The forest trees of Mysore and Coorg

THE

JOHN - CRAIG

LIBRARY

COLLEGE
OF

AGRICULTURE

NEW YO?! STATE
COLLEGE OF ACUICULT'URE,
BEPARTICNT CF HORTCC_LTURE,
CONNELL UNNIERSITY,
KrHaca, N.Y. ,

i

mann

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http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924001712169

THE

FOREST TR

E AND COORG.

THIRD EDITION.

BDITED BY
JOHN CAMERON, F.LS.,
SUPERINTENDENT.

MYSORE GOVERNMENT BOTANICAL GARDENS,
‘ AND
GOVERNMENT MUSEUM, BANGALORE.

Bangalore:

PRINTED AT THE MYSORE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS.
1894.

Price Rs. 8 for full bound & gilt copy. Rs. 2, plain leather binding.
Ev.

Wea

\

BANGALORE:

Mysore Government Central Press.

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

Tus list of some of the trees of Mysore and
Coorg is published, with the sanction of the Chief
Commissioner, for the use of Forest Officers and Dis-
trict Officers. It is interleaved to admit of additions
or corrections. With the exception of afew well
known trees, the vernacular names of trees in
Mysore and Coorg vary in almost every single
district, and this gives rise to both inconvenience and
confusion. Before a list of Mysore and Coorg
trees can be considered to be complete in its nomen-
clature, a large collection of verified synonyms is
wanted. The present list will, it is hoped, be the
small beginning of a valuable compilatron. It can
be extended without altering its shape. Natural
Orders, as may be necessary, can be inserted in their
proper places. :

2. The probationers lately appointed to the
Department, have all received a very good grounding
in Botany; and the Forest Divisional Officers under
whom they are placed have been requested to
furnish them with the means of forming good her-
bariums, and to see that they do so. When they
have succeeded in collecting and in properly identi-
fying a number of the yet unknown trees of Mysore,
and when much additional knowledge has been
collected and recorded by District . and Forest
Officers regarding the economic uses of trees and

Iv PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

shrubs, and on other interesting points connected
with such trees and shrubs, this list might be care-
fully revised and greatly enlarged. If this be enjoin-
ed on the Forest Officers as a part of their duty, and |
if the District Officers would interest themselves in
the matter, material enough might be collected
within the next three years for compiling a very
useful handbook of Mysore Trees; and this might
eventually grow into a valuable work.

3. Inan appendix will be found a list of the
commoner cereals, oils, pulses, condiments, &c., grown
in Mysore. It is taken from the Gazetteer.

4. Indexes of technical, vernacular, and English
names are given.

G. J. van SOMEREN,
Conservator of Forests,
Mysore and “Coorg.

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.

Tue Third Edition of “The Forest Trees of
Mysore and Coorg” has been published at the
request of Mr. Lancelot Ricketts, the Inspector-
General of Forests and Plantations in Mysore, on
whose action, also, a valuable file of purely local and
provincial information had been accumulated for
the purpose, by the officials of the Forest Depart-
ment.

With this substantial help, and with the fullest
reference to such recently published works as, The
Flora of British India, Hooker ; Dictionary of the
Economic Products of India, Watt; Flora Sylvatica
“for Southern India, Beddome; The Forest Flora of
North-West and Central India, Brandis; Pharma-
cographia Indica, Dymock, Warden, and Hooper ; and
Mr. Graham Andergon’s “Forest Trees in the Coffee
Lands of South Mysore,” the Editor has been able
to greatly enlarge the work, extend its scope gener-
ally, and, it may be hoped, carry it nearer to the
ultimate condition foreseen by Captain (now Colonel)
G. J. van Someren, in his preface to the first edition.

But although our knowledge of arboriculture has
improved, a reference to the text will reveal that
there is still much to be learned concerning the
identity, nomenclature, utility, and treatment of
local trees; and until these sources of information
have been fully explored and exhausted, we cannot
hope to possess a complete handbook on the Forest

vI PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.

Flora of Mysore and Coorg. It is also desirable, for
the present at least, to keep the book within the
limits of a pocket companion, which, although not
providing full information, will undoubtedly lead to
further enquiry being made in one or other of .the
standard works named throughout the text.

It is necessary to explain that the work has not
been strictly limited to a description of ‘ Forest
Trees” as the title would indicate. Introduced
exotic trees have been admitted, as also fruit trees
and a few conspicuous plants that are usually asso-
ciated with forest conservancy.

‘The appendices contain lists which, it is believed,
will be of use for occasional reference.

J. CAMERON.

Full titles of the scientific and other works quoted, or
recommended for reference, in
“The Forest Trees of Mysore and Coorg.”

FI. of Brit. Ind.

Dict, of Econ. Prod, of Ind. Dictionary of the Economie Products

Brand. For. Fl.

Bedd. Fl. Sylv.

Bedd. Icon. Pl. Ind. Or.

Bot. Mag.
Pharm, Ind,

Useful Pl. of Ind,
Gamb. Man. Timb.
Wight Ill.

Wight Ic.

Bedd. For, Rep.
Off, Guide R. G. Kew,

Karz For. Fl, Burm.

Flora of British India, Hooker,
of India. Waitt.
Forest’Flora of the North-West and
Central India. Brandis.
Flora Bylvatica for Southern India.
Beddome,
Icones Plantarum Indis Orientalis.
Beddome.

Botanical Magazine. Hooker.

Pharmacographia Indica. Dymock,
Warden, § Hooper.

Tho Useful Plants of India. Drury.
Manual of Indian Timbers. Gamble.
Illustrations of Indian Botany, Wight.

Icones Plentarom Indis Orientalis.
Wight.

Administration Reports of the
Madras Forest Department. Beddome.

Guide to the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew. Oliver.

Forest Flora of British Burma. Kurz.

Or. & Lem. of Ind, & Cey. The Cultivated Oranges and Lemons

of India and Ceylon. Bonavia.

Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb, Fl.
-Hook. Bot. Miscell.
Bentl. & Trim. Med. PL
Benth, Fl. Austr.

Thw. Enum.

Roxb. Cor. Pl,

King Fic.

Ander. For, Trees,
Econ. Pl. Jamaica.

Bot. Plates
Collection,

Lal-Bagh

VIII
Bombay Flora. — Dadzell § Gibson.

Botanical Miscellany. Hooker.

Medicinal Plants. Bentley § Trimen.
Flora Australiensis. Bentham.

Plantarum Zeylanie.
Thwaites.

Enumeratio

Coromandel Coast.
Roxburgh,

Plants of the

\
The Species of Ficus of the Indo-
Himalayan and Chinese countries.
‘ King.

Forest Trees in the Coffee’ Lands of
Mysore. Anderson.

Index to Economic Plants in Jamai-
ca. Fawcett.

A collection of several hundred co-
loured botanical plates, the proper-
ty of the Mysore Botanical Gardens
at Bangalore.

I. DILLENIACES.

1 Dillenia indica, Linn. Kan. Kanagala, Bet, betta,
and bettada Kanagal, or Ganagalu.

Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection; Wight Ic.
823; Bedd. F. S. 108.

References.—F/. of Brit. Ind.; Brandis p. 3.

An ornamental tree of the Malnad. Leaves alter-
nate, crowded towards the apex, petiolate, broadly
lanceolate, serrate; nerves parallel and’ strongly
marked underneath; average blade 9x3 -in.
Flowers large, solitary; sepals fleshy or thickly
coriaceous; petals pure white, fragrant. Fruit
globose, the size of a large apple, closely invested
by the accrescent sepals.

This round-headed tree affords dense shade
and is well adapted for scenic planting. But in the
maidan tracts, the species is slow ot growth and
rarely attains its full size and beauty. Wood light
brown with a smooth grain, said to be used for
gunstocks. The leaves are used to serve food upon,
in lieu of plates. es

Cultivation.—Propagate from seed, or plant the
whole fruit in beds of half decomposed humus.
When the seedlings are a year old, plant them in
large pits at about 30 feet apart. This treatment
applies generally to all the species of Déllenia.

2 Dillenia bracteata, Wicat.

The same vernacular names are possibly applied
to this species.

A large evergreen tree, differing from the above
in possessing smaller parts and racemed flowers.
Perhaps less abundant in the Malnad. «Economic
properties unknown.

2 ‘MYSORE AND CooRG:

cS ———

3 Dillenia pentagyna, Noxn. Kan. Koltega, Kaltega,
Kad -kanagala, Coorg, Male geru.
Fig—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 104.
References. —Braniis p. 3.; Fl. of Brit. Ind.;
Dict. of Eeon. Prod. of Ind.

A fine spreading tree of the subtropical hill
region. Bare of leaf for a brief period in February,
or later according to season. Leaves oblong-lan-
ceolate, serrate, decurrent; petiole winged, average
blade 15x5 in. Flowers in umbels of 6—8, corolla
yellow. Fruit pendulous, the size of a gooseberry,
said to possess a pleasant acid flavour, and is
probably eaten by the local hill tribes. Although
nicely marked, the wood is heavy, somewhat coarse-
grained and difficult to season. Weight 50 Ib.
per cubic.foot. But further trial appears necessary
to fully test the qualities of this wood. The leaves
afford good and ample material for making humus,
and in the villages about Poona they are used to
thatch houses. When tender, they are in requisi-
tion to serve food upon.

4

TI. MAGNOLIACES:.
4 Michelia Champaca, Linn. Kuu. Sampige, Sampaghy
Sampage. hes
Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection ; Waght
Lil. 2. 13.
References.—Dict. of Mcon. Prod. of Ind.;
Brandis p. 3.

This handsome evergreen tree attains a great
size, and is an object of much admiration in the open
glades of the Malnad country. Rare specimens
attain to 50 oreven 100 feet, having a circumfer-
ence of 20 feet at the base ofthe trunk. Leaves
alternate, petiolate, pale green, ovate-lanceolate, -
acuminate, entire, average blade 10x4 in. Flowers

~ axillary, large, pale-yellow and strongly scented.

MYSORE AND COORG. 3

Fruit sessile and capsular, containing 4—6 seeds.
‘The Sampige is frequent in Coorg, and in the western
parts of Mysore as far as Nagar. Cultivated in the
maidan districts, especially about Hindu shrines,
for its popular flowers. On gala days the latter
are entwined in the hair and worn about the
person. Ags asource of perfume they should com-
mand attention. Timber good, heartwood glossy,
dark brown, close-grained and somewhat. brittle.
Weight 40 Ib. per cubic foot. | Much prized for
making furniture, carriages, and fine articles of
cabinet-work, as the seasoned wood takes a fine
polish. Much good timber is wasted in the erection
of village buildings.

Cultivation —The Sampige is easily raised from
seed. When a foot or more in height the seedlings
should be planted at 40 feet apart in deep alluvial
soil A garden variety of the species, having
cream-coloured flowers, is held in high esteem, and
is often grafted on to the typical stock, when the
latter is about three feet in height. In the strictly
maidan region the tree is usually stunted in growth,
but it attains full development in the uplands of
Hassan and Shimoga.

5 Michelia nilagirica, Zenr.
-An evergreen tree of the Western Ghats.
6 Magnolia grandiflora, Linn.

A small evergreen tree, or stout woody climber ,
when placed near suitable support. Introduced —
from Carolina and cultivated for its superb flowers.
Confined at present to the Botanical Gardens.

III. ANONACEA.
7 Polyalthia longifolia, Banwra. Kan. Putrajivi?
Fig.— Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection ; Bedd. t. 38.

References.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv., Brandis p. 4.
A lofty evergreen tree. Cultivated in gardens

4 FOREST TREES.

occasionally, but not usually found in the Mysore
country. It should not be confounded with the
indigenous tree Putranjiva Roxburghit, which 1s
known in the Malnad by the same vernacular name.
The species under notice is said to be indigenous to
Tanjore and the drier parts of Ceylon, where the
English denizens have called it the ‘ mast tree.
It grows slowly at Bangalore, and produces a large
quantity of fruit resembling coffee berries, in
February and March. Leaves alternate, shortly
petiolate, lanceolate, tapering uniformly into a fine
acumen, margin undulated, glabrous and shining ;
average blade 7x1? in. Flowers creamy-green.
Beddome asserts that the seasoned wood weighs
37 lb. per cubic foot, and that it is used for drum
cylinders.

Cultivation.—Easily raised from seed, and grows
best in a deep sandy soil under the influence of sea

breezes. Qn inland plains growth is unsatisfactory.
Plant at 20 feet apart.

8 Polyalthia coffeoides, Benru.
Fig.— Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 53.
References.—Brandis p. 5., Fl. of Brit. Ind.

An ornamental tree of Western Mysore. Beddome
writes that “the young leaves come out a most
brilliant red colour,” also that the fresh bark, which
is made into ropes by the Kurambars, smells strongly
of ammonia. Specimens of this species should be
submitted from the western boundary.

9 Polyalthia fragrans, Benra.
_ Fig.—Bedd. Icon. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 54.
Reference.—F. of Brit. Ind.

A large evergreen tree having fragrant flowers;

confined to the moist forests of the Western Ghats.
Uses undetermined,

MYSORE AND COORG. 5

10 Polyalthia cerasoides, Bznru. Kan. San hesare,
Vubbina ?
References.— Fl. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

This elegant tree is mostly confined to the dry
forest tracts skirting ‘the foot of the Ghits and
projecting eastward into the plains. It is readily
detected among other trees by its greenish flowers,
which are very fragrant and appear in great profu-
sion towards the end of March. Timber close-
grained, durable, and used extensively in the Bombay
Presidency. District forest officers have not in-
cluded the species in their lists, unless it is under
some vernacular name which has not, as yet, been
referred to P. cerasoides. In all such cases good
botanical specimens should be submitted for identi-
fication. There are.probably one or two additional
species of Polyalthia represented in the western
forests of the State, but their names are withheld
for the present. Taken as a group the Polyalthias
are perhaps more ornamental than strictly useful
trees. Their culture has also to be confined to the
evergreep forest ranges or, in a few instances, to the
seaside. They all produce fertile seeds.

11 Anona squamosa, Linn. Kan. Duranji, Hind. Sita-
phal.
Fig.— Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection ; Bot. Mag.
3095.

References.—Pharm. Ind. ; Econ. Pl. Jamaica ;
Fil. of Brit. Ind.

The custard apple tree of this country, and the
sweet-sop of the West Indies, from whence it was
originally introduced to the east. Extensively cul-
tivated in gardens and running wild in hedgerows
and woods, where it forms’a nurse to sandal and
other valuable trees. Leaves alternate, petiolate,
oblong-obtuse, or rarely acute, glaucous underneath,

6 FOREST TREES.

average blade 33x12 in. Flowers solitary or in
pairs, greenish-yellow. Fruit the size of an apple,
tubercled, many seeded.

Timber soft and close-grained. Weight 46 lb.
per cubic foot. Custard apples are reputed to be
good for the digestion. ‘“ Leaves, immature fruits
and seeds, contain a principle fatal to insects. The
leaves are often rubbed on floors, &c., in houses
to get rid of insects.” Fawcett.

In this country, the seed-powder is applied to the
head for a similar purpose. Local importance is
attached to the medicinal properties of the seed,
leaf, and bark of this well-known species.

Cultivation.—Existing measures are, as a rule,
very hap-hazard, but with proper irrigation and the
selection of good manures the different custard
apples might be cultivated with much profit. Ex-
periment in grafting would no doubt produce good
results, as it has done in the case of mango, guava,
and other tropical fruits. Seedlings are easily
raised. ;

12 Anona reticulata, Linn. Kan. Ramphal, Ramphala.
Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

References.—Evon. Pl. Jamaica; Dict. Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

A small tree. The “bullocks heart,” or proper
custard apple of the West Indies. Leaves alternate,
shortly petiolate, shghtly pubescent when young,
subsequently glabrous, oblong-acute, average blade
5 x 2$ in. Flowers axillary, in twos or threes
greenish-yellow. Fruit larger and not so prolific as
in the sweet-sop. Wood indifferent in quality and
small in growth. Weight about 40 Ib. per cubie
foot. Cultivated in gardens, but not so popular as
the foregoing species although the fruit is admitted
to be good.

MYSORE AND COORG. 7

The young leaves and fruit afford substances for
dyeing and tanning.

13 Anona muricata, Liyy. Kan. Mullu Ramphala,
Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.
Reference.—Drury Usefl. Pl. Ind.

The soursop. Asmall evergreen tree cultivated
in Botanical Gardens, and rarely elsewhere in this
country. This species is easily determined from its
congeners by the fruit. The latter is larger than
other custard apples, (occasionally weighing 2 lbs.)
somewhat unshapely and covered with long soft
prickles. Its properties are diuretic. Root said
to be an antidote against fish-poison. _ Wood un-
known. Specimens may be seen in the Lal-Bagh.

14 Saccopetalum tomentosum, H. F. & T. Kan.
Hessare, Hessari.

Fig.—Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 49.

* A tall handsome tree of the Western Ghats.
Bark 4 of aninch thick, of various shades, some-
times black and deeply cracked. | Wood moder-
ately hard, olive brown, smooth, close-grained
and having no heartwood. Weight 45 lb. per
cubic foot. Only used for fuel.” K. Shama Iyen-
gar. This fine tree, of which little is really known,
should be utilised for scenic and avenue planting at
Hassan, Shimoga and other municipal towns on the
confines of the Malnad.

15 Alphonsea madraspatana, Bedd.
Fig.—Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 92.
Reference.—F'l. of Brit. Ind.
A large umbrageous tree with leathery shining
leaves and bright yellow flowers. Usually found

on the banks of rivers at an elevation of 2000 to
3000 feet. Except that itis highly ornamental,

8 FOREST TREES.

the local uses of this tree are undescribed. noe
local information is needed, with good herha:

specimens.
16 Bocagea Dalzellii, H. F. and T.
Fig.—Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t- 42.
References.—F/. of Brit. Ind. ; Pharm. Ind.
This is a moderate-sized tree of the Malnad;
perhaps not very abundant. It affords good timber
of a reddish colour said to be used in house-building.
The leaves, which are not unlike those of the
Portugal laurel, are applied as a fomentation: in
rheumatism. The crowded white flowers, succeeded
by smooth fruit the size and form of a large marble,
each containing two seeds, are prominent characters
of this species.

IV. CAPPARIDEZ.

17 Cratava religiosa, Forst. Kan. Nervala, Coorg,
Nerujani, Vitusi ?
References.— Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.;
Pharm. Ind. ; Fl. of Brit. Ind.

A small tree frequenting the banks of streams
and rivers, unarmed and glabrous. Leaves de-
ciduous, 3—foliolate, long petioled, average leaflet
41 x lin.

Flowers 3 in. diam., in corymbs at the ends of
the branches; yellow changing to purple. Fruit

globose or ovoid according to variety, the size of
a small bael-fruit. 3 riety, bne size 0

Wood soft and even-grained. Said to be used for
drums, combs, and in turnery. Leaves and bark
medicinal. This small tree, which is very showy
while in flower, is often planted in native burial

grounds. It does not succeed in i
tions. Sor es

/

MYSORE: AND COORG. z)

18 Cadaba indica, Lamk. Kan. Mavagade. -

This shrub is found in the Kankanhalli jungle,
and at intervals throughout the maidan tracts. The
leaves are reputed to have anthelmintic properties,
and a decoction of them is a common village remedy
for children and others who are possessed of worms.
To sores and festers they are applied in the form of a
poultice. C. trifoliata, W. and A. is also indigenous
to the maidan. It is a rigid shrub with green
flowers ‘and berried fruit.

V. BIXINEA.
19 Cochlospermum Gossypium, D.C. Kan. Avisina

buruga.
‘PFig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.
References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.; Fl. of
Brit. Ind. ; Pharm. Ind.

A small deciduous tree of dry hills and forests.
It is the golden-yellow-flowered silk cotton tree,
and should not be confounded with Hriodendron
anfractuosum, the white-flowered silk cotton nor
Bombax malabarica, the red-flowered species. Re-
maining bare through the early.part of the dry
season,-the tree bursts into flower in March and is
then a conspicuous object all over the districts
where it is plentiful. Leaves large, palmate, softly
tomentose underneath, glabrous on the surface,
average blade 7 x 5 in. Capsules softly tomentose,
larger than a goose’s egg. The latter, when ripe,
yield a quantity of fine floss (silk cotton so-called)
which ig in demand in’ continental hospitals for
stuffing pillows. Its local use for the same purpose
is perhaps limited, as it issaid to impart great heat.
A gum, which is occasionally used in the Upper
Provinces in lieu of Tragacanth, is exuded from the
trunk. The wood weighs about 17 lb. per cubic

2

10 FOREST TREES.

foot, and is practically: of no value. saree ss
the tree will be seen near the entrance gate i o the
Botanical Gardens. The fine golden-yellow rales
appear in February and March in advance of the
young leaves.

Cultivation —Raise from seed, and plant when a
foot high in any loamy soil.

20 Bixa Orellana, Lixy. Kan. Rangamali, Rangumale,
sanna japali.
Fig. —Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.
References.— Useful Pl. of Ind. ; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

This handsome shrub is naturalised in Mysore, as
in other parts of India. It rarely attains to the
size of asmall tree. Known in the Malnad by the
name of “sanna japali.” The red pulpy covering
of the seed (the testa) is used as a dye under the

name of Arnatto.

“It is prepared by macerating the eapsules in boil-
ing water, extracting the seeds, and leaving the
pulp to subside: the fluid being subsequently thrown
off. The residium, with which oil is sometimes
mixed, is placed in shallow vessels and dried in the
shade. When properly made it should be of a
bright yellow colour.” Drury. Arnatto has gone

out of use practically ; but formerly it was a popular
dye for silk and Dutch cheese.

The shrub is easily propagated from seed.

21 Scolopia crenata, Cros. Kan.
Japle or Adicay japle.

References.—Fl. of Brit. Ind.; Ander. For. Trees.
A good-sized tree of the Malnad. Wood white
hard, dense, liable to twist in plank. When felling
this timber the edges of tools are quickly blunted
It is reputed to be a good fuel timber ; and the hee

Dodda. japalu, Japala,

MYSORE AND COORG. 11

affords fairly good shade to coffee. The acid
fruit, which is the size and form of a potato-plum, is
eaten by the hill tribes. Seeds germinate readily.
Specimens are wanted for herbarium.

22 Flacourtia sepiaria, Roxb. Kan. Miridi.
Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.
References.—Fl. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.

Prod. of Ind.

A rigid, spinescent bush, well known for its sub-
acid fruit, the size of apea. The subsessile, obov-
ate, leaves are relished by cattle, but are protected
to some extent by the formidable spines of the
species. ‘The tree called “ Abblu” in the Shimoga
list is probably Flacourtia inermis, Roxb. but this
requires further investigation. Anderson calls the
same, tree “Ubblu.” ‘ Shade fair and no actual bad
effect known (for coffee). Fruit edible. Wood used
for making ploughs, rough beams, posts and char-
coal; also as fuel.”

23: Gynocardia odorata, R. Br., Hind. Chaulmugra.
Fig.— Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

References.—Fl. of Brit. Ind. ; Gamble, Man.
Timb. ; Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

A glabrous evergreen tree of Northern India and
China. Cultivated in the Lal-Bagh. Leaves alter«
nate, shortly petiolate, oblong-elliptic, apex acute
and slightly twisted ; average blade 8x3 in. Flowers
axillary or upon the old wood in small clusters,
yellow and sweet scented. Fruit subglobose, the
size of a large citron, attached, like the flowers,
to the old wood. Chaulmugra seed affords a
valuable medicinal oil which is prized for leprosy
and like skin diseases. Delivered at Calcutta the
seeds are worth Rs. 12 per Bengal maund of 80 lbs.
Wood close-grained and durable. Weight 47 lb.

12 FOREST TREES. p
a
per cubic foot. The Bangalore climate is a ht oe fe
dry for the best growth of this useful 2 ae a
efforts should be made to establish it 1n the Malnad,
where it would thrive well and. eventually add. to
forest revenue. It thrives best in 2 deep virgin
soil near the banks of streams.

24 Hydnocarpus Wightiana, Blume. Tel. Nivadi-

vittulu,

Fig.— Wight. Ill. i. t. 16.
References.—F'. of Brit. Ind. ; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind. ; Pharm. Ind.

This fine tree is occasionally met with on the
extreme western boundary. Leaves alternate,
shortly petiolate ; elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, apex
acuminate ; average blade 8 x 3in. Flowers soli-
tary or racemed, corolla white, one inch in diam.
Fruit globose, the size of an apple, woolly or rough.
The medicinal oil expressed from the seed is locally
applied to ulcers and skin eruptions, but it is
scarcely a marketable article. The quality of the
timber is unknown, except that it attaims a large
size. Specimens are wanted for the herbarium.

25 Hydnocarpus alpina, Wight. Kan. Sanna solti,
Torathi.

Fig—Wight. Ic. t. 942.

References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.;, Bedd.
Fl. Sylv.

This handsome tree attains to a maximum height:
of 100 feet. It isa grand object for avenues and
scenic planting, but would not suceeed well on the
plains. Beddome remarks that the wood “ answers:
as deal for general purposes, packine eases and
firewood.” Herbarium specimens, with matured
seed, should be collected and forwarded to head-:
quarters by the Malnad forest officers. .

MYSORE AND COORG. 13.

26 Asteriastigma macrocarpa, Bedd. Kan. Dodda
solti,
Pig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Pl. 266.
Described as a very handsome tree with large red
fruit. Not authenticated. Specimens are wanted for
the herbarium. .

VI. TAMARISCINEA.
27 Tamarix gallica, Linn.

This interesting bush (rarely a small tree) is
found on the banks and in the silted beds of rivers.
In general appearance it reminds one of a very
stunted Casuarina. It is a plant of great antiquity,
frequently mentioned by Pliny and other early
writers. Galls and manna are medicinal ‘products
of the species. It thrives near the sea and in
inland situations where there are saline deposits.

VII. GUTTIFERA.

28 Garcinia Cambogia, Desrouss. Kan. Manthulli,
Aradalada~-Manjarabad.

Fig —Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 85.

References.—Il. of Brit. Ind. ; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

An evergreen tree of the Western Malnad;
habit erect, branches or leaves drooping. The
opposite, exstipulate, coriaceous, dark-green leaves
are characteristic of the genus. Average blade, in
this species, 44 x 13 in. Flowers conspicuous and
unisexual. Fruit the size of a small apple, when
ripe yellow or reddish, grooved from the base to
:the middle. The rind is eaten when ripe and pre-
served at an earlier stage as a condiment. The
liber (inner bark) exudes a yellow juice, or semi-
transparent gamboge, which is unsuitable for paint-
ing.

14 FOREST TREFS. .

Beddome considers the wood of value and
recommends it for articles of furniture. Weight
54 lb. per cubic foot.

29 Garcinia Morella, Desrouss.
Kankootgal.

Fig —Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 86; Wight Ic. t. 102.

References.—F/. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Keon.
Prod. of Ind.

This is the true gamboge tree. Evergreen, con-
fined to the Malnad and never of very large size.
In foliage and flower it rather closely resembles the
foregoing species, from which it is best determined
by its subglobose fruit, the size of a cherry and
slightly 4-angled. The yellow pigment which
exudes from the wounded trunk is the proper
gamboge of commerce. Although the tree is some-
what abundant on the Ghats, it is not largely utilised
for its gum-resin. Lovery remarks that it is “ use-
ful for building and firewood.” This is surely mis-
placed utility! Each fruit contains 3—4 seeds
which germinate freely. It is useless attempting to
grow the species profitably outside the Malnad.

Kan. Kankutake,

30 Garcinia Xanthochymus, Hook. Kan. Divarige,
Devagarige.

Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind. ; Fl.
of Brit. Ind.

When laden with its golden-yellow fruit, the size
of an English apple, this evergreen tree is strikingly
effective and beautiful. In young trees the dark-
green, coriaceous, leaves are occasionally 20 x 8 in.
An inferior gamboge is afforded by the liber, and
the rind of the green fruit; and in some parts
-of India this product is converted into a useful
dye. The fruit possesses medicinal properties and

MYSORE AND COORG. 15

is perhaps eaten occasionally by the jungle people,
although it is said to spoil the teeth. Wood used
for building, but not fully reported on. Two fine
specimens of this species, which have - assumed
a pyramidal form, will be seen in Mr. Virasami
Mudaliyar’s garden behind the Bangalore Fort.

In addition to.the above, the Malnad forests.should
possess Garcinia indica, Chois. and Garcinia Wightit,
T. Ander.

Cultivation—Raise from seed and grow in
virgin forest soil at an elevation of 3000 to 5000 feet.
Shade is necessary in the early stages of cultivation.

31 Ochrocarpus longifolius, Benru. Kan. Surgi.

Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Wight Ie.
t.1999. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 89.

References.—F!. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

A dense evergreen tree of the Western Ghats.
Leaves opposite, shortly petiolate, glabrous, coria-
ceous, oblong, shortly acute. Average blade 8x8 in.
Flowers in axillary clusters on the upper trunk and
limbs, polygamous, rose-coloured and_ sweet]
fragrant. When in_ blossom, during the hot
season, the trees are infested by thousands of
bees searching for honey. Berry the size of a
gooseberry. Lovery says the tree is plentiful in
the Malnad where it is also cultivated for its
delicious flowers. ,

Although occasionally used for local building the
properties of the wood are little known. At present
the commercial value of the species is chiefly con-
fined to its flower buds and open flowers which are
used in temples, for personal adornment and to yield
a dye for silken fabrics. The flower buds have also
medicinal properties. When dried they are valued
at Rs. 2—12—0 to Rs. 3 per maund of 28 lbs. and

16 FOREST TREES.

————
are known to dyers as “ Red Nagkesar.”” cs
specimens of the tree may be seen in the Botanica.
Gardens, where they blossom in April and produce
fruit three months later.

Cultivation.—Sow seeds among leaf litter under
the shade of mango or other umbrageous trees.

When the seedlings are a few inches high, trans-
plant into tiles or flower pots, and treat in the
latter until the following season, when the young
trees will be large enough for final planting at 30
feet apart. Virgin forest, alluvial, and loamy soils
appear to be equally suitable for this hardy tree.

32 Calophyllum inophyllum, Linx. Ac. Surahonne,
Pinnay kai, Suragonue ¥ Vuma, Wuma.
Fig—Dot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Wight
Ie. t. 77.

References.— Drury, Us. Pl.; Dict. of Econ. Prod.
of Ind.

The Alexandrian laurel is usually found as a
small evergreen tree, but in some parts of the
Malnad it attains to considerable size. The leaf,
flower, and fruit all contribute to make it a hand-.
some object worthy of, and usually occupying, a
place in Indian gardens. It is also held in much
esteem by the Hindus.

Wood reddish-brown, close-grained and moder-
ately durable. Occasionally used for building and
for agricultural implements. It also burns well.
Pinnay oil, which burns well and possesses medi-
cinal properties is expressed from the fresh seed.
Itis prepared to a considerable extent at Bomba: ;
Travancore, and Tinnevelly. But if the latest
European principles for extracting oils were adopt-
ed, this product would be greatly enhanced in value
and would be worth producing on an extensive
scale. The oil. is locally used both for burn-

MYSORE. AND COORG. 17

ing and as an external application in cases of
rheumatism. The deliciously fragrant flowers are
offered in the temples, while the whole tree is often
planted within the precincts of the latter.

‘Cultivation—Being a sub-maritime species, the
Surahonne attains its best development near the sea,
or where sea breezes will exercise their influence
upon it. Seeds germinate freely, especially when
the drupe is fractured, and there is no difficulty in
raising stock. In inland situations a little coarse
salt added to the soil does good. Plant at 20 feet
apart.

33 Calophyllum Wightianum, Watt. Kan. Bobbe,

Babbe, Kalpun, Kull-ponne.
Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 90. Wight Ic. t. 106.

References.— Pharm. Ind. ; Dict. of Econ. Prod.
of Ind.

It is doubtful if this species extends so far east
as Mysore, but it should be searched for on: the
boundary line. It is a pretty evergreen tree with a
red edible fruit the size of a gooseberry. A trans-
lucent yellow gum exudes copiously from the trunk.
The wood is said to be specially good for engineer-
ing work, being hard and solid. It is of a dark red
colour when freshly cut.

34 Calophyllum tomentosum, Wicut. Kan. Kuve,
Siri pune kuve, Surponne bobbi.

Fig —Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Gen. xxii.
References.—Ciamb. Man. Timb.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

A lofty evergreen tree of the Western Ghats,
where it attains a maximum height of 150 feet. In
Mysore it is mostly confined to the moist regions of
the western Malnad, where it grows to a large size
and is self-productive. It is the “ Sirpoon,” or
* Poon spar” tree of the timber trade; and a re-
served timber of the State forests.

8

18 ‘ FOREST TREES.

Lovery states that the wood does not endure
t its weight.

moisture or wet exposure long ; and tha é
is 48 Ib. per cubic foot. But Poon spars a'ways
command a good price in the market. They arein
great demand on the western coast as masts for
ships and native craft. In addition to @ valuable
timber, this tree affords a black opaque gum of
doubtful utility, and a lamp oil. The latter, which
is expressed from the seed, is used by the Singalese
on a somewhat extensive scale.

Cultivation—In the indigenous tracts the tree
propagates itself extensively from scattered seed.
Cultivation should not be attempted on the plains.

35 Mesua ferrea, Linn. Kan. Naga Sampage, Naga
champa, Kasara,

Fig.— Wight Ill. t. 127.; Wight Ic. t. 118.; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 64.

References.—Fl. Brit. Ind. ; Dict. Econ. Prod. of
Ind. ; Pharm. Ind.

An exceptionally handsome tree of the hill
country. English residents occasionally refer to it
as the “iron wood tree,” an appellation which is
due to the great weight and extreme hardness of
its timber. Leaves opposite, stiffly coriaceous,
drooping, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate ; average
blade 5x1} in. Flower 2—3 in. diam., pure white
and deliciously fragrant. Fruit somewhat like a
chesnut in size, form, and taste ; said to be eaten
by the people. The flowers have medicinal pro~
perties and smelling them much is supposed to
cause ulceration of the nostrils. M. = ates
‘nappa remarks in his notes, that owing to the
difficulty of manipulation the wood of Nagasampage
is rarely used in this province for building. But the
local superstition tkat it possesses a peculiar attrac-
tion for serpents has perhaps more to do with its

MYSORE AND COORG: 19

anpopularity than any other cause. The wood,
when easily procurable, is highly prized for bridges
and other works of engineering. It is of a reddish
colour and weighs about 70 lb. per cubic foot. The
oil afforded by the seed heals sores quickly and is
a popular embrocation in. rheumatism and stiff joints.
An attar is prepared from the flower, and the tree
is cultivated for the latter and for scenic effect. It
is easily propagated from seed and grows well in the
open glades of the Malnad.

38 Peeciloneuron indicum, Bedd. Kan. Ballagi,

Ballangi.
Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 3.

References.—Flora of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

This ernamental tree is practically confined to
‘the evergreen sholas in the Western Ghats. Being
exceptionally hard and heavy, the timber is occa-
sionally referred to as ‘iron wood,’ as in the caso
of Nagasampage. But there is some doubt whether
the appellation applies correctly to this species or to
the one immediately following. Both possess tim-
ber of about the same specific gravity, and both are
common to the upper hill forests. It should be ob-
served, therefore, that the whole tree, leaves,
flowers, and fruit are proportionately larger in the
species under notice. Flowers in numerous terminal
panicles, fragrant and yellowish-white, sepals 5,
petals 5, regular. Fruit the size and form of a
damson plum. Except for rice pounders, agricul-
tural implements, and perhaps walking-sticks, (see
~ following species) the wood is little known and not
generally utilised. But this is due, no doubt, to its
hardness, weight, and inaccessible position. With
the advent of railways, steam-saws, and foreign
capital, the real value of these hard woods will be
demonstrated.

20 FOREST TREES.

37 Poeciloneuron pauciflorum, Bedd. Kan. Ballagi ?
Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 93. ~

References.—Gamb. Man. Timb.; Fl. of Brit.
Ind.

Asmaller tree than the foregoing and usually
smaller in its prominent parts. The flowers are
not plentiful, and there is a want of symmetry in
the divisions of the calyx and corolla, which will
enable forest officials to distinguish between this
and the foregoing species. Sepals 4, of which 2 are
enlarged, petals 6 in number. Fruit obpyriform
when young, eventually the size and form of the
large Jamoon, “jum nerale hai.” This tree is
plentiful in the South Tinnevelly and Travancore
districts, where Beddome found it on the banks of
streams, but it is unknown to what extent it is pro-
duced in Mysore. The wood is described as being
exceedingly hard, heavy, and red incolour. Walk-
‘ing-sticks are said to be made from it, but this re-
quires verification. The celebrated ‘ Ballagi’ stick
is the product of one or other of these two species,
and not improbably of both.

The Peciloneurons are reproductive from seed.
Their cultivation on the plains would prove un-
satisfactory.

VIII. DIPTEROCARPEA.

38 Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Gaertn. Kan. Wali-
vara, Challani ? Guga ?

Fig.—Bedd. Forest Rep. 1864-5 Do I?

References.—Divt. of Leon. Prod Ind.;
Pharm. Indica. ; Fl. of Brit, Ind. a

The wood-oil tree.

MYSORE AND coorc. oy

This is D. aulicus of the old edition, but as speci-
mens have not been seen, and district officers make
no reference to the species, it is entered with some
hesitation. It is a lofty evergreen tree of Hastern
Bengal and the Eastern Peninsula, affording, from
its oleo-resin, the product called “ Garjan Balsam”
or “ Kanyin Oil.” The wood-oil of the Malnad
forests may be the product of this tree, which is
easily recognised by its beautiful pinkish-white
flower, three inches across, and pubescent nut with
two upright wings. Heartwood reddish or dark-
brown, hard, durable and adapted to receive a fine
polish. A useful timber for engineering and me-
chanics. Gamble states that the best Burmese
charcoal is made from this species and D. levis ; but
in the Flora of British India, the latter species has
merged into the one under notice. Gamble is there-
fore of opinion that the tree of the Western Ghats
(that is the Mysore tree) may prove distinct from
either of the above. This is a matter which Malnad
forest officials could easily decide by making an
analysis of all the trees affording wood-oil. The
oil is of commercial value, being classed as a minor
product of the forest revenue. It is used medicinad-
ly, especially in the treatment of leprosy and other
skin diseases, as a varnish and for paying the seams
of country-made boats. The principal exports are
from Burmah and the Andaman Islands. Delivered
at Calcutta from the latter place, the price varies
from three to five rupees per maund of 80 lbs.
Fuller information is needed as to the number, con-
dition and value of local trees.

29 Vatica Roxburghiana, Broun.

A moderate sized tree of the Western Ghats. Uses
not recorded. Herbarium specimens would be
acceptable.

40 Shorea Talura, Roxb. Kan, Jalari, Jalada.

29 FOREST TREES.

Fig—Bot. Plates Lul-Bagh Collection. Wight

Ic. 164.

References.— Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind. ; Fl. of
Brit. Ind. ; | Drury U. PI.

The lac tree of Mysore. Confined to the
deciduous tracts of the maidan. Abundant in the
Anekal, Closepet, and Nundydroog Taluks, where
the propagation of lac has been actively taken up
by the Forest Department. In the first named
Taluk, Mr. Bapu Rao, the Assistant Conservator of
Forests, Bangalore District, is extending the propa-
gation of both the tree and the insect very rapidly.
Lac being in great demand this action cannot fail,
in the course of a few years, to largely increase forest
revenue. The method of propagation is to fasten
small bundles of twigs, with young insects upon
them, on to the upper limbs and branches of the
unaffected trees. Jalari remains bare of leaf during
the end of the cold season, after which it bursts
into blossom and fills the air with its fragrance for
some days. The pure white flowers are produced
in abundant lax panicles, a littlein advance of the
young leaves. A plantation in full blossom is a
glorious sight, and swarms with millions of bees
and other honey-finders. In addition to lac, the
species affords a kind of dammar. Wood yellowish,
heavy and durable, capable of taking a good polish
and not infrequently used for local building. Weight
54 lb. per cubic foot. It is a reserved tree of the
first class.

Cultivation.—Hasily raised from seed, but not
very self-productive in all localities. N ursery stock
should be transplanted into the field when the
seedlings are a foot to eighteen inches in height.
Pits 3x3 ft. Seedlings answer well in loam; the
should be 25 to 30 feet apart. s y

MYSORE AND COORG. 23

41 Shorea robusta, Geertn.
Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 4.

The Sdl or Saul tree of the tropical Himalaya.
Cultivated in the Lal-Bagh, but not found in the
State forests. Being, next to teak, the most valu-
able timber tree of India, its cultivation is desirable.
Beddome remarks that seedlings are abundant in
the Gumsoor forests.

42 Shorea Tumbuggaia, Roxs.
Fig. —Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t..5. Wight Ic. t. 27.

An immense timber tree of the Cuddapah district,
and possibly indigenous to the north-east boundary
of Mysore. It should be searched for along the
course of the North Pennar river. A kind of
dammar is obtained from the trunk, and Beddome
speaks well of the timber. Forest officials of the
Kolar and Chitaldocrg districts should be on the
look out for this tree.

43 Hopea parviflora, Bedd. Kan. Kiral boghi, Bogi,
Tirpul, Tirpu.
Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 6.

References.—Dict. of Hcon. Prod. ‘of Ind.;
Gamb. Man. Timb.

A lofty tree of the evergreen sholas. On the
plains of South Canara it is preferably used to
build Hindu temples. Lovery writes, that in
Shimoga the wood is prized for building carts and
boats. Weight 62—63 lb. per cubic foot. Being so.
heavy and durable, Beddome thinks it is well suited
for sleepers and gun-carriage work. For orna-
mental purposes this is a grand subject, but it is not
likely to succeed on the plains under 2500 feet. It
possesses the characteristic winged fruit of Diptero-
carpee, by which trees of that Order are easily dis-
tinguished.

24 FOREST TREES.

44 Hopea Wightiana, Wall. Kan. Kalbon ? Haiga ?

Fig.— Wight Ii. t. 87. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 96.
References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.; Drury
Cf

A large evergreen tree of the upper sholas. In
appearance and quality of timber it differs but little
from the preceding species. Beddome remarks
that it is a firstrate coppice firewood, but from all
accounts the timber is much too valuable to be used
as fuel. The inflorescence of this tree is often re-
placed by an echinate abortion resembling a young
Spanish chesnut.

In addition to the above, the species H. glahra,
and H. racophlea, are possibly indigenous to the hill
Flora of the province.

45 Vateria indica, Linn. Kan. Dupa, Dhupa, Maddi
_ dupa, Google ?
Fig.— Wight Ill. 1. 88, t. 86. Bedi. F1. Sylr. t. 84.
References.—Drury U. Pl. ; Fl. of Brit. Ind.;
Grah. Ander. F. Trees.

This is one of the grandest and best known trees
of Southern India. Abundant in nearly all the
forests of the Western Ghats, where it affords the
gum-resin known as “ white-dammar” or “ Piney-
varnish.” A fatty oil is copiously yielded by the
seed, and utilised locally to make “ Dhupa candles,”
in lieu of tallow. These candles burn slowly and
brightly, and their preparation, in primitive moulds,
is simple and inexpensive. Their preparation on
a more extensive scale than at present is a matter
for consideration, and will no doubt be regulated by
the cost of production. On full exposure the oil
solidifies rapidly. It, is commonly used as a lamp-
oil and in medicine. The resin, which is obtained
by wounding the liber of the trunk, is also medi-

MYSORE AND coond. 95

cinal, but is best known to the hill peasants as an
incense and varnish. It is popularly known by the
Tamil name Vellai-kungiliyam.

“When young, affords good shade, but coffee
generally suffers in the vicmity of large trees. It
grows to an immense size and yields a strong-
scented resin, used as incense in temples.

The drupe (capsule) consists of a leathery covering
of a dark-blue color, inclosing a very hard brown
nut, with openings for three kernels, but generally
containing only one or two, which are eaten by
children and contain an oil which can be pressed
out on the blade of a knife.

Timber very tough and cross-grained, not durable
and readily decays if exposed to damp. Good for
door planks but difficult to adze.” Graham Anderson.

The Dhupa tree has white, fragrant flowers,
nearly an inch across.

Cultivation —Abundantly produced from seed,
and only succeeding well in a moist alpine situation
where the virgin soil is deep and rich. Useless for
the dry plains.

IX, MALVACE,
46 Malachra capitata, Linn.
47 Urena lobata, Linn.
48 Urena sinuata, Linn.

These are abundant undershrubs yielding fine, soft
fibres. Malachra is not indigenous to Mysore, but
is now spreading from the Botanical Gardens, where
it has run wild.

49 Decaschistia trilobata, Wicut, and D. crotoni-
folia, Wight, are common shrubs of the scrub tracts.
Eeonomic properties unknown. Garden brooms are
popularly made from the twigs of Sida carpinifolia

4

26 FOREST TREES.

vay acuta, an undershrub of the maidan. See the

Kanarese name Bhimana kaddi.

50 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Linn. Mav. Dasala. —

The shoe-flower. So called as the flowers stain
leather black and are occasionally used m heu ot
blacking. It is not generally known that this in-
troduced shrub forms an excellent fence and stands
a great deal of pruning.

51 Hibiscus Abeimoschus, Lrxy. Kaz. Kasturi bende.
52 H. esculentus, Linn. Kun. Bende.

53 H. Sabdariffa, Linn. Kan. Kempu pundrike.

54 H. cannabinus, Linn. Kan. Holada pundrike.

The above are introduced shrubs of annual dura-
tion. They are cultivated for their fibre, and medi-
cinal properties, and are commonly found all over
the country.

55 Hibiscus tiliaceus, Linn. H. tricuspus, Banks.
and H. elatus, Sw. are introduced trees cultivated
in the Lal-Bagh. The last named was presented
to the Gardens some years ago by Mr. Marshall
Woodrow of Poona, and the following extract from
Fawcett’s Economic Plants in Jamaica” will reveal
that it is a tree of promise.

“ Hibiscus elatus, Sw. Blue or mountain Mahoe,
Cuba Bark. Native of West Indies. A tree, 50 or
60 feet, with roundish leaves, large flowers of a
purplish-saffron colour. ,

Bark.—Fibres make good ropes. The lace-like
inner bark was at one time known as Cuba bark

from its being used as the material for ty} d
bundles of Havanna cigars, re see

Wood.—Valuable to cabinet-makers 3 best variety

has the appearance of dark-green variegated marble.

Leaves and young shoots mucilaginous; infusion
used in dysentery.”

MYSORE AND COORG. 27

Judging from the above, and other accounts, it is
clear that this pretty wood is highly valued in the
West Indies for articles of furniture; flooring,
panelling and fancy work. The species has grown
well at Bangalore and appears to be quite hardy.

Cultivation.—Local trees have not seeded, al-
though they have flowered. Cuttings take root
freely. Plant in fairly good soil ata distance of 20
feet apart. |

56 Thespesia populnea, Corn. Kan. Asha, Hurvashi,
Huvarasi, Kandasola.

Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Wight Ht
Ic. t. 8; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 63. }

References.—Drury U. Pl.; Pharm. Ind. Hh

The Portia tree. Although naturally clinging to
the sea-shores of India and Ceylon, this attractive i
evergreen tree is abundantly planted in Mysore. It i
does not, however, attain its normal size and beauty ba
so far mland. But the large, cordate, shining ‘
leaves, intermixed at short intervals by solitary
yellow flowers of a splendid size, make the species
always very attractive. On the latter account it is
much planted as an avenue tree. When raised from
seed the timber is free of knots, straight, even-
grained and tough, properties which adapt it for
carriage-building and similar works requiring light-
ness and pliability. But raised from cuttings the k
tree becomes a gnarled deformity. The bark, fruit,
and heartwood all possess medicinal properties.

Cultivation.—Propagate from seeds only, although
cuttings of all sizes are easily rooted. The seedling
nearly always becomes a fine tree, especially in the
low country near the sea. For road avenues, plant
‘in large pits at 35 to 40 feet apart, the seedlings 7
being at least a foot high when so planted. i

28 FOREST TREES.

57 Gossypium arboreum, Linn. Kan. Kari Atti,
Kari arale, Anji.

Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Wight
De to LO.
References.—Dict. of Eeon. Prod. of Ind. ; Fi. of
Brit. Ind. = ts
A small tree of dark foliage and flowers ; cultivated
in gardens and in the vicinity of temples. Never cul-
tivated in the field like ordinary cotton. The sacred
thread worn by the Brahmins is chiefly made from
the cotton of this species. Flowers dark crimson.
Cultivation Easily propagated from seed, and
requiring no special treatment during growth.
Around temples it is often self-productive.

58 Kydia calycina, Roxs. Aan. Bende nara mara, |
Bende, Bellaka.
Fig.— Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 3. ;

This small tree is abundant in the mixed zone of
dry forests. Never attaining a very large size, and
often cut down for fuel. Wood white, consisting _.
exclusively of alburnum. Weight 40 to 45 Ib. per

cubic foot. Seldom used except for ploughs,
wooden ladles and spoons.

But the species affords a good fibre, and the muci-
laginous bark is commonly used to clarify sugar.
The pounded leaves are applied as poultices for cer-

tain skin diseases.
59 Adansonia digitata, Linn.

The Baobab or Lalo tree. This curious species,.

anative of tropical Africa, is cultivated in the Lal-
Bagh.

60 Bombax malabaricum, D.C, Kan. B
Buraga, Kempu burga. mre DOMES

MYSORE AND COORG. 2S

Fig— Wight lll. t. 29. Bedd.; Fl. Sylv. t. 82.
References.—Fl. of Brit. Ind. ;Dict. of Heon.
Prod. of Ind.

An umbrageous tree of the deciduous and mixed
zones. Ascending the Ghats, it attains a magnificient.
size, the immense buttressed trunk often eliciting,
from the tourist, expressions of admiration and
surprise. ,

The timber, however, is soft, white, spongy, and,
except under water, very perishable. It is utilised to a
limited extent for planking, packing cases, toys and
floats, &c. A medicmal gum exudes from the trunk,
the latter being thickly covered with sharp spines,
which eventually become blunted and scattered ag
the tree ages.

G. Anderson states that the thorns are some-
times chewed by the hill people. The fine hairs.
(floss) which cover the seed constitute “ silk cotton,”
and it should be observed here that Bombax malabari-
cum is the red-flowered silk-cotton tree. This dis-
tinction is necessary as there are two other trees,
having white and yellow flowers respectively, which
produce floss of nearly the same quality also known
as “ silk cotton.”

Of the latter, the white-flowered species, Hréoden-
dron anfractuosum, produces the article (floss)
known on the continent of Europe as Kapok. The
other silk cottons, including the one under notice,
are inferior to. Kapok.

The large red flowers of this tree appear in great
profusion on the naked branches in February and
March, the species is then a conspicuous object in
many parts of the dry forest zone. ©

A few weeks later the ground underneath will be
whitened with snowy floss.

+

30 FOREST TREES.

Cultivation—Seeds germinate to. the extent of
20 °/,, but as they are greedily eaten by squirrels
and other field vermin, precautions are necessary to
preserve and collect them. In nature the tree
throws up a great many root suckers, some of
which replace the original: stem. Plant seedlings in
large pits at 50 feet apart. The soil should be deep
and porous.

61 Eriodendron anfractuosum, D.C. Kan. Bili
burga, Burga, Bili barlu.
Fig. — Bot. Plates Lal-Bayh Collection. Waght
fe. t. 400.
References.— Dict. of con. Prod. of Ind.; Off.
guide BR. G, Kew. ; Drury U. Pl.

The Kanok tree of Java. Also the white-
flowered silk cotton tree of the West Indies, tropical
America, Africa, and other countries. It is plenti-
ful in Java, from whence Kapok is exported to
Europe and Australia. In this country it is sparse-
ly found in cultivation about temples, or in woods
near towns and habitations. It is rarely found in
the primeval forests of India. A much smaller
tree than Bomba malabaricum, although the trunk
bears some resemblance to the latter in bemg tall,
muricated, and, in large specimens, buttressed. But
it is not such a wide-spreading tree, and the creamy-
white flowers, less than half the size of the flowers of
Bombax malabaricum, at once determine the species.
The floss, or silky hairs borne on the seed, is the
true Kapok of commerce, which is extensivély used
for stuffing mattresses and pillows, and estimated to
be as good for the purpose as feathers. Similar but
inferior products (silk cotton) are afforded in Mysore
by the following species :—

Bombax Malabaricum.
Cochlospernum gossypium.
Calotropis gigantea,

Cryptostegia grandiflora.
Hoya viridiflora. —

; :
MYSORE AND CoorG. Bae

Wood of little value, being porous, soft, and very
subject to the attacks of insects. It may be greatly
improved however, like other soft woods, if steeped
for a few days in strong lime water. Weight 30
Ib. per cubic foot. Used for the construction of
toys and canoes, Medicinal properties are possess-
ed by the roots, as also the gum which exudes from
the liber.

Cultivation.--Exactly the same as for Bomhaz,
only that the seedlings may be planted closer, say
30 feet apart.

62 Lagunaria Patersoni, Don.

An Australian tree cultivated in the Botanical
Gardens. Having a whitish, evergreen foliage, and
being of conical growth, the species is effective for
grouping with other trees.

“ Diameter 18 to 30 inches; height, 40 to 60 fect.
Found on the alluvial river banks of the Don
River, Port Denison; timber white, close-grained,

easily worked-and used for building purposes.”
Walter Hull,

63 Durio Zibethinus, DC.

The Durian tree. The several attempts made to
establish this species in the Lal-Bagh have resulted
in failure. It requires moist tropical heat.

X. STERCULIACEA.

64 Sterculia foetida, Linn. Kan. Penari, Bhatala,
Jaynkatala. ?
Pig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Wight Te.
6 I8t we Be.

References.—Fi, of Brit. Liul.; Diet. of Econ

Prod. of Ind. ; Pharm. Ini.
A deciduous tree having its branches in horizontal
tiers. Leaves digitate and borne mostly at the
ends of the branchlets. Flowers appear in the

a

Aa FORFST TREES.

x

hot weather in advance of the young leaves, and are

onspicuous by their disagreeable odow. | Trunk long
and straight, furnishing spars for native craft in
some parts. The wood is lasting and takes on a
good polish. The large almond-hke seeds are
eaten, on which account the species may occasion-
ally be determined through the ‘vernacular names
for the “country almond.” It should not, however,
be confounded with Terménalia catappa,; which affords
the proper country almond, so called. An oil is
expressed from the seed; and the bark and leaves
possess medicinal properties.

Cultivation.—Propagate from seeds, and plant
out the following year when the seedlings are a foot
to eighteen inches in height. Growth is slow and
stunted except in deep fertile soils, where there is
perennial moisture.

65 Sterculia urens, Roxs. Kan. Kempu dale, Penari?
Pig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

References.—F?. of Brit. Ind. 3 Pharm. Ind. ;
Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

A medium sized tree having soft wood covered
by a whitish outer bark of a thin papery nature.
Leaves palmately 5-lobed, mostly at the ends of the
branches. Flowers small, yellowish. Follicles (fruit)
armed with stinging bristles, The gum which
exudes from the trunk and limbs has a local market
value of about 12 rupees rer ewt. It is said to be
used for native sweetmeats and as a substiinte for
tragacanth. An oil is expressed from the seed, and
the latter is eaten in lieu cf almonds.

66 Sterculia villosa, Roxs. Kon, Massi, Bili dale mara,

“A laree tree found in the Malnad, but ver
scarce. Wood firmly close-orained and fit to be

worked up and polished. Good for building and furni-
ture.” Lovery.

MYSORE AND COORG. 33

This is also a whitish-barked tree with palmate
aves and pendulous flowers of a pinkish colour.
ender shoots, under side of the leaves and young
wit downy, with a rusty-villous tomentum. The
‘ooping panicles, and the absence of bristles on the
uit, are characters that will help to determine this
ecies from the one immediately preceding. Herba:
1m specimens would be appreciated at head-quart-
S.

‘Sterculia guttata, Roxn, Kan. Jaynkatalu ?

Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bayh Collection. Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 105 ; Wight Ic. t. 487.

References.—Fl. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod, of Ind.
A fine tree of the Malnad. Described by Beddome
a beautiful. gbject when covered by its bright red
psules (follicles). Bare of leaf during the cold
ason. Bark ash coloured axid very fibrous, utilised
the Western Coast for making cordage, as also
ugh articles of clothing. The tree flowers in
bruary in advance of the young leaves. Flowers
ddish-purple, hairy, and slightly foetid. Fruit the
e of a small egg, follicular and bright red: This
probably the species called Jaynkatalu in the
cond edition. Nothing is known of the wood,
hough the tree is not uncommon in the deciduous
d mixed zones skirting the Malnad.
Cultivation.—The tree grows well in the Lal-Bagh,
vere the soil consists mostly of a deep loam in-
rporated with oxide of iron. It woulé not su>-
od in a very dry situation. Seeds germinate
ely. Plant at 35 feet apart. Highly ornamental.

Sterculia Balanghas, Linn. |

Specimens have not been received of this species,
t there is little doubt of its presence in the north-
‘+ frontier, where it should be searched fer. It is

ured in Wight’s Ill, t. 30.
5

34 FOREST TREES.

69 Sterculia alata, Roxs,

Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Bedd, Fl.
Sylv, t, 230. .

. References.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv.; Fl. of Brit. Ind,

This fine tree is deciduous for afew days at
Bangalore, but in the sholas of the Western Ghats
it is probably evergreen.

Leaves stout, alternate, long petiolate, cordate,
ovate, entire ; petiole 3} in., slightly thickened at the
point of junction with the blade, the latter 9 x6 in.
on the average.

The pedicels, flower buds and outer calyx, are
colored a beautiful golden-green, while the inner
face of the calyx is burnt carmine. The follicle
(fruit) is 4—5 inches in diameter and nearly round.

The economic properties of this tree are anknown.
A solitary specimen in the Botanical Gardens has
attained a height of 50.feet in 25 years. It flowered
for the first time in April ofthe current year (1893)
and one half-formed fruit is now visible near the
summit.

70 Sterculia populifolia, Roxs. .

A small evergreen tree with smooth greyish bark
and poplar leaves. Flowers like little cups, marbled
cream and rose. Unless they appear under purely
vernacular names, the forest lists are strangely
deficient in Sterculias. |
71 Sterculia acerifolia, CUNN.

An Australian tree cultivated in the Lal-Bagh.

Maple-leaved and evergreen. Flowers bright
crimson, in drooping panicles.

72 Heritiera littoralis, DRyanp.
The looking-glass tree. So called on account of the

beautiful frosted appearance of the under side of the.

leaf, on which shadows are clearly reflected. A

MYSORE AND COORG. . 35

small gregarious tree of the Indian littoral, extend-
ing inland as far as Cachar and the Khasia Hills ;
a doubtful native of Mysore, but cultivated in the
Botanical Gardens, where it fruits abundantly.
Although small, the wood is highly spoken of and
commands a high price in the forests of the Sundar-
bans. It weighs 65 Ib. per cubic foot, and is very
durable.

Cultivation.—Each woody capsule contains one
large seed, but unless the latter is set free by cutting

off the top of the capsule, germination will take two

or three years, so tenacious is the fruit. Sown with
opened capsules, the seeds germinate in the course
of a few weeks. Plant in sandy soil, if a little
saline all the better, at 15 to 20 feet apart.
When nicely grown the species is distinctly orna-
mental. .

73 Kleinhovia Hospita, Linn.

A small but very ornamental tree, cultivated in
the Lal-Bagh. Used for avenues in Calcutta and
Poona. In Java, where the species seems to attain
a larger size than in India, the old wood is held
in value.

Cultivation.—Seeds taken from local trees have
not germinated. Layers can be removed, but it is
a slow process which does’ not succeed in every
attempt. Being a very bushy tree with branches
down to the ground, it makes, a fine central
object in a large shrubbery.

74 Helicteres Isora, Livy. Kan, Yedamui, Kavargi.

Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.. Wight

Ie. t. 180. | |
References.— Dict. of Hcon. P rod. of Ind.; Gamble
Man. Timb.

The country screw-tree. So called from the
fact of the fine slender carpels being twisted to-
eéther spirally, so as to resemble a cork-screw.

36 FOREST TREES.

A large bush or small tree, which, in foliage.and
bark, reminds one forcibly of the English hazel.

Cultivated in the Lal-Bagh and found wild in
the dry forests. An excellent bast-fibre is obtained
from the inner bark. Medicinal properties are
attributed to the root and fruit. The latter is also
used ag. a charm in connexion with marriages,
and to preserve infants from bowel complaints.

In the Himalayan District, where the shrub
abounds, the fruit commands a trade price of
Rs. 82 per Surat maund of 37% Ibs.

The flower, which opeus red, changes in the
course of 24 hours to orange: and lead colours.
Wood white, soft, weighing 35 Ib. per cubic foot.

As a likely source of bast-fibre, this species
deserves attention. It is easily increased from
seed and requires no pampered cultivation.

It commends itself too as a durable fence to
landed: properties.
75 Pterospermum suberifolium, Tam.

A small tree of the western Malnad. Specimens
and local information required.
76 Pterospermum WHeyneanum, Watt.
77 P. glabrescens, W. & A.
78 P. obtusifolium, Wicaxt.

These are trees of which specimens are not forth-
coming, although the species are, perhaps, not un-
common in the western frontier of Mysore. It may
be remarked here, that vernacular names given
without herbarium specimens of the trees referred to,
are of no value for identification.

79 Eriolzena Candollei, Watt.
Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

This deciduous tree, which is cultivated in the
Botanical Gardens and presumably wild in the
Western Ghats, appears to deserve more attention

MYSORE AND CooRG. 37

>

than it now receives. With cordate shining leaves,
and numerous large, yellow, flowers, it is also a dis-
tinct and handsome species.

‘‘ Heartwood brick-red, with orange and brown
streaks, old pieces, however, losing their bright
colour ; hard, close-grained, shining, takes a beauti-
ful polish, seasons well. Weight about 50 lb. per
cubic foot. It is used for gunstocks, carpentry,
paddles, and rice-pounders;is very handsomely
marked, and is well worthy of greater attention.”

Lict. of Heon. Prod. of Ind.

This tree can be propagated from seeds and cut-

tings.

80 Melochia velutina, Bzpp.
Fig—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 5; Wight Ic. t. 509.
References——Kurz. For. Fl. Burm.; Gamble

Man. Timb.

A small evergreen tree occasionally seen in culti-
vation and said to be widely distributed through the
warmer parts of India, Andaman Islands, and the
Malay Archipelago.

Wood soft and useless except for floats and toys.
The liber affords a strong fi.br2 which is valued for
cordage. The turtle-net of the Andamans, called
yoto-tepinga-da, is composed of this cordage.

This species is rendered conspicuous among other
trees by its whitish leaves. It is short-lived, and
very subject to the attack of white ants. Seeds

germinate badly as a rule.

81 Abroma augusta, LINN.
Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen. t. 5.
A hairy shrub of the warmer parts of India, Java,
and the Moluccas. Cultivated in gardens. An ex-
cellent fibre is obtained from the inner bark, (liber)

WOT 17 1 TITT LUMUIN TMONOTIIT) QTE | UIDFIIDN GUNDN(PDNTN URED IER

38 FOREST TREES.

and as the plant thrives well in Mysore, it 1s sug-

gested that more attention might be given to its

special cultivation. Seed can be supplied from the

Botanical Gardens, as also instructions for proper

treatment.

82 Guazuma tomentosa, Kuntu. Kan. Rudrakshi.
‘Fig.—Sot. Plutes Lal-Bagh Collection. edd.

Fl. Sylv. t. 107 ; Wight Iil. t. 31.

References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.; Econ.
Pil. Jamaica.

This forage tree of the West Indies and tropical
America, is spreading rapidly in thiscouniry Natura-
lised in Mysore, but mostly found in gardens and
near habitations. The leaves and fruit are much
relished by cattle and the possession of village topes
of the tree would be of great utility in times of
drought or famine, when the surface herbage is con-
sumed.

The ‘ Rain Tree’ Pithecolobiwm saman, should be
included in such topes, as also the ‘ Atti,’ Ficus
glomerata, and other species affording nutritious
food in times of scarcity. The tubercled capsule, the
size of a gooseberry, becomes purplish-black when
ripe, and falls from thé tree in great numbers.

The writer has-seen his own cows running for half a
mile to seeure this fallen fruit. Medicinal proper-
ties are attributed to the bark.

In the West Indies the tree is called the ‘ Bastard
Cedar. The timber of old trees is said to be dur-
able, although it is light and apt to split.. Weight
32 lb. per cubic foot. Not commended for avente
planting as the clean trunk is usually very short,
while the average height of the tree is not more
than 35 feet.

Cultivation—When liberated from the woody
capsule the seed germinates quickly, but buried with

MYSORE AND COORG. 39

the capsule intact they will require years, or may
never be heard of again. Plant established seed-
lings at 30 feet apart. The larger the pits can be
made, the better.

83 Theobroma cacao, Linn.

The cocoa or chocolate tree. Indigenous to tropi-
cal America. Cultivated in the Lal-Bagh, and
sparsely grown in some of the coffee districts. A
small evergreen tree with small clusters of pinkish
flowers given forth from the trunk and limbs. The
flowers are succeeded by ovate-angular fruits 9x 4
in., yellow to chocolate in colour. When in fruit,
the tree is a striking object. The seeds, of
which each capsule (fruit) contains 25—35, each
the size of a small marble, afford the material for
cocoa and chocolate. This important species suc-
ceeds best when under the influence of sea breezes.
It has been largely propagated in and widely dis-
seminated from the Bangalore Botanical Gardens.

84 Cola acuminata.

The Kola-Nut tree of West Africa. This econo-
mic species has recently been introduced.

XI. TILIACE.

85 Berrya Ammonilla, Roxs.
Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 58; Wight Ill. t. 34,

References.—F'l. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

A deciduous tree of medium size. Cultivated

in the Lal-Bagh, where it grows very slowly. The

flowers appear with the young leaves in May or June,

in ample terminal panicles, pinkish-white, The

six-winged capsule is characteristic, and the pilose

seeds cause intolerable itching when much handled.

Heartwood dark red, hard, sweaty, and durable.

Weight 50 to 62 lb. per cubic foot. Commands a

40 FOREST TREES.

steady market value under the name of “ Trinco-
malee wood.” It is abundant on the south-east
coast of the Madras Presidency, Ceylon and parts
of Burmah. The species seeds freely ant attains
its best growth within the active influence of the
sea air.

86 Grewia tilizefolia, Vint. Kan. Thadsal, Tadasalu,

Thadasal.

Fig.—Bedd. F 1. Sylr. t. 108.
References.—Bram/. For. Fl; Diet. of Econ,
Prod. of Ind.

A deciduous tree of medium size. Plentiful in
the mixed zones of Mysore and North Coorg, also
in the drier parts of the Malnad.

Of the 86 speciesof Grewia described in the
Flora of British India, nearly the half are indigenous
to this province and to the Western Ghats. A few
are trees, but the greater part are enormous woody
climbers or shrubs. They are all characterised by
alternate, simple leaves of moderate size ; fibrous
inner bark (liber) containing mucilage ; shortly
paniculate or cymose inflorescence and drupal fruit
of a fleshy or woody nature. The flowers are mostly
yellow, but occasionally white or pale yellow. The
fruit is round, turbinate, or lobed. In afew species
it is edible.

The tree under notice is well known for its wood,
fibre and fruit. Lovery describes it from the Shi-
moga forests as follows :—

“Wood lght reddish brown, compact, close-
grained, durable, elastic and easily worked. Valu-
able where strength and elasticity are required.
Used in cart and carriage building, also for masts
oars and shafts. Weight 35 lb. per cubic foot.
Fruit eaten.” ;

MYSORE AND COORG. 41

Anderson adds that “the wood is fibrous, tough
and hard to work, used for beams, posts and bed-
plates. The bark yields a fibre which makes good
lining-ropes after the’ sticky mucilage has been pro-
perly removed.”

Cultivation—Propagate from seed and cuttings
either of which will raise nursery stock. When
15—18 inches high, plant the seedlings or rooted
cuttings at a distance of 25 feet apart. The species
grows fairly well in any part of Mysore, but with
most vigour near the hills.

87 Grewia oppositifolia, Roxs. Kan. Butale.

Fig—Wight Ic. t. 82;

A moderate-sized. tree of the drier zones. Pretty
common in Shimoga. and other parts of the Malnad
where the forest is open. Wood white, with a
small percentage of irregular heartwood which ex-
hales an unpleasant odour ‘when freshly cut or
burned. Weight 45 to 50 lb. per cubic foot. In
Shikarpur the low caste'people are superstitious
about using the wood as the idol Mari (goddess of
small-pox) is commonly made from it. The inner
bark affords a coarse fibre of some utility. It is
doubtful if the fruit is eaten, but the seeds are
used by. children and the lower classes for
garlands. Goats and sheep like to browse on the
tender foliage of the tree. In this connection it
may be remarked that all the Grewias are good for-
age plants.

Cultivation—The same as for the preceding
species.

88 Grewia asiatica, Linn.

A small tree, cultivated in some parts of India for
its acid fruits. Wood tough and elastic, weighing
43 to 51 Ib. per cubic foot. Inthe north of India
it is used for a-variety of minor purposes.

89 Grewia levigata, VAHL. Kam. Kaori, Karkiselli *

LMU UW

TL

42 FOREST . TREES.

A small tree of the Western Ghats, which is said
to afford a superior fibre. _

90 Grewia columnaris, Sm. G. pilosa, Lam.and G.
emarginata, W. & A. are large woody climbers of the
reserved jungle. Other species are badly authenti-
cated, and require fuller investigation in the field.
The growth of these plants should be encouraged
where natural herbage is deficient as their leaves. are
relished by most cattle, and, no doubt, afford
nutrient food. ©

91 Erinocarpus Nimmoanus,’.Gran. Kan. Kadu
bende, Haladi, Adavi:

Fig —Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 110.
References—Gamb. Man. Timb. ; Fl. of Brit. Ind.
A medium-sized. tree with rather large, yellow,
flowers, in terminal panicles. Not uncommon in
Hassan in the mixed zone. The bark yields a good
rope-fibre. Wood. of little value. Herbarium
specimens are wanted.

The fibre-yielding genera Triumfetta and Cor-
chorus, are well represented in the forest reserves ;
but the jute plant, Corchorus capsularis, is not in-
digenous to Mysore.

92 Elzocarpus serratus, Linn. Kan. Perinkara.

This tree is somewhat rarely found on the west-
ern boundary ; and may be recognised by its edible
fruit, which is of the size and form of a small olive.
The fruit imparts an agreeable acid flavour to vege-
tables, is eaten with curries, and pickled in oil for
general use. The genus Elxocarpus is pretty clearly
marked by the laciniated petals of the flower, which
is an unusual condition in the family.

93 Elzeocarpus oblongus, Garry. Kan.

; . Hanaltadi.
Fig.— Wight Ic. t. 46,

MYSORE AND COORG. 43

A lofty tree of thé Malnad.. The local economy
of this speciesisunknown, butGraham Anderson gives
the following remarks under the vernacular appel-

lation “‘ Hanal Taree,’ which may be applicable to
the tree under notice... Js

“A very lofty, deciduous tree, with extremely
large buttresses at the base of the stem. Generally
growing in moist ravines. When young, the plants
somewhat resemble those of the Jack, or Hulsen.
The wood is very softand perishable.” In drawing °
attention to the saccate glands seen on the under
surface of the leaves in this and other species of
ELlzocarpus, Masters suggests that they may be the
result of insect agency.

94 Elzocarpus tuberculatus, Roxs. Kan. Rudrak,
Rudrakshi, Dandla.
Fig —Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 113. Wight Ic. 62.
References,—Ltoxb. Fl. Ind.; Fl. of Brit, Ind.

A magnificient tree of, south-west Mysore, and
Coorg. The obovate-serrate leaves are often a
foot in length by 45 inches in width, crowded
towards the ends of the branches. The species
should, not be. confounded with Guazwna tomen-
tosa, an introduced tree, which has recently
acquired the same vernacular name, ‘ Rudrakshi,’
owing to a resemblance in the tubercled fruit. But
on close inspection it will be seen that the fruits
are quite different, and the one under notice is usu-
ally worn as a charm or rosary by the fakirs of
the country. It'is believed that the finest nuts of
the kind, however, are obtained from Hlzocarpus
Ganitrus, a tree of Nepal, Chittagong and the Malay
Archipelago. They are the “Utrasum beads” of
the Shivas. There are few trees more ornamental
than this one, but the species clings to the moist
region. of the lower Ghats and would be of no value
on the plains of India. The quality of the timber is

44, FOREST TREES.

not reported ; neither do we know anything aeihe
cultivation of this fine tree.
95 Elzeocarpus rugosus, Roxs.
Fig— Wight Ic. t. 61. ’

A tree of Coorg and the Western Ghats. Uses
unknown.
96. Eleeocarpus ferrugineus, WiGHT.

This tree is likely to‘be found at the highest
elevations on the western boundary- EH. Munroii,
should also be looked for. Although known to be
ornamental trees, the local industrial value of the
genus is still a matter for investigation.

XII. LINEA.
97 Erythroxylon monogynum, Roxs. Kan. Deva-

daru, Devadarum, Adavigoranti.

Fig —Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Bedd, Fl.

Syl. t. 81.
References-—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.; Pharm.
Lnd.

A small tree or bush, according to situation.
Known to many people as the ‘red cedar’ and ‘bas-
tard sandal,’ plentiful in dry forests and ascending
the minor Ghats. The heartwood, which is hard
and fragrant, is said to afford an oil of some value.

Beddome calls it “an empyreumatic oil.” The
leaves and bark are medicinal. Excellent charcoal is
made from the wood. The red berries, the size of
currants, are not unpleasant to the palate.

Cultivation—Self-productive, and easily propa-
Sone ae seed for artificial treatment. _ Among
e ; :
aed and in poor soils the growth is rarely arbore-
98 Erythroxylon coca, Lam.

This South American shrub

is bei .
established in Mysore, and other je eee

parts of India.

MYSORE AND COORG. 45

Cocaine is the active principal of its leaf. Plants
may be seen in the Botanical Gardens.

XIII. MALPIGHIACEA.
99 Hiptage Madablota, Gartn. Kan. Adaraganchi
hambu.
An immense woody climber of the reserved tracts.

Affords good shelter for large game. When obtain-
able, the large creamy-white flowers are used for
puja, owing to their delicious fragrance. The wood
is said to be tolerably hard, and sections of the woody
stem make good handles for tools. Medicinal pro-
perties are attributed to the leaves.

XIV. ZYGOPHYLLE.

100 Guaiacum officinale, Linn.

The Lignum Vite tree. This small tree is culti-
vated in the Lal-Bagh, where, however, it does not
attain its full size. It will succeed in this country,
as it does in the West Indies, near the sea. The
wood is remarkably dense, hard, and durable ; com-
mands a high price in the west, and is much used
for pulleys, blocks, pestles, rulers, skittle balls and
such small articles as require to combine great
strength and durability with finish and elegance,

XV. GERANIACEZ.
101 Averrhoa Carambola, Linn. Kan. Kamarak.
Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

A small evergreen tree of 15 to 20 feet. Natu-
ralised in Indian gardens, and supposed to have
been originally introduced from America by the
Portuguese. The angular fruit hasa pleasant acid
flavour, andis extremely juicy and refreshing. Itis
occasionally stewed, curried, and pickled, but more
commonly used in the raw condition when persons
are out for enjoyment.

46 FORES = TREES.

There are two distinct varieties in local cultiva-
tiou, one being small and sweetish, while the other is
larger, coarser, and very sour.

Two crops are borne during the year, the first in
the hot season and the second in September and
October. The pinnate leaves are sensitive to the
touch. \

Cultivation.--Unless the seeds are well matured
ona reserved tree, they either do not germinate at
all, or the seedlings soon damp off. This is espe-
cially the case with the small, sweet-fruited variety.
Plant at 20 feet apart, irrigate during periods of
drought, and manure heavily once ayear during the
south-west monsoon. ‘The land between the trees
should be kept open and free of weeds.

102 Averrhoa Bilimbi, Linn.

Fig.— Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

A small evergreen tree bearing somewhat similar
fruit tothe above, but not angular, and too acid to
be eaten raw. The fruit is cylindrical, has a pecu-
har soapy feeling, and is much esteemed for pickling.
Nevertheless, the two species are much confounded
and many persons mistake the one for the other.
The pinnate leaves of A. Bilimbi are longer than in
the preceding species, and have usually 15 to 17 pairs
of leaflets. The crimson flowers are said to make
a good preserve.

Cultivation—The same as for A. Carambola.

XVI. RUTACEA.
103 Zanthoxylon Rhetsa, De. Kun. Jimmi mara.

A small corky-barked tree of the Western Ghats,
usually very prickly. he carpels and root-bark
possess pungent and aromatic properties. Good
herbarium specimens would be an acquisition at head-
quarters,

MYSORE AND COORG. AT

104 Toddalia aculeata, Pers. Kan. Kadu Menasu.

Fig —Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Wight Ill.
it. 66.

Reference.—Pharm. Indica.

A scandent prickly shrub of the maidan. Abun-
dant in waste land and partial to the vicinity of
rocks and loose boulders, which it often grows
around and partly conceals. The whole plant is
very pungent but especially the small golden ber-
ries, the size of a red currant. Useful medicinal
properties are attributed to the root and fruit. On
being distilled the. green leaves afford a limpid oil
having the odour of citron peel. The plant is easily
propagated from seed, and, properly handled from
the beginning, it forms a pretty hedge.

105 Glycosmis pentaphylla, Correa. Kan. Guroda.
An evergreen bush of the hill tracts. The white
berries, the size of a pea, are eaten. Itis believed in
parts of Bengal, that the leafy twigs serve to ward
off lightning. ;
106 Murraya exotica, Livy. Kan. Angarakana gida,

China box. This evergreen shrub is cultivated
in gardens for its pretty white flowers, which are
also very fragrant.

The wood is said to be suitable for wood-engrav-
ing, although somewhat liable to crack. It is very
hard, and weighs 62 lb. per cubic foot; always
small, but beautifully marked. Used by the Malays
to make handles to their knives.

107 Murraya Keenigii, SPENc. Kan. Kari bevu.
Fig. —Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Wight Ic.
t. 13.

References. Aah of Econ. Prod. of Ind.; Pharm.
Ind,

48 FOREST TREES.

The curry-leaf tree. So called as the aroma-
tic leaves are commonly used in Indian curries,
and as a condiment in other food preparations.
Cultivated and wild in most parts of the’ Province.
Leaves deciduous in the cold season. Wood close,
even-grained, hard and durable; used for agricul-
tural implements. Weight 43 lb. per cubic foot.
Aromatic trees of this class should be planted ex-
tensively in crowded localities as they are known to
possess antiseptic properties.

Cultivation —Seeds germinate freely under par-
tial shade. Plant seedlings at 15—20 feet apart in
any soil of fair depth and quality. The young trees
should be watered occasionally during the two suc-
ceeding dry seasons.

108 Clausena Wampi, Branco.
Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

This small fruit tree is cultivated in the Botani-
cal Gardens, and in the Gardens of His Highness
the Maharaja. Being a recent introduction, the
fruit is scarcely known, it is, however, pleasantly
acid and very refreshing. Two or three crops are
produced annually.

Cultivation—Healthy seedlings in pots, should be

lanted in irrigable land during the S. W. monsoon,
at 15 to 20 feet apart, Although nota very gross
feeder, the fact of several crops of fruit being borne
annually, demands that fairly rich soil, and consider-
able quantities of manure should be available for
this cultivation. The experiment of grafting upon
allied species has not been tried.
109 Clausena indica, Otiv.

A small fruit tree of the Western Ghia
be looked for within the Mysore sreetel ae

110 Clausena Willdenovii, W. & A. Kan, Kada
Karabe,

Fig-—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection,

{
iH

MYSORE AND COORG. 49

A common bush in the scrub tracts. The fruit is
generally eaten by the people.

s

111 Triphasia trifoliata, DC. An ornamental
shrub cultivated in the Botanical Gardens. The
fruit preserves fairly well.

112 Limonia acidissima, Linn. Kan. Nai-bel? Nai-

bela ?
Fig—Roxs. Cor. Pl. t. 86. Bedd. For. Fl. Anal.
Gen. alv.
References.—Pharm. Ind.; Dict. of Econ. Prod.
of Ind.

This is a spiny, glabrous bush, or rarely a small
tree. Spines numerous. Leaves tripinnate, petiole
winged and jointed. Berry the size of a marble, ex-
ceedingly acid; possesses medicinal properties, and
is used in some ‘parts j in lieu of soap. The species is
most abundant in the dry forests of eastern Mysore
and at Nundydroog. Wood yellow, hard and worthy
of attention for the lathe. “Considered protective
against contagion, and an antidote to venomous poi-
sons.” Weight 59 lb. per cubic foot. Lovery states
that it affords good fuel.

Cultivation.—Easily raised from seed. Natural
growth is mostly confined to dry hills among rocks
and scrub. Soil gravelly, and rather poor in vege-
table matter.

112 Atalantia monophylla, Correa, Kan. Kadu
nimbe, Adavi nimbe, Nai byalada, Katu nimbe ?

Fig—Wight Ic.t. 1611, Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh
Collection.

The wild lime. A small tree, or when favorably
situated in relation to larger trees, a woody climber.
Indigenous to the hills, but occasionally cultivated in
gardens for , ornament. Flowers white, fragrant,

7

50 FOREST TREES.

scattered all over the tree. Fruit globular, the size
of a plum, golden-yellow and very attractive when
ripe. A sweet smelling oil is prepared from the
fruit. Wood yellow, hard, close-grained ; weighing
65 lb. per cubic foot.

114 Atalantia racemosa, W. & A.

A small tree nearly allied to the above and some-
what similar in appearance.

115 Citrus medica, Linn. Kan. Nimbe, Limbn,
Madalada, Madavala.

Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Or. and
Lem. of Ind. and Cey. Bonavia.

References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of India.; Fl.
of Brit. Ind. ; Pharm. Ind.

The citron tree. A small evergreen tree or shrub,
according to variety. Flowers numerous, large,
white or often tinted reddish. Fruit large, nearly
globular, oblong or obovoid; rind thick, often
coarsely mamillate or furrowed, turning yellow when
ripe. The rind affords an essential oil which is used
in medicine and perfumery; it is also candied and
enters largely into confectionery. The leaves and
flowers are also oil-producing, while the fruit is used
medicinally. There are many varieties of the citron,

for an account of which see Dr. Bonavia’s work on
the genus Citrus.

Cultivation—Operate in rich land, with a suffi-
ciency of water and plenty of rotted dung. Under
proper treatment the yield of fruit is heavy, but it
falls off in proportion to the inferiority of the latter.
Grafting is easily accomplished with sizable seedlings

of the different varieties, or upon orange and pumelo’® -
stocks. ‘

The citron, lemon, sour lime and sweet lime, are
now looked upon as varieties of a common Species

MYSORE AND COORG. 51

and they all require proper cultivation to attain
good crops of fruit.

116 Citrus medica var. Limonum, Hoox. rit, Kan.
Herile,

Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

References.— Fl. of Brit. Ind. ; Pharm. Ind. ;
Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.; Or. and Lem.
of Ind. and Cey. Bonavia.

The lemon tree. More usually a shrub cultivated
in gardens. Flowers pinkish-white to pure white ;
solitary or clustered. Fruit roundish or oval,
smaller than the citron and with a smoother rind.
The latter becomes yellow when ripe, and is much
pickled throughout the country, it also affords
essence of lemon and enters largely into medicine,
confectionery and perfumery. Citri¢ acid is pre-
pared from the juice of the fruit and forms a dis-
tinct product. Lemon juice is universally used in
sherbets and other cooling drinks. Thé Malta
lemon, which has recently been introduced, is culti-
vated about Bangalore and fruits freely. There are
many varieties.

117 Citrus medica var. acida, Roxs. Kan. Nimbe.
Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

References.—Bonavia’s Or. and Lem. of Ind. and
Cey.; Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.; Pharm. Ind.

Sour lime of India. The presentation of this fruit
to a superior is universally looked upon as a mark
of profound respect and sincere friendship. Fruit
globular, the size of a crab apple and turning pale
yellow when ripe. Produced in great abundance
on a rather dense thorny bush or small tree.

Lime juice is largely used in medicine, cookery,
perfumery and sherbets. Bonavia draws special at-
tention to the utility of this fruit when preserved and
pickled. Dried fruit is exported to Egypt and:

52 FOREST TREES.

Arabia, where it is much relished as a condiment
with fish, meats and such like. The tree is cultivated
in nearly every Indian garden, and is easily raised —
from seed like all the species and varieties of the

genus Citrus.

118 Citrus medica var. Limetta. Kan. Gaja nimbe-
Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

References.—Bonavia’s Or. and Lem. of Ind. and
Cey.; Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.; Pharm. Ind,

The sweet lime of India. A shrub or small tree
confined to garden cultivation. Fruit round, larger
than the country orange; thin skinned ; much
used for pickling.

119 Citrus Aurantium, Linn. ‘an. Kittale.
Fig.— Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection .

References.—/ lora of Brit. Ind. : Pharm. Ind.
Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind. ; Bonavia’s Or.
and Lem. of Ind. and Cey.

Theorange tree. This beautiful fruit tree is not
extensively grown in Mysore, although it succeeds
well in the adjoining province of Coorg.

It is an important fruit which is capable of much
expansion and improvement in the warm, temperate
and sub-tropical regions of India, and it is surprising,
with so many European planters in,such localities,
that more is not made of the orange. In this pro-
vince the districts of Hassan, Shimoga and Kadur,
must afford favorable sites for cultivation, also the
sheltered valleys of the Baba Budan hills. The
several uses of this long-keeping fruit, of which
there are many varieties, are fully explained in the
works referred to at the head of these remarks.

Cultivation.—Seedlings are easily raised from pips,
put to obtain a shapely: tree, capable of bearing good

MYSORE AND COORG. 53

crops of fruit, the species should be budded, grafted,
or inarched on to the sweet-lime or citron stocks.

Plant healthy grafts, at 25 feet apart, in alluvial
or loamy soil in a sheltered situation. The young
trees require to be watered at intervals during the
first dry season.

120 Citrus decumana, Linn. Kan. Sakote, Sakotti,
Chakotre, Sakotra.

Fig-—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

References.—Bonavia’s Or. and Lem. of Ind. and
Cey.; Dict. of Econ. I'rod. of Ind.

The pumelo tree of Indian gardens and the shad-
dock (after Captain Shaddock) of the West Indies.
Introduced to the above named countries from the
Malay Archipelago, or Java. Dr. Watt explains
that “the word pumelo is a contraction of pomum
melo, the melon apple.” The fruit is also known by
the names pompelmos, paradise apple, and forbid-
den fruit.

A small evergreen, globular, tree, commonly
cultivated in fruit gardens and occasionally for
scenic effect. Itis a pleasing object at all times
but especially when laden with its splendid fruit the
size of a cannon ball, or larger, according to
variety. Like the orange, this species yields three
crops of fruit yearly and may be said, practically,
to be in flower or fruit all the year round ; ; and like
orange-blossom the flowers produce a pleasing frag-
rance in the vicinity of their growth. Bonavia
has clearly brought to notice that the thin skinned
pumelos of the Bombay market, having a juicy pulp
the colour of raw beef, are preferable to any other
variety in Indian cultivation. Being so attractive
and useful, this tree should take a prominent place
in our garden and pleasure grounds.

Cultivation—Coming from a warm habitat, it
succeeds on the plains, where the orange tree fails.

o4 FOREST TREES.

Seedlings grow into fine shapely trees but the oper-
ations of budding and grafting will no doubt im-
prove the quality of fruit. Irrigable land should be
chosen for a plantation, as the trees are apt to
suffer from long periods of drought. They 4lso
require lots of manure during the rainy season.
Plant seedlings or grafts in large pits, at 25 to 30
feet apart.

121 Feronia Elephantum, Correa. Kan. Bel, Belada,

Belal.
Fig.— Wight Ic. t, 15. Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Col-
lection.
References.—Prandis Por. Fl.; Dict. of Econ:
Prod. of Ind.

The elephant or wood-apple tree. Wild and
cultivated in all the drier parts of the province.

A deciduous tree of medium size, armed with
strong spines.

Well known for its fruit which is an article of
universal consumption, the acid pulp being eaten
raw and, more rarely, in the form of jelly. 5 >

Wood yellowish, close-grained, hard and durable ;
weighs 50 lb. per cubic foot. Used for house-
building and for agricultural implements. Thé
bark yields a white transparent gum which forms
part of the East Indian gum Arabic of commerce.

Cultivation.—Raise from seed and plant in
any ordinary soil at 20 feet apart. If planted during
the early rains the seedlings will require little more
attention,

122 A-gle Marmelos, Corrza. Kan, Bilpatre, Bilvapatre,
Bilpatri,

Fig.—Wight Ic. t. 16. Bedd. Fl. Sylw. t. 161.

References.—Pharm. Ind. ; Dict. of Econ, Prod.

of Ind:
The bael-fruit tree. Commonly met with
throughout the province, and held in the highest

MYSORE AND COORG. 55

esteem for its medical properties, in which the
root, bark, leaves and fruit, all contribute a part.
The pulp of the fruitis of special value in the
treatment of dysentery and diarrhcea, while the
hardened shell (rind) is locally made into snuff-
boxes. The tender fruit is pickled with N7mbe.

Wood strongly scented when felled, yellowish-
white, hard, and durable. Weight about 50 Ib. per
cubic foot. Being a sacred tree, it is seldom
felled, although Lovery states that the wood is
used in Shimoga for carts and agricultural
implements, Its propagation is considered meri-
torious, and the leaves of the tree are generally
presented at the shrine of Siva.

Cultivation—As recommended for the wood-
apple tree, but requiring richer soil.

XVII. SIMARUBEA.

123 Ailantus excelsa, Roxp. Kan. Dodda mara.
Fig.—Wight Ill. t. 67.

References.—Brand. For, Fl. p. 58; Dict. of
Econ. Prod. of Ind.

There are several specimens of this fine tree at
Closepet, where it flowers and fruits annually.
Deciduous in’ January or February. Leaves ab-
ruptly pinnate, 2—3 feet in length ; the glandular-
hairy leaflets are coarsely toothed.

Flowers in axillary panicles on longish pedicels,
pale yellow.

Samara (fruit) 24 in., one-seeded, often twisted at
the base and blunt or pointed at the apex. Copper-
coloured when attaining maturity. A fine tree for
ornamental effect,

53 FOREST TREES.

A moderately large tree of the dry zone. Often
confined to the smaller rocky hills. Bark papyrace-
ous, whitish, curling off in thin scales. Leaflets
sessile, pubescent, serrate or crenate. Flowers
small, white, in axillary racemes, shorter than the
pinnate leaves. Wood of little value; but the
bastard olibanum or gum-resin which exudes from
the trunk possesses a local utility in medicine and
worship, It is not, however, so useful in either
respect asthe true “ Sambrani,” which is obtained
from the following variety of the species.

129 Boswellia serratavar, glabra. Kan, Sambrani,
Chilkada, Chilku, Chittumbe.

Fig—Bedd, Fl. Sylv. t. 124.

References,—Dick of Econ. Prod. of Ind;
Pharm. Ind.

Common on stony land near Closepet and at
Nundydroog. Cultivated in gardens at Nanjangud
and elsewhere in the vicinity of tempies. A small deci-
duous tree, with smooth leaves and white scaly bark.
Wood inferior, and only used for fuel or charcoal.
The gum-resin is a bastard olibanum which is exten-
sively used in medicine and as a sweet incense
during temple ritual. “Royle describes picking
tears off the trees, and states that these burn rapid-
ly with a bright light, diffusing a pleasant odour.”
Watt. The resinous limbs of the tree make capital
torches. Although good in itself, this gum-resin, |
should not be confounded with the true olibanum of
commerce.

Cultivation.— When the fruit has attained matu-
rity it should contain three seeds. But the latter
are usually abortive and very rarely germinate. On
this account the cultivated trees in Mysore are
mostly raised from offsets and cuttings. The
species thrives best among rocky boulders where
there is shelter, warmth, and moisture,

MYSORE AND COORG. 59

130 Garuga pinnata, Roxb. Kan. Hala. Balage, Godda-
na.

Fig. —Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 118.
References—Brand. For. Fl. p. 62. Fl. of Brit.

Ind. ; Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

A large tree of the dry and mixed zones. Leaves
large pinnate, deciduous in the cold season.
Flowers appearing with the young leaves in March,
or a few days in advance of the leaves. Fruit
ripening in July, the size of alarge gooseberry said
. to be pickled in some parts for eventual use as a
stomachic and cooling remedy. This does not
appear to be done in Mysore. The tender leaves are
browsed upon by cattle. Wood of no special merit,
but frequently cut for fuel. Weight about 40 Ib.
per cubic foot. The bark affords tannic acid.
Hasily raised from seed and requiring no pampered
treatment in cultivation.

131 Balsamodendron Mukul, Hook.

132 B. Berryi, Ait.

These small spinous trees, or shrubs, form good
live-fences and are frequently employed as such in
various parts of India. The gum resin of B. Mukul,
is sold in bazaars as “ Indian Bdellium.”

133 Protium caudatum, W.& A. Kan. Betta mavu.

Tel. Konda mamadi, ‘also by the vernacular names
Jumminu and Jummana.

Fig —Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 126.

Reference.—F L. of Brit. Ind.

A small tree with green bark. Common through-
out the maidan and ascending the lower hills.
Occasionally seen at the roadsides. Leaves alter-
nate, deciduous, 3—7 foliolate. Fruit the size of a
large pea. Wood inferior, but occasionally employ-
ed for farm implements. Itis stated that native
actors utilise the heartwood for making crowns &c.

60 FOREST TREFS.

=

In the last edition of “ Forest Trees” Konda mane
di is said to be an unarmed tree, while Jumminu,
is armed. It is possible, therefore, that these ver-
nacular names apply to different species. _

Protium caudatun var. Roxburghiana, differs from ©
the specific form in the leaflets being abruptly
pointed but not acuminate.

134 Protium pubescens, W.& A.

A tree of the Western Ghats. All the species of
this genus grow readily from cuttings.
135 Bursera serrata, CoLEBR.

Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Eagh Collection.

Reference.—Brand. For. Fl. p. 61.
An evergreen tree cultivated in the Lal-Bagh.
Perhaps not indigenous to the forests of Mysore.
The wood weighs 46 lb. per cubic foot and is said to

be good for furniture. Growth very slow at Ban-
galore,

136 Canarium strictum, Roxs. Kan. Manda-dhup,
Mund-doopa, Harlmuddy, Raldhupada, Halmaddi.
Fig —Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 128.
References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod.of Ind.; Pharm.
Ind.; Gamb. Man. Timb.

The black dammar.tree. So called on account of
the brilliant resin which exudes from the charred
trunk. A lofty tree of the Malnad and Western
Ghats. Beddome remarks that “its brilliant crim-
son foliage makes it a most beautiful sight when
in young leaf.” For coffee, “it affords a nice light
‘and very lofty shade, is a rapid grower (in newly
opened land) and is generally left.” Graham
Anderson. .

“A tall tree with straight ‘cylindrical stem.
Wood shining white when fresh cut, turning grey
on exposure, soft, even-grained, does not warp,
‘but decays rapidly. The wood is much esteemed.

MYSORE AND CooRG. 61

in Bengal for tea boxes and it is also used for
shingles. The tree yields a resin which is used as
incense; it is clear, amber-colored and_ brittle.”
Gamble.

Cultivation.—Seedlings grow rapidly in newly
opened forest soil but are slow of growth in the.
interior where the land has become hard and _ root-
bound. The species attains its largest dimensions
on the western slopes of the Malabar range.
Healthy saplings have much larger leaves than the
full grown tree. Cultivation on the eastern plains
is hopeless.

137 Filicium decipiens, THwarrss.
Fig.— Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

A pretty evergreen tree, cultivated in the Bota~
nical Gardens, and locally employed for avenue and
scenic planting. It is indigenous to Ceylon and the
Western Ghats. When polished, the red heartwood
is very beautiful. Gamble asserts that the wood is
strong and valuable for building.

Cultivation—Can be raised plentifully from
seed. Plant seedlings at 30 feet apart in deep
loam or virgin forest soil. In the open, the tree
always assumes a pleasing globular form. Height
35—40 feet,

XX. MELIACEA.
188 Melia Azadirachta, Linn. Kan. Bevu, Olle bevn,
Visa bevu.
Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Bedd.
Fi. Syl. t. 14.

References.— Brand. For. Fl. p. 68. Gamb. Man.

Timb.; Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.
The neem or margosa tree. This beautiful ever-
green tree is mostly confined to the maidan tracts
where it forms avenues along the public roads and

62 FOREST TREES.

presents refreshing topes about the villages. But
it attains its maximum utility and beauty at lower
elevations than Mysore and in localities nearer to
the sea, Itis held sacred by the Hindus, and is
specially dedicated to Mari, the goddess of des-
‘truction. Medicinal properties are attributed to
every part of the plant ; and the heartwood is ex-
tensively used in the manufacture of idols.

Owing to its bitter properties the wood is not
attacked by insects, and being hard, durable, and
beautifully mottled it answers well for cabinet work
and carpentry.

Neem oil, a product of the seed, is a well-
known antidote for destroying borers and other in-
sects which usually attack living plants. Brandis
enumerates the economic properties of the species as
follows :—

‘* From incisions in the trunk, near the base, made
in spring, issues a quantity of sap, often flowing for
weeks ; used as a stomachic and cooling drink.
A gum used as a stimulant, exudes from the bark.
From the fruit is extracted, by boiling or pressure,
a fixed acrid bitter oil, (Margosa) deep yellow, with
a strong disagreeable flavour. It is used medicinal-
ly ; in dyeing; as an antiseptic and anthelmintic,
and is burnt in lamps. It is said to be expressed
from the pulp and not from the seed.

It is exported from Madras, chiefly to Ceylon. The
seeds are employed to kill insects, and for washing
the hair.

The leaves are bitter and are used medicinally ;
bark is very bitter and is used as a substitute for
Peruvian bark.”

Possessing so many useful properties, the neem
is deservedly one of the best known and most popu-
lar trees of the country. In the native treatment
of small-pox, the green leaves are invariably used to
place under and around the patient at certain stages

!

eo

‘

MYSORE AND COORG. 63

of the disease. As the tree is supposed to possess

powerful antiseptic properties it is much planted in
towns, especially throughout the plains of the Madras

‘Presidency. It flowers in February or March, and

ripens its fruit in June or July.

Cultivation.—Of seeds sown, not more than 40
per cent, may be expected to germinate. Healthy
trees are often found in the back-yards of native
houses associated with the F%cus religiosa, another
sacred species. These are planted in the same pit
together so that their limbs and branches may
entwine and form what is called a natural marriage.
For avenue or tope planting the trees should be
45 feet apart. In inland situations, an occasional
top dressing of sheep or goats manure, with a few
handfuls of salt’ will make the saplings grow rapidly,
The neem coppices well.

139 Melia Azedarach, Linn. Kan. Hutchu bevu, Chik
bevu, Issapuri, Arebevn ?

Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Bedd,
Fi. Sylv. t. 13. Wight Ic. t. 160.
References.—Brand. For. Fl. 68. Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

The Persian lilac or bead tree. Much cultivated
in towns and villages on the plains, but not truly
indigenous to any part of Southern India. When
conserved in private or public grounds it is a
pleasing evergreen tree with sweet-scented lilac
flowers, but seen in the villages it is always an
unsightly and much abused object, owing to its
being ruthlessly stripped of its leaves to provide
forage for sheep and goats. The wood is worthless,
although it is nicely mottled and takes a good polish.
Weight about 35 lb. per cubic foot. Although not
so popular as the true neem, for which it is occasion-
ally mistaken by Europeans, it really possesses, in a
minor degree, many of the same useful properties
as that tree. The kernels of the fruit (seeds) are

64 FOREST TREES.

universally worn as rosaries, hence the appellation
“bead tree.” Asa forage tree its cultivation should
be encouraged, but not on the lines which are now
followed, whereby every villager takes upon him to
disfigure and even kill trees through excessive mani-
pulation.

Cultivation —As for the neem, but may be
planted at 25—30 feet apart.
‘140 Melia dubia, Cav. Kan. Heb bevu, ‘Turka bevu,

Bettada bevu, Kadu bevu.
Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 12.

References.—Brand. For. Fl. 4. 69. Dict. of
Econ. Prod. of Ind.

This is the giant neem of the Malnad forests. It
attains a very large size and can easily be dis-
tinguished from the neem of the plains by- its
darker foliage and doubly pinnate leaves. It is said
to be deciduous also.

Although light and not very durable, weighing
about 25 lb. per cubic foot, the wood is generally
employed on estates for buildings and agricultural
implements. It is rarely attacked by insects and has
been recommended for tea cases. The dried fruit
resembles the date and has a commercial value of
Rs. 1-4-0 per lb. It is used medicinally, and is con-
sidered a good remedy for colic, half a fruit being
the usual dose foran adult. Being a very handsome
tree with greenish-white, fragrant, flowers, its culti-
vation in gardens situated among, and near to the
nls is oe to be desired. Beddome writes that
the seedlings grow rapidly. It is. }
Se ee a nO

141 Cipadessa fruticosa, Biume. Kan. chjitundi.
A common shrub of the scrub tracts. U
small fuel. Berries red, the size of a Ben —

142 Aglaia Roxburghiana, Mia. . 3
Tittila kayi, , Mia. Kan. Tottila, Fruit

MYSORE AND COORG. 65

Fig. —Wight Ic. t. 166; Bedd. Fl. Sylv, t. 130.
Reference.— Pharm. Ind.

This fine tree should be searched for on the Baba
Budan hills.

Leaves pinnate. Flowers yellow. Fruit the
size of a gooseberry, buff-colored to brown, eaten
medicinally.

143 Amoora Rohituka, W. & A, Kan, Mulla muttala,

Fig—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 132.

References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind. ;
Pharm. Ind.; Brand. For. Fl. 69.

An evergreen tree of the Western Ghats.
Leaves large, pinnate,2—3 feet. Flowers small,
in spicate or branched panicles according to sex.
Fruit dull red, the size of a crab apple. “ Graham
likens the fruit toa ball of Windsor soap.” The
bark is astringent, and the seeds furnish an econo-
mic oil.

144 Amoora Lawii, Bernrs. A species with smaller
leaves and fruit. Should be looked for in
the Malnad.

145 Walsura piscidia, Roxs. Tel. *Wadawt
Fig—Wight Ill. i. t. 55.

References.—Dalz. 5 Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 87; Fl, of
Brit. Ind. .

A tree of the Western Ghats. Leaves 3-foliolate.
Flowers in terminal panicles, small, numerous,
sordid-yellowish. Fruit egg-shaped, the size of a
small olive. The bark is used to poison fish. Other
properties unknown.

146 Heynea trijuga, Roxs. Bom. Limbara.
Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t, 134,

References—Brand. For. Flora; Dalz. §

Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 38. §

66 FOREST TREES.

An ornamental tree of Coorg and the Western
Ghats. Leaves imparipinnate, with usually 9 large
leaflets. Panicles axillary and terminal, corym-
bose, long-peduncled, nearly equalling the leaf.
Flowers small, white. Fruit the size and colour of
asmall cherry. Herbarium specimens are required,
asalgo fuller information as to the character and
utility of this species.

147 Soymida febrifuga, Apr. Juss. Kan, Swami
mara, Kal eirige ?

Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 8.

References.—Brand. For. Flora 71; Pharm.
Ind.

The bastard red-cedar of Europeans. A lofty
tree of the Malnad and isolated hills ; found in the
reserved jungles at Closepet. As this species is
often confounded with Cedrela Toona, the so-called
white cedar, the annexed characteristics may assist
enquirers to determine between the two trees.

Soymida febrifuga.
Red Cedar.

Leaves paripinnate, nearly
evergreen, 12 to 20 inches.

Stamens united into a cup-
shaped tube.

Ovary 5-celled, with numer-
ous ovules in each cell. Seeds
slightly winged at both ends,

Capsule large.

Cedrela Toona.
White Cedar.

Leaves pinnate, deciduous, 1
to 3 feet,

Stamens distinct, 4—6, or
with alternating staminodes,

Ovary 5-celled with 16—12
ovules ineach cell. Seeds
winged at one or both ends.

Capsule small.

Although unreserved, this tree affords one of the

very best timbers.

It is the principal red-wood of

English denizens and ig known to be hard, dull-red
and very strong. Weight when seagoned, 70 to 75
Ib. per cubic foot. Indeed Swami mara is reckoned
by the Hindus to be the most durable of woods and
is preferably used on that account in the building of

MYSORE AND CooRc. 67

temples. It isalso durable under ground and is said
to resist the attacks of white ants. The liber, or
inner bark, is exceedingly bitter and its astringent
and febrifuge properties induced Roxburgh to re-
commend it as a substitute for the Peruvian bark.
Although locally used for building and in native
médicine, the species has, as yet, no commercial
value. Whether this-is due to its scarcity or to
ignorance of its useful qualities, is unknown. Being
rich in tannic acid, the bark should soon take a fore-
most place among commercial tans.

Easily raised from seed but otherwise the culti-
vation is unknown. The species is said to be ex-
tremely prejudicial to coffee cultivation. .

148 Chickrassia tabularis, Apr. Juss. Kan. Dal mara,
Gavuda ?

Fig.—DBedd, Fl. Sylv, t.9. Wight Il, 4. t. 56.
References.—Brand. For. Fl. 66, Gamb. Man.
Timb. 76. Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

A tall evergreen tree of the Malnad and Coorg.
Yields a superior timber which is extensively used in
Madras, Bengal and parts of Burmah, as “ Chitta-
gong wood.” ‘This product possesses nearly all the
qualities necessary for first-class cabinet-work, being
beautifully marked, durable, fragrant, easily worked
and susceptible of a fine glossy polish. Weight
40 to 52 lb. per cubic foot. Bark highly astrin-
- gent but not bitter. The flowers afford dyes of red
and yellow colours. A specimen tree may be seen
in the Botanical Gardens, where it grows rather
slowly but with a straight trunk.

Cultivation.—Seedlings are easily raised, but
subsequent growth is not very rapid unless the soil
is loose and rich. In a situation where these condi-
tions are afforded, the Chittagong-wood tree would
form splendid avenues.

68 FOREST TREES.

149 Cedrela Toona, Roxs. Kan. Gandagarige, Nandu-
rike P Kandagarige. Coorg. Noge, Nogga, Belandi.

Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv.t. 10, Wight Ic, t. 161.

References.—Brand. For. Fl. 72. Dict. of Econ. :

Prod. of Ind.

A moderately large tree of the Malnad and Coorg.
Leaves pinnate, large, deciduous in the cold weather.
Cultivated in the Botanical Gardens and in the exo-
tic plantation at Hebbal. Generally known as the
white cedar, although the seasoned wood resembles
pale mahogany in colour. There is an export trade
in white cedar from Burmah, where the timber is
commercially known as “ Moulmein cedar.” In Ben-
gal and parts of Assam, it is in great demand for
buildings and furniture, for which it is considered
durable. It is also said to be exempted from the

attacks of white ants. Weight 30 to 36 Ib. per :

cubic foot. Chickrassia tabularis is occasionally
known to the timber trade as ‘ white cedar’, and as
regards the colour of its wood more correctly so.
But the latter is a lofty evergreen tree with a
beautiful straight trunk. Technically separated
from Cedrela by its staminal tube, and three celled
ovary.

“The Nogga gets its local name from being
the favourite tree for making bullock yokes from.
The shade (for coffee) is light and sufficient,
while propagation is extremely easy from seed.

Milhons of young plants have been grown within
the last few years by nearly every planter in Mysore
and Coorg. The timber is easily worked and fairly
durable for roofing purposes, but will not stand
exposure or being buried in the soil as posts, bed-

plates &e. Itis agreeably fragrant and of a dark
red colour.” Graham vit ie caaeiea

Cattle browse on the green leaves and fruit when

MYSORE AND COORG. 69

they have a chance. Red and yellow dyes, called
Gulnari, are afforded by the honey-scented flowers.
The bark is medicinal.

Cultivation.—lIt will be seen from Mr. Graham
Anderson’s remarks that there is no difficulty in pro-
pagating this useful tree. It grows fairly well on
the maidan also, although a little stunted in size.
Plant in deep soil at 30 feet apart.

Cedrela serrata} Royle. is looked upon by Indian
authors as a distinct species, but Hiern, in the
Flora of British India, includes it as a form of C.
Toona.

It is well ae by Brandis in his excellent
Forest Flora. The West Indian cedar, Cedrela odor-
ata, has recently been introduced and is being esta-
plished in the’ Lal- Bagh. This species is said to
furnish timber of exceptional quality. __

150 Chloroxylon swietenia, DC, Kan. Huragalu,
Masi, Mashudla.
Fig. —Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 11,

References—Gamb. Man, Timb.; Brand. For.
Fl.; Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

The Indian satin-wood tree. A moderate-sized
deciduous tree ; usually very, small in the maidan
but attaining a larger size towards the hills. Leaf-
lets small, in 10—15 pairs, pale green. Wood
hard, yellow-mottled and prettily veined, dark to-
wards the centre ; possesses a fine satiny lustre and
is admirably adapted for the most delicate pieces of
cabinet work, carpentry and turnery. Weight 56
lb. per cubic foot.

* Heartwood somewhat pick heavy, and not
easily burnt, so that when a log catches fire the
outer layer only will be burned. It is used for
peams, posts, sugar-cane crushes, boats, planks and
charcoal.” M. Venkatnarnappa.

But in addition to these local uges satin wood is

70 FOREST TREES.

widely. utilised for agricultural and engineering
work in various parts of India, one of its chief
merits being durability under water. It thus pos-
sesses the remarkable dual property of resisting both
fire and water! It turns well and is employed in
Europe for making the backs of brushes, stetke-
scopes and fancy articles.

Cultivation —In the maidan, growth is exceedingly
slow, and as seeds collected at Kankanhalli and else-
where never germinate, the species is not propagated.
Seeds from the Malnad should be sown.

151 Swietenia Mahagoni, Linn.
Fig.—Hook. Bot. Miscell. i. t. 16, 17.
Reference-— Brand. For. F7.

This important timber tree, indigenous to Central
America and the West Indies, is cultivated in the
Lal-Bagh, and during the past four years about
2,000 seedlings have been established in the Govern-
ment exotic plantation at Hebbal.

The largest of these are now twelve feet high and
promise to yield good timber. The large leaved
mahogany, Swietentza macrophylla, is also success-
fully cultivated in the-Botanical Gardens.

XXI. OLACINEA,

152 Ximenia americana, Witip, Kan. Nagare.

A woody shrub of the maidan tracts. Flowers
small, white, and fragrant. “The fruit is edible
and the wood is used as a substitute for sandal-
wood.” Flora of Brit. Ind.

153 Olax scandens, Roxp. Jel, Turka-vepa, Bapana.s

R mushti,
eferences—Fl. of Brit. Ind. ; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind. vet. of CONe

A vigorous evergreen climber with a trunk the

MYSORE AND COORG. 71

thickness of a man’s thigh. Destructive to young
trees, which it rapidly invests and subsequently
smothers by its far reaching shoots.

XXII. CELASTRINEA.

154 Gymnosporia montana, Rox. Kan. Tandrasi.
Fig.— Wight Ic. 882. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. Gen.

References.—Brand. For. Fl. 81. Dict.of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

This prickly bush is exceedingly common in the
scrub tracts ofthe Bangalore District, whereit some-
times spreads to the exclusion of every other shrub.
On the Bombay side the branches are employed
as dunnage for the roofs of houses. When Ssoften-
ed by beating, the leaves become useful as a green
food for cattle.

155 Celastrus paniculata, Witip. Kan, Kangondi, Kari.

‘anne.
Fig.— Wight Ill. 179 ; Wight Ic. t. 158.
References.—Brand. For, Fl. 82. Dict, of
Hicon, Prod. of Ind.

A scandent shrub of the low hills and scrub tracts.
Useful medicinal properties are attributed to the
seed and oil, both of which are marketable articles
in the bazaars.

156 Elzeodendron giaucum, Pers. Kan. Mukarive.
Fig. — Wight Ill. 178, t. 71. Bedd. Fl. Sylv, Anal,
Gen. 67.

A small evergreen tree of the plains. The leaves,
bark and roots, possess medicinal properties and are
said to be astringent. The root is considered an
antidote for snake-bite. Wood moderately hard
and durable, used for cabinet work, combs and

72 FOREST TREES.

picture frames. Weight 40 to 50 lb. per cubic foot,
but always small.

XXIII. RHAMNE.
157 Ventilago madraspatana, Gartn, Kan. Popli.
Pig.— Wight Ic. 163.
References. —Drand. For. Fl. 96. Pharm. Ind.

A large scandent shrub of Kast Mysore, where it
reaches to the top of the highest trees. The root-
bark (Vembadam bark) affords a well known dye of
an orange-red colour; and constitutes an important
minor product of the State forests. It also yields
a fibre of some repute. The local market value of
Popli bark is Rs. 1-12-0 to Rs. 2 per maund of
25 lbs. The cultivation of this product should be
encouraged in the maidan districts of Mysore,
where it thrives: well and requires hardly any
care-taking. The plant is propagated from seed.

158 Zizyphus Jujuba, Lam. Kan. Yelachi, Yelchi.
Fig.— Wight Ic. t. 99, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 149.

References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.; Brand.
For, Fl. 86.

The Bhere-fruit tree. Armed, spreading, 30—50
feet. Leaves deciduous in the cold weather; young
parts covered with a dense fuscous tomentum.
“There are many cultivated varieties, differing
greatly in the size and shape of the leaves, as also
in the size and nature ofthe fruit, of which the
most remarkable is Edgeworth’s var. Hysudricus,

with erect or spreading not drooping branches,

obtuse, ovate, oblong or orbicular leaves, glabrous

4

or slightly tomentose beneath, and long petioles.

This, according to Aitchison, is always raised by
grafts.” M. A. Lawsonin Fl. of Brit. Ind.

lial MYSORE AND COORG. 75

This tree is often cultivated for its fruit, of which
the best varieties are found in Northern India.

Wood hard, even-grained, tough and durable,
weighing 57—58 lb. per cubic foot.

Used in the Ordnance Department at Madras and
said to be good for saddle-trees, camp furniture,
agricultural and engineering impleménts; also for
fuel and charcoal.

The bark is: very astringent, and a medicinal
gum exudes from it.

Cultivation-—LHasily raised from seed, and a good
coppice tree. A few of the -varieties yielding fruit
of superior size and quality are habitually grafted
in the north. This should be done in the south also,
when better fruit than now exists may be looked for.

Plant grafts or seedlings in tolerably rich land at
30 feet apart, Ripe fruit is attacked at an early
stage by maggots. The tree is unsuited for roadside
planting.

159 Zizyphus nummularia, W. & A. Kan. Puvpalli,
Parpuli.
Fig. —Bedd. Fl, Sylv. Anat. Gen. uxtx,

A seandent, prickly, shrub, usually found in scrub
tracts and in the fences around villages. When
properly trimmed, it forms an excellent live-fence
for the protection of property. The fruit hag a
pleasant acid or subacid taste and is eaten by
children. Sheep and goats browse upon the tender
shoots.

160 Zizyphus xylopyrus, Wiitp, Kan. Challe:
Fig.—Bedd. Fi. Sylv. Anal, Gen. uxvut.

Rarely a small tree, but most commonly seen as
a climbing shrub. All the salient parts are larcer
than in the foregoing species, and we have no record
that the fruit is serviceable except as a dye for,

10

74: FOREST TREES.

ine leather. Wood hard, tough ; weighing
Sora = abit foot. Used for walking sticks
and torches. Growing at Nundydroog.
161 Zizyphus rugosa, Lamux. A Malnad Species
having white pear-shaped fruit which is said to be
eaten. This is also an extensive woody climber or
small tree. Hvergreen. .
162 Scutia indica, Bronen. Kan. Kurudi.

Pig— Wight Ic. t. 1071. Wight Ill. 7. t.73.

A climbing shrub of the plains. Branches strag-
gling, armed or not with recurved prickles. Leaves
opposite or subopposite, roundish or obovate ;
average blade 1} x lin. Fruit the size of a pea,
red to black in colour. The whole bush has a smooth
or polished appearance.

The fruit is eaten by all classes and is usually sold

in the bazaars during harvest time. Kasily raised
from seed.

XXIV. AMPELIDEA.
163 Vitis vinifera, Linn. Kan. Drakshi.
Fig.— Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection,

The grape vine. Cultivated in gardens for its
luscious fruit. Remarkable for its longevity and
hardihood in “warm temperate and subtropical
chmates. Under skilful treatment, the grape vine
would be product
portion of Mysore, and might afford, if introduced in
greater variety, the conditions suitable for the pre-
paration of wine; the various wines of commerce
being the prepared juices of the grape. Indian
grapes are sold at 2—4 annas per Ib. but speciall
grown for dessert they would
the prevailing rates.
industry the cultivatio
recommended,

As a remunerative garden”
n of vines is confidently

ive of superior fruit in the maidan |

often command double. |

MYSORE AND COORG: 75

A few other species of Vetis are indigenous to the
State forests, where they occasionally form exten-
sive lianes and become objects of interest dangling
from one tree to another.

XXV. SAPINDACEA,

164 Hemigyrosa deficiens, Brpp.

A small tree of the Malnad, flowering throughout
the year. Usesunknown. Herbarium specimens
would be acceptable at head-quarters.

165 Allophylus Cobbe, Bromn.

A small tree of the western hill tracts. _ Leaves
trifoholate. Flowers irregular. Fruit a red berry
the size of a red-currant, said to be eaten. Root
astringent. Wood grey and soft.

166 Schleichera trijuga, Wrtutp. Kan. Sagade,

Chakota, Chendala, the latter name mostly in North
Coorg. Shargadee ?

Fig—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 119,

References—Brand. For. Fl. Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind. ; Pharm. Ind.

The Ceylon oak. A handsome tree of the dry
forests; flowering and foliating early in the hot
season. Leaves deciduous, paripinnate. Flowers
small, greenish-yellow. Fruit the size of a damson
plum. Should be planted as an avenue tree as the
young leaves impart humidity and shelter during
the hottest season of the year. Of unreserved
timbers, this appears to be one of the very best,
being close-grained, durable, and weighing 66 to
70 Ib. per cubic foot. In the Central Provinces the
lac insect is nourished on the tree, just as it is on
Shorea Talwra, within the territories of Mysore. —

“ Valued where strength, hardness and durability

are required. il, rice aud sugar crushers, pestles
e. ane

a ; ote
76 FOREST TREES.

and.mortars, rollers, screws and the teeth of harrows |
are made of it; it is also used in building, and for
various parts of carts and ploughs.” Brandis.

The bark and oil are medicinal products, the
latter being expressed from the seed and not un-
commonly used, in some parts of the country, as a.
lamp-oil. The authors of Pharmacographia Indica
are of opinion that it is the original Macassar oil of
commerce, and that it is now retailed in Germany
under the above name, on which account it is
recommended as a desirable application to the scalp,
which promotes the growth of hair. Rubbed up with
the oil, the astringent bark is used to cure itch, acue,
and similar skin affections.

Cultivation—Seeds germinate fairly well in a
moist position. But later in growth, a comparatively —
dry situation is appreciated between the altitudes
of 1,000 and 3,000 feet. Itis an effective avenue
tree planted at 40 feet apart.

167 Sapindus trifoliatus, Linn. Kan. Kugati, Anta. —
wala, Artala. _
Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Bedd. Fi.
Sylv. t. 154.
References.—Pharm. Ind. ; Dict. of Econ. Prod.
of Ind. ; Drury U. Pl, .

The soapnut tree of South India. Of this species
there are two distinct forms in Mysore, One with
large, acuminate, glabrous leaves, often trifoliolate, -
and the other having comparatively small pinnate —
leaves ; leaflets stout, emarginate, pubescent under-
neath. Fruit usually 3-lobed, each lobe being the
size of a small cherry. Abundant throughout the
maidan, especially in the vicinity of villages, where
it attains a medium height. Bare of leaf in March
and April; flowering in October and affording ripe
fruit in February. Of indigenous trees, this is one of
the best known on account of its saponaceous fruit,

MYSORE AND Cookd. rad

=

which is commonly used by the poorer classes for
washing their clothes. Soapnuts have therefore a
local market value of Rs. 1—12—0 to Rs. 2 per
maund of 25 Ibs.

Medicinal properties are attributed to the root,
bark, fruit, and oil, the latter being a saponaceous
product of the seed.

Wood hard, yellow, cross-grained and not very
durable. Occasionally used for building carts, but
more commonly as handles to axes and similar
tools, it is also used for making combs.

Cultivation-—The Kugati is propagated from seed
and suckers, the latter beimg plentifully self-pro-
ductive in favorable localities. Loam, clay, and
black-cotton soils are favorable to growth. Plant
sturdy seedlings, or transplant offsets, at 35 to 40
feet apart.

168 Nephelium Litchi, Cass.

An evergreen fruit-tree cultivated in the Lal-

Bagh, and in various parts of India. Introduced
from South China. Quantities of seedlings are raised
from local trees every year.
169 Nephelium Longana, CAMB. somewhat similar
to the last named but having a smaller and less
palatable fruit. The Logan tree is said to be
indigenous to the Western Peninsula. It is cul-
tivated in the Botanical Gardens.

170 Dodonza viscosa, Linn: Kan, Bandrike, Bandare,

Bandri.
Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Wight
Lil. 4. t. 52.

References.—Brand. For. Fl. 113 ; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

This evergreen sprub abounds on tlie plains of

Mysore, and as a fuel plantit is widely consumed

by the poorer classes, Being of a resinous nature, it

78 FOREST TREES.

ignites readily and burns with a bright forcible
flame. The large wood is often utilised for making
charcoal of superior quality. Buchanan mentions
that the presence of “ Bandury” indicates a good

soil for the cultivation of horse gram. It may be

added that it also indicates a suitable soil for all
pulse crops requiring a given percentage of lime.
In the north of India, the shrub is often employed
for hedging. The seasoned wood makes good handles
for gardening tools, as also walking sticks. The

leaves are used medically. Hasily propagated

from seed.

XXVI. SABIACEZ.
171 Meliosma Wightii, PLanca.

A small tree of the western boundary, Flowers.

white and showy. Herbarium specimens are required,

172 Meliosma Arnottiana, Wicut, Kan. Massivara?
Massiwalla.

’. Fig—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 160.

A handsome flowering tree in the forests of Hassan,

Shimoga, and possibly Kadur. It flowers in June,

and ripens it fruit, the size of a pea, four months
later. M. Venkatnarnappa says the heartwood’ is

useful for house building, although it is pronounced |

useless in the last edition of this work.

Lovery describes the tree as of moderate size, _

yielding poles and agricultural implements, Speci-
mens are required for the herbarium.

XXVIII. ANACARDIACEA.

173 Mangifera indica, Linn. Kan. Mavu, Mavena, —

Shi-mavu, Amba,

Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-BaghCollection: Bedd. Fl, |

Sylv, 162.

ce

}

MYSORE AND COORG. 79

References—Brand. For. Fl. 125. Drwry U. Pl. ;
Dict. of Hoon, Prod. of Ind.

The mango tree. Without exception this is the
best known and most highly esteemed fruit tree in
Hindustan. Its praises have been sung for more
than a thousand years, while kings and princes have
vied to do it honour. The mango tree is evergreen,
and flowers progressively during the months of
January, February and March. ‘lhe fruiting season
(when ripe fruit can be procured) is likewise pro-
gressive through the months of May, June and July.
The species is easily influenced by various conditions
of season, soil, and position; hence the long term
usually covered by its reproductive growth in the
varying climates of India. There are also numerous
varieties of the fruit, but these are often peculiar to
certain districts, and are apt to. lose their esteemed
properties when cultivated in other localities.
Grafted mango trees have been profitably cultivated
at Bangalore for upwards of 50 years. As compared
to the seedling tree they are greatly stunted
in growth, assuming the form of huge globular
‘bushes rather than trees, they also come into bear-
ing much sooner and are probably shorter-lived
than the seedling tree. Brandis affirms that in
Burmah the mango is not generally grafted. Seeds
of a distinct variety occasionally produce seedlings
of their kind, and, it may be exclusively, in districts
where the species is limited to one or two varieties,
but where the latter are numerous no reliance can
be put in the identity of mango seedlings. The
grafted varieties cannot be reproduced from seed,
so that grafting or inarching should be resorted to
as the quickest and surest method of securing the
finest fruit.

In addition to its great value in dessert, the mango
is very extensively chatnied, pickled and preserved,

80 FOREST TREES.

Medicinal properties are attributed to nearly every .. .
part of the tree, which is universally cherished by
the people of India.

The wood of the seedling mango attains ample.
dimensions, and being plentiful and easily worked
finds its way into minor works of carpentry and
engineering ; it does not, however, stand exposure, °
nor is it exempt from the attacks of white ants,
wood-lice and other timber pests. Weight about
40 lb. per.cubic foot.

Cultivation.—During the fruiting season the ripe
mango stones are laid down thickly under partial
shade, where they are subsequently covered by a
thin layer of sand and left tonature. In the course
of a month or six weeks, unless the weather has
been abnormally dry, every healthy stone will have
sprouted, and in September or October the seedlings
should be ready either for potting or transplanting
into a nursery plot in the open field. In the latter
case, plant in drills at eighteen inches apart each
way and cultivate until the young trees are 23—3
feet in height. With good treatment this growth
will be attained in eighteen to twenty months, so
that the whole period required to prepare a good
mango stock, from seed-sowing to the time of graft-
ing, is under two years. When stocks have attained
the proper size in the nursery they are transplanted
a second time into position for grafting, which is on
to small mounds of earth conveniently placed under
the branches of the old grafted tree. In this posi-
tion they should be left for nearly two months
before the actual operation of inarching is put in
hand. The latter is now so widely understood, that
it calls for no deseription here, but it should be
stated that young trees, specimens showing signs of
disease, and very old trees are not in a condition to
afford the best scions for inarching. The operation

_ hans

si i

MYSORE AND COORG. 81

should be carried out during the months of August
and September for preference, but can be under-
taken with varying results all the year round. It
occupies 34 to 4 months to effect a proper union
between the stock and scion. The local practice of
taking grafts from young trees of 8—12 years of age
should not be encouraged. Plant at 45 feet apart.
174 Anacardium occidentale, Linn. Kan. Jidi,
Turuka geru, Kempu geru, Geru poppu.
Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 163,

References.—-Dict. of Hcon. Prod. of Ind. ;
Pharm. Ind.

The cashew-uut. <A Brazilian tree naturalised in
this country by the Portuguese. Extensively cul-
tivated in gardens, and much esteemed for its
medicinal properties. By special treatment the
kidney-shaped fruit, with its large fleshy torus,
affords anacardic acid, oil of almonds, tar, and a
weak spirit ; roasted without the torus, it is a great
delicacy at the dessert table, and is often used in
native sweetmeats.

The cashew-apple oil extracted from the shell of
the nut, or fruit proper, is a good preventive against,
the attacks of the white ant. Gum obtained from
the bark is also obnoxious to insect pests.

Wood red and moderately durable, but mostly
crooked and never very large. Weight 38 Ib. per
cubic foot.

Cultivation —This small evergreen tree succeeds
well. in dry localities, although it is most prolific
of fruit when under garden cultivation. Seeds
obtained from the jungle trees germinate readily.
Experiments in budding and grafting are suggested.
175 Buchanania latifolia, Roxs. Kan, Murkali,

Murkalu, Nuskul, Murkali morave.

Fig. —Bedd, Fl, Sylv. t. 165, “

82 FOREST TREES.

References.—Brand. For. Fl.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind. ; Pharm. Ind.

A sub-deciduous tree of the dry forests. Height
30—50 feet. Well known for its edible seeds. The
heartwood seasons well and is sufficiently durable
for protected work. Weight 36 lb. per cubic foot.
Used in parts of India for making boxes, bedsteads,
tables, doors and such like, The tender leaves are
eaten by sheep and cattle. Oil, gum and tan are
useful products of the species, and the kernel of the
fruit is a good substitute for the almond. Murkali
seeds abound in a limpid sweet oil and are more
agreeable to the taste than either country almond,
cashew-nut or ground-nut.

They are sold in the bazaars at certain seasons, at
rates varying from 3 to 6 annas per lb. Usedin
sweetmeats, It should be observed that the bark
affords an excellent tan, which is an article of trade
in Travancore. Seeds have failed to germinate
under artificial treatment, but it has been noticed
that the trees in the Bidadi Taluk are reproduced
by means of root-suckers.

Buchanania angustifolia, Roxb. should be found
in the hill region. It is an evergreen tree of larger
dimensions than B. latifolia.

176 Odina wodier, Roxs. Kan. Udi, Shimti, Punal,
ogal. |
Fig—Waght Ic. t. 60; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 123,
References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.:
Fl. of Brit. Ind.; Pharm. Ind. i

_A deciduous tree of the plains, Local specimens
line the public road passing between Cubbon
Pettah and the Division Cutcherry. It is a
gnarled ugly tree remaining bare of leaf until
near the close of the hot season. Wood very subject
to the attacks of insects and generally of little value ;
heartwood dull red. Weight 50—60 Ib. per cubic

MYSORE AND COORG. 88

foot. Medicinal properties are attributed to the
bark and gum. Cattle feed voraciously on the green
leaves, but the latter appear at a time when green
forage is usually abundant. Every part of the tree
abounds in starch, and hence the facility for pro-
pagation by cuttings. But raised by the latter
‘ method, the tree soon assumes a contorted habit of
growth which renders it very ugly, especially in the
deciduous stage.

Local trees have not fruited, although they
flower annually and are in many cases past maturity.
It is not known, therefore, if seedlings would pro-
duce shapely trees as they do in the case of “ Huva-
rasi mara,” Thespesia populnea.

177 Semecarpus Anacardium, Linn. Kan. Gery,
Kari geru.

Fig —Wight Ic. t. 558 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 166.

References,—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.;
Pharm. Ind.; Flora of Brit, Ind.

The marking-nut tree. Common in the dry for-
ests of Mysore, where it attains a height of 40—50
feet. Leaves deciduous in the beginning of the hot
season, simple, coriacious, average blade 20 x 8 in,
largest in healthy saplings. Drupe the size of a
prune. Wood of little value as it cracks in season-
ing. Weight 42 Ib. per cubic foot. When growing,
it is full of an acrid juice which causes irritation and
swelling. Woodmen do not care, on that account,
to fell the trees unless they have been previously
ringed.

The fleshy receptacle on which the fruit is seated
(hypocarp) is generally eaten by the people. The
pericarp, or fruit proper, contains an intensely acrid
juice which is much employed in native medicine;
it also affords a black varnish, and mixed with lime
water, the juice is popularly used for marking linen.

Although of comparatively little value as a timber

'

84 FOREST TREES.

tree, the geru mara is widely known and appreciated
for its medicinal fruit. M. Venkatnarnappa states
that the oil from the seed is utilised in the taming
of wild elephants and that a birdime is prepared
from the crushed, green fruit. When ripe, the latter
is very pretty, the shining black drupe being in dis-
tinct contrast to the orange-red receptacle.

Cultivation—Although the seeds of this tree ger-
minate freely, the seedlings (according to local ex-
perience) invariably damp off ata tender age. This
retards propagation so much that the species is not
found in garden cultivation. Experiments should
be made in grafting, inarching and putting down
cuttings. '

178 Semecarpus Anacardium var, cuneifolia, DC.
Kan. Goddu geru,

This is alarger form, whichis said, as the verna-
cular implies,to be barren of flowers and fruit.
The species, 8. travancorica, and S. auriculata,
should be searched forin the western Malnad. One
is figured and both are described in “ Beddome’s
Flora Sylvatica.”

179 Holigarna Arnottiana, Hoox.
Fig —Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 167.

A lofty tree of Coorg and the Western Ghats. All

the species of this genus possess a peculiar acrid »

juice of a dark color. Herbarium Specimens are
much wanted.

180 Holigarna ferruginea, Marcuanp. —
Resembling the last named, excepting that the
short, robust, racemes have larger flowers. The
tree is also less branched, while the herbacious parts
are rather thickly covered by a reddish tomentum,
181 Holigarna longifolia, Roxs. Kan. Kutugeri, »
ooteegheree. ;

References —Gamb. Man. Timb.; Fi. of Brit. Ind.

MYSORE AND COORG. 85

A tall tree with whitish bark and long narrow
leaves which are not drooping. Not uncommon on
the borders of the Ghats, and occasionally on coffee
estates and in the interior of the evergreen belt.
The small clustered flowers are produced in ample
panicles, which are finely pubescent. Drupe round,
hard, and said by Mr. Graham Anderson to be eaten
by the Toddy-cat.

“A large tree of the Western Ghats. Wood
grey, with yellowish streaks, soft. It, like all the
other species, gives a black acrid exudation which
raises blisters and is much dreaded by the hill
people.” Gamble.

182 Spondias mangifera, WILLD. Kan Amate. (Hind.
Amra,) Pundi.
Fig —Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 169.

-References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.;
Pharm. Ind.

The hog-plum of Europeans, and the Adhvaga-
bhogya of Sanskrit writers. A small, or, under the most
favourable conditions, medium sized tree. Wild, and
cultivated at intervals throughout the maidan. Leaves
deciduous during the cold season, perfectly glabrous,
odd-pinnate. Flowers small, creamy-white, in large
panicles preceding the young leaves in March. Fruit
hke a miniature mango, ripens in May and June,
makes a fine pickle in the half grown stage. Wood
soft, light-grey and of little value except as fuel.
A gum exudesfrom the trunk, which, with the fruit
-and bark, is used medicinally.

Cultivation.—The Amate possesses more than one
‘property which makes it worthy of cultivation. It is
easily produced from seed, and treated with special
care, in good garden soil it is very productive of fruit.
Plant seedlings at 20 feet apart. If near a water
channel or perennial stream of water, the result will
be satisfactory. .

86 FOREST TREES.

183 Spondias acuminata, Roxs.
Nothing is definitely known of this species, which
is described in the Flora of British India as “ an
elegant middling sized tree apparently differing from
S. mangifera chiefly in the smaller leaves with longer
points, the very short panicle and smooth stone,”
The tree should be searched for in tke hill forests. "

184 Schinus Molle, Liny.
' Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

The bastard pepper tree. Introduced from Brazil.
and cultivated for ornament in the cities of Banga-
lore and Mysore. A small evergreen tree of weep- |
ing habit. Often mistaken for a weeping-willow:
tree to which it bears some resemblance, except in
colour. But exclusive of distant effect, there is really
ho resemblance between the two species, which be-
long to widely separated families. Leaves glaucous...
For planting on lawns, behind tombstones and on_
the banks of garden ponds or streams, we have’
nothing to surpass the graceful habit of this tree. _
It grows rapidly in any loose soil of rich or moder- |
ately rich quality, but does not retain its beauty so
long as the willow. It is a resinous tree.

XXVIII. MORINGES.

185 Moringa pterygosperma, Garry. Kan. Nugge.

Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection ; Bedd.
Fi. Syl. t. 80.

Reterences—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.;
Brand. For. Fl. 129; Pharm. Ind.

A small soft-wooded tree, plentifully found in back-
yards, village enclosures and cultivated garden land
all over the country. To English denizens it is fami-
liar under the appellations “ drumstick” and “ horse-
radish tree.” Medicinal properties are attributed to
nearly every part of the plant, while the flowers,

MYSORE AND COORG. 87

fruit and roots are extensively eaten. In February
and March the tree is profusely covered by its creamy-
white blossom, and is a refreshing object at that sea-
son. The fleshy roots are an excellent substitute for
horse radish. Oil of Ben is expressed from the seed,
but in India the latter is seldom allowed to mature,
hence there is no local trade in this valued product.
It is a neglected industry which Dr. Watt brings
forcibly to notice in the following words :—

“ The oil from this species and that from M. aptera,
Juss. are commercially termed Ben oil and are high-
ly valued as lubricants by watch-makers.

It is, however, seldom made in India and does not
form an article of export, a fact which is the more
remarkable when one remembers the great extent to
which the tree is cultivated. India might easily, and
apparently profitably, supply the whole world with
Ben or Moringa oil, and itis to be hoped that atten-
tion may be directed to the subject.” Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

The reason why the seeds are not allowed to attain
maturity is simply because the tender fruit is univer-
sally used as a popular vegetable, the crop of a single
tree occasionally realising five rupees. In other
words, the fruitis of more value to the cultivator than
the seed would be, unless high prices are offered for
the latter.

186 Moringa concanensis, Nimmo.

There is a tree at Bannerghatta in the Anekal Ta-
luk, which may be referred to this species. It is larger
in all its parts than M. aspera and the flowers are
streaked with red. The species has not been obsery-
ed in local gardens.

Cultivation —Although it may .be difficult to pro-
cure seed in quantity, for the reasons explained
above, it is abundantly produced in reserved trees
and germinates very readily. Being a small tree of

88 FOREST TREES.

rather short duration, it is usually planted in various.
nooks and corners, where species of @ more perma-
nent nature would not be put. It coppices well, and is.
usually renovated by that practice when the crops :
of fruit are falling off or when a tree becomes un-
shapely.

Easily propagated from cuttings of the matured :
wood. For exclusive planting the trees should be put
out at 15—20 feet apart. Ordinary garden land suits
admirably, but occasional top-dressings of lime at one |
time and rotted farm-yard manure at another will
sustain the trees and make them more productive of
fruit and seed. These remarks apply to both the
Moringas.

ee

XXIX. LEGUMINOSA.

187 Sesbania egyptiaca, Prrs. Kan, Jinangi,

Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection ; Wight
Ee ae ee

Reference.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

A soft-wooded shrub or small tree usually found
in swamps and nullahs, Attaing maturity rapidly
and lives for only 3—5 years. 2

It is occasionally planted as a support to the betel
vine, but is most prized for its medicinal leaves and
seed. The pith of the stem is employed by fisher-
men as floats, while the woody parts afford good
material for making gunpowder-charcoal. The
species is self-productive in moist. situations.

188 Sesbania aculeata, Pens. is a smaller prickly ”
species of annual duration, Found in similar
situations,

189 Sesbania grandiflora, Pers. Kun, Agase,
Pig.— Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.
Reference—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind,

A slender short-lived tree of domestic cultivation,

MYSORE AND COORG. 89

There are two varieties, having white and red flowers
respectively. The latter are dedicated to Shiva, and
of all pea-flowers they are perhaps the largest and
prettiest. The tree shoots up very quickly and af-
fords an excellent prop for the betel vine. The tender
leaves, pods and flowers, are popular native vege-
tables, while the root, gum, bark and flowers have
medicinal properties, of which the people avail them-
selves to some extent.

Cultivation—Propagated from seed and self-
productive where the surface soil is loose and un-
even. In betel gardens the tree is planted in rows
at intervals of 3—4 feet. The species requires a
somewhat moist situation.

190 Erythrina indica, Lam. Kan. Warjipe, Halivana,

Palivana.

Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection; ‘Wight
ie. i 38. ’
References.— Pharm. Ind. ; Dict. of Econ. Prod.

of Ind.

The Indian coral tree, 30 to 45 feet. Scattered
throughout the maidan forests and clinging to the
foot of the hills, occasionally cultivated for ornament.
Bark thin, grey, sparsely protected by small black-
ish prickles. Leaves deciduous during the cold sea-
son, large, 3-foliolate; preceded at the commence-
ment of the hot season by a gorgeous display of coral-
red flowers, which are visible from long distances in
certain lights. Often employed to form fences around
betel gardens and to train the vines over. The spe-
cies is admirably adapted for this work on account
of its rapidity of growth and the facility possessed
for its easy propagation by cuttings of all sizes. Al-
though very light—weighing only 20 lb. per cubic
foot—and open-grained, the woodis rather durable
and takes a good varnish. On the latter account it is
much used at Channapatna, as elsewhere, in the

12

90 FOREST TREES.

manofacture of lacquered-ware articles, Being white
and soft, it is also used for making ornamental boxes,
scabbards, trays, drums, masks and panels. It is the
mucht wood of Madras, Cattle are supposed to be
fond of the tender foliage, but the young shoots are
rather densely covered with prickles. Hrythrina
indica var. alba has pure white flowers, but in all
other respects it is identical with the specific
form.

Cultivation.— An exceedingly hardy tree which
seems to do equally well in moist or dry land. It is
also of easy propagation by seeds and cuttings. Not
of very long duration. Asa fine flowering tree, it is
well adapted for pleasure grounds, where it becomes
@ conspicuous object in the month of March.

191 Erythrina stricta, Roxs. Kan. Kichige, Keechaga.
Fig—Bedd. Fi. Sylv.t. 175.

References—Fi. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ,
Prod. of Ind. -

This is a larger tree found on the outskirts of the
evergreen belt, and at intervals across the plains of
Mysore. Trunk and branches rather profusely cover-
ed with whitish prickles. Leaves as in the last
named. Flowers crimson. To determine between
H. indica and E. stricta, itis necessary to study the
morphology, in each species, of the calyx, keel-petals
and fruit, The latter contains only 2—3 seeds in the
species under notice. Wood very soft and light,
occasionally used as deal. In Manjarabad it is also
used “ for making bowls, pig troughs and rough doors
for native houses” Graham Anderson.

Although abundant in Coorg, this tree is less known
and less utilised than Erythrina indica. It requires
about the same treatment in cultivation and is easily
multiplied by seeds and cuttings.

192 Erythrina ovalifolia, Roxs.
A medium sized \tree of the open hill tracts.

MYSORE AND COORG. 91

Branches paleigrey. Prickles black. Leaflets twice
as long as broad, the end one very long and ovate
to obovate-oblong. Uses of the species unrecorded.
193 Erythrina suberosa, Roxs. A deciduous tree of
the lower ranges of the Western Ghats, attaining a
height of 40—50 feet. Distinguished from the other
Species by its ruptured, corky bark, yellowish prick-
les, and pilose tomentum on the underside of the leaf.
Wood similar to that of H.¢ndzca, and may be ap-
plied to the same uses.
194 Erythrina glauca, Wintp,. An American tree
‘cultivated in the Lal-Bagh, where it attains a height
of 50—60 feet. Leaves glaucous. The new species
E. caffra and E. latissima, have recently been intro-
duced from Africa.
195 Butea frondosa, Roxs. Kan. Muttaga.
Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Bedd. Fi.

Sylv. t. 176.

The Pulas kino tree. Commonly known in the
north as the “dhak tree.” Medium sized. Leaves
deciduous im the cold season, and preceded in
February or March, by a gorgeous display of orange-
crimson flowers. Very common in some of the maidan
tracts of Mysore and Coorg, also in the large tim-.
ber forests of South Mysore. When in full blos-.
som the tree is a conspicuous object throughout the.
above districts. The polished leaflets are popu-
larly used by the Brahmins in lieu of plates ; and
the small twigs and branchlets are collected for
sacrificial functions. Wood of little value except
under submersion, when it is said to be dur-
able. Weight 35 lb. per cubic foot. These uses,
added to the medicinal properties of several parts of
the species, render it one of the best known trees in
‘India. When wounded, the bark yields aruby
coloured gum of an astringent and brittle nature
commonly called “bastard kino.” The flowers, treat-
ed with alum, yield the dye commonly used during

92 FOREST TREES.

the Holi festival. Anthelmintic properties are at-
tributed to the seeds, especially in veterinary prac-
tice, being a well known remedy for horses. The
lac insect is propagated on the tree in Oudh, the
Central Provinces and Gujerat.

Cultivation.Seeds germinate very freely (80
per cent) within 15 to 20 days. Swampy land is
unsuited for the cultivation of the species, which
affects dry situations among rocks and where the
subsoil is more or less gravelly. Plant at 25 to 30
feet apart. ;
196 Dalbergia Sissoo, Roxs. Kan. Biridi, Bindi, Cish-

_ mabage.
Fig-— Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Bedd. Fi.
Sylv. t. 25.

References.—Brand. For. Fl. 149; Dict. of
: Econ. Prod. of Ind.

This elegant tree is now common about Bangalore,
but elsewhere it is sparsely cultivated, and is not
generally found in the provincial forests. Of all local
trees, it has proved the fittest for planting in rocky
land, and where the soil is naturally poor and stony.

Seasoned timber weighs 45—50 lb. per cubic foot. It

is strong, elastic, and well adapted for works of en-
gineering, carpentry, and cabinet furniture. In the
latter utility the heartwood alone is suitable, being
easily seasoned, distinctly coloured and susceptible
of a fine polish. The Sissoo isalso known to bea
first class wood where great elasticity is required, as
in the construction of boats and carriages. But in
this part of India the economic properties of the
species are practically unknown. In the north it is
well known and much appreciated as a timber tree.
Possessing pretty foliage and a distinct habit of
growth, it is an effective tree for grouping in
pleasure grounds, where it is very rarely quite bare
of leaf.

Cultivation.—Seeds germinate readily in the nur-
sery-bed, and the species is very self-productive by

MYSORE AND COORG. 93

means of offsets from the root. In this way, a little
family of young trees will often be found around
the parent. Stony, gravelly and sandy soils are
the most suitable, but depth is required as the
tree forms'a long tap-root. Growth is usually
rapid and the species coppices well. It is too valu-
able for fuel, otherwise it is admirably suited to
raise plantations on’ waste land for that purpose.
197 Dalbergia latifolia, Roxs. Kan. Bite, Beetee, Biti,
Thodagatti. .
Fig.— Wight Ic. t. 1156. Bedd. Fl, Sylv.t. 24.

References.—Bryand. For. Fl. 148. Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

The blackwood or rosewood of Southern India. A
deciduous tree of the Mysore and Coorg forests,
where it attains alarge size and affords timber of
the best quality. Itis areserved tree of the State
forests and therefore well known to the officials of
the forest department. Sapwood yellow, com-
paratively small ; heartwood purplish-black, heavy—
weighing 55—60 lb. per cubic foot—durable, close-
grained, but somewhat brittle. Itis a valuable wood
for all classes of furniture and cabinet work, and is
used in preference, when procurable, for railway
sleepers, gun-carriages, cart-wheels and knees of
vessels. But these demands make it expensive, and
a single tree has been known to sell for Rs 70, while
inthe Coorg forests the Government rate is 5 to 6
/ annas a cubic foot. The timber isexported to
Europe from the Malabar forests vd western ports.
Coffee flourishes under the Bite, and some planters
maintain that the latter affords the best shade for
that important cultivation. Anderson mentions that
“chips are burnt in cressets by the natives at festi-
valsand give a splendid light.” Rosewood inlaid-
work has become a local industry. in the. city of
Mysore under the auspices of His Highness the
Maharaja.

94 FOREST TREES.

Cultivation —The Bite possesses great vitality and
is reproductive from seed and coppice. Seeds germi-
nate freely in the nursery also. With regard to posi-
tion the tree does equally well in mixed or evergreen
zones, providing that the soil is deep and the eleva-
tion 2,500 to 4,000 feet. A good rainfall is also favor-
able, as it igs noticed that the trees are smaller in .
size as they approach the dry districts. ;

In forming an exclusive plantation of this species,
the seedlings could be planted at 15 feet apart with
the view of subsequently removing every alternate

‘ sapling.
198 Dalbergia rubiginosa, Roxs. An extensive
woody climber of the Western Ghats.

199 Dalbergia sympathetica, Nimo.

A powerful climber having strong recurved thorns.
Flowering in February and March. The roots and
leaves afford native drugs, and the bark is used to
remove pimples.

200 Dalbergia lanceolaria, Linn. Kan. Hassur gauni,
Hasar ganni,

Fig.—Wight Ic. t. 266; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 88.

References.—Brand. For. Fl,; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

A large tree of the deciduous forests. F lowering
in March and ripening its fruit in June. Very at-
tractive while in leaf, and worthy of a central
place in ornamental grounds.

Wood whitish, heavy, weighing 62 lb. per cubic
foot, but not very durable, although it ig said to be
used for building in some parts of India, Medicinal
properties are attributed to the root and bark, as
also to an oil which ig expressed from the seed. The
Species can be propagated from seed, and grows well
in garden, forest, or loamy soils. A highly orna-
mental tree, although bare of leaf for rather a long
period.

re

MYSORE AND COORG. 95

201 Dalbergia paniculata, Roxs. Kan. Pachari, Pa-
chali, Pachale, Pacheri.

Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 88.

References-—Brand. For. Fl. 150; Fl. of Brit.
Ind. ; Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

A tall deciduous tree. Tolerably common, but of
small growth at Nundydroog. In Shimoga, and '
the open Malnad generally, the species attains its
full size. Wood greyish-white, of little value, being
soft and very subject to the attacks of insects. Weight,
when seasoned, 88—48 lb. per cubic foot. Not
considered good for fuel, although it is occasionally
recommended for that use. M. Venkatnarnappa
reports that in Shikarpur the tamburi, vina, and other
musical instruments are manufactured from the sea-
soned wood. lLovery says it is used for fuel in Shi-
moga. The tree comes into flower and young leaf in
the hot season, and ripens fruit in July or August.
Seeds germinate at about the rate of 50 per cent.
Cultivation is easy.

202 Pterocarpus santalinus, Linn. Kan. Kempu-
gandha chekke, Rakta-chandana.
Pig.—Bedd, Fl. Sylv. t. 22; Bentl. & Trim. t. 82.

References.—Pharm. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind. ; Fl. of Brit. Ind.

The red Sanders or Sanders red tree. Also, but
erroneously, called the red sandalwood. A small
deciduous tree of the Cuddapah and Arcot districts,
and extending sparsely to the eastern hills of Mysore.
Cultivated in the forest plantations of the N undy-
droog division, but not generally found in the maidan
forests. In flower and fruit the species bears a close
resemblance to Honne, but it is a much smaller tree
while the leaflets are rarely more than three in
number.

When freshly cut, the heartwood is of a rich
orange-red colour, but on exposure it becomes pur-

96 FOREST TREES.

plish-black. Reduced to a paste on a wet slab, the
coloured wood is used to smear the body during
ablutional and religious ceremonies ; and it 1s chiefly
on this account that it has become associated with
real sandalwood, Santalum album. ‘‘The wood is of a
fine red colour and beautifully streaked, very hard
and heavy,— Weight about 76 lb. per cubic foot, and
sufficiently heavy tosink in water — and takes a
fine polish ; itis much used and highly prized by
the natives for building purposes and for turnery in
Madras and the districts in which it grows ; itis also
largely exported from Madrasas a dye wood, and
used as ballast; it is a very small tree, not often
found over 34 or 4 feet in girth and about 20 to 25
feet in height, the largest trees reach 44 feet in girth
but are then much heart shaken or hollow. The lar-
gest tree in our plantations is five years old, and is
18 feet 5 inches high and g inches in girth. A bandy-
load of selected logs will sell for as much as 200
rupees, 2. ¢., 20 logs at 10 rupees each ; the roots and
stumps used for dyeing purposes, sell at 6 to 9 rupees .
the 1,000 lbs. The cattle during the dry season are.
much fed upon the leaves of this tree, and young
saplings are often bodily cut down by thousands by
the cowherds. ” Beddome. :

Red Sanders wood is not attacked by white ants, |
and it is well known in Europe ag an ingredient in
French polish.

Cultivation— Propagate from seed gathered in
June. The usual practice is to sow the entire pod,
containing one or two seeds, after steeping it for 24
hours in water; itis then pressed firmly into the
soil edge-wise, so that the wings are at right angles
to the surface. Treated in this way, all the fertile |
seeds will germinate within 20 to 25 days. But seed-
lings are delicate during the first six months of their
existence, and over-watering during that period
would have the same disastrous result as giving no

MYSORE AND COORG. 97°

water at all. At six months of age the seedlings’
should be carefully transplanted into tile-pots or.
wicker baskets, which are removed at once to a pro-
tection ground. The species affects warm rocky
situations where the soil is neither very rich nor
very poor. Permanent saplings should stand 20 feet
apart. Government plantations would be likely to
succeed well in the direction of Maklidrug, Thonde-
bhavi and Goribidnur.
203 Pterocarpus Marsupium, Roxs. Kan. Hone,
Honne, Bibla.
Fig —Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection; Bedd. ¥1.
Sylv. t. 21; Bentl. § Trim. t. 81.

References.—Fl. of . Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.; Pharm. Ind.

The Indian kino tree. Common in all the deciduous
forests of Mysore and Coorg, but small and rare in
the drier zones. Leaves 5—7 pinnate, deciduous, or
often only subdeciduous, in the months of June or
July. Flowering in October, and maturing fruit in
February; flowers golden-yellow. Pod roundish, wing-
ed, containing one or two seeds. Wood close-grained,
reddish-brown, tough, strong, durable, seasons well
and takes a good polish. Weighs 53 lb. per cubic
foot. Stains yellow when wetted and discolors moist
plaster. Except thatit is somewhat difficult to work,
this timber possesses great merit and frequently
sells almost as well as teak; it makes beautiful
furniture and is widely utilised for carts, felloes,
posts, window frames, doors and agricultural imple-
ments. The bark when wounded, or naturally, yields
a beautiful crimson gum—the true kino of commerce—
which forms one of the minor products of the State
forests. Kino is an article of export and is locally
offered for sale in the form of blackish-red angular
fragments full of cracks; and owing to its high
export value, ‘Pulas Kino’ (Butea frondosa) and other
inferior substitutes are replacing the true kino in

13

native medicine. This valuable tree is reserved by
Government. ener
ultivation—, The seeds are occasionally unfertile
hot cdle nd hen healthy trees and treated as direct.
ed for the preceding species, they will germinate,
The outer zone of the Malnad, where the rainfall in- .
creases from 50 to 100 inches per annum appears
to be the most favourable situation for this tree.
‘Permanent saplings should stand at 30 feet apart.

204 Pongamia glabra, Vent. Kan. Honge.

Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Bedd.
FI. Sylv. t. 177,

‘References.—Drury U. Pl. ; Dict. of Econ. Prod.
of Ind.

The Indian beech. A deciduous or subdeciduous
tree of moist situations, especially near the sea-
coast. Common in Mygore and Coorg, where it is well
known and much planted as an avenue tree. With
shining green leaves, and pendent racemes of
lilac-rose to nearly pure white flowers, half con. .
cealed in the leafy foliage, it is admirably adapted
tor the above purpose. The species comes into full
leaf early in March when other trees are mostly

dormant andis then an object of admiration and
shelter to the weary traveller.

Wood tough and li
cubic foot, white when cut, but tu

paddy fields ag green
the crop. When collects

MYSORE AND COORG, 99

<=

ed into a small pit and allowed to ferment for a few
weeks, the flowers become a useful fertiliser for
plants in pots. Honge cake is a valued manure for
certain crops and especially for. coffee, in Mysore
and Coorg.

Cultivation—Removed from the pod, the seeds
germinate freely under the usual treatment; and
seedlings are large enough. to: put out permanently.
in the second year of cultivation in the nursery.
They should be planted in naturally moist situations,
as by the sides of tanks and streams and in the dips
of valleys. Forty feet should be allowed between the
trees.

205 Cesalpinia Bonducella, Fremine. Kan. Sanna
Gajjiga.
Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

An extensive climber armed with numerous prick-
les. It forms impenetrable thickets around villages
and wherever it is‘ allowed scope. This is the species
with small seeds.

206 Ceesalpinia Bonduc, Roxs. Kan. Gajjiga.
Fig —Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

The fever nut.or nicker tree. An immense climber
possessing: the same characteristics as the preceding
species but larger in-nearly all its prominent parts:
The leaden coloured seeds are used by-the village
children in lieu of marbles; their principal use,
however, is in native medicine, for which they possess:
a marketable value of about Rs. 12 per cwt. They
contain.a fixed oil-resin, with a bitter substance,
which is used as an antiperiodic in fever.
207 Cesalpinia Sappan, Linn, Kan. Patanga, Sap-

panga.
¥ig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.
References.—Dict.of Econ. Prod: of Ind.; Pharm.
Ind.

100 _ FOREST TREES.

The sappan-wood tree. A small thorny tree or.
woody climber of the deciduous tracts. The red heart-r'|
wood affords a dye which is largely consumed in the, :
preparation of Gulal. Wood whitish when cut, but.
quickly turning red from exposure ; solid, close-
grained and susceptible of a good polish. Weight 52
to 60 Ib. per cubic foot ; it imparts a reddish colour to
water and is said to possess medicinal properties.,” |
Sappan dye commands a fair price in the Indian mar...’
ket; but the tree is not very abundant in Mysore.
or Coorg. It is easily raised from seeds, in fact re-
productive, and israther showy with its finely pin-—
nate leaves and large yellow flowers.

208 Ceesalpinia pulcherrima, Swartz. Kan. Kenjige,
Ratnagandi.

Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

A small deciduous tree or large shrub, according -
to position. Confined to gardens, where it is mostly :
cultivated for ornament. The species is best known.
to English residents by the names “ Flower Fence”.
and “ Barbadoes Pride.” Flowers large and showy,
red, tinged with yellow, and in the variety lutea, *
wholly orange-yellow. Ink is made from the charred
wood, while nearly every part of the tree is sup-
posed to possess some medicinal virtue. The flowers»
are placed in the Hindu temples.

Cultivation—Raise from seed and plant at inter-
vals of 20 feet in the centre of a large shrubbery. '
Special soil is not needed, but the situation should be ‘'
naturally or artificially drained. :

209 Cesalpinia_ sepiaria, Roxs. Kan. Kurado
Gajjige, Hotsige. ‘

Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Wight
ke. €,, 87,
Reference.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.
The Mysore thorn. <A prickly

: climber of 1
dimensions, usually foun mber of ample

d on the outskirts of villages,’

MYSORE AND COORG, 101

to which it was a source of protection in former
days. It forms an impenetrable thicket, and is said
to have-been employed by Hyder Ahi to cover his
fortifications. Itis a good nurse-plant for sandal
seedlings, and would form an excellent fence for
plantations. The flowers are in bright yellow racemes.
and very pretty.

210 Czxsaipinia coriaria, WILLD.

The American sumach or divi-divi. An um-
brella-shaped tree with beautiful dark-green foliage
and small yellow flowers. Oultivated at Banga-
lore and in a few provincial stations, but nowhere
on a'‘large scale. There are some good trees in
the compound of Stewart’s Coffee Works at Hunsur,
ag also on Mr. Petrie Hay’s property in the same town.
The divi-divi is rather slow of growth at first, but
once started is very tenacious of life, and apparently
lives to an old age. Asa tanning material, the sinuous
pods are of great value. The few trees in local cul-
tivation fruit abundantly every year, and there is
reason to suppose that the species would become
remunerative in the forests. Full-sized pods contain
50 per cent of pure tannin and are worth 100—150
rupees aton. One or ‘two fine trees may be seen
in the Residency grounds at Bangalore. Seeds have
been distributed far and wide for many years. In
forming a plantation final trees should stand at 40
feet apart. Wood of little value.

211 Czesalpinia tinctoria.

A small tree of South America. Cultivated in
the Botanical Gardens.
212 Peltophorum’ ferrugineum, Brnts.

Reference — Benth. Fi. Austr.

A tall unarmed tree of the subdeciduous tracts.
Good for scenic planting. Flowers yellow and showy.
Economic properties unknown.

213 Pterolobium indicum, A Ricu. Kan. Bada
bakka,

102 FOREST TREES.

Fig. — Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Wight.
Ie. ¢. 196.

A prickly climber of the scrub tracts, Suitable for
fencing, except that sheep and goats are very fond
of the tender herbage. A showy plant with a
peculiar winged fruit, which assumes several pretty:
colours during growth. Flowers pale yellow.

214 Poinciana elata, Linn. Kan. Suvkatti.
Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Bedd.

Fl. Sylv. t. 178.
References.—Dict. of Hcon. Prod. of Ind.;
Pharm, Ind.

.A small tree of the maidan, but not very abundant
anywhere. There are a few specimens in the com-
pound of the Travellers Bungalow at Mysore. The
native herbalist attaches much importance to the
medicinal virtues of the leaf, the juice of which is
recommended for rheumatism, flatulence, and general;
debility ; it is also given to women after confinement.
Although small in size, this tree is ornamental while
in leaf and flower; the latter is large, pale yellow,
with reddish filaments of ample dimensions. The
wood is said to be fairly good for cabinet work and
weighs, when seasoned, 45 lb. per cubic foot. The
tree is bare of leaf in December or January.

Cultivation.— Easily propagated from cuttings,
and well suited for cultivation on the plains of My-
sore in porous soils. Plant at 25 to 30 feet apart.
215 Poinciana Regia, Bosrr.

Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

The goldmohur tree. Introduced from Madagas-
car and cultivated in local gardens for scenic effect.
Deciduous during the cold season and bursting into
splendid blossom during the months of March, April
and May.

Flowers large and clustered, crimson-yellow to
gold and nearly pure white, streaked with scarlet
and crimson of many hues.

MYSORE AND oooRC. 103

As a flowering tree, the ‘ Goldmohur’ or ‘ Masca-
rene’ is certainly one of the most gorgeous we pos-
sess. It is spreading to the villages and will eventu-
ally become naturalised. Easily raised from seed,
but soft wooded, and not very long-lived. For
avenues, plant at 40 feet apart.

216 Parkinsonia aculeata, Linn.

The Jews thorn. A shrub or small tree cultivated
in the Lal-Bagh. Flowers bright yellow. Indigenous
to tropical America.

217 Cassia Fistula, Linn. Kan. Kakke, Kakee.

Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. 91. Wight Ic. t. 269.

Réferences.—Dict. of Leon. Prod. of Ind. ;
Pharm. Ind.

The Indian laburnum. On the plains this is little
-better than ashrub, or at besta small tree; but
towards Coorg and West Mysore it attains a height
of 30—40 feet, and is described as an exceedingly
handsome tree while in blossom. The species suc-
‘ceeds well near the sea coast also, and good specimens
may be seen in Madras, especially in the compound
of St. George’s Cathedral, where it flowers profusely
in the month of June. But on the Mysore plateau
and on the lower ranges of the Nilgiri hills, it will
be seen in blossom during the months of April and
May; its pendent racemes of rich golden-yellow
flowers often shrouding the tree from top to bottom.

Wood small but durable, weighing 50 lb. per cubic
foot; heartwood reddish-brown to brick-red, hard,
‘but brittle and apt to fracture. Used for paddy
grinders, posts and agricultural implements. The

.batk affords fibre, tannin and gum. The fresh pilp
‘of the fruit—a blackish terete pod nearly 2 feet in
length—is a well known purgative, and the parched
leaves.are eaten with ordinary food asa mild laxative,

Cultivation —In nature this tree affects dry situa-

104 FOREST TREES.

tions on the lower ranges of the hills where, however,
the rainfall is pretty constant and heavy. It also
thrives better at the seacoast than in the interior
plains. Under careful management the seed ger-
minates sparsely in three months from time of sow-
ing. There does not appear to be any reproduction
from seed in the jungle, although the plant is self-
multiplied by suckers and offsets. It should find a
place in garden shrubberies. Bare of leaf in the
month of January.

218 Cassia marginata, Roxs. .
Fig—Bedd. Fl. Syl. t. 180 ; Bot. Plates Lal-
Bagh Collection.

References.—L/l. of Brit. Ind, ; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind. =

This beautiful evergreen tree is cultivated for orna-
ment in local gardens, at Mysore, and in a few pro-
vincial towns. It is said to be indigenous to the

Western Peninsula, but there is no record of its being |
other than cultivated toa small extent within the

territories of Mysore. It forms an attractive picture |

in the months of June and July when covered with
its rosy-red flowers on pendent branches, the latter
often sweeping the ground. A few good specimens

are prominently situated in the Cubbon Park, where °

they are much admired. Wood said to be hard and
durable. The flowers are very fragrant. .

Cultivation —Seeds are uncertain and very slow of

germination, unless they are forced in half-fermented _

litter such as rapidly decaying leaves. Sown in ordi-
nary soilthey rarely sprout at all. In the early
stages of development the seedlings grow slowly,
and alittle forcing is necessary to them also, For

avenues, this tree should be planted at 35 to 40
feet apart.

219 scare occidentalis, Linn. Kan. Koltagaci, Dodda
agaci. ae es

MYSORE AND COORG, 105

An annual or biennial shrub of waste tracts ; readi-
ly determined by its foetid odour. The legume re-
sembles a walking stick, and hence the vernacular
name applied to the species. ‘Medicinal properties
are attributed to the leaves and seeds.

220 Cassia sophera, LINN. Very ae the preceding
species and also medicinal.

221 Cassia auriculata, Linn. Kan. Olle fennel Tan-
- gadi, Avarike, Avara.

Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

References.— Vict. of Econ, Prod. of Ind. ; Drury
UW, Pi.

-This useful shrub iscommonly known to Europe-
ans as the “tanner’s bark” and to the Kanarese
people as olle tangadi. It is abundant in most
ofthe scrub tracts, where it commands attention
both for ornament and utility.

The bright yellow flowers, produced in ample clust-
ers at the ends of the branches, lend interest to the
landscape, and are often admired from the passing
train. Tangadi bark is indispensable to the local
tanner, as also to workers in iron who use the root-
bark for tempering iron with steel. There is there-
fore a brisk local trade in the product, although when
grown on Government land it is subject to a seignior-
age of Rs. 20 acartload. But delivered inthe bazaar,
a cartload usually weighs 80—100 maunds of 100 Ib.
each, valued at 14 ans. to one rupee per maund, As
analysed by Professor J. J. Hummel, Director of
the Dyeing Department of the Yorkshire College,
Leeds, the bark of Cassia auriculata contained 20°5
per cent of tannic acid. It is therefore one of the
richest substances for tanning. The bark and seeds
aremuch esteemed in Indian pharmacy. Being so
abundant in the wild state the bush is rarely cultivat-
ed, but the natural supply can easily be supplement-
ed by this means elon the demand. for bark.

14

106 FOREST TREES.

increase, The species should be included in garden
shrubberies.
222 Cassia siamea, Lam. Kan. Sime Tangadi.

Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Bedd.
Fil. Sylv. t. 179.

References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.; Kurz.
For. Fl. Burm.

An evergreen tree of moderate to large size and
quick growth. Best known by its former name,. Cas-
sia jivrida, Vahl. Rather extensively planted as an
avenue tree and for fuel, for which it is well adapt-
ed. Beddome describes the wood in the following
words :— a .

“The wood is of a yellowish brown.¢olour some-
times beautifully marked with irregular black streaks,
close-grained, hard and durable, but not stiff, works
kindly with a smooth surface and stands a good
polish, a cubic foot unseasoned weighs 68— 70 lb. and
when seasoned 58 lb.” This tree, which is otherwise
desirable for planting in the forests, has the pecu-
liarity of suddenly dying outin certain localities,
The cause of this is not fully investigated, but it is
‘possibly due to the presence of sulphate of iron or
some equally injurious mineral in the subsoil.

Cultivation.— When they fall upon a moist uneven
surface, the seeds of this hardy tree are self-produc-
tive. The species also coppices well.

. Nursery seedlings can be raised in great numbers
without any trouble. In plantations the latter should
be put outat 12 feet apart, the ultimate distance
between permanent saplings being 24 feet. It affords:
excellent fuel.

223 Cassia glauca, Lam.

An ornamental tree cultivated in the Lal-Bagh.
Indigenous to Burmah, Ceylon and Malacca. Bal-
four states that, the bark, mixed with sugar and
water, is given in diabetes.

MYSORE AND COORG. 107

224 Hardwickia binata, Roxs. Kau. Karachi, Kammar,
Asanagurgi, Kamra.
Fig. —Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 26.
References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.; Gamb.
Man. Timb.

A deciduous tree of the maidan forests, but mostly
confined to the Tumkur and Chitaldroog Districts,
where it attains fair growth. Very abundant in the
Bukkapatna forest of the Sira Taluk. The maximum
height of 100 feet is rarely attained in Mysore, al-
though trees of that size are not uncommon in the
Salem and Coimbatore districts. It isa reserved tree
affording one-of the most durable timbers in India.
Heartwood abundant, close-grained, dark-red tinged
with purple; soft and easytowork when newly cut but
subsequently’ becoming extremely hard and difficult
to manipulate. Weight, unseasoned, 80—82 Ib. per
cubic foot; seasoned wood is considerably lighter,
takes a fine polish, and is well adapted for cabinet
and artistic work. In the localities where it grows, it
is much used in the construction of bridges, houses,
and agricultural implements ; and being durable un-
derground, it is an invaluable timber for works of
mining and engineering. Other useful products are
afforded by the species in the shape of gum, tan,
fibre, and fodder. With regard to the last named
product, which consists ofthe young shoots and
leaves, some restrictions are necessary to protect
such a valuable tree from the rapacity of cowherds
and cattle.

“Cattle being very fond of the leaves, the tree is
pollarded to a frightful extent wherever it grows.
It is heart rending to see the damage done in the
Cauvery forests.” Beddome.

Cultivation —This species is confined to the deci-
duous forests of South and Central India, where it is
found at intervals on sandstone, trap, and even gra-
nite. In the matter of soil and rainfall, it is some-
what peculiar, Seeds germinate pretty well.

108 FOREST TREES.

225 Hardwickia pinnata, Roxs. Kan. Yenne mara.
Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 255.
References.—Gamb. Man. Timb.; Dict. of Heon.
Prod. of Ind.

A large tree of the Malnad and Western Ghats. It
yields, from the heartwood, a balsamic oleo-resin-
of some importance. The following is an abbre- ,
viated note of Mr. Broughton’s report on the oil :—~

“It appears to consist of chemically different
resins in an essential oil, isin fact an oleo-resin.
Like the wood oils from the different species of
Dipterocarpus, it greatly resembles, both in composi-
tion and properties, the Copaiva balsam, though it
lacks the transparency and light yellow colour of
the latter. Itis nearly entirely soluble in ammonia,
but does not produce a clear solution. The essential
oil has the same composition as that from Copaiva
balsam.

The balsam is well worthy of being tried in
medicine, since from the composition it appears to
be well suited for employment, at least in the

neighbourhood of the country in which it is collect-
ed.”

The timber is used for building in the inhabited
localities where it grows. Weight about 47 lb. per
cubic foot. Heartwood brown, and much reduced in
proportion to the sapwood.

226 Saraca indica, Linn. Kan. Asoka, Ashoka,
re Achenge.

Fig—Wight Ic. t. 206. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 57.

References.—Fi. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

An evergreen tree of great beauty, especially
while in young leaf and flower. Ascending to 3,000.
feet in the Malnad and Coorg, but often planted on
the plains, in gardens, and in the Vicinity of temples.

MYSORE AND coore. 109

Cultivated in the Lal-Bagh. The flowers, which are
rich orange changing to dull red, are produced in
ample corymbs between the leaves during the hot
season. They are in demand for the temples, and
-the whole tree is prized by the Hindus for its
medicinal properties and great beauty. In the open
“Malnad it would form beautiful avenues, in private
grounds. The quality of the timber is unknown,
beyond the fact that the heartwood is dark-coloured.
Propagation from seed is easy.

227 Tamarindus indica, Linn. Kan. Hunise, Hunase.

Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Bedd.

Fl. Sylv. t. 184. Bentl. §& Trim. t. 92.

References.—Brand. For. Flora; Fl. of Brit.
Ind. ; Pharm. Ind. :

The tamarind tree. Being self-sown and popularly
planted everywhere, this handsome species is well
known to the people. It is of slow growth, but
possesses so many useful properties, added to a
symmetrical and pleasant exterior, that it is widely
cultivated in avenues and topes. A large evergreen
tree, attaining in favorable localities to 80 feet. It
flowers very profusely in April and May and yields a
crop of fruit in the cold season. Heartwood very
hard and.durable but difficult to work. Weight
about 60 lb. per cubic foot. Highly prized for the
naves of wheels, rice pounders, mallets, tent pegs,
paddy crushers, oil and sugar mills, and the turning
lathe ; also for various articles of furniture; handles
to tools and such like. Cultivated almost entirely
for its fruit, the pulp of which contains citric, malic
and tartaric acid. This pulp is extensively used in
food, and diffused in water, to which is added a little
sugar and cardamom powder, it makes a popular
cooling drink. Tamarindsseeds are roasted and
eaten by many classes, while the lower orders
occasionally use them as a masticatory (in the: raw -
state) in lieu of betel-nut. Important medicinal pro-

110 FOREST TREES.

perties are attributed to the fruit, leaves, and seed.
A cement is also made from the latter which is
generally used by the Kurbars as a dressing to
kamblies or country-made blankets. The acid
exhalation from the foliage of the tamarind tree is
said to be injurious to health, on which account the
peasants will rarely sleep under it. Grasses and
other plants languish under its shade, and eventually
die off as the shade becomes denser ; but this in all
probability is due to the absence of sufficient light,
and the presence of numerous surface roots which
monopolise the space under the branches of the tree,
The tamarind tree assumes the form of a gigantic
bouquet, and is ah admirable subject for avenue
and scenic planting.

Cultivation —Tamarind seeds germinate very
freely and there is no trouble in transplanting seed-
lings while they are under a footin height. But for
roadside planting it is advisable to rear the seedlings
in baskets or tile-pots until they are about two feet
high... Growth is usually very slow in hard or stiff
adhesive soils, but when the soil is made up, or
naturally of a loose nature, the growth will be com- —
paratively rapid, although never very rapid in the
case of this species. A good crop of tamarind fruit,
the produce of a single tree, will realise Rs. 4—5,
while the bazaar value of fruit-pulp is Rs. 2—8 per
maund of 252 lbs.

228 Bauhinia tomentosa, Linn. Kan. Vana, sampage.

Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. 92.

Reference.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

* A shrub of the scrubetracts. Occasionally eul-
tivated in gardens for its fragrant leaves and pretty
yellow flowers. The former are said to cure headache
and are externally applied for that purpose, es-

MYSORE AND COORG. 111

pecially by women after their confinement. Medicin-
al properties are attributed to nearly every part of
the shrub.

229 Bauhinia acuminata, Linn.

A shrub or small tree with handsome white flow-
ers, which are very fragrant. Properties unknown.
230 Bauhinia Vahlii, W. & A.

Fig.—Bot. Plates. Lal-Bagh Collection.

- Reference.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

This enormous camels-foot climber isindigenous to
the Malnad, where it probably gives the forester a
good deal of trouble by its widespreading invest-
‘ment of forest trees. But although troublesome as
a neighbour, this splendid climber possesses useful
properties and is of much value to the tribes of the
lower Himalaya, to whom it affords cordage, food,
and medicine. The hark yields a strong fibre, and
the seeds are eaten by the hill people, both raw and
fried. A fine specimen may be seen in the Botanical
Gardens, where it has been cultivated for 30 years.
231 Bauhinia purpurea, Linn, Kan. Kanchivala, Sarul.

Fig. —Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Bedd. Fl.
‘Sylv. 92.

References.—F1. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind. .

A moderate-sized tree of the dry zone. Leaves
subdeciduous in the hot season. Not uncommon in
the maidan forests, and about villages. Wood
pinkish white, changing to dark brown on exposure ;
used for agricultural implements and as a fuel tree.
Weight 50—54 Ib. per cubic foot. Medicinal pro-
perties are attributed to the bark, root, and flowers.
Lovery states that the tender leaves and flowers are

eaten in Shimoga. .
Cultivation—Although of slow growth the tree
is easily propagated by seed, and flourishes in waste

112 FOREST TREES.

land. The reddish-purple flowers are attractive.

The vernacular name Kanchivala, applies more or

less to all the species of Bauhinia.

232 Bauhinia variegata, Linn. Kan. Bili Kanchivala.
Fig. — Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

This, like the foregoing species,is commonly known
as the camel’s-foot tree. It is small or medium-
sized according to the nature of the soil in which it |
grows. The flowers, which are very attractive and
fragrant, appear in great profusion, first during the
hot season, while the tree is bare of leaf, and again
in September’ or October. The flower is 3 inches
across and varies in tint of colour from pure white.
to violet and rosy purple.

The economic properties of the species are about
the same as in B. purpurea, but are scarcely utilised
in this part.of India. The batk affords a very fair
tan. Cultivation as in the foregoing species.’

233 Bauhinia monandra, Kurz. |

Similar in character to the last named but more

spreading in habit and having the flowers mottled
and striped in white, crimson, yellow and gold. *
Very effective in Park scenery. -A few nice speci-
mens may be seen in the private grounds of Beaulieu,
where they flower profusely’ every. hot season.
Mr. Ricketts has distributed seeds of this heautiful
tree far and wide.
234 Bauhinia malabarica, Roxs. Kan. Basavanapada. *
_ A deciduous tree of moderate size. Erect in
habit, and very bushy while in leaf. Wood dark
brown. Used occasionally for agricultural imple-
ments, and somewhat extensively for fuel. Weight i
42—48 lb. per cubic foot. The tender foliage is —
cooked as greens in some parts of the hill country.
235 Bauhinia Hookerii, F. Muztt.

An elegant tree from North Australia. Cultivat-
ed in the Lal-Bagh and deserving of ‘wider utility.

MYSORE AND COORG. 113

236 Xylia dolabriformis, Brnta. Kan. Jambe, Shilve.
Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 186.

References —Brand. For. Fl. 171; Fl. of Brit.
Ind.

The Erool tree. A tall unarmed tree of Coorg
and the Malnad. Leaves deciduous at the close of
the cold season. Lovery describes the wood as
follows:—“ A large tree growing extensively in
many places and much in demand for building,
agricultural implements, and fuel from which the
best charcoal is obtained. Wood dark red or brown,
very strong, hard, tough, and durable above or below
the ground, without being attacked by the white
ants. It takes paint or varnish well. Weight 65 lb.
per cubic foot.”

The charcoal furnished by this tree is highly
prized by the iron smelters. It is one of the
so-called iron woods of Mysore, and of unreserved
timber trees Jambe appears to be one of the most
useful. The fruit ripens in January and is eaten by
some classes. Specimens are needed for herbaria,
with fuller information.

237 Adenanthera pavonina, Linn. Kan. Manjadi,
Manjatti.
Fig. —Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 46.
References.—Brand. For. Fl.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind. :

The redwood tree. Sometimes, but erroneously,
called the red sandalwood, Pterocarpus santa-
linus bemg the correct source of the latter product,
so-called. A large, deciduous tree of the dry and
mixed zones. Readily identified by its bright scarlet
seeds, commonly used as weights by goldsmiths
and others. Hach seed is supposed to weigh exactly
4 grains. They are also worn as bead-necklaces
and form a good cement when powdered and treated
with borax. Heartwood reddish, hard and very .
durable. Rubbed upon a wet stone it affords the

10

114 FOREST TRERS.

red paste (see also Pterocarpus santalinus) which
Brahmins apply to the forehead after bathing.’
Weight 56—58 lb. per cubic foot. The seeds and’
leaves have medicinal properties.

Cultivation —In loose soil this tree is of fairly
rapid growth, but when the roots meet with obstruc-
tion, as in a hard subsoil resting under a shallow
surface soil, the tree becomes stunted. Seeds
germinate with great facility and the seedlings are
not delicate to handle. Large pits should be made
at 24 feet apart.

238 Prosopis spicigera, Linn. Tam. Perumbe, Vunne?
Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 56.

References.—Brand. For, Fl.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

This is a small but characteristic tree of the
mixed zone. Slightly thorny, with slender grey
branches. Leaves deciduous in the cold season,
bipinnate ; leaflets 16—24, sessile, ligulate to lan-
ceolate, very narrow and slender. Pod: grey, 6 in,
straight, slender and torulose, containing a mealy
substance which is eaten. Sapwood large and
perishable ; heartwood extremely hard but not
durable. Weight 58 Ib. per cubic foot. Much
prized as a fuel tree and always employed, where
procurable, for locomotives. It also coppices well
and is easily raised from seed, in short, one of the
best trees for fuel plantations. Prosopis. glandulosa,
the *mesquit bean’ tree, and P. juliflora, are American
species cultivated in the Botanical Gardens.

239 Dichrostachys cinerea, W. & A. Kan. Wadu
warada.

Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 185.

Reference—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

A thorny shrub or stunted tree of the Maidan,
especially around low stony hills, Wood small; but

MYSORE AND COORG. 113

heavy and exceedingly hard. Much valued for tent
pegs-and walking sticks, Weight 70—80 Ib. per
cubic foot.

240 Parkia biglandulosa, W. & A.

_ An evergreen tree introduced from Africa and the
Malay Peninsula. Cultivated in gardens, and occa-
sionally at the roadsides in Bangalore, Mysore,
and afew provincial towns. Leaves finely pinnate.
The inflorescence is remarkable, consisting as it does
of numerous globular heads suspended bya long
peduncle. At first the heads are of a brown velvetty
colour changing to a darker hue, but when the flowers
open they become white, and trees laden alternate-
ly with these white and dark balls command a
close inspection. A large quantity of pollen is dis-
charged from the flower-head, which, if collected,
and stirred in water, affords a refreshing drink.
The quality of the wood is unknown, but the trunk
is tall, well-formed and encased: in a thin whitish
bark. Foliage not unlike that of the gold-mohur
tree, Poinciana Regia. The species is easily pro-
pagated fromn:seed, is of moderately quick growth
and requires no special treatment. The pods: are
produced in élusters and contain a mealy substance,.
which has not been utilised locally.

241 Leuczena glauca, Bena.
Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

A smull, deciduous, tree of gardens and ‘waste.
places, but originally introduced from tropical
America. Flower heads rather large, pure white,
and appearing: profusely in the rainy season. Use-
ful for small fuel. Dr. Bidie remarks that at Madras
the seeds are used for making fancy articles. The
species is self-productive.

242 ‘Acrocarpus fraxinifolius, Wicut. Kan. Belangi,
Havulige, Howlige, Hautige,

116. FOREST TREES.

Fig—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 44. Wight Ic. t. 254,

References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.; Fl. of
Brit. Ind.

A very lofty tree of the Coorg and Malnad forests,
where it occasionally attains a height of 50 feet be-
fore it forks. Leaves deciduous in the hot season,
bipinnate, very large, reddish when young. Pod
long-stalked, flat or strap-shaped, with a narrow wing
on one side. The planters of Darjiling call this tree
the red or pink cedar, and make their tea-boxes
from it. In Coorg it is used for shingles ; but its
greatest utility is, perhaps, as a shade to coffee, for
which it is well adapted and much prized. Planters
in the Wynaad and elsewhere gladly pay Rs. 3 per
Ib. for the seed.

_Mr. Graham Anderson writes of the species in
the following terms :—

“One of the most lofty and elegant trees in the
forest, which affords excellent shade, and is readily

propagated by seed. In uncleared jungle seedlings

are frequently found in profusion. Millions of

young plants have been planted throughout Mysore

within the last few years. The timber, usually, is
said to be light—weight 39 lb. per cubic foot—and
straight-grained. Some trees split splendidly into
shingles, but others are found totally unfit for that

purpose.” This fine treehas recently been introduced
for cultivation at Bangalore, and fairly good speci- is
mens may be seen at the Lal-Bagh and in the Cubbon —

Bi

Park, although poor in comparison to the magni-

ficient growth of the Malnad. It will be observed

from the foregoing remarks that the species is self-

productive. —

243 Acacia farnesiana, Wittp. Kan. Kasturi jali
Kasturi gobli, :

Fig.—Bedd, Fl. Syl, t. 52. Wight Ic. t. 300.

MYSORE AND COORG. 119

References.—F/. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

Common on the plains of Mysore. Usually seen
as a thorny shrub, but in favorable situations attain-
ing the size of a small tree. The bright yellow,
puff-ball, flower heads diffuse a pleasant odour, and
provide the chief ingredients of the manufactured
perfume known as Cassie. Sown in drills, and pe-
riodically pruned when the seedlings attain size, the
Jali makes a pretty fence, and being obnoxious to
snakes, and vermin generally, it might be utilised
with advantage as a garden hedge.

Wood white, hard and tough but too small for
general utility. Weight 49 lb. per cubic foot. The
stem affords a useful gum, and the bark and pods
are included among native drugs.

Hasily produced from seed. There is a specimen
in the Lal-Bagh, presented by a clergyman, which
was brought from the city of Jerusalem,

244 Acacia arabica, Witup. Kan. Kari Jali, Gobli,

Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 47.

References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind. ;
Drury U. Pi.

A smallor medium sized tree of the plains and
inland dry tracts. Thorny and evergreen. Flower
heads yellow.. Pod torulose. The babool of India.
Common throughout the maidan districts of Mysore,
where every part of the tree affords some useful
property. Of arborescent species this is the hardiest
and perhaps the best known in Hindustan. It
grows on the poorest soils and in the least water-
ed tracts where other trees usually succumb.

Wood pale red, turning darker on exposure, close-
grained, tough, and, when seasoned in water, very
durable. Weight about 54 Ib. per cubic foot. Used
extensively for naves, spokes and felloes of wheels ;.

118 POREST TREES.

also for rice pounders, oil and sugar mills, agri-

cultural implements and even buildings when large —

timber is procurable. But in addition to its great
hardihood, and general utility as a small timber and
fuel tree, the species affords Indian gum arabic,
tan, dye, fibre, food and medicine. Extensively
planted in fuel plantations where it coppices well
and is reproductive from seed. The tender pods
and leaves are much relished by all sorts of cattle.
The tree flowers early in the hot season and produces
ripe seed in August.

Cultivation—Although hardy enough to exist
and make some growth in the poorest soils, it ig as-
sumed that Jali succeeds best in a black cotton goil,
For the growth of fuel the seedlings should be plant-
ed at about 8 feet apart, permanent saplings being
eventually left at 16 feet apart. Beddome found
that rats are very partial to the tender roots of
seedlings.

245 Acacia leucophlea, Wixi. Kan. Bili jali, Topal,
Beala, Tumbe,

Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 48.

References.—Fl. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.; Drury U. Pl.

A large, deciduous tree, with numerous white prick-
les, and light grey to whitish bark. Common in
fields and waste places, especially in central and
east Mysore, where it sometimes covers many acres
of land almost to the exclusion of other trees. Of
globose-flowered Acacias, this species is easily deter-
mined by its paniculate inflorescence. Sapwood
predominating, heartwood dark, tough, easily season-
ed and susceptible of a fine polish. Weight about
55 lb. per cubic foot. A capital fuel tree and very
productive from coppice. Bark used in distilling
arrack, the tannin in it precipitating the albuminous

matter in the juice. Brandis says “ the young pods

MYSORE AND COORG, 119

are used as vegetables,” but they do not appear to be
so used in Mysore although cattle are exceedingly
fond of them and their consumption by sheep is
supposed to improve the quality of mutton. Gum,
dye, fibre and medicine, are additional products of
this well-known tree.

Cultivation —Bilz jali grows much faster than Kari
jali and is therefore more productive of fuel. Coppiced
trees repeat growth very rapidly and are therefore
invaluable for fuel plantations, Seeds also germinate
freely, but steeping in water, or fermenting for a
time in dung or litter, will facilitate the process.
Plant seedlings at 10 feet apart and thin out every
alternate sapling eventually. The softening of the
cuticle in hard seeds is a very important operation,
as otherwise such seeds are exposed to the attacks
of insects, and the vicissitudes of treatment or the
weather for a long period.

246 Acacia Suma, Kurz. Kan. Mugali, Mugli.

Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Bedd. Fi.
Sylv, t. 49.

References.—Brand. For. Fl. ; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

A deciduous tree affecting moist land in the vicini-
ty of tanks, nullahs and streams. Conspicuous by its
white bark and the whitish down covering the young
shoots arid petioles. The above characters are most
pronounced at the close of the hot season when the
tree bursts into leaf.and flower. Flowers spicate,
dull white. Common in central and east Mysore.
The Mugalt is a good fuel tree, but is of minor
utility otherwise. The gum is not collected here in
lieu of catechu. Itis an excellent subject for scenic
planting about ponds and in wet land as it stands
out in bright rehef from the usual sombre green of
other trees.

120 FOREST TREES.

Cultivation —EKasily propagated from seed, and

attaining the largest growth in moist situations |

near tanks and rivers. Coppices well.

247 Acacia catechu, Winip. Kan. Kagli, Kachu, Tara,
Tere.

Fig Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

References Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.; Brand.
For. Fl.

A deciduous tree growing throughout the maidan,
and on the outskirts of the Malnad proper. In the
stony-hill tracts it is often reduced to the size ofa
~ large bush; but otherwise it is a tree of compact
growth and medium size rarely exceeding 50 feet mn
the best situations.

Sapwood yellowish-white; heartwood dark red,
hard, durable, seasons well and takes a fine polish;
not subject to the attacks of white ants. Weight
60—70 lb. per cubic foot. Extensively used for fuel
and charcoal, which is regrettable considering the
superior quality of the timber. Also used for agri-
cultural implements, oil mills, sugar-cane crushers,
bows, and handles to native arms.

Catechu, or cutch, the most important product
of the tree, is obtained by boiling down a decoction
afforded by the chips of the heartwood. + Acacia
catechu for use with pan-supari is largely prepared
about Surat. Value Rs. 20 per maund of 374 lbs’
Cutch fetches from Rs. 4 to 5 per maund, and is
prepared in many parts of India by wild forest
tribes.” Pharmacographia Indica.

Catechu is not extensively made in this province,
although it is in general use for masticatory, medicin-
al and industrial purposes. There are two kinds,
the dark and pale, of which the latter only is used
for chewing.. The tree igs easily propagated from
seed, and coppices well. Itis much too valuable to
be cut down for fuel.

Per a

MYSORE AND CooRG. 121

248 Acacia sundra, DC. Kan. Kempn khairada ?
Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 50.

References.—F'l. of Brit. Ind. ; Dict, of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

This is probably a variety of A. Catechu, as it
possesses nearly the same properties and only differs
‘in colour and a few minor technicalities of structure.
The branchlets are of a very dark-brown or reddish
-colour. The wood is also said to be heavier and
more durable than in the preceding species.

249 Acacia ferruginea, DC. Kan, Banni.
Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 51.

References.—Gamb. Man. Timb.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind. ; Brand. For. Fl. p. 185.

A large tree with a brownish bark. Leaves
deciduous at the close of the cold season. Common
in dry jungles in Hast Mysore, while in Shimoga
and other parts of the Malnad it is confined to open
spaces skirting the evergreen zone. Being a sacred
tree the timber is seldom used. “ It is said in Ma-
habharata that Arjuna had placed his gandiva or
bow on this tree before he went away in disguise
serve under Virata. On the tenth day of Dasara
this tree is worshipped by the Hindu Rajas. It has
medicinal properties and yieldsa gum.’ MM. Ven-
katnarnappa.

Heartwood small in proportion, reddish brown,
and said to be fairly durable. Weight 70 lb. per
cubic foot. Bark very astringent and used, like
the bark of A. leucophlea, in distilling .arrack.
The tree flowers in April and ripens seed in June or
July. A well-known species.

Cultivation.—Self-productive where the surface
soil is favorable as regards looseness and moisture.
When seedlings are 4 inches high they should be
collected for nursery treatment in baskets or tile-

iG

199 FOREST TREES,

pots. In this way they are usually ready for final
planting within 12—15 months. Growth is very slow
except in rich soils of a porous nature. The tree
coppices fairly well.
250 Acacia Latronum, Wi.upD. Kan. Donn-mullina-jali, ©
Hote jali?
Fig—Bedd, Fl. Sylv. t. 95. Wight Ic. t. 1157.

This species should be found on the confines of the
Malnad. It is a low tree assuming the form of an
umbrella. Wood prized for tent pegs.

251 Acacia concinna, DC. Kan. Cige, Sige.

Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.
References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.;
Pharm. Ind.

An intensely thorny climber found abundantly all
over the Mysore country. Often forming a part of
the village protective fence. The pods are used in
lieu of soap, especially for washing the head ; but
they should not be confounded with the true soap-
nut,—Kugati kayi—which is the fruit of Sapindus:
trifeliatus. The pods have a marketable value and
their uses are described as under :—

“A popular household remedy for promoting the
growth of hair and removing dandriff from the scalp,
a decoction of pods (} an ounce to the pint of water)
being used as a hair-wash. In small doses the pods
act as a tonic, but in large and repeated doses they
have purgative and emetic properties assigned to
them.” Surgn. Major F. M. Houston, Travancore ;
and John Gomes, Medical Store-keeper, Trivandrum,

A. Intsia, Willd. and A. pennata, Willd. are hill
climbers somewhat similar to the above, but appa-
rently less useful. :

The introduced Australian trees Acacia melanoxy.
lon, R. Br. and A. dealbata, Link., are sparsely
cultivated in the coffee districts and at N undydroog. |

MYSORE AND C0oR¢. 198

These, as also the Australian “black wattle, ’’ Acacia
decurrens, Willd. could, if necessary, be cultivated on
the Baba Budan hills.
252 Albizzia Lebbek, Bentu. Kan. Bage, Bagi, Hom-
bage, Tirchul.
Fig.— Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 53.
References.—Fl. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Heon.
Prod. of Ind. ; Drury U. Pl,

The Siris tree. A large species found in all parts
of the province, but attaiming its greatest size in the
west of Mysore. Often planted as an avenue tree,
but not well adapted for the purpose as it remains
bare of leaf for a long season. It flowers profusely
in March and April and is then a striking object, the
prevailing colours being straw, pale yellow and
purplish green. Sapwood rather abundant; heart-
wood reddish to dark reddish brown with darker
streaks. Takes a good polish and is generally con-
sidered a fairly durable timber ; itis not utilised to
any great extent, however, as in most parts of
Mysore it is considered unlucky to employ the wood
for house building and domestic purposes. But
Lovery says it is used in Shimoga for buildings,
furniture, carts and oil mills. Weight 50—60 lb. per
cubic foot. Cattle eat the green leaves of the tree
greedily, and it is said to be cultivated in some parts
to provide forage. Medicinal properties are attribut-
ed to the bark, leaves, and flowers; the latter being
considered very cooling, are popularly applied to
ulcers, boils and swellings.

Cultivation.—The Bage is .a self-productive tree,
but squirrels, rats and other vermin, are so fond of
the seeds that few are left for natural production.
Under protection the seeds germinate very readily,
but it is doubtful if such seedlings ever attain the
vigorous growth of the self-sown ones.

The species affects a warm moist situation as in
the maidan valleys lying nearest to the Malnad.

194 FOREST TREES.

For permanent growth, plant at 30 to 35 feet
apart.
253 Albizzia odoratissima, Bentu. Kan, Bilivara,
Bilwara, Bilvarada.
Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 54.

References —Gamb. Man. Timb.; Brand. For.
Fl.; Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

This is commonly known as the raiyat’s tree. A
tall erect tree, attaining in good situations to 80 feet,
- with an unforked trunk of 30—40 feet. Leaves
deciduous in March and April. Flowers succeed-
ing the young leaves in June, in ample terminal
panicles, greenish-white, apricot-scented.

Plentiful in the forests of Western Mysore and
Coorg. Cultivated im the east and more or less self-
sown nearly all over the country. Heartwood rich
brown, tough and strong ; seasons well, takes'a good
polish andisdurable whenkeptdry. Weight 50—55lb.
per cubic foot. Of indigenous trees, this is one of
the best to coppice for fuel, while the seasoned timber
is of a kind that lends itself to nearly every domestic
purpose. Itis largely used for buildings, agricul-.
tural implements, oil and cane mills, naves of wheels
and such like. The bark has medicinal properties
and the green leaves are nibbled by cattle. This is,
altogether, a most useful tree, and one that should
be encouraged.

Cultivation.—In the neighbourhood of Bangalore
it is difficult to obtain good seed, from the fact that
the latter is largely consumed in the pod by small.
maggots, and perhaps other insects too. On this
account local sowings are not very productive, while,.
as with the Baye, self-sown seedlings are always the
strongest. Topes of Bilivara should be raised in the
vicinity of every important village, the trees being’
planted and cared for by the village authorities in .

MYSORE AND COORG: 125

consideration of some trifling concession from Gov-
ernment. Plant in large pits at 25—30 feet apart.
Ploughing the land at the time of seed-shedding will
be productive of seedlings. /
254 Albiziza procera, Banta. Kan, Chikul? Tam.
Konda Vaghe.
References.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 95. Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

The Tamil people call this immense tree the hil]
Vaghe (Kan. Bage), but it is a distinct species
occupying comparatively high altitudes. Leaves
deciduous in the cold season. Common on both the
Eastern and Western Ghats of the Madras Presiden-
cy, where Beddome describes it asa magnificient:
tree. Wood noted for the preparation of charcoal,
but said to be inferior otherwise. Should be search-
ed for on the south-west boundary of the province,
Seedlings spring up freely in the forests and the tree
coppices.

255 Albizzia Julibrissin, Dorazz.

A deciduous unarmed tree of the Western Ghits.
Cultivated in the Botanical Gardens. Flowers rosy-
red and sweetly fragrant. The heartwood, which ‘ig
very dark when seasoned, is said to be sufficiently
durable for articles of furniture.

256 Albizzia stipulata, Botv. Kan. Hoite bage, Kal
baghi. In Coorg, Kote pule. °

Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 55. Bot. Plates Lal-
Bagh Collection.

Reference.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

A large tree of the Malnad and Coorg. Leaves
deciduous for nearly a month during the hot season.
The exceptionally large stipules found on the young
shoots characterise the species, which is also remark-
able-for its rapid growth. Wood used for various
purposes, although it is not very durable; excellent
charcoal is made from it. Weight 35—45 1b, per cubic

%

126 FOREST TREES.

foot. The green leaves are browsed upon by cattle,
This tree might be tried as a shade for coffee cultiva.
tion, as tea is said to flourish well under it in Assam,
It is highly ornamental, especially in the month of
June, when the straw coloured flowers are very
attractive.

Cultivation.—Raise from seed and plant in loose
soil at not less than 35 feet apart. Excepting that
’ it drops its leaves during the warmest season of the
year, it is a good avenue tree.

257 Albizzia amara, Borv. Kan, Chugalu, Sujjaln,
Bilkambi. In Coorg, Kadsige.
Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv, t. 61.

References.—F/. of Brit. Ind. ; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

A medium-sized deciduous tree. Branchlets and
leaf rachis densely pubescent ; leafiets very narrow,
with a central midrib. Not uncommon in the reserv-
ed forests where it is often felled with other trees
for locomotive fuel. Abundant in Kadur and
Shimoga. ‘A deciduous tree with purplish brown
heartwood, the transverse strength of which is unsur-
passed by any wood. It is hard and durable and
can be used for carts and agricultural implements. ”

| M. Venkatnarnappa.

Although rather small in Mysore, this wood is
exceptionally durable, Weight 62—70 lb. per cubic
foot. Seasoned limbs of the proper size are not un-
commonly used by the raiyats as ploughs.

Cultivation.—Hasily raised from seed. Growth
moderately quick where the soil is deep and porous.
Plant in August.

258 Pithecolobium dulce, Benra. Kan, Sime hunase,
Tam. Korkapille.
Fig. —Bedd. Fl. Sylv.t. 188. Wight Ic. t. 198.

References. —Drury U. Pl.; Dict. of &con. Prod.
of Ind,

MYSORE AND CooRG. 197

~The Manilla tamarind tree. This well known
species is a native of South America; naturalised
in India and other eastern countries. Extensively
cultivated asa fuel tree and asa fence around
fields and gardens. In the latter capacity itis a
familiar object, and when properly trimmed, from
the beginning, the Korkapille makes a very pretty
hedge. Goats, however, are so fond of the tender
foliage that they often commit considerable damage
to the roadside fences. Under favorable circum-
stances it grows into a pretty large tree, which
coppices well and affords good fuel. “ Sapwood
small; heartwood reddish brown, not heavy, 40 lb.
per cubic foot, smells unpleasantly when fresh sawn,
used for various purposes.” Brandis.

The sweet pulpy aril which encloses the seed is
eaten by children, and the seed itself contains a
valuable oil.

Cultivation.—Growth is most luxuriant near the
sea and by the sides of canals and rivers. To form
a hedge, the best plan is to sow the seed in a pre-
pared trench or furrow, during the rains. The seed-
lings will then only require to be watered occa-
sionally during dry weather, and preserved from
goats and cattle. The sime hunase is very self-
productive in plantations and by the sides of fences,
but the seedlings quickly form a long tap-root,
and unless they are removed at a very early
stage of growth the operation becomes difficult and
even impracticable. The tree coppices well, and
affords locomotive fuel of a fair quality. Grown for
the latter, it may be planted at 6 feet apart and
eventually thinned to12 feet. A soil of some depth
is necessary for the best growth, but it should
neither be water-logged nor too hard.

259 Pithecolobium bigeminum, Benra.
References.—Bedd. Fil, Sylv. 96. Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

198 FOREST TREES.

Beddome says this is a common tree of the west-
ern forests of the Madras Presidency up to 4,000
feet. It no doubt extends into Mysore also, although
it has not found a place in the lists prepared by local
forest officers. A large soft-wooded tree. De
ciduous or subdeciduous for a short season. P. sub-
cortaceum, Thwaites, may also be found on the
western hills of the province.

260 Pithecolobium Saman, Mart.
Fig.— Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

The rain tree. Introduced from South America and
grown experimentally at various centres. Of large
trees it is one of the quickest growth, the dimensions
attained in the course of 6—8 years being trul
marvellous. The species was first introduced to
Bangalore in 1878, and during the past two or three
years many thousands of seedlings have been raised
and distributed from the original trees. But the
wood is soft and fibrous as nearly always happens in
cases of rapid development. The real value of the
species will depend on the ready shelter it affords to
more delicate plants at an early stage of growth, on
its capacity to act asa nurse and on the nutritious
value of its leaves and fruit as a food for cattle; of
the latter utility there is no question, as both the
leaves and fruit are greedily consumed by horses
and other live-stock. The following analysis by Mr.
Hooper of Ootacamund, shews clearly how rich the
pods are in food material :—

Dried pods of

‘| Pithecolobium Saman,
Water ... Pee ait

Albuminoids ce tee
Sugar & Carbohydrates on
Fat es ces ote
Fibre

Ash

11g
66-9

3-7

133

44
100-0
Hooper.

\

MYsoR# AND CooRG. 199

Another important function of the rain tree is
its capability to raise, and thereby improve marshy
land. This it does by a rapid development of large
surface roots which uniformly rise to a higher level
as the tree advances in growth. The sensitive
leaflets close together on the approach of darkness
and re-open with the rising sun, the rather sudden
displacement of accumulated dew caused by the
latter movement, occasionally amounting to a slight
drizzle, may have given rise to the appellation
‘rain tree.’ Or it may be that, occupying extensive
tracts of country, this tree, by its vigorous growth
and peculiar leaf-formation, exercises an exceptional
influence on the rain clouds.

Cultivation.—Seed will germinate very freely
when sown in pans or in prepared nursery beds.
A good avenue tree, except that the upper roots
have a tendency to throw up the soil and raise a
mound. ‘The wide-spreading limbs are also subject
to damage from high winds. Should be planted in
village topes to provide fodder for cattle.

261 Castanospermum australe, “A. Cunn.
Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

The Moreton Bay chesnut. This handsome ever-
green tree is cultivated in the cities of Bangalore
and Mysore; it is also found at intervals in the
coffee districts, and in the town of Mercara. It is
generally known by its large orange-crimson flow-
ers, produced in clusters upon the matured wood
behind the leaves. The road leading in to the
Cubbon Park from the Sampangi tank is shaded by
an avenue of Moreton Bay chesnuts. But the latter
have not grown to a large size, although they are
down for nearly 20 years. The boat-shaped fruit—
containing 2—4. seeds the size of a marble—is an
object of attraction to children. Many seedlings are
annually raised for distribution.

pepo beets ee

186 FOREST TRERS:

262 Heematoxylon campechianum, Linn.

The American logwood tree. This has been
cultivated in the Botanical Gardens for many years,
where, however, it only attains to the size ofa
scandent bush or small tree. The red-coloured .
heartwood affords a well known dye, or rather a
series of dyes of the darker tints such as grey,
violet, blue, and even black. Logwood does not
coppice, but it bears a lot of pruning, makes a
durable fence and grows fairly well from seed. The
species will become naturalised in this country
eventually. It should be included in garden shrub-
beries, as the racemed, yellow flowers are both
showy and sweetly scented,

263 Colvillea racemosa, Bos. This grand tree was
introduced by the writer in 1880 and there are now
several good specimens in local cultivation. The
best one is on the lower terrace in front of the exhibi-
tion building in the Botanical Gardens, where it
flowers profusely inthe month of September. The
foliage resembles that of the ‘gold mohur’ tree, for
which the species might readily be mistaken when
undersized and notin blossom. But the Colvillea
racemosa is alofty evergreen tree which flowers at
the close of the south-west monsoon. The inflore-
scence consists of a terminal, drooping panicle, or
compound raceme of rich golden flowers supported
on reddish calyces. As an ornamental tree of moder-
ately rapid growth, this species has few equals; and
when seedlings become plentiful it will spread
quickly and become a prominent feature in local
vegetation. Avenues of the tree would have a
splendid effect. Propagate from seed, and plant
in loose soil at 35 feet apart.

264 Ceratonia siliqua, Linn.

The carob-bean tree. Also known by the popular.
names of “St. John’s bread,” “Locust tree” and

* Algaroba.”” A small evergreen tree of Spain,

MYSORE AND COORG, 181

Portugal and other parts of south-east Europe.
The Duke of Wellington foraged his horses on the
fruit and leaves of the tree during the great
Peninsula war. It has been cultivated in the Lal-
Bagh for 30 years, and is fairly productive of
fruit. A great many seedlings have been issued
from the Botanical Gardens during the past decade,
and from these and other sources the species isnow
well established in various parts of India. One
male tree is sufficient to fertilise 50 trees of the
opposite sex, the operation being mostly conducted
by a host of small insects. At Bangalore the
carob-tree succeeds best in an open loam with
good sub-soil drainage. Plant at 15 feet apart.
Professor Church gives the following analysis of the

carob bean :—
Carob beans.
Ceratonia siliqua.

Water ... an wes 14°6
Albuminoids * ise ate 71
Sugar & Carbohydrates oe 67°9
Fat... ae Bee 11
Fibre .. one iis 64
Ash se oes ave 29

100°0 Church.

ee

XXX. ROSACEA.
265 Eriobotrya japonica, Linpi. Kan. Lakote.
Fig—Wight Ic. t. 226.
Reference.— Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

The loquat tree. A small evergreen tree confin-
ed to garden cultivation, and not very popular in
Mysore. The fruit, of which there are several
varieties, makes an excellent preserve, and twa
local kinds, the large oval and small round, are also
fit for dessert. It is commonly known as the
“loquat”’ and “ Japanese medlar.”’ Inarching may
possibly improve the size and flavour of this fruit,

182 POREST TREES.

Cultivation.—The tree is easily propagated from
seeds, grafts and layers, Inarching or grafting
induces early fertility and improves the quality of
the fruit. If two seedlings are planted together in
one pit, during the rainy season, they can be conveni-

-ently inarched in the subsequent warm season.
The loquat tree is rather a gross feeder, and to
secure the finest. crops of fruit it needs a rich gar.
den soil with occasional top-dressing of good farm-
yard manure. The fruit ripens in August and
September. Put out seedlings or grafts in August
at 20—25 feet apart. The pits should not be legs
than 3 feet cubes.

Several fruit_trees of the Rosacex are profitably
cultivated at Bangalore and large quantities of
fruit are exported to Madras, Poona and elsewhere,
These consist mostly of—

266 Pyrus Malus, Linn. Kan. Sevu. The Apple.
267 Pyrus communis, LINN. The Pear.
268 Prunus Persica, BENTH. The Peach.

269 Prunus communis, Hups. The Plum.
And the “Indian Raspberry’ Rubus lasio-
carpus, Smith.

XXXI. COMBRETACEZ.
270 Terminalia Catappa, Linn. Kan. Badami,

Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection ; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 18; Bot. Mog. 3,004.

References.—Fl. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

The Indian almond tree. A handsome species
which’ throws out its branches in horizontal tiers,
(whorls ) sothat the whole tree resembles a huge
chandelier. Much cultivated in gardens and asa
roadside tree, but not considered to be truly wild in
any part of Southern India. In losing its leaves, it

MYSORE AND COORG, 183

assumes some of the autumnal tints. which are so
much admired in northern countries. The large,
simple, obovate leaves are borne in clusters at the
tips of the branchlets. Bare of leaf in December
and January.

“Jt makes a good avenue tree, and is well worthy
of extended cultivation. The wood is light but
tolerably durable and is used for various purposes,
and the leaves of pakottahs are often made of
it; the kernels of the nuts are eaten and are
very palatable; the oil expressed from the
seed is very like almond oil, and the oilcake is used
to feed pigs; the bark and leaves yield a black
pigment with which the natives colour their teeth,
and make into Indian ink.” Beddome.

Cultivation.—Scattered seeds only germinate
well in a hot-bed; but placed in little heaps they
sprout satisfactorily without artificial heat. Com-
paratively loose soil, or an old well recently filled
up, provides the best situation for this tree,
although when large pits are made it succeeds
in any soil of good or even average quality.

271 Terminalia belerica, Roxs. Kan. Tare, Tari.
Fig—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.19 ; Wight Ic. t. 91,

References.—Brandis For. Fl.; Fl. of Brit, Ind. ;
Pharm. Ind.

The Beleric myrobalan. A large deciduous tree of
which the“ Flora of British India” gives three distinct
varieties, determined mostly by the morphology of
the leaf, absence or presence of glands, and the size
and form of the fruit. Attaining to 80 feet in good
situations and always umbrageous. Plentiful in the
mixed zone, as also in the hilly region of the dry
zone of Mysore and Coorg. While in flower in the
beginning of the hot season, the tree emits a very
stercoraceous odour. Itis the abode of Sani—Saturn—
God of misfortune. Hindus are forbidden to use the

134 FOREST TREES.

wood for building, nor should they sit under the —
shade of this tree. In Northern India the species’
is avoided by Hindus on the plea that itis infested '
by demons, an opinion which is not confined to the ~
north, as M. Venkatnarnappa writes from Shimoga:
that “the wood of the tree is not much used on
account of the superstitious idea that it is one of
the favourites of Saniswara.’ Young foliage
reddish-bronze in colour, subsequently changing:
to green and then very dense. Wood yellow-:.
ish, soft but tolerably close-grained, made more —
durable by steeping for atime in water. Weight »
40—43 Ib. per cubic foot. The trunk attains a large
size and is well adapted for making single-log canoes. |
‘“‘The fruit is a favourite of monkeys, deer, sheep, .
goats and cattle. It is one of the myrobalans of —
commerce, and is used in dyeing cloth and leather,
and in tanning, and is exported to Europe. Native
ink ig made of it and it is used in medicine. The
kernels are eaten, but are said to be intoxicating. Oil
isexpressed from them.” Brandis. Graham An-
derson has also recorded that the kernels cause
giddiness when eaten. Myrobalans are a minor
product of the State forests. The gum which exudes
from the bark of the tree is occasionally utilised as
‘country gum.’

Cultivation,—Raise nursery stock from seed, lay-
ers, and Chinese grafts. Sturdy plants thus prepar-
ed in one season should be ready for planting out in
August of the following year, but it is immaterial if
the seedlings are one or two years old providing that
they are strong and movable. Plant in alluvial
soils or in sandy loam at 45 to 50 feet apart.

272 Terminalia Chebula, Retz. Kan. Alale, Alalee,
Arale.

Fig.—Bedd. Fl, Sylv. t. 27.

References.—Brand. For, Fl.; Pharm. Ind.; Fl,
of Bitt. Ind,

MYSORE AND COORG. 135

The Chebulic or black myrobalan tree. A decidu-
ous species of moderate size, of which there are
several varieties. Abundant in and around the
large deciduous forests of the table land, and on the
outskirts of the Malnad. The gall nuts for which
this tree is noted are found on the young leaves
and tender shoots and have no connection with
the fruit. “Roxburgh states that the tender
leaves, while scarce unfolded, are said to be punctur-
ed by an insect and its eggs deposited therein,
which by the extravasation of the sap, become
enlarged into hollow galls of various shapes and
sizes, but rarely exceeding an inch in diameter.
They are powerfully astringent and make as good
ink as oak galls. They also yield the chintz painters
on the coast of Coromandal their best and most
durable yellow.” Pharmacographia Indica.

The fruit, when dried, is the black myrobalan of
commerce. This product is farmed out annually or
for longer periods in Mysore. Anderson states
that, in Manjarabad, the juice of the fruit is applied
to the feet to prevent chilblains during the monsoon.
Heartwood dark brown when seasoned, finely mot-
tled, hard and fairly durable. Weight 53—66 lb. per
cubic foot. In Shimoga the wood is used by the
raiyats for building furniture, carts and agricultural
implements. “ The Flora of British India” enume-
rates six varieties of this tree.

Cultivation—The same as for the preceding
species.

273 Terminalia citrina, Roxs.

A deciduous tree cultivated in the Botanical Gar-
dens. Probably not indigenous to this State. The
species attains to a large size in Assam, Burma and
Tenasserim.

274 Terminalia Arjuna, Bepp. Kan. Bilimatti, Tora-
-, matti, Kamatti. :

Fig,—Bedd. Fl. ‘Sylv. t. 28.

136 FOREST “TTS.

References —Brand. For. Fl.; Pharm. Ind.; F1.
of Brit. Ind.

A large tree of the Malnad. Characterised by wide
spreading buttresses at the base of the trunk.
Leaves deciduous during the hot season. Graham
Anderson offers the following remarks under the
name Terminalia tomentosa, which would seem
to correctly apply to this species:—It is a tree
often left in coffee estates but is a wretched shader
being completely bare for a considerable portion of
the hot weather. It is a great lime feeder and the
natives burn it to obtain eating chunam, which is
said to be very pungent. The larva and perfect
fly of the coffee borer have been found under the
bark of this tree.” .

Wood dark ‘brown, hard, difficult to work but
susceptible of a fine polish. Seldom used in this
province, Weight 48—54 lb. per cubic foot.

“ Hindu physicians think that the bark has
some special virtue in promoting the union of
fractures, and the dispersion of ecchymosis when
given internally. It is considered to be Asmari-hara,
or lithontriptic and:a reference to the chemical
composition will show that the ash of the bark con-
tains an extraordinarily large proportion of calcium
carbonate. Externally it is used in the form of an
astringent wash to ulcers.” Pharmacographia Indica,

M. Venkatnarnappa also mentions that the bark
is used medicinally. Possibly it is of more local
value than has been realised.

275 Terminalia tomentosa, Bepp. Kan. Matti, Kari
matti, Heb huluve.
Fig.—Wight Ic. t. 195.
References,—Brand. For. Fl. ; Pharm. Ind.;
Fl. of Brit. Ind.

A deciduous tree of the Malnad.and elsewhere.
Often attaining a great size and forming a fine clean

MYSORH AND CoORG, 139

trunk, but small and crooked in the drier Taluks.
Magnificient specimens are found in the reserved
forests of the Malnad, although the majority of them
are said to be more or less hollow in the trunk. Flow-
ers in terminal panicles, whitish or .pale yellow,

“ often attacked by a cynips producing numerous
galls which simulate fruit.” Jl. of Brit. Ind.

Wood dark brown, with darker streaks, hard, but
not very durable. Weight 50—70 Ib. per cubic foot:
Although the wood does not season well, and is apt
to split, still it is extensively employed, and fetches
a good price in the timber market. It is an excellent
fuel tree, and when the hill forests have been tapped
by one or two loop lines of railway it will afford
large quantities of the finest locomotive fuel.

The leaves are prized as manure for the areca-nut
gardens, and in north-west Mysore the trees are
heavily pollarded on that account. When the hill
people bathe in oil they afterwards employ Matti
leaves to clean their bodies, first soaking the leaves
for a time in warm water, A mucilaginous sub-
stance obtained from the soaked leaves, by pressure,
is taken internally, after a hot bath, to cool the sys-
tem. It is mixed, in some proportion, with jaggery
and cardamom powder, and swallowed soon after the
bath. The bark is locally used for tanning, and
Anderson, Lovery and others, assert that a pungent
lime is obtained from it, a statement which requires
verification, as in Phar macographia Indica the
lime properties are attributed to Terminalia Arjuna,
while the species under notice is not mentioned in
the above work. There are also three distinct
varieties of the species which may or may not pos-
sess properties of a uniform nature.

‘Cultivation —The Matté affects a moist deep soil,
consisting of clay or virgin forest land, where the
rainfall ranges from 75 to 100 inches per annum..
‘It attains its largest dimensions in the valleys of the

48

188 TOREST TREES,
Malnad. Propagate from seed. The fruit has five
regular wings.

276 Terminalia paniculata, Rota. Kan. Hulve, Huluve,
Hunal, Hoonal.

Fig.—Bedd, Fl. Sylv. t. 20.
References.—Brand. For. Fl. ; Fl. of Brit. Ind.

A large deciduous tree. Common in Shimoga .
and throughout Western Mysore, below the Ghats: —
Timber of middling quality, especially when sea-
soned in water. Heartwood dark, hard, and fairly
durable. Weight 47 lb. per cubic foot. Commonly
applied to the same local uses as Matti, and afford-
ing useful fuel ; makes good planking and is popular
for building country carts. Lovery remarks that it
is subject to the attacks of white ants, when buried
in the ground.

Cultivation.—This species. requires deep loam con-
taining plenty of moisture. As it projects into the
dry zone it becomes stunted in growth and ir-
regular in form. Propagate from seed and plant out
in the following season. Observe the fruit having
one fully developed wing and two abortive ones,

The genus Terminalia is rich in timber and minor
products ; but the variation in species is somewhat
conflicting, and gives rise, no doubt, to such verna-
cular names as Permatté and Chittu huluve, which
are not accounted for under the specific headings. ©
The best trees arein somewhat inaccessible situa-
tions, but as the railway advances into the hill region
they will afford a small mine of wealth. _

277 Anogeissus latifolia, Wau. Kan. Dindips, Dintia
Dindal, Bejalu.

Fig—Bedd. Fl. Syl, t. 15. Wight Ic. t. 994.

References.—Dict. of Econ.Prod. of Ind.; Brand.
For. Fl.; Drury U. Pl.

A deciduous tree. Common throughout Mysore
east of the Ghats. In the extensive forests skirting

Ae
,

MYSORE AND COORG. 139

the hills it attains a large size, but gradually becomes’
smaller as it extends into the drier eastern region.
Dindiga is generally looked upon asa useful timber,
although in exposed and heavy works it is not dura-
ble. As a fuel and charcoal tree, it is one of the best in
the province. Sapwood predominating, yellow; heart-
wood small, purplish-brown, tough, elastic, and-very
hard: but it warps and splits in seasoning, and
requires to be kept quite dry to last. Weight
62—65 lb. per cubic foot. The gum, which exudes
from the bark copiously, is used by calico-printers
to mix with certain dye stuffs and is commercially
the most important product ofthe tree. The green
leaves are rich in tannic acid and are employed by
the local chucklers to tan raw hides.

This utility of the leaf deserves every encourage-
ment, as by a proper system of thinning the supply
of leaves from the State forests would practically
become inexhaustible. The three varieties of the
Species enumerated by the “ Flora of British India,”
are mostly determinable from each other by the size,
form, and texture of the leaf. ‘

Cultivation —As regards size, it has been said
that the moist valleys skirting the Western Ghats,
and mostly composed of arich alluvial soil, afford
the best situation. But on the other hand the
smaller tree of the eastern maidan region, growing
in a poorer soil and sparingly watered, is superior
in quality, the wood being harder, the gum more
abundant, and the leaf richer in tannic acid. Although
not very productive from seed, the Dindiga throws
up numerous offsets and suckers which replace the
parent trunk.

278 Anogeissus acuminata, WaLE.

This species should be found on the northern
frontier. It isa large or small tree according to posi-
tion and variety, of which latter there are several.

140 FOREST TREES.

279 Calycopteris floribunda, Lams. Kan. Marsade.
boli—The Hassan name.
A large climbing shrub, the leaves, root, and fruit
of which are used medicinally.

XXXII. MYRTACA.
280 Tristania conferta, R. Br.

Queensland box. Introduced from Eastern Aus-
tralia and cultivated in the Lal-Bagh. “ Diameter ©
35 to 50 inches; height 80 to 100 feet. A large —
spreading tree, with a smooth brown deciduous bark ~
and dense foliage; very generally distributed in
open forest ground. The timber is much prized for
its strength and durable qualities. Market value *
from 8 s.to 9 s. per hundred feet. Used in ship. »
building; ribs of vessels from this tree have lasted
unimpaired for thirty years and more.” Walter Hill.

281 Eucalyptus marginata, Su. The Jarrah.
282 E. rostrata, F. Mueny, The red gum.
283 E. citriodora, Hook. The lemon-scented gum.

‘These exotic trees are cultivated in the cities of
Mysore and Bangalore, where they succeed tolerably
well. But most of the Australian Ewcalypti, includ-
ing the “blue gum,” Eucalyptus globulus, require.
higher and moister altitudes than Bangalore. Should |
it be necessary to cultivate the latter on an exten-
sive scale, as at Ootacamund, the Baba Budan hills
would probably afford the best site for the purpose, °
A number of species are under trial in the Botanical,
Gardens.

The &ucalyptt are easily raised from seed, and
seedlings transplant well during rainy days, when
they are a foot to 15 inches in height.

284 Psidium guyava, Lryn. Kan. Sibe, Shibe, Chepe,

T earlu.

Fig.—Bot, Lal-Bagh Collection.

en ee By

+

MYSORE AND COORG. 141

References.—Brand. For. Fl.; Fl. of Brit. Ind. ;
Inet. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

_ The guava tree. Strange though it may appear,
this well known fruit tree is indigenous to tropical

_ America and has only been naturalised in this country

since the early conquest of the Portuguese.

Wood compact, close-grained, and takes a beauti-
ful polish. Used for engraving, and for the handles
ef knives and instruments. The guava tree is uni-
versally cultivated for its fruit, of which there are
three or four varieties. Of the latter the grafted
forms are superior and command a good sale in the
Indian fruit markets, The bark and leaves are
medicinal. .

Cultivation.—Propagate from seed, and when the
seedlings are 2—3 feet high, with a moderately
woody stem, place them in position under a good
variety to be inarched. The latter operation done,
remove to a cool shady spot for about a month, after
which the grafts should be gradually removed to
full exposure. Preparatory to inarching, the seed-
lings have to be conveniently and securely fixed
among or around the branches of the old graft.
This is done very often by raising little mounds of
good soil in which the seedlings are planted, but it
is more expeditious to have them deposited in bas-
kets or tile-pots, as in the latter case the seedling
receives no check and may be inarched on the same
day that it is placed in position.

. Inarching is best done in August and September,
and the operation, from the time it is effected until
the day of removal, usually extends over three to
four months.

Grafted guava trees are planted at 15 feet apart,
and to bear abundant crops of fruit they require
good soil, good manure and plenty of water. —

142 FOREST TREES.

285 Eugenia malaccensis, Lrnn.
Fig.— Wight Ill. uw. 14.

A small evergreen tree cultivated in the Lal-Bagh, -

Very ornamental, having shining leaves, large crimson
flowers, and beautiful fruit, the size and form of a
goose’s egg. The fruit is insipid.

286 Eugenia Jambos, Linn. Nan. Pannerale, Coorg
Malle nerale.

Fig. — Wight Ill, vw. 14. Wight Ic, t. 435.

References.— Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.; Brand.
For, Flora.

The rose-apple tree. Hvergreen, spreading (branch-
ing) from the base and of medium size. Oulti-
vated for its fruit, which is of the size and form of
a crab apple. Affects moist situations and is a good
tree for scenic planting, being very effective in flower.
The fruit has a delicate rose-water flavour, but on
the other hand it is too dry and cottony to be in
great demand. The tree produces two crops yearly.
Wood of little value.

287 Eugenia hemispherica, Wuicur. Kan. Matta
nerale, Coorg Makke nerale,

Fig.—Wight Ic. t, 525. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t, 208,
References.—Fl. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Heon.
Prod, of Ind.
A handsome evergreen tree confined to.the Mal-

nad and Coorg. Flowers large white ; fruit one inch
in diameter. The timber is said to be utilised for

various purposes: Upper branchlets subtetragonous;

leaves variable in form and texture.

288 Eugenia leta, Ham, A middling-sized tree of
the hill forests. Flowers large when fully opened,
petals whitish, stamens crimson. Fruit ovoid. Possibly

ete,

confined to the wettest portion of the Ghats, Uses

unknown,

MYSORE AND COORG. 143

289 Eugenia myrtifolia, Roxs.

A shrub or small tree affording a strong dark-
coloured wood, Cultivated in the Lal-Bagh.

290 Eugenia zeylanica, Wicut. Kan. Kunnerale, Kun-
nerlu.

Pig.— Wight Ill. ti. 15; Wight Ic. i. 73.

References.—F!. of Brit. Ind.; Kurz. For. Fl,
Burm.

A small evergreen tree of Shimoga, Hassan, and
the Western Ghats. Locally used for fuel and
manure, and, like Nerale, it possesses medicinal pro-
perties. Flowers and fruit white. ,

291 Eugenia operculata, Roxs.
Fig.—Wight Ic. t. 552 & 615.

References.—-Fl. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod of Ind.; Brand. For, Fl.

A large tree of the Western Ghats. Leaves turning
bright red in decay, Flowers greenish. Fruit edible.
Lovery reports that the wood is brown, close-
grained, tough, and durable, and that the fruit is
eaten. It is possible, however, that this remark applies
to a variety of the next species, which is popularly
known by the vernacular appellation Nai nerale.

We therefore require fuller information as tothe
identity of this tree.

292 Eugenia Jambolana, Lam. Kan. Nerale, Nerlu,
Jumnerale, Nai nerale.

Fig.— Wight Ic. t. 535 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. ¢. t, 197

References.—Brand. For. Fl.; Pharm. Ind.; Fl.

of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Lcon. Prod. of India.

The black-plum tree of India, There are two dis-
tinct varieties of the species, viz. caryophyllifolia,
(Nai nerale) the small roundish-fruited, and obtustfolia,
(Jum nerale) the large oval-fruited. The latter
is most abundant in the hill country, while the former

144 FOREST TREES.

is more frequently found in the plains ; both varieties
are popularly known as the ‘ Jamoon, ’and are exten-
sively planted as avenue trees at the sides of the
provincial roads. Being large, evergreen, or rarely
subdeciduous trees, they are well adapted for the lat-
ter purpose. Wood whitish, changing to reddish
brown inthe heartwood, hard, tough, durable in
water, and fairly lasting otherwise. Weight 465 lb.
per cubic foot.

The wood of var. obtusifolia, is supposed to be
somewhat superior to that of the other variety ; but
both are liable to warp in seasoning. Locally used
for buildings, agricultural implements, and grinding
mills, &c. Medicinal properties are attributed to the
fruit, leaves, seeds, and bark; and the last named
product affords material for dyeing and tanning.
The fruit, which is very abundant in the rainy sea-
son, is sold inthe bazaars and commonly eaten by all
classes. Haten in quantity, it is said to cause fever.

One variety of the Jum nerale, which is only found
in certain localities, attains the size of a damson plun,
and being produced in large clusters, is a very at-
tractive fruit. When the berries are falling from:
. the tree, the ground underneath is stained blue-
-black. M. Venkatnarnappa reports that “the tend-
er portions (sic) dried and powdered constitute a very
good substitute for coffee, though it does not possess
the same properties.”

Another substitute for this important beverage is
prepared from the roasted seeds of Cassia occiden-
talis. Kan. Kol tagaci.

Cultivation—The Jamoon is self-productive from
seed, the latter being often favourably deposited by
flying foxes, squirrels, and birds. In good soil, the
tree attains a large size and is said to be a suitable,
shade for coffee cultivation. In such a position, full-
grown trees would occupy a diameter of 100 feet..

MYSORE AND COORG. 145

293 Eugenia floccosa, Brpp. Kan. Sime nerale.

A beautiful tree of the Western Ghats. Should be
utilised within its range for scenic purposes. It is
figured and described in Beddome’s Flora Sylvatica,
page 200.

294 Eugenia Heyneana, Watt.
Fig—Wight Ill. vi. 16; Wight Ic. t. 539.

Asmall tree, or occasionally not more than a
shrub. Usually found in the beds of streams in Coorg
and the Malnad. A variable species, of which speci-
mens should be transmitted with fuller information.

This large genus, of which 131 species are enume-
rated by Mr. J. F. Duthie, in the Flora of British
India, is fairly represented in the hill forests of My-
sore. But few of the local trees have any commercial
value, neither do they adapt themselves readily to
the dry atmosphere of the plains. For general
utility all over the country, the species Jambos and
Jambolana are as well suited as they are widely
known. But within the moist evergreen zone, many
species of Hugenia are admirably adapted for orna-
mental effect.

295 Barringtonia speciosa, Forst,
Fig. — Wight Ic. t. 547.

An evergreen tree cultivated in the Botanical
Gardens, and known tobe of great scenic value. Intro-
duced from Ceylon. Itis doubtful if B. acutangula,
Geertn. is found in Mysore.

296 Careya arborea, Roxs. Kan. Gouju, Gavuldu,
Kavalu, Kaval.

Fig.— Bedd. I'l. Sylv. t. 205.
References.—Fl. of Brit. Ind.; Pharm. Ind.;
Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.
A common deciduous tree. Small on the plains

but attaining a large size as it approaches the
moist region of the hills, In age, the large obovate

146 FOREST TREES.

leaves assume a reddish autumnal tint, anid subse.
quently fall when the rains subside.

Sapwood abundant, white; heartwood reddish
brown to dull red, dark in old trees, even-grained’
and beautifully mottled. Weight 43—60 Ib. per cubic
foot. It is a durable and pretty wood, but except for
wooden vessels and agricultural implements, it is
seldom used in Mysore. It was formerly used for
the drums of sepoy corps. In addition to its well
known astringent properties, the bark affords a very
strong fibre, which, with other uses, is employed as
a slow match to ignite gunpowder, and in the pre-
paration of fusees for native matchlocks.

Medicinal properties are attributed to the fruit
and the calyces of the flowers. In size and form, the
fruit is not unlike an English apple. ;

Cultivation.—Each fruit contains 10—18 seeds, |
which, if removed from their fleshy covering, and
sown in pans, will germinate readily.

297 Couroupita guianensis, Avsu.

The cannon-ball tree. So called from the spherical
shape of the fruit. This mteresting tree grows well
in the Lal-Bagh, where it sheds its leaves during
the cold season. The large flowers are borne on the
matured wood and are mostly red and orange in
colour. The species has been introduced from St.
Vincent.

XXXII. MELASTOMACEZ.

298 Memecylon edule, Roxs. Kun, Udatalli, Limbtoli.
Bee Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Wight Ill.
References.—Flora of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of E

Prod. of Ind. * Meee net

An evergreen shrub or small tree of very variable
character, there being no less than twelve varieties

MYSORE AND COORG, 147

of the species enumerated in the “Flora of British
India.”

It possesses a hard wood, which has, in the Hassan
District especially, a good reputation for durability,

The species is not uncommon in the dry jungle
about Closepet, where, however, it never seems to
grow beyond a stunted shrub and is not distinguish-
ed by a vernacular name. Although small, the wood
is exceedingly hard and difficult to work, in fact
inasmuch so that it has been called iron wood and
is mentioned asa possible substitute for box.

When trained, it forms an attractive garden’ bush
with glossy foliage and thick clusters. of small blue
flowers growing on the woody limbs behind the
leaves. But growth is slow even under the best treat-
ment. Memecylon Heyneanum, Benth. is also indi-
genous to the mixed jungle skirting the hills.

XXXIV. LYTHRACEA.
299 Lawsonia alba, Lamx. Kan. Goranti, Gorantlu.
Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Wight Ill.
t. 87.
sia of Econ. Prod. of Ind; Drury
The Henna shrub. This important dye plant is
not very abundant in Mysore, but the Muhamma-
dans are fond of it and often cultivate it carefully
within their garden or house enclosures, Ladies of
the harem manufacture henna for domestic use, while
the leaves and flowers are much esteemed in medi-
cine; the flowers are also sweetly fragrant. When
correctly pruned, the Lawsonta alba forms a useful
privet-like hedge.
Cultivation.—Propagate from seed, and’ plant in
any ordinary soil where there is means of occasional
irrigation while the plahts are young: The shrub

148 FOREST TREES.

succeeds best near the sea, but also thrives fairly well
inland, especially when manured with fish, salt, and
other maritime ingredients or composts.

300 Lagerstrcoemia indica, Linn.
Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Wight
Til. t. 86.
Reference.—F%. of Brit. Ind.

A deciduous flowering shrub cultivated in gardens,
but not observed in the wild state. The pinkish-lilac »
flowers make a great show during the warm season,
when the bush is bare of leaf. Propagate from offsets
and suckers.

301 Lagerstroemia parviflora, Roxs. Kan. Cheninge, *
Channangi, Ventaku ?

Fig— Wight Ic. t. 69. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 81,

References.—Fl. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod, of Ind.

A small deciduous tree of the open plateau. Never
large in Mysore, although it is reported to attain to
a height of 60 feet at the base of the Western Hima-
laya. In this province it is mostly found skirting the
larger deciduous forests and among the hill ranges
of the Hastern Ghat. Wood very light grey tinged «
with red and turning darker towards the centre;
straight-fibred, tough, elastic. Weight 40—60 Ib. per
cubic foot. Used for agricultural implements and
considered fairly durable. The bark affords fibre,
gum, tan and dye, the gum being edible. It is one
of the trees on which the tasar silkworm feeds.

Cultivation.— Easily propagated from seed, but
slow of growth for some years and requiring porous.
soils where there is little stagnation of water. It is
perhaps on this account that healthy trees are seldom
found in hollows or marshy ground.

302 Lagerstroemia lanceolata, Wau. Kan. Nandi,
Nundi, Bolundur ?

Fig—Bedd. Fl, Sylv. t. 30, Wight Ic. t, 109.

MYSORE AND COORG. 149

References.—Brand. For. Fl.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod, of Ind.

A large or middling-sized tree of the Malnad and
Coorg. Bark white, smooth, given off in thin flakes.
Leaves deciduous in the dry season, smooth, white
beneath ; average blade 3x1lin. Flowers preceding
the young leaves, small but very numerous, pinkish
lilac. One of the reserved trees of the State forest.
Wood yellowish-brown changing to red in the centre,
smooth, even-grained, elastic, tough and of. great
transverse strength. Weight 41-48 lb. per cubic foot.
Seasons well and is durable if preserved from mois-
ture. But felled trees soon decay if left exposed to
the weather in the forest. The large beams in the
root of the Palace at Mercara are of this wood,
and it is highly prized in Coorg for building
purposes. It is also used for making furniture,
carts, and grinding mills. But the tree is held
sacred by some of the hill people, who will not
utilise it economically on that account.

Cultivation.— Raise from seed and plant in the hill
sholas where the rainfall is75—100 inches per annum.
303 Lagerstreemia Flos-Regine, Retz. Kan.

Challa, Chella, Holedasal ?
Fig. —Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Wight
Iv. t 413. Bedd. Fi. Syiv. t. 29.

References—Brand. For. Fl.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.; Fl. of Brit. Ind.

A large tree of the Ghat forests. Sometimes
called the “Pride of India” on account of its
gorgeous blossom. The latter breaks forthin May
or June, supported by the young leaves, and is
truly a. splendid sight. The panicles, which are
mostly terminal, are two feet in length, while the
individual flower is not less than three inches in
diameter and mauve-purple in color. While in
blossom the tree can be seen for a long distance off.

150 FOREST TREES.

The leaves are deciduous for some weeks at'the
beginning of the year; average blade 7x2} in,
Capsule the size of a gooseberry, but made to appear
larger by the accrescent calyx forming an ornament.
al cup at the base, with six horizontal points,
Wood light coloured, strong, and very durable under
water. Weight 40—45 lb. per cubic foot.

Beddome says it is used in the Gun-carriage
factory at Madras. A coarse fibre is obtained from
the inner bark; and Lovery reports that the fruit is
eaten in the Malnad. The trees cultivated in the
Botanical Gardens are somewhat stunted in growth,
although they are perhaps more prolific of flowers
than the hill tree.

Cultivation.—Owing to the difficulty of procuring
fertile seed from cultivated trees, the species has

not spread so much in cultivation as it otherwise. |
would have done. Seed should therefore be obtain-

ed from the hill forests, when they will be more

likely to germinate freely. Plant out in deep garden °
soil when the seedlings are a foot or more in height. -

The drier climate of the maidan causes the tree to be
very productive of flowers and fruit, but the latter
are undersized, while the seed is more or less
imperfect.

304 Punica granatum, Linn. Kan. Dalimbe, Dalim.
bare, Huli dalimbe,

Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Wight

Til. t. 97.

References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.; Brand.
For. Fl.

The pomegranate tree. This is rather exten-

sively cultivated for its fine fruit, but seldom attains
to more than a dense bush of erect habit. It is
very ornamental while in flower and fruit, these
products being prominent and brightly coloured.
But the fruit imported from Afghanistan and the

MYSORE AND COORG. 151

- Persian Gulf Ports, is much superior in quality to
what is commonly grown in local gardens. In size,
the pomegranate varies from that of an apple to a
small pumelo. Technically, it is a large berry,
with numerous seeds unbedded separately in coloured
cellular tissue, the abundance and quality of which
regulate the nature of the fruit as a dessert product.
Wood small, but hard, fine-grained, and capable of
receiving a good polish. Gamble refers to it as a
possible substitute for box. Walking sticks are
populary made from it, and it forms excellent handles
for tools and instruments. The fruit, rind, seed, anc
root-bark, are all medicinal products, while dyes and
tans are contained in the bark, and, perhaps more
intensely, in the green rind of the fruit.

‘Cultivation.—To obtain good crops of fruit, this
tree must be highly cultivated in the best land under
irrigation. Seedlings are easily raised, and the dif-
ferent local varieties have been inarched to a small
extent. Plant at 8 feet apart, leaving the upper soil
as loose and porous as possible. The full crop of a
single tree is worth, on the average, Rs. 2, so that
under proper management 50, trees should be worth
Rs. 100 per annum to the cultivator. It is the
favourite fruit of the Musalman.

XxxV, ONAGRACE.
305 Jussicea suffruticosa, Linn. Kan, Kavakula.
Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

An undershrub of nallahs and marshes. The
whole plant is astringent. Reduced to powder, it is
popularly used by the villagers in cases of dysentery.
Very common.

XXXVI. PASSIFLORES.
306 Carica Papaya, Linn. Kan, Parangi mara.

152 FOREST TREES.

A subherbaceous fruit tree with a succulent or
pithy trunk and no branches. Naturalised in India,
but originally introduced from the West Indies and
Central America.

This well-known tree is cultivated throughout the
province for its fruit, which is consumed as a vegeta-
ble when young and tender, and as a fruit when ripe.
Brandis says “ meat becomes tender by washing it
with water impregnated with the milky juice, or by
suspending the joint under a tree.”

This fact is well known too in South India, the
property being due to the presence of an active
principal called papaine. The latter is extracted
from the fruit in the West Indies in the form ofa
white powder, and largely exported to France and
Germany. The male flowers of the species are
deliciously fragrant, and might be worth-producing
in quantity for use in perfumery. Fruit the size of
a small melon and not unlike it generally.

Cultivation.—The ‘ papaw’ grows spontaneously
from seed and thrives to perfection in rich garden
soil. One male tree is perhaps sufficient to fertilise
50 pistilliferous. trees, and should be planted im at
least that proportion throughout the garden. Self-
sown trees come up in backyards and rubbish heaps.

XXXVII. CACTE.
307 Opuntia Dillenii, Haw. Kan, Papas kattali.

The prickly pear. This succulent bush is natura-
lised on the plains of India, and in some parts of the
Madras Presidency—as in Salem and Coimbatore—
where it covers extensive tracts of dry land. Various
attempts have been made: to utilise the species com-
mercially, but as yet these have been attended with
little success, and the shrub is generally looked
upon as an obnoxious and persistent pest.

*

MYSORE AND COORG. 153.

But so long as barren land is occupied such is not.
the case, the chief function of the prickly. pear.
being to assist nature in making unproductive soils.
productive. This it does, rather quickly, in a number
of ways, the chief of which are increased hygro-
metric action onthe surface, interception of movable
matter on the occupied area, and the rapid addition
of asurface layer of vegetable soil. When these
forces have been in action for a few decades, it will
be possible to replace the prickly pear with a more
directly useful class of plants.,

It is not the fault of the prickly pear that it has.
been allowed to, occupy areas, for which it is, not
intended, and where its functions as a coloniser, are.
rendered useless. The. utility of the plant as a
fence for villages, railways, and. reserved forest, is
therefore fraught with great danger, as in good soils
it spreads very rapidly and becomes, what it already
is in many parts of the country, a dreaded pest to
the cultivator. The Malta prickly pear, which is
considered a.good.fruiting variety, has:recently. been
introduced into local cultivation,

Cultivation—Confine the. prickly pear. to the
poorest soils where domestic plants willnot grow.
Propagate by division of the lobes or joints of the
stem, every one of which will grow, independently.

XXXVIII. ARALIACEA.
308 Heptapleurum venulosum, Szsm. Kan. Bili
bhuthala.
Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection..

A small. soft-wooded tree, or, when in contact
with other trees, a large glabrong climber with glossy+
digitate leaves, and oval, yellow fruit. Occasionally
met with all through the forests. Uses unknown.

Cultivation.—Propagate from seed and.cuttings.
Growth is satisfactory in ordinary field andigarden

20

154 FOREST TREES.

soil, When properly trained, the species makes
rather an attractive little tree.

309 Brassaia actinophylla, ENvL.

The umbrella tree. A handsome evergreen
species cultivated in the Lal-Bagh, and_introduéed’
from East Australia. The large digitate leaves
have stout petioles 15—20 in. in length. The leaflets
are also stalked, and vary from 8 to 16 in number. ,
Flowers in large terminal panicles which are rigid,
and coral-red in colour. This is an ornamental and
distinct species, worthy of a place in gardens and
pleasure grounds. Easily propagated from seed and
cuttings; but a deep soil is necessary to insure
shapely growth.

XXXIX. CORNACEA.

310 Alangium Lamarckii, Tawartes. Kan. Ankole,
Ankalige, Ansaroli ?

Fig.—Wight Ic. t. 194. Wight IU. t. 96.

References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.
Brand. For. Fl,; Fl. of Brit. Ind.

A small deciduous tree, often reduced to a mere
shrub. In the latter form it makes a good fence,
for which it is occasionally utilised in Mysore.
The species coppices well and affords excellent fuel.
Wood light yellow outside, brown to dark brown in
the centre, hard, even-grained, tough and durable.
Weight 49—56 Ib. per cubic foot. When. well
seasoned, it isa higbly ornamental wood with a
fine glossy surface. It is used for pestles, wooden
bells, and other minor purposes. There is a super-
stition in Mysore that, when this wood is felled and
brought in to the house at midnight, on new moon
day, the latter falling on a Sunday, it possesses the
power to drive away devils. The acid fruitis éaten ;
-and nearly every part of the tree is considered
medicinal. 3 .

MYSORE AND COORG. 155

Cultivation.—The species is propagated from seed
and offsets, but in either method the growth is exceed-
ingly slow at first; and the most careful treatment
will often result in a stunted shrub. In tracts where
the tree is established, reproduction is best attained
by coppicing, which induces the lateral growth of
numerous offsets.

311 Cornus macrophylla, Watt. Kan. Hadaga.
References.—Brand. For. Fl. 252. Fl. of. Brit.
Ind. et

Lovery describes this as “a large tree found in
the Malnad, but very scarce. Woeod finely close-
grained and fit to be worked up and polished. Good
for building and furniture.” In the deciduous forests
of the maidan, it does not attain a very great size,
but the wood appears to be used for paddy grinders
and agricultural implements. More information is -
needed as to the condition, merit, and uses of the
species. The fruit is edible, and goats are said te
browse on the leaves,

| Cornus capttata, Wall. should be found on the hills.
It is a small hairy tree having dense heads of .con-
nate flowers subtended by four large white bracts.

XL. RUBIACEZ.
812 Sarcocephalus cordatus, Mig.
Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 318.

References—Kurz. For. Fl. Burm. ; Gamble
Man. Timb. 218.

A small tree cultivated in the Botanical Gardens.
Indigenous to parts of Ceylon and Burmah. An
ornamental species with globular heads of yellowish
flowers which are very fragrant. Wood rather light
and coarse grained. Beddome has recorded that it
is used for making sandals. Fruits combined in a
round fleshy mass, the size of a potato-plum,

313 Anthocephalus Cadamha, Mig. Kan, Kadayal
Kadvala, Cowdeyal ? Pomme

“156 ‘FOREST TREES.

Fig.—Bot, Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. 127, t. 35.

References.—Pharm. Ind. ; Dict. of Econ. Prod,
of Ind.

In the Malnad, this fine tree attains a great height
and affords dense shade from its spreading branches.
But in the early stages of growth it assumes a com-
pact conical form. It is sacred to the consort of
Siva, and the fragrant flowers produced in globular
heads are offered at some of the native shrines.
These flowers are most odoriferous at night and are
supposed by the Hindus to possess some magnetic
influence in the interests of love. “The tree is
planted near villages and temples, and is held to be
sacred. It is the Arbor Generationis of the Maratha
Kunbis, and a branch of itis brought into the house
at the time of their marriage ceremonies.”

Pharmacographia Indica.

Wood white with a yellowish tinge, soft and
open grained, cracks when exposed. Weight about
40 lb. per cubic foot. Graham Anderson says>it is
uséless, except for making bath-brick boards.
Dombers use it for their play-posts and, occasionally,
when better timber is not at hand, it may be used
for various domestic purposes. The fruit and bark
are medicinal ; and the tree is occasionally referred
to by English settlers as the ‘ wild cinchona.’ Fruits

confluent into a spherical mass, the size of a small
~ orange.
_Cultivation.—It is only in the moist region of the
‘hills, where this tree attains its full size and beauty
and where it is' reproduced by seeds and offsets. The
globular flower heads are orange-coloured, with
white club-formed stigmas projecting well beyond
the corollas. Very ornamental. .
314 Adina cordifolia, Hoox. Kan. Bachanige, Hettega,
Yettega, ‘Hedde, Arsinatega.
Fig.—Brand. For. Fl. 263, t. 33.

ivsoRE AND ‘coorc. 157

References.—F'l. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.; Pharm. Ind.

A lofty tree of the hill forests and maidan ad-
jacent to the hills. It occasionally attains an enor-
‘mous size and is well known by the vernacular name
Arsinatega, meaning “ yellow teak.” Commonly met
with all through the Malnad and parts of Coorg.
Leaves deciduous, roundish cordate, leathery; stipules
large and caducous. Fruit capsular—a character
‘which at once distinguishes the species from 312 and
313—seeds numerous. Wood uniformly yellow, or
‘changing by exposure to reddish brown, with no
heartwood nor annular rings. Weight -42—50 lb.
per cubic foot. Although somewhat liable to warp
and crack, this wood seasons well, takes a good
polish and is considered by some fairly durable in
cabinet work; it is also prized in Bombay for its
‘durability in water, on which account it is much
used for fishing-stakes. But the seasoned wood is
‘said to be very subject to the attacks of the car-
penter bee, Apis xylocarpa.

It turns well, and is specially useful for making
small articles such as combs, gunstocks and orna-
‘mental boxes. But the species is best known for
its bitter bark, which is a popular febrifuge and
antiseptic among the agricultural classes,

Cultivation:—The species is propagated from
seed and offsets, but never attains its full develop.
ment far away from the hills. A deep -virgin soil,
watered annually by 75—100 inches of ‘rain, is
perhaps the best medium for,good growth.

315 Stephegyne parvifolia, Korrs. Kan. Kadagada,
Kadani, Cuddaru ?

‘Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 34. Wight Il. t. 193.

References—-Brand. For. Fl, 262. Dict. of
Econ Prod. of Ind.

158 FOREST TREES.

In Mysore, this is a deciduous tree of medium or
large size, according to position, but always attaining
its largest dimensions in the moist valleys of the
Malnad, or hill country.

“Wood grey to light-reddish brown, compact,
close and fime grained, hard. Weight 35—47 lb,
per cubic foot, seasoned; 54 lb. green. Durable if
not exposed to wet. No distinct heartwood. Medul.
lary rays very numerous and fine. Easily worked,
and polishes well. Used for building, furniture,
agricultural implements, combs, and to a large ex.
tent for turned and carved articles, such as platters,
cups, and spoons. The leaves are used for fodder.”

Brandis.

Kadagada mara possesses social habits, and, like
the Mugali, it multiplies rapidly in moist situations,
It does not appear to be much used in the south,’
although, judging from the above quotation, it is of
considerable value in the north of India. Capsule
of 2 dehiscent cocci, very small and numerously
seeded.

Cultivation.—Raise from seed and plant in sholas,
where the rainfall is 75—120 inches. The . seed
should be taken from old trees in the best situations,
otherwise it may not germinate.

316 Hymenodictyon excelsum, Watt. Tel. jBandaru.

Fig.— Wight Ic. t. 79. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 219, A
only.
Reference.—Fl. of Brit. India,
Usually a small deciduous tree, but occasionall
middle-sized and rarely large. Inner bark reddish,
astringent, and very bitter. Said to be in common
use among the country people as a tonic and febri-
fuge. But fuller information is needed as also good .
specimens of the tree. It frequents dry hills,
deciduous tracts, and the outer fringe of the ever
green helt.

MYSORE AND COORG. 159

317 Hymenodictyon Obovatum, Watt.
Fig. —Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 219. Wight Ic. t. 1159.
Reference.—F!. of Brit. Ind.

A deciduous tree of the Baba Budan hills. Mostly
larger in all its parts than H. excelsum. The living
bark is bitter and astringent, but is said to lose these
properties when dried. It is not red in colour.

318 Wendlandia Notoniana, Watt. Kan. Bettada
kammagaggare.

Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 224,

A small tree growing plentifully at Nundydroog.
Flowers reddish-white fragrant. It is not known if
the species is abundant, or if it possesses economic
value. Enquiry should be made by the forest
officer of the Kolar District.

319 Wendlandia Lawii, Hook. Closely allied to
the foregoing and said to be plentiful on the Baba
Budan hills. Specimens should be submitted with
the vernacular name and such local data as can be
relied upon.

320 Musszenda frondosa, Linn. Tam. Vellaellay.

Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Wight
Lil. t. 124.

References.—Fl. of Brit. Ind.; Pharm. Ind.

This attractive shrub is not plentiful in the
interior of Mysore, although it is no doubt common
in the scrub jungle of the south-eastern frontier.
In the Presidency of Madras, it is much esteemed
for its medicinal properties, in which the leaves,
flowers, fruit, and root, all contribute a part. It is
well marked by its white calycine leaves which form
an interesting contrast with the sombre green of
the proper leaves. Hence the vernacular appel-
lation ‘ white leaf.’ But it is an exceedingly vari-
able plant in different situations, and in the “ Flora
of British India,” Sir Joseph Hooker has diagnosed

160 FOREST TRERS.

no less than six varieties. Of these, the variety.
grandifolia, which is cultivated in the Lal-Bagh, is
perhaps the most ornamental. The bush is sup.
posed to be’a favourite of the goddess of fortune

from the fact of its bearing the white mark: of
Vishnu or Krishna.

Cultivation—The garden specimen has never
borne seed, although it flowers freely. Propagation
is therefore effected by layering. Cuttings of soft
shoots will also take root in bottom heat. The
shrub is very hardy and stands long periods of
drought unimpaired.

321 Webera corymbosa, WILLD. Kan. Papati.
Fig.— Wight Ic. t. 309, 584 and 1064.

Reference.—f1. of Brit. Ind,

This very common shrub occasionally assumes the
form of a miniature. tree, but the maidan speci-
mens rarely exceed 8 feet in height. The small
wood burns brightly, and. is much prized by the
country dhoby. Pret, Varried into the bazaars in
bundles, and sold as fuel.

322 Randia dumetorum, Lamx. Kan. Mangare,
Mangare-bongare.

Fig—Wight Ic. t. 580, 681, 582 and 583.

References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.;
Pharm. Ind.; Fl. of Brit. Ind.

A rigid shrub or small tree armed with spines
1” to 13” long. Common in Shimoga, and skirting
the Ghats, but somewhat rare in the drier tracts.
Flowers large, white changing to yellow, fragrant.
Fruit the size of a small apple, much esteemed: as
an Indian emetic. When members of the Vaisya
caste are being married, fruits of the Mangare and
Yedamurt. are fastened on to the wrists of the
happy pair.

This is an. indispensable ceremony. The forest
officer at- Shimoga gives the following particulars':-—

MYSOR® AND COORG, 161

A small tree, common everywhere. Wood heavy
and strong but liable to warp ; used for agricultural
implements, fences and fuel. Bark and fruit used
‘in medicine.

Cultivation —Growth is very slow in almost any
position. A nallah or old well recently filled up
with soil and rubbish, is perhaps the best site. Pro-«
pagate from seed.

323 Randia uliginosa, DC. Kan, Kare, Pendri, Pandri?
Fig— Wight Ic. t. 397.
Reference.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

A glabrous tree of very rigid habit, with or with-
out spines. Flowers large, white and solitary. Fruit
pear-shaped, and edible when roasted or boiled ; sold
in the bazaars in localities where the tree is plentiful.
The whole tree is considerably larger than RB. dumeto-

‘rum, and should be found on the eastern and southern

borders of the province. The species R. rugulosa,
Thw. and R. Candolleana, W. and A. are also refer-
red to Mysore and the Western Ghats.

324 Gardenia lucida, Roxs.
Pig.— Wight Ic. t. 575.

A small tree of West Mysore and Coorg. Leaves
deciduous, glabrous, short-petioled, elliptic, obtuse,
many nerved ; average blade 7x3 in. Flowers axil-
lary, solitary, large, fragrant, white changing’ to
yellow. Fruit oval or subglobose.

325 Gardenia gummifera, Linn. Kan. Bikke,
Dikkemalli,, Kambi. .
Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.
References— Pharm. Ind. ; Dict. of Econ. Prod.
of Ind.

A deciduous shrub or small tree according to
situation. Buds and young foliage resinous and
shining, as if they had been plunged into water.

al

162 FOREST TREES,

Flowers large, white changing to yellow, fragrant,
appearing in May with the young leaves. Fruit the
size of a guava, woody and containing 30—50 seeds, ;
Wood white, very hard, might be used for engraving, ;
Fruit said to be eaten in the Malnad. But.the
Species is best known by its medicinal gum-resin
known to the trade as Dikamali. The latter product
has an offensive smell resembling cats urine, is hand-
collected, and has a marketable value of Rs. 3-12 per
maund of 3724 Ibs. Cultivated in the Botanical
Gardens.

Cultivation —Thrives well in a deep reddish loam,
but only attains size where there is perennial mois-
ture. Removed from the fruit, the seeds germinate
quickly.

326 Gardenia latifolia, Art.
Fig.—Wight Ic. t. 759.
Reference.—Fl. of Brit. Ind.

A small deciduous tree of the dry-hill districts,
It is a highly ornamental species when in blossom,
and should find a place in gardens and pleasure
grounds. The fruit is said to be eaten. Wood
whitish, hard and durable. Weight 52—55 Ib. per
cubic foot.

Cultivation—As for the preceding species, but

requiring less moisture, and better adapted for natur-
ally dry situations.

327 Canthium didynum, Roxs. Kan. Yeddaranike,

A common shrub of waste land. Bark medicinal.

The leaves smell of coriander. Wood gaid to be
good for tool handles.

328 Canthium umbellatum, Wicut. Kan. Abalu,
Abblu. :

Fig.— Wight Ic. t. 1034.

References. —Brand, For. Fl. ; Gamb, Man,
Timb,

MYSORH AND COORG. 163

Although this handsome evergreen tree is now
confined to the Malnad and Coorg, it is worthy of
culture for ornament in gardens. It may also be
found on the Baba Budan hills. But the descrip-
tions of Brandis and Gamble are at variance, and
may apply to different species. The vernacular
names are also doubtful as they are in some cages
applied to Flacourtia inermis, a small tree of the
Bizxinee. The wood of the species under notice ig
reported to be hard and close-grained. Weight 57 Ib.
per cubic foot.

329 Canthium parviflorum, Laur. Kan. Kare,
Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

References.—Fl. of Brit. Ind. ; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.; Pharm. Ind.

A rigid spiny bush or rarely asmall tree. Very
common in the maidan and usually affecting dry
rocky positions. Fruit commonly eaten. The
leaves are also edible, but are most prized for their
supposed medicinal properties, a decoction of them
being prescribed in different stages of flux. The
small wood is suitable for turning. ‘The. shrub is
gregarious in some parts, always difficult to exter-
minate, and, properly trimmed, forms a good
fence.

Cultivation—Under artificial treatment, the
species makes very slow growth, but seeds dibbled
in between the crevices of rocks will soon germinate
and form strong plants. Once started in this way,
the Kare soon multiplies itself by seed and offsets.

330 Vangueria edulis, Vadat.

A small tree of Madagascar. Recently received
at the Lal-Bagh, and said to be cultivated in some
parts of India for its fruit.

331 Ixora parviflora, Vanu. Kan. Gorivi, Henn gorvi,
Gorabikattige.

164 FOREST TRIES.

Fig—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 222. Wight Ic. t. 711.

References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.;
Brand. For. Fl.; Fl. of Brit. Ind.

This is the well known torch tree of the Malnad
and Coorg. There are two varieties, differing some-
what in form and size, but they are both evergreen,
resinous trees of rather stunted dimensions. The
green wood burns so well that torches of it are
commonly carried by travellers and tappal runners
to light the way in dark nights. The white honey-
scented flowers are produced in great abundance
during the months of March and April, when they
exhale a strong perfume in the forests. They are
supposed to be very efficacious in the treatment of
whooping cough, when pounded in milk and taken
internally. Although rather small, the wood is said
to be hard and even-grained. Weight 57—66 lb.
per cubic foot. The tree is ornamental and should
find a place in private grounds. It is reported that
the small black berries are eaten in some parts.

Cultivation.—Hasily raised from seed and ean be
successfully grown in any soil of ordinary fertility.
In dry tracts it should be confined to the sides of
channels or tanks.

332 Ixora coccinea, Linn.

A woody shrub cultivated in gardens for its
handsome crimson flowers. It is known to a few
Kuropeans as the “ flame of the forest” and “jungle
geranium.” The species is sacred to Shiva and is
said to possess medicinal virtues of some import-
ance. Several allied species exist in the scrub tracts
and skirting the evergreen belts, especially I. Ban-
dhuca, I. alba, and I. acwminata. These are all good
border shrubs with pretty flowers.

Cultivation Propagate from seed, layers and
cuttings. All the species require a deep retentive
soil with an open aspect and moderate rainfall.

SFYSORT AND COORG. 165

333 Pavetta indica, Linn, Kan. Pavate, Pappadi.
Fig.— Wight Ic. t. 148.

References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind,; Fl.
of Brit. Ind.; Brand. For. Fl. 275.

A deciduous shrub or small tree of variable
character. Plentiful in the scrub tracts and on the
isolated hilis of the interior, It is commonly used
for fuel; and the root and leaves are medicinal.
The Flora of British India enumerates five varieties
of the species.

334 Coffea arabica, Linn.

The vernacular is a corruption of the English
name of the product, and nothing more.

The Arabian coffee bush is largely cultivated on
the hills of Mysore and Coorg. In the first named
province, the principal seats of cultivation are Chik-
magalur, Manjarabad, Koppa and the Baba Budan
hills. Its cultivation was established atthe first named
place by Mr. Cannon about the year 1830; since
which date many thousands of acres have been
cleared of virgin forest to make room for coffee.
An interesting experiment of growing this. product
under irrigation at Bangalore, has proved very
successful for several consecutive years, and
Mr. Meenachshaiya, the owner of the estate, is
sanguine of its becoming a profitable industry in
carefully selected sites.

The crop now on view, at Rochdale Park, is cer-
tainly much heavier than what is usually seen on the
hill estates. But whether the coffee plant will sustain
forcing for any length of time, is yet a matter of
experiment. :

For best results on the hills, the bush requires a
certain amount of shade, but in supplying this, a
very judicious selection of trees becomes imperative,
in case that thelatter should do more harm than

166 FOREST TREES.

good. Planters are now fairly agreed that the
species named in the following list afford the best
shade for coffee, but for obvious reasons it is im-
possible to single out one tree and say it excels in
every locality and under all conditions of treatment,
Such a tree is not to be found in nature. But in
giving the names of popular shade-trees, some at-
tempt has been made to classify them according to
their supposed order of merit or precedence :—

1 Ficus glomerata. Atti. Not so good when aged.
2 Dalbergia latifolia. Biti. ‘

3 Terminalia belerica, Tare.

4 Pterocarpus marsupium. Honne.

5 Acrocarpus fraxinifolius. Howlige.

6 Albizzia odoratissima. Bilvara.

7 Artocarpus integrifolia. Halasu, Not good when aged.
8 Lagerstremia microcarpa.

9 Cedrela toona. Noge.
10 Ficus bengalensis. Alada mara. Not very suitable in poor

land,

11 F. tuberculata.
12 F. mysorensis. Goni.

Liberian coffee, Coffea Liberica, has also been esta-
blished on some of the estates. Left to itself, it
becomes a small tree,

335 Morinda citrifolia var, bracteata.

A shrub or small evergreen tree with large glossy
leaves and white fragrant flowers, the latter pro-
duced ina peculiar cone-like inflorescence. Culti-
vated in the Lal-Bagh, but not known to be indi-
genous to any part of tke province. The specific
form is known to afford the greater part of the Al
dye of Indian commerce, a product which is obtain-
ed from the root of the plant. Morinda umbellata,
Linn. is also cultivated in the Botanical Gardens,
and may be indigenous to the Malnad. The. roots

MYSORE AND OOORG: 167

yield a yellow dye which is locally known as Maddi
banna. The fruit is said to be curried and eaten.

Psychotria. Several species of this large sub-
tropical genus are found in the hill tracts of Mysore.
They are shrubs or small trees with smooth ever-
green leaves and clusters of reddish berries somewhat
resembling small coffee berries. Those most likely
to be found in the hill forests are P. Thwaitesii,
P. truncata and P. Dalzellii. Coffee can be inarched
with more than one of the above named, but with
what result has not been proved.

336 Rubia cordifolia, Linn, Kan.- Manjushta.

Munjeet or Indian madder. A deciduous climber
of village fences, intermediate hills, and waste
tracts. The roots possess a colouring matter which
is of very ancient utility asadye. Itis not, how-
ever, equal to the imported European madder, which
is the produce of Rubia tinctoria.

337 Hamelia patens, Jaca.

A small evergreen tree of South America. Cul-
tivated in the Lal-Bagh as a hedging plant and as an
ornamentally-pruned bush or small tree. A row of
the latter may be seen on the terrace bank at the
Cubbon Park.

Cultivation—The species is unproductive of seed
in Mysore, so that propagation has to be entirely
effected by division. Cuttings soon take root during
the rains. The plant stands a wonderful amount of
pruning, and may on that account be trained into
various artistic or grotesque forms.

338 Cinchona succirubra, Wepp.
Fig.— Howard's Ill. Neuva Quinologia p, 7.

References.—Pharm. Ind. ; Dict. of Econ. Prod.
of Ind.

The red bark. This ‘important tree, with the
allied species C. officinalis, Hook,—Loxa,. crown,

168 POREST TREES,

7

Condaminea, or pale bark,—C. calisaya, Wedd.—yel.
low bark,—and C, calisaya var. Ledgeriana, are
cultivated to some extent in the coffee-planting dis.
tricts of Mysore and Coorg. But Cinchona bark ig
scarcely an export article at present, although very
good samples are said to have been forwarded to
the English market. The total area under private
cultivation in Mysore and Coorg possibly does not
exceed 2,000 acres. When a sufficient number of
factories have been established in the country for
the preparation of quinine, and especially for the
extraction of the alkaloids, cultivation will become
more remunerative than it has been in the past.
Cinchona trees are of no value in the maidan portion
of Mysore, but a good field for production might
possibly be found in the Baba Budan range.

XLI. COMPOSITZ.
339 Vernonia arborea, Ham.

A small evergreen tree cultivated in the Botanical
Gardens. It is indigenous to the Nilgiri range and
may be found on the higher altitudes of Western
Mysore. Of Composite, it is the only arborescent
species found in Southern India.

XLIT. MYRSINEA.
340 Mesa indica. Watt.
A small evergreen tree of the extreme western
forests. Berries edible.
341 Embelia robusta, Roxs.

In hilly tracts towards the west of Mysore. A
rambling shrub or small tree. Fruit edible and
medicinal. 2. Ribes, Burm. is an allied species, the
berries of which are much prized in native medicine,
It is a strong woody climber known by the Kanarese
names Vayubilaga and Vayivalanga. The fruit of

MYSORE AND CooRC. 169

both species is supposed to be collected under a
common vernacular name.

342 Ardisia humilis, Vast. Kan. Bodina.

Fig.—Wight Ic. t. 1212.
References.—Fl. of Brit. Ind.; Bedd. For.
Man.; Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

A large evergreen shrub of Hassan, Shimoga and
Kadur; or, in the variety arborescens, a small tree of
25 feet. Both forms are cultivated in the Botani-
cal Gardens, where they thrive without care and
always look attractive. Leaves very shortly-petio-
late, oblong to elliptic, stout and leathery, cuneate
at the base and crowded towards the ends of the
branchlets. Flowers pink, fleshy. The berries,
which are very numerous, afford a yellow dye which
is scarcely known at present. Other species of
Ardisia should be searched for in the hill region.

XLITI. SAPOTACEZ.
343 Achras sapota, Linn.
Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

This is the Naseberry or Sapodilla of the West
Indies. A small evergreen tree that fruits freely
in the Lal-Bagh, during the months of March and
April. Itis easily propagated from seed and will,
no doubt, become naturalised as a garden tree. ,
Long periods of drought are unfavorable to it, and
to be highly productive of fruit, it requires proper
attention in the matter of irrigating and manuring.
Well-grown Sapodillas are the size of a large apple,
round or oblong according to variety.

Taken atthe proper stage of ripenessit isa de-
licious fruit. But itis not attractive to the eye,
owing to the external covering being of the same
colour as the bark of the trunk. The cultivation of
this useful species should be encouraged in fruit
gardens. j

22

170 FOREST TREES.

344 Chrysophyllum Cainito, LInn,

A small evergréen tree, the leaves being ofa
golden hue underneath, and therefore very orna
mental. Itis the ‘star apple’ of the West Indies,
Recently introduced into the Botanical Gardens.
The fruit, which is the size of an English apple, is
said to be edible.

345 Sideroxylon inerme, Linn.

Tron wood. A small evergreen tree introduced —
from the Cape of Good Hope. It grows slowly and
builds up wood of an exceptionally durable quality.
S. tomentosum, Roxb. an indigenous species, should
be looked for in the moist sholas of the western
Malnad. ‘It isa small densely woolly tree with
yellow berries the size of a gooseberry.

346 Dichopsis elliptica, Bunru. Kan. Pauchonta ?
Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 43.

References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.; Gamb.
Man. Timb.; Fl. of Brit. Ind.

The Pauchotee or Indian Gutta tree. This fine
species attains a height of 100 feet and is said to
be abundant in the moist sholas of the Western
Ghats. Itis also found in Coorg and on the Baba
Budan hills. The milk-sap is used in some parts
as an adulterant for the true Gutta-percha of
Singapore, but it is doubtful if the indigenous pro-
duct is ever collected, either for export or home use.
Local information is wanted on this point, asit
would seem that Indian Gutta has a commercial

status in the Western Ghat forests of Madras and
Bombay.

“ A gigantic tree, 100 feet and up to 12 feetin
girth, common in all the moist sholas of the Western
Ghats of the Madras Presidency, up to 3,500 or
4,000 feet, and in similar localities on the Bombay
Ghats ; the timber is hard and not unlike sil in its
grain and takes a good polish. It is much employed

MYSORE AND COORG. . 171

by planters for building purposes, and might be used
for furniture. A sort of Gutta exudes from the
trunk, which is known as Pala gum or Indian Gutta-
percha. Itis not of any value compared with the
true Gutta-percha, but might be used as a birdlime
or acement, and perhaps for encasing telegraph
wires. The tree is known by the native names of
Pdlé and Pauchotee.” Beddome.

Tn leaf, flower, fruit and general character, this
tree resembles an Ippe of colossal size, and it is in
fact nearly allied to the latter. Cultivation not
known. Botanical specimens are required for the
herbarium.

347 Bassia longifolia, Linn. Aan. Ippe, Hippe.

Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 42. Wight Ill. t. 147.

References.— Thwaites Enum. 175. Pharm. Ind. ;
Dict. of Heon. Prod. of Ind.

The Mowa or Mahwa tree of South India. Abund-
ant throughout the maidan, but especially in village
topes and in the road avenues where the tree is sub- |
deciduous and forms a compact roundish head of 40
to 50 feet in height. Leaves crowded at the ends
of the branchlets, petiolate, glabrous, lanceolate,
average blade 5x14 in. The Lppe is distinguished
from the Mahwd tree of Central India, Bassia
latifolia, Roxb. by its narrow leaves and smoother
bark; it is also nearly evergreen. The time
of flowering is quite different as also the size
of the flower, fruit and seed. Wood yellowish
brown, to red in the centre, close-grained and
moderately durable. Beddome recommends it for
use under the water line as direct exposure to the
air is injurious. Weight 61 lb. per cubic foot.
Important medicinal properties are attributed to
the flowers of the Ippe, as also to the concrete oil
expressed from its seed. The oil is suitable for the

172 FOREST TREES.

manufacture of soap and candles, but in Mysore it ig
mostly used for burning and very rarely as an article
of food. Ghee is occasionally adulterated with it,
although the bitter taste it imparts to that commo-
dity should easily detect its presence.

A spiritous liquor is distilled from the flowers
of B. latifolia in Central India; but there is no
corresponding industry in the south, although the
flowers of B. longifolia, contain the necessary in-
gredients in about the same proportion. A kind of
sugar is prepared from the flowers ona small scale,
but it is considered to be heating and bilious in its
action. The flowers are much relished by cattle
and vermin, and some of the jungle tribes partly
subsist upon them. They appear with the young
leaves at the close of the hot season, and are made ~
apparent by their peculiar heavy odour. The fruit
ripens in July and August. The bark affords an _
inferior gum generally known in the south as Ellopa, -
Having so many useful properties, this tree is well —
known to and much cultivated by the people.

Cultivation.—The Jppe appears to thrive best in
stony soil or among rocky boulders, where there isa
good depth of loam. It is easily raised from seed
and should be planted out in the year following
production. Seeds deposited by birds and squirrels
often come up promisciously. For avenue work
plant at 45 feet apart. Large pits filled with loose
soil of good quality will facilitate growth to a
marked extent.

348 Bassia latifolia, Rox. Kan. Kadu ippe?
Kad hippe P
Fig-—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 41.

References.— Brand. For. Fl. 289. Dict. of Ecen.
Prod. of Ind.; Fl. of Brit. Ind.

This is the proper Mowa or Mahwa tree of Central
India. It is not very common in Mysore and never

MYSORE AND COORG. 1%8

forms gregarious woods as it does in the north.
Leaves deciduous for nearly two months during
the close of the cold and beginning of the warm
seasons. Crowded at the ends of the branchlets,
pubescent and coppery-red when young, eventually
quite glabrous. Petiolate, oblong-elliptic shortly
acute. Average blade 8x4 in. Flowers cream-
coloured and honey-scented, not so heavy as in the
last species. Berry the size of a Belgaum. walnut
with 1—4 seeds. The cultivation of this tree seems
desirable, as its economic properties, although
almost identical with those of B. longifolia, have been
fully tested, and are therefore more appreciated
than the properties of the latter. In Central and
Northern India the species is a well known supplier
of food, medicine, liquor and timber, although the
last named product is usually exempted in favour of
the more valued flowers and seeds. The Kad Ippe
is mostly confined, as the name implies, to the jungle
forests, but it rarely ascends beyond the mixed zone,
nor does it appear to be much used in the domestic
economy of the people. The wood, which is reddish-
brown in colour, is protected by a thickish, corky
bark which often cracks in horizontal rings or
sections of rings. The quality of the wood is favor-
ably reported on both by Brandis and Beddome,
The dried flowers are eaten. . .

Cultivation.—Practically as for B. longifolia. The
re-production noticed in some localities is probably
due to the intervention of birds and vermin.

349 Bassia malabarica, Bepp.

Although this tree has not been reported from
the Malnad, there is little doubt it exists on the
western frontier.

350 Mimusops Elengi, Linn. Kan. Pagade, Boklu ?
_, Kanja, Pogada, Halmadhu.
‘Fig. —Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Bedd. Fi,
Sylv. t. 40. Wight Ic. t. 1586,

174 FOREST TREES,

References.—FV. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.; Pharm. Ind.

A very handsome evergreen tree of Western
Mysore and Coorg. Cultivated at the Lal-Bagh
and Nundydroog, but rarely seen elsewhere in
the maidan. Much valued for its medicinal pro.
perties in which the bark, flowers, fruit and seed,
alltake a part. A culinary and medicinal oil is ex.
pressed from the seed, while the fresh flowers
afford a volatile oil which is used in perfumery,
The white star-like flowers are deliciously fragrant .
and fall from the trees abundantly during the warm
season. When properly seasoned, the wood is said
to be very durable ; it splits well and is locally
prized for rice pounders. Weight about 60 Ib. per
cubic foot.

“Tt is close and even-grained, pinkish to red-
dish brown in colour and takes a good polish.” |
Beddome. The fruit is eaten by the jungle people, ©
and the tree is occasionally cultivated in gardens
for its sweet scented flowers which are both worn
as garlands and presented at the temples.

Cultivation.—EHasily propagated from seed and
only requiring deep soil and a uniform supply of
water to produce a very handsome tree. It suffers
from long periods of drought but recovers rapidly
when timely rains fall. A position, where the sub-
soil never becomes hard and cracked, would produce
the finest growth, or where the annual rainfall is
60 to 100 inches. It is a good shade tree for coffee.
351 Mimusops hexandra, Roxs.

Fig.—Wight Ic. t. 1587.
Reference—Brand. For. Fl. 291.

This large, evergreen tree is confined to the ever-
green zone of the Western Ghats. Economic pro-
perties supposed to be nearly identical with those
of M. Elengi. The heartwood is very hard, heavy
and close-grained, Weight 60—72 Jb. per cubic

WYSORF AND COORG. 175

Ties

foot. Brandis recommends it for turning. Forest
officers make no mention of the species, but its exist-
ence in the western Malnad can scarcely be doubted.
Corolla lobes only six in number, whereas in
M. Hlengi they are 16—20. M. Rowxburghiana, Wight.
has not been reported also, although there is little
question of its existence in some of the hill forests.
The cultivation of these trees is unknown, but judg-
ing from their position, it should be confined to the
hill ranges, where there is plenty of shade and mois-
ture.

XLIV. EBENACESA.
352 Maba nigrescens, Datz.

A small tree of the Western Ghats. Very hairy,
“young branches almost shaggy.” Fl. of Brit.
Ind. Although small, the wood of this tree is said
to be prized for rafters for native houses. It is
also supposed that the berries are eaten by the hill
people. More information is required with speci-
mens and the local name.

353 Diospyros montana, Roxs. Kan. Jagalaganti,
Bilkunika, Balkunika, Kalnandi.
Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Wight
Ie. t. 1225. Wight Ill. t. 148.

References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.; Brand.
For. Fl.; Kurz. For. Fl. Burm.

A small tree on the plains but attaining a larger
size towards the hills and not uncommon all over
the province. Pandits use the bark and heartwood
in native medicine, and the fruit is used by the
Travancore hill-men to poison fish. Wood yellowish-
grey, finely grained, and easily worked; but very
unpopular with the lower classes owing to the super-
stition that its presence in a house causes dissension
and strife among the occupants. It is well adapted
for making rafters, couples, and small articlesof furni-

176 FOREST TREES.

ture; and the enlightened Hindu should extend its
usefulness in that capacity. It is a good fuel tree,
and there seems to be no feasible objection to use it
widely for that purpose, except that it is difficult
to fell and is severe on forest tools. The fruit is
not eaten by the people in this part of India. But
birds masticate the seeds, and thereby sow them
promiscuously.

Cultivation.—Re-productive in some situations, —
Propagate from seed and plant in any moderately .
good soil when the seedlings are a foot or more in
height. Rocky land having a deep subsoil seems to
answer well. The species coppices well, and may be
planted in fuel plantations at 10—15 feet apart.

354 Diospyros Embryopteris, Pars. Kan, Kusharta?
Coorg. Holle tupra.

Fig.— Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Bedd:
Fil. Sylv. t. 69. Wight Ic. t. t. 843 and 844.

References.—Dict. of Economic Prod. of Ind.;
Fi. of Brit. Ind.; Brand. For. Fl. 298.

A handsome evergreen tree found rather abund-
antly in moist sholas and on the banks of rivers.:
Fruit the size of a large apple, coloured green and
abounding in tannic acid ; on exposure to the light,
the inner white flesh quickly changes to a blackish
colour. But the astringent and tannic properties
disappear to a great extent as the fruit attains the
full stage of ripeness, when it may be eaten in small
quantities with perfect safety. The tree is perhaps
best known by its Sanskrit name, Tinduka, an appel-
lation which suggests the medicinal properties of
the bark and fruit. An oil expressed from the seed
is also medicinal. Local investigation seems to
prove that the uses of this tree are comparatively
unknown in Mysore and Coorg. It is cultivated in
the Botanical Gardens, and fruits very freely every
year. The wood, which is light brown, is not of
much value.

MYSORH AND GOORG, 179

ent

Cultivation —This is regulated: by the presence
of deep soil, a cool atmosphere, and plenty of
moisture. The tree in the Lal-Bagh has never
borne fertile seed, nor will it grow from cuttings.
Seed should be procured direct from the Malnad,
as the species is desirable for garden cultivation in
moist shady positions.

355 Diospyros Ebenum, Kawnic. Kan. Bale, Kare,
Mallali. : ;
Fig—Wight Ic. t. 188. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 66.

References.—Dict. of Heon. Prod. of Ind.; Fl. of
Brit. Ind.; Gamb. Man. Timb. 251.

The ebony tree. This important species is con~

- fined to certain tracts in the Western Ghat forests,
In the Shimogah district, Lovery states that it is
“only found in parts of the Tirthahalli and Nagar
Taluk Ghats.” The greenish;white sapwood is
abundant in all but the oldest trees, and is not very
durable; heartwood black, very hard, durable and
takes a fine polish; but if not carefully seasoned, it
is liable to split. Weight 78—80 lb. per cubic foot. ,

scarcity or to its being practically imaccessible to
the local trade ? Br . t
356 Diospyros microphylla, Bzpp.

A large evergreen tree with box-like leaves. Met
with on the hills and on the plains immediately
under the hills. Uses unknown, but it is said to

23

178 FOREST TREES.

flower in the cold season. The species is figured in
Beddome’s Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 218.

357 Diospyros Tupru, Bucu—Ham. Kan. Tupra.

Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.
References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.;
Pharm. Ind.; Fl. of Brit. Ind:

A small tree with foliage similar to that of the
Jamoon or Nai-nerale. Fruit. the size of a crab apple,
turning bright yellow in maturity, and generally
eaten by cowherds and others.

In the rocky maidan, the species is often reduced
to the size of a large shrub, but rises to a height of
30—85 feet in favorable localities. The leaves are
used for folding native cigarettes; and a colourin
paste obtained from the root is employed by the
Mahrattas to distinguish caste.

358 Diospyros melanoxylon, Rox. Kan. Mallali?
Pig—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 67. Wight Ic.-t. 1293.

References.—Brand. For. Fi. 3 Dict. of Econ,
Prod. of Ind.

In favorable localities in the hill sholas, this
attains to a large tree of 60—80 feet, but outside
the moist evergreen zone it becomes dwarfed, while
in the maidan scrub jungle it is little more than a
shrub. More information is required concerning it,
especially with reference to its local utility in lieu of
proper ebony. Herbarium specimens are also
wanted. D. paniculata, Dalz. should be searched
for in the western forests.

359 Diospyros Kaki, Lryw.

A small tree of China and J apan. Cultivated in
Indian gardens for its fruit, which is commonly
called the “Chinese Persimmon”. The latter 3s
green in colour, the size of an apple, and pleasant to
eat when fully ripe. Cultivated in the Lal-Bagh.

i i eo

MYSORE AND COORG. 179°

XLV. STYRACES.

The large genus Symplocos is represented in Coorg
and the Malnad by several species ranging in size
from shrubs to small trees. But little or nothing is
known as to the local economic value of these.

XLVI. OLEACE.

360 Jasminum sambac, Ait. Kan. Mallige, Dundu
mallige, Gundu mallige.

This, with several other species and varieties, 1s
extensively cultivated in gardens. They are scand-
ent shrubs or woody climbers of free growth. The
jasmine flower is more esteemed than any other
for providing garlands on the occasion of festivities
and cermony. It also possesses medicinal proper-
ties, and the fragrant oil'of jasmine enters largely
into perfumery and medicine. Applied direct to the
mammary gland, the fresh flowers are an excellent
lactifuge. .

361 Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Linn. Kan. Parijata,
Harsing.

Fig—Bot. Mag. t. 4900. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.
240.

References.—Fl. of Brit. Ind.; Pharm. Ind. ;
Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

‘The night-flowering jasmine. A small tree in the
north of India, but seldom exceeding a large shrub
in the south, where it is only found in gardens.
Medicinal properties are attributed to the leaves,
fruit, and bark; and the sweetly fragrant flowers
afford an essential, oil, These flowers are rarely
open during sunlight. See Indian tradition as to
the cause of this in the Pharmacographia Indica.
At Bangalore, the shrub is very subject to the attack
of mildew, which, in a measure, spoils its effect. To
succeed well, it requires a sheltered position, good
drainage, and a deep alluvial soil.

180 FOREST TREES.

362 Schrebera swietenioides, Roxs. Coorg. Kalgaute,
Fig.—Bedd. Fi. Sylv. t. 248. Wight see. t. 162. -
References—Brand. For. Fl.; Fl. of Brit. Ind.

A medium sized timber tree. Flowers in cymes
of 100 or less, small, white with brown spots, open-
ing during the night, when they are deliciously
fragrant. Capsules large, woody and pear-shaped.
Not uncommon in Coorg and probably extending’
to parts of the Malnad. Beddome says the wood is
hard, close-grained, heavy and durable ; also that it
is used for looms and other articles by the people,
and that it is well suited for the lathe. Forest
officials would do well to collect fuller information
as to the distribution and growth of this species,
Herbarium specimens would also be acceptable at
head quarters. Cultivation unknown, but most
likely confined to the hills.

863 Linociera malabarica, Watt.

A small tree of the Western Ghats. L. intermedia,
Wight. is possibly found on the same range. The
local merits of these trees are practically unknown.

364 Olea glandulifera, Watt and O. dioica, Roxs.

Nothing special can be said about these trees at
present, further than that they exist in the ever-
green forests of the western frontier. The Europe
olive, Olea Europea, Linn. has been cultivated in the -
Lal-Bagh for 30 years, but has not fruited during
that time.

365 Ligustrum robustum, Brome,

One of the Indian privets. Cultivated in the Lal-
Bagh, but never attaining to the size of a tree. The

creamy-white flowers are sweet scented and ver
useful for table decoration. :

366 'Ligustrum Roxburghii, Cr,

tgustr ARKE,
Fig.— Wight t. 1243. |

tiysorze AND GooRc. 181

A small tree or shrub of the Western Ghats.
** Wood light-brown, rather close grained and dura-
ble; generally used at Mabableshwar in the con-
struction of huts and ‘for fuel.” Lisboa,

Cultivation.— With plenty of moisture and deep
garden soul, the above two species form attractive
bushes. They are, however, inimical to long periods
of dry weather.

367 Noronhia emarginata, Porr.
A small evergreen tree fo Madagascar. Cultivated

in the Botanical Gardens, but not attaining to any
size.

XLVII SALVADORACEZ.
368 Azima tetracantha, Lam, Kan. Bili wuppi.

Fig-—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection; Lamk.

J te BOF,
References,—Pharm. Ind. ; Dict. of Econ. Prod.
of Ind.

A common evergreen bush of the plains. 4 long,
sharp spines are produced at every node, which
give the bush a very formidable appearance.

Leaves elliptic, rigid, glabrous, and acute. Usual-
ly very small towards the ends of the shoots.
Flowers small, white, in axillary clusters. Fruit
sessile, globular, the size of a black currant,
crystal-white when ripe ; usually eaten by the village
childern. Rare medicinal properties are attributed
to nearly every part of this plant, but more es-
pecially to the leaves, roots. and juice. The leaves
are considered an unfailing stimulant for puerperal
subjects when taken immediately after confinement,
and. are highly prized by the villagers on that
account. For fuller information as to the medicinal
value of the species, readers: should see the works
quoted above. pe ae

189 FOREST TREES.

XLVIII APOCYNACEA.

369 Carissa Carandas, Linn. Kan. Korinda, Karinda,
Karekai, In Hassan. Heggarjige.

Fig— Wight. Ic. t. 426. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 19.

roe.
References.—Pharm. Ind. ; Dict. of Econ. Prod.
of Ind.

A thorny evergreen shrub of scrub tracts_and the ©
drier parts of the Malnad. Growing near support,
it becomes a large woody climber. Well known for
its delicious fruit, which is said, by Firminger, to be
the best Indian fruit both for preserving and pick-
- ling. There are two or more varieties, in addition to
the allied species, C. spinarum, and C. macrophylla,
scattered about the country. The fruits vary in size
froma small gooseberry toa plum. It is strange
that a food-providing plant of this class is not more
extensively cultivated in private gardens, where it
could be formed into an excellent protective fence
also. The wood is good for the turning lathe,
being hard, smooth and fine-graiéd. The large
white flowers are attractive and sweet scented.
' Medicinal properties are attributed to the bark,
leaves, and fruit.

Cultivation.—With good soil and a little irriga-
tion during the dry months, the different species
thrive luxuriantly, and produce good crops of fruit.
Propagate from seeds and layers. Inarching and
grafting has not been tried, but it is well deserving
of trial.

For making protective fences around gardens
and fields, there could be nothing more suitable
than Korinda.

870 Cerbera Odollam, Gazrtn. Tam. Katarali, Kan.
Honde.

Fig—Bot. Plates. Lal-Bagh. Collection. Wight.

Le, t. 441.

MYSORE AND COORG. 183

References—Fl. of Brit. Ind.; Pharm. Ind;
Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

A small evergreen tree of swamps and_back-
waters near the sea. Cultivated in the Botanical
Gardens, where it flowers and fruits freely. Flower
large, white, rotate.

Fruit of one or two ovoid, ellipsoid, or testiculate
carpels, the sizeof a mango. Good specimens are
plentiful around the ornamental pond in the People’s
Park at Madras, The fruit and seeds are poisonous.
Wood soft and of no value, only weighing 21 lb. per
cubic foot.

371 Kopsia fruticosa, A. DC.
A large evergreen shrub of the low hill tracts.
Ornamental, but otherwise unknown.
372 Plumeria acutifolia, Porrer. Kan. Deva gana-
ga. uU.
Fig.—Bot. Plates. Lal-Bagh Collection. Wight Ic.
t. 471. Bot. Mag. 3952.

References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind. ;
Pharm. Ind. ; Fl. of Brit: Ind.

The Pagoda tree. This bush-like tree, with its
numerous gouty-looking branches and handsome
creamy flowers, is a familiar object in most Indian
towns. It flowers profusely in the hot weather and
is often planted im Christian burial grounds.

The bark and flowers possess medicinal proper-
ties which, however, should be applied with
caution.

Cultivation.—Propagate from cuttings and plant
out in any dry rocky position. Although but
naturalised in this country, the species is remark-
able for its long endurance of drought:

373 Alstonia scholaris, Brown. Kan. Jantala, Jan-
thalla. : ee:

Fig.—Wight. Ic, t, 422. Bedd, Fl, Sylv. t. 242.

184 FOREST TREES,

References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind. Pharm. Ind.

An evergreen tree of variable size. Mostly confined
to the dry and subalpine forests of Mysore and
Coorg. Leaves in whorls of 4.—7, petiolate, elliptic-
oblong, coriaceous, white underneath ; average blade
7x2in. Follicles 1—2 feet, in pendulous clusters,
very slender. The wood of this tree is of little
value, being soft and light—weight 28 lb. per cubic
foot—but the bark and leaves are prized for their
medicinal properties. The bark, which is astringent,
antiperiodic,aud anthelmintic,is known commercially
as ditu bark. It is not, however, an article of Indian
commerce. The specific name scholarés has originated
from the frequent use of the wood in Indian
schools both as blackboards and sandplanks, on
which native children trace their letters.

Cultivation Easily raised from seed and per-
fectly hardy in the drier forests of Mysore, where it
is also seif-productive.

374 Alstonia venenatus, Brown. Kan. Addasarpa.
Fig.— Wight. Ic: t. 436.
Reference. I’). of Brit. Ind.

A glabrous shrub at Nundydroog and towards the
Eastern Ghats. Leaves in whorls of 4—6, narrowly
lanceolate and finely acuminate. ‘Foilicles stipitate
and long beaked, slender, sword-shaped, nearly half
a foot and usually in pairs. Uses unknown.

375 Holarrhenaantidysenterica, Wat. Kan.
Kodamuraka, Kodasiga, In Shimoga.—Kadgal
marga ?
Fig. —Wight Ic. ts. 439. 1297. and 1298.
References,—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.;
Pharm. Ind.; Fl of Brit. Ind.

A small deciduous tree of the mixed and dry
zones. Probably not very plentiful in Mysore.
Growing behind the ramparts at Nundydroog.

It has been frequently confounded with species
of Wrightia in different parts of India, and in this

MYSORE AND COORG. 185.

province with Wrightia tinctori, ‘Beppale. Dr. Geo.
Watt has therefore done good service by publishing
the diagnostic characters of the two genera, which
the writer ventures to reproduce for the information
of forest officials in this State.

Wrightia. Holarrhena.

(1) Oorolla not more than| (1) Corolla three or four
twice the length of the calyx,|times the length of the calyx;
mouth surrounded by a corona|mouth naked.
or teeth.

(2) Stamens inserted within; (2) Stamens inserted at the
the mouth of the corolla, an-|bottom of the tube and there-
thers protruding, twisted and|fore not protruding.
surrounded by the corona.

(3) Seeds straight, oblong,| (3) Seeds linear, oblong, com.
compressed, with a coma of|pressed, concave, with a coma
hairs at the base, the apex being|of hairs.on the apex.
pointed and naked.

If the last vernacular name applies to this species,
which is open to question, the treeis used for
fuel and manure in Shimoga, while the seeds
yield an oil. In Bombay, the bark and seeds
‘have a local market value, the former selling at
Rs. 1—8 per maund of 373 lbs. and the latter at
‘Rs. 25 for the same quantity. More information is
still wanted as to the local value of this tree, es-
pecially in regard to the utility ofits medicinal bark,
the merits of which areso much prized in other
parts of India.

It is the true ‘ Conessi Bark’ of commerce.

376 Tabernzemontana coronaria, Br. Kan. Nandi.
battal or batlu.
Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Wight Ic.
t. 477,
References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.; Fl.
of Brit. End.

“An evergreen, shrub cultivated in the Lal-Bagh

and other gardens for its beautiful flowers. The latter

24,

186 FOREST TREES.

are large, sweet-scented and pure white; double and
single according to variety. Itis commonly called the
‘eye flower’ owing to its being a good remedy for
sore eyes. But the medicinal properties of the
plant are mostly contained in the root, and in the
milky juice which abounds in all the tissues. T. dicho-
toma, Roxb. and T. Heyneana, Wall. should be
looked for in the Western Malnad. They are small
milky trees having stout branches and attractive
white flowers.

Cultivation.—T. coronaria is readily propagated
from cuttings, but it does not produce seed at
Bangalore. It makes a fine shrubbery bush, and
thrives well during the rainy months of the year.
Plant in ordinary garden soil, and irrigate occasion-
ally when the rains cease.

377 Vallaris Heynei, Serenc. Kan. Bugadi.

Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Wight.
Ie. t. 438,

Reference.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

A woody climber of scrub and rocky tracts. The
milk-sap is a popular local remedy for toothache
and inflamed gums. The clustered cup-like flowers
are attractive, deliciously fragrant, and pure white
in colour. Often cultivated in gardens. Of indige-
nous climbers, this is one of the best.

378 Wrightia tinctoria, R, Br. Kan. Beppale, Hale.

Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Bedd.
Fl. Syl. t. 241. Wight Tc. t. 444.

References—F. of Brit. Ind.; Pharm. Ind.;
Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

A small deciduous tree which flowers very pro-
fusely at the close of the dry seagon. Tolerably
common and well known in most parts of Mysore
and Coorg. Often cultivated for its white fragrant
flowers, which are offered at the Hindu shrines,

MYSORE AND COORG. 187

The wood is highly valued by native turners on
account of its ivory-white colour and suitability for
the lathe. It enters largely into the manufacture
of the celebrated Channapatna toys, and to the
wooden images found in temples.

* The leaves of this plant, which turn black when
dry, afford a kind of indigo called in Mysore Pala
Indigo. An account of the preparation of this dye
appears in Buchanan’s “Journey through Mysore
&e.,” 473. The coagulated milky juice forms a kind
of caoutchouc ; the wood is valued by turnerg who
call it Dudha ; ‘milk wood.,” Pharmacographia Indica.
The preparation of dye from the leaves of
Beppale is an old but limited industry in Mysore.
The bark and seeds are used medicinally, and are
sold in the local bazaars.

Cultivation.—Easily propagated from seed, and
quite hardy in all but absolutely barren goils. It
is a suitable subject for poor soils and dry localities,
although under the extremes of these conditions, it
will rarely attain to more than a shrub.

379 Wrightia tomentosa, Rorm. Kan. Kado ganagalu.
Fig.— Wight Ic. t. 443 and 1296.
Reference.—FV. of Brit. Ind.

A shrub or very small treeofthe dry hills and plains.
Herbaceous portions densely tomentose. Flowers
larger than in the last species, 1 in. diam., pale
yellowish with orange coronal scales. Full of a milky
Juice ; and the sweet-scented flowers are used in puja.
380 Nerium odorum, Sotanp. Kan. Ganagalu., Kani-

ilu.
Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. :
References.— Pharm. Ind.; Dict, of Econ. Prod.
of Ind.
The sweet-scented oleander. This stout ever-
green shrub, of which there are several varieties,.
is both wild and cultivated in Mysore. It is

188 FOREST TREES.

much prized for its large handsome flowers, which
are offered at the shrine of Siva by Hindus, on
account of their beauty and fragrance. Highly
poisonous properties are found in the root, bark,
and leaves, but a paste prepared from the root
is a popular external remedy for several skin diseases.
Being a powerful heart poison, the roots of the
oleander are not infrequently used to commit suicide.
Reduced to a fine powder, the bark and leaves are
fatal to small vermin. The wood is practically of
no value.

Cultivation.—The oleander affects depressions
and ravines, where the water-level is near the surface,
and where there is an accumulation of alluvial silt.
In such positions, the species grows rapidly, and
yields a profusion of fine flowers, in double and
single varieties of several distinct colours. When
the seeds are imperfect, which is often the case in
Mysore, propagate by cuttings, layers, and offsets.
The shrub is much cultivated in some parts.

381 Beaumontia grandiflora, Watt.

An extensive woody climber. Cultivated in gardens
for its handsome white flowers. The latter are large,
bell-shaped, and very useful for decoration. B. Jer-
doniana, Wight. is somewhat rarer in cultivation,
but equally effective while in flower. Both plants
contain a thickish milk-sap, and the young shoots
afford a fibre. A fine silky floss is also attached to
the seed.

Cultivation—Being mostly from the Eastern
Himalaya, the genus requires a cool position and
some protection from the sun. Beaumontia does
well when planted in deep soil near a stream, and
under the partial shade of large trees, over which it
will subsequently cast its giant arms for support
and protection. Propagate from seed and layers,

MYSORE AND coon. 189

382 Thevetia neriifolia, Juss.
Fig. —Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

The exile tree. Introduced from the West Indies
and cultivated in this country. It is sometimes
spoken of as the “ yellow oleander ” as the flowers are
bright yellow, while the long lnear-lanceolate leaves
are not unlike those of the genus Nerium. It is,
however, a much larger species, with a distinct,
berried fruit, the size of a plum, Specimens may
be seen in the Botanical Gardens, where they blossom
freely during the rainy season. It is a poisonous
plant, but preparations of the bark and seed are
valued in medicine. Itis said to be a good anti-
periodic,

Cultivation—The same as for oleander, to which
the species is somewhat closely allied.

383 Allamanda cathartica, Linn.

An ornamental climber cultivated in gardens for
its showy yellow flowers. Originally introduced
from America by the Portuguese, which possibly
accounts for its having run wild at Goa and other
parts of the Western Coast. It is a poisonous plant
having the reputation of being a good cathartic.
Specimens may be seen in the Lal-Bagh, where it is
grown as a bush.

Cultivation —Treat as a shrub or climber in an
good soil. The species is very hardy, but suffers
from long exposure to drought. Propagate from
seed and cuttings.

384 Ichnocarpus frutescens, Br. Kan. Kari hambu.
Fig.— Wight Ic. t. 430.
References—Pharm. Ind. ; Dict. of Econ. Prod.
of Ind.

A wide spreading climber with dark-brown to
iron-grey bark. Leaves dark green, variable in size,
but never very large. Flowers, numerous, small, of a
dirty whitish colour. The-plant contains a milk-sap,

190 FOREST TREHS.

and its roots are medicinal. In some parts of India,
the latter are considered to possess all the properties
of the Indian Sarsaparilla, Hemidesmus indica, and
are known by the same name, Sariva. The roots of
the two plants are supposed to be used together in
Indian pharmacy, but it is unknown to what extent
this root is utilised by local herbalists, or, if it is sold
in bundles like the Sugandhi beru. Exact state-
ments on this point would be of value for a future
issue of this work.

The Kari hambu is an extensive woody climber
spreading over bamboos and large trees, while
Sugandhi balli is a slender twiner clinging to rocks
and small bushes. The roots of the last named are
also very fragrant. Bemg ofa tenacious and pliable
nature, the young shoots of Kari hambu are popularly
used to fasten thatch on to native houses.

385 Landolphia Kirkii.

A climbing plant introduced from Zanzibar.
Also L. Watsonéi and an unnamed species. These
climbers, which may be seen in the Lal-Bagh, con-
stitute the chief known source of African rubber.
They grow well in the Bangalore climate.

XLIX. ASCLEPIADEA.

386 Hemidesmus indicus, Br, Kan. Sugandhi balli,
Sogade, Karibanta.
Fig.— Wight Ic. t. 594. Benth. & Trim. Med.
Pl. t. 174.

References—Pharm. Ind.; Dict. of Econ,
Prod. of Ind.

Indian Sarsaparilla. A slender twiner of the
maidan country. Mostly affecting low rocky hills
and scrub tracts. The surface growth seldom attains
more than 2—3 yards in diameter, but the roots
spread far among the rocks, and are then difficult to

MYSORE AND UOORG. igi

secure. The Hindus and Muhammadans have much
confidence inthe healing powers of this root, and
apparently not without reason. It is sold in small
bundles at the local rate of 2—4 annas each, but in
many instances the article has been kept in the
herbalist shop until its medicinal virtues are quite
exhausted, so it is always safer to procure fresh roots
from the field. The roots of Sugandhi are cylindrical,
tortuous, dark brown in colour, with a fine odour of
tonka bean when freshly gathered. In use, they are
supposed to be associated with the roots of Kart
hambu, Ichnocarpus frutescens, and together, these
are considered demulcent, alterative and _ tonic.
These roots are among the most important of native
drugs, and seem to be worthy of fuller investigation
as to their comparative merits.

Cultivation—In nature, the plant clings to dry
stony situations, where the roots penetrate far bet-
ween the rocks, but under garden treatment it is
never very robust. Propagate from offsets, plant-
ing the latter in rockeries, between stone boulders,
and in the crevices of old walls,

387 Cryptostegia grandiflora, Br.

An ornamental climber running wild ina few
places, but mostly cultivated in gardens for its
pretty flowers. Supposed to be indigenous to Africa
or Madagascar. The whole plant yields a milk-sap
which coagulates rapidly on exposure to the air.
The beautiful pinkish-purple flowers usually appear
with the south-west monsoon.

Cultivation.—Seeds locally gathered rarely ger-
minate, but the plant is not difficult to raise from
offsets and cuttings, the latter being placed in a
glass frame with a little bottom heat. A deep sandy
loam, possessing sufficient moisture all the year
round, is a good medium for the cultivation of this
climber.

192 FOREST TREES.

388 Secamone emetica, Br. Kan. Siranige hambu.

A slender twiner found at Kankanhalli and else-
where, Dr. Bidie thinks it is of little value as an
emetic. The root development of this plant exceeds
that. of the stem and leaves.

389 Oxystelma esculentum, Br. Sans. Tikladugdha,
Dughdika,

This is also a slender twiner of the plains having
smooth deciduous leaves. The fruit is edible, and
afew medicinal properties are attributed to the
species. Flowers white and rose-coloured with
purple veins.

390 Calotropis gigantea, Br. Kan. Yekkada, Yekka.
Fig:-—Bot, Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

References —F!. of Brit. Ind.; Pharm. Ind. ;
Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

The Mudar or giant swallow-wort. A conspicu-
ous, woolly, evergreen shrub of the plains. Abund-
ant in waste land, by the sides of nullahs and along
the margins of cultivated fields, where it attains a
height of 4—7 feet. The whole plant abounds in a
thick milk-sap which coagulates quickly into a solid
body on exposure to light. This substance possesses
some of the properties of gutta percha, but being a
conductor of electricity, is unsuited for the manu-
facture of cables, and its chief use is in native
medicine. The root, milky juice, bark, and flowers,
are all prescribed as Indian drugs,:and the people
seem to attach considerable importance to the
medicinal properties of the whole plant. It also
affords two kinds of fibre, one consisting of the
inner bark, and the other of the fine hairs which
invest the seed. The latteris commercially known
as “ Madar floss” and is worth 5d a pound in the
London market. An attempt was made some years
ago to collect a quantity of this floss for consignment

MYSORE AND COORG: 193

to the London brokers, but the quantity received at
head quarters was insufficient to encourage export,
although the shrub is very plentiful in most of the
maidan districts. The floss finds its way to Europe
and America, where it is appreciated for fancy work.
A white bast fibre is obtained from the liber
or inner bark. It seems strange that a plant possess-
ing so many useful properties cannot be utilised
commercially for the benefit of the State. There are
two varieties, one having large purple, and the other
large creamy-white flowers, the latter being com-
monly used as temple offerings. The species is self-
productive from seed and offsets.

391 Asclepias curassavica, LINN.

An undershrub cultivated in gardens for its pretty
orange and crimson flowers. In botanical works, it
is usually described as a herb or weed, but at
Bangalore, it forms a woody base, and is distinctly
suffruticose. The species is indigenous to the West
Indies, Central and Tropical America, where it is
known as “ Red Head” and “ Wild Ipecacuanha. ”
The root possesses emetic, purgative, and other pro-
perties, and is considered a remedy in piles and
gonorrhea. The juice of the leaves is useful in
arresting hemorrhage, and the juice of the flower
is a good styptic. Specimens may be seen in the
‘Botanical gardens, where the plant thrives without
much attention. The seed germinates pretty
freely.

392 Deemia extensa, Br. Kan. Jnuttuve, Kuntiga,
Talavarana balli, Hala koritige.
Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Wight Ic.
t. 596. ‘
a a of Econ. Prod. of Ind,; Pharm.
nd.

This is a foetid climber found somewhat sparsely

in most parts of the province, but especially in

29

194 FORBST TREES,

ap

jungle tracts skirting the intermediate and drier hill
ranges. The leaves of the plant are highly esteem-
ed in native medicine, and are generally used for the
ailments of children, their properties being mostly
emetic and expectorant. In good situations, the
species attainsa large size, and affords from its
inner bark, a delicate fibre which has been recom-
mended as a substitute for flax. Under cultivation,
the plant would attain greater development than it
does in the wild state, where it is much pollarded by
goats and men. Strange to say, sheep do not browse
upon it.
393 Sarcostemma brevistigma, Wicur. Kan.
Hambu kalli.
Fig. —Wight Ic. t. 595.
References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.;
Pharm. Ind.

A leafless trailer having cylindrical stems with
many joints. Flowers in small clusters, white.
Plentiful at Nundydroog, where it hangs over the
rocks. The whole plant affords a bland milky
juice which is used in medicine. It is gaid to be a
substitute for the Soma of the Vedas. Commonly
found in dry rocky situations, and cultivated in the
Botanical gardens.

“394 Gymnema sylvestre, Br. Kan. Sanna gerse hambu.
Fig.—Wight. Ic. t. 849.

A wood climber of the dry zone. Abundant at
Kankanhalli, where it will be found growing over the
highest clumps of bamboo. The powdered root of
this plant is considered an antidote for snake bite,
being applied externally at the same time that a
decoction is given internally. The leaf possesses
the remarkable property of destroying the sense of
taste for saccharine substances, such as sugar. This
was first noticed by Mr. Edgeworth, and afterwards
confirmed by Mr, D, Hooper, Quinologist with the

MYSORE AND COORG, 195

.Government of Madras. Although very common in

some parts of Mysore, the species ; chas not attracted

local notice as a medicine plant.

395 Tylophora asthmatica, Wx wA. Kan. Adumuttada
gida.

Fig — Wight. Ic. t. 1277; Boutl. §& Prim. t
As .
‘References.— Dict. of Keon.Prod. of Ind.; Pharm,
Ind.

An abundant twiner found in waste land and
among rocks. and scrub. Iti is. valued for its ‘emetic
and cathartic properties, in which it nearly equals
Tpecacuanha. The root and, Teaves are the useful
parts, the former, reduced to powder, being a popu-

lar medicine. for cattle.

L. LOGANIACER.

396 Fagrzea obovata, Watt. Kan. ‘Ginnunn ?
Pig Wight | Ic. t. 1316 '§ 1317.
Reference. —Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

Phisisan evergreen tree, shrub, or climber, accord-
ing ,to situation. ‘Specimens | _may © be seen in, the
Lal-Bagh, where they are cultivated for their. at-
tractive flowers ang Fruit. The, flower is long,. tubu-
lar, bell- shaped a the mouth, and cream-coloured.
Fruit the size and form of an,egg. ,Wood hard and
durable, but always eral on me plains. Weight
56 1b. per cubic ‘00t, ° gan @ species 18 indigenous to
the Malnad, where it is very showy. ia

Cultivation.—The requirements of.this evergreen
are a, subtropical sittiation, virgin forest soil, and
plenty of.water. It is. easily propagated. from cut-
tings.

397 Strychnos Nux-vomica, Linn. Kan. Nanjina
‘Koradu, »Mushti, Hemmushti, Kasarka. °
Fig. —Beld. Fl. Sylv. t. 243; ‘Bot. Plates Lal-
Bagh . Collection.

196 FOREST TREES.

References.—Fl. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
_ Prod. of Ind.; Pharm. Ind.

The poison nut. A middle-sized evergreen tree,
with fruit the size and form of a small apple.
Common in Coorg and South Western Mysore, but
‘not very abundant elsewhere. The poisonous
nature of the seed, which affords strychnia, is well
‘known. It is also said that the leaves are fatal to
horses, although the pulp of the fruit is generally
eaten by_ birds and vermin. ‘The ‘root, stem, bark,
and seeds are used in medicine. It is reported by
the Sub Assistant Conservator of forests, Shikarpur
Sub Division, that the root-paste, formed on a wet
stone,—gandha—is considered to be a good stimul-
ant in cases of prostration. Wood hard, brownish-
grey, splits and warps when seasoned. Not un-
commonly used for fuel when procurable.

Cultivation.—In poor soils, the growth of Mushti
is usually slow, but when the trees are manured
and watered they develope more rapidly, and bear
fruit in from 10'to 12 years. Seedlings should be
planted in large pits of loose soil at the commence-
ment. 75 per cent of the seed is unfertile at
Bangalore. :

398 Shyehrion potatorum, Linn. Kan. Chill, Chilly,
11a.
Fig.— Wight Ill. t. 156.

References.—Fl. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind. ; Pharm. Ind.

The clearing-nut tree. Smooth, evergreen, of
small or medium size, often felléd for fuel. From a
very remote period, the ripened seeds of this tree
have been used in India for clearing muddy water.
The species is perhaps best known by its Sanskrit
name kataka, the merits of which are handed down
in the oldest Hindu writings. It is mostly confined
to the subalpine regions of Mysore, where, however,

MYSORE AND COORG. 19”

it is never abundant in any one place. The pain
arising from the sting of a centipede is quickly
allayed by rubbing a seed to powder, and applying
the latter to the affected part in the form of a paste.

The scandent species, S. colubrina, Linn. and
S. Dalzellii, Clarke, should also be found on the
western boundary of Mysore. Excepting that it
requires a slightly cooler situation, the treatment of
S. potatorum, in cultivation, is the same as for
number 397.

399 Buddleia asiatica, Lom.

Fig—Bot. Mag. t. 6323; Wight. Ill. t. 165;
Wight Ic. t, 894.

An attractive shrub or small tree of the higher
evergreen range. Useful in gardens, where it keeps
in blossom for 2—3 months. The gmall tubular
flowers—white in colour—are rather densely packed
in simple or branched racemes. The latter appear
mostly at the ends of the branches, and are sweetly
scented.

LI. BORAGINE.

400 Cordia Myxa, Linn. Kan. Solle, Chotte, Kendal,
Kendala, Chella ? Challe ?

Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 245, fig. 43 Wight IUl.t. 169.

References.—Dict. of Hcon. Prod. of Ind. ;
Fl. of Brit. Ind.

A deciduous tree of ugly form and middle size,
There are three local varieties known respectively
as kadu solle, kempu solle, and solle kendal. These
are determined by the size, form, and colour of the
fruit, the iatter being well known to old settlers as
the Sebesten of commerce: The mucilaginous berry
is globular or oval, and varies in size from a cherry
to a large bean. Cowherds and village children eat
the fruit, but it is not very palatable, and is much too

198 FOREST TREES.

plentiful to be relished as a food product. Dried fruits
have mucilaginous and demulcent properties, and
are recommended for coughs and chest affections.
In the raw fruit, the mucilage is so abundant and
sticky that juveniles use it for gumming their kites
and such like. lLovery gives the following account
of the tree :—‘‘A middle-sized tree of quick growth,
Wood greyish or light. brown, soft, porous, seasons
well and is fairly strong; but does not stand ex-
posure and is attacked by insects. Used for agri-
cultural implements, sugar-cane mills, boat-building,
and fuel. Bark made into ropes.’ The bark has
also medicinal properties.

Cultivation.—Seeds do not appear to be self-pro-
ductive under the trees, although they germinate
readily in a nursery-bed. Planted in ordinary loose
soil, the seedlings usually grow rapidly. The species
is unsuited for avenue or ornamental work.

401 Cordia obliqua, Witip. Kan. Chadle, Dodda
Challu.
Fig.— Wight Ic. t. 1378,

A deciduous tree closely resembling the above
species, and having nearly the same properties. The
flowers are larger, and the herbaceous’ parts of the
whole plant are densely hairy. :

402 Cordia Rothii, Rorm. Kan. Narvalli, Narvilli,
-Narivuli. : :

“Fig.—Wight Ic. t. 1879.
Reference.—Brand, For. Flora.

A small deciduous tree of 30 feet. Not uncom-
mon in the dry forests of the Mysore District and
at Savandroog. The bark affords a coarse fibre
which is utilised for domestic purposes. Cordia
monowca, Roxs. C. fulvosa, Wight. and C. subcordata
Lamk. are also found in various parts of the province.
The last named has been introduced from . the

MYSORE AND COORG. : 199

Andaman Islands, and is occasionally cultivated in
gardens for its attractive orange flowers.
403 Ehretia levis, Roxs. Kan. Kappura, Halippe,
_ Avak ?
Fig— Wight. Ic. t. 1382. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.
244,
Reférences.—Fl. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

A middle-sized tree of the plains, where it is mostly
found on low hills and in the scrub jungle. The
fruit and inner bark are eaten during times of
scarcity, and cattle are reported to be fond of the
leaves at alltimes. The wood is tough and durable,
and is frequently utilised for rural structures, farm
implements, and such like.

The “ Flora of British India’ enumerates no less
than five varieties of the species, so variable is its
character under different conditions of soil and
aspect. One of these varieties is probably the kodalé
murka, or kodgol marga, which affords on oil from its
seed. It is desirable that fuller enquiry should be
made on this point, and that good herbariun speci-
mens of all the kinds are collected for identification.
The variety, E. levis pubescens, is common on the
plains, while H. levis aspera affects somewhat higher
altitudes. .

404 Ehretia Wightiana, Watt. .

A tree of the maidan of which little is known.

Supposed to be commonly used for fuel.
405 Ehretia buxifolia, Roxs. Kan. Yennebudige.
— Lam, Koruvingi. —
Fig—Roxb. Cor. Pl. i. 49, t. 57.
References.— Flora of Brit. Ind.; Pharm. Ind.

A medicinal shrub’ of dry forest and scrub tracts.
Among Muharmimadans, the root has the reputation
of being an antidote to vegetable poison. It is also
used: for the cure of venereal digeases.

900 FOREST TREES.

LIT. CONVOLVULACE.

here are no trees of this Order in Mysore. But
the reserved forests abound in numerous species of
Ipomea, Argyreia and Lettsomia, many of which, by
reason of their quick development and investing
nature, are exceedingly injurious to the growth of
young trees. These twiners not only grow with
extraordinary rapidity, but also lay hold of, and coil
themselves around and over, every other plant
within their wide range of growth. It is not sur-
prising, therefore, that small trees suffer to a large
extent when such aggressive twiners are allowed to
spread. The large campanulate flowers are always
attractive, and seen trailing over a succession of
bushes, or, festooned from one tree to another, they
afford a striking picture. These, with a few species
possessing medicinal properties, are here briefly
mentioned. For a full account, the reader should con-
sult that excellent work ‘“ Pharmacographia Indica.”

406 Argyreia speciosa, Sweet. Kan. Samudrapala.

The elephant creeper. This climber often ascends
to the tops of the highest trees. The leaves and
root are the parts used.

407 Lettsomia sp, Kan. Oogani hambu.

This is the commonest ground creeper of waste
land. The juice of the plant is popularly applied
to bruises, and the tough pliant stems are used by
the raiyats in lieu of ropes for tying up bundles of
field or forest produce.

408 Ipomza Turpethum, Br. Kan. Bilitigadu, Tiga
dikeputigadi.

Furnishes Turpetti root, or Indian jalap.

409 Ipomzea hederacea, Jaca.

Known to Huropeans as “ morning glory,” and
often cultivated in gardens for its sky-blue flowers.
The seeds are looked upon as a sure cathartic. _

MYSORE AND COORG, 201:

410 Ipomzea muricata, Jaca.

A prickly twiner of annual duration like the last
named, and possessing the same medicinal property.
Flowers purple and white.

411 Ipomea digitata, Linn. Kan. Bhumichekri
gadde, Buja-gumbala,

The prepared root of this creeper is utilised with
milk and honey as an.aphrodisiac; and combined
with coriander and fenugreek, it becomes a lacta-
gogue.

412 Ilpomeea biloba, Forsx. Kan. Adambn balli.

This is the goats-foot creeper of the Madras
shores. The root and leaves are medicinal, and the
flowers are sacred to the goddess Durgi, Being a
maritime plant, it does not succeed very well in an.
insular country like Mysore; but with this excep-.
tion, the various species‘of Ipomexa are easily pro-:
duced, and form an interesting collection for trellis
work.

413 Evolvulus alsinoides, Linn. Kan. Vishnukranti,
Vishnukrandi,:
Fig.— Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

A low procumbent herb of the woods and fields.
The pretty, little, blue flowers remind one of forget-
me-not, to which they bear some resemblance. ‘tb
is a popular herb, to which several valuable pro-
perties are attributed by the people of India. Indeed
so greati is the belief in its curing power that, in
some parts, it is taken for nearly every’ complaint.
“ At the present time it is thought to strengthen
the brain and memory, and is used: extensively as a
febrifuge and tonic. Burmann says that it is reputed
to. be a sovereign remedy for dysentery.”

Pharmacographia Indica. .

The tender leayes make a fine chatney which is
much relished by the Hindus. It is mostly consumed
with ghee and rice. . .

26

202 FOREST TREES.

414 Cuscuta reflexa, Roxs.

The dodder or horse-tail parasite. This injurious
plant is fortunately not very common in the State
forests. But in some parts of India it does much
damage to trees, growing in dense fleshy masses all
over the trunk and limbs of its host.

The small whitish flowers are very fragrant.

LITI. SOLANACE.

415 Solanum arboreum, H, & B.
Fig.— Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

The potato tree. A small soft-wooded species of
quick growth. Introduced originally from South
America, and cultivated in gardens for its showy
blue and white flowers. A very effective flowering
tree, but usually short-lived.

‘The herbs and shrubs named in the following list
are commonly found in the woods and fields. They
possess medicinal properties, of which details are
given in Pharmacographia Indica.

416 Solanum indicum, Linn. Kan. Gulla, Kempu
Gulla.

The fruit and root.

417 Solanum nigrum, Linn. Kan. Kari Kachi,

Kempu Kachi.
The whole herb in fruit.

418 Solanum xanthocarpum, Scurap. Kan. Nela

gulla.

The whole plant.

419 Solanum trilobatum, Linn.

A creeper with blue flowers. The whole plant.
420 Solanum verbascifolium, Linn. Kan. Savdangi,
421 Solanum torvum, Swartz,

A shrub with white flowers and yellow fruit.

422 Solanum ferox, Liny. Also with white flowers
and yellow fruit.

MYSORE AND CooRd, 908

423 Withania somnifera, Duna. Kan. Hiremaddina.
The root and leaves.
424 Datura stramonium, Linw. Kan. Bili ummatti,
(white flowered) Kari ummatti, (purple flowered.)
Fig.—Bentl. and Trim, t. 192.
The thorn apple.
425 Datura fastuosa, Linn.
- Fig—Wight Ic. t. 1396.
Common throughout India, and known by the same
vernacular names,

426 Datura Metel, Linn.
Fig.— Bot. Mag.t. 1440.
Known by the same vernacular names as the
other species.

Datura poisoning is not uncommon in India, where
the dacoits are known to use the seed-powder to
stupify their victims with a view to committing
robbery. The usual practice in such cases is to
insinuate a small quantity of Datwra powder into the
food ingredients, sweetmeats, or tobacco of fellow
travellers, who, for sometime previously, have been
-.marked as victims. Administered in this way, 25
grains of fine powder is considered sufficient to
render a full grown man quite insensible for several
hours. Unfortunately this poisonous genus seeds
but too freely allover the country. The thorn apple,
D, stramonium, is a weedy rank-smelling annual,
3—4 feet with large indented leaves, and white or
purple flowers. It is much at home on heaps of
refuse and by the sides of manured fields. Being
very self-productive, it would be difficult to eradi-
cate even if Government offered a reward for its
destruction, as it does in the case of animal pests.

' 427 Nicotiana Tabacum, Linn. Kan. Hogesoppu,

Tobacco. A large herb cultivated in dry fields,
but supposed to be indigenous to some part of central
or South America. The cured leaves afford tobacco,

BOA FOREST TRERS.

LIV. SCROPHULARINE.
428 Verbascum Thapsus, Linn. Kan. Kadu hogesoppu.

This is the ‘ Mullein’ of Europe. It is found
abundantly at Nundydroog, but is probably not wild
in many parts of the province. The vernacular name
given above signifies ‘jungle tobacco. The root,
leaves, and flowers are medicinal.

429 Herpestis Monniera, H. B. et. K. Kan. Niru
bramhi.
Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.
Reference.—Pharm. Ind.

A medicinal herb found in marshy ground. Com-
mon in most parts of the country and considered to
be an excellent diuretic. Anslie says “itis useful
in that sort of stoppage of the urine which is
‘accompanied by obstinate costiveness.” The herb
is found in the vicinity of Bangalore.

LV. BIGNONIACEA.
430 Millingtonia hortensis, Linn. Kan, Biratu,Beratu,
Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 249.

References.—Fl. of Brit. Ind. ; Dict. of Heon.

Prod. of Ind.
The Indian cork-tree. Indigenous to Burmah,
the Malay Archipelago, and possibly Central India.
Cultivated in Mysore. In good situations, this fine
species attains a maximum height of 80 feet; erect
‘in growth, columnar to conical in form, and very
-ornamental while in flower and leaf. The tall trunk
-is encased in a corky bark from which inferior cork
is said to be manufactured in Burmah. Branches
drooping. Leaves compound, 2—3 feet, deciduous
in the dry season. Inflorescence in ample drooping
_ panicles of large, white, tubular, fragrant flowers
_ September and October being the flowerimg months.

MYSORE AND COORG. 905

These: characters render the species desirable for
avenue and scenic planting. Wood soft, whitish, but
taking a good polish; durable when fully seasoned
and kept dry. Weight 40—45 lb. per cubic foot.
-Cultivation.—In local growth, the seeds are rarely
matured and do not, therefore, germinate, But the
-root. stems throw out numerous suckers from which
the tree is readily multiplied. When nicely rooted
in pots, and a foot or more in height, these offsets
car. be planted out permanently at distances of 25 to
30 feet apart. Growth is somewhat slow in the begin-
ning unless the soil is made quite loose and friable,
when the result will be more satisfactory. The tree
coppices fairly well, and the underground portion re-
tains vitality for years after the visible tree has been
removed. his somewhat remarkable property is not
unusual among trees of the Bignoniacex, and appears
to be associated with the fact that several of these
trees are readily propagated from root-cuttings.
431 Cream indicum, Vent. Kan. Tigdu, Sonepatta,
eta.
Fig. —Wight Ic. t. 1337.
eee oe of Econ.Prod. of Ind; Pharm.
nd. *

A-small or middling-sized tree. Remarkable for
the large size and striking form of its: leaves, flowers,
and fruit. Leaves deciduous in the dry season,
opposite, 2—3 pinnate, 3—4 feet. Flowers appear-
ing in erect terminal panicles during the 8. W.
monsoon; when unfolding, they are almost quite
black, but quickly change in the open flower toa
dark lurid purple. ‘he pod is sword-shaped,
blackish-brown, flat and 12—I5 inches. Wood
-soft, weighing only 30 Ib. per cubic foot. The roct-
‘bark possesses important medicinal properties, which
give ita high place in the Materia Medica of this
country. A bath prepared with this bark in it, is
said to be a good remedy for ‘rheumatism. —

906 FOREST TRERS.

Reduced to a paste, and mixed with an equal
quantity of turmeric, it forms an excellent plaster
for sores and abrasions, and is much used by the
raiyats in this capacity for their draught cattle.

Cultivation.—Plant seedlings of one year’s growth
in any loose soil of ordinary quality. The tree is
perfectly hardy, and sheds fertile seeds annually
after the tenth year of growth.

432 Bignonia venusta, Kerr.

This woody climber has been introduced from
South America, and is locally known as the ‘ orange-
flowered creeper. Trained over porch trellises, it is
a common feature of the Bangalore gardens.

432 Tecoma stans, Juss. :

A small tree which is cultivated in Indian gardens
for its bright orange-yellow flowers. Usually with
a short crooked trunk, or reduced by pruning or
position to a mere bush. In the latter form, it will
be seen on the ramparts of the Bangalore Fort,
where it is abundantly established, possibly through
the agency of birds or vermin that devour the seed.
Although small, the wood is - durable, and takes a
nice polish. Introduced originally from South
America. T. velutina, Hort. from Australia, and
T. grandiflora from China are cultivated in the
Botanical gardens. The last named possesses a very
striking inflorescence.

434 Dolichandrone falcata, Szem. Kan. Uadi? Uai?
Uba!
Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 71.
References.—Dict, of Econ. Prod. of Ind.;
Pharm. Ind.

A small deciduous tree of the maidan and sub-
alpine districts. A coarse fibre of a darkish colour
is obtained from the inner bark, and the heartwood
is hard enough to be employed for implements and
village buildings. Some part of the tree ig supposed

MYSORE AND COORG. 907

to procure abortion, and the authors of Pharma-
cographia Indica assume that it may be the woody
capsule. It is doubtful if the bark is ever used in
this province to poison fish, D. Rheedi#t is found
east of the Western Ghats.

Cultivation—This tree grows somewhat slowly
even in the best soils. Butitis very hardy in times
of drought, and may be safely planted in the driest
localities. It flowers in February or March, and
ripens seed in July. a
435 Spathodea campanulata;

Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

For ornamental planting, this tree is one of the
most effective. Deciduous for a few weeks in the
dry season, after which it breaks into leaf and is
subsequently covered for a long period, (September
and October) or two long periods, if the season is.
favourable, by a gorgeous display of large orange-
crimson flowers. Fine specimens of the tree may
be seen at the Lal Bagh, Cubbon Park, and Daria
Dowlet Bagh. The bag-like flower bud contains a
quantity of watery liquid, and when pinched at the
apex, so as to form asmall aperture, it becomes a
water squirt, the utility of which is much appreciated
by local juveniles. The nature of the wood is unknown.
Don mentions that S. campanulata is indigenous to
the West Coast of Africa, in the Kingdom of Waree.

Cultivation.—Made-up soils, and deep sandy loam
are the most favourable for this species. Planted
in some recently filled well, hollow, or ravine, it
grows rapidly, attaining a height of 30—40 feet
within a decade. But when the subsoil is hard and
intact, growth is less satisfactory. With the excep-
tion of one old specimen in the Botanical gardens,
which has borne a few solitary capsules, local trees
do not produce seed ; but cut into short sections, the
root-branches give off numerous suckers from which
nursery stock is raised. When laid under a thin

208: FOREST TREES.

covering of sand and:kept moist, these root-cuttings:
soon begin to sprout.

As an ornamental flowering tree, the Spathodea
campanulata is second to none, but as it sheds large
quantities of flowers for several. weeks during the,
two periods of flowering, it is advisable to keep it
apart from wells and ponds. For permanent growth,
whether in avenues.or clumps, the species should.
be planted at 50 feet apart.

436 Heterophragma adenophyllum, Szem.
Fig—Wight Ill. ¢. 160.
Reference.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

A small deciduous tree of subalpine regions.

Wood moderately hard, and weighing about 40 Ib.
per cubic foot. Economic uses unknown.
_ Inflorescence densely hairy or almost woolly while
in bud; flowers large brownish-yellow. Not un-
common in the Closepet Taluk. H. Rowbwrghii, DC.
a larger tree of the same genus having rose-coloured:
flowers. Should be looked for in.the mixed zone
skirting the hills. These trees are recognised by
their showy flowers, long pod-like capsules and’
winged seeds. A specimen of the first named will:
be seen in the Lal-Bagh.

Cultivation—The same as for Spathodea, only
that stock can be raised from seed. It is not known
if root cuttings will develope buds and shoots as
they do in the cases of Spathodea and Millingtonia.
437 Stereospermum suaveolens, DC. Kan. Padari?

Hind. Padari.. ;
Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Wight.
Ic. t. 1842. -
References—Fl. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.; Pharm. Ind.

A large deciduous tree frequenting the moist:parts
of the country, but rarely ascendimg much over
3,200 feet. The species begins to lose its leaves. in

MYSORE AND OooRC. 909

January, and is usually quite bare during the months
of February and March, after which it sends forth,
some days in advance of the young leaves, a very
profuse crop of sweetly fragrant flowers of a lightish
or rosy-purple colour, having a pale or yellowish
throat. A peculiarity of the flower is, that it retains
its fragrance for some days after itis faded, and is
consequently much valued for making ‘garlands,
especially by the Muhammadan people. Capsule
12—15 in. stout, rough, copiously marked by
whitish tubercles and shghtly 4-ribbed; seed em-
bedded in notches of the septum, deeply notched
at the middle. In Malabar and the Concan,
the tender flowers and fruit are esteemed as vege-
tables. Bees are passionately fond of the honey
contained in the nectary of this flower, and are
supposed to prefer it to any other. Medicinal
properties are attributed to the root, leaves, and
flowers; and as the vernacular name—priest tree—
implies, ‘the species is held in some veneration
by the people of the country. Wood orange-
_ yellow, to reddish brown in the centre, said to
be elastic and durable, used in Assam for making
tea-boxes. Large trunks are also hollowed out as
canoes in the north of India. The species is often
confounded with S. chelonotdes, on which account it
is very desirable that the description, quality, and
local utility of both timbers, should be thoroughly
worked out in the field. To enable forest officials
to do this effectively, they should first identify their
trees either by submitting botanical specimens to a
competent botanist,to be named and returned, or,
by studying the descriptions of Hooker and Brandis
onthe spot. This is all the more necessary as it is
believed that the State forests contain one or two
distinct forms of the two species here referred to.

Cultivation.—Virgin forest soil is undoubtedly the
most suitable for this tree, but it also grows well in

20

210 ROBES! TREES.

the deep loam of the Lal-Bagh, where two fine speci-
mens may bé seen in the tope skirting the north end
of the band promenade. Seeds collected from these
trees have not germinated, but propagation 1s ef-
fected by the careful removal of offsets and suckers.
Root-cuttings will also grow in moist sand. In
favourable situations,the Padri mara attains a height
of 80 feet, with 30—40 feet of clean trunk,
438 Stereospermum chelonoides, D.C. Kan. Padri,
Kul Wudi?
Fig—Wight Ic. 1341. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 72.
References.—Brand. For. Fl. ; Fl. of Brit. Ind.

A lofty tree of the Malnad and adjacent moist
region. Leaves deciduous or subdeciduous in
March and April. Flowers in loose panicles at the
ends of the young shoots, and partly concealed by
the leaves which appear with them, yellow inside,
brownish outside, fragrant, but not to the same
extent as the flowers of S. suaveolens, than which
they are smaller, less prolific, and as a whole, less
attractive. A specimen in the Botanical Gardens
flowers in June. Capsule 15—20 in. quadrangular,
glabrous, flexible, slender, and not so woody as in
the foregoing species; slightly tortuous or sinuate.
It is supposed that the species is not very abundant
inthe State forests, but this is open to question,
and may be due to the fact that two different trees
are often referred to by the same vernacular name.

Mr. Graham Anderson gives the following inter-
esting account of the tree under notice :—

“An immense, deciduous tree; rough, dark brown
bark with irregular cracks and deep horizontal seams.
Flower, like a small snap-dragon, brown outside
and yellow inside, three tiny leaflets (lobes of the
corolla) of a light yellow colour forming the tongue.

Seeds are contained in a long, slender pod, and
look like a piece of pith which has been pinched at
every half inch of its length. — .

red

MYSORE AND COORG, 011

This tree sends out large roots to a distance of
over fifty yards. When left in virgin soil, coffee
will grow right up to its stem, but. somietniees a
complete cire le of coffee dies out around it, and it is
almost impossible to grow vacancies.

The wood is tremendously hard, and almost m-
destructible under water. Sawyers refuse to saw it.
It is used for beams and posts, has a fibrous texture,
and generally several axes are ruined in felling a
single large tree. It makes splendid helves for
axes, adzes, &c.”

Gamble confirms the statement that the wood is
very hard, a condition which, with its quality of
great engines under water, should be of interest
to Engineers.

Brandis speaks well of the wood, adding that the
bark, leaves, flowers, and fruit are used in native
medicine. The fragrant flowers are possibly gathered
for domestic and temple offerings, although they
are not so popular in this respect as the rosy-
purple flowers of 8. suaveolens.

Cultivation —In local cultivation, the species grows
somewhat slowly, and the’ only advantage possessed
over 8. sugveolens i is, he it 1s scarcely ever quite
bare of leaf. PIs ropagati ion is the same for both trees,
as also the treatment in general.

430 Steredspermum xylocarpum, Wicur. Kan.
Konana kombu mara, Ghansing.
Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Bedi.
Fil. Sylw. t. 70.
References—Pharm. Ind. ; Dict. of Econ. Prod.
of Ind.; Fl. of Brit Ind.

A deciduous tree of small or medium size accord-
ing to position. Indigenous to the hills and culti-
vated in the Botanical Gardens. Leaves bipinnate,
very large, 2—4 feet, light green in colour. Flowers
in terminal, erect panicles, which précede thie

919 FOREST TREES.

young leaves in Mafch; corolla large, white, fra-
grant and fugacious, usually strewing the ground
immediately under the tree. Capsule 20--30 in.,
tubercular, rugged and more or less crooked, especi-
‘ally towards the apex. Altogether a remarkable
looking fruit which arrests attention. The vernacu-
lar name, konana kombu, has reference to the fruit,
which, in occasional specimens, is not unlike a buf-
falo’s horn. The tree is bare of leaf in February
or March for about a month.

“The natives, by a rough process of the same
nature as that, by which tar is obtained from pine
wood, extract from the wood a thick fluid of the
colour and consistence of Stockholm tar, which they
use as a remedy for scaly eruptions on the skin.
Two globular earthen pots are used, the upper
contains the wood in small pieces; it has a per-
forated bottom, and is fitted with a cover, and is
luted to the mouth of the lower pot. Cow-dung
cakes are then piled up round the two pots and set
fire to. Dr, Gibson appears to have been the first
to draw attention to the use of this substance by the
natives. From some trials which we have made
with it, we conclude that its properties are similar
to those of pine tar. The tar has exactly the odour,
colour, and consistence of Stockholm tar,”

Pharmacographia Indica.

’ The product described in the above extract does
not appear to be known in Mysore.

Cultivation.—Propagate from oldish seeds which
have matured for nearly a year. When well pre-
served in a dry room, such seeds will germinate
within five weeks from time of sowing, whereas
newly gathered seed rarely germinates at all. Plant
seedlings in ordinary garden soil at 20 feet apart.
Some irrigation will be required during the first
dry season at least.

MYSORE AND COORG. 213

So SS ee Ss ee

440 Stereospermum sp: Kan. Kadu honge.
A small tree of the Malnad. Not fully deter-
mined. Herbarium specimens would be acceptable
at head-quarters.

441 Catalpa speciosa, JUSs.

This Californian tree has been cultivated in the
Lal-Bagh for some years without success. It pos-
sibly requires a moister climate.

442 Crescentia cujete, Linn. and C. alata, H.,B.&K.
West Indian calabash trees. These are confined to
Botanical Gardens in South India, where they grow
indifferently.

443 Kigelia pinnata, DO.

This magnificent tree may be said to have passed
the introductory stage, as it is now freely employed
in large towns to form groves and avenues. The
large cylindrical fruit, suspended by a long rope-like
peduncle, is a characteristic feature of the species. It
is abundantly produced on local trees, and 1s not un-
hike a gigantic sausage, both in outline and colour.
Introduced from the West Indies and tropical
America. Economic properties unknown.

Cultivation.—Easily raised from seed. Growth
rapid in deep open soils, but slow and stunted
when the subsoil is hard, stiff, or unfertile. Defoli-
ating twice during the year, but never: quite bare of
leaf. Plant at 45—50 feet apart, in large pits.

LVI. ACANTHACEA.

The following shrubs may be included as possess-
ing medicinal properties of more or less value.
They grow abundantly in waste land, and are gener-
ally well known to the peasants.

444 Barleria Prionitis, Linn. Kan. Gorati, Goratige.
445 Justicia Gendarussa, Linn. Kan. Natchu kaddi.
446 Ecbolium Linneanum, Kurz. Adhatoda vasica,

. Ness. Kan. Adusoge. *

447 Rhinacanthus communis, Nezs. Kan, Dodda
patike gida,

914, FOREST TREES.

LVII. VER BENACE.

448 Lantana indica, Roxs. Kan. Kadu jola gida.

An indigenous shrub sparsely found in waste
tracts. The purple berries are densely packed on
short spikes, and hence the resemblance ona small
scale to jola, makka cholum, or what is more gener-
ally termed Indian corn. Village children are said
to eat this fruit. Flowers white, pink or pale pur-
ple, with a yellowish throat.

449 Lantana camara, Linn. Kun. Nata hu gida.
Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.
References.—Dict. of Eeon. Prod. of Ind.

‘This introduced shrub has run wild in Coorg,
South Wynaad, Hunsur, and various parts of the
country. When properly looked after, it quickly
forms an excellent hedge, and is extensively employed
for the purpose at Bangalore and elsewhere.
In waste tracts, it resuscitates the land and performs
the dual function of pioneer and nurse to a more
directly profitable class of vegetation. In the latter
capacity, it has been found to promote the growth
of sandalwood and other useful trees. 'The species
should therefore be looked upon as a reclaimant of
waste land, and its growth, except as a well-kept
fence, should be 'stristly confined to such tracts as
are now devoid of vegetation. This becomes
practicable when we know that it grows in the
poorest soils, is exceptionally hardy during periods
of drought, and always difficult to eradicate. Fune-
tionally, it may be associated with the prickly pear,
and such hardy species as are intended by nature to
occupy the outposts of vegetation. There are many
varieties of the American Lantana, the flowers of
which vary in colour from pure white to various
shades of orange, red, and purple. The latter are very
attractive during the rainy months. It has been
asserted that snakes are harboured by the species,

a

MYSORE AND COORG. 16

but this is open to question, as the stems and
branches are thickly armed with recurved prickles.

Cultivation—Planted in good land, Lantana
spreads from offsets and seedlings with astonishing
rapidity, and becomes a pest in the course of a few
years. The shrub should, therefore, be carefully
eliminated from all situations where it would mono-
polise useful land, or retard the progress of other
plants of greater utility. Hedges are usually laid
down from cuttings of the matured wood, but the
seeds germinate, and are no doubt widely scattered
by birds and vermin.

450 Tectona grandis, Linn. Kan. Tega, Tegu, Tegada
mara, Tyagada mara. ©

Fig, — Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Bedd.
Fil. Sylv. t. 250.

The teak tree. In this province, the most extensive
plantations of teak are found in the Heggaddevan-
kote Taluk of the Mysore District. But there are
also considerable plantations in the Districts of
Shimoga, Hassan, and Kadur, the whole forming a
total area of nearly 4,000 acres. The adjoining
province of Coorg is also rich in teak. But the
South Indian tree appears to attain its greatest per-
fection on the Anamallay mountains, where, at an
elevation of 2,500 feet, Beddome found specimens
22 feet in girth, 90 in length to the first bough, and
calculated to be 200 years old. These dimensions
are not attained in any part of Mysore or Coorg,
but a tree recently felled at Kakenkote, to provide
sectional exhibits for the Chicago Exposition, mea-
sured 4 feet in diameter, the specimens being per-
fectly sound. The teak tree clings to the Western
Ghats, and it is only upon or near to certain ranges,
at elevations rising from 2,000 to 3,000 feet, where
growth i is not stunted. The finest specimens attain
a height of 150 feet, and present a stately appear-
ance while in leaf and flower. The following
statement gives the position and approximate ‘area

316 FOREST TREES.

of the principal teak plantations within the territo-
ries of Mysore.

Approxi-
District. Taluk. Name of Plantation. | mate area
im acres.

Bangalore. | Malvalli ...| Basvanbetta ‘itis 249
Kankanhalli_...| Chilandadi Se 214

Kolar ...| Chikballapur ...| Nandi... oe 163
Shimoga... | Shimoga ...| Anapinghatta . 131
Do Sakrebail... on 283

Sorab ...{ Sidihalli ... wis 281

Mysore ... | Heggaddevankote] Kakankote = 121
Do + Mastigudi(old & new) 179

Do + | Manchagowdanhalli . 380

Do eee Nissen erry ene 5

Do ---| Metikuppe dee 50

Do «| Ainur Marigudi... 50

Do --|Beour ... aa 154

Gundlupet _«.. | Berambadi ws 60

Do «| Bandipur ... sacl 5

Hunsur «| Viranhosalli ase 91

Hassan ... | Hassan ..-| Bakturvalli ons 300
Arsikere «| Hirikalgudda, ee 150
Manjarabad ...| Kemphole oe 20

Do ...| Bisle tes ass 10

Do ...| Saklespur divs 12

Kadur_.. | Tarikere ...| Lakkavalli we | 356
Yadehalli «.| Hebbe... ty A
Chikmagalur ..,| Karadihalli see 262

The important uses, to which teak is applied in
ship-building, engineering, carpentry, and cabinet
making, are well known, and, added’ to the high
market value of seasoned wood, go far to confirm
the popular belief that teak is second to no indi-
genous timber in works, where strength and dura-
bility are the chief factors. It also possesses the
great adyantage of being comparatively light when
seasoned. Weight 42—46 lb. per cubic foot, or in
the case of green and unseasoned wood 55—70 Ib.

The teak tree loves plenty of light, and although
it often hugs a part of the evergreen zone, it rarely
mingles with it. The open sides of the hills, or a

FOREST TREES.

Statement showing the market rates for different

218

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pg BI y

219

MYSORM AND CoORC.

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classes of teak produced in the Mysore forests.

“SSUTQ | SSBIQ | “SSBIO | “SSETO | “SSFIO | “SSZID |“SSBTO [ “sSe[Q | ‘SERIO | “SSPTO | “SStIO [ “ez10
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$90 FORMST TREES.

451 Tectona Hamiltoniana, Wat.

The Botanical Gardens possess a single specimen
of this Burmese tree, which is probably the only one
in Mysore. When full grown, it is a small tree of
30—40 feet. Properties unknown at present.

452 Callicarpa lanata, Linn.

Fig—Wight Ic. t. 1480.
Reference.—Pharm. Ind.

A woody shrub or rarely a small tree. Indige-
nous to the hills, and cultivated in the Lal-Bagh
for its attractive purple flowers, which are borne in
ample cymes at the ends of the branches. The
young leaves are densely tomentose, and copper to
cinnamon-coloured underneath. As a shrub, the
species attains to 15 or 20 feet. It possesses medi-

¢inal properties, and affords much mucilage when
boiled.

453 Premna tomentosa, Witt. Kan. Narave, Iji mara.
Fig-—Wight Ic. t. 1468, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 251.

References—Brand. For. Fl. 367; Dict. of
Econ. Prod, of Ind.; Pharm. Ind.

Usually a small tree of the deciduous forests in
Mysore and Coorg, but under exceptional conditions
attaining a height of 40—50 feet. Plentiful at N undy-
droog. The fragrant leaves are so much appreciated
by the peasants that they use them in lieu of plates
to hold their food, the [ji leaf being supposed to
fe some of its spicy fragrance to the latter.
Wood hard, yellow, close-grained, and takes a fine
polish; used for making combs. The leaves are given
internally and applied externally in cases of dropsy,

Cultivation.—Seeds do not germinate freely, but
propagation can be effected from cuttings of
ripened wood. Plant at 15—20 feet apart.

y nce

MYSORE AND coord. 991.

454 Gmelina arborea, Linn. Kan. Kuli, Coolee, Kasmiri-
mara, Bachanige ?
Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Wight
Ic. t. 1470; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 258.

References—Brand. For. Fl. 364. Dict. of
Econ. Prod. of Ind.; Pharm. Ind.

A deciduous tree with a roundish or spreading
head, attaining in favorable localities to 60 feet.
Plentiful in the deciduous belt skirting the hills,
and scattered throughout the adjacent dry forests.
Several good specimens may be seen in the Lal-Bagh.
Leaves opposite, long-petiolate, tomentose when
young, but eventually glabrate and shining on
the upper surface, glaucous on the under side with
prominent nerves; heart-shaped, with 2 glands on
the upper base, average blade 7x73 in. The species
flowers in June and November, the panicles being
terminal and a foot or more in length ; flower yellow
inside and brownish yellow outside, fragrant and
attractive. Fruit, an ovoid yellow drupe, the size of
a loquat, and containing 1—2 seeds. The wood,
which is cream to pale yellow, is described as hight,
close-grained, strong, and workable. It is specially
recommended for all sorts of light ornamental work.

“The wood of this tree on account of its ightness
and toughness is much valued for carriage-building
and all ornamental work: it is ight yellow with a
reddish heartwood, close and even-grained, easily
worked, and readily takes paint or varnish. At the
Government Medical Store Depét Workshops, it has
been found to be the best wood for making artificial
limbs, stethoscopes, &c. It turns well. Weight
30—40 Ib. per cubic foot.” —Pharmacographia Indica.

Graham Anderson has stated that the tree is
found in groups in the Manjarabad district, that
deer are very fond of the flowers and fruit, and
that the body of the large native drum is made of

999 FOREST TREES.

the seasoned wood. At Kankanhalli and elsewhere,
combs are popularly made fromit. Although dis-
tinctly deciduous in the drier tracts, trees that are
well placed in regard to moisture are rarely quite
bare of leaf, a circumstance which is easily over-
looked from the fact that the flowers and young °
leaves burst forth together on the approach of the
first rains.

Cultivation —Seeds produced on local trees have
not germinated, but as Brandis remarks that the
species is easily raised from seed, there must be
some error in local treatment. When planted in a
deep alluvial soil, at 40 feet apart, the Gmehna
arborea becomes an exeellent roadside tree. . It is
not however recommended where the soil is poor
and stony.

455 vitex Negundo, Linn. Kan. Nekkilu, Lakkli,
Leckee.
Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Wight
Lt, Ie:
References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.;
_ Pharm. Ind.; Fl. of Brit. Ind.

The chaste tree. Seldom attaining to more than
ashrub in the drier parts of country, and very
abundant in lanes and hedgerows. Leaves and
young branchlets hoary underneath, which gives the
foliage a pretty effect when moved by the wind,
Often used as small fuel, but not for wattle-work, in
at least the maidan portion of Mysore. The leaves
are commonly used in the peasants’ houses as an in-
secticide, and in fomentation to swellings, headache,
and such like. The species is very abundant in
Mysore and Coorg, where it mostly affects the dry
subalpine region, increasing in stature as it approach-
es the Ghats. There are two varieties designated
the black—Kari—and white—Bili—as indicated
by the prevailmg colour of the foliage. Medicinal
virtues are attributed to the leaves, root, and fruit.

MYSORE AND COORG. 993

“A tree regarded with superstitious fancies by
the natives, who use the leaves at certain ceremonies
connected with the Dewarlee feast, and at funerals ;
a bough being generally placed on the mound of a
recently-made grave. The leaves are also used as
a packing over stored grain to prevent insect
attacks.”—Graham Anderson.

Vitex trifolia, Linn. is known by the same ver-
nacular names, possesses the same properties, and is,
in all probability, a mere variety of Vitex Negundo.

Cultivation.—As seedlings are difficult to raise, it
ig usual in this locality—Bangalore—to increase
stock from offsets, suckers, and cuttings. If this ig
done during the rainy season, large numbers of
plants may be raised. The species is so hardy that
it is found growing in the poorest soils and driest
localities. It hasa pretty effect on lawns when
grown in clumps.

456 Vitex altissima,,Linn. Kan. Navyladi, Nauladi, '
Nowladi.

Fig.— Wight Ic. t. 1466; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 252.

References—Brand. For. Fl. 370; Dict. of
Heon. Prod. of Ind.

A deciduous tree attaining a large size in favora-
ble localities on the lower hills, but generally stunt-
ed in the maidan districts, Leaves 3—5 foliolate.
Flowers in terminal woolly panicles, purple. Fruit
the size and colour of a black currant. Beddome, An-
derson, and Lovery, all speak well of this wood,
although the best supphes are apparently situated
in somewhat inaccessible positions. Seasoned wood
is brownish-grey in colour, weighs 63 lb. per cubic
foot, and is generally used, when procurable, for
building and agricultural work. In Manjarabad, it
is called ‘ iron wood.’

994 FOREST TREES.

457 Vitex alata, Hzyns,

V. pubescens, Vahl. and V. leucoxylon, Linn.
are Malnad trees of which we require more data.
Forest officers should be on the look out for them.

Cultivation.—Prepagate from seed, and plant in a
situation where there is plenty of moisture, with
the necessary drainage. It is not known if
these trees coppice, but in all probability they do.
458 Clerodendron inerme, Gartn. Kan. Vishma-

dhari gida, Naitakkile.
Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.
References.-—Pharm. Ind. ; Dict. of Econ. Prod.
of Ind.

This common shrw) is well known to the people
on account of its valuable medicinal properties.
The leaves, with their juices, are popularly employed
to mitigate fever, for which they possess properties
nearly equal to Chéretta. When isolated from other
large plants, it forms a pretty bush, and is easily
trained into an admirable hedge with privet-like
foliage and scented flowers. Being compact in
‘ growth, easy of propagation, very hardy, and not
browsed upon by sheep or cattle, itis, indeed, one of
the very best piants for garden fencing. It is said
also that cobras have a great antipathy to it. The
indigenous shrubs Clerodendron infortunatum, Gaert.
C. Siphonanthus, R. Br. and C. serratwm, Spreng.
are all possessed of medicinal properties.

459 Duranta Ellisia, Linn,
Fig.— Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

An ornamental shrub cultivated in Indian gardens,
but originally introduced from America. There are.
two varieties, one having pale purple and the other
pure white flowers. The species forms an effective
hedge, and is easily raised for that purpose from cut-
tings. Hedges may be seen in the Palace Gardens
and at the Lal-Bagh.

MYSORE AND COORG: 225

460 Citharexylum surrectum, Gr.
Fig Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

Fiddle wood. Introduced from Jamaica and
Antigua. A small deciduous tree of rapid growth
and conical habit. Young stems quadrangular.
Leaves opposite, petiolate,—petiole, coloured orange,
1 in.—ovate elliptic, average blade 6—3 in. Flowers
in drooping racemes, white, fragrant, and usually
admired. Fruit a small berry.~ On account of its
easy cultivation and deliciously scented flowers, this
exotic tree is quite established in Indian gardens.
The wood is described by’ Harrison as follows :—
“A most useful timber in building, close grained,
and very tough, used for mill rollers and frames,
carriage wheels, &c.” :

Cultivation —Hasily raised from cuttings during
the rains. Plant in loose soil at 7 feet apart, subse-
quently removing every alternate sapling. Second-
ary leaders are apt to form on the root-stock, and if
allowed to grow will eventually supersede the main
‘trunk, and spoil the symmetry of the tree. Seed-
lings have not been raised at Bangalore.

LVIII. NYCTAGINEA,

461 Bougainvilleaspectabilis, Comm. B. spectabilis
var glabra, Linp. and B. lateritia.

Woody climbers introduced from South America,
and cultivated in gardens for their showy bracts.
‘The first named flowers during the early part
of the hot season, and is a conspicuous object
of beauty when other plants are mostly at rest.
The other two species flower at intervals all the
year round, on which account alone, the so-called
variety glabra, is surely entitled to rank as a distinct
species. It is also evergreen, while B. spectabilis is
usually deciduous for a short time. Although small,

29

226 FOREST TREES.

it has been observed that the wood of these climbers
is tough, durable, and well adapted for providing
handles to tools.

462 Pisonia alba, Spay.

The lettuce tree. So called, as in colour, size, and
texture, the leaves somewhat resemble those of the
lettuce plant. Cultivation does not succeed at
Bangalore, but the tree is a familiar object in Madras
and other sea-coast towns. The species is indige-
nous to the Andaman Islands. Hooker thinks it
may be identical with P. inernuis, Forst. of the
Pacific Islands. ‘

LIX. MYRISTICEA. .
463 Myristica fragrans, Hour. Kan. (Fruit) Jajikayi,

Japatri.
Fig.—Bentl. & Trim. Med. Pl. tii. t. 218.
References.—Pharm. Ind.; Fl. of Brit. Ind. ;
Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

The nutmeg tree. The maidan portion of the
Mysore plateau is too dry for this species, which
luxuriates in the moist heat of the Eastern Moluc-
cas. Its cultivation has been attempted more than
once in the Botanical Gardens, but not with much
encouragement, as ‘the plants are undersized and
give no fruit. An attempt is being made by the

Inspector General of Forests, to establish the’ nut-
meg tree in the warm gholas of the Malnad, and,
knowing that cultivation has been productive at
Burliar, on the Nilgiri Ghat, the experiment is not
without promise.

464 Myristica laurifolia, Hoox. Kan. (Nut) Pindi
kayi.

Fig-—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 267.
Reference —F/, of Brit. Ind.

A large evergreen tree of the Malnad, and said to
be the commonest of the bastard nutmeg's,

Leaves

MYSORE AND COORG. 997

glabrous, shining, very coriaceous, 6—9 in. linear-
oblong or variable. Flowers dicecious, small, regu- '
lar, crowded on the twigs and branches. Fruit the
size of an apple. The nutmeg and the mace are said
to be of no value, and the quality of the wood is
unknown. Herbarium specimens are required, with
fuller information as to the local merits of this
apparently common tree.
465 Myristica malabarica, Lamn. Aan. Kanagi, (Nut)
Pinde kayi.
Fig.—Bedd. Fi. Sylv. t. 269.

References.—Pharm. Ind. ; Dict. of Econ. Prod.
of Ind.; Fl. of Brit. Ind.

A large evergreen tree of the Western Ghats.
In general appearance, it differs but httle from the
last named species, except in the fruit, which is
quite different, and the greater size usually attain-
ed. Fruit oblong, 2—3 in., hairy or tanny, “ with
a lucumose arillus, the lobes of which are twisted
and folded into a cone at the top.” The mace is
deficient in odour and flavour, and is much softer
than in the proper nutmeg. It is perhaps best
known under the Guzerati name, Rampatri, of which
a good deal is heard in the Bombay market, where
the product commands a value of Rs. 10 per maund
of 874 Ibs. A medicinal concrete oil is obtained
from the bruised seed by boiling. “ Wood reddish-
grey, moderately hard. Weight 32 lb. per cubic
foot. Used for building.” Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.
466 Myristica magnifica, Bepp. Kan. Ramanadike.

Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 268.

Beddome describes this as “one of the most
magnificent trees in the Presidency.” It sustains
this character in the Malnad of Mysore also, but
the Kew authorities, or at least Sir Joseph Hooker,
cannot discover that it differs in more than size and
pubescence from M. laurifolia. Forest - officials

228 FOREST TREES.

would therefore be doing a service to science, if they

could settle this question, or at least submit. such.

material as would enable the Kew authorities to.

settle it,
The vernacular name, Ramanadike, or Rama’s
areca-nut, is obviously a misnomer, as, if Rama had

any claim to the designation, the latter should clearly
be Rama’s nutmeg and not his areca-nut. The.

areca-nut belongs to the natural order Palmaces, .

which comprises an entirely different class of trees.
The species under notice attains 100 feet with an
immense buttressed trunk. Fruit oblong, nearly 4 in.

467 Myristica Farquhariana, Watt.
Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 270.

This treeis said tobe plentiful on the South Canara
and Coorg Ghats. MM. attenuata, Wall.—Fig. Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 271.—should be searched for in the same

locality. Nothing is known of the timber afforded

by these trees. The genus Myristica is confined to
steamy woods where the rainfall is heavy and the
atmosphere moist. Such being the conditions for
healthy development, it cannot be hoped that culti-
vation would succeed on the arid plains. a

LX. LAURINEA.

468 Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Brean. Kan. Lavanga
patte mara, Dalchini, Nisane,

Fig.— Wight Ic. t. 123, 129, 134; Bedd. Fl.

Sylv. t. 242 : Bentl. of Trim. Med. Pl. t. 224.
Bees ae of Econ. Prod. of Ind.;Pharm.
n

A small evergreen tree, young leaves and shoots

having beautiful reddish and carmine tints. Indige-,,
nous to Ceylon, Burmah, and the Deccan Peninsula, .
Cultivated in the Lal-Bagh. The liber or inner ,

bark affords the Cingalese cinnamon of commerce,
and the aromatic leaves are extensively used in

MYSORE AND COORG. 229

condiments and medicine. The essential oil of
cinnamon is obtained from the liber, but other oils
are afforded by the leaves and root.

The cinnamon trees found in the Malnad are of a
larger size and coarser texture than the typical
form of C. zeylanicum, and it is doubtful if they are
mere varieties of the latter, or if they should be
referred to one or other of the following species.
Aromatic trees of this class, especially the Ceylon

‘cinnamon, possess antiseptic properties in a rare
degree, and should be thickly planted about pesti-
lential towns and villages to improve the health of
the public. It has been stated on good authority
that the essence of cinnamon kills the microbe of
typhoid fever in 12 minutes, while corrosive sublim-
ate, the most powerful antiseptic known, requires 10
minutes to perform the same work.

Cultivation.—All the species of Cénnamomum re-
ferred to in this list require about the same treat-
ment. They luxuriate in moist valleys, where the
temperature ranges from 70° to 85° or even 90.°
Seedlings planted in virgin forest soil or deep loam,
at 15 feet apart, soon become strong bushes.

469 Cinnamomunm iners, Rernw. Vern. Adavi-lavanga

_ *patta, Dalchini, Yellaga mara, Cuddu-lavanga.
Fig.—Wight Ic. t. 199, 135. i

References.—FV. of Brit. Ind; Drury U. Pi. ;
Gamb. Man. Timb.

A small tree of the western Malnad. Slightly
larger in leaf, and not so compact in growth as the
last named species. Bark aromatic and uséd as
Taj or Indian cinnamon. Not very common in
Shimoga, although Lovery remarks that it is locally
used for building and fuel.

470 Cinnamomum macrocarpum, Hoox.
Fig.— Wight Ic. 130.

Probably known by the same vernacular names.

A small tree with somewhat slender leaves and

230 FOREST TREES.

branches. Fruit larger than in any of the other
species. We are much in want of herbarium

specimens representing all the indigenous Laurinex.
471 Cinnamomum nitidum, Brune.

This species resembles number 469, except that
the flowers are about twice the size. It is entered as
an indigenous plant with some hesitation. Fig. Wight.
det 197:

472 Machilus macrantha, Nezs. Kan. Chittn tandri
mara.

Fig— ight Ic. t. 1824; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 264.

A large evergreen tree of the Malnad. Properties
unknown. Watt observes that “it is known as
Gumara in the Konkan forests.”

473 Alseodaphne semecarpifolia, Nzgs.
Fig. — Wight Ic. t. 1826, 1827. Bedd ; Fl. Sylw.
b. 207.

This is a large or small tree of variable character.
The “Flora of British India’? enumerates no less
than 5 varieties of the species. It is reported to be
a good timber tree, and is indemand for boat-
building in Ceylon, where it is said to resist the
attacks of the dreaded teredo.

474 Litseea Wightiana, Wart. Kan. Wammaddi?
Halmaddi ?

Fig.—Bedd. Fi, Sylv. t. 293.

A tolerably large tree in the Hassan, Kadur, and
Shimoga Districts, where it grows rather exten-
sively. The wood is reported to be soft and light,’
bemg used to some extent for making wooden’
vessels and for fuel. It, however, yields a resin, ;
which is locally used in lieu of frankincense. The
tree 1s evergreen. Although several species of
Intsea are known to be indigenous to the Western

Ghats, their names and properties are not reported
by the local officials.

MYSORE AND COORG. - 931

475 Persea gratissima, GzRtTnN.

The Alligator or Avocado pear. A small ever-
green tree introduced from the West Indies and
tropical America, where it is highly prized for its
fruit. Rarely seen except in Botanical Gardens.
The fruit does not appear to be appreciated in this
country, nor is its preparation for the table under-
stood.

476 Hernandia bivalvis, Brnrs.

Specimen in the Lal-Bagh. An evergreen tree
of E. Australia.

477 Hernandia sonora, Linn.

An American species cultivated in the Lal-
Bagh.

LXI. PROTEACESA.

478 Helicia robusta, Warn. Kan. Tegala mugu.
Fig—Wight Ic. t. 191.
Reference.—Fi. of Brit. Ind.

A handsome tree said to be found in Hassan: It
“may be mistaken for HZ. travancorica, Bedd., which
the latter authority has figured in “ Flora Sylvatica”
under the above name. Found growing on the
banks of streams. Uses unknown.
479 Macadamia ternifolia, F. Must.

The Queensland nut tree. Cultivated in the
Botanical Gardens where, however, it has not yet
attained maturity.

“ A small-sized tree, with avery dense foliage.
_ Found in dense, moist scrubs on the banks of rivers
wood firm, fine-grained, and takes a good polish.
This tree bears an edible nut of excellent flavour,
which is relished by the white colonists as well as
by the aborigines. It forms a nutritious article of
food to the latter, and, in consequence, the restric-
tion with regard to this tree as in the case of

932 FOREST TREES.

Araucaria Bidwillii (Bunya Bunya), is made in the
licenses issued for cutting timber.” Walter Hill.
480 Grevillea robusta, Cunn.

The silky or silver oak of Australia. This grace-
ful tree has spread very rapidly in the coffee
plantations of Southern India within the past decade.
In Manjarabad, Coorg, Shevaroy Hills, and the
Wynaad, itis somewhat extensively planted as a
break-wind, and to shade coffee. The Lal-Bagh has
issued large quantities of seed to the above districts,
but the demand is usually greater than the local
supply can meet, although high prices are now
charged for the seed. Inthe moister and cooler
region of the hills, the so-called silver oak, for it
must be remembered that it is not a member of the
oak family, attains a large size, is very ornamental,
and yields a fine timber. But at Bangalore, Mysore,
and generally throughout the maidan, growth is less
satisfactory, the tree bemg stunted in size, resini-
ferous, andin very dry localities short-lived. When
young especially, the tree is very graceful in its
upright or conical form, silvery foliage, and orange-
red flowers in dense, bottle-brush racemes. It
flowers in the cold weather, and seeds freely during
the months of June and July. The silver oak is
admirably adapted for scenic grouping, affording as
it does, a distinct contrast in form and colour to the
indigenous trees of this country. The branches
and young wood are very brittle, but as the trunk
matures it becomes tough, durable, and beautifully
marked.

“Diameter 30 to 40 inches; height 80 to 100
feet. A lofty tree of frequent occurrence in the
scrubs along the coast, and for a considerable dis-
tance in the interior. The wood is extensively used
for staves for tallow casks, and is in much repute for

cabinet work. At present the sawyers are receivin
“at the rate of 8 s. to 9 s. per hundred feet.” Walter Hill,

\

MYSORE AND COORG. 233

Cultivation Seeds collected at Bangalore ger-
minate at the rate of 20—30 percent. Once rooted,
the seedlings are very hardy and transplant with
few casualties. Tt will be seen from Mr. Hill’s remarks
that the tree clings to the seaside, a fact which
will account for its fine growth on those estates
lying nearest to the sea on the hills of Southern
India. For the growth of timber, the Grevillea robusta
should be planted at 7 feet apart, the final trees
being left at 14 feet. It is a good lawn tree, as
grass grows well under it. .

LXII. ELHAGNACEA.

481 Elzeagnus latifolia, Linn. Kan. Hejjala.
Fig— Wight Ic. t. 1856; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 180.
Reference.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

The bastard oleaster. A large scandent bush,
climber or small tree according to, position and
surroundings. Leaves silvery on the underside.
The fruit, which is acid and astringent, is said to be
eaten by the tenders of cattle on the Nilgiri range
of the Western Ghats. It is also eaten by the pea-
sants of Mysore, where the bush is found in quantity.
The species can be propagated from seed, and it
forms an effective bush to screen off unsightly walls
or buildings.

—_—————

LXIII. LORANTHACEZ.
482 Loranthus longiflorus, Dusrouss. Kan. Badanike.

Fig.— Wight Ic. t. 802.

References.—Brand. For. Fl. 897; Gamb, Man.
Timb. 320 ; Dict. of Econ, Prod. of Ind.; Fi.
of Brit. Ind.

An evergreen parasite found on mango and other
trees, from which it is suspended at intervals in

30

234 FOREST TREES.

ample twiggy bunches of a pale green colour. The
long tubular flowers, composed of yellow green and
reddish colours blended together, are attractive.
But the species is. aggressive, very hurtful to trees,
and should be diligently removed from all useful
species, whether grown for timber, fruit, or other
products. The local trees that are mostly. infested
are the mango, banyan, Strychnos nux-vomica, Albiza-
ia amara, and Anogeissus latifolia. Of the 58
species of Loranthus described in the “ Flora of Brit-
ish India,” about 18—20 are indigenous to Mysore,-
the greater part being confined to the hills. The
vigorous growing kinds are usually destructive to
trees, and shouldbe treated as a pest by the forester.
In the maidan country at least, all the species are
known by the vernacular name Badanike. Some of
them are not unlike the ‘ miseltoe,’ to which the
genus is closely allied. There are also one or two
species of Viscwm in the provinces of Mysore and
Coorg, although not the one that affords the real
‘miseltoe bough’ of ancient and modern renown.

LXIV. SANTALACE.
483 Santalum album, Linn. Kan. Gandha, Srigandha.

Fig-—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 256 ; Bentl. and Trim. Med. Pl,
ts BOD.

References—Fl. of Brit. Ind.; Pharm. Ind, ;
Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

The sandalwood tree. This important species
attains its maximum utility, and is most abundant in
the Mysore country, where also it is a Government
monopoly, and commercially the most valuable tim-
ber tree in the State forests, Its range of growth
lies mostly to the west and south of the province
following an almost unbroken line through the
deciduous and mixed zone of the Shimoga, Kadur,

MYSORE AND COORG. 935°

Hassan, Mysore, and Bangalore Districts. On the
other hand, the extreme maidan Districts of Kolar,
Tumkur and Chitaldroog, produce comparatively
little sandal. In point of growth, outturn, and
revenue, the best results have been attained at
Shimoga in the north-west, and Mysore in the
south. The altitudinal range of the species is
roughly 2,000—4,000 feet, although on the Nundy-
droog hill, in the Kolar District, it is flourishing at
an elevation of 4,500 feet.

A small, evergreen tree of 25—35 feet, occasion-
ally larger in rich soil, but usually smaller as the
latter deteriorates and becomes deficient of mois-
ture ; insignificant in general appearance. Diame-
ter at base 1’ toll’. Bark 1} in., brownish-grey
on the surface, reddish within ; often ruptured ver-
tically. Leaves opposite, petiolate, exstipulate,
entire, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, elliptic-ovate, gla-
brous and shining on the upper surface, young leaves
dark green and more or less glaucous underneath,
‘older ones pale or yellowish green and variable in
size; average blade 22x1$in. Flowers in terminal
and axillary, trichotomous cymes, shorter than the
leaf. Flower inconspicuous, in parts of 4 or very
rarely 5; perianth changing from pale-green and
brown to crimson; stamens 4, attached to the tube
of the perianth and associated with interposed hairy
processes; pistil bottle-shaped with a 3-lobed
stigma. Drupe globose or subglobese, glabrous and
shining, annulate near the apex, one-seeded; the
colour and size of a large black currant or small
gean.

Although strictly preserved by Government, the
sandalwood tree suffers from the attacks of men
and animals to a very large extent. It is only after
the seedling, or offset, attains a certain height that
its removal becomes punishable, and to prevent
trouble of this sort, the raiyat is careful to remove

236 FOREST TREES.

seedlings while they are very small. This is natural,
as the raiyat derives no benefit from the growth of
sandalwood, while by its removal he protects his
fields from the encroachment of wnproductive
growth, and evades the responsibility which would
fall upon him should trees exist in his holding. This
is the most serious form of destruction the autho-
rities have to deal with, and the best remedy would
be to offer the raiyat a share in the profits arising
from sandal cultivation. If the remuneration was
sufficient, he would then nourish the tree in every
nook and corner not required for the pro-
duction of food and raiment. But it is equally
if not more important that the cultivation of sandal
should be pushed in semi-barren tracts, where the
raiyat has butlittle control, and where the cultivation
of field crops would be out of the question. This is
all the more desirable when it is known that the
finest quality of sandalwood is produced on poor
rocky soils. Associated in such places with Lantana—
the latter as a nurse—there is a wide field in Mysore
for the artificial propagation and extension of this
valuable tree. Seeing the advantage of such pro-
duction, the local Forest Department has already
adopted measures both for the improvement of
natural growth, and the planting of entirely new
areas.

The bark and alburnum—sapwood—of the sandal
tree are comparatively useless products, and the
value of the duramen or heartwood depends almost
wholly on the presence of a fragrant essential oil of
high specific gravity. Protracted growth appears
to favour the development of oil in the cells, so that
very aged trees, whether of medium or small
growth, are usually the most fragrant and oleiferous.
It is for this reason that some persons deprecate
the felling of sandal until it has altogether ceased to
vegetate. But with this species, the span of life ig

MYSORE AND COORG. 937

very uncertain, and while exceptional specimens
may attain to nearly a hundred years, a large per-
centage die young, and are of little value for the
market. It would seem, therefore, that matured
trees of 30 years of age and upwards might be felled
with advantage even if they are not dead. With
regard to the colour and marking of sandalwood,
there are at least four varieties, vz., the Kempu,
red ; Bilt, white; Navilu, peacock; and Naga, cobra.
The two first named are distinguished by colour
alone, while the two latter possess peculiar marks
indicating, in their arrangement, some resemblance
to the peacock and the cobra, on which account
they are held in the highest esteem, and always
command fancy prices.

“ Sanskrit writers make two kinds of chandana:
the darker, heartwood, they call Pita-chandana, or
_yellow sandal; and the lighter wood Srigandha, or
white sandal—It is more likely that these names
refer to the two distinct varieties referred to above,
and not to any definition of the wood ina single
tree—Chandana is mentioned in the Nirukta, or
writings of Yaska, the oldest Vedic commentary
extant, said to be written not later than the 5th
century B,C. It is also referred to in the ancient
epic poems of the Hindus, the Itamayana and
Mahabharata. According to the Kathasaritsagara, it
is one of the trees of the Buddhic paradise, and the
chariot of the sun is made of its wood bound with
gold.” Pharmacographia Indica. But red sandal-
wood is by far the most abundant and may be
described as a pale reddish wood interspersed with
concentric zones of yellow and darkish-brown ; it is
exceedingly dense, moderately hard; and easily
worked with delicate tools; it is not attacked by
white ants, and the contained oil preserves it
wonderfully, whether above or below the ground.
Weight 56—60 lb, per cubic foot, As an aromatic

238 FOREST TREES.

and fancy wood it is unrivalled, and no other
wood commands such a high price in the open
market. The annexed table gives the outturn
of sandal in Mysore withthe revenue derived there-
from during the past five years. When matured
or dead, the sandal trees are collected depart-
mently, and conveyed to a number of conveni-
ently placed Depdts or Kotés, where they are finally
dressed, sized, classified, weighed and _ stored, in
readiness for the annual auction sales which usually
take place during the two last months of the calendar
year, and are so arranged that buyers can travel
comfortably, and without much loss.of time, from
one Depdt to the other, beginning at Sagar in the
north-west of the province and ending at Hunsur in
the south. There are at present eight Kotts, of
which Shimoga possesses three, Mysore two, and
the other districts one each. Further details will
be found in the annexed map showing the approxi-
mate distribution of Santalum albwm within the
territories of Mysore.

The sandal thus disposed of, amounting to about
2,000 tons annually, finds its way mostly to Bombay,
and thence in varying quantities to China, France,
Germany, and a few other countries. A large
quantity is retained in India for purposes of crema-
tion, for consumption in the fire temples of the
Parsis, for the extraction of oil, and for domestic and
temple functions. A much smaller quantity enters
into the local industries of carving and distilling. The
dead or fully matured root of the tree contams the
largest percentage of oil, and is preferably used for
the extraction of that valuable product.

“By the Indian process only 2°5 per cent of
oil is obtained from the wood,” while the article is
badly coloured and always very impure ; “ but the
powerful apparatus of Messrs, Schimmel & Co. of
Leipzig affords as much as 5 per cent.” Pure sandal

+

Map showing the appromimate distribution of Sandalwood in Mysore.

Y

ieee

ae pen a

239

MYSORE AND CooRG.

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‘sunah poraifo Gg ysod ayz Burenp

240 FOREST TREES.

oil, such as has recently been distilled by Mr. Petrie
Hay of Hunsur, is worth two rupees an ounce. It
is a product for which there is a growing demand
in arts, medicine, and perfumery. Sandalwood
carving is pre-eminently a local hand industry of
great antiquity, handed down from father to son
for many generations ; but it is practically confined
to one or two small towns, and perhaps a few hamlets
in Shimoga, the north-west corner of the province,
Sagar and Sorab being the principal seats of manu-
facture. These carvings vary im price from one to
a thousand rupees, and consist of a great variety of
articles, the more prominent being small cabinets,
temples, swam figures, boxes, albums, fans, switches,
walking sticks, card cases, paper cutters, chess-
boards, and toys. Reduced to a fine paste, the wood
is popularly used by the Brahmins for marking the
forehead and body.

Cultivation —The Gandha mara is generally looked
upon as a somewhat delicate tree, although, judging
from its tenacity of growth in poor soils while ex-
posed to occasional long periods of drought, it often
belies this character. But these are the only condi-
tions under which the species is really hardy, and
in situations, where the drainage of the soil is defect-
ive, it is usually very delicate. Planting should
therefore be avoided in wet land. A rather heavy
rainfall will not hurt the tree, providing that the soil
is porous enough to carry off surplus water before
stagnation sets in. The roots and bark are sensi-
tive of injury, and the tree is easily killed by fire.
It is reproductive from seed, but rarely grows thickly,
single specimens attaining maturity at intervals of
ten to a hundred yards. If seedlings are crowded,
they seldom attaina good size, so that judicious
thinning in the early stages of growth becomes an
‘important factor in the cultivation of sandal.
Suckers are occasionally given off from old trees, but

MYSORE AND COORG. 241

they do not appear to come to anything. Crows
are very fond of the ripe fruit, and are supposed
to deposit the seeds favourably in hedgerows and
bushes, where the seedlings procure the neces-
sary shade and protection required by them during
the first two or three years of development.
In artificial treatment, the introduced shrub,
Lantana camara, Linn. has proved to be a good
nurse for sandal seedlings. This is a great discovery
which should not be lost sight of whenever the
question of reclaiming karwb, or waste lend, presents
itself. A-pecuharity of sandalwood is that it will
not grow within walled enclosures, noi is it found
on the sites of deserted villages. Mr. D. EH. Hutch-
ins, a former officer of the Mysore Forest Depart-
ment, has written as follows :—* When young,
sandal. has to contend with many enemies. The
smooth succulent character of the leaves of sandal
‘doubtless contributes to render them the favourite
food of hares and deer. (Cattle and goats are also
very partial to the leaves). When planting sandal,
it is usually necessary to place thorns over each
plant to keep off hares. If spotted deer are abund-
ant in the locality, it becomes necessary to fence
plots of sandal. planting. Self-sown seedlings of
sandal are rarely seen except among clumps of
thorns. and other bushes where they are naturally
protected from browsing. The sandal tree attains
its, commercial maturity, i.c., the age at which it
pays best to cut it down, at 27 to 30 years. At this
period, the heartwood is well developed (i.¢., at a
general depth of about 2 inches below the surface)
and the growth of this is so slow that it cannot in a
year attam an increased value equal to the interest
on its,present selling price, plus the value of the
Space it. would occupy.
It ‘is, therefore found most profitable to cut it.
down between the age of 27 to 30 years.”
31.

949 FOREST TREES.

With regard to the above remarks, it may be
observed that the heartwood increases with the age
of the tree until there is practically no sapwood
left, and the correct time to fell would appear to be
at this juncture. In propagation, the best results
are obtained by sowing the ripe berries newly taken
‘from the tree, with the seed in them. If the fruit
is dried in the sun or kept for a few weeks, it does
not answer so well. The red soil about Bangalore—
loam incorporated with oxide of iron—appears to
suit the requirements of sandal, especially when it
forms ridges, or is situated between low rocks on the
higher grounds.

484 Scleropyrum Wallichianum, Arn. Kan. Benduga.
Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 804.
A small tree in Hassan, Coorg, and the Wynaad.

Often spiny. Flowers in short catkins near the ends
of the shoots. Uses unknown.

LXV. EUPHORBIACE.
485 Euphorbia Tirucalli, Linn. Kan. Kalli, Bonta

kalli; Kadu-nevali,
Fig—Bot. Platés Lal-Bagh Collection.
Reference,—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

A small tree of hedgerows. Erect, 12—20 feet,
leafless or with inconspicuous leaves. Whole plant
green, glabrous, much branched, branches resembling
stout rushes, but easily broken and very milky.
Commonly known as the ‘milk hedge’ or ‘milk
bush.’ Indigenous to Africa, but extensively natura-
lised in this country. The acrid juice is a well
known purgative and counter-irritant. The old
wood affords material for making gunpowder char-
coal ; and the very acrid nature of the milky juice
prevents cattle from breaking the plant, on
which account it affords an excellent fence for

MYSORE AND COORG. 243

pasturage. Kalli is well known throughout the
province.

486 Euphorbia neriifolia, Linn. Kan. Yale kalli.
E. antiquorum, Linn. Kan. Bontakalli,

Succulent shrubs often used for fencing, and well
known in the maidan for their medicinal properties.
The last named species and LH. trigona, Haworth,
make good railway fences. All the species grow
from cuttings readily.

487 Buxus sempervirens, Lin.

The box tree is cultivated in the Botanical
Gardens, where, however, it never attains anything
like its normal size. .

488 Bridelia retusa, Sprenc, Kan. Gurige, Gworgie,
Goje, Asana ?
Fig—Bedd Fl, Sylv. t. 240.

References—Fl. of Brit. Ind.; Gamb. Man.
Timb. 356.

A middle sized or large, deciduous tree. Her-
baceous parts usually thorny ; young leaves tomen-
tose on the underside, matured leaves coriaceous,
rigid and prominently nerved. Flowers small,
yellow, in short lateral spikelets. Fruit blacks
purple the size of a pea. Sir Joseph Hooker nameg
four varieties of the species. Generally found in
the deciduous and mixed zones and on the outskirts
of the evergreen belt. Although comparatively
small, the heartwood is close grained, nicely mottled,
and said to take a good polish; it is also hard and
durable, but not very easily worked. Weight
56—64 lb. per cubic foot.

“The astringent properties of the bark of this
tree appear to be well known throughout India,
and it isin general use for tanning leather. The.
wood is also much used on account of its durability:
under water, for making well-curbs. In Western

244, FOREST TREES.

India, the bark has a reputation as a lithontriptic,
and is in general use as an astringent. When
wounded, the bark exudes a blood-red juice, which .
stains the hands, and is very astringent.” Pharma-
cographia Indica. '

Tt is also stated in the above work that the bark
contains 39°9 parts of tannic acid. Such being
the case, it must be an exceptionally powerful
astringent. The leaves are valued as food for cattle ;
while the berries are much eaten by birds, and
occasionally by children, to whose mouths they
impart a deep claret colour. . =
-©A tree generally found in the outskirts but
sometimes in the forest. It has small oval leaves.
(they should be retuse) The bark is about 4 inch
thick, rough and very dark-grey, nearly black in
colour. The inner bark is of a deep blood colour
and fibrous in texture; affords. splendid wood for
bed-plates, posts or beams, being very hard, heavy
and durable.’—Graham Anderson. .

The species B. montana, Willd. a low tree, and
B. stipularis, Blume, a scandent shrub, are also found
in the Malnad. Botanical specimens of the whole
genus would be acceptable at head quarters. ’
489 Phyllanthus Emblica, Linn. Kan. Nelli. Fruit—

Nelli kayi. ;
Fig—Bot. Plates. Lal-Bagh Collection. Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 258. Wight Ic. t. 1896. .
References.—Pharm. Ind. ; Dict. of Econ. Prod.
ot Ind.; Gamb. Man. Timb. 351. ,

The emblic myrobalan tree. Bare of leaf during
the greater part of January and February, or longer
in arid situations. In garden land, it is rather a
striking tree of 35—40 feet. Leaves very small,
distichously and closely set lke the leaflets of a
finely pinnate leaf. In general effect, the foliage is
not unlike the tamarind tree, but much paler in
colour. Although wild all over the country, it is

MYSORE AND COORG. 945

only i in cultivation, and in the most favourable posi-
tions where fine specimens are seen. Flowers small
but very numerous and densely fascicled on the
matured wood, whitish, changing to pale yellow,
appearing in May. Fruit depressed-globose, clear,
fleshy, faintly 6-lobed and 6-seeded, varying in size
from a large gooseberry to a crab-apple, ripening in
November. Being highly esteemed for its acid fruit,
the tree is commonly found in gardens, where it is
often spoken of by English people as the ‘Indian
gooseberry tree. Wood mottled brown, red and
yellow, centre darker but showing little definition
of heartwood. Weight 43—50 Ib. per cubic foot.

Remarkable for its durability under water, which
it also clears of all impurities. To effect the latter
object, it is acommon practice to throw chips of
wood into a well or drinking pond. The bark isa
good tanning material, and medicinal properties are
attributed to it, as also to the flowers and fruit.
The latter is held in great esteem by all classes, who
consider it to be refrigerant, diuretic, and laxative.
It is also pickled largely, and commands a market
value of about Rs. 32 per candy of 7 cwts. It is an
excellent thing to quench thirst and is said to im-
prove the taste of water. The peasants like to suck
the fruit while on fatigue duty, as when ascending
a steep hill,

Cultivation. Although very hardy in dry situ-
ations among rocks, the Nelli requires a good deal
of moisture and proper cultivation to enable it to
yield superior fruit. The seeds are very hard and
take nearly a year to germinate in the ordinary
course, but by steeping for 24 hours in camphorated
water germination will be effected within a few
weeks. It is doubtful, however, if the sowing
would be very productive of seedlings, as a large
percentage of the seed is usually barren. When
the seedlings are nearly two feet high, plant in large

946 FOREST TREFS.

pits at 30 feet apart. In artificial treatment, irri-
gation will be required during the first dry season.
In rock-lands, the Nelli is often reduced to a large
bush.

490 Phyllanthus distichus, Mvsgnu. Kan. Kirunelli

mara,

Fig.— Bot. Plates. Lal-Bagh Collection.
References. —Fi. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

The star gooseberry tree. Indigenous to Mada-
gascar and the Malay Islands, naturalised in Indian
gardens, where the species is popularly cultivated
both for ornament and fruit. A small round-headed
tree of 20—30 feet. Leafy branchlets nearly two
feet in length and resembling long pinnate leaves.
Deciduous at the close of the hot season. The small
flowers appear in advance of the leaves in June,
and are densely crowded on the naked limbs and
branches, where the fruit subsequently appears in
ample clusters. The latter is much relished both in
dessert and pickle.

Cultivation—Seeds germinate somewhat reluc-
tantly, but steeping for a few hours in tepid or
camphorated water helps the process. Square pits
4? x 4? wide and 3’ deep should be opened six months
in advance of the planting season, on the arrival of
which healthy seedlings should be planted at 15—20
feet apart. A proportion of decomposed cattle
manure, equal to 4 of the soil around the pit, should
be applied and thoroughly mixed in the latter when
refilled. Growth is rather slow at first, but under
careful treatment the tree will begin to fruit in the
fifth year.

491 Phyllanthus indicus, Movetu.

A. deciduous tree of 30—40 feet. Entered with
hesitation as the species is not verified in Mysore.
Branches terete, white spotted. Leaves 5x2 in.
distichous, membranous and variable in shape.

MYSORE AND COORG. 247

Fruit somewhat like that of Nellz, but much smaller,
Should be searched for on the outskirts of the
Malnad proper.

492 Cleistanthus collinus, Bewru. Kan. Kodasigina,
Bodadaraga.

Fig.— Bedd. For. Man. 203, t. 23, f. 5.
Reference —Phairm. Ind.

A small, deciduous tree of low hills. Wood very
hard. The leaf, root, and fruit, of the plant are
poisonous. Rare in Mysore, but should be reported
' on when found inany quantity. The nut is a deadly
poison.

493 Glochidion neilgherrense, Wicut. Kan. Banavara.
494 Glochidion zeylanicum, A. Juss.

Small evergreen trees of the Malnad. When
dried, the leaves become quite black. Other species
which may possibly be growing in the evergreen
forests are G. Hohenackeri, Bedd. G. Ralphii, Hook.
G. Johnstonet, Hook. G. arborewm, Wight and
G. malabaricum, Bedd. The economic properties
of these trees and shrubs are practically unknown,
neither is it certain that they all exist in the State
Forests, Glochidion is a large Indian genus.

495 Flueggia microcarpa, Buume. Kan. Bili suli.

Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Wight Ic.
t. 1994, cd

Reference.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

A spinescent shrub having long flexuoug branch-
es, deciduous leaves, minute flowers, and small
white berries. Planted against a tree, it becomes
scandent. Found in hedgerows and in the scrub
tracts, but not very abundant. ‘The supple branch-
es are plaited around the eaves of thatched roofs to
supply a basis,and form a good support to the thatch.

248 FOREST TREES.

The leaves are possessed of medicinal properties,
and the bark is said to be a fish poison. =
496 Flueggia Leucopyrus, WILLD.

Fig.—Wight. Ic- t. 1875.

Similar to the above, except that most of the
salient organs are smaller. The authors of Phar-
macographia Indica assert that the sweet, white ber-
ries are eaten by children, who call them Madh
-honey-and that the juice of the leaves is used to
destroy worms in’ sores. Like the foregoing, the
bark is said.to be a fish poison. When planted and
trimmed for the purpose, these plants make fairly
good hedges.

497 Breynia rhamnoides, Murty. Kan. Kari suli.
Fig.— Bot. Plates, Lal-Bagh Collection. Wight.
Ee. t. 1898. 4
Reference.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

Usually found in the scrub tracts, where it is very
common as a low bush, and occasionally attaining
the size of a small tree, 12—15 ft. Berry globose,
but flattened at both.ends, the size of a small pea,
red changing to black. Branches used in thatching
like number 495. “The dried leaves are smoked
like tobacco in cases in which the uvula and tonsils
are swelled. The bark is astringent.” Pharmaco-
graphia Indica. . This bush can algo be utilised for
hedging. Axa suli,a small shrub of rocky ground, is
probably a-species of Phyllanthus, Although usually
very small, it is reputed for the hardness and tena-
city of its:wood. Fruit black, when ripe. ~
498 Putranjiva Roxburghii, Wann. Sanskrit or Kan.

_ Putra-jiva, Putrem-jiva.
Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 275. . Wight. Ic. t. 1876,
References.—Brand, For. Fl. 451. Gamb..Man.

Timb. 853,

A small evergreen tree with small dicecious: flowers

and drupal fruit the ‘size of a jamoon. Strung into

MYSORE AND COORG. 249

necklaces, the latter are worn as a charm by the
village children, where the tree is found plentifully,
The translation of the vernacular name being,
“that which makes the child live.’ Trees culti-
vated in the Lal-Bagh for a quarter of a century
are only 20 feet in height. ‘The wood appears to be
hard and durable, although meagre fa size consider-
ing the long period of growth. Polyalthia longifolia,
a lofty tree of the Anonacee, is occasionally spoken
of by the name of Putrajiva, care is necessary,
therefore, not to confound the one species for the
other. In some Indian works, the fruit is referred
to as a nut, but it is a proper drupe.

499 Hemicyclia venusta, THwaltTzs.

Fig— Wight Ic. t. 1922.

500 Hemicyclia elata, Brpp.
Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 279.

Evergreen trees of the Western Malnad. Bota
nical. specimens should be collected, as nothing defi-
nite is locally known about these trees. Beddome de-
scribes the last named as a tree of 90—100 feet.
501 Bischofia Javanica, Buums. Kan. Gobra nairal,

GovarnelluP ,
Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 259. Wight Ic. t. 1880.
References.—Dict . of Hcon. Prod. of Ind;
Brand. For. FI. .

\ A glabrous round-headed tree of 30—40 feet.
Deciduous for a few, days or subdeciduous, according
to season. Not uncommon in the forests of Kadur,
Hassan, and Shimoga. Leaves alternate, 3-foliolate.
Flowers minute, green, in slender panicles. Fruit
the size of a large pea, blue-black. The Sub-Hima-
jayan form is described as follows :—

“ The leaves are renewed in February and March.
Fl. March, April. The fruit ripens in April of the
ensuing year. An exceedingly handsome tree attain-
ing 70 feet, and 7 ft. girth, with a shady oval crown.

32

950 FOREST TREES.

In dry places a stunted tree 15—20 feet high. _ The
foliage is deep green, and turns red before falling.”
Brandis.
The same authority writes that the fine close-
grained wood seasons well, is durable, and used for
furniture. Planters sometimes call it red cedar.
“Tn rich land, this tree is generally left and agrees
well with coffee. The foliage is somewhat dense
however and in moist situations the coffee grows
very slowly under it. Wood is red, easily cut with
the axe, and is very apt to split after being squared.
It is used for rough purposes and for making
pounding-poles.” Graham Anderson.

The vernacular name indicates that some product
of the tree affords manure, this is possibly the leaf,
which is said to be abundant and changeable in
colour. Botanical specimens and seeds would be
acceptable at head quarters.

502 Antidesma Gheesembilla, Garry. Kan. Pullam-
purasi gida.

Fig. — Wight Ic. t. 820, 821.

References.—Fl. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

Confined to the deciduous tracts of Mysore, where
it rarely attains to more than a large shrub. Found
at Kankanhalli and elsewhereat intervals, butnotvery
common. Leaves alternate, entire, stipulate, round-
ish to obovate or variable; average blade 3x2 in.,
young herbaceous parts rusty-tomentose. Flowers
dicecious, minute, in terminal branched spikes.
Fruit subglobose, the size of a black currant ; eaten
by children and possesses an agreeable subacid
flavour, produced in ample reddish clusters near the
ends of the shoots. Wood small, but hard, reddish,
close-grained and durable; weight 49 Ib. per cubic
foot. The scarcity of this species is probably due
to the want of fertility in the seed.

MYSORE AND COORG. 251

503 Antideswna Bunius, SPRENG.
Fig—Wight Ic. t. 819.

References—fl. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Heon.
Prod. of Ind.

A small evergreen tree of the Western Ghats,
where it is partial to the moist looalities. Culti-
vated in the Botanical Gardens, and in the nursery
of Messrs. Mcnisami & Co. at Bangalore. Leaves
alternate, ovate-lanceolate to elliptic, glabrous and
shining. Pistillate flowersin simple spikes ; male
flowers not seen in local trees, although fruit is
plentifully produced upon them. Fruit the size of a
large currant, greenish-yellow, changing tored in the
ripening stage, and when changing colour very like a
miniature apple, produced im clusters or small
bunches. Not unpleasant when ripe, but improved
in atart, and possibly as a preserve. The unde-
termined species of Antédesma likely to be found
in the forests of the Malnad are A. Alexiteria, Linn.
A. diandrum, Roth. and A. Menasu, Miquel. Speci-
mens should be collected for herbaria with the object
of identifying the above, and perhaps one or two
additional species, the names of which are withheld
for the present.

Cultivation—As seeds are not produced by the
local trees, the latter are wholly increased from
layers. No doubt seeds are plentitul in the forests
when both sexes are represented. It is also proba-
ble that several varieties exist in addition to the
species suggested in this paragraph.

Plant in a position where the land is deep and
comparatively moist all the year round, as under the
bund of a tank or the bank of a channel. Distance
from tree to tree 15—20 feet.

504 Jatropha glandulifera, Roxs. Kan. Kari turuka
haralu gida.

Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

252 FOREST TREES.
AY .

References.—Pharm. Ind. ; Dict. of Econ. Prod.*
of Ind.

A shrub 4—6 ft. Foliage greenish-purple to
bronze or copper; leaves large, subpeltate, not
unlike the leaf of the castor-oil plant. Young stem,
node, petiole, and margins of leaf, thickly furnished
with sticky glandular hairs. Flower reddish-purple.
Capsule and seed about the same asin the castor-
oil plant.

Abundant in nullahs and waste places, but proba-
bly naturalised. The authors of Pharmacographia
Indica publish an Indian legend as to the manner in
which the plant was first introduced. It is virtually
looked upon by the masses as a useless plant,
although medicinal properties are occasionally attri-
buted to its root, juice, and the oil expressed from
its seed. The latter product is valued as an appli-
cation to chronic ulcerations, and is straw-coloured.
The plant is readily propagated from cuttings.

505 Jatropha curcas, Linn. Kan. Turuka haralu,
Kadu haralu, Betta haralu, Mara haralu.
Fig. —Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.
References.—Dict.of Hcon. Prod. of Ind.; Pharm.
Ind.

The poison, physic, or purging-nut tree. An
evergreen species of 15—20 ft., but most commonly
seen as a bush or fencing plant, in the vicinity of
villages and gardens. The Portuguese are allowed
the credit of having introduced the species from
Brazil, but it was probably established in India long
prior to their conquest. The whole plant is very
milky, and the freshly cut ends of the young twigs
are popularly used by the peasantry as tooth brush-
es, the milky juice being considered beneficial to the
teeth and gums. The milk-sap is also a popular
and efficacious styptic ; dried in the sun, it forms a
reddish-brown substance resembling shell-lac, A
decoction of the leaves applied externally will excite

MYSORE AND COORG. 953°

the secretion of milk. The yellow oil expressed
from the seed is a powerful but unsafe purgative.
As cattle do not eat the plant, it is generally
employed to form a fence around gardens.

Cultivation Readily propagated from layers
and cuttings. Growth vigorous in any loose goil of
ordinary quality. ‘To obtain arborescent growth
large pits are needed, with occasional irrigation
during the dry season, Offsets from the rootstock
and lower trunk should be removed as they appear,
otherwise the leader becomes exhausted and subsides
into the shrubby form.

506 Jatropha multifida, Linn.

An introduced garden bush commonly known ag
the “coral shrub,” from the resemblance of its
flowers and pedicels to pieces of red coral. The
showy yellow fruit contains a poisonous seed.
Cultivated in a few gardens for ornament.

507 Manihot Glaziovii, Murit.
Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

A deciduous tree recently introduced from South
America, where it is commercially known as the
“Ceara rubber tree.” The species has readily
adapted itself to the climate of Southern India, and
being of a very hardy and productive nature, it may
be looked upon as one of the best vegetable coloni-
sers’of recent introduction. Having come to the
country with a great reputation for usefulness as a
producer of caoutchouc, it quickly obtained the
advantage of being domesticated in numerous centres
ranging from sea level to an altitude of 5,000 ft. In
some of the coffee districts it is already looked upon
as a nuisance, the reproductive growth being so
rapid. At Bangalore, where there are 4,000 trees, a
loose stony soil forms the best medium for quick
development. It is not improbable, therefore, but
this species will eventually outstrip the Babool in

254 FOREST TREES.

clothing karab soils and rocky eminences such as
abound on every side. If it does this, it needs no
other recommendation to become one of the most
useful gifts the land could possess. Like the Lantana,
it annually litters the ground with decayed leaves,
thus adding fertility to what might otherwise remain
barren soil. Being a deciduous tree, it/ remains bare
of leaf during the driest part of the dry season,
thereby escaping the risks of drought and exposure
at a critical period. While in leaf it is a handsome
object, and being milky, cattle do not attack the
foliage,

Local trees have not been productive of caoutchouc,
although in its native place the species is said to
yield commercially after the sixth year. But the
great development of the rubber industry within
the last decade has improved our knowledge
of the true sources of this article, and it is very
doubtful if Ceara rubber ever took the leading posi-
tion in the market that was once assigned to it; At
the present time the principal supplies of rubber
are obtained from the following species :—

Central American rubber --- Castilloa elastica.

Para . --- Hevea braziliensis.
African . --- Landolphia, several sp.
India Fe . Ficus elastica.

Gutta percha - Dichopsis gutta.

Local plants of Manihot Glaziovtt were first intro-
duced in 1879. Instances are recorded of the tuber-
ous roots being locally prepared and eaten like the
roots of cassava, this, however, requires fuller in-
vestigation. The leaves make good manure and the
wood burns well.

Cultivation—Seedlings spring up freely around
the parent tree and can be transplanted into pots or
nursery beds when they are 4—6 inches high. For
field growth, plant in loose well-drained soil at 20 ft.

apart.

MYSORH AND cooRG. 255

508 Manihot utilissima, Pout. Kan. Kadu genasu, Mara

genasnu.

A tuberous rooted perennial attaining to the size of
ashrub. Stem and leaves deciduous for a season.
The fleshy roots afford bitter cassava, manioc,
mandioc, and tapioca. Introduced’ from South
America and cultivated in Indian gardens.

509 Aleurites moluccana, Wii. Kan. Nat-akrodu.
Fig.—Bedd. Fil. Sylv. t. 276.
References—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.;

Pharm, Ind.; Fl. of Brit. Ind.

Generally known as the Belgaum walnut, Indian
walnut, and candleberry tree, Introduced from the
Pacific Islands and cultivated in this country. A
large, or medium sized, evergreen tree, 40—60 feet.
Often stunted in cultivation owing to the soil being
unfavourable. Leaves angular to broadly rhomboid,
with 38—5 lobes, whitish tomentose when young.
Flowers inconspicuous, dull-white. Fruit a large
drupe containing two seeds with a furrowed testa.
The latter are eaten in lieu of walnuts, for which
they are a very fair substitute. Of the many useful
properties possessed by this tree, the production of
a superior fixed oil from the seed is one of the chief,
itis extracted by boiling and simple pressure, and
as adryingoilfor paint, it is saidto be superior to
linseed oil, which 1s commonly used for the purpose.
Being applicable to the arts generally, it is occasion-
ally retailed as “ artists oil.”

The Sandwich Islanders pass a bamboo pin
through a number of seeds and use them in lieu of
candles. When fixed together in this way the seeds
burn brightly for hours. The wood is of no value,
but the bark affordsa gum, and the root a brown dye.

Cultivation —Seeds germinate in about five weeks
from time of sowing, or a week earlier if placed in
fermenting litter such as leaves and bed-straw,
When upwards of a foot in height, the seedlings

256 FOREST TREES.

should be planted out into large square pits at
25—30 feet apart. Being a gross feeder, the tree
requires the exclusive use of a deep fertile soil, as
when the roots of other trees encroach, the Belgaum
walnut usually suffers and becomes stunted and

unproductive in consequence.

510 Croton Tiglium, Linn. Kan. Japala, Nepala.

Fig—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Bentl. &
Trim. Med. Pl. t. 239.

References.—Pharm. Ind. ; Dict. of Econ. Prod.
of Ind.

This valuable plant is cultivated in the Lal-Bagh,
where it grows and seeds freely and assumes the
form of a small tree of 6—8 ft. The oil obtainable
from the matured seed is a well known drastic pur-
gative usually administered in capsules or small
doses. It is applied externally as a rubefacient, but
incautious use, or even careless handling, will cause
severe blistering. As the climate of Mysore is well
adapted for this cultivation it should be encouraged,
with a view to including croton-oil seed as a minor
product of the State forests.

The seed is very expensive, and supplies for
Europe and the Colonies are mostly obtained direct
from China, the country in which the plant grows
wild.

Cultivation.—Seeds germinate at the rate of 30
per cent after 20 days shallow insertion in moist
soil. Seedlings of 9 inches to a foot may be planted
in rows, during the rains, at 6 feet apart. Watering
is necessary during the first dry season, and may be
required at longer intervals during the second also.
511 Croton oblongifolius, Roxs.

A small deciduous tree of the western hill region.
The root-bark, leaves and fruit, possess medicinal
properties, and the seeds are said to be purgative.

MYSORE AND COORG. 957

C. reticulatus, Heyne. C. malabaricus, Bedd. and
C. Lawianus, Nimmo. are also found in the hill
country.

512 Givotia rottleriformis, Grirr. Tel, Tella puni,

Tella poraku.
Fig.— Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 285. Wight Ic. t. 1889.

References.— Gamb. Man. Timb.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

A small tree of the Malnad. Branches usually
very stout. ‘ The seeds yield an oil which is valu-
able as a lubricant for fine machinery. Wool white,
exceedingly light, very soft, but even-grained.
Weight, 14 lb. per cubic foot. It is employed for
making carved figures, toys, imitation fruit, boxes
and other fancy articles; also for catamarans. The
Kanara Gazetteer contains the further information

that its surface takes paint readily.” Waitt.

513 Ostodes zeylanica, Murty. Kan. Sotege.
Fig.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv, t. 274.

A large tree of the Hassan forests, where it is
confined to the moist evergreen belt. Wood un-
known. Fruit not unlike the fruit of Manihot Gla-
ziovit. Botanical specimens are required for the local
herbarium. Compare Anderson’s NSotaga marglee
with this.

514 Trewia nudiflora, Linn. Kan. Kat-kumbala.
Fig.— Wight. Ic. t. 1870, 1871.

References.—Brand. For. Fl. 443. Gamb. Man.
Timb. 359.

A lofty tree of rapid growth, 60—80 ft. At
Bangalore, the leaves are deciduous for about 20
days in February or March, in a moister region they
would possibly be almost evergreen, opposite, stout,
long-petiolate, cordate or rounded at the base,

acuminate, considerably larger than the leaf of the
33

258 FOREST TREES.

Portia tree,—Awvarusi—to which there is some
resemblance in outline and texture. Wood soft,
white, used in Northern India to make the cylinders
of native drums. The bark of the root has cura-
tive properties, and is said to be efficacious in the
treatment of gout. It is perhaps locally used in
the form of a poultice. The dicecious flowers appear
a few days in advance of the young leaves, and are
the first outward indication of returning growth.
The pedicels of the male flower are so short that the
drooping inflorescence reminds one of the catkins of
a willow tree. Fruit fleshy or nearly woody, the
size of a gooseberry, exceedingly abundant and fall-
ing thickly to the ground for upwards of a month.

Cultivation — Deposited in small heaps of sweep-
ings and rubbish, the seeds soon germinate, nor are
they unfertile when sown in nursery beds according
to approved methods. This would make a good
shade tree for country roads were it not for the fall-
ing fruit, which litters the ground and causes a
nuisance. To obtain full growth, this large tree
should be planted at 50 feet apart.

515 Mallotus philippinensis, Muruy. Kan. Kun.
kumada mara, Chandra hittu, Huli chellu, Vasare.
Fig. —Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 289. Bentl. & Trim. t.
236.
References-—Pharm. Ind. ; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

The Kamala dye tree. Small, or at best medium
sized, evergreen, except in abnormally dry seasons
when the leaves are all shed for a short time. The
Species is very abundant in some parts of the mixed
zone lying nearest to the evergreen belt, and is de-
tected by its peculiar musty odour when the fruit is
forming. The latter begins to be covered from an
early stage by a glandular powder of a bright crim-
son colour. Shaken from the ripe fruit, on cloths,

MYSORE AND COORG. 259

this powder affords the product called Kamala
dye, an esteemed article of ancient times, but now
superseded to a great-extent by cheap and unsatis-
factory dyes. Kamala is still in demand however,
not only for dyeing silk, but as an anthelmintic of
exceptional merit ; it is a minor product of the State
forests, and is generally known in the South by the
Tamil name Kapli. The wood warps and shrinks so
badly that it is only fit for fuel. Weight 48 lb. per
cubic foot. Mallotus albus, Muell. M. muricatus,
Bedd, M. Lawii, Muell. and M. repandus, Muell,
are represented in the Malnad forests, but we poss-
ess no local information as to the quantity or utility
of these trees.

Cultivation.—As the Kamala tree requires a good
deal of moisture it succeeds best near the hills, on
the banks of rivers and channels, and under the tank-
bunds. But it is also found at intervals throughout
the province, and is reproduced from root offsets.
Seeds collected from local trees are very imperfect
and rarely germinate. In such cases it is often
advantageous to procure seed from localities where
the tree is known to flourish well.

516 Macaranga indica, WicuHrT.

Fig—Wight Ic. t. 1883. 1949, f. 2. Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 287.

An evergreen tree of 50 to 60 feet. Found in
Coorg, and not uncommon in the Western Malnad.
Branchlets very stout. Leaves large, deltoid-ovate,
peltate, and entire. Fruit very small, globose or
rarely didymous. Jccal uses unknown.

517 Macaranga Roxburghii, Wiear. Kan. Kanchu
pranthi, Chenthakanni.

Fig.—Wight Ic. t. 1949, f.4. & 817. Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 287.

'Reference.—F. of Brit. Ind.

260 FOREST TREES.

A small evergreen tree of quick growth and
resinous nature. Often found in forest clearings and
as a shade to coffee. Easily distinguished from
allied genera by its handsome peltate leaves.
Abundant in Coorg and Western Mysore. A medi-
cinal gum or reddish clammy secretion having the
odour of turpentine, exudes from the young shoots
and fruit. This product is said to be used for taking
impressions and sizing paper. The wood is soft
and useless. Flowers small, green, in dense panicles.
’ Fruit globose, the size of a pea.

518 Ricinus communis, Linn. Kan. Haralu gida.
The castor-oil plant. There are three distinct
varieties cultivated in the fields as a dry crop, viz,
the dodda—large—chittu—small—and_ kempu, red.
The stalks are utilised as fuel by the poorer classes.

519 Gelonium lanceolatum, Wuittp.
Fig-—Wight. Iv. t. 1867,
References.—Gamb. Man, Timb.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

An evergreen tree of conical growth, 380—385 ft.
Leaves numerous, small, alternate, coriaceous,
oblong-lanceolate to ovate but never lanceolate:
Staminate flowers small, crowded at the nodes,
creamy-white. The male tree is usually very
symmetrical, and tapers gradually from a wide base
to a sharp pointed apex. A dark green foliage
heightens the effect of this regular outline, and
makes the tree an attractive object for scenic effect.
—In Coorg, there is a tree called Garcinia wantho-
chymus, which grows in exactly the same form and
is even finer in foliage and outline.-—The female tree
formerly in the collection of the Botanical Gardens
was less conical in form, and looked more like a
huge shrub branching thickly from the base. That
however may have been exceptional in the solitary
specimen referred to. The male tree, of which there
are several specimens about Bangalore, always

MYSORE AND COORG. 261

assumes the conical form. Wood yellow, smooth,
even-grained, and exceptionally strong, said to be
suitable for house-building.

Cultivation. —It is difficult to procure good seed
of this tree, and the hard nature of the wood
is inimical to the customary modes of propagation
by division. The best course is to obtain seed or
seedlings direct from the Malnad where the species
grows rather abundantly. When the seedlings are
a foot or more in height, plant in rows at 25 feet
apart. A somewhat moist situation having a rainfall
of 70 to 100 inches produces the best growth. In
drier localities, irrigation would be needed occasion-
ally during rainless months. Propagate from
layers if seed cannot be had.

520 Sapium sebiferum, Roxs.

The Chinese tallow tree. Cultivated in the Bota-
nical Gardens and in the Hebbal plantation. For
the introduction of this important species we are «
indebted to the Agri Horticultural Society of Lahore,
from whom seeds were received in the year 1877.
It is a small deciduous tree of quick growth and
simple requirements. Hach fruit—capsule—contains
3—4 seeds each the size of a small haricot bean, and
invested by a whitish sebaceous substance which is
said to be a pure vegetable tallow. The Chinese
manufacture candles out of this substance and hence
the vulgar designation ‘ taliow tree.’

“ The tallow is separated by steaming the seeds
in tubs with convex open—wicker bottoms, placed
over cauldrons of boiling water. With trifling exs
ception, the candles used by the Chinese in their
religious ceremonies are made by dipping of the
tallow of the Stillingia.” Official Guide to the Royal
Gardens Kew.

Cultivation. —Local trees ‘produce seed which
germinates readily. When the seedlings are large

262 FOREST TREES.

enough, plant them in any loose soil of moderate
quality at 15 feet apart. Ifthe soil is not loose, it is
desirable to make large pits so as to induce vigorous
growth from the commencement.

521 Sapium discolor,;MUELL.

An ornamental shrub introduced from the Straits
Settlements. Cultivated in the Lal Bagh.

522 Excoecaria robusta, Hoox.

A small evergreen tree of the Malnad and Coorg.
There is a specimen cultivated in the Botanical
Gardens. Uses unknown.

523 Excoecaria crenulata, WicHr.
Fig—Wight. Ic. t. 1865.

Found in the same region as the last named, but
less vigorous in habit and having serrate or crenulat-
ed leaves. The genus is more or less poisonous.

524 Baloghia lucida, Eno.

Introduced from the east coast of Australia,
where it is called the “scrub bloodwood.”’ <A small
evergreen tree 30 to 40 feet. Quality of timber
unknown. Seedlings are occasionally raised in the
Lal-Bagh, but they have not been established in
local growth.

525 Hura crepitans, Linn.

The sandbox tree of tropical South America. This
exotic species has been established in the Botanical
Gardens for 30 years, where it flowers and fruits
freely every year. The ornamental capsules dehice
with considerable noise, scattering the seeds contain-
ed in their several compartments far and wide.

It is a small evergreen tree with dark green
leaves and a thickly muricated trunk, <A purgative
oil is contained in the seed.

526 Hevea braziliensis, Muni, Arc.

The Pararubber tree. Indigenous to Para and

other parts of tropical Brazil, Introduced. to

MYSORE AND COORG. 2638

Bangalore in 1891. The maidan chmate is much
too dry for this species, but it would, no doubt,
become a valuable forest product in the warm stea-
my valleys of the Malnad, in moist sholas ut the
foot of the Baba Budan hills, and in ‘several hill
tracts where the atmosphere is comparatively moist
and steamy all the year round. ‘The conditions
most favourable to growth in Brazil are uniformity
of temperature, the mean being 81° F. and the
greatest heat 95° F., with a slimy soil consisting
mostly of soft alluvial deposits. Plantations are not
recommended where the mean temperature falls
below 60° F., but in the valleys referred to above, the
temperature is uniformly higher. For cultivation
in this country, Sir D. Brandis thinks that the dis-
tricts of Kanara, Malabar, Travancore, and the
Burma coast from Moulmein southwards, offer the
most suitable conditions, and he draws special atten-
tion in this respect to the moist evergreen forests at
the foot of the Coorg Ghats and in Kanara. Para
rubber is worth 4 shillimgs a pound, and under the
most favourable conditions, a tree will yield -!—s
imperial pints of milk-sap per annum. Properly
placed with regard to soil and climate, the species
grows very rapidly, often attaining a height of 20—30
feet in three years. But the trees should not be
tapped for caoutchouc until they are nearly 3 feet in
circumference at the base. For details as to the
mode of tapping, &c., the reader should see Dr. Watt's
Dictionary of the Economic Products of India. The
tree is strongly recommended for trial in the ever- -
green sholas of Western Mysore.

Cultivation —The Para rubber tree is propagated
bothfromseedandcuttings, but Mr. Jamieson of Oota-
camund remarks that the latter are apt to damp off
during the first few days of insertion if constant
personal attention is not devoted to the operation.
When seedlings or rooted cuttings are a foot high,

264 FOREST TREES.

plant them out permanently at 90 feet apart.

Virgin forest soil, alluvial mud, and moist clay, are

all suitable ingredients for the healthy sustenance of

the species, but the surrounding atmosphere should °

also be comparatively moist all the year round.
527 Hevea Spruceana, MUELL.

A species, somewhat similar to the above and said
to yield good rubber. Introduced to the Botanical
Gardens in 1887. Indigenous to the valley of the
Mazaruni River. ‘Treatment the same as for
Hl. braztliensis.

528 Anda Gomesii, A. Juss.

This handsome Brazilian tree is fairly established
in Bangalore, where the large ash-coloured fruit is
an object of curiosity. The latter is something like
a cocoa-nut in form, but smaller and slightly 4 angled.
In Brazil, a pale yellow oil, having cathartic proper-
ties, is expressed from the seed. Being bare of leaf
for only about a fortnight, it forms a good avenue
tree, and in moister climates than Bangalore it
would possibly become evergreen. The quality of
the wood has not been tested in Mysore.

Cultivation.--Carefully removed from the cap-
sules and piaced in loose soil, the seeds germinate
within 20 days at the rate of 60 per cent. Buried
witk the capsule, the seeds take a long time to
break through and are very uncertain. Hach cap-
sule contains 2—3 large seeds. For avenue planting,
the final trees should stand at 45 feet apart. A
moist, but at the same time well drained soil is the
best.

LXVI. URTICACEA.
529 Holoptelia integrifolia, PLhancn. Kan, Rasbi
Thapsi, Kaladri.
Fig.— Wight Ic. t. 1968. Bedi. Fl. Sylv. t. 310,
References,— Braud. For, Fl. 431. Gamb. Man.
Limb. 842.

cada es

J&,

MYSORE AND COORG. 265°

The entire-leaved elm. A large deciduous tree of
the drier Malnad. Abundant in Hassan, Kadur, aad
Shimoga, throughout the mixed and deciduous
belts. Wood yellow or light brown with no defini-
tion of heartwood, soft, open-grained, but strong..
Weight 387 lb. per cubic foot. Mostly utilised for
making charcoal,but also for house-building, country
carts, and occasionally for carving. The green
leaves and young shoots are greedily eaten by
cattle, although the smell is offensive. The whitish-
grey bark falls off in large scales.

Cultivation.—This tree requires good drainage
as the roots are very impatient of stagnant water.
Sandy soil or loam on a gravelly subsoil is suita-
ble. Propagate from seeds and cuttings.

530 Celtis Wightii, Puancu. Tel. Tella—kaka—mushti.
Fig.—Wight. Ic. t. 1969.
Reference.—Gamb. Man. Timb, 343.

A large or medium sized tree of the Western
Ghats, where it is abundant on the lower slopes
and in sholas. Branches stiff, glabrous or tomentose.
Leaves leathery, turning yellow in age, bifarious,
straight, oblong or elliptic-oblong, with three con-
spicuous nerves from base to apex. Stipules peltate,
caducous. Flower pale bluish. Drupe racemed,
ellipsoid, half an inch long, often 2-cuspidate, scarlet
to black. Wood said to be close-grained and
durable. Weight 53 lb. per cubic foot. This spe-
cies ig much confounded with the “charcoal tree,”
Trema orientalis. But the latter is smaller in all ©
its parts, of shorter duration and having the under-
side of the leaf covered by a silvery pubescence.

531 Trema orientalis, Brums. Kan. Bendu mara,
Gorklu, Goorcul.

Fig—Wight Ic. t. 1971.

References.— Kurz. For. Fl. 469. Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.; Fl. of Brit. Ind.
34

266 FOREST TREES.

The charcoal tree. A small or medium sized
evergreen species. Said to be short-lived,
although there are trees at Bangalore of 25 years
of age. When openings are made in the virgin
forest this tree appears somewhat mysteriously,
with the succeeding growth. A similar coincidence
happens in the case of the castor oil plant, and is,
no doubt, due to some property of the seed which,
retards germination in the absence of sufficient ex-
posure or light. The spontaneous growth in coffee
clearings was formerly allowed to remain as shade
to the cultivation, but it is now looked upon as
being prejudicial to coffee, and is generally re-
moved. Leaves silvery on the underside. Flowers
small, dicecious, crowded on the young woody shoots.
Drupe the size of a pigeon pea, and bearing a strong
resemblance to the fruit of Lantana, greyish-black
when ripe. Wood soft and pithy, makes excellent
charcoal, as also yokes and rafters, when properly
smoked and seasoned.

Cultivation.—This tree is most difficult to pro-
pagate by artificial methods, as neither the seed
nor cuttings vegetate readily. The best plan is to
transplant offsets during the rains. But under the
conditions already explained, the species is very
reproductive.

532 Gironniera reticulata, Tawarres. Kan. Gabbu

chekke, Narakabhutali, Tam. Koditani. Indian
Bazaars. Narakiyaood.

Fig—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 313.

References.—Pharm. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ina.

Beddome describes this as a valuable timber tree
ascending the Travancore and Tinnevelly Ghats to
3,000 ft. It is entered as a Mysore species with
some hesitation, although there is little doubt of its
existe.c2 on the south-west frontier. The wood

MYSORE AND OOORG: 967

possesses medicinal properties, and is well known in
Ceylon and the South of India for its unpleasant
odour, the bazaar name signifying “ hellish incense.”

“The tree is called by the Dutch Strunthout, and
by the Cingalese Urenne, on account of its disgust-
ing odour, which resides especially in the thick stem
and the larger branches. The smell of it so per-
fectly resembles that of human ordure, that one
cannot perceive the smallest difference between
them. When the tree is rasped, and the raspings
are sprinkled with water, the stench is quite intoler-
able.

Tt is nevertheless taken internally by the Cinga-
lese as an efficacious remedy. When scraped fine
and mixed with lemon juice, it is taken internally
as a purifier of the blood in itch and other cutaneous
eruptions, the body being at the same time anointed
with it externally.” Thunberg’s Travels IV., 234.

Botanical specimens of this curious tree should be
secured by the Malnad officials for preservation in
the herbarium.

533 Cannabis sativa, Linn. Kan. Bangi gida.
Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection. Bentl.

& Trim. Med. Pl. t. 231.

References—-Pharm. Ind. ; Dict. of Econ. Prod.
of Ind.

The hemp plant. This intensely narcotic annual
is often seen in backyards and rubbish heaps,
although its open cultivation is strictly prohibited
by Government.

The works quoted above give very exhaustive
articles on the history, distribution, and economy of
the species. .
534 Streblus asper, Lour, Kan. Mitli mara.

Fig —Wight Ic. t. 1961; Bedd. For, Man, 221,
26, f.l.

268 FOREST TREES.

References.—Kew Bulletin 1888, pp. 81—84.
Kurz. For. Fl. 464.

This shrub or small tree is mostly confined to the
drier parts of the maidan, where it is not uncom-
monly found in scrub jungle and by the sides of
nullahs. It is plentiful in some parts of the
Bangalore Taluk, but seldom attains to more than
12 feet in height. Suitable for hedging, but very
slow of growth. Medicinal properties are attributed
to the root and milk-sap, the latter being considered
a good local remedy for sole heels and chapped
hands. The young twigs are used as tooth brushes,
while larger branches are stuck over the roofs of
houses to ward off lightning. But the chief com-
mercial value of the species is found in the bark,
from which considerable quantities of useful paper
is made in Siam. It is the Tonkhot of that re-
gion, the industrial importance of which is fully
reported in the “ Kew Bulletin” quoted atthe head
of this paragraph. When paper-mills are established
in Mysore, it will be interesting to test the local
value of Mitl chekke, with a view to its possible
utility -as a suitable material for the manufacture of
paper.

Cultivation—Local attempts to propagate the
species from seed have not been successful, but the
tree throws up numerous suckers, and with care
these can be transplanted during the rains. Growth
is somewhat slow.

535 Broussonetia papyrifera, Vent.

The paper-mulberry tree. This species is indi-
genous to China, Japan, and some of the Islands in
the Pacific, in which places it formerly ranked high
as a fibre plant, andafforded from its inner bark
the article known as Tapacloth. But even in the
South Sea Islands the latter is now abandoned in
favor of cheap European fabrics of mostly gaudy

MYSORE AND COORG. 269

colours. The tree was established in the Lal-Bagh
in 1881, since which it has flourished in growth and
increased rapidly. But as paper mills depend chiefly
on rags, straw, and grasses for their raw material,
it is doubtful whether trees of this class could be
profitably cultivated for the manufacture of
paper.

Cultivation.—Cuttings of all sizes take root
without much effort, only requiring to be kept in a
moist situation fora few weeks. Grown in moist
but porous land, the paper mulberry quickly attainsa
height of 20—30 feet and is rather ornamental.
For exclusive culture, plant at 10 feet apart.

536 Morus indica, Linn. Kan. Reshme or Kambali
gida.

Fig-—Wight Ic. t. 674.

References.— Brandis For. Fl. 408; Dict. of
Heon. Prod. of Ind.

The Indian or silk-worm mulberry. Usually seen
as a shrub in cultivation, but under exceptional
conditions attaining to a small tree. Leaves ovate,
acuminate, sharply serrate, shining ; in matured
specimens, lobed and scaberulous. Fruit red. Largely
' cultivated in the Closepet and Channapatna Taluks
to feed the silkworm. The species Jf. alba, Linn.
M. atropurpurea, Roxb. and M. nigra, Linn. are cul-
tivated occasionally in gardens for their fruit. The
first named is also cultivated in the silk industry,
although not to the same extent as M. indica, in
Mysore. Mulberry leaves afford the best food for
the domesticated silkworm, Bombyx Mori. The
fruit borne by most of the species is much prized in
the soutk of Europe and in the extreme north of
India, Cashmere, and Afghanistan, but it is not
so much esteemed in tropical India where the cli-
mate is less favourable and the mode of cultivation
inferior. The arborescent species have fine strong

270 FOREST TREES.

timber which is said to be durable under ground.
Fibre, gum, and medicine, are well known products
of the genus.

Cultivation.—Mulberry plants are easily raised
from cuttings, and these, as also the sapling and
matured tree, require a moist situation for healthy
growth. Strongly rooted plants are also somewhat
gross feeders requiring rich plant food in the form
of sheep and farm-yard manures. With these ad-
vantages, and a systematic mode of treatment during
the extreme seasons, the mulberry could be made
more productive of fruit than we usually see it on
the plateau of Mysore.

537 Ficus gibbosa var. parasitica, Koen. Kan.
Goddu mitli mara. :

Fig—King Fic. Pl. 2. b.; Wight Ic. t. 652.
Reference.—Fl. of Brit. Ind.

A small evergreen tree found in the clefts of rocks
and on stony hills. The rough leaves vary a good
deal in size and form, and are occasionally used to
polish household utensils. Fruit produced singly or
in pairs at the base of the leaves, and on slender
stalks nearly equal to the length of the receptacle,
slightly hairy, and not larger than a small pea.
The root-bark possesses medicinal properties.

538 Ficus Dalhousiz, Mia.
Fig—King Fic. Pl. 11.

A tree, 30-40 feet. Young shoots softly pubes-
cent. Leaves subcoriaceous, rather long petiolate,
broadly ovate, with acute apex, base cordate, nerves
prominent on the under side. Fruit in axillary
pairs, shortly pedunculate, obovoid, densely hairy, -
the size ofa dove’sege. This species is mostly
confined to the Malnad, where it is probably ever-
green. Uses unknown.

MYSORE AND COORG, 271

589 Ficus Bengalensis, Linn. Kan. Ala, Alada mara.
Fig.—King Fic. Pl. 13. Wight Ic. t. 1989.

References.—Brand. For. Fl. 412; Dict. of
Econ. Prod. of Ind.

The proper banyan tree of India, A large umbra-
geous species attaining to 80 and, in exceptional
cases, 100 feet. Leaves deciduous, petiolate, alter-
nate, coriaceous, ovate-rotund to elliptic, apex blunt ;
average blade 5x8 in. Aerial roots abundant or
otherwise according to age and situation. Fruit in
sessile pairs, orange-red to reddish, the size of a
gooseberry. The banyan is so universally known
that it calls for no special description here, and
being venerated by the Hindus, it is extensively
planted in most parts of India. Dr. King remarks,
however, that it is “ wild only in the Sub-Himalayan
forests and on the lower slopes of the hill ranges of
Southern India.” Itis asserted by the same author-
ity that the tendency to send down aerial roots
from the branches reaches its highest development
in the banyan. At Bangalore,the tree remains bare
of leaf for 20 days in March or beginning of April.
The banyan, like many species of the genus Ficus,
often commences life as an epiphyte on the body of
some other tree, and the curious condition of seeing
two different trees growing, as it were,froma common
root is mostly due to this investment. The Hindus
call it natural marriage and will rarely separate
such a union, although the fig prevails eventually
and strangles the tree from which it derived its
early support. Seeds masticated by crows and
other birds are plentifully dropped into the clefts of
’ various trees; in the course of time some of these
germinate and hence the result here depicted.

Gigantic and altogether very remarkable speci-
mens of the banyan tree exist at Mhasve, Satara
Zillah, in the Bombay Presidency, and in the Royal
Botanical Gardens, Calcutta. Correct measurements

272 FOREST TREES.

of these famous trees will be found in Dr. Geo.
King’s splendid work on “the species of Ficus of
the Indo-Malayan and Chinese countries.”

Wood of little value except under submersion,
when it is sufficiently durable to be used for the
curbs and planking of wells. Weight about 37 lb.
per cubic foot. The aerial root-drops afford an
elastic timber which is occasionally used for tent-
poles, cart yokes, and such like. In deep soil, the
tree is considered a good shade for coffee, and the
immense number of leaves which are annually shed
from large trees provide ample material for enrich-
ing the land.

The milk-sap is extensively used in the prepara-
tion of birdlime. It is also applied, in the crude -
state,to ulcers, sores, and bruises. Medicinal proper-
ties are attributed to the root also. The young
leaves are stitched together to serve food upon, in
lieu of plates.

Cultivation.—Stake cuttings soon take root even
in poor soils, but the finest specimens, whether from
seed or cuttings, are found in good land. The rapid
development of aerial roots is undesirable in an
avenue or roadside tree, otherwise the banyan is
admirably adapted for the latter purpose and will
often succeed where other trees fail. Seedlings
are preferable for roadside planting as they grow
more rapidly and become finer trees than such as
are raised from cuttings. The species is popularly
planted near shrines and in village topes. Seeds
rarely germinate under artificial treatment, but seed-
lings are always plentiful in the clefts of trees,in old
walls, and by the sides of nullahs.

540 Ficus mysorensis, Hryne. Kan. Goni mara.
King Fic. Pl. 14, 15.
References,—Fl. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. .of Ind.
_ Of indigenous fig trees, this is the largest grow-
ing species in the Mysore country. In good situations

MYSORE AND COORG. 273

it is not unusual to find specimens with a trunk
measurement of 30 feet in circumference and head
diameter (through the branches) of 150 feet. There
are two such trees in the Botanical Gardens at
Bangalore.

A wide-spreading tree affording dense shade and
attaining a height of 70—100 feet. Bare of leaf in
March or beginning of April for 15 days, or longer
if the ground is dry and rain holds off. Leaves
deciduous, alternate, petiolate, covered underneath—
as also the young shoots and receptacles—by a
thick rufous tomentum, eventually coriaceous, ovate
to ovate-elliptic; average blade 5x8in. Fruit
in sessile pairs, oblong to obovate, the size of a
damson plum, or in the variety subrepanda consider-
ably larger, orange to orange-red, short-lived, and
enormously prolific. Flying foxes devour the ripe
fruit in great quantity.

Wood soft, and useless for building, but when
thoroughly dried it burns fairly well. Weight about
35 lb. per. cubic foot. A coarse fibre is obtained from
the liber or inner bark, and the coagulated milk-sap
is used in native medicine. The Gon? is considered a
good shade-tree for coffee, while the decayed foliage
and fruit afford ample material for manuring the land.
Ficus mysorensis var. pubescens, Roth. is indigenous
to the strictly Malnad regions of Mysore. It only
differs from the specific form in being smaller, and
more hairy in all its parts. Nothing has been record-
ed ofitsuses. It maybe the Hub goné of planters.

Cultivation—The same as for the banyan. It
will be observed that the finest trees are found in
depressions where the soil is comparatively deep
and moist, as in valleys, at the foot of tank-bunds,
and in deep nallahs. As a roadside tree, this species
is preferable to the banyan because it grows faster,
affords denser shade, and gives off no aerial roots to

35

974 FOREST TREES.

speak of. Stake-cuttings soon take root and become
large trees. Seeds germinate under careful treat-
ment, but often fail from slight mismanagement. _
541 Ficus tomentosa, Roxs. Kan. Kallalada mara,
Kalarali ?

Fig—King Fic. Pl. 18; Wight Ic. t. 647.
References.—IV. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

A large umbrageous tree, with small aerial roots
suspended from the lower branches. Young parts;.
including the receptacle and the leaves underneath,
densely covered by a rusty-grey tomentum. Leaves.
crowded towards the ends of the branches, decidu-
ous, petiolate, ovate-elliptic, slightly cordate, eventu-
ally coriaceous; average blade 3x5 in. Fruit in
sessile pairs, pisiform, rusty grey, the size of a large
pea. Nothing has been recorded as to the economic
merits of this tree, although in some sparsely wood-
ed Taluks it is, no doubt, useful as a convenient
source of fuel. It is peculiar to the drier parts ‘of
the country, and is reproductive from seed deposited
by birds, flying foxes, and other small animals.

542 Ficus indica, Linn. Kan. Gilke mara?
Pig — King Fic. Pl. 45, 83b.

References.—Fi. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

A spreading tree of 35—45 feet. Foliage gla-
brous, shining, and copper-tinted when young.
Aerial roots usually abundant from the lower limbs.
Often called the banyan, but easily distinguished
from the latter by its smaller parts, especially the.
leaves and fruit. Leaves shortly petiolate, copper
to Mars-orange coloured when young, broadly to
narrowly oblong, with an acute or blunt apex, very
variable in size and form; average blade 22x 5 in.
Fruit in crowded sessile pairs, globular, yellowish-

MYSORE AND CooRG. 975

red, the size of a pea. -Commonly planted at the
roadsides, although not one of the best for affording
a high canopy of shade to the traveller. In this
respect, it is inferior to the last three species.

Cultivation—The same as for the Banyan and
Gont. :

543 Ficus Benjamina, Linn.
Fig.—King Fir. Pl. 52, 83b.; Bot. Plates Lal-
Bagh Collection. Wight. Ie t. 658.
References.—Bedd. For. Man. 223; Kurz. For.
Fl. 446.; Dict. of Leon. Prod. of Ind:

Commonly known in India as the “ Java fig,”
A large evergreen tree with drooping branchlets.
Aerial roots stem-clasping, or practically suppressed.
For rapid growth, shade, and scenic effect, this
splendid tree surpasses all the figs. Originally
introduced from the Malayan Peninsula and now
rather extensively cultivated in Indian pleasure
grounds. It forms the central avenue in the Cubbon
Park at Bangalore, and unique specimens, some of
which are not more than 12—15 years old, may be
seen at the Lal-Bagh and elsewhere. Leaves alter-
nate, shortly petiolate, glabrous, shining, broadly
ovate-elliptic, shortly acuminate; average blade
1ix2ztin. Fruit inscattered, or occasionally crowd-
ed sessile pairs, rusty-red, the size of a pea. Wood
nicely mottled and moderately hard when well
seasoned. Weight 384 1b. per cubic foot. Gamble
states that lacis produced on the tree in Assam.
The Botanical Gardens contain a single large
specimen of Ficus Benjamina var. comosa, which, in
foliage and bark, is aimost identical with the specific
form; but growth is not so vigorous, while the
receptacle is the size of a small gooseberry
and rich orange to golden yellow in colour. Noth-
ing is recorded of the properties of this wood, but

276 FOREST TREES.

'

being of slow growth,it is possibly close-grained and
more durable than the timber of most fig trees.
Cultivation.—The Java fig and its variety describ-
ed above are easily propagated from layers, which
should be taken off during the rainy season. A
deep loose soil suits the species admirably, and
swampy ground is soon dried by it. This is due to
the root-limbs rising progressively above the surface,
so that in the course of a few years the ground level
is raised sufficiently to facilitate natural drainage.
Plant in large pits at 50 feet apart. On poor gravelly
soils, the tree makes little progress. Local
efforts to raise seedlings have not met with success,
but the directions given for sowing seed under the
next species should apply more or less successfully
to all the figs.

544 Ficus elastica, Roxs.
Fig.—King Fic Pl. 45,54; Wight. Ic. t. 663.
References.—Brand. For. Fl, 417; Kurz. For.
Fl. 444; Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

The India rubber tree. Cultivated in the Lal-
Bagh and sparsely in some of the coffee districts.
Indigenous to the base of the Eastern Himalaya,
the Khasi Hills, Assam, Burmah, and the Malayan
region. A handsome evergreen tree of 40—60 feet.
With or without aerial roots according to locality.
Leaves alternate, shortly petiolate, coriaceous, rigid,
shining, oblong to elliptic, with an acute apex;
venation exceptionally fine and regular, average
blade, in a full grown tree, 23x7 in. In vigorous
saplings, the leaf is much larger. Stipules’ very
large at the tips of the shoots, caducous. Fruit in
sessile pairs over the leaf scars, oblong, pale yellow,
the size of a large pea.

Timber of no value. Weight 43 lb. per cubic foot.

The India rubber of commerce is prepared from the
milk-sap of this species.

MYSORE AND COORG. 277

“A tree of F. elastica is tapped in Assam when
25 years old. After 50 years the yield is about
40 lbs. of caoutchouc every third year.” Markham
and Collins. Moist sholas (valleys) leading up to the
Malnad are well adapted for the profitable cultiva-
tion of this industrial tree, and it is the work of the
Forest Department to establish the species in such
localities.

Cultivation—In the first stages of development,
the India rubber seedling is very epiphytic in its
nature, and naturally clings to moist but at the
sametime well-drained crevices in rocks and trees.
Stagnation of water appears to kill as effectually
as the complete drying up of the material in which
the seed is deposited, so that it is only with great
care that seedlings are raised artificially.

Cuttings root freely in bottom heat, and layers can
be rooted and detached in the course of 38—4
months. In Assam, the prevailiig practice is to
plant in clearances within the virgin forest, each
clearance being a line or strip 40 feet in width, with
an intervening belt of natural forest 60 feet in width,
the object being to retain moisture around the seed-
lings. When a foot and upwards in height, the
latter are planted on small mounds at 25 feet apart.
Colonel Campbell Walker, Conservator of Forests,
Madras, gives the following Memorandum on the
methods employed in cultivating the India Rubber
tree in the Malabar District :—

** The method of sowing is as follows :-—

“ A seed bed, 10 feet long x22 feet broad, should
be prepared. The soil should first be well forked
over to a depth of at least 18 inches, well pulverised
and mixed with sifted stable manure (old), ashes,
and sand. The proportion of mould, sand, ashes,
and manure should be as follows: one of mould,
two of sand, one of ashes, oneof manure, All these

278 FOREST TREES.

materials should be sifted through a wire-gauze
sieve. The bed should be raised 4 inches above. .
the ground, and the surface made perfectly level and
smooth. ° =<

“On the top of this layer 1 inch in thickness of
stable manure and river sand, in equal. proportions,
should be sifted, and over that a layer + inch in
thickness of brick or tile dust also sifted. The dried:
fruit should now be rubbed to powder between the
hands, and then sifted and sown thickly over the
brick dust. After sowing the seed, a flat, smooth
piece of board should be gently pressed all over the
bed, the surface of which should be in this manner
made as level and smooth as the surface ofa
billiard table. :

“The bed having been prepared and seed sown,
it should be watered. A small garden engine should
be stationed close to the bed, and a very fine spray
must be allowed to fall gently over the bed till it is
well moistened. This cof» be done by placing the
thumb of the left hand over the muzzle of the deli-
very pipe of the engine. It is essential that none of
the seed, which all lies on the surface, should be
washed away. A sheet of galvanised iron, or any
efficient substitute, should now be placed about
6 inches above the bed, so that no rain water may
fall upon or injure the surface of the bed, which.
must be kept always damp, and in dry weather three
or even four waterings a day may be necessary.

“Tn about 10 days the young seed should germi-
nate freely, and it will be necessary to admit sun-
light from three to six hours daily. In cloudy
weather the young plants may be exposed freely all
day, anda very light drizzle will not hurt them;
but, if the upper surface of the bed is once allowed
to dry, or is broken up by the heavy rain, the young
plants will perish. | The gardener in charge, who

o

MYSORE AND COORG. 279

should be a trustworthy man, should be directed to
_ remove the covering of the bed morning and even-
ing, and give the young plantsa free allowance of
sunshine daily.

“Several nursery beds should now be prepared.,
They should be heavily manured, and 4 inches of
the surface made of sifted soil. Asin the case of
seed bed, a 4 inch sifted brick or tile dust will be
found necessary. Into these nursery beds, delicate
young seedlings should be carefully pricked out
1 foot apart, with a porcupine quill or a strip
of bamboo, when + inch in height. In these
nursery beds, the young plants should remain
till 3 feet high, and then be planted out permanent-
ly from 40 to 60 feet apart, in -pits 3x3 feet.”

545 Ficus Trimeni, Kine.
Fig.—King Fic. Pl. 56.

This fine species will probably be found in the
Malnad. Itis one of the largest with a few aerial
roots. Foliage glabrous andshining. Leaves petio-
late,—petiole 1 im. or less,—coriaceous, ovate-ellip-
tic, acute or bluntish; average blade, in matured
trees, 2x32 in. Fruit in sessile pairs, globular, the
size of an English pea. This is possibly Mr. Graham
Anderson’s Hub Busree, of which the writer would
like to examine Specimens.

546 Ficus retusa, Linn. Kan. Pilala, Jivi, Pinval,
Pilaka ? Tel. Yerra juvi.
Fig—King Fic. Pl. 61, 62; Wight Ic. t. 642.
References.—Fl. of Brit. Ind. ; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.; Pharm. Ind.

A large evergreen tree of variable character, the
extreme forms being occasionally mistaken for dis-
tinct species. Planted throughout the maidan and
plentiful around the margins of the Malnad forests
and in Coorg. Aerial roots not very numerous.

280 FOREST TREES.

Leaves—in the typical form—alternate, shortly
petiolate, glabrous, ovate-rotund to obovate-
rotund, apex blunt; average blade 3x4} in. Fruit
in sessile pairs, hairy, the size of a pea, dull yellow
to reddish when ripe.

This is a good avenue tree, but rather slow of
growth. Wood close-grained, moderately hard, and
nicely mottled ; used as fuel, but Watt suggests that
it might be utilised for doors, panels and such like.
Weight 40 Ib. per cubic foot. Pounded into a poul-
tice, which is applied to the affected part, the leaves
and tender bark afford a good native remedy for
rheumatism. The milk-sap of the liber has a repu-
tation in the treatment of liver complaint. The tree
affords good shade to coffee, but is seldom met with
in the interior of the evergreen jungles. Ficus
retusa var. nitida, Thunb., only differs from the
above in form of leaf and quantity of aerial roots.
The latter are numerous, while the leaves are mostly
small, ovate to rhomboid-elliptic; average blade
11x22 in. Fruit slightly smaller than in retusa,
but the same otherwise.

Cultivation.—F’. retusa, and the variety nitida,
are easily raised from both large and small cuttings,
but in the treatment of the latter, a hot-bed is neces-
sary with plenty of bottom heat. It may be stated
here that small cuttings of nearly all the species
of Ficus can be quickly rooted in this way.
547 Ficus Talboti, Kine.

Fig.—King Fic. Pl. 63.

This species has not been reported nor seen, but
the “ Forests of Canara” are said, by Dr. King, to
be its habitat. It is a large evergreen tree with
shining leaves. Very near retusa, but differing in
the form and venation of the leaf. Uses unknown.

548 Ficus nervosa, Rota Nov. sp. 338.
Fig—King Fic. Pl. 65 ; Wight, Ic. t. 660.

MYSORE AND COORG. 981

Being indigenous to the hill ranges of Southern
India, this species should be found in the local ever-
green zone. Atree; leaves petiolate, oblong—lan-
ceolate, acuminate, prominently nerved ; average
blade 24x64 in. Fruit on longish slender stalks—
pedunculate—globose, puberulous, the size of a
black currant. Uses unknown. Ficus nervosa var.
minor, is smaller in all its parts and more puberu-
lous. Both forms are probably indigenous to the
western hills of Mysore at an elevation of 4,000 to
5,000 feet.

549 Ficus Rumphii, Biome. Kan. Betta arali, Kad

arali, Betta ragi,
Fig.—King, Fic. Pl. 67; Wight Ic. t. 640.

References.—Pharm. Ind.; Dict. of Econ. Prod.
of Ind;

A deciduous tree of the mixed zone and subalpine
range. The vernacular names simply indicate the
hill form of F. relégiosa to which the species bears a
strong resemblance, although never such a grand
tree. The leaves are slightly smaller, shortly acu-
minate, narrower at the base and with a shorter
petiole than in F. religiosa. The milk-sap is much
prized by the villagers in the treatment of rheuma-
tism. “The juice is used in the Concan to kill worms,
and is given internally with turmeric, pepper and
ghi, in pills, the size of a pea, for the relief of asth-
ma; it causes vomiting. ‘The juice is also burned in
a closed vessel with the flowers of Mudar, and four
gunja’s weight of the ashes, mixed with honey ’ is
given for the same purpose.” Pharmacographia
Indica.

/

550 Ficus religiosa, Linn, Kan. Arali mara, Ragi
mara, Aswatha mara.

Fig—King. Fic. Pl. 67; Wight Ic. t. 1967.
Bedd. Fl. 8ylv. t. 314,

36

282 FOREST TRERS.

References.—F/. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.; Pharm. Ind.; Brand. For. Fl.
415.

The sacred peepul of India. A lofty tree, 70 to
100 feet, with whitish bark and glabrous, shining
leaves, attached to long flexible petioles. Being —
suspended somewhat in the manner of a flag, the
leaf is éasily moved by the slightest current of air,
and the rustling sound proceeding from an isolated ,
tree, often when there isno apparent wind, is not
unlike the patter of falling rain. Indeed it is
supposed that, the sound’ distinctly heard for a day
or two, indicates the near approach of rain ata
season when it is usually much needed. The leaves
are deciduous in the beginning of April, but trees
are seldom quite bare for more than ten days, and
when timely rain falls, for less than a week. When
it first appears, the young foliage is copper-
coloured.

Leaves alternate, long petiolate, coriaéeous, shin-
ing on the upper side, minutely tuberculate when
dry, underneath, ovate-rotund, apex narrowed
into a long slender acumen, base broad, rounded to
truncate; average blade 44x 62in. Fruit in sessile
pairs, axillary, smooth, depressed-spheroidal or
slightly 3-angled, the size of a black currant, pur-
plish when ripe. °

The species is held in great veneration by the
Hindu people, who cherish it beyond all other trees,
believing, as they do, that it embodies the sacred
triad Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva. Parts of the tree.
are used on the occasion of ceremonials, investitures,
and domestic occurrences ; vows are made to it and
it is invoked for male issue and other supposed
blessings. In the latter practice, it is not unusual to
see plous women walking around the tree many
times, muttering incantations the while, Pilgrims
on the march take off their shoes on approaching a

MYSORE AND COORG. 983

tree and walk humbly around it. from : right to left
praising the deities by which it is possessed. Ag
the planting of a peepul tree is considered an act of
grace, it follows that the species is abundant in all
parts of thecountry, but especially in the vicinity of
shrines, tanks, and villages, where devotees do
congregate. ‘The neem, another sacred tree, and the
peepul are usually planted together, the operation
being occasionally attended by all the ceremonies of
an ordinary marriage. When a man is married
more than once it becomes necessary that he should
perform the ceremony in connection with the plant-
ing of the peepul and neem.

Wood of no value. Weight 30—45 Ib. per
cubic foot. A coarse fibre is obtained from the inner
bark. Birdlime is prepared from the milk-sap, as
also an inferior kind of caoutchouc. The medicinal
value of the root-bark is highly spoken of, especially
in its application to cases of gonorrhoea, asthma, and
sterility. Sheep, goats, and cattle, browse fondly on
the tender leaves, which are said to improve and
increase the flow of milk. The peepul is much
prized as a shade-tree for coffee but unfortunately
it is not very abundant in the evergreen forest.

Cultivation.—When masticated and dropped by
crows and other birds, the seeds germinate readily
in the fissures of trees, clefts of rocks, on house
tops, old walls, and in various out-of-the-way places,
but sown by the gardener they rarely or never
germinate. It is usual, therefore, to collect seed-
lings from the places noted above. Large limbs of
the tree take root in moist ground, but unless a
hot-bed is prepared it is difficult to raise plants
from tender cuttings. Being of epiphytal origin,
the peepul tree can sustain itself in the early stages
of growth without much assistance from the soil.

Except that the surface roots are apt to become
troublesome, it affords one of our finest avenue trees,

984 FOREST TREES.

551 Ficus Tjakela, Burm. Kan. Seluvarada mara, Kap
basuri P

Fig. —King. Fic. Pl. 70.

A tall glabrous tree without aerial roots. Not
very common on the Mysore plateau, and mostly
confined to the hills. Frequently seen in the
Kankanhalli jungle. _

Leaves long petiolate, coriaceous, glossy and
shining on the upper surface, dark green, oval to
ovate, acute, average blade3x6in. Fruit in clusters
of 2—6 on very short tubercles, depressed globular,
the size of a red currant, whitish yellow, dotted
when ripe. Although closely allied to F’. infectoria,
Dr. King remarks that “this is avery distinct and
beautiful species distinguishable from infectoria, by
its minute receptacles in clusters of 4—6.” Food
is served upon the leaves, and the root-bark is
medicinal, but with these exceptions the local uses
of the species are unknown. Judging from its
habitat in the hill forests the tree is evergreen, and
the vernacular word kap has possibly reference to
the dark-green tint of the foliage.

552 Ficus Tsiela, Roxs. Kan. Bili basuri
Fig—King. Fic. Pl. 74; Wight Ic. t. 668.

References,—Fl. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

Common throughout the maidan, and at the sides
of all the principal roads in Mysore ; also ascending
the hills to 4,000 feet. A large evergreen or sub-
deciduous tree without aerial roots. Limbs often
crooked or contorted; branchlets — frequently
fascicled so as to produce dense tufts of abnormally
small leaves. These tufts are occasionally mistaken
for the parasite Badanike.—Loranthus longiflorus—
and are very characteri-tic of the species. Leaves
long petiolate,{coriaceous, glabrous, very variable in
size and form, but mostly. ovate lanceolate, with a

MYSORE AND COORG. 985

sharply acuminate apex; average blade: 2x4 in.
Fruit in sessile pairs, crowded at the ends of the
branches, globose, smooth, purplish when ripe and
the size of a black currant. -The greenish-grey
bark, glossy-green leaves and tufts of smaller leaves,
render this a somewhat striking tree; and being a
quick grower, having no aerial roots, and rarely
quite-bare of leaf, it is one of the best for roadside
planting. Wood light, but comparatively tough,
used for leaves and cart-axles-&c.; when well dried,
it affords fairly good fuel, and the inner bark gives a
strong fibre. It appears to be a likely tree for the
sustenance of the lac-insect. The fruit is much re-
lished by birds and small vermin.

Cultivation.—The same as for the peepul tree.
Seedlings grow into finer specimens than are ever
obtained from cuttings, and the frequent use of the
latter, because they are conveniently at hand, will
account in some degree for the contorted limbs so
often seen in roadside trees. Plant seedlings at 40
feet apart.

553 Ficus infectoria, Roxs. Kan. Kari basuri.
Fig.— King. Fic. Pl. 75 to 79 ; Wight Ic. t. 665.

References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.;
Brand. For. Fl. 414.

A deciduous tree of medium height, but wide
spreading and well provided with aerial roots.
Leaves—in typical. form—glabrous, membranous, on
rather long slender petioles, oblong-ovate or oyate,
apex shortly acuminate, edges subundulate ; ayilnés
‘blade 2x5 in. Fruit in sessile pairs, globular,
whitish flushed with red, eventually black, dotted,
the size of a black currant. In his admirable work
on Ficus, Dr. King has reduced this most variable
species to five typical forms, three of which are
strictly Indian. But varying conditions of climate,

‘elevation, and,’ more than all, the hygrométiic

286. FOREST TREES.

state of the air, are factors which render the species
Imost polymorphic in character.

: Wood soit ee useless. Weight about 85—40 lb.
per cubic foot. The hber affords a fairly strong
nar—fibre —and the outer bark is medicinal. Hle-
phants are supposed to be fond of the leaves, and
cattle eat them also when grass is not available.
Mr. Graham Anderson speaks highly of the tree as
a shade for coffee. The following are his words :—
“This tree, with its long, dark green, glossy leaves,
may be said to be one of the finest for shade pur-
poses, in the forests of Mysore.”

Cultivation.—Propagate from seed and cuttings,
seedlings being preferred to obtain strong, shapely
growth. In general detail, the treatment required
is the same as for all the hardy figs.

554 Ficus pumila, Livy.
Fig—King. Fic. Pl. 158.

A climbing shrub with shortly petiolate, ovate,
to ovate-elliptic: leaves of different sizes, and large
pear-shaped fruit the sizeof a table fig. There is
a good specimen in the show-nursery of Messrs.
Munisami and Sons, the Bangalore florists,

555 Ficus asperrima, Roxs. Kan. Gargatti, Gerguttee,
Khargas.

Fig.— Wight Ic. t. 633,

The sand paper tree. Not. uncommon in the
upper parts of the Malnad, but not indigenous to the
maidan. A small or medium sized evergreen tree,
with all the young parts, especially the leaves, very
scabrous. Leaves crowded at the ends of the
branches, ovate to obovate or elliptic, average blade
24x5 in. exceedingly rough, used for polishing
wood and steel, Fruit pedunculate, scabrous-hisped,
globular, the size of a small gooseberry, yellow or
purple when ripe, with yellow spots. Wood soft
and useless. Leaves commonly used, in Shimoga

MYSORE AND COORG. 987

to polish sandalwood carvings. When incautiously
handled, the milk-sap of this tree causes an uncom-
fortable irritation of the skin. The juice and bark
are well known remedies in the treatment of enlarged
liver and spleen.

“Large trees generally make a clearance of the
coffee around them. The leaves are subject to the
attacks of a black fungus which frequently spreads
to the coffee below.” Graham Anderson.

Cultivation as in the case of fig trees generally,
but requiring a cool, damp situation.

556 Ficus hispida, Linw. Kan. Kadatti mara

Fig.—King. Fic. Pl. 154 § 155; Wight Ic, t.
638, & 641.

References.—Dict. of Hceon. Prod. of Ind.;
Pharm. Ind.

This is the Kakodwmbarika or “ crows’ fig” of Sans-
krit writers. A small evergreen tree, common on
low hills and ascending to nearly 4,000 feet; often
stunted or bushy in habit. Leaves opposite or
alternate, shortly petiolate, ovate to oblong or ellip-
tic, cuneate at the base, dentate when young, but
entire or nearly so when fully grown, very variable
in size and characteristically rough in all the young-
er parts;—hispid-pubescent,—average blade, under.
shade 4x11 in., under full exposure 24x 5in. Fruit
usually hypogceal at first, then ascending the trunk
and limbs progressively as the tree attains stature, .
borne in clusters or fascicles, shortly stalked, very
hispid, globular to obovoid or slightly turbunate,
the size of a gooseberry, yellowish, Species remark-
ably prolific of fruit, from which a clear liquid
exudes copiously during growth, Given to milch-
cows, this fruit possesses the property of arresting
the flow of milk, Rheede says that the fruit boiled
in goat’s milk is usefully employed in the treatment _
of hepatic obstruction. It is also an emetic,

288 FOREST TREES.

Dr. King figures two varieties of the species, one
having opposite and the other alternate leaves.
Cultivated in the Lal-Bagh. The wood appears to
be soft and useless like the most of the fig trees,
Cuttings are easily rooted, but seedlings are prefer-
able for good growth.

557 Ficus Roxburghii, Watt.
Fig—King. Fic. Pl. 211; Wight Ic, t. 673.

References.—Brand. For. Fl. 422. Dict, of Econ.
Prod. of India.

A spreading evergreen tree of 20—30 feet in
height, although the primary branches usually sweep
the ground and give the species the appearance of a
huge bush. Indigenous to Northern India, Chitta-
gong and Burmah ;. but introduced from the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, and cultivated in the Lal-
Bagh. This remarkable tree will soon spread,in
local cultivation, both for ornament and the popular
use of its beautiful leaves in lieu of crockery. Leaves
deeply cordate, ovate-rotund or nearly orbicular,
copper-coloured when young, strongly ribbed under-
neath; average blade 10-12 in. The. large, turbi-
nate or truncate-pyriform fruit is borne in enormous
clusters around the base of the trunk, and upwards
as the tree advances in age and stature; twice the. .
size of an ordinary table fig but insipid to the taste
and quickly becoming hard and woody.

As a subject for scenic planting and domestic uti-
lity, this species will soon find favour in Mysore. It
was first introduced in 1882.

Cultivation —Cuttings take root in moist situ-
ations but seedlings have not been raised from the
local trees. Perennial moisture is of more importance
to healthy growth than even the quality of the soil,
although the richer the latter isthe better. Plant
at 40 feet apart. oe

MYSORE AND COORG. 289.

558 Ficus glomerata, Roxs. Kan. Atti.

Fig.--King. Fic, Pl. 173 & 174; Wight Ic. t. 667:

References.—F'/. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Heon.
Prod. of Ind.; Pharm. Ind.

The country fig. A large buttressed tree of 50—70
feet. Never quite bare, although the leaves mostly
fall at the close of the cold season. Bark whitish-
grey; young parts pubescent, or slightly scabrous,
subsequently glabrous and usually more or less
tubercled. Leaves petiolate, membranous, alternate,
ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a blunt-
ish point; average blade 24x 5 in. Fruit pedunculate,
clustered on the trunk and limbs, very prolific,
subglobular to oval or subpyriform, the size of a
plum, reddish when ripe and littermg the ground
under the trees.

Except for occasional use under water, the wood
has no industrial value. Weight 25—30 lb. per
cubic foot. Medicinal properties are attributed to
the leaves, bark, fruit, and milk-sap, the latter being
very commonly applied to bruises, ulcers, and other
external sores. Although eaten by the poor in
times of scarcity,, and fairly palatable when half
ripe, the raw fruit is not good for human consump-
tion. Atan early stage of maturity it becomes
possessed of maggots, but donkeys, swine, goats and
cattle, are fond of it, and if specially prepared at a
certain stage of growth it would doubtless afford a
good portable food for cattle in times of scarcity.
In upper India the unripe fruit is pounded, mixed
with flour, and made into cakes, while in this pro-
vince there isa popular notion that the curried
green-fruit is a good remedy for rheumatism. Being
plentiful allover the maidan districts, the collection
and ‘preparation of half or partially ripened fruit
into a portable food for cattle, is worthy of trial.

37

290 FOREST TREES.

Of its merits as a shade tree for coffee, Mr. Graham
Anderson gives the following account:—“It is
generally allowed to be the very best shade tree for
coffee estates and is consequently invariably pre-
served. Itis easily propagated from seed and small
cuttings. It is almost destitute of leaves in the
monsoon, but, in the hot weather it is clothed in a
rich, glistening foliage. Itis admirably suited for
coffee which flourishes under its cool and most de-
sirable protection.”

To the above remarks may be added the fact that
it is a characteristic of Att, and several other fig
trees, to impart moisture to the soil in which their
roots are placed, an important function which, no
doubt, aids the growth of other plants when they
are situated under the protection of such trees.

Cultivation—Seedlings of this tree are usually
abundant in the haunts of birds and in the clefts of
other trees. Cuttings of all sizes root freely, and
for permanent growth plant in a somewhat moist
situation at 40 feet apart. Being avery dirty tree
while in fruit, it should not be planted near the
source of drinking water, nor in pleasure grounds
where the main object is tidiness.

559 Ficus macrophylla, Dzsr.

The Moreton Bay fig. Introduced from Australia
and cultivated in the Lal-Bagh from whence it is
spreading to gardens and plantations in various
parts of the province. A handsome evergreen
tree with a few aerial roots. In the form, texture,
and venation of leaf, this species might almost be
mistaken for F’. elastica, but the receptacle (fruit) is
wholly different to the receptacle of the latter, being
produced in axillary pedunculate pairs, ovoid, pur-
plish with orange spots, the size of a gooseberry.
“Diameter of trunk 86 to 76 inches; height 50—100

MYSORE AND COORG. 291

feet. A large and magnificent wide-spreading tree ;
yielding its milk-sap copiously for caoutchouc.” Hill.
“Perhaps the grandest of Australian avenue trees,
and among the very best to be planted, although in
poor dry soils its growth is slow. Hasily raised from
seed.” Baron von Mueller. Planted in a moist
situation, this quickly becomes a grand tree.

Cultivation—Local efforts to raise seedlings have
sofar been unsuccessful, but the species is easily
multiplied from layers and cuttings. Recommend-
ed for avenues in moist situations, and for scenic
planting generally. Plant at 45 feet apart.

560 Ficus Cunninghami, Mia.

This is another Australian species cultivated in
the Botanical Gardens. A splendid evergeen tree,
rivalling the Java fig in spread and stature, although
a little slower in growth. It bursts into young leaf
and fruit early in April, or at the same time the
Honge breaks into leaf. Leaves alternate, long-
petiolate, thinly coriaceous, dark green, midrib
and latera] veins ivory-white, ovate to ovate-elliptic,
base full, apex rather abruptly pointed; average
blade 24x52 in., petiole 24 in. Receptacle in
pairs, shortly pedunculate, crowded on the outer
branches, globular, ivory-white with a tinge of
green, the size of a gooseberry, attractive against
the dark foliage. Except that the fruit might be a
little troublesome when falling—not more so than
in the case of Goni—this is a splended avenue tree.

Cultivation.--It attains its fullest development in
deep moist soil. Seedlings come up spontaneously in
various places, and cuttings are easily rooted on a
hot bed. Plant in large square pits, but not very
deep, at 50 feet apart.
561 Ficus Carica, Linn. Kan. Sime atti. . Hind. Anjur.

Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection.

999 FOREST TREES.

References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.; Pharm.
Ind.

The edible fig.. Cultivated in Indian gardens
and said to have been introduced during the Muham-
madan conquests of Central and Southern India.
Indigenous to Persia, Arabia, Turkey, and countries
forming the southern part of the Mediterranean basin.
It is a tree of great antiquity, being frequently men-
tioned in the ancient literature of Palestine, Greece,
and Rome. There are several varieties in local
cultivation, and the nutritive properties of the
fruit are generally acknowledged by the people.

Cultivation—In this country, the fig tree is most

roductive when grown within walled enclosures
and in the backyards of dwellings where there is
practically no wind. But to this should be added
proper irrigation, good drainage, and a rather
copious supply of mixed manures. The root growth
should also be limited to a given area, otherwise
the tree is apt to run to leaf and wood almost
exclusively.

Seedlings are often difficult to raise, although the
species is readily propagated by the various methods
of division, such as grafting, arching, layering, and
the insertion of cuttings. Plant at 10 feet apart.

Several undeterminéd species of Ficus will have
to be included in a future edition of this work. Of
these, the vernacular names Kalatti, and Seluvara, |
are suggestive of rather common trees, which are
found at intervals throughout the deciduous and
mixed zones. The first named is a large umbrella-
“shaped tree usually found among, rocks. Leaves
oblong, rather small and densely covered on the
under side by a tawny tomentum. Fruit small,
round and sessile. The Flora of British India
enumerates 112 species of this grand genus.

MYSORE AND COORG. 293

562 Antiaris toxicaria, Lzscumn. Kan. senor
Jaguri, Ajjanapatte.

Fig.—Bedd. Fl, Sylv. t. 307. Wight Ic. t. 1958,

References.—Fi. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.; Brand. For. Fi. 427; Pharm.
Ind.

The upas and sack tree. Common inthe Western
Ghats from Bombay to Cape Comorin. Of arbore-
scent species this is stated by Beddome to be the
largest in the above region. Itis a magnificent
evergreen tree attainmg a maximum height of
250 feet. Leaves alternate, bifarious, very shortly
petiolate, oblong or elliptic- oblong, acuminate, to-
mentose or pubescent when young, eventually
scabrid or glabrous; average blade 2x52 in.
Flowers unisexual—monecious—unattractive. Fruit
ike a small fig, pear-shaped, velvetty, purplish, and
very bitter ; seed poisonous. ‘The poisonous princi-
ple antiarin, of which so much nonsense has been
written by the Dutch Surgeon, Foersch, is obtained
in Java and the Malay Islands, from the green bark
and leaves of the tree. The hill-men of Coorg,
Wynaad and Travancore, remove cylinders of bark
from sized logs of the tree and utilise them as grain
sacks. The simple process of manufacturing the
latter is well described in the following paragraph
by Graham:—‘A branch is cut corresponding to
the length and diameter of the sack wanted, soaked
a little, and then beaten with clubs till the fibre
“separates from the wood. This done, the sack
formed of the bark is turned inside out, and pulled
down until the wood is sawn off, with the exception
‘of a small piece left to form the bottom of the sack,
which is carefully left untouched.”

These sacks are commonly displayed in Museums
as remarkable products of the vegetable kingdom,
‘but in Travancore, Canara, and other hill districts,

294 FOREST TREES.

they are in common use to carry rice and similar
articles of export. The liber, or inner bark, affords
this dense fibrous layer which nature has woven
into acoarse fabric for the instruction of man,
But although coarse in the natural fabric, the fibre
is really soft and durable and could be utilised for
ropes, matting, and similar articles. The wood is said
to be coarse-grained and unserviceable. Being a
tree of the moist evergreen forests, any attemptto
growiton the plains would, in all probability, meet

with failure.
563 Artocarpus hirsuta, Laux. Kan. Hebhalasu,
Heb halsu, Kad halasu, Hesswa, Hessan.

Fig—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 808. Wight Ic. t. 1957.

References.—Dict. of Hcon. Prod. of Ind;
Gamb. Man. Timb.; Brand. For. Fl. 426.

The wild jack-tree. Abundant in Western My-
sore, Coorg, and the Baba Budan range where ‘it
ascends to 4,000 feet, and attains an individual
height of nearly 200 ft. This lofty evergreen tree
is well known to the planters, who prize it as a shade
for coffee. Leaves alternate, petiolate, broadly
ovate-elliptic or obovate, subacute, young parts
strigose ; average blade 6x9in. Fruit erect, cover-
ed with spines, the size of a large lemon. A reserv-
ed timber tree of the local evergreen forest.
Wood hard and durable when well seasoned, yel-
lowish brown, close-grained and highly prized for
boat-building, in which it stands next to teak in
value. But it is also used for house-building,
furniture, and agricultural implements. Weight ©
35— 40 Ib. per cubic foot.

“A stately evergreen tree, which affords good
shade and produces a large quantity of leaf mould
annually. The shoots from stumps—coppice—should
never be encouraged or depended upon as they are
easily blown down and generally get cankered or

MYSORE AND COORG. 295

‘

die off about the tenth or fifteenth year. A Hessan
in poor or shallow soil generally causes the coffee to
suffer all around its stem, but in a deep soil this does
not appear to occur. The timber of mature trees
is excellent and durable, and is much prized for
building purposes. No reliance should be placed on
poles or beams made from immature trees or from
the shoots arising from stumps, as these will be
readily attacked by dry-rot and bya large species
of borer—carpenter bee?—or will quickly decay if
exposed to damp. A young Hessan resents heavy
lopping by showing early signs of canker.” Graham
Anderson.

The fruit is not eaten in Mysore, although Watt
states that the pulp is much relished by the natives.
This grand tree is easily propagated from seed, but
it is unsuited for cultivation on the plains,

564 Artocarpus incisa, Linn.
Fig— Bot. Mag. t. 2869—2871.

References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.
Proceedings of the Agri-Hort, Ic. of Madras.

The bread fruit tree. Two varieties of this hand-
some evergreen species are cultivated in the Botani-
cal Gardens. One called the seedless bread fruit,
having no seed, is much esteemed by the Pacific
Islanders, and has recently been established here on
trial. It has also borne fruit and is likely to succeed
under careful management. But in an inland situ-
ation like Bangalore, we cannot expect great results
from these maritime trees. With careful treatment,
especially in the matters of irrigation, and top-dress-
ing with saline manures, fairly good specimens are
produced; but it is doubtful if the fruit will ever

‘become popular, while it is quite certain never to
replace any of the indigenous food products which
are commonly consumed by the Mysore people.

996, FOREST TREES.

Being very ornamental, the species should find a.
place in irrigated pleasure grounds. The seeding
variety, which is equally effective for scenic pur-
poses, is easily propagated from seed.

565 Artocarpus integrifolia, Linn. Kan. Halasu,
Halsu, Hulsen, Halasina mara. -

Fig —Bot. Mag. t. 2833. Wight Ic. t. 678.

References—Bedd. For. Man. Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.; Gamb. Man. Timb. 329.

The jack-fruit tree. Wild in parts of the
Malnad. Elsewhere extensively cultivated for its
fine fruit of which there are many varieties differ-
ing in form, colour, size, and taste. A handsome
evergreen tree with dark-green foliage; usually
45—60 feet in height but much loftier inthe wild
state. Leaves alternate, petiolate, ovate-oblong to
elliptic-oblong, glabrous, acuminate, entire; average
blade 33%7 in.

Stipules spathaceous and very large, Fruit
enormous, suspended from the trunk and main limbs
by short, stout peduncles, hypogeous in very old
trees, oblong to clavate, with a thick and densely
muricated rind. Maximum size 30 inches long by
12 in. in diameter, more usually half the above size.
Maximum weight of a single fruit 60 Ibs. The
edible part of the jack-fruit consists of the yellow,
fleshy pericarp of the achenium, of which there are
80 to 90 in each receptacle—fruit—according to
size, position, and kind. When less than half grown
and quite tender, the whole fruit is sliced up and
curried. The roasted seeds are also much consumed
by the hill tribes; but they are indigestible to
Europeans and are rarely used in heu of chesnuts.
In his useful compilation of ‘Forest Trees in the
Coffee Lands of South Mysore,” Mr. Grabam
Anderson describes two varieties under the verna-

MYSORE AND COORG. 297

cular names of Billarw and Buckay. The first-
named, which possibly corresponds to the wild
form, is dense and rapid of growth, but bearing
a worthless fruit and easily injured by the
wind, the branches often breaking by their own
weight. It isalso stated that although even-grained
and easily worked, the wood of this variety is apt
to split. The Buckay, on the other hand, although
slower of growth, is superior in the production of
fruit, timber, and as a shade for coffee. The jack
tree dislikes and resents much lopping. Laden from
the trunk and main limbs with full sized fruit, it
is a grand object worthy of the highest admiration.
It has also a growing reputation as a timber tree,
although not yet included in the forest reserve of
that class. Sapwood white, heartwood yellow
when newly exposed, but eventually changing to
reddish-brown or light mahogany; close-grained,
easily worked and taking a good polish, but requir-
ing matured growth and careful seasoning to, pre-
vent warping or splitting. Used in Mysore for boat-
building, planking, furniture, and dyeig. Said to
be imported into England for cabmet and fancy
work. Weight 43—45 lb. per cubic foot. <A sticky
milk-sap copiously produced from all the herbaceous
parts of the tree, is utilised to some extent in the
preparation of birdlime; heated over the fire, it
becomes a good cement for domestic use. In the
maidan districts, the jack tree is exclusively culti-
vated for its popular fruit. The fruits growing on —
the root-stock are highly prized as a rule.

Cultivation —This tree is easily propagated from
seed, the latter being placed in a pit containing pre-
pared soil where the seedling is intended to grow per-
manently. Transplanting should be avoided, as
seedlings having broken or twisted tap-roots never
succeed well, andthe main root attains length so
rapidly after germination that the operation of re-

38

298 FOREST TREES.

moval either from seed-beds or pots is fraught with
considerable risk. All this is avoided, therefore,
by carefully planting one or more seeds in the
position where the tree is required. In some parts
of the country, it is not unusual to plant ina
single pit a whole fruit containg 50 or: more
seeds, the best seedling of the lot being subsequently
left to form the tree. The species requires ‘a deep
moist soil, and seldom acquires any size, or much
utility, when the soil is dry and shallow. When tiles,
baskets, or flower pots are employed to raise seed-
lings in, the bottoms should be removed at an early
stage of growth so that the tap-root may not be
twisted.

566 Artocarpus Lakoocha, Roxs. Kan. Vonte mara,
Fig--Wight Ic. t. 681,

References.—Brand, For. Fl. 426 ; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

In the Malnad, this attains to a large tree. Dahu
and Lakoocha are its Sanskrit names.

Leaves deciduous, shortly-petiolate, oval to
oblong-elliptic, full and round at the base, slightly
pubescent underneath, especially when young, upper
side dark green, glabrous and shining; average
blade 5x9 in. Fruit roundish or irregular in form,
velvetfy, the size of a tomato, yellow when ripe, not
known to be eaten in the south of India. Wood'used
in the north for furniture and canoes. In Bengal, the
juice of the tree—milk-sap—or a seed, is a common
purge. ‘T'wo specimens may be seen in the Daria
Dowlet Bagh, at Seringapatam, where they fruit
freely every year. “Mr. Mann says the bark’ is
chewed in Assam as a substitute for betelnut.”

Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

Cultivation.—Although doing fairly well in the

garden at Seringapatam, the species is stunted com-

MYSORE AND COORG. 999

pared to the fine growth of the Malnad. Seeds
germinate freely, and propagation can also be effect-
ed by layering the branches.

567 Artocarpus Cannoni. It is not known where
this species comes from. But oneor two small
plants purchased from Mr. Bull’s nursery, in 1887,
have developed into nice saplings. Of these, the one
growing in the enclosure where the animals are
mostly kept, is well advanced. Leaves copper-
coloured, much smaller than the leaves of the bread
fruit tree, and not so deeply incised. In point of
colour, this is an acquisition to the local collection of.
ornamental trees. The purple to yellowish fruit,
resembles a miniature fig. Propagation is effected
by layering the side branches, inserting cuttings in
a hot-bed, and possibly by sowing seed, Plant at
30 feet apart.

568 Boehmeria nivea, Hook.

The Rhea fibre shrub. This industrial plant is
propagated in the Lal-Bagh and has been establish-
ed on'the hills by the European planters. It grows
vigorously in Mysore and Coorg, and is reproductive
from offsets. If occasion should ever require it,
many ‘thousands of offsets could be produced at
short notice.. The indigenous species B. malabarica,
Wedd. and B. platyphylla, Don. are commonly found
on the hills, where they provide nar—fibre—of ex-
cellent quality.

569 Villebrunea integrifolia, Gavp.

_A small evergreen treeof the Western Ghats.
Specimens are required for herbaria, with vernacular
names and information bearing on the local uses of
the tree.

570 Debregeasia velutina, Ganp. Kan. Kapsi.

‘Fig—Wight Ic. t. 1969; Bedd. For. Man, 226.
On te Bbc fe 6,

300 FOREST TREES.

References—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.;
Fl. of Brit. Ind.

This large shrub is frequently found in the up-
lands of Mysore, and in the sholas leading into the
mixed aud evergreen tracts. With ashy-white
leaves (underneath) and‘dense clusters of orange-
yellow berries on the young stems, the Kapsi is a
familiar object to the sportsman and planter. The
imner bark affords a strong, clean fibre, which is
used by the hill-men to make strings for their bows.
But the quality of the fibre is such that it merits a
much wider utility than the above mentioned, and
will, no doubt, take a more prominent position, with
other latent products of the country, when the
natural supply is brought within reach of the
market. With a more penetrating railway system,
the merits of these alpine products will receive closer
attention than is possible at present.

571 Castilloa elastica, Curvy.

_ The Ule, or Central American rubber tree. This
important species is under trial in the Botanical
Gardens, but it will probably succeed better on the
hills of the province, as Burma, Assam, Ceylon. and
the lower slopes of the Nilgiris, are supposed to be
suitable regions for its cultivation, A few Euros
pean planters are cultivating on a small scale, both
in Mysore and Coorg.

LXVII. CASUARINEZA,
572 Casuarina equisetifolia, Forsr. Kan, Kesarike,
Fig.—Bot. Plates Lal-Bagh Collection, Bedd.
For. Man. t. 226.

References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.; Gamb.
Man. Tim’. 348; Pharm Inge om

The “swamp oak” of Queensland, but better
known in this country and elsewhere as the “ Tini-

MYSORE AND COORG. 801

an pine” or “beef-wood tree.” It is a pretty ever-
green tree of rapid growth, with thin, feathery foliage
and conical habit. Diameter at base of trunk 12—24
inches; height 50—70 fect. To those who fre-
quent the groves of the Tinian pine, the mournful
soughing of its fluted branchlets is a familiar sound.
The proper leaves are reduced to mere scales at the
tips of the branchlets. Flowers moncecious, incon-
spicuous and dull red. Fruit stalked, cone-like,
muricated, oval, and about an inch long. Asa
fuel tree, this exotic species bids fair to surpass all
others, and is already extensively cultivated in
Southern India, where numerous plantations are
formed and millions of seedlings put down annually.
In the. vicinity of Bangalore, and especially along
the Madras sea-coast, these plantations have visibly
altered the landscape within the past decade. The
tree has the reputation of drying land exhaustively,
and this is in some measure confirmed by the fact
that it succeeds best in sandy or porous soils where
the subsoil is always moist. It is, on this account,’
an excellent subject for planting on the sea-shore
and on lands that are being reclaimed from the sea.
Full directions as to planting, care-taking, and
departmental procedure in the treatment of Casuari-
na, will be found in the annexed memorandum, which
has recently been published by Mr. L. Ricketts,
Inspector General of Forests in Mysore.

MEMORANDUM ON CASUARINA PLANTING IN MYSORE.

“Distribution and Use-—Casuarina equisetifolia, Forst, is
scattered through Queensland, North Australia, the Malay
Archipelago, Fiji, the sea-shores of Chittagong, Burma, and
Siam ; but it is probably naturalized in many of these places,
as it soon will be in several parts of India.

Jt is the beefwood of Australia, and, in this country, it
has already (within the present century) inherited some
vernacular names. But the local or Kanarese name ‘ Kesarike’
is a mere corruption of the generic name, Casuarina. The

*

802 FOREST TREES.

species is abundant in many of the Islands of Malay and Fijian
Archipelagos, »where it appears to be truly indigenous,

In India, the tree is extensively cultivated, but although
many square miles are covered with matured trees bearing
fertile seeds, the species has not been observed to be self.
productive in the matter of throwing up seedlings, nor does it
coppice well, Notwithstanding these drawbacks, Casuarina
planting has largely developed in Mysore owing to its regular
and rapid growth, and ready sale for firewood. For domestic
consumption, the fuel is highly prized, and that it develops
more heat ina given quantity than any other kinds of local
fuel, has been practically demonstrated by the officials of the
Mysore State Railway. In these experiments conducted by
Mr. Molloy, it was reckoned that Casuarina logs ran a train
over a distance 13 per cent in excess of that attained by the
next best kind of fuel available in the Mysore forests. When
using Casuarina for domestic purposes, the people endeavour
to subdue its intense heat by adding fuel of inferior power.

If this is not done, they find that their utensils wear out
very rapidly. The same result has happened where Casuarina
is exelusively used in locomotives, and it is a question how far
its calorific properties should be moderated by the intermixture
of other fuel substances.

Beefwood (so called from a fancied resemblance in color)
is-coarse grained, and seasons somewhat badly. It weighs from
55 to 62 Ih, per cubic foot, but cracks and splits under weight
or exposure to the weather. The bark is astringent, and the

‘burnt ashes afford material for making soap. As a timber, it
is not of much value being subject to the attacks of white
ants. ,

2. Soil—The soil need not be rich, but such, as would
retain moisture for a lengthened dry period, is most conducive
to the rapid and robust growth of the Casuarina. This means,
necessarily, a deep soil having a retentive clay bottom, The
surface soil should be light and sandy, and in situations where
the water-level is always within a few feet (8 to 10) of the
surface, the latter answers best. This is confirmed by the
‘rapid growth of plantations on the sand dunes of the Madras
coast, The deep loamy soils of Mysore, incorporated in many
places with varying quantities of oxide of iron, are not un-
favorable to the growth of Casuarina.

3. Pitting—Many of the facts recorded in this Memo
occur inMr. Hutchin’s paper on ‘Sandal’ published in Indian
Forrester of -1884, where the writer incidentally touches upon
Casnarina planting, upon the-details and advantages’ of
yard cube. pits and of tile-pot nurseries, and upon transplanting ;

MYSORE AND COORG. 303

vide pages 254 to 261, Further details may, with advantage’
be taken from the same article. The pits for Casuarina must
be trnly a cubic yard of 27 cubic feet, 7. e., a square yard at the
top, bottom, and oneach side. The advantage of the yard-
cube size of pit is, that the cooly can get into it and dig it out
large and square at the bottom, where it is most important for
root development. The pits should be lined and spaced with a
rope so that the lines intersect in simple squares ; they should
be dug at 12 feet apart each way, if Casuarina alone is planted,
and at 9 feet where its rows alternate with sandal.
Another plan is to plant at 6 feet apart with the intention of
subsequently removing every alternate sapling when it has
attained 4—5 years’ growth. By this arrangement, the young
trees are better sheltered from the wind, being so much closer,
while a considerable return on the initial outlay may be ex-
pected from the sale of such saplings.

4. But as pitsare dug as labor offers, and when the ground

is favorable for pitting, it is often, and properly, the case to
have a large balance of pits on hand. The pits so dug should
be left fully exposed to the action of the weather. The cold
damp soil in the bottom of the pit will be enriched by exposure
to the sun’s rays and other atmospheric influences, which will
also be at work on the heaps of loose earth lying around the
pits. Before pitting, the land should be thoroughly cleared
of scrub growth.

5. Formation of Ground Nursery—The Hebbe system of
raising seedlings differs from that of the pot-tile in that seed-
lings are raised and reared in the nursery-bed until such time
as they are fit for direct removal to the field or plantation.
When large enough, these seedlings are carefully lifted with
balls of soil adhering to their roots and are replanted into pits
for permanent cultivation. This mode of treatment, however
carefully performed, is liable to injure the young roots, and
growth is checked at a time, viz., in the rainy season, when the
seedlings should make a good start. Asa rule, therefore,
except when the cost of pot-tiles is prohibitive, the Hebbe
system of nursery should never be adopted.

In cold and temperate countries, where the root develop-
ment of seedling trees is not so active, the operation of trans-
planting direct from nursery-bed to plantation is not so diffi-
cult, But in the tropics, seedlings of six inches in surface
height will often have a descending axis of one foot. The site
selected for a nursery, of whatever class, should be near to'a
permanent supply of water. The ground should be trenched
in December, thoroughly cleared of all roots, and finely dressed
for sowing operations in January, February, and March. By
extending the sowings over a period of three months, the vegeta-
tive powers of various species can be regulated so that the

304 FOREST TREES.

quick growing kinds may not be too large for potting when the
monsoon sets in. The nursery plots should be laid out on the
native method for irrigation, as nothing can beat the latter
whether for efficiency or economy. But greater care is neces-
sary than the native gardener usually exercises in watering
seed-beds, as many valuable seeds are easily rotted when the
soil about them is always wet and cold. But the latter condi-
tion will rarely occur if the soil is porous, and otherwise well
placed in regard to position and drainage. Very little manure
is required, and it should never be fresh or crude. Burnt soil
is useful, and the burning of combustible rubbish over the
trenched site has the additional effect of killing weeds and
insect life with their seeds and ova. The contact with fire
cures also the raw, soapy condition of the subsoil, and renders
the inert plant-food soluble and assimilable. ;

6. A few words about the collection of Casuarina seeds
may be added. The trees do not all of them come into bearing
at the same time. Some bear fruit as early as May or June,
and others progressively until October and November, while
matured trees vield two crops of fruit yearly at the above dates.

The best time for sowing is in the month succeeding each
harvest, or say, in August and January. The fruit is ripe for
gathering when it attains an orange yellow tinge, and begins to
drop from the base of the cluster.

When whole clusters are gathered, the unripe fruits near
the apex should be discarded, The remainder is then daily
exposed to the sun on date or other mats. After three days’
exposure, the ripened fruit will have shed the whole of its
seed, which latter should be sifted and bottled, or placed in
covered chatties, if not required for immediate sowing. The
fruit receptacles may be burnt over the nursery plots, as they
contain potash and other manurial ingredients.

In the harvesting season, the daily collection of fruit
should be exposed and treated independently, and the date of
storage in any vessel should be marked upon the latter. To
carry out this routine, three to four ‘separate mats must be in
use, the fourth one is to provide against rainy weather. Casua-
rina seeds are greedily devoured by ants, sparrows, rats, and
other vermin, care should therefore be taken to preserve them
from these pests,

The seed should be rather thickly sown in small square
beds, (pategalu) the surface of which has been levelled
and slightly pressed down. They are then covered by a thin
layer of sifted soil, and the bed is thoroughly watered by means
of a water pot and fine rose. If any seeds appear on the surface
after this watering, they should be slightly pressed down, and
an additional covering of sifted soil may be dusted over the
exposed and uneven parts, After sowing and watering, cover

MYSORH AND: COORG. 805

the-beds over with slayer of leaves or twigs to retard the direct
éffectsrof solar heat and prevent rapid evaporation. The best
plant:for this purpose ‘is:the ‘Bandare’, Dodonzxa viscosa, as its
leaves do'hot-rdt norseparate readily from the stem.
A-profectivecbVering‘of this kind also protects the seeds to

some extent from the ravages of insects and‘ vermin. To pre-
veut the'seéd-being’ washed into the corner of the bed, as would
be the éase with’ ordittry: irrigation, the surface should be
gently-and-evenly:watered through the ‘rose of a watering pot.
The-germs ‘appéar'on the surface within 8—10 days, and the
seedlings wilt be: an ‘inch high within the month. In three
nionths ‘they should: be'4:inches high, whidh isa nice size for
potting into tile-pots. The latter operation can be safely per-
fornied, ‘however, ‘until: the seedlings are 4to 5 months old.
The presétvation bf the tap-root is always an important matter.
Weéding is:not-effectéd in Casuarina seed-beds, as the seedlings
grow'veryzClosély.togethér and any attempt at weeding would
uproot the latter:- - 4s

- 8; Formation of Tile: Nursery.—Meanwhile tile-pot beds
ave formed ‘and’kept ready’ to receive the seedlings as recom-
mended in the féregoing!paragraph. “The tile-pot is formed by
placing twosemiscylindrichl country. tiles together edge to edge,
so as to fotmva cylinder; about 5 inches in diameter and 10 inch.
es long. . Phe:cyliners are ‘placed together side by side in pre-
viously excavated beds, :till they-form a honey comb filling the
whole up flush -with the:surface of the ground. To facilitate
coutitings eacli-.bed usually contains 100 tile-pots, 10 rows
of the latter haying 10 in the row. The beds of tile-pots
are separated! only by: narrow’ paths, just wide enough to
permit'the -formation!’ of the' channels by. méans of which the
beds are irrigated” (Mr. Hutchins in the Indian Forester for June
1884); ~ The soil onght not to be hard below the pot-tiles, for it
will prevent perculation of water, which, in consequence, would
stagnate and render-the plants sickly. Roots'may be prevented
from: penetrating: the-soil below the tile-pots by a layer of
pot-sherds being placed under the’ latter. This allows the
water: to‘drain- off while-it-effectually confines the roots of
the young Casuarina to the cylinders in which they are
preserved; BAG oe 44 ‘

_9.-,Lransplanting into Pot-tiles—-In March, when the

sure-to-succumb-under-tho fierce rays of a March sun. a
3

306 FOREST TREES.

tile-plants should be watered daily, and when their roots have
laid hold of the soil, shading should be entirely removed.
Details of weeding, stirring up the surface soil, and. replacing
casualties, will require constant attention, and. as the plants
attain size, they will absorb more water, The number of heal-
thy plants which the Department expects to secure in tiles, for
field planting, is 90 per cent of the number pricked off, and
subsequently cultivated in pot-tiles, 10 per cent being foregone
jn favor of Mestris, in consideration of the amount .of care
necessary for free germination in sand beds and healthy growth
in pot-tilés. If at the final counting, or planting, it be found
that failures exceed 10 per cent, the value of such excess should
be recovered by short payment,

10, About the month of April, the seedlings are subject
to the attacks of crickets and grass hoppers, but seedlings that
have tender or herbaceous stems are alone affected by these

ests. It is therefore necessary to plant out hardy seedlings
with slightly woody stems, or to prick off early in February,
‘and push growth so that the young plants may be sturdy
enough so resist the ravages of voracious insects. Although the
latter exist at an earlier season, it isonly when herbaceous vege-
tation is universally withered up that they commit havoc in
nurseries, &c., and‘from April till the advent of good rain, it is
necessary to employ coolies (small boys) to drive off the insects,
otherwise the percentage of failures would be high. In some
Jocalities, and in certain seasons, these pests are absent, but as
a rule, they should be expected and coped with at the lime,
and under the conditions indicated in this paper.

1]. Manuring the nursery is an essential point, and a
word about it will not be out of place. Thoroughly :pulverised
farm-yard manure is good for general application, but in special
cases, oil cakes, sheep dung, and ashes, are highly ' beneficial.
The last named affords material for the early formation of
woody fibre, and is therefore of exceptional. value in giving
stability to the young plants. . In all cases, the manure should
be applied sparingly as the object. isnot to induce a lanky her-
baceous growth, Liberal manuring makes the’ seedlings too
tender for their future life in the field. .

12. Transplanting into Pits—This will be done during the
S. W. monsoon, commencing as soon as ‘the ground has been
nicely cooled by copiousrain, August is perhaps the best month
for general planting, providing that the monsoon is normal. A
few days, not later than a fortnight, previous to transplanting,
the pits should be refilled to the ground level with’ the earth
formerly removed from them. In filling. pits, it is
essential that all the loose earth should be returned go as to
form a small mound above the ground level, as earth’ dug out
and weathered occupies about 25 per centimore space ‘than it

N

MYSORE AND COORG. 307

does in its'undisturbed condition underground. This process
should not be undertaken when the soil is wet. Working a wet
soil, with plough or spade, renders it hard in drying and des-
troys its porosity. The filling is best done after a good show-
er of rain, and when the soil is sufficiently dry to be pow-
dery, but moist, In other words when it is nicely workable
with the spade or mamoti. But in certain ‘experimental
cases, the Casuarina will thrive when the pits: had been filled
up in anticipation of rain. By the planting season the secd-
lings in the pot nursery will have attained a height of 13 to 2
feet, and the pot-tiles will then be lifted and carried in baskets
to the field. Here the cylinders will be carefully separated into
their two halyes, so that the soil about the roots of the young
tree may remain intact. The plants themselves will then be
carefully put into the prepared pits, the earth around them be-
ing slightly pressed by the feet of the planter while he holds the
seedlings in an erect and natural position. A thorough watering
should be given directly the plants are put down and, unless
the weather is showery,a few succeeding waterings at inter.
vals of two to three days will be of much benefit to the plants.
Ponds and hollows about the plantation are furnished with
water at this time, and, should the rains hold off, the trans-
plants could be watered occasionally at reasonable cost’ and
much more than proportionate benefit. In certain private
plantations, where four waterings were given, the percentage
of failures was very materially reduced and the plantations
made good progress. Wher the planting is completed, the
halved tile-pots may be returned to the nursery for storage,
or to be refilled as inthe first instance. By using pots, the
root growth of the seedling is restrained, while little or no
shock is received in transplanting into the field, and the
established seedlings are in a position to lay vigorous hold of
the soil’at a favorable season.

13. Replacing failures—It has here to be noted that the
first thing, to be done, under this head, is to replace the pre-
vious year’s failures as ascertained by final counting at the
close of the dry season. The rate for the above will be
minus the cost of filling in the pits.

14. How payment is made—Tho number of healthy and
vigorous plants, which the Department expects to secure at
the final enumeration, is 90 per cent of ‘the total number put
into the ground. In order to secure this, 25 to 30 per cent of
the cost that becomes payable to Mestris should be withheld
till the results of final countings are known, and if the failures
exceed 10 percent, the value of such excess should be de-
ducted from the amount held in arrears, or if necessary
from any-other amounts due to the Mestris for work done.
But the filling in of pits is not paid for independently of

308 FOREST TREES,

transplanting ; for which the rate, fixed ingludes the cost.pf
(2) Anne out plants na the nursery, (0), takcing j,back
tile-pots to the nursery, (c) filling in of pits, (4), i neplan ing
and (e) watering the plants. put out, if necessary, .- __

15. Weeding.—Weeds should , he .removed . immediately
around the young trees once or, twice a, year, so that. the
growth of the latter may not be choked. The. surface soil
might be advantageously stirred up. at, the same. time.,
This weeding should be, continned for, two, or. three... ears,
when the young trees will have grown toa size,,sufficient.

sd.

to create a shade which will either. suppress or ‘kill the

weeds. In addition to keeping weeds and grass down im-
mediately around the trees, it is necessary to keep the
whole field clear of extraneous growth, except grass,. for a few.
years, or until the Casuarina suppresses under, scrub- by the
density of its own growth. i

16. Pruning—In the 3rd or 4th year, the lower
branches of the trees should be carefully sawn off, to, admit
light and facilitate a free passage of air, 8 8

This operation should be attended to with the. greatest
care, and is on no account to be entrusted. to. ignorant,,or
unskillful subordinates. In fact it hed bettoe Ge dere mne,-
than be done badly or roughly, =
17. Trenching and | hedging.—A trench. 3/3’ .will be
dug all around the plantation, .and..on the: earth ridged.
on the onter bank, aloes, (Agave americang) . will ,be - planted,
to form a protective fence ogeinst fire, .cattle,. lee

lopers. Where the common ,a =. Js. mot pooenrabley.” KADIS

Kattali’ and ‘Bonte Kalli’ afford good material;for fences,
18. Working plan and plan.of operations.—No, plantation,
unless it is a very. small one which can ‘be finished. in. a,
year, should be opened without a .working. plan,:.The ad-
vantage of having such is, that regular .. working is ensured.
and a complete check exercised. ‘ Unless. a, plan is, made an
adherei to from the beginning, irregularities, will,be,,sure

to creep in sooner or later. Confused work. on the..field-is
certain to ke followed by confusion in, the, accounts ; ,good,
work cannot be detected from the bad,, and, after . ater
‘years it becomes impossible to. say what.expenditure has
been profitable, or the reverse, An annnal plan of,, oper-

‘ations for each plantation will be prepared by, the. Saves

_ 19, How work is done and paid formAll. work in plant:
ations is to be done on ithe contract system through Mestris

MYSORE AND COORG. 309

who, in lieu of fixed pay, will be allowed 5 to 7 per cent
commission on the value of work turned out with Govern-
ment money and tools, and 10 per cent when they work with
their own capital and tools.

Each Mestri is to be. furnished with an estimate show-
ing the different works to be done and the sanctioned rates
for the same. Once a month, or when there is not sufficient
progress, once in two months, the Ranger should check, mea-
sure up the work turned out by each Mestri, and enter the
same on the right side of his pass sheet, the work or works
to be done in the following month, in pursuance of the plan
of operations, being entered on the left side of the same
sheet. This pass sheet will be submitted, in duplicate, to
the Forest Officer, who shall check both sides of the pass
sheet with the aid of his note book, and issue a cheque for
such amount as may be passed by him in settlement of the
Mestri’s account, : .

The cheque should be drawn in favor of the Mestri con.
cerned and no other, and his acknowledgment obtained. One
of the pags sheets will be returned to the Ranger for revising
his original copy, if necessary, and handing back to the
Mestri concerned.

20. Inspection by Forest Oficer—The chief work being
ingpection and timely correction of all mistakes in the vari-
ous stapes of plantation work, itis necessary for the Officer
in charge of Plantations to be constantly moving about and
checking the work on the field,

_ 21. .When a completion report of any kind of work,
especially pitting, planting or clearing, is received from the
Ranger, the Forest Officer should make a personal inspection
and satisfy himself that the work is efficiently done and that
no gap has been left in the details. It will not be considers
ed an excuse for bad or fraudulent work that the Mestri is
_at fault, or that the Ranger has been careless in supervision.
‘The Forest Officer alone will be held responsible. for every
operation in the nursery and in the field, and notably in the
seedlings under his charge being healthy and vigorous,

22, ‘Any prolonged stay at Head-quarters will be taken
as proof thatthe Forest Officer is indifferent to the work ‘and
unmindful of the interests of Government, and in fact of' his
‘own reputation also, as noone can know better than he
-does how_ work ,is oe degenerate, and ,be scamped, if’ not
-fr¢quently. and close y scrutinised. ;

“; Rates—The prevailing rates at the Goverment plant:
_ations for different items of work are set forth in. the anx

_pexpd statement,

#3;

‘

FOREST TREES.

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MYSORE AND COORG. 3138

LXVIII. SALICINE A.

572 Salix tetrasperma, Roxs, Kan. Niravanji, Niranji.
Fig. —Bedd. Fl. Sylv; t. 8302. Wight. Ic. t. 1954.
References.—Braiul. For. Fl. 462; Dict. of Econ.

Prod. of Ind.; Fl. of Brit, Ind.

The South Indian willow tree. Much planted on
the banks of rivers, streams, and nallahs, where it
attains to a height of 20—40 feet, and acts as a good
barrier to the wear and tear of running water.
Leaves deciduous, alternate, petiolate, stipulate,
narrowly, or somewhat broadly, ovate-lanceolate ;
average blade 5x1 in. Flowers appearing in ad-
vance of, or simultaneously with, the young leaves,
in slender yellow catkins. For planting in moist
land, this is one of the most suitable trees. Often
planted at the roadsides where there are tanks and
wet cultivation. Sapwood abundant, whitish; heart
woed small, dark-brown, weighing 35—40 lb. per
cubic foot. When procurable in size, which is the
chief difficulty, the heartwood is admirably adapt-
ed for cabinet and fancy work. The whole tree is
much prized as an efficient source of fuel, and is
rather largely used in some parts for the manufac-
ture of gunpowder charcoal. Baskets and wicker
work are made from the supple shoots and branch-
es.. The green foliage is browsed upon by cattle,
and trees are often badly poliarded on that account.

573 Salix babylonica, Linn.

The weeping-willow tree. This introduced
species is occasionally found in gardens, and there
are three old trees on the bund of the Shoolay Tank,
at Bangalore. Well suited for ornamental planting
near water, and on lawns that are favourably
situated in regard to irrigation in the dry season.

Cultivation—The presence of moisture is a sine
qua non in the successful cultivation of willow trees,
and in this country, the last named species will only

40

814 FOREST TREES.

do well in comparatively cool altitudes. The best
situation of all is in sandy or soft alluvial soil on the
banks of a running stream. Cuttings of all sizes
root freely in moist sand. It isa mistake to plant
the indigenous species as aroadside tree in dry loca-
lities, and the practice is only justified where the
land is too wet for other trees of denser foliage and
larger growth.

LXIX. CONIFER.

574 Cupressus torulosa, Don.

An evergreen tree cultivated in the Lal-Bagh,
and occasionally in private gardens also, for orna-
ment. Indigenous to the Western Himalaya where
it attains a height of 150 feet, with a trunk girth of
17 feet. The maximum height attained at Bangalore
is under 50 feet. Local growth is thus stunted,
while the production of timber is very limited.

575 Cupressus Funebris, Enpt.

The Chinese weeping cypress. Cultivated in the
Botanical Gardens, where the species thrives indiffer-
ently. Branches horizontal, branchlets weeping.
Planted near temples and monasteries in N epal,
Sikkim, Bhutan, and Northern China. Maximum
height 60 feet. C. lusitanica, Mill, the Goa cypress,
and C. macrocarpa, Hartweg, are introduced ever-
green trees, cultivated in Indian gardens.

576 Cupressus sempervirens, Linn.

The eolumnar or upright cypress of Indian gar-
dens and cemeteries. Originally introduced from
Europe or the North-west of India. Although cul-
tivated solely for scenic effect, in local gardens, the
wood of this tree is known to be exceedingly durable,
and is much prized in Hastern Europe for making
trunks and other domestic articles. Local trees

have not seeded, but they are readily propagated b
the process called ‘ Chinese pratiinee” a :

MYSORE AND COORG. 315

577 Podocarpus latifolia, WALL.

A small evergreen tree of the South-Western
Peninsula. Cultivated in the Lal-Bagh.

578 Dammara robusta, C. Moors.

The Queensland Kauri pine. Introduced from
Australia and cultivated in the Botanical Gardens.
Of this splendid evergreen tree, Mr. Waiter Hill
writes as follows :— Diameter of trunk 36 to 72 in;
height 80 to 130 feet. This huge tree inhabits the
alluvial banks on the rivers near the coast in the
Wide Bay district ; also inthe moist and sheltered
valleys on Frazer’s Island. It has a smooth-barked
trunk, of a red colour; the branches are produced
in whorls of 5 to 10, distant, spreading, and of a
large size. The wood is fine grained, free of knots
and easily worked. It is, however, not a plentiful
tree. At the present time—1880—the sawyers are
receiving 7s. 6d, for 100 superficial feet. Some
trees yield as much as 25,000 feet.”

579 Dammara Australis, Lamprrr,

. The Kauri pine of New Zealand. Cultivated in
the Botanical gardens and growing well. “ This
magnificent tree measures, under favorable circum-
stances, 180 feet in height and 17 feet in diameter
of stem ; the estimated age of such a tree being 700
or 800 years.” Baron von Mueller. The timber
afforded by these two species of Dammara is re-
markable for its uniformity of grain, exemption
from knots, and size of plank. The kauri
resin of New Zealand is a curious product
which the Maoris gather mostly from the sites of
extinct kauri forests. Cones are produced on the
Bangalore trees, and a few self-sown seedlings have
recently been discovered in flower pots standing
adjacent to one tree ; this is very encouraging as all
hand sowings of the seed produced from this tree
had failed entirely, and it was thought that the seed
was sterile. A deep soil containing plenty of

316 FOREST TREES.

moisture has proved favourable to vigorous growth
The finest tree in the collection has attained the
height of 67 feet.

580 Frenela Gunnii, Ewo..
The Tasmanian pine, and F. columellaris, F.
Muell, are effective evergreen trees. Cultivated in

the Lal-Bagh, but too delicate for forest planting.
581 Araucaria Cookii, R. Br.

The Caledonian pine. In local cultivation, this
handsome conifer hasa peculiar habit of enclining
towards the east or south east. But in places where
the trees are sheltered from the full force of the
South West monsoon,the growth is erect or nearly so.
Cones are produced on two aged trees in the Bota-
nical Gardens, and the seeds contained in these are
beginning to germinate. The species forms exten-
sive forests in New Caledonia, where single speci-
mens attain the height of 200 feet. Much prized
for ornamental effect in gardens and pleasure
grounds, and for Christmas trees, where the species
is produced in quantity.

Cultivation.—Planted in deep loam, with a liberal
top-dressing of leaf mould, seedlings soon lay hold
of the moist subsoil and become independent of
irrigation. Plants raised from layers never form a
leader, and are therefore useless for the production
of trees. To form a grove or avenue, sturdy seed-
lings ofa foot and upwards in height should be
selected, planting at 30 feet apart during showery
weather,

582 Araucaria Bidwillii, Hoox.

Introduced from Queensland and cultivated in the
Lal Bagh. Known in Australia as the Bunya Bunya.
This grand conifer has thriven well in local cultiva-
tion, growth being erect and symmetrical in almost
every specimen. The two finest trees in Banga-
lore will be found,one on either side of the band-

MYSORE AND CoorG. S17

stand,in the Lal Bagh. These trees have attained
a height of 80 feet, and are about 32 years of age.
A few cones are occasionally produced on one of
the trees, but the seeds contained in them appear to
be imperfect. For fuller information relating to
this important species, the reader is referred to the
following paragraph by Mr. Walter Hill of
Brisbane :—

“A noble tree, inhabiting the scrubs in the dis-
trict between Brisbane and the Burnett Rivers.
In the 20th parallel, it grows thickly over a portion
of country, in extent about 30 miles long and by 12
broad. The tree has a very singular appearance,
the trunk is quite straight; its bark is thick and
smooth ; the branches are produced in whorls of
six, seven or eight; they are horizontal, inflexed,
and ascending at the extremities. From the style
of growth, singular foliage, and peculiar fresh
colour, when surrounded with other trees of a differ-
ent habit and greyish tint, it produces a fine effect,
from the striking contrast presented by its rigid
growth, and fresh green lance-shaped leaves. The
wood is not only very strong and good, but it is
full of beautiful veins, and capable of being polished
and worked with the greatest facility. The cones
produced on the extreme upper branches, with
their apex downwards, are large, measuring 9 to 12
inches in length, and 10 inches in diameter; on
coming to maturity they rapidly shed their seeds,
which are 2 to 24 inches- long by 1 inch broad,
sweet before being perfectly ripe, and after that
resemble roasted chestnuts in taste. In accordance
with regulations issued by the Government, the tree
is not allowed to be cut down by those who are
licensed to fall timber on the Crown lands, the fruit
being used as food by the aboriginals. The trees
produce some cones every year, but the principal
harvest happens only every three years, when the

318 FOREST TREES.

blacks assemble from all quarters to feast on it.
The food seems to have a fattening effect upon them,
and they eat large quantities of it, after roasting it
at a fire. Contrary to their usual habits, they some-
times store up the Bunya nuts,hiding themin a water-
hole for a month or two. Here they germinate, and
become offensive in taste to a white man’s palate,
but are considered by the blacks to have then ac-
quired an improved flavour. The taste of the Bunya
when fresh has been described as something between
a chestnut and a raw potato.”

Cultivation —The same as for .4. Coohti. But as
the tree attains a greater diameter than the latter it
should be-planted at 45 feet apart. Only strong
seedlings of 18 inches and upwards should be used
for planting out in the field.

583 Araucaria excelsa, R. Br.

The Norfolk Island pine. This magnificent
tree, which has recently been introduced for trial
attains. a maximun height of 220 feet, with trunk
10 feet in diameter. ike the other species of the
genus, it is conical in form, rigidly symmetrical, and
evergreen. The timber has been used in Australia
for ship-building. Propagate from seed, and plant
out finally at 40 feet apart.

584 Araucaria Cunninghamii, Arr.

The Moreton Bay pine. Although, as will be
seen further on, this is the most ornamental and
useful tree in Queensland, it is by no means the
best species for this part of India.” In local culti-
vation it shoots up too rapidly and becomes, in
most specimens, a mere chandelabral spindle, the
internodes between the upper whorls of branches
being sometimes 16 feet in length. This over-
drawn growth is unsatisfactory, and causes the local
tree to possess a weird or fantastic appearance
which is quite unnatural to the species. The tree

MYSORE AND COORG. 319

is also much infested by scale—Coceus adonidum.—
If planted on the uplands of Kadur and Shimoga
(not in the interior of the forest) the Moreton Bay
pine would attain better growth. In cultivation, it
requires the same general treatment as the other
species of the genus. “ Diameter, 36—60 inches ;
height 150 to 200 feet. This majestic tree is,
without exception, the most ornamental and useful
tree in Queensland. Its beautiful regular pyramidal
form, and the sombre green of its awl-shaped foliage
command general admiration. It covers immense
tracts of land along the coast, and in the interior.
It overtops allother trees ; whether growing on the
alluvial banks near rivers, or upon the steep and
rugged mountains in the interior. Its branches are
produced in whorls from six to eight in number,
horizontally and spreading. The bark is thick and
brownish. The timber is an article of great com-
mercial importance, and is used extensively in this
colony. The wood is strong and durable when
kept dry, but soon decays when exposed to alter-
nate damp and dryness. , When produced from the
mountains in the interior, it is fine-grained and is
susceptible of a high polish, which excels that of
satin wood or birds-eye maple. The resin which
exudes from the trunk is very remarkable ; it has all
the transparency and whiteness of crystal; and that
portion of it which adheres to the trees, hangs from
them inthe shape of icicles, which are sometimes
3 feet long and 6 to 12 inches broad. ‘The sawyers
receive at the present time 6s. 6d. to 7s. per hundred
superficial feet, some trees yielding as much .as
10,000 feet of saleable timber.” Walter Hill.

Avaucaria Cunninghamii var glauca is a variet
with silvery foliage recently mtroduced for trial.

585 Thuja orientalis, Linn.

320 FOREST TREES.

The Arbor Vite. Asmall evergreen tree of local
gardens. Introduced from China, but seldom attain-
ing to more than a shrub in Mysore. The evergreen
branches are popularly used for Christmas decorations.
Succeeds well in the cooler climate of Ootacamund.

LxXX. CYCADACEA.

586 Cycas circinalis, Linn. Kan. Goddu ichalu.

This small tree, with its naked trunk and terminal
crown of long, pinnate, shining, coriaceous leaves, is
often mistaken for a palm or tree fern. But being
a well marked Gymnosperm, it bears no relationship
to these trees. ‘The species is plentiful in the Mala-
bar district, where it mostly affects the low or inter-
mediate hills situated between the Ghats and the sea,
and where a useful flour is prepared from the nuts
of the tree. Jtis less abundant in this province,
and does not appear to enter into the domestic
economy of the people. The local vernacular name
is somewhat misleading, as Ichalu is the proper
name for the Mysore toddy palm, a species which
bears no affinity to the genus Cycas.

LXXTI. SCITAMINEA.
587 Musa superba, Roxs. Kan. Kadn bali, Betta bali.
Fig.—IVight Ic. t. 2017. Bot. May. t. 3849—

3850.
References.—Fl. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of India.

The hill plantain. An herbaceous or soft-wooded
tree of 12 to 15 feet. Indigenous to parts of the
Malnad, and occasionally cultivated for ornament;
symmetry of form and great beauty of leaf being
marked characteristics of the species. Leaves

MYSORH AND CooRG. 821

stoutly sheathed at the base and giving the short
trunk almost a bulbous appearance, 8—10 feet in.
length by 2 in breadth, seldom splitting except in
age, cuneate and often reddish at the base. The
plant dies after seeding, and it does not throw out
offsets. A somewhat coarse fibre is afforded by
the stem and petiole. ‘Dr. Dymock has recently
found a sweet, translucent, jelly-like manna exuding
from the plant, which, when dried at a low tem-
perature, yielded 82°3 per. cent. of fermentable
sugar.” (Hooper, Chem. Notes on Mannas, 1891.)

The fruit of the wild plantain is not edible, but it
matures seed from which the species is readily
multiplied.

588 Musa sapientum, Linn. Kan. Bale.

References.—Fl. of Brit. Ind.; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.; Drury U. Pl. |

The banana tree. There are many varieties of
this useful species, which have been cultivated in
Indian gardens from pre-historic time. But like
the plantain tree, the banana is essentially domesti-
cated, and soon becomes extinct if wholly left to its
own resources. It follows the haunts of men, and
occupies a place in nearly every locality where
there is irrigable land and density of population.
Patches of cultivation adjoin every important
village in the low country, adding a verdant beauty
to the scene which is distinctly tropical in its effect.
The several varieties of banana furnish the table
fruit, which is consumed in the raw state ; but under
special preparation they also afford banana meal
and are made into cakes and puddings. Enormous
quantities of fruit are consumed in Indian cities,
where the market value is higher than in the
country, but the supply is always equal to the de-
mand and even the poorest classes are able to secure
a share of this nutritious fruit. In addition to

Al

es ¥ gateise has,

322 FOREST TREES.

ae

being cheap, the banana possesses the great advan-
tage over most other fruits of being available all the
year round. One or two varieties of the species are
exclusively cultivated for their soft flexible leaves,
which are popularly used by the better classes to
serve food upon, in lieu of dishes, Musa sapientum
var. Paradisiacu affords the plantain, which differs
from the banana in being larger, coarser, and un-
suited for eating in the raw state. The stem of the
plantain tree is green, while the bracts are purple
on the inner face. The banana, on the other hand,
has a purple-spotted stem and its bracts are green-
coloured on the inner face. The plantain, or cook-
ing variety, is not so abundant in this province as it
is on the plains of India, where the preparation of
the fruit is better understood.

The following varieties of banana and plantain
are commonly met with in local cultivation.

Kan—Yelakki bale. «» Large fruited banana.

if 53 «» Small de, of same.

Yele bale. ... Cultivated for the leaves only.

Gulur bale. --. Large butter banana.
ae 3 «. Small. ,, re

Katte bale. « Cooking plantain.

Madranga bale.

Rasa bale. ... Dessert banana,

Havu bale. ... Snake banana.

Gujja bale. .. Short banana.

Putta bale. + Small, elegant banana.

Chandra bale. ... Red banana.

Jain bale. ... Honey banana,

Raja bale. «. Royal banana.

Pacha bale. .«. Green banana,

Cultivation.—Seed is rarely produced by the
domesticated forms of this variable species ; but pro-
pagation is readily effected by the division of offsets,
which are freely produced around the parent stem.
To obtain the finest crops of fruit, the banana
requires frequent irrigation and liberal treatment in
the application of plant food. Alluvial silt, reddish

o

MYSORE AND COORG, 8938

loam, and black cotton soil are equally suitable as a
ground-work for this cultivation, but in each case
should be added a good proportion of farmyard
manure, with occasional top-dressings of oil-cake,
bone-dust, night soil, and liquid manure. Plant at
intervals of two months so as to keep up a succes-
sion of fruit.

589 Musa textilis, Nez. In Cav.

The Manilla hemp tree. Cultivated in Botanical
Gardens. Mr. J. G. Baker includes it in the Flora
of .British India as a variety or subspecies of
M. sapientum. In general appearance, it closely
resembles the latter, although the fruit is worthless.
It is the Abaca of the Phillippines.

“The Abaca is cut when about one year and a
half old, just before its flowering or frutification is
likely to appear, as afterwards the fibres are said to
be weaker. If cut earlier, the fibres are said to be
shorter and finer. It is cut near its roots, and the
leaves cut, off just below their expansion. It is then
slit open longitudinally, and the central peduncle
separated from the sheathing layers of fibres, which
are in fact the petioles of the leaves. Of these lay-
ers the outer are harder and stronger, and form the
kind of fibre called bandala, which is employed in the
fabrication of cordage. The inner layers consist of
finer fibres and yield what is called /upis, and are used
for weaving the nipis and other more delicate fibres ;
while the intermediate layers are converted into
what is called twpoz, of which are made web-cloths
and gauzes, four yards long, -of different degrees of
fineness. These are universally used as clothing:
some being so fine that a garment may be enclosed
in the hollow ofa hand.” Royle.

' The ornamental species M. ensete, from Abyssinia,
and M. sumatrana, are usually cultivated in the
Botanical Gardens.

324 FOREST TREES.

590 Ravenala madagascariensis, Sonner.

The traveller’s tree. Introduced from Madagas-
car and cultivated in a few local gardens for orna-
ment, or as a curiosity.

LXXII. PALMACEA,
591 Areca Catechu, Linn. Kan. Adike.
References —Pharm. Ind; Dict. of Econ. Prod.
of LInd.; Fl. of Brit. Ind.

The Areca-nut or betel-nut palm. An evergreen tree
having atall, slender, annulate trunk of uniform thick-
ness, surmounted by a small crown of pinnate leaves
4—6 ft. nlength. In favourable situations, the simple
trunk attains to a height of nearly 100 feet without
a bend, but in less suitable localities the average
height is 50—70 feet. Areca-nut gardens are a profit-
able source of income both to the cultivator and the
State, the latter deriving a large revenue from a
halut or custom duty levied upon the nut. The
finest betel-nut gardens are situated on the confines
of the Malnad, where there is rich soil and plenty of.
water. Places that are specially noted for the ex-
cellence of their nuts are Birur, Nagar, Periyapatna
Chiknayakanhalli, Madgiri, and Channapatna. In
cultivation, the tree is often associated with the
cocoa-nut palm, although exclusive plantations are
numerous and admittedly the most profitable in the
Malnad. As a masticatory, with lime and the betel-
leaf, the demand for Areca-nut is practically unli-
mitedin the east. The consumption is enormous,
and India is said to require 30,500,000 pounds of
the nut annually in addition to her own produce,
which is very great. In Mysore, there are two dis.
tinct varieties of the species, one producing large
and the other small fruits. There are also numer-
ous preparations of the nuts for ceremonial, and
marketable purposes.

MYSORE AND COORG. 325

Cultivation—The betel-nut palm is propagated
readily from seed, which is planted in rows in half-
filled trenches of sand under shade. When firmly
placed in position, the ripe nuts are covered over to
the depth of 4—5 inches with a compost of sand
and black soil in equal parts; the trench is then
well saturated with water every third or fourth day
during the dry season, and until the seedlings are
well sprouted, but the latter should not be removed
to the plantation until they are properly rooted and at
least a foot in height. The partial shade which is
necessary in the early stages of cultivation, is
usually provided by an associated crop of bananas
planted a month or two in advance of the Areca-nuts,
and intermediately with the pits prepared for the
latter. It is also customary to continue the cultiva-
tion of bananas or plantains with the object of
intercepting radiation and maintaining a cool, moist
surface for the benefit of the main crop. A fertile
black soil containing calcareous nodules near the
surface, is prized for this cultivation, but it is a sine
qua non that the water level should not be many
teet below the surface, and where such is the case,
alluvial silt, and ordinary loam are equally produc-
tive soils. Itis necessary during the rainy season
to drain off superfluous water by means of open
ditches placed at intervals between the rows of
trees, for although the Areca requires a perennial
supply of moisture at no great depth in the subsoil,
it 18 keenly susceptible of being water-logged. In
the Malnad, it is usual to plant two seedlings in one
pit, the weaker of the pair being subsequently re-
moved when there is little risk of failure on the
part of the reserved specimen. In topes exclusively
apportioned to the £reca-nut, the planting is mostl
too close ; 1,200 to 1,500 trees being allotted to the
acre, exclusive of the banana trees. The results
would in all probability prove more advantageous

326 FOREST TREES.

in the end if the trees were allowed greater space,
or say 6—7 feet between the pits. A full grown
tree is calculated to produce 250 to 300 nuts annu-
ally. The Mysore product is highly valued at
Bombay, where it realises Rs. 80—100 per candy of

54 cwt.
592 Areca alba, Rumen. A rubra, Bory., and a few
other exotic species are cultivated in the Botanical

Gardens.

593 Arenga saccharifera, LasiLt.

The sago palm of Malacca, and the Malaya also
known as the sugar palm. Cultivated in the
Botanical Gardens, where it only succeeds under
the shade of other trees.

594 Caryota urens, Linn. Kan. Bagani, Byree.
Fig.—Bot. Pl. Lal-Bagh Collection.

References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind. ; Fl.
uf Brit. Ind.

The bastard sago or hill toddy-palm. Abundant
in the warmer parts of the Malnad, but seldom
found in the maidan, except in gardens. A hand-
some species attaining in good situations to nearly
50 feet. Trunk solitary, stout, annulate, clothed
by afew bipinnate leaves of enormous size and
great beauty. The immense spadix bearing a huge
cluster of long drooping branchlets of flowers or
fruit, as the case may be, is a marked feature of the
species, While the flowers are still in bud, these
pendulous clusters are conspicuous objects for
several weeks, and are greatly prized for decoration
on the occasion of native weddings. A very strong
but somewhat coarse fibre is afforded by the large
sheathing petiole of the leaf, while the cord-like
fibro-vascular bundles at the base of the leaf sheath
furnishes the material known as Kittul fibre, which
in Ceylon and elsewhere, enters largely into the

MYSORE AND COORG. $27

pares

manufacture of ropes, brushes, brooms, and baskets,
&c. In bringing this product to notice, Dr. Watt
very naturally wishes to know if some effort could
not be made to develope the latent fibre industries
of India. That the country possesses enormous
material of this class goes without saying. When
young and middle-aged, the Bagani abounds in palm
wine ora sweetish sap which is palatable to the
taste when newly drawn, but it soon ferments,
when it is converted into arrackor jaggery. The
finest toddy is obtained from the buds of the inflore-
scence during the hot weather. But as the tree
ages, the flow of sap diminishes, anda pithy or
farinaceous substance is formed in the old trunk
which, on preparation, affords a kind of sago. In
regions where the tree is abundant, the natives are
said to utilise this food-product toa very large
extent, butit does not appear to be so used in Mysore.
“ Outer wood fibrous, very dense, reddish-brown or
black. Used for plough-shafts, rafters, reepers,
wall-slabs, water-conduits, tank-pipes and rice-
pounders. Being conical, the base of the tree is
ingeniously fashioned into rice-measures, also into a
species of drum called Toodama, which when operat-
ed upon with two leather thongs, creates a most
deafening noise.” Graham Anderson.

“A large tree prized chiefly on account of the
sweet sap or toddy which it yields in abundance.
The fibre obtained from the peduncle (petiole ?) is
made into rope and fishing lines. The tree (trunk)
is also used for conveying water.” Lovery,

Cultivation—The seeds of this tree germinate
very freely after an occupation of nearly three
months. Steeping for a few hours in tepid or
camphorated water would no doubt accelerate ger-
mination as the outer coating of the seed is naturally
yery hard, In virgin forest, alluvial, and made-up

ay we aes —_ oe: ne

$98 FOREST TREES.

garden soils, the Bagant succeeds well and becomes
a fine decorative tree in 4—5 years. But it affects
the moist regions of the hills where the annual rain-
fall ranges from 100 to 200 inches, and in the maidan
part of the province systematic irrigation is needed
to produce the best results. In its natural haunts,
the tree is self-productive.

595 Pheoenix sylvestris, Roxs. Kan. Ichal, Ichalu mara.
Fig—Bot. Pl. Lal-Bagh Collection.
References.—Dict. of Hcon. Prod. of Ind.;

Brand. For. Fl. 554. Fl. of Brit. Ind.

This indigenous tree is locally known as the
“ Mysore toddy-palm, ” but universally as the “ wild
date,” and “date-sugar palm.” In full grown
specimens, the solitary trunk is 830—40 feet, sur-
mounted by a dense crown—in one or two tiers—of
arched, pinnate, glabrous leaves, 10—15 feet in
length. The stout bases of the petioles (leafstalks)
being persistent and occasionally spinous, the trunk
presents rather a formidable appearance. The
toddy palm is not stoloniferous, but self-sown
seedlings are so near to each other at times that
they appear to proceed from a common root-stock.
Flowers dicecious. Spadices erect and interfoliar,
curved outwards and downwards in fruit. Male
spadix 2—8 ft., female spadix longer, stouter, and
usually changing to a reddish tint. In both sexes,
the straw-coloured flowers are at first enveloped in
a stout basilar spathe. The male flowers are the
most conspicuous, during the short time they last.
Fruit orange-yellow, or ultimately with a slightly
reddish tinge, 1} in. terete, in ample clusters ; eaten
occasionally by children and beggars. Groves of
this useful palm are distributed at intervals through-
out the maidan, or flat portion of the province,
where they occupy extensive areas of the best dry

Per ee re ud wo ee ee ee ee oe

Jilap showing the approximate distetb ution of the
Mysore Toddy Palm, Phenix syfoestris,

MADRA 9

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ee ee . era

MYSORE AND COORG. 329

Jand in.valleys, ravines and level plains; the total
area thus occupied being roughly computed at
30,000 acres. (See Revenue and Agricultural Depart-
ment’s Statistics of sugar plants and sugar in 1888.)
The finest groves are found in the Districts of
Chitaldroog and Mysore, where the trees often
attain a large size. But the pernicious practice of
tapping very young trees and allowing the sap to
run too long from older ones, is highly inimical to
healthy development, and may account to some
extent for the stunted growth which is observable
in some of the plantations. The tapping season
should be strictly confined to the months of Decem-
ber, January, and February, when the fall in temper-
ature facilitates the flow of sap. The tendency to
commence operations earlier and to pursue them
later than the above period will, it should be re-
membered, have a corresponding tendency to exhaust
the trees. In travelling through the toddy groves
at this season, a great number of chatties or earthen
vessels will be seeu suspended to the trees at
varying heights from the ground, but always imme-
diately under the crown of leaves or between the
two crowns, as the case may be, and where a trian-
gular incision is made (mostly in a space cleared
among the lower leaves) for the flow of sap. The
revenue authorities are responsible for the farming
out of the groves to competent contractors, but the
process of tapping is systematically pursued by an
experienced class of workmen called Idigas or
toddy drawers, who operate upon the trees in
cycles of seven or more ata time. Toddy, that is
the crude sap in a sweet or slightly fermented
condition, is largely consumed in the villages ; while
a much smaller proportion is boiled down with the
object of manufacturing jaggery and date sugar.
Under the existing rules, arrack is not distilled from
the fermented juice, although this industry is
42

830 FOREST TREES.

pursued in the adjoining districts of S. Canara)
Krishna, and Cochin. The leaves of the tree -aré
plaited into useful mats, and the spadix of the female
flower, cut at acertain stage of growth, forms'a
good chunam brush.
Cultivation —It isan axiom in this province that
the presence of Ichalu ina healthy condition is a
sure indication of good land, and as a matter of fact
the species has never been known to succeed on had
land. A good depth of alluvial silt on a. porous
subsoil, is generally looked upon as the best medium
for the successful cultivation of this industrial palm.
The species is reproductive from seed, and the
latter germinate freely under artificial treatment
also. In forming groves, plant at 12—15 feet

apart. 2
596 Phoenix dactylifera, Linn. Kan. Kurjoora, Khar-

ura.
References.—Brand. For. Fl, 552. Dict: of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

The Arabian date palm. A number of superior
varieties and several bags of seeds were imported
from the Persian Gulf districts in 1885. Subsequent
cultivation at the Lal-Bagh and afew provincial
centres proved fairly satisfactory ; but the experience
thus gained points to the probability that Mysore is
too far removed from the date. zone to offer special
facilities for more than an ornamental growth of
this useful palm. The trees in the Botanical Gardens
have grown fairly well, and have been productive of
offsets, but none of them have flowered. The
species is established in North-West India, Sind,
and is under cultivation at Saharanpur, Lucknow,
Hyderabad, and other important centres. Under
the most favourable conditions of growth, the date
palm is a magnificent tree of 100 feet and upwards.
Mt differs from the wild date tree in throwing out
numerous offsets.

MYSORE AND GOORC. $31

597 Phoenix rupicola, T. Anpzrs.

A small but very elegant palm of Northern India,
Cultivated in the Lal-Bagh.
598 Phoenix farinifera, Roxs. Kan. Sanna ichalu,

References.—Fl. of Brit. Ind. ; Dict. of Econ.
Prod. of Ind.

This almost stemless species is gregarious in many
parts of the province, especially towards the hills
where it occupies large areas of Karab land and
replaces. the toddy palm. Leaves prickly. Fruit
shining-black when ripe. The short stem or root-
stock contains a farinacious pith which was fully
described by Roxburgh, and is utilised in some
parts of India for food. The product seems to be
unknown in Mysore. The leaves are occasionall
used to thatch huts, and they afford excellent fuel
for potteries.

599 Corypha australis, R. Br. Australian fan-palm.

600 Licuala spinosa, Worms.

601 Livistona Mauritiana, Watt. Mauritius fan-palm,
602 Elezis guineensis, Jaca. African oil-palm.

603 Oreodoxa Regia, W1LLD. Royal palm of Cuba.
604 Rhapis flabelliformis, Linn. Ground rattan,

‘The above named are exotic palms of which fine
_ specimens will be seen in the Botanical Gardens at
Bangalore.

605 Borassus flabellifer, Linn.-Kan. Tale.

References.—Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.;
Brand. For. Fl, 544.

‘The palmyra tree of the plains of India, Burma,
and Ceylon. Itis avery characteristic feature of
the eastern Tamil country, where groves and lines
of trees are seen at intervals nearly all over the
plains; and so important isit to the people that.a
‘Tamil poem is said to enumerate 800 uses to which

332 FOREST TREES.

the various parts of the tree are put. But except
in a few localities in the warmer districts the tree is
seldom met with in Mysore nor does it attain its
normal size and utility above the Eastern Ghats.

Trunk 60—70 feet, often swollen in the middle
and carrying a rather small crown of rigidly-coria-
ceous, fan-shaped leaves of variable size. In fine
specimens the leaves are 8—10 feet in diameter,
but usually much smaller when the tree is yielding
economic products in quantity. The more promi-
nent of the latter consist of gum, fibre, saccharine
juice—convertible into vinegar, toddy, spirituous
liquor, sugar, and medicinal products-—fruit, seed,
and timber. The palmyra palm requires tropical
heat, and is reproductive from seed.

606 Cocos nucifera, Linn, Kan. Tengu, Tengina mara,

References—Dict, of Econ. Prod. of Ind.;
Pharm. Ind.; Fl. of Brit, Ind.

The cocoa-nut palm, This valuable tree attains
greatest perfection near the sea-shores of tropical
countries, while in an insular position like that of
Mysore, the cultivation is neither so extensive nor
so productive as it usually is in maritime situations.
There are, however, certain localities in the province
where the extensive cultivation of the tree is a long
established and highly profitable industry, the best
known being Gubbi, Chiknayakanhalli, Honnali,
and Turuvekere in the Tumkur District; Barmasagar,
Davangere, Budihal and Mattod in Chitaldroog,
Harnhalli Taluk in Hassan, and Channapatna in the
Bangalore District. Under the best cultivation, the
tree begins to fruit in the sixthor seventh year,
and on its attaining mature growth will yield 80—
100 nuts annually. In Mysore, the tree is almost
exclusively grown for its fruit, of which there are
four established varieties described by Mr. Rice as
follows :—

MYSORE AND Coorc. 333

“Ist red; 2nd red mixd with green; 8rd
light green; and 4th dark green. These varieties
are permanent, but although the red is reckoned
somewhat better than the others, they are commonly
sold promiscuously. Their produce is nearly the
same.” Some additional varieties have recently
been introduced from Ceylon and constitute part of a
new plantation which is being formed in the Palace
Gardens at Bangalore. Good local topes are also
found in the private gardens of Sir K. Sheshadri
Iyer, and Mr. C. Meenachshaiya. Young trees are
much infested by therhinoceros beetle—Oryctes rhino-
ceros—a flying insect that settles on the palm during
the night, and bores large holes through the unopen-
ed crown, or what is usually called the cabbage
formation of the young palm, Careful hand-
picking is the surest remedy for this pest, which is
most destructive in young plantations, during the
dry season.

Cultivation—Although the cocoa-nut palm is
known to succeed best ina sandy soil near the sea,
yet it is widely: cultivated in many insular parts of
India, up to an altitude of at least 3,000 feet. Deep
garden land of a sandy nature, having perennial
moisture at afewfeet below the surface, answers
fairly well, but much depends on the temperature
and the amount of moisture contained in the air.
When entirely removed from the influence of the
sea-air, the tree requires additional care and is
~ usually much improved by an occasional top-dressing
of salt and other saline manures. Seedlings are
‘easily raised in nurseries, where the ripe nuts are
’ treated on the same principle as the betel-nut and
palmyra. When 15 inches high, they should be
transplanted into the field at 20 feet apart, although
in rich black soil, the tree attains large proportions
and is said to be most productive when planted at

884 FOREST TRERS. '

LXXIII. GRAMINES,
607 Bambusa arundinacea, Retz. Kan. Bidirn, Ande
bidarus, Bidungulu ?
Fig.—Rozb. cor. Pl. 1., t. 79.
References.—Fl. of Brit. Ind.; Phaim. Ind.;
Dict. of Econ. Prod. of Ind.

The prickly bamboo of India. Although but a
-giant grass, this is one of the most valuable products
of the forest. The bamboos of Mysore, in common
with those of other parts of the empire, die off after
seeding; but, asa rule, the seed is self-productive
and soon replaces the original clumps, it is also
widely distributed by birds and animals, It is not
unusual during periods of abnormal drought, for
whole plantations to die out; and in such cases the
seed may be prematurely formed and therefore
incapable of reproducing growth. “The Malnad
-bamboos are noted for their size, but do not equal
those that are known as andé bidarus in the Mysore
forests.” Atlas of the Mysore State. Several species
of Bambusa.are cultivated in the Botanical Gardens,
| but it is not known how many are indigenous to the.
province. . The so-called.‘male bamboo’ is not uncom-
mon in. some .parts, but.as Dr. Watt has written.
“The term ‘male bamboo’ may be gaid to be applied
to any.solid bamboo used for spear or lance staves,
.walking-sticks,&c ; it is, however,, says-the same
authority, “more particularly applicable to Dendro-
calamus. strictus.”* The golden bamboo,. (Bambusa
vulgaris). cultivated in local gardens, is an exotic
“species of great beauty. The. commercial value, of
several species of Bambusa.is well known,, and it is
Junnecessary to,enumerate their various .,uses in,a
-pocket.manual like “The Forest Trees of Mysore

sand, Coorg. ”

va inten

INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES.

A.

Abroma augusta
Acacia farnesiana
arabica
leucophlea
suma
catechu
sundra
ferruginea
Latronum
concinna
Acanthacesa
Achras sapota

Acrocarpus fraxinifolius...

Adansonia digitata

Adenanthera pavonina ..

Adina cordifolia
Aigle Marmelos

. Aglaia Roxburghiana

Ailantus excelsa
malabarica

Alangium Lamarckii

Albizzia Lebbek
odoratissima
procera
Julibrissin
stipulata
amara

Aleurites moluccana

Allamanda cathartica

Allophylus Cobbe

Alphonsea madraspatana..
Alseodaphne semecarpi-

folia eae
Alstonia scholaris
venenatus

. Amoora Rohituka

Lawii
Ampelidez
Anacardiacez

Anacardinm occidentale...

PAGE.

81

Anda Gomesii
Anogeissus latifolia
acuminata
Anonacese
Anona squamosa
reticulata
muricata

Anthocephalus Cadamba..

Antiaris toxicaria

Bunius
Apocynaceze
Araliacez
Araucaria Cookii

Bidwillii

excelsa

Cunninghamii
Ardisia humilis
Areca Catechu

alba
Arenga saccharifera
Argyreia speciosa
Artocarpus hirsuta

incisa
integrifolia

Lakoocha

Cannoni

Asclepiadeze

Antidesma Ghesembi Tce,

Asclepias curassavica

Asteriastigma macrocarpa 13

Atalantia monophylla

racemosa

Averrhoa Carambola
Bilimbi

Azima tetracantha

B.

Balanites Roxburghii

Baloghia lucida

Balsamodendron Mukul.

Berryi

56
. 262
59
59

INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES.

Tt
= — — =e
PAGE. PAGE
Bambusa arundinacea ... 334/| Cesalpinia Sappan 99
Barleria Prionitis «- 213) pulcherrima 100
Barringtonia speciosa + 145! sepiaria 100
Bassia longifolia ww 171 coriaria o. 101
latifolia , «- 1721] — tinctoria 101
malabarica . 173 | Callicarpa lanata . 220
Bauhinia tomentosa vee. LO Calophy llum inophyllm.. 16
acuminata + 111} Wightianum . 217
Vahlii ss: 111] tomentosam 17
purpurea 111 | Calotropis gigantea 192
variegata 112 | Calycopteris floribunda ... 140
monandra «+ 112} Canarium strictum 60
malabarica ee. 112 | Cannabis sativa 267
Hookerii - 112/Canthium didynum oe. 162
Beaumontia grandifiors, «. ee 188} umbellatum - 162
Berrya Ammonilla 39] parvifloram 163
Bignoniaceze 204! Capparidese 8
Bignonia venusta 206 | Careya arborea 145
Bischofia Javanica 249 | Carica Papaya 151
Bixa Orellana 10} Carissa Carandas 182
Bixinesze 9 | Caryota urens 326
Bocagea Dalzellii 8 | Cassia Fistula 103
Boehmeria nivea 299 marginata 104
Bombax malabaricum 28 occidentalis 104
Boraginese 197 sophera, 105
Borassus flabellifer 331 auriculata 105
Boswellia serrata 57 siamea, ... 106
do var. glabra . 58] glauca e- 106
Bougainvillea spectabilis.. 225 | Castanospermum australe 129
Brassaia actinupbylla 154 | Castilloa elastica 300
Breynia rhamnoides aac Casuarinese ... 300
Bridelia retusa : 243 Casuarina equisetifolia .. 300
Broussonetia papyrifera... 268 Catalpa speciosa _ 218
Buchanania latifolia 81] Cedrela Toona 68
Buddleia asiatica +» 197 | Oslastrinese 71
Burseraceze -- 571 Celastrus paniculata 71
Bursera serrata s+ 60 | Celtis Wightii . 265
Butea froudosa_ «91 | Ceratonia siliqua .. 130
Buxus sempervirens 4, 243 | Cerbera Odollam ».. 182
rel Chickrassia tabularis 67
: Chloroxylon swietenia 69
Cactez ... 152 | Chrysophyllum Cainito .. 170
Gadabactndica, " ““g | Cinchona succirubra . 167
Cwsalpinia Bonducella ... 99 Cinnamomum zeylanicum, 228
Bonduc we 99] mers wee 229

INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES.

iy

PAGE,

Cinnamomum macrocar-
pum ... 229
nitidum ws. 230

Cipadessa fruticosa 64
Citharexylum surrectum, 225

Citrus medica 50
do var. Limonum 51
do var. acida 51
do var. Limetta 52
Aurantium wees 2
decumana wes. 53

Clausena Wampi 48
indica 48
Willdenovii aw. 48

Cleistanthus collinus ... 247

Clerodendron inerme . 224

Cochlospermum Gossypium 9

Cocos nucifera vee 832
Coffea arabica . 165
Cola acuminata . 389
Colvillea racemosa .. 1380
Combretaceze . 132
Compositze ... 168
Conifere . we 814
Convolvulacez . 200
Cordia Myxa wo. 197

obliqua . 198

Rothii 198
Cornaceze 154
Cornus macrophylla 155
Corypha australis 331
Couroupita guianensis 146
Crateva religiosa we «=8
Crescentia cujete 213
Croton Tiglium .. 256

oblongifolius ... 256
Cryptostegia grandiflora... 191
Cupressus torulosa vee 314

Funebris a 314

sempervirens .. 814
Cuscuta reflexa eee 202
Cycadacez ... 820
Cycas circinalis wee 320

PAGE
D.
Demia extensa 193
Dalbergia Sissoo 92
latifolia « 93
rubiginosa - «94
sympathetica oe §=94
lanceolaria 594
paniculata 95
Dammara robusta we 315
Australis woe B15
Datura stramonium ... 203
fastuosa wos 208
Metel 203
Debregeasia velutina 299
Decaschistia trilobata 25
Dichopsis elliptica 170
Dichrostachys cinerea 114
Dilleniaceze 1
Dillenia indica . 1
bracteata 1
pentagyna » 2
iospyros montana 175
Embryopteris . 176
Ebenum 177
microphylla 177
Tupra 178
melanoxylon « 178
Kaki vee 178
Dipterocarpee ... 20
ipterocarpus turbinatus. 20
Dodonza viscosa eee OLE
Dolichandrone falcata ,, 206
Duranta Ellisia 994
Dario Zibethinus ew. Ol
E.

Ebenacez ooo 175
Echolium Linneanum .,;, 213
Ehretia levis -. 199
Wightiana . 199
buxifolia . 199
Eleagnaceze +. 233
Eleagnus latifolia ses 233
Elais guineensis ove GOL

1v

INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES,

Eleocarpus serratus
oblongus
tuberculatus
rugosus
ferrugineus

Eleodendron giaucum

Embelia robusta

Erinocarpus Nimmoanus...

Eriobotrya japonica

Eriodendron anfractuosum

Eriolena Candollei
Erythrina indica
stricta
ovalifolia
suberosa
glauca

Erythroxylon monogynum

coca
Eucalyptus marginata
rostrata
citriodora
Eugenia malaccensis
jambos
hemispherica
leta |
myrtifolia
zeylanica
operculata
jambolana
floccosa
Heyneana
Euphorbiacez
Euphorbia Tirucalli
neriifolia
antiquorum
Evalvulus alsinoides
Excecaria robusta
crenulata

F.

Fagreea obovata
Feronia Elephantum

PAGE.

42
42
43

. 140

1. 143

Ficus gibbosa, var. para-

Sitica

Ficus Dalhousie
. Bengalensis
mysorensis
tomentosa
indica
Benjamina
elastica
Trimeni
retusa -
Talboti
nervosa
Rumphii
religiosa
Tjakela
Tsiela...
infectoria
asperrima
pumila
hispida.
Roxburghii_
glomerata
macrophylla
Cunninghami
Carica,
Filicium decipiens
Flacourtia sepiaria —
Flueggia microcarpa
Leucopyrus
Frenela Gunnii

G.

Garcinia Cambogia
Morella,
Xanthochymus

Gardenia lucida
gummifera
latifolia

Garuga pinnata

Geraniacez
Gironniera reticulata
Givotia rottleriformis

zeylanicum

Gelonium lanceolatum ; ¥

Glochidion neilgherrense ,.

INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES.

Vv
PAGE. PAGE.
Glycosmis pentaphylla ... 47] Hibiscus cannabinus .. 26
Gmelina arborea +++ 221) Hiptage Madablota we 45
Gossypium arboreum .-- 28/Holarrhena antidysen-
Gramines wee 334 terica w. 184
Grevillea robusta -. 232] Holigarna Arnottiana ... 84
Grewia tilizfolia 40| ferruginea 84
oppositifolia ' 41) longifolia a 84
asiatica 41 | Holoptelia integrifolia 264
levigata 41 | Hopea parviflora 23
columnaris -» 42) Wightiana ee. 24
Guaiacum officinale «. 45 | Hura crepitans . 262
Guazuma tomentosa «. 38] Hydnocarpus Wightiana.. « 12
Guttifere ees alpina 12
Gymnema sylvestre «e 194 | Hymenodictyon. excelsum, 158
Gymnosporia montana «. 71{/ obovatum «. 159
Gynocardia edorata 11 7
H. I
chnocarpus frutescens ... 189
: Tpomea Turpethum 200
Heematoxylon campechi- “ Mecae eat ane
_ anum we 1S aap 901
Hamelia patens .. 167 cow e ;
Hardwickia binata —... 107) ta 201
pinnata a 108 | CHOBE 201
Helicia robusta wes a] | 1082 parvatora 163
Helicteres Isora see ae | | ees 164
Hemicyclia venusta wee DAY J.
elata: a» 249
Hemidesmus indicus 190 | Jasminum sambac 179
Hemigyrosa deficiens 75 | Jatropha glandulifera... 251
Heptapleurum venulosum. 153 curcas wa. 252,
Heritiera littoralis 34) multifida 253
Hernandia bivalvis 231 | Jussisva suffruticosa 151
sonor, 231 | Justicia gendarussa 213
eee is Monniera 204:
Heteropkragma adeno- gs K.
13 rs Kigelia pinnata 213
Hevea, braziliensis vale 2 hens Hospita waa: 00
Spruceana w+ 264 Kopsia fruticosa 183
Heynea trijuga ws 65 K ri eet a:
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Bele ene nee
Abelmoschus 26 Te
egculentus 26
Sabdariffa .. 26) Lagerstroomia indica .. 148
tiliaceus o» 26' parviflora .. 148

INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES.

VI
PAGE,
Lagerstrcemia lanceolata... 148
Flos-Regine ee. 149
Lagunaria Patersoni 31
Landolphia Kirkii « 190
Lantana indica we. 214
camara cy OT
Laurinez . 228
Lawsonia alba . 147
Leguminose ior 8S
Lettsomia sp- . 200
. 115

Leucena glauca
Licuala spinosa

331

Ligustrum robustum -- 180

Roxburghii - 180
Limonia acidissima 49
Lines . 44
Linociera malabarica .. 180
Litsea Wightiana w. 230
Livistona Mauritiana ... 331
Loganiacez w. 195
Loranthacee wee 283
Loranthus longiflorus ... 233
Lythracex o 147

M.

Maba nigrescens 175
Macadamia ternifolia 231
Macaranga indica 259

Roxburghii 259
Machilus macrantha 230
Meesa indica 168
Magnoliaces 2
Magnolia grandiflora 3
Malachra capitata 25
Mallotus philippinensis ... 258
Malpighiaceze 45
Malvacee 25
Mangifera indica ‘78
Manihot Glaziovii 253

utilissima 255
Melastomacer 146
Meliaces . 61
Melia Azadirachta « 61

Azedarach ay 08

PAGE,
Melia dubia eee §=64,
Meliosma, Wightii 78
Arnottiana w. 78
Melochia velutina ses 37
Memecylon edule 146
Mesua ferrea «. 18
Michelia Champaca ws 29
nilagirica ‘i 3
Millingtonia hortensis ... 204,
Mimusops Hlengi 173
hexandra woe 174
Morinda citrifolia var.
bracteata 166
Moringes «» 86
Moringa pterygosperma... 86
concanensis ee §=87
Morus indica eos 269
Murraya exotica - 47
Keenigii we 47
Musa superba eer 320
sapientum oe 321
textilis eee 323
Mussenda frondosa eee 159
Myristicee wee 226
Myristica fragrans «. 226
laurifolia eo» 226
malabarica +. 227
magnifica wee 227
Farquhariana oes 228
Myrsinez... .. 168
Myrtacee .. ww. 140
N.
Nephelium Litchi wee
Longana ee 77
Nerium odorum .- 187
Nicotiana Tabacum eo 208
Noronhia emurginata ... 18]
Nyctaginex sue 220
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis,,. 179
O.
Ochnacez eae
Ochna squarrosa oe 57

INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. vil
PAGE. PAGE.
Ochrocarpus longifolius... | 15 | Prosopis spicigera 114
Odina wodier 82 | Proteaceze.. 231
Olacinez... 70 | Protium caudatum 59
Olax scandens .- 0} pubescens 60
Olea glandulifera . 180 | Prunus Persica ew 182
Oleacez ... w. 179 communis 132
Onagraceze ... LE] | Psidium guyava «. 140
Opuntia Dillenii . 152] Pterocarpus santalinus ... 95
Oreodoxa Regia .. 331 Marsupium 97
Oroxylum indicum . 205 | Pterolobium indicum 101
Ostodes zeylanica . 257 | Pterospermum suberif-
Oxystelma esculentum ... 192 olium 36
Heyneanum 86
P. glabrescers «» §=6386
obtusifolium - 386
Palmaceze ... 324 | Punica granatum --» 150
Parkia biglandulosa ... 115 | Putranjiva Roxburghii ... 248
Parkinsonia aculeata 103 | Pyrus Malus w» 182
Passifloreze 151; communis . 132
Pavetta indica 165
Peltophorum ferrugineum 101 R.
Persea gratissima 231
Phenix sylvestris 328 | Randia dumetorum « 160
dactylifera ... 8380 | uliginosa . 161
rupicola -. 3S Ravenala madagascari-
farinifera . 331 ensis aes . 324
Phyllanthus Emblica .., 244 | Rhamneze a. 72
distichus . 246 | Rhapis flabelliformis ... 331
indicus ... 246 | Rhinacanthus communis .. 213
Pisonia alba ... 226 | Ricinus communis. .. 260
Pithecolobium dulce... 126 Rosaceze eee .. 131
bigeminum 127 | Rubiacez ee 155
saman ... 128 | Rubia cordifolia . 167
Plumeria acutifolia ... 183 | Rutacez ... 46
Podocarpus latifolia a. Old .
. Peeciloneuron indicum | a. 19 S.
pauciflorum 20
Poinciana elata 1062 | Sabiacee... 78
Regia 102 | Saccopetalum ‘jpieuioeum 7
Polyalthia longifolia 3 | Salicinez... ve 313
coffeoides 4 | Salix tetrasperma . 313
fragrans .. 4] _ babylonica «- 813
cerasoides .. _5!Salvadoracese . 181
-Pongamia glabra ; . 98] Samadera indica . 56
Premna tomentosa .. 220] Santalacesre ' oo. 234

VIII

INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA,

AND SPECIES.

Santalum album

Sapindacese

Sapindus trifoliatus

Sapium sebifernm
discolor

Sapotaceze
Saraca indica

Sarcocephalus cima
Sarcostemma brevistigma.

Schinus Molle
Schleichera trijuga

Schrebera swietenioides...

Scitamines

Scleropyrum Wallidhie..

num os
Scolopia crenata
Scrophularinez
Scutia indica
Secamone emetica

Semecarpus Anacardium ..

var. cuneifolia
Sesbania egyptiaca
aculeata
grandiflora
Shorea Talura
robusta
_ _ Tumbuggaia
Sideroxylon inerme
Simarubeze
Solanaceze
Solanum arboreum
indicum
nigrum
xanthocarpum
trilobatum
verbascifolium
torvum
ferox

Soymida febrifuga 9° ire
Spathodea campanulata...

Spondias mangifera
acuminata

Stephegyne parvifolia

Sterculiaceze

PAGE
Sterculia foetida 31
urens 32
villosa ws «82
guttata ww. «33
Balanghas . 33
alata 34
populifolia 34
acerifolia : 34
Stereospermum ievedens 208
chelonoides 210
xylocarpum 211
species . 213
Streblus asper | . 267
Strychnos Nux-vomica .. 195
potatorum w. 196
Styracee ... . 179
Swietenia Mahagoni 70
T.
Tabernzemontana corona-
ria a. 185
Tamarindus Tadiien «- 109
Tamariscinese . 18
Tamarix gallica -. =13
Tecoma stans . 206
Tectona grandis . 215
Hamiltoniana . 220
Terminalia Catappa » 182
belerica vee 183
chebula .. 184
citrina wee 135
Arjuna w. 135
tomentosa ... 186
paniculata ... 138
Theobroma cacao 39°
Thespesia populnea . 27
Thevetia neriifolia ..- 189
Thuja orientalis . 819
Tiliacez 39
Toddalia aculeata 47
Trema orientalis . 265
Trewia nudifiora .. 257
Triphasia trifoliata . 49
Tristana conferta ... 140
Tylophora asthmatica ., 195

INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES. 1x

PAGE. PAGE
U. W.
Urena lobata .. 25] Walsura piscidia ooo 65
sinuata .» 25] Webera corymbosa «. 160
Urticaceze .. 264| Wendlandia Notoniana ... 159
‘}. Lawii «. 159
Vv. | Withania somnifera ... 203
Wrightia tinctoria —..._: 186
Vallaris Heynei ... 186] tomentosa ew 187
Vangueria edulis - 163
Vateria indica, woe D4 X.

Vatica Roxburghiana ... 21 : ,
Ventilago madraspatana... 72| Ximenia americana
Verbascum Thapsus _.... 204: | Xylia dolabriformis we 113
Verbenacez vee 214

Vernonia arborea -. 168 Z.

Villebrunea integrifolia... 299 Zanthoxylon Rhetsa ... 46

Vitex Negundo | se 222 | Zizyphus Jujuba we «72
altissima, .-, 223, Bummularia 73
alata wes 294 oo es

Vitis vinifera + 74] Zygophyllece we 45

INDEX OF POPULAR AND COMMERCIAL NAMES.

Pace.
A.
African rubber .- 190
Alexandrian laurel so 1G
Algaroba ... 130
Albgator pear eos 231
American sumach ee 101
Apple tree oo 182
Arabian coffee plant ... 165
date palm eo» 330
Arbor vite eee 320
Areca-nut palm wee 324
Arnatto . 10
Avocado pear w. 231
B.

Bahool Be 07)
Bael-fruit tree wee «(OA
Bamboo wee O34
Banana tree a. 321
Banyan tree w. 271
Baobab tree .. §=28
Barbadoes pride ... 100
Bastard cedar we «6388
sandal tree 44
nutmeg tree e-. 226
oleaster ws 233
Bead tree wee, 08
Bedellium, Indian a =89
Beech tree, Indian «x 98
Beef-wood treé ... 301
Beleric myrobalan -. 138
Belgaum walnut tree ... 255
Betel-nut palm .. 824
Bhere-fruit tree 72
Blackwood tree 93
Black wattle 123
mvrobalan tree 135

plum tree of India te
Box tree ae

Bread-fruit tree
Bullock’s heart
Bunya Bunya tree

C.

Caledonian pine
Camel’s foot tree
Candleberry tree
Cannon ball tree
Carob-bean tree
Cashew-nut tree
apple tree
Cassava
Castor-oil plant
Ceara rubber tree
Ceylon oak
Charcoal tree
Chaste tree
Chaulmugra
Chebulic
China box
Chinese Persimmon
tallow tree
Chittagong wood tree
Chocolate tree
Cinnamon tree
Citron tree
Clearing-nut tree
Cocaine
Cocoa tree
Cocoa-nut palm
Columnar cypress
Conessi bark
Coral tree, Indian
shrub
Cork tree, Indian
Country fig tree
Cuba bark
Curry-leaf tree
Custard-apple tree

Pace.

. 295

6

. 316

. 316
. 112

.. 205
«: 146

. 180

81
81

"955

--- 260

253
75

. 266
«. 222

11

INDEX OF POPULAR AND COMMERCIAL NAMES. XI
Page. Pace
D.
Hill plantain tree « 320
Dammar tree we 24) toddy palm 1. 826
the black -- 60 | Hog-plum tree » 85
Date-sugar palm .» 328 | Horse-radish tree . 86
Dhak tree ++ 91) Horse-tail parasite en 202
Dhupa candle tree we 24
Divi-Divi ws 101 I,
Dodder . 202
Drumstick-tree ... 86] India rubber tree ... 476
Durian tree .. 81] Indian raspberry eos 132
almond tree eve 182
E. madder «- 167
utta tree «« 170
ny a privet + 180
e ng sarsaparilla - 190
Elephant-apple tree ... 54 salen «« 200
" ereeper « 200] walnut tree oe 255
Emblic myrobalan tree .. 244] Iron wood tree .. J
Erool tree 118 | Tron wood 19, 170, 223
Exile tree 189 5
F. :
Jack-fruit tree ese 296
Fan-palm ... 831 | Jamoon tree ove 144
Fever-nut tree «. 99| Japanese medlar «. 131
Fiddle wood ea, 225 | Jarrah «. 140
Flame of the Forest 164 | Jasmine wwe 179
Flower fence ... 100 | Java-fig tree eee 275
Forbidden-fruit .. 53{ Jews thorn — w.. 103
es Jungle geranium « 164
G.
K.
Gamboge tree 14 :
Giant swallow-wort . 192 | Kamala dye tree ove 258
Goats-foot creeper 201 Kapok tree of Java ewe 30
Goldmohur tree . 102, Kauri pine woe 315
Gooseberry tree, Indian.. 245 | Kino tree, Pulas ea OL
Grape vine ww. 74] Indian 97
Ground-rattan palm =... 331 Kola-nut tree we 39
Guava tree -. 141
Gum tree . 140 L.
4. Laburnum, Indi-
Lac tree
Hemp plant . 267| insect
Henna shrub eee 147 | Lalo tree

0

XII INDEX OF POPULAR AND COMMERCIAL NAMES.
Page, Pace.
N.
Lemon tree : Ol Naseberry tree - 169
Lettuce tree «++ 226 | Neem tree 61
Liberian_coffee - 166 | Nicker tree » 99
Lignum Vite tree s+ 45 | Nioht-flowering Jasmine... 179
Lime tree, the wild 49 | Norfolk Island pine . 318
the sour 51 Nutmeg tree . 226
the sweet 52
Litchi tree aon 0d O.
Ee one «ee 130 O§] of Ben 87
bee ve 77 | Oi] palm, African 331
Log-wood tree, American 130 Oienae = 187
Loquat tree - 131 palleny ”" I89
M. Olibanum » 58
Olive tree -. 180
Macassar oil tree ws 76 | Orange tree a!
Madar floss 192 P
Mahogany tree oe 70 ;
Mahwa tree 171, 172 | Pagoda tree w» 183
Mandioc «+» 255 | Pala indigo . 187
Mango tree 79 | Palmyra tree . 331
Manioc .-. 255 | Papaw tree .. 152
Manilla-tamarind tree ... 127 | Paper-mulberry tree . 268
hemp tree . 323 | Para rubber tree eee 262
Margosa tree 61 | Paradise apple . 53
Marking-nut tree ... 83 | Pauchotee .. 170
Mascarene tree «. 103 | Peach tree w 182
Mast tree 4 | Pear tree . 132
Mesquit bean tree 114 | Peepul tree . 282
Milk-wood tree ... 187 | Pepper tree, bastard 86
hedge as, 242 | Persian lilac +« 08
- bush 242 | Physic-nut tree , 252
Moreton Bay chesnut tree 129 Piney varnish ee:
fig tree ... 290 | Pink cedar a LLG
pine 318 | Plantain tree wa. 322
Moringa oil tree ... 87]! Plum tree .. 1382
Morning glory ... 200 | Poison-nut tree 196, 252
' Moulmein cedar ... 68] Pomegranate tree ... 150
Mowa, tree 171, 172 | Pompelmos .. 58
Mudar -. 192 | Poon-spar tree ws. 12
Mulberry tree, Indian .., 269 | Portia tree w. «27
Mullein +. 204 | Potato tree . 202
Munjeet . -» 167 | Prickly pear ee 152
Mysore thorn r+ 100 | Pride of India . 149
toddy palm ee. 328 | Priest tree vee 209

INDEX OF POPULAR AND COMMERCIAL NAMES

Pumelo tree
Purging-nut tree

Q.
Queensland box
nut tree
R.
Rain tree
Raiyat’s tree
Red cedar
bastard

Sanders tree
sandalwood tree
bark
head
Redwood tree
Rhea fibre shrub
Rosewood tree
Rose-apple tree

Pace.

we OD
vee 252

«- 140
ew 231

38, 128
vee 124
44, 116
we 66
. 95
95
. 167
ge 188
hie
we 299
ee 93
“142

Rubber tree, Cen, Ameri-

can

Sack tree

Sago palm
bastard

Sal tree

Sandalwood tree

Sandbox tree

Sandpaper tree

Sapodilla tree

Sappan-wood tree

. 300

"986
"169

Satin-wood tree, Indian... 69

Saul tree
Screw tree
Sebesten
Shaddock
Shingle tree
Shoe-flower

ee

Silk-cotton tree, yellow-

flowered
red-flowered
white-flowered

Silky oak tree
Silver oak
Siris tree
Soap-nut tree
Sour-sop
Star-apple tree .

gooseberry tree
St. John’s bread
Sugar palm
Swamp oak tree
Sweet-sop

Ty;

Tamarind tree
Tanner’s bark
Tapioca
Tasmanian pine
Teak tree
Thorn apple
Tinian pine
Tobacco plant
Torch tree
Traveller’s tree
Trincomalee wood
Turpentine, Venice
Turpetti root

U.
Upas tree
Upright cypress
Utrasum beads

Ww.

Weeping willow tree
cypress, Chinese
West Indian cedar
White cedar, bastard
Wild Cinchona
Ipecacuanha
jack tree
date palm
Willow tree, Indian
Wood-oil tree

apple
Y.
Yellow teak...

INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES IN ENGLISH
CHARACTERS.

Abalu

Abblu
Achenge
Adambu balli

Adaraganchi hambu
. Adavi

Adavi nimbe
goranti
lavangapatta

Addasarpa

Adicay japle

Adike mara

Adumuttada gida

Adusoge u

Agase

Ajjana patte

Ala

Alada mara

Alale ;

Alalee

Amate

Amba

Amra

Ande bidarus

Angarakana gida

Anji

Anjur

Ankalige

Ankole

Ansaroli

Antawala

Aradala

Arale

Arali mara

Are bevu

Avisina buruga
tega

rr ee
e es 8

Artala
Asana
Asanagurgi
Asha
Ashoka
Asoka
Aswatha mara
Atti

Avak
Avara
Avarike

Babbe
Bachanige
Bada bakka
Badami
Badanike
Baga dhup
Bagani
Bage

Bagi

Bale
Balage
Bale
Balkunika
Ballagi
Ballangi
Banavara
Bandare
Bandaru
Bandri
Bandrike
Bangi gida
Banni
Bapana mushti
Beala

'

es
156,221
e 101
ve: 138
won 233
"56
vee 326
* 198
* 193
"177
59
. 821
we 175
19, 20
ws 19
we 247
ie UE
w. 158
ae

77

267
i» 121

70

“8

INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES. xv
PAGE. PAGE
Beetee es 93) Bilkunika oe 175
Bejalu eee 138) Bilpatre ae OL
Bel ee =54) Bilpatri o4
Belada «. O4| Bilvara 124
Belal -. 54| Bilvapatre 54
Belandi «- 68] Bilwara 124
Belangi ..- 115] Bindi 92
Bellaka .. 28) Biratu 904,
Bende 26, 28 | Biridi 92
nara mara «.. 28]. Bite 93
Bendu mara 265 | Biti 93
Benduga 242 | Bobbe 17
Beppale 186 | Bodadaraga wee 24:7
Beratu » 204) Bodina ++ 169
Bet kanagal 1} Bogi oe 93
Betta kanagal we 1! Boklu ee 173
mavu «» 9] Bolundur we 148
haralu .. 252 | Bonta kalli 242, 243
arali 281 Boorga -- §=98
ragi vee 281 Bugadi «+ 186
bale we 820 | Buja-gumbala « 201
Bettada kanagal - 1} Buraga . 28
bevu «. 64) Burga 28, 30
kamagaggare - 159 | Butale ers
Bevu ws 61) Byree 326
Bhatala 31
Lhumichekri gadde ... 201
Bibla 97 | Chadle .. 198
Bidiru «» 334 | Chakota as WB
Bidungulu ee 334 | Chakotre . 53
’ Bikke we» 161 | Challa we 149
Bili burga 30 | Challani «. 20
barlu we 80] Challe 73, 197
dale mara o. 382| Chandra hittu w. 258
kanchivala 1», 112 | Channangi w+. 148
jali .. 118 | Chaulmugra ws. I
matti . 135] Chella, 149, 197
bhuthala 153 | Chendala ae cas
wuppi ... 181 | Oheninge . 148
ummaitti .. 203 | Chenthakanni wee 259
suli , 247 | Chepe .. 140
basuri wee 2840) Chikul a 125
Bili-tigadu w+» 200) Chick bevu . 63
Bilivara . 124'| Chilkada . 58
Bilkambi eee 126 | Chilku

XVI INDEX OF VEBNACULAR NAMES.

PAGE:
Chill + 196
Chilla- eo 196
Chillu «. 196
Chittumbe . 58
Chittundi we «OA
Chittutandri e230
Chotte ae 197
Chugalu ... 126
Cige wan 188
Cishmabage ie 92
Coolee woe 221
Cowdeyal ... 155
Cuddaru ow 157
Cuddu-lavanga vee 229
D.
Dal mara oa (67
Dalchini 228, 229
Dalimbe «. 150
Dalimbare ww» 150
Dandla ww. §=43
Dasala oe §=26
Devadaru ove Ad
Devadarum ae 44
Devagarige ave 4
Deva ganagalu ... 183
Dhupa ace 24
Dikkemalli we. 161
Dindal .» 188
Dindiga a 138
Dindla ee 188
Divarige .. (14
Dodda japalu «. 10
solti ies Re
mara sie
tagaci ew LO4
challu «. 198
patike gida .. 213
Donn-mullina-jali . 122
Drakshi 2 we A
Dughdika ae 192
Dundu mallige wx 199
Dupa ais =

Duranji on

G.

Gabbuchekke
Gaja nimbe
Gajjiga
Ganagalu
Gandagarige
Gandha
Gargatti
Gavuda
eae

erguttee
=

eru poppu
Chane
Gilke mara
Ginnunu
Gobli

.Gobra nairul

Goddana
Goddu geru
mitli mara
ichalu
Gogal
Gogu] dhup
Goje
Goni mara
Google
Goorcul
Goranti
Gorantlu
Gorati
Goratige
Gorivi
Gorklu
Gouju
Govarnellu
Guga
Gulla
Gundu mallige
Gurige
Guroda
Gworgie

PAGE.

1, 243
. 973

265

«. 147

. 147
. 213
. 213

163
265
145
249

20

- 202

179
243

47
243

INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES. XVII
PAGE. PAGE.
H.
Hadaga «. 155 | Hombage ewe 128
Haiga «a. 24} Honde ws. 182
Hala .. 59| Hone 97
Haladi .. 42| Honge 98
Halasina mara ... 296 | Honne . 97
Halasu .. 296 | Hoonal ««. 138
Hale — .. 186| Hotsige .. 100
Halippe ... 199 | Hotte bage eee 125
Halivana _.. 89} Howlige se LIS
Halmaddi 60. 230 | Huli dalimbe .». 150
Halmadhu ve LeD cebellu we. 208
Hale .. 296} Hulsen ... 296
Hambu kalli 194 | Huluve ... 138
Hammaddi 230 | Hulve -- 138
Hanaltadi 242 | Hunal we 138
Harlmuddy 60 | Hunase «. LOO
Harala gida 260 | Hunise ... 109
Harsing 179 | Huragalu . 69
Hasar ganni . 94) Hurvashi . 27
Hassur ganni . 94| Hutchu beva . 63
Hautige .. 115 | Huvarasi . 27
Havulige . 115
Heb bevu 64 I.
huluve we. 136
rata , 294 | Iehal we. 328
Ichalu mara «. 328
halsu o. 294) 2: :
Tji mara 220
Hedde - 156 Ippe 171
Heggarjige +» 182 Isgapuri . 63
Hejjala .. 233
Hemmushti « 195 J.
Hennu gorvi . 163
Herile - ol Jagalaganti . 175
Hessan v» 294) Jagura was 293
Hessaro v7) Jajhugri we. 293
Hessari oT Jajikayi mara .. 226
Hesswa ee 294! Jalada 21
Hettega + 156] Jalari . 21
Hippe +» 171) Jambe wy 21S
Hiremaddina «++ 203 | Jantala «. 183
Hogesoppu gida «+ 203 | Janthalla . 183
Hola kortige » 193] Japala 10, 256
Holada pundrike o. 26 | Japatri eee 226
Holedasal 149 | Japle .. 10
Holle tupra «» 176 | Jaynkatala cee OL

XVIII INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES.
PAGE, PAGE.
Jaynkatalu -- 383] Kalgaute e 180
Jidi -- 81 Kallalada mara 274
Jimmi mara 46 | Kalli 242
Jinangi 88 | Kalnandi . 175
Jivi 2» 279) Kalpun 17
Jummana . 9] Kaltega 2
Jumminu 59 | Kamra 107
Jum nerale 143 | Kamarak 45
Juttuve 193 | Kamatti 135
Kambi -- 161
K. Kambali gida 269
Kammar 107
Kachu - 120] Kanagala - id
Kadagada 157 | Kanagi soe 227
Kadagal marga 184 | Kanchivala lll
Kadani « 157 | Kanchu pranthi 259
Kadaval, 155 | Kandasola 27
Kadvala 155 | Kandagarige 68
Kad kanagala 2| Kangondi 7
sige 126 | Kanigilu 187
arali "... 281 | Kanja 173
attimara 287 | Kankootgal 14
halasu 294 | Kankutake 14
Kadu menasu .. 47] Kaori . 41
karabevu 48 | Kap basuri 284,
nimbe 49 | Kappura .. 199
bevu 64 | Kapsi a. 299
ippe 172 | Karachi + 107
ganagalu .. 187] Kare 161, 163, 177
hogesoppu 2 204 | Karekai » 182
honge 213 | Karibanta ‘44. 190
jola gida 214 | Kariganni we 71
nevali 242 | Karinda . 182
haralu ws. 252 | Kari Atti 28

enasu 255

Tele sao] oe 8 -
Kagli 120 geru 83
Kakee 103 jali 117
Kakke : 103 raat 136
Waedrt 264) hambu w 189
Kalarali i274) cgchi ‘. 202
Keith aM. 24 ummatti 203
‘Ralbaghi ee 125 suli ee 248
Kalgarige », 66| turkahayalu gida ., 25)

INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES. XIX
PAGE. PAGE
Kari basuri ... 285 | Korka pille -. 126
Karkiselli .-. 41] Kote pale woe 125
Kasara «. 18/ Kugati « 76
Kasarka .. 198} Kuli oe 291
Kasmiri mara ... 221 | Kull-ponne we 17
Kasturi bende .. 26|Kunkumada mara « 258
jali » 116 | Kunnerale ew 143
gobli .-» 116|Kunneralu . - 148
Katarali w. 182 | Kuntiga ws 193
Kat-kumbala «. 257 Kurjoora tee 830
Katu nimbe .. 49{Kurudi owe 74
Kavakula .. 151 | Kurudu gajjige as 100
Kaval .. 145 | Kuruvingi vw 199
Kavalu ... 145 | Kusharta .. 176
Kavargi «. 35 | Kutugeri .. 84
Keechaga «. 90|Kuve eos LE
Kempn pundrike a. §=26
burga ae 28 L.
dale »- 32) Takkli 1 222
geru -- 81) Lakote ve 181
gandha chekke .. 95] Lavangapatte mara =... 228
khairada .. 121) Leckee see 222
gulla .- 202 | Limbtoli .. 146
kachi e. 202] Limbu eee 50
Kendal .. 197 : M.
_Kendala se 197]
Kenjige e 100 | Madalada ww. 50
Kesarike ee 300 | Madavala «. 50
Khargas + 286 | Maddi dupa coe 24
Kharjura ee. 330 | Madi - §=57
Kichiga - 90) Makke nerale we 142
Kiral boghi .- 23|Male geru woes 2
Kirunelli mara «. 246 | Mallali 177, 178
Kittala ««. 02] Malle nerale ow 142
Kodamuraka «.. 184 Mallige . 179
odasiga e-- 184 | Manda-dhup -- 60
Kodasigina «. 247] dupa ws =56
oditanj ... 266 | Mangare ew 160
Koltagaci ... 104 | Mangare-bongare --- 160
Koltega «. 2|Manjadi « 112
Konanakombumara «+ 211 | Manjatti ww. 113
Konda mamadi «a =59 | Manjoshta .. 167
vaghe wee 125 | Manthulli oy 13
Kooteegheree cee 84 Maragade . aoe 9
orinda ew 182 | Marasada boli eo 140

INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES.

xx
PAGE,
Mara haralu 252
enasu 255
Mashudla 69
Masi _ 69
Massi * 32
Massivara = 78
Massiwalla 78
Matta nerale 142
Matti 136
Mavena 78
Mavu we «678
Miridi wx 11
Mitli mara wes 267
Mudah te | OF
Mudali san OT
Mugali we 119
Mugli e. 119
Mukarive we 41
Mullu muttala «. 65
Mullu Ramphala sec 0
Mund-doopa w. 60
Murkali 81
morave we OL
Mourkalu . 81
Mushti ew 195
Muttaga we «91

N.

Naga champa oe §=18
sampage «. 18
Nagare « 70
Nai-bel 49
Nai-bela 49
byalada 49
; nerale 143
‘Naitakkile « 224
Nandi «. 148
buttal a. 185
batla ow 185
Nandurike - 68
‘Nanjina koradu . 195
' Narakabhutali .. 266
Narakiyaood se 266
: Naraye Pik oo 220

Narivuli
Narole
Narvalli
Narvilli
Nata hu gida

.| Natchu kaddi

Nat-akrodu
Nauladi
Navladi
Nekkilu
Nela gulla
Nelli
Nepala
Nerale
Nerlu
Nerujani
Nervala
Nimbe
Niradivittuln
Niranji
Niravanji
Niru bramhi
Nisane
Noge
Nogga
Nowladi
Nugge
Nundi
Nuskul

O.

Olle bevu
tangadi
Oogani hambu

Bi

Pachale
Pachali
Pachari
Pacheri
Padari
Padri
Pagade

INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES. xXxI
PAGE. PAGE.
Palivana 89 | Rudrak we 43
Pandri 161 | Rudrakshi 38, 43
Pannerale 142
Papati 160 Ss.
Pappadi 165
Papas kattali «. 152 | Sagade one 75
Parangi 151 | Sakote . 53
Parijata ... 179| Sakotra » 53
Parpuli .. 73| Sakotti . 58
Patanga «.- 99| Sambrani a 58
Pauchonta 170 | Sampage ; g
Pavate 165 | Sampaghy we 2
Pearlu .. 140| Sampige oe,
Penari 31, 32 | Samudrapala .. 200
Pendri .. 161] San hesare . oO
Perinkara .. 42 | Sanna japali . 10
Perumbe . 114 solti 12
Pilaka 279} gajjiga 99
Pilala 279| gerse hambu 194
Pinde kayi “227 ichalu . B31
Pindi kayi 226 | Sappanga 99
Pinnay kai 16 | Sarul 111
Pinval 279 | Savdangi vee 202
Pogada 178 | Seluvarada mara 284
Popli 72) Seva 132
Pullampurasi gida ... 200 | Shargadee 75
Punal 82 | Shibe . 140
Pundi 85 | Shi-mavu . 78
Purpalli 73 Shilve so LTS
Putrajivi 3 | Shimti . 82
Putra-jiva | 248 | Sibe .. 140
Putrem-jiva 248 | Sige . 122
= Sime Tangadi .. 106
R. hunase ... 126
Ragi mara +. 281) nerale wee 145
Rakta-chandana 95 atti wee 291
Raldhupada 60 | Siranige hambu «. 192
Ramanadike 227 | Siri pune kuve «« 17
Ramphal 6) Sitaphal we}
Ramphala 6 | Sogade .. 190
Rangamali 10] Solle 197
Rangumale 10 | Sonepatta . 205
Rasbija 264 | Sotege wee 257
Ratnagandi ... 100} Srigandha we 234
Reshme gida cee 269 Sugandhi balli eee 190

XXII INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES.

Sujjalu
Sunkatti
Suragonne
Surahonne
Surgi

Surponne bobbi
Swami mara

T.

Tadasalu

Talavarana balli

Tale

Tandrasi

Tangadi

Tara

Tare

Tari,

Tega

Tegada mara

Tegala mugu

Tegu

Tella. puni
poraku
kaka-mushti

Tengina mara

Tengn

Tere

Teta

Thadasal

Thadsal

Thapsi

Thodagatti

Tigadikeputigadi

Tigdu

Tikladugdha

Tirchul

Tirpu

Tirpul

Toramatti

Torathi

Topal

Tottila

Tumbe

Tapra

16

178

Turka bevu
vepa
geru
haralu
Tyagada mara

U.
Uba
Udatalli
Uddi
Udi

V.
Vana sampage
Vasare
Vellaellay
Ventaku
Visha bevu
Vishmadhari gida
Vishnukrandi
Vishnukranti
Vitusi
Vonte mara
Vubbina
Vuma
Vunne
Wadu warada
Walivara
Walurasi
Warjipe
Wnudi
Wuma

Yale kalli
Yedamuri
Yeddaranike
Yekka
Yekkada
Yelachi
Yelchi
Yellaga mara
Yenne mara
Yennebudige
Yerra juvi
Yeitega

a 146
82, 206

Conservator of Forests inthe Shimoga District.

APPENDICKS.

LIST 1,

The vernacular names given in the annexed list were mostly
found on specimens of timber presented tothe Government
Museum by the late Mr. E. P. Lovery, while he was Assistant

Unfortuna-

tely the scientific names of these specimens are not given, and
hence the reason for publishing the vernacular names only.
While some of the latter may apply to undescribed species, .
itis believed that the bulk of them are referable to one or
other of the Malnad trees already enumerated in this edition.
But that can only be verified on the receipt of botanical
trees which bear these local

specimens gathered from the

names.
A.

Achal.
Ackerakalu,
Acheralu.
Adchari.

Ali,
Ambatti.
Andaburga.
Andamurka.
Anengi.
Angadhari.
Appemavu.
Aremadlu.
Aremensu.
pea 5
Arsingarige.
A 1.

Banchige.
Bannadamara.
Barangi.
Battbcgi.
Belalbukki.
Bellgothe.
Belwatte.
Bendebelal.
Bhoci.
Bidi salle.
Bilal.
iligari.
Biligola.

Bili hygal.
Bili mara.
Bilisalle.
Birkinbalige.

Burada mara.
Cc.

Challanga.
Chendaka.
Chenduglu.
Chendraguppe.
Chitta bage.
Chungani.
Chungoli.
Charchi.
Churi.

D.

Dinda channangi.
Dind pachale.
Dodda topu mara.
Dodda yale mara.
Dod thoppe.
Dudda.

G.
Galada mara.

Gobalagere.
Gobra nellu mara.
Gochi mara,

Gonigal.
Gorabale.
Gudde tumari,
Gujiga.

Gurgi.

H
Hadsa.
Hael godcha.
Hagari,
Haggada mara.

‘Halboji.

Haliga.
Halmakki mara.
Halmuttuga.
Hanamakshi.
Hangara.
Hanigere.
Hannu sampe.
Haralu bandaga.
Harmashi.
Hassurmakki,
Hedagalu.
Heggare.
Hehige.

‘Hinari.

Hippali mara,
Holageri.
Hole bagi.
haralu.
honne,
salle.
Honnalu.
Honnerlu.
Hothi.
Hotte nola,
Hubbalu.
Hujali.
Hulaga.
Holi Sra
honne,

Hui nellu.
nerlu,
nanja.
todagina

mara.

Hulln karte.

Hunagalu,

Hunasalu.

Hurakamma maras

Hurangeru,

Huttambili.

I,

Tegola.
Isaparihara,

J.

Kadamate,
Kadu kallu tara.
Kadu kanchi mara,

Kan sampe,
Kan tumari.
Kari higgalu,
Karike,

XXIV APPENDICES.
Kari. M. 0. Sharu.
Karivra. Shikanchi.
Kariwala. Maddale. Oodde. Shilanga.
Kattugodana mara. { Maddarasa. Oonni Sidharala.
Kembosi. Madhalasu. Ovate. Simarthadi.
Kempunola. Madli. Sivane.
Kenchala. Malaga. Pp. Sotta mugali.
Kenda sampige. | Male nerlu. : Sugati.
ilagurige. Manigonda. Padapachale. Sujagara.
Kinachinkana Maragowri. Parengeru. Surati.
mara. Marahale. Patiga.
Ren’ Masibels Pitlonai Z
edi sampige. assibelalu. ‘ilangi. ‘asi
Kodsa, Mukarti. Povsi. se ee ae
Kolsampige. Mullugothi. Puttaganni. Thoppalada mara,
Kondamate. Murki. Puttasamige. Thuralu ‘
Kondachellu. Togal .
Konda sampige. R. Tomar
Koraduvadakana N. niga Tumyi.
mara, Rachada mara.
Korle. Naga mara. Ragtabhutale. ji eae
Kottiga. Nai garige. Runja.
Kowlu. Nai halasu. U
Kubare. Nanja. 8. 4 key
Kunale. Nevala. i Uyi karike,
Kunnugal. Nigori. Sabbige.
Kural. Niralada mara. Sakalati. Vv.
Nirubanni. Sanna katti kayi | Vate.
L. Nirn vatte, mara, Vate huli.
7 Nurkalu. Sannelli. Vatevanadamara.
Lingadhari. Nyamatti. Shadlu. Vedarasi.

APPENDICES.

XXV

LIST 2.

The annexed short lists of trees, with other plants select-
ed for special purposes, may be of use to readers of this book.
Fuller details of the trees named, will, of course, be found in

the body of the work.

Evergreen Trees.

A.—Enotic trees suitable for shade or effect in Gardens, Parks, and
ornamental grounds.

Scientific name.

Habit of growth.

Araucaria Cookii
Bidwillii
Cunninghamii

3 var. glauca
excelsa

Dammara robusta
australis

Cupressus sempervirens
torulosa

Anda Gomesii

Castanospermum australe
Rucalyptus rostrata
citriodora
Ficus Benjamina
var. comosa
Roxburghii
macrophylla
Cunninghamii
elastica
Artocarpus Cannoni
Grevillea robusta
Kigelia pinnata
Nephelium litchi
loganum
Pithecolobium saman
Schinus molle
Swietenia Mahagoni
macrophylla
Ceesalpinia coriaria
Cassia siamea
marginata
Parkia biglandulosa

Colvillea racemosa
Brassaia actinophylla
Lagunaria Patersoni

Symmetrical and conical.

ing.
Do

} Australian gum trees.

-| Robust and wide-spreading.
‘0

Do \

o- 0
-| Conical, with silvery-foliage.
Round-headed and very dense.

Do

: Do

---| Robust and wide-spreading.
...| Weeping.

a3 nee

‘0
Umbrella-shaped.

-| Moderately round or ovoid.

oe Round-headed.

trunk.

+| Moderately round and spreading.
-| Umbrella-shaped.
-| Conical.

‘0
.| Erect, compact, columnar and funereal.
-| Conical.
-| Round-headed and moderately spread-

.| Round-headed at the summit of tall

xXxvVI APPENDICES.

B—. Indigenous trees switable for avenues and roadside planting
throughout the maidan.

Michelia champaca aes --» Best in the Malnad.
Polyalthia longifolia a + Slow of growth.
Pterospermum Heyneanum ... oni
Ochrocarpus longifolius sia ... Best towards the hills.
Calophyllum inophyllum~... eo Do
Thespesia populnea ar or
Citrus decumana ae —
Bursera serrata one -»- Slow of growth.
Filicium decipiens mae as
Melia Azadirachta —

Azedarach oem —
Gelonium Janceolatum oe ... Best towards the hills.
Amoora Rohituka ees ia
‘Chickrassia tabularis ae ue
Ficus retusa aie ae

Tsiela ee tie
Mangifera indica eee 368
Dalbergia sissoo oT) one
Mimusops elengi sie «++ Best in the Malnad,
Diospyros embryopteris aes see Do
Tamarindus indica ae oe
Saraca indica or aes
Eugenia Jambolana oo ae
Artocarpus integrifolia ey és

‘

C—Indigenous trees suitable for avenues in the Malnad districts.

Antiaris toxicaria or} -«- Upas, or sack tree.
Dillenia bracteata wae wes
Garcinia xanthochymus ies «-- Conical in habit.
Hopea parviflora ses soe
Wightiana aes see
Anthocephalus cordatus ... ves
Myristica laurifolia see sos
magnifica eee an
Mesua ferrea ses aes
Hydnocarpus alpina ote wae
Vateria indica ase ee
Melia dubia ies ee
Michelia champaca ee cee
Mimusops elengi ees v6
Calophyllum tomentosum_... eee
Ficus Trimeni ee

Artocarpus hirsuta we .. Wild jack.

APPENDICES.

XXVII

LIST 3.

Trees that are deciduous or subdeciduous for a short period, but still

Ficus religiosa.

good avenue trees.

Acacia arabica.

mysorensis. Acrocarpus fraxinifolius.
Bengalensis. Albizzia stipulata.
tomentosa. odoratissima.
infectoria. Sterculia foetida.

Acacia leucophleza.

guttata.

Protium caudatum.
Laer glabra.
lingtonia, hortensis.
Once arborea.
Stereospermum suaveo-
lens.

summa. Spathodea campanulata. Salix tetrasperma.
ferruginca. Pterocarpus marsupium. Terminalia Catappa.
catechu.
LIST 4
Trees with handsome flowers.
Scientific name. Colour of flower.
Bombax malabaricum ose | Red.
Eriodendron anfractuosum -.. eee! White
Cochlospermum gossypium «++ +o} Yellow
Erythrina indica ” Crimson
var alba oe «| White
stricta vay +++] Scarlet,
caffra aoe «| Red.
ovalifolia oes -+-| Reddish.
Butea frondosa one «| Orange and red.
Cassia fistula oo ee) Yellow.
marginata oo ---| Dull red.
siamea soe -++| Yellow
Millingtonia hortensis wes ++-| White.
Bauhinia monandra wis ---| Variegated.
variegata oe ese Do
yurpured, on e+.) Purple.
Pookertl ~ * Whitish-rose, stamens red.
candida oo eee] White.
Saraca indica ave -| Orange-red.

Castanospermum australe -| Orange-red.

Poinciana Regia «| Variegated.
Spathodea eripdudlahe -».| Orange-red.
Lagerstroemia Flos- eget --| Purple.
Colvillea racemosa é ' Orange-red.
Michelia champaca we ++-{ Yellow.
Hugenia Jambos -| Cream.

XXVIII

APPENDICES.

Scientific name.

Colour of flower.

Sterculia colorata eas
Ceesalpinia sappan eee
Stereospermum suaveolens -.-
Mangnolia grandiflora ea
Brownea rosea ets
Cesalpinia pulcherrima
Tecoma stans

Poinciana elata

Grevillea robusta a
Ixora parviflora aoe
Pterocarpus marsupium .
Stereospermum xylocarpa

Parkia biglandulosa -
Citrus decumana tts
Plumeria acuminata “eis
Thespesia populnea ate
Moringa pterygosperma

Red.
Yellow.

-| Rosy-purple.
White.

+{ Rose.

-| Red-yellow.

-| Yellow.

-| Pale yellow.

-| Red-yellow. _
White.

‘| Golden yellow.
White.

White.

-| White.
-| Creamy-white.

Yellow.
Creamy-white.

LIST

5.

Reserved trees.

No. |Commercial or vernacular names.

Scientific name.

Sandal abe
Teak ov
Biti

Honne

Nandi

Heb halasu

Jalari bis
Kuve (Bobbi)
Kerachi (Kammar)...
Kari matti aes
Bili matti

ms
SeOnNnuPhonre

MY
_

Santalum album.
Tectona grandis.
Dalbergia, latifolia.
Pterocarpus Marsupium.

Artocarpus hirsuta.
Shorea talura.

Hardwickia binata.
Terminalia tomentosa.
Terminalia arjuna,

Lagerstroemia lanceolata.

Calophyllum tomentosum.

APPENDICES. p:0:4.¢

LIST 6.

Trees fit for sleepers and other Railway purposes.

No. | Commercial or vernacular name. Scientific name.
1 Teak Tectona grandis.
2 Honne ---| Pterocarpus Marsupium.
3 Biti --| Dalbergia latifolia.
4 Nandi -.| Lagerstroemia lanceolata.
5 Heb halasu : Artocarpus hirsuta.
6 Kari matti ows --| Terminalia tomentosa.
7 Hoonal (Hulve) : --| Terminalia paniculata.
8 Jambe «| Xylia dolabriformis.
9 Bilwara Se «| Albizzia odoratissima,

10 Tadasalu ‘ --| Grewia tilizfolia.

11 Bage wa «| Albizzia Lebbek.

12 Bogi see --| Hopea parviflora.

13 Ippe ae | Bassia latifolia.

14 Massi =e | Sterculia villosa.

15 Hadaga ave «| Cornus macrophylla.

16 Dindiga 3 -.| Anogeissus latifolia.

LIST 7.

Plants affording Oils.

Scientific Name. English Name. Kanarese Name.

Achyranthes aspera
Aleurites moluccana oo
Arachis hypogea

Argemone mexicana

Bassia longifolia es
Brassica nigra
ep alba

Canarium commune
Carthamus tinctorius
Cassia auriculata
Celastrus paniculata,
Cinnamonum zeylanicum
Cocos nucifera
Croton Tiglium
ermbopogen pachnodes ..,

Erythroxylon monogynum...
Garcinia Morella

Guizotia abyssynica

-| Ground nut
-| Yellow thistle or mexi-

.| Common mustard
White «| Bili

-| Tanner’s Cassia

Belgaum Walnut tree...

:

can poppy
Mahwa or sapota

Java almond tree
Safflower

Cinnamon tree
Cocoanut tree
Croton oil plant
Kachi grass
Bastard sandal sae
The Indian gamboge-.-

Foolish oil plant = -..

Uttarani gida.

.| Kadale kai gida.

-| Datturi gida.
«| Ippe mara.

Kari sasive gida

a5
Java badami mara.

-| Kusamba gida.

Olle tangadi gida.
Kangondi balli.

.| Dalchinni mara.

Tengina mara.

é Japala gida.

Kachi hullu.
Devadari gida.
Aradala mara,
take mara.
Hutchellu gida.

Kanku-

APPENDICES.

LIST 7.—Continued.

Scientific Name.

English Name.

Kanarese Name.

Hibiscus sabdariffa

aoe

Hymenodictyon excelsum -..

Helianthus annus
Jatropha curcas

Linum usitatissimum
Melia Azadirachta
Michelia champaca
Nicotiana Tabacum
Papaver somniferum
Pongamia glabra

Pterocarpus marstipium bes a
.| White Radish ee
-| Castor oil plant ses

Raphanus sativus
Ricinus communis
var.

Santalum album
Sesamum indicum

Terminalia Catappa

‘| Sandalwood tree 2
-| Gingelie oil plant...

The Rozelle

Sunflower

-| Physic or purging sia

Flax ; Linseed plant ..
Neem tree

+| Tobacco

-| Opium poppy ”
-| Indian beech wea
-| Honne mara,

Kino tree --.

(small seeds) ...

.| Country almond tree...

-| Kempu pundrike gida.

Bandare gida,

-| Suryakanti gida.

Turuka haralu
Kadu haralu gida.

-| Agase gida.

gida ;

...| Bevina 3 mara,

Sampage mara.
Hoge soppu gida.
Gasagasi gida.
Honge mara.

Bile mallangi.
Haralu gida.
Chitta haralu gida.

.| Gandhada mara.

Olle Rina gida. Atchellu
Baden mara.

LIST 8.

Planis affording useful Fibre.

Scientific Name.

English Name.

Kanarese Name.

Agave americana —

p variegata .. a

Fourcroya gigantea
Sanseveira zeylanica
Yucca gloriosa
lee pie ae
Doryanthes Pa! erii
Musa, paradisiaca
textilis
Grewia _oppostifolia
columnaris
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
cannabinus

esculentus

elatus

tricuspis
Pandanus furcatus

Do variegata

Cyperus Pangorei
Ananasa sativa
Cocos nucitera
Crotalaria juncea

-| American aloe sae
Variegated ,, ae
Giant Fe See

Bow-string hemp = «
Adam’s Needle

Cocoa-nut ..- #8
Sunn fibre... ons

Kattali.
Bannada kattali.
Masaru

”

-| Plantain or Banana ...| Bale gida,
Manilla hemp oe
Butale mara.
Shoe flower «| Dasalada gida,
Hibiscus Hemp ee| Holada ‘pundrike gida ;
undi gida,
| Okra -»-| Bende gida.
Cuba bast ove
Screw pine «| Tal gida ?
Variegated pine «| Do
Indigenous sedge ow ane
-| The pine apple .-| Ahanas gida.

.| Tengina mara.

Sanabu gida,

APPENDICES.

XX XI

LIST 8.—(@ontinuwed.)

Scientific Name.

English Name.

Kanarese Name.

Cannibis sativa one
Ficus Benjamina se.
Bengalensis .
Triumfetta angulata
Bebmeria nivea see

Typha elephantina

Abutilon © striatum var.
Thomsonii

Ganzuma tomentosa

Cordia Myxa one

Urena sinuata .

lobata toe
Corchorus olitorius, var. ---
Malachra capitata -
Careya arborea
Helicteres Tsora
Butea frondosa <
Bauhinia Vahlii vee

racemosa
Caryota urens
Arenga saccharifera,
Hardwickia binata
Melia Azadirachta esis
Calotropis gigantea
Andropogon muricatus

Antiaris toxicaria

---| Thomson’s ebotslgn ane
-| Bastard ceda

.| Silky fibre
Do

ne Indian screw tree
-| Pulas kino tree

-| Malabar sago palm

The Neem tree ae
-| Mudar a
Kus-kus grass ea

--| Sack tree .-

Hemp
Java fig tree

Rhea Fibre or grass-
cloth plant
Elephant grass

Sebesten plies

one

\

Gigantic Camel’s fodt -.

eee

.| Bangi gida.

-| Banyan ies Alada mara.

Kittanaru gida,

.| Jambu hulu.

‘

--| Rudrakhi mara.

Solle mara ; kendal mara:

Gouju mara.
Yedamuri gida.
Muttuga mara.

Achalu mara,
Bagani mara.

Karachi mara,
Bevina mara.

-| Yekkada gida,

Gandu__ ganjala_ garike
hullu. 4 .

Plants

LIST 9.

affording Gums and Resins.

Scientific Name.

English Name.

—

Kanarese Name.

Acacia arabica

catechu

Farnesiana

leucophlea ve
suma
Achras sapota
Aigle marmelos
Agati grandiflora. eyn-Ses-
bania grandiflora ;

Albizzia amara eee
Lebbek

stipulata _

Aloe vera wa

Anacardium occidentale «-.

-| Indian gum-arabic. Ba-
bool. ---| Kari jali mara.
-| The Cutch tree. brown-

barked-Acacia bh

Cashew-nut tree

Kaggali mara.

** Cassie’ Fragrant
Acacia ...| Kasturi jali wid,
Panicled Acacia --| Bili jali mara,
White-barked Acacia ...] Mugali mara.
...| The Sapodilla-Plum tree
--| The Bael tree -».| Bilvapatre mara.
Agase mara,
Sujjalu mara.
.| The Siris or Sirissa 7
tree ---| Bage mara,
: Hotte bage mara.
Indian aloe «»e| Kattah,

Jidi mara.

XXXII

APPENDICES.

LIST 9.—(Concluded.)

Scientific Name.

English Name.

Kanarese Name.

Anogeissus latifolia
Araucaria Cookii
Areca Catechu
Artocarpus incisa
integrifolia
Astragalus verus
Balsamodendron Myrrha
Bassia longifolia
Bauhinia purpurea

variegata
Bombax malabaricum
Borassus flabelliformis
Boswellia floribunda
Buchanania latifolia

Butea frondosa
Casuarina equisetifolia

Calotropis gigantea

Canarium strictum

Cassia auriculata
fistula

florida
Cedrela Toona
Cxsalpinia coriaria

Cinnamomum Pampa: ¢
Citrus decumana
medica

Cochlospermum gossypium.

Chloroxylon swietenia
Cryptostegia grandiflora --
Dammara robusta

Eriodendron anfractuosum.,

Euphorbia antiquorum
Tirucalli

Eucalyptus marginata
rostrata

Feronia Elephantum

Ficus elastica
Bengalensis
religiosa

Garcinia Morella
Garuga pinnata
Grevillea robusta,
Guaiacum officinale

IsonandraGutta syn. Dichop-

ssis Gutta

The Caledonian png ws!
-| Betel-nut palm

.--| Bread-fruit tree

---| Jack-fruit tree

The Myrrh tree
| The Mahwa tree

-| The cheroonjie tree

-| Pulas kino tree, or
Dhak tree

.»-| The Tinian pine. Beef-
wood Tree
.| Mudar

---| Black dammar tree
-».| Tanners Cassia

White Cedar

American Sumach.
Divi Divi

-».| Camphor

.-| The Pumelo

«.| The Citron

.| Satin-wood tree

“) The Jarrah

-»-| Gamboge ees

The Silver Oak tree ..-
Guaiac tree

...| Gutta-percha

.| The silk cotton tree «+
-| The palmyra tree on
-| The Frankincense tree.
-| Murkali mara ;

| Elephant or wood apple.
The Indian rubber tree.
The Banyan tree ‘
.| The sacred peepwl tree.

Dindiga mara.

.| Adike mara.
-| Divi alasu mara.
.| Halasina mara.

-| Ippe mara.

Kanchivalada mara;
Kempu mandare mara.
Do

Kempu burugada mara.
Tale mara.

Parangi sambrani mara.
morare
mara.

-| Muttuga mara.

-| Kesarike mara.
-| Yekkada gida.

“| Olle tangandi gida.
.| The Indian laburnum...} K:

@ mara.

.| Gandhagarige mara.

---| Karpura,

--| Chakotri gida.

--| Madavala gida.

Golden sill cotton tree.
| Huragalu mara.

.| New zealand Pine...

'| White silk cotton tree...
Milk hedge eu

Arisina buruga mara.

Bili buruga mara.
Boute kalli.
Mondu kalli.

Belada mara.

Alada mara.

Arali mara, Ragi mara;
Aswatha, mara,

Aradalada mara; Kan-
kutygal mara.

APPENDICES.

XXXUI

LIST 9.—(Concluded)

Scientific Name.

English Name.

Kanarese Name.

Jatropha curcaz

.

Mangifera indica
Manihot Glaziovii
Melia Azadirachta

Azadarach
Moringa pterygosperma

Morus nigra
Pithecolobium saman
Poinciana elata
Poinsettia pulcherrima
Prunus communis
Persica
Pterocarpus Marsupium
Shorea talura
Spondias mangifera
Stryax Benzoin
Liquida
Strychnos potatorum
Swietenia Mahagoni
Terminalia Catappa
Vateria indica
Wrightia tinctoria

oo

-| Mango tree
-| The Ceara rubber
-| The Neem or Margosa

-| Black mulberry
-| The rain tree

...| The plum tree
+--| The peach tree
-| The Indian kino tree «.-
---| The lac tree
-' The hog plum
-| The Benzoin tree

.| Physic or Purging nme

plant

tree
Bead tree

radish tree

oo

Mahogany tree

.| Country almond tree ...
-| Indian copal tree

nee

Ivory wood

i

--|Turuka haralu gida; Ka-

du haralu gida ; Dodda
haralu gida. °

--|Mavina mara,

-| Olle bevina mara
.| The Persian Lilac. The
-| Hutchu
-| The drum-stick, or horse
-»-| Nugge mara.

---| Uppanerale mara,

Do

Sunkatti mara.

---|Pichis mara,

Honne mara.
Jalari mara.

-.-, Amate mara,

Chillu mara

Valagra Badami mara.
Dhupada mara
Beppale mara.

Plants

LIST 10.

affording Dyes and Colours,

Scientific Name.

English Name.

Kanarese Namo.

Soymida febrifuga

Erythroxylou Seige ace

Toddalia aculeata
Bixa Orellana
Curcuma longa
Cesalpinia sappan
Butea frondosa
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

'

Semecarpus Anacardium -.-

‘erminalia chebula
Morinda citrifolia
Shorea talura
Hematoxylon' campechia-

num
Coscinium fenestratum

-| Bastard red cedar
.| Prickly Toddalia
.| Annatto

-| Turmeric

-| Pulas kino tree

.-| Logwood.

Bastard sandal

Sappan wood tree

The Lac tree

Tree Turmeric

Swami mara.
Devadari mara:
Kadu menasu gida.

.) Rangumale gida.

Arisina gida,

: Patanga mara,
-| Muttuga mara.

Shoe-flower Dasalada gida.

Marking-nut tree _—...| Geru mara. _

Myrobalan .»-| Aralekayi mara.
.| Indian mulberry -| Maddi mara.

Jalari mara.

.| Marada arisina.

XXXIV

APPENDICES.

LIST 10.—(Concluded)

Scientific Name.

English Name.

Kanarese Name.

Ventilago madr aspatana on
Lichen rotundatus oe

Mallotus pkilippinensis
Wrightia tinctoria

«| Ivory Wood

Garcinia Morella oe

Tephrosia tinctoria

Pterocarpus santalinus
Buchanania latifolia
Cassia Fistula
Tora

5, auriculata
Carthamus tinctorius

”

-| Red Sandalwood

Casuarina muricata ~

Rubin. cordifolia
Acacia arabica

»

Areva catecliu

leucophilea ais

...| Tanner’s Cassia
-| Safflower

Gamboge

-| Ceylon Indigo a6

.| The Indian Laburnum.
.-.| Gundu tagaci gida,

--| Olle tangadi gida.
.| Kusumba gida.

Foetid Cassia

The Tinian Pine. Beef-
wood Tree

.| Indian Madder, a
Munjeet. eat
.| Babool xe
Panicled Acucia
-| Betel-nut palm wes

Popli gida.
Rock Moss -+-| Kallu pachi.
-| Kamala Dye -| Kapilarangumara. Kun.

kumada mara.
Geppale mara.

.| Aradalada mara, Kankue |

tuge mara.
Ceylaw gida, Batte hari-
kina gida.

«| Rakta chandanada mara,

Murkali mara.
Kakke mara.

Kesarike mara.

Kari jali mara,

gobli.
mara. :

.| Bili jali mara.

Adike mara.

LIST 11.

Plants affording materiais for Bleaching. Tanning and Currying,

Scientific Name.

English Name,

Kanarese Name.

Acacia leucophlea
arabica

2

”

Butea frondosa

Bauhinia variegata ---| Mountain Ebony
Calotropis gigantea ++.| The Mudar
Pterocarpus Marsupium --.| Kino tree
Terminalia chebula -| Myrobalan

belerica

”

catechu vate

Casuarina equisetifolia ..-

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis ae
Zizyphus Jujuba oe

Nycthanthes arbor-tristis ..

Buchanania latifolia
Ce»salpinia coriaria

Cassia auriculata ice
Punica granatum wae

Careya arborea

-| Pulas Kino tree

-| Beleric Myrobalan

Panicled Acacia
Babool

Brown-barked Acacia---

The Tinian Pine. a
wood tree

Shoe-flower

The Bhere fruit tree.

-| Night flowering jesu-
mine oo

American Sumach.
Divi Divi __

Tanner’s Cassia

The Pomegranate «s

Carey’s tree ied

--| Bili jali mara.

Kari jali
mara.
Mugali mara,

mara; gobli

.-, Muttuga mara.
..-| Bili kanchivalada mara,
«| Yekkada gida.

Honne mara.

-..| Aralekayi mara.
-| Tare mara.

-| Kesarike mara.
Dasalada gida.
Yelachi mara.

Parijata gida.
Murkali mara

:..| Olle tangadi gida.

Dalimhiwwe gida.
Gouju mara.

APPENDICES.

XXX¥V

Agricultural Products.

LIST 12.:

Scientific Name.

Engiish Name.

Kanarese name.

Eleusine coracana
”
a)
”
te)
”
ae
”

Dactyloctenium egyp-
tiacum aoa oes

Panicum italicum
5 eats
”
”
”
”
Le

” on
Panicum frumentaceum..-
4% tee

a)
“y miliaceum
55 do wee
33 _semiverticellatum..-
Penicillaria spicata «+
Sorghum vulgare
Zea Mays

Triticum vulgare

2

3)
Bambusa arundinacea
Arachis hypogea
Cajanus indicus
Cicer arietinum

”?
Dolichos catiang
- biflorus
e lablab
Ervum lens
Phaseolus mungo
do var-glaber.
Coriandrum sativam
Brassica nigra.
alba
Tri 'gonella fenum- eran
Piper nigrum
3 alba a
Cuminum Cyminum
Pimpinella anisum
Carum copticum Leg
Papaver somniferum
-Sesamum indicum -
Carthamus tinctorius...
Linum usitatissimum ...
Hibiscus sabdariffa sia
Oryza sativa ‘es

+

Y

Buffalo-head grass

Maijjige ragi.
Kari ”
Kempu ,,
Chennamudda ragi.
Ginimuti ragi.

Hullu bili ,,
Sove ”
Kuruba an
Bili “3

-| Kadu ragi; Konana tale
hulu, *

Indian millet -| Bili = navane.
” -| Jade »”
3 Kempu_,,
¥y ..| Navane
on . ari +.
55 -| Mabbu _,,
Be -+-| Korle os
” | Kari ”
Bili same
Kari ,,
Mabbu,,
Little millet -| Bili baragu.
i, «| Ken as
Haraka.
Spiked millet sea} Sajje:
Great do -| Bilt jola.
Maize, or Indian corn..| Jola.
Wheat -+-| Godhi.
x ++-| Jave godhi.
ss ---| Hotte ,,
Common prickly bambee Bidaru.
Ground nut -| Kadalekayi.
Pigeon pea, or dholl - -| Togari.
Bengal gram -+-| Kempu kadale.
ari ‘i
Small fruited Dolichos. Tatada gani.
Horse gram -| Hurali.
Cow gram ...| Avare.
The lentil -| Massur.
Green gram .-.| Hesaru.
Black gram -»-| Vuddu.
Coriander --.| Kottumbari.
Common mustard -| Kari sasive.
White do | Bili oe
Fenugreek -| Mentya.
Black pepper ---| Menasu.
White do ...| Bili menasu.
The cummin-seed ...| Jirige.
Anise seed Dodda j jirige.
Bishop’s weed --| Omu.
Opium poppy | Gasagase.
Gingelie oil plant -+-| Hutchellu.
Safflower .-.| Kusumba gida.
Linseed ; flax -| Agase bija.
The rozelle -. | Kempu pundrike gida.
Paddy «+-| Nellu; batha.

XXXVI APPENDICES.
Statement showing the area of reserved and unreserved forest
: in each District of Mysore,
Forest area,
in square
miles.
é District. | bd ot > , Chief sources of forest revenue.
oO =
oa |age
lel nil

Shimoga. 317 | 549 |Sandalwood, timber and, bamboos.

Bangalore. ; 312] 131 |Sandalwood, bamboos, forest produce-bearing
trees, and fuel; the latter covering an area of
about, 2,000 acres.

3 | Mysore. 279 | 207 |Timber, sandalwood, bamboos and minor forest

produce. ,;

€ | Kolar. 219 | 110 |Bamboos, fuel, forest produce-bearing trees, and
. sandalwood.

5 | Hassan. 172 | 250 \Sandalwood, firewood, and minor products.

8 | Tumkur 140] 61 /Minor forest products.

7 | Kadur. 88 | 193 |Sandalwood, timber, and bamboos.

8 | Chitaldroog.} 84 49 |Minor forest products, particularly tangadi bark.

Ast

7