

1877,

974,277

758,850 00

1878,

767,709

592,707 00

EXPORT OF BEER OF DOMESTIC PRODUCE.

In Bottles.

In Casks.

Dozens.

Value in
Dollars.

Gallons.

Value in
Dollars.

1870,

1,076

$2,250

66,467

$23,759 00

1871,

1,570

4,077

105,213

34,301 00

1872,

2,205

5,340

77,639

27.829 00

1873,

3,443

7,712

103,009

36,743 00

1874,

2,897

6,245

99,135

33,357 00

1875,

3,633

7,600

61,661

16,604 00

1876,

7,045

1.3,007

99,310

29,657 00

1877,

37,876

51,077

144,244

40,138 00

1878,

76,475

108,279

119,579

38,918 00

Breweries should be a Source of Pride. 81

It will be seen from this table that whilst the export of
beer in casks has not considerably increased, the increase in
the export of bottled beer has been very large. In 1870
we exported 1,07G dozens, and in 1878, 7G,47o dozen ! This
trade has especially been encouraged by the Philadelphia
Centennial Exhibition, as it enabled us to show to the
world the quality of our production.

The gigantic establishments that, in many cases cover
entire blocks, are monuments of very lucrative enterprise
and ought to be the pride of the American people. The
truth is, that, notwithstanding a yearly sale of more than
300,000,000 gallons, the consumption of beer is yet in its
infancy. With an increasing number of persons it ceases
to be a luxury and takes rank with the other articles of
daily food. The demand for it in all parts of the United
States is increasing so rapidly that existing breweries are
enlarged and improved, and new ones are springing up in
every direction. In Appendices D, E and B will be found a
list of breweries in the United States with the names of the
proprietors and the product of each, together with the total
product by States, as also the production per capita in the
various countries of Europe, the total production in the same
countries, and the number of breweries in each, and we trust
that these tables will not only be of service to the trade and to
students of this question, but also serve to give some promi-
nence to the men who have done much for the advance of
genuine temperance and who deserve a more substantial rec-
ognition than any it is in our power to give.

All this progress is a natural result of the actual benefits
beer has bestowed on mankind, and these again follow log-
ically and as might be expected from its constitution, con-
li

82 Beeh Preventive of Malarial Fever.

taining as it does" a large portion of water from which all
organic impurities are eliminated, a certain quantity of nu-
tritive malt extract and a very small percentage of pure
alcohol, obtained by fermentation and entirely free from the
injurious properties it acquires in distillation, together with
some of the carbonic acid gas so thoroughly approved by
consumers of soda water. It offers to the public a beverage
at once healthy, nutritious, and mildly stimulating, and as
refreshing and exhilarating as tea, coffee or cocoa.

Those who travel know very well the injurious effect of a
change of water. In no two districts are the waters alike,
and we could point to many instances where removal from
East to West or from North to South and the consequent
change of water has resulted in disastrous effects upon in-
dividuals. Any inconvenience of this sort would be dimin-
ished or altogether avoided by means of a free use of beer.
Another similar advantage of beer is mentioned by Joseph
Coppinger in his' work on brewing, called " The American
Practical Brewer, etc.," published in New York in 1815.
After recommending new ale as a preventive and yeast as
an antidote to malarial fever, he continues: "Brewing, in
every country, whose soil and climate are congenial to the
production of the raw materials, should be ranked among
the first objects of its domestic and political economy. But
a still more important consideration is the health and morals
of our population, which appears to be essentially connected
with the progress of the brewing trade. In proof of this
assertion, I will beg leave to state a well-known fact; which
is, that in proportion as the consumption of malt liquors
have increased in towns, in that proportion has the health of
our fellow-citizens improved, and epidemics and intermit-

®R8ll&«5

President .

Secretary

FOB HISTORICAL, SKETCH, SEE APPENDIX C, PAGE 180.

Beer and Public Good Order. 83

tents become less frequent. In the country it is well known
that those families who make frequent use of good beer dur-
ing the summer, are in general healthy, and preserve their
color ; whilst their less fortunate neighbors, who do not use
beer at all, are devoured by fevers and intermittents. These
facts will be less doubted when it is known that j-east, prop-
erly administered, has been found singularly successful in
the cure of fevers." The views thus expressed more than
sixty years ago have recently received much attention and
are now advocated by many eminent authorities who hold
that they are confirmed by both fact and theory.

The sum of the whole is that the beer brewing business
has within a short time increased immensely — and strictly
on the more general recognition of the merits of the product
— and that there is every reason to anticipate at least an
equal increase in the near future. Beer is already taking
the place of ardent spirits and mixed drinks, and not long
ago there .appeared in the New York Sun the complaint of ai
bar-keeper who said in substance that the occupation of a
skilled compounder of fancy drinks was gone, for anybody
could draw beer and beer was what everybody wanted.
Large gatherings now are more orderly than a few years
ago and the reason is to be found in the general use of beer
instead of whisky. At Coney Island the proprietors speak
of the change as wonderful, and say that but for beer they
could not get on, while now a disorderly occurrence is rare,
no matter how great the throng. The same thing may be
seen at the various races and in all such great assemblages
of people who gather for enjoyment, and under the old re-
gime were sure to become riotous.

CHAPTER VIII.

COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES OF BEER OVER DISTILLED
OR SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS.

The peculiar advantages of beer as a wholesome and re-
freshing beverage, as compared with either ardent spirits or
water have never been so clearly displayed as in the late
war between France and Germany — and it may with truth
be asserted, that it has triumphantly withstood the trial,
and fully maintained its reputation.

The German military surgeons, in their official report to
the Imperial medical board, bear witness to the superiority
of beer over wine. They not only state that the refreshing
quality of the carbonic acid gas contained in beer makes it
especially grateful to men fatigued by a long inarch, or ex-
hausted by a day's lighting, but lay still greater stress on
its usefulness in the hospital and ambulance, and say . that
when it could be obtained it was administered with great
success as a cordial, both to the wounded, and to convales-
cent soldiers placed for the time under their care. They
add the interesting fact, that throughout that campaign the
wounded invariably evinced a great longing for beer and
that when brought into hospital with shattered limbs or se-
vere cuts or gun-shot wounds, their first request was usu-
ally for a glass of beer. The same was true after severe
operations, and the drink was found to compose and fortify
their unstrung nerves. The natural inclination to beer as
a restorative was very conspicuous among the soldiers who
were on exposed outpost duty during the cold weather at

Beer During the Siege of Paris. 85

the time of the blockade and siege of Paris. The supply
was scanty, and common soldiers did not hesitate to pay
army followers a large price for a glass containing only a
few mouthfuls of beer. The report of the Director Gen-
eral of the medical staff of the Imperial army is in the same
tone, and concludes with a strong recommendation not only
to supply the soldiers with rations of beer instead of spirits
when employed on active duty, but also to introduce it as
the usual beverage of the army in time of peace and when
on home service.

Professor Moleschott, the distinguished physiologist, in
his work on the chemistry of food, treats of beer and makes
the following statements: "The weak alcoholic solution
called beer contains nearly the same proportion of albumen
as is found in fruits, some sugar and gum, and another con-
stituent which is composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxj'gen,
is soluble in water and is called the bitter principle of hops.
* * * Fermented liquors, particularly lager beer taken
in moderation, increase the secretion of the digestive juices
and promote the solution of the food, and further, a good
lager beer partakes of all the advantages of the alcoholic
beverages and at the same time quenches thirst by the large
amount of water it contains. Hence lager beer is particu-
larly adapted to satisfy the frequent thirst caused by phys-
ical exercise, and it is a laudable custom to refresh artisans
who have to work hard, with a glass of this beverage. Its
albumen, equal to that of fruit, even supplies a direct sub-
stitute for food."

To this we may add that a laborer who has repeatedly
experienced its invigorating property will by no means ad-
mit the truth of the assertion that a half-pound loaf of

86 Beer a Kestorative axd Tonic/

bread and a pint of water are more supporting than a pint
of beer. A glass of good beer may often be better than food
or phj'sic. We do not always want food and Ave seldom
need physic, but a glass of beer is often a useful refresh-
ment when the stomach is not prepared for the one and the
system has no need of the other. Excessive physical labor,
long endurance of hunger, or anything else which has a de-
bilitating influence, affects the appetite for solid food and
unfits the stomach for its reception. At such times .beer
has an excellent effect, both in affording some present re-
freshment and in preparing the system for more substantial
food — and no such advantage can be found in the use of
water, and nothing like an equivalent in that of ardent
spirits. Richmond Sheen, an eminent authority, says:
"That beer is nutritive and salubrious cannot be doubted.
It proves a refreshing drink and an agreeable and valuable
stimulus and support to those who have to undergo much
bodily fatigue."

In cases of mental depression too, a glass of beer has
often the same good effect as food after physical exhaustion.
On this point Professor T. K. Chambers of New York very
justly says : " It is certain that the habitual use of some stim-
ulant, particularly beer, bestows on a large class the ner-
vous energy necessary to digest food enough to exist upon
and get through other vital functions. By this stimulus
they are enabled to be useful members of societ}*- instead of
the mere drones they must become during the rest of their
existence under a total abstinence regime."

The records of disease and the bills of mortality in beer-
drinking countries show longer lives and a less percentage
of sickness than prevail where malt liquors are replaced by

Maine and Bavaria. 87

other beverages.* Not only is this true but the social con-
dition of the people is better in countries where beer is rec-
ognized and encouraged by government, and a very striking
illustration of this truth may be found through a compari-
son of the state of Maine and the kingdom of Bavaria, Ba-
varia is the most noted beer-drinking country on the globe
and Maine is distinctively known as the prohibitory state.
The forms of government are radically different and an
American naturally holds that the republican is superior to
the monarchical, i. <?., tends to promote the greater happiness
of the individual. Let us see what can be learned about
the matter, and first as to the terms of the comparison.

The advantages and disadvantages in the struggle for
existence are about equal in amount though naturally dif-
ferent in character. In Bavaria, society is old, habits
strong, the fetters of trade not easily broken, untilled
land scarce and the population dense. In Maine there is
abundance of new land, much timber yet unconsumed, no
limits on a choice of occupation, a new society and a sparse
population. The state has a climate that stimulates to in-
dustry and the men pride themselves on their strength and
energy. In Bavaria few receive aid from the state or. the
municipality; while in Maine, the records in this respect
are frightful. Maine has in addition all the advantages
that can be obtained by means of the most stringent prohib-
itory law ever devised, a law that, according to its advo-
cates, must tend to secure peace, prosperity and happiness.
Which of these countries should have most paupers, men

*The Germans are the healthiest class of New Yorkers. Statistics show
that the mortality among them is nearly 38 per cent, less than that of other
citizens, while their increase by hirths is larger, and the same is found to be
generally true of Germans all over this continent.

88 Pauperism and the use of Beeu.

who are unable to find their own living and are supported
at the cost of the state ? As a matter of fact the number
in Bavaria is very small while the record of Maine is bad
not merely in comparison with the old monarchy but as set
against that of the United States at large. The last census
shows one pauper to every 171.65 of the population of
Maine, while the pauper rate of the whole country was
only one in 502.47.

Again, the condition of Bavaria is such as favors emigra-
tion to a large extent, yet her population, in spite of it, in-
creased 4.5 per cent, during the last census decade while
that of Maine decreased .02 per cent, during the same time,
and Maine was the only state in the Union where a decrease
occurred. We have seen that in the original comparison
the pros and cons were pretty equally balanced. The dif-
ference is that Bavaria encourages the use of beer and
Maine prohibits it. It must not, however, be supposed that
the prohibitory law suppresses the sale of spirituous drinks.
On this point abundant evidence will be shortly presented,
and we need only say here that we know on the best au-
thority that " no one need go without his whisk}7 in Maine,
though a glass of beer is not to be had for love or money."
The reason is obvious, beer is bulky and difficult of con-
cealment while spirits can be easily hidden. In this connec-
tion notice that in the United States between 18G0 and
1870 the production of beer rose from something more than
a million barrels to over eight million and that during the
same time the pauper rate decreased from one in 879.09 to
one in 502 47, a striking and very significant fact which
may well be commended to the attention of our legislators
and others interested in the connection between the pro-

National Habits of Drinking. 89

verbial thrift of the German emigrant here and his indul-
gence in beer. The intellectual advance of the beer-drink-
ing countries is so notorious as to need no special comment
here.

At present a recapitulation of some characteristic national
habits in the matter of drinking, things well known to
every one who has given the subject attention, Avill serve
both as a further illustration of the superiority of beer over
other beverages and as a comment on what has been pre-
viously said of the modern history of beer-drinking in the
more important civilized countries of the world.

The Scotchman drinks his " mountain dew," a strong
whisky containing over 54 per cent, of alcohol, — and Scot-
land has long been noted for intemperance. The Rus-
sian grows sullen and sluggish over his vadka or kwass,
containing 52,68 per cent, of alcohol, and drunkenness and
crime follow as natural results. The volatile Italians and
Spaniards drink their mild wines as freely as their mothers'
milk and do not disgrace themselves or become a nuisance
to others by beastly intoxication. Frenchmen were for-
merly to be placed in the same category but recent debates
in the French Academy of medicine have developed the
fact that in parts of France and in some Swiss cantons
the powerful and seductive influence of brandy, absinthe
and schnapps has diminished the consumption of wine and
gone far to undermine the health and morals of the people.
The excitable Irishman drinks eagerly and rapidly his
strong whisky which contains more than 57 per cent, of
pure alcohol and rouses all his combative qualities so that
merry-making is almost sure to end in a fight, and trials of
strength or skill which begin in good feeling end with

90 Rev. Hexky Ward Beecher ox Beer.

broken heads and general tumult. The more sedate Ger-
man drinks slowly, with much smoke and animated conver-
sation, a beer which has only about four per cent, of alcohol.
He imbibes great quantities and may become merry or dull
according to the length of his potations, but he rarely if
ever fights. The Englishman drinks much in a solid mat-
ter-of-fact way, but is learning to substitute beer for a
great part of the stronger liquor he formerljr consumed and
becoming- temperate in the same ratio. The American Re-
public, though chiefly British in its origin and therefore in-
heriting a taste for strong liquors, has become by immigra-
tion truly cosmopolitan, and is on the high road to temper-
ance secured by a general use of fermented drinks. One
great obstacle in the way is the wonderful variety of " fan-
cy drinks," whose names catch the ear as surely as their
ingredients tickle the palate. They entice young and old,
seduce by their novelty or piquancy and carry man}7 thou-
sands on the straight road to drunkenness and its accompa-
nying moral and physical wreck. The practice of " treating "
is also very common and very injurious. It leads to a hasty
and immoderate consumption that has little or no regard to
the requirements of the individual and has by some been
considered the real foundation stone of a habit of intemper-
ance. The Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, in a recent address
before the Business Men's Society of Brooklyn, favored
" moderation in drinking and total abstinence from treat-
ing." He said he never drank beer until he was sixty
years old, after which time he became fond of it, and evi-
dently believed that its use is a means to temperance for
the people. There are mati3r who might say nearly the
same thing. We are learning to appreciate malt drinks and

Effects of Beer Drinking. 91

the tendency is unmistakable, although it must be admitted
that, on the whole, the disposition of the people is, as yet,
more nearly like that of the Celt than the Teuton.

Mr. W. A. Lawrence of Waterville, N. Y., in a paper
chiefly devoted to facts respecting the growth of hops, thus
speaks of the general question — beer versus whisky : " The
fact is that the quality of beer, as a light and lefreshing
drink, has been wonderfully improved within the past few
years. A bottle of beer to-day has but about half the
strength of the beer of twenty years ago, and half the
strength of ordinary wine and cider. The beer of to-day is
just what the American people want— a cool, mildly refresh-
ing, stimulating and palatable drink. Wine is too expen-
sive for a common drink. Cider is too sour and strong.
Whisky is not a drink at all but a drug, and you have to
itake water after it as you do after taking other drugs, and
it ought to be kept in a drug-store for sale and nowhere
else. But beer is not only .agreeable and refreshing and
cheap, but it is mild, and generally peaceful and good-
humored in its effects. It is true a man can get drunk on
it, but a man won't. A hog may, but most beer-drinkers
are not hogs, but hard-working men who know what they
want and what fills the bill, and if they wanted to get
drunk they would drink whisky and get a good deal bigger
drunk at less expense and in half the time.

" The great majority of the beer-drinkers in America are
these same hard-working men and women, who also drink
beer with their food as we all do our tea and coffee. But
in addition to these, who are mostly our German citizens,
there are thousands of men, old Americans, who have
learned to love beer, who will drink it as long as they live

92 Beeu veusus Whisky.

and will live the longer for drinking it. It is among the
native Americans that the demand for beer and hops is in-
creasing. The Germans always did drink for fifteen gen-
erations back, as much as they could hold, and in spite of
all the theories of our anti-beer, total abstinence friends,
the Germans in Germany and in this country seem to be
still above ground ; and so far as this country is concerned,
as myself, an American citizen, and the son of American
ancestry for five generations back, I wish to God we could
trade off about two millions of native American whisky-
drinkers now in the "solid South," for two millions of
hard-working Germans who would do their own work, and
drink their own beer, and keep clear of fights and strikes
and riots and greenback conventions, as they keep clear
of them here in the North to-day.

"Now everybody knows that whisky is full of the devil
and that beer is full of humor and good fellowship ; and it
can hardly fail to rejoice the heart of every good hop-
grower to find that in raising hops for beer he is incident-
ally engaged in the great "temperance movement" of lead-
ing men away from bad whisky to good beer. I know this
is not what the professional temperance lecturers say, but
what do I care what they say ? A temperance lecturer is
generally a retired whisky drinker and can see snakes in
everything, including beer. Or he is a clergyman and has
acquired the habit of talking with no one to contradict him
and hence is careless of his facts. Or he is a paid profes-
sional, and knows that if war is made on whisky alone,
whisky would soon be driven to the drug-store and no
more temperance lecturers needed or paid for. I do not
hesitate to affirm that I know more about beer by experi-

Making Beer Illegal. 93

ence and contact and study than the whole crowd of tem-
perance lecturers put together. They ' mean well ' to be
sure ; and so do I. The difference between us lies in the
fact that they don't know what they are talking about, and
I do, because I am personally familiar with something like
a thousand breweries in the United States and have pecul-
iar advantages for information.

" And I am sick and tired of sitting in churches built by
hops, whose clergymen's salaries are paid by hops, whose
congregations live by hops, and that is by beer at first or
second hand, and there listening to wholesale denunciations
of beer, and even to cold-blooded, cold-water propositions to
pass a general United States law making it illegal to manu-
facture beer anywhere in the country. One hop-grower
who paid out over two thousand dollars to the poor women
and children of one village last fall for picking hops, got
up and left a church where some of this anti-beer nonsense
was being aired, but as a general thing a man can talk
against beer in a hop church with as little restraint as a
missionary to Greenland feels in preaching hell-fire to his
shivering congregation. The brewer is far awa}r, and the
connection between hops and beer is kept carefully out of
sight. But to a carnal mind like mine it does seem a
mean trick for a hop-grower to send out a hop-dealer Avith
a flag of truce to the brewers and sell him hops in a
friendly way, and meanwhile the hop-grower is lying in
ambush behind a stack of hop-poles, ready as soon as his
hops are sold to blaze away at the brewer with a prohibi-
tion bullet or ballot. I believe there are very few hop-
growers who are capable of such meanness as this, but I do
believe there are a great many who do not realize the close

94 Exemies of Beer put to the Test.

connection between hops and beer, and to these I say re-
spectfully, as I did two years ago in a prominent hop
paper, ' If you believe beer is a bad thing, plow up your
hop-}Tards and put in corn and potatoes. It is true that
somebody may turn the corn and potatoes into whisky, but
that is not your fault. Corn and potatoes must be had for
food. But there is no such excuse as this in the case of
hops. The hops are raised on purpose for beer. Not one
bale in a hundred is used for 3-east or medicine. Therefore
you are the "outside man " of the brewery, and if beer is a
fraud you are a party to a fraud, and 3011 are not an honest
man. We believe that the making of beer is an honest and
praiseworthy occupation, no better and no worse than any
other branch of manufacturing goods that are wanted
either for use or pleasure.'

" When I say we, I mean the men who believe in a radi-
cal distinction between fermented liquors and distilled.
Such men as Rev. Dr. Howard Crosbj-, and Dr. William A.
Hammond, formerly medical director of the United States
army, and Dr. Willard Parker, the leading practicing phy-
sician of New York, and a most earnest Christian man. Dr.
Parker sa}'s in the Christian Union : ' Fermented liquor is
the work of God ; distilled liquor is the work of man or the
devil or both.' 'It is the still that does the harm. It is
the still that takes the alcohol out of its proper place in a
liquid where it is not ordinarily found in a larger propor-
tion than six or seven per cent., and where it rarely intoxi-
cates, and never if taken in moderate quantities, and con-
centrates it in a substance that is a deadly poison. Take
away the still and we should have peace and plenty on
earth. We could then leave the vinous liquors alone. I

Percentage of Alcohol in Wines. 95

would compromise with all my heart on that ground, and I
would go to work and preach just as old Solomon did :
Don't use too much.' If with such men as Crosby and
Hammond and Parker you believe beer should be distin-
guished from whisky, then go and raise your hops ; pick
them clean and get clean money. Take your glass of beer
like an honest man when j'ou feel it will do you good.
Let it alone like an honest man when you think it will do
you harm, just as you would a cup of coffee when you were
bilious. Sign no pledges, nor encourage your children to
sign them, except those against distilled liquors. Encour-
age no temperance movement that does not move in the
right direction — against whisky and in favor of beer as a
temperance drink ; a drink that is killing out whisky faster
than whisky killed Ireland, a drink that will build up the
American constitution as it has built up the German."

We append tables showing the percentage of alcohol in a
great variety of wines, spirits, malt and fermented liquors,
according to analyses made by Brande, Gerhardt, Liebig,
Prof. A. B. Prescott, Dr. Andrew Ure, William Ripley
Nichols, professor at the Technological Institute of Massa-
chusetts, and other chemists of well known reputation.

PORTUGUESE WINES.

Port contains 14.27 to 25,83 per cent, of alcohol.

Bucella " 18.49 " " " "

SPAXISII WINES.

Sherry contains 13. 9S to 23. SG per cent, of alcohol.

Malaga " 17. 2G to 18.91 " " « "

MADEIRA AND CANARY ISLANDS.

Madeira contains 14.9 to 24.42 per cent, of alcohol.

Malmsey " 12.S6 to 1G.40 " " " "

96

Percentage of Alcohol in Wines.

Claret

Claret Chateau Latour

Claret Vin Ordinaire

Champagne

Burgundy

Hermitage

Sauterne

Frontignac

Marsala

Lacryma Christi
Falernian

Cape Madeira

Constantia

Muscat

Sheraaz

FRENCH WINES.

contains 12.91 to 17.11 per cent, of alcohol.

7.78 " " " "

8.99 " " " "

" 11.30 to 13.80 " " " «

" 12.10 to 10.00 " " « «

" 12.32 to 17.43 " " " "

« 14.22 " " " "

" 12.79 " " " "

ITALIAN WINES.

contains 18.20 to 20.03 per cent, of alcohol.
" 19.70 " " " «

" 18.99 " " " "

CAPE WINES.

contains 18.11 to 22.94 per cent, of alcohol.
" 14.50 to 19.75 " " " "
" 18.25 " " " "

PERSIAN WINE.

contains 12.95 to 19.80 per cent, of alcohol.

BRITISH WINES, CIDER, ETC

Grape

contains

18.11

per

cent.

of alcohol.

Raisin

it

23 30 to 20.40

a

a

«

a

Currant

(i

20.55

«

a

n

it

Gooseberry

«

11.84

u

a

tt

it

Orange

«

11.20

u

a

a

it

Elder

u

8.79

u

a

a

it

Mead

((

7.32

a

u

u

tt

Cider

u

5.21 to 9.87

((

u

ti

tt

Perry

tt

7.20

«

u

tt

it

HUNGARIAN WINES.

Tokay

contains

9.S8

per

cent.

of alcohol.

Red Wine

a

13.20 to 19.04

<(

a

(i

a

White Wine

«

12.10 to 12.10

a

<(

it

it

Alcohol in Wines, Spirits and Beers.

97

GERMAN WINES.

Hochheimer contains 8.88 to 14.37 per cent, of alcohol.

Johannisberger " 8.71 " " " "

Riidesheimer " 6.90 to 12.22 " " " "

Rhenish Wine " 7.00 to 7.58 " " " "

OHIO WINES,

According to analyses received from Messrs. Parisette Bro's, N. Y.,
and made five times within
six months, contain 6.11 to 11.30 per cent, of alcohol.

CALIFORNIA WINES.

White and Red, dry, contains 8.40 to 12.90 per cent, of alcohol.
Sweet Wines " 6.20 to 13.80 " " " "

SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS.

contains 53.90
54.52
53.80
53.40
53.68
53.70

Irish Whisky

Scotch Whisky

Holland Gin

French Brandy

St. Croix Rum

Batavian Arrack

Russian Vadka or Kwass " 52.68

Ordinary American Whisky

contains 52.00

Bourbon Whisky contains 51.00

Whisky with much foreign mat-
ter contains 44.50

per cent, of alcohol.

Ale — Burton
" Edinburgh
" London
Brown Stout
London Porter
London Small Beer
Edinburgh Beer

13

ENGLISH MALT LIQUORS

contains 8.88

" 6.22 "

6.20 "

6.80 "
4.80

2.56 "
5.36 to 7.35 "

per cent, of alcohol.

98 Analyses of Beers.

german beer.

Bavarian Augustiner contains 3.40 to 6.80 per cent, of alcohol.

Salvator " 4.02 to 4.20 " " " «

Vienna " 4.20 to 5.60 " " " "

Berlin Tivoli " 4.60 " " " "

Berlin Tivoli Export " 5.40 " " " "

Copenhagen " 5.04 " " " "

AMERICAN MALT LIQUORS AND CIDER.

New York Porter contains 6.20 to 8.40 per cent, of alcohol.

New York Ale " 5.40 to 6.90 " " "

Albany Ale " 5.40 to 6.20 " " « "

Lager Beer " 3.06 to 6.50 " " " "

American Cider " 5.80 to 11.60 " « "

Two analyses of beer brewed in the celebrated Brauerei
Koenigstadt, of Berlin, were found to give the following
results :

Alcohol 4.501 per cent, by weight.

Saccharine 1.893 " " " "

Dextrine 0.861 " " " «

Albuminoids 0.630 " " " "

Hop-bitter, extractive and saline matter 2.296 " " " "

Acid 0 005 " " " "
Unfermented extract 5.680 per cent.

The second analysis was of dark colored beer, and was
as follows :

Alcohol 4.250 per cent, by weight.

Saccharine 1.950 " " " "

Dextrine 1.053 " " " "

Albuminoids 0.621 " " « "

Hop-bitter, extractive and saline matter 3.386 " " " "

Acids 0.005 " " " "
Unfermented extract 7.010 per cent.

Analyses of Lager Beer and Ales.

99

Good lager beer properly brewed and fermented, and
stored for some time, should contain in one hundred parts,
90 water, 5.6 malt extract, 3.50 alcohol, and the remainder
carbonic acid.

The following analyses show more particularly the per-
centage of extract and of alcohol contained in the best
known varieties of lager beer of this country :

EXTRACT.

ALCOHOL.

New York,

3.6 per

cent.

4.8 per cent

a a

3.7

<

a

44 '

t a

it a

4.2

i

a

5.3 '

i a

Staten Island,

3.2 '

i

a

5.9 <

i u

Milwaukee,

4.3

<

n

5.6 <

i it

Newark,

4.2

<

ti

5.6 <

t u

Philadelphia,

4.2

<

it

6.0 '

t a

Chicago,

3.9

(

it

5.2 <

t a

Cincinnati.

3.4

n

a

5.5 '

t it

Boston,

3.6

t

tt

5.6 to 6.0 '

i it

Hartford,

3.6

it

a

4.9 '

i a

A similar table made after results obtained by C. F.
Chandler and embracing several kinds of ales and lager
beers reads as follows :

Allsop's Burton Ale
Bass's Ale
Edinburgh Ale
Guinness Stout
Munich Lager Beer
Munich Schenck Beer
Munich Bock Beer
New York Lager Beer

Percentage.

Contents Per Imperial
Pint.

alcohol.

EXTRACT.

OUNCES OF

OUNCES OF

ALCOHOL.

EXTRACT.

8.25

13.32

2.16

2.77

8.41

11.75

2.18

2.42

4.41

3 58

112

.72

6.81

6.17

1.74

1.25

4.70

6.10

1.19

1.22

3.90

5.07

1.00

1.16

4.60

9.02

1.17

1.90

5.86

4.32

1.48

.88

100 The Alcohol Consumed in Beek and Spirits.

In this table the term extract includes all the substances
left when the alcohol and water are removed by evaporation.

In view of the figures above given and of the fact that
the lighter beers form the bulk of the malt liquor consumed
in the country, we are safe in assuming an average alco-
holic strength of not more than hh per cent, for the total
product. This product we have already seen to be 9,473,-
361 barrels, which, on the basis just assumed, yields 521,-
034 barrels or 16,673,088 gallons of alcohol. Now accord-
ing to statistics from the department at Washington the
consumption of native spirits was in 1878 over 70,000,000
gallons containing about 37,000,000 gallons of alcohol.
The cost of the native and foreign ardent spirits, wines and
liquors used in one year reaches $500,000,000, and it is
among the drinkers of spirits that we find most of the pau-
perism and crime of the country. Those who drink beer
use something that as far as alcohol is concerned is more
expensive than distilled liquors and yet spend less than
|!120,000,000, as against the $500,000,000 above men-
tioned. It should be noticed that while rum, gin, brandy,
whisky, etc., contain over 50 per cent, of alcohol, ales
never reach nine per cent., and lager beer seldom reaches
six per cent, and is often below four.

An examination of these tables taken in connection with
the other facts mentioned should be sufficient to give a
general idea of the nature and extent of the claims to be
made in favor of beer as a common beverage. Others will
come to light in the course of our discussion, and particu-
larly in the chapter entitled, "What Authorities Say," in
which are embodied the conclusions of some of the most
noted scientific investigators of our time.

CHAPTER IX.

BEER BREWING A BENEFIT TO FARMERS.

Thus far we have been chiefly occupied with the sanitary
and social advantages that attend the general use of beer
in a community, but there is another phase of the question
that is worth careful attention. Barley and hops are the
foundation of beer and we propose to show in this chapter
some of the benefits that attend their cultivation for brew-
ing purposes and which are by no means confined to the
cash price received from the brewer. They can be raised
to good advantage when there is no such home consump-
tion, but the real possibilities of these crops are only at-
tained when there are breweries near at hand. How this
is true will be understood after an examination of the fol-
lowing statistics.

The cultivation of hops is in itself a more important
industry than is generally supposed, but for the purpose of
this chapter it is of so much less consequence than that of
bailey that it maj^ be dismissed in very few words. A few
years ago our own production was not sufficient to supply
the brewers, and in 1872 we paid in round numbers
$785,525.00 to foreign growers. The next year the import
was $1,310,627.00 and in 1874 reached $1,303,686.00.
Since that time the tide has turned and each of the past
four years has shown an export to a considerable amount,
the figures taken in the order of the years being as follows :
1875, $1,286,500.00; 1876, $1,348,521.00; 1877, $2,305,-
355.00; 1878,12,152,873.00. The yearly consumption in

102 Profits of Barley Culture.

this country is about 30,000,000 pounds, which after having
served their purpose in the brewery, furnish an excellent
manure, especially for potatoes.

According to the last report of the United States Com-
missioner of Agriculture, there were in 1877, no less than
1,614,654 acres under cultivation with barley, and the
product was 34,441,400 bushels at an average value of 70
cents a bushel, making a total value of $24,028,644.00 for
the crop. The average yield to the acre was 21.3 bushels,
and the average value to the acre $14.91, as against $10.72
for hay, $9.54 for corn, $9.25 for oats, $8.87 for rye and
$15.08 for wheat. Only three crops, potatoes, tobacco and
wheat yielded a higher value to the acre, and only six,
wheat, corn, potatoes, oats, hay and cotton had a greater
total value. Again, the northern latitudes produce the
best barley and accordingly we find that in the six Eastern
States, the average value to the bushel was a little over 78
cents. In these states the number of acres under cultiva-
tion was only 51,065, the product 986,900 bushels, the
average value to the acre $15.11, being more than that of
any other crop except potatoes. Notwithstanding all this,
we do not even now raise enough for home consumption.
The import of barley in 1877 was no less than 10,285,957
bushels at a value of $7,887,886.00 on which a duty of 20
cents per bushel was paid by the consumer, in addition to
charges for freight! and commission, all of which could and
should have been saved to our people. Nearly eight million
dollars is too large a sum to neglect when it lies at our very
hand.

We have said that high latitudes are favorable to barley.
It is chiefly grown in the northern tier of states and in

ISRAEL PUTNAM,

The great A merican General, Brewer and Tavern Keeftr

at Brooklyn, Conn. (1718-1790.)

See Page 27.

Value of Sprouts and Grains as Fodder. 103

Canada, and a state like Maine for instance would find im-
mense advantage in an enlarged production of this crop
even under existing conditions. But suppose the restric-
tion on brewing were removed, that instead of being
crushed out by local law it were encouraged and fostered.
It is not easy to compute the material assistance such a
course would be to the farming community and the state
at large, and yet the direct gain would be small in compari-
son with the incidental advantages. For the proper illus-
tration of this point we must ask the reader to follow and
keep in mind two separate series of facts which we are
about to present. The first statistical and relating to the
" refuse " of brewing establishments, and the second
general.

The breweries of the United States use annually about
30,000,000 bushels of malt, which yields, according to A.
Schwarz of New York, 2£ per cent, or 750,000 bushels of
" sprouts." Now in estimating the comparative value of
different kinds of fodder according to the albumen con-
tained it is usual to take hay as the basis of comparison.
Air-dried meadow hay contains 7 per cent, of albumen.
" Sprouts " contain from 24 to 30 per cent., so that a hun-
dred bushels of sprouts, weighing 1,200 pounds, are equal
in value to 4,628 pounds of hay, and the annual product of
sprouts as above stated to 34,710,000 pounds of hay. This
same 30,000,000 bushels of malt yields at least 35,000,000
bushels of "grains," having a weight of 1,520,000,000
pounds, and from 4 to 5 per cent, of albumen. Taking 4£
per cent, as the average, 100 pounds of grains have the
same nutritive value as 64 pounds of hay and the value of
the product reaches that of 973,241,000 pounds of hay. It

104 Specialties in New England Fakming.

is a proved fact that cattle fed on grains give better milk
than when any other fodder is used and this fact is spe-
cially appreciated in New York and New Jersey, where the
grains and sprouts are largely used with most excellent re-
sults. These products must by no means be confounded
with the " slops " from distilleries, which is utterly differ-
ent in character — as indeed every product of the still seems
to be tainted with some portion of the curse that has always
clung to spirituous liquors.

The second and general consideration is this: The past
agricultural history of New England shows a succession of
specialties, each running its course until the advent of
another which existing circumstances made more profit-
able. The first was grain (except barle}7), then came
wool, and then potatoes, while the last and most promising
is dairy farming. It is yet in its infancy but it is already
important. One thing is sure, that farming on the old-
fashioned plan has seen its day in New England. The
natural advantages of the West enable it to raise and de-
liver many crops cheaper than they can be grown in the
older part of the country, and under the influence of this
competition Eastern farmers have grown poorer and
poorer unless they have taken up a specialty or possessed
some unusual natural advantages. We submit that the
combination of dairy farming with the growth of barley
will, even under the existing laws, prove very remunera-
tive. The facts already adduced point directly to this con-
clusion. The figures show that barley is a profitable crop
and that northern New England is well adapted to its
growth. Moreover it thrives on a comparatively poor soil
while most of the other natural products that rank high in

Barlev Culture and Daiky Farming. 105

value involve a large expense for manure, and in many
cases a great deal of hand labor. Dairy farms are known to
pay well. What then will be the result of combining the
two industries as above indicated on terms favorable to
both? But this can only be successfully done by the estab-
lishment of breweries, and sooner or later the people will
understand all these facts and act accordingly. Remove the
laws that now make brewing impossible, and a new industry
will spring up as if by magic — we might well say three new
industries — for barley culture and dairies will grow to keep
pace with the demands and the grants of brewing. For it
must be remembered' that brewing is not like some other
forms of manufacture. What il takes with one hand it gives
with the other. It receives the farmer's grain and pays
him a good price ; it gives him valuable fodder and manure
for a sum that is small in proportion to the benefit con-
ferred. It helps put in motion the wheels of another sep-
arate business, the manufacture of cheese and butter, and
it is again the agricultural community who profit by the
development.

Living in an age of progress we must recognize the fact
and adapt ourselves to it or we shall inevitably fall behind,
and we do not believe that the men of New England will long
close their eyes to the advantages offered by such a course as
has been indicated. The change must come, and sooner or
later, a part of the change must be the resolute and successful
demand for a repeal of the laws that choke industry. Maine
men in especial have everything to gain. Their business is
stagnant, their population decreasing, poverty staring them
in the face and enforced idleness eating like a canker into
their very nature. They have it in their power to change all

106 The Sugar Beet in Maine.

this, to become rich, revive trade, make the state famous for
progressive energy, and banish the intemperance that now
accompanies and aggravates all their other ills and is accom-
panied by the other corrupting evils that, as experience shows,
always spring up in the shadow of a prohibitory law. The
matter well deserves more space than we can give, but we
have presented the leading facts and must leave them for
the examination and mature reflection of all who are inter-
ested. Great things have been expected of beet-root cul-
ture in Maine and other states, and we cannot close this
chapter without a word in reference to this topic. The
Commissioner of Agriculture, in the prefatory remarks to
his last Report, says : " The effort to produce a sugar beet,
and the belief and expectation of many that the beet
would be made to yield in this country as in Germany and
France, of good quality, in sufficient abundance, and at a
sufficiently low cost, to make it pay has not been realized
— although no pains and money have been spared to insure
success." The difficulty is that the sugar beet will not
thrive on poor or exhausted soil, unless it is heavily ma-
nured. Such has been the constant experience in those
places where the experiment has received most attention,
viz., Chatsworth, 111., Sauk county, Wis., and some parts
of the state of Maine.* New England is unfit for beet-root
culture, partly hy nature and partly by the exhaustion of
the soil, while on the other hand it is as we have said emi-
nently adapted to barley. Even had the expectations of
the more reasonable part of the beet-growers of Maine been

*The state of Maine is assisting the experiment with beet-root by granting
a premium of one cent a pound on all beet-root sugar produced in the state,
but even with this help the industry has failed to establish itself to any consid-
erable extent.

Thrift Follows Industry and Temperance. 107

realized, the material advantages to the people would not
have compared with those to be attained by the encourage-
ment of breweries, the growth of barley and hops and the
establishment of dairies. All these things go together and
stimulate other branches of industry. There will be more
demand for other crops, particularly hay and oats, and for
lumber for vats, barrels, tubs and building purposes. A
busy temperate people must thrive and we have shown what
will make them busy and temperate.

CHAPTER X.

PROHIBITORY LAWS AND THEIR EFFECTS.

We have now reached a point at which we may properly
recur to a topic already suggested and inquire a little more
carefully into the actual working of the prohibitory laws.
On this head we shall confine ourselves chiefly to the testi-
monj' of men who have made the matter a thorough study,
and that not at a distance, but in the very midst of the op-
eration of such laws, and as Maine is the state which led
the way in the prohibitory movement and has since fol-
lowed that course with most persistency, it is proper that it
should occupy most of our attention during the inquiry.

Not long ago a number of the most prominent men of
the state, men of different political parties, wholly above
reproach, and especially fitted by official position or private
observation to form a just opinion in the premises, became
so well convinced of the evils of the present system, and its
detrimental effect on the people, as to unite in an effort for
its amendment. Their movement took form in the pre-
sentation by Mr. Fox of Portland, a lawyer of high reputa-
tion and a member of the Legislature, of the following
proposed Act :

" State of Maine, 1879.

"An Act in relation to Cider, Native Wines, Ale, Porter, Lager

Beer and Malt Liquors.

"Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in.
Legislature assembled, as follows :

Proposed Amendment to Maine Law. 109

" Cider, Native "Wine, Ale, Porter, Lager Beer and other Malt
Liquors, when pure and unadulterated, shall not be considered
intoxicating liquors within the meaning of the laws of this
State."

The bill was referred to the Committee on Temperance
and able arguments in its favor were made by Gen. Gor-
ham, L. Boynton, Hon. Nathan Webb and C. G. Yeaton,
all men highly respected by the people of the state, of the
strictest integrity, and with no inducement to make other
than an impartial statement. Three gentlemen who have
successively held the office of county attorney of Cumber-
land county for about fifteen years past and who are all
Republicans, have unanimously testified against the pres-
ent prohibition law. They are Gen. Chas. T. Matlock, C.
F. Libby, Esq., and Nathan Webb. Similar views are
held by such men as Gen. W. S. Tilton of Logan Springs,
Judge Goddard, postmaster of Portland, M. P. Frank of
Portland, Speaker of the House, Dr. Edw. Dana and many
other influential citizens. No party, however, was willing
to go to the people on this issue and the bill failed to pass,
although there is good reason to hope that when the next
attempt is made some who have previously upheld the
present law will have learned to take a different view.
Much new light is constantly thrown on the influence of
the present statute, and can hardly fail to produce an ade-
quate effect. A minority report of the committee was pre-
sented and contains so much of interest and importance
that we cannot do better than to reproduce it in these
pages. Its statements are those of men who understand
the subject of which they treat and are worth a careful
reading.

110 Prohibitory Law in Maine.

report of the committee on temperance, of the

FIFTY-EIGHTH LEGISLATURE OF MAINE, 1879.

" The Committee on Temperance have listened to the
able and exhaustive arguments presented on both sides of
the matter in hearing, and the minority of said committee
respectfully present their views in dissent from the report
of the majority. The law regulating the sale of intoxicating
liquors, commonly known as the prohibitory liquor law has
had a trial of more than a quarter of a centuiy. Its severity
has no parallel in the laws of any other civilized country.
Although enforced with all the power of the state, court
records show that the number of prosecutions and convic-
tions is increasing, at great expense to the tax payers.
Country towns pay their share for the enforcement of this
law in cities without corresponding benefit to themselves.
The cost of its execution is a burden on an over-taxed
people. A detailed statement which is hereto annexed
shows the cost for officers to enforce the law."

The details are here omitted but " the total reaches the
enormous amount of $220,000. The records of the Insane
Hospital show a gradual increase of patients caused by ex-
cessive use of intoxicating liquors. At the present time
that institution has nearly double the number of inmates
from that cause alone, which it had when the present pro-
hibitory law was enacted. While the law, with singular
inconsistency, does not recognize pure and beneficial kinds
of intoxicating liquors as property when intended for sale
by other than city or town agencies, and makes no distinc-
tion between the sale of adulterated liquors and pure
liquors, it authorizes their indiscriminate sale in numerous
city and town agencies. Liquor-drinking is not done

Prohibitory Law in Maine. Ill

openly to so great an extent but the consumption is as
large. It is notorious that quantities of strong liquors have
for years been transported into the state from the Prov-
inces, and especially from Massachusetts, which has
drained us of millions of dollars which might have been
kept at home under liberal laws. Liquor runners from
New York and Boston penetrate every nook and corner of
our state to rob our people and eat out their substance.
Liquors are also imported in bond, and under the protection
of the Federal Government they cannot be seized in bulk.
They are consumed in families and in club-rooms which have
been organized in large towns and cities, under that most
dangerous guise of social drinking. The liquor agencies
authorized by law have vended in some years more than a
hundred thousand dollars worth of liquors for medicinal,
mechanical and manufacturing purposes only, as is sup-
posed. We consider these liquor agencies as leeches upon
the people. The question is whether a law, the severity of
which is without example, having failed to accomplish the
ends for which it was designed, according to experience
and the testimony of officials serving under it, who with
singular unanimity give their verdict against it, ought to be
so amended that cider, native wines, ale, porter and par-
ticularly lager beer, shall not be considered within the
meaning of the statute.

" History shows that every nation has its peculiar stimu-
lants in stronger or milder forms. Men crave stimulant.
It is an undeniable fact, both in the light of history and ex-
perience, that in countries like Germany, France, etc.,
whose climate is not unlike ours, drunkenness is known
scarcely more than the strong liquors which cause it.

112 Prohibitory Law in Maine.

Cheap light wines and nutritious malt beverages supersede
strong drink. Everybody uses them at his meals and as a
common beverage. The people of those countries are
among the healthiest, happiest, most prosperous and tem-
perate on the face of the globe. We appeal to the wisdom
of this Legislature and the consideration of the people
whether it would not promote the cause of temperance and
the material welfare of our state to give the amendment
proposed a fair trial. It would tend to promote harmony
by removing an irritating and festering sore from our pol-
itics. Good citizens without distinctions of party view
with alarm the inroads that this law in its operation is
working upon our social and material interest, driving
away business, depreciating real estate, shackling enter-
prise, cheating labor, increasing taxes, educating intoler-
ance and hypocrisy, influencing elections and encouraging
bribery and perjury and the clandestine compounding, sale
and use of poisonous liquors."

Darius H. Ingeaham of Portland.
Gorram L. Boynton of Bangor.
F. B. Fa rrel of Van Buren.
Arthur Moore of Machiasport.

This is the statement of men whose characters stand so
high as to give great weight to their opinion and leave
nothing to be objected to their statement of fact.

Again, Governor Garcelon is not a man to make hasty
or unfounded statements in an important matter and he
has been for many years an eminent physician of large
practice and a close observer of the habits of the people.
But read this summary of an address delivered by him be-

Gov. Garcelon on Forms of Intemperance. 113

fore the Maine temperance convention : " He called atten-
tion to various kinds of intemperance, which have gen-
erally escaped the notice of reformers in that state. He
spoke of the use of tobacco as an increasing evil, especially
among the young, and said that in addition to chewing and
smoking, snuff-dipping was becoming prevalent, a fact of
which many are ignorant and which excites surprise. The
use of opiates, Governor Garcelon remarked, had increased
to an alarming extent. Many a man, he said, had ap-
peared upon the stand advocating temperance, who had in
his pocket a bottle of laudanum or black drops, which pave
the way to an early grave. The ladies carry chloroform
and ether to moisten the handkerchief with which to allay
nervous excitement. As a practicing physician and ob-
server of human nature, he placed all these forms of intem-
perance in the same category with the intemperate use of
spirituous liquors, all of which demand correction. Is the
change from the intoxicating liquors to opium an improve-
ment? Governor Garcelon has, undoubtedly, done the
people a timely service by directing attention to this and
other evils, and if followed up it will be found that the
' Maine Law ' has not been the grand instrument of re-
form which it is claimed to be."

At a convention held at Bangor, Me., July 1, 1879, a
resolution in favor of local option was presented by Mr.
Charles F. Swett, a considerable part of whose speech is
here reproduced, as it deals in facts of great importance to
the present discussion :

"In supporting this measure, I wish to distinctly define
my position. I am a practical temperance man ; a total
abstainer. I have belonged, and do now belong, to every

15

114 Cost of the Prohibitory Law in Maixe.

temperance organization in the state of Maine, except the
Reform Club. I have had much experience in endeavor-
ing to ' reclaim the fallen and save others from falling,'
and I therefore claim to be as conversant with the practical
workings of our prohibitory law as any man in this hall,
and I declare, from my experience, that that law, so far as
it contributes to lessening the evils of intemperance, is a
complete failure, and a costly one to the people of this
state. * * * In Cumberland county there are
four deputy sheriffs, whose business it is to enforce the
liquor law. These men get from $7,000 to $9,000 per
year for their services. Of course they never reform a
drunkard, but they can afford to contribute $3,000 a year
towards the campaign fund — and they do — and the people
furnish the money. Every liquor-seller thrown into jail for
sixty clays pays the high sheriff a profit of $1.50 per week.
When there is an average of say fifty of these cases his
profits will be $1,000 per year, from this source alone.
The people furnish the money, and the sheriff ' comes
down handsomely ' for the campaign fund. True, there
are no men reformed, but the party gets the ' sinews of
war.' And so it is all over the state.

" The cost of the execution of the prohibitory law is a
burden upon our over-taxed people. The report of the
temperance committee of our last Legislature showed that
although the ' law was enforced with all the power of the
state,' court records prove that the number of prosecutions
is annually increasing, at great expense to the tax-payers.
From June 1, 1877, to June 1, 1878, the cost of enforcing
the prohibitory law, in Cumberland county alone, reached
$28,000. In the same ratio, applied to the population of

Crime Under Prohibitory Law in Maine. 115

the whole state, the cost reaches the enormous sum of
$220,000, annually. But we would not complain of the
expenditure even of this vast sum if the results were, in
any degree satisfactory. But they are not. The advo-
cates of the Maine law make bold claims, but their claims
are not substantiated by the facts. Outside of Maine, and
even in the back towns of this state, remote from the cit-
ies, people are given to understand that liquor is not sold
in Maine, and therefore there is less crime here than for-
merly. Neal Dow says, ' We have little crime here
because we have banished its cause.' Let us look at the
facts. In 1851, there were 87 convicts in the state prison.
We had then a population of 584,000, while to-day it is
probably 625,000. Last year's state prison report shows
the number of convicts to be 206, while 69 more were
serving in jail work-shops. So the number of convicts has
increased, under the 'prohibitory law, over threefold, while
our population has remained comparatively the same. Does
that speak well for prohibition ? Now, take the city of
Portland. In 1856, there were 650 arrests for drunken-
ness, in a population of 27,000. In 1876, twenty years
later, with a population of about 30,000, there were 1800
arrests for drunkenness, and in no year of the last eight
has the list fallen below 1,200. And this under a vigorous
enforcement of the prohibitory law. Does that speak well
for prohibition ? During last week, over 200 barrels of
liquor were brought into Portland, by the various railroads
and steamboats, for home consumption. Does that speak
well for prohibition ?

The secret drinking in club-rooms in Portland is three-
fold that which formerly took place at open bars, while the

116 Club-rooms and Groggeries.

traffic outside has been driven into worse and worse hands
every year, until it has, with a few exceptions, been taken
away from respectable men, whose interest it would be to
conduct it with some show of decency, and given into the
undivided management and control of the low and criminal,
so that while ' the law is enforced with all the power of
the state,' the upper classes get drunk at the club-rooms,
and the lower classes get drunk at the shops in the slums.
Does that speak well for prohibition ? The vilest liquors
possible to make are manufactured for the market in this
state, and even our state liquor agent could not, or did not,
keep pure liquors even for medicinal purposes.

" Private club-rooms have multiplied in Portland, under
the operation of the prohibitory law, (there being over 80
in that city at the present time,) and our young men just
starting out in life are exposed to all the dangers of the
drunkard's life, and no law can stop them. In these club-
rooms, boys who would never go to saloons to get drunk,
who would never learn to gamble were it not for their
club-room temptations, who would, in short, grow up hon-
est and respected citizens, are being ruined every day.
This evil ought to be remedied by prompt and decisive
action. Fathers who love their sons ; mothers who pray
for their boys ; sisters who mourn over their disgraced
brothers ; wives who weep over the wreck of what
were once good men and true husbands ; citizens who
care for the good name and prosperity of their commu-
nities, ought to labor to shut these accursed gates of hell I
Let us commence the good work by striving to repeal
the prohibitory law, which is a positive detriment to the
cause of temperance, an incubus upon the mercantile

Mass. Board of Health in Favor of Beer. 117

interests of Maine, and a curse to the young men of our
cities."

In Massachusetts we have very important testimony to
the same effect, a part of which is very ably and carefully
summarized in an article which we insert here, retaining
for convenience a portion at the beginning which might
equally well be placed under a different heading :

" The state Board of Health of Massachusetts, in the
Tenth Annual Report, published in January, 1879, say, un-
der the head of 'Intemperance': 'A more severe public
judgment of drunkenness, in recent times, has undoubtedly
tended to very much decrease its prevalence ; and it is
generally believed that light German beer is used more
and more each year, at least in our state, to the exclusion
of stronger liquors - a change which it is of course desirable
to hasten by legislation, so far as that can be done, either by
removal of restrictions on the sale of mild liquors, and heavily
taxing the stronger spirits, or by any other just and proper
means.'' This is the reiterated public expression of men to
whom the state of Massachusetts has committed the gen-
eral care for the health of her people. For the former
public utterance of this opinion the chairman of the Board,
for years past, has been most bitterly assailed hy prohibi-
tionists ; but, undaunted by these intemperate and abusive
attacks, the state Board of Health confirm the statement of
their honest conviction by repeating the same, and embody-
ing it in an important public document.

" In harmony with this public expression of opinion by
the state Board of Health, appears the action of the Com-
mittee on License of the Board of Aldermen of the city of
Boston. In their report of September, 1878, to the City

118 Proposed Sale of Beer Without License.

Council, this committee say : ' It may be objected that the
committee have been too liberal in their recommendations
of the issue of licenses, but their experience has con-
vinced them that the " lunch rooms," established chiefly
for the sale of lager beer and edible refreshments, ought to
be regarded as victualing saloons, even if facilities are not
maintained for regular meals, and no cooking is done on
the premises. The committee feel satisfied that the con-
sumption of lager beer, now so general, tends, in fact, to
exclude from sale and use more ardent spirits, and thereby
diminishes crime and pauperism. It is well known that in
the old countries, where beer and light wines are accessible,
without restraint, at a small expense, and are freely used
by all classes of people, cases of intoxication are very rare.
The committee are confident that drunkenness, and conse-
quently pauperism and crime, will be diminished in this
state, if no restrictions were placed on the sale of lager
beer, for it then could be provided at such a low price as
to effectually supersede the use of strong liquors. They
therefore submit for the consideration of the City Council
the following order :

" ' Ordered, That his Honor the Mayor be requested to
petition the next Legislature for such amendment of chap-
tar 99 of the statutes of 1875 as will allow the sale of cider
and lager beer without any license being required there-
for.'

" It must be admitted, that in the state of Massachusetts,
the liquor question has been as fully discussed, and the
various legal expedients connected therewith have had as
fair and full a trial as in any other state in the Union. It
may therefore be claimed, without presumption, that to the

Prohibition and License Compared. 119

results there attained, and the opinions there formed, when
coming from official and authentic sources, the careful con-
sideration of other state governments should be given.
Acting from this view, we draw the attention of the reader
to a very instructive report of the results of an investiga-
tion relative to drunkenness and liquor-selling under pro-
hibition and license legislation contained in the Tenth
Annual Report of the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of
Labor, issued as a public document in January, 1879. This
investigation was undertaken at the special request of Gov-
ernor Rice, whose object was to place on record a state-
ment, as a basis for an intelligent consideration of the
question, of as reliable a character as could be secured by
impartial statistics. These statistics are drawn from offi-
cial sources, and, as far as the figures are concerned, are
thoroughly reliable.

" The years 1874 and 1877 were selected for comparison,
because 1874 represented the last full year under the oper-
ation of the prohibitory law, and 1877 the last full year
under the license law. The advantages resulting from this
selection of years, if any, are on the side of the prohibitory
law, because that law, in 1874, had been in operation for
a number of years, while the license law, in 1877, had only
been in force a j'ear and a half.

" Four circulars were prepared and addressed by the
chief of the state Bureau of Statistics and Labor to town
clerks, city clerks, chiefs of police, to standing justices,
clerks of district, municipal and police courts, and trial jus-
tices. These circulars solicited information regarding the
sales of liquor, prosecutions therefor, and arrests and con-
victions for drunkenness for the prohibitory year 1874 and

120 Police Eeturns in Massachusetts.

the license year 1877. The completeness of the investiga-
tion may be seen from the following statement :

" Circular ' A ' was sent to 325 Town Clerks ; 322 an-
swered.

" Circular ' B ' was sent to 19 City Clerks ; 19 an-
swered.

" Circular ' C ' was sent to 19 Chiefs of Police ; 19 an-
swered.

" Circular ' D ' was sent to 132 Court and Trial Jus-
tices ; 130 answered.

" This is a total of 490 returns of 495 circulars of in-
quiry sent out. There can be no question that the investi-
gation was exhaustive, for the few towns which did not
answer are unimportant places. From the information
thus obtained and tabulated in detail in the Report, the fol-
lowing totals are derived :

ARRESTS FOR DRUNKENNESS.

Under the prohibitory law, 1874, , 28,044

Under the license law, 1877, 20,657

CONVICTIONS FOR DRUNKENNESS.

Under the prohibitory law, 1874, 23,9S1

Under the license law, 1877, 17,862

NUMBER OF PLACES WHERE LIQUOR WAS ILLEGALLY SOLD.

Under the prohibitory law, 1874, 5,609

NUMBER OF PLACES LICENSED TO SELL LIQUOR.

Under the license law, 1877, 5,273

JUDGMENTS OX COMPLAINTS FOR ILLEGAL SALES.

Under the prohibitory law, 1874, 3,644

Under the license law, 1S77, 1,693

Legal and Illegal Sale of Beer. 121

" It will thus be seen that the number of arrests for
drunkenness under the operation of the license law, during
the year 1877, as compared to the prohibitory year 1874,
shows a decrease of fully twenty-five per cent. In the
number of convictions for drunkenness the difference in
favor of the license year is at the same rate. The number
of places where liquor was illegally sold under the prohibi-
tory law of 1874, was larger by 336 than the number of
places licensed in 1877. It is evident from these returns
that the prohibitory law has failed to prohibit, or even to
regulate, the sale of liquor, while it is equally apparent
that the license law, as a legislative measure, not only reg-
ulates the sale of liquor, but decreases drunkenness.

"A law, to be effective, must have the support of the
people ; the prohibitory law will never be thus supported,
as common sense will teach that it is neither just nor ju-
dicious, to make somebody else than the drunkard himself
responsible for his failing; and is not just this the question-
able theory upon which prohibition is based ?

" The prohibitionists condemn the use of alcoholic bever-
ages of every kind, as the prolific source of sin and vice.
Nothing less than total abstinence finds favor with them.
To them, the terms use and abuse have no distinctive
meaning, and their curse falls upon brewery and distillery
alike. It must be admitted that as long as alcoholic stim-
ulants are used, intemperance will exist, and that the evil
of drunkenness will only disappear with their total sup-
pression. In view of the actual state of social habits, and
the position which alcoholic beverages hold in civilized life,
as now constituted, no sane person will believe such a total
suppression possible. There are no means by which a

16

122 The Benefit of the Greatest Number.

habit, transmitted from generation to generation, and form-
ing so important an element in the development of the civ-
ilization of the human race, can be uprooted. Alcoholic
stimulants once invented are never again abandoned, and
seem to be destined to co-exist with man. The deplora-
ble vice of drunkenness has always accompanied their use,
and all attempts of rulers and philanthropists, the severest
penalties and the sincerest compassion, have alike failed to
suppress the evil. But it does not follow that, because the
temptation of excessive use is too strong for some to be re-
sisted, the great mass of people, who can and do use these
beverages in moderation, should be made responsible for
the weakness of the few. Nor does it follow that the in-
tensity of the temptation is to be regarded as an excuse for
the drunkard. Excess in the gratification of a desire, how-
ever natural, to the injury of others, is to be condemned
morally and legally. Many actions of man, which the
moral and legal code of society brands as a crime, and pun-
ishes as such, are the result of an inordinate gratification of
instinctive desires implanted by nature, upon the proper
indulgence of which the very propagation and the happi-
ness of the human race depends, as for example, the in-
stinct of self-preservation, of procreation and of acquisition.
The more civilization advances, the more moral and intel-
lectual discernment governs natural impulse, the less ex-
cess in the use of alcoholic stimulants the world will see.
The vice of intemperance prevails to a far greater extent
among the ignorant and uneducated than among the cul-
tured classes of society. The spread of culture and educa-
tion will do far more for temperance than the indiscrimi-
nate prohibition of the sale of alcoholic stimulants and the

Laws cannot Banish Stimulants. 123

signing of pledges ; it will divest the indulgence of the
social cup of vulgarity, and will punish immoderation by
social ostracism ; by giving to the pleasure of exhilaration
an ideal character, it will make the vine and the hop the
emblems of harmless enjoyment. A clearer perception
thus establishes a standard, of ethics, which recognizes a
proper gratification of the innate craving for enjoyment
and exhilaration, as an essential to human happiness, but
draws the line between what is permissible and what is not,
between the becoming and the unbecoming. The craving
for improvement of condition and for enjoyment is strongly
developed in man — happily for him, for it is the very spur
that urges him on to the physical improvement which is
the necessary concomitant of mental advance. The love
for exhilarating stimulants is but one phase of this craving
As such it is entitled to and has found recognition in our
social laws, and the temperate use of alcoholic beverages
is sanctioned by a practice as wide-spread as civilization
itself, and by all classes, whatever their station or condition
in life. Contravening legal statutes will always be found
either wholly inoperative, or to fall far short of the in-
tended effect. Whenever and wherever the temporary en-
forcement of a law prohibiting the manufacture and sale of
such beverages has taken place, the cure, as far as the sup-
pression of stimulants is concerned, has generally proved
worse than the disease."

The following particulars, taken from the report under
the title of " Nativity of Prisoners," given by the Chief of
the Police of Boston, become very interesting when con-
sidered in reference to the usual drink of the classes men-
tioned. The table shows first the number in Boston of

124

Use of Opium as a Stimulant.

Irish and Germans, the number of prisoners of each nation
and the percentage of prisoners to the whole population :

Population.

No. OF
Prisoners.

Percentage of

Prisoners to the

Population.

Irish
German

56,900
5,606

14,673
364

25.78
649

Similar general results are found more or less marked
wherever such laws are in force. Druggists tell us that as
a rule the consumption of opium in various forms from par-
egoric to laudanum has increased, bitters are more exten-
sively used and in some places Scotch snuff for "dipping"
has come into demand. The amount of opium annually-
imported is greater than that received by China a hundred
years ago, and there is reason to suppose that many who
are called reformed drunkards have adopted opium in some
form and thus given themselves to a new bondage no whit
better than the old. Notice that the increase in the sale of
opium keeps pace in a very fair measure with the enforce-
ment of prohibitory laws. One dealer in drugs in Hart-
ford, Conn., recently advertised for sale five thousand
pounds of opium, certainly a good dose for the land of
steady habits. In the state just mentioned both prohibi-
tion and " local option " laws have been tried and neither
can be considered a success. Under the present " local op-
tion " many towns wholly forbid the sale of spirituous and
malt liquors, and this fact has given great prominence to
suits arising out of the sale of what is called Schenck beer,
which is substantially lager beer. The courts at last
decided that this article is not intoxicating within the

Cruelty Attends on Bigotby. 125

meaning of the act, and though the decision as to intoxi-
cating quality is just, the fact that this beer is allowed
while lager beer under its own name is forbidden shows
how great a part prejudice instead of reason has played in
the contest. "Peripatetic gin mills" are increasing in
about the same ratio as " temperance societies " and " tem-
perance detectives." Those who pass by the name of tem-
perance reformers seem in many cases to lose the sense of
human charity and brotherly kindness, and little else can be
expected when we remember how often they are the slaves
of this single idea and how in all ages of the world bigotry
has been attended by cruelty. Before giving one striking
instance of cruelty which it is to be hoped has since been
sincerely regretted by all concerned, we must reiterate that
any law which every one knows to be constantly violated
brings law into disrespect and demoralizes the community
so far forth. The case to which reference was just made
was mentioned in the New York World, and although other
matters are added the whole is of sufficient interest to bear
reproduction. The article is as follows :

" Some time last September an old lady by the name of
Stack who kept a farm at Northfield, Vt., sold two glasses
of cider to a man by the name of Timothy Hogan, who in-
formed against her and secured her conviction and a fine of
$20 and expenses. In consideration of her age, sickness and
poverty, she was allowed a short time to pay her fine, but
not being prepared with the cash in January, she was ar-
rested by Deputy Sheriff Avery, and, notwithstanding the
severity of the weather, hauled off to prison in an open
sleigh to Montpelier insufficiently clad. While in confine-
ment sickness and poor treatment, combined caused a rapid

126 Connecticut Judges on the Spy System.

decline, until her niece, a domestic in a hotel, borrowed
sufficient money to pay her fine and effect her release.
Her death followed shortly afterward, caused, no doubt, by
the treatment she had received. This at the hand and in
the cause of philanthropic reformers is bad enough, but
worse remains. Here is a temperance man's description of
the system by which these reformers are guided, and which
one of our conscientious judges in Connecticut not long
since truly denounced as infamous. The state referred to
is the state of the * Green Mountain Boys,' and noble
Ethan Allen — Vermont. The manner of prosecuting
liquor cases is by what is known as the ' spy system.'
Every informer who can secure the conviction of any
person receives a portion of the fine imposed. A respecta-
ble justice of the municipal court in one of the most impor-
tant towns in the state is authority for the statement that
there are certain justices of the peace who make a special
arrangement with these informers and come in for a share
of the profits, so that outside of the merits of the case con-
viction is a foregone conclusion every time. The prohibi-
tory law in force in this state makes it a crime for a man to
sell even a glass of cider. In the past few weeks the
World correspondent has visited Rutland, Burlington, St.
Albans, Montpelier and other towns in the state, and found
in every place that at the hotels and elsewhere liquor was
sold and no questions asked. In this, as in every other
state, where a similar law has been in force, people with
money and influence can freely engage in the traffic with
none to molest or make them afraid. The class of spies or
informers who engage in the work of prosecuting liquor
cases are the lowest people in the community. They are

Prohibition Leads to Intemperance. 127

despised by everybody except fanatical temperance reform-
ers, who employ and encourage them. A prominent citi-
zen, who has held high office in the state and is one of the
substantial business men, said the other day : ' The result
of the prohibitory law has been to honey-comb the social
community with hypocrisy and immorality. I have closely
investigated the course of events since this " temperance
wave " has swept the state, and while drunkenness is not
on the decrease other forms of immorality are certainly on
the increase. I would not permit my daughter, or any re-
spectable young lady over whom I might have any influ-
ence, to even attend the evening meetings of these temper-
ance societies, as I think it has been conclusively proved
that they promote immorality.' Such a statement coming
from an influential and respected citizen, who himself prac-
tices and inculcates temperance principles, shows the ten-
dency of the prohibitory movement in this state."

It would be an easy matter to collect volumes of evi-
dence on this question of the real effect of prohibitory
laws, all going to show that they do not prevent intemper-
ance, that they do lead to the use of other stimulants, that
they undermine the character of the community, and that,
from whatever point of view regarded, they must be con-
sidered harmful to the individual and to the state. Enough,
however, for our present purpose and for the space at com-
mand has been already said. Those best informed will be
most ready to say that the presentation above given does
not overstate, but rather falls short of displaying the cor-
ruption that creeps in where a prohibitory law is in force.

CHAPTEE XI.

WHAT AUTHORITIES SAY.

"What shall we do to prevent the evils of a too free use
of intoxicating drinks, and to make our people truly tem-
perate ?

This question was ably discussed in the State Board of
Health of Massachusetts some years ago, and Dr. Bow-
ditch, the chairman of the board, expressed himself at that
time as follows : " I am confident that our people could
be gradually led to a higher temperance by appeals to com-
mon sense while deprecating the evils of intemperance, by
observing that the use of some liquors is deleterious, while
the temperate use of others does little or no harm. I deem
a love of stimulants as much a human instinct as any other
of the so-called human instincts. And the proposition of
total abstinence from stimulants because intoxication pre-
vails widely in the community, seems to me as preposterous
as it would be to advise universal celibacy because of the
existence of gross evils in connection with those instincts
that lead to the divine institution of marriage. By classi-
fying all liquors as equally injurious, and by endeavoring to
further that idea in the community, are we not doing a real
injury to the country by preventing a free use of lager beer
instead of ardent spirits to which our people are so ad-
dicted? In the sincere belief, gentlemen, that this analysis
of our correspondence will, eventually at least, tend to help
onward the most excellent cause of temperance every-
where, and in the hope that none will be offended at the

Report of Dr. Bowditch. 129

expression at times, of 'my own individual opinion, which
in the course of the discussion I have deemed it my right
and duty to give, I remain

Your colleague and friend,

Henry J. Bowditch,

Chairman of the State Board of Health of Massachusetts."

In his annual report to the State Board of Health, Dr.
Bowditch said, speaking of the question of temperance in
connection with the use of light wines and beer, " I fully
agree with all that has been said of the value of light
wines as an aid to temperance, but I sincerely believe that
Germans are destined to be really the greatest benefactors
of this country by bringing to us — if we choose to accept
the boon — their beer. Lager beer contains less alcohol
than any of the native or foreign grape wines. This fact
with the other fact that the Germans have not the perni-
cious habits of our people, would if we chose to adopt their
customs tend to diminish intemperance in this country.
From the study I have made, lager beer can be used freely
without any apparent injury to the individual, or without
intoxication, and would be really a promoter of the tem-
perance cause, and if we could so mannge as to furnish the
people with lager beer and dispense with distilled or alco-
holic liquors entirely, the community would be immensely
benefited." And on page 301 in the same report, the Doc-
tor properly said, "Whisky-drinkers are seen staggering
through the streets or lying insensible in some corner,
wherever this beverage is used. But among the light wine
tipplers and beer-drinkers, even when drinking freely,
drunkards are very seldom seen."

17

130 Systematic Inquiry as to Use of Beer.

We have previously shown that in many cases the intro-
duction of beer has added to the welfare of society, and
that its use is perfectly consistent with habits of sobriety
and temperance. From this we drew the inference that the
production should be encouraged and its increase hailed as
a sure pledge of improvement in the matters of drunken-
ness, disorder and crime. The same conclusion was reached
by Dr. Bowditch as the result of correspondence conducted
with a view to ascertaining fully the actual state of the
case at home and abroad. He caused a series of inquiries
to be carefully prepared and forwarded to thirty-three resi-
dent American ambassadors and to one hundred and thirty-
two consuls, also to many other men in private or official
positions, whose statements and opinions would be entitled
to respect. When the answers were received the unanim-
ity of the opinions expressed was almost startling. All are
in favor of beer as a light, wholesome beverage, superior
even to the light wines. Following are given a few ex-
tracts from the great mass of answers received :

A physician in Massachusetts writes, " I should make a
distinction between the use of intoxicating liquors and the
lighter drinks. What a blessing it would be for the com-
munity if we could furnish the people with the best of
lager beer and dispense with distilled liquors entirely."

Another physician, also resident in Massachusetts, says,
" I have had a very large practice among the Germans for
twenty years, and my observation has been that they are
remarkably free from consumption and chronic diseases. I
have attributed it to their free use of lager beer, and do
conscientiously believe that the moderate use of this bever-
age is beneficial."

Mr. John Jay and Baron Liebig. 131

A letter from the consulate general of the United States
at Frankfort-on-the-Main, reads thus: "Twenty years ago
the state of affairs in reference to temperance was different.
By the improvement in making beer and the selling of it to
the people at large, at low prices, things have changed
wonderfull}''. Drunkards have disappeared. A great deal
less of cider and wine is consumed. Everybody now gen-
erally drinks beer. Intoxication has decreased. It cannot
be said that the general health of the people suffers in this
part of Germany. In the city of Frankfort, with a popula-
tion of over one hundred thousand, and an average annual
mortality of fifteen hundred, hardly five persons on an av-
erage have died of delirium tremens, which all the eminent
physicians here attribute to the free use of lager beer."

Mr. John Jay of the United States Legation at Vienna
says : " I am advised by those in whose judgment I have full
confidence, that the chief drinks in Austria are wine but
particularly beer, the latter of which is drunk by all classes
of society at home and at places of amusement, and that
but comparatively a small amount of spirituous liquors is
consumed except in Galicia. Touching the relative
amount of intoxication in the country where I am residing,
and that seen all over the United States, I do say that I
have seen more intoxicated persons in the streets of New
York in one day than I have chanced to see in Vienna
during the past year."

Baron Liebig, the eminent chemist, makes the following
statements : " Beer unites in its composition a number of
constituents whose action is such as to more or less com-
pletely neutralize the alcohol whose tendency is to exalt
the function of the brain and nervous system."

132 Views or Dk. Schlaegek.

" Fermented juices, in general, differ from spirits in con-
taining alkalies, organic acids and certain other sub-
stances."

" Pure lager beer when taken with lean flesh and little
bread yields a diet approaching to milk, and with fat meat,
approaching to rice or potatoes." And in another place,
" In beer-drinking countries, it is the universal medicine
for the healthy as well as for the sick, and it is milk to the
aged."

Dr. Schlaeger of Vienna, also a distinguished chemist,
says :

" It is my opinion, based on numerous cases that have
come under my professional observation, that delirium tre-
mens and other maladies to which inebriates are subject
are caused chiefly by the use of distilled liquors. There-
fore the manufacture and sale of beer should be en-
couraged. It should be free from taxation in order that it
may be placed within the reach of all at a low price and
thoroughly take the place of ardent spirits."

The editor of the Chicago Tribune, writing from Ger-
many, says : " Drunkenness is so rare and infrequent that
it may be said not to exist. I have traveled thousands of
miles through Germany, in various directions, visiting
nearly all the chief cities, and have made diligent inquiry
of American consuls and other well-informed persons, and
received but one answer everywhere, viz., no drunkenness
among the Germans ; public sentiment would not tolerate
it; the habits of the country are all against it. And what
is the reason of this freedom from inebriation ? It is the
total absence of whisky and the substitution of lager beer."

Mr. Y. G. Hurd wrote to Mr. Bowditch in reference to

Mr. Y. G. Kurd's Visit to Chicago. 133

the beer question and after referring to the records of the
Essex police court and alluding to intemperance caused by-
ardent spirits, continued as follows : " Of all our commit-
ments 60 per cent, are directly traceable to drunkenness.
Is the enforcement of a prohibitory or any other law alone
to rid us of the monster ? Were there only the pecuniary
interest of the liquor traffij to meet, powerful as it is, the
result would not be doubtful. But there are climatic influ-
ences, the universal desire for stimulants, the education of
our civilization for some centuries, social customs and
hereditary tendencies, all tending in a greater or less degree
to perpetuate the evil. * * * * * a v}sjt to Chicago
and my observation there of the habits of the German
population, first brought to my mind doubts that total ab-
stinence will ever be an accomplished fact. I visited the
beer gardens on Sunday to see how the Germans spend
the day. There was a band of music, a dance floor, rude
seats and tables like our New England picnics, in a beauti-
ful grove, and lager in such quantities as I had never con-
ceived. Everybody, old and young, drank and seemed to
continue to drink during the afternoon. But lager was the
only beverage. No liquors, no drunkenness and no fights
or disorderly conduct. The young men and maidens were
merry and danced, the elder drank and talked with the
gravity and dignit}'- becoming to respectable German citi-
zens ; the children sipped their glass of lager and gamboled
on the grass, and all went home apparently sober, to resume
without doubt, their usual avocations on the morrow.
There were probably two thousand persons taking their
weekly recreation, and this was only one of half a dozen
similar places about the suburbs of the city. Now if this

134 A Physician on Tea Sots.

had been an American or Irish congregation, and the bev-
erage the usual vile concoctions called whisky, gin and
brandy, would not the closing scenes of the afternoon have
been very different? Broken heads, bloody noses, and the
wayside strewn with the wrecks of humanity in beastly in-
toxication. I thought if we could be rid of the grosser liq-
uors— banish them, put them in the pale of dangerous drugs
to be only dispensed by the physician like other poisons,
and substitute the lager of the Germans and the light wines
of France and our own country — should we not be doing
our best to exterminate the curse of drunkenness ? I ex-
pect we shall yet come to this conclusion. The difficulty
is that with the tastes of our people, lager and wines will
be, indeed, now are, a cover for the sale of the grosser
liquors, and worse than all, these liquors are without ex-
ception, adulterated or poisonous. I have written at your
request this somewhat candid statement of my present
views as briefly as possible."

A physician who has under his professional charge, a
large institution for the maintenance of aged persons, in-
forms us that the demand for stimulus in the form of tea is
a matter of constant observation, and he moreover gives it
as his opinion that from twenty to twenty -five per cent, of
the whole number are tea sots, drinking tea regularly from
four to six times a day and as much oftener as they can
procure it. They show the effect of this over-stimulation
by increased mental irritability, muscular tremors and a
greater or less degree of sleeplessness. Another fact to the
same purport has been communicated to us by a friend. A
domestic in the family sometimes appeared intoxicated and
as it was certain she could not get at any of the liquors gen-

A. Schwarz, Esq., on Beer. 135

erally considered intoxicating, the circumstance excited no
little surprise and curiosity. At last the problem was.
solved by the discovery that she drank large quantities of
the strongest tea. This it will be seen is in exact conform-
ity with the opinion of Mr. Gladstone as previously quoted,
and more or less marked cases of the same nature have
doubtless been observed by many of our readers.

A. Schwarz, Esq., of New York, the editor of "Der
Americanische Bier-Brauer," a man known in both hemis-
pheres, as an able writer and chemical student, who by
his life-long study in fermented beverages has won for him-
self the thanks of every brewer, writes thus : " Among all
drinks, as well those which nature furnishes in abundance
as those which are produced by human skill, lager beer
especially commends itself by its properties as an excellent
beverage.

" Milk contains nutritious substances (protein) and vari-
ous salts.

" Wine contains alcohol and small quantities of salts.

" Mineral waters, which render such valuable service to
the diseased human organism, contain carbonic acid and
salt.

" Coffee and tea contain volatile aromatic oils and alka-
loids.

" Strong spirituous liquors, as whisky, brandy, rum, arrack
and gin, contain only more or less alcohol, with some ethe-
rial oils.

" The various popular so-called temperance drinks are dis-
tinguished only by their watery contents, which are fla-
vored with sugar and extracts of plants and herbs to make
them taste less insipid.

136 A. Schwarz, Esq., on Beer.

"Beer contains protein, alcohol, salts and carbonic acid
gas, and hence possesses nutritious, stimulating and re-
freshing properties.

" It is not our intention to write a eulogy of beer. We
will only state in its favor what cannot be denied by any
man, be he a physician or a mechanic, a philosopher or a
manufacturer, a chemist or an engineer, a wine-drinker or
a temperance man.

" We denote as extracts of beer those solid substances
which are not, through the fermentation of the wort, trans-
formed into volatile bodies, and therefore remain as a sedi-
ment after the evaporation of the beer. This extract con-
sists of malt sugar obtained by the mashing process, of
albumen contained in the malt and now dissolved, and of
certain salts, especially phosphoric salt, which were origi-
nally contained in the barley, and have not been lost dur-
ing the process of brewing.

" The amount of the extract of beer mainly depends on
the original concentration of the wort and on that state of
fermentation in which the beer is consumed ; it varies from
three to eight per cent.

" By virtue of its protein and its salts, it has a very nutri-
tious effect upon the human organism, and though it does
so in a less degree than meat or bread, yet on account of
the form of solution in which it appears in the beer, it is
easier assimilated, i. e., it easily enters the organism and
plays a prominent part in the formation of milk, muscle,
flesh and bones,— and the quantity of alcohol contained in
beer is so small and so much diluted with water, that it can
produce intoxication only if consumed in a very great
quantity, i. <?., by an immoderate use."

Theses of Dr. Bowditch. 137

An international congress has just been held in Paris on
" Alcoholism," and the Belgian delegate, Dr. Barella, con-
stituted himself the champion of beer. He contended that
the consumption of spirits should be discountenanced, be-
cause these beverages are harmful, and that the consump-
tion of beer should be encouraged, because it is a sound,
wholesome and harmless drink. He pointed out that in
countries where the wines are good, and the beers agree-
able and nutritive, much less spirits are consumed, and vice
versa.

Following is a summary of the points made in the report
of Dr. Bowditch previously quoted. They will be found
useful and interesting, and the whole document deserves
the highest praise for thoroughness of investigation, caution
of statement and fairness of spirit.

1st. Stimulants are used everywhere, and at times
abused, by savage and by civilized men. Consequently in-
toxication occurs all over the globe.

2nd. This love of stimulants is one of the strongest in-
stincts. It cannot be annihilated, but may be regulated by
reason, by conscience, by education, or by law when it en-
croaches on the rights of others.

3rd. Climatic law governs it, the tendency to indulge
to intoxication being not only greater as we go from the
heat of the equator towards the north, but the character of
that intoxication becoming more violent.

4th. Owing to this cosmic law intemperance is very
rare near the equator. It is there a social crime and a dis-
grace of the deepest dye. Licentiousness and gambling are
small offenses compared with it. To call a man a drunk-
ard is the highest of insults. On the contrary at the north

18

138 Theses of Db. Bowditch.

of 50° it is very frequent, is less of a disgrace and is by no
means a social crime.

5th. Intemperance causes little or no crime toward the
equator. It is an almost constant cause of crime either di-
rectly or indirectly at the north above 50°.

6th. Intemperance is modified by race as shown in the
different tendencies to intoxication of different people.

7th. Races are modified physically and morally by the
kind of liquor they use as proved by examination of the re-
turns from Austria and Switzerland.

8th. Beer, native light grape wines and ardent spirits
should not be classed together, for they produce very dif-
ferent effects on the individual and upon the race.

9th. German beer and ale can be used even freely with-
out any very apparent injury to the individual, or without
causing intoxication. They contain very small percentages
of alcohol (4 or 4.5 to 6.50 per cent.). Light grape wines,
unfortified by an extra amount of alcohol, can be drunk
less freely but without apparent injury to the race, and
with exhilaration rather than drunkenness. Some writers
think they do no harm but a real good if used moderately.
They never produce the violent crazy drunkenness, so no-
ticeable from the use of the ardent spirits of the north.
Ardent spirits, on the contrary, unless used very mod-
erately, and with great temperance, and with the determi-
nation to omit them as soon as the occasion has passed for
their use, are almost always injurious, if continued even
moderately for any length of time, for they gradually en-
croach on the vital powers. If used immoderately they
cause a beastly narcotism which makes the victim regardless
of all the amenities and even the decencies of life, or per-

Theses of Dr. Bowditch. 139

haps they render him furiously crazy, so that he may mur-
der his best friend.

10th. Races may be educated to evil by bad laws, or by
the introduction of bad habits. France and a small part of
Switzerland are beginning to suffer from the introduction
of absinthe and other spirituous liquors. Especially is this
noticeable since the late Franco-German war.

11th. A race, when it emigrates, carries its habits with
it. For a time at least, those habits may override all cli-
matic law.

12th. England has thus overshadowed our whole coun-
try with its love of strong drinks, and with its habits of in-
toxication, as it has more recently covered Ceylon, parts of
the East and Australia.

13th. This influence on our own country is greater now
than it would have been if our forefathers, the early set-
tlers, had cultivated the vine, which would have been prac-
ticable, as seen by the examples of Ohio and California,
and from the fact that the whole of the United States lies
in the region of the earth's surface suited to the grape cul-
ture.

14th. If these early settlers had done this our nation
would probably have been more temperate, and a vast in-
dustry like that of France, of Spain and of Italy and Ger-
many, in light native wines, would long ago have sprung
up.

15th. The example set b}r California and Ohio* should
be followed by the whole country, where the vine can be
grown. As a temperance measure it behooves every good

*Ohio has already made very great progress in this direction, and its wines
are lighter than those of California. [Author.

140 Dr. Willaed Parker on Fermented Beverages.

citizen to promote that most desirable object. We should
also allow the light, unfortified wines of Europe to be in-
troduced free of duty instead of the large one now imposed.
Instead of refusing the German lager beer, we should seek
to have it introduced into the present "grog shops " and
thus substitute a comparatively innoxious article for those
potent liquors, which now bring disaster and death into so
many families.

16th. The moral sense of the community should be
aroused to the enormity of the evils flowing from keeping
an open bar for the sale of ardent spirits, while those for the
sale of light wines and of lager beer or ale should not be
opposed, except for the sale to habitual drunkards after due
notice from friends. Sellers violating such law might be
compelled to support for a time the family of their victim.

17th. The horrid nature of drunkenness should be im-
pressed by every means in our power upon the moral sense
of the people. The habitual drunkard should be punished,
or if he be a dipsomaniac, he should be placed in an inebri-
ate asylum for medical and moral treatment, until he has
gained sufficient self-respect to enable him to overcome his
love of drink.

We give next an extract from an article written by Dr.
Willard Parker, which article was printed March 20th,
1879, in the Religious Herald, a temperance paper pub-
lished at Hartford, Conn. Dr. Parker says : " We have
never had a single case of an inebriate in the asylum at
Binghamton, (N. Y.,) who came here from using fer-
mented beverages, he may have begun with them and gone
on to other and stronger liquors, but the mere fermented
beverages did not make an inebriate of him ; * * * and

Alcohol in a Diluted Form. 141

while men use simply fermented liquors with no more alco-
hol than comes from their fermentation, drunkenness is but
little known." He says also that fermentation is a process
of nature which will continue to exist as long as there is
sugar and starch. Fermentation is the work of omnipo-
tence, not the work of man, it grows out of the very con-
stitution of things and is as truly a divine process as
growth itself.

Professor Mulder of Amsterdam remarks in the preface
to his "Chemistry of Beer," page iv., " I dare say with-
out exaggeration that we find united in beer all the whole-
some substances that are met separately in the various car-
bonic acid mineral waters, in wine and in bread," and in
reference to the alcoholic property of beer he says, page
461 : " Many people are prejudicially influenced by the
frequent misuse of alcoholic beverages and kept from rea-
soning honestly and truly as to their salubrious effects in a
diluted form such as we find in beer. If we consider the
beneficial effects of good beer on the system we cannot
help attributing a share in the result to the alcoholic ele-
ment, even if it be held that alcohol has in itself no nutritive
power." The same opinion is held by Prof. Pittenkofer,
the renowned and well-deserving chemist and hygienist, on
the strength of numerous observations and results of minute
examination.

Professor Stahlschmied formerly at Berlin and at present
at the royal polytechnic school at Aix la Chapelle, says in
his work " Chemistry in reference to Fermentation," page
255: "Up to the present time, experiments on the nour-
ishing properties of beer have not been sufficiently numer-
ous to furnish definite conclusions. It is not so much the

142 Nutritious Properties of Beer.

small amount of organic extract that is to be considered as
the ashes and phosphates which are here provided in a form
easy of assimilation. In this respect beer is next to milk
and furnishes an aliment that is directly bone producing."
It is well known that beer is very commonly taken by
nursing women on account of its nourishing and milk-
producing qualities and the fact furnishes evidence from
experience to the same purport as the technical statement
just quoted.

The report of the Department of Agriculture at Wash-
ington as far back as the year 1866 speaks as follows :
" The intemperate use of beer is like the intemperate use
of anything detrimental to health, but a moderate use of
pure beer will aid digestion, quicken the powers of life,
and give elasticity to the body and mind and will not pro-
duce any of the terrible results named by fanatics and
ignorant people. In certain forms of dyspepsia it is a val-
uable assistant to other remedies and in some cases of de-
bility requiring a mild tonic and gentle stimulant beer has
been found of the greatest benefit.

Touching the nutritious properties of beer as compared
with the grain from which it is made Professor Mulder
says : " The food value of beer as compared with grain is
as one to fourteen, no account being made of the food
value of the alcohol contained in beer. The albumen
value of beer as compared with grain is as one to six, the
fat as one to seventy and the chemical salts as one to
twenty-five. On the whole, the latest and most trust-
worthy results of scientific investigation go to show that a
well brewed beer, properly compounded with hops and
well matured, is to be considered a beverage which has a

Beer Promotive of Temperance. 143

most beneficial influence on the transmutation of sub-
stances in the human body; if moderately taken."

Sir Henry Labouchere, editor of "Truth" and formerly
member of Parliament for Windsor and Middlesex, an
accomplished linguist, and fitted both as an original think-
er and by experience in the diplomatic corps at most of the
capitals of Europe, to form a just opinion, says that experi-
ence shows that beer is a most wholesome beverage, that
when pure it is not intoxicating and can be drunk freely,
that its use adds to the health and strength of man, that
intoxication hardly exists where it is the national beverage
and that its introduction in all parts of the world would be
a blessing to mankind.

Professors Ure and Huxley, Dr. Harvey, Dr. Abercrom-
bie and Bayard Taylor, the celebrated traveler and recent
ambassador at the court at Berlin, as also our great states-
man and historian George Bancroft, all came, after careful
study and personal observation, to the same conclusion,
that beer is not only healthy, refreshing and enlivening as
a beverage, but also an excellent means of rooting out the
love of strong drink and securing genuine temperance.

Dr. A. Baer, member of the Royal Sanitary Council,
and chief physician at the prisons of Berlin and Ploetzen-
see near Berlin has, within a few months, published a valu-
able work on alcoholism. He says, " Beer is of all drinks
best adapted for a stimulating beverage of general con-
sumption. It combines with the refreshing, animating and
thirst-quenching elements, distinct nutritive qualities,
mainly due to the. abundant presence of certain salts, and
thus becomes one of the very best substitutes for extract of
meat. The greater number of characteristic principles of

144 Useful Constituents of Beek Ashes.

the one are found in the other, but the decided nervous
animation experienced after drinking beer is cheifly due to
the large portion of phosphate of potassa, which Mitcher-
lich says forms 20 parts in 100 of beer ashes, and which,
according to Ranke, constitutes the principal active ingre-
dient in meat broth. To the presence of this salt, beer-
owes its strengthening influence during convalescence and
in cases of general debility, and its marked tendency to
produce corpulency, as shown in beer drinkers. In addi-
tion to this the bitter principle of the hops has a tonic
power of marked value in assisting digestion while the
modicum of alcohol has a stimulating and animating effect
on the brain. On the whole, beer as a beverage cannot
be excelled, as it possesses a number of qualities which
jointly have a most salutary effect upon the human
organism."

In a report presented a short time ago to the Industrial
Societ}* of Mulhouse the well-known Dr. Schoellamer thus
speaks of beer :

"Beer is one of the best drinks that we can recommend,
its consumption being most wholesome. Good beer ought
to be regarded as an excellent drink, capable in itself of re-
placing all other fermented drinks. Thus its moderate
consumption must be strongly recommended. If its price
is high a great obstacle is placed in the way of a natural
consumption.

" Beer contains from two to eight per cent, of alcohol, a
dose of carbonic acid equal to three or four times its vol-
ume ; when it is exposed to the air it loses all its gas. It
contains besides azote and phosphates ; for example, a liter
of good beer, made exclusively with hops and barley, con-

Alcoholism not Caused by Beer. 145

tains 0.80 gr. of azote, which corresponds to 5.26 grains of
albuminoid matters. There are again from 0.60 gr. to 0.80
gr. of phosphoric acid, that is as much as in 530 grammes
of meat or 220 grammes of bread. The solid extract of
beer contains salts favorable to nutrition, etc. It is on
these accounts that beer may be considered a beverage of
the first order.

"It slacks thirst admirably, and as it contains a great
deal of water it is perhaps the best of all for that purpose.
As an alcoholic drink it is superior to all spirituous liquors.
It is the most tonic, the most operative, and the most nour-
ishing. Complete drunkenness is almost impossible with
ordinary beer, whatever quantity may be consumed ; what
is known as " alcoholism " is not produced by it. In fact
beer exercises on the human economy a tonic, nutritive,
diuretic, and slightly stupefying action, the last effect being
due to the essential oil contained in the hops, but large
quantities must be absorbed before this effect can be pro-
duced."

Professor W. Nasse, president of the Society of Medical
Officers of Insane Asylums in Germany, presented for con-
sideration at their annual meeting held at Hamburg, Sept.
17, 1876, the following question : " How can we specially
assist in preventing the injury which results from the use
of alcoholic liquors ? " It was decided that the only
means was in promoting the use of good mild beer. The
same opinion has been expressed by Dr. Selman in an ad-
dress delivered at Dusseldorf, and also by Dr. Roller of
Illenau, a meritorious specialist in mental diseases, and by
Professors Griesinger of Zurich and Schreiber-Berzelius of
Sweden. All the authorities just quoted hold a high rank

19

146 The Contemporary Review ox Beer Drinking.

in their profession, and contributions from their pens fre-
quently appear in the Quarterly Journal of Inebriety, pub-
lished at Hartford, Conn.

The Contemporary Review has lately published a series
of papers on the same topic, written in a popular style by
several London physicians of celebrity, including Dr. Wal-
ter Moxon, Sir James Paget and others, and all opposing
the doctrine of total abstinence and declaring themselves in
favor of beer as a promotive of the real temperance cause.
Dr. Albert T. Bernays, too, has considered with great mi-
nuteness the cause of intemperance and his conclusion is
that beer is the safest kind of alcohol and should be
adopted as a common beverage by all classes of people.

In the Minnesota Legislature when the prohibitory law
was under consideration, Dr. Riley, a representative from
Houston county, spoke as follows : " In the district where
I reside there is a large number of Germans who have
come from the old country and planted grapes, and now
there are magnificent vinej'ards stretching along the hill-
sides where formerly there was not grass enough to feed a
sheep. They raise large quantities of very fine grapes
which they ship all over the country. They also make
very fine wine. The proposed law will destroy these vine-
yards of my constituents. * * * Perhaps it will be ne-
cessary to pass a law to protect those miserable drunkards
who cannot protect themselves but it is not necessary to
restrain others of their liberty to drink when they want or
need it.

" Why, I have seen ladies at a tea-party, perhaps not
drunk, but certainly very jolly from drinking tea, and yet
they come to this Legislature with petitions signed by all

Beer Causes no Degeneration. 147

whom they could influence or bulldoze into signing, men,
women or children to the number of ten thousand. There
are eight hundred thousand people in Minnesota, and we
are proposing to let these ten thousand override the other
seven hundred and ninety thousand. They claim as pro-
hibitionists that drinking tends to impoverish the people.
Do you believe that ? Look at the Germans ! Many of
them take a piece of land that would scarcely support a
hog and make a fortune of it. They all drink beer. They
take their wives and their children to the beer garden and
sit down and drink their beer every day, and even the babe
in arms will stretch to get a taste of it. These people are
not impoverished by it. These people are so healthy in
my neighborhood that I have actually not been able to
make a living out of my German constituents.

" They say it tends to the degeneration of the human
race. How does it happen that in New England where
prohibitory laws are in force the race has so degenerated
that they do not seem to be able to raise any children ?
Look at the Germans who drink beer all the time. You
will find a large family of healthy children in almost every
German house. Are they degenerated ?

"The children of total abstinence people are constantly
dying. From the vital statistics of Minnesota I learn that
over two thousand children died last year under two years
of age. They would not have died if they had been fed on
good wholesome beer. I would advise mothers — and I
have advised them in my practice — to give their sickly
children plenty of beer, and I know I have saved many an
infant's life. Beer is the best cure for dyspepsia in the
world. I have cured women of this terrible disease by ad-

148 Prohibition too Much or not Enough.

vising them to drink three glasses of beer every day, and I
say again to you mothers that if you will drink beer and
feed your children on beer you will raise more and health-
ier children.

" Referring to the vital statistics of the state, I find that
but six men died of intemperance during last year — two of
delirium tremens and four of something else, which they
could n't tell anything about, and so called it intemperance.
And yet you want to stop drinking. Eleven were killed
by horses during the same time. Why don't you abolish
horses — never use them or go near them ? Thirty-five com-
mitted suicide. Why don't you prohibit the use of fire-
arms and knives, and drain all your lakes and rivers for fear
some poor fool will drown himself? Some 152 died of
heart disease. I don't want any heart in mine. Twenty
ladies were scalded to death. You ought to prohibit the
use of hot water for fear that more ladies will get into it
and perish.

" England away across the sea has brewed beer for many
hundred years and will continue to brew for thousands of
years more, and to the fact that the English people have
drunk beer all that time I do conscientiously attribute her
present greatness. Beer-drinkers are slow but sure. Look
at Germany, that great nation. We could not pay her for
the money we have borrowed of her. Her great army, the
best in the world, her great statesmen, her philosophers,
were all raised on beer."

The Hon. Frederick Lauer in a speech before the Brew-
ers' Convention at St. Louis, June 4, 1879, thus presents a
phase of the beer question which is certainly of importance '•
" What we now want to ensure the future happiness and

HONORARY PRESIDENT UNITED STATES BREWERS' ASSOCIATION.

Hon. Fred. Lauer on Justice to Immigrants. 149

prosperity of the country is the enactment of liberal laws to
induce the industrious classes of overcrowded Europe to
flock to our shores. We want immigration for the purpose
of building up our towns and cities, developing our manu-
facturing enterprises, and cultivating the millions of fertile
acres in this country now lying idle. The thrifty German
is accustomed to his daily ration of beer. In the land of
his nativity he has his parks and public gardens, where
family unions and social gatherings take place amid the
ecstatic influence of the foaming lager. The English, Iiish,
Scotch, and people of other European countries are noted
patrons of malt liquors. The greatest liberality should,
therefore, be shown them in the indulgence in their custo-
mary beverages in the land of their adoption. With the
more general use of malt liquors the hundreds of quack
medicines now in the market will disappear, as it has been
proved b}r experience in countries where malt beverages are
the popular drink, that health and longevity are marked
features, and dyspepsia and chronic complaints are rare.
The tide of emigration is again swelling to this country.
According to the New York Herald of the first of May last,
the total number of immigrants landed at New York for the
first three months of 1879 was 11,288, more than two-thirds
of whom came from Germany, England and Ireland. The
emigration of aliens to the United States from 1789 to 1877
is set down in round numbers at 10,000,000, who, with then-
descendants have built up this great nation. Since May 5,
1847, the emigration to this country has reached 5,732,183
souls. In view of these facts nothing should be done to
interfere with the happiness of those who seek our shores,
but. by means of wise laws they should be protected in the

150 National Pkosperity.

enjoyment of their rights and privileges. To be successful
as a government we should invite immigration, and develop
our great natural resources, and then by promoting health
and temperate habits by the adoption of beer as the
national beverage, we will increase as a nation, and be in
truth and in fact the greatest country on the face of the
earth."

CHAPTER XII.

CONCLUSION.

In the foregoing pages it has been impossible to give a
hundredth part of the evidence that lies read}' at hand in
this matter of the use and effects of beer, but we have en-
deavored, by careful selection, to present such as must have
weight with all readers. Nothing has been stated as a fact
which cannot be amply corroborated, and no inference
drawn that did not seem to be fully warranted by the prem-
ises. It has been shown that beer is wholesome, and so
mildly alcoholic as to make drunkenness from its use very
uncommon. A man who drinks in order to become intoxi-
cated, can, no doubt, accomplish his purpose with beer ; but
such men are almost unknown where beer is the common
beverage. This abnormal impulse usually comes only in
consequence of a course of ardent spirits.

The evidence as to the cure of intemperance by the in-
troduction of a free use of beer is especially important, and
one of the most striking instances of such success is to be
found in the case of Denmark, to which we desire again to
call special attention. This is the central point of the
whole question. Heartily desiring the progress of genuine
temperance, and fully believing that all efforts in the direc-
tion of prohibition are false in theory and injurious in
practice, that they do not prevent intemperance and do
produce many other evils, we hold that the safe and only
course is to popularize the use of beer, and cannot doubt
that government would do well to foster its manufacture in

152 Beer Drinking in the Light of History.

every practicable way, and that taxation on the product
should be abolished, or at least made very light. Such a
course would not merely secure the very end which has
been unsuccessfully attempted by prohibitory laws, but it
would do much more. It would diminish the poor rates,
save the money spent in prosecutions, which, after all, do no
real good, and incidentally improve the whole business con-
dition. Some refreshing, stimulating drink the people will
have, and legislators should seek to guide the instinct, not
eradicate it. Men of the highest scientific authority have
again and again pronounced beer to be not merely harmless,
but beneficial. Experience in the countries where it is
most used develops the same result, and the readiness with
which it is adopted in place of ardent spirits, whenever it is
of good quality and low price, shows how easily the exper-
iment of temperance on this basis can be tried. Even ad-
vocates of total abstinence must admit that beer is better
than whisky. The fact that it adds greatty to the enjoy-
ment of a people must not be ignored. Here in America
we are apt to forget all but the work-a-ciay part of life, but
the demand for recreation exists and must be gratified in
some way, and almost always recreation is social, and is
made more enjoyable and cheerful by some mild stimulant.
It refreshes and enlivens, and so contributes directly to the
social happiness that is the object sought.

It is to be hoped that legislators in general will soon
learn to take broader views than seem generally to have
prevailed in the past. Statesmanship is. not bounded by
the views of one or the other party and is affected by no
popular clamor. It does not enact a law because it is
loudly demanded by a certain set of persons, especially if

The Duty of Statesmen. 153

these persons have a hobby to ride, no matter how earn-
estly they may believe in it. A statesman will see for in-
stance in this temperance question, that the stay of drunk-
enness must be through a social change. Legal prohibi-
tion can do little while all the other conditions of the
problem remain unchanged. Something must be given for
what is forbidden. If beer is encouraged ardent spirits can
be driven out, and when this idea is once thoroughly un-
derstood and put in practice we shall have the temperance
era, so long expected and so ardently desired.

There is another subject which we approach with some
reluctance, knowing that however carefully our words may
be weighed, there is a large number of estimable individ-
uals throughout the country and particularlj7 in the East-
ern states, to whom they will probably give offense. We
allude to what is called the Sunday question, and the topic
is treated here because in this country beer drinking is, in
the common mind, intimately associated with the German
Americans and their custom of spending part of Sunday in
recreation in a beer garden. The fact that they do so has
been more than once used as an argument against them
and against the use of beer, as if there were any real con-
nection between the character of the drink and such a cus-
tom on the part of its greatest consumers even supposing
the custom to be actually harmful or immoral. As such a
feeling exists, however, it seems worth while to call atten-
tion to the fact that what is known as the New England
Sunday is not an essential part of Christianity as so many
honestly suppose, but something that in comparison with
Christianity is new and local. We need hardly say that in
the early days of the church it was distinctly taught that

20

154 Sunday According to the New Testament.

the time of the Jewish sabbath was past and for several
hundred years this view was generally held. Notice the
following passages from the New Testament :

"The law and the prophets were until John. * * Old
things are passed away; behold all things are become new. * *
Brethren ye have been called unto liberty ; only use not that
liberty for an occasion to the flesh, but by love serve one anoth-
er. For all the law is fulfilled in one word, even in this : Thou
shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. * * Love worketh no ill
to his neighbor.

" If we love one another, God dwelleth in us, and his love is
perfected in us. * * For love is of God ; and every one that
loveth is born of God and knoweth God. He that loveth not,
knoweth not God ; for God is love. * * But he that hateth
his brother is in darkness, and walketh in darkness, and knoweth
not whither he goeth, because that darkness hath blinded his
eyes.

" A new commandment I give unto you, that ye love one an-
other. * * Love is the fulfilling of the law."

Jesus himself taught the disregard of the sabbath as a
day of ceasing from labor or recreation and are we to sup-
pose that both his teaching and practice had no meaning ?

Paul says, "One man esteemeth one day above another : an-
other esteemeth every day alike. Let every man be fully per-
suaded in his own mind. Let no man therefore judge you in re-
spect of a holy day or of the new moon or of the sabbath days."

The first legal enactment requiring an observance of
Sunday as a Sabbath, was foisted upon the Christian world
A. D. 321, by Constantine the Great — a heartless tyrant

Sunday Laws of Const antine the Great. 155

who had caused seven members of his family to be put to
death in cold blood, that he might attain political and re-
ligious supremacy ! He embraced Christianity because the
Pagan priests and pontiffs could not grant him absolution,
and would not fraternize with such a murderous monster !
Hence he became the father of the so-called Sunday laws.
Even Constantine's decree did not interdict recreation nor
the tillage of the soil. In general, through the Christian
world, the day was a holiday, such as it now is on the conti-
nent of Europe. There the hours of service in the churches
fall, usually, in the morning, and are strictly observed while
the rest of the day is universally given to enjoyment. Let
those, however, who are accustomed to cry out at the notion
of a continental Sunda}7, remember that they are themselves
the innovators, and let them, too, examine the following
passages from the writings of men whose names must com-
mand respect, and not one of whom would speak in such a
matter without mature consideration :

" It will be plainly seen that Jesus did decidedly and avowedly
violate the sabbath. The dognia of the assembly of divines
at Westminster, that the observance of the Sabbath is a part of
the moral law, is to me utterly unintelligible." — Archbishop
Whately.

"As for the seventh day, that has gone to its grave with the
signs and shadows of the Old Testament. Its imposition by law
leads to blood and stoning to death those who do but gather sticks
thereon ; a thing which no way becomes the gospel." — Bunyan.

" The law of the Sabbath being thus repealed, that no particu-
lar day of worship has been appointed in its place is evident." —
Milton.

" They who think that by the authority of the Church, the ob-

156 Christian Writers on Sunday.

servance of the Lord's day was appointed instead of the Sabbath,
as if necessary, are greatly deceived. — Melancthon.

* * " And truly we see what such a doctrine has profited ;
for those who adopt it far exceed the Jews in a gross, carnal and
superstitious observance of the Sabbath." — John Calvin.

"As regards the Sabbath or Sunday, there is no necessity for
keeping it ; but if we do it ought not to be on account of Moses's
commandment, but because nature teaches us from time to time
to take a day of rest. * * If anywhere the day is made holy
for the mere day's sake, then I order you to work on it, to ride on
it, to dance on it, to do anything that will reprove this encroach-
ment on Christian spirit and liberty." — Martin Luther.

" These things refute those who suppose that the first day of
the week (that is, the Lord's day), was substituted in place of the
Sabbath, for no mention is made of such a thing by Christ or his
Apostles ." — G rotius.

Tyndale the martyr, Erasmus, Paley, McNight and a host
of other Christian authorities, were and are of the same
opinion regarding Sabbath observance. England and Amer-
ica stand practically alone in retaining so much of the Jew-
ish Sabbath. Here is a letter from Benjamin Franklin to
Jared Ingersoll of New Haven, Conn., which bears directly
on the subject and may be read with both interest and profit
by those who concern themselves in Sunday laws.*

Philadelphia, December 11, 1762.

"I should be glad to know what it is that distinguishes Con-
necticut Religion from common Religion : — communicate, if you
please, some of these particulars that you think will amuse me as

*The original is in the possession of the New Haven Colony Historical
Society.

WILLIAM PENN,
The Quaker Brewer, and Founder of Pennsylvania, 1644 — 1718. (See page 26.;

Ben. Franklin and the Emperor of Germany. 157

a virtuoso. When I traveled in Flanders I thought of your ex-
cessively strict observation of Sunday ; and that a man could
hardly travel on that day among you upon this lawful occasion,
without Hazard of Punishment, while where I was every one
traveled, if he pleased, or diverted himself in any other way ;
and in the afternoon both high and low went to the Play or the
Opera, where there was plenty of Singing, Piddling and Dancing.
I looked around for God's Judgments, but saw no signs of them.
The Cities were well built and full of Inhabitants, the Markets
filled with Plenty, the People well favored and well clothed; the
Fields well tilled ; the Cattle fat and strong ; the Fences, Houses
and Windows all in Repair ; and no Old Tenor anywhere in the
Country ; — which would almost make one suspect that the Deity
is not so angry at that offense as a New England Justice."

B. Franklin.

A correspondent of the New York Staats-Zeitung* writes
as follows: "The Emperor of Germany has made a con-
tribution to the discussion of the Sunday question, that is
very much to the point. It is an address to the Prussian
Synod, which had recently objected to the holding of a re-
view on Sunday, and reads thus : ' He who instituted the
Sabbath has declared that the Sabbath was made for man,
and not man for the Sabbath. The puritanic and Calvin-
istic conception of the Sabbath as a day of penance and
repentance, has always been foreign to the feeling and taste
of the German people.' "

These words of the Emperor will receive the hearty as-
sent of every German-American, and preachers and pietists
may as well understand that Germans in America will
struggle as long for their free Sunday as Germans in their

*New York Staats-Zeitung, Nov. 1, 1879.

158 English Restrictions on Sunday.

old home have for a free German Rhine. They have con-
quered hack the "sacred stream " and something more into
the bargain, and we here shall have no less success in secur-
ing a free, cheerful Sunday, if we remain united and true
to our principles.

England formerly held the same views that then and
since have prevailed on the continent, but gradually the
liberty of the day was restricted and its character wholly
changed. We have lately met with an excellent summary
of the course of legislation that produced this result. It
marks clearly the various stages of the restrictive process
and we cannot do better than reproduce it here for the
benefit of readers to whom it may prove novel.

" Prior to the statute of 1676, any act done on Sunday,
except in proceedings of courts, was of the same binding
force as if performed on any other day. Parliament sat on
that day, for in the reign of Edward I., in 1278 and 1805,
three statutes were made on Sunday. Nor did the first
restraining laws make any distinction between Sundays and
other holy days. Thus the statute of 28 Edward III., Cap.
14, in 1357, says : " Shewing of wools (i. e., by merchants)
shall be made at the staple every day in the week except
the Sunday and solemn feasts of the year." No further
enactment was made touching the matter in question for
nearly 100 years ; but in 1448 was passed the act of 27
Henry VI., Cap. 5, entitled, " Certain days wherein fairs
and markets ought not to be kept," which sets forth that
" The King hath ordained that all manner of fairs and
markets in said principal feasts (of Ascension, Corpus
Christi, Assumption, and All Saints) and Sundays and
Good Friday shall clearly cease from all shewing of any

English Restrictions on Sunday. 159

goods or merchandises (necessary victuals only except) ;"
but in recognition of the fact that there had previously
been no such restriction, it is provided that " Nevertheless,
of his special grace (the King) granted to them power
which of old time had no day to hold their fair or market,
but only upon the festival days aforesaid, to hold the same
authority and strength of his old grant within three days
next before said feasts or next after."

The act of 4, Edward IV., Cap. 7, in 1464, seems to
have been occasioned by some special irritation from the
dishonesty of leather-dressers and shoemakers ; for, after
sundry stringent provisions applying to them generally, it
is provided that " No person, cordwainer or cobbler, within
the City of London * * * upon any Sunday in the
year, or in the feasts of the Nativity or Ascension of our
Lord, or in the feast of Corpus Christi, shall sell, or com-
mand, or do to be sold, any shoes, huseaus, or galoches, or
upon the Sunday, or any of said feasts, shall set or put
upon the feet or legs of any person, any shoes, huseaus, or
galoches." This statute was repealed in 1522, but re-en-
acted, in part, in 1604.

In 1552 was passed " An act for keeping holy days and
feasting days" (5 and 6 Edw. IV., Cap. 2), the preamble
of which is an instructive example of the pains taken by all
Christians, Catholic and Protestant, prior to the seventeenth
century, to deny that Sunday or any other holy or feast
day, possessed of itself any sacredness or any higher claim
to observance than that of convenience for the purpose of
uniformity in worship. It ran thus : " For as much as at
all times men be not so mindful to laud and praise God
* * * as their bounden duty doth require ; therefore, to

1G0 English Kestrictions on Sunday.

call men to remembrance of their duty and help their in-
firmity, it hath been wholesomely provided that there shall
be some certain times and days appointed wherein the
Christian should cease from all kinds of labors ; * * *
neither is it to be thought that there is any certain time
or definite number of days prescribed in Holy Scripture,
but that the appointment, both of time and also of the
number of the days, is left by the authority of God's word
to the liberty of Christ's Church to be determined and
assigned orderly in every country by the discretion of the
rulers and ministers thereof, as they shall judge most
expedient for the true setting forth of God's glory and the
edification of their people ; be it therefore enacted, that all
the days hereafter mentioned (to wit : Sundays, the Feast
of the Circumcision, and twenty-two other feast days that
are named, and Mondaj's and Tuesdays in Easter Week and
Whitsun Week) shall be kept and commanded to be kept
holy days, and none other." It was further provided,
" That it shall be lawful to every husbandman, laborer,
fisherman, * * * upon the holy days aforesaid, in har-
vest, or at any other time of the year when necessity shall
require, to labor, ride, fish, or work any kind of work
at their free wills and pleasure." This Protestant law was
repealed the next year by the Catholic government of Mary,
and restored in 1604, in the first year of James I. It is
strikingly similiar to the decree of Constantine the Great,
made in the year 321 : "Let all Judges and people of the
town rest, and all the various trades be suspended, on the
venerable day of the sun. Those who live in the country,
however, may freely and without fault attend to the cultiva-
tion of their fields * * * lest, with the loss of favor-

English ^Restrictions on Sunday. 161

able opportunity, the commodities offered by Divine Provi-
dence should be destroyed."

In 1558 (1 Eliz., Cap. 2, Sec. 14,) was passed the first
law requiring attendance upon public worship " upon every
Sunday, and other days ordained and used to be kept as
holy days," upon pain of church censure and a fine of
twelvepence.

The English Puritans of the time of James I., were the
first to impose the name and character of the Jewish Sab-
bath upon the first day of the week, and those who came to
America brought the name and the idea with them. To
that seventeenth-century influence, and not to any scriptural
or ecclesiastical teaching of any earlier time, are we indebted
for sermons on Sunday observance. The doctrine held on
that subject by most evangelical Christians is not yet three
hundred years old.

In 1625 was passed a law (1 Car. I., Cap. 1,) that
" There should be no meeting, assemblies, or concourse of
people out of their own parishes on the Lord's day, for any
sports or pastimes whatsoever ; nor any bear-baiting, bull-
baiting, interludes, common plays, or other unlawful exer-
cises or pastimes used by any persons within their own
parishes." " This statute" says Blackstone, " does not pro-
hibit, but rather impliedly allows any innocent recreation or
amusement within their respective parishes, even on the LoroVs
day, after Divine service is over ; " and, in point of fact,
both Charles I. and his father before him issued proclama-
tions encouraging such amusements after Divine service.

In 1676 was enacted the well known " Lord's Day act;"
of 29 Car. II., Cap. 7, which prohibits generally all work,
labor, and business on Sunday, except works of necessity

162 The Law Disregarded ix Practice.

and charity, and which, with more or less modification,
forms the basis of all Sunday laws now extant in the United
States. Exceptions to this law in favor of hackney coach-
men, fishwomen, and chairmen, were enacted in 1694, 1699,
and 1710, and a clause prohibiting bird hunting was subse-
quent^ added, but it remained in substance until altera-
tions and repeals of English laws ceased to have any force
in this country."

As an historical matter the question is not very abstruse
and the truth is well enough known to scholars every-
where ; should there not then be charity for honest con-
victions?

In many cases the practice for 3-ears has been tolerably
liberal while all the time the old and stringent puritanical
Sunday laws of 1702 were retained on the statute books
liable to be enforced whenever a minority should choose to
demand their revival.

Such cases have recently been seen in many places in
this and other states, but particularly so in Newark, N. J.,
where the enforcement of such an old act forbidding the
sale of beer and other beverages on Sunday caused a reac-
tion of unexpected violence, and very characteristic of the
profound change that has already taken place in the popu-
lar conception of the day. The circumstances in brief
were as follows: A considerable number of prohibi-
tionists had organized under the name of the Law and Or-
der Association for the purpose of enforcing the Sunday
law and preventing the licensing of bar rooms. Numerous
prosecutions were made and carried through to conviction
under the old state law after having failed in the city po-
lice courts. Thereupon the Citizens' Protective Association

Belmont Avenue Brewery,

Newark, N. J.,

Gottfried Krueger, Proprietor.

For historical sketch, see Appendix C, page 183.

The Sunday Question in Newark, N. J. 163

was formed and in September, 1879, a demonstration was
made by a great procession, and the adoption of resolutions
calling for a repeal of the law which, after lying idle so
long, had suddenly been revived to the great injury of an
established business, and with manifest injustice to a large
number of peaceable citizens who conceived their rights to
be interfered with, inasmuch as a law long inoperative must
practically be regarded as a dead letter and ignored by those
who, if they had supposed it to possess vital power, would
have removed from its jurisdiction or taken pains never to
come within it. The procession numbered ten or twelve
thousand and great enthusiasm was displayed, not only in
the ranks, but by residents all along the line of march. The
matter was evidently one which took a deep hold on the
feelings of the community and none the less because of a
common feeling that they had been unfairly treated by the
appeal to a law not in harmony with the spirit of the times
or of abstract justice. A crowd is very apt to be wrong
and it is easy to stir up the people, but here the crowd had
more reason on its side than it was itself aware of, reason
founded on history, and making the law that had been en-
forced an unwarrantable attack on personal liberty. They
felt that it was so, though few probably would have been able
to give a clear explanation of the feeling or trace its justi-
fication by the facts. As for enthusiasm, we are told that
it needed no stimulus and can easily believe it to have been
so, for aside from the more abstract and philosophical jus-
tice of their complaint,! there was the immediate smart felt
by men who lose the day of recreation to which they have
looked forward all the week, or find that they are to suffer
a pecuniary loss and that their occupation is not only

164 What Sunday Should be.

checked but stigmatized. The matter made a great excite-
ment and called out many bitter paragraphs on both sides,
but chiefly among the more narrow-minded and pharisaical
of so-called religious press. We have no space or disposi-
tion to go into the details of their criticism, even for the
sake of illustrating how far misrepresentation and innuendo
may be made to stand in place of careful statement and
sound argument. The case has been spoken of because it
is in some sense typical, because it represents the course of
public thought and feeling, and the change which even
within two or three generations has come over the rigid
enactments of puritan early settlers. These puritans did
much good but it was all tempered and shadowed by an
austere severity that has no merit in itself and that crushes
out much the better part of life and obscures many a truth
that in itself is clear as noonday. The mind of the people
has changed. It is time that the law should be changed
also. The Christian Union has said, '; The sooner the
issue is made in Chicago between a whole sabbath and
none at all, the sooner the Christian element in the com-
munity will win the victory it will deserve. Half a sab-
bath is hardly worth fighting for." We say that the best
rule for observing the day is that which gives the greatest
amount of harmless freedom and enjoyment to the great-
est number, each according to his own judgment and con-
science. Our foreign element is very large and has its own
beliefs and traditions, as dear and as implicitly held as
those of any one whose training and practice have been
after the strictest Sabbatarian pattern.

We have attempted here no argument, but simply given
some cardinal facts, and now leave the matter in the hope

The Motto of this Book. 165

that those who dissent will at least respect honest utterance
and not allow their objections on this one point to prejudice
them against our discussion of the value of malt beverages
as aids to genuine temperance and useful friends to man.

We close as we began, with the words which seem to us
to indicate the only practical road to real temperance, and
record again our motto

BEER AGAINST WHISKY.

APPENDIX A.

TOTAL PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF BEER IN VARI-
OUS COUNTRIES AND CITIES.

The tables here given have been prepared with great
care after a thorough examination and comparison of au-
thorities. The discrepancies and errors discovered in vari-
ous published statements of a similar nature have made the
task a difficult one, but it is believed that the present results
will be found substantially accurate. Table A gives a list
of the chief beer producing countries, with the population
of each, its annual product in hectoliters and gallons, the
number of its breweries and the production per head of
population. The countries are arranged in the order of
product per capita. Table B gives the same countries ar-
ranged in the order of total production, and for convenience
of reference repeats the product per capita.

TABLE A.

|
Is
3
o,
o

.2 m

3; a
o o

a
1

o .
3 en

13 S
O O
w— '

Number of Brc
les.

Production per
of population.

Bavaria,

5,022,390 12,422,272

329,110,208

6,240 65.5

Wurtemberg,

1,881,505

3,480,795

92,241,067

2,604 49.0

Belgium,

5,336,185

7,942,000

210,463,000

2,500 39.4

Great Britain and Ireland,

31,628,338 47,000,000

1,245,500,000 26,214 39.0

Baden,

1,507,177

1,297,893

34,394,164

22.8

Denmark,

1,940,000

38,800,000

20.0

*Hectoliter — 26>£ gallons wine measure.

Beek Fkoduct of the Civilized World.

167

a
_o

"3

p.

o

Ph

.2

a*.

.2 £

*3 U

Oh

a

a
.2

o .

■O S
o o

Ph

Number of Bn
ies.

Production per
of population.

Saxony,

2,760,586

52,520,480

19.0

Holland,

3,865,456

2,078,000

55,067,000

560 14.2

Prussia proper,

25,742,404

257,630,403 10,480 10.0

United States,

38,558,371

10,848,4461

336,301,826

2,830 8.7

Switzerland,

2,759,854

890,000

23,585,000

400 8.5

Austro Hungary,

36,373,000 11,323,444

300,071,266

2,353 8.3

Norway,

1,806,900

420,000

11,130,000

34 6.1

Sweden,

4,484,542

1,000,000

26,500,000

94 5.9

France,

36,905,788

7,370,000

195,305,000

3,110 4.4

Trieste and Dalmatia,

522,800

52,575

1,393,237

3 2.6

Russia proper,

65,504,659

3,040,000

80,560,000

520 1.2

German Principalities,

not

above enumerated,

5,813,296

119,670,460

940 20.5

TABLE B.

Great Britain and Ireland,
United States,
Bavaria,

Austro Hungary,
Prussia proper,
Belgium,
France,
Wurtemberg,
Russia proper,
Holland,
Saxony,
Denmark,
Baden,
Sweden,
Switzerland,
Norway,

Trieste and Dalmatia,
German Principalities not above enu-
merated,

PRODUCTION. GAL.

1,245,500,000
336,301,826
329,190,208
300,017,266
257,630,403
210,463,000
195,305,000

92,241,067

80,560,000

55,067,000

52,520,480

38,800,000

34,394,164

26,500,000

23,585,000

11,130,000
1,393,237

119,670,460

PER HEAD.

39.0

8.7
65.5

8.3
10.0
39.4

4.4
49.0

1.2
14.2
19.0
20.0
22 8

5.9

8.5

6.1

2.6

20.5

♦Hectoliter— 26>£ gallons wine measure.
tBarrels.

168 Beer Drinking and Intellectual Progress.

It will be seen from the above table that Germany, ex-
clusive of German Austria, brews the enormous quantity
of 885,616,782 gallons of beer, or about 20.7 to each indi-
vidual in a population of 42,727,360. Most of this is con-
sumed at home, and great quantities are imported from
Christiana, Norway, and Copenhagen, Denmark, while ale
and porter are largely brought from England.

It is worthy of notice that Bavaria, which has been
known for centuries as the cradle of men of arts and sci-
ences, stands at the head of the list of beer producing coun-
tries. With a population of only about five millions, it
brews three hundred and twenty-nine million gallons- or
65.5 gallons to every individual ; and next in rank is the
little kingdom of Wurtemberg, the native state of the great
Schiller. Munich, the capital of Bavaria is especially cele-
brated for the long array of men of arts, letters and science
who have either been born there or adopted it as a resi-
dence. But it is, at the same time, the greatest beer drink-
ing city in the world. It produced in the year 1876 no less
than 1,198,951 hectoliters=31, 772,201 gallons, and its ac-
tual home consumption in that year was 956,455 hectoliters
=25,346,057 gallons, which, in a population of 198,000,
gives 128 gallons a year for every individual, costing in all
$6,216,955, or about $31 per head. The amount paid for
beer is less by $1,363,800 than the amount paid for house
rent. In the years 1877 and 1878 the amount paid for
beer fell off, but for the current year (1879) it will, accord-
ing to statistics thus far received, be larger than ever before.
The taxes for the municipal government and city taxes are
less than a tenth of the amount expended for beer — and yet
there is not a more orderly and well behaved city in the

Great Brewing Cities. 169

world than this same Munich. All this is indirect evidence
of great importance as to the social and intellectual effect
that may be expected to follow a free and even a very large
use of beer.

Vienna stands in a similar category though it offers a less
striking illustration of the case than Munich does. It has,
however, one brewer whose operations are extensive enough
to deserve special mention. This is the well-known Anton
Dreher, whose business, begun at Schwechat in 1836, now
comprises large establishments in four Austrian cities, with
an annual product of 500,000 barrels, paying a government
tax of $750,000.00 or more. The business employs com-
bined water and steam engines of 100 horse power, 400
brewers, 200 teamsters and common laborers, 150 horses,
and no less than 250 draught oxen.

Karlsruhe, the capital of Baden is also an important
brewing city. Its product is 4,884,350 gallons, and of this
amount something over one million gallons is contributed
by the Albert Printz brewery alone.

It is, however, useless to attempt any mention of the
cities or districts that are distinguished for the quantity or
quality of their beer. We can only say that they are very
numerous, and add that their character is such as to cor-
oborate all that has been said in this book touching the
beneficial effects of a free use of beer in the community.

170

Analyses of Beers.

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Analyses of Beers.

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Analyses of Beers.

173

ACCORDING TO HEYDLOFF.

Beer of Nuremberg,

" Erlangen,

" Bamberg,

" Erfurth, of Treitsokle,

" " of Schlegel,

" " of John,

" " of Buchner,

English porter,

Composition of some Swedish beers :

Porter of Stockholm,

Porter of Goteborg, (Carnezie & Co.)

Strong beer of Neumiller's brewery in Stockholm, 12.4

Swedish beer of Beijnoff (Upsala)

" Hillberg "

Beer of the Bavarian brewery in Upsala,
Bavarian beer of the Munich brewery in Stock-
holm,
Erlanger beer,
Bavarian beer of Oerebeo,
Export beer of Stockholm,
Svagdricke (small beer) of Beijnoff (Upsala),
Svagdricke (small beer) of Hillberg,

Alcohol.

Extract.

3.8

6.2

3.8

6.0

4.1

5.8

3.7

5.5

4.1

6.5

3.7

6.0

4.2

6.5

5.1

9.2

p

ercentage
, Alcohol.

of

Extract,

Water.

6.6

6.0

87.4

5.4

5.8

88.8

, 12.4

4.6

83.0

8.9

3.0

88.1

8.2

2.6

89.2

6.4

4.7

88.9

7.4

4.0

83.6

6.2

4.7

89.1

5.5

4.1

90.4

5.2

4.8

90.0

3.2

2.1

94.7

3.3

2.2

94.5

ACCORDING TO C. HIMLEY.

Extract of

Phosphoric

Names of the Beers.

Malt.

Alcohol.

Acid.

Water.

Double beer of Copenhagen,

13.68

2.16

0.065

84.16

(Orp) Salvator,

8.20

4.10

0 084

87.70

Waldschiosschen

5.50

3.84

0.088

89.66

(Erich) Erlanger beer,

6.22

3.95

0.074

89.83

Berliner Actienbier,

6.20

3.44

0.068

90.36

(Betz) Eckernforder,

6.10

3.05

0.062

90.85

Schluter,

6.09

3.60

0.074

90.31

Scheibel,

6.00

3.12

0.064

90.88

Erlanger,

5.70

3 57

9.070

90.73

(Erich) Erlanger ale,

5.62

3.04

0.076

91.34

Hoff's malt extract,

5.60

3.04

0.075

91.36

174

Analyses of Beers.

Name of the Beers.
(Eger & Co.) Christiana,
(Henniger) Erlanger,
Dreiss,
Orp,

Extract of
Malt.

Alcohol.

Phosphoric
Acid.

Water.

5.54

3.77

0.088

90.69

5.50

2.60

0.072

91.90

5.40

3.10

0.060

91.50

5.00

3.25

0.056

91.75

ACCORDING TO HEKMEYER.

Alcohol in
100 volumes.
1 — Beers of Utrecht.

Acetic
Acid.

Lactic
Acid.

Carhonic
Acid.

Ex-
tract.

Albu-
Ash. men.

Old Brown (uit den boog), 3.8

0.035

0.32

0.073

3.36

0.34 0.41

Young pale, " 4.1

0.008

0.25

0.103

2.86

0.25

Lambick, " 5.4

0.016

0.35

0.159

3-49

0.36

" (uit den kraus), 4.6

0.120

0.40

0.090

1.79

0.21

Table beer (uit den aker), 4.4

0.044

0.16

0.163

3.40

3.41

2 — Other Dutch Beers.
Princessen-bier, 4.0

Heumens-bier, 4.2

Bosch-bier(W.Van Heeren), 5.2

0.060 0.17 0.090 2.60 0.21 0 46

0.012 0.27 0.135 2.79 0.28

0.044 0.42 0.010 4.83 0.38

ACCORDING TO LACAMBRE.

London ale,

Hamburg ale,

London ale, (common,)

Porter,

London porter, (common,)

Munich, Salvator,

Bock,

Bavarian beer, (common,)

Brussels, Lambick

" Faro,
Diest Guide beer,
Peeterman, of Louvain,
White beer,

Double Ujtzet of Ghent,
Single " "

Barley beer of Antwerp,
Strong beer of Strasburg,
Strong beer of Lille,
White beer of Paris,

, — Alcohol — ,
Young Old
Beer. Beer.

, Extract — ,

Young Old
Beer. Beer.

7

8

6.5

5

5.5

6

6

5

4

5

5

4

5

6

7

6

3

4

5

4

5

6

12

10

3.5

4

9

7

3

4

6.5

4.5

4.5

6

5.5

3.5

2.5

4

5

3

3.5

6

8

5.5

35

5

8

5.5

2.25

3.25

5

3.5

3.25

4.5

5

4

2.75 3.5

4

3

3

3.5

4.5

3

4

4.5

4

35

4

5

4

3

3.5

4

8

5

Analyses of Beers.

175

ACCORDING TO G. MONIER.

Names of the Beer.

Beer of France (Nord),
Beer of Fiance (Nord),
Beer of France (Nord),
Pale ale (Burton),
Pale ale (Burton),
Munich beer,

Amsterdam beer,
Paris beer (called Strasburg
Paris beer (called Strasburg
Paris beer (called Strasburg
Vienna beer,

Alcohol.
(in volumes.)
Cubic cntms.

40.00

32.50

36.00

60.50

55.00

56.25

56 50

53 75

beer), 47.00

beer), 45.00

beer), 47.50

52.50

Glucose,

Dextrine,

Albuminoid

Substances,

etc.

Salts.

Grammes.

Grammes.

Grammes.

7.03

31.77

1.60

4.80

31.00

2.10

6.60

3310

2.20

8.25

39.35

2.80

8.30

40.10

2.65

15.10

58.40

2.52

16.20

56.45

2.40

13.55

51.50

2.20

16.30

45 00

2.65

14.35

51.30

2.05

11.60

43.40

2.00

11.00

55.30

2.30

ACCORDING TO WACKENRODER.

Alcohol, Extract.

Beer of Lichtenhain, 3.2 4.5

" Ilmenau, 3.1 7.1

" Jena (called of Erlangen), 3.0 6.1

" Weimar (called of Bamberg), 2 8 6.3

" Oberweimar, 2.6 7.3

Double beer of Jena, 2.1 7.2

Alcohol,
Extract,
Malt sugar,

BERLIN BEER— 27 SAMPLES.

Albumen.
0.05
0.08
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.03

Ash.
0.2
02
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.2

4.74 per cent.
4.94 " "
3.78 " "

BERLIN WHITE BEER.

Alcohol,

Extract,

Ash,

Original gravity,

1.48 per cent.

3 65 " "

0.12 " "

7.94 " "

Alcohol,

Free carbonic acid,

Extract,

Phosphoric acid,

NASSAU BEER.

3.737 per cent.
0.285 " "
6.035 " "
0.072 " "

176 Analyses of Beers.

BEER OF HANOVER.

Max.

Min.

Mean.

Specific gravity at 17.5°,

1.0353

1.0115

1.0165

Water ~) ( In beer ~)

91.61

85.37

89.64

Alcohol >■ 4 freed from >- per cent.,

5.05

0.72

4.01

Extract) (carbonic acid)

13.91

4.43

6.34

Ash,

0.28

0.19

0.24

Phosphoric acid in ash,

0.093

0.024

0.069

Original gravity of wort,

17.37

12.33

14.36

APPEKDIX O.

ILLUSTRATIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF BREWERIES.

The brewery of modern times is very different from any-
thing conceived of one or two hundred years ago. Not
merely its extent but all its appliances are characteristic of
this busy, progressive age, that knows how to plant money
in extensive outfits and supervision, in order that it may
yield a greater return, just as seeds put in rich earth and
carefully tended during growth give larger harvests of bet-
ter quality than were ever looked for in the old hap-hazard,
starving plan. We cannot mention one in fifty of those who
deserve notice. Think, for instance, of the great brewery
of M. T. Bass, at Burton on Trent, which produces about
one million barrels a year ; or those of Anton Dreher,
turning out five hundred thousand barrels, and see if it
is possible to attain such results except by modern processes
and modern business energ}\ No house in the United
States has yet reached so great a product, but more than
one is on the direct way, and it is not only possible but
probable that within fifty years the largest establishments
and the finest beer will be found in this country. In the
multitude of those who fairly deserve mention it seems
almost invidious to select a few, but it has seemed best to
give a brief account of some that, in one way or another,
may be regarded as typical exponents of this department
of American industry. Those mentioned are not always
the largest or best known, but the}r represent different parts
of the country and together form a tolerable epitome of the

178 Hon. Frederick Lauer.

whole brewing business, with its larger and smaller brew-
eries, old and new establishments, and various ways of pro-
cedure, the common feature being that all endeavor to
produce a thoroughly good article, and trust to the merit of
the product for success rather than to any temporary ad-
vantages that may be gained by cheapening their brew at
the expense of its flavor or wholesomeness. This is the
noticeable fact in the brewing trade at the present time.

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF HON. FREDERICK LAUER OF READ-
ING, PA.

The brewery of Mr. Frederick Lauer of Reading, Pa.,
is not only among the oldest in the country, but has re-
mained from the beginning in the hands of the Lauer fam-
ily. It was established in 1823 at Womelsdorf, a few miles
from Reading, by the father of the present proprietor, who
had just arrived from Germany. In 1826 it was removed
to Reading, and the business started on the same spot where
it is now carried on. The elder Lauer was an indefatigable
worker, and is said at this time to have taken no more than
two or three hours regular sleep a day. In 1835 his son
Frederick succeeded to the sole proprietorship of the brew-
ery, and its progress from this time was very rapid. For
several years ale and porter had been brewed, but no lager
beer was made in the country until 1842. In the year 1844
Mr. Lauer began to brew lager beer, and was thus one of
the pioneers in this industry; and since that time ale, lager
beer and porter have been produced constantly. The
brewery is a model of neatness and convenience, perfect in
every appointment and the special pride and pet of its
owner, who would much rather lose a year's profits than

One Against Nine. 179

tolerate dirt or disorder or the production of a poor beer.
Mr. Lauer has not, however, been constantly occupied with
his private business. For at least thirty years he has been
one of the prominent men of the city of Reading ; has held
various important public positions, political and otherwise,
and has done great service in securing equable legislation
in matters affecting the brewing trade. A man of quick
perception and untiring energy, he has again and again
accomplished alone, or nearly alone, things that were con-
sidered almost impossible, and from whose attempt his as-
sociates recoiled. An instance in point is thus described in
a recently published sketch of his life : " The way the
tax was saved was as follows : Shortly before the adjourn-
ment of Congress, he (Mr. Lauer) received a letter appris-
ing him that the Committee on Ways and Means were about
advising an increase. He immediately telegraphed to the
nearest members of the Brewers' Committee to join him at
Washington. They had an interview with the Committee
of Ways and Means, but the Committee refused to make
any modification in the bill, as it had already passed the
first reading in the House. There were ten members of the
Brewers' Committee, nine of whom, after the interview,
agreed to allow the fifty cents increase and make no further
exertion in the matter. Mr. Lauer, the tenth, was not
satisfied ; and, after gaining the consent of the Committee,
he called on a number of members of the House, and urged
upon them the ruinous consequences to the brewing busi-
ness which would follow the passage of the bill as reported.
The same day, February 11, 1865, the bill came up in Com-
mittee of the Whole, when the desired modification was
made by a vote of seventy-three to sixty-eight, and the

180 Joseph Schlitz Brewing Co.

following week the bill came up for final passage, when the
bill, as modified, was passed by a majority of four. The
members from Kentucky who had voted against the modi-
fication in the first place, voted for the bill when it came up
on the third reading, they having been influenced through
the exertions of Mr. Lauer. Immediately after its passage,
Thad. Stevens, chairman on the Ways and Means, jumped
up and exclaimed, ' That d — d Lauer did it.' "

This is only one of many instances in which Mr. Lauer's
efforts have been of the greatest value to brewers at large
and incidentally to the whole country. He was the first
president of the United States Brewers' Association, and
has more than once been able in time of scarcity to secure
such shipments of malt or hops from foreign countries as to
relieve the distress aud materially reduce the inflated price
of these articles.

THE JOSEPH SCHLITZ BREWING CO., MILWAUKEE, WIS.

In the year 1849 Mr. August Krug built a small brewery
at Milwaukee on Chestnut street, between 4th and 5th
streets, and the year after he added vaults of a capacity of
150 barrels, situated on the corner of 3d and Walnut streets.
His sale was about 250 barrels. From this small beginning
there developed one of the largest breweries in the country.

Mr. Krug died in 1856, and Mr. Joseph Schlitz who had
come to Milwaukee during the previous year took the man-
agement of the business which at first increased only moder-
ately although managed with skill and energy. In the year
1865 the sales were 4,400 barrels. Five years later he began
the erection of the present brewery on the corner of 3d and
Walnut streets, the same place where the original vaults

Joseph Schlitz Bkewing Co.

181

had been situated. The greater part of the present build-
ings were completed within two years, and the sales for
1871 amounted to 12,283 barrels. The period of rapid de-
velopment had now been reached, and the advance up to
the present time has been remarkable as may be seen from
the following table of the yearly sales, beginning with the
year 1870.

1870, Barrels,
1871,
1872,
1873,

1874,
1875,
1876,
1877,
1878,
1879,

ending April,

8,707
12,283
30,868
49,623
69,624
74,813
71,017
79,538
82,068
110,832

In 1874 the business was made into a stock company
under the title " Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company," with
Mr. Schlitz as president, the secretary and superintendent
being respectively, Mr. August Uihlein and Mr. Henry
Uihlein. Being thus partially relieved of the immediate
cares of business Mr. Schlitz in the following year sailed
for Germany to visit his native home of Mayence. The
vessel was the Schiller, which, as all readers must remem-
ber, was wrecked on the Scilly Islands, May 7, 1875, and
Mr. Schlitz was one of the many victims of that disaster. In
these circumstances the company organization was probably
a fortunate circumstance for the business. The death of a
sole proprietor or even a sole nominal proprietor is apt to
derange a business, no matter how capable the successor

182 Joseph Schlitz Bkewi^g Co.

may be, and this difficulty is almost avoided in the case of
an established company. The present management is as
follows:

President, Henry Uihlein ; secretary, August Uihlein ;
superintendent, Alfred Uihlein. The brewery in its pres-
ent form occupies two whole squares, and still larger
accomodations may be needed at no distant day. There is
a new ice-house 100 x 124 feet, four stories high, and with
a twenty-four foot basement. The cellars have a capacity
of 25,000 barrels ; the whole storage capacity is 70,000 bar-
rels, and the brewery is already fitted for the production of
200,000 barrels a year. There is a large coopering estab-
lishment and the gathering of ice alone occupies 300 men
and 90 teams for about twenty days every year. The beer
is sent all over the United States and to Brazil, Central
America and Mexico, in both barrels and bottles. About
one million bottles were sold in 1877, and in the succeed-
ing year the amount was more than two millions. The
bottling department alone occupies a building 46 x 150 feet,
with basement, and fitted with all conveniences for the
work.

The analysis of this beer gives the following result for the
percentage of alcohol : ordinary lager beer 4.5 volumetri-
cally, and 5.6 by weight. The bottled lager beer shows as
a result of four analyses within six months, six per cent, of
alcohol volumetrically, and 4.8 by weight. This is certainly
an excellent showing, and calculated to enhance the repu-
tation of any brewery.

A GOOD BEGINA'ING WELL CARRIED OUT. 183

THE BREWERY OF MR. GOTTFRIED KRUEGER, NEWARK,

N. J.

The brewery now owned by Mr. Gottfried Krueger was
founded in 1851 by Louis Adam and J. Braun, the latter of
whom died before the buildings were completed. Mr.
Adam at once formed a partnership with John Laible under
the firm name of Laible & Adam, and pushed the work
so well that within the year brewing was commenced, and
a sale of 1,200 barrels for thejfirst twelve months secured.

The property then consisted of six city lots, a small frame
house partly used as a saloon, a one-story frame brewery
thirty feet square, a stable for two horses and vaults for
500 barrels of beer. The brewing capacity was about
twenty barrels.

In 1852 Mr. Gottfried Krueger, the present proprietor,
came to this country, and being a relative of Mr. Laible en-
tered the brewery as an apprentice. Here he remained
until Messrs. Laible and Adam dissolved partnership in
1855, Mr. Laible building a new brewery and Mr. Adam
continuing the old business. Mr. Krueger accompanied
Mr. Laible and became foreman in the establishment where
he remained until 1865 when in conjunction with Mr. Gott-
lieb Hill he bought the old brewery of Louis Adam and
commenced business under the firm name of Hill & Krueger.
During the interval a new brewery had been added and a
new stable for six horses, while the sale had increased to
4,000 barrels and the brewing capacity to fifty barrels.
This advance, however, was destined to be greatly sur-
passed by that made under the new management. The
first step was the building of two new vaults of a capacity

184 Brewery of Hon. Gottfried Krueger.

of 5,000 barrels. This together with numerous minor im-
provements was accomplished during the first year, and
within the same time the sale of beer was doubled. The
years next succeeding saw a rapid development. In 1866
the firm built a new three-story brick malt and store-house ;
in 1876 a large building for fermenting rooms; in 1868
stables for twenty horses ; in 1869 an ice-house of 4,000
barrels capacity, and also vaults for 2,000 barrels. The re-
sult fully justified these preparations for an enlarged busi-
ness for the sale increased steadily year by year and in 1875
amounted to 25,000 barrels.

At this time Mr. Hill was compelled by the state of his
health to retire from business, and on the 16th of February,
1875, Mr. Krueger became the sole owner of the property
which then covered the entire block. Adding in 1878 a
model office building and in 1879 new stables for forty-five
horses, he has now one of the finest breweries in the State.
The sale for the current 3rear will be over 40,000 barrels.

In explanation of the cut we may add that the malt and
brew-houses are situated on Belmont avenue, the office and
stables on West Kinney street, the ice-house on Charlton
street, and the yards etc., on Montgomery street.

Every one connected with the establishment, from Mr.
Krueger down, is thoroughly fit for his duties and zealous
in their discharge. The management is, by the proprietor
himself, ably seconded by Mr. Theodore C. W. Eggerking
who has been long and successfully connected with the
business.

APPENDIX D.

LIST OF BREWERS WITH PRODUCT FOR THE PAST TWO
YEARS, 1878 AND 1879. ALSO, PRODUCT BY STATES.

There is some difference of opinion as to the propriety of publishing
such information as the annual product of the various breweries in the
country, and it therefore seems proper to explain why it has been de-
cided to give the figures in these pages, and how the information has
been obtained.

For some time the particulars were furnished to certain parties in
Chicago and New York, by a clerk in the Internal Revenue Depart-
ment at Washington. In this there was probably an injustice, for what
is demanded by the law cannot be withheld by the brewer, and both
analogy and general reasoning indicate that this forced information
should be considered as confidential, and not exposed to the comment
of indifferent persons or business rivals.

This view of the case is the one now held by the Department, as
appears from the following correspondence :

Official.

From the Commissioner of Internal Revenue.

(Copy.)

Treasury Department, Washington, D. C,

September 15, 1879.
Henry H. Rueter, Esq.,

President United States Brewers' Association.

Sir : Your attention is called to an article in the Brewers' Gazette of
August 15, ultimo, headed, " Thrown Together ; A Comparative View
of the so-called Brewers' Returns," in which are embraced copies of
letters from this office in relation to lists of reports of sales of fermented
liquors for the years 1878 and 1879, as published by the Western Brewer
and A. E. Tovey.

Please inform me whether the brewers of the United States desire

that such tabulated statements be prepared by this Bureau as therein

stated for publication.

Very respectfully,

(Signed) GREEN B. RAUM,

Commissioner.
24

186 Correspondence as to Brewers' Returns.

Reply of the President of Brewers' Association.

(Copy.)

United States Brewers' Association,

Boston, September 25, 1879.
Gen. Green B. Raum,

Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Washington, D. C.

Sir : In reply to your esteemed letter of the 15th inst., referring to
the preparation and publication of tabulated statements of brewers'
sales, and asking if, in my opinion, the brewers of the United States
desire that such tabulated statements be prepared by the Internal Rev-
enue Bureau — I beg to state, that I have no data which would enable
me to answer your question definitely. Many brewers, undoubtedly,
feel indifferent in the matter ; some may favor the publication, and
others are opposed to it. They argue that there is no parallel case
in any other branch of trade ; that individual business affairs should
not be thus made public ; that the publication of individual sales leads
to undue competition; and" that these lists are a bone of bitter conten-
tion between the publishers.

If the inquiry has been addressed to me with reference to the future

action of the Department, I beg leave to suggest that the brewers'

wishes can be best ascertained at their next yearly meeting, in June,

and I would respectfully ask you to delay action in the matter till then.

I am, sir, most respectfully yours,

HENRY H. RUETER.

Answer to Above from Internal Revenue Department.

Treasury Department,

Office op Internal Revenue,

Washington, September 29, 1879.
Henry H. Rueter, Esq.

President United States Brewers' Association, Boston, Mass.

Sir : Acknowledging the receipt of yours of the 25th instant, in reply
to office letter of the 15th instant calling attention to an article pub-
lished in the Brewers' Gazette relative to errors in reports of sales of
fermented liquors for the years 1878 and 1879, as published by the
Western Brewer and A. E. Tovey, and inquiring if such publications
were considered desirable by the brewers of the United States, I have
to say that I fully concur in your opinion that, while some may favor
the publication of such statistics, others would object thereto, and
would argue that there is no parallel case in any other branch of trade ;

Why Brewers' Returns are Published. 187

and that individual business affairs should not thus be made public;

that such publications lead to undue competition ; and that they become

a bone of bitter contention between publishers. For this reason, I

have decided to prohibit the furnishing of such lists hereafter to any

and all parties.

Respectfully,

R. E. ROGERS.

Acting Commissioner.

On the other hand, while it is certain that many brewers are glad to
have their product extensively stated, it is at least probable that very
few have any real objection. In order to test the question we sent
a printed form of inquiry, as to production, to ail the brewers in
the country. A large majority furnished the desired information,
and as many others doubtless failed to answer simply through
negligence or indifference, it seemed certain that the number of ob-
jectors was so small that this list might be published with propriety and
to the satisfaction of far the larger part of those interested. It is to be
noticed that this is a very different thing from printing enforced state-
ments, without a shadow of authority from the brewers themselves.
In this book the figures are generally furnished by the brewers and for
this very purpose. Where no reply has been received, the product has
been stated according to the best testimony that could be obtained, and
the total result is certainly more accurate than any yet published.
This is not because the government returns were incorrect, but because
of carelessness in transcription, or errors of the types, or both.
Whatever the cause, so many errors have been discovered in the so-
called official lists of those who obtained their information through
Washington, as to greatly impair the value of those tables, and create
much dissatisfaction among those who find an erroneous impression of
their business thus dissemminated through the country. Without claim-
ing that our own are absolutely free from error, we are prepared to
maintain their substantial correctness and their superiority to any yet
offered to the public. The product here shown is greater than that
stated earlier in this book. The returns on which that statement was
made seem to have been incomplete at the time of publication, unless
the fault lies in the transfer of figures or in the footings, a kind of de-
fect from which few public documents of a statistical character are
wholly free. The number of breweries here given is less than the
former statement, owing to the omission of a considerable number of
the smaller establishments, concerning which no satisfactory informa-
tion could be obtained, and the further omission of those whose owners

188 Why Brewers' Returns are Published.

were known to object to a publication of their business. The total
product of all so left out is known to be inconsiderable, though it can-
not be exactly ascertained.

Those most apt to find fault with a public statement of the amount
of their business are the smaller brewers, who sometimes fear that
their business will suffer if it is known that they dispose of less beer
than some rival. To such it may be said that a good business need not
be a large one. There are plenty of men in the country who work on a
comparatively small scale, and yet would not be induced to extend
their operations. They make enough, as it is, to satisfy their wants,
and they are not loaded down by the cares that attend a struggle to sell
as much as possible. They fear no injury because their sale is not so
large as that of some one else, and they are perfectly in the right, as
experience shows. Still again, there are many small breweries to-day,
that will be great fifteen or twenty years from now. We have shown
in Appendix C something of the possibilities of sudden development
in this business, and with the increasing taste for beer these opportu-
nities will be better than ever. It is not against a brewery that it is
small. Its product may be of the first quality, and it may be small
simply because the owner does not care to have it large.

Other considerations might be adduced, but it seems as if enough
had been said to justify the printing of statistics prepared as are those
here furnished, especially as they must be interesting to every one who
makes a study of the beer question and wants as much and as varied
information as he can obtain.

The Beer Product of the United States. 189

SUMMARY

OF THE BEER PRODUCT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE
YEARS 1878 AND 1879, WITH THE INCREASE OR DE-
CREASE DURING THE SECOND OF THESE YEARS.

Name No. of No. of Barrels No. of Barrels

of Breweries.

sold from

sold from

Decrease.

Increase.

State.

May 1, 1877-8.

May 1, 1878-9.

Alabama,

1

184

74

110

Arkansas,

1

110

72

38

Arizona,

7

713

720

7

California,

195

379,373

385,839

6,466

Colorado,

29

23,901

23,464

437

Connecticut,

19

53,528

51,988

1,540

Dakota,

14

4,616

4,531

85

Delaware,

3

7,841

9,563

1,722

District Columbia,

10

27,506

29,126

1,620

Georgia,

1

7,330

7,710

380

Idaho,

12

936

1,484

548

Illinois,

115

579,888

608,627

28,739

Indiana,

76

182,448

191,729

9,281

Iowa,

136

186,176

169,030

17,146

Kansas,

34

20,995

24,709

3,714

Kentucky,

36

127,771

143,753

15,982

Louisiana,

10

36,352

47,407

11,055

Maine,

1

7,031

7

7,024

Maryland,

63

208,228

205,042

3,186

Massachusetts,

39

711,166

663,978

47,188

Michigan,

140

203,043

212,231

9,188

Minnesota,

114

101,916

113,529

11,613

Missouri,

72

547,590

582,372

34,782

Montana,

22

4,677

5,516

839

Nebraska,

27

27,100

29,270

2,170

Nevada,

35

12,116

13,969

1,853

New Hampshire,

5

127,071

116,888

10,183

New Jersey,

57

502,574

519,864

17,290

New Mexico,

2

110

180

70

New York,

365

3,556,678

3,980,716

424,038

North Carolina,

1

4

4

Ohio,

186

968,332

965,480

2,852

Oregon,

39

13,362

16,159

2,797

190

List of Brewers in the United States.

Name

No. of

No. of Barrels

No. of Barrels

of

Breweries.

sold from

sold from

Decrease.

Increase.

State.

May 1, 1877-8.

May 1, 1878-9.

Pennsylvania,

317

1,041,486

1,034,082

7,404

Rhode Island,

8

25,210

27,831

2,621

South Carolina,

2

778

372

406

Tennessee,

4

6,980

7,107

127

Texas,

37

10,050

7,718

2,332

Utah,

20

9,490

11,476

1,986

Vermont,

1

285

173

112

Virginia,

3

10,694

15,694

5,000

Wash. Territory,

20

7,965

7,231

734

West Virginia,

10

23,086

23,906

1,036

Wisconsin,

226

508,553

585,068

76,515

Wyoming Territory, 8

4,060

4,505

445

2,520 10,279,299 10,848,194 100,777 671,888

List of Brewers in the United States, with the
Product for the Years ending May, 1878, and
May, 1879.

Fort Smith,

ARKANSAS.

Freiseis, Joseph,

Number of barrels sold.
1878. 1879.

110 72

Alexandria,

Minger, Jos.

54

50

Florence,

Will, P. & Co.,

60

60

Globe City,

Medler, Fred & Co.,

41

49

Prescott,

Raible, John,

225

269

«

Rodenberg, J. N.,

250

211

Rio Verde,

Horn, Wm.,

37

34

Tucson,

Levin, Alex.,

46

47

Number of Breweries, 7.

713

720

List of Bkewers in the United States.

191

CALIFORNIA.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Adin,

Jonas & Bofinger,

Alameda,

Alameda Brewery,

817

4S7

Altaville,

Becker, John,

350

350

Anaheim,

Conrad, Fred,

145

158

"

Goodale, I ,

357

281

Auburn,

Grohs, Frederick,

1,060

1,020

Benicia,

Rueger, John,

622

697

Benton,

Partzwick Brewery,

116

87

Bishop Creek,

Munzinger, Philippay & Co.,

57

189

Boca,

Boca Brewing Company,

9,717

11,035

Bodie,

Fr.inkenberger & Davidson,

198

"

Carion, A. A ,

Boonebar,

Ganser, Benj.,

Camp Independence,

Star Brewery,

30

61

Castroville,

Lauck, George,

281

404

Cherokee,

Bader, Chs.,

139

144

Chico,

Croissant, Chs.,

448

563

Chollas Valley,

Doblin, C,

140

150

Cloverdale,

Schaeffer & Auker,

48

159

Colusa,

Kammerer, G. & Co.,

800

884

Columbia,

Bixel, Joseph,

174

185

Crescent City,

Mayhoffer, Joseph,

59

81

Davisville,

Faber, Win.,

74

77

Dixon,

Sieber & Oberholzer,

622

586

Downieville,

Bosch, F.,

300

321

a

Nessler, L.,

275

282

Dutch Flat,

Mitchell, Wm.,

320

365

Etna,

Kiippler, Chs.,

336

394

Eureka,

Harper, I.,

148

126

«

Huck & McAllenan,

210

273

Folsom,

Yaeger, Peter,

320

419

Forest Hill,

Andres, Joseph,

112

114

Fort Bidwell,

Fulger, M.,

102

159

Fresno,

Erpelding, J. L.,

48

Gar rote,

Garrote Brewery,

125-

149

German town,

Miller, A. & Co.,

162

300

Gilroy,

Herold, Adam,

742

718

Grass Valley,

Benkelman, D.,

666

699

192

List of Brewers in the United States.

CALIFORNIA— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Grass Valley,

Frank, John,

162

183

it

Fritz, Chs.,

465

398

n

Hodge, Thomas & Co.,

944

10,085

Greenwood,

Muhlback, Nancy,

35

Gaudalupe,

Togninva, Tomasine,

32

87

Havilah,

Neff, Bernhard,

34

87

Haywards,

Lyon's Brewery,

483

502

a

Booken & Herman,

1,198

1,587

Healdsburg,

Midler, Carl,

170

180

Hormitos,

Lessmann, Henry,

81

61

Hollister,

Narcoe, Henry,

300

366

Hot Springs,

Fantz, Edw.,

661

678

Independence,

Fernbach, Jo.,

138

139

lone City,

Raab, C,

314

380

Iowa Hill,

Schmidt, John,

100

87

Jackson,

Beiser & Schroeder,

241

435

Kernville,

Cook, Wm ,

220

109

a

Wroesch, R. R.,

149

137

Knight's Ferry,

Dolling, Victor,

221

263

Lakeport,

Smith, R. 0.,

170

188

Livermore,

Livermore Brewery,

215

261

Lone Pine,

Lubken, John,

115

74

u

Munzinger & Dodge,

155

35

Los Angeles,

New York Brewery,

2,479

2,075

«

Philadelphia Brewery,

1,430

(i

U. S. Brewery,

236

(i

Schwarz, Louis,

Lower Lake,

Mather & Linck,

330

380

Mariposa,

Weiler, John,

124

115

Marysville,

Lieber, Gottlieb,

725

756

May field,

Dncker & Company,

950

1,056

Mendocino,

Larowskia, J. C,

93

Merced,

Heinerath & Gossner,

239

290

Middletown,

Munz and Scott,

180

318

Modesta,

Lorensen & Peterson,

454

531

a

Braun, M.,

141

260

Mokelumne Hill,

Disbrow & Co.,

224

192

a u

Mokelumne Hill Brewery,

452

382

Monitor,

Scossa, John,

Napa,

Pfeiffer, Philip,

251

328

List of Brewers in the United States.

193

CALIFORNIA— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Nevada City,

Blasauf, Mary,

186

157

"

Dreyfuss, L. W.,

833

702

a

Fogeli, Casper,

142

163

«

Weiss, Emile,

385

422

North Bloomfield,

Weiss, Valentine,

39

57

<( a

Hieronimus, S.,

105

North San Juan,

Koch, G. W.,

356

427

Oakland,

Welscher & Westermann,

2,600

3,670

«

Kramm & Dieves,

7,385

9,000

tt

Bredhoff & Co.,

4,124

4,600

Oleta,

Schroder, Henry,

459

376

Oroville,

Schneider, Wm.,

456

439

Pajaro,

Dulla & Werner,

136

249

Petaluma,

Robinson, Geo. & Co.,

818

531

«

Michelie' & Griess,

613

666

Pine Grove,

Sass, C. D. F.,

232

234

PlacerviJle,

Collins, Fred,

408

424

a

Zeiss, Jacob,

300

281

Point Arenas,

Schlachter, John,

181

105

Quincy,

Schlatter, Wm.,

954

94

Red Bluff,

Bofinger, W. F.,

602

563

Redwood City,

Eureka Brewery,

572

576

<t tt

Hndler, C,

896

1,077

tt n

Kriess, M.,

418

Sacket's Gulf,

Wolf, John,

720

20

Sacramento,

Borchers & Schwartz,

2,416

2,504

u

Gruhler, E. & C,

2,885

2,675

a

Kerth & Nicolaus,

3,812

4 242

a

Knauer, F. C,

3,020

2,995

a

Scheld, P.,

2,040

2,164

a

Ochs, M.,

1,763

2,163

Salinas,

Lurz & Menke,

324

478

San Andreas,

Bloom, John,

124

96

San Bernardino,

Anderson, John,

499

424

San Buena Ventura,

Hartman, Fredolin,

140

237

San Diego,

Dobler, C,

49

155

«

Walter, Otto,

147

200

San Francisco,

Albany Brewery, Everett St.,

Hagerman, F. & Co., props.,

13,815

13,000

a

Albrecht, James, 623 Braman St.,

i

880

25

194 List of Brewers in the United States.

CALIFORNIA— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.
1878. 1879.

San Francisco, Bauer, John, 120 Fillmore St. 617

" Buss & Hensler, 209 Treat Ave., 800

'• Bavaria Brewery, Vallejo and

Green Sts. 3,335 3,297

" Bay Brewery, 612, 614 and 616

7th St., Luraann, G., propri-
etor, 6,244 1,750

" Broadway Brewery, 637 Broad-

way, Adams, Jacob, prop., 5,225 4,045

Burnell, J. H. & Bro., Ninth

Avenue, 142 400

Chicago Brewery, 1420 to 1434
Pine St., Aherns, H. & Co.,
proprietors, 22,088 20.261

Christ, John, 25th St., 90 80

" Empire Brewery, Chestnut St.,

Harold, John, proprietor 19,535 17,014

Enterprise Brewery, 2019 Fol-
som St., Hildebrant & Co.,
proprietors, 4,190 4,300

" Eureka Brewery, 235 First

St., Schweitzer & Bro., pro-
prietors, 7,154 6,800
Golden City Brewery, 1431 Pa-
cific St., Buckle, Geo., pro-
prietor, 1,610 1,500

" Golden Gate Brewery, 713

Greenwich St., Metzler,
Chas., proprietor, 4,675 4,969

" Hayes Valley Brewery, 612

Grove St., Wahlmuth & Co.,
proprietors, 2,901 3,000

" Hensler & Fredericks,

" Hibernia Brewery, Howard St.,

Nunan, M., proprietor, 17,250 19,546

« Humbold Brewery, 1839 Mis-

sion St., Noethig & Turk,
proprietors, 6,784 8,000

" Jackson Brewery, Mission St.,

Frederick, Wm. A., proprietor, 7,522 8,008

List of Brewers in the United States. 195

CALIFORNIA— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.
1878. 1879.

San Francisco, Kirby, Thos. J., 528J Noe St.,

" Lafayette Brewery, 725 Green

St., Grogan & Austell, pro-
prietors, 5,462 5,649

" Marks Brewery, Tehama St.,

Marks, Samuel, proprietor, 498 312

" Mason's Brewery, 527 Chest-

nut St., Mason, John, propri-
etor, 9,625 8,000

" National Brewery, Fulton and

Webster Sts., Gluck & Han-
sen, proprietors, 13,270 13,200

" New York Brewery, Shotwell

St., Kirby, L. J., proprietor, 2,457 508

" North Beach Brewery, Powell

and Chestnut Sts., Schwarz,
Jos., proprietor, 426 360

" Pacific Brewery, 271 Tehama

St., Fortmann & Co., propri-
etors, 12,668 9,947

« Philadelphia Brewery, 240 Sec-

ond St., Wieland, John, pro-
prietor, 43,407 44,276

" Railroad Brewery, Valencia,

between 15th and 16th Sts.,
Schuster, Fred., proprietor, 1,647 1,300

" Schultz & Geitner, 26th St., 1,400

*• South San Francisco Brewery,

R. R. Ave. and 14th St.,
Hoelscher, A. &. Co., propri-
etors, 2,192 2,200

" South San Francisco Stock

Brewing Co., 2118 Powell
St., 10,420 8,900

" Swan Brewing Co., 15th and

Dolores Sts., 971 481

" Swiss Brewery, 414 and 416

Dupont St., 765 498

" Union Brewery, Hess & Co.,

proprietors, 7,020 5,800

196 List of Brewers in the United States.

CALIFORNIA— Continued.

No. of bar

rels sold.

1878.

1879.

San Francisco,

U. S. Brewery, Franklin and

McAllister Sts.,

15,477

13,300

m

Washington Brew'y, 723 Lom-

bard St;,

17,326

16,321

u

Wilmot Brewing Co., 324

Green St.

250

100

u

Willows Brewery, Fauss, 0. &
Co., proprietors, cor. 19th

and Mission Sts.,

6,501

7,600

San Jose,

Eagle Brewery,

3,983

4,052

(C

Herman A„

191

159

11

Krumbs Brewery,

938

859

it

San Jose Brewery,

1,343

1,864

a

Schramm & Schnabel,

8,372

10,034

San Juan,

Ben tier & Beck,

162

96

San Leandro,

Columbia Brewery,

181

239

"

Rantzan, T. H.,

181

102

San Luis Obispo,

Lindenmeyer, Julius,

295

122

u

Hauser & Williamson,

San Rafael,

Bagen & Goerl.

1,374

1,559

Santa Barbara,

Mueller, H. & Bro „

110

144

Santa Clara,

Santa Clara Brewery,

284

480

Santa Crnz,

Bausch, Henry,

793

625

Santa Rosa,

Metzger & Haltinner,

1,029

1,146

Shasta,

Behrle & Litsch

358

379

Son or a,

Baccigalapi, Louis,

297

179

(<

Bauman, John,

640

571

South Vallejo,

Deminger, Fred,

1,706

2,534

Stockton,

Boemer & Wirth,

515

612

a

Neistrath, Eliz.,

505

716

a

Rothenbush, D.,

384

819

Sutter Creek,

Rabolt, L.

661

759

Sutterville,

Theilen, N.,

1,168

1,081

Truckee,

Grazer & Stoll,

245

234

«

Menk, Paul,

76

52

Ten-Mile River,

Franz & Bader,

5

Ukiah,

Wurtenburg, S.,

338

259

Vallejo,

Widenmann & Rothenburg,

1,722

1,706

n

Smith, P. & J.,

250

1,097

Vallecito,

Vallecito Brewery,

129

113

List of Brewers in the United States.

197

CALIFORNIA— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Visalia,

Mooney's Brewery,

591

581

«

Empire Brewery,

33

Volcano,

Griesbach, Geo.

40

28

Watsonville,

Kuhlitz, C,

72

118

u

Palmtag, Christian,

1,495

1,721

Weaverville,

Meckel, J ,

34

Woodland,

Schuerley & Miller,

1,458

1,206

(<

Wirt, Geo. L.,

200

180

Yreka,

Yeters, Chas.

297

305

a

Junker, Chas.,

311

298

Yuba City,

Klempp, Fred.,

270

305

Number of Breweries, 189. 379,373 385,839

COLORADO.

Black Hawk,

Haubrick, Sam'l,

791

580

Boulder City,

Weisenhorn & Voegte,

1,410

945

Central City,

Lehmkul, Wm.,

890

1,175

a

Richards & Wickett,

777

190

a

Staum, Chr.,

903

Colorado City,

El Paso Co. Brewing Co.,

222

723

Del Norte,

Bingle & Co.,

170

300

Denver,

Denver Brewing Co.

5,858

(<

Colorado Brewing Co.,

59

<(

Bendleburg, Geo,,

40

60

a

Melsheimer, Max,

1,290

a

Oppenlander, G. F.,

1,423

1,472

a

Zang, Philip,

6,110

8,408

Fair Play,

Summer, Leonard,

229

344

Georgetown,

Summer, John & Bro.

C94

670

Golden,

Schueler & Coos,

2;857

3,004

Granite,

Mesch & Gerter,

11

155

Idaho Springs,

Ullrich, Fred,

106

99

Lake City,

Fisher & Co ,

50

182

n

Hirt, Chas.,

135

203

Leadville,

Fuernstein. C,

210

u

Leadville Brew7ery,

300

u

Gau, Elizabeth J.,

632

Malta,

Sponagel, V. H.,

300

198 List of Brewers in the United States.

COLORADO— Continued.

Ouray,
Pueblo,
Rosita,
Silver Plume,
Trinidad,

Geiger, D.,
Merz, Elias,
Townsend, T. D.,
Boche, Otto,
Schneider, Henry,

No. of barrels sold.
1878. 1879.

80

850 1,062
95 153

280 868

Number of Breweries, 29. 23,901 23,464

CONNECTICUT.

Bridgeport,

Eckart Bros.,

2,599

2,120

u

Kutscher, Louis,

164

162

«

Klaus, Fred,

3.200

3,584

a

Knoedler, Christian,

66

86

M

Loehr, C,

1,687

2,588

M

Stoehr, C.,

1,687

2,588

u

Winter, Albert,

4,170

3,362

Hartford,

Herold Capitol Brewing Co.,

2,058

2,339

a

Shannon & McCann,

5,547

6,151

u

Sichler, George,

2,243

2,-100

Middletown,

Hopke & Wilkins, Jr.,

689

1,870

New Haven,

Bassermann, Geo. A.,

4,564

3,90o

u

Fresenius, Ph.,

8,716

8,0S0

((

Hull, Wm. & Son,

9,454

7,430

M

Nicholas, Chas.,

321

233

«

Yastron, Rich.,

22

18

Rockville,

Link, Erhardt,

1,018

784

Thompsonville,

Matthewson, John,

4,967

3,791

Waterbury,

Helhnan & Kipp,

356

500

Number of Breweries, 19. 53,528 51,988

Bismarck,
«

Central City,
Custar City,
Deadwood,

DAKOTA.

Walker, J. E.,
Walters & Kalberer,
Rosenkranz & Werner,
Parks, Robert,
Downer & Co.,
Nishwitz Wm.,

684
714

12

502
404
264

120

List of Bkewers in the United States.

199

Deadwood,

<(

Fargo,
Fort Totten,
Lead City,
Sioux Falls,
Yankton,

DAKOTA— Continued.

Rodebank & Nielson,
Schticliardt, A.,
Brokorsch, Jos. W.,
Brenner, E. W.,
Jentes, Hall,
Knott, G. A. & Co.,
Forester John,
Roplenscher & Co.,

Number of Breweries, 14. 4,616 4,531

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

90

339

365

19

371

1,023

1,621

885

875

834

Wilmington,

DELAWARE.

Hariman & Fehrenbach,
Speclit, Car],
Stoeckle, Jos.,

Number of Breweries, 3.

3,871

4,700

90

308

3,880

4,555

7,841 9,563

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

Georgetown, Duetz, Catherine, 38 and 40

Green St.,
Washington, Adt. F. J., bet. 13th and 14th

Sts., E. and D. and S. E.,
" Albert. John, cor. 25th and F.

N. W.,
" Conk, John G., 45 N St , N. W.,

« Dickson, Chris., 719 4 1-2 St.,

« Heurich, Christian, 1229 20th

St., N. W.,
« Juenemanri, Geo., 400 E St.,

N. W.,
" Kernwein, George, No. 124 N

St , N. W.,
" Roth, Jacob, 318 First St., N.

W.,
« Zanner, Wm, 526 4 1-2 St., S.

W.,

792

661

2,569

1,960

686

597

264

364

1,373

1,309

7,400

10,711

11,341

11,151

203

261

2,258

1,674

620

438

Number of Breweries, 10. 27,506 29,126

200

List of Bkeweks in the United States.

Atlanta,

GEORGIA.

No. of barrels sold.
1878. 1879.

Atlanta City Brewing Co., W.
H. Tuller, President, 7,330 7,710

IDAHO.

Atlanta,

Wilmer & Motlow,

Boise City,

Broadbeck, John,

6

240

u

Lemp, John,

329

492

Bonanza City,

Hepburn, John & Co.,

■

Challis,

Albiez, Frederick,

Idaho City,

Haug, Nicolas,

160

198

Jordan Creek,

Frank & Gundorf,

Lewiston,

Weisgerber Bros.,

307

380

Pioneer City,

Stadtmiller, Jos.,

45

58

Placerville,

Kohny, Chas.,

25

11

Salmon City,

Spahn, Michael,

31

45

Silver City,

Summercamp, W. F.,

33

60

Number of Breweries, 12.

936 1,484

ILLINOIS.

Alton,

Jehle & Peters,

3,183

3,995

Aurora,

Knell, John,

u

Mclnhill, J. V.,

651

Beardstown,

Rink, Anton,

1,645

1,284

Belleville,

Hartman Bros.,

11,951

13,452

ti

Stoegle, Fidel,

4,300

4,022

Belvidere,

Waldeck, J.,

307

77

Blue Island,

Bauer, Henry,

238

116

u

Metz & Schwachow,

2.199

680

Bloomington,

Meyer & Wochner,

4,968

5,169

Bowmanville,

Volmer, W.,

1,006

1,004

Canton,

Koebel, L.,

182

144

Carlinville,

Deibel, G. P. & Bro.,

1,244

1,188

Chicago,

Bartholomae & Leicht Brew-
ing Co., 688 to 706 Sedg-

wick St.,

28,293

31,245

List of Bkewejrs in the United States.

201

Chicago,

Columbia,

Danville,

Decatur^

DeKalb,

Dixon,

ILLINOIS— Continued.

Bartholomae & Roesing, 335

VV. 12th St.,
Brand, M. & Co., Elston Ave.

and River St.,
Busch & Brand Brewery Co.,

29 and 31 Cedar St., (May

and June, 1878),
Chicago Union Brewing Co.,

27th St. and Johnson Ave.,
Devereaux, J., 432 N. State St.,
Downer & Bernis Brewing Co.,

91 S. Park Ave.,
Foitune Bros., 138 to 144 W.

Van Buren St.,
Funk, Ernst, 44 Willow St.,
Gillen, Schmidt & Co., 416 25th

St.,
Gottfried, M., 166 Archer Ave.,
Hoerber, Jno. L., 220 and 222

W. 12th St.,
Jerusalem, Jos., 307 Rush St.,
Keeley Brewing Co., 28th St.,

near Cottage Grove Ave.,
Schmidt & Glade, 9 to 35 Grant

Place,
Schoenhofen, Peter, 34 to 50

Seward St.,
Seipp, Conrad Brewing Co.,

foot of 27th St.,
Seiben, Michael, 335 and 337

Larrabee St.,
Wagner, Ludwig, 942 N. Clark

St.,
Walther, Frank, 408 Paulina

St., (March and April, 1879),
Monroe Brewery,
Stein, John,

Harpstrite & Schlanderman,
Corkings, Thos.,
Clears, Jas. B.,

No. of barrels sold.
1878. 1879.

12,939 10,648
6,173 34,419

29,941 5,070

6,379
250

4,283
138

56,770 66,878

12,222

13,555

362

180

256

462

19,595

16,831

1,912

2,125

342

476

6,499

8,766

21,128

26,534

36,014

41,447

03,787

108,347

2,942

3,182

388

446

517

1,173

1,384

1,861

1,587

4,147

3,076

1,013

797

510

435

26

202

List of Bkewers in the United States.

ILLINOIS— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Dixon,

Plein, Nicholas,

977

1,475

East St. Louis,

Tleim, F. & Bro.,

11,380

14,020

Edwardsville,

Mick, Henry,

1,026

564

Elgin,

Althen, Casper,

1,350

962

Fayetteville,

Luers, P. & F.,

474

Freeburg,

Meyer, Aug.,

675

313

Freeport,

Baier & Seyfarth,

2,134

1,954

u

Milner, Jos. & Bros.,

358

539

Galena,

Hony & Metzger,

456

488

<«

Meller & Haser,

834

628

«(

Meller, Math.,

1,550

2,066

(i

Speier, Rudolph,

783

476

Geneseo,

Gasser, Geo. & Co.,

2,718

2,453

Harvard,

Huebner, John,

630

536

Havana,

Dehm & Mack,

1,590

1,192

Highland,

Schott, Martin J.,

3,023

3,855

Jacksonville,

Rick, H. & Sons,

2,144

1,177

Joliet,

Eder Henry,

4,544

4,608

a

Porter, Edwin,

7,494

7,467

a

Sehring, Fred.,

4,143

4,258

Kankakee,

Radeke, F. K., Brewing Co.,

2 0S9

1,779

Kewanee,

Lee, Frederick,

590

560

Knoxville,

Krotter, John,

363

130

Lacon,

Hochstrasser & Co.,

936

652

La Salle,

Eliei, L. & Co.,

13,184

12,225

Lebanon,

Hammel, Jacob,

3,772

3,717

Limestone,

Keller, Geo.,

60

70

Lincoln,

Mueller, P. & Son,

1401

Mascoutah,

Eisele & Koehler,

1,887

1,232

McHenry,

Bailey, G.,

697

710

Mendota,

Henning, Christian,

5,715

5,457

Morris,

Bauman & Hahl,

204

318

«

Gabhard, Lewis,

1,611

1,701

Mt. Carroll,

Medlar, Chas.,

114

114

Mt. Vernon,

Wetzel & Fuchs,

Murphysboro,

Broeg, Conrad,

565

272

Naperville,

Stenger, John,

4,939

2,640

Nauvoo,

Schenk, G. T.

441

288

New Athens,

New Athens Brewery,

1,023

698

North ville,

Rentlinger, Richard,

141

List of Bkewers in the United States.

203

ILLINOIS— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Ottawa,

Rabenstein, C,

3,278

2,857

a

White, Alfred,

1,441

1,594

Pecatonica,

Berridge, Wm,,

251

• 256

Pekin,

Winkel, Aug.,

2,186

9 OOI

— ,_— X

Peoria,

Bitz, Conrad,

171

296

n

Gipps & Co.,

9,526

11,019

u

Weber,Aug.,

2,503

921

Peru,

Peru Beer Co.,

3,446

3,743

u

Union Beer Co.,

2,778

2,705

Quincy,

Eber Bros.,

1,556

1,3S6

«

Dick & Bros.,

12,926

15,600

«

Koerner, M.,

19

85

u

Luther, J.,

483

2,100

a

Ruff Bros. & Co.,

3,793

4,775

Rockford,

Fisher & Wahl,

473

336

a

Kauffman, Aug.,

398

493

a

Peacock, Jonathan,

982

846

Rock Island,

Huber, Ignatz,

6,758

7,308

«

King, J. A. & Co.,

2,826

2,856

«

Wagner, Geo.,

10,205

9,937

Savannah,

Keller, Jos.,

1,200

1,194

Sigel,

Wiedmeier, D. & Co.,

42

7

Silver Creek,

Haegeli & Roth,

345

897

Spring Bay,

Eichhorn, Peter,

630

610

Springfield,

Reisch & Bros.,

8,758

9,358

Sterling,

Decker, J. & Co.,

737

510

C(

Hermann, Chas.,

315

1,129

Thornton,

Bielfeldt, J. S.,

932

1,105

Trenton

Bassler, Paul,

1,110

850

Warsaw,

Popel. Martin,

58

160

«

Schott & Son,

1,073

877

Washington,

Roth,. John,

■

14

Waukegan,

Besley's Waukegan Brewing

Company,

4,596

4,081

West Belleville,

Western Brewing Co.,

10,019

11,618

Wheeling,

Periolat Bros. & Co.,

1,875

1,889

Wilmington,

Markert & Co.,

2,844

3,512

Woodstock,

Arnold, Zimmer & Co.,

4,031

3,336

Number of Breweries, 115. 579,888 608,627

204

List of Brewers in the United States.

INDIANA.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Aurora,

Crescent Brewing Co.,

29,037

30,731

Bowling Green,

Stucki, Fred,

420

188

Bremen,

Wolff, Hugo,

471

277

Cambridge,

Straub, Cleophas,

418

366

<<

Ingerman, Henry,

477

390

Cannelton,

Huber Jacob,

300

373

Centre,

Weckerie, J.,

1,300

Columbia City,

Schaffer, H.,

986

1086

Columbus,

Schreiber, Aug.,

720

434

Connersville,

Billan. Valentine,

190

405

Covington,

Miller, Joseph,

958

1,290

Crawfordsville,

Muth, Jacob,

1,285

676

Crown Point,

Korn & Suckfield,

828

515

Decatur,

Rolver, Anna,

218

280

Evansville,

Cook & Rice,

15,738

17,158

a

Ulhner & Hoerz,

1,522

6,119

Ferdinand,

Ruhkamp, Henry, Jr.,

665

775

Fort Wayne,

Centlivre, C. L.,

2,245

3,715

tt

Horning, L. J„

41

«

Linker, Hey & Co.,

1,310

1,616

a

Lutz & Co.,

3,436

3,327

German Township,

Pauli, A.,

145

.

Harmony,

Bauer, John,

40

Harrison,

Klant, Reinhold,

385

180

u

Krodle, Jno. B.,

453

378

Huntington,

Boos, Jacob,

901

889

«

Herrberg, J. & A.,

202

106

Indianapolis,

Balz & Co.,

1,452

a

Lieber, P & Co.,

12,000

15,000

<<

Maus, C,

5,233

7,037

<(

Koehler & Co ,

300

344

u

Schmidt, Mrs. C. F.,

22,640

25,288

Jeffersonville,

Lang Henry,

533

429

Kendallville,

Paul, H. C.

1,164

1068

La Fayette,

Newman & Bohrer,

5,537

4,8^2

a

Thieme & Wagner,

5,076

6,524

La Porte,

Puissant, Jno. B.,

1,555

880

Lawrenceburgh,

Gamer, J. B.,

3,988

2,542

Lawrenceville,

Ritze, Anton,

368

343

List of Brewers in the United States.

205

INDIANA — Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Logansport,

Mutschler, Jno.,

2,097

1,044

Madison,

Belser & Co.,

1,808

<<

Greiner, Jno.,

2,202

2,522

(<

Weber, Peter,

5,104

5,040

Michigan City,

Zorn, Philip,

2,592

3,300

Mishawaka,

Kaume, A.,

3,595

3,642

Muncie,

Garst, A. J.,

100

u

Alvery, Ch.,

Napoleon,

Morbach, Nicholas,

175

280

New Albany,

Buchheit, Barbara,

3,045

3,535

if

Nadorff, Frank,

105

492

K

Reising, Paul,

3900

3,211

New Alsace,

Meyer, Martin,

248

192

it

Zix, Michael,

210

190

Newburg,

Brizins, Chas., & Co.,

489

378

North Vernon,

Schierling, John,

169

156

Oldenberg,

Roell, B.,

988

805

Perry,

Hartmetz, John,

667

620

Peru,

Cole, J 0.,

5,312

4,729

Plymouth,

Weckerle, J.,

1,031

928

Richmond,

Martischang, Joseph,

170

197

<C

Minck, Emil,

215

217

Rochester,

Metzler, John B.,

437

218

Seymour,

Dammrich, Martin,

396

250

a

Kaufman, J. D.,

279

2S8

South Bend,
St. Leon,

Muessel Bros.,

1,811

2,129

Biscoff, L.,

20

36

St. Peters,

Busold, John A.,

195

240

Suhman,

Schneider, P., Jr.,

400

Tell City,

Becker, Chas.,

480

430

a.

Voelke, Fred,

765

776

Terre Haute,

Mayer, Anton,

10,043

11,753

<(

Wheat, N. S.,

351

271

Troy,

Thaeny, John,

595

745

Valparaiso,

Hiller Geo.,

798

468

Vincennes,

Hack & Simon,

3,969

5,919

Wabash,

Rettig & Alber,

1,310

1,126

Number of Breweries, 76. 182,448 191,729

206

List of Bkewers in the United States.

IOWA.

No. of barrels sold.

18T8.

1870.

Afton,

Heine, John,

277

64

Anamosa,

Rick, M. F.,

572

2G8

Atlantic,

Fisher, Ernest,

219

1,370

Auburn,

Bilger, Katherine,

885

540

Avoca,

Kampf, Jacob,

1,300

L250

Bellevue,

Neustatdt, II.,

814

892

Belle Plaine,

Michel, Mathias,

1,258

1.258

Boone,

Herman, J. M.,

2,482

2,017

Boonsboro,

Zimbelman, L. & Co.,

2,583

3,090

Bridgeport,

Walz, Bernhart,

321

408

Brown's Station,

Brown, Henry,

174

147

Buffalo,

Barthberger, John,

•

<(

Hoffbauer, Hugo,

374

282

<.

Kantz, Theo.,

366

286

Burlington,

Bosch Bros.,

2,124

M

Bosch, John, Geo., & Co.,

2,778

2,255

u

Heil, Casper,

1,808

«

Rothenberger, P. P.,

1,670

1,091

«

Wertlimueller & Ende,

2,500

2,441

Cascade,

May, Francis,

947

757

Cedar Falls,

Lund, Hans N.,

597

u

Pfeiffer, H. & Bro.,

412

547

Cedar Rapids,

Magnus, C,

5,932

6:915

a

Williams, Geo. & Co.,

6,237

G.16'3

Charles City,

Andre, Gertrude,

2,514

1,078

Clarinda,

Peterson, B. A.,

495

368

Clinton,

Lauer & Allen,

1,032

1,417

Concord,

Sandler, A. Jr.,

10

Council Bluffs,

Geise, Conrad,

6,006

5,740

County of Iowa,

A man a Society,

1,731

1,813

Creston,

Bolig, P.,

118

«

Bolig & Co.

Davenport,

Frahm, M.,

6,006

6,107

«

Koehler & Lange,

6,609

7,563

M

Lage, J. & Co.,

4,052

3,779

U

Lehrkind, J. & Co.,

2,676

3,012

((

Noth, G. & Sons,

2,125

Decorah,

Addicken, Mrs. G.,

1890

1,872

«

Klein, Jos.,

1,395

924

List of Beewers in the United States.

207

Des Moines,

De Witt,

Dorchester,

Dubuque,

Dyersville,

Elgin,

Elkader,

Fairfield,

Fayette,

Fort Dodge,

a

Fort Madison,

Franklin Center,
Garnavillo,
Grand Meadow,
Guttenburg,

Hamburg,
Independence,

Iowa City,

Iowa Falls,

Jefferson,

Keokuk,

Lansing,

IOWA — Continued.

Aulmann & Schuster,
Kinsley, Joseph,
Mattes, Alois,
Mattes & Jung,
Yegge, V.,
Tacke, Jos.,
Glab, Adam,
Heeb, A.,
Meuser & Co.,
Peaslee & Co.,
Peir, John,
Tschirgi, & Schwind,
Esch & Bros.,
Shorie & Lehman,
Schmidt, J. B. & Bro.,
Toeller & Suess,
Moser, Martin,
Koll, Jno.,
Schmidt, D.,
Burstor, Anton,
Schlapp, Henry,
Best, William,
Schumacher, H.,
Koering, Jos.,
Hassfield, Wm.,
Jungk, Aug.,
Roth, John,
Walter, Rudolph,
Nies, Philip,
Seeland, Cris.,
Wengert, John,
Dostal, Jno. P.,
Englert & Rittenmeyer,
Hotz, Simon,
Althen, John,
Roth, Peter,
Anschutez, F. W.,
Leisy, Mrs. M.
Pechstein & Nagel,
Haas, Jacob,

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

1,646

2,185

341

362

3,325

2,169

1,224

1,314

1,234

1,234

321

183

3,483

8,327

8,072

3,288

3,437

3,497

940

1,410

4,171

4,348

1,198

1,432

604

532

1,644

1,145

795

482

119

882

802

558

476

1,584

1316

134

150

611

563

1,051

736

55

60

1,146

1,050

144

352

100

1,984

2,095

429

489

1,235

1,608

3,999

3,301

1,398

1.052

2,945

2,452

166

400

703

580

2,425

2,239

973

949

1,907

1,373

208

List of Brewers in the United States.

IOWA— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Lemars,

Diamond, Herbut A.,

58

(«

Maning, L. H. & Co.,

45

Lyons,

Tritschler & Tiesse,

3,414

3,187

Marengo,

Knepper, T. C,

420

480

Marion,

Schneider Bros.,

3,588

3,916

Marshal],

Roth, Peter,

276

Marshalltown,

Bowman Bros.,

2,224

3,018

"

Vogel, Geo.,

42

265

Mason City,

Brohm & McDevitt,

210

385

Maquoketa,

Dostal & Hoffmann,

1,713

1,782

McGregor,

Hagensick, J. L.,

939

773

Montrose,

Spring, Martin,

169

62

Mt. Carmel,

Gram, A. L.,

Muscatine,

Dold, Chas. J. Brewing Co.,

1,980

2,120

u

Dora, Jacob,

204

108

((

Eegerman, Mary,

995

1,025

((

Schaefe, John,

1,800

«

Witteman, A.,

2,117

1,580

New Hampton,

Gross, A. A.

1,050

1.050

New Vienna,

Baenmle & Ferring,

754

1.238

Nodaway,

Auun & Peterson,

495

Nora Springs,

Festel, Florian,

112

120

Osage,

Pierce, R. H.,

770

600

Osceola,

Jacobs, Chas.,

370

480

Oskaloosa,

Blatner & Newbrand,

975

728

Ottumwa,

Hausman & Bauer,

2,379

2,398

M

Hoffman, B.,

2,756

3,398

<(

Schaefer & Hoffmann,

11

The Wm. Kranner Brewing Co.

, 2,320

4,351

Pella,

Blattner & Herbig,

372

419

Postville,

Koenig, Jos.,

1,051

Red Oak,

Stroh, Charles,

960

550

Rockford,

Marke, S.,

942

1,042

Sevastopool,

Munzinger, G.,

1,250

1,275

Shell Rock,

Scully, Jas.,

287

97

Sherrill's Mound,

Haberkon, Geo,,

140

Sioux City,

Franz & Co.,

2,148

3,120

M

Selzer, R.

1,512

1,522

Spillville,

Nockles, Frank,

911

945

(<

Schwela & Glasbrenner,

288

List of Breweks in the United States.

209

IOWA — Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Stacyville,

Huxhold, J. H. C,

201

150

Strawberry Point,

Kleinlein, John,

921

858

Stuart,

Eber, John,

742

1,114

Tama City,

Matthews, A.,

516

780

Vail,

Smutney, A.,

220

200

Vinton,

Biebesheimer, H.

168

312

Washington,

Jugenheimer, Wm. & Co.,

1,360

920

a

Zahm, H.,

410

377

Waterloo,

Goldstein & Rainer,

806

810

Waukon,

Mauch, George,

308

270

Waverly,

Foselman, Peter,

1,632

1,671

a

Tabor, S. A.,

43

66

Webster City,

Rarnharter, A.,

477

639

West Mitchell.

Fey, John,

1,375

1,144

West Point,

Lampe, Bernard,

159

"

Troup, Fritz,

■

Wilton,

Miller, Philip F.,

923

890

Wiuterset,

Schroeder, Morris,

75

Number of Breweries, 136. 186,176 169,030

KANSAS.

Atchison,

<<

Beloit,

Carr Creek,

Cawker City,

Chanute,

Elinwood,

Emporia,

Eudora,

Fort Scott,

Hanover,

Highland,

Independence,

Iola,

Junction City,
i<

27

Young, Frank,
Zibold & Haegelin,
Pupka & Eberle,
Marsch, Peter, Jr..
Schaaf, Jos.,
Hartman Bros.,
Hess, John,
Macke, F. H. & Co.,
Bartnsch, Robert,
Schultz & Co.,
Jockers, Charles,
Weidemaier, Peter,
Hebrank & Truman,
Schindler, R.,
Cammert, Helmon,
Frzaskowsky, L. W.,

752

328

2,079

2,700

30

214

44

78

208

126

300

80

286

576

400

349

101

61

2,040

2,640

128

119

66

57

504

253

125

120

100

215

257

210

List of Brewers in the United States.

KANSAS— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Kinsley,

Kinsler, J.,

39

44

Kirwin,

Strebel, John,

100

200

Lawrence,

Walruff, John,

1,965

3,491

Leavenworth,

Becker & Link,

1,532

5,329

u

Brandon & Kirmeyer Brewing

Co.,

4,403

3,774

«

Kunz, Charles,

889

<(

Peipe, G.,

347

274

Leroy,

Schmidt, Albert,

303

209

Manhattan,

Alten, Chas.,

186

70

Marysville,

Kalenborn, P. C,

365

483

Ogden,

Weichselbaum, Theo.,

494

Paola,

Hausman, C,

283

292

Salina,

Mugler, Peter,

266

552

Topeka,

Alfeman & Eisner,

143

233

«

Herboldsheimer, A.

521

281

it

Moeser, Philip,

1,463

901

Wichita,

Wiegand, A., & Co.,

418

450

Wyandotte,

Hal'ner, Anna,

60

Number of Breweries, 34. 20,995 24,709

Alexandria,
Covington,

Frankfort,
Henderson,
Jefferson City,
Louisville,

KENTUCKY.

Meister, August,
Geisbauer, L.,
Lang, Chas., & Co.,
Ruh & Meyer,
Steinrude, J. H.,
Luscher, S.,
Reutlinger & Eisfelder,
Antsch & Metzner,
Bauer, Elizabeth,
Bott, Sebastian,
Christ, M.,

Dierson, A. F., & Co.,
Fehr, Frank,
Gebhard, Julius,
Hartmetz, Charles,
Huber, Henry,

1,169

790

8,629

9,345

8,70S

7,986

4,258

5,248

7,446

8,651

2,265

2,829

2,061

2,500

.

1,759

1,070

1,317

2,280

2,475

17,189

22,131

2,383

357

1,925

1.885

1,211

1,559

List of Brewers in the United States.

211

KENTUCKY— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Louisville,

Knipers, G.,

790

1,437

«

Laux, Peter,

1,065

1,560

«

Loeser, Adam,

2,259

2,668

K

Nadorff, Henry,

725

1,337

«

Sauffer & Brands,

II

Schatizenbecker, J.

140

181

((

Senn, M., & Bro.,

2,558

4,381

it

Steurer, J.,

422

484

II

Stein, J. & Co.,

1,026

l<

Senn & Ackerman,

2,610

7,800

II

Templeton, A.,

4,734

1,890

U

Weber & Schillinger,

19,170

25,011

K

Walter, Eva, Mrs.,

4,203

4,310

It

Walter & Kittinger,

40

II

Zeller, John,

7,650

5,870

Maysville,

Jaeger, Jacob,

162

152

Newport,

Deppe & Co.,

4,607

"

Schussler & Butcher,

4,607

6,393

«

Wiedemann, Geo.,

11,085

9,973

Owensboro,

Breidenbach, A.,

Number of Breweries, 36.

387

404

127,771

143,753

LOUISIANA.

New Iberia,

Erath, Aug.,

579

783

New Orleans,

Armbruster, Mrs. W., 537

Chartres St.,

1,934

2,422

a

Auer, Geo., 540 Tchoupitoulas St., 8,136

9,259

«

Bassemeier, Henry, 1010 New

Levee St.,

2,367

3,055

II

Blaise, Peter, 5 Prieur St.,

3,973

6,775

II

Erath, E., 282 Villere St.,

5,192

6.400

II

Lusse, Henry, 478 Chartres St.,

1,968

l<

Soule, Mrs. S. P., 112 & 113

Peter St.,

2,514

3,006

«

Sturcken, H. F., 82, 84 & 86

Marais St.,

6,156

7066

II

Weckerling, J. J., Magazine &

Delerd Sts.,

5,481

6,673

Number of Breweries, 10. 36,352 47,407

113

92

7,706

6,935

2,083

2,311

197

2,113

212 List of Brewers in the United States.

MARYLAND.

No. of barrels sold;
1878. 1879.

Baltimore, Bauernschmidt, Jno., 803 W.

Pratt St., 3,573 3,778

" Bauernschmidt, Jno., foot of

Ridgley St., 12,017 10,037

" Bauernschmidt, G.,Belair Ave., 10,761 1U,923

'* Beck, Thos., & Son, W. Balti-

more St., 4,209 3,875

" Beck, Henry, 153 East Fayette

St.,

"■ Beck, Aug., Frederick Road,

" Beh, Jno. G., corner 3d and

Lancaster Sts.,

u Berger, Bernard,

«' Berger, Jno. M., 317 S. Bond

St., 188 2,987

Berger, John M., 360 S. Caro-
line St.,

"• Brehm, George,

«* Butterfield & Co., 113 Hanover

St,

"■ Clauss, Jos., cor. Cross & Cov-

ington Sts.,

«* Dukehart, Thos. M., Holiday

St.,

«• Eigenbrot: Henry, 28 & 30 Wil-

kens St.,

"■ Extel, N., 360 Pa. Ave.,

" Hecht, Miller & Co.,

" Helldorfer, S., cor., Clinton &

Lancaster Sts.,

«* Hertlein, G. C, Belair Road,

** Hcenervogt, Elizabeth, Eastern

Ave., 3,370 3,533

" Kemper, Wm., corner 2d and

O'Donnell Sts.,

" Kohles, John, 36 S. Wolf St.,

" Miller, R., 373 Biddle St.,

" Mueller, John, 394 Pa. Ave.,

Mueller, Val., 48 Burke St.,

188

115

12,656

11,836

2,390

1,463

428

5,925

4,750

3,936

3,195

174

9,149

9,297

5,358

5,063

1,406

1,102

2,799

2,565

264

, 208

36

673

732

List of Brewers in the United States.

213

Baltimore,

Barton,
Canton,

Carroll P.O.,

Carrollton,

Cumberland,

Frederick,

u

Frostbursr,

MARYLAND—Continued.

Muth, Louis, Belair Ave.,
Rost, Sophia, Blair Ave.,
Schlaffer, Franz, Belair Road,
Schreier, Jos., Belair Ave.,
Schultheiss, John, Garrison's

Lane,
Schultheiss & Bros.,
Schierlitz, Jacob, 413 W. Bal-
timore St.,
Seeger, Jacob, 1053 W. Pratt

St.,
Sommerfield & Co., 7 Calverton

Road,
Stab, Lina, 74 Burke St.,
Strauss, H. S., Bro. & Bell,

Hartford Road,
Thau & Muhlhauser,
Von der Horst, J. H., Belair

Ave.,
Weber, Fred, Hartford Road,
Werner & Honig, 370 Penn.

Ave.,
Wiessnei-, Jno, F., Belair Ave.,
Wunder, Fred, cor. McDonnell

and 3d Ave., Canton,
Kolberg & Co.,
Gunther & Gehl, cor. 3d and

McDonald,
Schneider, Fritz,
Trost, Jno., O'Donnell St.,
Stiefel, Ed. W.,
Knecht, John,
Fesemneier, C,
Himmler, Geo.,
Leonard, Wm.,
Ritter, Paul,
Stucklauser, Gus.,
Hauser, Paul,
Lipps, J. G.,
Mayer, John,

No. of barrels sold.
18T8. 1879.

7,741 6,694.

10,009 8,864

3,701 3,640

7,198 6,664

2,504
183

1,994

270

208

10,005

7,362

6,063

497

5,193
424

10,620

12,950

16,298
3,254

18,309
2,310

1,135
12,673

1,258
14,799

5,i

500

5,275

3,901

6,851

2,500

2,696

4,459

3,973

4,253

3,568

20

83

279

500

591

500

500

665

500

700

500

205

497

392

457

240

264

214

List of Brewers in the United States.

MARYLAND— Co.ntixued.

Number of Breweries, 63.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Hagerstown,

Heimel. Justus,

172

149

II

Schuster, Robert,

150

145

M

Wagner, Wiu.,

236

229

«

Witzenbacher, Wm.,

115

126

Lonaconing,

Fredericks & Hanekamp,

581

«

Honig, C,

564

500

Mt. Savage,

Henckel, H.,

92

114

208,228 205,042

MASSACHUSETTS.

Bedford,

Walter, Fred A.,

Boston,

Boston Beer Co., 249 Second

St.,

87,377

77,232

u

Burkhardt, G. F.,

45,500

39.3S2

u

Burton Brewing Co.,

29,189

24,028

u

Cook, Isaac & Co.,

11,358

1(1.059

it

Decker, Conrad,

5,878

6,748

u

Engle, S. & Co.*

u

Habich, Edward,

30,486

30 853

u

Haffemeffer & Co.,

14,480

16.327

u

Houghton, A. J. & Co.,

45,736

32,474

II

Hunt, W. P.,

■

u

Jones, Cook & Co.,

34,693

31,914

u

Kennej-, James,

13,161

13.663

u

Kenney & Ballou,

9,167

9.706

u

Kenney, N.,

10,600

5,707

ll

Lang & King,

f3,420

9,822

II

Parsons & Co.,

8,112

$4,530

u

Pfaff, H. & J.,

26,860

34,862

u

Roessle, John,

41,000

42,827

II

Rueter & Alley,

60,156

40,509

II

Smith & Engle,

§3,160

19,174

II

Suffolk Brewing Co.,

39,409

41,055

11

Van Nostrand & Co.,

42,828

37,912

Chicopee,

Chicopee Brewery,

♦Leased Houghton & Co.'s Ale Brewery and commenced brewing ale, April, 1879.
t Lang & King, 4 mos. t Parsons & Co., 10 mos. § Smith & Engle, 3 mos.

List of Brewers in the United States.

215

MASSAC HUSETTS— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Fall River,

Healy, Thos., Jr.,

166

«

Hurst, J. H.,

2,228

4,625

(<

Ogden, Henry,

134

130

Lawrence,

Evans & Co.,

2,907

3,087

a •

Stanley & Co.,

26,035

28,184

New bury port,

Whitmore, W. H., Jr.,

5,119

Pittsfield,

Gimlich, White & Co.,

5,699

4,371

Salem,

Walter, F. A., & Co.,

2,459

1,794

Springfield,

Kalmbach & Geisel,

5,093

6,407

u

Shaw, Wallace,

5,813

4,405

ei

Springfield Brewery,

1,069

1,511

Willimansett,

Brierly, Wm.,

1,543

Worcester,

Hines, N.,

783

1,933

«

McNamara, John,

375

285

u

Webster, Esther A.,

1,716

Number of Breweries, 39. 711,166 *663,978

MICHIGAN.

Adrian,

Eason, Thos., & Son,

337

256

it

Fischer, Jos.,

1,935

1,989

u

Lehmann, Wm.,

1,523

1,462

a

Mulligan, Daniel,

897

Allegan,

Ellinger, Geo. S.,

120

117

u

Ely, T. D.,

. .

Alpena,

Leins, Aug.,

306

337

Ann Arbor,

Frey, John,

2,523

2,334

u

Ruck, Frank,

1,448

1,370

Bay City,

Rosa, Thos.,

60

«

Schram, Martin,

90

90

<(

Young, Chas. E.,

2,949

3,878

Big Rapids,

Erickson & Hoelm,

198

Black man,

Haehnle, Casper, & Co.,

2,246

3,358

Charlotte,

Crout & Staudacher,

750

598

Cheboygan,

Heutschel, C, & Bro.,

217

83

Clinton,

Miller, Wm.,

271

* The Ale Brewers enlarged their barrels during the year, from 27 to 3V4 gals. If
15 per cent, is allowed for enlargement, the number of gallons of Ale sold this year
will be equal to last year's sales.

216

List of Brewers in the United States.

MICHIGAN— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Coldwater,

Kappler, Geo.,

508

793

<i

Patsch, Louis,

865

601

Corunna,

Storz, Geo.,

262

Detroit,

Arndt, Henry,

883

1,154

«

Darmstaetter, Jacob, 412 How-

ard St.,

1,347

1,617

a

Darmstaetter, Wm.,

1,944

887

a

Dittner & Co.,

4,369

7,438

it

East India Brewing Co.,

630

Woodridge St.,

2,723

2,226

u

Endriss, Charles,

5,218

6,616

u

Fastnacht, D.,

279

u

Goebel, A. & Co.,

8,224

9,620

it

Grieser, Eliza,

153

238

u

Hauck, Geo. & C,

2,163

3,127

it

Johnson, E., Jr., Michigan

cor.

Sixth St.,

565

456

It

Kling & Co.,

13,326

14,053

it

Koch, John,

3,694

4,248

it

Kuhl, Mrs. A.,

882

74

it

Kurtz, J. A.,

473

320

tt

Lion Brewing Co., Gratiot St.,

5,581

9,499

it

Mann, Chris.,

1,441

1,341

ti-

Mann, Jacob,

5,220

5,006

lt

Martz Bros.,

5,632

5,985

it

McGrath, Thomas, 511

Sev-

enth St.,

1,367

2,658

tt

Mi chelf elder, A.,

5,270

5,103

it

Miller, Henry,

1,658

308

it

Moloney, Schneider & Co.,

499

924

tt

Ochsenhirt French,

1,917

2,268

tt

Ruoff, Aug.,

4,508

4,741

I.C

Scheu, John,

21

66

it

Seeger, Geo.,

230

134

u

Steiner, John,

2,871

3,450

it

Voigt, E. W , 213 Grand River

Ave.,

17,358

17,552

tt

Williams & Co., 232 Wood-

ridge St.,

4,027

3710

Dowagiac,

Holder, Vincent,

1,058

884

List of Bkewers in the United States.

217

MICHIGAN— Continued.

Eagle River,

Kuvel & Bro.,

East Saginaw,

Darmstaetter, L.,

«

Mawbray, Wm.,

(<

Raquet, P. & J.,

u

Ziegner, F.,

Esc an aba.

Nolden, Joseph,

Fenton,

Hux, C,

Flint,

Golden, Wm.,

u

Lewis, William,

Forestville,

Leonhardt, C,

Frankenmuth,

Geyer, John C,

a

Rupprecht, John,

Franklin,

Rublein, Geo.,

Grand Rapids,

Adrian Bros.,

a

Brandt, George,

«

Frey Bros.,

u

Goldsmith, Jno.,

u

Kusterer, C,

it

Tusch Bros ,

«

Veit, J. & Co.,

a

Weirich, Peter,

Hancock,

Scliuenemann, Ph.,

Highland,

Bentler, J.,

Hillsdale,

Haas, John,

Holland,

Sutton, E. F.,

Houghton,

Haas, Adam, Estate of

u

Hofen, Henry,

Inverness Township,

Hentschell, Chas.,

Ionia,

Summ, B. & Co.,

Jackson,

Frey, Gottlieb,

(i

Mills, Jas. H.,

«

Redmond, John,

Kalamazoo,

Kinast, L.,

«

Loescher, B.,

«

Neumaier, Geo.,

"

Schroder, Henry,

Lake Linden,

Bosch, J. & Co.,

Lansing,

Foerster, Adam,

«

Renz, Mary,

«

Schlotter, Geo.,

o. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

888

547

1,979

2,090

1,264

2,606

2,356

2,932

1,245

1,270

401

234

428

437

409

274

16

608

702

549

577

580

444

2,447

2,971

4,519

5,608

380

• ■

4,648

5,752

444

2,032

2,478

3,286

3,136

4,231

3,620

29

29

306

630

423

235

3,504

3,040

499

491

594

658

1,146

511

489

204

41

1,230

1,078

1,298

808

1,189

88

354

378

2,124

2,919

400

1,588

11

94

82

28

218

List of Bkewers in the United States.

MICHIGAN— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Lansing,

Yeiter, F., & Co.,

493

581

L'Ance,

McKeman tk Steinbeck,

502

Lapeer,

Burger, J. A.,

578

807

Lexington,

Walter, F. L.,

742

911

Luddington,

Friedeman & Stoekle,

_

7

Manchester,

Seckinger, Jos.,

360

195

Marshall,

Central Brewery,

162

484

«

Effinger Bros.,

350

320

«

Nonemann & Lutz,

450

450

Marine City,

Bauman, John,

523

497

«

Marshall, Jas.,

273

250

a

Mesclike & Hoch,

Marquette,

Rublein, George,

855

Mt. Clemens,

Bieber, Aug.,

857

856

u

Miller, Wm.,

301

180

Menominee,

Leisen & Henes,

950

1,328

Muskegon,

Muskegon Brewing Co.,

2,025

3,095

Monroe,

Boeder, Jacob,

817

719

(I

Wahl, John,

2,300

2,576

Negaunee,

Liebenstein, F. A.,

375

220

u

Winter, F.,

198

285

New Baltimore,

Heuser, A.,

246

282

Niles,

Dosch, Aug.,

382

455

Oxford,

Findon, Wm.,

120

93

Owasso,

Gute Bros.,

747

93

Pentwater,

Fricke, C,

4,291

3929

Pontiac,

Dawson, Robt.,

361

301

Port Huron,

Kern, Chris ,

2,332

1,S43

«

Senberg, Chas.,

785

778

Rogers,

Bittner, Paul,

120

125

Saginaw,

Rosa, John L.,

386

386

a

Schemm & Schoenheit,

3,238

3,708

Saugatuck,

Climpson, Samuel,

3S

32

Sebewaing,

Brandle, Sophia,

110

St. Clair,

Schlinkert, John,

496

456

u

Schroeder, John,

102

so

Sturgis,

Schlegel, John,

714

410

Three Rivers,

Esslinger & Sulliman,

170

■

Traverse City,

Kratockvill, F. W.,

248

140

»

Smith, John,

238

217

List of Bkeweks in the United States.

219

MICHIGAN— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

West Bay, C

ity,

Kohler & Jordan,

530

937

u

Kolb, George,

1,884

2,228

a

Rosa, Thomas,

530

Westfield,

Kording, H.,

18

40

Westphalia,

Arens & Drostle,

34

583

Wliitefield,

Rublein, Geo ,

855

Wyandutte,

Marx, Geo.,

809

946

Ypsilanti,

Forrester, L. Z. & Co.,

2,156

2,473

a

Grob, Jacob,

190

173

Number of Breweries, 140. 203,043 212,231

Albert Lea,
Alexandria,

cc

Arlington,
Austin,
Beaver Falls,
Belle Plaine,
Blue Earth City,
Brownsville,
Canby,
Carver,
Chaska,

Caledonia,

Cold Spring City,

Corunna Falls,

Crockton,

Duluth,

Fairmount,

Faribault,

Fergus Falls,
Frankfort,

MINNESOTA.

Weile & Co., R.,
Volk, Carl,
Wegener, R.,
Klinkers, C,
Weisel, Jacob,
Betz, Andreas,
Schmidt, C,
Fleckenstein, Paul,
Fetzner, V. & J.,
Schmohl, J.,
Hertz, B.,
Ittis, Peter,
Karcher, Geo.,
Liverman, B.,
Wagner, Philip,
Sarge, M.,
Kowitz, Ferdinand,
Burkhard & Co.,
Fink, Michael,
Smales, G. S.,
Fleckenstein, G.,
Fleckenstein, Ernst,
Shefield, S. A.,
Brown, Chas. & Co.,
Oehlschlager, Peter,
Weiss, Geo. E.,

417

453

210

319

444

629

93

241

969

16

28

235

399

228

228

672

680

67

59

348

360

820

636

510

898

844

739

618

650

1,180

614

103

1,015

1,302

485

560

2,389

1,919

100

180

45

272

273

220

List of Bkewers in the United States.

MINNESOTA— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Frazee,

Carl, G.,

■

56

Glencove,

Samuel, Ed.,

513

618

Granger,

Hasse, Henry,

536

305

Hakah,

Streigel, John G.,

236

140

Hastings,

Busch, Fred,

780

682

a

Ficker & Dandelinger,

1,190

1,148

Henderson,

Enes, C,

Hutchinson,

Englehorn & Co.,

204

Jackson,

Owens, Evan,

85

67

Jordan,

Gehring, Sebastian,

1,837

1,850

a

Heiland, Fred,

1,600

1,400

Lake City,

Beck, Peter, & Co.,

402

387

"

Schmidt & Co.,

503

829

LanesborOj

Frietschel, M.,

207

Lanesburg,

Radly & Chalupsky,

384

691

Le Sueur,

Arbes, Peter,

229

691

Litchfield,

Lenhardt & Roetger,

318

334

Madelia,

Biennis, P. A.,

138

233

Mankato,

Bierbauer, W.,

1,391

1,489

a

Gassier & Co.,

977

1,112

it

Ibach, Joseph, Sen.,

339

420

Mantorville,

Maegeli, H.,

483

421

Marine,

Wishman & Garner,

127

98

Mazeppa,

Trausch, J.,

131

238

Minneapolis,

Mueller & Hendrick,

7,380

8,042

u

Orth, John,

4,892

. 6,665

u

Zahler & Nohrenberg,

1,735

1,966

Moorhead,

Erickson, John,

379

515

New Munich,

Schmidt, N.,

476

New Ulm,

Bender, Jacob,

216

299

a

Hanenstein, Jno.,

1,017

1,523

a

Holl, Aug.,

35

173

a

Schell, Aug.,

2,124

2,536

a

Schmuker, Jos.,

209

296

Northfield,

Grafmueller, A.,

490

452

Oshawa,

Veith, Fred A.,

311

145

Ovvatumwa,

Bion, Louis,

1,138

1.018

it

Gauser, Petro,

781

823

Perham,

Schroeder, Peter,

336

307

Pine Island,

Ferber, John,

100

135

List of Bkewers in the United States.

221

MINNESOTA— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Red Wing,

Christ, Jacob,

1,439

1,339

(C

Hartman, John,

267

167

u

Hoffman, L.,

624

607

a

Remmler, A.,

1,456

1,428

Reeds,

Voelke, J.,

379

180

Reed's Landing,

Burkhard, Samuel,

520

603

Redwood Falls,

Weiss, John,

32

57

Richmond,

Webber, C,

225

122

Rochester,

Bang, Joseph,

140

500

(C

Schuster, Henry,

1,176

1,157

Rollingstone,

Vill, Otto,

378

861

Rushford,

Pfeiffer, Jacob,

355

234

Rush City,

Victor, Gustav,

400

595

Sauk Center,

Gruber, Geo.,

40

19

Shakopee,

Husmann, A. T.,

1,232

1,072

a

Nysson, H.,

1,266

952

Sleepy Eye,

Kramer, G. W., & Co.,

237

366

St. Anthony,

Gluck, G.,

3,996

3,458

St. Charles,

Mueller, F. W.,

944

571

St. Cloud,

Brick, John,

1,688

1,444

<(

Enderle, Lorenz,

1,344

1,598

a

Thierse & Balder,

1,196

977

Stillwater,

Tepass, Hermann,

955

1,191

it

Wolf, Joseph, & Co.,

2,651

3,364

St. Paul,

Bauholzer, Fred,

1,284

1,167

u

Bruggeman, M.,

1,326

1,908

it

Drewry & Son,

641

642

U

Emmert, Fred.,

2,760

2,800

a

Funk, M.,

1,475

1,737

a

Hamm, Theodore,

5,770

7,980

a

Horning, Frank,

88

102

u

Koch, R., & Co.,

1,869

2,265

«

Stahlman, Chris.,

8,415

10,440

a

Wurm, Johanna,

210

200

a

Yoerg, Anthony,

2,225

2,791

St. Peter,

Engesser, Math.,

358

299

u

Stelzer, Jacob,

327

437

St. Vincent,

Raywood & Lemon,

Taylor's Falls,

Schottermuller, J.f

133

140

Wabasha,

Leslin, Mary,

245

198

009

List of Brewers in the United States.

MINNESOTA— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Waconia,

Zahler, Michael,

660

652

Waseca,

Kraft, Simon,

831

585

<;

Bierwalter, John,

■

Watertown,

Ltiders, Fritz,

734

470

Will mar,

Gilger, Wm.,

Winona,

Becker, John S.,

2,128

2,540

"

Bub, Peter,

2,014

2,484

Young America,

Schmasse, A., & Co.,

343

389

Number of Breweries, 114. 101,916 113,529

Appleton,
Boonville,
Cape Girardeau,

Carrollton,
Carthage,
Chillicothe,
Edina,

Fredericktown,
Fulton,
Glasgow,
Hannibal,
i.

Hermann,

Jefferson City,

u

Kansas City,
«

Kirksville,

u

Lexington,

Macon City,

Maryville,

Middlebrook,

Moberly,

Palmyra,

MISSOURI.

Ludwig, Casper,
Gresmeier & Boechel,
Hanney, Ferdinand,
Henniger, Fred.,
Uhl, Casper,
Schoniburg, H. R.,
Beamei-, Jas. C,
Pierson, Peter,
Strohman, F. G.,
Gamma, Jacob,
Lorenz, Edward,
Siebel, John,
Riedel, Geo.,
Schambacher, W. H.,
Kropp, Hugo,
Franz & Brother,
Wagner, Geo., & Son,
Kump, F. H.,
Muehlbach, John,
Malonoy, A. D., & Co.,
Sloan, Henry,
Hoffman, Ernst,
Steinbrecher, Geo.,
Niesendorfer & Co.,
Seitz, Edward,
Hochberger, G. F.,
Hiner, A.,

458

378

1,170

558

624

364

420

757

792

316

274

597

257

51

109

440

340

332

316

292

2,975

2,025

495

998

1,311

1,276

2,688

2,863

8,700

8,700

2,666

3,932

28

78

1,060

600

796

204

909

52

1,097

300

1,038

332

225

195

List of Brewers ix the United States.

223

MISSOURI— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1S78.

1879.

Palmyra,

Menge, Christopher,

141

188

Perryville,

Strobe], F., & Co.,

465

420

Princeton,

Antricht, Feid & Co.,

1S1

136

Pock port,

Hartman, Win.,

350

200

Salt River,

Amesbury & Walker,

39

31

Seclalia,

Siebel & Helm,

3,692

2,731

Springfield,

Dingledein, S.,

936

738

St. Charles,

Runge, Tlieo.,

1,775

1,768

a

Schaeffer, E.,

2,308

2,200

St. Genevieve,

Rottler, Val.,

1,069

700

St. Joseph,

Goetz, M. K., & Co.,

4,651

4,299

«

Kuechle, E. J.,

3,843

3,804

«

Nunning, Henry & Son,

6,223

5,585

M

Ohnesorg & Co.,

2,270

3,570

St. Louis,

Anthony & Kuhn, cor. Sidney

and Buel Sts.,

22,018

22,970

a

Anheuser-Busch Brewing Asso-
ciation, between Pestallozi

and Crittenden,

61,584

83,160

tt

Brinckwirlh & Nolker, 1820

Cass Ave.,

23,573

22,410

«

Cherokee Brewery, Herold &
Loebs, props., Cherokee St.,

Iowa Ave.,

11,151

11,432

it

Denber, Geo., s. w. cor. 20th

and Dodier Sts.,

104

164

a

Excelsior Brewing Co., C.
Koehler, president, 2818 So.

Seventh St.,

22,865

23,284

11

Feuerbacher & Schlossstein,

Sidney and Eighth Sts.,

22,350

22,121

n

Ferrie, Jos., & Co., 1906 Frank-

lin Ave.,

1,109

ti

Griesedieck, A., & Co., Buena

Vista and Shenandoah Sts.,

7,904

3,519

it

Grone, H.,&Co.,2211 Clark Ave.

, 27,532

27,207

u

Heidbreder, Jno. F., cor. 21st

and Dodier Sts ,

7,167

8,100

ii

Klausman Brewing Co., So.

Main St., Carondelet,

7,970

7,638

224 List of Breweks in the United States.

MISSOURI— Continued.

St. Louis,

Stockton,

Union,

Warrenburg,

Washington,

Wittenburg,

No. of barrels sold.
1878. 1879.

Koch & Schillinger Brewing

Co., 816 to 822 Sidney Sts., 11,319 12,500

Lemp, Wm. J., 2d Carondelet

Ave. and Cherokee St., 78,422 88,714

Milentz, Laura, 1535 Caronde-
let Ave., 136 175

Schnaider, Jos., Brewing Co.,
2,000 Chauteau Ave., 28,589 27,960

Spengler & Son, 3823 Broadway, 8,870 9,677

Stifel, Chas. G., Brewing Co.,
1911 N. Fourteenth St., 26,598 30,164

St. Louis Brewery Co., Lafay-
ette and 2d Carondelet Ave., 15,060 10,527

Uhrig, Jos., Brewing Co., 1800

Market St., 15,604 13,346

Wainwright, S. & Co., 727
South Ninth St., 39,440 45,846

Weiss, M. & Obert, N. E. cor.

State and Lynch Sts., 10,500 11,000

Winkelraeyer, J., Brewing As-
sociation, from 17th to 18th,
and Market to Walnut Sts., 27,079 , 31,474

Young, B. F., 514 So. Second
St.,

Gast, M.,

Richenmacher & Gory,

Gross, Philip,

Busch, John B.,

Milster, C. D.,

Number of Breweries, 72. 547,590 582,372

796

808

16

156

84

328

199

2,228

1,912

318

Bannack,

Bozeman,

Butte,
it

Deer Lodge,

MONTANA.

Harby, James,
Spieth & Kugg,
Saile, Buol,
Schmidt & Garner,
Coutaineir & Fish,
Fenner & Co.,

27

41

428

332

20

299

190

141

" 309

310

324

List of Bkewers in the United States.

225

MONTANA— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Diamond City,

Rampeck, H. J.,

61

42

Fort Benton,

Moersberger & Co.,

73

58

Glendale,

Gilg, Frank,

112

151

Helena,

Binzel, B.,

- —

49

a

Foller, August,

568

652

ei

Horsky & Kuech,

889

1,003

a

Kessler, Nick,

1,026

912

Miles,

Buch & Rodener,

115

Missoula,

Hayes, John,

116

203

Phillipsburg,

Guth, Christian,

• 37

43

n

Kroger, Chas.,

75

76

Radersburg,

Dixon, Thos.,

31

28

Silver Bow,

Nissler, Christian,

267

510

Silver Star,

Fullhart, L.,

74

Sun River,

Rohner, John,

54

Virginia City,

Gilbert, Henry S.,

217

330

Number of Breweries, 22.

4,677 5,516

NEBRASKA.

Beatrice,

Coffin & Sonderegger,

319

Columbus,

Hersenbrock & Hengeler,

1,127

1,117

Colfax,

Jetter & Martin,

1,037

1,069

Fair mount,

Rock, C,

874

151

Falls City,

Brackhalm Bros.,

u

Brackhalm & Fricke,

591

Franklin,

Arnold, Ernst,

106

175

Fremont,

Magenan, E.,

2,350

2,595

Grand Island,

Boehm, George,

1,176

1,180

Hastings,

Calvert, Alfred,

170

Kulo,

Borener, Aug.,

79

82

Lincoln,

Fitzgerald, J.,

Nebraska City,

Reyschlag, Fred,

1,285

«

Roos, A.,

685

815

Niohara,

Foerster, Adam,

47

North Platte,

Distel, Erickson & Co.,

232

558

Omaha,

Bacon, Albert,

233

a

Baumann, Mrs. W.,

2,747

3,162

«

Engler, E.,

102

82

2!)

226 List of Bkeweks in the United States.

NEBRASKA— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Omaha,

Krug, Fred, 11th St.,

7,298

8,065

a

Metz & Bio.,

5,645

7,686

Plattsmouth,

Heisel & Rippel,

617

481

Red Cloud,

Bernzen, J.,

201

120

West Crete,

Neher, N.,

844

739

West Point,

Wala, Jos.,

278

218

Wilber,

Kobes, Jno.,

14

18

u

Shary, Rob't,

Number of Breweries, 27. 27,100 29,270

NEVADA.

Aurora,

Austin,

Battle Mountain,

Belleville,

Carson City,

u

Elko,

it

Esmerelda.
Eureka.

Gold Hill,

Grantsville,

Halleck,

Hamilton,

Paradise Valley,

Pioche,

Reno,

Silver City,
Tuscarora,

Tybo,

Stauhler, F.,
Bauer, G. A.,
Amfahr, John,
Belleville Brewery,
Berryman, R. A.,
Klein, Jacob,
Bixel, Antonie,
Hawley & Curieux,
Stahler, F.,
Bremenkampf, F. J.,
Lautensch lager, C,
Mann, H., & Co.,
Smith & Mendes,
Vosberg, Henry,
Schweiss, Sylvester,
Koch, Wm.,
Gruenberg, Chr.,
Schmidt, Casper,
Kirchner & Co.,
Staler, J. W.,
Schustrich & Klein,
Hoffmann, Wm.,
Geyer, Philip,
Iwan & Trilling,
Curiaux, F.,
Bohle, H.,

&Co.,

324

388

84

39

93

1,734

2,071

499

355

115

281

644

375

495

943

1,272

261

993

237

1,170 1,054

129

124

10

5

195

199

648

509

155

65

138

208

342

111

146

List of Brewers in the United States.

227

NEVADA— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

White Pine,

Mezger Bros.,

96

124

Winnemucca,

Fink & Hinkey,

348

472

u

Kesler, Charles,

104

132

Virginia City,

Deininger, John P.,

605

581

a

Franklin & Schroeder,

1,400

1,516

u

Rapp & Langan,

1,179

963

Si

Reich, Louis,

786

840

Number of Breweries, 35. 12,116 13,969

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Cold River,

Fall Mountain Lager Co.,

4,858

8,605

Manchester,

Carney, Lynch & Co.,

Portsmouth,

Eldredge Brewing Co., Marcus

Eldredge, President,

40,181

33,031

a

Jones, Frank,

66,398

60,105

(t

Portsmouth Brewing Co.,

15,634

15,147

Number of Breweries, 5. 127,071 116,888

NEW JERSEY.

Clinton,

Krack, J. G.,

271

1,109

East Newark,

Hauck, Peter,

12,705

15 243

Egg Harbor,

Schmitz, Henry,

821

919

Elizabeth,

Eckert, P. J.,

90

155

u

Wagner, John F.,

832

953

Guttenberg,

Biela & Eypper,

5,850

6,027

u

Koehler & Son,

9,177

9,851

Hamilton,

Hetzel, Jacob,

1,344

1,775

Hoboken,

Axtman, John,

194

160

a

Hackenberg, Franz,

149

120

Jersey City,

Freund, H. C,

137

212

<(

Hudson City Brewery,

13,135

11,892

K

Lembeck & Betz,

29,353

31,532

((

Marion Brewery,

3,143

4,726

K

Newman, H.,

131

106

((

Simon, H. P.,

216

222

228

List of Brewers in the United States.

NEW JERSEY— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Midland,

Keeley, James,

707

Newark,

Abendschoen & Bro.,

142

238

it

Ballentine, P., & Sons,

109,234

106,091

a

Ballentine & Co.,

20,494

21,979

it

Feigenspan & Co.,

21,366

19,074

it

Freche, Gustave L.,

114

92

tt

Froescher, George,

140

250

a

Griffith, John, & Co.,

1,536

a

Heinnickel, John,

67

144

a

Hensler, Joseph,

35,560

38,638

ti

Hill & Piez,

23,032

24,172

tt

Kastner, F. J.,

15,349

14,637

tt

Krueger, Gottfried,

28,759

29,549

a

Laderer, M.,

51

93

a

Lyon, D. M., & Son,

26,560

22,994

a

Mander, Jac.

12,088

12,801

a

Morton & Bro.,

20,397

18,851

a

Neitzer, Charles,

93

80

a

Neu, John,

2,969

3,403

a

Roesser, Catharina,

84

149

a

Stadelhofer, Max.,

tt

Trant, F. A.,

4,828

5,958

it

Trefz, Christiana,

25,380

20,809

a

Wackenhuth, F. C,

3,188

2,682

ti

Weidemayer, G. W.,

3,855

750

u

Ziehr, Elizabeth,

248

Paterson,

Graham & Co.,

6,237

12,484

n

Braum, C,

409

1,588

a

Katz, Bros.,

129

7,062

u

Pfannebecker, P.,

48

152

a

Sprattel & Mennel,

5,768

5,027

a

Shaw & Hincliffe,

22,029

22,000

Rahway,

Geyer Bros.,

1,605

6,748

Raritan,

Schneider, J.,

1,049

Trenton,

Haas, F. Son's,

480

580

a

Schloetterer, S.,

Union Hill,

Bromeke, Aug.,

302

177

tt

Bermus, Daniel,

14,425

17,195

a

Linnewerth, L.,

7,366

8.611

ti

Peter, William,

8,967

7,862

List of Bheweks in the United States. 229

NEW JERSEY— Continued.

Union Hill,
West Hoboken,

Wegenburg, Charles,
Wittig, Catharine,

No. of barrels sold.
1878. 1879.

94 102

1,177 543

Number of Breweries, 57. 502,574 519,864

NEW MEXICO.

Golondrinas, Weber, Frank,

Silver City, May, John L., & Co.,

Number of Breweries, 2.

110

110

180

180

Albany,

Allegany,

Amsterdam,
a

Attica,

NEW YORK.

Albany Brewing Co.,

58,201

71,568

Amsdell Bros.,

40,975

57,470

Beverywyck Brewing Co.,

25,947

Coleman Bros.,

6,593

7,585

Dobler, John,

3,305

3,897

Farun, M. H.,

305

463

Fulgraff, Wm., estate of,

1,415

1,183

Gregory, Alex.,

12,504

10,495

Hedrick, John F.,

3,407

3,766

Hinckel, Fred,

21,267

16,448

Hoerl & Frank,

1,051

732

Kirchner, J.,

4,865

4,508

Long, A. S.,

1,204

1,542

Schindler, Wm.,

1,532

1,592

Schneider, J. G.,

500

130

Taylor & Son,

49,512

46,001

Tzomaski, Julius,

39

35

Walker, James,

10,890

6,764

Weber, G., & Son,

342

258

Quinn & Nolan,

44,045

44,101

Zink, W. F.,

200

60

Moat, Charles,

2,550

2,990

Pabst, Jno. F.,

142

Thompson, C. S., Assignee of

R. H. Farnham,

1,083

230

List of Bkeweks in thk United States.

NEW YORK— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Auburn,

Burtis & Son,

1,600

2,770

a

Fanning, G. S.,

• 602

918

it

Koenig, Wm.,

3,534

1,993

n

Sutcliffe, Wm.,

3,018

4,223

Batavia,

Eagar & Co.,

1,266

762

u

Millschauer, L.,

867

Binghamton„

West, L.,

1,045

1,276

a

White & Fuller,

3,000

2,688

Bleecker,.

Ernst, Roman,

66

Breslau,

Feller, John,

1S5

139

Buffalo,,

Beck, Magnus,

13,456

11,720

it .

Driskel, Mrs. F.,

2,836

3,183

a

Gecman & Schroeter,

596

it

Gerber, Charles,

9,905

11,245

tt-

Haas, David,

4,428

3,262

it.

Haberstroh, J. L.,

4,824

4,751

it

Hinold, M.,

1,274

u.

Jost Brewing Co.,

1,949

3,768

it-

Kaltenbach, F. X.,

13,843

18,115

it

Earn, John,

2,664

2,760

it.

Kuhn, Jacob F.,

4,047

3,694

a.

Lang, Gerhard,

17,825

14,030

ti-

Luippold, John M.,

6,675

9,040

lt

Moeller, August,

460

240

n.

Moffat & Service,

5,255

6,426

it

Reis, George,

2,149

2,702

u

Rochevot, George,

10,070

9,305

u

Rohrer, Margaret,

219

163

ti-

Roos, George,

9,684

10,419

ll

Schaeffer, Aleis,

7,600

9,520

li.

Schanzlin, J. F.,

3,440

2,834

11

Schenfele & Co.,

284

it

Scheu, Jacob,

8,660

8,515

it

Schneider, Philip,

2,250

1,872

(C

Schuesler, John,

8,005

9,191

u

Scobell & Schub,

1,503

1,610

ct

Shoemaker, E. D.,

6,100

5,106

u

Sloan, W. W.,

2,223

2,554

a

Voetsch, Wm.,

2,481

4,150

tt

Weyand, Christian,

7,643

10,483

No. of barrels .sold.

1878.

18T9.

18,375

24,795

8,215

8,400

4,060

4,857

21

87

108

110

List of Brewers in the United States. 231

NEW YORK— Continued.

Buffalo, Ziegele, Albert,

Brooklyn, Burger, Joseph, corner Mese-

and Leonard Sts.,
" Dahlbender & Greener, 174

Ewen St.,
" Devell, J. V., 16 Osmond

Place,
" Deventhal, Henry, 30 Webster

Place,
" Epping, Leonard, 32 George

St., 20,300 20,800

Fallert, Jos., 66 Meserole St., 815

" Foster, 14. C., Jr., 33 Cranberry

St., 600

" Gluck & Scharmann, 371 Pu-

laski St., 24,000 25,520

" Goetz, Christ'n, Franklin Ave.,

Bergen and Dean Sts., 17,960 20,990

Grass & Co., 435 First St., 2,574 2,83S

Guenther, Wm., 436 So. Fifth

St., 210 250

" Herrmann, Henry, 14 North

Ninth St., 80 92

" Howard & Fuller, Bridge and

Plymouth Sts., 16,825 15,494

u Huber, Otto, Meserole St. and

Bushwick Ave., 36,911 35,356

" Immen, Henry, 46 Commercial

St., 150 185

" Jones, J. J., 311 Bremen St., 10,644 14,225

" Kiefer, H., 140 Scholes St., 14,000 19,534

" Kolb, Charles, Witherspoo: St., 8,175 6,000

" Leavy & Britton Brewing Co.,

Jay and Front Sts., 22,874 20,000

" Liebmann's Sons, Prospect and

Bremen Sts., 52,469 57,327

" ' Lipsius, Claus, 477 Bushwick

Ave., 14,744 20,775

" Long Island Brewing Co., 81

Third Ave., 30,029 27,142

232

List of Brewers in the United States.

Brooklyn,

Canaan,
Canajoharie,

Canandaigua,
Cape Vincent,

NEW YORK— Continued.

Malcom, George, cor. Skillrnan
St., and Flushing Ave.,

Mark, John G., 26 Bremen St.,

Marquardt Bros., 403 Leonard
St.,

Marquardt, L., 2 Meserole St.,

Maupai, Wm., 168 Ewen St.,

Meninger, John, 162 Cook St„

McGoldrich, Daniel, 55 Atlan-
tic St.,

Meltzer Bros., Suydam and
Myrtle Sts.,

Obermeyer & Liebmann, 71
Bermen St.,

Ochs & Lehnert, Bushwick
Ave. and Scholes St.,

Raber, John. 60 Scholes St.,

Raether, Wm., 1089 Myrtle St.,

Schmidt, L., 86 Broadway,

Seidler, A., 51st St., between
3rd and 4th Aves.,

Seitz's, N. Son, Manjer St.,

Streeter & Denison, 84 N. Sec-
ond St ,

Ulmer, Wm., cor. Beaver and
Belvidere Sts.,

Urban & Abbott, Bushwick
Ave.

Weber & Amthor, 182 Graham
Ave.,

Welz, John, Myrtle Ave. cor.
Wyckoff Ave,,

Williamsburg Brewing Co.,
Wm. Brown, pres't. Hum-
boldt and Meserole St.,

Witte, F. W., 100 Luynier St.,

Losty, Patrick,

Bierbalier; Louis,

McKechnie, J. & A.,

Scobell, R. S.,

No. of barrels sold.

1878. 1879.

15,556 16,882

341 242

50 70

111 106

5,336 6,412

6

48 48

7,000 8,000

22,242 22,238

3,060 5,654

6,371 11,578

139 151

215 400

65

19,843 25,000

13,455 14,238

27,000 22,644

18,697 23,048

604 2,320

6,982 9,744

40,284 50,287

204 200

416 304

1,346 1,399

18,500 15,547

691 422

LlsT OF BREWERS IN THE UNITED STATES.

233

NEW YORK— Continued.

Carthage,

Clifford, C,

Clarkstown,

Schmersahl, J. G. C,

Clifton, (S. I.)

Mayer & Bachmann,

C olden,

Miller, Mrs. B.,

College Point, (L. I,

.) Ochs, Joseph,

Concord,

Lutz, Joseph,

Constableville,

Seigel, Jos.,

Corning,

Haischer, Fred,

Cuba,

Agate, Edward,

Dansville,

Klink, John,

Dobb's Ferry,

Biegen, Peter M.,

Dunkirk,

Dotterweich, George,

a

Finck, Henry,

a

Smith, Henry,

East New York,

Atlantic Brewery,

East Williamsburg,

Leicht, Fred,

Eden,

Schweikhart, Daniel,

Elmira,

Arnold, Kolb & Co.,

u

Briggs, F., & Co.,

a

Gerber, Chas. Jr.,

it

Mander, Adam,

Esopus,

Staudacher, Fred,

Evans' Mills,

Clifford, C,

Fishkill,

Walshe, J. V.,

Fort Edward,

Durkee & Co.,

Fort Plain,

Beck, John,

Fremont,

Kille, Joseph,

it

Schneider, J.,

Geddes,

Mantel, Jacob,

Glens' Falls,

Coney & Sheldon,

Gowanda,

Fischer & Garber,

Great Valley,

Forge, L., Jr.,

Half Moon,

Wenner. R.,

Hall's Corners,

Stoke], Wesley,

Hamburg,

Fink, Frank J.,

Herkimer,

Goldsmith, Anna M ,

Hicksville,

Becker, Wm.,

Hornellsville,

Leach & Kennedy,

•'

Sauter, John,

Hudson,

Evans, C. H.,

30

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

678

829

1,424

569

44,535

37,898

1,144

401

18,990

18,717

168

179

208

432

840

1,646

1,766

1,730

450

435

16,036

16,664

2,760

3,000

1,976

2,554

169

112

3,700

3,360

403

640

1,500

7,534

7,142

1,682

1,172

1,728

900

832

973

765

6,250

5,321

570

595

117

152

74

1,098

816

2,928

2,581

688

660

1029

962

410

425

975

431

90

236

223

250

952

1,247

796

363

26,441

23,606

234

List of Brewers in the United States.

Hudson,
llion,„
Jamestown,
Kingston,

Lancaster,

a

a

Langford,
Lansingburg,
Le Roy,

<<

Little Falls,'

u

Lockport, .
a

Lowville,
a

Lyons,
Mattawan,
Medina,
Middleton,
«

Morrisania,

Mt. Morris,
New Bremen,
Newburgh,

NEW YORK— Continued.

Waterbury, E.,
Speddin, S.,
Smith Charles,
Barmann, Peter,
Cummings, Catherine,
Dressell & Co.,
Scheick, C,
Schwalbach, Eliz,
Stephan, G. F.,
Thiele, Valentine,
Demaugeot, John,
Hilbert, Sylvester,
Soemann, Chas. J.,
Kekrer, Henry,
Bolton, Samuel & Sons,
Linxwilder, J. D.,
Sellinger, Lorenz,
Beattie, W., & J.,
Gerhard, N".,
Dumville, Joseph,
Ulrich, Anton,
Siegel, John,
Siegel, Joseph,
Brock, Geo., & Co.,
Walsh, J. W.,
Remde, W.,
Cohalan, T.,
Herbert, Geo. Ludwig,
Diehl, Catherine,
Ebling, P. & W.,
Eichler, John,
Haffen, J. & M. J.,
Hupfel's, A. Sons,
Kuntz, J & L. F.,
Rivinius, Chas.,
Zeltner, Henry,
White, J. E. & Bro.,
Zimmerman, John,
Beveridge, T., & Co.,
Leicht Bros.,

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

1,265

1,405

2,362

2,353

1,160

1,610

457

222

139

2,767

2,523

67

1,485

1,573

3,410

3,115

465 .

418

816

1,180

482

374

9,548

11,318

154

68

483

477

993

912

225

948

1,320

3,292

4,240

613

400

636

1,614

1,748

1,000

884

420

406

1,132

623

150

1,211

32,438

33,471

36,356

42,701

13,689

12,505

15,020

14,893

26,810

29,596

17,159

29,176

13,138

10,883

1,058

1,000

498

446

15,341

15,371

179

28,1S0

78,093

86

115

List of Brewers in the United States. 235

NEW YORK— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878. 1879.

New Rochelle, Jones, David, 11,736, 11,140

New York City, Ahles, Jacob, 155 East 54th

St., 10,581 12,578

Barry & Bro., 319 East 40th St., 161 171

Baur & Betz, 140 East 58th St., 22,267
Beadleston & Woerz, 295 West

10th St., 78,037

Bender, K. & W., 169 Spring

St., 67

Bentle, Chas., 76th St., bet.

Ave. A and 1st Ave., 154

Bernheimer & Schrnid, 9th Ave.,

107th and 108th Sts., 51,826 56,878

Betz, John F., 353 West 44th St., 28,961 34,129
Betz, John J , 9th Ave. and 60th

St., 4,725 5,833

Brecher, Philip, 437 Fifth St., 60 92

Clausen & Price, 11th Ave.

and 59th St., 56,786 69,271

Clausen, H. & Son, 309 East

47th St., 89,039 89,992

De La Vergne & Burr, 225 West

18th St., 28,393, 42,037

Doelger, Joseph, 227 East 54th

Doelger, Peter, East 55th St.,

bet. Ave. A and First Ave.,
Doemich & Schnell, 291 Broome

St.,
Doerrbecker, J. H., 188 Wil-
liam St.,
Dimton, W. R., 84 Cherry St.,
Eckert & Winter, 218 East 55th

St.,
Ehret, Geo., 92d St., bet. 2d

and 3d Aves.,
Elias & Betz, 403 East 54th

St., 46,109 45,286

Englehardt, Jacob, 537 West

54th St., 42 48

19,432

20,100

56,215

80,000

92

99

730

589

3,922

3,447

43,322

42,866

159,103

180,152

236 List of Brewers in the United States.

NEW YORK— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.
1878. 1879.

New York City, Esselbom, Broadway and 50th

St., 232 370

Evers, H., 49 Monroe St., 370 338

" Ferris, H. & Sous, 257 Tenth

Ave., 20,621 23,462

Feyh, Adrian, 266 William St., 1,746 1,805
« Finck, A. & Son, 326 West 39th

St., 25,242 30,782

" Flanagan & Wallace, 450 West

26th St., 82,567 84,825

" Haddock & Langdon, 414 East

14th St., 21,509 23,371

Hawkins, C. P., 345 West 41st

St., 5,654 6,231

Hoertel, G. C, 134 Elm St., 228 296

" Hoffman, Jacob, 212 East 55th

St., 47,042 44,648

" Hupfel's, A., Sons, 229 East

38th St., 22,309 22,697

" Jones, David, 638 Sixth St., 34,297 39,551

" Kirk, William, 15 Downing St., 7,049 8,265

Kleinschroth, Fred'k, 89 Sheriff

St., 200 287

Koch, Andrew, 455 First St., 301 431

" Koehler, Hermann, 341 East

29th St., 23,374 21,196

" Kress, John, 211 East 54th St , 39,448 40,015

" Kerr & Smith, 135 West 18th

St., .

Lincke, G., 124 Forsyth St , 94 67

" Loehr, Henry, 428 West 55th

St., 10 100

" Loewer, Val., 529 West 41st

St., 1,968 2,872

Lyman, T. C. & Co., 532 West

33d St., 41,528 42,491

McKnight, Mrs. S. M., 159

Sullivan St., 4,796 613

Miles, W. A. & Co., 59 Chrystie

St., 13,921 13,003

List of Brewers in the United States. 237

NEW YORK— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878. 1S79.

New York City, Morse, Michael, 225 East 21st

St., 80 90

Munch, F., 143 West 30th St., 27 27

" Neuman, F. A., 233 East 47th St., 20,257 23,500

" Opperinan & Muller, 336 East

46th St., 21,020 26,693

« O'Reilly, Skelly & Fogarty, 409

West 14th St., 28,496 ' 35,250

Otto, F., 58 East 4th St., 47 32

" Rehberger, V., 101 Broome St., 99 99

" Ringler, Geo., & Co., 92d St.,

bet. Second and Third Aves., 57,984 65,658
" Rottman, J. F., 315 West 47th St., 14,680 13,841

" Ruppert, Jacob, 1639 Third

Ave., 101,058 105,713

" Schaefer, F .& M , Brewing Co.,

4th Ave , bet. 50th & 51st Sts., 50,842 53,565
" Schaefer, Philip, 340 West

57th St., 23,022 22,489

« Schmidt & Koehne, 163 East

59th St., 19,066 19,714

« Schufele, John, 541 First Ave., — — 37

« Schwaner & Amend, 514 West

57th St., 14,159 12,533

« Seitz, Chas., 240 West 28th St., 6,443 13,187

" Shook & Everard, 675 Wash-

ington St., 45,171 50,005

« Smith, McPherson & Donald,

242 West 18th St., 42,316 27,131

« Sorg, Geo., 647 11th Ave., 21 150

Spoehrer, H., 75 Norfolk St., 95 119

" Springmeyer, E., 106 East 88th

St., 158 172

Stein, Conrad, 528 West 57th

St., 50,642 50,145

Stengel, F., 48 Ludlow St., 150 169

" Stevenson, David, Jr.. 503

West 39th St., 13,581 25,938

" Tracy & Russell, 61 to 71 Green-

wich Ave., 40,296 33,969

238

List of Brewers in the United States.

NEW YORK— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

New York City,

Wallace, James, 70 Madison St.,

13,412

20,676

'

Weiland, 0., 212 West 30th St.,

232

319

i

Werner, Adam, 526 East 12th St

, 48

54

t

Werner, Geo., 344 East 105th St.

41

36

'

Wernz, Jacob, 50 Norfolk St.

50

49

i

Wheatcroft & Rintoul,

87th

i

St., and Fourth Ave.,

5,722

7,840

i

Yuengling & Co., 10th

Ave.

and 128th St.,

47,890

58,316

it

Yuengling & Co., 4th Ave

. and

128th St.,

27,269

29,390

Norwich,

Scott, M. A.,

1,308

1,302

Nun da,

Boulton, Geo. E.,

881

789

Ogdensburgh,

Arnold, J. H.,

2,391

2,344

Olean,

Dotterneich, Chas.,

2,653

2,464

0 risk any Falls,

Smith, E.,

3,917

4,061

Oswego,

Brosemer, Lewis,

4,668

4,428

"

Millot, J. B.,

2,509

2,312

a

Oswego German Brewing

Co.,

150

0 wego,

Burrows, Caroline,

69

Palmyra,

Downing Bros.,

1,362

Penn Yan,

Ainsworth, Oliver,

118

321

Peekskill,

McCord, Robt.,

448

a

Meyer & Amott,

261

Perkinsville,

Didas, N. & Co.,

314

181

Plattsburg,

Woerner & Parker,

Ponghkeepsie,

Biegel, Leonard,

845

556

a

Frank's, V. Sons,

4,869

4,473

a

Gass, John,

496

435

it

Gilman, Frod'k,

260

200

tt

Klein, M.,

216

2,753

it

Vasser, M. 8c Co.,

12,261

9,511

Ridgewood,

Marquardt, Jacob,

10,733

9,895

Rochester,

Baetzel, J. G. & Bro.,

1,161

2,226

u

Bartholomay Brewing

Co.,

George Arnoldt, Sec'y,

42,921

61,824

a

Enright, Patrick,

3,243

3,333

a

Genesee Brewing Co.,

9,579

a

Hathaway & Gordon,

9,795

9,504

((

Marburger & Spies,

2,439

2,805

List of Brewers in the United States.

23<J

Rochester,

Rome,

Saratoga Springs,

Saugerties,

Schenectady,

Seneca Falls,
Sheldon,
Southfield.
Stapleton, (S. I.,)

Strykersville,
Suspension Bridge,
Syracuse,

Tonawanda,
Troy,

NEW YORK— Continued.

Meyers & Loebs,

Miller, Fred'k,

Nunn, Joseph,

Rochester Ale Co, G. W.
Archer, Pres't,

Rochester Brew'g Co., G. Man-
uel, Pres't,

Warren, E. K.,

Weinmann, Margaret,

Yaman & Nase,

Zimmermann, Geo.,

Kelly & Gaheen,

Smith, Julius,

Evans, Edward,

Eheman, George,

Loerzel, M.,

Dickson, Virginia,

'Engle, Peter,

Meyers, Jos. S.,

Weiss Bros.,

Battendorf, Thos.,

Kaltenmeir, Jos.,

Bechtel, Ceo.,

Bischoff, Chas.,

Eckstein, Munroe,

Korner, Gotlied,

Menken, Fred.,

Ruebsam & Horrman,

Glaser, Frank,

Hager, Theo.,

Ackerman & Stuben,

Becker, Jacob,

Greenway Brewing Co.,

Haberle & Son,

Kearney, Wm.,

Pfohl, Jacob,

Zett, Xavier & Son.,

Zent, George,

Conners, P.,

Daly & Stanton,

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

880

1,195

5,220

5,805

789

742

929

32,693

43.000

6,290

6,546

132

128

416

384

370

235

2,471

2,333

493

403

1,650

3,050

245

203

270

317

327

156

1,710

1,420

2,067

2,025

150

93

216

264

495

425

44,535

45,000

10,317

10,311

13,495

13,402

68

60

80

39,500

26,360

880

633

975

1,J58

2,306

2,485

64

43,695

43,058

6,080

4,607

9,072

9,689

1.186

1,291

1,230

1,764

3,520

3,140

1,934

2,012

18,854

16,136

240

List of Bkeweks in the United States.

Troy,

Utica,

Watertown,

Watervliet,

Watervllle,

Wawarsing,

Weedsport,

Westfield,

Westmoreland,

West Seneca,

West Troy,

Williamsville,

Yonkers,

NEW YORK— Continued.

Fitzgerald Bros.,
Gaffigan, Julia,
Isengart & "Voigt,
Kennedy & Murpliy,
Potter, W. H.,
Quandt, A. & A.,
Ruscher, A. L ,
Stoll, Jacob F.,
Bievbauer, Chas.,
Gulf Brewery,
Hutton, Chas.,
Myers, Jno. & Co.,
Ralph, Geo., Jr., & Co.,
Kellogg, Alonzo,
Seibert, Peter,
Weinbender, A.,
Peck, E. S.,
Kuhhnann, John,
Brewster & Becker,
Rorig, A.,
Brockett, J. A.,
Messner, Mrs. A.,
Reilly & McGrath,
Batt, J. & Co.
Krafft, Chas.,
UnderhilPs, E., Sons,

No. of barrels sold

1878.

187!i

26,409

24 649

50

58

3,875

3,050

27,841

34 288

9,206

9,221

665

1,825

3,325

2 727

3,450

3,875

880

392

7,473

6,918

2,064

2,393

7,912

8,331

6,001

6,035

600

571

449

384

1,299

480

1,174

1.062

4,379

4,155

62

77

822

463

1,056

1,150

5,644

5,124

2,715

3,108

31

9,906

8,840

Number of Breweries, 365. 3,556,678 3,980,716

Favetteville,

NORTH CAROLINA.
Lancashh-e J, W.,

OHIO.

Akron,

u

Alliance,
Amherst,
Archbold,
Am well,

Burkhardt, Wm.,
Horix, F.,
Knam, Floriva,
Braun, Wm.,
Walder, A.,
Rich, Peter,

1,840

1,855

2,275

2,312

408

484

429

471

48

576

1,313

1.091

List of Brewers in the United States.
OHIO — Continued.

241

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Bryan,

Halm, Jacob,

1,400

1,800

Bucyrus,

Donnenworth & Bro.,

2,470

2,303

Canal Dover,

Bernhardt, F.,

994

270

Canal Fulton,

Rusch, Christian,

796

660

Canton,

Balser, Louisa,

287

429

«

Giessen, Otto,

2,774

2,985

a

Knobloch & Hermann,

1,880

2,340

Ceiina,

Ott, A.,

919

721

Chagrin Falls,

Goodwin, A. A.,

18

33

Chasetown,

Gines, N.,

347

Chillicothe,

Knecht & Muehling,

2,331

2,833

«(

Wissler, R.,

2,070

2,037

Circleville,

Kruemmel & Hoover,

1,255

1,308

Cincinnati,

Bruckmann, John C, Ludlow

Ave.,

5,347

6,003

a

Darusmont, M.. 184 Hamilton

Road,

7 222

it

Foss & Schneider, 259 Freeman

St.,

17,871

28,060

it

Gambrinus Stock Co , (C. Boss,
Pres't,) cor. Sycamore and

Abrigal Sts.,

29,995

33,350

a

Hauck, John, 1 to 39 Dayton

St.,

32,457

34,458

i.

Herancourt, G. M., Harrison

Ave.,

24,574

26,100

»

Kauffmann, John, 598 'to 606

Vine St.,

41,357

43^228

u

Kinsinger, C, assignee for

Klotter's Sons, Brown St.,

8,824

12,394

it

Lackmann, Herman, 443 and

445 W. 6th St..

17,622

20.272

a

Moerlein, Chris., 712 Elm St.,

98,191

93,337

it

Mueller, M., 652 to 658 Main St.,

7,425

6,471

tt

Niehaus & Klinckhammer, cor.

13th aud Race Sts.,

10,607

18,407

it

Schaller & Gerke, cor. Plum St.

and Canal,

39,276

39,723

it

Schmidt & Bro., 45 McMicken

Ave.,

8,014

11,165

31

242

List of Brewers in the United States.

OHIO— Continued.

Cincinnati,

Cleveland,

Sohn, J. G. & Co., 330 Mc-

Micken Ave.,
Walker, J. & Co., 385 to 393

Sycamore St.,
Weber, George, 284 McMicken

Ave.,
Weyand & Jung, 771 Freeman

St.,
Windisch, C, Muhlhauser &

Bro., Miami Canal, bet.

Wade and Liberty Sts.,
Aenis & Fenelich, 557 Colum-
bus St.,
Allen A. L., 127 Vermont St.,
Baehr, Mrs. M., 225 Pearl St.,
Beltz & Mueller, 59 Cyprus St.,
Bishop, J. A., 371 Broadway,
Fovargue, D., 30 to 36 Irving St..
Gehring, C. E., 19 Brainard St.,
Grabel, P., 529 Cclumbus St.,
Griebel, Mrs. M., 52 Columbus

St.,
Haley, J. P., cor. Seneca and

Canal Sts.,
Hoffman Henry, 155 Walton St.
Hodge, Clark R., 7 Briggs St.,
Hughes, J. M., 15 West St.,
Koestle, Mrs. J., 38 Freeman

St.,
Leisy, Isaac & Co., 135 Veger

St,
Lloyd & Keyes, 19 St. Clair St.,
Mack, J. M., 239 Broadway,
Mall, Jacob, 9 Davenport St.,
Mueller, Rudolph, 483 Pearl St.,
Muth & Son, 10 Burckley St.,
Opperman, A.W., cor.Columbus

Wiley Sts.,
Schlather, L., cor. York and

Carroll Sts.,

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

18,986

20,045

5,152

4,318

57,086

16,709

25,163

31,121

66,794

62,157

4,380

4,S06

793

20

4,331

4,072

3

41

1,640

1,193

2,543

2,778

15,783

19,500

793

988

793

1,003

2,728

2,405

2,118

2,594

2,131

1,107

),789

7,509

2,363 1,592

22,855

20,042

3,629

2781

581

470

6,510

5,868

2,529

2,659

4,439

4,554

5,455

5,091

23,087

27,298

List of Brewers in the United States. 243

OHIO — Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Cleveland,

Schmidt & Hoffman, Ansell

Ave.,

7,616

7,736

a

Schauerman, L., 89 Broadway,

6,191

3,875

a

Schneider, C, 2 Ash St.,

3,916

4,042

u

Schneider, Wm. & Co.,

<<

Stoppel, Joseph, cor. Ohio and

Canal Sts.,

6,675

5,538

u

Strieberger, Jacob, cor. Seneca

and Canal Sts.,

2,728

a

Stumpf, M., Lake St.,

845

290

Columbus,

Biehl, Henry & Co., cor. Front

and Schiller Sts.,

2,588

2,924

u

Born & Co., 449 South Front

St.,

6,905

12,706

a

Hoster, L., Sons & Co., 371 So.

Front St.,

15,268

18,520

u

Say, Charles,

a

Say, Joseph, 50 East Third Ave.,

48

40

u

Schlee, N., 667 South Front St.,

7,180

8,176

n

Schlegel, Geo. & Bro., 404 So.

Front St.,

2,572

Crestline,

Westnitzer, B.,

60

Dayton,

Buchenen, A. &F., 45 Broome St

■5 —

443

a

Bergman & Tettman,

22

43

a

Braum, Anton, 1st and Beckel

Sts.,

1,484

1,460

it

Euchenhoefer, F., 3495 Third

St.,

2,010

1,694

tt

Hecker, George, 751 Van Cleve

St..

124

115

a

Poock & Senbert,

128

a

Schwind, Mrs. Agnes, 345 So.

Main St.,

820

632

a

Schwind, C, River Side,

6,150

5,977

tt

Schimmel, M., Wayne St.,

2,313

3,351

Stickle, Jacob, Warren St.,
Wilke & Saubert,

4,037

3,960

Defiance,

Bauer & Co.,

2,450

2,525

Delaware,

Anthoni, F.,

1,523

1,578

tt

Wittlinger, C. H.,

138

263

244

List of Bkewers in the United States.

OHIO — Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Delphos,

Dephos Brewery,

2,280

3,598

Eaton,

Fastnacht & Rau,

593

424

Elyria,

Plocher, Andrew,

28

115

Franklin,

Katlein & Co.,

144

113

Fremont,

Fremont Brewing Co.,

2,939

2,999

Gallrpolis,

Hankel, F.,

381

343

Greenville,

Wagner, J., Assignee,

1,078

1,208

Hamilton,

Engert, Casper,

2,729

3,382

a

Schwab, P. & Co.,

13,891

11,524

Harrison,

Schneider, J. & Bro.,

933

994

Ironton,

Ebert, Leo,

3,136

2,742

a

Mayer Jacob,

540

494

Jackson Township,

Kropf, Christian,

758

497

Kenton,

Kayser, Anton,

190

180

<(

Buffer, John,

880

757

Laetonia,

Haller, B. F., & Bro.,

227

Lancaster,

Becker & Co.,

2,813

3,127

Lawrence,

Homig & Schneider,

1,029

Lima,

Duvel, Chas.,

960

1,029

cc

Zimmermann Bros.,

252

402

London,

Weber, Peter,

625

Louisville,

Dilger & Menegay,

2,018

1,855

Mansfield,

Frank & Weber,

1,601

1,128

u

Reiman & Aberle,

2,376

2,568

Marietta,

Shneider, John,

1,844

1,719

Marysville,

Schlegel, Paul,

130

160

Massillon,

Baummerlin. L.,

1,029

472

tc

Halbysan Emma,

1,747

1,625

McConnellsville,

Burckh alter & Reed,

109

Miamisburg,

Nuss, Wm.,

1,174

949

Middleburg,

Davis, E., & Son,

1,228

393

Middletown,

Sebald, W., & L.,

4,790

5,866

Milan,

Herb, Anton,

46

25

Minster,

Lange, Frank,

1,790

2,144

Monroeville,

Rapp, U., & Co.,

858

.1,808

Morrow,

Scheer, Thompson & Co.,

1,961

1,433

Napoleon,

Roessing, F.,

838

955

Newark,

Bentlitch Bros., & Eichhorn,

281

285

K

Kassenbom, Chas.,

1,171

787

«

Rickrich, Philip,

303

265

List of

Bkewers in the United
OHIO — Continued.

States.

245

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

New Bremen,

Meyer & Schwers,

320

321

New Philadelphia,

Hasenbrock, M., & Seibold,

1,727

1,530

New Richmond,

Baumann, Chas.,

307

New Springfield,

Seeger, John,

66

36

N. Robinson, P. 0.,

Gerhard, Jacob,

212

146

Norwalk,

Fletcher & Ott,

1,842

2,023

a

Lais, Anthony,

1,064

940

Painesville,

Garfield & Warner,

560

Perry Township,

Sommers, J., & Co.,

1,488

Piqua,

Butcher & Mittler,

1,200

1,254

a

Keifer, L.,

842

863

((

Schneyer, J. L.,

677

564

Polk,

Roth, Daniel,

S67

Pomeroy,

Wildermuth, G.,

2,609

2,401

Portsmouth,

Kleffner & Mair,

1,548

Reading,

Kroger, J. B., & Co.,

636

946

Rome,

Kropf, C, & Co.,

910

570

Roscoe,

Mayer, Conrad,

311

228

Salem,

Muff, Wm,

300

450

Sandusky,

Anthony & Ilg,

4,998

5,070

a

Bender, Lena,

5,735

5,996

u

Kuebler, J., & Co.,

11,302

11,611

Sidney,

Wagner, John,

4,126

3,752

Springfield,

Engert & Dinkel,

6,609

7,160

it

Vorce & Blee,

5,561

2,565

Steubenville,

Butte, J., Jr.,

1,138

696

u

Basler, J., Jr.,

389

611

Strasburg,

Seikel, Jacob,

146

132

Tiffin,

Hubach, H.,

737

2,816

<(

Mueller, C,

5,294

4,337

Toledo,

Findlay & Zahm,

24,061

34,208

u

Grasser & Brand,

21,691

18.910

a

Jacobs, Coughlin & Co.,

14,294

15 471

u

Toledo Brewing Co.,

16,255

17,910

Troy,

Henne, Joseph,

1,895

2,046

Tuscarora,

Heim, Louis,

73

316

Upper Sandusky,

Allstaeller & Bechler,

1,719

1,662

Wapakoneta,

Kotter, C, & Bro.,

1,049

1,149

it

Schuman Bros.,

278

260

Warren,

Clement, Geo., Jr.,

719

765

246

List of Brewers in the United States

OHIO — Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Waynesburgh,

Grubel, C,

480

600

Willoughby,

White, 0. F.,

5

Williamsburgh,

Bools, John,

21

37

Winesburg,

Wiegand, L.,

189

77

Woodville,

Keil, Jonas,

283

289

n

Lang, M.,

90

121

Wooster,

Mongey & Graber,

2,311

2,204

Xenia,

Farrell & Co., Assignees,

1,441

1,585

Youngstown,

Knott & Klas,

703

1,043

u

Seeger, Mat,

2,576

2,624

u

Smith, John's Sons,

3,299

3,261

Zanesville,

Achauer, C. F.,

84

97

a

Bohn, Sebastian,

79

117

u

Brenner, J. A., & Co.,

1,194

1,042

is.

Fisher Bros.,

2,123

2,373

u

Merkle Bros.,

2,813

2,791

Zoar,

Zoar Society,

362

315

Number of Breweries, 189. 968,332 935,480

Albany,

a

Astoria,
n

Baker City,

a

Brownsville,
Canyon City,
Canyonville,
Corvallis,
Coquette City,
Eugene City,
Gardner,
Gervais,
Jacksonville,

Junction City,
Marshfield,

OREGON

Bellanger, E.,
Keifer, Charles,
Meyer, M.,
Hahn, John,
Rust, Henry,
Kastner, N.,
Cloner, B.,
Sels, F. C,
Stenger, L.,
Hughes, Henry,
Mehl, G.,
Miller, M.,
Varrelman, F.,
G laser & Kirk,
Schutz, Val,
Wetterer, Joseph,
Braun & Seeger,
Reichert, Wm.,

267

345

180

135

866

801

440

483

158

196

275

249

126

126

27

33

183

132

43

38

114

105

21

21

129

138

171

150

159

280

303

List of Brewers in the United States.

247

OREGON— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

McMinnsville,

Ahrens, Anton,

a

Bachman, W. R.,

Oakland,

Robinson, A. D.,

25

a

McGregor & Freyer,

25

50

Oregon City,

Rehfuss, H.,

1,412

1,260

Pendleton,

Stang, Adam,

140

127

a

Lang, Adolph & Co ,

— —

Portland,

Feuer, L.,

181

1,080

«i

Molson & Sons,

181

a

U. S. Brewing Co.,

1,506

1,557

u

Weinhard, Henry,

5,280

6,212

Roseburgh,

Rast, John,

257

258

u

Kreutscher, Th. F.,
Adolph S., & Co.,

Salem,

47S

545

a

Westacott, L ,

258

434

a

Westacott & Son,

Scottsburgh,

Rmnelhort, L. H.,

—

St. Paul,

Ahrens, A.,

94

83

The Dalles,

Buechler, Aug.,

438

881

Union,

Washburn, S. N., & Co.,

— —

Wilderville,

Closner, David,

17

Number of Breweries, 39

13,362 16,159

PENNSYLVANIA.

Allegheny City,

Allentown,

Altoona,

Booth, Thomas,

10,427

8,612

Dippel, Henry,

634

394

Eberhardt & Ober,

11,905

11,480

Herdt, Mrs. D.,

824

947

Lion Brewing Co.,

8,678

11,221

Lutz, D. & Son,

13,414

12,990

Mueller, John M.,

5,046

6,272

Ober, Frank L.,

4,541

6,073

Straub, J. N., & C ,

10,008

9.387

Benedict, Nuding,

2,706

2,675

Daenfer, Jacob,

597

Kern, Leopold,

990

326

Lieberman & Co.,

2,706

1,931

Ensbrenner, Geo.,

355

474

248

List of Brewers in the United States.

PENNSYLVANIA— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Altoona,

Haid, Chas.,

316

342

u

Hoelle, Martin,

1,297

1,007

u

Klemert, Gustav,

516

531

u

Stehle, John B.,

524

358

"

Wahl, Christ,

336

298

Beaver Falls,

Anderton, James,

789

756

a

Holmes & Timmins,

"

Yolk, John,

786

826

Bellefonte,

Haas, Louis,

504

618

Bennett's Station,

Baemiein, C, Bro. & Co.,

4,715

5,484

u

Gast & Bro.,

1,236

946

u

Hoehl, Henry,

366

319

Benzinger,

Straub, Peter,

656

475

Bethlehem,

Uhl, Mathias,

1,483

971

Blossburg,

Plummer, Elijah,

49

53

Braddock's,

Schulz, G.

159

201

"

Schafer, N.

397

340

Bridgewater,

Weisgerber, Conrad,

317

283

Brookville,

Allgeier, M.,

464

4-19

tt

Christ, S. C,

319

367

Cambria,

Goenner, Jacob,

573

592

Carhondale,

Nealon, John,

320

1,096

Carlisle,

Faber, C. C,

51

96

a

Krause, E. J.,

723

293

Carrollton,

Blum, Henry,

287

229

a

Eger, F. & C,

224

184

Catasauqua,

Kostenbader, H.,

1,598

1,660

U

Stockberger, M. J.,

510

720

Centerville,

Dluzer, John,

Chambersburg,

Kurtz, L. B.,

465

451

a.

Klenzing, H. A.,

167

a

Ludwig, Charles

1,033

766

a

Richter, Henry,

229

170

Chartiers,

Schmelz, Plenry,

276

301

Clarion,

Hartle, George,

101

79

«

Sandt, H. J.,

521

418

Clearfield,

Leipoldt, C,

91

110

u

Sell, Thomas,

Coal Township,

Markle, M ,

630

1,126

Columbia,

Brink, A. H., & Co.,

543

671

List of Brewers in the United States.

249

PENNSYLVANIA— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Columbia,

Desch, J.,

1,625

2,200

Condersport,

Zimmerman, C,

Conemaugh,

Kost, Lawrence,

434

538

a

Lambert & Kress,

2,120

3,083

Corry,

Morris, Hiram,

491

380

tt

Spreter, Gustave,

1,512

1,260

Danville,

Fraudenberger, G., & Co.,

1,012

1,073

a

Gerstner, Mrs. Mf A.,

466

238

Easton,

Borman & Kuebler,

6,179

a

Seitz Bros.,

3,195

2,957

a

Veile, Xavier,

1,988

1,527

Ease Mauch Chunk,

Gerste, Mathilde,

184

208

East Stroubsburg,

Burt, John,

124

105

Emans,

Kling, Fred,

997

Emlenton,

Kreis, Sebastian,

872

485

Emporium,

Blummle, F. X.,

167

186

Erie,

Conrad, C. M.,

6,360

8,200

«

Downer & Howard,

2,140

2,092

C(

Kalvelage, Henry,

3,236

2,795

u

Koehler & Bro.,

7,365

8,388

a

Vogt, Anton,

245

295

Etna,

Metzger. Michael,

175

231

Exeter,

Hughes, FI. R., & Co.,

1,760

1,373

Farmers' Valley,

Schott, E.,

108

Franklin,

Crossman, Philip,

870

761

Gallitzen,

Ankenbaber & Gaegler,

61

Germania,

Meixner, Frank,

35

62

a

Schwarzenbach, J.,

26

53

Gettysburg,

Henning, John,

49

35

a

Bartel, J. F.

250

196

Greensburg,

Hagel, John,

349

332

Green Township,

Schnell, J. L., & Bro.,

167

97

Hanover P. 0.

Neiderhofer, John,

108

108

Hamburg,

Buckman, Jacob,

347

138

Harrisburg,

Bynre & Ogden,

18

155

"

Doehn, George,

3,147

2,646

tt

Dressell, C. A.,

3,979

826

«

Fink, Henry,

3,794

3,220

Harrison,

Brewer, John,

73

83

Hazel ton,

Bach, Henry,

3,543

3,230

32

250

Lisr of Breweks in the United States.

PENNSYLVANIA— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Heidelburg,

Schmidt, Ambrose,

183

63

Hollidaysburgh,

Buckberger, A.,

48

a

Springer, J. J.,

6

12

Indiana,

Stadmiller, Geo.,

55

119

Jefferson,

Werner, John,

1,418

832

Jersey Shore,

Hauser, Chas.,

135

146

Johnstown,

Baemiy, W. H.,

251

a

Emmerling, John,

Ill

a

Heubach, Max,

509

371

u

Wehn, Charles,

363

392

Kittanning,

Biehl, Louis,

1,564

877

Lancaster,

Effinger, Jas,, Agt.,

2,872

2,154

u

Knapp, Lawrence,

962

1,085

u

Knapp, Lawrence,

1,938

1,916

u

Koehler, Casper,

2,828

1,240

a

Landis, D. B.,

504

488

it

Richman, G. E., Agt.,

422

576

a

Rieker, Frank A.,

2,816

3,063

a

Schwenberger, W. A., Agt.,

602

635

a

Sprenger, J. A.,

2,104

1,890

a

Wacker, S. V. S. Bros.,

2,112

1,790

Lebanon,

Hoezle, Joseph,

240

u

Leubert, F. A.,

1,425

1,393

Lewistown,

Bossinger, H.,

495

416

a

Haeben, Theo.,

367

143

Liberty,

Zeifle, John,

63

69

Lock Haven,

Fable, Charles P.,

456

443

a

Flaig, Matthew,

230

348

u

Pfeffert, Mary,

144,

164

Loretto,

Bengele, Jos.,

106

28

Lower Saucon,

Benz, Edward,

910

628

Lykens,

Bueck, H.,

2,252

2,905

Manheim,

Loerher, Fred'k,

545

810

Marietta,

Manlick, Fred,

381

388

Mauch Chunk,

Weysser & Zinzer,

154

273

McKreesport,

Reichenbach, Ernest,

640

558

Mead,

Smith, E. A.,

650

Mill Creek,

Voigt & Platz,

730

8 6

Minersville,

Aapf, Charles, & Co.,

730

826

u

Kear, F. J , & Co.,

List of Brewers in the United States. 251

PENNSYLVANIA— Continued.

Mount Joy, Bube, Alvis,

Muncy, Harp, Wm.,

Newcastle, Knock, C,

" Tresser, Adam,

Norristown, Cox, A. R.,

Schiedt,
North East, Bannister, James,

North Huntington, Hufuagel, Conrad,
Oil City, Wurster, Chas.,

Philadelphia, Ambron, Adam, 338 Dillwyn St.

" Amrhein, L., 6th and Clear-

field Sts.,
" Archby, McLean & Co., 309 and

311 Green St.,
" Baltz, J. & P., 31st and Thomp-

son Sts.,
Bander, Jehn, 400 Lynd St.,
" Bergdoll, Louis, 29th and Par-

ish Sts ,
" Bergner & Engel, Brewing Co.,

cor. 32d and Thompson Sts., 120,187 124,860
Betz, John F., 401 New Market
St., 52,891 44,653

" Bower, John, estate of, 33d near

Master St., 4,724 4,617

" Cary, Geo. & Co., 934 N. 3d St., 16,753 13,579

" Conrad, Jacob, 27th and Parish

Sts., 3,714 4,709

" Connor, James, 819 Carpenter

St., 68

Christmas, Chas., 1605 Cabot

St., 185 145

Class, Charles, 1732 Mervine

St., 2,570 2,160

" Dauterich, H., 341 N. 4th St., 1,407 534

" Eble & Herter, 32d and Thomp-

son Sts., 12,280 9,990

Eisele, Franz, 2630 Guard Ave., 90 329

" Engelke, Mathias, 835 St. John

St., 1,551 1,272

No. of bar

rels sold.

1878.

1879.

394

316

100

103

500

500

1,410

1,400

2,376

2,228

720

699

134

134

63

58

1,500

810

28

37

1,774

1,858

13,555

10,620

23,619

23,915

150

47,514

46,410

252 List of Bkewers in the United States.

PENNSYLVANIA— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.
1878, 1879.

Philadelphia, Enser & Theurer, 2d and Ontario

Sts.,

6,628

5,490

Erdreig, Andrew, 142 Ash St.,

2,916

2,400

Esslinger, George, 1012 Jeffer-

son St.,

494

783

Feil, F., 2204 Lairhill St.,

405

Fielmeyer, Joseph, 2325 N.

Broad St.,

2,707

1,975

Finkenauer, Theo., 31st St.,

above Master,

1,278

1,624

Finkenauer, Theo., 1716 Ger-

mantown Ave.,

Fisher, Albert, 2900 Frankford

Road,

48

72

Fritch, John, 4224 Edward St.,

1,910

2,014

Gamdler & Co., 715 North 3d St.,

861

596

Gardner, J. & Co., 21st and

Washington Sts.,

31,516

37,471

Gindele, Geo., 1024 W. Girard

Ave.,

5,040

4,934

Gindele, Joseph, 1205 Darien

St.,

1,542

1,445

Grauch, John, 4228 Edward

St.,

3,240

2,599

Gross, Louis, estate of, 2421 N.

St.,

32,807

393

Guckes, Riehl & Co., 824 St.

St.,

8,469

6,477

Guckes, Philip, School Lane,

2,427

2,278

Haisch, Christian, 1748 Mer-

vine St.,

5,355

4,728

Henzler & Flach, 32d and

Thompson Sts.,

12,741

10,000

Jocobi, Otto, 913 N. 4th St.,

62

67

Jeckel, Geo.,

Kasper, Charles, 606 N. 4th St.,

990

499

Keller, George, 31st, near Jeffer-

son St.,

5,866

1,624

Kumpf, Win. & Co., 2610

Frankford Road,

1,464

951

List of Brewers in the United States. 253

PENNSYLVANIA— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.
1878. 1870.

Philadelphia, Klopfer, Christian,. 2427 N.

Broad St., 1,437 1,458

" Kohnle, J., 321 Faifmount Ave., 1,850 1,700

Leibert & Obert, 156 Oak St., 1,591 1,971
" Leimbach, Eliza F., 1751 Bo-

dine St., 875 1,008

" Loescher, John, 1735 Walter

St.

" Maass, Charles, 1214 German-

town Ave., 233 243

" Magee, Richard, 731 Vine St , 15,833 30,631

" Massey, Wm. & Co., 10th and

Filbert Sts., 58,214 57,667

" Manz, Gottleib, 6th and Clear-

field Sts.,
McCaffrey & O'Rielley, 407
Lynd St.,
" McKenney & Co., 614 S 6th

St.,
Miller, Adams, 929 N. 5th St ,
" Miller, John C, Ashmead and

Wakefield Sts., Germantown, 22,852 20,716
Moore, James L., 1314 Fitz-

water St., 5,137 4,488

" Mueller, Henry, Agent, 31st

and Jefferson Sts., 15,225 18.040

" Mueller, Charles, 2107 German-

Ave., 123 186

Muellerschoen, C, 495 N. 3d St., 74

Narr, Minnie, 242 N. 4th St., 48 49

" Ohse, Henay, 1423 Germantown

Ave., 258 353

Ortleib, Trubert, 1248 N. 3d
St.,
" Otterbach, L.,

Otto & Layer, 518 Locust St.,
" Pfaehler, Mary, 931 St. John

St.,
" Philadelphia Brewing Co., Falls

of Schuylkill,

3,722

3,433

65

1,024

1,528

470

399

73

32

1,062

1,593

1,235

141

175

1,920

254 List of Brewers in the United States.

PENNSYLVANIA— Continued.

Philadelphia, Poth, F. A., 31st and Jefferson

Sts.,
" Presser, Charles, Jr., 35th and

Aspen Sts.,
" Reiger, Jos., 4th and Cadwala-

der Sts.,
Rothacker, G. F., 31st St., be-
low Master,
" Ruoff, Moritz, 1230 Frankfort

Road,
" Salber, Jno., 520 Richmond St.,

" Salomon, J., 1514 N. Front,

" 'Schaal, Caroline, 627 Carpen-

ter St.,
Schaefer, F., 1220Mosher St.,
Schaufler, Chas., 1742 North

Forth St.,
Schaufler, J. F., 2551 N. 2d St., 1,166
" Schemm, Peter, 25th and Pop-
lar Sts , 11,135 9,697
Schiltinger, G., 1020 E. Cum-
berland St., 17

Schick, Jacob, 118 Master St., 1,804 1,945
" Schmid, Gottlieb, 715 S. 7th

Sf., 125 357

Schmidt, Christian, 113 Ed-
ward St., 13,981 13,211
Schintzer, J., 1118 N. 3d St., 14 624
Seitz, George, 2327 N. 7th St., 2,048 1,819
Smith, Robert, 20 S. 5th St., 15,000 14,711
Specht, C L., 1033 W. Girard

Ave , 2,678 2,774

Staubrailler, J , 1441 N. 10th
St.,
" Stein, John, 3365 Ridge Ave.,

" Strobele, Anton,

Theis, C. & Co., 32d and Mas-
ter Sts.,
" Straubmueller, Jos., 33d and

Thompson Sts ,

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

23,049

34,178

79

1,037

1,623

6,872

6,755

330

49S

80

104

17

65

94

114

515

2,187

300

478

1,166

776

97

181

3,338

2,515

943

902

4,716

7,372

8,904

8,086

List of Brewers in the United States.

255

PENNSYLVANIA— Continued.

Philadelphia, Weihmann, John, 815 Callow-

hill St.,
Wolf, Christian, 212 North
Third St.,
" Wolters, Charles, 11th and

Oxford Sts.,
" Wurster, Wm., 1325 German-

town Ave.,
" Zann, Philip, 620 N. Third St.,

" Zierf uss, Fritz,422 Diamond St.,

Pittsburgh, Auen, Philip,

" Darlington & Co.,

" Frauenheim & Vilsak,

" Friedel, Henry,

. " Gangwisch, John,

" Hauch, E.,

" Kaltenhaeusser, V.,

" Lauer, Philip,

" Nusser, John,

« Pier, Dannels & Co.,

" Reichenbach, John,

" Rhodes, Joshua,

" Schaler, John,

« Spencer, McKay & Co.,

" Stirm, John G.,

" Straub & Son,

" Wainwright, Z., & Co.,

" Weber, Frank,

" Wilhelm, Henry,

Wood, H. T., & Bro.,
Pittston, Bishop, George,

Hughes, H. R., & Co.,
Hughes, H. R., & M.,
Plumer, Brecht, Christian,

Pottsville, Rettig, Chas.,

" Schmidt, Lorenz,

" Yuengling, D. G., & Son,

Railroad P. O , Helb, Fred,

Reading, Barbey, Peter,

" Felix, N. A., Estate of,

No. of barrels sold.
1878. 1879.

1,792 2,150

90 217

3,431 15,158

24

141

168

321

142

270

84

102

6,016

7,346

15,030

18,933

547

484

4,384

4,725

1,720

1,490

197

120

218

163

2,349

1,834

9,404

6,261

1,176

1,509

6,090

4,752

159

203

15,651

14,350

258

433

6,457

9,400

9,229

10,888

2,200

2,318

957

3,058

2,794

332

1,760

1,373

4,569

4,526

337

99

1,980

1,904

5,220

4,707

13,404

13,688

315

429

6.211

8,152

3,991

4,333

256

List of Bkeweks in the United States.

PENNSYLVANIA— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Reading,

Keller, Samuel C ,

2,595

2,010

u

Lauer, Fred'k, (No. 1,)

3,990

3,648

il

Lauer, Fred'k, (No. 2,)

15,157

18,793

a

Peltzer, Abraham,

114

198

Renevo,

Binder, Luke,

232

277

Reynoldsville,

Kingsley & Co.,

Roxborough,

Nagle, Sebastian,

490

Saucon,

Rennig, George,

895

Scranton,

Morton & Briggs,

651

764

"

Robinson, Elizabeth,

5,830

6,800

Shenandoah,

Tunnah, J.,

27

34

Spring Garden,

Pfeiffer, Abraham,

570

322

St. Mary's,

Geier, AVilliam,

399

155

a

Luhr, Chas. & Co.,

732

825

a

Vogel, Lorenz,

105

97

Tamaqua,

Adam, Joseph,

135

86

a

Haffner, Jos.,

723

Texas,

Hartung & Krantz,

2,716

2,802

"

Lauer, Jacob,

735

738

Tioga,

Ochs, G. F.,

34

44

Titusville,

Schwartz, Chas.,

3,798

3,064

a

Theobold, John,

3,373

2,56(>

Towanda,

Loder, Anton,

681

753

Tyrone,

Hewel, Jos.,

422

393

Union City,

Wager, Theresa,

235

286

Unity,

Be-nedictine Society,

2,457

2,644

Upper Augusta,

Moeschlin, J., & A.,

932

1,066

Vernon,

Dudenhoeffer, N.,

2,487

1,775

u

Schwab, Frank,

2,427

3,044

Warren,

Loenhart, Philip, Jr.,

1,973

1,679

Washington,

Ditz, Andrew,

299

171

a

Schnarderer, G. J.,

395

384

it

Zelt, Louis & Bro.,

370

291

Walker,

Hagle, George,

157

96

Wells1 trough,

Ochs, John,

52

59

a

Scheffer, Christian,

61

41

Weissport,

Geisel, Catherine,

322

Wilkesbarre,

Reichards & Son,

5,020

3,588

a

Stegmaier, C, & Son,

3,908

4,362

Williams,

Bennann & Kuebler,

6,033

5,566

List of Beeweks in the United States.

257

Williamsport,

Woodward,
York,
u

Young,

PENNSYLVANIA— Continued.

Flock, Jacob,
Koch, A., & Bro.,
Schroeder, Wm.,
Weikman, R.,
Helb, Theo. R.,
Ulrich, F. W.,
Haag, Christian,

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

3,013

2,465

2,302

2,465

115

127

284

226

770

1,045

800

1,000

324

264

Number of Breweries, 317. 1,041,486 1,034,081

RHODE ISLAND.

Newport,

Cooper, W. S.,

284

838

Providence,

Gartner, Herman,

- 77

94

a

Gauch, Chas.,

140

a

Hanley, J., & Co.,

16,221

3,092

a

Herrman, Henry,

u

Kiely Bros.,

8,588

6,207

a

Molter, N.,

17,460

u

Nauman & Gaush,

40

Number of Breweries, 8.

25,210 27,837

Columbia,
Walhalla,

SOUTH CAROLINA.

Seegers, John C, 739 328

Bush, Chr., 39 44

Number of Breweries, 2.

778

372

Jackson,

Knoxville,

Memphis,

Nashville,

TENNESSEE.

Kunz & Co., 33

Knoxville Brewing Co., 103 228
Memphis Brewing Co., Henry

Luchmann, Pres't, 33 Mun-

roe St., 6,877 6,816

Maus, C. A., & Bros.,

Number of Breweries, 4.

6,980

7,107

258

List of Brewers in the United States.

TEXAS.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Austin,

Pressler, Paul,

431

Belleville,

Frank, F. J., & Bro.,

54

Ben Ficklin,

Wolters, H , & Co.,

121

156

Boerne,

Hammer & Buelle,

153

237

Brackett,

Weidlich Bros.,

Brenham,

Giesecke, G. F., & Bro,

1,137

1,255

<«

Zeiss, Lorenz,

746

882

Castroville,

Kieffer, Biaise,

281

300

Cleburne,

Guffee, John,

200

C uero,

Buschick, Hugo,

121

120

Cypress Creek,

Jugenhutt, T. & M.,

120

202

Dallas,

Arnoldi, E.,

505

Fayetteville,

Janak, Jos.,

85

141

Flatonia,

Amsler & Co.,

319

(<

Richter, Vincent,

346

390

Fort Concho,

Hubert, Walter,

Fredericksburg,

Maner, John,

66

81

u

Probst, Fred,

20S

228

Giddings,

Umlang, Theo.,

139

311

High Hill,

Richtel & Kiushel,

433

484

Houston,

Wagner & Hermann,

270

152

Industry,

Walter, J. W.,

91)

80

Lagrange,

Kreisch, H. L.,

774

780

Lando,

Knott, J. J.,

Millheim,

Galler, H.,

107

101

New Braunfels,

Rennert, Julius,

589

261

New Ulm,

Hagemann, W.,

157

125

San Antonio,

Esser, William,

498

390

a

Hutzler, Joseph,

573

«

Lareoda & Beau,

a

Menger, Mrs. W. A.,

1,168

— ,

Seguin,

Krause, C. P.,

84

50

a

Leber, F. F.,

107

164

Victoria,

Mack, L. F.,

168

233

a

Weber, M.,

181

152

Weather ford,

Both, W. F., & Co.,

49

Yorktown,

Celhner, M.,

56

55

Number of Breweries, 37.

10,050

7,718

List of Brewers in the United States.

259

UTAH.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Alta,

Schmidt, P.,

91

18

Beaver,

Fischer, A. A.,

59

134

Bingham,

Wehrsitz, B.,

166

Corinne City,

Amsler, N.,

386

237

Frisco,

Savior, John, & Co.,

6

Hot Springs,

Crossley, James,

265

275

Logan,

Worley, Henry,

■

Minersville,

Kiescle, G.,

Nephi City,

Coulson, Samuel,

59

67

Ogden,

Brickmiller & Wells,

784

876

«

Richter & Fjy,

619

666

Salt Lake City,

Burns, James,

630

a

Keyser & Monitz,

1,360

3,315

«

Margetts, R. B.,

486

479

«

Wagener, Henry,

3,979

4,590

Sandy,

Schueler, Maria,

220

233

Silver Reef,

Noebling, B ,

61

t(

_ Welte, P.,

166

185

Springville,

Dallin, John,

16

16

South Cottonwood,

Winkler, R.,

174

318

Number of Breweries, 20.

9,490 11.476

VERMONT.

One Brewery,

285

173

Alexandria,
Richmond,

VIRGINIA.

Engelhardt, H.,
Portner, Robert,
Robson, G. W.,

Number of Breweries, 3.

328 480

10,366 12,192

3,022

10,694 15,694

WASHINGTON TERRITORY.

Colfax,

Erford & Palmday,

159

Dayton,

Rumpf & Dunkel,

87

60

Mukilteo,

Cantrini, Geo. & Co.,

240

432

260

List of Brewers in the United States.

WASHINGTON TERRITORY— Continued.

Olympia,
Palama,
Pomeroy,
Port Colville,
Port Townsend,
Seattle,

Spoken Falls,
Steilacoom,
«

Vancouver,
«

Walla Walla,

Yakima,

Wood, J. C. & J. R.,
Schauble, J.,
Scholl Bros.,
Hosstetter, J. M.
Roesch, W.
Mehlhom, Aug.,
Slorah & Co.,
Peterson, M. & Co.,
Schafer & Howard,
Furst & Baumeister,
Young, Anton,
Dampfhoffer, L.,
Betz, Jacob,
Kleber, F. E.,
Scott, Benj.,
Stahl, J. H.,
Scbanne, Chas.,

Number of Breweries, 20.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

175

264

105

72

36

126

1S6

55

77

1,S04

868

' 1,652

1,111

1,810

1,559

83

218

243

30

216

222

172

281

360

649

851

811

94

97

7,965

7.231

WEST VIRGINIA.

Charlestown,

H., Slack,

Fairmount,

Berns, W. F.,

88

72

Lubeck,

Hebrank & Rapp,

1,911

1,752

Martinsburg,

Rossmarck, F. T.,

253

237

Wellsburg,

Hebrank, Andrew,

83

93

Wheeling,

Balzer, Mauras, Twenty-Fifth

St.,

488

408

u

Kinghorn & Smith, 840 Market

St.,

36

252

(I

Kress, Kilian, 1425 Smith St.,

1,265

1,207

a

Nail City Brewing Co., Peter
Weltz, Pres't, 33d and Wetzel

Sts.,

6,395

7,630

u

Reymann, A., Wetzel St.,

12,557

12,255

u

Smith & Co., 1700 Chapline

St.,

Number of Breweries, 10. 23,086 23,906

List of Brewers in the United States.

261

WISCONSIN.

No. of barrels sold.

Algon ga,

Gatz & Elser,

Allonez,

Hocligrave, A.,

Alma,

Briggeboos, AVm.,

«

Hemrich, John,

Alnapee,

Alnapee Brewing Co.,

Appleton,

Munch, Carl,

«

Wing & Fries,

Arcadia,

Ferlig, John N.,

Ashland,

Schottmiller, F. X.,

Bangor,

Hussa, Joseph,

Baraboo,

Bender, Anna,

«

Ruland, Geo.,

Beaver Dam,

Binzel, Philip,

<<

Goeggerle, John,

«

Steil, F. X.,

Beloifc,

Schleuk & Co.,

Berlin,

Schmidt & Schunk,

Berry,

Esser, George,

Black River Falls,

Oderbolz, Ulrich,

Bloomer,

Wendland, John,

Boscobel,

Ziegelmaier, Geo.,

Branch P. 0.,

Zunz, Elizabeth,

Burlington,

Finke, W. J.,

Carlton,

Langenkamp, A. & Bro^

Cassville,

Scherr & Alrath,

Cedarburg,

Weber, John,

Centreville,

Scheibe, C,

Chilton,

Becker, Phil,

«

Gutheil, F. R.,

Chippewa Falls,

Huber & Neher,

«

Leinenkugel & Miller,

Christiana,

Mehels, Henry,

Columbus,

Fleck, Stephen,

«

Kurth, Henry,

De Sota,

Eckhardt. George,

Dodgeville,

Treutzech John G.,

Durand,

Lorenz, Philip,

i<

Stimger, John,

Eau Claire,

Hautzsch, Emily M.,

«

Leinenkugel, Theresa,

1878.

1879.

1,530

1,384

1,417

531

614

680

630

448

631

1,493

1,907

496

320

500

450

179

171

540

490

356

539

467

470

1,004

1,034

1,055

848

112

181

381

279

490

473

975

915

6S4

540

300

270

410

1,512

1,620

498

650

228

227

250

223

1,556

1,270

1,392

1,470

1,092

1,056

340

320

634

1,880

1,700

166

30

42

132

231

261

245

244

228

234

288

105

340

270

740

1,260

262

List of Bkewers in the United States.

WISCONSIN— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Eau Claire,

Leinenkugel Caroline,

625

a

Sommenueyer, Henry & Co.,

239

712

Farmington,

Jaehnig, L.,

1,051

741

Fond du Lac,

Bech & Bros.,

2,158

2,556

<<

Frey, J. & C,

1,645

1,692

((

Sander, A.,

748

726

a

Schussler, Jos.,

1,056

904

it

Ziegenfus, John S.,

268

Fountain City,

Fiedler, Henry,

420

357

a

Koschitz, John,

288

276

Fort Atkinson,

Klinger, N.,

414

.236

«<

Dalton, A. & Co.,

62

Fox Lake,

Regelein, John C,

a

Shlep, John,

91

150

Franklin,

Gross, Philip,

323-

382

«

Koellner, A.,

370

Germantown,

Steben, John,

387

«

Staats, John,

637

724

u

Van Dycke, O.,

Golden Lane,

Link, Jolm,

368

238

Grafton,

Klug & Co.,

168

1,116

Grand Rapids,

Schmitt, Nicholas

190

188

Green Bay,

Hagemeister, F.,

2,525

2.6S8

u

Rahr, Henry,

3,669

3,473

Hartford,

Portz, Jacob,

700

710

Highland,

Schaffer, John,

316

203

Hillsborough,

Schnell, Fred'k,

590

396

Horicon,

Deierlein, Paul,

76

73

a

Groskopf, John,

70

76

Hudson,

Moutman, Wm.,

40

120

a

Yoerg, Louis,

666

711

Humbird,

Eilert, Ernest,

49S

512

Janesville,

Buob, John & Bro.,

2,046

3,151

a

Rosa, C. & Co.,

650

610

a

Todd, John G.,

1,516

1564

Jefferson,

Breuning, Jacob,

1,180

1,312

a

Danner & Heger,

580

714

a

Neuer & Georgelein,

191

317

Kenosha,

Gottfredson, J. G. & Son,

910

1,010

«

Muntzenberger & Co.,

2,041

1,965

List of Brewers in the United States.

263

Kewaunee,

Kilbourne City,
Kossuth,
La Crosse,

Leroy,

Lincoln,

Lisbon,

Madison,

Manitowoc,

Marshfield,

Mauston,

Mayville,

Mazomanie,

Megnon,

Menasha,
«

Menomonee,

<(

Merton,
Milwaukee,

WISCONSIN— Continued.

Brandes, Clias.,

Deda, Chas.,

Leute, Julius,

Chloupek, A.,

Gund, John,

Heilman, J.,

Hofer, J. & J.,

Michel, C. & J.,

Zeisler, Geo.,

Weidig, Nic,

Schmidt, Geo.,

Loux, Geo. E.,

Boots, Ephraham,

Breckheimer, M.,

Fauerbacb, Peter,

Hausmann, Jos.,

Hess & Moser,

Bodermund Brewing Co., F.
Briggs, Manager,

Dobert, Chr.,

Fricke, Carl,

Pautz, F.,

Rahr, Wm.,

Richter, J.,

Bourgevis, M.,

Runkel, Maria & Co.,

Darge, Wm ,

Mayville Brewing Co.,

Zeigler, M.,

Tinker & Slough,

Zimmerman, Franz & Co.,

Mayer, Joseph,

Merz & Behre,

Fuss, Christian,

Roleff & Wagner,

Frederickson, R.,

Allpeter, Phillip, 601 3rd St.,

Best, Ph. Brewing Co., Em-
pire Brewery, Chestnut St.,

Best, Ph. Brewery Co.. So. Side
Brewery 425 Virginia St ,

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

408

458

264

286

139

190

192

96

4,370

6,250

2,880

2,360

289

6,348

7,504

1,425

2,350

193

166

138

166

301

463

1,880

1,580

1,170

1,375

4,255

5,836

1,640

1,670

1,653 1,557

320

■ — —

926

1,345

3,050

4,150

580

923

941

496

496

428

385

320

331

496

528

1,154

97S

1,095

1,091

868

615

454

386

450

920

108

94

495

436

87,527

121,980

38,286

45,994

264

List of Brewers in the United States.

WISCONSIN— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Milwaukee,

Blatz, V., 609 Broadway,
Borchert, F. & Son, Ogden and

49,16S

53,907

Milwaukee Sts.

8,250

10,025

««

Ennes, John & Co., 810 State St.,

3,640

91

u

Falk, Franz (Wauwatosa),

22,205

34,009

(C

Gettelman, A., (Wauwatosa,)

4.7S0

4,539

a

Gipfel, Charles, 417 Chestnut St.

, 45

45

u

Grisbaum & Kehrein, 91 Knapp

St.,

148

163

u

Liebscher, L., 189 Sherman St.,

337

410

V

Miller, F, J., Wauwatosa,)

10,677

16;293

u

Milwaukee Brewing Associa-

tion, 7th and Cherry Sts.,

3,629

4,674

tt

Obermann, J. & Co., 502 Cherry

St.,

6,416

7,282

u

Powell's Ale brewing Co., 222

Huron St.,

1,034

562

u

Schlitz, J., Brewing Co., 3rd

and Walnut Sts.,

96,913

110,832

Mineral Point,

Argall, James,

600

595

"

Gillmann, C,

2,071

1,731

Misbicot,

Linstadt, J.

656

720

Mt. Pleasant,

Wolf, Charles,

350

341

Munroe,

Hefty, Jacob,

1,354

1,600

a

Luenberger & Co.,

1,080

1 305

u

Pastel & Huppler,

1,260

1,570

Neenah,

Ehrgott Bros.,

410

360

Neilsville,

Neverman & Sontag,

637

424

Neosha,

Binder, J.,

319

410

Newburg,

Schwalbach, R.,

99

132

New Cassel,

Husting, J. P.,

203

224

New Glarus,

Hefty, Jacob,

346

306

New Lisbon,

Bierbauer, Henry,

612

618

New London,

Becker, Edward,

557

531

u

Knapstein, T., & C,

830

898

Oconomowoc,

Binge], Peter,

1,320

965

Oconto,

Pahl, Louis P.,

810

849

Onalaska,

Moore, M. G.,

648

660

Oshkosh,

Glatz & Elser,

1,530

1,646

u

Horn & Schwalm,

1,366

List of Bueweus in the United States.

205

WISCONSIN— Continued.

Oshkosh,

Kaehler, Christian,

"

Khizl & Walter,

M

Rahr, August,

Pewaukee,

Schock, Mathias,

Pheasant Branch,

Bernard, II.,

Pierce,

Vaser, John,

Platteville,

Rheinstedt, F.,

Plymouth,

Schneider, A ,

u

Weber, G.,

Portage,

Epstein, Henry,

a

Haertel, Chas., Estate of,

Port Washington,

Dix, H., & Co.,

a

Wittmann, John,

Potosi,

Hail, G,

"

Meerke, Henry,

Pi-iarie du Chien,

Schumann & Menges,

Prescott,

H listing, N. P.,

Racine,

Dienken & Schad,

«

Engle & Co.,

(i

Heck, Fred,

it

Schelling & Klenkerl,

Reedsburg,

Reedsburg Brewing Co.,

Ripon,

Haas, John,

River Falls,

Hickey & Meyer,

Sauk City,

Drossen, Anna,

a

Leinkugel, F. L.,

<(

Lenz, Win.,

it

Zapp, Robert,

Schleisingerville,

Stork & Hartig,

Schleswig,

Gutheil & Bio.,

Sevastopol,

Lindemann, L., & Bro.,

Shawano,

Dengel, Geo.

Sheboygan,

Gustsch, L.,

n

Kull, Martin,

<<

Schlachter, Thos.,

u

Schrerer, K.,

Sheboygan Falls,

Durow, D.,

Sherman,

Mayer, Jos.,

it

Seifert, Julius,

Shullsburgh,

Schultz & Lauterbeck,

34

No. of ban-

1878.

140

470

340

395

485

110

724

435

381)

178
2,940
1,632

610
1,373
1,016
3,216

734

167

2,033

494
1,274
307
420
130
620

497

406

225

250
2,887

412

490
4,615

248

234

672

303

els sold.
1879.
178
480
315

760

47

532

313

190

3,064

1,114

590

1,187

2,779
696

194
1,725
1,856

213
1,268

189

476

382
300
792
670
207
292
2,608

212

5,455
176
207

159

266

List of Bkewers in the United States.

WISCONSIN— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878.

1879.

Stevens Point,

Kuhl, Adam,

441

624

u

Lutz, A., & Bro.,

705

975

Sturgeon Bay,

Wagner Bros.,

2S8

469

Theresa,

Quast, John,

350

347

u

Weber, Gebhard,

1,3S7

1,042

Tomah,

Goudrezick, I.,

192

221

Trempeleau,

Melchoir J.,

120

172

Trenton,

Schwalbeck, R.,

132

112

Two Rivers,

Mueller, R. E.,

1,156

1,145

Waterford,

Beck, John & Bros.,

168

201

Waterloo,

Schwager, Wm.,

94

64

Watertown,

Bursinger, Joseph,

5,237

4,992

«

Fuermann, Aug.,

10,287

8,065

Waukesha,

Weber, Stephan,,

1,170

1,363

Waupaca,

Arnold, L.,

53

39

Waupun,

Seifert, Peter,

926

976

Wausau,

Mathie, Frank,

791

916

(C

Ruder, George,

768

824

Wayne,

Kreutzer & Groeschel,

59

«

Pies, P.,

193

159

West Bend,

Kuehlthau, Adam,

1,470

1,360

(t

Mayer, S. F. & Co.,

2,460

2,192

West Depere,

Schmidt, A. P.,

348

408

Westford,

Justin, Jos.,

88

19

West Lindo,

Gross, John & Son,

Weyauwega,

Duerr, J. A.,

338

415

«

Griel & George,

570

Whitewater,

Klinger, N.,

1,440

1,297

Winneconne,

Yaeger, Theo.,

78

83

Wista,

Ede, Peter,

90

74

Wrightstown,

Gutbier& Miller,

203

64

Number of Breweries, 226. 508,553 5S3,068

WYOMING TERRITORY.

Atlantic City,
Cheyenne,

Macomber & Huff,
Braun, J.,
Kabis, L.,
Kapp. C,

102

136

750

808

580

343

902

1,605

List of Brewers in the United States. 2G7
WYOMING TERRITORY— Continued.

No. of barrels sold.

1878. 1879.

Green River, Brown, Adam, 76 29

Lander, Hart & Marcum, 45 26

Laramie, Bath, Fred., 1,605 1,462

Rawlins, Fischer, G. & Co., 52

Number of Breweries, 8. 4,060 5,505

INDEX.

Page.

Adulteration of Beer, 62

Alcohol in bread, .61

in malt liquors, 97

in spirits, 97

Alcoholism not caused by beer, . .145

Ale, American, 70

development of, 68

Analysis of barley and malt, 60

of beer, 60, 170

of spirits, 97

of wines, 95

Army use of beer, 84

Artevelde, Jacob van, 21

Austro-Hungary, 47

Authorities, evidence of, see Evidence of authorities.

Balling, Prof, 61

Barley, analyses 60

product and import, 102

Basilius Valentinus, 35

Bavaria, ancient, 31

and Maine, 87

Bavarian and Munich beer, . . 44

Beecher, Rev. Henry Ward; 90

Beer, adulteration of, 62

" " according to English investigation, ... 63

allowance for noble ladies. 43

American, improvements in, .70

analysis of, ... 60

as check to intemperance, 55

at Coney Island, 83

at first most esteemed in North Germany, 41

consumption of, in Paris, 52

cost of, in England, 56

earliest use of, 16

effects in France, 52

encouraged by Swedish government, 50

fermentation of, 69

270 Index.

Beer, first book concerning, 36

free of license in Pennsylvania until 1047, ..... 27

general use of, diminishes crime, 51

" " " " drunkenness, ...... 50

how made, 60

import and export of, 80

in malarial fever, 82

in the army, .84

its making resembles that of bread, 60

laws concerning, 19

made without hops, 28

materials for, • . . . 68

not destructive, 48

nutritive, 142

prepared with religious ceremonies, . 17

product in foreign countries, 166

" " United States, 75

" by states, 77

quantity used, 32

restorative and tonic, . . . . . . . . 86

should be fostered by government, 151

taxation on, 51

tends to good order, 83

transportation of, in early times, 42

versus coffee, ........... 24

" whisky, 11 , 92

varieties of, 68

bill, . 55

drinking, advantages of, ........ 91

" does not cause degeneration, . . . . . .147

epoch, first in Europe, 32

" second in Europe, . 32, 36

privileges granted by Russia, 51

tax, 43

Beet root, . 106

Belgium, 49

Bock beer, 44

Bohemia, 13,31

Bowditch, Henry J. Report to Mass. Board of Health, . . . 137

Brabant, 21

Braunschweiger Mumme, 24, 41

Breweries and dairy farms, 105

description of, 177

" U.S. list of, 185

Brewers, generosity of, . . 56

privileges granted to, 24

Index. 271

Page.

Brewers, returns, publishing of, 185

Brewery at Dob raw, 21

Brewing-, capital invested in, 76

Budweis, brewery at, . . ■ . 17

Burton on Trent, 22

Chambers, Prof. T. K., 86

Charlemagne, 17

Chemistry becomes practical, 33

Club rooms in Maine, 116

Coffee and beer manifesto, 25

Coffee versus beer, 24

Coney Island, 83

Consumption of malt liquors in U. S., 100

of spirits, wines and liquors, . . . ... . . .100

Coppinger, Joseph, 82

Crime under prohibitory law, 115

Crosby, Rev. Dr. Howard, 94

Cruelty of bigotry, 125

Dairy farms and breweries, 105

Danes, ancient, 18

Death in consequence of excess, 53

Degeneration charged to beer drinking, . . . . . .147

Denmark, modern, 50

Distilled and fermented liquors, 94

Duke of Wellington, 55

Egypt, modern, 57

Egyptians, . . . . ' 16, 31

Embecker beer, "... 39, 44

England, ancient, 22, 30

imported beer from Germany, 42

modern, ............ 55

English beer bill, 55

colonies, brewing in, • 72

Evidence of authorities, ch. XL — Dr. Abercrombie, .... 143

Dr. A.Baer, . 143

George Bancroft, 143

Dr. Albeit J. Bernay, 146

Dr. Henry J. Bowditch, 128

Contemporary Review, ......... 146

Consulate-general at Frankfort on the Main, 131

Editor of Chicago Tribune, 132

Prof. Griesinger, . . . . 145

Dr. Harvey, 143

272 I-vdex.

Page.

Evidence of authorities, cli. XI. — Y. G. Hurd 132

Prof. Huxley, 143

John Jay, 131

Sir Henry Labouchere, 143

Prof. Liebig, 131

Prof. Mulder, 141

Dr. Willard Parker, 140

Physician of a public institution, 134

Dr. Kiley, 146

Prof Roller, 145

Dr Schlaeger, 132

Dr Schoellamer, 144

Prof. Schreiber-Berzelius, 145

A Schwarz, 103,135

Dr. Selman, . 145

Society of medical officers of insane asylums in Germany, . . 145

Prof. Stalilschmied, 141

Bayard Taylor, 143

Prof. Ure, 143

Excess restrained by civilization, 122

Exports of beer, 80

Fairs and markets, 40

" Fancy drinks," «... 90

Farming, specialties in New England, 104

Ferment of alchemists, 34

Fermentation, 34

of lager beer, 71

Fermented and distilled liquors, 94

Flanders, 21,30

France, 52

Franco Prussian war, 84

Frederick the Great, 24

French brewers' association, 53

influence in Germany, 45

Gambrinus, 21

Garcelon, Gov., 112

Germany, ancient, 17

modern, 47

Gladstone, Hon. Wm. E., 55

Grains, 103

Greece, ancient, 16

modern, .52

Index. 273

Page.

Hammond, Dr. Wm. A., 94

Hof brauhaus at Munich, 43

Holland, 48

gin sent to U. S., 49

Hops, amount exported, * 101

" used, 102

Imports of beer, 80

Intemperance in England, 55

Massachusetts Board of Health on, 117

Jacobus, 25

Japan, 58

Jefferson, Thomas, 15

Knaust, Dr. Heinrich, 37

Lager beer, fermentation of, 71

introduction in America, .75

Lauer, Hon. Frederick, . . 148, 178

Legislators, duty of, . . . . . , . . . 14, 152

Libarius, ••...! 36

Liebig, Prof. His views, . - . 67

misrepresented, 66

Liquor, legal and illegal sale of, . , . . . ... 1 20

agencies in Maine, Ill

Longevity in beer drinking countries, 86

Lull, Raymond, 34

Luther, Martin, . 39, 156

Maine and Bavaria, • 87

law, proposed amendment, .108

Malt, analysis of, 60

liquors, alcohol in, 97

Monasteries lose beer privileges, 42

Monks as brewers, 21

Moleschott, Prof., 85

Munich court brewery, 43

beer, 45

■

National habits of drinking, 89

Netherlandish painters, 40

Newark, Sunday at, 162

brewers and a prohibitory speaker, 64

Noble brewers, 48

Norway, 50

35

274 Index.

Page.
Opium, use of, increased by prohibitory laws, . . . .124

Paris, siege of, 85

Parker, Dr. Willard, ' . . . . ' 94

Pauperism and prohibitory law, . . . . . . . . 87

decreases with increasing use of beer, 88

Penn, William, . . ... . . . . . . . 25

Persia, . 58

Petrus Bonus, 34

Poland, 31

Porter, 71

Population in beer drinking countries, 88

Prohibition and license com pared, , .119

in Maine, 109

papers and speakers, . . 63

Prohibitory laws, .108

" and their cost, . . . . . . . .114

" and their results, . . . . . 87,115,127

" crime under, . 115

" ineffective, 13

views, .65

Prussia, . .31

Putnam, Gen. Israel, 27

Rathskeller, origin of name, 24

Revenue from beer in U. S., 78

Romans, 16

Russia, 51

Saxons, ancient . 71

Sheen, Richmond, .86

Signs announcing sale of beer, . . 39

Social enjoyment, 152

Spain, 49

Specialties in New England farming, 104

Spirits, alcohol in, 97

Sprouts, . . . . . .103

Stimulants universal, Ill

Strychnine, 62

Sugar beet, 106

Sunday, according to the New Testament, 154

address of emperor of Germany, 157

at Chicago, 133

at Newark, N. J., 162

laws and customs, . 153

laws in England, 158

Index. 275

Page.

Sunday, letter from Ben. Franklin, 156

observance according to Archbishop Whately, John Bunyan, John

Milton, Melancthon, John Calvin, Martin Luther, Grotius, . 155

Sweden, 50

Swett, Ch. F., speech of, 113

Tea intoxication, " 146

Tobacco introduced in Germany, . . 41

Treating, . . . . . . " . . . ■ . . 90

Turkey, . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Under ferment, . . . -- 31

United States, beer product of, .15

early brewers, . . . . . . . . . . .25

Upper-ferment, 31

Valentinus, Basilius, .......... 35

Wellington, Duke of, .55

Wines, alcohol in, . . . 95