Google
This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project
to make the world's books discoverable online.
It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject
to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books
are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover.
Marks, notations and other maiginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the
publisher to a library and finally to you.
Usage guidelines
Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the
public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing tliis resource, we liave taken steps to
prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying.
We also ask that you:
+ Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for
personal, non-commercial purposes.
+ Refrain fivm automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system: If you are conducting research on machine
translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the
use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help.
+ Maintain attributionTht GoogXt "watermark" you see on each file is essential for in forming people about this project and helping them find
additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it.
+ Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just
because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other
countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of
any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner
anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liabili^ can be quite severe.
About Google Book Search
Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers
discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web
at|http: //books .google .com/I
vj?) aci i. c .\o
Albert Arnold ^|ira)2inr, 21i
HARVARD COLLEGE |
LIBRARY
r'
3 r-~J ^
--1
' .
'f '. . . . ■ '
' /
: /
'•■•■.
\VOODRO\V WILSON J>M.l>., I.I.J).
V
. /
vol.. IK
! A R I* i: R & B R O T H i: R S P r ii L I S \l 11 !-• "^
»: \\^ Y O R K - 10 0 2 - I. O N I) 0 \
.»>•'.•..#
HARPER'S ENCYCLOPEDIA
of
UNITED STATES HISTORY
From 458 a.d. to 1902
BASED UPON THE PLAN OF
BENSON JOHN LOSSINQ, LL.D.
SOMISTIMR EDITOR OF •*THE AMRKICAN HISTORICAL RECORD " AM> AUTHOR OF
•'THE PICTORIAL KIKLD-BOOK OF THK REVOLUTION IHR PICI ORIAL FIELU-
BOOK OF THE WAR OF l8l2" ETC., ETC., ETC.
WITH SPECIAL CONTRIBUTIONS COVERING EVERY PHASE OK A.MKRICAN HISTORY AND
DEVELOPMENT BY EMINENT AUTHORITIES. INCLUDING
JOHN FISKE. WOODROW WILSON, Ph.D., LL.D.
THE AMERICAN HISTORIAN PROF. OF J I R/SPRl 'Dk.M k AT PR IS i. h li N
VTM. R. HARPER. Ph.D., LL.D., D.D. GOLDWIN SMITH, D.C.L.. LL.D.
PRESIDF.ST OF THE UXth^ERS/TV OF CHICAGO PROF. OF HISIORY VMl'. OF TOKOMO
ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, Ph.D. MOSES COIT TYLER, LL.D.
PROF. OF HISTORY AT HARVARD PROF. OF HISIORY Al CORSELL
JOHN B. MOORE. EDWARD G. BOURNE, Ph.D.
PROF. OF UTTERNATIOSAL LAtV Al COLUMBIA PROF. OF HISIORY AT YAt h
JOHN FRYER, A.M., LL.D. R. J. H. GOTTHEIL. Ph.D. ,
PXOF. OF UTERATURE AT USiy. OF CAUFORSIA PROF. OF SE.V/riC I.AXOt'AGF.S AT COI.VMBIA
IVILLIAM T. HARRIS, Ph.D., LL.D. ALFRED T. MAHAN, D.C.L.. LL.D.
U. S. COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION CAPTAIN IN I TED STAItS NAVY {RtUrtd)
ETC.. ETC., ETC., ETC.
WITH A PREFACE ON THE STUDY OF AMERICAN HISTORY BY
WOODROW^ WILSON, Ph.D., LL.D.
PROFESSOR OF JURISPKUDKNCR AND POLITICS AT PRINCETON CNIVRRSITV, AUTHOR
OF •'COLONIES AND NATION" ETC., ETC.
IVITH ORIGIJVAL DOCUMEyi'S, PORTRAITS, AfAP.S, PLANS, ^c.
COMPLETE IN TEN VOLUMES
VOL. IX
HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS
NEW YORK - 1902 - LONDON
\ \
> V' ' \ ■
♦
Or.*^:^i^ "•■/
r
MJU
Copyright, 1901, by Harpsr & Brothers.
All rights rtserved.
LIST OF PLATES
The Battle of Manila Bay Frontispiece
President Zachary Taylor Facing page 22
The Storming of Fort Ticonderoga " " 78
Tory Refugees •• " 88
The Battle of Trenton " " 116 ^
President John Tyler " "133
The Fight Between the United States and Mace-
donian " "156
Washington Receiving the Announcement of His
Election to the First Presidency op the United
States " "168
Scene on a Colonial Plantation " "542
MAPS
The Original Thirteen States Faeimg page 158
United States " "272
HARPERS' ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
UNITED STATES HISTORY
T.
Taft, Alphonso, jurist; born iq Towns- First District of Ohio in 1882; practised
hend, Vt, Nov. 5, 1810 ; graduated at Yale law in 1883-87; judge of the Superior
College; admitted to the bar in 1838; Court of Ohio in 1887-90; Professor of
practised in Cincinnati, O.; and was judge Law at the University of Cincinnati in
of the Superior Court of Cincinnati in 1896->1900. In the latter year he was made
1866-72. He was made Secretary of War president of the United States Philippine
in March, 1876, and in May of the same Commission, and on June 6, 1901, was ap-
year was transferred to the Attorney-Gen- pointed the first civil governor of the
eralship, serving till March, 1877; was Philippine Islands.
United States minister to Austria in 1882- Tailfer, Patrick, physician; lived in
84 ; was then transferred to Russia, where the eighteenth century. He emigrated to
he served one year. He died in San the colony of Georgia, and, becoming dis-
Diego, Cal., May 21, 1891. satisfied with the conduct of affairs, he
Tafty LoRADO, sculptor; bom in Elm- left the colony in 1740 and went to
wood, 111., April 29, 1860; graduated at Charleston, S. C, where, with Hugh An-
the University of Illinois in 1879; student derson and David Douglass he printed
at the Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris, in A True and Historical yarrative of the
1880-83; instructor at the Chicago Art Colony of Georgia in America from the
Institute since 1886; and lecturer on art First Settlement thereof until the Pres-
in the University of Chicago since 1893. ent Period (1741).
^e has produced several busts and medal- Talbot, John, colonial bishop; bom in
lions of prominent Americans; a statue Wymondham, England, in 1645; was
of Schuyler Colfax; reliefs for the Michi- chaplain of the British ship Centurion,
gan monument on the Gettysburg battle- which in 1702 brought the first foreign
field; and a statue of Greneral Grant for missionaries to Virginia. He soon after-
Fort Leavenworth, Kan. He was the deco- wards left the service of the admiralty
rator of the Horticultural building in and became a missionary among the Ind-
the World's Columbian Exposition; and ians, sometimes travelling 500 miles on
is a member of the American Sculpture horseback to attend to their spiritual
Society and the Western Society of Art- wants. Satisfied that the Church of Eng-
ists. land needed a bishop in America, he fre-
Taft, William Howard, lawyer; bom quently spoke of it. In 1703 he was made
in Cincinnati, O., Sept. 15, 1857; gradu- rector of St. Mary's Church, New Bmns-
ated at Yale College in 1878, and at the wick, N. J. The next year the clergy of
Law School of Cincinnati College in 1880 ; New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania
was admitted to the bar in the latter year ; petitioned for a bishop, and Talbot was
was collector of internal revenue in. the persuaded to carry the petition to London
DC. — ^a 1
TAXBOT— TALCOTT
hiniBelf. He wag favored 'by Qu^tn Anne esctLped in a boat, and the Romneg soon
in his eflortB to have the prayer of the freed herself without injury. The other
petition granted, but failed to obtain the war-vessels fled out of the harbor in
appointment of a suffragan, and he re- alarm. Talbot received a severe wound, in
solved to ask for conaeeration for himself the defence of Fort Mifflin, and gave ma-
by nonjuring biahops. This was done by t«rial aid to General Sullivan on Rhode
two bishops, and in 1722 he returned to Islajid in 1778. A few weeks later he capt-
Araerica and assumed episcopal authority, ured a British floating battery anchored
The governor of Pennsylvania (Keith) in one of the channels commanding New-
complained of him to the Lords of the port, and for this exploit was conunia-
Privy Seal, and he was summoned to Eng- sioned captain. In his prize (the Pigot)
land, but did not go. He died in Bur- he cruised off the New England coast,
lington, N. J., Nov. 29, 1727. capturing several prizes. In 1780 he was
Talbot, Silas, naval officer; born in captured and confined in the prison-ship
Dighton, MasB., in 1751 ; was captain in a Jersey, removed to England, and ex-
Bhode Island regiment at the siege of changed in 1781. After the war he pur-
Boston; accompanied the American army chased the confiscated estate of Sir Will-
to New York; and, for skilful operations inm Johnson, near the Mohawk River:
with fire-rafts against the British ship- served in the New York Assembly, and
a member of Congress in 1793-B4. He
' was employed in 1794 to superintend the
construction of the frigate Conslilution,
which, in 1799, was his flagship in n
ci'uiee to the West Indiea. He resigned
Sept. 21. 1801- He died in New York City,
June 30, 1813.
Talcott, Andrew, civil engineer; born
in Glastonbury, Conn., April 20, 179T;
graduated at the United States Military
Academy, and commissioned second lieu-
tenant in the engineer corps in 1818 :
served for a year on construction duty;
then accompanied (len. Henry Atkinson
as engineer on the expedition to estab-
lish military posts on the upper Mis-
souri and Yellowstone rivers. On his re-
turn he was engaged on the construction
of the defences of Hampton Roads, Va.,
till 1835. He resigned his coramiBsion
in 1830. He devised the Talcott method
tor determining territorial latitudes by ob-
servations of stars near the zenith. He
•luB iiLBOT. died in Richmond, Va., April 22, 1883.
Talcott, Obobge, military officer; bom
1776 he accepted the command of a fire- in Glastonbury, Conn., Dec. 6, 1786; Join-
brig on the Hudson. By orders of Wash- ed the army in 1813; promoted first lieu-
ington, after gaining Harlem Heights tenant in March, 1814 ; served through
(Sept. 1.5), Talbot attempted the destrue- the Mexican War, being promoted colonel
tion of the British vessels of war lying and chief of ordnance in March, 1848. On
off the present 124th Street, New York Nov. fl, 1850. he sent a letter without the
City. At 2 A.M. on the I6th, when it was knowledge of the Secretary of War to
dark and cloudy, Talbot left his hidinp- Colonel Huger, commandant of the ar-
place under the Palisades. 3 or 4 miles senal at Fort Monroe, respecting the pur-
above Fort Lee, ran down the river with a chase of ammunition, on the receipt of
fair wind, and, grappling the Romney, set which Colonel Hujier made a contract to
his brig on fire. The crew of the brig buy a large quantity of shot and shell.
TAIiCOTT— TALLMADOS
«
When this fact became known to the War were the Spanish arms, an evidence of the
Department Talcott was court-martialled, complicity of the Spaniards with the
found guilty, and forced to retire on July Indians.
8. 1^1. Many prominent men declared Tallasahatchee, Battle at. The mas-
the sentence unjust and illegal, and at- sacre at Fort Mims (see Mims, Fort,
tempts were made to reinstate him, but Massacre at) stirred the indignation of
without success. Hon. John C. Spencer the whole people of the Southwest. A
wrote a Review of the trial to prove the cry for help went northward. Jackson
error of the judgment. Talcott died in was then prostrate at a Nashville inn,
Albany, N. Y., April 25, 1862. from the effects of a bullet received from
Talcott, John, military officer; bom the hands of Thomas H. Benton, in a
in Braintree, England, about 1630; came duel. He appealed to' the Tennesseeans to
to the United States with his father, and take the field, promising to be with them
settled in Boston, and later in Hartford, as soon as possible. Five thousand men
Conn.; was made ensign of colonial troops speedily responded. Jackson despatched
in 1650; became captain in 1660; elected (Sept. 26, 1813) Gen. John Coffee, with
a deputy of the colony of Connecticut; 500 dragoons and as many mounted vol-
treasufer of the colony in 1660-76; and unteers as could join him immediately,
was one of the patentees named in the towards the Creek country. Jackson, with
charter granted to Connecticut in 1662 his arm in a sling, joined him soon after-
by Charles I. He served in the Indian wards, and drilled his troops thoroughly
War of 1676 as major, and in June of that for the emergency. When he arrived at
year, at the head of the " standing army " the Coosa he was informed that the hos-
of Connecticut, accompanied by 200 Mohi- tile Creeks were assembled at Tallasahat-
can and Pequod Indians, fought a success- chee, a town in an open woodland. Jack-
ful battle at the Housa tonic. He was son sent the stalwart Coffee, with 1,000
promoted lieutenant - colonel during the horsemen, to attack them. He was accom-
war. Many of his official papers are pre- panied by friendly Creeks and Cherokees.
served among the State records in Hart- On the morning of Oct. 3, by a manoeuvre,
ford. He died in Hartford, Conn., July the Indians were decoyed out of the town,
23, 1688. when they fell upon the Tennesseeans
Talladega, Battle at. On the evening furiously. They were immediately smitten
of Nov. 8, 1813, Gen. Andrew Jackson and by a volley of bullets and a charge of the
his troops were resting within 6 miles of cavalry. The Creeks fought valiantly.
Talladega, one of the chief gathering- Inch by inch they were pushed back by the
places of the hostile Creek Indians in narrowing circle of their assailants, who
Talladega connty, Ala., a little east of the attacked them at all points. Not one
Coosa River. Jackson's forces were com- would ask quarter, but fought as long as
posed of 1,200 infantry and 800 mounted he could wield a weapon. Every warrior
men. He disposed them for action so as was killed. In falling back to their vil-
to enclose the foe in a circle of armed lage, they became mingled with the women
men. He moved at sunrise, Nov. 9. When and children, and some of these were slain,
the attack began the Indians rushed out Fully 200 Indians perished, and eighty-
with gi*eat fury, and their yells at first four women and children were made
BO alarmed the militia that some of them prisoners. The loss of the Americans was
fell back, but were soon rallied and fought five killed and forty-one wounded, most of
gallantly. The battle soon became general, them slightly. Having destroyed the town
and raged for about fifteen minutes, when and buried the dead, Coffee marched back
the Indians broke and fled in all direc- to Jackson's camp on the Coosa, followed
tions. They were pursued for several by a train of sorrowful captives. Thus
miles, and over 300 of the dusky war- was commenced the fearful chastisement
riors were slain, besides a large number of the Indians for their work at Fort
wounded. The Americans lost fifteen Mims.
killed and eighty-five wounded. Among Tallmadge, Bekjascin, military offi-
the few trophies of victory borne back to cer; born in Brookhaven, N. Y., Feb.
the Coosa was a coarse banner, on which 25, 1754; entered the patriot army as
3
TAIXMAPOB— TAMMAWY
lieutenant of a Coonecticut regiment in Dutch Church in Belleville, N. J., in the
June, 1TT6. and soon rose to the rank of same year; was pastor of the CentrftI
colonel. In 1770-80 he was engaged in Presbyterian Church (popularly knowa as
expeditions against bodies of British and the Tabernacle) of Brooklyn, in ltj6&-04,
Tories on I>ing Island, and was in some during which time this well-known place
of the principal battles of the war. In of worship was destroyed by fire three
times. Feeling himself unable to stand the
strain of building another church edifice,
he removed to Washington, D. 0. His
sermons have been published every week
for twenty - nine years. In 1900 it waa
estimated that their publication in 3,600
papers had carried them to no less than
30,000,000 people weekly in the United
States and other lands. He has been
editor of the Chrittian Herald for many
Talon, PiEBBE, explorer; bom in Can-
ada after 1650; was with the La Salle
expedition to Illinois in 1BS7. After the
) murder of La Salle he lived for a time
with the Cenis Indians. Ij&ter he became
an interpreter to Franciscan missionaries
(.y who had arrived at the village. Subse-
quently he went, with a sister and two
the fall of 1780 he had the custody of brothers, to Mexico. He wrote an ac-
Major Andre until after that officer's count of La Salle's death in a work en-
execution. He was long in Washington's titled Tiarrative of Pierre and Jean Ta-
military family, and was his confidential ion, 6i/ the Order of Count Ponchariratn,
correspondent. He became a successful to their Arrival at Vera Cruz, Sept. Ji,
merchant, and, from 1801 to 1817, was i698. He died after 1700.
a member of Congress. He died in Litch- Tammany, St., a great and good chief
field. Conn., March 7, 1835. of the Delaware Indians, called Tamenand
Tallmadge, Jahes, lawyer; bom in by the early settlers of Pennsylvania. He
SUmtord, N. Y., Jan. 28, 1778; graduated is supposed to have been one of those
at Brown University in 1798; studied law who made the famous treaty with Wili>
and practised for several years; hut later iam pEny (q. v.). He was revered by
turned his attention to agriculture. He the Delawares almost like a deity, and
was for ^ime time private secretary to old and young went to him for counsel.
Gen, George Clinton, had command of a He never had his equal among them.
regiment in New York during the War of In the Revolutionary War the admirers
1812-15, was member of Congress in 1817- of the good chief conferred upon him the
19, ond introduced an amendment to the title of saint, and he was established as
bill restricting slavery to the region west the patron saint of America. Hia name
of the Mississippi; was a member of the was inserted in some calendars, and his
State legislature in 1825-2(1; visited Rus- festival was celebrated on May 1 of each
sia and introduced American machinery year. After the Revolution an associ-
therc in 1835; and was one of the founders ation was formed in Philadelphia, called
of the University of the City of New York, the Tammany Society. On May 1 thev
He died in New York, Sept. 29, 1853. paraded the streets, with hucktails in
Talmad^, Thomas db Wrrr, clergy- their hats, and proceeded to a pleasant
man; bom in Bound Brook, N. J., Jan. 7, retreat out of town, which they called
1832; studied at the University of the the "wigwam," where, after a long talk.
City of New York, and graduated at the or Indian " palaver," had been delivered.
New Brunswick Theological Seminary In and the calumet of peace and friendship
1850; was ordained pastor of the Reformed had been duly smoked, they spent the
TAumfAyv BOCIBTT— TAmrEB
day in festivity and mirth. After dinner to the organiEstion, and from that time
Indian dances were performed in front it became a political aociety. They met
of the wigvam, the calumet was again at first in Martling's Long Room, on the
smoked, and the company separated. corner of Nassau and Frankfort BtreeUi.
Tammany Society, Or Coliunbf«ii Or- In 1800 the society determined to build
d«r, a political organization formed chief- a wigwam, and Tammany Hall was erect-
ly through the exertions of Wiiliam Moo- ed by them on that spot. Many years af-
ney. an uphoUterer in the city of New terwards they abandoned the old wigwam
York, at the beginning of the administra- and made their quarters in a tine build-
tion of President Washington. Its first ing on Fourteenth Street, adjoining the
meeting was held on May 13, 1760. The Academy of Music. Although the actual
society took its name from St. Tammany, membership of the society embraced only
The officers of the society consisted of a a few hundred men, it has been able
grand sachem and thirteen inferior sa- for many years to control and poll many
(.-hems, representing the President and the thousand votes and wield an immense
governors of the thirteen States. Besides power in the politics both of New York
these there was a grand council, of which City and of the State. Its connection
the sachems were members. It was a with the gigantic frauds of the Tweed
ring led t« a natural reaction and a
temporary check. But it soon recovered
its prestige and increased power. See
New Yokk Curonologt, in this volume.
Tampa, a city, port of entry, and county
•eat of HillsboTO county, Fla. During the
American- Spanish War in 1898 it was one
of the rendezvous for the American army
when being assembled for the invasion of
Cuba. Population (1900), Il>,839.
Tunplco, a seaport town of Mexico,
In the State of Tamaulipas. on the Pa-
nuco River, 5 miles from the Gulf of
Mexico; was taken possession of by the
fleet of Commodore Conner, Nov. 14, 1848,
in the early part of the war with Mexico.
Tan«y, RooEB Bbqoke, jurist; born in
Calvert county. Md., March 17, 1777 ; grad-
uated at Dickinson College in 1705; ad-
mitted to the bar in 1799. He was of a
family of English Roman Catholics who
settled in Maryland. At the a^ of
twenty- three he was a member of the
Maryland Assembly; was Ktate Senator
T>H>dT '"i i" 1816, and attorney-general of Mary-
land in I82T. In 1831 President Jacknon
vpry popular society and patriotic in its appointed him United States Attorney-
influence. Its membership included most General, and in 1836 he was appointed
of the best men of New York City. No chief-justice of the Supreme Court of the
party politics were tolerated in its meet- United States, to succeed Judge Marshall,
ing*. But when Washington denounced In 1857 he gave his famous opinion in
" self- constituted societies," in consequence the Dred Scott Case (q. v.), and was an
of the violent resistance to law made by earnest upholder of the slave-system. He
the secret Democratic societies, at the died in Washington, D. C, Oct. 12, 18(54.
time of the Whiskey InstiRRECTtow {q. Tanner, Benjamin, engraver; born in
v.), nearly all the members left it, be- New York City, March 27, 177-5; removed
lieving their society to be included in to Philadelphia, Pa., in 1799. and with his
the reproof. Mooney and others adhered brother Henry founded a map -publishing
TANNER— TAPPAK
establishment. He also founded the bank- missioner of Pensions in 1889. On resign-
note engraving house of Tanner, Vallance, ing this office he became a pension attor-
Kearny & Co., in 1816. Loiter this enter- ney.
prise was abandoned and he founded a Tanner, John, captive; born in Ken-
blank-check-note and draft publishing con- tucky about 1780. His father laid out a
cern. His engravings include Apotheosia farm at the mouth of the Big Miami
of Washington; Perry^a Victory on Lake River, O. When John was six years old
Erie, Sept. 10, 1813; The Launch of the he was captured by an Indian, and after
Steam Frigate Fulton; Macdonough*8 two years* detention was sold to Net-no-
Victory on Lake Champlain, and Defeat of kwa, an Ottawa Indian. He lived in
the British Army at Plattshurg by General captivity for thirty years, becoming so
McComh, Sept. 11, 1814; The Surrender thoroughly accustomed to Indian life that
of Cornicallis at Yorktown ; America he forgot his own language. He engaged
Guided by Wisdom, etc. He died in Balti- in warlike expeditions and married Mis-
more, Md., Nov. 14, 1848. kwa-bun-o-kwa ("the Red Sky of the
Tanner, Benjamin Tucker, clergyman ; Morning " ) . Subsequently he went to De-
born of African parents in Pittsburg, Pa., troit, where he met his brother and visit-
Dec. 25, 1835; studied theology in the ed his family. He was then employed
Western Theological Seminary; was editor as an interpreter. He was the author of
of the Christian Recorder for sixteen a Narrative of the Captivity and Ad-
years; founded the African Methodist ventures of John Tanner during Thirty
Episcopal Church Review, of which he was Years' Residence among the Indians. He
editor for four years. He was ordained died in 1847.
bishop in 1888. His publications include Tanoan Indians, a family of North
The Origin of the Negro; The Negro in American Indians that were widely scat-
Holy Writ; The Color of Solomon: What? tered in the middle of the sixteenth cen-
etc. tury, and were divided into several
Tanner, Henry S., cartographer; born groups which received distinct names from
in New York City in 1786; brother of the Spanish discoverers and conquerors.
Benjamin Tanner; settled in Philadelphia They occupied nearly all of the valley
early in life; returned to New York in of the Rio Grande del Norte, a stretch of
1850. His ihaps include the Neto Ameri- country approximately 230 miles long by .
can Atlas; The World; Map of the United an extreme width of 100 miles, and ex-.
States of Mexico ; Map of Philadelphia; tending within forty miles of New Mexico
and Map of the United States of Amer- to within 120 miles of Mexico. Tho
ica. He was also the author of Memoir Pueblo of Isleta, in New Mexico, contains
on the Recent Surveys in the United the largest population, about 1,000.
States; View of the Valley of the Missis- Taos. See Tanoan Indians.
sippi; American Traveller; Central Travel- Tappan, a village of New York, 24
Icr; New Picture of Philadelphia; and miles north of New York City, and 1^4
Description of the Canals and Railroads miles west of the Hudson River. Here,
of the United States. He died in New on Oct. 2, 1780, Ma J. John Andre (g. t?.)
York City in 1858. was hanged as a British spy.
Tanner, James, attorney; born in Tappan, Arthur, philanthropist; born
Richmondville, N. Y., April 4, 1844; re- in Northampton, Mass., May 22, 1786; re-
ceived a common school education; en- ceived a common school education; es-
listed as a private in the 87th New York tablished himself in business in Portland,
Volunteers in 1861 ; was promoted cor- Me., and subsequently in Montreal, Can-
poral; took part in the second battle of ada, where he remained until the begin-
Bull Run, and there lost both legs. He ning of the War of 1812. He was the
returned to his native State in 1866; founder of Oberlin College, and erected
studied law; was appointed to a post Tappan Hall there; endowed Lane Theo-
in the New York Custom-house; became logical Seminary in Cincinnati; estab-
deputy collector under General Arthur; lished a professorship at Auburn Theo-
was tax collector of Brooklyn in 1877-85; logical Seminary; was one of the found-
and was appointed United States Com- ers of the American Tract Society; and
0
TAFPAH— TABm
with his brother established the New York and protection ; there are no prohibitory
Journal of Commerce in 1828 and The duties except on chiccory, shoddy, doctor-
Emancipator in 1833. He was the first ed wines, and a few articles of like cbar-
preaident of the American Anti - shivery acter. Before the adoption of the United
Society, to which he contributed $1,000 a States Constitution most of the American
month for several years, but withdrew in colonies had systems of taxation on im-
1840 on account of the aggressive spirit ports. The first acts of the Dutch WcHt
manifested by many members towards the India Company with reference to the
churches and the Union; and during his colony of New Netherlands provided for
later years was connected with a mercan- export and import duties, and Hpecific
tile agency which his brother Lewis es- rates were levied on furs and (HMlflsh by
tablished. He died in New Haven, Conn., act of June 7, 1620. In 1601 the council
July 23, 1865. of Virginia laid an import tax on rum and
Tappan, Lewis, merchant; brother of sugar, and forbade unloading them except
Arthur Tappan; born in Northampton, at appointed ports. The government of
Mass., May 23, 1788; received a common Massachusetts enacted a general import
school education; established himself in tax, November, 1008. Under the confed-
business with his brother in 1814. Later eration, the Continental Congress made
he became interested in calico-print works numerous unsuccessful attempts to induce
and the manufacture of cotton; removed the States to join in an import tax for
to New York in 1827, and with his brother the common treasury, only succeeding in
engaged in the importing trade. In securing, in 1786, an agreement from New
1833 he became deeply interested in the York, granting to the United Slates cer-
anti-slavery movement, in consequence of tain imposts, provided the other States
which he and his brother at various times did the same. A measure for taxing im-
sufTered personal violence. He was in- ports, " for the support of the government,
volved in the crisis of 1837, and soon after for the discharge of debts of the Unite<l
withdrew from the firm and established the States, and the encouragement and protec-
first mercantile agency in the country, tion of manufactures,'' was introduced in
He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., June 21, the House of Representatives of the First
1873. Congress, by James Madison, April 8,
TarboXy Increase Niles, author; born 1780. From this dates tariff legislation
in East Windsor, Conn., Feb. 11, 1815; in the United States,
graduated at Yale College in 1839 ; studied
theology and became pastor of a Congre- Chbonolooy.
gational church in Framington^ Mass., in Congress passes first tariff act, to con-
1S44; later was made secretary of the tinue in force until June, 1796, combining
American College and Education Society specific duties on some articles and ad va-
of Boston. His publications include The lorem on others, equivalent to an 8V2 per
Curse, or the Position Occupied in History cent, ad volorem rate, with drawback, ex-
hy the Race of Ham; Life of Israel Put- cept 1 per cent, of duties, on all articles
nantf Major-General in the Continental exported within twelve months, except dis-
Army: Sir Walter Raleigh and His Colony tilled spirits other than brandy and
in America, etc. He died in West Newton, geneva, signed by Washington
Mass., May 3, 1888. July 4, 1789
Tariff. The tariff is a tax levied upon Act of Congress passed to regulate the
(>xports or (especially) imports. A duty collection of duties. Each collection dis-
was early collected by Moslem rulers at trict to lie within a State. Providing for
the Spanish port Tarifa, whence the collectors, deputy collectors, naval officers,
racKlern name, on goods passing through surveyors, weighers, measurers, gangers,
the Strait of Gibraltar. The word as used and inspectors. Ad valorem duties to be
in the United States was adopted from the eatimated by adding 20 per cent, to the
Knglish tariffs, which before the reign of actual coat thereof if imported from the
Queen Elizabeth were prohibitory, and Cape of Good Hope or any place beyond,
since used as a source of revenue. In the and 10 per cent, if from any other country.
United States the tariff is for revenue Duties to be paid in cash if under $50; if
7
TABIFF
over, might be secured by bond to run from 88 to 54, and the Senate by 25 to 7, and
four to twelve months, with 10 per cent, becomes a law April 27, 1816
discount for prompt payment Act passed deferring the time of reduc-
July 31, 1789 tion of tariff on woollens and cottons
Act laying duties on importations ex- until 1826, and raising the duty on bar
tended to North Carolina, Feb. 8, and to iron from $9 to $15 per ton
Rhode Island June 14, 1790 April 20, 1818
Act of July 4, 1789, repealed, and new Besolutions introduced in Congress for
law enacted raising duties to equal an the abolition of drawbacks, and bills to
11 per cent, ad valorem rate shorten long credits on importations, to
Aug. 10, 1790 tax auction sales of imports, and to col-
Tariff rate raised to equal 13^^ per lect duties in cash debated, but fail to be-
cent., by act of May 2, 1792 come laws 1819-22
Additional duties levied on imports. Auction system, by which foreigners
particularly tobacco, snuff, and refined shipped goods to the United States, under-
sugar, by acts of June 5-7, 1794 valuing them in the invoice, for which
Tariff on brown sugar, molasses, and the auctioneer gave bonds and immediately
tea increased March 3, 1797 sold for what they would bring, is rem-
Duty on salt increased from 12 to 20 edied by deterrent legislation, which be-
cents by act of July 8, 1797 gan in 1818 and concluded in act of
First elaborate act of Congress for tak- March 1, 1823
ing possession of arriving merchandise. Tariff bill with average rate of 37 per
and levying and collecting duties cent, duties, after a debate of ten weeks,
March 2, 1799 passes the House by vote of 107 to 102.
Additional duties imposed on wines, The Senate adds amendments which the
sugar, molasses, and such articles as have Plouse rejects. The difference is settled
paid 10 per cent May 13, 1800 by a committee of conference, and bill
Two and one-half per cent. <id valorem passes Senate by 25 to 22, approved
imposed on all importations in American May 22, 1824
vessels, and 10 per cent, in foreign vessels. National convention,' called by the Penn-
in addition to existing rates, for a fund sylvania Society for the Promotion of
to protect commerce and seamen against Manufactures and Mechanic Arts at Har-
the Barbary powers, commonly called the risburg, adopts resolutions in favor of
''Mediterranean fund" March 27, 1804 more protection on iron, steel, glass, wool.
All tariff duties increased 100 per cent., woollens, and hemp July 30, 1827
and 10 per cent, additional on goods im- Tariff bill, based on recommendation of
ported in foreign ships July 1, 1812 Harrisburg convention, introduced in Con-
Double war duties continued until June gress Jan. 31, 1828
30, 1816, and after that day an additional New tariff, with a 41 per cent, rate,
duty of 42 per cent, until a new tariff favored by Daniel Webster, is debated
shall be formed Feb. 5, 1816 from March 4 to May 15 ; passed by
A. J. Dallas, Secretary of the Treasury, House, 109 to 91; Senate, 26 to 21, and
reports to Congress on the subject of a approved May 19, 1828
general tariff of increased duties [This became known as the " Tariff of
Feb. 13, 1816 Abominations." South Carolina protested
Mr. Lowndes, of South Carolina, reports against it as unconstitutional, oppressive,
a bill from the committee on ways and and unjust. North Carolina also pro-
means to regulate duties on imports and tested, and Alabama and Georgia denied
tonnage March 12, 1816 the power of Congress to lay duties for
Tariff bill opposed by Mr. Webster and protection.]
most of the Eastern States, and by John Duties on coffee, cocoa, and tea re-
Randolph, and supported by Messrs. Clay, duced by art of May 20; on molasses and
Calhoun, and Lowndes. Among other salt by act May 29, 1830
provisions was one for the gradual reduc- Secretary of the Treasury Ingham, in
tion of the tax on cotton and woollen his report, advocates "home" valuation
goods. Act passes the House by a vote of in place of " foreign," the current valu^
9
TABIFF
of goods in the United States to be the " Force bill " or "Bloody bill," to en-
dutiable value Dec. 15, 1830 force the collection of duties, passed by
National free -trade convention meets (ingress March 2, 1833
in Philadelphia Sept. 30, 1831 NulliAcation acts repealed by South
National protection convention meets Carolina March 18, 1833
in New York Oct. 26, 1831 Home league formed to agitate for high
George McDuffie, representative from duties 1841
South Carolina, from committee on ways A general tariff act, with average rate
and means, reports a bill proposing ad of duty about 33 per cent., and dropping
valorem duties for revenue only the principle of " home valuation," is
Feb. 8, 1832 passed Sept. 11, 1841
John Quincy Adams reports a bill re- Tariff law passed containing the much-
pealing the act of 1828, and reducing controverted and litigated *' similitude
duties on coarse woollens, iron, etc. section" (sec. 20), imposing duties on
May 23, 1832 non -enumerated articles which may be
Tariff bill retaining the protective feat- similar in material, quality, texture, or use
ures of the tariff of 1828, but reducing to any enumerated article. .Aug. 30, 1842
or abolishing many taxes, is reported. It Tariff bill passes the House by a vote
reduced the tax on iron, increased that of 114 to 95, and the Senate by the cast-
on woollens, made some raw wools free, ing vote of the Vice-President, George M.
and left -cotton unchanged. Duties of Dallas. Average rate of duty 25% per
less than $200 to be paid in cash without cent July 30, 1846
discount, law to take effect March 3, Warehouse system established by act
1833; approved July 14, 1832 of Congress Aug. 6, 1846
Representatives from South Carolina Robert J. Walker introduces the sys-
publish an address on the subject of the tem of private bonded warehouses, which
tariff, urging resistance July 15, 1832 is confirmed by act of Congress
Convention meets in Columbia, S. C, March 28, 1854
Nov. 19, and calls on the legislature to Free-trade policy declared in the plat-
declare the tariff acts of 1824 and 1828 form of the Democratic party at Cincin-
null and void in that State, and to pro- nati June 6, 1856
faibit the collection of duties there after Tariff act passed lowering the average
Feb. 1, 1833; law passed.. Nov. 24, 1832 duty to about 20 per cent.. March 3, 1857
Secretary of the Treasury, in his report. Republican Convention at Chicago
recommends a reduction of duties to the adopts a protective-tariff platform
requirements of revenue Dec. 5, 1832 May 17, 1860
President proclaims intention to en- Tariff bill, raising the tariff of 1857
force the laws Dec. 11, 1832 about one-third, introduced in the House
Mr. Verplanck, from the committee on by Mr. Morrill, passed and approved,
ways and means, reports a bill providing March 2, 1861; goes into effect
for the reduction of duties in the course April 1, 1861
of two years to about one-half Amended tariff act raising duties
Jan. 8, 1833 passed Aug. 5, 1861
"Compromise Tariff bill" introduced Act passed increasing tariff on tea,
by Mr. Clay Feb. 12, 1833 coffee, and sugar Dec. 24, 1861
House strikes out Mr. Verplanck's bill Act passed raising tariff duties tempo-
and substitutes Mr. Clay's, which de- rarily July 14, 1802
dares its object to be " to prevent the Act passed " to prevent and punish
destruction of the political system, and frauds upon the revenue," etc., which
to arrest civil war and restore peace and provides that all invoices of goods be
tranquillity to the nation." It provides made in triplicate, one to be- given the
for a gradual reduction in duties, and for person producing them, a second filed in
"home valuation," all duties to be paid the office of the consular officer nearest
in cash. Passed by vote of 118 to 84 in the place of shipment, and the third
the House, and 29 to 16 in the Senate, and transmitted to the collector at the port of
approved , March 2, 1833 entry , March 3, 1863
9
TABIFF
Joint resolution raising all duties 50 al duty of 10 per cent, on goods from
per cent, for sixty days, afterwards ex- places west of the Cape of Good Hope ) ,
tended to ninety days April 29, 1864 May 4, and amended Dec. 23, 1882
General revision of tariff, increasing Senate reports a tarifif bill which is
duties passed.*. June 30, 1864 called up for consideration, Jan. 10; House
Bill passed increasing tariff rates, bill reported by ways and means coin-
March 3, 1865, and amended . .July 28, 1866 mittee, Jan. 16; both bills discussed and
Transportation in bond of goods des- amended for several weeks; a conference
tined for Canada or Mexico, through the committee meets, Feb. 28; after some
United States, provided for by act of resignations and reappointments of mem-
July 28, 1866 hers, reports, March 2, accepted in the
Convention of woollen manufacturers Senate, 12.30 a.m., March 3, by 32 to
at Syracuse ask increaseii duties. They 31 votes, and in the House at 5.30 p.m.,
form an alliance with wool-growers, and March 3, by 152 to 116 votes, and signed
arrange a tariff which becomes a law by by the President before adjournment,
act oif March 2, 1867 which was after midnight. .March 3, 1883
Duty on copper and copper ore in- A bill " to reduce import duties and
creased by act of Feb. 24, 1869 war-tariff taxes," introduced by Mr. Mor-
First law distinctly authorizing the ap- rison, is reported in the House, March
pointment of special agents of the treas- 11, and defeated by vote of 159 to 155
ury in the customs service, passed April 15, 1884
May 12, 1870 A bill to reduce tariff taxes, introduced
Following a general debate on an act by Mr. Morrison, is lost by vote of the
to reduce internal taxes, etc., a new tariff. House, 157 to 140 June 17, 1886
retaining most of the protective features. Mills bill, a measure ** to reduce taxa-
becomes a law July 14, 1870 tion and simplify the laws in relation to
Duties removed from tea and coffee the collection of revenue," introduced in
after July 1, 1872, by act of.. May 1, 1872 the House by Roger Q. Mills, of Texas,
General act passed reducing duties on chairman of the ways and moans com-
imports and internal taxes. .June 6, 1872 mittee April 2, 1888
All provision moieties to informers re- Mills bill is taken up for discussion,
pealed, and the proceeds of all fines, pen- April 17, and debated until July 19, and
alties, and forfeitures to be paid into the passes the House by vote of 149 to 14
treasury, by act of June 22, 1874 July 21, 1888
Tariff law amended by act of Congress [Referred in the Senate to the finance
Feb. 8, 1875 committee, by whom a substitute was pre-
Salts and sulphate of quinine put on pared, and failed to become a law.]
the free-list July 1, 1879 A bill " to equalize duties upon imports
Act creating a tariff commission of nine and to reduce the revenue of the gov-
civilians appointed by the President to ernment," introduced by William McKin-
visit different sections of the country in ley, Jr., of Ohio April 16, 1890
the interest of tariff revision and report McKinley Customs Administration act
May 15, 1882 approved .June 10, 1800
Tariff commission, consisting of John McKinley tariff bill passes the House,
L. Hayes, president, Henry W. Oliver, Jr., May 21 ; referred to Senate committee
Austin M. Garland, Jacob Ambler, Robert on finance. May 23; reported to the
P. Porter, John W. H. Underwood, Dun- Senate with amendments, June 18; pass-
can F. Kenner, Alexander R. Boetler, and es Senate with amendments, Sept. 10;
William H. McMahon, organizes at the reported by conference committee to
Ebbitt House, Washington, D. C, House. Sept. 26; approved by the Presi-
July 6, 1882 dent, Oct. 1. and takes effect Oct. 6, 1890
Report of tariff commission submitted Tariff (Wilson) bill made public
to Congress and referred to ways and Nov. 27, 1893
means committee Dec. 4, 1882 Internal revenue bill containing the in-
Act passed repealing section 2510 of come-tax reported to the House
the Revised Statutes (levying an addition- Jan. 24, 1894
10
TABUT LBGISLATIOH
Tariff bill with income - tax attached Chairman Dingley, of the committee on
passes the House, 204 to 140. .Feb. 1, 1804 ways and means, introduceH new tariff
Senate passes tariff bill, 39 yeas (thirty- bill Dec. 7. 1896
Steven Democrats, two Populists), 34 nays Measure reported from committee on
(thirty-one Republicans, two Populists, ways and means March 19, 1897
one Democrat, D. B. Hill) July 3, 1894 Bill passes the House, 205 ayes to 122
TarifT bill received in the House with nays, twenty-seven not voting
633 Senate amendments; rates increased March 31, 1897
July 5, 1894 Bill passes the Senate with about 870
House disagreeing, a conference com- amendments, 38 ayes, 28 nays, twenty-
mittee is appointed; the Senate compels three not voting July 7, 1897
the House to adopt its amendments House non-concurred in Senate amend-
Aug. 13, 1894 ments; conference committee reported
Bill sent to the President Aug. 17, 1894 favorably on majority of Senate amend-
Becomes a law without his signature ments; report agreed to; and act ap-
Aug. 27, 1894 proved by the President July 24, 1897
TABIFF LEGISLATION
Tariff LeglBlaticn. The question of 1819 came an attempted tariff measure in
ta.riirs in the United States has been a 1820. By 1824 the movement towards
disputed point since the very formation higher protection showed itself in the act
of the nation. The overthrow of one po- of May 22, in which the average rate was
litical party has almost invariably been 37 per cent. Woollen goods, cotton goodn,
followed by a revision of the tariff. 6rad- and iron were main subjects of debate
ixally through all these changes the two from the early stages of the controversy.
^eat national parties have come to have The tariff of 1824 was protectionist, but
a rather settled policy in regard to the in 1828 a tariff was passed which, on ao-
tarifT. The history of the tariff struggle count of its various eccentricities, re-
in the United States is here given. ceived the name of the Tariff of Abomina-
The question of raising a sufficient na- tions. Opposition to this act was very
tional revenue was one of the first and bitter in the South, and led to the nulli-
most important matters discussed by the fication movement. The law was modified
Congress of 1789. The tariff, which was in 1832, and further in 1833 by the com-
passed on July 4 of that year, was nomi- promise tariff promoted by Henry Clay,
nally protective. Specific duties were By this act duties were to be gi'adually re-
placed on spirits and fermented liquors, duced to 20 per cent. Parties had again
sugar, coffee, tea, and some other articles, crystallized; protection was a Whig doc-
while the remaining mass of imports bore trine, together with internal improve-
ad mlorem duties averaging about 8% per ments. See American System.
cent. This tariff of 1789 was largely High protection was revived by the
the work of Madison. Protection was not tariff of 1842, in which the duties aver-
in the early years of the republic a party aged about 33 per cent. But in 1846 the
measure, or indeed a vital question. Democrats passed the low Walker tariff,
The effect of the restrictive actions of named after the Secretary of the Trea»-
France and Great Britain in the Napole- ury, Robert J. Walker. The average rate
onio regime and of the embargo, followed was about 25 per cent., and under this law
by the War of 1812, was to make the the country continued until 1857, when,
United States more dependent on itself with an overflowing revenue, the rate was
for manufactures. Soon after the close of still further reduced to about 20 per cent,
the war the tariff of April 27, 1816, was From 1846 to 1861, accordingly, there was
adopted. The increase of manufacturing an approach to a revenue tariff. The
interests was shown in the increasing Morrill tariff, named after the chairman
duties, which in the case of cotton reached of the ways and means committee, was
25 per cent. Shortly after the panic of enacted in 1861, having a protection char-
U
TABI7F LSGIBLATIOir
acter; the Civil War broke out; expenses provided for free lumber and wool, redue-
of government enormously increased; in tion on pig-iron, and abolition of specific
1862 a stringent internal revenue act was duties on cottons. The Democrats were
passed. As the war developed, all finan- now practically united on this side, and
cial experiments were tried, taxes on in- only 4 out of 169 votes were recorded
comes and corporation receipts, on manu- against the bill. It failed in the Repub-
fuctures, also loans, and inconvertible cur- lican Senate. The same year the election
lency; in 1864 a tariff bill was enacted for President occurred, with Cleveland
which accorded a high measure of protec- and Harrison as opposing champions of
tion and produced a large amount of reve- tarifif reform and protection respectively,
nue. From 1866 to 1872 the internal- The tariff was the main issue, and th<>
revenue taxes were mainly abolished, but Bepublicans were successful. As Con-
a movement towards reforming the tariff gress was also Republican a revision of
failed in 1867. In 1870 the duties on the tariff laws was made, and this meas-
purely revenue articles were lowered, and ure bore the name of the McKinley tariff,
in 1872 tea and coffee were admitted free, from the chairman of the ways and means
and the protective duties received a 10 committee. Of this act, passed October,
per cent. " horizontal " reduction. Party 1890, the following features are to be
lines were not drawn upon these measures, noted. Under the influence largely, it is
although the war tariffs had been passed claimed, of Secretary Blaine, reciprocity
by the Republicans. This 10 per cent, re- provisions were inserted when the bill was
duction was in 1875 revoked, but the tariff before the Senate. By these provisions
was not generally discussed, although re- the President could by proclamation im-
form bills were introduced in 1876 and pose fixed duties on sugar, wool, tea,
1878. coffee, and hides from other countries.
In the campaign of 1880 the Republi- whenever the duties imposed by such coun-
cans made some use of protection, and the tries on American products shall be
Democratic candidate. Gen. Winfield deemed unjust. Duties were accordingly
Scott Hancx)CK (9. t?.), referred to it as a laid on imports from Venezuela, Haiti,
local issue. In 1882 the Republicans took and Colombia; reciprocity treaties were
up the matter seriously; a tariff commis- negotiated with Brazil, San Domingo,
sion was appointed, and in 1883 an act Cuba, and Porto Rico, Jamaica, Barba-
was passed; this measure was distinctly does, Trinidad, British Guiana, and sev-
protective; some reductions were made in eral States of Central America; also some
wool, iron, etc., and the duty on steel rails reciprocity arrangements were made with
was reduced from $28 to $17. Almost im- Germany and France,
mediately the Democrats gained control Other important features were the re-
of the House. The Morrison bill of 1884 mission of the duty on sugar, a general in-
proposed a " horizontal " reduction of 20 crease in wool and woollen goods, dress
per cent., with free iron ore, coal, and goods, knit goods, linen, plush, velvets,
lumber. It was opposed by the Republi- etc.; tin plates were protected; the to-
cans and defeated, as 41 out of 192 Demo- bacco tax was reduced; there was an in-
crats antagonized it. Again in 1886 an- crease on barley, eggs, potatoes, a de-
other low-tariff bill met the same fate, but crease on some articles, and additions to
the number of opposing Democrats had the free list. On the whole the act was
fallen to 26 out of 169; free wool, salt, regarded as a high protective measure,
and lumber were offered. It raised considerable Republican opposi-
In 1887 the protective contest entered tion, especially in the Northwest. A few
on its last phase. The election of 1884 weeks later the Republican party met a
had not turned distinctively on the tariff; Waterloo in the elections throughout the
but in the December message of 1887 country, and this result was ascribed to
President Cleveland devoted his attention the tariff. In 1893 the Democrats, having
entirely to the surplus in the treasury and regained possession of the executive and
the cause of tariff reform (see Cleveland, both branches of Congress, prepared to
Gboveb). The following year the Demo- deal with the question. President Cleve-
cratic House passed the Mills bill, which land was elected in 1892 largely on thi?
12
TARIFF LBGISLATIOir
issue, and the ]>arty platform had con- upon sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and
demned the principle of protection. The hides, the product of or exported from such
Wilson bill, framed by Chairman Wil- designated country. .
eon, of the ways and means commit- Among other provisions of the McKinley
tee, and his associates, was presented to law, the following were especially note-
the House at the close of 1893, and pro- worthy:
vided for reduction of duties in some A bounty of 2 cents per pound was
cases, and of some notable additions to authorized for all sugar grown within the
the free list, including wool. On Feb. 1, United States, testing not less than 90^
1894. it passed the House by a vote of 204 by the polariscope; and upon all sugars
to 140. Sixteen Democrats voted against testing less than 90^ and not less than
the bill. 80°, a bounty of 1% cents per pound. It
The Wilson bill failed to provide suffi- was estimated that this provision would
cient revenue. After the election of Mc- cause an annual expenditure of $7,000,000,
Kinley and a Republican Congress in based upon the annual production of sugar
1896, a strong effort was at once made to at the time of the passage of the bill.
pass another tariff measure, entitled the All packages or boxes containing arti-
Ihngley bill. This bill somewhat re- des of foreign merchandise imported into
sembles the McKinley bill, although the the United States must be plainly marked
duties proposed were not as excessive, or stamped with the name of the country
The duty on wool was restored. The Ding- in which the articles originated.
ley bill met with much opposition, but When foreign raw materials have been
wafl passed at the dose of July, 1897. made into finished products in this coun-
Tfais was chiefly due to Western Senators, try and exported, 99 per cent, of the du-
who refused to aid the Republican tariff ties paid on such raw materials was re-
plans unless that party would support funded,
free-silver legislation. All special taxes and licenses imposed
The Wilson tariff was chiefly noted for upon the manufacture of tobacco, cigars,
its free- wool (raw) provision, while one and snuff, and upon dealers in them, were
of the leading features of the McKinley abolished, thus reducing the tax on manu-
law was its reciprocity clause, the text factured tobacco from about 8 cents per
of which was as follows: pound to about 4 cents per pound. This is
Section 3. With a view to secure re- the only important change made in the
ciprocal trade with countries produdng internal-revenue laws.
the following articles, and for this pur- On March 18, 1897, a bill to "provide
pose, on and after July 1, 1892, when- revenue for the government and to en-
ever and so often as the President shall courage the industries of the United
be satisfied that the government of any States" was introduced into the House of
country producing and exporting sugars. Representatives by Nelson Dingley, Jr., of
molasses, coffee, tea, and hides, raw and Maine. The treasury had suffered since
uncured, or any of such articles, impose 1893 from yearly deficits, and the finances
duties or other exactions upon the agri- had been further deranged by the growing
cultural or other products of the United conviction that the currency system was
States, which in view of the free introduc- not as perfect as it should be. Many be-
tion of such sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, lieved the aggravating cause to be a want
and hides into the United States he may of a sufficient revenue, and the new tariff
deem to be reciprocally unequal and un- was framed to produce this revenue. By
reasonable, he shall have the power, and raising all existing duties to the rates col-
it shall be his duty, to suspend, by procla- lected under the law of 1890, and by sub-
nmtion to that effect the provisions of jecting to duties a large number of arti-
this act relating to the free introduction cles, raw materials of industry, imported
of such sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and free under the laws of 1890 and 1894, the
hides, the production of such country, for framer of the measure estimated that the
such time as he shall deem just; and in new scheme of duties would produce an
such case and during such suspension annual revenue of $273,500,000, or nearly
duties shall be levied, collected, and paid $50,000,000 more than had been obtained
13
'
TABIFF LEGISLATION
from customs in any one year since 1867.
The measure passed the House, almost
without debate, and the Senate finance
committee prepared a bill of its own, as a
substitute, differing in many important
particulars from the House measure. Af-
ter many conferences the two bodies came
to an agreement, and the bill received the
signature of the President on July 24,
1897. This tariff is one of the most de-
tailed and extensive ever framed by Con-
gress. The first two sections enumerate
705 articles and classes, of which 463 were
subject to duty. Provision was made in
Section 3 for reciprocity agreements with
such nations or countries as would make
adequate concessions on the products and
manufactures of the United States; but
the list of foreign products on which re-
duction of duty may be made by the
United States was too limited to offer
much scope for reciprocal agreements, in
Section 6 the Secretary of the Treasury
was directed to ascertain the net amount
of any bounty, direct or indirect, paid by
a foreign government on the exportation
of any article or merchandise, which
amount was to be added to the duty im-
posed on such articles or merchandise im-
ported into the United States from the
bounty-paying country. By Section 22 a
discriminating duty of 10 per cent, iu
addition to the duties imposed by la.^',
was imposed on " all gooids, wares, or
merchandise which shall be ' imported in
vessels not of the United States, or which,
being the production or manufacture of
any foreign country not contiguous to
the United States, shall come into the
United States from such contiguous coun-
try." This section was at first believed to
have the unlooked-for effect of imposing
a discriminating duty on foreign goods
brought into the United States through
Canada — a commerce of some importance.
The Attorney-Greneral decided that such
was not the effect. A further important
provision was contained in Section 32 per-
mitting appraising officers, in determin-
ing the dutiable value of imported mer-
chandise, to take into consideration the
wholesale price at which such or similar
merchandise is sold or offered for sale iu
the United States. This permitted " home
market value" to be considered where
" foreign market value is in doubt."
As the intention of the framers of the
act was to go back to the law of 1890,
a comparison is made with the rates im-
posed by that act:
▲RTZCLK8 ON WHICB THE RATK8 OF DUTY WKRK IXCRKA8BD OVKR THOSR OF THK ACT OP OCT. 1, 1890.
ArtielM.
AcidR:
Lactic
Gallic
All olhor, not epocially provided Tor
Alcoholic perrtinier)', inciuding cologoe water)
and Other toilet waters )
CompouDdR. Alcoholic, n. s. p. f.
Chloride of Lime ,
Camphor, refined
Chalk preparations, all other, n. s. p. f
Chicle
Oil, fUsel-oil, or amylic alcohol
Opium :
Crude or unmanufactured, etc
Morphia or morphine, etc <
Spirit varnishes
Paints:
Crayons ,
Smalts and firostings
Spanish, Indian red, etc
Potash, chlorate of ,
Preparations of which alcohol is a component
part, etc
Soda, chlorate of
Soda ash
Plaster rock or gypsum
Plaster of Paris, ground
Pom ice-stone:
Wholly or partially manufactured
Unroanufkctured
RatM of dntr nniUr —
Act of Oct. 1, 1890.
Free
Free '
Free
$2 per gal. and 60 per cent. . ,
$2 per gal. and 25 per cent. . .
Free
4c. per lb
'20 {)er cent ,
Free
10 percent
Free ,
60c. per ounce
$1.32 per gal. and 35 yter cent
25 per cent
(I ».
Free
50c. |Hsr lb
Free
l-4a per lb
Free..
$1 per ton
Free
Free
14
Law of IW7.
3c. per 11).
25 per cent.
<K)c. i)er lb. and 45 per cent.
(I
«
t(
i(
ti
1-5C per lb.
6c. per lb.
25 per cent.
10c per lb.
1-4C. per lb.
$1 per lb.
$1 per ounce.
$1.32 per gal. and 36 per o«nt
30 per cent.
ti 4t
ti tt
2a per lb.
56a per lb.
2a per lb.
3- 8c. per lb.
50a per ton.
$2.25 per ton.
$6 per ton.
15 per cent
TAXm LEGISLATIOH
AKTICLK 091 WHICH THE KATK8 OV DUTT WBRK IHCKIAIBO OTBH tVOM Of tVB ACT OW OCT. 1, 1890— rOfl/tiiH^il.
ArtklM.
ABpbaltam and bitameo:
Not dried or advanced
Pried or advanced
Baoxite or beaoxite, crade
riiemical glassware, Tor use in laboratory, n. a p. f.
Plate glaas, fluted, etc.. above 16 by 24 Idb., and)
not above 24 by 30 ins f
Plate glasa, east, polished :
Not exceeding 16 by 24 Ins
Above 16 by 24 and not above 24 by 30 lus. . .
Plaie-Rlass, cast, polished, silvered :
Not exceeding 16 by 24 f os
Above 16 by 24 and not above 24 by 3U Ins. . .
Cjlinder and crown glass, polished, silvered:
Not exceeding 16 by 24 ins ,
Above 16 by 24 and not above 24 by 30 ius.
Cylinder and crown glass, polislied, silvered,
when groand, obscured, troeied, etc :
Not exceeding 16 by 24 Ins ,
Above 16 by 24 and not above 24 by 30 Ina
Plate-glaas, cast, jtolished, silvered, when ground,
obscured, frosted, etc :
Not exceeding 16 by 24 ins
Above 16 by 24 and not above 24 by 30 ina . .
Plate -glass, cast, polished, nnstlvered, when
ground, obscured, frosted, etc. :
Kot exceeding 16 by 24 ins
Above 16 by 24 and not above 24 by 30 ins. . .
An other roauafactares:
Paste, manufacinres of
Glass, broken, and old glass, etc
Nanurartorea of:
A gate ,
Alabaster
Jet
Freeetfine. granite. saudf<ione, etc. :
Undreraed or unmanufm-tured
Hewn, dressed, or fwllsbed
Polishing and burnishing stones
Scissors and shears and blades for the same,
finished or unfinished :
Valued at not more than 50c per dozen
Valued at more than fiOc. and not more)
than $1. 7iS per dozen /
Valued at more than $1.75 per dozen
Tinsel wire, lame or labn
Mica
ChronometerB, box or ship's, and parts thereof. . .
Watches
Watch cases, movements, etc
Jewels for use in the manufacture of)
watrbes or clocks /
Railroad-ties
Hapboards
Sb tDgles ,
Molasee:
Tesiino above 40<) and not above SCP
Above 560
Sogan:
■All not above No. 16, Dutch standard
Sagar above No. 16, Dutch standard.
'^agar, maple, and syrup
Glacose or grape sugar
Saccharine.
Orchids, lily of the \iilley, azaleas, palms, etc.
Straw
Fruits preserved in their own Juice
riinanis
2*>^«. green or prepared
Dates ^
Oranges, lemons, and limes
Onoge and lemon peel, not preserved.
Cocoanut meat or copra, etc
tLMm «t daty sod*?—
Act of Oct. 1, ISM.
Free
Free
Free
46 percent...
8c per sq. ft. ,
5c per sq. fl. .
8c persq. fl..
6c per sq. fl.
10c per aq. fl
6c. per sq. fl.
10c per sq. ft.
6c per sq. ft. and 10 percent. .
10c per sq. fl. and lOjier cent.
Law «r 1M1.
$1.25 per ton.
$2.50 per ton.
$1 per ton.
60 per cent
10c. per sq. ft
8c per sq. ft
10c i>er sq. ft
He. per aq ft
13c. per sq. ft
lie persq ft
13c. per sq. ft
lie per sq. ft. and 10 per cent
13c. per sq. ft and 10 |)er ctMit
6c per sq. ft and 10 per cent. . He per sq. ft and 10 per cent
10c per sq. ft and 10 per cent. 13<\ per sq. ft. and 10 per cent
6c persq.
8c persq.
25 per cent.
Free
ft and 10 percent,
ft and 10 per cent..
20 percent.
25 per cent.
lie per cu.
40 per cent.
Free .......
8c per iq. ft. and 5 per cent
lOe per sq. ft and 5 per cent
46 per cent
20 per cent
50 per cent
it
ti
35 per cent.
((
«
i(
Free
35 per cent.
10 per cent.
25 percent.
Free
Free
$1 perM..
20c per If.
Free.
Free.
Free,
12c per en. ft.
CO per cent.
20 per cent
16c per doz. and 16 per cent
50c per doz. and 15 per cent
75c. per doz. and 25 per cent.
6e |ier lb.
6c. |»er lb., etc
40 per cent
t( It
ti
tt
Frea.
20 per cent
$1.50 perM.
25c. per M.
6-lOc per lb.
20 per cent..
3-4c. per lb..
2.*^ per cent. .
Freo
30 per cent. .
tt
tt
Free
Free.........
Free
10c. per ca. ft.
Free
20 per cent. . .
15
Cc.
r«r gnl.
per gal.
Testing not above 750. 96-lOOr.
]>cr lb.; lor each additumnl
' degree, 35100(Jc. per lb. ad-
ditional.
1 96-lOOe per lb.
4c. per lb.
1 l-2c. per lb.
$1.60 per lb. and 10 per cent
26 per cent
$1.60 per ion.
35 percent
2c. per lb.
20c. per gal.
l-2c. per lb.
Ic. per lb.
2c. per lb.
ti
44
TABLXTOB'— TA-BON-TES
>».<«<,
t,-*-
A..,,(Oa.l.
».
La. .r ISR.
ic. P->r^^n.
*c. perm, ud 10 per c«Dt.
All other muutUtum or cotun sol •pHsUllj 1
(30 per loo.
lOcperiq HudUperceeL
U per cool.
M per cam
Gunoy lii«i ind ganDrcj'olii, oid or nKiia. .
Mo. perBi. ji. udto percent.
llo. p« eq. yd. >ud tO per cenL
lOo. per peck ud w per oodl
M^percent,
llap«r»i-»d.«iid
sssr
SO per ceot
16 per cent.
Mc per ton.
IIW. per lb. J Me. perl*.
ioVlJ.'*
an-"""
IS per cent
H;.nd or b«ltlDg
»j»«..
HuskU InalniniDnu and piru of;
XKS
Dmbrellai, elo., covered wJLb other nuterlkl)
Stick! for umbrelliu, ponuola, or Bunataid«
Tarleton, Sib Banabtke, iiiilitai7 ofD- ure of General Lee late in 17TG. After
; born in Liverpool, England, Aug. 21, the evacuation of Philadelphia, 1778, he
1754 ; puTchaaed a commission
British army (dragoons). At the begin-
ninjt of the Revolution aij War he
the commanded a cavalry corps called tlie
" British Legion," and accompanied the
troops that captured Charleston in May,
17S0. He was one of Comwallis's most
active officers in the Carotinas and Vir-
ginia, in 1780-31, destroying Colonel
Bu ford's regiment at Waxhaw Creek,
" Tarleton's quarter " was synonymous
ivith wholesale butchery. He was one of
the prisoners at the surrender of Com-
watlis. He published a history of his cam-
paign in 1780-81. He died in England,
Jan 23, 1833.
Ta-ron-tM, or Blvlfere anx Canards,
Skirmish at. Gen. William Hull cau-
tiously moved, July 13, 1812, from Sand-
wich to attack Fort Maiden, 18 mites be-
low. He sent forward a reconnoitring
party, who returned with information
B concerned in the capt- that Tecumeeh, with his Indians, had
I«
TASBTTOWV— TATHALL
b»ii lying In ambush near Turkey Creek. iani», and Van Warti and conUins the
not far from Amherstburg. and tbat the home and burial - place of Wutihinfcton
forest wag full of prowling barbarians, living; the Philips* manor-houB*. erected
There were rumors also that British in 168-2; a Dutoh church, erected prior to
armed vessels were about to ascend the 1699; and a monument to the Kevolu-
Detroit River, Hall ordered hig cannon to tionary ■oldicrs of the vicinity, dedicated
he pUced near the shore and hia camp in 1894.
fortified on the laud side. He sent Me- Tatlum, Wiixuh, author; bom In
Arthur in pursuit of the Indiana in the Ilutton, Kngtand, in 1752; settled in Vir-
aoodx, and Colonel Cass pushed on towards ginia in 1769 ; served in the Bevolutiunary
ihe Ta-Ton-tee, as the Indians called it, War as a colonel of Virginia cavalry.
with 2B0 men. It ia a broad and deep After the war be studied law and was
stream Rowing through marshes into the admitted to the bar in ITB-t; settled in
Detroit River about 4 miles above Fort North Carolina in I78U; was in Kngland
Halden. at Amherstburg, and was then in 17O0-ISO5; then returned to the Unitnl
approached by & narrow causeway and States. He was the author of Jfcmorial
spanned by a bridge. At the southern end on Ike Ciril and Military Ooicmment of
of the brid^ was a detachment of British (he Tcnncsfrc; An Analyiix of Ihe Slale of
rc^lari. Canadian militia, and Indians Virgima; Tiro Tracit Hflafing to Ihe
under Tecumaeh. Cass marched up the Cortnl Brttrrrn Norfolk and North Caro-
stream to a ford, crossed it, at sunset (inn,- Plan for Insulaling the Uelro/io-
dashed upon the enemy, and, after a con- lis hy Vrant of a yarigabir Canal, etc.
flict of a few minutes, dispersed them and He died in Richmond, Va.. Feb, 22, 1819.
drove them into the forest. He asked per- Tatnall, Johiau, naval odicer; born
mission to bold the bridge as an important near Savannah, Ga.. Nov. 9, 1796; entered
point in the march upon Fort Maiden, hut the United States navy In 1812; rose to
his detachment was too weak to face the captain in 18,^)0; first served in the frigate
pcHl of such nearness to the fort, and the ConaicUation. and awisted in the repulse
request was denied. Besides, Hull was not of the British at Craney Island in 1813.
then aware of the real strength of the gar- He afterwards served under Perry and
rieon at Fort Maiden, and was not pre- Porter, and wan enfinfjed on the Mexican
pared to attack it. The afTair at the Ta- coast during the war against Mexico. He
ron-tee was the first skirmish and victory entered the Confederate service: impro-
in the War of 1812-15. vised a flotilla known as the Mosquito
Tanytown, a village in Westchester Fleet, and attempted to defend Port Royal
county, N. Y., where the Hudson River Sound against Dupont. He commanded at
expands and ia locally known as Tappan Norfolk when the Ucrrimac was destroyed.
Sea. It was the scene of the capture of and the Mosquito Fleet at Savannah. He
Major John AndrC by Paulding, Will- died in Savannah, Qa., June 14, 187!.
nt.-^ 17
TAtJSSIQ— TAXES
Taussig, Frank VViluam, educator; they were willing to leave their rich town
bom in St. Louis, Dec. 28, 1859; gradu- and wander into the country as exiles, he
ated at Harvard College in 1879; later heartlessly said: "Alas! the heroes of
was made Professor of Political Economy Boston will only leave good houses to
at Harvard College. He is the author of wiser men." To the claim of the Ameri-
Tariff History of the United States; cans to the right of resistance to oppres-
Hilver Situation in the United States; sion, he exclaimed: "Audacious defiance!
Wages and Capital, etc. The indignation of the English is like that
Taxation, Exemptigns fbom. See Ex- of the Scythians, who, returning from war,
EMPTIONS FROM TAXATION. found thcmsclves excluded from their own
Taxation, Protest Against. See houses by their slaves." To the words of
Adams, Samuel. " A Pennsylvania Farmer " insisting that
Taxation no Tyranny, the title of a the Americans complained only of innova-
pamphlet written by Dr. Samuel Johnson tions, he retorted: "We do not put a calf
in favor of the taxation schemes of the into the plough ; we wait till he is an ox."
British government. It appeared early The ministry bade him erase these lines
in 1776, and is one of the most heartless, because they were unwilling to concede
intensely bitter, and savagely insolent of that the calf had been spared, and not for
all the essays of the day. It was only the its coarse ribaldry. Johnson shamelessly
echo of the angry threats and grotesque avowed his bargain by comparing himself,
arguments of the stubborn King and venal when he obeyed the commands of the min-
minister, and the mad passions of the isters, to a mechanic for whom "his em-
aristocracy, which were then poisoning the ployer is to decide." To the assertion that
minds of the people of Great Britain with the Americans were increasing in num-
unreasoning hatred of the Americans, bers, wealth, and love of freedom, he re-
Johnson was employed by the ministry in torted : " This talk that they multiply with
this work of inflaming the passions of the the fecundity of their own rattlesnakes
British people to divert their attention disposes men accustomed to think them-
from the monstrous injustice they were selves masters to hasten the experiment of
inflicting upon their fellow-subjects in binding obstinacy before it becomes jet
America by oppressing Boston and rob- more obdurate." He sneered at the teach-
bing Massachusetts of its charter, and en- ings of the rule of progression which
deavoring to make its free people absolute showed that America must in the end ex-
slaves to a tyrant's will. The one great coed Europe in population, and said in de-
blot upon the names of Johnson and Gib- rision, with no suspicion that he was
bon, the historian, is the barter of their uttering a sure prophecy: "Then, in a
consciences for money; for both had ex- century and a quarter, let the princes of
pressed sympathy for the Americans up the earth tremble in their palaces!" That
to that time. Gibbon had even written was a sad spectacle of an old man prosti-
against the ministerial measures. He be- tuting the powers of a great intellect, and
came suddenly silent at the time when weakening the prop of his morality, by
Johnson's pen was inditing his coarse and aiming such a malignant but utterly feeble
ribald paragraphs. To them a writer of a shaft at his kindred in nationality strug*
stinging epigram alluded in the line, gling for freedom.
.<«ri * J T u 1. ^ ^.11- J .-» Taxes. In the United States taxes for
"What made Johiisnn write made Gibbon dumb." ., x * ^i. * i i x
the support of the federal government are
With unpardonable malignity he uttered mainly indirect taxes, such as customs
ponderous sarcasms and conscious sophis- and excise. The Constitution gives Con-
tries as arguments. Pointing at Franklin gress " power to collect taxes, duties, im-
(then in England) with a sneer, he spoke posts, and excises, to pay the debts and
of him as " a master of mischief, teaching provide for the common defence and gen-
Congress to put in motion the engine of eral welfare of the United States," sub-
political electricity, and to give the great ject to restrictions, no capitation or other
stroke the name of Boston." direct tax to be laid unless in proportion
To the declaration of the people of to the census. The first direct tax ($2,-
Boston that to preserve their liberties 000,000) was levied upon the sixteen
18
states, pro rata, in 1798, and there have to retailers, sales at auction, carriages,
been oc<»8ional repetitions since, notice- stamped vellum, parchment, and paper
ably in 1861, when a tax of $20,000,000 after June 30 .April 6, 1802
was levied, which has since been refunded. Act passed imposing duties of 1 per
According to rulings of the Supreme cent, on sales at auction of merchandise,
Court, Congress has no power to levy and 25 per cent, on ships and vesitols, on
duties on exports, and the restriction licenses to distillers of spirituous liquurM;
upon direct taxation does not apply to and on sugar refined within the United
an income tax. The systems and rates of States July 24, 1813
State, county, and municipal taxation are Act passed imposing duties on licenses
numerous and constantly changing, but to retailers of wines, spirituous liquors,
the taxes are direct, and are levied upon and foreign merchandise, and on noten of
the assessed value of real estate and per- banks, etc., bonds and obligations dis-
sonal property. According to the Single- counted by banks, and on certain bills
TAX (g. V.) theory, advocated by Henbt of exchange Aug. 2. 1813
Geoboe (7. v.) and others, taxation should Direct tax of $3,000,000 imposed on
be solely on land value, exclusive of im- States by counties Aug. 2. 1813
provements. The development of the pres- Duties laid on carriages and harness,
ent system of federal taxation is shown except those exclusively employed in hus-
below: bandry Dec. 16, 1814
Duties laid upon spirits distilled with- Fifty per cent, added upon licenses to
in the United States from foreign and retailers of wines, etc., and 100 per cent.
home material, March 3. 1791, followed on sales by auction Dec. 23, 1814
by an act further regulating these du- Direct tax of $6,000,000 laid upon the
ties and imposing a tax on stills United States annually Jan. 9, 1815
May 8, 1702 Internal-revenue tax of $1 per ton im-
Execution of the above laws leads to posed on pig-iron; 1 cent per lb. on
the whiskey insurrection in Pennsylvania nails ; also tax on candles, paper, hats,
1794 umbrellas, playing-cards, bootn, tobacco.
Duties imposed on licenses for selling leather, etc., and an annual duty on
wines and foreign distilled spirituous liq- household furniture, and gold and silver
ors by retail; 8 cents per lb. on all watches, by act Jan. 18, 1815
snuff manufactured for sale within the Internal-revenue tax on gold and silver
United States; 2 cents per lb. on sugar and plated ware, jewelry, and paste-work
refined within the United States; and manufactured within the United States
specific duties as follows: On every Feb. 27, 1815
coach, $10 yearly; chariot, $8; phaeton, Direct tax of $19,998.40 laid on the
$6; wagons used in agriculture or trans- District of Columbia annually, by act
portation of goods, exempt by act Feb. 27, 1815
June 5, 1794 Acts of Jan. 18 and Feb. 27, 1815, re-
Duties laid on property sold at auction pealed Feb. 22, 1816
June 9, 1794 Act of Jan. 9, 1815, and Feb. 27 repeal-
Taxes on snuff repealed and duty laid ed, and direct tax of $3,000,000 laid on
on snuff-mills March 3, 1795 the States, and direct tax of $9,909.20
Duties on carriages increiised by act laid on the District of Columbia
May 28, 1796 March 5, 1816
Duties laid on stamped vellum, parch- Duties on household furniture and
ment, and paper by act July 6, 1797 watches kept for use removed by act
Direct tax of $2,000,000 laid, proportion- April 9, 1816
ed among the States July 14, 1798 Acts of July 24, 1813, and Aug. 2, Dec.
Act to establish a general stamp-office 15 and 23, 1814, repealed. . . .Dec. 23, 1817
at seat of government. . . .April 23, 1800 Act passed allowing States to tax public
Duty on snuff-mills repealed lands of the United States after they are
April 24, 1800 sold by the United States.. Jan. 26, 1847
Repeal of act taxing stills and domestic Direct tax of $20,000,000 laid annually,
distilled spirits, refined sugar, licenses and apportioned to the States by act of
19
TAXES— TAYLOB
Congress (one tax to be levied previous Congress passes a war-revenue act, im-
to April 1, 1865) Aug. 5, 1861 posing taxes on a large number of articles.
Act passed to provide internal revenue in consequence of the declaration of wslt
to support the government and to pay against Spain, which w^as approved by
interest on the public debt, imposing taxes the President June 13, 1898
on spirits, ale, beer, and porter, licenses, Congress passes an act relieving many
manufactured articles and products, auc- articles from the war-revenue tax, to take
tion sales, yachts, billiard-tables, slaugh- effect July 1, 1901
tered cattle, sheep, and hogs, railroads. Taxes, Direct. Only five times in the
steamboats, ferry-boats, railroad bonds, history of the country has a direct tax
banks, insurance companies, etc., salaries been successfully levied by Congress — and
of officers in service of the United States, never upon all the property of the coun-
advertisements, incomes, legacies, business try. In 1798 a direct tax was levied of 50
papers of all kinds, like bank-checks, con- cents on every slave within the jurisdic-
veyances, mortgages, etc July 1, 1862 tion of the United States. In 1813, 1815,
Act to increase internal revenue passed 1816, and 1861 taxes were levied upon all
March 7, 1864 dwelling-houses, lands, and slaves, and ap-
Act of Aug. 5, 1861, repealed portioned among the States, as required
June 30, 1864 by the Constitution, not according to their
Act passed to reduce internal taxation wealth, but according to their population.
July 13, 1866 The tax of 1861 was made necessary in
Internal -revenue taxes reduced by acts order to defray the expenses of the war
of July 14, 1870, and June 6 1872 just then beginning, and all the loyal
All special taxes imposed by law accru- States, except Delaware, assumed its pay-
ing after April 30, 1873, including taxes ment. Thirty years afterwards, in 1891,
on stills, to be paid by stamps denoting Congress passed an act providing that the
the amount of tax, by act Dec. 24, 1872 taxes thus contributed for the prosecution
Internal -revenue tax on tobacco, snuff, of the war should be returned to the sev-
and cigars increased, and former tax of eral States which had paid them. Under
70 cents per gallon on distilled spirits this act the total amount refunded to the
raised to 90 cents, by act. . .March 3, 1875 State treasuries reached nearly $15,000,-
Internal-revenue tax on tobacco reduced 000. Of this New York, of course, re-
by act March 1, 1879 ceived the largest share, nearly $3,000,000.
Henry George's Progress and Poverty , Taxes on incomes above $4,000 were ool-
advocating the " Single-tax " theory, pub- lected in 1895 under a law passed Dec. 12,
lished 1879 1894. This measure aroused great opposi-
Act passed reducing internal-revenue tion among merchants, bankers, and
taxes, and repealing tax on banks, checks, brokers, and John G. Moore, of New York,
etc., matches, and medicinal preparations brought a suit to restrain the internal-
March 3, 1883 revenue collector from collecting the tax.
Special tax laid on manufacturers and On Jan. 23, 1895, the constitutionality of
dealers in oleomargarine, and a stamp tax the tax was affirmed. Appeal was made to
of 2 cents per lb. laid on the manufact- the United States Supreme Court, which,
ured article Aug. 2, 1886 on April 8, 1895, declared the income tax
Special internal-revenue tax on dealers unconstitutional. Only about $75,000 had
in tobacco repealed, and tax on tobacco been collected under the law, and this was
and snuff reduced by act Oct. 1, 1890 returned. The decision aroused much
Act passed to refund to the several comment, and caused great dissatisfaction
States and Territories the amount of di- among the poorer classes,
rect tax paid under act of Aug. 5, 1861 Taylor, Batard, traveller; bom in
March 2, 1891 Kennet Square, Pa., Jan. 11, 1825; be-
Income tax appended to the Wilson came a printer's apprentice at seventeen
tariff bill and passed with it, becoming a years of age, and at about the same time
law Aug. 27, 1894 wrote verses with much facility. His
Declared unconstitutional by the Unit- rhymes were collected and published in a
ed States Supreme Court. . . .May 20, 1895 volume in 1844, entitled Ximena, In 1844-
20
TAYXOB
46 he made a tour on foot in Europe, of the age of twenty jeara, but, having a
nbich he published (184G) an account iu good education, rose from tho position ol'
Vieut Afoot. In 1847 he went to New a day laborer in an iron foundry to tlie
York and wrote for the Literary World station of clerk, and finally married his
end for the Tribune, and in 184S pub- employer's widow and acquired a hand-
lished Rhymet of Travel. In 1849 he be-
came owner of a share in the Tribune, and
was one of the shareholders at the time of
hia death. Jiter serving two months as
the secretary of the American legati
fortune. For five consecutive years
he waa a prominent member of the Penn-
Bylvania AsBenibiy, and in 1770 was made
judge of the Northumberland county
court- He waa elected to Congress July
id signed the Declaration of
: on Aug. 2. He died in
Easton, Pa., Feb. 23, 1781.
Taylor, James Wickes, author; bom
in Starkey, N. Y., Nov. 8, 1819; graduate-l
at Hamilton College in 1838; admitted
to the bar and practised in Ohio in 1842-
66; special United States treasury agent
in 1860-70; and United States consul at
Winnipeg, Canada, in 1870-93. His publi-
cations include Sistory of Ohio: First Fe-
Hod, leiO-nST; Manual of the OhioSekool
Syttem; Reports to Trrasury Department
on Commercial Relations kHH Canada;
Allegkania, or the Strength of Ike Union
and the Wfiahnets of Slavfry in the High-
landi of the South, etc. He died in Win-
nipeg. Manitoba, Canada, April 28, 18Q3.
Taylor, Joiin, Mormon; born in Win-
throp, England, Nov. 1, 1808; went to
Toronto, Canada, in 18.32; was there con-
verted to Mormonism by the preaching of
I'arley D. Pratt in 1838; was made an
apostle in 183S and settled in Missouri.
For twenty years he preached this faith
Great Britain and France and pub-
t Shanghai, he joined the expedition of lished French and German translations of
Commodore Perry to Japan. In the spring the Book of Mormon in Europe. In 18.52
of 1878 he went to Berlin as American he returned to the United States, and in
iDiniater at the German court, and died April of the next year was present at the
there, Dec. 19, 1878. laying of the corner-stone of the Temple
Taylor, Fred 5I*sville, educator ; born in Salt Lake City. He was with Joseph
in Northville, Mich., July II, ISS5; grad- Smith when the latter waa killed, and was
listed at Northwestern Universityin 1876; himself shot four times. When Utah ap-
n-aii Professor of History in Albion College plied for admission to the Union bo rep-
in 187D-02i assistant Professor of Politi- resented that Territory in Congress. In
cal Economy and Finance in the University 1877, on the death of Brigham Young, he
of Michigan in 1892-94; and junior Pro- was elected president of the Church, and
fesBor of Political Economy and Finance in 1880 became head and prophet of the
in 1895. He wrote The Right of the State part of the Church which adhered to the
to Be; Do "We Want an Btastio Cur- doctrine of polygamy. He waa indicted
rencyJ The Ohjeel and Methods of Cur- for thot offence in March, ISS-'i, and in
reney; Reform in the United States, etc. order to avoid arrest he exiled himself.
Taylor, Georoe, a signer of the Deela- He died July 25, 1887.
ntion of Independence; bom in Ireland Taylor, John W., lawyer; born in
iu 1716; arrived in the United States at Charlton, N. T., March 26, 17S4; grad-
21
TAYLOB
uated at Union College in 1803; admitted city. When Banks's forces were released
to the bar in 1807; practised in Ballston; by the surrender of Port Huron (July
member of Congress in 1813-33; succeed- 9) they proceeded to expel Taylor and his
ed Henry Clay as speaker in 1820, and forces from the country eastward of the
held that place till the close of the second Atchafalaya. This was the last strugg'le
session; was again speaker in 1825-27; of Taylor to gain a foothold on the Mis-
was opposed to the extension of slavery sissippi. Afterwards he was in command
during the prolonged agitation of that at Mobile, and on May 4, 1865, surren-
question in Congress. He died in Oleve- dered to Greneral Canby. He died in New
land, O., Sept. 8, 1854. York City, April 12, 1879.
Taylor, Richard, military officer; born Taylor, William, clergyman; bom in
in New Orleans, La., Jan. 27, 1826; son Rockbridge county, Va., May 2, 1821; was
of President Zachary Taylor; graduated educated in Lexington, Va.; entered the
at Vale College in 1845; and entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal
Mexican War with his father. In 1861 Church in 1842; went to California as a
he became colonel of the 9th Louisiana missionary in 1849; spent several months
Volunteers in the Confederate service, in evangelistic work in the English-
and was in the battle of Bull Run. In speaking countries of the world; and was
October he was made a brigadier -gen- made missionary bishop of Africa in 1884.
eral ; served under " Stonewall *' Jackson He organized many self-supporting church-
in Virginia; was promoted to major-gen- es in India, and was author of Seven
eral ; and in 1863-64 served under E. Years* Street Preaching in San Francisco;
Kirby Smith in the trans-Mississippi De- California Life Illustrated^ etc.
partment, opposing Banks in his Red Taylor, William Rogers, naval officer;
River expedition. When Banks left born in Newport, R. I., Nov. 7, 1811:
Alexandria, on the Red River, and march- son of Capt. William Vigeron Taylor;
cd to the siege of Port Hudson General entered the navy in 1828; he was engaged
Taylor, whom he had driven into the wilds on the Mexican coast during the war
of western Louisiana, returned, occupied (1846-48), and in the Atlantic blockading
that abandoned city and Opelousas, and squadron in 1862-63; was flag-captain in
garrisoned Fort De Russy. Then he swept operations against Forts Wagner and
vigorously over the country in the di- Sumter in 1863; and was in the North
rection of the Mississippi River and New Atlantic blockading squadron in 1864-65,
Orleans. With a part of his command he engaging in both attacks on Fort Fisher,
captured Brashear City (June 24, 1863), In 1871 he was promoted rear-admiral;
with an immense amount of public prop- in 1873 was retired. He died in Washing-
erty and the small-arms of 4,000 National ton, D. C, April 14, 1889.
troops. By this movement about 5,000 ref- Taylor, William Vigeron, naval ofli-
ugee negroes were remanded into slavery, cer; born in Newport, R. I., in 1781; hav-
Another portion of the Confederates, un- ing been for some time in the merchant-
der General Greene, operating in the vi- marine service, was appointed sailing-
cinity of Donaldsonville, on the Missis- master in the navy in April, 1813, and
sippi, was driven out of that district, ably assisted in fitting out Perry's fleet
New Orleans was then garrisoned by only at Erie. He navigated Perry's flag-ship
about 700 men, when a way was opened for (Lawrence) into and during the battle.
Taylor to Algiers, opposite; but the Con- His last service was on a cruise in the
federate leader was unable to cross the Pacific, in command of the Ohio, seventy-
Mississippi, for Farragut's vessels were four guns, in 1847. He died in Newport,
patrolling its waters and guarding the R. I., Feb. 11, 1858.
TAYLOB, ZACHABY
Taylor, Zachary, twelfth President of a soldier of the Revolution, removed from
the United States; from March 4, 1849, Virginia to Kentucky in 1785, where he
to July 9, 1850; Whig; born in Orange had an extensive plantation near Louis-
county, Va., Sept. 24, 1784. His father, ville. On that farm Zachary was engaged
22
TATZAS, ZACHABT .
until ISOB, vhm he waa appointed to fill then promoted to niajor-fceneTal, He en-
the place of his brother, deceased, as lieii- tered Mexico May 18, 184U, aod won after-
tenaDt in the Brmy. He was made a captain wards captured the stronghold ol Moo-
in 1810; and after the declaration of war, terej. He occupiai stroDg positioni, but
in 1812, was placed in command of Fort remained quiet for some time, awaiting
Harrison, which he hravely defended instructions from his f[ovemment. Earlj
against an attack by the Indians. Taylor in 1947 a requisition from General Scott
was active in the Wegt until the end ol deprived him of a lar^e portion of his
the war. In 1814 he was commiasioned a troop*, and he w»« ordered to act on the
major ; but on the reduction of the army, defensive only. While ao doing, with
in 1815, was put back to a captaincy, when about r>,000 men, he was confronted by
he resigned, and returned to the farm Santa Ana with 20,000. Taylor defeated
near Louisville. Being soon reinstated and dispersed the Mexicans in a severe
as major, he was for several years engaged battle at Buena Vista, Feb. 23, 1847, Ihir-
in military life on the northwestern ing the remainder of the war the valley of
frontier and in the South. In 1819 he the Bio Grande remained in the quiet
was promoted to lieutenant ■ colonel. In posieesion of the Americans. In his cam-
1832 he was commissioned a colonel, and paign in Mexico he acquired the nidcname
was engaged in the Black Hawk War of " Old Rough and Ready." in allusion to
(9. u.). From 1836 t« 1^40 he served in the plainness of his personal appearance
Florida (see Seminole War), and in 1840 and deportment.
was appointed to the command of the lat On his return home, in November, 1947,
Department of the Army of the South- he was greeted everywhere with demonitra-
weat, with the rank of brevet brigadier- tvons of warmest popular applause. In
general. At that time he purchased an June, 1848, the Whig Xntional Convention,
estate near Baton Rouge, to which he re- at Philadelphia, nominated him for Prest-
moved fais family. dent of the United States, with Millard
After the annexation of Texas Iq. v.), Fillmore, of New York, for Vice-Presi-
when war between the United States and dent. He was elected, and inaugurated
Mexico seemed imminent, be was sent with. March 4, IS40. On July 4, lA.'iO. he was
a conaiderable force into Texas to watch seized with a violent fever, and died on the
the movements of the Mexicans. In 9th. He was attended in his last moments
March, 1846, he moved to the banks of by his wife; his daughter (Mrs. Colonel
the Rio Grande, opposite Hatamoras, and Bliss) and her husband; his son. Colonel
in May engaged in two sharp battles Taylor, and family; hia son-in-law, Jef-
with the Mexicans on Tesas soil. He was fcrson Davis, and family; and by Vice-
23
. TAYLOB, ZACHABY
President Fillmore, other officers of the secretary of state and of the affairs
government, members of the diplomatic of war and foreign relations and do-
corps, etc. His last audible words were: mestic administration of the supreme
" I am about to die. I expect the sum- government of the state of Nicara-
mons soon. I have endeavored to discharge gua, addressed a letter from the govern-
all my official duties faithfully. I regret ment house at Leon to Mr. Buchanan,
nothing, but am sorry that I am about to then Secretary of State of the United
leave my friends." The funeral occurred States, asking the friendly offices of this
on Saturday, July 13, and was attended government to prevent an attack upon the
by a vast concourse of citizens and town of San Juan de Nicaragua then con-
strangers. The pageant exceeded every- templated by the British authorities as
thing of the kind, in order and magnifi- the allies of the Mosquito King. That
cence, that had ever taken place at the na- letter, a translation of which is herewith
tional capital. sent, distinctly charges that —
The Central American States. — On The object of the British in taking this
March 18, 1850, President Taylor sent the key of the continent is not to protect the
following message to the Congress con- small tribe of the Mosquitos, but to es-
cerning new treaties with the Central tablish their own empire over the Atlantic
American States, the American political extremity of the line, by which a canal
policy towards them, and the pretensions connecting the two oceans is most prac-
of Great Britain in Nicaragua: ticable, insuring to them the preponder-
ance of the American continent, as well
Washington, March 19, 1850. as their direct relations with Asia, the
To the Senate of the United States, — East Indies, and other important coun-
I herewith transmit to the Senate, for tries in the world.
their advice in regard to its ratification, No answer appears to have been rc-
" a general treaty of amity, navigation, turned to this letter.
and commerce " between the United States A communication was received by my
of America and the State of Nicaragua, predecessor from Don Jos6 Guerrero,
concluded at Leon by E. George Squier, President and Supreme Director of the
charg4 d'affaires of the United States, on state of Nicaragua, dated Dec. 15, 1847,
their part, and Sefior Zepeda on the part expressing his desire to establish relations
of the republic of Nicaragua. of amity and commerce with the United
I also transmit, for the advice of the States, a translation of which is herewith
Senate in regard to its ratification, " a enclosed. In this the President of Nica-
general treaty of amity, navigation, and ragua says:
commerce " negotiated by Mr. Squier with " My desire was carried to the utmost
the republic of San Salvador. on seeing in your message at the opening
I also transmit to the Senate a copy of of the Twenty-ninth Congress of your re-
the instructions to and correspondence public a sincere profession of political
with the said chargS d'affaires relating to faith in all respects conformable with the
those treaties. principles professed by these States, de-
I also transmit, for the advice of the termined, as they are, to sustain with
Senate in regard to its ratification, " a firmness the continental cause, the rights
general treaty of peace, amity, commerce, of Americans in general, and the non-
and navigation " negotiated by Elijah interference of European powers in their
Hise, our late chargS d'affaires, with the concerns."
State of Guatemala. This letter announces the critical situa-
I also transmit, for the information of tion in which Nicaragua was placed, and
the Senate, a copy of a treaty negotiated charges upon the Court of St. James a
by Mr. Hise with the government of Nica- "well-known design to establish colonies
ragua on June 21 last, accompanied by on the coast of Nicaragua and to render
copies of his instructions from and cor- itself master of the interoceanic canal,
respondence with the Department of for which so many facilities are pre-
State. sen ted by the isthmus in that state." No
On Nov. 12, 1847, Sefior Bu6trago, reply was made to this letter.
24
TAYLOB, ZACHABT
The British ships -of -war Alarm and would take pOHM^ggion of San Juan de
Vijeen arrived at San Juan de Nicaragua Nicaragua in January, 1848.
on Feb. 8, 1848, and on the 12th of that In another letter, dated April 8, 184H,
month the British forces, consisting of Mr. Livingston states that **at the re*
2G0 officers and men, attacked and capt- quest of the minister for foreign afTairH
ured the post of Serapaquid, garrisoned, of Nicaragua he transmits a package of
according to the British statements, by papers containing the correspondence rela*
about 200 soldiers, after a sharp action tive to the occupation of the port of San
of one hour and forty minutes. Juan by British forces in the name of
On March 7, 1848, articles of agreement the Mosquito nation."
were concluded by Captain Locke, on the On June 3, 1848, Elijah Hise, being ap-
part of Great Britain, with the commis- pointed chargi d*affaires of the Ignited
sioners of the state of Nicaragua in the States to Guatemala, received hia instruc-
laland of Cuba, in the Lake of Nicaragua, tionn, a copy of which is herewith sub-
a copy of which will be found in the cor- mitted. In these instructions the follow-
respondence relating to the Mosquito Ter- ing passages occur:
ritory presented to and published by the " The independence as well as the inter-
House of Commons of Great Britain on csts of the nations on this continent re-
July 3, 1848, herewith submitted. A copy quire that they should maintain the Amer-
of the same document will also be found ican system of policy entirely distinct
accompanying the note of the minister from that which prevails in Europe. To
for foreign affairs of Nicaragua to the suffer any interference on the part of the
Secretary of State of the United States European governments with the domestic
under date March 17, 1848. concerns of the American republics, and
By the third article of the agreement to permit them to establish new colonicH
it is provided that Nicaragua " shall not upon this continent, would be to jeopard
disturb the inhabitants of San Juan, un- their independence and to ruin their in-
derstanding that any such act will be terests. These truths ought everywhere
considered by Great Britain as a declara- throughout this continent to be impressod
lion of open hostilities." By the sixth on the public mind. But what can the
article It is provided that these articles United States do to resist such European
of agreement will not '* hinder Nicaragua interference while the Spanish-American
from soliciting by means of a commis- republics continue to weaken themselves
sioner to her Britannic Majesty a final by division and civil war, and deprive
arrangement of these affairs." themselves of the ability of doing any-
The communication from Sefior Sebas- thing for their own protection."
tian Salinas, the secretary of foreign af- This last significant inquiry seems plain-
fairs of the state of Nicaragua, to Mr. ly to intimate that the United States
Buchanan, the Secretary of State of the could do nothing to arrest British aggres-
United States, dated March 17, 1848, a sion while the Spanish-American repub-
translation of which is herewith submit- lies continue to weaken themselves by di-
ted, recites the aggressions of Great Brit- vision and civil war, and deprive them-
ain and the seizure of a part of the Nica- selves of the ability of doing anything for
raguan territory in the name of the Mos- their protection.
quito King. No answer appears to have These instructions, which also state the
been given to this letter. dissolution of the Central American rc-
On Oct. 28, 1847, Joseph W. Living- public, formerly composed of the five
ston was appointed by this government states of Nicaragua, Costa Kica, Hondu-
consul of the United States for the port ras, San Salvador, and Guatemala, and
of San Juan de Nicaragua. On Dec. 16, their continued separation, authorize Mr.
1847, after having received his exequatur Hise to conclude treaties of commerce with
from the Nicaraguan government, he ad- the republics of Guatemala and San Sal-
dressed a letter to Mr. Buchanan, Secre- vador, but conclude with saying that it
taiy of State, a copy of which is herewith was not deemed advisable to empower
submitted, representing that he had been Mr. Hise to conclude a treaty with cither
Vaforwed that the English government Nicaragua, Honduras, or Costa Kica until
25
. TAYLOB^ ZACHABT
more full and statiBtical information recognized the existence of a British col-
should have been communicated by him ony at Belize, within the territory of Hon-
to the Department in regard to those duras. I have recalled the consul, and
states than that which it possesses. have appointed no one to supply his place.
The states of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, On May 26, 1848, Mr. Hempstead
and Honduras are the only Central Amer- represented in a letter to the Depart-
ican states whose consent or co-operation ment of State that the Indians had
would in any event be necessary for the "applied to her Majesty's superintendent
construction of the ship-canal contem- at Belize for protection, and had desired
plated between the Pacific and Atlantic him to take possession of the territory
oceans by the way of Lake Nicaragua. which they occupied and take them under
In pursuance of the sixth article of the his protection as British subjects " ; and
agreement of March 7, 1848, between he added that in the event of the success
the forces of Great Britain and the of their application "the British govem-
authorities of Nicaragua, Sefior Fran- ment would then have possession of the
Cisco Castillon was appointed commis- entire coast from Cape Conte to San
sioner from Nicaragua to Great Britain, Juan de Nicaragua." In another letter,
and on Nov. 6, 1848, while at Wash- dated July 29, 1848, he wrote:
ington, on his way to London, ad- " I have not a doubt but the designs of
dressed a letter to the Secretary of her Majesty's ofiicers here and on the
State, a translation of which is herewith Mosquito shore are to obtain territory on
submitted, asking this government to this continent."
instruct its minister plenipotentiary re- The receipt of this letter was regularly
siding in London to sustain the right of acknowledged on Aug. 29, 1848.
Nicaragua to her territory claimed by When I came into office I found the
Mosquito, and especially to the port of British government in possession of the
San JUan, expressing the hope of Nica- port of San Juan, which it had taken by
ragua "that the government of the force of arms after we had taken pos-
Union, firmly adhering to its principle of session of California, and while we were
resisting all foreign intervention in Amer- engaged in the negotiation of a treaty for
ica, would not hesitate to order such steps the cession of it, and that no official re-
to be taken as might be effective before monstrance had been made by this gov-
things reached a point in which the inter- ernment against the aggression, nor any
vention of the United States would prove attempt to resist it. Efforts were then
of no avail." being made by certain private citizens of
To this letter also no answer appears the United States to procure from the
to have been returned, and no instruc- state of Nicaragua by contract the right
tions were given to our minister in Lon- to cut the proposed ship-canal by the way
don in pursuance of the request contained of the river San Juan and the lakes of
in it. Nicaragua and Managua to Realejo, on
On March 3, 1847, Christopher Hemp- the Pacific Ocean. A company of Ameri-
stead was appointed consul at Belize, can citizens entered into such a contract
and an application was then made with the state of Nicaragua. Viewing
for his exequatur through our minister the canal as a matter of great importance
in London, Mr. Bancroft. Lord Pal- to the people of the United States, I re-
merston referred to Mr. Bancroft's appli- solved to adopt the policy of protecting
cation for an exequatur for Mr. Hemp- the work and binding the government of
stead to the Colonial Office. The exequatur Nicaragua, through whose territory it
was granted, and Mr. Hempstead, in a would pass, also to protect it. The in-
letter to the Department of State structions to E. George Squier, appointed
bearing date of Feb. 12, 1848, a copy by me chargS d'affaires to Guatemala
of which is herewith submitted, ac- on April 2, 1849, are herewith sub-
knowledged the receipt of his exequatur mitted as fully indicating the views
from her Britannic Majesty, by virtue of which governed me in directing a treaty
which he has discharged his consular to be made with Nicaragua. I considered
functions. Thus far this government has the interference of the British government
26
TAYIiOB^ ZACHABT
on this continent in seizing the port of to ub the exclusive right to fortify and
San Juan, which commanded the route command it. I have not approved it, nor
beliered to be the most eligible for the have I now submitted it for ratification;
eanal across the isthmus, and occupying not merely because of the facts already
it at the very moment when it was known, mentioned, but because on Dec. 31 last
as I believe, to Great Britain that we were Sefior Edwardo Carcache, on being
engaged in the negotiation for the pur- accredited to this government as oKargi
chase of California, as an unfortunate d'affaires from the state of Nicaragua
coincidence, and one calculated to lead to in a note to the Secretary of State,
the inference that she entertained designs a translation of which is herewith
by no means in harmony with the inter- sent, declared that he was "only em-
ests of the United States. powered to exchange ratifications of the
Seeing that Mr. Hise had been positive- treaty concluded with Mr. Squier, and
ly instructed to make no treaty, not even that the special convention concluded at
a treaty of commerce, with Nicaragua, Guatemala by Mr. Hise, the cKargi d'af-
Costa Rica, or Honduras, I had no sus- faires of the United States, and Sefior
picion that he would attempt to act in Selva, the commissioner of Nicaragua, had
opposition to his instructions, and in Sep- been, as was publicly and universally
tember last I was for the first time in- known, disapproved by his government."
formed that he had actually negotiated We have no precedent in our history
two treaties with the state of Nicaragua, to justify such a treaty as that negoti-
the one a treaty of commerce, the other ated by Mr. Hise since the guarantees
a treaty for the construction of the pro- we gave to France of her American pos-
posed ship-canal, which treaties he brought sessions. The treaty negotiated with
with him on his return home. He also New Granada on Dec. 12, 1846, did not
negotiated a treaty of commerce with Hon- guarantee the sovereignty of New Qran-
duras; and in each of these treaties it ada on the whole of her territory, but
is recited that he had full powers for only over " the single province of the
the purpose. He had no such powers, isthmus of Panama," immediately adjoin-
and the whole proceeding on his part ing the line of the railroad, the neutrality
with reference to those states was not of which was deemed necessary by the
only unauthorized by instructions, but in President and Senate to the construction
opposition to those he had received from and security of the work,
ray predecessor and after the date of The thirty-fifth article of the treaty
his letter of recall and the appointment with Nicaragua negotiated by Mr. Squier,
of his successor. Put I have no evidence which is submitted for your advice in
that Mr. Hise, whose letter of recall (a regard to its ratification, distinctly rec-
copy of which is herewith submitted) ognizes the rights of sovereignty and prop-
bears date of May 2, 1849, had received erty which the state of Nicaragua pos-
that letter on June 21, when he nego- sesses in and over the line of the canal
tiated the treaty with Nicaragua. The therein provided for. If the Senate doubt
difficulty of communicating with him was on that subject, it will be clearly wrong tx>
80 great that I have reason to believe he involve us in a controversy with England
had not received it. He did not acknowl- by adopting the treaty; but after the best
edge it. consideration which I have been able to
The twelfth article of the treaty nego- give to the subject, my own judgment is
tiated by Mr. Hise in effect guarantees convinced that the claims of Nicaragua
the perfect independence of the state of are just, and that as our commerce and
Nicaragua and her sovereignty over her intercourse with the Pacific require the
alleged limits from the Caribbean Sea to opening of this communication from ocean
the Pacific Ocean, pledging the naval and to ocean, it is our duty to ourselves to
military power of the United States to assert their justice.
support it This treaty authorizes the This treaty is not intended to secure to
chartering of a corporation by this gov- the United States any monopoly or ex-
emment to cut a canal outside of the elusive advantage in the use of the canal,
limits of the United States, and gives Its object is to guarantee protection to
27
TAYLOB, ZACHABT
American citizens and others who shall have no doubt that the British pretension
construct the canal, and to defend it when to the port of San Juan in right of the
completed against unjust confiscations or Mosquito King is withput just foundation
obstructions, and to deny the advantages in any public law ever before recognized in
of navigation through it to those nations any other instance by Americans or Eng-
only which shall refuse to enter into the lishmen as applicable to Indian titles on
same guarantees. A copy of the contract this continent, I shall ratify this treaty
of the canal company is herewith trans- in case the Senate shall advise that course,
mitted, from which, as well as from the Its principal defect is taken from the
treaty, it will be perceived that the same treaty with New Granada, the negotiator
benefits are offered to all nations in the having made it liable to be abrogated on
same terms. notice after twenty years. Both treaties
The message of my predecessor to the should have been perpetual or limited only
Senate of Feb. 10, 1847, transmit- by the duration of the improvements they
ting for ratification the treaty with were intended to protect. The instructions
New Granada, contains in general the to our charg4 d'affaires, it will be seen,
principles by which I have been actuated prescribe no limitation for the continuance
in directing the negotiation with Nica- of the treaty with Nicaragua. Should the
ragua. The only difference between the Senate approve of the principle of the
two cases consists in this: In that of treaty, an amendment in this respect is
Nicaragua the British government has deemed advisable; and it will be well to
seized upon part of her territory, and was invite by another amendment the protec-
in possession of it when we negotiated the tion of other nations, by expressly of-
treaty with her. But that possession was fering them in the treaty what is now
taken after our occupation of California, offered by implication only — ^the same ad-
when the effect of it was to obstruct or vantages which we propose for ourselves
control the most eligible route for a ship on the same conditions upon which we
communication to the territories acquired shall have acquired them. The policy of
by us on the Pacific. In the case of New this treaty is not novel, nor does it orig-
Granada, her possession was undisturbed inate from any suggestion either of my
at the time of the treaty, though the immediate predecessor or myself. On
British possession in the right of the March 3, 1835, the following resolution.
Mosquito King was then extended into the referred to by the late President in his
territories claimed by New Granada as far message to the Senate relative to the
as Boca del Toro. The professed objects treaty with New Granada, was adopted
of both the treaties are to open communi- in executive session by the Senate without
cations across the isthmus to all nations division:
and to invite their guarantees on the same " Resolved, that the President of the
terms. Neither of them proposes to guar- United States be respectfully requested
antee territory to a foreign nation in to consider the expediency of opening ne-
which the United States will not have a gotiations with the governments of Cen-
common interest with that nation. Neither tral America and New Granada for the
of them constitutes an alliance for any purpose of effectually protecting by suit-
political object, but for a purely commer- able treaty stipulations with them, such
cial purpose, in which all the navigating individuals or companies as may under-
nations of the world have a common in- take to open a communication between
tcrcst. Nicaragua, like New Granada, is a the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by the
power which will not excite the jealousy construction of a ship - canal across the
of any nation. isthmus which connects North and South
As there is nothing narrow, selfish, America, and of securing forever by such
illiberal, or exclusive in the views of the stipulations the free and equal rights of
United States as set forth in this treaty, navigating such a canal to all such na-
as it is indispensable to the successful tions on the payment of such reasonable
completion of the contemplated canal to tolls as may be established to compensate
secure protection to it from the local au- the capitalists who may engage in such
thorities and this government, and as I undei-taking and complete the work."
28
TAYLOB, ZACHABT
President Jackson accorded with the With a view to the faithful execution
policy suggested in this resolution, and of the treaty so far a^ lay in the power
in pursuance of it sent Charles Riddle of the executive, and to enahle Congress
as agept to negotiate with the govern- to act at the present session with as full
menU of Central America and New Gra- knowledge and as little difficulty as pos-
nada. The result is fully set forth in the sible on all matters of interest in thene
report of a select committee of the House Territories, I sent the Hon. Thomas
of Representatives of Feb. 20, 1849, upon Butler King as bearer of despatches to
a joint resolution of Congress to author- California, and certain officers to Cali-
ize the survey of certain routes for a fomia and New Mexico, whose duties are
oAnal or railroad between the Atlantic particularly defined in the accompanying
and Pacific oceans. The policy indicated letters of instruction addressed to them
in the resolution of March 3, 1835, then severally by the proper departments,
adopted by the President and Senate, is I did not hesitate to express to the peo-
that now proposed for the consideration pie of those Territories my desire that
and sanction of the Senate. So far as each Territory should, if prepared to
my knowledge extends, such has ever been comply with the requisitions of the Con-
the liberal policy of the leading statesmen stitution of the United States, form a plan
of this country, and by no one has it been of a State constitution and submit the
more earnestly recommended than by my same to Congress with a prayer for ad-
lamented predecessor. mission into the Union as a State, but
Status of California^ New Mexico, and I did not anticipate, suggest, or authorize
Texas. — On June, 23, 1850, President Tay- the establishment of any such government
lor transmitted to the Congress the fol- without the assent of Congress, nor did
lowing special message concerning com- I authorize any government agent or
plications that had arisen in newly ac- officer to interfere with or exercise any
quired territory: influence or control over the election of
delegates or over any convention in mak-
Washington, Jan. 23, 1S50, ing or modifying their domestic institu-
To the Senate of the United States, — tions, or any of the provisions of their
1 transmit to the Senate, in answer to proposed constitution. On the contrary,
a resolution of that body passed on the the instructions given by my orders were
17th inst., the accompanying reports of that all measures of domestic policy
heads of departments, which contain all adopted by the people of California must
the official information in the possession originate solely with themselves; that
of the Executive asked for by the resolu- while the executive of the United States
tion. was desirous to protect them in the
On coming into office I found the mill- formation of any government republican
lary commandant of the Department of in its character, to be at the proper
California exercising the functions of time submitted to Congress, yet it was
civil governor in that Territory, and left, to be distinctly understood that the plan
as I was, to act under the treaty of Guada- of such a government must at the same
lupe-Hidalgo, without the aid of any legis- time be the result of their own deliber-
lative provision establishing a government ate choice, and originate with them-
in that Territory, I thought it best not selves, without the interference of the
to disturb that arrangement, made iinder executive.
my predecessor, until Congress should I am unable to give any information
take some action on that subject. I, as to laws passed by any supposed gov-
tberefore, did not interfere with the powers ernment in California or of any census
of the military commandant, who con- taken in either of the Territories men-
tinued to exercise the functions of civil ttoned in the resolution, as I have no
governor as before; but I made no such information on those subjects,
appointment, conferred no such authority. As already stated, I have not disturbed
and have allowed no increased compcn- the arrangements which I found had ex-
sation to the commandant for his ser- isted under my predecessor,
vices. In advising an early application by
29
TAYLOB^ ZACHABY
the people of these Territories for ad- stitution shall, when submitted to CSon-
mission as States, I was actuated prin- grcss, be found to be in compliance 'writh
cipally by an earnest desire to afford to the requisitions of the Constitution of the
the wisdom and patriotism of Congress United States, I earnestly recommend tbat
the opportunity of avoiding occasions of it may receive the sanction of Congress,
bitter and angry dissensions among the The part of California not included in
people of the United States. the proposed State of that name is be-
Under the Constitution every State lieved to be uninhabited, except in a set-
has the right of establishing and from tlement of our countrymen in the vicinity
time to time altering its municipal laws of Salt Lake.
and domestic institutions independently A claim has been advanced by the State
of every other State and the general of Texas to a very large portion of the
government, subject only to the prohibi- most populous district of the Territory
tions and guarantees expressly set forth in commonly designated by the name of N'ew
the Constitution of the United States. Mexico. If the people of New Mexico had
The subjects thus left exclusively to the formed a plan of a State government for
respective States were not designed or that Territory as ceded by the treaty of
expected to become topics of national agi- Guadalupe-Hidalgo, and had been ad-
tation. Still, as under the Constitution mitted by Congress as a State, our Con-
Congress has power to make all need- stitution would have afforded the means
ful rules and regulations respecting the of obtaining an adjustment of the ques-
Territories of the United States, every tion of boundary with Texas by a judi-
new acquisition of territory has led to cial decision. At present, however, no
discussions on the question whether the judicial tribunal has the power of decid-
system of involuntary servitude which ing that question^ and it remains for Con-
prevails in many of the States should gress to devise some mode for its adjust-
or should not be prohibited in that Terri- ment. Meanwhile I submit to Congress
tory. The periods of excitement from this the question whether it would be expe-
cause which have heretofore occurred have dient before such adjustment to estab-
been safely passed, but during the inter- lish a Territorial government, which, by
val, of whatever length which may elapse including the district so claimed, would
before the admission of the Territories practically decide the question adversely
ceded by Mexico as States, it appears to the State of Texas, or by excluding it
probable that similar excitement will pre- would decide it in her favor. In noiy
vail to an undue extent. opinion such a course would not be expe-
Under these circumstances, I thought, dient, especially as the people of this
and still think, that it was my duty to Territory still enjoy the benefit and pro-
endeavor to put it in the power of Con- tection of their municipal laws originally
gress, by the admission of California and derived from Mexico, and have a mill-
New Mexico as States, to remove all oc- tary force stationed there to protect them
casions for the unnecessary agitation of against the Indians. It is undoubtedly
the public mind. true that the property, lives, liberties,
It is understood that the people of the and religion of the people of New Mexico
western part of California have formed a are better protected than they ever were
plan of a State constitution, and will before the treaty of cession,
soon submit the same to the judgment Should Congress, when California shall
of Congress, and apply for admission as present herself for incorporation into the
a State. This course on their part, though Union, annex a condition to her admis-
in accordance with, was not adopted ex- sion as a State afTecting her domestic in-
clusively in consequence of any expression stitutions contrary to the wishes of her
of my wishes, inasmuch as measures tend- people, and even compel her temporarily
ing to this end had been promoted by the to comply with it, yet the State could
officers sent there by my predecessor, and change her constitution at any time after
were already in active progress of execu- admission when to her it should seem ex-
tion before any communication from me pedient. Any attempt to deny to the
reached California. If the proposed con- people of the State the right of self-
30
TAYLOBr-TEA IH POLITICS
government in a matter which peculiarly spire fidelity and devotion to it, and
affects themselves will infallibly be re- admonish us cautiously to avoid any
garded by them as an invasion of their necessary controversy which can either
rights, and, upon the principles laid down endanger it or impair its strength, the
in our own Declaration of . Independence, chief element of which is to be found in
they will certainly be sustained by the the regard and affection of the people for
great mass of the American people. To each other.
assert that they are a conquered people Taze^rell, Littleton Wallcb, legis-
and must as a State submit to the will lator; bom in Williamsburg, Va., Dec. 17,
of their conquerors in this regard will 1774; graduated at William and Mary
meet with no cordial response among College in 1792; admitted to the bar in
American freemen* Great numbers of 179G; member of Congress in lBOO-2;
them are native citizens of the United member of the commission to treat with
States, not inferior to the rest of our Spain for the purchase of Florida in 1819;
countrymen in intelligence and patriotism, member of the United States Senate in
and no language of menace to restrain 1824-33; and was chosen governor of Vir-
them in the exercise of an undoubted ginia In 1834. In 1840 he was the candl-
right, substantially guaranteed to them date for the Vice-Presidency on the ticket
by the treaty of cession itself, shall ever with James G. Bimey. He died in Nor-
be uttered by me or encouraged and sus- folk, Va,, March 6, 1860.
tained by persons acting under my author- Tea. The tea-plant, which played such
ity. It is to be expected that in the a conspicuous part in American history
residue of the territory ceded to us by just previous to the Revolutionary War,
Mexico the people residing there will at was brought to Europe by the Dutch
the time of their incorporation into the East India Company, and first appeared
Union as a State settle all questions of in Holland. It was nearly 100 years
domestic policy to suit themselves. before the exports were very large or
No material inconvenience will result its use became extensive in England and
from the want for a short period of a in the English - American colonies. As
government established by Congress over early as 1770 the cultivation of the tea-
the part of the territory which lies east- plant was undertaken in Georgia, and
ward of the new State of California; and from time to time the attempt has been
the reasons for my opinion that New Mex- renewed. The imports of tea into the
ico will at no very distant period ask for United States in the year ending June
admission into the Union are founded on 30, 1900, aggregated 84,843,491 lbs., val-
unofficial information which, I suppose, is ued at $10,557,741.
common to all who have cared to make in- Tea in Politics. Among other articles
quiries on that subject. imported into the colonies upon which a
Seeing, then, that the question which duty was laid, in 1767, was tea, the fur-
now excites such painful sensations in the nishing of which, for England and her
coimtry will in the end certainly be set- colonics, was a monopoly of the East
tied by the silent effect of causes inde- India Company. In consequence of the
pendent of the action of Congress, I again violent manifestation of opposition to
submit to your wisdom the policy recom- this method of taxation, and cRpecially
mended in my annual message of await- of the /serious effects upon British trade
ing the salutary operation of those causes/ by theNopeiations of^ the . non-importation
believing that we shall thus avoid the\ league. Lord Norlh^ then prime minister,
creation of geographical parties, and se-\offered a bill in Parliament, in the spring
cure the harmony of feeling so necessary of 1770, for the repeal of the duties upon
to the beneficial action of our political every article enumerated, excepting tea.
system. Connected, as the Union is, with He thought, unwisely, that tea, being a
the remembrance of past happiness, the luxury, the colonists would not object to
sense of present blessings, and the hope paying the very small duty imposed upon
of future peace and prosperity, every die- it, and he retained that simply as a stand-
tate of wisdom, every feeling of duty, and ing assertion of the right of Parliament
crery emotion of patriotism tend to in- to tax the colonists. It was a fatal
31
TEA IN POLITICS
mistake. The bill became a law April Six of Snyder's school • mates bore the
2, 1770. The minister mistook the charac- coffin, and nearly 500 school-boys led the
ter and temper of the Americans. It was procession. The bells of Boston were
not the petty amount of duties imposed, tolled; so, also, were those of the neigh-
for none of this species of taxation was boring towns.
burdensome; it was the princif^le involved, By smuggling, non-importation, and non-
which lay at the foundation of their liber- consumption agreements, the ^ tax on tea,
ties. They regarded the imposition of ever retained for the purpose of vindicating'
so small a duty upon one article as much the authority of Parliament, was virtu-
a violation of their sacred rights as if ally nullified at the opening of 1773. Then
a heavy duty on tea was imposed. The a new thought upon taxation occurred
ministry would not yield the point, and to Lord North. The East India Company
a series of troubles followed. Merchants severely felt the effects of these causes,
in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, An- and requested the government to take off
napolis, and other places agreed not to the duty of Sd. a pound on their tea levied
import tea, and there were combinations in America. Already 17,000,000 lbs. had
against its use in various places. ^ Before accumulated in their warehouses in Ehig-
North introduced his repeal bill into Par- land, and they offered to allow the gov-
liament the mistresses of 300 families in ernment to retain Od. upon the pound
Boston subscribed to a league, Feb. 9, as an exportation tariff if they would
1770, binding themselves not to drink any take off the 3d. duty. Here was an op-
tea until the revenue act should be re- portunity for conciliation; but the nain-
pealed. Three days afterwards (Feb. 12) istry, deluded by false views of national
the young maidens followed the example honor, would not accede to the proposi-
of the matrons, and multitudes signed tion, but stupidly favored the East India
the following document: "We, the daugh- Company, and utterly neglected the prin-
ters of those patriots who have, and do ciples and feelings of the Americans. They
now, appear for the public interest, and proposed a bill for the exportation of tea
in that principally regard their posterity to America on their own account, without
— as such, do with pleasure engage with paying export duty, and it passed May
them in denying ourselves the drinking 10, 1773. Agents and consignees were
of foreign tea, in hopes to frustrate a appointed in the several colonies to re-
plan which tends to deprive a whole com- ceive*' the tea, and the ministry congratu*
munity of all that is valuable in life." lated themselves with outwitting the pa-
Violators of the non-importation agree- triots. This movement perfected the nul-
ments were sometimes handled roughly, lification of the tea tax, for universal
A Boston merchant, Theophilus Lillie, of opposition to its use was manifested.
Tory tendencies, continued to sell tea Those who accepted the office of con-
openly, which excited popular indignation, signees of the tea cargoes of the East
A company of half -grown boys placed an India Company were held in equal dis-
efUgy near his door with a finger upon repute with the stamp-distributers. They
it, pointing towards his store. While a were requested to refrain from receiving
man was attempting to remove it, he the proscribed article. The request of a
was pelted with dirt and stones. Run- public meeting in Philadelphia, Oct. 2,
ning into the store, he seized a gun, and 1773» that Messrs. Wharton should not
discharged its contents among the crowd, act, was complied with, and their answer
A boy named Snyder was killed, and a was received with shouts of applause,
lad named Samuel Gore was wounded. Another firm refused, and they were
The affair produced intense excitement, greeted with groans and hisses. A public
not only in Boston, but throughout the meeting in Boston (Nov. 5) appointed a
colonies. The funeral of Snyder was a committee to wait upon the consignees in
most impressive pageant. His coffin, in- that town and request them to resign,
scribed " Innocence itself is not safe," These consignees were all friends of Gov-
was borne to Liberty Tree, where an ernor Hutchinson — two of them were his
immense concourse were assembled, who sons and a third his nephew. They had
thence followed the remains to the grave, been summoned to attend a meeting of the
32
TEA US POLITICS— TBCHHOLOOY
Sons of Liberty (under Liberty Tree) and degtmction of the tea in Boston. An-
•^resign their appointments. They con- other, driven by stresg of weather to the
temptuously refused to comply; now, in West Indies, did not arrive at New York
the presence of the town committee, they for several months afterwards. When it
so equivocated that the meeting voted arrived (April 21, 1774) at Sandy Hook,
their answer "unsatisfactory and dar- the pilots, under instructions from the
ingly affrontive." Another committee was city committee, refused to bring her up,
appointed for the same purpose at a meet- and a committee of vigilance soon took
ing on the 18th, when the consignees re- possession of her. When the captain was
plied: "It is out of our power to comply brought to town he was ordered to take
with the request of the town." The meet- back his ship and cargo. The consignees
ing broke up with ominous silence. The refused to interfere; and meanwhile an-
consignees became alarmed and asked other ship, commanded by a New York
leave to resign their appointments into captain, was allowed to enter the harbor,
the hands of the governor and council, on the assurance that she had no tea on
The prayer was refused, and the con- board. A report soon spread that she had
signees fled to the protection of the castle, tea on board, and the captain was com-
At a meeting held first in Faneuil Hall pelled to acknowledge that he had eigh-
and then in the South Meeting-house teen chests, belonging to private parties,
(Xov. 29), a letter was received from the and not to the East India Company. The
consignees, offering to store the tea until indignant people poured the tea into the
they could write to England and receive harbor, and the captain of the East India
instructions. The offer was rejected with tea-ship— with grand parade, a band of
disdain. The sheriff then read a procla- music playing "God save the King," the
mation from the governor, ordering the city bells ringing, and colors flying from
meeting to disperse. It was received with liberty-poles — ^was escorted from the cus-
hisses. Then the meeting ordered that two tom-housc to a pilot-boat, which took him
tea - vessels hourly expected at Boston to his vessel at the Hook, when, under the
should be moored at Griffin's Wharf. At direction of the vigilance committee, the
the demand of a popular meeting in New vessel was started for England. A tea-
York (Nov. 25) the appointed consignees ship (the Dartmouth) arrived at Boston
there declined to act, whereupon Governor late in November, 1773, and was ordered
Tryon issued an order for the cargo of any by a town-meeting ( Nov. 29 ) to be moored
tea-ship tliat might arrive to be deposited at Griffin's Wharf. It was voted by the
in the barracks. same meeting that the " owner be directed
When news reaehed America that tea- not to enter the tea-ship at his peril " ;
ships were loading for colonial ports, the and the captain was warned not to suffer
patriots took measures for preventing the any of the tea to be landed. Two other
unloading of their cargoes here. The tea-ships that arrived there were served
Philadelphians moved first in the matter, in the same way, and suffered outrage. A
At a public meeting held Oct. 2, 1773, in fourth tea- vessel, bound for Boston, was
eight resolutions the people protested wrecked on Cape Cod, and a few chests of
against taxation by Parliament, and de- her tea, saved, were placed in the castle
nounced as " an enemy to his country " by the governor's orders. About twenty
whoever should " aid or abet in unloading, chests brought in another vessel, on pri-
receiving, or vending the tea." A town- vate account, were seized and cast into
meeting was held in Boston (Nov. 5), at the water. In Charleston a cargo was
which John Hancock presided, which Innded, but, being stored in damp cellars,
adopted the Philadelphia resolutions, with was spoiled. See Boston Tea Party.
a supplement concerning remissness in ob- Technology, Institutes of, a notewor-
serving non- importation and non-consump- thy feature of the educational progress
tion agreements, but insisting upon a in the United States in recent years is
strict compliance with them in the future, the great attention that is being paid
A tea-vessel, bound for Philadelphia, was to the education of the young in technical
stopped (Dec. 25) 4 miles below that city, lines. The institutes of technology are in-
information having been received of the stitutions wholly distinct from the agri-
I5c— c 33
TUOUJCSBB
cultural and mechanical collegen that northern branclt of the upper Wftbuh),
have been established in the varioua among the Delaware^ and Miamia. There
States and Territoriee under provisionH throughout 180B the Prophet attracted
of two acts of Congress. The latter, large DumberB of Indians, when militarr
while providing special instruction in exercises were interspersed with religious
agriculture, also give courses to a mummericH and warlike sports. These
limited extent in manual training. Tech- military exercises, and an alleged secret
nical institutes also differ from what are intercourse of the brothers with the
known as manual training-schools, the British traders and agents, had drawn
latter affording instruction in a few branch-
es of industry dependent on band work.
The usual course in the purely technical
institutions includes civil, mechanical, and
electrical engineering, foundry work, model-
making, wood and metal turning, and
mechanical drawing, in addition to the
French and Glerman languages, chemistry,
and other necessities for a professional
technical career. At the end of the school-
year 18B9 there were in the United SUtes
forty-three institutes ot technology, baving
a total of 1,126 professors and instruc-
tors; 14,050 students in all departments;
four fellowships; S51 scholarships; 408,-
354 bound volumes, and 123,086 pamphleta
in their libraries; scientific apparatus val-
ued at $.3,314,303; grounds and buildings
valued at $11,063,150; productive funds
aggregating $10,022,498; and total income,
«4 ,260,600.
In 1001 much of an extraordinary de~
mand for graduates of the leading insti-
tutes of technology was directly traceable
to the remarkable development of the man- ikpbbsh.
ufacturing interests of the country.
Tecumseh, an Indian warrior, chief of upon the Prophet and bis brother the su.*-
the Shawnees; born in Old Piqun, near pieions of Harrison, the governor of the
Springfield. O,, about 1708; was one of Indian Territory and superintendent of
the boldest and most active of the braves Indian affflirs. With consummate du-
who opposed Wayne (1704-05), and waa pHcitj, the Prophet, visiting Harrison at
at the treaty of Greenville. As early as Vincennes, allayed hie suspicions by as-
1804 he had begim the execution of a suming to be a warm friend of peace, hia
scheme, in connection with his brother, sole object being to reform the Indians
" The Prophet," tor confederating the and to put a stop to their use of whiskey.
Western Indians for the purpose of ex- Not long afterwards, a treaty made with
terminating the white people. He made several tribes by Harrison was denounced
use ot the popularity of his brother as a by Tecumseh, and serious threats were
prophet or medicine-man, whose influence made by him. Harrison invited the
had been very great over large portions of brothers to an interview at Vineennea
the Delawares, Shawnees, Wyandottea, (August, 1810), when the latter appeared
Miamis, Ottawas, Pottawattomies, Kicka- with many followers and showed so much
poos. Winnebagoes, and Chippewaa. It hostility that the governor ordered him
was among the more remote tribes that a and hie people to quit the neighborhood.
greater part of his converts were obtained. Tecumseh went among the Seminoles
In the summer of 1S08 the Prophet re- in Florida, the Creeks in Alabama and
moved his village to Tippecanoe Creek (a Georgia, and tribes in Missouri in the
34
spring of 1811, trying to induce them to to the war-path. The wily Prophet, who
join hia confederacy. He went on a aim- had been told by the Britiuh when a comet
ilar mission in the autumn, taking with would appear, told the excited multitude
him hia brother, the Prophet, partly that they would see the arm of Tecumi»eh,
to employ him as a cunning instrument like pale fire, stretched out in the vault
in managing the superstitious Indians, of heaven at a certain time, and thus
and partly to prevent his doing mischief they would know hy that sign when to be-
at home in Tecumseh's absence. About gin the war. The people looked upon him
thirty warriors accompanied them. His with awe, for ' the fame of Tecumseh
mission, then, was to engage the Indians and the Prophet had preceded them. Te-
axi allies for the British and against the cumseh continued his mission with sue-
Americans. The Choctaws and Chicka- cess, but found opponents here and there,
saws, through whose country Tecumseh Among the most conspicuous of them waa
passed, would not listen to him ; but the Tustinuggee-Thlucco, the " Big Warrior."
Seminoles and Creeks lent him willing Tecumseh tried every art to convert him
ears. He addressed the assembled Creeks to his purposes. At length he said, an-
for the first time in the lower part of grily: "Tustinuggee-Thlucco, your blood
(the present) Autauga county, Ala., late is white. You have taken my redsticks
in October. Soon afterwards, having ad- and my talk, but you do not mean to
dressed the Creeks at different points, he fight. I know the reason; you do not
approached a great council called by Colo- believe the Great Spirit has sent me.
nel Hawkins, United States Indian agent, You shall believe it. I will leave directly
at Toockabatcha, the ancient Creek cap- and go straight to Detroit. When I get
ital, where fully 5,000 of the nation were there, I will stamp my foot upon the
gathered. Tecumseh marched with dig- ground and shake down every house in
nity into the square with his train of Toockabatcha."
thirty followers, entirely naked, excepting Strangely enough, at about the time
their flaps and ornaments, their faces Tecumseh must have arrived at Detroit,
painted black, their heads adorned with there was heard a deep rumbling under-
eagles' feathers, while buffalo tails dragged ground all over the Alabama region, and
behind, suspended by bands around their there was a heaving of the earth that
waists. Like appendages were attached made the houses of Toockabatcha reel and
to their arms, and their whole appearance totter as if about to fall. The startled
w^as as hideous as possible, and their bear- savages ran out, exclaiming : *^ Tecumseh
ing uncommonly pompous and ceremoni- is at Detroit! Tecumseh is at Detroit!
OU8. They marched round and round in We feel the stamp of his foot!** It was
the square, and then, approaching the the shock of an earthquake that was felt
Creek chiefs, gave them the Indian salu- all over the Gulf region in December, 1812.
tation of a hand-shake at arm's-length and At the same time the comet — the blazing
exchanged .tobacco in token of friendship, arm of Tecumseh — appeared in the sky.
So they made their appearance each day These events made a powerful impression
until Hawkins departed. on nearly the whole Creek nation, but
That night a council was held in the it did not move the " Big Warrior " from
erreat round-house. It was packed with his allegiance to the United States. The
eager listeners. Tecumseh made a fiery Creeks rose in arms, and in less than two
and vengeful speech, exhorting the Creeks years their nation was ruined.
to abandon the customs of the pale faces In the War of 1812-15 Tecumseh was
and return to those of their fathers; to the active ally of the British, and re-
cast away the plough and loom and cease ceived the commission of brigadier-general
the cultivation of the soil, for it was an in the British army. Assisting General
unworthy pursuit for noble hunters and Proctor in the battle of the Thames, he
warriors. He warned them that the Amer- was slain there, Oct. 6, 1813. Who killed
icans were seeking to exterminate them Tecumseh? was an unsettled, and, at one
and possess their country; and told them time, exciting question. It was supposed,
that their friends, the British, had sent at the time of the battle on the Thames,
him from the Great Lakes to invite them that he was slain by the pistol of Col.
35
TEEDTUSCrrira— TEHUANTEPEC SHIP BAILWAT
Richard M. Johnson. Indeed, the friende He deserted the Moravians in 1754, and
of Colonel Johason asserted it positively led the Delawares and their allies wbo
as an undoubted fact; and during the resided within the Walking Pubciia.se
political campaign when he was a can- (g. v.), Wyoming Valley. In November,
didate for the Vice - Presidency of the 1757, a treaty of pacifleation naa con-
United States, the question caused much eluded with Teedyuscung at Easton. P«t.,
warm diacussion. That he killed an Ind- and in the following year a town was laid
ian under circumstances which were war- out in Wyoming Valley for him and his
ranted was never denied. Two Indian tribe. His house waa set aflre by a.xi
warriors lay dead upon the spot after the enemy while he was asleep, and be wms
battle, one of whom was believed to be burned to death, April 16, 1763.
Teeumseh, They were stripped naked. Teganakoa, Stephen. Indian convert;
It has been pretty clearly shown that went with his family to the mission of
neither body waa that of Teeumseli, for Sault St. Ixiuis, where they were bap-
hia was carried away by his warriors, tiied. In the fall of 17(K), while on a
The exasperated Kentuckians mutilated hunting expedition with his wife and an-
the supposed body of Teeumseh, and later other Indian, he was taken prisoner by a
Kentuckians have recorded, by a sculpt- band of Cayugas snd carried to Onond^a.
N. Y. One of the party said to him that
he owed his death to having left his coun-
trymen for the " dogs of Christians at the
Sault." He answered: " Do what you
will with me, 1 fear neither your outrages
nor your fires. I willingly give my life
for a God who shed his blood for me."
He was then slowly tortured to death,
enduring his agony with fortitude and
praying for his torturers.
Teganlesorens, an Iroquois Indian
chief; born in Onondaga. N. ¥.; became
a strong ally of the French; waa converts
to Christianity in 1693; and in the fol-
lowing year visited Frontenac, the French
governor, to whom he proposed the re-
habilitation of Fort Cataroeouy (Kings-
ton), which appeared to Frontenac as a
wise policy. He accordingly raised an ex-
pedition to carry out the plan which he
was soon forced to abandon, owing to
orders received from the French Court.
Later Teganissorens received both Eng-
lish and French agents, to whom he de-
clared that he would remain neutral, and
thereafter stronglv protested against at-
TOHN«s-B nosr-uiT. tacks On the English settlers. In 1711 he
gave information to the French that prepa-
ure in marble upon Colonel Johnson's rations were being made in New York.
monument. In the cemetery at Frankfort, Boston, and Albany for the invasion of
their conviction that he liilled the great Canada. He died in Caughnawaga, or
chief. Snult St. I»uia, after 1711.
T«edynacuiig, chief of the Delaware Tahuantepec Ship Ballway. Early in
Indiana; born near Trenton, N. J., about 1881 Capt. James It. Eads, who had won
1700; removed to the forks of the Dela- considerable reputation as an engineer in
ware in 17.10; received Christian baptism building the great bridge over the Mis-
and the name Gideon from Bishop Cam- aissippi at St. Louis, and also in construct-
merholT. a Moravian missionary, in 175G. ing the system of jetties at the mouth of
36
TEHUAKTEPBO SHIP BAILWAY— TSLBFHOHX
that river, obtained from the Mexican of legislation before adjournment , and as
goTemment the right to build a ship rail- Captain Eads died March 8 following,
way across the isthmus of Tehuantepec. nothing was accomplished with his
That government also promised him a scheme.
large grant of money and land, and he Tele^^ph. A telegraph on an im-
immediately made application to Con- proved plan was invented by Jonathan
gress for further aid to secure the carry- Grant, of Belchertown, Mass., as early as
ing-out of the plan. The matter was re- 1799. The inventor set up one of his
f erred in the House of Representatives to lines between Boston and Martha's Vine-
a committee, and this body, Feb. 12, 1881, yard, places 90 miles apart, at which dis-
made report endorsing the project, and tance he asked a question and received an
recommending the passage of a bill pledg- answer in less than ten miliutes. Until
ing the protection of the United States the perfecting of the electro- magnetic tele-
to the railway company and guarantee- graph by Professor Morse in 1844, teleg-
ing the interest on $50,000,000 of its raphy was carried on by means of con-
bonds. This report, however, was laid trivances visible to the eye. The Morse
upon the table by an overwhelming vote, system is now universally used, but seems
and thus for the time being the consid- yet in its infancy. The astonishing de-
eration of the merits of the project was velopments of its capabilities fill us with
prevented. perpetual wonder, and its use has become
Captain Eads estimated the cost of the an absolute necessity. Its growth has
railway over the Tehuantepec route, 112 been marvellous. In 1846 three men con-
miles in length, at $75,000,000. He ducted the entire telegraph business in
claimed that wherever a canal could the United States from a dingy base-
be built a strong railway for the trans- ment in New York City; in 1900 there
portation of ships could be built for were 102,705 miles of po1(>B and cables;
half the cost of the canal. He selected 933,153 miles of wire; 22,900 offices; 63,-
the Tehuantepec in preference to the 167,783 messages handled; $24,758,509
Panama route. gross receipts; and $18,593,205 expendi-
In the fall of 1881, and in 1882, a tures.
corps of engineers were employed in sur- Telegraph, SuBif arine. See Atlantic
veying this route. However, all Captain Telegraph.
Eads obtained from the Forty-sixth or the Telephone, The. Chronology of:
two subsequent congresses was favorable Robert Hook conveyed sounds to a dis-
committee reports. When he was alto- tance by distended wire 1667
gether worn out with the struggle to Alexander Graham Bell begins his in-
obtain due recognition for his scheme, the vestigation of electrical transmisnion and
Forty-ninth Congress partially consented reproduction of articulate speech
to incorporate his company. A bill was July, 1874
passed by the Senate Feb. 17, 1887, which Bell constructs an electrical telephone,
constituted James B. Eads and some with a diaphragm of gold-beater's skin,
eighty other persons named as a body which transmits speech July, 1875
politic under the name and title of the Tliomas A. Edison, furnished by Will-
Atlantic and Pacific Ship Railway Com- iam Orton, president of the Western Union
pany. The stock was not to exceed $100,- Telegraph Company, with a description of
000,000, and when 10 per cent, of the Reis's telephone, begins experiments with
stock had been subscribed for and 10 per a view to producing an articulating tele-
cent, thereon paid in cash, a meeting of phone July, 1875
stockholders was to be held in Wash- Elisha Gray files his carrat for an in-
ington or New York for the election of vent ion " to transmit the tones of the
directors. If $10,000,000 of stock was not human voice through a telegraphic cir-
subscribed for and 10 per cent, in cash cuit," etc Feb. 14, 1876
paid thereon within two years, the charter Professor Bell publicly explains his
— BO the bill declared — ^must expire by method before the American Academy of
limitation. This bill did not get through Arts and Sciences of Boston
the House, however, being lost in the rush May 10, 1876
37
TELESCOPE— TEKPEBANCE
Bell's telephone exhibited at the Cen- ments, till they ground the 36-inch tele-
tennial Exhibition at Philadelphia, Pa. scope for the Lick Observatory, in Cali-
June, 1676 fornia, and the son, Alvan G., made the
Iron diaphragm first used by Bell 40-inch Yerkes telescope for the observa-
June 30, 1876 tory of the University of Chicago, erected
Edison's carbon, loud-speaking telephone at Williams Bay, Wis. The movable part
invented January, 1877 of the latter, which turns on the polar
Professor Bell exhibits at the Essex axis, weighs about 12 tons, and the
Institute, Salem, Mass., his telephone, clock weighs IVg tons. The refracting
using a powerful horseshoe magnet, by telescopes of the Naval Observatory, at
which a short speech, shouted into a Washington, 33 feet long, and at the
similar telephone in Boston, 16 miles I^eander McCormick Observatory, Uni-
distant, is distinctly audible to an au- versity of Virginia, both made by Alvan
dience of 600 persons in Salem Clark & Sons, have a 26-inch aperture.
Feb. 12, 1877 The largest reflecting telescope in the
First-known telephone line connects the United States is at Harvard University,
office of Charles Williams, electrician, in 28-inch mirror. Other notable telescopes
Boston, and his house in Somerville are at Princeton University (Clark, 23-
April, 1877 inch) ; Rochester, N. Y. (Clark, 16-inch) ;
First telephone exchange established in Madison, Wis. (Clark, 15.5-inch) ; Dud-
Boston, Mass 1877 ley, at Albany, N. Y. ( Fitz, 13-inch) ;
One form of microphone invented by University of Michigan (Fitz, 12.5-inch);
Edison April 1, 1877 and Middletown University (Clark, 12-
Experiments begun in Brown Univer- inch),
eity by Prof. Eli W. Blake, Prof. John Telfair, Edward, patriot; horn in Scot-
Pierce, and others, result in the con- land in 1735; came to America in 1758 as
struction by Dr. William F. Channing agent for a mercantile house: resided first
of the first portable telephone in Virginia, then in North Carolina, and
April, 1877 finally settled as a merchant in Savannah
Handle telephone, now generally in use, in 1766. An active patriot there, he was
made by Dr. Channing and Edson S. on the revolutionary committees, and was
Jones, at Providence, R. I May, 1877 one of a party which broke open the maga-
Glass-plate telephone invented by Hen- zine at Savannah jBiud removed the gun-
ry W. Vaughan, State assayer. Providence, powder in 1775. He served in the Conti-
R. I June, 1877 nental Congress in 1778, 1780-83, and in
Bell telephone patent expires 1786 and 1790-93 he was governor of
March 7, 1893 Georgia. He died in Savannah, Ga., Sept.
Stathticft: Miles of wire, 1,016,777; 17, 1807.
circuits, 422,620; stations, 632,946; in- Teller, Henry Moore, legislator; bom
truments in use under lease, 1,580,101; in Granger, N. Y., May 23, 1830; edu-
average daily connections of exchanges, cated at Alfred University, N, Y.; ad-
5,173,803; capital of American Bell Tele- mitted to the bar in 1858; settled in
phone Company, $25,886,300 Colorado in 1861; major-general of th«
Report of Jan. 1, 1900 Colorado militia in 1862-64; United
Telephone company in opposition to the States Senator in 1876-82; Secretary of
American Bell Telephone Company organ- the Interior in 1882-85; again a Demo-
ized 1901 cratic United States Senator in 1885-91.
Telescope. Telescopes were first con- He was then re-elected to the Senate as a
structed in the Netherlands about 1608. Republican, but in 1896 withdrew from the
In 1853 Alvan Clark, of Cambridgeport, National Republican Convention on ac-
Mass., a comparatively unknown portrait- count of its financial policy; and was re-
painter, after having experimented from turned to the Senate in 1897 as an in-
1846 in grinding lenses, succeeded in dependent Silver Republican,
turning out a glass superior to any made Temperance, Order of the . Sons
elsewhere in the world. He and his sons of. See Sons of Temperance, Order of
went on making large and larger instru- tke.
38
TEXPSBANdE BSFOBM--TEXPXBAVCB SOdSTIBS
Temperance Beform. Maurice, the lication house, with headquarters at New
landgrave of Hesse, founded an order of York, organized 1805
temperance, Dec. 25, 1600; a total -ab- National Prohibition party organized
stinence society existed at Skibbereen, Ire- at Chicago, 111 Sept. 1-2, IHOO
land, in 1S17; the Sober Society was National Prohibition party nominates
formed at Allentown, N. J., in 1805, and James Black (Pa.) for President and
this uras followed by temperance socie- John Russell (Mich.) for Vice-President,
ties organized, one at Moreau, Saratoga who receive 6,008 popular votes. ... 1H72
CO., X. Y., April 30, 1808; another at Blue-ribbon movement begun by Fran-
Greenfield, N. Y., in 1809; and another at cis Murphy, of Maine 1873
Hector, N. Y., April 3, 1818. The Massa- Woman's temperance crusade begins in
chii&etts Society for the Suppression of Hillsboro, O '. .December, 1873
Intemperance was instituted at Boston, National Woman's Christian Temper-
Feb. 5, 1813; but temperance reform as an ance Union organized .. Nov. 18-20, 1874
organized movement began Feb. 13, 1826, Women's international temperance con-
when the American Society for the Pro- gress in Philadelphia, Pa.. June 12, 1870
motion of Temperance was organized at International temperance congress in
the Park Street Church, Boston, Mass. Philadelphia, Pa June 13-14, 1876
Ors. Justin Edwards, Woods, Jenks, and Department of scientific temperance
Way land, and Messrs. John Tappan and in public schools created in connection
S. V. S. Wilder were prominent in it. with the Women's Christian Temperance
The following is the chronology of the Union 1880
chief events in the temperance movement World's Christian Temperance Union
in America: organized by Frances £. Willard. . .1883
First women's temperance society or- John B. Gough dies in Philadelphia
ganized in Ohio, close of 1828 Feb. 17, 1880
New York State and Connecticut State Law for compulsory temperance edu-
temperance societies organized 1829 cation in public schools paHHed by Con-
Congressional Temperance Society organ- gress for District of Columbia and the
ized at Washington, D. C. . .Feb. 26, 1833 Territories May 17, 1886
First national temperance convention Frances K. Willard, president of the
nraeets at Philadelphia ; 440 delegates from Women's Christian Temperance Union, and
twenty-two States May 24-27, 1833 founder of the World's Christian Tem-
Order of Sons of Temperance organized perance Union, dies in New Y'ork City
in New York Sept. 29, 1842 Feb. 18, 1808
John B. Gough signs the pledge at Wor- See Presidential Elections for Pro-
cester. Mass Oct. 31, 1842 hibition candidates, 1880-1900.
Father Mathew visits the United States ; Temperance Societies. French traders
arriving in New York on the Ashhurton; engaged extensively in the sale of intoxi-
he is welcomed at the Irving House as the eating liquors to the Indians in Canada.
guest of the city July 2, 1849 The Jesuit missionaries opposed the traffic
Maine liquor law passed.. June 2, 1851 with all their power, as it was not only
Order of Good Templars formed in New injurious to the Indians, but interfered
York State 1851 seriously with the labors of the mission-
Father Mathew sails from Philadelphia aries. The wealthy traders managed to
on the Pacific for Ireland after an ex- interest the governor-general in their be-
tended tour throughout the United States half, also the King's counsel, on the pre-
Nov. 8, 1851 text that the traffic was neoowHary to
John B. Gough makes a two years' tour secure the good-will of the Indians. It
of England, delivering his first address in was asserted that the evils of it were im-
Exeter Hall, London Aug. 2, 1853 aginary or much exaggerated. For once.
World's temperance Convention in Met- however, philanthropy triumphed over
ropolitan Hall, N. Y...Sept. 6-10, 1853 sordid interest. The Bishop of Quebec
Spirit rations in the navy of the United went to France in 1678, and obtained a
States abolished lifter ...... Sept 1, 1862 royal decree prohibiting the traffic under
National Temperance Society and pub- heavv penalties.
39
TEMPLE— TENITESSEB
The first modern temperance Bociety wae 1S46. He delivered the first speech for the
formed in 17B9 by 200 fB,rmera of Litch- Union made in Tenneaaee after the first
field county, Conn., who agreed not to use election of Abraham Lincoln; was chan-
" any distilled liquor in doing their farm- cellor of Tennessee in 1S66-T8; retired
work the ensuing season." Organized from the practice of law in ISSl; was
societies of a similar kind began to be postmaster in Knoxville, Tenn., in 1881-
formed in 1811, and in 1826 the first pub- 86. He is the author of The Covenaitter.
lie temperance society was organized in the Cavalier, and the Puritan; and Boat
the United States. The total abstinence Tenneitee and the Civit War.
principle was not adopted until 1H36, when Ten Bro«ck, Abbahau, military officer;
a national convention held at Saralogn, born in Albany, N. Y., May 13, 1734;
N. Y., took that higher stand. The Wash- became a merchant in 1733; member of
ingtonian Society, the first formed on the Provincial Congress in 1776; ftnd
total -abstinence principles, was organized chairman of the convention that inatigu-
in Baltimore in 1840 by six men of intern- rated the State government in 177C.
pcrate habits who signed a pledge to Soon after the outbreak of the Revolution-
totally abstain from intoxicating drinks, ary War he was appointed colonel of
At the first anniversary of the society militia; was made brigadier-general in
1,000 reformed drunkards walked in pro- ITT8, and commanded the forces in Ulster
cession. and Dutchess counties, and a brigade in
Temple, Ouvis Pekbt, lawyer; bom in the action at Bemia's Heights in October,
Green county, Tenn., Jan. 27, 1820; grad- 1777. He was mayor of Albany in 1770-
uated at Washington College, Tennessee, 83. He died in Albany, N. Y., Jan. 10,
in 1844, and was admitted to the bar in 1810.
TBimESSEE, STATE OP
Tenneesee, State or, was originally a and over intervening ridges to the Clinch
part of North Carolina, and was claimed and one or two other streams, while others
as a hunting-ground by the Chickasaws, {lenetrated Powell Valley and began a set-
Choctaws, Shawneea, and even by the Six tlement in the southwest comer of Vir-
Nations. No tribe made it a fixed habita-
tion excepting the Cherokees, who dwelt
in the extreme southeast part. Earl Lou-
don, jj^ovemor of Virginia, sent Andrew
Lewis thither in 1756 to plant a settle-
ment, and he built Fort Loudon, on the
Tennessee River, about 30 miles from the
site of Knoxville. It was besieged by
Indians in 1760 and captured, the inmates
being murdered nr reduced to captivity.
Armed nien from Virginia and North Caro-
lina retook the fort in 1761. and com-
pelled the Indians to sue for peace-
Immigrants from North Carolina, led
by James Robinson, settled on the Watau-
ga River, one of the head streams of the
Tennessee, in 176S. It was on lands of
the Cherokees, from whom the settlers ob- n-xn sui. of TminutE.
tained an eight-year lease in 1771. They
there organized themselves into a body ginia. These early settlers were known as
politic, and adopted a code of laws signed the " Watauga Association " from 1760 to
by each adult individual of the colony. 1777.
Others soon joined tbem and extended set- The territory was represented in the
tiements down the valley of the Holston, North Carolina legislature as the District
40
TEmrESSEE, STATE OF
of Waafaington. In 1785 the State of would have been impolitic and hazardous
Fkakklasd (g. p.) waa organized, but to undertalce by open force. They went
was reunited with North Carolina in mounted, and leading a mare of Sevier's
1788, and the next year
that State ceded the terri-
tory to the national gov-
ernment.
John Sevieb (q. v.),
first governor of Frankland,
stands out as one of the
moat prominent and pict-
uresque figures in the early
and formative history of
Tennessee. He was called
" the greatest of Indian
Sghtera," having fought
against the aavage Creelce,
Choctaws, and Cherokeea —
the bravest, most warlike,
and most blood-thirsty of
all the native tribes east
of the Mississippi. The set-
tlers were constantly men-
aced by them, and noth-
ing had saved the stout-
hearted piooeera from total
extermination except their
rude log forts and the sleep-
Ipss and untiring vigilance
of such men as Sevier, whoae
Eterling honesty, captivat-
ing manners, and generous
public spirit, great personal
bravery, and high soldierly
qualities had won for him
the admiration and affection
of every man, woman, and child through- which was Icnown as the swiftest- tooted
out the wide expanse of the territory. animal in the territory. The rescuers
An incident which well serveH to illus- halted on the outskirts of Morganton, and,
trate their devotion to him. as well as concealing their horses in a clump of un-
a typical phase of the arduous life of those derbrush, left them there in charge of the
times, ia recorded in the story of the trial young Seviers. Then Cosby- and Evans,
of Sevier by the State authorities of North diaguiaed as countrymen, entered the town.
Carolina, for high treason and outlawry. When they arrived at the court-house,
and his ingenious and dramatic rescue by Evans dismounted, and, throwing the bridle
a party headed by one of his lieutenants, loosely over the neck of the animal, stood
James Cosby. The trial was in progress with her directly before the open door
at Morganton, and many thousands had and in plain view of the interior of the
come togetlier to witness what was deemed building. Then Cosby entered the court-
by them the most important political room, and, elbowing his way up the crowd-
event that had occurred since the proc- ed aisle, halted directly in front of the
lamation of peace with Great Britain, judge's bench, and only a few feet from
With three others — Major Evans, and where his beloved leader stood eneompass-
Jamea and John Sevier, the two sons of ed by the court officials. Catching his
the general — Cosby proposed to go to the eye, Cosby, by a significant gesture, di-
reacue, to effect by Btratsgem what it rected Sevier's attention to his horse, that
TSNIIZBSEB, STATE OF
stood impatiently pawing the ground at all eyea upon him in amazement. For a
the iloor. At one glance, the quick eye of few inomentB — as Coaby had intended — all
Sevier took in the situation. Seeing that was TOnfueion, Taking instant advantage
he was imderalood, Cosby pressed closer of this, Sevier sprang from among the offi-
to the licnch, and in quick, energetic tones cers, and, the crowd parting to the right
Eaid to the judge: " Are you not about and left, with two bounds he was upon the
done with that man!" The question, and back of his horse and in two hours far
the tone and manner of the speaker, drew away in the mountains. He was followed
42
STATE OF
bf the cbeers of the crowd, and by a posse amended in 1835, and again in 1S53. The
of State officials, bot the mare outstripped seat of government was migratory, having
them and bore her brave rider in safety been at Knoxvilie, Kingston, Nashville,
to his home on the Nolichncky. As the and Murfreesboro until 1820, when it was
news of Sevier's escape flew from hamlet permanently fixed at Nashville. Tennes-
to hamlet, the whole territory broke out see took an active part in the War of
JDto a blaze of bonQres and illuminations, 1812-15, especially in the operations in
sod soon the people elected him — branded the Gulf region.
r«bel and outlaw as he was — to the Senate Tidings of the declaration of war
of Xorth Carolina, and within twelve reached Andrew Jackson at the Hermit'
months Washington gave him the rank of age, near Nashville, a week after that
general, with the supreme military com- event, and on the same day (June 26) he
mand of the district now comprised in authorized Governor Blount to tender to
east Tennessee. the President of the United States the
Id 1790 it was organized, together with services of himself and 2,500 men of his
Kentucky, as " The Territory South of the division <he was a major-general of Ten-
Ohio." A distinct territorial government nessee militia) as volunteers for the war.
vai granted to Tennessee in 1T94, and in Madison received Jackson's generous olTer
1796 (June 1) it entered the Union as a with gratitude, and accepted it "with
State. The constitution then framed was peculiar satisf action." The Secretary of
TENNESSEE, STATE OF
War wrote (July 11) a cordial letter of waited until March 1, when he wrote to
acceptance to Governor Blount, and that the Secretary of War, saying he saw little
official publicly thanked Jackson and his chance for the employment of his small
volunteers for the honor they had done the army in the South, and suggested that
State of Tennessee by their patriotic move- they might be used in the North,
ment. Everything seemed so quiet below Day after day he waited anxiously for
the Tennessee River that it was past mid- an answer. At length one came from John
autumn before the Tennessee volunteers Armstrong, the new Secretary of War, leho
were called upon. On Oct. 21 Governor wrote simply that the causes of calling
Blount was asked for 1,500 volunteers to out the Tennessee volunteers to march, to
be sent to New Orleans to reinforce Wil- New Orleans had ceased to exist, and that
kinson, and he made a requisition upon on the receipt of that letter they would
Jackson for that number. The latter im- be dismissed from public service. He was
mediately entered upon that military directed to turn over to General Wilkin-
career which rendered his name famous, son all public property that may haye been
On Dec. 10, when the weather in Tennessee put into his bands. The letter condud-
was intensely cold and deep snow lay upon ed with the tender of cold and formal
the ground, about 2,000 troops assembled thanks of the President to Jackson and
at Nashville, bearing clothes for both cold his troops. The hero's anger was fiercely
and warm weather. When organized, these kindled because of this cruel letter, which
consisted of two regiments of infantry of dismissed his army 500 miles from tlieir
700 men each, commanded respectively by homes, without pay, without 8u£Scient
Cols. William Hall and Thomas H. Benton, clothing, without provisions, or means of
and a corps of cavalry, 670 in number, transportation through a wilderness in
under the command of Col. John Coffee, which Indians only roamed. He wrote
These troops were composed of the best fiery letters to the President, Secretary of
physical and social materials of the State. War, and Governor Blount, and took the
On Jan 7, 1813, the little army went responsibility of disobeying his orders and
down the Cumberland River in boats, taking the troops back to Nashville before
excepting the mounted men, whom Coffee he would dismiss them. The Secretary apol-
led across the country to join the others ogized, saying he did not know that Jack-
at Natchez, on the Mississippi. In a letter son had moved far from Nashville when
to the Secretary of War, General Jack- he wrote the letter. Late in March he he-
son, alluding to the conduct of some Penn- gan his homeward movement. It was full
sylvania and New York troops on the of peril and fatigue, and it took a month
Niagara frontier who had constitutional to accomplish it, moving 18 miles a day.
objections to going into a foreign country The general shared the privations of his
by invading Canada, said : " I am now soldiers, who admired his wonderful en-
at the head of 2,070 volunteers — t)ie durance. They said he was as " tough
choicest of our citizens — ^who go at the as hickory," and he received the nick-
call of their country to execute the will name, which he bore through life, of
of the government, * who have no constitu- " Old Hickory." Drawn up in the public
tional scruples,' and, if the government square at Nashville, the Tennessee volun-
orders, will rejoice at the opportunity of teers were presented with an elegant stand
placing the American eagle on the ram- of colors from the ladies of Knoxville,
parts of Mobile, Pensacola, and Fort and were there disbanded. May 22, 1813.
Augustine, effectually banishing from the The people of Tennessee — ^the daughter
Southern coasts all British influence." of North Carolina — ^like those of the par-
Jackson was then forty-six years of age. ent State, loved the Union supremely;
The troops, after many hardships, reach- but their governor, Isham G. Hasbis
ed Natchez and disembarked, when they {q. i7.), had been for months in con-
met an order from Wilkinson to halt there fidential correspondence with the Confed-
and await further orders, as he had no crates in the Gulf States and in South
instructions concerning their employment; Carolina and Virginia. To further this
nor had he quarters for their accom- cause he labored incessantly to bring
modation. There Jackson and his men about the secession of Tennessee. He call-
44
TsmreaBVE, stats or
ed a speci&l session of the l^isUture ftt to meet on April 25, 1S61, and in a mn-
^'aahville, Jan. 7, 1861, and in hia mes- sage to them he strongly urged the imme-
sage he recited a long list of so-called diate accession of the IState. lie urged that
grievanccB which the people of the State there was no propriety in wasting lime in
had Buffered under the rule ot the na' submitting the question to the people, fur
tional government. He appealed to their a revolution was imminent. A few days
passions and prejudices, and recommended afterwards Henry W. Milliard, a corn-
amendments to the national Constitution misgioner of the Confederate States of
faTorable to the perpetuation and protec- America, clothed with authority to
tion of the slave Byatem. The l^al^ture negotiate a treaty of alliance with Ten-
provided for a, convention, but decreed nessce, appeared {April 30) and was al-
that when the people should elect the dele- lowed to address the legislature. He ex-
gates they should vote for " Convention " pressed hia belief that there was not a
or "No convention"; also, that any true-hearted man in the South who would
ordinance adopted by the convention con- not spurn submission to the " Abolition
eeming " Federal relations " should not North," and considered the system of gov-
be valid until submitted to the people for ernment founded on slavery which had
ratlAcation or rejection. The election was jiiHt been established as tbe only form of
held Feb. 9, 1801. and the Union candi- government that could be maintained in
dates were elected by an aggregate America. The legislature, in which was a
majority of about 65,000; and, by h majority of Confederate aympathizers, au-
roajority of nearly 12,000, decided not to thoriied (May 1) the governor to enter
have a convention. The loyal people were into a military league with the Confed-
gratifled, and believed the secession move- erate States, by which the whole military
ments in tbe State would cease. rule of the commonwealth was to be sub-
Governor Harris called the legislature jected to the will of JefTerson Davis, It
45
and WaahLngton HaT'
row, commiBBi oners
for the purpoBc. Xhej-
negotiated a treaty
with the agent of the
Confederate States,
Henry W. Billiard,
and on the 7ih a copy ■
of the treaty was sub-
mitted to the legislat-
ure. By the treaty Ibe
authorities of Tenuee-
over" to the Confed-
erate States " all the
public property, naval
stores, and munitions
of war of whieh she
might then be in poe-
HeBBion, nequired from
the United SUtes. on
the same terms and in
the other Statefi of th«
Confederacy." Already
Governor Harris had
ordered (April 20.
1861) the seiiure of
Tennessee bonds to the
amount of $66,000 and
$5,000 in cash belong-
1 COBS JII1.L w iA« TissiissKS. j^g (o the United
States in the hands of
was done on May 7. The eighteen mem- the collector at Nashville. At about that
hers from East Tennessee (which section lime .Tell'erson Davis, disgusted with the
remained loyal I did not vote. timidity of Governor Magoffin, of Ken-
The legislature passed an act to sub- tiicky, reeomincnded the Kentuekians
mit to a vote of the people of Tennessee " true to the South " to go into Tennessee
a declaration of independence and an ordi- and there " rally and organize."'
nance of secession: also an ordinance for Kast Tennessee, where loyalty to the
the adoption of Ihc constitution of the Union was strongly predominant, was kept
Confederate States of America. The gov- in auhmiasion to the Confederacy by the
ernor was empowered to raise 50,000 strong arm of military power. The peo-
volunteers " for the defence of tlie State," pie longed for deliverance, which seemed
and, if necessary, to call out the whole near at hand when, in January, 1862. the
available military strength of the common- energetic General Mitchel made an effort
weath. to he under the absolute immediate to seize Chattanooga, His force was too
control of the governor. He was also au- small to elTect it, for E. Kirby Smith was
thorized to insiie bonds of the State for watching that region with > strong Con-
95,000,000, to bear an annual interest of federate force. Mitchel asked Buell for
8 per cent. reinforcements, but waa denied. Finally
Pursuant to the act of the legislature General Negley, after a Bucceasful attack
authorizing the governor to take meas- upon Confederates near Jasper, having
ures to annex that State to the Con- made his way over the rugged ranges of
federacy, the governor appointed Gus- the Cumberland Mountains, suddenly «p-
tavuB A. Henry, Archibald 0. W. Totfen, peared opposite Chattanooga (June 7).
46
TENirXSSBE, SIATX OF
Towards evening he had heavy guDS in entered the magDiftcent valley of east
position, and for tw^ hours he can- Tennessee, their baggage and stores car-
nonaded the town and the Confederate ried, in many places, hj pack-mules. On
works near. The inhabitants and Con- his entering the valley 20,000 Confed-
frdcratcs lied from the town. With a few eratea, commanded by Gen. Simon B.
more regiments Neglcy might have capt- Buckner (7. o), Qeil to Georgia and
iired and held the place, and Mitchel could joined Bragg. General Burnside had been
have marched into east Tennessee, But joined by General Hartauff and his com-
Buell would not allow it. The Confederates mand. Their numbers were swelled by
had already evacuated Cumberland Gap junction with other troops. At the mouth
voluntarily, and the inhabitants of east of the Clinch River they first had com-
Teunessee were jubilant with hope of de- munication with Colonel Minty's cavalry,
Ijverance. But they were again disap- on Eosecrans's extreme left. At Loudon
pointed and compelled to wait. The cau- bridge General Shackelford had a skir-
tiouB Buell and the Gery Mitchel did not mish with Confederates, and drove them
work well together, and the latter was across the stream, they burning the
soon assigned to the command of the De- magnificent structure, 2,000 feet long,
partment of the South. Early in September a force of Confeder-
In August, 1663, General Bumaide was ates, under General Frazer, holding Cum-
assigned to the command of the Army of berland Gap, surrendered to the Nationals,
the Ohio, and was ordered to take aetiie and the great valley between the Cumber-
co-operation with the Army of the Cum- land and Alleghany Mountains (of which
berland. He had gathered 20,000 men Knoxville was the metropolis), extending
near Richmond. Ky., well disciplined and from Cleveland to Bristol, seemed to
equipped. They left camp Aug. 21, climb- be permanently rid of armed Confeder-
ed over the Cumberland Uountains, and ates. The loyal inhabitjinta of that region
TENKXSSGE, STATE OF
received the National troops witli open garrison of 600 men under Ck>l. A. C.
iirms, Harding, assisted by gunboats. There w«a
After the battle of Stone Bivcr, or Mur- a severe engagement (Feb. 3), and at 8
freesboro, the armies of Rosecrans and p.h. the Confederates fled with a loss of
Bragg laj confronting each other, the nearly COO men. Harding lost 160, of
former at the scene of the battle and the whom fifty were made prisoners, lAte in
latter below the Duck River. Bra^'a January, Gen. J. C. Davis swept over a
main base of supplies was at Chattanooj;a. considerable space in thirteen days, and
In that relative position the two armies captured 141 of Wheeler's men. later,
continued from "January until June, I3G3. Gen. Earl Van Born, with a large mounted
Meanwhile detached parties were very ac- force, was hovering near Franklin, below
tive in various psrts of Tennessee. At the Nashville. Sheridan, at Murfreesboro, and
beginning of February ( 1803) , General Colonel Colburn, at Franklin, marched
Wheeler, Bragg's chief of artillery, with simultaneously to confront him. Van
4,500 mounted men, with Brigadier- Gen- Dorn was accompanied by Forrest. Col-
erals Forrest and Wharton, attempted to burn, with 2,700 men, moved against Van
recapture Fort Donelson. The chief object Dom at Spring Hill, but failed to form
of the Confederates there was to interrupt a junction with Sheridan. After a sharp
the navigation of the Cumberland River, encounter he was forced to surrender
and thus interfere with the transporta- IMarch 6) about 1,300 of his infantrj-.
tion of supplies for Rosecrans's army. The The remainder, with the cavalry, escaped.
Confederates failed in their project, for Sheridan, with about 1,800 cavalry, akir-
the fort was well defended by a little mished in several places with the Confed-
48
TExntaassE, state of
rratcg. and finally at Thompsoit'H Station, (q. i\) on an cxtcnHivc miil in AIuInui
^her a sharp engagement, captured some and Georgia in April uml May. uliii
ni his antagonists and drove Van Dom r^fiultnl in the liiplitre of ilir Icinli-r iii
Ixyand the Duck River. He relumed to his men.
MurfreesboTO with nearly 100 priM>ner9, Late in Xorcmlier. ISIiS. Gkn^iiial Siik
with a loss of ten men killed and wounded, man (i- r.} arritcd in llic neifihlnirliiiiHl
On Mari-h 18, Cd. A. S. Hall with. 1,400 Chattanootra. It was imperative Uial I
mf-n was altacked by Morgan, the guerilla, should get his army over the river witlioi
and 2,000 men at Milton, 12 miles from beinf{ diHcoverfd. To draw the nttenli'
Murfreesboro. With the aid ot HarriH'H of the Confederates to another qimrli
biittery, in a three hours' struggle Hall Hooker was ordered to engage lln-m on tl
Tppuised Morgan, who lost 300 or 40O men northern Ride of Lookout .Mminliiiii. II
killed and wounded. Early in April, Gen. entire force cnnsixti'tl of np|ir<>xiitiiiti'
Oordon Granger was in command at 10.000 men. The main Con fi-dr rate fcir
Franklin, building a tort near. U« bad was encamped in a hollow half-way up il
nbout 5,000 troops. Van Dorn attacked mountain, the summit of whi.h was lie
him there (April 10) with 9.000 Confed- by several briga den. Hooker Ix't-iin the a
eriiles. The latter intended if successful tact on the morning of XoveiiiWr 2
to push on and seize Nashville, but he was Geary. aiip|>orted by t'ruft. proiii'ded
repulsed with a. loss of about 300 men. Wauhatchie, crossinft Lookout (reek thei
Knwerans sent CoL. Abdkl D, Stbeioht the rest of the troops crossing in front
TEKNESSEE, STATE OF
the Confederates on temporary bridges, nulled, and the payment of any debts eon-
Geary crossed at eight o'clock, and, seizing tracted by that government was prohibiteiL
a picket-guard of forty men, extended his These proceedings were ratified by the
line to the base of the mountain. By people, and William 6. BROWi^uoVk
eleven o'clock Hooker was striving to drive {q. v.) was chosen governor. In. April
the (Confederates from the mountain; all the legislature ratified the Thirteenth
his guns opened at once upon the breast- Amendment to the national Constitution.
works and rifle-pits along the steep wood- reorganized the State government, and
od acclivity, and Gross's and T. J. Wood's elected Senators to Congress. The Four-
brigades, sweeping everything before them, teenth Amendment to the national Con-
captured the rifle-pits. At the same time stitution having been ratified by the State
the troops scaled the heights, driving the in 1866, it was soon afterwards admitted
Confederates from the hollow to a plateau to representation in Congress. The oon-
well up towards the crest and around stitution of the State was revised early
towards the Chattanooga Valley. At con- in 1870. Population in 1890, 1,767,518; in
siderably past noon the plateau was clear- 1900, 2,020,616. See Uxited States,
ed, and the Confederates were retreating Tennessee, in this volume,
in confusion towards the Chattanooga Val-
ley. Hooker established his line on the TERRITORIAL governor.
easterly face of the mountain ; so that, by William Blount, appointed governor of tbe
an enfilading fire, he completely command- territory aouUiwest of the Ohio Au^ 7, ITM
ed the Confederate defences, stretching STATE GOVERNORS.
across the valley to Missionary Ridge. johnSevler aaramesoffloe Marchso, 1796
See Chattanooga Campaign, The; Look- Archibald Roane.....
OUT Mountain, Battle on; Missionary wimam'Siouiit!!!!!
Ridge, Battle of. Joseph McMinni !.'.'!
General Burnside, with the Army of IS^^S!^::.:
the Ohio, had occupied Knoxville, Sept. William CarroU
23, 1863. The Confederate General Buck- ^^mTK^l^k'.V.W.
ner, upon his advance, evacuated east James CJonee.!!!!!
Tennessee and joined Bragg at Chat- N5irs.^ro!^;;;;:
tanooga. Early in November, Greneral win tain Troasdale*!!
Livingstone, with 16,000 men, advanced Andrew j^im^S^?".
against Knoxville. On the 14th he cross- Isham G. Harria .'.**.'
ed the Tennessee. Burnside repulsed him w^'o^'iBrowntow:;;:
on the 16th at Campbell's Station, thereby DeWiltc. Senter!'.!'.
gaining time to concentrate his army in james^h^FSrter'jr *
Knoxville. Longstreet advanced, laid siege Albert s! Marks'.... *.'
to the town, and assaulted it twice (Nov. wiliram'e *B5te
18 and 29), but was repulsed. Meantime Robert L. Taylor. ... .
Grant had defeated Bragg at Chattanooga, pef°rTarne^°*"***
and Sherman, with 25,000 men, was on the H. Clay EvanV.*.'.'!!!
way to leave Knoxville. Livingstone, com- 5®^"^ « TfSP"" ' * ' •
11 J i. • J.X • XI. V \- ^ Benton McMlllin....
pel led to raise the siege, therefore, retired Benton McMiUin
up the Holston River, but did not en-
tirely abandon eastern Tennessee until the
next spring, when he again joined Lee in
Virginia.
On Jan. 9, 1865, a State convention as-
sembled at Nashville and proposed amend
*t
Sept,
1901
u
**
1808
4C
((
1609
t(
u
1815
«
tt
1821
U
«(
18S7
((
tt
1839
i&
Oct,
IS35
tt
u '
1839
«<
tt
1841
((
tt
1845
a
• •••.• **
1847
u
tt
1849
•(
tt
1851
t<
•t
18SS
u
(•
1857
tt
prov..lfaKhU18«l
ct
April,
1866
li
OcL,
1869
u
tt
1871
t(
Jan.,
1875
M
tt
1879
tt
tt
1881
U
tt
1888
U
tt
1887
l(
• • • . **
1891
Ct
tt
1898
a
tt
1895
(t
It
1897
«c
tt
1899
tt
tt
1901
UNITED STATES SENATOR&
Niun*.
William Bloant
William Cocke
Joseph Andereon . . .
ments to the constitution abolishing panieismuh!*!?.!!!
slavery and prohibiting the legislative Joseph a niierron...
recognition of property in man. The mili- ?*ni!?I.''whUe8iie;.:
tary league with the Confederacy, the George w. Campbell
ordinance of secession, and all actsof the john wimrms.*:.".".'
Confederate States government were an- George w. Campbell
50
NotOfOongTMS.
4th to 6th
4th ** 9th
6th
tt
tt
6th to 14th
9th '• 11th
11th •' 12th
12th *' ISth
13th " 14th
14th " 18th
14th '* 16th
a #nilft
1796 to 1797
1796 '* 1H05
1797 " 1798
tt tt tt
1796
1799 to 1815
1805 ** 1809
1809 " 1811
1811 " 1814
1814 •« 1815
1816 *« 1823
1816 «« 1818
^^
TEmrsB-OF-omcE act— tssbapih wab
UNITED STATES SENATORS— OMfinant A terrapi
R—.
N<..WC~(~
T
m.
Jobo Hcniy Kama
IGlh to 'JIH
ItUII -' ISlh
lUlh "36Ih
tut ■ »ih
Will " -tiib
MUlloSKtb
gsib " »)(b
30U1 ;; Mth
a«b
3Mh to (111
mb - 4M
tM - (5ih
llib
IMb -' Mih
4«Ib ■■ BMb
Mih ■■
ISIS
18«
IKiS
1M7
18S1
1«M
ISU
IMS
itxn
1878
inn
INl
IBM
to IHW
H.>KhLk<w>VhlU
" IMO
E^^S^aVoj^;::;:
" \mi
BpbT^mHlFonel....'. "
u "*■
J-mMaJoBM
AUndOLP. NIchBlMD...
nthlDdMlb
riaWd T. PWUrHO.
Jnwpb aF»l>r
wmiuie.Bnnknr....
DbtMNcK^M^'k^::
fl IMI
TbumuKTart^'.!!.!!
SquibH. pjiiBramn, caricature!.
und wjukh were Icvi'lled aRaiiiKl the actii.
\f«Bpn]i(TH *n(l Hpeakprs e«|«'ri«]lj' con-
demned the " land emhar):^ ' — the nittinfc-
oir trade with Canada. The trade to aud-
ilenly thrown into eonfugion by it wait
represented in a caricature by a bewil-
IM3 dered wrpent whieh had been aiiddenly
stopped in its miivemPntH hy two tre
larked. respect ively, " Kmhnrgo" a
" Non-Iiii[)ortatiiin Act."
T«nare-of-o£Bce Act. I-ate in Febru-
ary, 1807, a bill waa paeaed by Congress
limiting the powers of the President in
I'pmovais from oCBcc. Among other thin^B,
it t<N^ from the President the power to
remove members of his cabinet excepting '
by permission of the Senate, declaring that i
they should bold office " for aJtd during " Non-Ini[)OTtation Act." The wondering
the term of the President by whom they snake is pn7.zled to know whiit has bap-
may have been appointed, and for one pened, and the head cries out, "What's
month thereafter, subject to removal by the matter, tail!" The latter answers,
and with the consent of the Senate." " I ean't get out." A cock, representinff
President Johnson vetoed this bill [March France, stands by, crowing joyfully. In
2), when it was passed over his veto and the late spring and early summer of 1812
became a law. a very popular song was sung at all gath-
Tenwy, Charles Louis D'Arsac, erings of the Federalists. The followint;
Cketai.Ieb DE, naval officer; born in Ter- 1
nay Castle, near Laudun, France, in 1722;
entered the French service in 1T3S; com-
manded a squadron in the invasion of
XewfouRdlanJ in June, 1762 ; resigned
in 1772; and in 1779 was ^vernor of
Bourbon and the adjacent islands. He
arrived at Newport, R. I., ae commander
of the fleet that brought troope to Amer-
im under Bochambeau, July 10, 1780,
and died there, Dec. 15, 1780.
Terrapin War. The opponents of the
War of 1812 denounced the embargo acts
in unmeasured terms of scorn and ridi'
cule. They called the conflict a " Terrapin
War " — the nation, by extinguishing com-
merce, drawing within its own shell like
51
a copy:
'- nuiEH rar anr liberty, boya.
These are the days ot our glorj —
The days o( true national 3oya,
When lerrapLuB gallop before ye 1
Theresa Porter an<l Grundy and Rhea.
In OoiiEreiw who mantully vapor,
Wbo draw their sli dnilars a day.
And light bloody battles nn paper t
Ab! tbis Is troe Terrapin war.
" Poor Madison the tremors has got.
TEBSrrOBIES OF THE XTKITED STATES— TESLA
"As to powder and bullet and swords,
For, as they were never intended.
They're a parcel of hlgh-soandlng words.
But never to action extended.
Ye must frighten the rascals away,
In ' rapid descent ' on their (fuarters ;
Then the plunder divide as ye may.
And drive them headlong in the waters.
Oh, this is great Terrapin war !**
in the operations against Fort Wagner.
and afterwards in the Army of the James,
in its operations against Petersburg and
Richmond. From May to December, 1864,
he commanded the 10th Corps; and in
January, 1865, aided by the fleet of Porter.
he captured Fort Fisher. For this act he
was made major-general of volunteers and
Territories of the United States. All brigadier-general, United States army. He
the States of the Republic have been first afterwards captured Wilmington, N. C,
organized by acts of Congress as Terri- and was brevetted major-general. After
tories, excepting the original thirteen the surrender of Lee he was in command
States; Texas, which was received into of Richmond. He was promoted major-
the Union by annexation; California, general in 1886, and was retired in 1888.
which was admitted immediately as a He died in New Haven, Conn., Dec 16,
State; and West Virginia, which was 1890.
formed from a part of Virginia. There Terry, Silas Wright, naval officer;
were in 1901 three organized Territories, bom in Kentucky, Dec. 28, 1842; appoint-
as shown in the following table: ed acting midshipman in the Naval Acad-
emy in 1858; was engaged in blockading
service on the Atlantic coast in 1861—63:
in the Mississippi squadron and on the
Nun*.
Arizona.. .,
New Mexico
Oklaboma. .
Date of
CrMtton.
1863
1850
1890
Ar«ft In
Square Mi1«.
113,000
1»,580
39,030
POMllatlOB
in 1900.
1M310 ^^ ^iver expedition in 1863-64; and was
196,310
898,831 present during the naval operations at
forts Fisher and Anderson, at the capture
The Territory of Alaska, with an area of Wilmington, and at the fall of Rich-
of 631,000 square miles, had been par- mond. In January, 1882, while in com-
tially organized; the Indian Territory mand of the Marion^ he rescued the crew
was still without a central organization; of the bark Trinity, which had been
Hawaii was governed by the terms of the wrecked on Heard Island, in the Indian
joint resolution passed by Congress June Ocean, in 1880; and in February, while
17, 1808; and the District of Columbia was at Cape Town, saved the English ship
governed by three commissioners under the Poonah from total loss by hauling her off
direct legislation of Congress. the beach, for which he received the thanks
Terry, Alfred Howe, military officer; of the government of both Cape Colony
born in Hartford, Conn., Nov. 10, 1827; and Great Britain. He was assigned to
educated at Yale College: admitted to the the command df the Iowa in 1898; de-
bar in 1848, and practised from 1854 to tached in September, 1899; appointed
1860. He entered the National army as to the command of the navy-yard at Wash-
colonel of the 2d Connecticut Volunteers; ington, D. C, March 24, 1900, and pro-
led the regiment in the battle of Bull moted rear-admiral on the 27th following.
Run, retiring in good order when defeat Tesla, Nicola, electrician; bom in
was certain, hurrying up the rear of the Smiljan, Croatia, Austria-Hungary, in
retreat, and saving a large amount of 1857; graduated at the Polytechnic School
government property. Returning home in Gratz; later studied philosophy and
and raising the 7th Connecticut Volun- languages at Prague and Budapest; came
teers, he was attached to the expedition to the United States and was employed
to the coast of South Carolina, under Gen. in the Edison works; became electrician
W. T. Sherman, and occupied Hilton of the Tesla Electric Light Company, and
Head. He assisted in the capture of Port established the Tesla Laboratory in New
Royal and Fort Pulaski, and was placed York for independent electrical research,
in command of the latter; and during the He invented the rotary magnetic field
summer of 1862 had command of the posts embodied in the apparatus used in the
and forts on the eastern coast of Florida, transmission of power from Niagara Falls ;
having been made brigadier-general of new forms of dynamos, transformers, in-
volunteers in March. He led a division duction coils, condensers, arc and incan-
52
TB8T OATH— raXAS
descent lamps, and the oscillator combin- communication with his people, but issued
ing Bteam-eogiue and d;namo, ete. orders to them through subordinates. Ue
Tast Oatli. Se« Oathb. was unable on account of old age to go
I«tlikchonA, Miami Indian chief; was to the mouth of L^ke Superior, where all
met by the French traveller Nicolas Eer- the country bordering on the lakes was
rot, at Chicago, in 1671, and is described formally claimed by the Kreneh. but dele-
by him as a great chief, having had con- gated the Pottawattomies to act for him.
trol of about 4,000 warriors. He was con- It is said that Fatheb Clai'de DablO!*
stantly guarded night and day by forty (q. v.) met htm and his 3,000 Miamia in
men, and scarcely ever had an; personal 1672, but made no converts.
TEXAS, STATE OF
Texaa, State of. The first European sions, and in 1765 there were not more
settlement made in Texas was by La than 760 white inhabitants in Texas.
Salle, in 1S85, by accident In 16S9 Cap- Texas was a part of the Spanish prov-
tain De I.«on. a Spanish officer, was sent ince of Mexico which had declared itself
to drive out the French. He found them independent of Spain. In 1S24, when a
scattered, and the next year he returned considerable number of colonists from
with 110 men and some friars, and on the the United States were there, the Mexican
site of a fort built by I^ Salle, on Mata- government united Coahuila, previously a
goida Bay, established a Spanish mission, separate state, with Texas, and placed
A Spanish governor, with troops, wad a Mexican as governor over the united
sUtCB. He treated the Americans there
with great injustice, and some ol them,
engaged in a revolution, were compellcil
to retreat into the United States in IB27.
In 1830 Bustamente, who had made him-
self dictator of Mexico, ianued a decree
forbidding the people of the I'niled States
to enter Texas as colonists. Thp .American
settlers in Texas then numbered about
20.000, and in 1833 they held a convention,
determined to separate Texas from Coa-
huila, prepared a State constitution, and
reqiieated Santa Ana, then at the head of
the government of Mexico, to admit them
as a separate State of the republic. Col.
Stephen F. Austin (g. v.), representing
the American colonists, went to Mexico,
where Santa Ana detained him until 1835;
during which time — keeping the Texans
quiet by promises of compliance with their
. desires— he prepared to occupy the country
with his troops. A committee of safety
ment to be abandoned in 1693. In 1T14 was created in Texas, which assumed gov-
the French again attempted to plant ernmental powers. The people armed.
settlements in Texas, under the direction A skirmish took place with some Mexi-
of Croxat, of Louisiana. Soon afterwards cans, near Gonzales, Oct. 2, 183S, and other
(1715) Spanish missions were planted at battles followed. On Nov. 9 a provisional
various points in the present domain of government was formed in a delegate con-
Texas; the name of "New Philippines" vention, called the "Consultation," and a
iras given to the country, and a governor- governor and lieutenant-governor were
general was appointed. The Indians chosen.
eliughtered the people at some of the mis- At the same time Sahtiel Houston
S3
TEXAS, STATE OJ
{g. v.), ol Tennessee, who liad settled io
Texas, was ciioscn couimnndcr-iD-ehief of
the forces, and Austin was sent as com-
missioner to tlie UniteiJ States. After
San Antonio de Bexar was captured (Dec.
10), the entire Mexican force was driven
out of Texas, and on the 20tli a declara-
tion of independence was adopted, and
issued at Goliad, by Capt. Philip Dimitt
and others. Santa Ana, with a weil-prO'
Tided army of 7,500 men, set out for tiie
recovery of Texas. He invested the Alamo
Iq. v.), a strong fort near San Antonio,
with 4,000 men, and. after bombarding it
eleven days, carried it by storm. It was
frarrisoned by about ITO men, under Capt.
W. B. Travis. The whole Rarrison was
massacred (March 6) by order of Santa
Ana — only one woman, a child, and a
Rcrvant were saved. " Remember the Ala-
mo!" was a Texan war -cry after that.
The Mexicans lost, in the atUck, 1,000
issued a dec-
laration of independence, and a provisional
president (David G. Burnet) was cbosen-
On the 27th the command of Colonel Pan-
ning, at Goliad, were massacred in oold
blood, and succesaive defeats of the Texans
produced a panic. Houston, meanwhi!<.'.
in order to scatter the Mexican forces, con-
tinually fell back, until he reached Saa
Jaeinto. There, at the head of a force of
SOO troops, he gave battle (April 21,
1830) to about twice that number of
Mexicans, and in the pursuit of them kill-
ed 030, wounded 208, and took 730 prison-
ers. Among the latter, captured the not
day, was President Santa Ana. His form
was annihilated. The survivors fled west-
ward in terror. The war was practically
at an end. The Mexicans did not again
invade Texas. Houston was elected presi-
dent of the republic (September, 1836).
The independence of Texas was acknowl-
edged by the United States in March.
1837, but Mexico did not give up her
claim to it. See Acquisition of Terri-
TORT; Benton, Thomas Habt.
Annexation of Tcraa. — The Southern
people were anxious to have the Slate
of Texas annexed to the Uniteil States,
and such A desire was a prevailing fecl-
iiiR in that sovereign State. The prop-
osition, when formally made, was op-
posed by the people of the North, be-
cause the annexation would increase tli^
urea and political strength of the slave
power, and lead to a war with Mexico.
But the matter was persisted in by tho
South, and, with the approbation of Presi-
TSXAB, STATE 07
dent Tyler, a treaty to that effect was resolution of the Congress and of tlie
signed in Waahington, D, C, April 12, Texas ordinance:
1844. by Mr. Calhoun. SecreUry of State, „ „ , , , ,„,,
and MeLrs. Van Zandt and Uenderson on Cokmittee Boom, July i. ISiS.
the port of Texas. It waa rejected 1^ tlie Hon. Thomas J. Husk, President of the
Senate in June following. The project was Convention:
presented at the next session of CongTesB The committee to whom was commit-
in the form of a joint resolution. It had ted the communication of his Kxceltency
been made a leading political question at the President of the republic, together
tbe Presidential election in the autumn of with the accompanying documents, have
1S44. James K. Polk had been nominated had the same under consideration, and
oTer Mr. Van Buren, l>ecause he was in fa- have instructed me lo report the following
For of the annexation. The joint resolution ordinance, and recommend its adoption by
was adopted March 1, 1845, and received the convention.
tbe assent of President Tyler the next day. Abker S. Lipscoub, Chairman.
On the last day of his term of office he
sent a message to the Texas government, Whereas, the Congress of the United
with a ccpy of the joint resolutions of Stales of America has passed resolutions
Congress in favor of annexation. These providing for the annexation of Texas
were considered by a convention in Texas, to that Union, which resolutions were ap-
ralied for the purpose of forming a State proved by tbe President of the United
constitution. That body approved the States on the first day of March, 1845; and
Dieaaure [July 4, 1845), and on that day Whereas, the Pveiidcnt of the United
Texas became one of the States of the States has submitted to Texas tbe first and
Union. second sections of the said resolutions as
The following ia the text of the joint the basis upon which Texas may be ad-
TBZA8, STATE OF
mitted as one of the States of said Union, hereafter, by the consent of said State, be
and formed out of the territory thereof, which
Whereas, the existing government of the shall be entitled to admission under the
republic of Texas has assented to the pro- provisions of the federal Constitution ; &111I
posals thus made, the terms and conditions such States as may be formed out of that
of which are as follows: portion of said territory lying south of
Resolved by the Senate and House of 36* 30' N. lat., commonly known as the
Representatives of the United States of Missouri Compromise line, shall be ad-
America in Congress assembled, that Con- mitted into the Union, with or without
gress doth consent that the territory slavery, as the people of each State asking
properly included within, and rightfully admission may desire; and in such State
belonging to, the republic of Texas, may or States as shall be formed out of said
be erected into a new State, to be territory north of said Missouri Compro-
^ealled the State of Texas, with a re- mise line slavery or involuntary servitude
publican form of government, adopted by (except for crime) shall be prohibited.
the people of said republic, by deputies Now, in order to manifest the assent
in convention assembled, with consent of of the people of the republic, as is re-
the existing government, in order that the quired in the above-recited portions of
same may be admitted as one of the States said resolution, we, the deputies of the
of this Union. people of Texas in convention assembled.
And be it further resolved, that the in their name and by their authority, do
foregoing consent of Congress is given ordain and declare that we assent to, and
upon the following conditions, to wit: accept the proposals, conditions, and guar-
First, said State to be formed, subject to antees contained in the first and second
the adjustment by this government of all sections of the resolutions of the Congress
questions of boundary that may arise with of the United States aforesaid,
others governments, and the constitution Adopted by a vote of 66 to 1, July 4,
thereof, with the proper evidence of its 1845, in the tenth year of the republic,
adoption by the people of said republic Thomas J. Rusk, President,
of Texas, shall be transmitted to the Presi- James H. Raymond, Secretary,
dent of the United States, to be laid before
Congress for its final action, on or before After the cession of Louisiana to the
the first day of January, 1846; second, United' States a controversy arose about
said State, when admitted into the Union, its western boundary, which was amicably
after ceding to the United States all pub- settled, in 1806, by General Wilkinson and
lie edifices, fortifications, barracks, forts the Spanish commander, establishing the
and harbors, navy and navy-yards, docks, territory between the Sabine River and
magazines, and armaments, and all other Arroya Honda as neutral ground. In 1806
means- pertaining to the public defence revolutionary movements, incited by those
belonging to the said republic, shall retain of Aaron Bubb (g. 1?.), began in that
all its public funds, debts, taxes, and dues region, and many skirmishes and battles
of every kind which may belong to or be occurred, chiefly by invasions of Amer-
due and owing to the said republic, and icans. In conflicts in 1813 the Spanish
shall also retain all the vacant and unap- lost about 1,000 men; and in a conflict the
propriated lands lying within its limits, to same year, a force of about 2,500 Ameri-
be applied to the payment of the debts and cans and revolted Mexicans was nearly de-
liabilities of said republic of Texas, and stroyed. Only about 100 escaped. The
the residue of said lands, after discharg- Spaniards murdered 700 of the peaceable
ing said debts and liabilities, to be dis- inhabitants of San Antonio. After the
posed of as said State may direct; but in close of the War of 1812-15 Lafitte made
no event are said debts and liabilities to Qalveston Island his headquarters, estab-
become a charge upon the government of lished there a town named Campeachy,
the United States; third, new States, of and remained there until 1821, when the
convenient size, not exceeding four in settlement was broken up by United States
number, in addition to said State of Texas, forces. In 1819 the Sabine was estab-
and having suflicient population, may lished as the eastern boundary of Texas,
56
TEXAS^ STATE OF
but dissatisfaction caused dis-
turbances to continue, and the
territory was almost deserted.
In 1820 Moses Austin, then liv-
ing in Missouri, received from the
Spanish authorities of Mexico a
grant of land in Texas, and dying,
his son, Stephen F., received a
confirmation of the grant in 1823.
Emigrants from the United States
flocked into Texas. A thousand
families were soon there. Span-
ish rule was harsh towards the
American colonists, and they were
BO oppressed that, in 1833, they
took the measures to obtain the
independence of the State al-
ready described. The annexation
of Texas to the United States led
to a war with Mexico (see
Mexico, Wab with), begun in
1846, and ended by treaty in
February, 1848. It then embraced
an area of 376,163 square miles.
In 1850 the State ceded to the
United States its claims to all
territory beyond its present limits
(274,356 square miles), in con-
sideration of $10,000,000 in bonds,
with the proceeds of which the
State debt was paid.
In 1860 politicians began to move for to assist. Not one-half of the 122 coun-
secession. The venerable governor, Samuel ties in the State were represented. On
Houston, opposed the movement with all Feb. 1, 1861, an ordinance of secession was
his might ; but members of the Knights adopted by a vote of 166 against 7. It de-
op THE GrOLDEN CiBCLE {q. V.) were work- clared that the national government had
ing secretly and effectively. Among the failed " to accomplish the purpose of the
Knights were many members of the legis- compact of union between the States," and
lature, and active politicians all over the the chief grievance complained of was
State. Sixty of these irresponsible per- that the national government would no
sons, early in January, 1861, called a State longer uphold the slave system, tliey
convention, to meet at Austin on the 28th therefore abrogated, in the name of the
of that month; and a single member of the people of Texas, the ordinance of an-
legislature issued a call for the assembling nexation adopted July 4, 1845. They talk-
of that body at the same time and place, ed of a " resumption of sovereign powers "
When they met, the legislature, by a joint with some plausibility, for Texas was the
resolution, declared the convention a legal- only State in the Union that had ever
ly constituted body. Governor Houston possessed them, as an absolutely indepen-
protested against the assumption of any dent State. They decreed that the ordi-
power by the convention, except to refer nance should be submitted to the people,
the matter of secession to the people. The but the day named (Feb. 23) was so early
convention assembled in the hall of the that no opportunity was afforded the pco-
Hottse of Representatives, on the appoint- pie for discussion.
ed day, under the chairmanship of Judge The convention appointed a committee
JoHW H. Reagan {q, v.), A commissioner of safety to carry out its decision before
from South Carolina (McQueen) was there the people could think or act upon the
57
TKL4B AS OLAIMSD BT THB VIJTID BTAI
TBZA8, STATE OP
ordinance of secession. The committee the Federal troops to be removed from
was immediately organized, and appointed posts in the country exposed to Indian
two of their number (Devine and Mayer- depredations, and had them located, with
ick) commissioners to treat with Gren. their arms and field-batteries, on the
David E. Twiggs, then in command of the coast, where, if their desire is to maintain
National troops in Texas, for the surren- a position in the country, they cannot
der of his army and the public property only do so successfully, but destroy the
under his control to the authorities of commerce of the State. They have iisur|)-
Texas. Twiggs performed that act. In ed the power to withdraw these troops
counting the votes cast on Feb. 23 from the frontier; but though in pos-
concerning the ordinance of secession session of ample stores, munitions of war^
there seemed to be fully 23,000 ma- and transportation, have failed to supply
jority in favor of the ordinance, when troops in place of those removed- Aa a
it is asserted that really a very large consequence, the wail of women and
proportion of the people of Texas were children is heard upon the border. De-
opposed to it. vastation and ruin have thus come upon
Governor Houston, in his address to the people; and though the convention,
the people of his State, early in March, with all the means in its power, has been
1861, revealed what he called its usurpa- in session two weeks (adjourned session),
tions. He had denounced the convention no succor has been sent to a devastated
as an illegal body, gathered through fraud frontier. . . . The convention has assumed
and violence. " To enumerate all its to appoint agents to foreign States, and
usurpations," he said, " would be impos^ created offices, civil and military, unknown
sible, as a great portion of its proceed- to the laws, at its will, keeping secret its
ings were in secret. This much has been proceedings. It has deprived the people
revealed: It has elected delegates to the of a right to know its doings. It has ap-
provisional council of the Confederate pointed officers and agents under its as-
States at Montgomery before Texas had sumed authority." " It has declared," he
withdrawn from the Union ; and also, on said, " that the people of Texas ratify the
the 2d day of March, annexed Texas to provisional government of the Confederate
the Confederate States and constituted States, requiring all persons then in office
themselves members of Congress, when it to take an oath of allegiance to the same
was not officially known by the convention or suffer the penalty of removal." It had
until the 4th of March that a majority of changed the State constitution and estab-
the people had voted for secession. While lished a test-oath of allegiance to the Con-
a portion of these delegates were repre- federate States, and, " in the exercise of
senting Texas in the Congress of the Con- its petty tyranny," had required the gov-
federate States, two of them, still claim- ernor and other officers to appear at its
ing to be United States Senators, have bar at a certain time to take the oath. It
continued to represent Texas in the United had assumed to create organic laws, and to
States Senate, under the administration put the same into execution. " It has over-
of Mr. Lincoln — ^an administration which thrown," he said, " the theory of free
the people of Texas have declared odious government by combining in itself all the
and not to be borne. Yet Texas has been departments of government and exercis-
exposed to obloquy and forced to occupy ing the powers belonging to each." The
the ridiculous attitude, before the world, governor concluded by saying: "I have
of attempting to maintain her position as refused to recognize this convention. I
one of the United States, and, at the same believe it has received none of the powers
time, claim to be one of the Confederate it has assumed either from the people or
States. It has created a committee of the legislature. I believe it guilty of a
safety, a portion of which has assumed usurpation which the people cannot suffer
the executive power of the government, tamely and preserve their liberties. I am
and, to supplant the executive authority, ready to lay down my life to maintaui
have entered into negotiations with fed- the rights and liberties of Texas. I am
eral officers. This committee, and com- ready to lay down office rather than yield
missioners acting under it, have caused to usurpation and degradation."
68
TIZAS, 8TATX OF
In 1303 Gkneral Banks sent Qenertl a mnrch upon A1eutndri& and Sfarevvport
Fraukliii, with 4,000 troops, accompanied wbb again begun. Wbtn, in obedience to
by four gunboats, under Lieutenant orders, he began falling back, he wai md-
Crofker, to seize the Confederate post at denly and furiously struok by Confedcr-
Sabine Pass, oa the boundary-line bc' ates under Gen. Hichard Taylor, and a r^-
Iween Louisiana And Texas, preparatory imenl (23d Wiaconain) on which the blow
to an atUmpt to recover the latter SUte fell was reduced from 2iti men to ninety-
from Confederate control. The expedition eight, moat of them made prisonerg. Mean-
sailed from New Orleans Sept, 5. A pre- while about 6,000 National troops, under
mature attack was made by the gunboats General Dana, with some vrar-vesselB, had
on the garrison at Sabine Pass (Sept. 8|. sailed for the Rio Grande. Banks, in per-
and the expedition was a disastrous fait- son, accompanied the expedition. The
ure. Two of the gunboats were captured, troops debarked (Nov. 2) at Urazos Santi-
and the transports, with Franklin's troops, ago. drove a small Confederate cavalry
lied b«ck to N«w Orleans, the Nationals force stationed there, and followed them to
baring lost 200 men made prisoners and Brownsville, opposite Matamoras, which
tttj killed and wounded; also two gun- Banks entered on Nov. 6. At the close of
boatA and fifteen heavy rifled cannon, the year the National troops occupied all
The garrison attacked consisted of about the strong positions on the Texan coast ex-
200 men, and only forty were present, cepting Galveston Island and a formi-
Banks now concentrated his forces on the dable work at the mouth of the Brazos
Atchafalaya, for the purpose of pene- River, and the Confederates had aban-
trating Texas by way of Shreveport, on doned all Texas west of the Colorado
the Red River; but this design was aban- River.
doned for a time (see Red Riveb Exfedi- Notwithstanding the downfall of the
Tioi*), and it was determined to attempt civil and military power of the Confed-
to seize and hold the coast harbors of erscy east of the MiRsiasippi, the In-
Texaa. To mask this movement. Gen. C. surgents west of it, under the coqimand
C. Washbume, with a considerable body and influence of Gen. E. Kirby Smith,
of troops, advanced from Brashear City were disposed to continue the conflict
to Opelousas, to give the impression that longer. He addressed his soldiers on April
69
TEXAS-TEXAS BAHaEBS
21, 1865, telling them that upon their ^^^ G0VERN0RS-OD««fti«±
prowess depended " the hopes of the [Con-
federate] nation.*' He assured them that SuSlelHoSoiiV;;;;'^'^ **"**: I! ^
.'.'.' .' .'kVuPBb 20, 1861
Dec., 1861
•• lafij
July 21^ 1865
Aog-aa, 1H66
Jalj30»1867
Jan., 1«70
•• 1874
" 1877
" 1879
there were hopes of succor from abroad. Edward Clark
"Protract the struggle," he said, "and r MuJ^h^*"::::;;.'
you will surely receive the aid of nations A.J. Hamilum
who already deeply sympathize with you.' k. k*. fSSS^"!'!^?::
Public meetings were held in Texas, where E. J. Davis
resolutions to continue the contest were itRHobbani. '..*.'.'!!
adopted. To meet this danger, General Oran M. Roberta
Sheridan was sent to New Orleans with a il^Jt^'^i"^R<ii['.*'*
large force, and made preparations for a James & Hogg
vigorous campaign in Texas. His appear- c^J'x^^b^^^'.
ance dismayed the trans-Mississippi in- Charies a. Cuiberaon..
surgents, and they refused to longer fol- JJSph D. HjeS;::::
low their leaders in the hopeless struggle.
General Smith formally surrendered his
whole command to General Canby (May
26), but exhibited "the bad faith," said N«n^
K
((
(t
(4
M
U
U
U
U
U
U
•t
««
«t
t«
M
It
U
4i
t(
tt
«4
1891
1893
1897
1899
•« 1901
ti
U
UNITED STATES SEKATORR
Grant in his report, "of first disbanding Samnel Houston
most of his army, and permitting an in- TJISX^^y'^HlSdi.iii:::
discriminate plunder of the public prop- UatthiasWard
erty." So ended the Civil War in the i^a",T*wiSiki'i: ;:::::;:
field.
No. of CoDfrcM.
Tann.
39th to 3r>th j 2846 to 18.W
39th '* 35th
d64h
354h to 36th
36th '* 3Tlh
36th " 37lh
1846 ** 1867
1858
1668 U> 1859
1859 *^ 1861
1860 " 1861
37th, 38th, 39th, and 40th Congresses vacant.
4l8t to 44th
4l8t " 45th
44th " 50th
45th " 54th
60th " 63d
53d
53d to 66th
54th '♦
56th **
1870 to 1875
1870 •» 1877
1876 " 18H8
1877 •• 1895
1888 ** 1891
1891 " 1H92
1893 '* 1899
1896 "
1899 "
Andrew J. Hamilton was appointed by J. w. Flanagan
the President provisional governor in the .^ZSm^SSIv":::::
summer of 1865, and measures were taken Richard Coke
for the reorganization of civil government HwaoeChiiiion*
there. Under the reconstruction acts of Roger Q. Mills..!.'.'!!!!!!
1867, Texas, with Louisiana, was made a ^SUZT^bi^iin.::.
military district, and subjected to mill-
tary rule under General Sheridan. A con-
vention assembled Dec. 7, 1868, adopted Tfixas Bansrers, a body of armed and
a constitution, which was ratified at an mounted men organized under the State
election (Nov. 30 to Dec. 3) in 1869, and law of Texas, and constituting a combined
a governor and legislature were chosen military and constabulary force. It has
at the same time. The Fourteenth and been in existence for many years; is made
Fifteenth Amendments to the national up of carefully selected men; and has
Constitution were ratified (Feb. 23, 1870), many deeds of extraordinary daring credit-
and on March 30, by act of Congress, the ed to its memory. As the name implies.
State was entitled to representation in this body ranges over the State in the
Congress. On April 16 the government performance of its unique work, at one
was transferred to the civil authorities, time assisting the officers of the law in
Population in 1890, 2,235,523; in 1900, their duties, at others defending the Rio
3,048,740. See Benton, Thomas H. ; Unit- Grande border against raiding cattle
ED States of America, Texab» in this thieves from Mexico, and at others sup-
vohimc. pressing riots and other disturbances of
^^^^,^^^r^ ^» «i>n,Tnr«r^ ^^^ pcacc. Thc bcst Idca of the peculiar
PRESIDENTS OF REPUBLIC. . f. * xv u j • ux • j #
, „ . _.^ r^ «« ,oo* functions of this body is obtained from a
Samuel Houston inaugurated Oct 22, 1836 m m ,m ., . j« . ,
M. B lAmar •' Doc. 10, 1838 report of its operations m the single
Dr. Anson Jones " SS ,2' J2JJ month of December, 1897, when the mem-
Samuel Houston " Dec. 13, 1841 , <■ ^ ^ ^ ^
bers made forty arrests for various crimes ;
STATE GOVERNORa were sent on seventy scouting expeditions ;
J. p. Henderson assnmesoffloe Feb. 19, 1846 assisted sheriffs forty-seven times; guard-
R H?n8boroBSii:;;;: " ;;;:;:;!!j)^M849 ^^ j^^'^ "'^^^ ^*™^5 attended districtcourts
a M. Pease V..'.', «» '.....*.*.'.'.. ""i863 thirty-four times; made nine attempts to
60
TEXTILE FABBI08— THACHSB
arrmt that foiled; and trmvelled 4^3 the fathrr of cotton manufacturing in t1i<^
miles. United Statei. But hin optrations were
Textile Fabrics. Tbe difBcultj of pajr- onlj in spinning the yarn. It remained
in^ for imported goods in MaisachusettB, for a citizen of the United States, Francis
aliout tft40. stimulated the people to new C. Lowell, if merchant of Boston, to intm-
kinds of industry. Among other things, duee the weaving of cotton cloth here,
cotton and woollen cloths were manufact- He invented a power loom, and in 1812
Qred. The cultivation of hemp and flax he and Francis S. Jackson erected a mill
vas Bliccesafully undertaken. Vessels in Waltham, Mass. The machinery wuh
"re sent to the West IndiM for cotton, oonstrurted by Paul Moody, After many
and, at Rowley, where a colony of York- failures and alterations, they succpcded
shire clothiera bad recently settled, the in perfecting looms that worked well, and
fabrimtion of linen, woollen, and cotton in 1813 they had also a spinning.whecl.
(loth was set on foot. The first cotton with 1,300 spindles. Slater's Rhode
factory in the United States was started Island mill had then only 144 spindles.
in Beverly, Mass., in 1789, by a company See Cotton,
'ho only succeeded in introducing that TIuicli«r, JAMES, physician: born in
indnatry. with very imperfect machinery. Bamstable, Mass., Feb. 14, 17.')4; joined
\ woollen factory was in operation in the Continental army at Cambridge in
Hsrtfoid. Conn., in 1789, and in 17B4 one 1775, and served through the war as sur-
vas established in Byfield, Mass. The geon, being present at many of the promi.
ume year a caTding-machine for wool was nent battles in the North, lie kept a
Srgt put into operation in the United diary, and in 1624 published a miitari/
f^tates. It was constructed under the Journal of the Revolution, a work of great
direction of John and Arthur Schofleld. historical value. He was author, also, of
SiicTEL SrAiTR (q. «-) may be considered •everal other works, scientific, pbilosophi-
Bl
TBACHBB— THAJCES
cal, and historical. He died in Plymouth, myself fortunaU to collect a BuOiciency
Maan., May 2ft, 1S44. to mount the general oRioerd." Harriaon
Thaelier, John Boyd, author; born in did pursue. On Oct. 1 he was joined by
BallMton, N. Y., Sept. 11. 1B47; gradu- (.'ol. Richard M. Johnson, with his cav&lry,
ated at Williams College in IHIIU; siTVcd nt Sandwich. There a council of ofBceTS
in the State Senate in 1884-8.), where hn was held. Only two lines of pursuit
introduced meaHures which later resulted were feasible — one by Laice Erie to Long
in the reform of the tenement -house con- Point, the other by land to the rear of
Htruction and management; was mayor of the fugitives. The latter was chosen.
Albany in 1986-87 and 18nO-07; was McArthur and his brigade were left to
appointed by President Harrison a lueni' hold Detroit; Cass's brigade and Ball's
ber of the World's Columbian Exposi- regiment were left at Sandwich, and 3.500
tion Commission, and became chairman men, mostly Kentucky volunteers, etart-
of its bureau of awards. He wrote The ed in pursuit towards Chatham, oa the
Continent of America, il» Discovery and Thames River, where, it was ascertained,
itt Baplitm ; The Cabolian Discover;/, Proctor had encamped. General Cass ac-
etc. companted Harrison as volunteer aide.
Thames, Baitlk of the. When Gen- Learning that some small vessels con-
eral Harrison landed his invading army taining the enemy's artillery and baggage
near Fort Maiden, Canada, in 1813, Gen- were escaping on Lake St. Clair towards
eral Proctor, in command of the British the mouth of the Thames, Commodore
troops there, tied northward, leaving the I'crry despatched a portion of his fleet,
fort, navy buildings, and atore-houaea in under Captain Elliott, in pursuit. Perry
flames. Proctor had impressed into his soon followed in the Ariel, accompanied
service all tlie horses of the inhabitants by the Caledoiiin. The little squadron
to facilitate his flight. Harrison wrote reached (Oct. 2) the mouth of the Thames,
to the Secretary of War (Sept. 27) : "I with the baggage, provisions, and am-
will pursue the enemy to-morrow, although munition wagons of the Americans, but
there is no probability of overtaking him, the vesaela of the enemy had escaped up
as he has upwards of 1.000 horses and we that stream. Harrison pressed forward
have not one in the army. I shall think rapidly, along the border of the lake and
TEA1CS8, BATTLB 07 IHS
up the Thames. Three of Perrj's armed and scorned by honorahlc men tor faiB
veKsels also went up the river as ™nv03-ii career of cruelty and cowariliee in Amer-
(o truBporta. The British bad encamped ica, Prwtor sank into merited olmriirity.
at Dolsen's — TOO white men and 1,200 Harrisons victory was roniplclc. The
Indians — but od the approach of Harrison whole country resounded with his pralHi-H.
they continued their flight, Tecumseh Congress gave him and Shelby the Ihanko
cursing Proctor for his coward-
ice. The (onner boasted of the
victory he should win, but kept
on retreating, destroying bridges
and other property in his flight,
btiming hie own vessels and
leaving arms behind. At last
the pursuit was so sharp and
close that Proctor was compelled
to make a stand on the bank of
the ThameB, near the Moravian
town, his left on the river, where
the bank is high and precipitous.
and on his right a niarah, run*
ning almost parallel with the
river lor about 2 miles. The
space between was covered with
woods, with very little under-
growth.
The British regulars were
formed in two lines between a
smaller swamp and the river,
their artillery being planted in
the road, near the bank of that
stream. The Indians were post-
ed Ijetween the two swamps, and
so disposed as easily to flank
Harrison's left. They were com-
manded by Tecum seh, assisted
f>y Oshawahnah, a brave Chip- otatwiMna.'
pewa chief. Harrison's force
was now little more than 3,000 in num- of the nation and each a g<>\d medal,
her, composed of 120 regulars, five bri- At the battle of the Thames six brass
R»deB of Kentucky volunteers, under Gov- cannon taken from Hull at Detroit were
ernor Shelby, and Colonel Johnson's regi- recovered, on two of which were engraved
ment of mounted men. Harrison attacked the words. " Surrendered by Ilurgoyne at
(Oct. 5), and a severe battle ensued. Saratoga." These may now be seen at
Tecumseh was slain, and his amazed fol- West Point. The loss in this short but
'owers, who had fought desperately, broke decisive battle is not exactly known. It
and fled to the shelter of the swamp. The .., , ,
.«, Briti.h toe w.. .p«.u, v.„. „,;i;';.;X"..'',ss,.','':;"rCM,'°.";
qniBhed, and most of them were made the Thames, tsken at Brsnlford, (.■anada. la
priiooers. Proctor escapeil jn a carriage, Seplember. 185S. when he wan altendliiK a
with his personal aUff. a few dragoons. l"-"nd council the«. 1q that cminHL he ap-
,_. y, T J- 1. ■■ "S'juii.'. pggfea i^nii g|[ i,jg teBtlmoEJals of bravery^
Md mounted Indians, hotly pursued some hi, ■■ ntars and gariers ■'— aa seen In the plct-
ilistanoc by Johnson and his horsemen, ure. Around hie hnt was a sliver band. He
ladc his way to the western end of "^so displayed a silver (lorKet. medals, etc., a
Ontario, and there bis military ""''* "' '
iDted tomahawli pipe, lie was
waa ended. Censured by
tnperiors, rebuked by the Prince Regent, famons warrior — the hero of ntieeo battles.
03
THANXsanriKa day— thatcheb
lasted only about fifteen minutes. The reciting the occasion which prompted the
Americans lost about forty-five killed and observance. With only one exception,
wounded; the British forty- four, besides Congress suspended business on the days
600 made prisoners. Harrison had recov- appointed for thanksgiving,
ered all that Hull had lost. He had gained Washington issued a proclamation for
much. He had subdued western Canada, a general thanksgiving by the Continental
broken up the Indian Confederacy, and army on Thursday, Dec. 18, 1777; and
ended the war on the northwestern border again, at Valley Forge, May 7, 1778. A^
of the Union. The frontier being secured, President, Washington appointed Thors-
Harrison dismissed a greater portion of day, Nov. 26, 1789, a day for general
the volunteers. Leaving General Cass thanksgiving throughout the Union; also
(whom he had appointed civil and military Thursday, Feb. 19, 1795. Successive
governor of Michigan) in command of a Presidents of the United States were
garrison fit Detroit, composed of 1,000 moved to do likewise, from time to time,
regulars, he proceeded (Oct. 23) with the The Book of Common Prayer, revised
remainder of his troops to Niagara, to (1789) for the use of the Protestant
join the Army of the Centre. For some Episcopal Church in America, directed the
unexplained reason General Armstrong, first Thursday of November (unless an-
the Secretary of War, treated Harrison so other day be appointed by the civil au-
badly that the latter left the army, and thorities) "to be observed as a day of
the country was deprived of his valuable thanksgiving to Almighty God for the
services at a most critical time. See Hab- fruits of the earth," etc. In New England,
RisoN, William Henry. especially, a day of thanksgiving has been
Thanksgiving Day. The first record- annually celebrated for a century and
ed public thanksgiving appointed by au- more, and made the occasion for family
thority, in America, was proclaimed in reunions. The custom gradually extended
Massachusetts Bay in 1831. Owing to the to other States, and for several years the
great scarcity of provisions and con- President of the United States has issued
sequent menace of starvation, Feb. 22 was a proclamation for a day of public thanks-
appointed to be observed as a fast-day. giving throughout the Union — ^usually the
Before that time a long-expected vessel last Thursday in November — and the State
arrived, laden with provisions, and the executives have chosen the same day, so
fast-day was changed into one of thanks- that the custom is now general. Thanks-
giving. The practice was sometimes ob- giving Day is now a legal holiday,
served in New Netherland. Governor Tharin, Robert Setmoub Stkicss,
Kieft proclaimed a public thanksgiving, lawyer; born in Magnolia, S. C, Jan. 10,
to be held in February, 1644, on account 1830; graduated at the College of Charles-
of a victory over the Indians; and again, ton in 1857 and at the Law Department of
in 1645, because of the conclusion of peace, the University of New York in 1859;
Thanksgivings and fasts, sometimes general was strongly in favor of the Union prior
and sometimes partial, were appointed in to the Civil War, and owing to his opinions
the several colonies, and early in the Revo- was attacked by a mob in 1861. He fied
lutionary War the Continental Congress to Cincinnati; afterwards settled in Rich-
adopted the practice. The days appoint- mond, Ind. ; and served in the Union
ed during the war were as follows : Thurs- army in 1861-62. In 1888 he declined
day, July 20, 1775; Friday, May 17, 1776; a nomination, by the Industrial Con-
and another, to be fixed by the several ference in Washington, for President of
States, ordered by resolution, Dec. 11, the United States; and was later engaged
1776; Wednesday, April 22, 1778: Thurs- in the auditor's office in Washington,
day. May 6, 1779; Wednesday, April 6, His publications include Arhitrarif Ar-
1780; Thursday, May 3, 1781; Thursday, rests in the South; and Letters on the
April 25, 1782. These eight several ap- Political Situation,
pointments of thanksgiving days were Thatcher, Benjamin Busset, author:
made by the Continental Congress, in the bom in Warren, Me., Oct. 8, 1809; gradu-
form of recommendations to the executive ated at Bowdoin College in 1826; studied
heads of the several State governments, law and was admitted to the bar, but
64
turned his attention to literary work. He ber of Congress in 1863-07; judge of the
was the author of Biography of North district court of Philadelphia in 1867-96.
American Indians; Memoir of Phillis He is the author of The Duties of Citizen^
Wheat ley; Memoir of 8. Osgood Wright; ship; The Great Victory [of the Civil
Traits of the Boston Tea-party; Traits War], its Cost and its Value; The Bat-
of Indian Mannerly etc.; and Tales of the tie of Germantoum; The Philippines:
American Revolution, He died in Boston, W^?iat is Demanded of the United States
Mass., July 14, 1840. by the Obligations of Duty and National
Thatcher, Henbt Knox, naval officer; Honor, etc.
born in Thomaston, Me., May 26, 1800: Thayer, Simeon, military officer; born
grandson of 6«n. Henry Knox; entered in Mendon, Mass., April 30, 1737; he
the navy in 1823 ; was made captain in served with the Rhode Island troops in the
1S31, and commodore in July, 1862. In French and Indian War, and in 1757 in the
1S62-I>3 he commanded the Mediterranean Massachusetts line, under Colonel Frye
Squadron, and was in command of the and Rogers the Ranger. He was taken
steam-frigate Colorado, of the North At- prisoner in 1757 at Fort William Henry,
lantic Squadron, in both attacks on Fort He accompanied Arnold in his famous ex-
Fisher. He afterwards commanded the pedition to Quebec (1775), and was made
West Gulf Squadron, and assisted Gen- prisoner ; but was exchanged in July, 1777,
eral Can by in the reduction of Mobile, and was prominent in the defence of Rett
On May 10, 1805, Thatcher received the Bank and Fort Mifflin, where he was mo-
surrender of the Confederate naval forces jor. He was wounded in the battle of
at Mobile and on the Alabama River. In Monmouth; served in New Jersey in 1780,
July, 1866, he was made rear-admiral, and in 1781 retired from the service. He
and in May, 1868, retired. He died in left a Journal of the Invasion of Canada
Boston, Mass., April 5, 1880. in 1775, which was published in 1867.
Thayer, Elt, educator ; born in Mendon, He died in Cumberland, R. I., Oct. 14,
Mass., June 11, 1819; graduated at Brown 1800.
College in 1845; established the Oread Thayer, Sylvanus, military officer;
Institute, Worcester, Mass., in 1848; mem- bom in Braintree, Mass., June 9, 1785;
ber of the legislature in 1853-54, during graduated at Dartmouth College in 1807
which period he organized and founded and at West Point in 1808, entering the
the Emigrant Aid Company and endeav- corps of engineers. He was chief engineer
ored to unite the North in favor of his of Dearborn's army in 1812, and of Hamp-
scheme to send into Kansas anti-slavery ton's division in 1813. He was chief
settlers. His company founded Topeka, engineer in the defence of Norfolk, Va.,
I-awrence, Manhattan, and Ossawatomie, in 1814. In 1815 he was sent with Colonel
of which places Gov. Charles Robinson McRae to Belgium and France to examine
said: "Without these settlements Kansas the fortifications there; and from 1817 to
would have been a slave State without a 1833 he was superintendent at West Point,
**™ggle; without the Aid Society these and established the academy on its present
towns would never have existed; and that basis. In 1838 he was made lieutenant-
society was bom of the brain of Eli colonel, and from 1833 to 1857 was con-
Thayer." Mr. Thayer was a member of structing engineer of the defences of Bos-
Congress in 1857-61. He invented an ton Harbor, and temporary chief of the
automatic boiler cleaner, an hydraulic engineer corps from 1857 to 1859. . He
elevator, and a sectional safety steam- was commissioned colonel in March, 1863;
boiler. His publications include a history brevetted brigadier-general in May; and
of the Emigrant Aid Company; several resigned June 1. He died in South Brain-
lectures; a volume of his speeches in Con- tree, Mass., Sept. 7, 1872.
RTess; and the Kansas Crusade. He died Thayer, William Makepeace, author;
in Worcester, Mass., April 15, 1899. born in Franklin, Mass., Feb. 23, 1820;
Thayer, Mabttn Russell, jurist; bom graduated nt Brown University in 1843;
in Petersburg, Va., Jan. 27, 1819; grad- later studied theology; was in charge of
uated at the University of Pennsylvania in the Orthodox Congregational Church,
1840: admitted to the bar in 1842; mem- Ashland, Mass., in 1849-57; and subse-
IX. — ^E 66
THEKAEI8QXJI— THE080PHY
quently applied himself to literary work; thanksgiving at the close of autumn. The
returned to Franklin in 1858; member of observance of Christmas and other holi-
the legislature in 1857 and 1863; and days of the Roman Catholic and En^lii^h
secretary of the Massachusetts Temperance churches was denounced, and came to be
Alliance in 1860-76. He was author of regarded by the people as idolatrous.
Character and Public Service of Abraham Even the eating of mince-pies on Christ-
Lincoln; Marvels of the New West; mas was discontinued. This tyrannous
Youth*8 History of the Rebellion; From theocracy prevailed in Massachusetts "with
Tannery to the White House; From Log increasing strength for fully fifty years.
Cabin to the White House, etc. He died until the chain was gradually removed by
in Franklin, Mass., April 7, 1898. enlightenment. " It seemed like an at-
Thekakisquiy Iroquois chief; born in tempt to establish a vast Puritan monas-
central New York in 1756; was made a tery, with freedom only in marrying and
chief in 1776; gave considerable aid to the money-making. See Aristocracy.
British in the Revolutionary War; com- Theondechoren, Joseph, Indian con-
manded a band of Indians who laid waste vert; embraced Christianity in 1641, and
parts of the Carolinas with fire and sword, became a fervent preacher; took part with
In 1794 he turned over to the United the Iroquois in an attack on Quebec, where
States government a part of the lands of he was wounded, but escaped to the woods,
his tribe. Under his leadership his people He was captured by hostile Indians, who
made progress in the science of agricult- were so influenced by his preaching that
ure and civilization. He died in 1802. they nursed him back to health. In 1649,
Theocracy. In 1631 the government of when the Hurons were forced to leave their
Massachusetts was made a theocracy. In country, he went to live on St. Joseph's
May of that year the General Court de- Island, but subsequently, with a number
creed that no man should be a " freeman " of his countrymen, settled near Quebec.
— ^a citizen and voter — unless he were a He died near Tadoussac, Canada, June 26,
member of some colonial church. To be- 1652.
come such was to submit to the most Theosophy, a name derived from the
rigid tests of his purity of life and his Greek word theosophia, divine wisdom,
orthodoxy in religion. The magistrates ITie object of theosophical study is pro-
and General Court were aided by the fessedly to understand the nature of
clergy, and they jointly exercised a su- divine things. It differs, however, from
preme control in temporal as well as both philosophy and theology, even when
spiritual matters. The clergy were always these have the same object of investi-
consulted in matters purely temporal, gation. For in seeking to learn the divine
They were maintained at the public ex- nature and attributes, philosophy employs
pense, for which the people were taxed; the methods and principles of natural rea-
and by the joint influence of the clergy soning; theology uses these, adding to
and magistrates many severe laws were en- them certain principles derived from rev-
acted, sumptuary and otherwise. Men were elation. Theosophy, on the other hand,
whipped, their ears were cropped, or they professes to exclude all reasoning processes
were banished, for " slandering the gov- as imperfect, and to derive its knowled|?e
ernment or the churches, or for writing from direct communication with God him-
letters in disparagement of the authori- self. It does not, therefore, accept the
ties in Church and State." The system truths of recorded revelation as immut-
of manners during the reign of this tyran- able, but as subject to modification by
nous theocracy was very austere. Gravity later direct and personal revelations. The
was a sign of holiness; all amusements theosophical idea has had followers from
were proscribed; gayety seemed to be re- the earliest times. Since the Christian
garded as sin; religious lectures on week- era we may class among theosophists such
days were so frequent that their attend- sects as Neoplatonists, the Hesychasts
ance imposed a heavy burden on the in- of the Greek Church, the Mystics of
dustry of the people, who went from town medieeval times, and, in later times,
to town to hear them. There was a rigid the disciples of Paracelsus, Thalhauser,
fast in spring, answering to Lent, and a B5hme, and others. Recently a sect has
66
THEOSOPHY— THOKAS
arisen, which has taken the name of mittee, G. £. Harter, Chicago; William
theosophists. Its leader was an English Main, New York; Gen. William Ludlow,
gentleman who had become fascinated Rhode Island; A. P. Buchman, Fort
with the doctrines of Buddhism. Taking Wayne, Ind.; W. P. Phelps, New York;
a few of hia followers to India, they have and J. D. Bood, Fort Wayne, Ind.
been prosecuting their studies there, cer- Thomas, Allen Clapp, historian; born
tain individuals attracting considerable in Baltimore, Md., Dec. 20, 1846; grad-
attention bv a claim to miraculous powers, uated at Haverford College in 1865; be-
lt need hardly be said that the revelations came Professor of History, and librarian
they have claimed to receive have been, of Haverford College in 1878. He is the
thus far, without noteworthy benefit to author of A History of the United Htatca
the human race. for Schools and Academies; An Elemen-
The Universal Brotherhood, — ^The Uni- tary History of the United States; HiS'
versal Brotherhood for the benefit of the iory of the Society of Friends in Amer-
people of the earth and all creatures was ica, etc.
foimded by Katherine A. Tingley, Jan. 13, Thomaa, Cyhus, ethnologist; born in
1898, in New York City. This organ- Kingsport, Tenn., July 27, 1825; was ad-
ization is the outgrowth and expansion of mitted to the bar and practised till 1865;
the Theoaophical Society founded by H. became assistant on the United States geo-
P. Blavatsky, W. Q. Judge, and others in logical and geographical surveys of Terri-
New York in 1875, and reorganized under tories in 1869; accepted the chair of
William Q. Judge at its annual convention Natural Sciences at the Southern Illinois
in Boston, Mass., in 1895. The constitu* Normal University in 1873; appointed
tion of the Universal Brotherhood was archaeologist to the United States Bureau
adopted by the Theosophical Society in of Ethnology in 1882. He is the author
America at its annual convention held in of The Cherokees and Shaumees in Pre-
Chicago, Feb. 18, 1898, by which act the Columbian Times; Mound Explorations of
Theosophical Society in America became the Bureau of Ethnology; Prehistoric
the literary department of the Universal Works East of the Rocky Mountains; In-
Brotherhood. trod uct ion to American Archceology^ etc.
There are over 150 lodges of the Uni- ThomaSy George Henry, military offi-
versal Brotherhood in the United States cer; bom in Southampton county, Va.,
and Canada, also lodges in England, Ire- July 31, 1816; graduated at West Point
land, Sweden, Holland, France, Germany, in 1840, and entered the artillery. He
Greece, India, Australia, and New Zealand, served in the Seminole War ; was with
The central office of the organization is at General Taylor in the war with Mexico ;
Point Loma, San Diego, CaL and again fought the Seminoles in Florida
The officers are: Katherine A. Tingley, in 1849-50. From 1851 to 1854 he was
leader and official head; Frank M. Pierce, instructor of artillery at West Point, and
secretary-general; E. Aug. Neresheimer, was made major of cavalry in May, 1855.
treasurer. From 1856 to 1860 he served in Texas, and
Theosophical Society in America. — The in a fight with the Indians near Brazos
headquarters of the Theosophical Society River was wounded. He was promoted
in America are at Point Loma, San colonel of the 5th Cavalry (Col. Robert E.
Diego, Cal. President, E. Aug. Neres- Lee*s old regiment) in May, 1861; and,
heimer. American headquarters, 11 East having served awhile in the vicinity of
Fifty-ninth Street, New York City. the upper Potomac, was made brigadier-
Eclectic Theosophical Society. — An in- general of volunteers in August. From
dependent international body, with head- November, 1861, till March, 1862, he com-
quarters in New York City. manded a division of the Army of the Ohio,
John M. Pryse, president, 17 West defeating the Confederates in the battle
Ninety-eighth Street, New York City. of Mill Spring {q. v.) in January. At
American Theosophical Association.^' Corinth, Miss., he commanded the right
President, Dr. J. D. Buck, of Cincinnati; wing of the Army of the Tennessee, and
vice-president, secretary, and treasurer, was second in command of the Army of the
Dr. Stewart, of New York; executive com- Ohio at Perryville in October. For nearly
67
THOMAS
a year from NoTember, 1862, he com- repulsed the aesauU of Oconost*. Later
manded the 14lh Corps of the Arm^ of be led the party thttt invaded the Indian
the Cumberland, doing eminent Bervtce in country. He was guide to General Sexier
the battles of Stone Riter and Chicka- lor twenty years in almost all of his
UAVOIIA iqq. v.). In October, 1683, he numerous moTemenU against the Creeka
and Cherokeea. He died in Seviervilte,
Tenn., in 1819.
Thomas, laAUU, printer; bora id
Boston, Mass., Jan. 19, 1749; waa ap-
prenticed to a printer seven years, &nd
started business for himself in Newbury-
port, Mass., when he was eighteen years
of age. In 1770 he transferred his print-
ing establishment to Boston, and on July
17, 17(1, began the publication o( the
MasBathtuietts Spy, which became the
champion of the colonies contending for
right and justice. The government tried
to suppress it, but in vain. After the
akirmieh at I^xington {April IB, 1775) he
transferred his establishment to Worces-
ter, where he continued to publish the Spy
until 1801, when it was continued by his
son from that time until 1S19. Enterpris-
oamoi HKFBi TBQiui. ing in business, he established a book-
store in Boston in 1786 with Mr. Andrews,
was placed in command of the Department and they established branches of their
and Army of the Cumberland, and was publishing business in various places,
promoted brigadier -general, United States They published the MassatkutetU Maga-
army. He was in the battle of Mission- sine from 1TS9 to 1790, and the Xew Eng-
ASr RlDOE [q. v.), and did signal service lonti iimanac forty-two years — from 1775-
in the Atlanta campaign, when he took For many years the Bibles and school
post at Nashville and defended Tennessee books used in the English colonies, and in
against the invasion of Hood. For this the States afterwards, were issued from
service he was made a major -general, Thomas's press at Worcester. He printed
and received the thanks of Congress, and several editions of the Bible. In 1791 he
from the legislature of Tennessee a issued a folio edition, with copper- pi a tea,
gold medal. In February, 18Q8, he and another, in quarto, with a concord-
was offered the brevet of lieutenant-gen- ance; in 1793 an edition in octavo; and
eral by President Johnson, but he declined in 1797 another in duodecimo. Thomas
to receive it. He died in San Francisco, says Isaac Collins printed, at Trenton,
Cal., March 28, 1870. On Nov. 19, 1879, N. J. (where he was SUte printer), "a
an exquisitely wrought equestrian atatue handsome and very correct octavo edition
of General Thomas, in dei^ign and execu- of the Bible." Collins also printed a
tion by J. Q. A. Ward, was unveiled at quarto edition. In 1S12 Mr. Thomas
the national capital, with very imposing founded the American Antiquarian So-
ceremonies, such as had never been seen ciety in Worcester ; provided a building
there before, for its use on his grounds; gave it nearly
Tbomas, Isaac, scout ; born in Virginia 8.000 books and a most valuable series of
about 1735; settled among the Cherokee newspapers; and bequeathed to it the land
Indiana in 1755, He warned Gen. John on which the hall was built. He also made
Sevier and James Bobertson at Watauga, a provision for the maintenance of the
Va,, on May 30. 1770, of an intended at- library and museum equal to about 924,-
tack by the Indians. About the middle OOO. Mr. Thomas wrote and published
of July he joined the small force of forty (1810) a valuable BUlory of Printing. He
in the fort at Watauga, and with them died in Worcester, Mass., April 4, 1831.
TlioiiiaSy Jaits, heroine; bom in Ches- the violin for some years in concerts and
ter coonty. Pa., in the eighteenth cen- orchestras. He toured the South for two
txay; wife of Col. John Thomas, of the years, and on his return to New York
South Oarolina SpartaA Regiment. Prior appeared in concerts and operas first as
to the Revolutionary War Colonel Thomas, violinist and afterwards as orchestra con-
learning that a large party of Tories was ductor, and with other musicians gave
on tbe way to seize the ammunition that annual series of chamber concerts till
Gov. John Rutledge had left in his charge, 1869. He organized a world-famed orches-
fled, carrying with him a part of the tra of his own, and with it began a series
powder. Two men and two women, one of symphony concerts, which he conduct-
of whom was Mrs. Thomas, remained in ed till 1888. He was director of the Cin-
eharge of the house. When the place was cinnati College of Music in 1878-81 ; con-
attacked the woman loaded the gun while ductor of the Cincinnati biennial musical
the men kept up an incessant firing till the festivals in 1873-98; and of the American
enemy withdrew. It was said that the Opera Company in 1885-87. He removed
ammunition thus saved was the main to Chicago, 111., in 1891, and since then
supply for the troops of Sumter during has been conductor of a Chicago orchestra ;
the skirmishes around Hanging Rock and and was musical director of the World's
Rocky Mount. Columbian Exposition.
Thomasy John, military officer; born Thompson, Alexander Ramsey, mili-
in Marshfield, IMass., in 1725; was a tary officer; born in 1790; graduated at
practising physician, and was surgeon in the United States Military Academy in
the provincial army sent to Nova Scotia 1812; served in the War of 1812, taking
in 1746. In 1747 he was on Shirley's medi- part in Gen. James Wilkinson's expedition
cal stafl*, and in 1759 he became colonel down the St. Lawrence, in the defence of
of a provincial regiment. He commanded Plattsburg, and in other operations on
a r^ment under Amherst and Haviland Lake Champlain; promoted captain of in-
in 1760 in the capture of Montreal, fantry in 1814; became major in 1832,
Colonel Thomas was one of the most active and lieutenant-colonel in 1837; served in
Sons of Liberty in Massachusetts; was the war with the Seminole Indians; and
appointed brigadier-general by Congress was killed in the battle of Okeechobee,
in 1775; commanded a brigade during the Bee. 25, 1837.
8i^ of Boston, and after the evacuation Thompson, Alfred Wordsworth, art-
was sent to take command of the American ist; bom in Baltimore, Md., May 26,
troops in Canada. He joined the army 1840; studied art in Paris, France ; settled
before Quebec May 1, 1776, and died in in New York in 1863; became an associate
Chambly, June 2, 1776. of the National Academy of Design in
Thomas, Lorenzo, military ofiScer; 1873, and a member of the Society of
bom in Newcastle, Del., Oct 26, 1804; American Artists in 1878. His paintings
graduated at W^st Point in 1823; served include. Desolation; Annapolis in 1776;
in the Seminole War and in the war with Review at Philadelphia, 1777 ; The Ad-
Mexico; and in May, 1861, was made vance of the Enemy; The Departure for
adjutant-general, with the rank of briga- the War, 1776, etc. He died in Summit,
dier-general, which office he held through- N. J., Aug. 28, 1896.
out the Civil War. In 1863 he was en* Thompson^ Sir Benjamin. See Rum-
gaged in organizing colored troops in the ford.
South. He was brevetted major-general, Thompson, Daniel Pierce, author;
United States army, in 1865, and retired bom in Charlestown, Mass., Oct. 1, 1795;
in 1869. He died in Washington, D. C, graduated at Middlebury College in 1820;
March 2, 1875. See Johnson, Andrew. admitted to the bar in 1823, and practised
Thomas, Theodore, musician; bom in in Mont pel ier, Vt. ; was register of probate
Esens, Hanover, Germany, Oct. 11, 1836; in 1824; clerk of the legislature in 1830-
received his musical education principal- 33 ; and was appointed to compile the Laws
ly from his father, and at the age of six of Vermont from 1824 down to and in-
played the violin in public concerts; came eluding the year 1834, He was judge of
to the United States in 1845, and played probate in 1837-40; clerk of the Su-
69
THOMPSON
preme and county courts in 1843-45, and mont, at the foot of the Rocky Mountains,
Secretary of State in 1853-55. He was a and gave 640 acres of land and $300 to
popular lecturer ; edited the Oreen Moun- each colonist there. She contributed large-
tain Freeman in 1849-56; and was author ]y to the purchase of the Vassar College
of Tfie Oreen Mountain Boys; The History telescope; purchased and presented to Con-
of Montpeliery 1781-1860, etc. He died in gress Francis B. Carpenter's paintings of
Montpelier, Vt., June 6, 1868. the Signing of the Emancipation Proclama-
Thompson, David, explorer; born in tion by President Lincoln in the Presence
St. John, England, April 30, 1770; entered of his Cabinet, and for this was granted
the employ of the Hudson Bay Company the freedom of the floor. She also con-
in 1789; later engaged in exploring ex- tributed large sums to the American As-
peditions. On April 27, 1798, he discov- sociation for the Advancement of Science,
ered Turtle Lake, from which the Mis- and was made its first patron. She died
sissippi River takes its southerly course in Littleton, N. H., July 20, 1899.
to the Gulf. He explored the southern Thompson^ Geoboe, reformer; bom in
shore of Lake Superior in 1798; crossed Liverpool, England, June 18, 1804; came
the Rocky Mountains in 1807, and explored to the United States at the request of
the whole length of Columbia River in William Lloyd Garrison to aid the abo-
1811; was employed by Great Britain in lition cause; addressed large meetings in
surveying and laying out the boundary- the Northern States, and through his ef-
line between the United States and Can- forts 150 anti-slavery societies were form-
ada in 1816-26. He was the author of ed. He was threatened by mobs several
3fap of the Northwest Territory of the times, and once, when in Boston, escaped
Province of Canada, made for the North- death b}'- fleeing in a small boat to an Eng-
west Company in 1813-14- He died in lish vessel, on which he sailed to England.
Longueil, Canada, Feb. 16, 1857. His visit created much excitement and was
Thompson, Egbert, naval officer; born denounced by President Jackson in a mes-
in New York City, July 6, 1820; entered sage to Congress. He revisited the United
the navy in 1837; was attached to the States in 1851, and again during the Civil
South Sea Exploring Expedition, and was War, when a public reception was given in
in all the operations of the home squadron his honor at which President Lincoln and
in the war with Mexico. In the attacks his cabinet were present. In 1870 a testi-
on Fort Donelson and Island Number Ten monial fund was raised for him bv his ad-
he commanded one of the iron-clad gun- mirers in the United States and in Eng-
boats; also in the attack on Confederate land. He died in Leeds, England, Oct
rams near Fort Pillow. He commanded 7, 1878.
the steamer Commodore Macdonough in Thompson, Henry Adams, clergyman;
the South Pacific Squadron in 1866-67; born in Stormstown, Pa., March 23, 1837;
was promoted captain in 1867, and re- graduated at Jefferson College in 1858,
tired in 1874. He died in Washington, and studied theology at the Western Theo-
D. C, Jan. 5, 1881. logical Seminary; was Professor of Math-
Thompson, Elizabeth, philanthropist; ematics in Otterbein University, O., in
born in Lyndon, Vt., Feb. 21, 1821; was 1872-86; candidate for Vice-President on
the daughter of Samuel Rowell, a farmer, the Prohibition ticket with Neal Dow in
and at the age of nine went out to service. 1880.
Her education was chiefly self -acquired. Thompson, Jacob, lawyer; bom in
While on a visit to Boston in 1843 her re- Caswell county, N. C, May 15, 1810;
markable beauty so attracted the attention graduated at the University of North
of Thomas Thompson, a millionaire, that Carolina in 1831. Admitted to the bar in
they were married within a year. At Mr. 1834, he began the practice of law in
Thompson's death the entire income of his Chickasaw county. Miss., in 1835. He was
immense estate was left to her. She gave elected to Congress in 1839, and remained
large sums of money to the cause of tem- in that body until 1851. For several
perance and charity; provided $10,000 for years he was chairman of the committee
a thorough investigation of yellow fever on Indian affairs, and he defended his
in the South; founded the town of Long- adopted State when she repudiated her
70
IHOKPSON— THOHSON
bonds. He was vehemently pro-Blavef^ in mont in 1B45-48; accepted the chair of
bis feelings, and was one of the most Chemistry and Natural History in the
active disunionista in his State many University of Vermont in 1861. He wm
years before the Civil War. He was Sec- the author of Otaetleer of the Btate of
retary of the Interior under President Vermont; History of the Slate of Ver-
Itnchanan, but resigned, Jan. 7, 1861, and wiont to 1832; History of Vermont,
entered into the services of the Confed- Satural, Civil, and Statistical; Quide to
eracy. He was governor of Miseissippi in Lake George, Lake Champlain, Montreal,
1S62-&4, and WBB then appointed Con- and Quebec; Geography and Geology of
federate commissioner in Canada. He died Vermont, etc. He died in BurlingtoD,
in Memphis, Tenn., Alarch 24, ISSd. See Vt., Jan. 19, 1856.
Peace CouMission. Thomson, CnABLES, patriot; bom in
Thompsoii, John, author; bora in 1777, Maghera, Ireland, Nov. 20, 1720; came to
He n-as the author of articles published in America in 1741 ; educated by the famous
tbe Petersburg (ia^elle, and signed " Cas- Dr. Allison, and became teacher in the
ca '■ and " Gracchus,'' in which he attacked Friends' school at Newcastle, Del. After-
President Adams's administration, and of wards making his home in Philadelphia,
letters signed " Curtiss,'' which were ad- he was favored with the friendship of Dr.
dressed to Chief-Justice John Marshall in Franklin, and, taking an interest in the
1798. and later published in bock form, labors in behalf of the Indians by the
He died in I'etersburg, Va., in 1709. Friendly Association, he attended Indian
Thompson, I^^vxt, sculptor; bom in
Abbey leis, Queen's County, Ireland, Feb.
S. 183.1: came to the United States in
1847; studied medicine and later drawing
nnd modelling: and opened a studio in
New York in 1858. Among his best-known
works are statues of General Sedgivick,
Winfield Scott, and Abraham Pierce, and
bunts of Edwin Booth, Bryant, and Gen-
eral Dix. He was vice-president of tho
National Academy of Design in 1874. He
died in Middletown. N. Y.. Sept. 26, 1804.
TbompBon, Bichard WiaavnTOV, states-
man ; bom in Culpeper county, Va.,
June 9, 1809; admitted to the bar in
1834; began practice in Bedford. Ind.:
member of Congress in 1841-43 and in
l?47-49, and SeereUry of the Navy in
1877-8i. He resigned in the latter year
and becnme chairman of tbe American
committee of the Panama Canal Com-
pany. His publicntions include The cB*«iia tmohsov.
Papacy and the Cieil Power; History of
Ike Tariff; Footprints of Jesuits; and treaties. The Delawares adopted him with
RrroUectiona of (tixteen Presidents from a name which signiflod " one who speaks
Wimhinirlon to Lincoln. He died in Terre the truth." As he was alighting from a
Hante. Ind.. Feb. 9. 1900. carriage in Philadelphia with his Quaker
Thompson, Zodoc, geologist; born in bride — the possessor of a handsome fort-
Bridgewater, Vt.. May 23, 1796; gradu- une — a messenger came to him from the
aled at the University of Vermont in Continental Congress, just assembled, say-
182.1: removed to Canada in 1833; studied ing, " Tliey want you at Carpenter's Hall
theology and was ordained in the Prot- to keep the minutes of their proceeding!!,
ertant Kpiscopal Church: became a pro- as you are very expert at that business."
|p8*or In the Vermont Episcopal Semi- Thomson complied, and he served in that
narv in 1837 ; was State geologist of Ver- capacity almost fifteen years. He was a
71
TEOKBOir— THOKNTON
thorough patriot, and held the respect «nd EmerBon. His publications include Rc-
confidence of all his associates. He had aUtance to Civil OovemmenI ; A Week om
married, at the age of fortj-flve, Hannah the Concord and Merrimac Rivers; Wal-
Hiarrisou, aunt of President HarriBoii. den, or Life in the Woods; The Maine
Thomson was an excellent clBBsieal scholar, Woods; Cape Cod; Lellera to Various
and made a translation of the Old and FerBons; A Yankee in Canada, etc. He
New Testaments. He had gathered much died in Concord, Mass., May 6, 1862.
material for a history of the Revolutiou, Tborflnn, Scandinavian navigator; bora
but destroyed it. He died in Lower in Norway ; aailed from Norway to Green-
Merion, Pa., Aug. 16, 1824. land with two vessels in 1006. In the
Ihomaon, Elihu, electrician ^ born in same year he organized an expedition to
Manchester, England, March 29, 1853; sail for Vinland, which consiHted of 160
graduated at Central High School in men and women and three vessels. They
1870; appointed Professor of Chemistry were driven by wind and current to what
in Central High School in 1870; connect- is probably Newfoundland. They next-
ed with the Thomson. Houston and Gen- reached Nova Scotia, and in looking (or
eral Electric companies for the past the grave of THosviLo (q. v.) are sup-
twenty years. Mr. Thomson has patented posed to have sailed along the roast of
many hundreds of inventions bearing New England. After passing Cape Cod
upon electric welding, lighting, heatin);, two scouts were landed, who spent three
and power. He was made an ofScer of the days searching the country to the south-
Legion of Honor by the French govern- west, and then returned, bringing some
ment in 188!). See Electricity. ears of wheat and bunches of grapes.
ThorMtu, Hbnbt David, author; born They spent the winter at what is either
in Concord, Mass., July 12, 1817; gradu- Nantucket or Martha's Vineyard, where
ated at Harvard College in 1837 ; became they coniitnicted booths, and during th»
spring cultivated the land and explored
the country. Thorflnn then sailed for what
is probably Mount Hope Bay and there
founded a settlement. Here they flrst
met the Eskimos, who then inhabited
the country, and carried on a consid-
erable trade with them. In the fall of
1009 a son was born to Thorfinn, who was
in all probability the firat child of Euro-
pean parents born within the present
boundary of the United States. In the
following winter the natives became hos-
tile, and after combating them for some
time Thorfinn returned to Norway, where
he arrived in 1011, and waa received with
great honors. He died in OtemlMelaDd,
Ireland, after 1016.
Thornton, Sir Edwabo, diplomatist ;
born in London, England, July 17, 1817:
jnfaduatcd at Cambridjfe University in
1840; was appointed minister to the Unit-
ed States in December, 1867; member of
the joint high commission on the Ala-
bama claims in 1S71 ; member of the ar-
bitration board of the American and Mexi-
Bssst D.YID THOBsir. can cloims commission in 1873; and of
the board to arrange the boundaries of
a lecturer and writer, and was strongly Ontario in 1878. He was transferred from
opposed to slavery; was an intimate Washington to St. Petersburg in May,
friend of Bronson Alcot and Ralph Waldo 1881.
THOBHTOV— THOBVALD
Thornton, James Shepabd, naval he signed the Declaration. He was made
officer; bom in Merrimac, N. H., Feb. 25, chief-justice of the county of Hillsboro,
1826; entered the navy as midshipman and judge of the Supreme Court of the
in 1841; served in the sloop John Adams State. He was in both branches of the
during the Mexican War ; became a passed legislature, and in the council in 1785.
midshipman in 1846; and resigned from He died in Newburyport, Mass., June 24,
the navy in 1850. He was reinstated in 1803.
1854; promoted master in 1855; and lieu- Thornton, Seth Babton, military
tenant in 1855; served during the Civil officer; bom near Fredericksburg, Va..
War in the brig Bainbridge; was execu- in 1814; served in the Seminole War as
tive officer of the flag-ship Hartford; pro- second lieutenant of United States Dra-
moted lieutenant - commander in 1862; goons, becoming first lieutenant in 1837
had charge of the gunboat Winona in the and captain in 1841; had command of a
engagements at Mobile ; executive officer of squadron in the Mexican War and ex-
the Kearaarge in the fight with the Ala- changed the first shots with the enemy at
hama off Cherbourg, and for his gallantry La Rosia, April 25, 1846, in which en-
in this action w^as given a vote of thanks gagement he was severely wounded and
and advanced thirty numbers in his rank, captured with the greater part of his
He served in the navy-yard at Portsmouth, force. At the close of Scott's campaign,
N. H., in 1866-67; promoted commander in while leading his squadron in advance of
1866; and captain in 1872. He died in Worth's division at the village of San
Germantown, Pa., May 14, 1875. Augustin, he was shot dead.
Thornton, John Winoate, historian ; Thorpe, Francis Newton, author ; born
bom in Saco, Me., Aug. 12, 1818; gradu- in Swampscott, Mass., April 16, 1857;
ated at the Harvard Law School in 1840; studied at Syracuse University and at the
was admitted to the bar and practised in University of Pennsylvania Law School;
l^ton; was one of the originators of the was fellow Professor of American Con-
New England Historic-Genealogical So- stitutional History at the University of
ciety. His publications include Lives of Pennsylvania in 1885-08. He is the author
Isaac Heath and John Bowles^ and of of The Government of the People of the
Rev. John Eliot ^ Jr,; The Landing at Cape United States; Franklin and the Uni-
Anne, or the Charter of the First Perma- versitp of Pennsylvania; The Story of the
nent Colony on the Territory of the Massa- Constitution; The Government of the
chuseits Company, now Discovered and State of Pennsylvania; The Constitution
First Published from the Original Manu- of the United States, with Bibliography;
script; Ancient Pemaquid and Historic A Constitutional History of the American
Review; Peter Oliver's "Puritan Com- People, 1116-1850; The Constitutional
monwealth " Reviewed; The Pulpit of the History of the United States in 1165-1895;
American Revolution, or the Political Ser- and .i History of the United States for
mons of the Period of 1776, with an Intro- Junior Classes.
duetiony Notes, and Illustrations; Colonial Thorpe, Thomas Bangs, author ; born
Schemes of Popham and Gorges; The His- in Westfield, Mass., March 1, 1815; re-
torical Relation of New England to the ceived a collegiate education; settled in
Knglish Commonwealth, etc. He died in Louisiana in 1836 and devoted himself to
Saco, Me., June 6, 1878. literature; served in the Mexican War
Thornton, Matthew, a signer of the and was promoted colonel for meritorious
Declaration of Independence; born in Ire- services. His publications include The
land in 1714; came to America in early Big Bear of Arkansas; Our Army of the.
life; was educated at Worcester, and be- Rio Grande; Our Army at Monterey; 4
came a physician in New Hampshire. Voice to America; Scenes in Arkansaw;
He was in Pepperell's expedition against Reminiscences of Charles L. Elliott, etc.
Louisburg in 1745 as a surgeon; presided He died in New York City in October,
over the New Hampshire Provincial Con- 1878.
vention in 1775; and was a short time a Thorrald, Ericsson, navigator; born
delegate to the Continental Congress, in Scandinavia in the tenth century. Iq
taking his seat in November, 1776, when 1002 he selected a crew of thirty men and
73
THBZE BIVEIIS— ITHirBSTON
Bailed westward. He U supposed to bave the mouth of the Sorel. A British force
reached what is now the coast of Rhode took post at Three Rivers. General Solli-
Island, and to have wintered near the van sent General Thompson with Penn-
prescnt site of Providence. In the spring sylvanin troops, led by St. Clair, Wayne,
of 1003 he sailed southward and westward and Irvine, to attack the British there,
and anchored near what is supposed to be Thompson was badly beaten, and he and
Cape Alderton. Here were sighted three Irvine, with 150 private soldiers, w;ere
canoes containing nine savages, eight of made prisoners. This disaster discouraged
whom were slain. The ninth escaped, and Sullivan, and he was compelled to aban-
on the following night brought back a don Canada.
large number o( Eskimos, who appeared Thurmui, Allen Oraxbert, states-
man ; bom in Lynchburg,
Va., Nov. 13, 18.13; prac-
tised law in Chillicothe,
O., and became eminent at
the bar; was a lite-long
Democrat. In 1845-47 he
represented Ohio in the
national House of Repre-
sentatives, and in 1851-55
was a judge of the State
Supreme Court. In 1867
he was the candidate for
governor in opposition to
Rutherford B. Hayes, and
the campaign was close
and exciting, though
Hayes won. During two
terms, ISeO to 1881, Thur-
man was a member of the
United States Senate,
where he served on the
judiciary committee and
on the electoral commis-
sion of 1877, and was a
leader of the party and an
authority on constitution-
al questions. He had been
a candidate for the Presi-
dential nomination, and in
1338 he accepted the sec-
*'■'■■' "■ '■"'■HiiAX, djiij place on the ticket
with Grover Cleveland. In
to have lived in the tenth century much the election Cleveland and Thurman were
farther south than in later times. These defeated by Harrison and Morton. Senator
natives, after discharging a. shower of ar- Thurman died in ColumbuB,0.,I>ec. 12, 1695.
rows on the Scandinavians, fled. During Thurstoii, Lorrin A., diplomatist;
the attack Thorvald received an arrow born in Hawaii; studied law in Columbia
wound of which he died. After burying College in 1880-81 ; practised in Honolulu,
him at Cape Alderton his crew returned where he also published the Daily Bulletin
to Rhode Island, and in 1005 sailed for in lS84i elected to the legislature in 1B86t
Greenland. prominent in the reform movement of
Thre« Blvera, Battle of. When a IS87: minister of the interior in 1887-90;
large British and German force began to member of the House of Nobles in 1892-
arrive in the St. Lawrence (May, 1776) 08; and was chairman of the commission
the Americans retreated up the river to appointed in 1883 to present to the United
THWAITE8— TIOOHBEBOOA
States goTemment the project for the an- 4 miles from Ticonderoga. The whole
nexation of the Sandwich Islands. See country was covered with a dense forest,
Hawau. and tangled morasses lay in the way of
ThwaiteSy Reuben Gold, historian; the English. Led by incompetent guides,
bom in Dorchester, Mass., May 15, 1853; they were soon bewildered; and while in
was educated at Yale College; served as that condition the right column, led by
editor of the Wisconsin State Journal in Lord Howe, was suddenly attacked by a
137&-86; then became secretary and super- small French force. A sharp skirmish en-
intendent of the Wisconsin State His- sued. The French were repulsed with a
torical Society. He is the author of His- loss of 148 men made prisoners. At the
toric Watertcays; The Story of Wisconsin; first fire Lord Howe was killed, when the
The Colonies in 1^92-1150; Afloat on the greater part of the troops fell back in
Ohio, etc. He was also editor of the confusion to the landing-place. From the
Wisconsin Historical Collections (volumes prisoners Abercrombie learned that a re-
ix-xv.) : Chronicles of Border Warfare; inforcement for Montcalm was approach-
History of the University of Wisconsin; ing. He was also told of the strength of
^nd The Jesuit Relations (73 volumes). the garrison and the condition of the
Ticknor, Geoboe, author; born in fortress; but the information, false and
Boston, Mass., Aug. 1, 1791 ; graduated deceptive, induced him to presn forward
at Dartmouth College in 1807; admitted to make an immediate attack on the fort
to the bar in 1813, but turned his atten- without his artillery. This was a fatal
tion to literature; Professor of Modem mistake. The outer works were easily
Ijinguages and Literature at Harvard taken, but the others were guarded by
College in 1819-35; an originator of the abatis and thoroughly manned. Aber-
Boston Public Library, and chairman of crombie ordered his troops to Hcale the
its board of trustees in 1864-66. His works in the face of the enemy's fire
publications include History of Spanish (July 8), when they were met by in-
I'ttcrature; Outline of the Principal superable obstacles. After a bloody con-
Erents in the Life of General Lafayette; flict of four hours, the aHsailants were
Report of the Board of Visitors on the compelled to fall back to I^ke (Jeorge,
United States Military Academy at West leaving about 2,000 men dead or wounded
Point for 1826; Life of William Hiokling in the forest. Abercrombie then hastened
iVescott, etc. He died in Boston, Mass., to his camp at the head of the lake. The
Jan. 26, 1871. loss of the French was inconsiderable.
TicondeTo^, Operations at. In the Pitt conceived a magnificent plan for
summer of 1758 the Marquis de Mont- the campaign of 1759, the principal feat-
calm occupied the fortress of Ticonderoga, ,ure of which was the conquest of all
on Lake Champlain, with about 4,000 men, Canada, and so ending the puissance of
French and Indians. General Abercrombie France in America. Abercrombie, who
personally commanded the expedition de- had been unsuccessful, was superseded by
signed to capture this fortress, and at Gen. Sir Jeffrey Amherst in the command
the b^;inning of July he had assembled of the British forces in America in the
^t the head of Lake George about spring of 1759. The new commander found
T.OOO regulars, nearly 9,000 provincials, 20,000 provincial troops at his disposal,
and a heavy train of artillery. Viscount A competent land and naval force was sent
George Augustus Howe, colonel of the from England to co-operate with the
^^h (Royal American) Regiment, and Americans. The plan of operations against
then a brigadier-general, was Abercrom- Canada was similar to that of Phipps and
^ie*8 second in command. Howe was then Winthrop in 1690. A powerful land and
thirty-four years of age, a skilful soldier, naval force, under Gen. James Wolfe, were
»nd greatly beloved by his men. The army to ascend the St. Lawrence and attack
Diored (July 5) down the lake in 900 Quebec. Another force, under Amherst,
hateaux and 125 whale-boats, and spent was to drive the French from Lake Cham-
the night at a place yet known (as then plain, seize Montreal, and join Wolfe at
^nicd) as Sabbath-day Point. At dawn Quebec; and a third expedition, under
*hfy landed at the foot of the lake, about General Prideaux, was to capture Fort
75
TIOONSEBOOA, 0PEBATI0N8 AT
Niagara, and then hasten down Lake On- vae talked of in the Connecticut legislat-
tario and the St. Lawrence to Montreal, ure after the affair at Lexington, and
Amherst appeared l>efore Ticonderoga eereral gentlemen formed the t>o)d deeign
(July 22, 1750) with about 11,000 men. of attempting their capture hy surprise.
The French commander had just heard, With this Tiew, about forty volunteers
by Indian runners, of the arrival of Wolfe set out for Bennington to engage the co-
before Quebec (June 27), and immedi- operation of Ethan Allen, a native of Con-
ately prepared to obey a summone to sur- neeticut, and the leader of the Otaxn
render. The garrison left their outer lines Mouhtaih Boss (g. v.). He readily see-
on the 23d and retired within the fort, onded their views. They had been joined
and three days afterwards, without ojfer- at Pittsfield, Mass., by Colonels Easton
ing any resistance, they abandoned that and Brown, with about forty followers.
also, partially demolished it, and fled to Allen was chosen the leader after the
Crown Point. That, too, they abandoned, whole party reached Castleton, at twi-
and fled down the lake to the Isle aux light, on May T. Colonel Eastoa was
Nolx, in the Sorel. Amherst pursued them chosen to be Allen's lieutenant, and Setb
only to Crown Point. Warner, of the Green Mountain Boys, was
Wlien, in 1TT5, it became apparent that made th[rd in command. At Castleton
war was inevitable, the importance of the Colonel Arnold joined the party. He had
strong fortresses of Ticonderoga and heard the project spoken of in Cflnnecticiit
Crown Point, on Lake Champlain, and their just as he was about to start for Cani-
poiisession, became subjects of earnest con- bridge. He proposed the enterprise to the
aultation among patriots. The subject Massachusetts committee of safety, and
76
TICONBBBOaA, OPEBATIOHS AT
was commi&sioned r colonel by the Pro- place), and beating the door witb the
vincial Congress, and fuTDished with means Landle of hU sword, cried out with his
And authority to raise not more than 400 loud voice, " I demand an instant sur-
men in western Maseachuaetts and lead render I" The captain rushed to the door,
them against the forts. On reaching followed by hia trembling wife. He knew
iSlocklnidge, he was disappointed in learn- Allen, and recogniud him. " Vour er-
ing tliat another expedition was on the rand I'' demanded the commander. Point-
n-a;. He hastened to join it, and claimed ing to his men, Allen said, " I order
the right to the chief command by virtue you to surrender." " By what authority
of his commissi on. It was emphatically do jyou demand it!" inquired Delaplaee.
refused. He acquiesced, but with a bad " By the authority of the Great Jehovah
grace. and the Continental Congresal" answer-
On tbe evening of the ftth they were on ed Allen, with emphasiH, at the same time
the shore of Lake Champlain, opposite flourishing his broadsword over the head
Ticonderoga. and at dawn the next mom- of the terrified commander. Delaplaoo
ing the officers and eighty men were on surrendered the fort and its dependen-
the beach a few rods from the fortress, cies. and a large quantity of precinely
sheltered by a bluff. A lad familiar with such munitions of war as the colonists
the fort was their guide. Following him, needed — 120 iron cannon, fifty swivels,
they ascended stealthily to the sally-port, two mortars, a howitzer, a coehom, a large
where a sentinel snapped hia musket and quantity of ammunition and other storen,
retreated into the fort, closely followed end a warehouse full of naval munitions,
by tbe invaders, who quickly penetrated with forty-eight men, women, and ehit-
to tbe parade. With a tremendous shout dren, who were sent to Hartford. Two
the New-Englandera awakened the sleep- daya afterwards Col. Seth Warner made an
■ng garrison, while Allen ascended the easy conquest of Crown Point,
outer staircase of the barracks to tlie In June, ITT7, with about 7,000 men.
rhamber of the commander (Captain Dela- Lieutenant ■ General Burgoyne left St.
TIGONDEBOGA— THiDEN
Johns, on the Sorel, in vessels, and moved distant. He took possession of Mount
up Lake Champlain. His army was com- Defiance and Mount Hope, the old French
posed of British and German regulars, lines, 200 bateaux, several gunboats, an
Canadians and Indians. The Gemans were armed sloop with 290 prisoners, besides
led by Ma j. -Gen. Baron de Kiedesel, and releasing 100 American prisoners. He
Burgoyne's chief lieutenants were Major- then proceeded to attempt the capture
General Phillips and Brigadier - General of Ticonderoga and Mount Independence
Fraser. The invading army (a part of opposite, but it was found impracticable,
it on land) reached Crown Point, June 26, and abandoned the enterprise and rejoined
and menaced Ticonderoga, where General Lincoln.
St. Clair was in command. The garrison Tiebout, Corneuus, engraver; bom
there, and at Mount Independence op- in Xew York in 1777; was apprenticed
posite, did not number in the aggregate to a silversmith ; studied art in London in
more than 3,500 men, and not more than 1795-97; settled in Philadelphia, Pa.,.
one in ten had a bayonet; while the in- where he engraved portraits of Washing-
vaders numbered between 8,000 and 9,000, ton, Gen. Horatio Gates, John Jay,
including a reinforcement of Indians, Thomas Jefferson, and Bishop White.
Tories, and a splendid train of artillery. Later he removed to Kentucky, where he
There were strong outposts around Ti- died in 1830.
conderoga, but St. Clair had not men Tiedeman, Chbistopheb Gustavus,
enough to man them. On the 29th Bur- legal writer; born in Charleston, S. C.,^
goyne issued a grandiloquent prodama- July 16, 1857; graduated at the College
tion to the people, and on July 1 moved of Charleston in 1876, and at the Ne^
against the fort. He secured important York Law School in 1879; was Professor
points near it, and finally planted a bat- of Law in the University of Missouri for
tery on a hill 700 feet above the fort, since ten years, and in the New York Univer-
known as Mount Defiance. The battery sity for six years. He is the author of
there made Ticonderoga absolutely unten- Limitations of Police Powers; Unwritten
able, and a council of war determined to Constitution of the United States; Mu-
evacuate it. On the evening of July 5, nicipal Corporations; State and Federal
invalids, stores, and baggage were sent Control of Persons and Property, etc.
off in boats to Skenesboro (afterwards Tifla.n, Edward, legislator; bom in Car-
Whitehall) ; and at 2 a.m. on the 6th the lisle, England, June 19, 1766; emigrated
troops left the fort silently, and withdrew to the United States and settled in
to Mount Independence across a bridge Charlestown, Va., in 1784; studied med-
of boats. Thence they began a flight icine; became a Methodist preacher; re-
southwards through the forests of Ver- moved to Ohio in 1798; was first gov-
mont before daylight. The movement was ernor of the State in 1803-7; served an
discovered by the British by the light of unexpired term in the United States Sen-
a building set on fire on Mount Indepen- ate in 1807-9; was commissioner of the
dence, and pursuit was immediately be- United States land office in 1812-15; and
gun. The Americans lost at Ticonderoga subsequently surveyor - general of the
a large amount of military stores and Northwest Territory. The city of TiflSn,.
provisions, and nearly 200 pieces of artil- O., was named in his honor. He died in
lery. Chillicothe, O., Aug. 9, 1829.
While Burgoyne was pressing down the Tilden, Samuel Jones, statesman;
valley of the upper Hudson towards Al- born in New Lebanon, N. Y., Feb. 9, 1814;
bany, General Lincoln, in command of entered Yale College, but his health failed,
troops eastward of that river, attempted and he returned home. He finished hia
to recover Ticonderoga and other posts in studies at the University of New York:
the rear of the invaders. On Sept. 13, studied law with Benjamin P. Butler, and
1777, he detailed Col. John Brown with entered upon its practice; became a jour-
500 men for the purpose. Brown landed nalist, and in 1844 established the Dailif
at the foot of Lake George, and by quick Netos in New York City. He soon re-
movements surprised all the posts between turned to the bar and practised his pro-
that point and Fort Ticonderoga^ 4 miles fession with great success. In 1874 he
78
TZLaHKAN—THXHAN
WM elected (toyemor of
New York, and broke up
the corrupt "canal ring";
and in 1876 was the
Democratic candidate for
the Presidenc)', after
which he retired to pri-
vate life, but exercised
great influence in the
councils of bis party. He
died at bis country seat,
■' Ureystone," near Von-
Iters. Aug. 4, 1880, leaving
a fortune of several mill-
ion dollars, the bulk of
which he desired to be
Qsed in founding a great
public library in Xew
York City, hut his will
was auccessfully con-
tested. See Electoral
Coitiaaam^ ; New Ydbk
Public Librabt.
Tllghnuui, Matthew,
patriot; born in Hermi-
tage, Md., Feb. 17, 1718;
member of the General Aa-
wmblr of Maryland in
1751-77; served on the
committee to protest to the
King agsinst the Stamp
Act. He was president of
the Revolutionary Con-
vention which managed the """^ ^ ""**■
province in 1774-77; was
called from his seat in Congress in June, concerned. He was chosen by Washington
1776, to become president of the con- to bear to Congress at Philadelphia dc-
vention which drew up the first con- spat eh es announcing the surrender of
■titulion of Maryland; and was elected Cornwallis. In a letter to Grneral Sulli-
to the Maryland Senate in 1777 and van in Congress (May 11, 1781), he had
I'SI. He died in Hermitage, Md., May highly commended Tilghman as deserv-
t, 1700. ing of great consideration. He died in
TUghman, Tekch, military officer; Baltimoro, Md., April 18. 178a.
bom in Baltimore, Md., Dec. 25, 1744; THlman, Benjauin Ryan, tet;islator;
was a merchant before tbe Revolution; bom in Edgefield county. 8. C, Au){. 11,
became one of Mercer's Flying Camp as 1847; received an academic education;
captain of a company of Philadelphia governor of South Carolina in 1890-02;
light infantry. In August, 1776. he be- elected to the United States Senate in
cane Washington's aide and conftdential 1804 and 1900. He has been interested
•Mretary, and remained in that post until in affriculture for many years; estab-
thr close of the war, with the rank of lished the Clemson Agricultural and Me-
lieutenant-colonel after April, 1777. He chanical College in Fort Hill, S. C. ; orig-
Kaa thoroughly patriotic, and much of the inated the dispensary syntem of selling
time while with Washington for Ave years liquor under State control {see South
h( refused pay for his services. He waa in Caboli?ia). He became known as "Pitch-
trery action in which the main army was fork Tillman," on account of his savage
THiTON— TIPPECANOE
speech in the Senate against President all. His best known poem was a short
Cleveland. ode written for Memorial Day. He died
Tilton, Theodore, journalist; born in in Columbia, S. C, Oct. 6, 1867.
New York City, Oct. 2, 1835; graduated Tingey, Thomas, naval officer; bora in
at the College of the City of New York; London, Kngland, Sept. 11, 1750; served
employed for a year on the New York in the British navy; came to America
Observer; editor of the Independent in before the Revolutionary War, and became
1860-71; established the Oolden Age, but an East India trader. He was ap-
retired from it after two years. In 1874 pointed captain in the Continental navy
he created wide-spread excitement by in 1798; commanded the Ganges in 1799,
charging Henry Ward Beecher with un- and captured many French vessels. He
lawful intimacy with his wife. A com- was in the naval service fifty years,
mittee of Plymouth Church, to whom the twenty-eight of which he was in coin-
charges were referred, reported that they mand of the navy-yard at Washington,
were groundless, but Mr. Tilton's civil He died in Washington, D. C, Feb. 23,
suit against Mr. Beecher for $100,000 1829.
damages led to a most sensational trial Tippecanoe, Battle of. In the summer
and resulted in the disagreement of the of 1811, the followers of Tecumseh and
jury. In 1883 Mr. Tilton went to Paris, his brother showing signs of hostility, the
where he afterwards resided. For many governor of Indiana suggested to the gov-
years he was a popular and successful ernment the propriety of establishing a
lecturer; was an opponent of slavery and military post high up the Wabash. The
an advocate of woman's rights. government proposed the seizure of Te-
Timbyy Thbodobe Ruooles, inventor; cumseh and his brother as hostages for
born in Dover, N. Y., April 5, 1822. He peace. A regiment under Col. John Boyd,
conceived the idea of a revolving turret stationed at Pittsburg, was ordered to re-
for military purposes when he was a lad. pair to Vincennes to be placed under Har-
At the age of nineteen he made a model, rison's command, and the latter was au*
and at the beginning of 1843 filed his first thorized, should the Indians begin hos-
caveat in the United States Patent Office, tilities, to call out the militia. Harrison
He obtained other patents for improve- agreed with the people of Vincennes that
ments, and received for his invention the decisive measures should be taken at once,
official sanction of the national govern- Tecumseh had gone South, and it was evi-
ment several years before the time when dent that his brother, the Prophet, was
Captain Coles, of the British navy, claims stirring up the Indians to war. Harrison,
to have invented the turret. When the with Boyd's regiment, 300 strong, and
Civil War broke out, Mr. Timby perfected 500 militia, partly from Kentucky, in-
his invention and obtained a fifth patent eluding two or three mounted companies.
— ^a broad one — for it was for " a revolving went up the Wabash about 60 miles to
tower for ofl'ensive or defensive warfare, Terre Haute, and near there established
whether used on land or water." The a post called Fort Harrison. Thence he
constructors of " monitors," after the sent Delaware chiefs on a mission to the
aff'ray with the Merrimac, recognized the Prophet, who treated them with scorn,
validity of Mr. Timby's claim, and paid The troops pressed forward, and on Nov.
him a liberal sum for the right to use his 6, 1811, they encamped within 3 miles of
invention. He also invented the American the Prophet's town. For more than a day
turbine water-wheel and the method of they had discerned savages hanging on
firing ordnance by electricity. their flanks, for the Prophet had become
Timrod, Heney, poet; born in Charles- aware of their approach,
ton, S. C, Dec. 8, 1829 ; was educated at Harrison arranged his camp in the form
the University of Georgia; practised law; of an irregular parallelogram, having on
taught for several years, during which its front a battalion of United States in-
time he contributed to Southern papers fan try under Maj. G. R. C. Floyd, flanked
and magazines; was editor of the South on the left by one company, and on the
Carolinian, in Columbia, from 1864 till right by two companies, of Indiana militia
the city was burned in 1865, when he lost under Col. J. Bartholomew. In the rear
80
TIPPXCAIVOE, BATTLE OT
wae a battalion of United StatCB infantry crept through the prairie gra.aa, and with
under Capt. W. C. Bean, acting aa major, horrid jells fell upon HM-ri»on'i camp,
with Capt. R. C. Barton, of the regulara, The whole camp wa» soon awakened, and
in immediate command. TheBe were aup- their flrea were eitinguished. A deiiperatc
ported on the right by four companies u( fig''' ensued. Nineteen -twentieths of the
Indiana militia, led respectively by Cap- troops had never seen a battle. The corn-
tains Snellin^, Posey, Scott, and War- bat soon extended to almost the whole
rick, the whole commanded by Lieut.-Col. square. The Indians advanced and rc-
L. Decker. The rif^ht flank, 80 yards treated several times until, after daylight,
wide, was filled with mounted riflemen they \rere attacked and dixpersed by the
under Captain Spencer. The left, about mounted men, leaving forty of their dead
150 yards in extent, was composed of on the Seld. Harrison's Iohb was upward
mounted riflemen under Maj.-<ien. S. of sixty killed, and twire as many
\Tella, and led by Cols. P. Qeiger and wounded. The mounted men rode to the
David Robb. Two troops of dragoons Prophet'a town and found it entirely de-
under Col. J. H. Daviess, were sUtioned aerted. They had left much that wiis
in the rear of the firrt line, and at a right- valuable behind. The town was burned,
angle with those companies was a troop and Harrison deemed it prudent to roake
nf cavalry as a reserve, under Capt. B. « speedy retreat, encumbered hs he was
Parke. In the centre were the wagons, with the wounded. He dentroyed much
laggige, officera' tents, etc. Having sup- of the baggage of the army to afford
p«d, Harriaon gave instruetiona to the transportation to the wounded, and
wveral officers, and very soon the whole
tump, excepting the sentinels on duty, were
Mnndly elurabering. There was a slight
drizzle of rain, and the darkness was in-
tense, iitlle town near the I-ouigville, New
In the camp of the Prophet all were Albany, and Cliicapo Kailway, in Indi-
swakfl. prepared to execute his orders, ana. The battle-fleld, yet covered with
iQd after midnight (Nov. 7) the warriors the same oaks as at the time of the con-
IX.— F 81
fell back to
Vincennea. This battle
of Tippecanoe
gave Harrison a de-
cided military
reputation. The battle-
ground is eloB
c by Battle Ground, a
TOBACCO— TOD
test, belongs to the State of Indiana, Carolina. The disappointed planters as-
which has enclosed about 7 acres. sembled, and in a riotous manner cut up
Tobacco, a plant so called by the the tobacco-plants extensively. Th^ were
natives of Haiti, or Santo Domingo. It prosecuted. Several of them were found
played an important part in the early guilty, and, under advice from England.
history of Virginia, and was found there some of them were executed — ^not for the
under cultivation by the natives by the act of cutting the plants alone, but for a
first adventurers sent by Raleigh, and violation of a colonial act which pro-
by them introduced into England, where nounced the assembling of eight or more
its use rapidly increased. Ralph Lane and persons to destroy crops of any kind to be
his companions, who went back to Eng- high treason. It was afterwards culti-
land from Virginia with Sir Francis vated in other English-American colonies,
Drake, carried with them the first to- and at the middle of the last century
bacco seen in that country, and Sir there were exported to England in three
Walter introduced it to the Queen and years 40,000,000 lbs., of which about one-
the nobility. When the English became half was re-exported and the remainder
seated at Jamestown, they began its cul- consumed in England.
tivation, and it soon became the staple The following shows the production in
agricultural product of the colony, and pounds of manufactured tobacco in the
their chief source of revenue. Within United States in the calendar year 1899:
less than ten years it became the standard chewing, smoking, and snuflf. . . . 286.453,7.^^
currency of the colonies, by the price of cigars and cigarettes 106.855.524
which values were regulated. The stand- Exports, domestic 346.823,677
ard price was about 66 cents a pound. Exports, foreign 1,847.637
For the seven years ending in 1621, the Total 741,980,576
annual exportation of tobacco to England Less Imports 17,107.839
from Virginia averaged about 143,000 "
lbs. King James tried to suppress its ^** 7-J4.»7.. i^i
inordinate use, and wrote A Counter-blast Tocquevllle, Alexis Charles Henei
to Tobacco; and in May, 1621, Parliament Cl^rel, Count de, statesman; born in
passed a bill for that purpose, by which Paris, France, July 29. 1805; became a
no tobacco was allowed to be imported into lawyer in 1827 ; visited the United States
England except from Virginia and the with Gustave de Beaumont in 1831 to
Somers Isles (Bermudas), and none was study the penitentiary system. Return-
allowed to be planted in England. It was ing to France he there advocated the
also subject to a crown duty of Qd. per solitary method as practised in the pcni-
pound. In 1624 the King forbade by proc- tentiary of Cherry Hill, Philadelphia, and
lamation its cultivation except in Vir- was largely instrumental in entirely re-
ginia and the Somers Isles. Finally, by modelling not only the penitentiary sys-
relaxing restrictions, it became a source tem of France, but of the continent,
of large revenue to England, amounting He was the author of The Penitentiary
in 1676 to $775,000. In 1680 it had fallen System of the United States and its Ap-
in price to a penny a pound, and the plication in France (with Gustave de
colonists were not able to buy common Beaumont) ; Democracy in America; On
necessaries. They petitioned for permis- the Penitentiary System in the Unit-
sion to resort to an old plan for reducing cd States and the Confidential Mission
production and so raising the price by a for the Minister of the Interior of MM.
cessation of crops for a year or two. Tlie de Beaumont and de TocqueviVey etc.
inhabitants of several counties signed a He died in Cannes, France, April 16,
petition to the governor to call a special 1859.
session of the Assembly for that purpose. Tod, David, diplomatist; born in
The governor, alarmed by symptoms of Youngstown, O., Feb. 21, 1805; admitted
a new rebellion, did so (April 18) ; but to the bar in 1827 and practised in War-
that body proceeded no further than to ren for fifteen years; was a member of the
petition the King to order a "stint," or State Senate in 1838; minister to Brazil
"cessation," in Virginia, Maryland, and in 1847-52; delegate to the Charleston
82
TODD— TOHOFEKA
I 1860; and governor of Ohio schools and at Ypsilaoti Normal School,
in l»ttl. He died in VuungaCown, U., in Michigan; admitted to the bar of the
Soy. 13. 1968. Supreme Court of Cttlifornia in IMMl ; and
Todd, Chabi^S Bt'RB, author; bom in practincd there [iir n-veral years. She
Redding, Conn., Jan. D, 1849; received a wrote I'Tof. Ootdicin Nmilh and Hi* Salil-
public school education; taught achool lilea in Congreaa; I'roli'clioe Tariff It''-
lor several years; was appointed secre- luaion; Pisarro and John Sherman; and
tary of the commission to print the early Railroads of Kurojiv iind Amrrica.
ii-nstAs of New Yorlt City in 3805. His Todd, Thouah. jurist: born in King
publications include HUtory of the Burr and Queen county. Va.. .Jar. 23, ITfl.'i;
Familif; History of Redding, Conn.; Life served in the latter part of Ihe [{evolution
and Letters of Joel Barloic; Slory of Ihe with the Continental army; l)eonme a
City of .Vetc York; Slory of Washington, lawyer in 1786; was appointed clerk of
th' national Capital; Lance Croga and the United States court for the distriet
Canoe m the Valley of the Ui»»i*aippi of Kentucky, and when it became a Slate
(with Rev. W, H- Milbum) ; A Brief in 17BB was made clerk of the court of
Hiitory of .Win York, etc. appeals; became chief-justice of the court
Todd, C[iABLE» Scott, military officer; in 1806. He was appointed an associate
bom near Danville, Ky., Jan. 22, 1791; justice of the (.'nited States Supreme
fn^duated at William and Mary
College in 1809; was a subaltern
and judge - advocute of Winches-
ter's division of Kentucky volun-
leers in 1812: made captain of
infantry in May, 1813: and was
aide to General Harrison in the
battle of the Tiiameh tg. v.). In
March. 1SI5, he was made in-
spector-general, with the rank of
colonel; and in 1817 was secretary
of SUte of Kentucky. In 1820
he was confidential agent to Co-
lombia, and in 1841-15 was Unit-
ed States minister to Russia. He
died in Baton Rouge, La., May 17.
1S71.
Todd, John, military officer:
horn in Montgomery county, Pa.,
in 1750: was adjutant-general to
Oen. Andrew Lewis in the action
of Point Pleasant, Va.. in 1774;
accompanied Daniel Boose
I7. p.) on an exploring tour as
far as Bowling Green, Ky.. in
1775; settled near Lexington, Ky., chirl.n »rm ndd,
in 1776; represented Kentucky
county In the Virginia legislature in the Court. Feb. 7, 1826, but died in Frankfort,
same year; was commissioned colonel in Ky., on the same doy.
1777; for two years was commandant of Tohopekft, or HoroMhoe Bend, Battle
the civil ftovernroent of that county, which at. In February, 1814, troops from east
subsequently was made the State of II- Tennessee were on the march to reinforce
linois. He waa killed while leading his Jackson for the purpose of striking a
forces against the Indians at the Blue finishing blow at the power of the Creek
Licte, Ky.. Aug. 19, 1782. Indians. About 2,000 of them pressed
Todd, Mariok, lawyer; bom in Plym- towards the Coosa, and at the same time
with, N. Y.; educated in Eaton Rapids a similar number from west Tennessee
TOHOFEKAy BATTLE AT
were making their way into Alabama.
Colonel Williams, with 600 regulars,
reached Fort Strother on Feb. 6. Other
troops soon joined them, and the Choctaw
Indians openly espoused the cause of the
United States. At the close of February,
peninsula, near the river, was a village of
log-huts, where hundreds of canoes were
moored, so that the garrison might have
the means of escape if hard pushed. They
had an ample supply of food for a long
siege. They were about 1,200 in number^
1/
i*««»ftW*^
MAP or TBS BATTLK AT TOHOPKKA.
Jackson found himself at the head of one-fourth being women and children.
5,000 men. Supplies were gathered, and There the Indians determined to defend
at the middle of March the troops were themselves to the last extremity,
ready to move. Meanwhile the Creeks, To this stronghold Jackson marched,
from experience, had such premonitions sending his stores down the Coosa in flat-
of disaster that they concentrated their boats; and on the morning of March 27
forces at the bend of the Tallapoosa River, he halted within a few miles of the breast-
in the northeast part of Tallapoosa county, works at Tohopeka. His spies soon in-
Ala., at a place called Tohopeka, or Horse- formed him of the position of the Indians,
shoe Bend, a peninsula containing about He sent General Coffee, with all the
100 acres of land. White men from Pen- mounted men and friendly Indians, to
saeola and half-bloods hostile to the United cross the river two miles below and take
States aided them in building a strong position opposite the village at the foot
breastwork of logs across the neck of the of the peninsula. Then he pressed forward
peninsula. They pierced it with two rows and planted two cannon within 80 yards
of port-holes, arranged in such a manner of the breastworks on the neck, and opened
as to expose the assailants to a cross-fire fire upon them. As the small balls were
from within. Back of this was a mass of buried in the logs and earth the Indians
logs and brush ; and at the foot of the sent up a shout of derision and defied their
84
TOHOPESA— TOLE&ATION ACTS
assailants. Coffee, with some Cherokees, they had no heart to make a stand any-
swam across the river and seized the boats, where else.
with which quite a body of troops were Toledo, a city and county seat of Lucas
enabled to cross at once. These burned county, O., near the junction of the
the Indian village and approached the Maumee River and Maumee Bay. Its
enemy in their rear, but were too few to early name was the Miami of the Lakes,
dislodge the Indians. Meanwhile Jackson which in time gave way to that of the
had been vainly battering the works on Lady of the Lakes. Long before the
the neck with cannon-balls, and he pro- whites settled here the place was a noted
ceeded to storm them. In the face of a fishing resort of the Miami Indians. Sub-
tempest of bullets they pressed forward, sequently it became a trading-post. It
The leader of the storming-party (Maj. was not till after the victory of General
L. P. Montgomery) leaped upon the Wayne at Fallen Timbers that it was pos-
breastworks and called upon his men to sible for the whites to settle here. Popu-
follow. He was shot dead, when Ensign lation (1900) 131,822.
Sam Houston (afterwards conqueror and Toledo War, a contest regarding the
President of Texas, United States Senator, boundary-line between the State of Ohio
etc.), who was wounded in the thigh by a and the Territory of Michigan in 1835-37.
barbed arrow, leaped down among the Owing to both the State and the Terri-
Indians and called upon his companions tory taking possession of a disputed see-
to follow. They did so, and fought like tion of land, each appealed to President
tigers. Their dexterous use of the bayonet Jackson for a settlement of the difficulty,
caused the Indians to break their line and He, however, refused to interfere, where-
flee in wild confusion to the woods that upon the governor of Ohio called out the
covered the peninsula. State militia and the governor of Michi-
Believing torture awaited every cap- gan Territory took possession of Toledo,
tive, not one of them would suffer himself Just as matters were assuming a threat-
to be taken or ask for quarter. Some ening phase. Congress decided to admit
attempted to escape by swimming across Michigan into the Union as a State, June
the river, but were shot by Tennessee 15, 1836, on conditions regarding the
sharp-shooters. Others secreted themselves boundary-line which were formally ac-
in thickets, and were driven out and cepted.
slain ; and a considerable number took Toleration Acts. At a Greneral Court of
refuge under the river bluffs, where they Elections, held at Portsmouth, beginning
were covered by a part of the breastworks May 19, 1647, for " the colonic and prov-
and felled trees. To the latter Jackson ince of Providence," after adopting many
sent a messenger, telling them their lives acts and orders concerning the govem-
should be spared if they would surrender, ment and for the punishment of crimes.
He was fired upon. A cannon brought to it was decreed that ** These are the laws
bear upon the stronghold effected little, that concern all men, and these are the
Then the general called for volunteers penalties for the transgression thereof,
to storm it, and wounded Ensign Houston which by common consent are ratified and
was the first to step out. Nothing could established throughout the whole colony;
be effected until the torch was applied; and otherwise than thus, what is herein
and as the Indians rushed out from the forbidden, all men may walk as their con-
fiames they were shot down without sciences persuade them, every one in the
mercy. The carnage continued until late name of his God." This act of toleration
in the evening; and when it ended 557 was so broad and absolute that it would
Creek warriors lay dead on the peninsula, include Christian, Jew, Mohammedan,
Of 1,000 who went into the battle in the Parsee, Buddhist, or pagan,
morning, not more than 200 were alive, The General Assembly of Maryland,
and many of these were severely wounded, convened at St. Mary's, April 2, 1649,
Jadcson lost thirty-two killed and ninety- after enacting severe punishments for
nine woimded. The Cherokees lost eighteen the crime of blasphemy, and declar-
killed and thirty-six wounded. This blow ing that certain penalties should be
broke the proud spirit of the Creeks, and inflicted upon any one who should call
85
TOM— TO-MO-CHI-CHI
another a sectarian name of reproach, known his wants by inarticulate sounds,
adopted the declaration that " whereas His performances on the piano were
the enforcing of conscience in matters of wonderful and he could reproduce from
religion hath frequently fallen out to be memory over 5,000 compositions, includ-
of dangerous consequence in those common- ing the most difficult selections from
wealths where it has been practised, and Beethoven, Chopin, Thalberg, Bach, and
for the more quiet and peaceable govern- Gottschalk.
ment of this province, and the better to Tomahawk^ originally a North Ameri-
preserve mutual love and unity among can Indian war-club, more generally ap-
the inhabitants, ... no person or persons plied to the war-hatchet which the Indians
whatsoever within this province, or the made of stone. After the Europeans had
islands, posts, harbors, creeks, or havens formed alliances with the Indians, the
thereunto belonging, professing to believe former introduced a new form of toma-
in Jesus Christ, shall from henceforth be hawk which combined the features of an
anyways troubled or molested or discoun- implement of warfare with a tobacco-pipe,
tenanced for or in respect of his or her the handle forming the stem,
religion, nor in the free exercise thereof. Tomes, Hobeht, ph^^'sician ; -born in New
within the province or the islands there- York City, March 27, 1817; graduated at
unto belonging, nor any way compelled Washington (now Trinity) College in
to the belief or exercise of any other re- 1835; studied medicine in Philadelphia
ligion against his or her conscience." This and later at the University of Edinburgh;
was an outgrowth of English statutes, returned to the United States and prac-
On Oct. 27, 1645, the English House of tised in New York for a few years, and
Commons ordered " that the inhabitants was then appointed surgeon on a vessel for
of the Bermudas, and of all other Ameri- the Pacific Mail Steamboat Company, and
can plantations now or hereafter plant- made trips between Panama and San
ed, should, without molestation or trouble, Francisco.* He was United States consul
have and enjoy the liberty of conscience at Rheims, France, in 1865-67. He con-
in matters of God's worship." In 1647 tributed largely to journals and maga-
Parliament passed another act, allowing zincs; and was author of Panama in 1855;
all persons to meet for religious duties The American in Japan; The Battles of
and ordinances in a fit place, provided America by Sea and Land; The War unth
the public peace was not disturbed. The the South: A History of the Great Ameri-
Maryland toleration act (1649) was the can Rebellion, etc. He died in Brooklyn,
joint work of Roman Catholics and Prot- N. Y., Aug. 28, 1882.
estants. The General Assembly at that To-mo-chi-chi, Creek chief; born in
time was composed of eight Roman Cath- Georgia about 1642; met Oglethorpe in
olics and sixteen Protestants — three coun- Savannah in friendly conference early in
cillors, and five burgesses were Roman 1733. He was then ninety -one years old.
Catholics, and the governor (William of commanding person and grave de-
Stone), six councillors, and nine burgess- meanor, and though for some reason he
es were Protestants. The act did not es- had been banished from the Lower Creeks,
tablish absolute toleration, as did the act he had great influence throughout the con-
of Rhode Island passed two years before, federacy as a brave chief and wise sachem,
for it applied only to orthodox Christians, Mary Musgrave, the half-breed wife of a
so-called, who accepted the doctrine of South Carolina trader, acted as interpret-
the Trinity. er. He pledged his unwavering friend-
Tom, popularly known as Blind Tom, ship for the English, and he kept his
musician; born blind, and of negro slave word. A satisfactory treaty was made,
parents, near Columbus, Ga., May 25, by which the English obtained sovereign-
1840. During infancy he gave no sign of ty over the domain between the Savannah
intelligence excepting when he heard a and Altamaha rivers, and westward as
sound ; was afterwards precocious in learn- far as the extent of their tide - waters,
ing words, but while he could repeat whole Oglethorpe distributed presents among the
conversations that he had heard, words friendly Indians. In the spring of 1734
had no meaning to him, and he made To-mo-chi-chi went with Oglethorpe to
86
TOMPKIKS— TOOXBS
England. He was accompanied by his Tonikan Indians, a Block of North
wife, their adopted son and nephew, and American Indians belonging politically to
five chiefs. They were cordially received the Chicasa Confederacy. About 1700
in England, and were objects of great curi- there were three tribes living re»pectively
osity, for Indians had not been seen in in Avoyelles parish, I^., at Tonica Bluffs,
that country since Peter Schuyler was on the Mississippi River, and near the
there with Mohawks in Queen Anne*s junction of the Yazoo and MisHiMsippi
reign. They were taken in coaches, each rivers. The second of these tribes was
drawn by six horses, to have an inter- noted for its friendship with the French
view with the King, arrayed in brilliant colonists, and all of them were skilful
English costume — the Creek monarch and warriors. The Tonikans now living are
fa is queen in scarlet and gold. He made located on the old Avoyelles reservation,
a speech to King George and gave him a near Marksville, La.
bunch of eagle's feathers, to which a Tonti, Henri, Chevalieb de, explor-
gracious reply was made assuring the er; born in Gaeta, Italy, about 1G50;
Indians of English protection. They re- son of Lorenzo Tonti ; inventor of the
mained four months in England, during Tontine system of association; entered the
which time a brother of the Indian queen French army in his youth, and in the
died of small -pox. The company were con- French naval service he lost a hand. In
veyed to the place of embarkation in the 1678 he accompanied Iji Salle to Canada,
royal coaches, with presents valued at and assisted him in his Western explora-
$2,000; and the Prince of Wales gave tions. building a fort on the site of Peoria,
To-mo-chi-chi*B heir a gold watch, with 111., in 1080. He descended the Missis-
an injunction to call upon Jesus Christ sippi to its mouth with La Salle in 1682.
every morning when he looked at it. In 1684 he went to the mouth of the Mis-
They reached Savannah late in Decem- sissippi to meet La Salle, and attempted a
ber, 1734. To-mo-chi-chi died Oct. 5, settlement of Europeans in Arkansas. In
1730. At his funeral minute-guns were 1686 he incited a force of Western Indians
fired at the battery at Savannah, and to attack the Senecas. Again he went
musketry was discharged. He was buried down to the Gulf to meet La Salle, and
in the centre of the town, and Ogle- was agnin disappointed; and in 1699 he
thorpe ordered a " pyramid of stone " went down to meet Iberville, and remain-
to be erected over his grave. The ed in the Gulf region, dying in Fort St.
funeral was attended by the magistrates Louis, Mobile, in September, 1704.
and people of Savannah and a train of Toombs, Robert, legislator; born in
Indians. Washington, Wilkes co., Ga., July 2, 1810;
TompkinBy Daniel D., statesman ; born graduated at Union College, Schenectady,
in Fox Meadows (now Scarsdale), N. Y., N. Y., in 1828; studied law at the Uni-
June 21, 1774; graduated at Columbia versity of Virginia; practised until elect-
College in 1795; admitted to the bar in cd to Congress in 1845; was a captain un-
1797; governor of New York in 1807-16; der General Scott in the Creek War; was
elected Vice-President of the United States several years a member of the Georgia
in 1816 and 1820. Prior to retiring from legislature; and remained in Congress
the governorship of New York he sent a until 1853, when he became United States
message dated Jan. 17, 1817, urging that Senator. He was re-elected in 1859. In
a day be set for declaring the abolition the Senate, on Jan. 7, 1861, following
of slavery in that State. Acting upon his a patriotic speech by Senator Crittenden,
wish the legislature set July 4, 1827. He of Kentucky, he said : " The abolitionists
died on Staten Island, N. Y., June 11, have for long years been sowing dragons'
1825. teeth, and they have finally got a crop
Toms Biver, a village and county seat of armed men. The Union, sir, is dis-
of Ocean county, N. J.; founded in early solved. That is a fixed fact lying in
colonial days; formerly contained large the way of this discussion, and men may
salt works; was a retreat for privateers as well hear it. One of your confederates
in the Revolutionary War ; and was burned (South Carolina) has already wisely,
by the British, March 24, 1782. bravely, boldly, met the public danger
87
lOOlCBS— TOKIES
nnd conrroDted it. She is onlj' ahead and ber of the Confederate convention at Mont-
beyond any of her eisters because of her gomery in February, 1861 ; was made
(greater facility of action. The great ma- Secretary of State of the provisional goT-
jority of those sister States under like eminent then establiBhed; and left the
oircumstanees consider ber eauae as their office in September and became a brigadier-
cause." He then declared that " the general in the Confederate army. He died
South" was prepared for the arbitrament in Washington, Ga., Dec. 16, 1885. See
of the snord. " Now, sir," he said, " you Stephens, Alexakdeb H.
Topolobampo, the name of a bay of the
Gulf of California, belonging to the State
of Sinaloa, Mexico; selected in I8S6 by a
number of conspicuous socialists in the
United States as a site of a new colony.
A charter was obtained under the laws of
California-, a model town was planned:
and several hundred colonists went to the
bay in the latter part of that year. Sub-
sequently the company divided, and nearly
all the members returned to the United
States, the failure of the scheme being at-
tributed to the unsuitable character of the
land and the lack of water.
Torbet, Alfbbd Thomas Archiuedes,
military officer; born in Georgetown, Del..
July 1, 1833; graduated at West Point
HOHiHT TouHiw. in 1S65. Bcrviug in Florida in 1856^7.
He became colonel of the 1st New Jersey
may see the glitter of the bayonet and Volunteers in September, 1861, and was
hear the trump of armed men from your active in the Peninsular campaign. He
capital to the Rio Grande." This was commanded a brigade in the battles of
uttered before any State convention ex- Groveton, or second battle of Bull Run,
cepting that of South Carolina had pass- South Mountain (where he was wounded),
ed an ordinance of secession. Toombs then and Antietam. In November, 1862. he was
defined bis ovm position, "T believe," he promoted brigadier-general of volunteers;
said, " for all the nets which the Repub- was engaged at Gettysburg; and command-
lican party call treason and rebellion ed a division of cavalry in the Army of the
there stands before them as good a traitor Potomac from May to July, 1664. He
and as good a rebel as ever descended from was chief of cavalry in the Shenandoah
Revolutionary loins." He demanded the campaifin from AuRust to October. 1884.
right of going into all Territories with and was brevetted major-general, United
slaves as property, and that property to States army, in March, 1865. He resigned
be protected by the national government, in October, 1866, and in 1871 was sent as
" You say No," he said ; " you and the consul-general to Havana. He was drown-
Senate say No; the House says No; and ed in the wreck of the steamer Vera Pros
throughout the length and breadth of your off the coast of Florida. Sept. 30, 1880.
whole conspiracy against the Constitu- Tories, or Loyallata. There waa a great
tion there is one shout of Nol It is the diversity of sentiment in the English-
price of my allegiance. Withhold it, and American colonies during the disputes
you can't get my obedience. There is the with the mother- country before war com^
philosophy of the armed men that have menced in 1776 and during its progress,
sprung up in this country; and I had Probably every American citizen desired
rather see the population of my own, my the freedom which the most zealous pa-
native land, beneath the sod than that triot sought; they differed only in their
they should support for one hour such a opinions as to the best method to be em-
government." He was expelled from the ployed for obtaining it. The Whigs, or
Senate on March 14, 1861; became a mem- the popular party, were radicals; the
88
TORV KEFUGEES
TOBIES
Tories, or the adherents of the crown and Skinner, of Xew Jersey. Later still the
Parliament, were conservatives. The lat- loyalists of the Carolinas, who were
ter defended or condoned the oppressive numerous in the western districts, were
measures of Parliament; the former de- embodied under Maj. Patrick Ferguson,
nounced them as absolutely tyrannical killed at King*s Mountain in 1781. Alto-
and not to be endured. The question, gether, there were twenty-nine or thirty
Which party is right? was a vital one. regiments, regularly officered and en-
The imperial government settled it in fa- rolled. The most noted loyalist corps in
vor of the Whigs by rescinding their op- the war was that of the Queen's Rangers,
pressive measures one after another; and led by Major Bimcoe, afterwards governor
this decision has been ratified by the judg- of Canada.
ment of posterity on both sides of the The loyalists were of two kinds. Some
Atlantic. The Declaration of Indepen- were honorable, conscientious men, gov-
dence compelled men of opposite opinions erned by principle, and friends of the
to avow them publicly. Then the im- British government by conviction; others
portant question arose concerning the pol- were selfish and unscrupulous, siding with
icy of tolerating the Tories, or loyalists the supposed stronger side for purposes of
— their acts must be restrained as a pru- gain, spite, or opportunities for plunder
dential measure against injury to the pa- and rapine under legal sanction. The ma-
triot cause. Having the power, and be- jority of the latter class filled the mili-
lieving themselves to be in the right, tary ranks, and their oppressions and
the Whigs took decisive measures to that cruelties excited the fiercest animosities
end. Imprisonment or other odious re- of the Whigs, who suffered dreadfully.
straint at home, or banishment, was the They were made to hate the name of Tory,
alternative presented. To a large pro- and in many instances the aversion was
portion of the loyalists the latter horn of felt for at least two generations in Whig
the dilemma appeared the least affliction, families towards the descendants of Tories.
and many hundreds abandoned their coun- Banishments and confiscations by the
try and fled to Nova Scotia or to Eng- Whig authorities were popular; but when
land; while a considerable number, espe- peace came and animosities subsided,
eially of the young men, were embodied in mercy and justice combined to do right.
military corps, and took up arms against In the negotiation of the treaty of peace
their Whig countrymen. (1782), the British commissioners claimed
This embodiment was undertaken by the indemnity for the losses of the loyalists.
deposed Governor Tryon, of New York. It was denied on the ground that the Whigs
He was ably seconded by Oliver De Lancey, during the war had really suffered greater
brother of a lieutenant-governor of the losses through the acts of the Tories, and
province of New York, and Oourtlandt the claim was not allowed.
Skinner, of New Jersey. But these loyal- At the close of the war the military or-
1st corps numbered far less, for a long ganizations of the loyalists were dis-
time, than the ministry or their parti- banded, and some of the officers were trans-
sans in America anticipated. The greatest ferred to the royal army and continued in
exertions of the three leaders above named service for life. Others, less fortunate,
W not caused an enrolment of over went with a host of civil and military
1.200 of them as late as the spring of companions into exile, the northern ones
n77. Afterwards the number greatly in- chiefly to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick.
creased, though there were not a great and Canada, and the southern ones to the
inany in the fleld at one time. Sabine Bahamas, Florid^, and the British West
climates the whole number enrolled Indies. Many also went to England, and
during the Kevolutionary War at 20,000. for years were importunate petitioners
Ihe first organization was under Lord for relief from the British government.
I^nmore in Virginia and Martin in North The officers generally received half pay.
Carolina, in 1775. Later there were loyal- Towards the close of 1782 the British Par-
ists under Sir John Johnson and Colonel liament appointed a committee to attend
Butler in New York ; also under Tryon to the claims of the loyalists. By their de-
ftnd De Lancey in the same State, and cision (June, 1783) the sum of $216,000
80
TOUHADO-TOBONTO
waa to be distributed annually among 687 government remained until 1841, when
loyalist penaioners. The claimants finally Upper and Lower Canada (now Ontario
became go numerous that a permanent and Quebec) formed a legislative union,
board of commissioners waa appointed, Wlien the confederation was formed, in
which continued about seven yeari. On 18117, Toronto, the name hj which York
March 25, IT84, the number of claimants liad been known since 1H34, became the
was 2,003, and the aggregate amount of permanent seat of government for Ontario,
property claimed to have been destroyed In the winter of 1812-13 the American
or confiscated, besides debts which they Secretary ot War (John Armstrong) con-
had lost, was about $35,000,000. In 1790 ceived a new plan lor an invasion of Can-
the Parliament settled the whole matter ada. He did not think tl>e Amerienn
by enactment. Altogether, nearly $15,000.- tioops on the northern frontier suHicieiitly
000 were distributed among the American strong to attack Montreal, and he pro-
loyalists by the British government. It posed instead to attack successively Kings-
was regarded as a moat generous act in a ton, York (now Toronto), and Foit
notion which had expended nearly $100,- George, near the mouth of the Niagara
000,000 in the war, and by it lost a vast River, thus cutting olT the communication
and valuable domain. between Montreal and Upper Canada. As
Tornado, a violent storm of high ve- the British had a sloop-of-war on the
locity; named from the Spanish because of slocks at York, another fitting out there,
the turning and twisting ot an air-current, and a third repairing, Dearborn and
In the United States the tornado is quite Cbauncey were of opinion that the surest
a common occurrence in sections east of way to necure the supremacy of Lake On-
the great plains; in the spring in most of tario, and so make an invasion successful,
the Southern States, and In both spring tvould be to attack York Srst. This propo-
and summer in some of the Northern gition was sanctioned by the President,
States. A tornado is frequently and er- and at the middle of April (1813) Chaun-
roneously given the name of cyclone, but cey and Dearborn had matured a plan o(
■while a cyclone may be several hundred operations with a combined land and naval
miles in diameter and only a mile or two force. It was to cross the lake and eaptnro
deep, a tornado is usually only a few York, and then proceed to attack Fort
■core feet in diameter and only several George. At the some time troops were U>
hundred feet high. The cyclone may last cross the Niagara River and capture Fort
several days, while the life of a tornado is Erie, opposite BuJTalo, and Fort Chippewa,
generally limited to an hour or two. below, join the victors at Fort George, and
all proceed to
capture Kings-
ton. With 1.700
troops under
the immediate
command of
Brig.-Gen. Zeb-
ulon M, Pike,
Dearborn sailed
in Channcey's
fleet from Sack-
ett's Harbor,
April 25, and on
the morning of
the 27th the
vo« (TOHMTO) IK 1813, noa tbk ruki hodsi ■..« w T» H»t armament ap-
peared before
Toronto, the name of an Indian village York. Chauncey'e fleet consisted of the
when Governor Simeoe made it the capital new sloop-of-war lUadhon, twenty-four
of Upper Canada in 1704, and named it guns, the brig Oneida, and eleven
York. There the seat ot the provincial armed schooners.
90
York was then the headquarters of Gi-d-
erol Sheaffe, at the head of regulura aiiJ
Indiaus. It wae intended to land at
a clearing near old Fort Toronto, but a
stroHR easterly wind drove the boatg in
which the troopi had left the Beet farther
westward, and beyond any effectual cover-
in« by the gxina of the navy. Major
Forsyth and bis riflemen led the van in
landing. When within half nfle-Bhot of
the shore they were assailed by a deadly
volley of bullets from a company of Glem
gary men and a
party of Indians
ooneealed in the
woods. Pike.
from the deck of
the Madiaon. saw
thie, and, jump-
ing into a, boat.
ordered hia staff
to follow. Very
pounders. Pike's men were about to storm
it, and Chauntej's round-shot were pound'
ing it, when the wooden magazine of t1i«
battery, which had t>een carelessly left
open, exploded, killing some of the ^r-
rison and seriously damaging the works.
The dismayed enemy spiked the cannon and
retired to a battery nearer the town. That.
too. was soon abandoned, and ShealTe and
his men fled to the garrison, near the gover-
nor's housp, and then opened a fire of round
and grape shot upon the Americans.
the I
lidst of I
fight
iween Forsyth's
men and the
party on shore. >"« powmi
The main body
soon followed, and the British were driven
back to their works near the town. The
Americans, led by Pike, followed closely
and captured two redoubts, and at the
same time Chauncey hurled deajlly vol-
leys of grape-shot on the (oe from his guns.
Heavy ordnance had been landed, and these
were pressed forward with great fatigue
over the many ravines. The Indian allies
of the British, frightened by the cannon,
deserted Sheaffe, and the latter fell back
to the Western Batt«ry, mounting 21-
The great guns of the Rritieh were soon
silenced, and the Americans expected every
moment to see a white flag displayed from
the blockhouse, when a sudden and awful
calamity occurred. General Pike was sit-
ting upon a stump conversing with a huge
British sergeant who had been taken
prisoner, and with his staff around him,
when a sudden tremor of the ground wna
felt, followed by a tremendous explosion
near the British garrison. The enemy,
despairing of holding the place, had blown
up their powder-magarine, situated upon victory when the British, ensign was pull-
the edge of the lake, at the mouth of a ed down at York. He lingered Beveral
ravine. Fragments of timber and huge hours. Just before he expired that flat*
stones, of which the magazine walls were was brought to him. He made a sign for
built, were scattered in every direction over it to be placed under his head, and in that
a space of several hundred feet. By that position he died. The port and village of
explosion fifty-two Americans were slain York were abandoned by the Americans,
and 180 wounded. Forty of the British for they were of little value to them. Gen-
also lost their lives. General Pike, two eral Shealfe, taking advantage of the con-
of his aides, and the captive sergeant were fusion after the eicplosion, and the time
mortally hurt. The terrified Americans purposely consumed in the capitulation,
scattered in dismay, but were soon rallied, after destroying some vessels on the stocks
the column was reformed, and Col, Crom- and some storehouses, escaped with the
well Pearce, of Pennsylvania, assumed the larger portion of the regulars to Kingston,
command. After the Americans left, the fort at
The Americans pressed forward to the Toronto was repaired, and has been gar-
village, where they were met by IJie civil risoned ever since, only the barracks being
authorities of the town, who surrendered kept in order.
the place, together with 200 regulars and When the Americana took possession of
the militia. With them were also taken York, the Parliament-house and other pub-
the wnr'Vessel (the Duke of Gloucester) lie buildings were burned by an unknown
and a large quantity of naval and military hand. It was said that the incendiary was
stores. The loss of the Americans in the instigated by the indignation of the Amer-
captuTe of Y^ork, in killed and wounded leans, who found hanging upon the wall
on land, was 260; and on the fleet, seven' of the legislative chamber a "human
teen. The British loss, besides the prison- scalp," for which commodity Proctor had
ers, was 149. General Pike was crushed paid bounties when at Fort Maiden. Tt is
between two stones, and was carried on not pleasant to relate a fact so discredit-
board the Pert, then Chauncey's flag-ship, able; but, as a British historian (Auchin-
His benumbed ears heard the shout of Icck), has intimated that the scalp in>
92
TOSPEDOES
question — which Commodore Chauncey feet in height, and a shower of pitch and
sent to the Secretary of War — ^was taken tar fell on the deck of the Ramilliea, The
from the head of a British Indian ** shot, Eagle and the first lieutenant and ten mpn
while in a tree," by that officer when the of the Ramilliea were blown into atonic.
Americans adTanced, the fair fame of a and some of the occupants of boats near
dead man demands the revelation of the were fatally injured. This was foUowcl
truth. Chauncey was not on shore at by an attempt to explode a torpedo under
York. A few days after the capture of the Bamilliea,
that city he wrote from Sackett's Harbor A citizen of Norwich, Conn., acquainted
to the Secretary of the Navy: "I have the with Bushnell's torpedo, invented a sub-
honor to present to you, by the hands of marine boat, in which he voyaged under
Lieutenant Dudley, the British standard water at the rate of 3 miles an hour,
taken at York on the 27th of April last, Three times he went under the Rammies,
accompanied by the mace, over which hung and on the third occasion had nearly fast-
a human scalp. These articles were taken ened the torpedo to the ship's bottom,
from the Parliament-house by one of my when the breaking of a screw baffled the
officers and presented to me." General attempt. He was discovered, but escaped.
Dearborn wrote: " A scalp was found in A fisherman of Long Island, named Penny,
the legislative council-chamber, suspended made attempts on the Ramilliea with a
near the speaker's chair, accompanied by torpedo in a whale-boat, and Hardy was
the mace." kept continually on the alert. He kept
Torpedoes. The government of the the Ramillies constantly in motion, and
United States, like that of Great Britain, caused her bottom to be swept with a cable
refused to make use of Fulton's torpedoes every two hours, night and day. Finally
in warfare, but it was attempted by in- he warned the inhabitants that if such
dividuals against the British blockading warfare was not discontinued he would
squadron. In New York Harbor a proceed to burn the town. The warning
schooner named the Eagle was used as was effectual.
a torpedo- vessel. In her hold John Scud- In July, Mr. Mix. of the navy, attempted
der, Jr., originator of the plot, placed ten to blow up the Plantagenet, seventy-four
kegs of gunpowder, with a quantity of guns, with a torpedo. She was lying off
sulphur mixed with it, in a strong cask. Cape Henry, Va. Under cover of intense
and surrounded it with huge stones and darkness, the torpedo was carried out in an
other missiles, which, in the event of an open boat called the Chesapeake Avenger,
explosion, might inflict great injury. At and dropped so as to float down under the
the head of the cask, in the inside, were ship's bow. It exploded a few seconds too
fixed two gunlocks with cords, attached to soon. A column of water 25 feet in
their triggers at one end, and two barrels diameter, half-luminous with lurid light,
of flonr at the other end, so that, when was thrown up at least 40 feet high, with
the flour should be removed, the lock an explosion as terrific as thunder, pro-
would be sprung, the powder ignited, and ducing a concussion like the shock of an
the terrible mine exploded. The Eagle, earthquake. It burst at the crown, and
commanded by Captain Riker, sailed for water fell in profusion on the deck of the
New London late in June, 1813, where, as Plantagenet. At the some moment she
was intended, she was captured by armed rolled into the chasm made by the ex-
men in boats sent from the Ramillien, plosion, and nearly upset.
Commodore Hardy's flag-ship. The crew Torpedoes were also placed at intervals
of the Eagle escaped to the shore and across the Narrows, at New York, and at
watched the result. An unavailing at- the entrance to the harbor of Portland,
tempt was made to get the Eagle along- The impression prevailed in the British
side the Ramilliea, for the purpose of navy that the United States government
transferring her cargo to that ship, had adopted Fulton's torpedoes, and this
Finally boats were sent out as lighters, made the British commanders on our coast
and when the first barrel of fiour was re- very circumspect. No doubt the fear of
moved the explosion took place. A volume torpedoes saved the American coast-towns
of fire shot up from the Ea^le fully 200 from plunder and the torch. Torpedo war-
03
TOBFEDOES
TOKPKDOKS.
A, platform ; B, torp«do ; C, wat«r-Uirl»tpIne-box ; D, pin to be draw*. Lower fcat : A, tmmI at anchor ;
B, bar cable ; E, F, two torpedoe* ; C, D, the coapling linea.
given. Others
were arranged ag
No. 2. In the
James River the
torpedoes urere
chiefly galvanic
Some were cylin-
drical, M-'ith on?
end conical, but
a greater portion
were pear-
shaped. These
were anchored in
the channels or
in shallow water,
by means of a
segment of a hol-
low iron sphere,
called a " mush-
room," which was
attached to the
buoyant raine by
a chain. These
were generally
sunk opposite
batteries, where
fare was much practised in the Civil War. the wires connected with bomb-proofs on
The torpedoes used by the Confederates shore.
were various in form and construction. One of these, containing nearly a ton
The most efficient ones were the galvanic of powder, was planted in the centre of
and percussion. The former were pro- the deep channel at Drury's Bluff. On ac-
vided with a wire connected with a gal- count of the depth of water, it was at-
tached to a long rod, and that to the
" mushroom " anchor by a chain, as it was
desirable to have the torpedo only the
depth of a vessel below the surface. No. 1
was made of a common barrel, with solid
pointed ends, made of palmetto-wood, and
were used in Charleston Harbor. After
the capture of Fort Fisher, vessels were
vanic battery on the shore, by which the sent to pick up the torpedoes sunk in the
mine might be exploded at any moment. Cape Fear River.
The percussion or " sensitive " ones ex- As soon as Richmond was evacuated by
ploded by the act of forcible contact, the Confederates, in April, 1866, a notable
Some of these were made in the form of expedition was undertaken in search of
a double cone, with percussion tubes ar- torpedoes, with which it was known a
portion of that river abounded. The ex-
pedition consisted of about 300 men in
several tugs and thirty small boats, all
under the command of Capt. Ralph
Chandler, U. S. N. On the morning of
PKRCTBsioH TORFKDo-Ko. 2. ^pril 3, Captain Chandler started from
Dutch Gap, with a flotilla and his flag-
ranged around the cylinder thus formed, ship the Sangamon j and before sunset he
at the point of contact of the bases of the had so cleared the river of these dangerous
cones, as seen in the illustration here obstructions that the passage to Richmond
04
FIB008BIOR TORPBDO— flO. 1.
^
TOBBENB'S J^AJSm STBTEX— TOTTEN
was made mmparativelj safe, and the absolute or poiscssoryi if abtotute. the
mst morning President Lincoln went up title must be approved by the master of
to Riehmond from City Point in the Mat- titles before the ownership can be re|pB-
ri'm. Admiral Porter's flsg-ahip. The fixh- tert-d in fee-HinipU.
tag was carried on in this wise: The stesm- Tortagaa, Uby. See Dry Tobtuuas.
leinels were protected by torpedo-nets Torture. Although various kinds of
formed of ropes weighted with iron or lead, torture were in use in Kurupe and Ltreat
Bad furnished with booka to catch the Britain for many ages, the use of hui-Ii
litlle submarine mines. These nets wove cruelty was never legally reeo^^iied in
hung from spars placed athwart the bow- the British colonies, and it wiis exf<>i>d-
sprit in front of the vessel, and sometinieti in^ly seldom that resort was had lo surh
in like manner along its sides. A net like punishment. A notable exception is found
that at the bow was placed ofT the stern, in the case of Giles Corey, a supposed
and was dragged after the vessel as a uiti'h in Sulem. Mass.. who. in 161)2, re-
fisherman drags his net. No officer in the fused to answer any questions on his trial,
and was prewscd to death, this being the
only known instance in America of the in-
lliction of the penalty, known in French as
{•fine forte tt dure, or precsing to death.
Totem, among savage tribea, especiallf
the North American Indians, the token or
Nymbol of a family or clan; usually an
animal or some natural object selected fur
reverence and auperstitioui regard. It
serves for a sort of surname of the family.
Its importance lies in the notion that in-
TDRrcDo-irr. diriduals trace their lineage from it. The
turtle, the bear, and the wolf appear lo
navy was better qualified for performing be favored and honored totems among
this task than Captain Chandler, requir- many tribes. The obligations growing out
ing BB it did cool courage and rare judg- of a common totem are scrupulously re-
ment "The knowledge that a simple gnrded. Intermarriage among those hav-
touch will lay your ship h helpless, sink- inn it was criminal. All sudi, of what-
ing wreck upon the water without even ever clan or tribe, friendly or hostile, have
the satisfaction of firing one shot in re- the rights of hospitalily, of succor in dia-
lum," wrote Captain Chandler, " calls for tress, and of friendship as blood -relations.
BMre courage than can be expressed, and a The totem is never changed.
"hort cruise among torpedoes will sober Totten, Charles A. L., military offi-
Ihe most intrepid disposition." cer; born in New London, Conn.. Feb.
Toirena'B I.and Systein, a plan of land 3, 1851: graduated at the United States
Iransfer drawn up by Sir Robert Torrens, Military Academy in June, lH7:t; and
aid by him put in operation in Australia, wag commissioned a second lieutenant
It is now used in all the Australian prov- of the ith United States Artillery. In
incpfi, in Tasmania and New Zealand, and 1889 be was appointed military instruc-
in British Columbia and Ontario, and has tor at the Yale Scientific School, and while
heen attempted in Tarious parts of the there gained notoriety as a chronological
I'nited States. Its object ie to make the investigator. His eccentric apeculations
traaafer of land as simple aa that of bank as to the length of time that the earth
tiock, and render the title of the holder had existed, and his prophecy, which he
therpof as free from danger or difficulty based on the hook of Daniel, that the world
■B ordinarily the title of the holder of would come to an end in 1fl!)5, along with
iMnk stock is to the shares he holds. A many other similar teachings, made him
I'nd registry is established under the con- the object of much ridicule and suhjectcd
trol of an officer known as the master of Yale University to severe criticism. He
titin, by whom all land transactions are was therefore notified in April, 1892,
npitered. A title may be registered as that he would be relieved of his instmc-
TOTTEN— TOWN-MEETINGS
torship on Aug. 1, 1892. He, however, where he founded the Musical Institute,
resigned his commission in the army and He studied in Europe in 1863-67 ; re-
devoted himself to literary work. moved the Musical Institute to Boston,
Totten, Joseph Gilbert, military offi- and changed its name to the New England
cer; born in New Haven, Conn., Aug. 23, Conservatory of Music; with Patrick S.
1788; graduated at West Point in 180.5, Gilmore organized the World's Peace
and was chief engineer of the army on the Jubilee in 1872; and organized and con-
Niagara frontier in 1812-13. For meri- ducted the large chorus of the Music Hall
torious services in the capture of Fort Society in 1876. He died in Boston,
George he was brevetted major in June, Mass., April 12, 1891.
1813. He was chief engineer of Generals Touro, Judah, philanthropist; bom in
Izard and Macomb on Lake Erie in 1814, Newport, R. I., June 16, 1775; engaged
and was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for in mercantile business in New Orleans in
gallantry in the battle of Plattsburg. He 1802, where he acquired a large fortune,
was chief engineer of the army of Gen- He gave considerably to charity during
eral Scott in the siege of Vera Cruz in his life; and, at his death, in New Orleans,
1847, and brevetted brigadier-general. La-> Jan. 18, 1854, he bequeathed most
From 1846 to 1864 he was a regent of the of his property to the public charitable
Smithsonian Institution, and in the Civil institutions of that city.
War was chief engineer of the United Toussaint, Francois Dominique. See
States army. He was brevetted major- Santo Dominoo.
general, United States army, the day be- Tower, Chablbmagne, diplomatist;
fore his death, in Washington, D. C, born in Philadelphia, Pa., April 17, 1848;
April 22, 1864. He was author of an able graduated at Harvard College in 1872;
Report on the Subject of National De- admitted to the bar in 1878; president of
fences (1851), and translator of Vioat on the Duluth and Iron Range Railroad in
Mortars. ' 1882-87; United States minister to Aus-
Toucey, Isaac, statesman; bom in tria-Hungary in 1897-99, and was ap-
Newtown, Conn., Nov. 5, 1796; received a pointed United States ambassador to
private education ; admitted to the bar in Russia in the latter year. He is the
1818; practised at Hartford, Conn.; mem- author of The Marquis de La Fayette in
ber of Congress in 1835-39; governor of the American Revolution (2 volumes).
Connecticut in 1845. He served as Attor- Town-meetingfs, the conspicuous feat-
ney-General of the United States in 1848- ure in New England colonial politics, and
49 ; as a United States Senator in 1862-57 ; the promoter and conservator of free
and as Secretary of the Navy in 1857-61. speech, a free press, and a spirit of liberty
He then resumed the practice of law. He which pervaded the whole population. It
died in Hartford, Conn., July 30, 1869. was the fruitful seed of republicanism.
Tourg^e, Albion Wineoab, jurist; In the town-meetings its taxes were voted
born in Williamsfield, 0., May 2, 1838; and its affairs discussed and settled,
graduated at Rochester University in Therein the agents and public servants of
1862; admitted to the bar in 1864; served each town were annually elected by a free
in the Civil War; wounded twice and im- ballot, and there abstract political prin-
prisoned for six months in Libby prison; ciples were debated. By these discussions
appointed United States consul at Bor- an intelligent public sentiment was cre-
deaux in 1897. He is the author of Figs ated concerning the rights of man, and
and Thistles; A FooVs Errand; The Man particularly the rights of Englishmen in
Who Outlived Himself; The Story of a America, which was ready to support, by
Thousand; An Appeal to CcBsar; War of its power, the champions of freedom in
the Standards: Digest of Cited Cases, etc. the great struggle for justice, and finally
Tonrjee, Eben, musician ; born in War- for independence. It was this latter feat-
wick, R. I., June 1, 1834; was organist of ure of the town-meeting that excited the
a church when thirteen years old ; re- opposition of the crown officers, who called
moved to Providence, where he opened it a " focus of rebellion." They hated and
a music store and began teaching when feared it.
seventeen, and in 1859 to Greenwich, Prof. John Fiske, in his illuminating
96
TOWN-MEETINGS— TO WNSEND
e>say on the town-meeting, has set forth completeness. In several Southern and
its origin and relation to German, Eng- Western States the administrative unit
)isb, and American history in the most is the county, and local affairs are man-
brilliant manner. We give a few short aged by county commissioners elected by
extracts from the same. the people. Elsewhere we find a mixture
of the county and township systems. In
Immediately on their arrival in New some o^ the Western States settled by the
England the settlers proceeded to form for New England people, town-meetings are
themselves a government as purely demo- held, though their powers are somewhat
cratic as any that had ever been seen in less extensive than in New England,
the world. Instead of scattering about But something very like the " town-
over the country, the requirements of edu- meeting principle" lies at the bottom of
cation and of public worship, as well as all the political life of the United States,
of defence against Indian attacks, obliged To maintain vitality in the centre with-
them to form small village communities, o^it sacrificing it in the parts; to preserve
As these villages multiplied, the surface tranquillity in the mutual relations of
of the country came to be laid out in small ^orty powerful States, while keeping the
districts (usually from 6 to 10 miles in p«ople everywhere as far as possible in
length and breadth) called townships, direct contact with the government, such
Each township contained its village, to- « the political problem which the Ameri-
gether with the woodlands surrounding it. can union exists for the purpose of
From the outset the government of the solving, and of this great truth every
township was vested in the town-meeting. American citizen is supposed to have some
Once in each year a meeting is held, glimmering, however crude,
at which every adult male residing within Towne, Charles Arnette, bom in Oak-
the limits of the township is expected to land county, Mich., Nov. 21. 1858; edu-
he present, and is at liberty to address cated at the University of Michigan; ad-
the meeting or vote upon any question mitted to the bar in 1886; removed to
that may come up. Duluth, Minn., in 1890; member of Con-
At each annual town-meeting there are R^ess in 1805-97 ; withdrew from the Na-
chosen not less than three or more than tional Republican Convention in 1897:
nine selectmen, a town clerk, a town treas- and was nominated for Vice-President by
urer. a school committee, assessors of the National Convention of the People's
taxes, overseers of the poor, constables, party, and by the Silver Republican Na-
fiUTveyors of highways, fence viewers, and tional Convention, both in 1900. He de-
other officers. In very small townships clined both nominations, and was ap-
the selectmen themselves may act as as- pointed United States Senator to fill a
^'ssors of taxes or overseers of the poor, vacancy in the same year.
The selectmen may appoint police officers Townsend, George Alfred, journalist;
if such are required; they may act as a born in Georgetown, Del., Jan. 30, 1841;
board of health; in addition to sundry educated in Philadelphia, Pa.; entered
specific duties too numerous to mention journalism in 1860; was war correspond-
^PTe, they have the general superintend- ent for the New York World in 1864-65.
enee of all the public business, save such and was connected with other well-known
as is expressly assigned to the other ofli- papers, including the New York Herald,
wrs; and whenever circumstances may Chicago Tribune, the Cincinnati Enquirer,
«<*m to require it, they are authorized etc., under the pen-name of Gath. He
to call a town-meeting. is the author of Life of Garibaldi ; Real
Besides choosing executive officers, the Life of Abraham Lincoln; The 'New World
town-meeting has the power of enacting Compared xoith the Old; Washington Out-
W-laws, of making appropriations of aide and Inside; Mormon Trials at Salt
money for town purposes, and of pro- Lake ; Washington Rebuilded ; Tales of the
viding for miscellaneous emergencies by Chesapeake; lAfe of Levi P. Morton; Tales
what might be termed special legislation, of Oapland^ etc.
It in only in New England that the Townsend, John Kirk, naturalist;
towrnship system is to be found in its born in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 10, 1809;
IX. — G 97
TOWNSEND— TRACT
was associated with John J. AuduboD in ia now in the library at Coluaibift Uni-
the preparation of American Omithol- veraily, New York. He delivered many
ogy; trBvelled through the West in 1833- lectwree and addrcBaea on the Civil War.
37; visited the Sandwich Islands and Townahend, Georob, first Marquis.
South America; and later had charge of military ofiiccr; bom in Norfolk, Eng-tand.
the department of birds in the Smith- Feb. 28, 1724; commanded a division un-
aonian Institution. While in Washington der Wolfe in the expedition ag&inst Qiie-
he studied dentistry; was a member of bee, and took eommand of the army afur
the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences and the death of that general, receiving the
Ok contributor to its Proceedings; and was capitulation of the French. He then re-
author of .-1 yarralive of a Journey Acrogt turned to England, and was a membrr
tlic Rockif Mountaiaa to the Columbia Riv- of Parliament ten yeara (1T54-G4). He
er: and Omitkotogy of the United Slates, became a fleld-marshal and privy council-
HediedinWashington,D.C.,Feb. IG, 1851. lor; was ]ord<Iieut«nant of Ireland (17ST-
Townaend, Thomas S.. compiler; born 72), and was created marquis in October,
in New York City, Aug. 27, 1829; received 1787. He died Sept. 14, 1807.
a classical education, and later entered a Towson, Nathan, artillery officer : bom
mercantile Arm in New York City. In near Baltimore, Md., Jan. 22, 1784; was
181(0 he began a chronological history of appointed captain of artillery in March,
every important occurrence in connection ISI2, having had some experience in that
with the impending Civil War, by clipping service as commander of a volunteer ar-
from the newspapers every statement of tillery company; was sent to the Niagara
value relating to the subject and the rec- frontier; and there, in 1813-14, performed
ord of every military ofBcer in both armies, distinguished services. He bore a prom-
His collection comprised 120 volumes, and inent part in the battles of Chippewa and
T.undy's Lane; also in the defence of
Fort Erie. In 1816 he wag brevetted
lieutenant - colonel, and was made
paymaster -general in 1819. In March,
I84fi. he received the brevet of major-
general for " meritorious aerviees
during the Mexican War." He died
in Washington. D. C, July 20. 18il.
Tract Society. The first unde-
nominational tract society in the
United States was formed in Boston
iu 1803. In 1814 a society was
formed at Andover, Mass.. which,
in 1R23. made its abode in Boston,
with the name of the American Tract
Society. Another American Tract
Society was formed in New Vork in
182'), and a union of all was effected.
In 165D, becauae of the society's
hesitancy to publish tracts on the
subject of slavery, the Boston society
withdrew. A colporteur system was
established in 1842, and the colpor-
teum disposed of a vast number of
tracts. The various denominations
also have tract societies.
Tracy, Bcsjamin Franklis. Um-
ver ; born in Oswego, N. Y.. .4pril 2fl.
1830; became an influential Repuh-
lican politician, and a prominent
■(.■•jABi.s pRisKUM iRjcv, lawycr in New York- raised two r^-
TRADE— TBADE8 XJKIONS
roenta for the Civil War; commissioned the death of Queen Anne, the new min-
colonel of the 109th New York Volunteers ; istry reduced the powerful board of trade
was severely wounded at the battle of the iu a subordinate position — a mere commit-
Wilderness; brevetted brigadier-general in tee for reference and report, and a de-
1S65: received a congressional medal of pendent upon the secretary of state for
honor for gallantry in battle. After the the colonies. In Mari-h, 1741), Horace VVal-
war he served as United States district at- pole, at the instigation of the hoard of
tomey and associate judge of the court of trade and plantations, reported a bill
appeals: and was Secretary of the Navy to overrule all charters, and to make the
in President Harrison's cabinet, 1889-^3. orders of the King, or under his author-
At the close of his term he returned to the ity, the supreme law in America. This
practice of law ; was president of the com- seemed to be consistent with the high
mission which drafted the charter for the claim of legislative authority for Parlia-
Grcater New York; and was an unsuc- ment. Onslow, speaker of the House of
cessful candidate for first mayor under Commons, believed the Parliament had
this charter. power to tax America, but not to delegate
Trade, Foreign. See Commebce of it He ordered the objections to the meas-
THE UxiTED States. ure to be spread at length on the journals
Trade and PlantatioiiSy Boards of. The of the House, and the board of trade
iirst of these commissions was suggested dropped the matter,
by Charles Davenant, son of Sir William Trade Dollar, a silver dollar containing
Davenant, and an English author of note. 378 troy grains of silver and 42 troy grains
He proposed, in an essay, that the care of alloy. Dollars of this description, issued
of the American colonies should be made under act of Congress of Feb. 12, 1873,
"the province of a select number of lords were legal tender to amount of $5. Those
and gentlemen of reputation both for parts issued under act of July 22, 1876, pogHesKed
and fortunes"; and suggested that it no legal-tender power. The trade dollars
would be in their power " to put things were intended for trade with countries do-
into a form and order of government that ing business on a silver basis; hence the
should always preserve these countries in name. See Coinage, United States.
obedience to the crown and dependence Trade Expansion. See Commerce of
npon the kingdom." At the same time, h? the United States.
advocated the keeping of the conditions of Trades Unions. The first local labor
their charters sacred and inviolate. A unions arose in 1800-25. They multiplied
standing council of commerce had been from 1815 up to the time of the Civil
established, but in 1673 it was dropped. War, though the movement was opposed
From that time until 1696 all disputes by the press, and employers combined
and regulations relating to commerce to suppress it. The first central labor
and the colonies were usually referred to union in the United States was the Oen-
a committee of the privy council. eral Trades Union, established in New
The board of trade and plantations York (1833). In 1850 the Typogrnphiral
was established by King William III. in Union was formed. Employers at first
that year. It consisted of a first lord opposed, but later all endured, while innnt
commissioner, who was a peer of the welcomed and supported it. The hatters
realm, and seven other commissioners, combined in 1854, the iron - workers in
with a salary of $5,000 each. The mem- 1858, the machinists in 1859, etc.. till, in
bers of the board were styled the " lord 1860, twenty - six labor unions existed,
commissioners for trade and plantations." International labor organizations were
With this board the governors of the formed by the cigar-makers (1804). the
English- American colonies held continual engineers (1864), the masons (1865).
correspondence concerning their respec- Among other unions w^ere those of tlie con-
tive governments; and to this board they ductors (1868), wool-hatters (1860). loco-
transmitted the journals of their councils motive firemen (1869), furniture-makers
and assemblies, the accounts of the col- (1873), horseshoers (1875), granite-cut-
lectors of customs and naval officers, and ters (1877), coal-miners (1885), bakers
similar articles of ofiicial intelligence. On (1886), tailors, plasterers, carpenters,
99
y^
TRADES UNIONS— TRANSYLVANIA
glass- workers, bottle- blowers, plumbers, Traiiiy George Francis, author; born
boiler • makers, piano - makers, bookkeep- in Boston, Mass., March 24, 1829 j engaged
€rs, lithographers, stereotypers, switch- in business in Boston for several years:
men, spinners, and, lastly, messenger-boys, went to Australia in 1853; travelled ex-
Women, too, organized their callings, till tensively through England, where he lect-
the unions were universal. Their objects ured to large audiences; returned to the
have always been substantially the same United States in 1862, and wrote An
— viz., short hours, higher wages, laws to American Merchant in Europe, Asia, and
hetter the laborer's lot, the payment of Australia; Young America Abroad; Young
the same wages to women and men for America in Wall Street^ etc.
the same work, the protection of laborers Transcendentalism, a term derived
in factories and while on duty, the pre- from the Latin transcendere, to go beyond,
\ention of unorganized and useless strikes, and applied to that doctrine «f the school
of the labor of children under fourteen of philosophy in New England which was
years of age, etc. founded by Ralph Waldo Emerson and
The National Labor Union was called A. Bronson Alcott {qq. v.).
to order Feb. 22, 186L It pushed the Transportation. See Railroads;
homestead law, and obtained an eight- Steamboats.
hour working - day for government em- Transylvania. While the English pop-
ploy^s (1868), but, with its successor, the nlation on the Atlantic seaboard were in
Industrial Brotherhood, both having enter- great political commotion in the early
ed into politics, had ceased to exist by 1875. part of 1775, efforts were in progress to
In 1869 was formed in Philadelphia the form a new commonwealth westward of
first association of the Knights of Labor, the great mountain ranges in the valley
a limited, social, and (at first) secret or- of the Mississippi. Richard Henderson,
ganization. One of its objects was to nn energetic lawyer of North Carolina,
harmonize labor and capital, while de- and a land speculator, induced by the
crying strikes, idleness, and frivolity. It reports of Finley, Boone, and others of the
also collected the statistics of its mem- fertile regions on the banks of the lower
hers, and strove to promote intelligence Kentucky River, purchased of the Chero-
among them. In 1877 it engaged in the kees for a few wagon-loads of goods a
great strike on the Baltimore and Ohio great tract of land south of that river.
Eailroad and the Pennsylvania Railroad Others were associated with him; and the
to resist a reduction in wages. By 1877 adventurer Daniel Boone, who had been
it had 450 societies; in 1901 it claimed present at the treaty, was soon afterwards
a membership of 200,000: the organiza- sent (March, 1775) to mark out a road
tion became national in 1878. It organ- and to commence a settlement. He built a
izod labor bureaus in twenty-eight States; palisaded fort on the site of Boonesboro,
in 1884 the United States bureau of la- Madison co., Ky. At about the same
hor was established; in 1888 the depart- time Col. James Harrod, an equally bold
ment of labor, at Washington. Friction has backwoodsman. founded Harrodsburg.
always existed between the American Fed- Governor Dunmore, of Virginia, denounced
oration of Labor and the Knights of Labor, Henderson's purchase as illegal and void,
from the fact that, while both desire in the and offered these western lands for sale
main the same ends, each favors a differ- under the crown. Regardless of the proc-
ent means, the Knights advocating cen- lamation, delegates from Boonesboro, Har-
tralization, while the Federation of Labor rodsburg, and two other settlements,
would have each union govern itself. eighteen in number, met at Boonesboro!
The usefulness of trades unions is now and organized themselves into an Assem-
generally acknowledged. They have made bly of a State which they named Transvl-
the ahen-labor law an accomplished fact, vania by appointing Thomas Slaughter
and they have secured in many cases the chairman, and Matthew Jewett clerk,
ninc-hour, in some the eight-hour, work- They were addres.sed by Henderson on be-
ing-day. Their main contention, however, half of the proprietors," between whom and
at present, is still for the eight-hour day. the settlers a compact was made, the most
See Labor, IxDrsTRiAL. important features of which were an agree-
100
TRASK— TBEA80N
mental. That the election of delegates thirty-two men f>uoceeded in pa Ming the
should be annual; 2. Perfect freedom of Mexican lines. After frequent attackn had
opinion in matters of religion; 3. That been repulsed with great slaughter a hand-
judges should be appointed by the proprie- to-hand fight occurred on March 6, in
tors, but answerable for bad conduct to which the Texans were not overcome until
the people; and, 4. That the Convention only six of their number were left alive^
or Assembly have the sole power of rais- including Travis, David Crockett, and
ing and appropriating all moneys, and of James Howie. These surrendered after a
electing their treasurers. Courts and a promise of protection had lieen made, but
militia were organized, and laws were when they were taken before Santa Ana,
enacted. The proprietors held a meeting near San Antonio, on the same day he
in September at Oxford, (Jreenville co., gave orders to cut them to pieces. Shortly
X. C, and elected James Hogg a delegate afterwards, during the battle at San Ja-
for Transylvania in the Continental Con- cinto, where the Mexicans met a bloody de-
^rehs. but the claim of Virginia to the feat, the battle cry was ** Remember the
territory of the new commonwealth was a Alamo." See Alamo, Fort.
l«r to his admission. The legislature of Treason. The first clause of section
Virginia afterwards annulled the pur- iii., article 3, of the national Constitu-
chase of Henderson, and the inchoate tion says: '* Treason against the Cnited
State disappeared. Virginia gave Hender- States shall consist only in levying war
M)n a tract of land on the Ohio 12 miles against them, or in adhering to their
square, below the mouth of Green River. enemies, giving them aid and comfort."
Tiasky William Blake, historian; In consequence of the disturbances in
bom in Dorchester, Mass., Nov. 25, 1812; western North Carolina (see Fraxkland)
received a common school education; was and symptoms of disaffection on the south-
apprenticed to a cabinet-maker, and work- western border, and in Kentucky, the Vir-
ed at his trade in 1825-35; was on the ginia legislature passed a law in October,
j^hool committee of Dorchester; and be- 1785, subjecting to the penalties of treason
came assessor in 1850, which he resigned all attempts to erect a new State in any
soon after, owing to failing health. Ljiter part of her territory without permission
he became interested in historical studies, first obtained of the Assembly. Pennsyl-
He copied the ancient town records of Bos- vania had passed a similar law.
ton; aided Gen. William H. Sumner in When Admiral Farragut arrived before*
pr«parHi^« History of East Boston; con- New Orleans (April 28, 18C2), he sent
tributed to the New England Historical Captain Bailey ashore with a flag to de-
oud Genealogical Register, and aided in mand the surrender of the city. The
preparing several genealogies; and pub- military commander (I^ovell) turned over
lished Memoir of Andrew H. Ward; Bay- the whole matter to the civil authorities.
lir'ti Remarks on General Cohh; The Bird The demand was refused. Meanwhile a
Family, and The Reaver Family. He was force had landed from one of the vessel*
a member of the Dorchester Antiquarian and hoisted the National flag over the
and Historical Society, and the New Eng- Mint. As soon as they retired a gambler,
land Historic-Genealogical Society, and 'named William B. Mumford, with some
was its historiographer in 1861-68. young men, tore down the flag and dragged
Travis, William Barrett, military it through the streets in derision. TIiia
officer; bom in Conecuh county, Ala., in act was hailed with acclamations of ap-
IJ^ll; admitted to the bar in 1830 and be- proval by the Confederates of the city,
J^n practice in Claiborne, Ala.; went to and paragraphs of praise and exultation
Texas about 1832 and later joined the appeared in the New Orleans journals.
Texas army and fought for the indepen- General Butler arrived with 2,000 troops
denee of that territory. With 140 men he (May 1), and took possession of the city,
defended Fort Alamo (the old mission His headquarters were at the St. Charles
(Station of San Antonio de Valerio) against Hotel, before which a threatening crowd
4.000 Mexicans, Feb. 23, 1836. The place gathered. Among them was Mumford,
was stoutly defended for ten days; numer- who openly boasted of his exploit in hum-
ous appeals were made for aid, but only bling the " old rag of the United States.'*
101
TBEASXTBY— TBEATIES
He became so dangerous to good order as
the leader of the turbulent spirits iu
New Orleans that Butler had him arrested
and tried for treason. He was found guilty
and executed — the only man who, up to
1901, had been tried, found guilty, and
suffered death for that crime since the
foundation of the national government.
In 1901, after the death of President Mc-
Kinley by an assassin's bullet, there was a
wide-spread opinion that Congress should
pass an act making an attack on the
person of the President of the United
States, whether fatal or not, an act of
treason.
Treasury, Depabtment of the, one of
the executive departments of the United
States government. The chief officer is
officially known as the Secretary of the
Treasury, and is charged by law with the
management of the national finances. He
prepares plans for the improvement of
the revenue and for the support of the
public credit; superintends the collection
of the revenue, and prescribes the forms
of keeping and rendering public accounts
and of making returns; grants w&rrants
for all moneys drawn from the treasury
in pursuance of appropriations made by
law, and for the payment of moneys into
the treasury, and annually submits to
Congress estimates of the probable reve-
nues and disbursements of the govern-
ment. He also controls the construction
of public buildings, the coinage and print-
ing of money, the collection of statistics,
the' administration of the coa«t and geo-
detic survey, life-saving, light-house, rev-
enue - cutter, steamboat - inspection, and
marine-hospital branches of the public
service, and furnishes generally such in-
formation as may be required by either
branch of Congress on all matters per-
taining to the foregoing.
The routine work of the Secretary's
office is transacted in the offices of the
supervising architect, director of the mint,
director of engraving and printing, super-
vising surgeon -general of the marine-hos-
pital service, general superintendent of the
life-saving service, supervising inspector-
general of steamboats, bureau of statis-
tics, light-house board, and in the follow-
ing divisions; bookkeeping and warrants:
appointments; customs; public moneys;
loans and currency; revenue-cutter; sta-
1
tionery; printing and blanks; mails and
files; special agents, and miscellaneous.
See Cabinet, Pbesident*s.
Treat, Robebt, governor; bom in Eng-
land in 1622; came to America with Sir
Richard Saltonstall, and was one of the
first settlers of Wethersfield, Conn. He
was chosen judge, then a ma^strate
(from 1661 to 1665), and major of the
provincial troops in 1670. In King^ Phil-
ip's War he was' active in the relief of
menaced settlements in the Connecti-
cut Valley, especially of Springfield and
Hadley. He aided in the destruction of
the Narraganset fort in December,
1676; the same year was lieutenant-gov-
ernor; and was governor in 1686—1701.
He died in Milford, Conn., July 12,
1710.
Treaties. The following is a list of the
principal treaties and conventions of the
United States with other powers, ex-
clusive of postal conventions. Treaties
are indicated by T.; conventions by C:
PRINCIPAT, TREATIKS AND CONVRNTIONS OF THE
UNITED states WITH OTHER POWER&
Fortlgn Powvr und Objcel
ofTrmty.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T
Algiers:
Peace and amity.
(I
(1
((
T.
T.
C.
C.
c.
c.
c.
T.
C
T.
T.
C.
C
T.
C
C.
c.
T
C.
C.
02
Argentine Cmifederatian :
Free navigntion of Para- )
na and rruguny |
Friendship, commerce, )
navigation |
Austria:
Corameme, navigation
Commerce and navigation.
Extradition
AuxtiHa- Hungary :
Rights of consuls
Naturalization
Trade-marks
Baden:
Extradition
Naturalization
fiavaria :
Abolishing: droit d^au)
baine and taxes on em- 1
igration )
Kxlradiiion
Citizenship of emigrants. .
Belgium :
Commerce and navigation.
Peace, a m ity.com merce.etc
Completing treaty of 1858.
To oxtingiiiKh Scheldt dues.
Naturnlization
Trade inarVcs
Kxtradition
Commerce and navigation.
Consular rights
Trade marks
RoHvin :
Peare. friendship, com- 1
merce, navigation f
Wbsra
Concluded.
Algiers
Date.
«i
San Jo8€...,
Washington.
I.
(I
Washington.
Vienna
It
Sept. 5, 1795
July «. 1815
Dec. 24, 1816
July 10,1853
July 27, *•
Aug. 26, 1829
May 8, 1848
July 3, 1856
JaIyXl,lS70
S«pt.2Q, "
Nov. 26, 1871
Berlin....
Carlsruhe.
Jan. 30. 1857
'July 19. 1868
Berlin ,
Ix)ndon. .
Munich.
Brussels . . .
Wiishington.
Brussels
Washington.
K
II
Jan. 21, 1815
Sept 12, ISS3
May 26, 1868
IaPU.
Nor. 10,
Julv 17.
MnvaO,
Julv 20,
Nov. 16.
rtec. 20,
Mar. 19.
Mar. 8,
Mar. 9.
April 7,
1845
1858
1863
1874
1875
IfWO
18HI
Hay 13. 1858
TBEATIE8
PBINCIPAL TREATIES AND GONVRMTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES WITH OTHER POWEIia-ron/imiM
UTimtj.
Ok^KA
Borneo:
C P»oe. ftleDdship, good)
anderetanding /
Branl:
T Peace and amity
C Satisfying U. & etaJiiis. . . .
C. Trade- marks.
T.
Bnauwkk and lAoembwrg :
a Rigbts of citlwDai
OiMtral America :
C. Peace, amity, navigation, )
etc j
Chile:
C Peace, commerce, and)
naripitioii j
C Arbitcatiun of Mace)
donian claims j
China :
T. Peace, aunt}-, and com)
merce j
T. Peace, amity, aud com- 1
meroe ]
GL AdUustmeot of claim
C AddiiiODfi to treaty of)
Jane 18. 1858 J
Emigration
Commercial and judicial . .
T. Peace wiib the powers. . . .
CoUmbia:
C Peace, amity, commerce, I
navigation ]
C Extradition
OuiaRiea:
T. Friendsbip, commerce, )
nsTigaiion ]
C Adjustment of claims.
Denmarle :
C Friendship, commerce, )
navigation j
C, To indemnify the C. S
C Biscontinoance of Sound )
daes J
G Natoralisation
Dvmimioan RepubUe :
G. Amity, commerce, nari- )
gatioo. extradition j
Ecuador:
T. Friendship, commerce, \
naTigatlon
C Motaal adjustment
ciaims ,
C Kaiaralization
T. Extradition
Efffpf:
C CoD<<eming commerce )
and cusiioma )
France :
AlIianM
Amity and commerce
Payment of loan
Power of consuls
NaTigation and commerce.
Claims for indemnity
Rxtradiilon
r^onsiilar
Trade marks
Claims
Frtnch Republic :
^\ Terminating difflciilties...
T Regarding treaty of Oct )
27,179.5 J
T. Commercial reciprocity. . .
Guatemala :
C Peace, amity, commerce,
Davigation
'.'}
T
T.
r
r'
r
C
C
C
r
c.
}
Whet*
Bnui
Rio de
Janeiro.
Rio de
Janeiro.
Rio de (
Janeiro, j
Washington.
Washington.
Santiago....
4(
Wang-Hiya.
Tientsin . . .
Shanghai. ..
Washington.
Peking
Date.
Bogota
Washington.
San Jostf....
Washington.
Copenhagen.
Washington.
Copenhagen.
( Santo )
I Domingo |
Quito.
Caayaquil . .
Washington.
Quito.
Cairo.
Paris
VerBalllcs. . .
Washington.
Paris
Washington.
it
Paris.
(i
Washington.
Goatemnla. .
June23,18S0
Dec. 12, 1838
Jan. 27, 1849
SepL24,1878
Aug. 21, 18M
Dec. 5, 1826
May Id, 1832
Nov. 10, 1868
July 3, 18U
June 18, 1868
Nov. 8, *'
July 28, 1868
Nov. 17, 1880
Sept. 7, 1901
FwrifB Powar and Ota^
of Traatjr.
WImn
CoacloiUd.
Berlin
Gfrmtin Empire :
C. Consuls and trade- marks. .
T. Commercial reciprocity...
OrecU Britain :
C. Armistice Versailles.
T. Peace |porl8
T. Amity, commerce, navi- ) i, ,
gation J »'On«J«n....
C. Regarding treaty of 1794. . i "
T. Peace and amity (ihent
C. Regulating commerce ' I ^ndon . . .
C. Naval force on Great) |„ . , .
liikes, U. S j Washlngioi
C. Fishohoe, northern) , .
boundary, etc ) I '-onaon- • • •
! ( SL ]
T. Indemnification I petera- ]
I ( burg...]
C. Award I l»ndou
C. Boundary
T. Boundary, slave-trade, ) ,.» i.. .
oxtraditlon .' } IWashlngton.
T. Oregon boundary, etc. . . . . i "
r. Nicaragua ship canal i «
' C. Settlement of claims I>ondoo
T. Fisberiea. et<' Washington.
T. Suppression of slave trade. I '*
T. Hudson Bay and Pugel | , ^^
Oct 3, 1824
Hay 7, 1888
July 10, 1861
Jaly 2, I860
April26,1826
Mar. 28, 1830
April 11, 1867
July 20, 1872
Feb. 8, 1867
June 13,1899
Nov. 26, 1862
May 6. 1872
June 28, '«
Nov. 16, 1884
Feb. 6, 1778
ti ti
July 16, 1782
Nov 14, 1788
June 24, 1822
July 4. ia31
Nov. 9. 1843.
Feb. 23, 18,53
Apri]16,1860
Jan. 16, 1880
(I
Ix>ndoD.
( Porte.au- )
(Prince.. .)
Washington.
Sound claims )
C. Naturalization | London. . . .
C. Slave trade ' Washington
T. Fisheries, Alabama)
claims, etc )
C. Trade roarkii London.
C. Supplementary extradi-
tion treaty of Aug. 9, } Washington.
1842 )
T. For Nicaragua canal
(Amended by Senate, Dec
18, 1900 : rejected by Great
Britain, March 10, 1901.)
Oreece :
T. Commerce and navigation.
Haiti :
T. Amity, commerce, navl-)
gatlon. etc f
Hamburg, Bremen^ cmd
Lvhtck :
C. Friendship, commerce,)
and navigation )
C. Expending )uri8dirtSon of)
consuls j
Hanover :
T Commerce Hud navigation.
C. Extradition
T. Stadc or Brun.shHM8on )
dues alM)li8hed j
Hawaiian Island* :
T. Friendship, fOinraorc<>,)
navigalion /
C. Commercial reciprocity ... I
HfMSfC'issH:
C. Droit d'aulHiiue and taxi L__|j,,
on emigration ai)oli8hed ) , °^'^''"
Hrssf-Darrmitadt : i
!T. Naturalization 'Darmstadt..
I Italy :
\ C. Consular Wash ington.
jC. Extradition
Sept 30, 1800 1 1 T. Commerce and navigation. Florence.. . .
A«,nQn larw M C- Cons*'''*"" privileges Washington.
Aprliao, 1803 , 1 ^^ Consular rlglits
Berlin
Hanover. .
London. . .
I Berlin
I)BI«.
Dec. 11, 1871
June, 1909
J%n. 20. 1783
Sept. 3, ••
Nov. 19. 1794
Jan. A. 1802
Dec. 24, 1H14
July 3, 1816
April, 1817
Oct 20, 1818
July 12, 1822
Nov. IS. 1826
Sept29,182T
Aug. 9, 1842
June 16, 1846
April 17, IK.'iO
Feb. 8, 1863
June 6, 1M64
April 7, 1862
July 1, 1863
May 13, 1870
June 3, "
May 8, 1871
Oct 24, 1878
July 12, 1889
Feb. 6, 1900
Dec. 10-22,
1837
Nov. 8, 1864
Dec. 20, 1827
April 30, 1862
May 20, 1840
June 10, 1846
Jan. 18, 1866
Nov. 6, 1861
Wiipliingion.
July 24, 1899
Mar. 3, 1849
Japan :
T. Peace, am ity, commerce,
etc
Kanagawa .
T. Commercial; ports oi)ened8imoda.
Dec. 20, 1849
Jan. »0, 1H76
Mar. 26, 1844
Aug. 1, 1868
Feb. 8, 18fi8
Mar. 23, "
Feb. 26, 1871
Mav 8, 187H
Feb. 24, 1881
Mar. 31. 1864
June 17, 1857
103
TREATIES
PRINCIPAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS OP THE UNITED STATES WITH OTHER POWERS— Oiwi/»iiti«£.
Fordyn Power and Object
of Treaty.
}
Japan — Continued:
T. Peace, amity, and com-
merce
C. Reducing import duties. '. .
G. I n d e m u i t i e s. ( U. S. ,
Great Britain, France
and Holland sign)..
C. Regarding expense of
shipwrecks j
T. Extradition
Korea :
T. Peace, amity, commerce, )
navigation )
JjoO'Ckoo :
C. Permitting unobstructed)
trade j
Liberia :
Commerce and navigation
Luxemburg :
Extradition
Condoded.
Tokio.
Yokohama. .
Toklo
D«t«.
July 29, 1858
Jan. 28, 1864
Oct 22,
i(
YinChiien.
Napa.
T
T
Madagascar :
Commerce
Mexico:
T. Extradition
C. A<Uuatmeut of cluims
C. Citizenship of emigrants. .
C. Mutual riglH to pursues
Indians across the [
boundary )
C. Commercial
C. International b<»undary...
Mexican Republic :
G. AdUaslment of claims
T. Peace, fViendsbip, limits.
T. Bottodary, etc
Morocco :
T. Peace and friendship
T. Peace
G. To maintain light-bouse
at Ciipe Spartel. (Sign-
ed by U. 8.. Austria.
Belgium, Spain, France.
Greut Britain, Italy,
Netherlands, Portugal,
Sweden)
C. Protection (signed by 13
powers)
Mutcat :
T. Amity and commerce
NoMtau :
C. Abolishing droit d'aabaine
Netherlands :
T. Amity and commerce
T. Commerce and navigation
C. Commercial ,
G. Consular
C. "
C. Extradition.
C. ''
T. International arbitration. .
New Oranada :
T. Peace, amity, naviga- )
tion, commerce j
C. Consular powers.
C. Cluims
Nicaragua :
T. F'rieudship, commerce,)
navigation )
C. Extradition
Orange Free State :
C. Friendship, commerce. \
extradition (
Ottoman Empire :
T. Commerce and naviga-
tion
I/Ondon.
Berlin..
( Antana- )
( narivo. . f
May 17, 1880
April 29, 1886
May 22, 1882
July 11, 1864
Oot 21, 1862
Oct. 29, 1883
Feb. 14, 1867
Mexico Dec 11,1861
July 4, 1868
July 10, "
Washington.
(t
It
Washington.
I Guuda- )
( Hidalgo. )
Mexico
:}
Tangier.
Madrid.
Muscat.
Berlin.
The Hague..
Washington.
The Hague. .
Washington,
tt
It
The Hague. .
Bogota
Washington.
Managua
■ • • •
r Bloem- \
\ fontein ./
July 29, Ifltt
Jan. 20, 1883
Nov. 12, 1884
Aprilll,1839
Feb. 2, 1848
Dec 30, 1863
Jan., 1787
Sept. 16, 1836
May 31, 1866
July 3, 188U
Sept. 21, 1833
May 27, 1846
Oct. 8, 1782
Jan 19, 1839
Aug. 26, 1852
Jan. 22, 185.5
May 23, 1878
May 22, 1880
June 2, 1887
July 29, 18^9
Dec. 12, 1846
May 4, 1850
Sept 10, 1857
June 21, 1867
June 25, 1870
Dec. 22, 1871
( Constan- )
{ tiuople.
Feb. 25, 1862
Foreign Power uid Objaet
of Treaty.
Ottoman Empire — Continued:
C. Extradition
Ottoman Porte :
T. Friendship
I*araguay :
C. Friendship, commerce, )
navigation j
Persia :
T. Friendship and commerce
Peru;
C. Peru to pay claims of)
$300,000 }
T. Friendship, commerce, (
navigation .' |
C. Rights of neutrals at(
sea f
C. Claims
C. "
C. Adjustment of claims
T. Friendship, commerce, )
navigation j
T. Extradition
T. Friendship, commerce, i
navigation )
Peru- Bolivia Con/edtrcUion :
C. Peace, friendship, com- 1
flaeroe, navigation )
Portugal :
T. Commerce and navlga-\
tion f
C. Portugal to pay $91,727)
claims, etc /
Prussia :
T. Amity and commerce
Amity and commerce
Commerce and navigation.
Regulating citizenship of |
emigrants. ]
Prussia and Oerman Con
federcUion :
C. Extradition
Roumama :
C. Consalar
Where
OoBcliuled.
Asancion. . ,
(Constan
\tinople.
':}
Hay 7, 1830
Feb. 4, 18d9
DeCL IS. 1856
Hat. 17, 1S4I
Jaly 26, 1851
Jolj 22, 1856
Dec. 'JO, 18A2
Jao. IS, 1863
Dec 4, 1868
Sept. 6, 1870
'• ISept. 14, "
Aug. 31, 1887
Lima.
(I
It
ii
It
Russia:
C. Navigation, fishery,)
boundary j
T. Navigation and commerce.
C. Rights of neutrals
T. Cession of Russian pos- )
sessions f
Addition to treaty of 1832. . . .
T. Extradition
San Salvador :
T. Amity, navigation, com- \
merce j
G. Extradition
T. Amity, commerce, con- \
sular privileges f
Samoan Islands :
T. Friendship and commerce
Sardinia :
T. Commerce and navigation
Sax'my :
C. Abolition of droit d'aa- 1
luiue I
Siam:
T. Amity and commerce
T. Friendship, com merce, etc.
Regulating liquor traffic in)
Siam i
Lima.
Lisbon
Washington.
Berlin
Washington.
Berlin
Washington.
Bucharest...
(St I
< Peters- >
( burg...)
St
Peters
burg
iSt
Peters-
burg..
Washington
11
It
I<oon,
j San Sal- )
■J vador. . . |
(San Sal)
\ vador.. . j
Washington.
Genoa
Berlin
Bankok.
tt
Waahington.
Nov. 30. 1836
Aug. 26, 1840
Feb. 26, 1851
(July-Sept.
i 1786
Juir 11, 1799
May 1, 1826
Feb. 22, 1868
June 16, 1862
(June 6-17,
\ 1881
( April 6-17,
( 1824
(Dec 6-18.
1 1832
July 22, 1S64
Mar. 30, 1867
Jan. 27, 1868
Aprll21,1893
Jan. 2, 18S0
May 23, 1870
Dec 6, ' "
Jan. 17, 1878
Nov. 26, 1838
May 14, 1846
Mar. 20, 1833
May 29, 1656
May 14, 1884
104
TBEATIES
PRINaPAL TREATI^ AND CONVENTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES WITH OTHER POWERS— OMc/wled
«f Trwty.
Spain :
Friendship, limits, naTll
gallon I
Indemnification
.Amitj, settlement, limits
C. Settlement ofciaima
C. Extradition
l*eace ,
Commerce and amity
SioedeH:
Amity and coromerre. . . . ,
Filendabip and commerce
Swaien amd yorwa^ :
T. Navigation, commerce, t
anmlar powers j
C. Extradition
C. NaiumlizatioD
Svitt Confederation :
C. Abolishing droit d'aii-^
baine and taxes on em- [
igraiion )
Friendship, commerre, etc.
International Red Cross. . .
Tfxas:
Indemnity
Boundary
WTbOT*
Cooclodwl.
C.
T-
T.
T.
T
T-
iSan Lo-
renzo
Real
Madrid
W^aahingtoD.
Madrid
Lo-)
so el}
I....)
Date.
Paris...
Madrid
r.
T.
C
C
Paris
Stuckbolm . .
Stockholm..
Washington.
Stockholm..
Washington.
Berne . .
Geneva,
T- Amity, commerce, navi- )
gation }
Tripoli :
T- Peace and ftiendship
T. Peace and amity
2Vi}uf .*
T. Peace and friendship
Two SiciUe* :
C Regarding depredaMon)
of Marat |
T. Commerce and navigation.
C, Rights of neutrals at sea. .
C. Peace, friendship, com- 1
meroe. etc i
Houston
Washington.
( ^-^ )
I Steamer v
( Mohican)
Tripoli.
Tunis.
Naples.
li
Oct 27, 1796
Aug. 11,1802
Feb. 22, 1819
Feb. 17, 1834
Jan. 5, 1877
Dec. 10, 1898
August, 1900
April 3, 1783
Sept. 4, 181C
July 4, 1827
Mar. 21, 1860
May 26, 1869
May 18, 1847
Nov. 26, 1800
Mar. 1, 1882
April 11, 1838
April 25, '*
Oct 2, 1886
Nov. 4, 1796
June 4, 1805
Mar. 26, 1799
Oct 14, 1832
Dec. 1, 1845
Jan. 13, 1865
Oct 1, •* I
Fonrica Power and Oli>{«et
of Trmty.
United Mexican States :
T. Limits
T. Amity, commerce, navi
gation
VeneMuela :
T. Peace, friendship, navi
gation, cotumerce
C. Stitisfying Aves Island
clatiiis
T. Amity, commerce. navi<
gatiot). extradition
C. Kefernug clainiM
IVHrlemberg :
C. Abolivhing droit d'au-
baine and taxes on emi-
gration
T. Naturalization
Zangibar :
C. Enlarging treaty with
Muscat, 1833
WbM«
Cotielii4«d.
D»U.
Mexico Jan. 12, 1828
April 6, 1831
I
1
Caracas Jan. 20, 1R36
J
Valencia . . . Jan. 14. 1HA9
Caracas JAug. 27, 1860
" April26,1866
Berlin April 10.1844
Stuttgart...
Ziinzibar
July 27, 1868
July 3, 1886
ORNKRAL OnxVSNTIONS.
C. With Belgium, Brazil. Dominican Republic,
France. Great Britain. Onatemahn, Italy, the
Netherlands, Norway, Portugal. Salvador,
Servia, Spain, Sweden, Swiss Confederation,
and Tunis ; conventions for the protection of
industrial property; signed at Paris.. Mar. 20. 1883
C. With Belgium, Brazil, Italv, Portugal, Servia,
Spain, and Switzerland, for exchange of offi-
cial documents and literary publications ;
signed at BniRsels Mar. 15. 1886
C. With Germany, Great Briuin and Ireland, gen-
eral act for neutrality of Sarooan Islands;
signed at Berlin June 14. 1HH9
C. With foreign powers for an international union
to publish customs tariffs ; signed at Brussels.
July 5, 1890-
C. With Great Britain for an international commis-
sion to arrange acUnstments of controverster
between the United SUtes and Canada.. May 30, 1898-
TBEATIES, ANOLO-AMEBICAN
Treaties^ Anglo- Akerican. In the requisitea in a treaty. In July, Parlia-
spring of 1782, Richard Oswald was sent ment had passed a bill to enable the Kini;^
^y the British ministry to Paris, to confer to acknowledge the independence of the
with Dr. Franklin on the subject of peace. United States, and all obstacles in the
His mission was initiatory in character, way of negotiations were removed. Lau-
In July following Oswald was vested witli rens joined the other American commis-
full power to negotiate a treaty of peace, sioners at Paris, and on Nov. 30, 1782,
and in September the United States ap- a preliminary treaty of peace was signed
pointed four commissioners, representing by the commissioners and Mr. Oswald,
the various sections of the Union, for the without the knowledge of the French gov-
same purpose. These were John Adams, emment. This was a violation of the
of Massachusetts ; John Jay, of New York ; treaty of alliance.
Dr. Franklin, of Pennsylvania ; and Henry In April, 1783, the preliminary treaty
Laurens, of South Carolina. These were of peace having been ratified by the United
aW in Europe at the time. Dr. Franklin States and Great Britain, the latter vested
and Mr. Oswald had already prepared the David Hartley with full powers to nego-
way for harmonious negotiations. Frank- tiatc a definitive treaty with the Ameri-
lin had assured Oswald that independence, can commissioners. It was concluded and'
satisfactory boundaries, and a participa- signed at Paris, Sept. 3, 1783, by Hartley,
^ion in the fisheries would be indisputable on the part of Great Britain, and Dr..
105
TBEATIES, ANGLO-AMEKICAN
Franklin, John.Adam8> and John Jay, on United States of America, in order to
the part of the United States. The terms carry into full effect the provisional arti-
were similar to those of the preliminary cles above mentioned, according to the
treaty. When he had signed it, Franklin tenor thereof, have constituted and ap-
put on the clothes he had laid aside about pointed: that is to say, his Britannic
ten years before, in accordance with a Majesty on his part, David Hartley, £sq.,
vow. On the same day definitive treaties member of the Parliament of Great Brit-
between Great Britain, France, and Spain ain; and the said United States on their
were signed, and one between Great Brit- part, John Adams, Esq., late a commis-
ain and Holland was signed the day sioner of the United States of America
before. at the Court of Versailles, late delegate
The following is the text of the defini- in Congress from the State of Massachu-
tive treaty of peace and friendship be- setts, and chief -justice of the said State,
tween his Britannic Majesty, and the and minister plenipotentiary of the said
United States of America, signed at United States to their high mightinesses
Paris, the 3d day of September, 1783: the States-General of the United Nether-
lands; Benjamin Franklin, Esq., late dele-
In the name of the most holy and un- gate in Congress from the State of Penn-
divided Trinity. sj'lvania, president of the convention of
It having pleased the Divine Providence the said State, and minister plenipoten-
to dispose the hearts of the most serene tiary from the United States of America
and most potent prince, George III., at the Court of Versailles; and John Jay,
by the grace of God King of Great Brit- Esq., late president of Congress, and chief-
ain, France, and Ireland, Defender of the justice of the State of New York, and
Faith, Duke of Brunswick and Lunen- minister plenipotentiary from the said
burg, arch-treasurer and prince elector United States at the Court of Madrid; to
of the Holy Roman Empire, etc., and of be the plenipotentiaries for the conclud-
the United States of America, to forget ing and signing the present definitive
all past misunderstandings and differ- treaty, who, after having reciprocally
ences that have unhappily interrupted communicated their respective full pow-
the good correspondence and friendship ers, have agreed upon and confirmed the
which they mutually wish to restore, and following articles:
to establish such a beneficial and satis- Article 1. His Britannic Majesty ac-
factory intercourse between the two coun- knowledges the said United State8---viz.,
tries, upon the ground of reciprocal ad- New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay,
vantages and mutual convenience, as may Rhode Island and Providence Plantations,
promote and secure to both perpetual Connecticut, New York, New Jersey,
peace and harmony; and having for this Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Vir-
desirable end already laid the foundation ginia, North Carolina, South Carolina,
of peace and reconciliation, by the pro- and Georgia, to be free, sovereign, and
visional articles signed at Paris, on the independent States; that he treats with
thirtieth day of November, one thousand them as such, and for himself, his heirs,
seven hundred and eighty-two by the com- and successors, relinquishes all claim to
niissioncrs empowered on each part ; which the government, proprietary and terri-
artioles were agreed to be inserted in, torial rights of the same, and every part
and to constitute the treaty of peace pro- thereof.
posed to be concluded between the crown Art. 2. And that all disputes which
of Great Britain and the said United might arise in future on the subject of
States, but which treaty was not to be the boundaries of the said United States
concluded until terms of peace should be may be prevented, it is hereby agreed and
afrreed upon between Great Britain and declared that the following are and shall
France, and his Britannic Majesty be their boundaries — ^viz. : From the north-
should be ready to conclude such treaty west angle of Nova Scotia — ^viz., that
accordingly: and the treaty between Great angle which is formed by a line drawn due
Britain and France having since been north from the source of St. Croix River
concluded, his Britannic Majesty and the to the high lands, along the said high
106
TBEATIES, AHGLO-AIEEBICAH
lands which divide those rivers that one part and cast Florida on the other,
empty themselves into the river St. Law- shall respectively touch the Bay of Fundy
rence, from those which fall into the At- and the Atlantic Ocean, excepting sucli
lantic Ocean, to the northwesternmost islands as now are or heretofore have
head of Connecticut River; thence drawn been within the limits of the said prov-
along the middle of that river to the inee of Nova Scotia.
forty-fifth degree of north latitude; from Art. 3. It is agreed that the people of
thence by a line due west on said lati- the United States shall continue to en-
tude, until it strikes the river Iroquois or joy unmolested the right to take fish of
Cataraquy: thence along the middle of every kind on the Great Bank, and on all
»iid river into Lake Ontario; through the the other banks of Newfoundland; also
middle of said lake, until it strikes the in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and at all
communication by water between that other places in the sea where the inhabi-
lake and Lake Erie; thence along the tants of both countries used at any time
middle of the said communication into heretofore to fish; and also that the in-
Lake Erie, through the middle of said habitants of the United States shall have
lake until it arrives at the water com- liberty to take fish of every kind on such
munication between that lake and Lake part of the coast of Newfoundland as
Huron: thence through the middle of British fishermen shall use (but not to
said lake to the water communication dry or cure the same on that island),
between that lake and Lake Superior; and also on the coasts, bays, and creeks
thence through Lake Superior northward of all other of his Britannic Majesty's
to the isles Royal and Philipeaux, to the dominions in America: and that the
I>ong Lake; thence through the ^middle American fishermen shall have liberty to
of said Long Lake and the water com- dry and cure fish in any of the unsettled
munication between it and the Lake of bays, harbors, and creeks of Nova Scotia,
the Woods, to the said Lake of the Magdalen Islands, and Labrador, so long
Woods; thence through the said lake to as the same shall remain unsettled; but
the most northwesternmost point thereof, so soon as the same shall be settled, it
and from thence a due west course to the shall not be lawful for the said fishermen
river Mississippi; thence by a line to be to dry ot cure fish at such settlement,
drawn along the middle of said river without a previous agreement for that
Mississippi, until it shall intersect the purpose with the inhabitants, proprietors,
northernmost part of the thirty-first de- or possessors of the ground,
gree of north latitude; south, by a line to Art. 4. It is agreed that the credit-
he drawn due east from the determination ors on either side shall meet with no
of the line last mentioned, in the latitude lawful impediment to the recovery of the
of thirty-one degrees north of the equator, full value in sterling money of all bona
to the middle of the river Apalachicola or fide debts heretofore contracted.
Catahouche; thence along the middle Art. 5. It is agreed that Congress shall
thereof, to its junction with the Flint earnestly recommend it to the legialat-
River: thence straight to the head of St. yres of the respective States to provide
Mary's River, to the Atlantic Ocean; for the restitution of all estates, rights,
east, by a line to be drawn along the and properties which have been confis-
middle of the river St. Croix, from its cated, belonging to real British subjects;
mouth in the Bay of Fundy to its source, and also of the estates, rights, and prop-
and from its source directly north to erties of persons resident in districts in
the aforesaid high lands, which divide the possession of his Majesty's arms, and
the rivers that fall into the Atlantic who have not borne arms against the said
Ocean from those which fall into the United States; and that persons of any
river St. Lawrence, comprehending all other description shall have free liberty
islands within twenty leagues of any part to go to any part or parts of any of the
of the shores of the United States, and thirteen United States, and therein to
Iving between lines to be drawn due east remain twelve months unmolested in their
fi"om the points where the aforesaid endeavors to obtain the restitution of
^undaries between Nova Scotia on the such of their estates, rights, and prop-
107
TBEATIES, AHGLO-AIEEBICAH
erties as may have been confiscated; and may I>e therein; and shall also order and
that Congress shall also earnestly recom- cause all archives, records, deeds, and
mend to the several States a reconsidera- papers belonging to any of the said
tion and revision of all acts or laws States, or their citizens, which in the
regarding the premises, so as to render course of the war may have fallen into-
the said laws or acts perfectly consistent, the hands of his officers, to be forthwith
not only with justice and equity, but restored, and delivered to the proper
with that spirit of conciliation which. States and persons to whom they belong.
on the return of the blessings of peace. Art. 8. The navigation of the river
should invariably prevail; and that Con- Mississippi, from its source to the ocean,
gress shall also earnestly recommend to shall forever remain free and open to
the several States that the estates, the subjects of Great Britain and the citi-
rights, and properties of such last-men- zens of the United States,
tioned persons shall be restored to them, Art. 9. In case it should so happen
they refunding to any persons who may that any place or territory belonging to
be now in possession the bona fide price Great Britain or to the United States
(where any has been given), which such should have been conquered by the arms
persons may have paid on purchasing any of either from the other, before the ar-
of the said islands, rights, or properties rival of the said provisional articles in
since the confiscation. America, it is agreed that the same shall
And it is agreed that all persons who be restored without difficulty and without
have any interest in confiscated lands, requiring any compensation,
either by debts, marriage settlements, or Art. 10. The solemn ratifications of the
otherwise, shall meet with no lawful im- present treaty, expedited in good and due
pediment in the prosecution of their just form, shall be exchanged between the con-
rights, tracting parties in the space of six
Art. 6. That there shall be no future months, or sooner, if possible, to be coni-
confiscations made, nor any prosecutions puted from the day of the signature of
commenced against any person or per- the present treaty.
sons, for or by reason of the part which In witness whereof, we, the under-
he or they may have taken in the present signed, their ministers plenipotentiary,,
war; and that no person shall on that ac- have in their name, and in virtue of our
count suffer any future loss or damage full powers, signed with our hands the
either in his person, liberty, or property; present definitive treaty, and caused the
ond that those who may be in confinement seals of our arms to be affixed thereto,
on such charges, at the time of the ratifi- Done at Paris, this third day of Septem-
cation of the treaty in America, shall be ber, in the year of our Lord one thousand
immediately set at liberty, and the prose- seven hundred and eighty-three,
cutions so commenced be discontinued. David Hartley,
Art. 7. There shall be a firm and John Adams.
perpetual peace between his Britannic B. Franklin,
Majesty and the said United States, and John Jay.
between the subjects of the one and the
citizens of the other; wherefore all hos- For some years the British government
til i ties, both by sea and land, shall from omitted to execute the provisions of the
henceforth cease; all prisoners, on both treaty of peace with the United State*
sides, shall be set at liberty; and his concerning the deliverin;ij up of the fort.s
Britannic Majesty shall with all conven- on the northeastern frontier. Gouver-
ient speed, and without causing any de- neur Morris was directed by Washington
struction, or carrying away any negroes to go to England from Paris (1791) to
or other property of the American in- sound the British ministry on the subject
habitants, withdraw all his armies, gar- of a full and immediate execution of the
risons, and fleets from the said United treaty. He remained there about nine
States, and from every post, place, and months, endeavoring to obtain a positive
harbor within the same, leaving in all answer to the questions, Will you execute
fortifications the American artillery that the treaty? Will you make a treaty of
108
TREATIES, AHOI.0-AMEBICAH
commerce? with the United States? The New England fishermen a valuable right,
British came to the conclusion that hitherto used from the earliest time, that
the new national government contain- of catching and curing fish on the shores
«i vastly more vitality than the league of the Gulf of St. I-awrence. It wan
of States, and could enforce its wishes agreed that both parties should use their
with energy; so in August, 1791, George best endeavors to suppress the African
Hammond was sent as full minister to slave-trade. Hostilities on land were to
the United States. But the treaty of 178;» terminate with the ratification of the
was not fully executed until after that of treaty of peace, and on the ocean at speci-
Jay was negotiated and ratified. See Jay, fied periods, according to distance, the
Joux. longest being four months. It did not se-
In 1814 the British government re- cure to the Americans what they went to
Jected the mediation of the Empress of war for — namely, immunity from search
Russia in bringing about a peace with and impressment.
the United States, but finally offered to The treaty was ratified Dec. 28, 1814,
treat directly with the United States, by the Prince Regent, and then sent to
The ancient city of Ghent, in Belgium, the United States in the British sloop-of-
was selected, and there the commission- war Favorite. She arrived in New York
ers of the two governments met in on Feb. 11, 1816. Mr. Hughes, principal
the summer of 1814. The American com- secretary to the American commissioners,
missioners were John Quincy Adams, left Ghent with a copy of the treaty at
James A. Bayard, Henry Clay. Jonathan the same time, sailed for the Chesapeake
Russell, and Albert Gallatin. The Brit- from the Texel in the schooner Transit,
inh commissioners were Lord Gambler, landed at Annapolis two days after the
Henry Goulburn, and William Adams. Favorite reached New York, and put his
These joined the American commission- copy of the treaty into the hands of
era at Ghent, Aug. 6, 1814. Christo- President Madison before the ratified copy
pher Hughes, Jr., the American chargS arrived there. The treaty of peace spread
•d'affaires at Stockholm, was appoint- joy over the land, because it assured
«i secretary to the American com- peace; but when its contents were known,
missioners. Negotiations were speedily and that immunity from search or im-
opened, when a wide difference of views pressment had not been secured, it was
appeared, which at first threatened the severely criticised. The opposition point-
most formidable obstructions to an agree- ed to it exultingly as proof of the wisdom
ment. The discussions continued several of their prophecies, the patriotism of their
months, and a conclusion was reached by course in opposing the war, and the truth
a mutual agreement to a treaty on Dec. of their declaration that the "war was a
24, 1814, when it was signed by the re- failure." The English people, too, indulged
spective commissioners. It provided for in strong condemnation of the treaty, be-
Ihe mutual restoration of all conquered cause it made concessions to the Ameri-
territory, and for three commissions — one cans.
to settle the titles to islands in Passama- The eftect of the treaty upon financial
quoddy Bay, another to mark out the matters was very marked. Six-per-cents
northeastern boundary of the United rose, in twenty-four hours, from 70 to
States as far as the St. Lawrence, and a 80, and treasury notes from 92 to 98.
third to run the line through the St. Law- Coin, which was 22 per cent, premium,
renoe and the Lakes to the Lake of the fell to 2 per cent, in forty-eight hours.
Woods. In case of disagreement in either The effect on commerce was equally great.
<*ommis8ion, the point in dispute was to Within forty-eight hours sugar fell from
he referred to some friendly power. No $20 per cwt. to $12..50; tea, from $2.2i5
pToviaion was made as to the boundary per pound to $1 ; tin, from $80 a box to
vest of the Lake of the Woods, nor as to $25. In England, especially among the
the fisheries on the shores of British manufacturing and commercial classes.
America. Tt took away from the British there was equal rejoicing, and medals
* normal right (never used), that of were struck in commemoration of the
navigating the Mississippi; and from the event.
109
TBEATIES, ANQLO-AKEBICAJr
ua-ywn, dui/nCu J^cOa/yhJ
Jj^£a^.i-^
^^i^£l^^
•4.3«%^
TreatiM, Fbanco-Amekicas. In Sep-
tanb«r, 1776, the Continental Congress,
«fler weeks of deliberation, adopted an
elihorate plan o( a treaty to be proposed
W Franee. They wanted France to engaffe
in a eeparatp war with Great Kritain, and
w give the Amehrans an opportunity for
Mabliahing their independence. They re-
nounced in favor of France all eventual
conquests in (he VVeat Indies, but elaimeil
Ihe Bole right of adjuiring Britiah Con-
linental America, and all adjacent isl-
ondf, incluilini; the Bermudaa, Cape Bre-
ton and Newfoundland. They proposwl
arranfrementB concerning the flBheries :
■vowed the principle ot Frederick the
flrpat that free ships made free (joods,
and that a neutral power may lawfully
trade with a belligerent. Privateering
una lo be restricted, not nlioliehed: and
while the Americana were not willing lo
make common cause with the French, they
Kfre willing to agree not to assist (Irpnt
Britain in the war on France, nor tra.li*
n'ith that power in goods contraband «f
war. The commissioners aent to negotiate
the treaty were aulhorired to promise
that, in case France should become iri-
volved in the war, neither party should
make a definitive treaty of peace without
six montha' notice to the other.
Franklin, Deane, and Lee were United
States commissioners at the French Crxirt
at the close of 1776. The Continental ('rm-
grcps had elaborated a plan of a treaty
with Fr.inee. hy which it was hoped the
States might secure their independence.
Thee
ructed
• P"-"'^
immediate declaration of Ihc French
povernment in favor of the .\inpricauH.
Knowing the desire of the French to widi'n
the breach and cause a dismemberment ot
the British Kmpire. the commissioners
were to intimate that a. reunion of the
colonies with (irent Britain might be tho
consequence of clelav. But Prance «■;!»
then unwilling to incur the risk of war
with tirent Britain. When the defeat of
TBEATIES
Burgoyne was made known at Versailles, tions between the English and the Six
assured thereby that the Americans could Nations, the Delawares, Shawnees, and
help themselves, the French Court were Mohegans were critical, for the Indians,
ready to treat for an alliance with them, especially the Delawares, had become
The presence of an agent of the British greatly incensed against the white people
ministry in Paris, on social terms with the of Pennsylvania. The Quakers of that
American commissioners, hastened the State had espoused the cause of the Ind-
negotiations, and, on Feb. 6, 1778, two ians and formed an association for bc-
treaties were secretly signed at Paris by curing justice for them, and friendship
the American commissioners and the between them and the white people. They
Count de Vergennes on the part of France, held two conferences at Easton with the
One was a commercial agreement, the Indians, and Sir William Johnson corn-
other an alliance contingent on the break- plained that the Quakers had intruded
ing out of hostilities between France and upon his office. Finally, in July, 1756,
•Great Britain. It was stipulated in the a conference was held between the Dela-
treaty of alliance that peace should not wares, Shawnees, Mohegans, the Six Na-
be made until the mercantile and political tions, and Crovernor Denny and his coun-
independence of the United States should cil, and Greorge Croghan, an Indian trader,
be secured. The conciliatory bills of Lord At the suggestion of the Quakers. Teedy-
North made the French monarch anxious, uscunq {q. v.) invited Charles Thomson,
for a reconciliation between Great Britain master of the Quaker Academy in Phila-
and her colonies would thwart his scheme delphia, and afterwards permanent secre-
for prolonging the war and dismembering tary of the Continental Congress, to act as
the British Empire; and he caused the his secretary. Denny and Croghan op-
secret treaties to be officially communi- posed it; Teedyuscung persisted in hav-
cated to the British government, in ing Thomson make minutes of the pro-
language so intentionally offensive that ceedings, so that garbled and false reports
the anonuncement was regarded as tan- of interested men might not be given as
tamount to a declaration of war, and the truth. By this arrangement the Indians
British ambassador at the French Court received fair play,
was withdrawn. The conference was thinly attended ; but
Because the treaties with France had at another, begun on Nov. 8 the same
been repeatedly violated; the just claims year, the Indian tribes were well repre-
of the United States for the reparation of sented. In reply to questions by Grovemor
injuries to persons and property had been Denny of what he complained, Teedyns-
refused; attempts on the part of the cung charged the proprietaries of Penn-
United States to negotiate an amicable sylvania with obtaining large territories
Adjustment of all difficulties between the by fraud, and specified well-known in-
two nations had been repelled with in- stances like that of the " Indian Walk."
dignity; and because, under the authority At that conference there were many citi-
of the French government, there was yet zens from Philadelphia, chiefly Quakers,
pursued against the United States a sys- and the result was, after deliberations
torn of predatory violence infracting those kept up for nine days, a satisfactory
treaties, and hostile to the rights of a treaty of peace was made between the
free and independent nation — Congress, on Indians and the English, the governor
July 7, 1797. passed an act declaring the offering to indemnify the Delawares for
treaties heretofore concluded with France any lands which had been fraudulently
no longer obligatory on the United States, taken from them. That matter was de-
TreatieSy Indian. Easton, on the Dela- forred until a council was held at Easton
ware, was a favorite place for holding in July. 1757, when Teedyuscung was well
councils with the Indian chiefs between plied with liquor. The Quakers, with
1754 and 1761. On these occasions 200 much exertion, enabled the old chief to
to 500 Indians wore frequently seen, resist the intrigues of Croghan to weak-
Teedyuscung, an eminent Delaware chief, en his influence among the Indians,
who represented several tribes, was chief Another council was held there in the
speaker and manager. In 1756 the rela- autumn of 1758. The object was to ad-
112
TSBATY— TREATY OF LAHCASTEB
just all differences between the English powers on Oct. 18 (N. S.), 1748. By it
and the Six Nations, as well as other the treaties of Westphalia (1648), of Nime-
tribes farther westward and southward, guen (1678-70), of RvAwick (1697), of
The goTernors of Pennsylvania and New I'trecht (1713), of Baden (1714), of the
Jersey, Sir William Johnson, Colonel Triple Alliance (1717), of the Quadruple
Croghan, and a large number of the Alliance (1718), and of Vienna (1738).
Friendly Association were present. Teedy- were renewed and confirmed. It was fond-
uscung acted as chief speaker, which ly hoped this treaty would insure a per-
offended the Six Nations, who regarded manent peace for Europe. It was. how-
the Delawares as their vassals; but he ever, only a truce between France and Eng-
conducted himself admirably, maintain- land, contending for dominion in America.
ed his position finely, and resisted the The English regarded as encroachments
wiles of Colonel Croghan and the gov- the erection by the French of about twen-
emor. This great council continued eigli- ty forts, besides block-hounes and trading-
teen days. The land question was thor- posts, within claimed English domain,
oughly discussed. All causes for misun- So while Acadia {q. r. ) furnished one
derstanding between the English and the field for hostilities between the two na-
Indians were removed, and a treaty for a tions, the country along the lakcM and in
general peace was concluded Oct. 26, 1758. the Ohio and Mississippi valleys furnished
There was another council held at Easton another.
in 1761, concerning settlements at W^y- Treaty of Qhent. See Tbcatixs,
oming, in which Teedyuscung took an A nolo- American.
active and eloquent part. See Susque- Treaty of Guadalupe - Hidalgo. A
hanna Settlers. treaty of peace, friendship, limits, and set-
A treaty signed in New York, Aug. tlements was concluded at Guadalupe-
7, 1790, by Gen. Henry Knox for the Hidalgo, a city of Mexico, Feb. 2, 1848,
United States, and Alexander McGillivray between Nicholas P. Trist on the part of
and twenty-three other Creek chiefs, pro- the United States, and Don Luis Gonzaga
vided for the relinquishment of Georgia Cuevas, Don Bernardo Couto, and Don
to claims of an immense tract of land Miguel Atristain on the part of Mexico,
belonging to the Creeks south and west It provided for a convention for the pro-
of the Oconee River; the acknowledgment visional suspension of hostilities; for the
of the Greeks being under the protection cessation of the blockade of Mexican ports;
of the United States; the resignation of for the evacuation of the Mexican capital
the Creeks of all pretensions to lands by the United States troops within a
north and east of the Oconee River; a month after the ratification of the treaty,
mutual exchange of prisoners, and an and the evacuation of Mexican territory
agreement for the delivery of an Indian within three months after such evacua-
murderer of a white man. A secret ar- tion; for the restoration of prisoners of
tide provided that presents to the value war; for a commission to survey and de-
of $1,500 should be distributed annually fine the boundary-lines between the United
among the nation; annuities of $100 se- States and Mexico; for the free naviga-
cnred to six of the principal chiefs, tion of the Gulf of California and the
and $1,200 a year to McGillivray annu- Colorado and Green rivers for United
ally, in the name of a salary; also the States vessels; freedom of Mexicans in
privilege of importing goods for supply- any territory acquired by the United
ing the Indians. These money consid- States; Indian incursions; payment of
erations to the leaders were intended to money to Mexico for territory conquered
secure their fidelity to the terms of the and held, and of debts due citizens of the
treaty. United States by Mexico; regulation of
Treaty, The Hay-Paxtncefote. See international commerce, and other minor
Clatton-Bul^'ER Treaty. regulations about property, etc. Both
Treaty of Aiz-la-Chapelley a treaty governments ratified the treaty. See
between Great Britain, France, Holland. Mexico, War with.
Germany, Spain, and Greece; signed by Treaty of Lancaster. See Lancaster,
the representatives of these respective Treaty of.
IX.— H 1 13
TBEATY OF FAKIS—TBENCHABD
Treaty of Paris, a definitive treaty excepting by debts or criminal prosecutions,
of peace, signed at Paris on Feb. 18, 1763 France ceded to Great Britain the islands
(and was soon after ratified) between of Grenada and the Grenadines, with the
Great Britain, France, Spain, and Portu- same stipulation as to their inhabitants
gal, which materially changed the political as those in the case of the Canadians : the
boundaries and aspects of North America, islands of St. Vincent, Dominica, and To-
The acquisitions of Great Britain, both bago to remain in the possession of Kng-
from France and Spain, on the continent land, and that of St. Lucia, of France;
of North America, during the war then that the British should cause all the forti-
lecently closed, were most important in fications erected in the Bay of Honduras,
their bearings upon the history of the so- and other territory of Spain in that region,
called New World. France renounced and to be demolished; that Spain should de-
guaranteed to Great Britain all Nova sist from all pretensions to the right of
Scotia or Acadia, Canada, the Isle of Cape fishing about Newfoundland; that Great
Breton, and all other islands in the Gulf Britain should restore to Spain all her
and River of St. Lawrence. The treaty conquests in Cuba, with the fortress of
gave to the French the liberty of fishing -Havana; that Spain should cede and
and drying on a part of Newfoundland guarantee, in full right, to Great Britain,
and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, at a Florida, with Fort St. Augustine and the
distance of 3 leagues from the shores Bay of Pensacola, and all that Spain pos-
belonging to Great Britain; ceded the sessed on the continent of America to the
islands of St. Peter and Miquelon, as a east, or to the southeast, of the Missis-
shelter for French fishermen; declared sippi River. Thus was vested in the
that the. confines between the dominions British crown, by consent of rival Eu ro-
of Great Britain and France, on this con- pean claimants, the whole eastern half of
tinent, should be fixed by a line drawn North America, from the Gulf of Mexico
along the middle of the Mississippi River, to Hudson Bay and the Polar Ocean, in-
from its source as far as the River Iber- eluding hundreds of thousands of square
ville (14 miles below Baton Rouge), and miles of territory which the foot of white
from thence by a line drawn along the man had never trodden,
middle of this river and of the lakes Treaty of Utrecht, a treaty signed
Maurepas and Pontchartrain, to the sea; April 11, 1713, which secured the Protes-
guaranteed to Great Britain the river tant succession to the throne of England,
and port of Mo*bile, and everything on the the separation of the French and Spanish
left side of the Mississippi, excepting the crowns, the destruction of Dunkirk, the
town of New Orleans and the island on enlargement of the British colonies in
which it is situated, which should remain America, and a full satisfaction from
to France; the navigation of the Missis- France of the claims of the allies, Eng-
sippi to be equally free to the subjects of land, Holland, and Germany. This treaty
both nations, in its whole breadth and terminated Queen Anne's War, and secured
length, from its source to the sea, as well peace for thirty years,
as the passage in and out of its mouth; Treaty of Washing^ony The. See
that the French in Canada might freely Washington, the Treaty of.
profess the Roman Catholic faith, as far Treaty of Westminster. See W'est-
as the laws of Great Britain would per- minster. Treaty of.
mit, enjoy their civil rights, and retire Treaty with Texas. See Texas.
w^hen they pleased, disposing of their Trenchard, Stephen Decatur, naval
estates to British subjects; that Great officer; born in Brooklyn, N. Y., July 10,
Britain should restore to France the 1818; entered the navy in 1834; promoted
islands of Guadeloupe, Marie Galante. lieutenant in 1847; rescued the British
Deseada, and Martinique, in the West bark Adieu off Gloucester. Mass., while on
Indies, and of Belle-Isle, on the coast of coast-survey duty in 1853-67 ; served with
France, with their fortresses, giving the distinction during the Civil War; corn-
British subjects at these places eighteen mand^d the Rhode Island when that ves-
months to sell their estates and depart, sel endeavored to tow the Monitor from
without being restrained on any account, Hampton Roads to Beaufort, N. C. The
114
TBENT— TBENTON
latter vessel foundered off Cape Haiteras, veraity of the South in 188&-1900; ac-
but Lieutenant Trenchard succeeded in eepted the chair of EngliBh Literature at
saving the crew; promoted rear-admiral Columbia University in the latter year,
in 1875; retired in 1880. He died in New He is the author of English Culture in
York City, Nov. 15, 1883. Virginia; Houthern Statesmen of the Old
Trent, The. On Nov. 7, 1861, James Regime; Robert E. Lee; Authority of
M. Mason, of Virginia, Confederate envoy Criticism, etc.
to Great Britain, and John Slidell, of Trenton^ a city and capital of the State
Louisiana, accredited to France, em- of New Jersey; originally settled under
barked at Havana in the British mail the name of Yeffalles of ye De la Warr.
steamer Trent for England. The United A number of members of the Society of
States steamship San Jacinto, Captain Friends, including Mahlon Stacy, pur-
Wilkea, was watching for the Trent in chased land here in 1080, and large plan-
the Bahama channel, 240 miles from Ha- tations were bought by Judge Trent in
\'ana. Captain Wilkes having decided, on 1715, which caused the Hcttlement to l)e
his own responsibility, to seize the two called Trent Town. The place was cre-
Confederate envoys. The fifan Jacinto met ated a borough town by royal charter in
the Trent on the forenoon of Nov. 8, sig- the middle of the eighteenth century, and
nailed her to stop in vain, and then fired the town became the State capital in 1700.
a shot across her bow. Her captain un- After the Revolutionary War the Conti-
willingly allowed Mason and Slidell, with nental Congress once met here. The city
their secretaries, to be taken aboard the is best known historically because of the
San Jacinto. Captain Wilkes reached decisive battle fought here (see Trenton,
Boston on Nov. 19, and the two ministers Battle of). The event has been corn-
were confined in Fort Warren. This memorated by a memorial shaft erected
seizure was received with favor in the at the old Five Points, and surmounted
United States, but Great Britain de- by a statue of Washington directing hi»*
manded from the government at Wash- troops.
ington a formal apology and the immedi- Trenton, Battle or. Late in December,
ate release of the prisoners. Lord John 1776, Washington's army, by much exer-
Russell instructing the minister, Lord tion, had increased to nearly 6,000 men.
Lyons, at Washington, Nov. 30, 1861, Lee's division, junder Sullivan, and some
that unless a satisfactory answer were regiments from Ticonderoga under Gates,
given within seven days he might, at his joined him on the 21st. Contrary to-
discretion, withdraw the legation and re- Washington's expectations, the British,
turn to England. This despatch was re- content with having overrun the Jerseys.
ceived on Dec. 18; on the 19th Lord Lyons made no attempt to pass the Delaware,
called on Mr. Seward, and in a personal but established themselves in a line of
interview an amicable adjustment was cantonments at Trenton, Pennington,
made possible by the moderation of both Bordentown, and Burlington. Other corps-
diplomats. On Dec. 26 Mr. Seward trans- were quartered in the rear, at Princeton,
mitted to T-iord Lyons the reply of the New Brunswick, and Elizabethtown; and
United States, in which the illegality of so sure was Howe that the back of the
the seizure was recognized, while the satis- " rebellion " was broken that he gave
faction of the United States government Cornwallis leave to return to England,
was expressed in the fact that a principle and he waa preparing to sail when an un-
for which it had long contended was thus expected event detained him. Washington
accepted by the British government, knew that about 1.500 of the enemy.
Mason and Slidell were at once released, chiefly Hessians (Germans), were sta-
and sailed for England Jan. 1, 1862. See tioned at Trenton under Colonel Rail, who.
Mason, James Mubkay; Slidell, John; in his consciousness of security and con-
WiLKES, Charles. tempt for the Americana, had said, " What
Trent, WrLiJ:AM Peterfield, educator; need of intrenchments? Let the rebels
bom in Richmond, Va., Nov. 10, 1862; come; we will at them with the bayonet."
graduated at the University of Virginia lie had made the fatal mistake of not
in 1884; Professor of English at the Uni- planting a single cannon. Washington felt
115
TBENTON, BATTLE OF
strong enough to attack this force, and at
twilight on Christmas night he had about
2,000 men on the shore of the Delaware at
McConkey's Ferry (afterwards Taylors-
ville), a few miles above Trenton, prepar-
ing to cross the river. He rightly be-
lieved that the Germans, after the usual
carouse of the Christmas festival, would
be peculiarly exposed to a surprise, and
he prepared to fall upon them before day-
light on the morning of the 26th.
With him were Grenerals Stirling,
Greene, Sullivan, Mercer, Stephen, and
eral Lee, with wilful disobedience refused
the duty, and turning his back on Wash-
ington, rode on towards Baltimore to in-
trigue among Congressmen against Gen.
Philip Schuyler {q. v.). Ice was form-
ing in the Delaware, and its surface was
covered with floating pieces. The current
was swift, the night was dark, and towards
midnight a storm of snow and sleet set in.
It was 4 A.M. before the troops in march-
ing order stood on the New Jersey shore,
boats having been hurriedly provided for
their passage. The army moved in two
MAP OF TUB BATTLK OF TRKSTON.
Knox, commanding the artillery. Ar- columns — one, led by Sullivan, along a
rangements were made for a similar move- road nearest the river: the other, led by
ment against the cantonments below Tren- Washington and accompanied by the other
ton, the command of which was assigned generals, along a road a little distance to
to General Gates; but that officer, jealous the loft. It was broad dayli^rht when they
of Washington, and in imitation of Gen- reached Trenton, but they were undis-
116
TBESCOT— TBESPAB8 ACT
TOvered unlil they rFsrhed
the picket -line on the out-
skirlB of tbe village. The
firing that ensued awak-
ened Rail and his fellow-
iiScvrit Iwlio had aeareely
recovered from the night's
debauch) from their deep
f lumbers. The colonel was
K>on at the head of his
men in battle order. A
-harp conflict ensued in
the village, lasting only
thirty-five minutes. The
Germans were defeated
and dispersed, and Colonel
Rail was mortally wounded, and taken to
his quarters, where he died. The main
hody, attempting to escape by the Prince-
ton road, were intercepted by Colonel Hand
and made prisoners. Iriome Britixh light'
horse and infantry at Trenton escaped to
Bordentuwn. The victory was complete.
The spoils were about 1,000 prisoners.
1.200 small-arms, six brass field-pieces.
and alt the (iernian standards. The tiL
umphant army recrossed the DeUnHre
with their prisoners (who were sent to
I'hiladelphia ) , and went hacic to their
encampment. This bold stroke puzzled
and annoyed the British. Cornwallie did
not sail for England, but was sent back
into New Jersey. The Tories were
alarmed, and the dread of the mercenary
(iemians was dissipated. The falterinj;
militia soon began to flock to the standard
of Washington, and many of the soldi
graduated at Charleston College in IH-tO;
admitted to the bar in 184^: aH»ist>tnl
Secretary of .Slate from l)ecetnber, INUO,
till the secession of South Carolina; held
a seat in the legislature of that State
in 1802-00: began the practice of law in
Washington in 187.~i: was a member of
the commission of 13M0 to revise the
treaty with China ; special agent to the
Iwlligerents of Peru, Chile, and IJolivia
in ISHl, and durint; the same year repre-
sented the government in the negotia-
tions coneerning its riichts in the Isthmus
of Panama; appointed with (Eeneral Grant
in 18S'2 lo elTeet a commercial treaty with
Mexico. Hia publications include .1 Frif
Thought 8 on the Foreifjn Policy of the
United Htati-M: The Diplomaeg of the
Itevolution ; Diplomatic System of Iha
Lnited Slatr-i; An Amrrican Viric of the
F!a»tem Quention: The Diplomatic His-
tor]/ of the Adminixtrationt of IVaahini)-
ton and Adams; Addriss brforc the Hoiith
Curolina Historical Koeitty. etc. He died
in Pendleton, S. C May 4, ]8!IH.
IreapMS Act. Sc)m< of the States
whose territory had been longest and moit
recently occupied by the British were in-
clined to enact new confiscation laws.
Such was the so-called trespass act of
New York, which authori7.ed the owners
tal e
I the
ily t
and damages against such persons as
used their buildings under Ilritish
during thf ~' '
■my re-enlisted.
Treacot, Wn.LiA
ira in Charleston
lea
' the American
pasfied l)efore the ni
terms of the prelimin
( see TiuuTi rn, A ■ioi
1780 the Supreme ('■
by the elTorts of Hai
rrived of the
TBIALS
trespass act void, as being in conflict Duane, Reynolds, Moore, and Cum-
-with the definitive treaty of Paris. See ming acquitted of seditious riot, Pennsyl-
Tbeaties, Franco-American. vania 1709
Trials. The following is a list of the Matthew Lyon convicted in Vermont,
most notable trials in the United States: October, 1798, of writing for publication
Anne Hutchinson ; sedition and heresy a letter calculated " to stir up sedition
(the Antinomian controversy) ; imprison- and to bring the President and the govern-
ed and banished 1637 ment into contempt " ; confined four
Trials of Quakers in Massachusetts months in Vergennes jail; fine of $1,000
1656-61 paid by friends, and Lyon released
Jacob I^isler, New York, convicted and Feb. 9, 1799
executed for treason May 16, 1691 J. T. Callender, for libel of President
Trials for witchcraft, Massachusetts Adams in a pamphlet. The Prospect Be-
1692 foie XJs; tried at Richmond, Va., fined
Thomas Maule, for slanderous publica- $200 and sentenced to nine months' im-
tions and blasphemy, Massachusetts.. 1696 prisonmcnt June 6, 1800
Nicholas Bayard, treason 1702 Thomas Daniel, for opening letters of a
John Peter Zenger, for printing and foreign minister 1800
publishing libels on the colonial govern- Judge John Pickering impeached before
ment, November, 1734, acquitted 1735 the United States Senate, March 3, 1803,
William Wemms, James Hartegan, for malfeasance in the New Hampshire
William McCauley, and other British district court in October and November,
soldiers, in Boston, Mass., for the murder 1802, in restoring ship Eliza, seized for
of Crispus Attucks, Samuel Gray, Samuel smuggling, to its ouTiers; Judge Picker-
Maverick, James Caldwell, and Patrick ing, though doubtless insane, is convicted
Carr March 5, 1770 and removed from office March 4, 1804
Ma j. -Gen. Charles Lee, court-martial Judge Samuel Chase impeached before
after the battle of Monmouth; found the United States Senate, acquitted. .1805
guilty of, first, disobedience of orders in Thomas O. Selfridge tried for murder of
not attacking the enemy; second, unneces- Charles Austin on the public exchange in
sary and disorderly retreat; third, dis- Boston Aug. 4, 1806
respect to the commander-in-chief; sus- Aaron Burr, for treason, Virginia; ac-
pended from command for one year, tried quitted March 27-Sept. 7, 1807
July 4, 1778 Col. Thomas H. Cushing, by court-mar-
John Hett Smith, for assisting Bene- tial at Baton Rouge, on charges of Brig-
diet Arnold, New York, not guilty. . . 1780 Gen. Wade Hampton 1812
Maj. John Andr6, adjutant - general, Patrick Byrne, for mutiny, by general
British army, seized as a spy at Tappan, court-martial at Fort Columbus; sentenced
N. Y., Sept. 23, 1780, tried by military to death May 22, 1813
court and hanged Oct. 2, 1780 Gen. W. Hull, commanding the north-
Stewart, Wright, Porter, Vigol, and western army of the United States, for
Mitchell, Western insurgents, found guilty cowardice in surrender of Detroit, Aug. 16,
1795 etc.; by court-martial, held at Albany,
William Blount, United States Senate, sentenced to be shot; sentence approved
impeached for misdemeanor 1797 by the President, but execution remitted
William Cobbett, for libelling the King Jan. 3, 1814
of Spain and his ambassador, writing as Dartmouth College case, defining the
Peter Porcupine " in Porcupine's Oa- power of 3tates over corporations
zcttr, July 17, before Supreme Court of 1817-18
Pennsylvania ; acquitted 1797 Arbuthnot and Ambrister, by court-mar-
Thoraas Cooper, of Northumberland, tial, April 26, 1818, for inciting Creek Ind-
Pa., convicted under the sedition act of ians to war against the United States;
libel on the administration of President executed by order of General Jackson
Adams in Reading Advertiser of Oct. 26, April 30, 1818
1790, imprisonment for six months and Stephen and Jesse Boom, at Manchester,
$400 fine 1799 Vt., Nov. 1819, for the murder of Louis
118
<i
<fc
TBIALS
Colvin, who disappeared in 1813; sen- Romans; tried and acquitted by presby-
tenced to be banged Jan. 28, 1820 tery of Philadelphia, June 30nJuIy 8«
[Six years after Colvin disappeared an 1835; condemned by the synod and sus-
unele of the Booms dreamed that Colvin pended for six months, but acquitted by
came to his bedside, declared the Booms the general assembly 1836
bis murderers, and told where his body Case of slave schooner Ami^tad
was buried. This was April 27, 1819. The 1839-40
Booms were arrested, confessed the crime Alexander McLeod, a Canadian, charged
circumstantially, were tried and convicted, as an accomplice in burning the steamer
but not executed, because Colvin was found Caroline in the Niagara River, and in
alive in New Jersey. Wilkie Collins's the murder of Amos Durfee, is taken from
novel, The Dead Alive, founded upon this Lockport to New York on habeas corpus,
case.] May, 1841. Great Britain asks his release
Capt. David Porter, by court-martial at in extra session of Congress; Mr. Webster
Washington, for exceeding his powers in advocates his discharge. A special session
landing 200 men on Porto Rico and de- of the circuit court, ordered by the legis-
manding an apology for arrest of the com- lature of New York at Utica, tries and ac-
manding officer of the Beadle, sent by him, quits him Oct. 4-12, 1841
October, 1824, to investigate alleged stor- A. W. Holmes, of the crew of the Will-
Age of goods on the island by pirates ; sus- iam Brotcn for murder on the high seas
pended for six months July 7, 1825 (forty-four of the passengers and crew
James H. Peck, judge of United States escaping in the long-boat, the sailors threw
district court for the district of Missouri, some passengers overboard to lighten the
impeached for alleged abuse of judicial au- boat, April 19, 1841), convicted, but rec-
thority; trial begins May 4, 1830; ac- ommended to mercy May, 1842
quitted Jan. 31, 1831 Thomas W. Dorr, Rhode Island; treason
John A. Murrell, the great Western 1842
land pirate, chief of noted bandits in Alexander S. Mackenzie (Somers's mu-
Tennessee and Arkansas, whose central tiny) 1842
committee, called " Grand Council of thfe Bishop Benjamin T. Onderdonk, of New
Mystic Clan," is broken up by arrest of its York, for immoral conduct ; by ecclesias-
leader 1834 tical court, suspended
[Murrell lived near Denmark, Madison Dec. 10, 1844-Jan. 3, 1845
CO., Tenn. He was a man without Ex-Senator J. C. Davis, of Illinois; T.
fear, physical or moral. His favorite C. Sharp, editor of Warsano Signal; Mark
operations were horse-stealing and " negro- Aldrich, William N. Grover, and Col. Levi
running." He promised negroes their Williams, for murder of Hiram and Joe
freedom if they allowed him to conduct Smith (Mormons) ; trial begins at Car-
them North, selling them on the way by thage. 111.; acquitted May 21, 1845
day and stealing them back by night, Albert J. Tirrell (the somnambulist
always murdering them in the end. He murderer), for killing Maria A. Bickford
was captured by Virgil A. Stewart in 1846
1834, convicted, and sentenced to the peni- [Acquitted on the plea that the murder
tentiary, where he died.] was committed while he was sleep-walking.]
Spanish pirates (twelve in number), for Dr. John W. Webster, for the murder
an act of piracy on board the brig Mexi- of Dr. George W. Parkman in the Medi-
caid; trial at Boston; seVen found guilty, cal College, Boston, Nov. 23, 1849. Web-
five acquitted Nov. 11-25, 1834 ster partly burns his victim. The remains
Heresy trial ; Rev. Lyman Beecher, Pres- identified by a set of false teeth. Web-
byterian, before the presbytery and synod ster convicted and hanged; trial
of Cincinnati, on charges preferred by March 19-30, 1850
Dr. Wilson, of holding and teaching Pe- Catherine N. Forrest v. Edwin Forrest;
lagian and Arminian doctrines; acquit- divorce and alimony granted to Mrs. Por-
ted June 9 et seq., 1835 rest .Dec. 16, 1851-Jan. 26, 1852
Rev. Albert Barnes, Presbyterian, for Anthony Burns, fugitive-slave case, Bos-
heresies in 2\^o*e« on the Epistles to the ton May 27-31, 1854
119
TRIALS
Dr. Stephen T. Beale, ether case.. 1855 May 16; tried by a military commissioD
United States v. Henry Hertz et al., at Indianapolis, Ind., beginning Sept. 27;
for hiring and retaining persons to go William A. Bowles, L. P. Afilligan, and
out of the United States to enlist in the Stephen Horsey sentenced to be hanged
British foreign legion for the Crimea; Oct. 17, 1864
tried in the district court of the United J. Y. Beall, tried at Fort Lafayette by a
States for eastern district of Pennsylvania military commission, for seizing the steam-
1855 er Philo Parsons on Lake Erie, Sept. 19,
Slave case in Cincinnati, O. (see Bar- and other acts of war, without visible
per^s Magazine, vol. xii., p. 691) badge of military service; sentenced to
April, 1856 death and hanged; trial occurs
James P. Casey, for shooting James December, 1864
King, of William, editor of the San Fran- Capt. Henry Wirtz, commander of An-
cisco Bulletin^ and Charles Cora, murderer dersonville prison during the war, for
of United States Marshal Richardson; cruelty; trial begins Aug. 21; Wirtz
tried and hanged by the vigilance com- hanged Nov. 10. 1865
mittee in San Francisco. .. .May 20, 1856 Conspirators for assassination of Presi-
Dred Scott case {q. v.) 1850 dent Lincoln 1865
R. J. M. Ward ( " the most extraor- John H. Surratt 1807
dinary murderer named in the calendar In the case of William H. McCardle, of
of crime ") , Cleveland, 0 1857 Mississippi, testing the constitutionality of
Emma A, Cunningham, for the murder the reconstruction act of 1867; Matthew
of Dr. Burdell, in New York City, Jan. H. Carpenter, of Wisconsin, Lyman
30, 1856; acquitted May, 1857 Trumbull, of Illinois, and Henry Stan-
Daniel E. Sickles, for killing Philip Bar- berry. Attorney - General, appear for the
ton Key, Washington, D. C. ; acquitted government, and Judge Sharkey, Robert J.
• April 4-26, 1859 Walker, of Mississippi, Charles O'Conor,
John Brown, for insurrection in Vir- of New York. Jeremiah S. Black, of Penn-
ginia; tried Oct. 29, and executed at sylvania. and David Dudley Field for
Charlestown, Va Dec. 2, 1859 McCardle; reconstruction act repealed
Albert W. Hicks, pirate; tried at Bed- during the trial; habeas corpus issued
loe's Island, May 18-23; convicted of triple Nov. 12, 1867
murder on the oyster - sloop Edwin A. Andrew Johnson impeachment 1868
Johnson in New York Harbor ; hanged Colonel Ycrger, for murder of Colonel
July 13, 1860 Crane, U. S. A., at Jackson, Miss.
Officers and crew of the privateer Sof Jime 8, 1869
vannah, on the charge of piracy; jury William H. Holden, governor of North
disagree Oct. 23-31, 1861 Carolina, impeached and removed
Nathaniel Gordon, for engaging in the March 22, 1870
slave-trade, Nov. 6-8, 1861; hanged at Daniel MacFarland, for the murder of
New York Feb. 21, 1862 Albert D. Richardson, Nov. 25, 1869, in
Fitz-John Porter tried by military court New York City; acquitted
1863 * April 4-May 10, 1870
C. L. Vallandigham, for treasonable ut- David P. Butler, governor of Nebraska,
terances ; by court - martial in Cincin- impeached for appropriating school funds,
nati ; sentence of imprisonment during the and suspended June 2, 1870
war commuted to banishment to the South " The Bible in the public schools," case
May 5-16, 1863 of; J. D. Miner. ef al. v. the board of
Pauline Cushman, Union spy; sentenced education of Cincinnati et al.; tried in the
to be hanged by a court-martial held at Superior Court of Cincinnati; arguments
General Bragg's headquarters; is left be- for the use of the Bible in the public
hind at the evacuation of Shelby\'ille, Tenn., school by William M. Ramsey, George R.
and rescued by Union troops. . .June, 1863 Sage, and Rufus King; against, J. B. Stal-
For conspiracy against the United lo, George Hoadly, and Stanley Matthews
States, in organizing the Order of Ameri- 1870
can Knights or Sons of Liberty about Mrs. Wiarton, for murder of Gen. W. S.
120
TBIALS
Ketohum, U. S. A., at Washington, June Elliott at Frankfort, Ky.; acquitted on
28, 1871 ; acquitted ground of insanity; trial July, 1879
Dec. 4, 1871-Jan. 24, 1872 VVhittaker, colored cadet at West Point,
George C. Barnard (judge of Supreme by military court for injuring himself on
Court, New York) impeached. May 13, pretence of being hurt by others, April 0;
for corruption, and deposed expelled 1880
Aug. 18, 1872 Lieutenant Flipper, colored, by military
Captain Jack and three other Modoc court, for embezzlement and false state-
Indians tried, July 3, for the massacre of ments, Xovember, 1881; dismissed from
Gen. E. R. S. Canby, U. S. A., and Rev. the service 1882
Dr. Thomas (commissioner), April 11; Charles J. Guiteau, for the ansassination
convicted and hanged at Fort Klamath, of President Garfield; convicted, Feb. 26;
Or Oct. 3, 1873 hanged June 30, 1882
Edward S. Stokes, for the murder of Star Route trials 1882
James Fisk, Jr., in New York, Jan. 6. John Cockrill, managing editor of the
1872; fir.st jury disagree, June 19, 1872; St. Louis Post-Despatch, for fatally shoot-
second trial (guilty and sentenced to be ing Colonel Slayback; acquitted
hanged Feb. 28, 1873), Dec. 18, 1872-Jan. Oct. 13, 1882
6, 1873; third trial (guilty of man- Debris suit (California), decided against
slaughter in third degree; sentence, four hydraulic miners. Judge Sawyer, of the
years in prison at Sing Sing) United States court, San Francisco, Cal.,
Oct. 13-29, 1873 granting a perpetual injunction
W. M. Tweed, for frauds upon the city Jan. 7, 1884
and county of New York; sentenced to William Berner, convicted at Cincinnati
twelve years' imprisonment .. Nov. 19,1873 of manslaughter in killing William H.
A. Oakey Hall, ex-mayor of New York, Kirk March 28, 1884
for complicity with the Tweed "ring" [Berner was a confessed murderer; the
frauds: jury disagree, March 1-21, 1872; verdict of manslaughter, when twenty un-
second trial, jury disagree, Nov. 1 ; ac- tried murderers were in the city jail, led
quitted Dec. 24, 1873 to a six days' riot, during which the court-
David Swing, for heresy before the Chi- house and other buildings were set on fire,
cago Presbytery, April 15 et acq., in forty-five persons were killed, and 138 in-
twenty-eight specifications by Prof. Fran- jured.]
cia 1a. Patton; acquitted after a long trial Brig. -Gen. D. G. Swaim, judge-advocate-
1874 general of the army, tried by court-martial
fProfessor Swing withdrew from the for attempt to defraud a banking firm in
Presbyterian Church and formed an indc- Washington, and failing to report an army
pendent congregation.] officer who had duplicated his pay ac-
Theodore Tilton r. Henry Ward Beecher, count ; sentenced to suspension from duty
for adultery, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; jury dis- for twelve years on half-pay; trial opens
agree; case ended July 2, 1875 Nov. 15, 1884
Jesse Pomeroy, the Boston boy mur- James D. Fish, president of the Ma-
derer, for killing of Horace W. Millen, rine Bank, of New York, secretly con-
April 22, 1874, supposed to be Pomeroy's nected with the firm of Grant & Ward,
fourth victim 1875 convicted of misappropriation of funds.
Gen. O. E. Babcock, private secretary April 11, and sentenced to ten years at
of President Grant, tried at St. I^uis for hard labor in Sing Sing, N. Y.
complicity in whiskey frauds; acquitted June 27, 1885
Feb. 7, 1876 Ferdinand Ward, of the suspended firm
W. W. Belknap, United States Secre- of Grant & Ward, New York City, indict-
tary of War, impeached; acquitted ed for financial frauds, June 4; convict-
Aug. 1, 1876 ed and sentenced to ten years at hard
John D. Lee, for the Mountain Meadow labor in Sing Sing Oct. 31, 1885
massacre, Sept. 15, 1857; convicted and (Released. April 30, 1892.]
executed March 23, 1877 Henry W. Jaehne, vice-president of the
Col. ITiomas Buford, for killing Judge New York common council, for receiving
121
TRIALS
a bribe to support Jacob Sharp's Broad- " triangle," and condemned to death by
way surface road on Aug. 30, 1884 ; sen- them for accusing them of embezzling
tence, nine years and ten months in Sing funds allotted for dynamiting in England
Sing May 20, 1886 in February, May 4) , found murdered at
Alfred Packer, one of six miners, who Lake View, Chicago May 22, 1889
killed and ate his companions when starv- Coroner's jury declare the murder to
ing in their camp on the site of Lake be-, the result of a conspiracy, of which
City, Col.,- in 1874; convicted at New Alexander Sullivan, P. O'SuUivan, Daniel
York of manslaughter, and sentenced to Coughlin, anjd Frank Woodruff (connected
forty years* imprisonment .. August, 1886 with the Clan-na-Gael ) were the prin-
Trial of Jacob Sharp; found guilty of cipals. Alexander Sullivan and others ar-
bribery and sentenced to four years' im- rested, June 12; Sullivan released on high
prisonment and a fine of $5,000. bail June 15, 1889
July 14, 1887 Martin Burke arrested at Winnipeg,
[Sentence reversed by court of ap- Canada, indicted about June 20. The
peals.] grand jury at Chicago, after sixteen days'
Anarchists at Chicago: Twenty-two in- investigation, indict Martin Burke, John
dieted. May 27, 1886; seven convicted of F. Beggs, Daniel Coughlin, Patrick O'Sul-
murder, Aug. 20; four (Spies, Parsons, livan, Frank Woodruff, Patrick Cooney,
Fischer, and Engel) hanged; and one and John Kunz, with others unknown, of
(Lingg) commits suicide .. Nov. 11, 1887 conspiracy and of the murder of Patrick
[Governor Altgeld pardoned all the an- Henry Cronin June 29, 1889
archists (Schwab, Neebe, and Fielden) in Coughlin, Burke, O'Sullivan, Kunz, and
prison, June 26, 1893.] Beggs, for murder of Cronin in Chicago,
City of New Orleans against adminis- May 6; trial begins Aug. 30; the first
tratrix of the estate of Myra Clark three are sentenced to imprisonment for
Gaines, deceased, Jan. 9, 1885, in Su- life, Kunz for three years, and Beggs dis-
prerae Court of United States; judgment charged Dec. 16, 1889
against the city for over $500,000 [Second trial of Daniel Coughlin began
May 13, 1889 Nov. 3, 1893; acquitted by jury, March 8,
[About 1836 Myra Clark Gaines filed 1894.]
a bill in equity to recover real estate in Commander B. H. McCalla, of United
the possession of the city of New Or- States steamship Enterprise^ by court-
leans. Her father, Daniel Clark, who died martial for malfeasance and cruelty, April
in New Orleans a reputed bachelor, Aug. 22, on finding of a court of inquiry held in
16, 1813, by will dated May 20, 1811, gave Brooklyn navy -yard, March 11, suspended
the property to his mother, and by mem- from rank and duty for three years, sen-
orandum for a will (which was never tence approved by Secretary Tracy
found) made in 1813, gave it to his May 15, 1890
daughter Myra. The latter will was re- Dr. T. Thacher Graves, for murder of
ceived by the Supreme Court of Louisiana Mrs. Josephine Barnaby, of Providence,
Feb. 18, 1866, and the legitimacy of Myra R. T.. by poison, at Denver, Col 1891
q\iestioned. Judge Billings, of the United [While awaiting his second trial he corn-
States circuit court at New Orleans, ren- mitted suicide in the county jail at Den-
dered a decision which recognized the pro- ver, Sept. 3. 1893.]
bate of the will of 1813, in April. 1877; Rev. Charles A. Briggs, charged by the
an appeal was taken, and in 1883 judg- presbytery of New York, Oct. 5, 1891,
ment was again given in favor of Mrs. with teaching doctrines " which conflict
Gaines for $1,925,667 and interest. The irreconcilably with, and are contrary to,
final appeal, June. 1883, resulted as above, the cardinal doctrines taught in the Holy
In 1861 the value of the property was Scriptures," in an address at the Union
estimated at $35,000,000.] Theological Seminary in New York, Jan.
Dr. Patrick Henry Cronin, Irish dyna- 20, 1891: case dismissed. Nov. 4; prosecut-
mite nationalist (expelled from the Clan- ing committee appeal to the general as-
na-Gael, and denounced as a spy by Alex- sembly. Nov. 13; judgment reversed and
ander Sullivan and the leaders, termed the case remanded to the presbytery of New
122
\
TBIMBLE— TBI-MOUNTAIN
York for new trial, May 30, 1892; Pro- resigned in 1832 and became a civil en-
fessor Briggs acquitted after a trial of gineer; was with various railroads as
nineteen days Dec. 30, 1892 chief engineer till the outbreak of the Civil
John Y. McKane, Gravesend, L. I., for War, when he took command of the non-
election frauds; convicted and sentenced uniformed volunteers recruited to defend
to Sing Sing for six years. . .Feb. 19, 1894 Baltimore from Northern soldiers. In
Miss Madeline V. Pollard, for breach of the same year he was made colonel of
promise, against Representative W. C. P. engineers in Virginia and directed the
Breckinridge, of Kentucky; damages. $50,- construction of the field works and forts
000; trial begun March 8, 1894, at Wash- at Norfolk; was promoted brigadier-gen-
ington, D. C. ; verdict of $15,000 for Miss eral on finishing that work, and then took
Pollard, Saturday April 14, 1894 charge of the location and construction
Patrick Eugene Prendergast, for the of the batteries at Evansport on the
murder of Carter Harrison, mayor of Chi- Potomac River. With these batteries he
cago, Oct. 28, 1893; plea of defence, in- blockaded the river against United States
sanity; jury find him sane and he is vessels during the winter of 1861-02.
hanged July 13, 1894 He also participated and won distinc-
Eugene V. Debs, president American tion in various battles, including Gaines's
Railroad Union, charged with conspiracy Mills, Slaughter's Mountain, Second Bull
in directing great strike on the Western Run, Chancellorsville, etc.; was promoted
railroads, and acquitted 1894 major-general for gallantry and merito-
[He was sentenced to six months' im- rious services April 23, 1863. During the
prisonment for contempt of court in vio- third day of the action at Gettysburg he
fating its injunction in 1895.] lost a leg, was captured, and held a pris-
William R. Laidlaw, Jr., v, Russell oner at Johnson's Island for twenty-one
Sage, for personal injuries at time of months before being exchanged. After
bomb explosion in the latter's office, Dec the war he settled in Baltimore, Md., where
4, 1891; suit brought soon afterwards; he died, Jan. 2, 1888.
plaint ifir awarded heavy damages by Trimble, Robebt, jurist; born in Berke-
jury: defendant appealed ; case still in the ley county, Va., in 1777; removed with
courts. his parents to Kentucky in 1780; studied
Leon Czolgosz indicted in Buffalo for law and began practice in 1803; appointed
murder of President McKinley, Sept. 16, second judge of the court of appeals in
1901; tried Sept. 23-24; found guilty on 1808; and chief-justice of Kentucky in
second day; executed in Auburn (N. Y.) 1810; was United States judge for Ken-
prison Oct. 29, 1901 tucky in 1816-26, and was then appointed
Trimble, Alusix, statesmap; born in a justice of the United States Supreme
Augusta county, Va., Nov. 24, 1783; re- Court. He died Aug. 25, 1828.
moved to Lexington, Ky., in 1784; and Trimble, William A., legislator; born
later settled in Highland county, O., where in Woodford, Ky., April 4, 1786; grad-
he was clerk of the courts and recorder uated at Transylvania College; admitted
in 1809-16; was in command of a mount- to the bar and began practice in High-
ed regiment under Gen. William Henry land, O., in 1811; was adjutant of his
Harrison in 1812-13; served in both brother Allen's regiment in the campaign
branches of the State legislature in 1816- against the Pottawattomie Indians in
26; was acting governor of Ohio in 1821- 1812; became major of Ohio volunteers in
22; governor in 1826-30; and president of 1812, and major of the 26th United States
the first State board of agriculture in Infantry in 1813; brevetted lieutenant-
1846-48. He died in Hillsboro, O., Feb. colonel in 1814 for gallantry in the en-
2, 1870. gagement at Fort Erie; was transferred
Trimble, Isaac Ridqeway, military to the 8th Infantry in 1815; and resigned
ofliicer; bom in Culpeper county, Va., May March 1, 1819. He was United States
15. 1802; graduated at the United States Senator from 1819 till his death in Wash-
Military Academy in 1822, and was as- ington, D. C, Dec. 13, 1821.
signed the duty of surveying the military Tri-mountain; the name first given to
road from Washington to the Ohio River; Boston, Mass.
123
TBINITY CHUBCH— TBIPOLI
Trinity Church. The first Episcopal ranean. His dag-ship was the President.
church organized in the province of New He sailed from Hampton Reads, reached
York was called in its charter (1697) Gibraltar July 1, and soon after the Bey
" The Parish of Trinity Church.'* The had declared war he appeared before
wardens and vestrymen first chosen in- Tripoli, having captured a Tripolitan
eluded several members of the King's corsair on the way. The Bey was aston-
council. The following are the names of ished, and the little American squadron
the first oflicers of the church: Bishop cruising in the Mediterranean made the
of London, rector; Thomas Wenham and Barbary States more circumspect. Recog-
Robert Lurting, wardens; Caleb Heath- nizing the existence of war with Tripoli,,
cote, William Merret, John Tudor, James the United States government ordered a
Emott, William Morris, Thomas Clarke, squadron, under Commodore Richard V.
Ebenezer Wilson, Samuel Burt, James Morris, to relieve Dale. The Chesapeake
Evets, Nathaniel Marston, Michael How- was the commodore's flag-ship. The ves-
den, John Crooke, William Sharpas, Law- sels did not go in a body, but proceeded
rence Read, David Jamison, William one after another, between February
Hudleston, Gabriel Ludlow, Thomas Bur- (1801) and September. Early in May,
roughs, John Merret, and William Jane- the liostotif after taking the LTnited States^
way, vestrymen. In 1705 a tract of land minister (R. R. Livingston) to France,
known as " The Queen's Farm " extended blockaded the port of Tripoli. There she
(on the west side of Broadway) from St. was joined by the frigate Constellation^
Paul's Chapel (Vesey Street and Broad- while the Essex blockaded two Tripolitan
way) along the river to Skinner Road, now corsairs at Gibraltar. The Constellation^
Christopher Street. This farm was then left alone, had a severe contest not long
totally unproductive. Money was col- afterwards with seventeen Tripolitan gun-
lected for the building of the church. It boats and some land batteries, which were
was a small square edifice then on the severely handled.
banks of the Hudson River. It was en- Another naval expedition was sent to
larged in 1737 to 148 feet in length, in- the Mediterranean in 1803, under the com-
cluding the tower and chancel, and to 72 mand of Com. Edward Preble, whose flag-
feet in width. The steeple, which was not ship was the Constitution. The other ves-
completed until 1772, was 175 feet in sels were the Philadelphia, Argus, Siren,.
height. The building was consumed in the NautiluSy Vixen, and Enterprise. The
great fire of 1776. It was rebuilt in 1788, Philadelphia, Captain Bainbridge, sailed in
taken down in 1839, and on May 21, 1840, July, and raptured a Moorish corsair off
the present edifice was consecrated. The Tangier, holding an American merchant
corporation of Trinity Church still holds a vessel. Preble arrived in August, and,
portion of the land of the Queen's Farm, going to Tangier, demanded an explann-
from which a- large income is derived, tion of the Emperor of Morocco, who dis-
That corporation has contributed gener- claimed the act and made a suitable apol-
ously towards the building and support- ogy. Then he proceeded to bring Tripoli to
ing of churches in various parts of the terms. Soon afterwards the Philadelphia
country and carrying on Christian work fell into the hands of the Tripolitans.
of various kinds. Little further of much interest occurred
Tripoli, War with. In the autumn of until early in 1804, when the boldness of
1800, the ruler of Tripoli, learning that the Americans in destroying the Phila-
the United States had paid larger gross delphia in the harbor of Tripoli greatly
sums to his neighbors (see Algiers) than alarmed the Bey (see Philadelphia,
to himself, demanded an annual tribute. The). For a while Preble blockaded hi»
and threatened war in case it was refused, port; and in July, 1804, he entered the
In May, 1801, he caused the flag-staff of liarlwr (whose protection lay in hea\-y
the American consulate to be cut down, batteries mounting 115 gims) with h'm
and proclaimed war June 10. In antici- squadron. The Tripolitans also had in
pation of this event, the American gov- the harbor nineteen gunboats, a brig, two
ernmcnt had sent Commodore Richard schooners, and some galleys, with 25,000
Dale with a squadron to the Mediter- soldiers on the land. A sheltering reef
124
TBIFOLI, WAB WITH
aJToTded further prolection. These formi- gunliout Auinber four) alongside the
dable obstaclea did not dismay Preble. On largest of those of the enemy, and boarded
Aug. 3 he opened a heavy cunnonnde and and captured her after a fierce struggle.
bombardment from his gunboats, which After llie Aincricann bad snnk or capt-
, HTitKKi «-^s« i« TKip.,,.! miidp OH the 2Sth.
shnip eonliict. tin
alnne could get near enotijih fc)r effective squadron afrsin withdrew, and lay
service. A severe conHict en^iPil. Finally, nnelinr olT (be harlmr until Sept. 2. \i
Lieutenant Decatur laid his vessel Ithc n fifth attack was made. A floating n:
125
TBIST— TBUMBULL
sent to blow up the Tripolitan vessels in personal friend and the private secretary
the harbor, exploded prematurely, appar- of President Jackson. He died in Alex-
ently, and destroyed all of the Ameri- andria, Va., Feb. 11, 1874.
cans in charge of it (see Intrepid, The). Trollope, Frances Mtlton, author;
The stormy season approaching, Preble born in Heckfield, Hampshire, England,
withdrew from the dangerous Barbary about 1780; came to the United States
coast, leaving a small force to blockade and settled in Cincinnati, 0>, in 1829. She
the harbor of Tripoli. Com. Samuel Bar- returned to England in 1831, and publish-
ron was sent to relieve Preble, who, with ed Domestic Manners of the Americans.
a large squadron, overawed the Moors She died in Florence, Italy, Oct. 6, 1863.
and kept up the blockade. Troup, Robert, military officer; born
Meanwhile a movement under Capt. in New York City in 1757: graduated at
William Eaton, American consul at Tunis, King's College in 1774; studied law under
soon brought the war to a close. He John Jay; and joined the army on Long
joined Hamet Caramelli. the rightful Island as lieutenant in the summer of
Bey of Tunis, in an effort to recover his 1776. He became aide to General Wood-
rights. Hamet had taken refuge with hull ; was taken prisoner at the battle of
the Viceroy of Egypt. There Eaton join- Long Island; and was for some time in
ed him with a few troops composed of the prison-ship Jersey and the provost jail
men of all nations, and, marching west- at New York. Exchanged in the spring of
ward across Northern Africa 1,000 miles, 1777, he joined the Northern army, and
with transportation consisting of 190 participatwl in the capture of Burgoyne.
camels, on April 27» 180.5. captured the In 1778 he was secretary of the board of
Tripolitan seaport town of Derne. They war. After the war he was made judge
fought their way successfully towards of the United States district court of
the capital, their followers continually in- New York, holding that office several
creasing, when, to the mortification of years. Colonel Troup was the warm per-
Eaton and the extinguishment of the hopes sonal and political friend of Alexander
of Caramelli, they found that Tobias Lear, Hamilton. He died in New York City,
the American consul-general, had made a Jan. 14. 1832.
treaty of peace (June 4, 1805) with the Truman, Ben.jamin Cumminos, jour-
terrified ruler of Tripoli. So ended the war. nalist ; born in Providence, R. I., Oct. 25,
The ruler of Tunis was yet insolent, but 1835; received a public school education;
his pride was suddenly humbled by the ap- was a compositor and proof-reader on the
pearance of a squadron of thirteen vessels New York Times in 1854-00; served in
under Commodore Rodgers, who succeed- the Civil War as staflT-officer; has been on
ed Barron, and he sent an ambassador to government missions lo China. Japan,
the United States. The Barbary States Hawaii, Alaska, and several times to
now all feared the power of the Americans. Europe. He is the author of The South
and commerce in the Mediterranean Sea During the War; Semi - Tropical Cali*
was relieved of groat peril. Pope Pius fornia; From the Crescent City to the
VII. declared that the Americans had done Golden Gate; The Field of Honor; HiS'
more for Christendom against the North tory of the World's Fair in Chicago^ etc.
African pirates than all the powers of Trumbull, Benjamin, historian; bom
Europe united. in Hebron, Conn., Dec. 10. 1735; grad-
TrlBt, Nicholas Philip, diplomatist; uated at Yale College in 1759, and studied
born in Charlottesville, Va., June 2, 1800; theology under Rev. Eleazer W^heelock;
educated at West Point, where he was pastor in North Haven for nearly sixty
acting professor in 1819-20. In 1845 he years. His publications include General
was chief clerk of the State Department, History of the United States of America;
and was United States commissioner with Complete History of Connecticut from
the army under General Scott in Mexico 1630 till 1713 (2 volumes). He died in
authorized to treat for peace, which he North Haven, Conn., Feb. 2, 1820.
accomplished at Guadalupe - Hidalgo in Trumbull, Jamks Hammond, philolo-
January, 1848. He was afterwards Unit- gist; born in Stonington. Conn., Dec. 20,
ed States consul at Havana. He was a 1821; educated at Yale College; settled
126
TBUMBITLI.
in Hartford in 1847, And held political vard College in 1TT3. Having made nn an-
officcB till 1364 ; librarian of the Watkin- curate sketch of the works around Boston
Bon librar]' of reference in Hartford in in 1775, he attracted the attention of
IS63-91. He was the author of The Col- Wasliington, who, in August of that year,
onial Records of Connecticut (Svolumea); made him one of his aides-de-camp. He
llistorieal Soles on Some Proviaioni of became a major of brigade, and in 177S
the Connecticut Statutes; The Defence of deputy adjutant-general of the Northern
Slonington against a British Squadron, Department, with the rank of colonel. In
August, 18li; Historical Notes on the February, 1777, he retired from the army.
Constitution of Gcnnectiout; Notes on and went to London to study painting
Forty Algonquin Versions of the Lord's under West. On the execution of Major
Prayer; The Bltie Laics of Connecticut and AndrC (October, 17B0) , he was seized and
the False- Blue Laws invented by the Rev. cant into prison, where he remained eight
Hamuel Peters; tndian Names of Places months. In 1786 he painted his Battle of
in and on the Borders of the Connecticut, Bunker Hilt. From 1789 to 1793 he was
mth Interpretations, etc. He died in in the United States, painting portraits
Hartford, Conn., Aug. 5, 1897. for his historical pictures (now in the
Tmmbull, Jons, poet; born in West- rotunda of the national Capitol) — The
bury [since Watertown), Conn., April 24, Declaration of Independence; The Surren-
1750; graduated at Yale College in 1767, der of Burgiiyne; The Surrender of Corn-
having been admitted to the college at wallis; and the Resignation of Washing-
the age of seven years, such was Ins pre- Ion at Annapolis. In 1704 Trumbull
cocity in acquirinj^ learning; but he did was secretary to Jay'a mission to Lon-
not reside there until 1763, on account of don, and was appointed a commissioner
delicat« health. In 1773 he was admit-
ted to the bar, having been two years
a tutor in Yale College. During that
time he wrote his first considerable poem.
The Progress of Outness. He was a warm
and active patriot. In 1775 the first canto
of his famous poem, McPingat, was pub'
iished in Philadelphia. The whole work,
in four cantos, was published in Hartford
in 1782. It is a burlesque epic, in the
style .of Hudibrcs, directed against the
Tories and other enemies of liberty in
America. This famous poem has passed
through many editions. After the war,
Trumbull, with Humphreys, Harlow, and
Lemuel Hopkins, wrote a series of poetic
essays entitled American Antiquities, pre-
tended extracts from a poem which they
styled The Anarckiad. It was designed
to check the spirit of anarchy then pre-
vailing in the feeble Union. From 1789
to 1795 Mr. Trumbull was State attor-
ney for Hartford; and in 1792 and I860 juii.i truhhill.
he was a member of the legislature. He
was a judge of the Supreme Court for (1706) to carry the treaty into execution,
eighteen years (1801-19), and judge of He returned to the United States in 1804,
Ihe court of errors in 1808. In 1823 and went back to England in 1803, when
he removed to Detroit, Mich., where he everything American was so unpopular
died, May 10, 1831. that he found little employment. He came
Trumbull, Joiis, artist ; born in Leba- back, settled in New York, and assisted
non. Conn.. June 6, 1750 ; son of Gov. in founding the Academy of Fine Arts
Jonathan Trumbull; graduated at Har- there, of which he was president in 1816-
12?
TBTTMB1TLL
25. Mr. Trumbull painted a large num- lion and other Rupplies, and this want
ber of pictures of eventB In American his- TOntinupd, more or lesB, for months. Trum-
tofy. In consideration of receiving from bull was then governor of Connecticut,
Yale College $1,000 a year during hie
life, Colonel Trumbull presented to that
institution fifty - seven of his pictures,
which form the "Trumbull Gallery" - "
there. The profits of the exhibition, after
his death, were to be applied towards
the education of needy students. He died
in New York City, Nov. 10, 1843.
Trumbull, Jonathan, patriot; born in
Lebanon, Conn.. Oct. 12, 1710; gradu-
ated at Harvard College in 1727 ; preached
a few years; studied law; and became
% council of war, when
there seemed to be no way to make pro-
vision against an expected attack of the
enemy, the commander-in-chief said, " We
must consult Brother Jonathan on the
subject." He did so, and the governor
was successful in supplying many of the
wants of the army. When the army was
afterwards spread over the country and
difficulties arose, it was a common saying
among the officers, as a by-word, " We
must consult Brother Jonathan." The
origin of these words were soon lost sight
a member of Assembly at tlie ajje of twen-
ty-three. He was chosen Heu tenant-gov-
ernor in 17110. and became cx-ofpcio chief-
justice of the Superior Court. In 1708
he boldly refuswi lo take the oath en-
joined on officers of the crown, and in
170!) he was ch<iseii governor. He was the
only conlonial governor who espoused the
cause of the people in their strupgle
for justice and freedom. In the absence ooi*i;imoii iscubcu-'k wm oppici.
in Congress of the Adamses and Hancock
from New England, Trumbull was consid- of. and "Brother .Tonnthan " became the
ered the Whig leader in that region, and title of our nationality, like that of " John
Washington always placed implicit re- Dull " of England. He died in Letianon,
liance upon his patriotism and energy Conn.. Aug. 17. I7R5.
for support. When Washington took Trumbull, JosATiiAN, legislator: bom
command of the Continental army at Cam- in Lebanon. Conn.. March 20. 1740; son
bridge, he found it in want ot ammuni- of Governor Trumbull: graduated at Har-
TBTTMBULL— TBTrXTUN
vard College in 1759. When the Revolu- 1872, and joined the Populists in 1804.
tionary War broke out, he was an active He died in Chicago, III., June 25, 1896.
member of the Connecticut Assembly, and Trusts. Within recent years there has
its speaker. From 1775 to 1778 he was arisen in the United States a number of
paymaster of the Northern army; and in vast corporations, popularly called trusts.
1780 he was secretary and first aide to A trust is a combination of leading manu-
Washington, remaining in the military facturers in a certain line of trade, who
family of the commander-in-chief until the pool their businesses, accepting in lieu
close of the war. He was a member of thereof stock in the trust. It is claimed
Congress from 1789 to 1795; speaker from that business can be conducted more cheap-
1791 to 1795; United States Senator in ly this way, and that people are there-
1795-96; lieutenant-governor of Connecti- fore benefited. On the other hand, it is
cut in 1796; and governor from 1797 until claimed that trusts are ruining business
his death in Lebanon, Aug. 7, 1809. by driving out all competition. A small
Tnunboll, Jonathan, librarian; bom dealer who refuses to join the trust sud-
in Norwich, Conn., Jan. 23, 1844; re- denly finds the trust selling his line of
ceived an academic education; member of goods in his neighborhood at prices below
the Connecticut Historical Society; presi- cost. The small dealer cannot compete
dent of the Connecticut Society of the with these prices, and so must either sell
Sons of the American Revolution. He is his plant to the trust at the trust's price
the author of The Lebanon War Office; or go out of business. Legislatures of
The Defamation of Revolutionary Pa- various States, notably New York, have
iriots: a Vindication of General Israel tried to devine a law that will protect
Putnam; Joseph Trumbull^ First Com- the rights of the capitalists in the trusts
missary -General of the Continental Army ; ^ and also the rights of small dealers, but
The Share of Connecticut in the Revolu- without success as yet. The managers of
tion, etc. trusts have been put on trial charged with
Trumbull, Joseph, military officerj conspiracy in driving others out of busi-
born in Lebanon, Conn., March 11, 1737; ness, but as yet there have been no con-
another son of Governor Trumbull ; gradu- victions. The Standard OiJ Company was
ated at Harvard College in 1756; was the first of the great trusts. The sugar
made commissary - general of the Conti- trade of the country is almost entirely
nental army in July, 1775. In November, in the hands of a trust, and the attempts
1777, he was made a commissioner of of this trust to influence legislation at
the board of war, which office he resigned Washington in its interests gave rise to
in April, 1778, on account of ill-health, a great national scandal in 1894, when
He died in Lebanon, Conn., July 23, 1778. each Senator was asked to make a declara-
Trumbull, Lyman, legislator; bom in tion whether he had dealt in sugar stock
Colchester, Conn., Oct. 12, 1813; taught during the tariff debate. The greatest of
when sixteen years of age; studied law at all combinations coming under the popular
the Academy of Georgia, and was admitted name of trusts was organized as the Unit-
to the bar in 1837; removed to Belleville, ed States Steel Corporation, in March,
HI.; was secretary of state in 1841; a jus- 1901, with $1,100,000,000 capital,
tice of the State Supreme Court in 1848; Truxtun, Thomas, naval officer; born
Democratic member of the State legis- in Jamaica, L. I., Feb. 17, 1755; went to
lature in 1854 ; and elected a United States sea when he was twelve years of age, and
Senator in 1855, 1861, and in 1867, serving for a short time was impressed on board
' for eighteen years. He abandoned the a British man-of-war. Lieutenant of the
Democratic party on account of his op- privateer Congress in 1776, he brought
position to the extension of slavery, and one of her prizes to New Bedford; and in
labored with the anti-slavery workers. He June, 1777, commanding the Independence,
voted against the impeachment of Presi- owned by himself and Isaac Sears (q.v.),
dent Johnson and afterwards acted with the he captured three valuable prizes off the
Democratic party, and was its candidate Azores. Truxtun performed other brave
for governor* of Illinois in 1880. He sup- exploits during the Revolutionary War,
ported Horace Greeley for President in and was afterwards extensively engaged in
IX.— I 129
TBUmjN— TEYON
the East India trade in Philadelphia. In modore on the Guadeloupe Station, with
1794 he wa« appointed captain of the new ten aail under bis command at one time,
frigate Corutellation, and in 1798-^0 lie In 1S02 he was appointed to command an
made two notable captures of French e:(pedition against Tripoli, was denied &
vessels of superior size — L'ln-
sur genie, of forty guns and
400 men, and La Vengeance,
of fifty-four guns and 400 men.
The former was a famous
frigate, and the engagement
with her, which lasted one
hour and a quarter, was very
seventy men killed and wound-
ed, the Co na Id In lion only three
men wounded. The action with
La Vengeance was equally se-
vere. The veB«el9 were fought
at pistol-shot distance, the en-
gagement lasting till 1 A.u.
La Vengeance, much crippled,
escaped before daylight, and
Truxtun lost his prixe. This
second victory gave him great
popularity, and Congress voted
him the thanks of tlie nation
and a gold medal. These vic-
tories, at that critical time,
made the navy very popular, tbcitch'b oiuvi.
and "The Navy" became a
popular toast at all banquets. Pictures captain for hia flag-ahip, and declined the
of naval battles and naval songs filled the appointment. His protest waa treated aa
shop-windowa, and some earthen pitchers, a resignation, and he was allowed to leave
of different siMS, were made in Liverpool the service. In 1816-19 he was high-
for an American crockery merchant in sheriff of Philadelphia. He died in Phila-
delphia, May 5. 1822. His remains were
buried in Christ Church-yard, in that
city, and his grave is marked by an up-
right slab of white marble.
Tryon, William, royal governor; bom
in Ireland about 1725; became an officer
in the British army, and married Miss
Wake, a beautiful and accomplished kins-
woman of the Earl of Hillsborough, the
secretary of state for the colonies.
Through him Tryon procured the office of
lieutenant-governor of North Carolina in
1764. and on the death of Qovernor Dobbe,
in 176.'). he was appointed governor. He
was fond of ostentatious display, and built
FATiL P1I0HIH. a palace at Newberne at an expense to thi>
colony of fS.I.OOO. To gnin this appro-
commemoration of the American navy, priation. Ijidy Tryon and her beautiful
The engraving shows the appearance of sister. Esther Wake, gave brilliant balls
one of these. In 1601 Truxtun was trans- and dinn(<r-|)artieR to the members of the
ferred to the Preeidenl, and was com- legislature, and used every blandishment
130
TUCBISR
tliej- possessed. The taxes on account of and published several tracts on the dis-
this palace added greatly to the burdens pute between Great Britain and the
of the people, and brought about the AmericHu coJonies, which attracted much
" Begulator " movement in the weatern attention.
counties. The history of Tryon's admin- The British ministry knew more of the
ifitration in North Carolina is a record differences of opinion in the Continental
of folly, extortion, and crime, and he Congreaa than did the Americans, for Gal-
gained the name of " The Wolf of North loway had let out the secret to friends of
Carolina.'' He was governor of New Yorlc the erown. This fact encouraged Lord
when the Revolu-
tionary War broke
the last governor
of that province
appointed by the /y ^''^
crown. Compelled /fM^Tj /
to take refuge ^W^^^i
from the Song of //
Liberty on hoard a
vessel in New York
Harbor, it proved
to be a permanent
abdication. He en-
tered the British siu.
and engaged in several disreputable ma- North and his colleagues to believe that n
rauding expeditions. His property in little firmness on the part of Great Brit-
North Carolina was conHscated. He went ain would shake the resolution and break
to England in 17S0, and became lieuten- up the apparent union of the colonists.
ant-general in 1782. He died in London, It was known that a large portion of the
England. Feb. 27, 178B. most respectable and influential of the in-
Tucker, Georqb, author; born in Ber- habitants of the colonies were warmly at-
muda in 1775; graduated at William tached to the mother -country. In several
and Marv College in 1797; admitted to colonies there was a strong prejudice fett
the bar and practised in Lynchburg; towards New England, where the most
elected to Congress in 1816, 1S21, and violent proceedings had occurred. The
1823: Professor of Moral Philosophy and Quakers, as a body, were opposed to vio-
Political Economy at the University of lent measures. The governor of Pennsyl-
Virginia for twenty years. His publi- vania was indifferent, and Scotch High-
cations include Letlcrs on the Compiracy landers settled in New York, and the Caro-
of SUtvei in Virginia; Lettert on the linas and Georgia were very loyal. Even
Roanoke Xavigation; The Valley of 8he»- should the union remain perfect, it was
andoah; Life of Thomas Jefferson, with believed the limited resources of the colo-
Fartt of hit Correspondence; Progreaa of nists would be wholly inadequate to any
the United Slates in Population and obstinate or lengthened resistance. Mili-
Weallh in Fifty Years; History of the tary officers boasted that, at the head of
United States from their Colonization to a few regiments, they would " march from
fke End of the Twenty-sixth Congress in one end of America to the other." All
If-iU etc. He died in Sherwood, Va., British writers and speakers exercised
April 10, 1861. their pens and tongues in the same strain.
Tucker, Josiah, eler^iyman: born in Only one had the good sense to reeom-
Laugharne, Wales, in 1711; educated at mend a peaceful separation. That was
Oxford, he took orders, and was for many Dean Tucker. He proposed that Par-
years a rector in Bristol; in 1758 he was liament, by a solemn act declaring them
Dean of Gloucester; he was a prolific to have forfeited all the privileges of
writer on political and religious subjects, British subjects by sea and land, should
TXrCKEB— TXTDOK
cut off the rebellious provinces from the setts. He died in Bremen, Me., March 10,
British Empire; with provision, however, 1833.
for granting pardon and restoration to Tucker, St. George, jurist; bom in
either or all of them on their humble peti- Port Royal, Bermuda, July 10, 1752;
tion to that effect. Had this proposition graduated at the College of William and
been then adopted, Great Britain would Mary in 1772; studied law, but entered
have still retained a large and influential the public service at the beginning of the
party in the colonies, the hatreds engen- Revolutionary War, planning and assist-
dered by war would have been avoided, ing personally in the seizure of a large
and, at the worst, the colonies would have amount of stores in a fortification at
been lost to Great Britain, as they finally Bermuda. He commanded a regiment at
were, without the expenditure of blood the siege of Yorktown, where he was
and treasure on both sides which the war severely wounded. After the war he be-
caused. But vulgar expedients were pre- came a Virginia legislator, a reviser and
ferred, and this proposition was denounced digester of the laws of Virginia, professor
as the height of folly, and even the wise in the College of William and Mary, and
Burke called it " childish." Dean Tucker member of the convention at Annapolis in
died in Gloucester, England, Nov. 4, 1799. 1786 which led to> that of 1787 that
Tucker, Nathaniel Beveiily, lawyer; framed the national Constitution. He was
bom in Williamsburg, Va., Sept. 6, 1784; a judge in the State courts nearly fifty
graduated at William and Mary College years, and of the court of appeals from
in 1801; admitted to the bar and prac- 1803 to 1811. In 1813 he was made a
tised in his native State till 1815, when judge of the United States district court,
he removed to Mississippi, serving there Judge Tucker was possessed of fine liter-
as judge in the circuit court till 1830. ary taste and keen wit, and he was a poet
Returning to Virginia he was Professor of no ordinary ability. He wrote some
of Law at William and Mary College in poetical satires under the name of Peter
1834-51. He was the author of A Key to Pindar; also some political tracts; and
iht! Disunion Conspiracy; Discourse on in 1803 published an annotated edition of
the Dangers that Threaten the Free Insti- Blackstone. He died in Edgewood, Nelson
tutions of the United States; Lectures co., Va., Nov. 10, 1828.
Intended to Prepare the Student for the Tuckermany Batard, author; born in
Study of the Constitution of the United New York, July 2, 1855; graduated at
SiateSy etc. He died in Winchester, Va., Harvard College in 1878; and wrote Life
Aug. 26, 1851, of Lafayette; Peter Stuyvesant; William
Tucker, Samuel, naval officer; born in Jay and the A bo It f ton of Slavery, etc.
Marblehead, Mass., Nov. 1, 1747; was a Tiickerman, Henrt Theodore, author;
captain in the merchant service, sailing born in Boston, Mass., April 20, 1813;
between Boston and London, before the received an academic education; and went
Revolution, In March, 1777, he was com- to Europe in 1833 and 1837. He returned
missioned a captain in the Continental to the United States in 1839; became con-
navy, and, in command of the Boston, tributor to periodicals; and wrote Artist
he took John Adams to France as Ameri- Life, or Sketches of American Painters;
can minister in February, 1778. During Memorial of Horatio Orecnough ; Essay on
1779 he took many prizes. In 1780 he Washington; America and Her Commenta-
helped in the defence of Charleston ; was tors, etc. He died in New York City, Dec.
made prisoner; and was released in Juno, 17, 1871.
1781, when he took command of the Tudor, William, diplomatist; bom in
Thome, and made many prizes, receiving, Boston, Mass., Jan. 28, 1779; graduated
at the close of the war, the thanks of at Harvard College in 1796; travelled
Congress. He settled in Bristol, Me., in in Europe; founded the Anthology Club
1792; and during the War of 1812 he and contributed to its journal, the Jfon^Wy
captured, by a trick, a British vessel Anthology ; founded the North American
which had greatly annoyed the shipping Reviexo in 1815; published Letters on the
in that vicinity. He was several times in Eastern States: was consul at Lima in
the legislatures of Maine and Massachu- 1823; chargS d'affaires in Brazil, in
132
TXTLANE— TUBNEB
1827; and was the originator of the Tunkers. See Dunkabdb.
Bunker Hill monument. He died in Rio Tttpper, Benjamin, military officer;
de Janeiro, Brazil, March 9, 1830. born in Stoughton, Mass., in August,
Tulnne, Paul, philanthropist; born in 1738; was a soldier in the French and
Cherry Valley, N. J., in May, 1801 ; made Indian War, and afterwards taught school
a tour of the Southwest in 1818; settled in in Easton. He was very active in the
New Orleans in 1822, where he engaged in siege of Boston, and was colonel of a
business till 1856, when he transferred Massachusetts regiment early in 1776.
part of his estate to the North, and later In August of that year he commanded the
permanently removed to Princeton, N. J. gunboats and galleys in the Hudson River ;
He retired with a large fortune in 1867. served under Gates in the Northern army
He assisted several charitable institutions ; in 1777; was in the battle of Monmouth
and gave about $1,100,000 towards promot- the next year; and before the end of the
ing the higher education of white youth war was made a brigadier-general. Tup-
of Louisiana, which was used to found per was one of the originators of the Ohio
Tulane University in New Orleans. He Land Company, and was appointed sur-
died in Princeton, N. J., March 27, 1877. veyor of Ohio lands in 1785. In suppress-
Tulane University, an educational in- ing Siiayr's Insurhection {q. v.) he was
stitution in New Orleans, La., formerly distinguished. He settled at Marietta in
known as the University of Louisiana, and 1787, and became judge in 1788. He died
reorganized in 1884 after Paul Tulane in Marietta, O., in June, 1792.
{q. V.) had set apart a considerable fort- Tumbull, Robert James, author ; born
une for the superior education of white in New Smyrna, Fla., in January, 1775;
youth in the South, which money came was taken by his parents to Charleston,
into the possession of the university, the S. C, during the Revolutionary War;
name of which was changed in honor of studied law and practised in Charleston
the donor. The university has colleges till 1810, when he retired to a plantation
of medicine, law, art, sciences, and tech- in the country. He was a stanch supporter
nology; the university department of of the nullification movement, and claimed
philosophy and science; and the H. that "each State has the unquestionable
Sophie Newcomb Memorial College for right to judge of the infractions of the
Women, founded on a separate endow- Constitution, and to interpose its sover-
ment of $500,000 by Mrs. Joseph Louise eign power to arrest their progress and
Newcomb. In 1900 it reported: Profess- to protect its citizens." After President
ors and instructors, seventy-seven; stu- Jackson issued his nullification proclama-
dents, 1,145; volumes in the library, tion (see Jackson, Andrew) Turnbull
25,000; productive funds, $1,477,000; was the first one to enlist when volun-
grounds and buildings valued at $810,- teers were called to resist the federal
000; benefactions, $10!000; income, $131,- government. He was the author of a
600; number of graduates, 4,923; presi- Visit to the Philadelphia Penitentiary/;
dent, Edwin A. Alderman, LL.D. The Tribunal of Dernier Ressort; numer-
Tullahoma Campaign. The Confeder- ous newspaper and magazine articles,
ate commander Bragg, after the battle of etc. He died in Charleston, S. C, June
MuRFREESBORO (</. t?.), retreated to Shelby- 15, 1833.
ville, al)out 25 miles south from Murfrees- Turner, Nat, insurgent; bom of ne-
boro, taking part of his army to Tullahoma, gro slave parents in Virginia about 1800.
somewhat farther away. Here he intrench- In 1831 he confided to six men his belief
ed to resist the Federal advance. It was that God had chosen him to lead the
not until June 24, 1863, that General slaves to liberty, and laid out a plan
Rosecrans advanced from Murfreesboro, to kill every white person and incite the
and in a short campaign of fifteen days whole slave population to insurrection.
(June 24-July 7), without severe fighting, His party started out from Turner's own
compelled Bragg to evacuate middle Ten- house, where his master was killed, and
nessee and retreat across the Tennessee then a movement was made against
River. See Chickamauga, Battle of; neighboring plantations, where other
RosRORANS, William Starke. slaves joined the party. In forty-eight
133
TURNEB— TWEED
hours the party numbered sixty and had the whole, died not long afterwards from
killed fifty-five white persons. The in- the effects of the excitement and fatigue
surgents then made their way towards of the eventful May 10, 1676. It was a
Jerusalem, Va., where they expected to in- severe blow to King Philip,
crease their number and be supplied with Turpentine State, a popular name of
fire-arms, but they divided and were at- Korth Carolina because of the immense
tacked by two bodies of white men. quantities of turpentine exported there-
Turner escaped to the woods, where, after from.
living for two months, he was captured, Tnscarora Indians, a tribe of the Iro-
tried, and hanged in Jerusalem, Va., Nov. quois Confederacy, who were separated
11, 1831. About the same time fifty- three from their kindred at an early day, and
other negroes were tried, seventeen of were seated in North Carolina when the
whom were hanged, while many others Europeans came. They were divided into
who were thought to be implicated were seven clans, and at the beginning of the
tortured, mutilated, shot, and burned. eighteenth century occupied fifteen vil-
Tumer, Thomas, naval officer; born lages and had 1,200 warriors. They at-
in Washington, D. C, Dec. 23, 1808: tempted to exterminate the white people
entered the navy in April, 1825; was in North Carolina in 1711, but troops
actively engaged in the war with Mexico, that came to the aid of the assailed from
In command of the sloop-of-war Saratoga^ South Carolina chastised them in a battle
he captured two Spanish steamers in the fought near the Neuse (Jan. 28, 1712),
harbor of San Antonio, March 6, 1860. killing and wounding 400 of them. They
In the attack on the forts in Charleston made peace, but soon broke it. At w^ar
Harbor, in April, 1863, he commanded the again in 1713, they were subdued by
New Ironsides. In 186^70 he commanded Colonel Moore, of South Carolina, at their
the Pacific Squadron. In May, 1868, he fort near Snow-hill (March 20), who
was made rear-admiral, and in 1870 re- captured 800 of them. The remaining
tired. He died in Glen, Mills, Pa., March Tuscaroras fled northward, and joined
24, 1883. their kindred of the Iroquois Confeder-
Tumer's Falls, Engagement at acy, constituting the sixth nation of that
Around the falls in the Connecticut River league. In 1899 there were 388 Tusca-
known as Turner's a sharp action occurred roras at the New York agency,
in May, 1676. A large body of Indians, who Tutuila. See Samoan Islands.
had desolated Deerfield, were encamped Twain, Mark. See Clemens, Samuel
here. Captain Turner was then in command I-anouoene.
of the English troops in the valley, and, Tweed, William Mabcy, politician;
taking 120 mounted men, started on a born in New York City, April 3, 1823;
night ride through Hadley and Deerfield was brought up in the trade of chair-
in search of Indians. He found them fast making, but finally studied law and was
asleep in their camp, and surprised them, admitted to the bar. At different times
Many fled to their canoes, but, leaving from 1850 to 1870 he filled several public
their paddles behind, went over the falls, offices, municipal, State, and national.
Others hid away among the rocks, and being a member of Congress in 1853-*55,
were killed, and others were shot while and a State Senator in 1867. Being ap-
crossing the river. After the battle the pointed commissioner of public works for
bodies of 100 Indians were found dead at the city of New York in 1870, he suc-
their camp, and 140 who went over the ceeded, in connection with a " ring," of
falls perished. About 300 Indians were which he was the leader, in appropriating
destroyed. Turner lost only one man. vast sums of public money to his own use.
Another party of Indians were soon He was arrested on charges of malfea-
on his track, and a panic seized the sance in office, but gave bail in $1,000,000,
troops when it was rumored that King and was released. Soon afterwards he was
Philip, with 1,000 men, was in pursuit, re-elected State Senator, but did not take
A running fight occurred. Turner was his seat. In 1873 he was found guilty of
killed, many of his men were slain, and fraud, fined $12,550, and sentenced to
Captain Holyoke, who took command of twelve years' imprisonment. In 1875 a
134
TWIOEBLL— TWIOOB
suit was brougbt
against him bj the
people of New
York to recover
«6,000,000 which
he had frandulent-
ij appropriated ;
but on June 15, in
the iame j'ear, the
oourt of appeals
decided that his
imprisonmeDt was
illegal, because the
court below had ex-
ceeded its powers
in pronouncing a
tence against him.
Being released
from jail, he was
at once ordered to
firid bail for $3,-
000,000 in the civil
suits then pending
against him, and,
failing to secure it,
he was gent to
Ludlow Street jail.
On Dec. 4, in
charge of two keep-
mitted to visit his
home, and while
there he escaped -Kiujut huct twmd.
from custody, and
made his way to Spain. His liberty, how- Church at Hartford, Conn., since 1809.
ever was of short duration ; he was ar- He wrote Life of John Wtnihrop; Some
rested by order of the Spanish govern- i'urt(a-n hove-Lettera, etc.
ment, and delivered to the officers of the Twiggs, David Emanuel, militarj-
United States. Being returned to New officer; born in Richmond county, Ga., in
York, he was again imprisoned in Lud- 1790; entered the United States military
low Street jail, and there he died April service as captain in the spring of 1812,
12, 18TS. The operations of Tweed and and became major of infantry in 1814. In
his associates — known as the Tweed Ring 1836 he became colonel of dragoons, anrl
—during their five years' domination in as commander of a brigade he distin-
New York added over ?100,000,000 to the guiahcd himself in the battles of Palo
bonded debt of the city, doubled its an- Alto and Resaca de la Palua [qq. v,).
nual expenditures, and cost tax-payers He was made brigadier - general June 30,
the enormous sum of $160,000,000. 1846, and was brevetted major-general for
Twlehfell, Joseph Hopkins, clergy- gallantry at Monteret [q. v.), Twiggs
man: born in Southington, Conn.; grad- commanded a division in Scott's cam-
nated at Yale in 1869; and later stud- paign in Mexico in 1847, and in 1S48 be
led at the Union Theological and Andover was made civil and military governor of
Theological seminaries; served through Vera Cruz. Early in 1861 he was in com-
the Civil War as chaplain; has been mand of United States troops in Texas.
)iastor of the Asylum Hill CongreRationa! General Twiggs had served his country
13.'5
TWIOaS, DAVID EKAinTSI.
honorably in its armiea for forty years, general with the keen eye of suspicion,
but the virus which corrupted eo many foiled them. He duplicated the orders,
noble characters did not spare him. Ue and sent two couriers with them, by difTer-
waa a native of Georgia, and seems to ent routes. One of them reached Waits
have been under the complete control of Feb. 17; but the dreaded mischief had
the Confederate leaders. He was placed been accomplished. Twiggs had been cau-
in command of the Department of Texas tious. He did not commit himself in
only a few weeks before the act about writing; He always said, "I will give up
to be recorded. A State convention in everything." He was now allowed to
Texas appointed a committee of safety, temporiEe do longer. He had to find an
who sent two of their number (Devino excuse for surrendering his troops, con-
and Maverick) to treat with Tiviggs for sisting of two skeleton corps. It was
the surrender of United States troops and readily found. Ben McCulIoch, the famous
property into the hands of the Texas Texan ranger, was not far off with 1,000
Confederatee. Twiggs had already shown men. He approached San Antonio at i
signs of disloyally. These had been re- a.m. on Feb. 10. He had been joined by
ported to the War Department, when armed Knioiitb of the Oolden Cibcle
Secretary Holt, in a general order (Jan. (q. v.) near the town. With a consider-
able body of followers, he rushed
into the town with yells and took
possession. Twiggs pretending to be
surprised, met McCulloch in the
Main Plaza, and there, at noon,
Feb. 16, a negotiation for surrender
(begun by the commissioners as early
as the Tth) was consummated. He
. gave up to the Confederate authori-
ties of Texas all the National forces
in that State, about 2,500 in num-
ber, and with them all the stores
and munitions of war, valued, at
their cost, at $1,200,000. He sur-
rendered ail the forts in his depart-
ment. By this act Twiggs deprived
the government of the most effective
portion of the regular army. When
the government heard of it, an order
was issued (March 1) for his dis-
missal " from the army of the Unit-
ed States for treachery to the flag
of his country." Twiggs threaten-
ed, in a letter to the ex -President, to
visit Buchanan in person, to call
him to account for oflicially catling
him a " traitor." The betrayed
troops, who, with most of their offi-
DXTiD lusuu. TwiooK cers, remojned loyal, were allowed
to leave Texas, and went to the
18), relieved him from the command in North, taking quarters in Fort Hamilton,
Texas, and gave it to Col. Charles A. at the entrance to New York Harbor.
Waite. When Devine and Maverick heard GJeneral Twiggs was then given an im-
of the arrival of the order in San Antonio, portant position in the Confederate army,
they took measures to prevent its reach- and was for a short time in command at
ing Colonel Waite, who was 60 miles dis- New Orleans, resigning towards the close
tant; but the vigilant Colonel Nichols, of 1S61. He died in Augusta, Qa,, Sept.
who had watched the movements of Ihe IS, 1863.
T WIGHT WEES— TYLEB
Twlghtwees. See Miami Indians. Tybee Island, an island off the en-
Twining^y William Johnson, military trance to the Savannah River, belonging
officer; born in Indiana, Aug. ' 2, 1830; to Chatham county, Ga.; noted as the
graduated at the United States Military place where Gen. Quincy A. Gillmore
Academy, and was commissioned a first {q, v.) erected the batteries with which
lieutenant of engineers in 1863; and served he breached Fort Pulaski on Cockspur
through the remainder of the Civil War Island, on April 11, 1802.
as assistant engineer in the Department Tyler, Daniel, military officer; born
of the Cumberland and as chief engineer in Brookl3m, Conn., Jan. 7, 1709; gradu-
of the Department of the Ohio. He was ated at West Point in 1810. In 1828-29
engaged in the invasion of Georgia, in he visited France to study improvements
the operations against General Hood's in artillery; and in May, 1834, he re-
army in Tennessee, in the battles at signed and practised civil engineering.
Franklin and Nashville, and in the oper- At the breaking out of the Civil War he
ations in North Carolina; was made cap- became colonel of the 1st Connecticut
tain of engineers in 1868; major in 1877; Volunteers, and soon afterwards briga-
and was brevetted major and lieutenant- dier-general of three months' troops. Next
colonel of volunteers for gallantry during in rank to General McDowell, he was
the war. After the war he served as second in command in the battle of Bull
assistant Professor of Engineering at Bun. In March, 1862, he was ordered to
the United States Military Academy in the West, and commanded a division of
1865-67; chief engineer of the Depart- the Army of the Mississippi. Afterwards
ment of Dakota, commissioner for the he was employed in guarding the Upper
survey of the United States boundary- Potomac. When the Confederate army in-
line in 1872-76, and as commissioner of vaded Maryland, in 1863, he was in coro-
the District of Columbia in 1878-82. mand at Harper's Ferry. General Tyler
He died in Washington, D. C, March 5, resigned April 6, 1864. He died in New
1882. York City, Nov. 30, 1882.
TYLEB, JOHN
Tyler, John, tenth President of the by them Vice-President of the United
United States, from April 4, 1841, to March States in 1840. On the death of Presi-
4, 1845; Whig; born in Charles City dent Harrison he became President (see
county, Va., March 20, 1700; graduated at Cabinet, President's). He lost the con-
the College of William and Mary in 1807 ; fldence of both parties by his acts during
admitted to the bar in 1809. Two years his administration, and was succeeded in
afterwards he was elected to the Virginia the Presidential office by James K. Polk,
legislature, and was re-elected for five in 1845. All of his cabinet excepting Mr.
successive years. In 1816 he was ap- Webster, resigned in 1841, and he left it
pointed to fill a vacancy in Congress — and after an important treaty had been con-
was twice re-elected — in which he op- eluded and ratified (August, 1842), when
posed all internal improvements by the Hugh S. Legarg succeeded him. The last
general government, the United States important act of Tyler's administration
Bank, a protective tariff, and all restric- was signing the act for the annexation of
tions on slavery. He was afterwards in Texas. He had been nominated for the
the State legislature, and in December, Presidency by a convention of office-hold-
1825, was chosen governor of Virginia by ers in May, 1844, but in August, perceiv-
the legislature, to fill a vacancy. In 1827 ing that he had no popular support, he
he became a United States Senator, and withdrew from the contest. In February,
was re-elected in 1833, when he was a 1861, he was president of the peace con-
firm supporter of the doctrine of State vention held at Washington, D. C. He
supremacy, and avowed his sympathy died in Richmond, Va., Jan. 18, 1862.
with the South Carolina Nullifiers. He Negotiationa icith Great Britain. — ^In
joined the Whig party, and was elected the following special message President
137
TYLEB^ JOHN
Tyler details the results of several im- spondence, however, had been retarded by
portant negotiations with the British various occurrences, and had come to no
minister in Washington: definite result when the special mission of
Lord Ashburton was announced. This
Washington, Aug. 11, 1842, movement on the part of £ngland af-
To the Senate of the United States, — forded in the judgment of the executive
I have the saisfaction to communicate a favorable opportunity for making an
to the Senate the results of the negotia- attempt to settle this long-existing con-
tions recently had in this city with the troversy by some agreement or treaty
British minister, special and extraordi- without further reference to arbitration,
nary. It seemed entirely proper that if this
These results comprise: purpose were entertained consultation
First. A treaty to settle and define should be had with the authorities of the
the boundaries between the territories States of Maine and Massachusetts. Let-
of the United States and the possessions ters, therefore, of which copies are here-
of her Britannic Majesty in North with communicated, were addressed to the
America, for the suppression of the Afri- governors of those States, suggesting that
can slave-trade, and the surrender of crim- commissioners should be appointed by
inals fugitive from justice in certain each of them, respectively, to repair to this
cases. city and confer with the authorities of
Second. A correspondence on the sul)- this government on a line by agreement
ject of the interference of the colonial au- or compromise, with its equivalents and
thorities of the British West Indies with compensations. This suggestion was met
American merchant vessels driven by by both States in a spirit of candor and
stress of weather or carried by violence patriotism, and promptly complied with,
into the ports of those colonies. Four commissioners on the part of Maine,
Third. A correspondence upon the sub- and three on the part of Massachusetts,
ject of the attack land destruction of the all persons of distinction and high charac-
steamboat Caroline. ter, were duly appointed and commis-
Fourth. A correspondence on the sub- sioned, and lost no time in presenting
ject of impressment. themselves at the seat of the government
If this treaty shall receive the ap- of the United States. These commis-
probation of the Senate, it will terminate sioners have been in correspondence Mith
a difference respecting boundary which this government during the period of the
bas long subsisted between the two gov- discussions; have enjoyed its confidence
crnments, has been the subject of several and freest communications; have aided
ineffectual attempts at settlement, and has the general object with their counsel and
sometimes led to great irritation, not advice, and in the end have unanimously
without danger of disturbing the exist- signified their assent to the line proposed
ing peace. Both the United States and in the treaty.
the States more immediately concerned Ordinarily it would be no easy task
"have entertained no doubt of the valid- to reconcile and bring together such a va-
ity of the American title to all the ter- riety of interests in a matter in itself
ritory which has been in dispute, but difficult and perplexed, but the efforts of
that title was controverted, and the gov- the government in attempting to accom-
ernment of the United States had agreed plish this desirable object have been
to make the dispute a subject of arbitra- seconded and sustained by a spirit of ac-
tion. One arbitration had been actu- commodation and conciliation on the part
ally had, but had failed to settle the of the States concerned, to which much of
controversy, and it was found at the com- the success of these efforts is to be as-
mencement of last year that a corre- cribed.
spondence had been in progress between Connected with the settlement of the
the two governments for a joint com- line of the northeastern boundary, so far
mission, with an ultimate reference to as it respects the States of Maine and
an empire or arbitrator with authority Massachusetts, is the continuation of that
to make a final decision. That corre- line along the highlands to the north-
138
TYLEBy JOHN
westernmost head of the Connecticut disability. The importance of this privi-
River. Which of the sources of that lege, perpetual in its terms, to a country
stream is entitled to this character has covered at present by pine forests of great
been matter of controversy and of some value, and much of it capable hereafter
interest to the State of New Hampshire, of agricultural improvement, is not a
The King of the Netherlands decided the matter upon which the opinion of intelli-
main branch to be the northwestemmost gent men is likely to be divided. So far
bead of the Connecticut. This did not as New Hampshire is concerned, the treaty
satisfy the claim of New Hampshire, secures all that she requires, and New
The line agreed to in the present treaty York and Vermont are quieted to the ex-
follows the highlands to the head of Hall's tent of their claim and occupation. The
Stream, and thence down that river, em- difference which would be made in the
bracing the whole claim of New Hamp- northern boundary of these two States by
shire, and establishing her title to 100,000 correcting the parallel of latitude may be
acres of territory more than she would seen on Tanner's maps (1836), new atlas,
have had by the decision of the King of maps Nos. 6 and 0.
the Netherlands. From the intersection of the forty-fifth
By the treaty of 1783 the line is to degree of north latitude with the St. Law-
proceed down the Connecticut River to rence and along that river and the lakes
the forty- fifth degree of north latitude, to the water communication between Lake
and thence west by that parallel till it Huron and Lake Superior the line was
strikes the St. Lawrence. Recent ex- definitely agreed on by the commissioners
aminations having ascertained that the of the two governments under the sixth
line heretofore received as the true line of article of the treaty of Ghent; but be-
latitude between those points was er- tween this last-mentioned point and the
roneous, and that the correction of this Lake of the Woods the commissioners,
error would not only leave on the British acting under the seventh article of that
side a considerable tract of territory here- treaty, found several matters of disagree-
tofore supposed to belong to the States of ment, and therefore made no joint report
Vermont and New York, but also Rouse's to their respective governments. The first
Point, the site of a military work of the of these was Sugar Island, or St. Greorge
United States, it has been regarded as Island, lying in St. Mary's River, or the
an object of importance not only to es- water communication between Lakes Hu-
tablish the rights and jurisdiction of ron and Superior, By the present treaty
those States up to the line to which they this island is embraced in the territories
have been considered to extend, but also of the United States. Both from soil and
to comprehend Rouse's Point within the position it is regarded as of much value,
territory of the United States. The re- Another matter of difference was the
linquishment by the British government manner of extending the line from the
of all the territory south of the line here- point at which the commissioners arrived,
tofore considered to be the true line has north of Isle Royale, in Lake Superior, to
l»een obtained, and the consideration for the Lake of the Woods. The British com-
this relinquishment is to inure by the missioner insisted on proceeding to Fond
provisions of the treaty to the States of du Lac, at the southwest angle of the lake,
Maine and Massachusetts. and thence by 'the river St. Louis to the
The line of boundary, then, from the Rainy Lake. The American commissioner
source of the St. Croix to the St. Law- supposed the true course to be to proceed
rence, so far as Maine and Massachusetts by way of the Dog River. Attempts were
are concerned, is fixed by their own con- made to compromise this difference, but
sent and for considerations satisfactory to without success. The details of these pro-
them, the chief of these considerations ceedings are found at length in the printed
being the privilege of transporting the separate reports of the commissioners,
lumber and agricultural products grown From the imperfect knowledge of this
and raised in Maine on the waters of the remote country at the date of the treaty of
St. John and its tributaries do\^Ti that peace, some of the descriptions in that
river to the ocean free from imposition or treaty do not harmonize with its natural
139
TYLEBy JOHN ,
features as now ascertained. *' Long the treaty, would, it is obvious, occasion-
Lake'' is nowhere to be found under that ally intersect islands. The manner iu
name. There is reason for supposing, how- which the commissioners of the two gov-
ever, that the sheet of water intended by ernments dealt with this difficult subject
that name is the estuary at the mouth of may be seen in their reports. But where
Pigeon River. The present treaty there- the line thus following the middle of the
fore adopts that estuary and river, and river or watercourse did not meet with
afterwards pursues the usual route across islands, yet it was liable sometimes to
the height of land by the various port- leave the only practicable navigable chan-
ages and small lakes till the line reaches nel altogether on one side. The treaty
Rainy Lake, from which the commissioners made no provision for the common use of
agreed on the extension of it to its ter- the waters by the citizens and subjects of
mination in the northwest angle of the both countries.
Lake of the Woods. The region of country It has happened, therefore, in a few
on and near the shore of the lake between instances that the use of the river in par-
Pigeon River on the north and Fond ticular places would be greatly diminished
du Lac and the river St. Louis on the tc one party or the other if in fact there
south and west, considered valuable as a was not a choice in the use of channels
mineral region, is thus included within and passages. Thus at the Long Sault, in
the United States. It embraces a terri- the St. Lawrence, a dangerous passage,
tory of 4,000,000 acres northward of the practicable only for boats, the only safe run
claim set up by the British commissioners is between the Long Sault Islands and
under the treaty of Ghent. From the Earnhardt's Island (all of which belong
height of land at the head of Pigeon River to the United States) on one side and the
westerly to the Rainy Lake the country is American shore on the other. On the one
understood to be of little value, being do- hand, by far the best passage for vessels
scribed by surveyors and marked on the of any depth of water from Lake Erie into
map as a region of rock and water. the Detroit River is between Bois Blanc, a
From the northwest angle of the Lake British island, and the Canadian shore,
of the Woods, which is found to be in So, again, there are several channels or
latitude 45** 23' 55" north, existing treaties passages of different degrees of facility
require the line to be run due south to its and usefulness between the several islands
intersection with the forty-fifth parallel, in the river St. Clair at or near its entry
and thence along that parallel to the into the lake of that name. In these three
Rocky Mountains. cases the treaty provides that all the sev-
After sundry informal communications eral passages and channels shall be free
with the British minister upon the sub- and open to the 'use of the citizens and
ject of the claims of the two countries to subjects of both parties,
territory west of the Rocky Mountains, The treaty obligations subsisting be-
so little probability was found to exist of tween the two countries for the suppres-
coming to any agreement on that subject sion of the African slave-trade, and the
at present that it was not thought expe- complaints made to this government with-
dient to make it one of the subjects of in the last three or four years, many of
formal negotiation to be entered upon be- them but too well founded, of the visita-
tween this government and the British tion, seizure, and detention of American
minister as part of his duties under liis vessels on that coast by British cruisers
special mission. could not but form a delicate and highly
By the treaty of 1783 the line of divis- important part of the negotiations which
ion along rivers and lakes from the place have now been held.
where the forty-flfth parallel of north The early and prominent part which
latitude strikes the St. Lawrence to the the government of the United States has
outlet of Lake Superior is invariably to taken for the abolition of this unlawful
be drawn through the middle of such and inhuman traffic is well known. By
waters, and not through the middle of the tenth article of the treaty of Ghent
their main channels. Suoh a line, if ex- it is declared that the traffic in slaves is
tended according to the literal terms of irreconcilable with the principles of hu-
140
TYLEB, JOHN
manitv and justice, and that both his and dignity of the country that it should
Majesty and the United States are de- execute its own laws and perform its
sirous of continuing their efforts to pro- own obligations by its own means and its
mote its entire abolition; and it is thereby own power.
agreed that both the contracting parties The examination or visitation of the
shall use their best endeavors to accom- merchant vessels of one nation by the
plish so desirable an object. The govern- cruisers of another for any purpose ex-
ment of the United States has by law de- cept those known and acknowledged by
dared the African slave-trade piracy, and the law of nations, under whatever re-
at its suggestion other nations have made straints or regulations it may take place,
similar enactments. It has not been want- may lead to dangerous results. It is far
ing in honest and zealous efforts made better by other means to supersede any
in conformity with the wishes of the supposed necessity or any motive for such
whole country, to accomplish the entire examination or visit. Interference with a
abolition of the traffic in slaves upon the merchant vessel by an armed cruiser is
African coast, but these efforts and those always a delicate proceeding, apt to touch
of other countries directed to the same the point of national honor as well as to
end have proved to a considerable degree effect the interests of individuals. It has
unsuccessful. Treaties are known to have been thought, therefore, expedient, not
been entered into some years ago between only in accordance with the stipulations
England and France by which the former of the treaty of Ghent, but at the same
power, which usually maintains a large time as removing all pretext on the part
naval force on the African Station, was of others for violating the immunities of
authorized to seize and bring in for ad- the American flag upon the seas, as they
judication vessels found engaged in the exist and are defined by the law of na-
slave-trade under the French flag. tions, to enter into the articles now sub-
It is known that in December last a mitted to the Senate,
treaty was signed in London by the repre- The treaty which I now submit to you
sentatives of England, France, Russia, proposes no alteration, mitigation, or mod-
Prussia, and Austria, having for its pro- ification of the rules of the law of na-
fessed object a strong and united effort tions. It provides simply that each of
of the five powers to put an ^ end to the the two governments shall maintain on
traffic. This treaty was not officially com- the coast of Africa a sufficient squadron
muni ca ted to the government of the United to enforce separately and respectively the
States, but its provisions and stipula- laws, rights, and obligations of the two
tions are supposed to be accurately known countries for the suppression of the slave-
to the public. It is understood to be trade.
not yet ratified on the part of France. Another consideration of great impor-
No application or request has been made tance has recommended this mode of ful-
to this government to become party to filling the duties and obligations of the
this treaty, but the course it might take country. Our commerce along the west-
in regard to it has excited no small de- em coast of Africa is extensive, and sup-
gree of attention and discussion in Eu- posed to be increasing. There is reason
rope, as the principle upon which it is to think that in many cases those en-
founded and the stipulations which it con- gaged in it have met with interruptions
tains have caused warm animadversions and annoyances caused by the jealousy
and great political excitement. and instigation of rivals engaged in the
In my message at the commencement same trade. Many complaints on this sub-
of the present session of Congress, I en- ject have reached the government. A
deavored to state the principles which this respectable naval force on the coast is
government supports respecting the right the natural resort and security against
of search and the immunity of flags. De- further occurrences of this kind,
sirous of maintaining those principles The surrender to justice of persons who,
fully, at the same time that existing having committed high crimes, seek an
obligations should be fulfilled, I have asylum in the territories of a neighboring
thought it most consistent with the honor nation would seem to be an act due to the
141
TYLEBy JOHH
cause of general justice and properly be- the occurrence had ceased to be fresh and
longing to the present state of civiliza- recent, not to omit attention to it on the
tion and intercourse. The British prov- present occasion. It has only been so
inces of North America are separated from far discussed in the correspondence now
the States of the Union by a line of sev- submitted, as it was accomplished by a
eral thousand miles, and along portions of violation of the territory of the United
this line the amount of population on States. The letter of the British minister,
either side is quite considerable, while the while he attempts to justify that viola-
passage of the boundary is always easy. tion upon the ground of a pressing and
Offenders against the law on the one overruling necessity, admitting, neverthe-
side transfer themselves to the other, less, that even if justifiable an apology
Sometimes with great diflSculty they are wap due for it, and accompanying this,
brought to justice, but very often they acknowledgment with assurances of the
wholly escape. A consciousness of im- sacred regard of his government for the
munity from the power of avoiding jus- inviolability of national territory, has-
tice in this way instigates the unprin- seemed to me sufficient to warrant for-
cipled and reckless to the commission of bearance from any further remonstrance
offences, and the peace and good neigh- against what took place as an aggression
borhood of the border are consequently on the soil and territory of the country,
often disturbed. On the subject of the interference of the
In the case of offenders fleeing from British authorities in the West Indies, a
Canada into the United States, the gov- confident hope is entertained that the cor-
ernors of States are often applied to for r«»9pondence which has taken place, show-
their surrender, and questions of a very ing the grounds taken by this government,
embarrassing nature arise from these ap- and the engagements entered into by the
plications. It has been thought highly British minister, will be found such as to
important, therefore, to provide for the satisfy the just expectation of the people
whole case by a proper treaty stipulation, of the United States.
The article on the subject in the pro- The impressment of seamen from mer-
posed treaty is carefully confined to such chant vessels of this country by British
offences as all mankind agree to regard cruisers, although not practised in time of
as heinous and destructive of the secur- peace, and therefore not at present a pro-
ity of life and property. In this careful ductive cause of difference and irritation^
and specified enumeration of crimes the has, nevertheless, hitherto been so promi-
object has been to exclude all political nent a topic of controversy, and is so like-
offences or criminal charges arising from ly to bring on renewed contentions at
wars or intestine commotions. Treason, the first breaking out of a European war,-
misprision of treason, libels, desertion from that it has been thought the part of
military service, and other offences of simi- wisdom now to take it into serious and
lar character are excluded. earnest consideration. The letter from the
And lest some unforeseen inconvenience Secretary of State to the British minister
or unexpected abuse should arise from the explains the ground which the government
stipulation rendering its continuance in has assumed and the principles which it
the opinion of one or both of the parties means to uphold. For the defence of these
not longer desirable, it is left in the power grounds and the maintenance of these prin-
of either to put an end to it at will. ciples the most perfect reliance is placed
The destruction of the steamboat Caro- on the intelligence of the American peo»-
line at Schlosser four or five years ago pie and on their firmness and patriot-
occasioned no small degree of excitement ism in whatever touches the honor of the
at the time, and became the subject of country or its great and essential in-
correspondence between the two govern- terests.
ments. That correspondence, having been The Treaty with Texas. — On April 22,
suspended for a considerable period, was 1844, President Tyler sent the following
renewed in the spring of the last year, special message to the Congress concern-
but no satisfactory result having been ing the treaty between the United States
arrived nt, it was thought proper, though and Texas:
142
TTLEB, JOHN
•
Washington, ApHl 22, 1844* under the protecting care of this govern-
To the Senate of the United States, — ment, if it does not surpass, the combined
I transmit herewith, for your approval production of many of the States of the
and ratification, a treaty which I have confederacy. A new and powerful impulse
caused to be negotiated between the Unit- will thus be given to the navigating in-
ed States and Texas, whereby the latter, terest of the country, which will be chief -
on the conditions herein set forth, has ly engrossed by our fellow-citizens of
transferred and conveyed all its right of the Eastern and Middle States, who have
separate and independent sovereignty and already attained a remarkable degree of
jurisdiction to the United States. In prosperity by the partial monopoly they
taking so important a step I have been have enjoyed of the carrying- trade of the
influenced by what appeared to me to be Union, particularly the coastwise trade,
the most controlling considerations of which this new acquisition is destined in
public policy and the general good, and time, and that not distant, to swell to a
in having accomplished it, should it meet magnitude which cannot easily be com-
your approval, the government will have puted; while the addition made to the
succeeded in reclaiming a territory which boundaries of the home market thus secured
formerly constituted a portion, as it is to their mining, manufacturing, and mc-
confidently believed, of its domain under chanical skill and industry will be of a
the treaty of cession of 1803 by France character the most commanding and im-
to the United States. portant. Such are some of the many ad^
The country thus proposed to be an- vantages which will accrue to the Eastern
nexed has been settled principally by per- and Middle States by the ratification of
sons from the United States, who emi- the treaty — advantages the extent of
grated on the invitation of both Spain and which it is impossible to estimate witb
Mexico, and who carried with them into accuracy or properly to appreciate. Tex-
the wilderness which they have par- as, being adapted to the culture of cot-
tially reclaimed the laws, customs, and ton, sugar, and rice, and devoting most of
political and domestic institutions of her energies to the raising of these pro-
their native land. They are deeply in- ductions, will open an extensive market,
doctrinated in all the principles of civil to the Western States in the important
liberty, and will bring along with them articles of beef, pork, horses, mules, etc.,
in the act of reassociation devotion to as well as in breadstuffs. At the same
our Union and a firm and inflexible reso- time, the Southern and Southeastern
lution to assist in maintaining the pub- States will find in the fact of annexation
lie liberty unimpaired — a consideration protection and security to their peace and
which, as it appears to me, is to be re- tranquillity, as well against all domestie
garded as of no small moment. The coun- as foreign eflforts to disturb them, thus
try itself thus obtained is of incalculable consecrating anew the union of the Stateft
value in an agricultural and commercial and holding out the promise of its perpet-
point of view. To a soil of inexhaus- ual duration. Thus at the same time that
tible fertility it unites a genial and the tide of public prosperity is greatly
healthy climate, and is destined at a day swollen, an appeal of what appears to the
not distant to make large contributions executive to be of an imposing, if not of
to the commerce of the world. Its ter- a resistless, character is made to the
ritory is separated from the United States interests of every portion of the country,
in part by an imaginary line, and by the Agriculture, which would have a new and
river Sabine for a distance of 310 miles, extensive market opened for its produce;
and its productions are the same with commerce, whose ships wouM be freighted
those of many of the contiguous States with the rich productions of an extensive
of the Union. Such is the country, such and fertile region; and the mechanical
are its inhabitants, and such its capaci- arts, in all their various ramifications,
ties to add to the general wealth of the would seem to unite in one universal de-
Union. As to the latter, it may be safely roand for the ratification of the treaty,
asserted that in the magnitude of its pro- Hut important as these considerations
ductions it will equal in a short time, may appear, they are to be regarded aa
143
TYLEB, JOHN
but secondary to others. Texas, for rea- more wisdom to their own interests,
sous deemed sufficient by herself, threw would, it is fairly to be presumed, readily
off her dependence on Mexico as far back adopt such expedients; or she would hold
as 1S36, and consummated her indepen- out the proffer of discriminating duties
dence by the battle of San Jacinto in the in trade and commerce in order to se-
same year, since which period Mexico has cure the necessary assistance. Whatever
attempted no serious invasion of her ter- step she might adopt looking to this ob-
ritory, but the contest has assumed feat- ject would prove disastrous in the high-
ures of a mere border war, characterized est degree to the interests of the whole
by acts revolting to humanity. In the Union. To say nothing of the impolicy
year 1836 Texas adopted her constitution, of our permitting the carrying- trade and
under which she has existed as a sovereign home market of such a country to pass out
power ever since, having been recognized of our hands into those of a commercial
as such by many of the principal powers rival, the government, in the first place,
of the world; and contemporaneously with would be certain to suffer most disas-
its adoption, by a solemn vote of her peo- trously in its revenue by the introduction
pie, embracing all her population but of a system of smuggling upon an exten-
ninety-three persons, declared her anxious sive scale, which an army of custom-house
desire to be admitted into association with officers could not prevent, and which would
the United States as a portion of their operate to affect injuriously the inter-
territory. This vote, thus solemnly taken, ests of all the industrial classes of this
has never been reversed, and now by the country. Hence would arise constant col-
action of her constituted authorities, sus- lisions between the inhabitants of the two
tained as it is by popular sentiment, she coimtries, which would evermore endan-
reaffirms her desire for annexation. This ger their .peace. A large increase of the
course has been adopted by her without military force of the United States would
the employment of any sinister measures inevitably follow, thus devolving upon the
on the part of this government. No in- people new and extraordinary burdens in
trigue has been set on foot to accomplish order not only to protect them from the
it. Texas herself wills.it, and the execu- danger of daily collision with Texas her-
tive of the United States, concurring with self, but to guard their border inhabitants
her, has seen no sufficient reason to avoid against hostile inroads, so easily excited
the consummation of an act esteemed to on the part of the numerous and warlike
be so desirable by both. It cannot be tribes of Indians dwelling in their neigh-
denied that Texas is greatly depressed in borhood. Texas would undoubtedly be un-
her energies by her long-protracted war able for many years to come, if at any
with Mexico. Under these circumstances time, to resist unaided and alone the mil-
it is but natural that she should seek itary power of the United States; but it
for safety and repose under the protection is not extravagant to suppose that nations
of some stronger power, and it is equally reaping a rich harvest from her trade,
so that her people should turn to the secured to them by the advantageous
United States, the land of their birth, treaties, would be induced to take part
in the first instance, in the pursuit with her in any conflict with us, from the
of such protection. She hae often strongest considerations of public policy,
before made known her wishes, but her Such a state of things might subject
advances have to this time been repelled, to devastation the territory of contigu-
The executive of the United States sees ous States, and would cost the country
no longer any cause for pursuing such j\ in a single campaign more treasure,
course. The hazard of now defeating her thrice told over, than is stipulated to be
wishes may be of the most fatal tendency, paid and reimbursed by the treaty now
It might lead, and most probably would, proposed for ratification. I will not per-
to such an entire alienation of sentiment mit myself to dwell on this view of the
and feeling as would inevitably induce her subject. Consequences of a fatal charac-
to look elsewhere for aid, and force her ter to the peace of the Union, and even
either to enter into dangerous alliances to the preservation of the Union itself,
with other nations, Who, looking with might be dwelt upon. They will not,
144
TYLE&, JOHN
however, fail to occur to the mind of the we claim the right to exercise a due regard
Senate and of the country. Nor do I in- to our own. Thia government cannot con-
dulge in any, vague conjectures of the sistently with its honor permit any such
future. The documents now transmitted interference. With equal, if not greater,
along with the treaty lead to the conclu- propriety might the United States demand
sion, as inevitable, that if the boon now of other governments to surrender their
tendered be rejected Texas will seek for numerous and valuable acquisitions made
the friendship of others. In contemplating in past time at numberless places on the
such a contingency it cannot be over* surface of the globe, whereby they have
looked that the United States are already added to their power and enlarged their
almost surrounded by the possessions of resources.
European powers. The Canadas, New To Mexico the executive is disposed
Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, the islands to pursue a course conciliatory in its char-
in the American seas, with Texas tram- acter, and at the same time to render her
melled by treaties of alliance or of a the most ample justice by conventions and
commercial character differing in policy stipulations not inconsistent with the
from that of the United States, would rights and dignity of the government. It
complete the circle. Texas voluntarily is actuated by no spirit of unjust ag-
steps forth, upon terms of perfect honor grandizement, but looks only to its own
and good faith to all nations, to ask to security. It has made known to Mexico
be annexed to the Union. As an inde- at several periods its extreme anxiety to
pendent sovereignty her right to do this witness the termination of hostilities be-
is unquestionable. In doing so she gives tween that country and Texas. Its wishes,
no cause of umbrage to any other power; however, have been entirely disregarded,
her people desire it, and there is no slav- It has ever been ready to urge an ad-
ish transfer of her sovereignty and inde- justment of the dispute upon terms mut-
pondence. She has for eight years main- ually advantageous to both. It will be
tained her independence against all ef- ready at all times to hear and discuss any
forts to subdue her. She has been rec- claims Mexico may think she has on the
ognized as independent by many of the justice of the United States, and to ad-
most prominent of the family of nations, just any that may be deemed to be so on
and that recognition, so far as they are the most liberal terms. There is no de-
concerned, places her in a position, with- sire on the part of the executive to
out giving any just cause of umbrage to wound her pride or affect injuriously her
them, to surrender her sovereignty at her interest, but at the same time it can-
own will and pleasure. The United States, not compromise by any delay in its action
actuated evermore by a spirit of justice, the essential interests of the United States.
has desired by the stipulations of the Mexico has no right to ask or expect this
treaty to render justice to all. They have of us; we deal rightfully with Texas as
made provision for the payment of the an independent power. The war which
public debt of Texas. We look to her am- has been waged for eight years has re-
ple and fertile domain as the certain suited only in the conviction with all
means of accomplishing this; but this is others than herself that Texas cannot
a matter between the United States and be reconquered. I cannot but repeat
Texas, and with which other governments the opinion expressed in my message at
have nothing to do. Our right to receive the opening of Congress that it is time
the rich grant tendered by Texas is per- it had ceased. The executive, while it
feet, and this government should not, hav- could not look upon its longer continu-
ing due respect either to its own honor ance without the greatest uneasiness, has,
or its own interests, permit its course nevertheless, for all past time preserved
of policy to be interrupted by the inter- a course of strict neutrality. It could not
ference of other powers, even if such in- be ignorant of the fact of the exhaustion
terference were threatened. The question which a war of so long duration had
is one' purely American. In the acquisi- produced. Ijcast of all was it ignorant
tion, while we abstain most carefully from of the anxiety of other powers to induce
all that could interrupt the ])ublic peace, Mexico to enter into terms of reconcilia-
IX. — K 146
TTLEB, JOHN
lion with Texas, which, affecting the do- ized government on earth having a volun-
raestic institutions of Texas, would oper- tary tender made it of a domain so rich
ate most injuriously upon the United and fertile, so replete with all that can
States, and might most seriously threaten add to national greatness and wealth, and
the existence of this happy Union. Nor so necessary to its peace and safety, that it
could it be unacquainted with the fact would reject the offer. Nor are other
that although foreign governments might powers, Mexico inclusive, likely in any
disavow all design to disturb the rela- degree to be injuriously affected by the
tions which exist under the Constitution ratification of the treaty. The prosperity
between these States, yet that one the of Texas will be equally interesting to all ;
most powerful among them had not fail- in the increase of the general commerce
ed to declare its marked and decided of the world that prosperity will be se-
hostility to the chief feature in those rela- cured by annexation.
tions and its purpose on all suitable oc- But one view of the subject remains to
casions to urge upon Mexico the adoption be presented. It grows out of the pro-
of such a course in negotiating with Texas posed enlargement of our territory. From
as to produce the obliteration of that feat- this, I am free to confess, I see no dan-
ure from her domestic policy as one of ger. The federative system is susceptible
the conditions of her recognition by Mex- of the greatest extension compatible with
ico as an independent State. The execu- the ability of the representation of the
tive was also aware of the fact that for- most distant State or Territory to reach the
midable associations of persons, the sub- seat of government in time to participate
jects of foreign powers, existed, who were J" the functions of legislation and to make
directing their utmost efforts to the ac- known the wants of the constituent body,
complishmont of this object. To these Our confederated republic consisted orig-
conelusions it was inevitably brought by inally of thirteen members. It now con-
Ihe documents now pubmitted to the Sen- sists of twice that number, while applica-
ate. I repeat, the executive saw Texas in tions are before Congress to permit other
a state of almost hopeless exhaustion, and additions. This addition of new States
the question was narrowed down to the has served to strengthen rather than to
simple proposition whether the United weaken the Union. New interests have
States should accept the boon of annexa- sprung up, which require the united power
tion upon fair and even liberal terms, of all, through the action of the common
or, by refusing to do so, force Texas government, to protect and defend upon
to seek refuge in the arms of some the high seas and in foreign parts. Each
other power, either through a treaty State commits with perfect security to
of alliance, offensive and defensive, or the that common government those great in-
adoption of some other expedient which terests growing out of our relations with
might virtually make her tributary to other nations of the world, and which
such powre, and dependent upon it for equally involve the good of all the States,
all future time. The executive has full Its domestic concerns are left to its own
reason to believe that such would have exclusive management. But if there were
been the result without its interposition, any force in the objection it would seem
and that such will be the result in the to require an immediate abandonment of
event either of unnecessary delay in the territorial possessions which lie in the
ratification or of the rejection of the pro- distance and stretch to a far-off sea, a-nd
posed treaty. yet no one would be found, it is believed,
In full view, then, of the highest public ready to recommend such an abandonment,
duty, and as a measure of security against Texas lies at our very doors and in our
evils incalculably great, the executive has imme<liate vicinity.
entered into the negotiation, the fruits of Under every view which I have been
which are now submitted to the Senate, able to take of the subject, I think that
Independent of the urgent reasons which the interests of our common constituents,
existed for the step it has taken, it might the people of all the States, and a love of
safely invoke the fact (which it confi- the Union left the executive no other al-
dently believes) that there exists no civil- ternative than to negotiate the treaty. The
146
high and solemn duty of ratifying or re- eral of volunteers in November, 1862;
jecting it is wisely devolved on the Sen- and distinguished himself at Fredericks-
ate by the Constitution of the United burg, Chancellor svi lie, Gettysburg, Spott-
States. eylvania, and Cold Harbor. He was bre-
Tyler, Lyon Gardiner, educator ; born vetted major-general of volunteers and ma-
in Charles City county, Va., in August, jor-general, United States army, in 1865.
1853; son of President John Tyler; After the war he was assigned to duty in
graduated at the University of Vir- the Quartermaster's Department at New
ginia in 1875; Professor of Belles-Let- York City, San Francisco, Louisville,
tres at William and Mary College in Charleston, and Boston. He died in Bos-
1877-78; practised law in Richmond, ton, Mass., Dec. 1, 1874.
Va., in 1882-88; elected president of Tyndale, Hector, military officer;
William and Mary College in 1888. He born in Philadelphia, Pa., March 24, 1821.
is the author of The Letters and Times He was not opposed to slavery and had no
of the Tylers; Parties and Patronage in sympathy with the expedition of John
the United States; Cradle of the Republic; Brown ; but when Mrs. Brown was about
The Contrihutiofi of William and Mary to pass through Philadelphia on her way
to the Making of the Union, etc. to claim the body of her husband after
Tyler, Moses Coit, clergyman; born in his execution, Tyndale took the risk of
Griswold, Conn., Aug. 2, 1835; graduated escorting her, and not only became the
at Yale College in 1857 ; studied theology object of insults and threats, but was shot
at Yale and Andover; Professor of English at by an unseen person. A number of
at the University of Michigan in 1867- Southern newspapers declared that the re-
81; ordained in the Protestant Episcopal mains of John Brown would never be re-
Church in 1883; Professor of American turned to his friends, but a "nigger's"
History at Cornell University from 1881 body would be substituted. When the au-
till his death. His publications include thorities offered the coffin to Tyndale he
History of American Literature during declined to accept it till it was opened
the Colonial Period; Manual of English and the remains identified. When the
Literature: Life of Patrick Henry; Three Civil War broke out Tyndale was made
Men of Letters; The Literary History of major of the 28th Pennsylvania Volun-
the American Revolution; and Glimpses teers, with which he participated in
of England, Social, Political, and Literary, thirty-three different engagements. He
Ho died in Ithaca, N. Y., Dec. 28, 1900. was promoted brigadier-general of volun-
Tyler, Ransom Hebbard, author; born teers in November, 1862, and ^revetted
in Leyden, Mass., Nov. 18, 1813. He was major-general of volunteers in 1865.
district attorney and county judge for Tyner, James Noble, lawyer; born in
Oswego county, and editor of the Oswego Brookville, Ind., Jan. 17, 1826; received
Gazette. In addition to numerous books an academic education; admitted to the
and articles on legal subjects he wrote a bar in 1857, and practised in Peru, Ind.;
series of sketches of the early settlers member of Congress, 1869-75;. appointed
in Oswego county. He died at Fulton, second assistant Postmaster - General in
N. Y., Nov. 27, 1881. 1875; was Postmaster-General in 1876-
Tyler, Bobert Ooden, military officer; 77; first assistant Postmaster-General in
bom in Greene county, N. Y., Dec. 22, 1877-81; and delegate to the international
1831 : graduated at the United States postal congress in Paris in 1878.
Military Academy in 1853; and was as- Tyng, Edward, naval officer; born in
signed to frontier duty. In April, 1861, Massachusetts about 1683; commanded the
he accompanied the expedition for the re- Massachusetts in the Cape Breton expedi-
lief of Fort Sumter and was present dur- tion in 1745, and captured the French
ing its bombardment on May 17. In man-of-war Vigilante of sixty- four gims.
August of that year he organized the 4th Hq died in Boston, Mass., Sept. 8, 1755.
Connecticut Volunteers, and was made its Tyrker, the German foster-father of
colonel. Under his leadership it became Leif the Scandinavian, whom he accom-
one of the most efficient regiments in the panied in the expedition from Iceland to
army. He was appointed brigadier-gen- the land south of Greenland in the year
147
TYSON— TYTLEB
1000. While exploring the neighborhood prior to 1743; Discourse on the 200th
Tyrker reported the discovery of vines Anniversary of the Birth of William
loaded with grapes, which caused Leif to Penn; Report on the Arctic Explora-
call the country Vinland. tions of Dr. Elisha K. Kane, etc. He
Tyson, Jacob, legislator ; member of the died in Montgomery county, Pa., June 27,
House of Representatives from New York, 1858.
1823 to 1825, and member of the New Tytler, Patrick Fraseb, historian;
York State Senate from Richmond county born in Edinburgh, Scotland, Aug. 30,
in 1828. 1791; was educated at the University of
Tyson, Job Roberts, lawyer; born in Edinburgh; admitted to the bar in Scot-
Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 8, 1803; admitted land, but devoted himself to biographical
to the bar in 1855-57. He was the au- and historical researches; and wrote ;Sftr
thor of Essay on the Penal Laws of Walter Raleigh; An Historical View of
Pennsylvania; The Lottery System of the the Progress of Discovery on the North-
United States; Social and Intellectual em Coasts of America^ etc. He died in
State of the Colony of Pennsylvania Great Malvern, England, jyto. 2A, 1849.
TTchM Indians, a diminutive nation, over the colonisti to Spain. He had com-
seated in the beautiful country', in Georgia, mand of a fleet which was sent to the
extending from the Savannah River at Aiorea, with sealed orders to proceed to
Augusta to Milledgeville and along the Havana and join an expedition against
banks of the Oconee and the headwaters Florida. He neglected tu open his orders
of the Ogeechee and Chattahoochee. They and was tried by court-martial in 1780,
were once a powerful nation, and claimed and acquitted. He died on the island of
to be the oldest on the continent. Their Leon, July 3, 17»5.
langua^ was harsh, and unlike that of
any other; and they had no tradition of
their origin, or of their ever hav
pied any other territory thi
Ulloa, Francisco de, explorer ; bom
I Spain : became a lieutenant of Cortes
1 his explorations in America, and was
left by him, in 1535, in charge of the
I which they were found. They have colony of Santa Cru/. tn 153B-40 he
a beyond the Mississippi 1
■ the
inded the expedition that explored Call-
pressure of civilization, and have become fornia, giving to the gulf the i
partially alworbed by the Creeks. Their Sea of Cortcz, and discovered that south-
language ts almost forgotten, and the em California was a peninsula. He died
Ucheea are, practically, one of the extinct on the Pacific coast in 1540.
nations. Unalaalut, or Ounalaaka, an island
Uhl, Edwik F-, lawyer; bom in Avon and district in the Aleutian ^oup, at the
Springs, N. Y., in 1841; taken to Michi- extremity of the Alaska peninsula; for
gan by his parents in 1846; graduated many years a base of supplies for
at the University of Michigan in 1801 ; whalers.
began the practice of law in 1866 ;
pointed assistant Secretary of State in
1803; was ambassador to Germany in
18»a-eT- He died in Grand Rapids, Mich.,
May 17, 1901.
Ulke, Henby, portrait-painter; bom in
Frankenstein, Prussia, Jan. 2D, 1821 ;
studied under Professar Wach, in Berlin,
in 1842-40; employed in fresco- pain ting
in the Royal Museum, Berlin, in 1846-48 ;
came to the United States in 1851; settled
in Washington in 1857- His works include
portraits of General Orant, James O.
Blaine, Gen. John Sherman, Charles
Numner, Secretary Edicin M. Stanton, A(-
tonien-Qeneral Garland, etc., for the Unit-
ed States government.
Ulloa, Autonio db, naval officer ; born
in Seville, Jan, 12, 1716; entered the
Spanish navy in 1733 and became lieu-
tenant in 1735; came to the United States
as governor of Louisiana in 17A6, but was
forced to leave because he failed to win
TJneaa, Mohegan chief; born in the
Pequot Settlement, Conn., about 1588;
was originally a Pequot sachem, but about
1636 be revolted against Saasacua and
UNCLE BAM— UNDERWOOD
gathered a band of Indians who were business, because he had given a promise
known by the name of Mohegans, the that he would not attempt to escape, on
ancient title of his nation. He joined the a pledge of freedom at a certain time;
English in their war with the Pequots in but his master died before the appointed
1637, and received for his services a por- time and Henson was sold as a slave,
tion of the Pequot territory. When the Underground Bailroad, a popular des-
war was over, Uncas shielded many of ignation of the secret means by which
the Pequots from the wrath of the Eng- slaves, fleeing from the slave-labor States
lish, and incurred the enmity of the for their liberty, escaped through the
colonists for a time; but the white people Northern States into Canada during the
soon gave him their confidence, and treated operation of the fugitive slave law.
him with so much distinction that jealous These secret means were various kinds of
Indians tried to assassinate him. For aid given to the slaves by their Northern
this treachery Uncas conquered one of the friends. See Fugitive Slave Law.
sachems in Connecticut, and in 1643 he Underbill, John, colonist; born iu
overpowered the Narragansets and took Warwickshire, England; was a soldier
Miantonomoh prisoner. He died in what on the Continent; came to New Eng-
is now Norwich, Conn., in 1682. See land with Winthrop in 1630; repre-
Miantonomoh; Pequot. sented Boston in the General Court;
Uncle Sam, a popular name of the favored Mrs. Hutchinson (see Hutchin-
government of the United States. Its sonian Controversy), and was a ssociate<l
origin was ^ as follows: Samuel Wil- with Captain Mason, in command of
son, commonly called " Uncle Sam," forces in the Pequot War, in 1637. Ban-
was an inspector of beef and pork, ished from Boston as a heretic, he went to
in Troy, N. Y., purchased for the govern- England, and there published a history
ment after the declaration of war against of the Pequot War, entitled Neivs from
England in 1812. A contractor named America. Dover, N. H., regarded ae a
Elbert Anderson purchased a quantity of place of refuge for the persecuted, re-
provisions, and the barrels were marked ceived Underbill, and he was chosen gov-
" E. A.," the initials of his name, and ernor. Tt was discovered that it lay with-
" U. S.," for United States. The latter in the chartered limits of Massachusetts,
initials were not familiar to Wilson's and the latter claimed political jurisdic-
workmen, who inquired what they meant, tion over it. Underbill treated the claim
A facetious fellow answered, " I don't with contempt at first, but, being accused
now, unless they mean * Uncle Sam.' " of gross immorality, he became alarmed,
A vast amount of property afterwards and not only yielded his power, but urged
passed through Wilson's hands, marked the people to submit to Massachusetts,
in the same way, and he was rallied on He went before the General Court and
the extent of his possessions. The joke nfede the most abject confession of the
spread, and it was not long before the truth of the charges. He did the same
initials of the United States were re- publicly in the church, and was excom-
garded as " Uncle Sam," which name has municated. He afterwards lived at Stam-
been in popular parlance ever since. The ford, Conn., and in 1646 went to Flush-
s(mg says: ing, L. I. In the war between the Dutch
.._ , _ , , . I L ^ II « M and Indians he commanded troops, and in
•* Uiiole Sam Is rich enoiiicli to irfve UB all a farm." ,^^^ , Aj^n,. ■r.-j.i_
1655 he represented Oyster Bay in the
Uncle Tom's Cabin, Harriet Beecher assembly at Hempstead. He died in
Stowe's novel, first published as a serial Oyster Bay, L. I., about 1672. His de-
in the National Era, in Washington, scendants still possess lands given to him
D. C, in 1850, and completed in Boston by Indians on Long Island. See Pequot.
in 1852. The Rev. Josiah Henson, who Underwood, Francis Henry, author;
died in Dresden, Ontario, Canada, May born in Enfield, Mass.; educated in Am-
6^ 1883, at the age of ninety-three, was herst; taught in Kentucky; and was ad-
the original of Uncle Tom. He was a mitted to the bar; returned to Massa-
slave who was permitted to go freely chusetts in 1850, and was active in the
from Kentucky to Ohio on his master's anti-slavery cause; was clerk of the State
150
UNDEBWOOD— UNIFORMS OF THE AMEBICAN ABMT
Senate in 1852, assisted in the manage- signia became that of the English Whigs,
ment of the Atlantic Monthly for two or champions of constitutional liberty,
years; clerk of the Superior Court of The American Whigs naturally adopted
l^oston for eleven years; United States these colors for a military uniform. In
consul to Glasgow in 1885; and wrote the battle of Bunker (Breed's) Hill there
Hand-hook of American Literature; were no uniformed companies. Washing-
biographical sketches of Longfellow, ton prescribed a uniform for his officers
Whittier, Lowell, etc. He died in Edin- on his arrival soon afterwards. Their
burgh, Scotland, Aug. 7, 1894. coats were blue faced with buff, and the
Underwood, John Cox, engineer; bom generals each wore a ribbon across the
in Georgetown, D. C, Sept. 12, 1840; breast — each grade of a separate color,
graduated at Rensselaer Polytechnic In- Field-oflRcers wore different-colored cock-
etitute in 1862; served in the Confeder- ades to distinguish their rank. Brown
ate army as military engineer in Vir- being then the color most convenient to
ginia, but was taken prisoner in 1863 bo procured, Washington prescribed for
and confined in Fort Warren till the the field-officers brown coats, the distinc-
close of the war. He was mayor of Bowl- tion between regiments to be marked by
ing Green, Ky., in 1870-72; city, county, the facings. He also recommended the
and (consulting) State engineer in 1866- general adoption by the rank and file of
75; lieutenant-governor of Kentucky in the hunting-shirt, with trousers buttoned
1875-79; major-general of the United at the ankle. This was always the cos-
Confederate Veterans in 1891-96; and tume of the riflemen or sharp-shooters;
superintendent and secretary of the Con- and Washington remarked that " it is a
federate Memorial Association in 1896. dress justly supposed to carry no small
He published various documents; estab- terror to the enemy, who think every
lished the Kentucky Intelligencer ; or- such person a complete marksman." These
ganized a publishing company in Cincin- hunting-shirts were black, white, or of
nati, O., in 1881 ; and issued the Daily neutral colors. The uniform of Washing-
Xews, of which he was managing editor, ton's Life-guard, organized early in the
Uniforms of the American Army, war, was a blue coat faced with buff, red
The American provincial troops serving waistcoat, buckskin breeches, and black
with British regulars in the colonial wars felt hat bound with white tape,
were generally without uniforms; but The different colonies had uniformed
there were exceptions. The New Jersey companies in the earlier period of the
infantry, under Colonel Schuyler, were struggle. The prevailing color of their
clad in blue cloth, and obtained the name coats was blue, with buff or white facings,
of " The Jersey Blues." Their coats were For a long time the artillery were not
blue faced with red, gray stockings, and uniformed, but in 1777 their regulation
buckskin breeches. The portrait of Wash- costume was "a dark-blue or black coat
ington, painted by Charles W^ilson Peale in reaching to the knee and full-trimmed,
1772, shows his dress as a Virginia colonel the lapels fastened back, with ten open-
of infantry to be a blue coat faced with worked buttonholes in yellow silk on the
buff, and buff waistcoat and breeches, breast of each lapel, and ten large regi-
Ihis was his uniform during the Revolu- mental yellow buttons at equal distances
tion. and in it he appeared at the session on each side, three large yellow regimental
of the second Continental Congress (1775), buttons on each cuff, and a like number
indicating, as Mr. Adams construed it, on each pocket-flap; the skirts to hook
his readiness for the field in any station, back, showing the red lining; bottom of
In this costume he appeared when, early coat cut square; red lapels, cuff-linings,
in July, 1775. he took command of the and standing capes; single-breasted white
army at Cambridge. waistcoat with twelve small regimental
There is a political significance in the buttons; white breeches, black half-
blue-and-buff-colored uniform. The coats gaiters, white stock, ruffled bosoms and
of the soldiers of William of Orange who wristlets, and black cocked hat bound
invaded Ireland in 1689 were blue faced with yellow; red plume and black cock-
with orange or buff, and this Holland in- ade; gilt-handled small-sword, and gilt
151
UNIFORMS OF THE AMEBICAN ABMY
epaulets." For the navy officers, blue retain their uniforms. The cavalry had
coats with red facings, red waistcoats, brass helmets, with white horse-hair. It
blue breeches, and yellow buttons ; and for was found difficult to procure the pre-
its marine officers, a green coat with white scribed color for clothing, and the order
facings, white breeches edged with green, was only partially complied with. White
white waistcoat, white buttons, silver facings were generally used; the bufT
epaulets, and black gaiters. rarely, excepting by the general officers.
The distress of the American soldiers At the close of the Kevolution some of the
for want of clothing was at its height colonels of infantry wore black, round
during their winter encampment at Valley hats, with black and red feathers. During
Forge. Baron Steuben wrote : " The de- the period of the Confederation the troops
script ion of the dress is most easily given, retained substantially the uniform of the
The men were literally naked — some of Continental army. In 1787 the shoulder-
them in the fullest extent of the word, strap of dark blue edged with red first
The officers who had coats had them of made its appearance. In 1792 bear-skin-
every color and make. I saw an officer at covered knapsacks, instead of linen painted
a grand parade at Valley Forge mounting ones, were first issued to the troops. In
guard in a sort of dressing-gown made of 1796 the infantry had dark-blue coats
an old blanket or woollen bed-cover.*' reaching to the knee and full-trimmed,
The uniform of the Continental army scarlet lapels, cuffs, and standing capes,
was prescribed by a general order issued retaining white buttons^ white trimmings,
in October, 1779, by the commander-in- and white under-dress, black stocks, and
chief. The coat was to be blue, and the cocked hats with white binding. Black
facings for infantry varied — ^white, bufT, top-boots now replaced the shoe and black
red, and blue. Those of the artillery and half-gaiter. In 1794 the artillery wore
artificers were faced with scarlet, with helmets with red plumes. The coats of
scarlet linings, and of the light dragoons the musicians were red, with pale-blue
faced with white; white buttons and facings, blue waistcoats and breeches, and
linings. Until this time the uniforms of a silk epaulet for the chief musician. This
the Continental army had been variegated, was the uniform of the drummers in the
In the summer of 1780 Washington pre- royal regiments of the British army at
scribed the uniforms of the general officers, an early period, it being the royal livery,
and of the staff generally. The coats and The red coat was the uniform of the
facings were the same as those already drummers in the American army until
prescribed — blue, buff, and white. The 1867. In 1799 the white plume was pre-
major-generals to wear two epaulets, with scribed for the infantry. The cavalry had
two stars upon each, and a black and green coats and white facings, white
white feather in the hat; the brigadiers vests and breeches, top-boots, and leather
a single star and a white feather; the helmet with black horse-hair. In Jeffer-
colonels, two epaulets; the captains, an son's administration the infantry wore
epaulet on the right shoulder; the sub- round ("stove-pipe") hats, with brim
alterns, an epaulet on the left shoulder; three inches wide, and with a strip of
the aides-de-camp, the uniform of their bear-skin across the crown. Artillery offi-
rank and corps; those of the major-gen- cers had gold epaulets. The infantry wore
erals and brigadier-generals to have a a white belt over the shoulder and across
green feather in the hat; those of the the breast, with an oval breastplate three
commander - in - chief, a white feather, by two and a half inches, ornamented with
Cockades were to be worn in the hat by an eagle. In 1810 high standing collars
all military men. In the field, such of the for the coats were prescribed, and in 1812
regiments as had hunting-shirts were re- they were ordered to " reach the tip of the
quired to wear them. ear, and in front as high as the chin would
In the summer of 1782 the uniform of permit in turning the head." At that time
the infantry and cavalry were prescribed many changes were made in the uniform,
as follows: "Blue ground, with red Officers of the general staff wore cocked
facings and white linings, and buttoned," hats without feathers; single-breasted blue
the artillery and sappers and miners to coats with ten gilt buttons; vest and
152
UNION— UNION DEVICES
breeches, or pantaloons, white or buff; chosen Lyman Hall (March 21, 1775) to
high military boots and gilt spurs; and represent them in the Congress, and he
waist-belts of black leather, but no sashes, took his scat on the third day of the ses-
The rank and file were put into blue coat- sion, but without the privilege of voting,
ees, or jackets. The medical officers, whose The movements in St. John's soon led to
coats had been dark blue from 1787, were the accession of Georgia to the Continental
put into black coats in 1812. In 1814 a Union, making the number of colonies
l^iortion of the army on the Niagara fron- that carried on the war thirteen,
tier were compelled by circumstances to In the second petition of the Continental
change from blue to gray. In the army Congress to the King (July, 1775), writ-
regulations in 1821 dark blue was declared ten by John Dickinson, negotiation waa
to be the national color. President Jack- thus proffered, according to Duane's prop-
son, in 1832, tried to restore the osition ; " We beseech your Majesty to
" facings " which were worn in the Revo- direct some mode by which the united
lution, but was only partially success- applications of your faithful colonists to
ful. When the Civil War broke out in the throne may be improved into a happy
1861 some of the volunteer troops were and permanent reconciliation; and that
dressed in gray. As the Confederates in the mean time measures may be taken
adopted the same color for their regulars, for preventing the further destruction of
and butternut brown for their militia, the the lives of your Majesty's subjects, and
United States troops were clad in blue, that such statutes as more immediately
with black felt hats and feathers and gilt distress any of your Majesty's colonies
epaulets for officers. After the close of may be repealed." This was the first offi-
the war the infantry coats had white cial announcement to the King of the-
edgings, stripes, and facings, and plumes union of the colonies, and their refusal to
of the Revolution; and the artillery the treat separately confirmed it. It was a
red plume, red facings, and yellow buttons great step towards independence. The
of the same period. Greneral officers alone King could not consistently receive a docu-
retained buff sashes and buff-colored body- ment from a congress whose legality he
belts. denied. They thought to have it received
During the war between the United if the members individually signed it.
States and Spain (1898), and in the sub- Dickinson believed it would be received,
sequent military operations consequent He deplored one word in it — Congress —
thereon the soldiers were provided with and that provfed fatal to it. " It is the
stiff-brim soft hats, leather leggings, and only word which I wish altered," he said,
jackets and pantaloons made of khaki, a " It is the only word I wish to retain," was
clay-colored linen cloth first used for mill- the reply of the stanch patriot Benjamin
tary purposes by the British army in Harrison, of Virginia. Richard Penn, a
India. proprietary of Pennsylvania and recently
UnioiLy American. The first official its governor — a loyal Englishman — was
intimation that the English-American selected to bear this second petition to the
colonies were politically united was in throne.
the following resolution adopted by the Union College, an institution of
second Continental Congress, June 7, 'learning in Schenectady, N. Y.; estab-
1775: "On motion, resolved, that Thurs- lished by several Christian sects in 1795,
day, the 20th of July next, be observed owing to which fact it received its cor-
throughout the Twelve United Colonies porate name. It was the first non-sec-
as a day of humiliation, fasting, and tarian college founded in the United
prayer." After that the term " United States. In 1873 the Dudley Observatory,
Colonies " was frequently used ; and in the the Albany Medical College, and the Al-
Declaration of Independence the term bany Law School were united to the col-
" United States " was first used. Georgia lege, which was then renamed Union Uni-
not having sent delegates to the first and versify.
second congresses, only " twelve " were Union Devices. When the quarrel be-
alluded to in the expression. The inhabi« twe^n the British Parliament and the Eng-
tants of St. John's parish, in Georgia, had lish-American colonies became warm, the
153
UNION DEVICES— UNION LEAQUE
patriotic newspapers in America, as well wavfare, and symbolizing union hj g^asp-
as handbills, bore devices emblematic of ing an endless chain. These arms all
union. One was especially a favorite — came out of the clouds, indicating that
namely, a snalce, disjointed, each separate their strength was from above. Within
part representing one of the thirteen Eng- the chain was a radiant heart, and within
lish-American colonies, with the word^ the heart a lighted candle, denoting the
sincerity, truth, rectitude,
and divine emotions of those
UNITE OR DIE
whose h
arts were engaged
in the
Ruae. Above
this
device w
as B. balance
ith a naked sword.
held in
he paw of a
lion
cou chant
The lion sj
mbol-
ized Bri
tish power
fhp
sword, i
n that conne
tion.
Bri
alor
and 1
h justice.
These the Americans, who
were yet a part of the Brit-
ish nation, invoked in aid
of their cause. A noon-day
sun. shining near, indicated
first that the Americans stood manfully, in
broad daylight, before the world in de-
fence of their rights, and invited the
"Unite or die," This snake devie
appeared when the Stamp Act e
was at its height. John Holt, the patriotic
publisher of the New York Journal, varied closest scrutiny of their conduct.
it after the adjournment of the first Con- Union-Jack. The original flag of Eng-
tinental Congress in 1774. He had i> land was the banner of St. George — i. e.,
column standing upon Magna Charta. and white with a red cross, which, April 12,
firmly grasped, as a pillar indicating in- IGOO (three years after James I. ascended
alienable rights, by the throne*, was incorporated with the
twelve hands, banner of Scotland^^. e., blue with a
representing the white diagonal cross. This combination
twelve colonies obtained the name of " Unfon-Jack," in
((Georgia not hav- allusion to the union with Scotland; and
ing had a repre- the word jack is considered a corruption
sentative in that of the word Jacobus, Jacques, or James.
Congress) . The This arrangement continued until the
hands belonging to union with Ireland. Jan. 1, 1801, when the
bare arms coming banner of St. Patrick — t. c, white with
A uHiox Dtiicm. '*''^ "' ^^^ clouds, a diagonal red croa», was amalgamated
denoting heavenly with it. and forms the present Briiish
strength. The whole was surrounded by union flag. The union-jack of the United
a large serpent, perfect, and in two coils, States,or American jack. is a blue fieldwith
on whose l>ody were the following words: white stars, denoting the union of the
States. It is without the fly, which is the
Flm
J, t».w. allre
linsls Libert'
tnd frei
X land.
After the Declaration of Independence
n print appeared in Ijondon with a device
combining a part of Holt's Ithe hands,
thirteen of them), but instead of bare
t they were heavily mailed, denoting States,"
part composed of alternate stripes of
white and red.
Union Lea^e, a patriotic organiza-
tion of clubs established in the principal
Northern cities during the Civil War. Any
person who had the right to vote anil
could alllrm " absolute and »lnqualified
vnlly to the government of the United
> membership.
UNITABIANS— UNITED COLONIES 07 NEW ENGLAND
UnitarianSy frequently termed Socin- In 1900 the official reports showed: Minis-
iane from Lelius Socinus, who founded a ters, 670; churches, 817; members, 226,-
sect in Italy about 1546. In America 643.
Dr. James Freeman, of King's Chapel, Bos- United ColoniMy The. The second
ton, in 1783, removed from the Prayer Continental Congress assembled at Phila-
Book of Common Prayers, all reference delphia on May 10, 1776. The harmony of
to the Trinity or Deity and worship of action in that body, and the important
Christ; his church became distinctly Uni- events in the various colonies which had
tarian in 1787. In 1801 the Plymouth been pressed upon their notice, made the
Church declared itself Unitarian. Dr. representatives feel that the union was
William Ellery Channing (1780-1842) was complete, notwithstanding Georgia had
the acknowledged head of this church until not yet sent a delegate to the Congress,
his death. The American Unitarian as- Recognizing this fact, the Congress, on
sociation was formed May 24, 1825 ; head- June 7, in ordering a fast, " Resolved,
quarters at Boston, Mass. The Western that Thursday, July 20 next, be observed
conference organized 1852, and a nation- throughout the Twelve United Colonies
al Unitarian conference at New York City, as a day of humiliation, fasting, and
April 5, 1865. Reports for 1900 showed: prayer." When, exactly one year later, a
550 ministers, 459 churches, and 71,000 resolution declaring these colonies "free
members. and independent States " was adopted, the
United American Mechanics, Junior committee to draft a declaration to that
Order of, a fraternal organization in the effect entitled the new government The
United States, founded in 1853; reported United States of America,
in 1899, State councils, 37; sub-councils, United Colonies of New England.
2,164: members, 183,508; benefits dis- In May, 1643, delegates from Connecti-
bursed since organization, $3,619,738; cut, New Haven, and Plymouth, and the
benefits disbursed in 1899, $591,164. General Court of Massachusetts, assembled
United American Mechanics, Order at Boston to consider measures against
OF, a fraternal organization in the United the common danger from the Dutch in
States, founded in 1845; reported in 1900, Manhattan and the Indians. Delegates
State councils, 20 ; sub-councils, 734 ; were not invited from Rhode Island, for
members, 40.189; benefits disbursed last that colonv was considered "schismatic"
fiscal year, $165,695. and an intruder. When it asked for ad-
United Brethren in Christ, a religious mission, it was refused, unless it would
sect established in the United States by acknowledge allegiance to Plymouth.
William Otterbein, a missionary of the Then it applied for a charter, and ob-
German Reformed Church, and Martin tained it in 1644 (see Rhode Island). A
Bfihrn. The first meeeting was held in confederacy was formed under the above
1789 in Baltimore, Md., but it was not title, and continued for more than forty
known by its present name till 1800. The years (1643-1686), while the government
first general conference was held in 1815, of England was changed three times dur-
when rules of order and a confession of ing that period. It was a confederacy of
faith were adopted. The principal ad- States like our early union (see Articles
ditions have been made in Pennsylvania op Confederation), and local supreme
and in the Northwest. In 1900 the official jurisdiction was jealously reserved by
report showed: Ministers, 1,897; churches, each colony. Thus early was the doctrine
4,229; members, 243,841. of State supremacy developed (see State
United Brethren in Christ, Old Con- Sovereignty). The general affairs of
RTiTUTiON, a religious body formerly a the confederacy were managed by a
part of the United Brethren in Christ board of commissioners consisting of two
(q. V. ) , but owing to an act of the general church members from each colony, who
conference in 1885 appointing a commis- were to meet in a congress annually, or
sion to revise the Confession of Faith, oftener if required. Their duty was to
Bishop Milton Wright and eleven dele- consider circumstances and recommend
gates who opposed the measure withdrew measures for the general good. They had
and formed an independent organization, no executive power, nor supreme legis-
165
UNITED LABOR FABTT— UNITED STATES
lative power. Their propositions were re- sociate Reformed Presbyterian Church, and
ferred to and finally acted upon by the their first general assembly met at Xenia,
several colonies, each assuming an inde- O., in May, 1869. Reports for 1900 show-
pendent sovereignty. But war was not ed: 918 ministers, 911 churches, and 116,-
to be declared by one colony without 901 members.
the consent of this congress of com- United States, Constitution and
missioners, to whose province Indian Government of the. See Calhoun, John
affairs and foreign relations were espe- Caldwell.
cially consigned. All war expenses were United States, Great Seal of the..
to be a common charge, and runaway ser- See Seal of the United States, Great^
vants and fugitive criminals were to be United States, Suffrage Laws in
delivered up; and it was soon an estab- the. See Elective Suffrage.
lished rule that judgments of courts of United States, The, a frigate of the
law and probates of wills in one colony American navy, built in Philadelphia, Pa,,
should have full faith and credit in all in 1797. On Oct 10, 1812, Commodore-
others. The commissioners of Massa- Rodgers sailed from Boston in the Presi-
chusetts, representing by far the most denty accompanied by the United States^
powerful colony of the league, and assum- forty-four guns, Captain Decatur, and the
ing to be a " perfect republic," claimed ArguSj sixteen guns, Lieutenant - com-
precedence, which the others readily con- mandant Sinclair, leaving the Hornet in
ceded. New Haven was the weakest mem- port. The PresidetU parted company with
ber of the league, Plymouth next, but all her companions on Oct. 12, and on the
were growing. Fort Saybrook, at the 17th captured a British packet. The
mouth of the Connecticut River, was yet United States and Argus also parted com-
an independent settlement. See Saybrook, pany, the former sailing to the southward
Fort. and eastward in search of British West
United Labor Party, a political or- Indiamen. At dawn, on Sunday morning,
ganization in the United States which the 25th, the watch at the maintop of the
grew out of several labor societies which United States discovered a sail to wind-
had actively entered political life. From ward — an English ship-of-war. Decatur
the same source was also developed the spread all his sails and gave chase, and.
National Union Labor party. Many ae the United States drew nearer and
members of these two parties were for- nearer the British ship, such loud shouts-
merly identified with the Greenback-Labor went up from her decks that they were
party. In the Presidential campaign of heard on board the vessel of the enemy.
1888 the United Labor party nominated At about 9 a.m. Decatur had got so near
R. H. Cowdry (111.) for President and that he opened a broadside upon the
W. H. T. Wakefield (Kan.) for Vice- strange vessel, with much effect. It was
President, and this ticket received 2,808 responded to in kind, both vessels being
popular votes. The National Union Labor on the same tack. They continued the
party nominated Alson J. Streeter (111.) fight by a heavy and steady cannonade
for President and C. E. Cunningham (Ark.) with the long guns of each, the distance
for Vice-President, and this ticket re- being so great that carronades and mus-
ceived 148,105 popular votes, both parties kets were of no avail,
receiving support from the same source, In the course of half an hour the Brit-
showing want of harmony. In the Presi- ish vessel was fearfully injured, and her
dential campaigns of 1892, 1896, and 1900, commander, perceiving that her only safe-
neither of these parties appeared under ty from destruction was to engage in close
their former names, but in each year a action, drew up to the United States for
Social Labor party made nominations that purpose. The latter, with splendid
and received popular votes of 21,164, gunnery, sent shots which cut her enemy's-
36,274, and 39,537 respectively. mizzen-mast so that it fell overboard-
United Presbyterians. The United Very soon her main and fore top-masta
Presbyterian Church of North America was were gone and her fore-mast was tottering,
formed in May, 1858, by the union of the No colors were seen floating over her deck.
Associated Presbyterian Church and As- Her main-mast was severely damaged,,
156
-aNITEI} STATES— UKITED STATES ENQINEBK CORPS
wliile the United States remained almost York, where she was greeted a« " a. New-
unhurt. Decatur bore away for a while, year's gift." " She cornea with the com-
and his antagoniBt, BUpposiQ^ his veBsel, pliments of the bcsbod from old Neptune."
badly crippled, was withdrawing, let up said one of the newspaperB. The hoys
an exulting shout. To their astonishment in the streets were singing snatches of a
the United Statei tacked and brought up song:
in a poaition of greater advantage than
before. The British commander, perceiv- '""^ZZ '"'t,^''. Tl* ?"' '""'>"' *'*■•
,, , , 1.1 Tbe Doblest iicat In nature,
ing that longer resistance would be use- ^ flrst-rate frigate as a prlie.
lesB. str'uek his colors and surrendered. Brought borne br brave Decatur."
The captured vessel waa the British
frigate Macedonian, thirty-eight guns, Legislatures of States gave Decatur
Capt. J. S. Garden. She had received no thanlcs, and two of them each gave him
less than 100 round-shot in her hull, many a sword. So, also, did the city of Phila-
of them between wind and water, and she delphia. The authorities of New York, in
had nothing standing but her fore and addition to a splendid banquet to Hull,
main masts and fore-yard. All her boats Jones, and Decatur (Jan. 7, 1813), gave
were rendered useless but one. Of her the latter the freedom of the city and re-
officers and men— 300 in number— thirty- quested his portrait for the City Hall,
six were killed and sixty-eight were The national Congress thanked him and
wounded. The loss of the United 8taU:it gave him a gold modal,
was five killed and six wounded. The United States Bank. See Banks of
Macedonian was a new ship, and though the United States.
rated at thirty-eight, carried forty-four United States Chriatlan CommlsBlon.
(runs. The action occurred not far from See Christian Commibsios, United
the island of Madeira. After the contest States.
Decatur returned to the United States, ar- United States Engineer Corps, a
riving off New London Dec. 4, 1812. The technical body under command of the
Macedonian, in charge of Lieutenant chief of engineers and attached to the
Allen, arrived at Newport Harbor at about War Department. The corps is charged
the same time. At the close of the month with all duties relating to construction
both vesaels passed through Long Island and repair of fortifications, whether pcr-
Sound, and, on Jan. 1, 1813. the Macedo- mancnt or temporary; with torpedoes for
nian was anchored in the harbor of New coast defence; with all works of defence;
ir>7
U. S. HOMESTEAD LEGISLATION— XT. S. OF AMEBICA
with all military roads and bridges, and
with such surveys as may be required for
these objects, or the movement of armies
in the field. It is also charged with the
river and harbor improvements, with mili-
tary and geographical explorations and
surveys, with the survey of the lakes, and
with any other engineer work specially as-
signed to the corps by acts of Congress
or orders of the Secretary of War.
United States Homestead Legisla-
tion. See Exemptions from Taxation;
Homestead Laws.
United States House of Bepresenta-
tives, one of the branches of the Congress
known as the Lower House and the Popu-
lar House. The members of this branch
are elected directly by popular vote. In
it is vested by the national Constitution
the sole right to originate laws concern-
ing the finances of the country. The
committee on ways and means of the
House is the original source of all tariff
legislation, and all bills providing for
the raising or expenditure of public
moneys have their origin in the House.
In each of these two forms of legislation
the House has the limited co-operation of
the Senate — ^viz. : the Senate may amend
a tariff bill or resolution appropriating
public moneys in the line either of in-
creasing or decreasing specific amounts.
The House has the privilege of passing
upon these Senate amendments, and if it
declines to accept any part of such
changes, it is customary to appoint a con-
ference committee consisting of an equal
number of members from the House and
Senate, to whom the disputed subject of
legislation is referred, and the report of
this committee is generally accepted in
the light of a compromise by both Houses.
The membership of the House is based on
the population of the country as ascer-
tained decennially by the census, and
therefore changes every ten years. In
the Fifty-seventh Congress (March 4,
1901-March 4, 1903) there are 357 Repre-
sentatives, of whom 198. are Republicans,
151 Democrats, and eight Populists and
Silver men. See Congress, National
(The Fifty-seventh Congress) ; Speaker
OF the House.
United States Military Academy.
See Military Academy, United States.
United States Mints. A mint of the
United States was established in Phila-
delphia, Pa., by act of Congress in April,
1792, and began to coin money the next
year, but it was not until January, 1795,
that it was put into full operation. It
was the only mint until 1835, when other
mints were established at Charlotte,
N. C, Dahlonega, Ga., and New Orleans,
La. In 1854 another was located at San
Francisco, Cal., and in 1870 at Carson
City, Nev., and shortly after at Denver,
Col., although no minting has ever been
done at the latter place, only assay-
ing. The mints at Charlotte, N. C, and
Dahlonega, Ga., were discontinued in
1861. See Coinage; Mint, First Amer-
ican.
United States Naval Academy. See
Naval Academy, United States.
United States Naval Ships. See
Naval Ships.
United States Nominating Conven-
tions. See Nominating Con\'entions,
National.
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA
United States of America. The name
given to the thirteen English-American
colonies in the Declaration of Indepen-
dence, July 4, 1776. In 1901 their num-
ber had increased to forty-five States (see
table on opposite page) and seven Ter-
ritories (Alaska, Arizona, District of
Columbia, Hawaii, Indian Territory, New
Mexico, and Oklahoma) with the Philip-
pine Islands, Porto Rico, Guam, Wake,
Samoa, and Isle of Pines, etc. For de-
tails of population in 1900 see Census.
progress in population.
Cantnt.
Date of
Censoa.
Nninb«r
of
Stat«.
18
PopaUUoa
ofth*
StatM.
PopaUtioa
of
T»ni(orlM.
Totol
PopolatloD.
1
1790
8,804,136
35.691
8,929,827
2
1800
16
6,231,992
63,949
6,305.941
3
1810
17
7,036,474
203,340
7,289,814
4
1820
23
9,616,397
122.794
9,638,191
5
1830
24
12,729,429
136,691
12,866,020
6
1840
26
16,897,207
172,246
17,069,453
7
1850
31
23,047,891
143,985
23,191,876
8
1860
33
31,040,842
402.479
31,443.321
9
1870
37
38,113,263
442,730
38,555.98:i
10
1880
38
49.666,629
487,264
50,165,783
11
1890
44
61.919,702
702.548
62,622.250
12
1900
45 i
74,607,226 '
1,604.943
76.303.387
158
THK
ORIGINAL THIRTEEN
STATES
R.D.8IRVOe8. If.Y.
UKITED STATES OF AMEBICA
STATES IN THE UNION AND DATE OF THEIR ADMISSION.
Onlar.
1
2
3
4
6
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
U
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
80
31
82
33
84
8ft
36
87
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
Nun*.
Virginia
New York
Massacbusetta . . .
New Hampshire.
Connecticut
D«t« ofi
Sctli*
niipnt.
1007
1614
1620
16'i3
1633
Maryland j 1634
1636
1638
1660
1664
1670
1682
1733
1724
1775
1757
1788
1699
1730
1716
1720
1711
1626
1764
1685
1670
1566
1692
1833
1669
1769
1846
1811
Rhode Island.
Delaware
North Carolina.
New Jersey....
South Carolina.
Pennsylvania. .
Georgia
Vermont
Kentucky
Tennessee
Ohio
I^uisiana
Indiana
Mississippi ....
Illinois
Alabama
Maine
Missouri
Arkansas
Michigan
Florida
Texas
Iowa
Wisconsin
California
Minnesota
Oregon
Kf^n'i'"' ,
West Virginia.
Nevada ,
Nebraska ,
Colorado ,
North Dakota. ,
South Dukota.
Montana ,
Washington . . .
Idaho ,
Wyoming
K. LAi) • « ■ « • • •
1780
1857
1827
1845
1834
1834
1847
Wh«r« flrat Settled.
Jamcslowu ....
New York
Plymouth
Little Harbor..
Windsor
St. Mary's
Providence . ...
Wilmington ...
Chowan River.
Elizabeth
Ashley River. .
Philadeluhia. . .
Savannah
Fort Dummer. .
Boonesboro....
Fort I/)udon . . .
Marietta
Iberville
Vincennes
Natchez
Kaskaskia
Mobile
Bristol
St. Louis
Arkansas Poet.
Detroit
St Augustine..
San Antonio . .
Burlington
Green Bay
San Diego
SL Paul
Astoria ,
Pembina
Sioux Falls .
Fort rnion....
Tumwater
Fort Hall
Fort Laramie..
Salt lAke City.
By whom SeiUcd.
English.
Dutch . .
English ,
4(
Swedes.
English
4t
t4
it
t(
French
(I
((
Spanish.
English
French . . . .
Spanish...
Americans.
English
Americans.
French
Americans.
D«t* of
Admit-
•ion.
60
O
3.
<5.
D
SL
en
I
1791
1792
1796
1H02
1H12
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1836
1837
1845
1845
1846
1848
1850
1858
1859
1861
1863
1864
1867
1876
18H9
1889
1889
1889
1890
1890
189«
Ami in
Squara
MIlM.
38,348
47,000
7,800
9,392
4,750
11,124
1.308
2,120
60,704
8,320
34.000
43,000
58,0(JO
10.212
37,680
46,600
39.964
49,346
38,809
47,156
65.410
60.722
35,000
65,350
52,198
56,451
59,268
274,356
55,045
53.924
188,981
83,631
9.'^,274
81.318
23,000
104.125
76.996
104,500
70,795
77,660
146,080
69,180
84,800
97,890
84,928
On Sept. 9, 1776, the Continental Con- miles. In longitude it extends from the
gress resolved " that in all continental most easterly point of Maine, 66** 48' W.,
commissions where heretofore the words to 125° 20' W., and if Atoo, the most
' United Colonies * have been used, the style westerly of the Aleutian Islands, be taken
be altered for the future to the United for its western limits, it extends to the
States." This domain now numbers forty- 174th meridian. The population of the
five States, six Territories, and one Dis- United States in 1890 was 63,069,756, and
trict, and various " possessions," Hawaii, in 1900 had increased to 76,296,220. This
Porto Rico, Philippine Islands, Guam, is exclusive of the Philippine Islands,
Wake, and Samoan Islands, etc. The area Hawaii, Porto Rico, Guam, Wake, antl
of the States is 2,718,780 square miles; of Samoan Islands. The government is a
the Territories, 883,490; and of the Dis- representative democracy. Each State has
trict, seventy; in all, 3,602,340 square an independent legislature for its local
miles. In latitude it extends from Key affairs, but all are legislated for, in na-
West, its most southerly point, 24° 33' N., tional matters, by two Houses of Congress;
to the forty-ninth parallel of north lati- the Senate, whose members are elected for
tude. From this latitude, on the Pacific six years by the State legislatures, and
coast, the territory belongs to Canada the House of Representatives, elected for
to 64** 40', where Alaska begins, ex- two years by the people of the different
tending to the Arctic Ocean and em- States.- Representation in the Senate is by
bracing an area of over 577,000 square States, without regard to population; in
159
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA
the House of Representatives the represen- toral votes as it has Senators and Repre-
tation is in proportion to population. The sentatives in Congress. For the general
President of the United States is elected history, administration, etc., of the col-
every fourth year by electors chosen by the onies and States see under their proper
people, each State having as many elcc- heads.
PBE-OOLUMBIAN HISTOBY
Buddhist priests visit Fu Sang, sup- and 160 persons (five of them young mar-
posed to be America 458 ried women) from Greenland to establish
Hui Shen's account of the Buddhist a colony 1007
mission referred to in the Chinese annals [Landing in Rhode Island, he remains
for 499 in Vinland three years, where he has a son,
Iceland discovered by Nadodd, a Norse Snorri, ancestor of Albert Thorwaldsen,
rover 861 the Danish sculptor.]
First settlement by Norsemen .... 875 Icelandic manuscripts mention a bishop
Grumbiorn sights a western land . . 870 in Vinland in 1121, and other voyages
Land discovered by Eric the Red, and there in 1125, 1135 and 1147
named Greenland 982 Madoc, Prince of Wales, according to
Second voyage from Iceland to Green- tradition, sails westward, and reports the
land by Eric : 985 discovery of a " pleasant country.". . 1170
Bjami sails from Iceland for Green- [The tradition is further that he re-
land, but is driven south by a storm and turns to this western country with ten
sights land at Cape Cod or Nantucket, ships, but is never heard of again.]
also at Newfoundland, and returns to [The fullest relation of these discov-
Greenland 985 cries is the Codex Flatoienais, written
Voyage of Lief, son of Eric the Red. 1387-96, now preserved in the royal li-
He sails in one ship with thirty-five men brary at Copenhagen, found in a monas-
in search of the land seen by Bjami . . 1000 tery on the island of Flato, on the west-
Touching the Labrador coast, stops near ern coast of Iceland.]
Boston, Mass., or farther south, for the Eskimos appear in Greenland 1349
winter. He loads his vessel with timber; Pizicrani's map of the Atlantic. .1367-73
he returns to Greenland in the spring of Nicolo Zeno with three ships belonging
1001 to Sir Henry Sinclair, Earl of the Orkney
[He calls the land Vinland, from its Islands, visits Greenland and possibly
grapes.] Vinland 1394
Thorwald, Lief*s brother, visits Vinland Communication with Greenland ceases
in 1002, and winters near Mount Hope about 1400
Bay, R. I. In the spring of 1003 he sent a Berthancourt settles the Canary islands
party of his men to explore the coast, 1402
perhaps as far south as Cape May. Madeira Islands rediscovered by the
Thorwald explores the coast eastward, Portuguese 1418-20
and is killed in a skirmish with the natives These islands previously discovered by
(skraelings) somewhere near Boston, 1004 Machan, an Englishman 1327-78
His companions return to Greenland The " Claudius Clavus " map, giving the
1005 earliest delineation of any part of America
Tborfinn Karlsefne sails with three ships ( Greenland ) 1427
EAA OF PEBMAKENT DISCOVEBY
Columbus bom 1435-36 ( ?) 1445 Marco Polo's travels first printed. .1477
Visits England and Iceland prior to Columbus in Spain. Announces his
1470 views to Ferdinand and Isabella. .1485-86
Columbus in Portugal 1470-84 The views of Columbus referred to a
160
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA
junto of ecclesiastics, which declares them He discovers Jamaica, May 3 ; and Evan-
vain and impracticable 1487-90 gelista (now Isle of Pines) June 13; war
Columbus leaves Spain for France with the natives of Hispaniola 1494
January, 1492 Visits various isles and explores their
[But is recalled while on his journey.] coasts 1495-96
Ferdinand and Isabella arrange with Returns to Spain to meet charges;
Columbus April 17, 1492 reaches Cadiz June 11, 1490
Columbus sailed on his first expedition Patent from Henry Vll, of England to
from Palos in Andalusia on Friday, with John Cabot and his three sons
three vessels supplied by the sovereigns of March 5, 1495-96
Spa-in — the 8anta Maria, a decked vessel John Cabot discovers the North Amerl-
with a crew of fifty men, with Columbus can continent June 24, 1497
in command, and two caravels — the Pinta Columbus sails with six ships on his
with thirty men, under Martin Alonso third voyage, May 30; discovers Trinidad,
Pinzon, and the Nina with twenty-four July 31; lands on terra firma without
men, under Vicente Yanez Pinzon, brother knowing it to be a new continent, naming
of Martin Aug. 3, 1492 it Tsla Santa Aug. 1, 1498
Leaves the Canary Islands.. S^pt. 6, 1492 Discovers the mouth of the Orinoco
Influenced by Pinzon, he changes his August, 1498
course from due west to southwest Alonso de Ojeda discovers Surinam,
Oct. 7, 1492 June; and the Gulf of Venezuela. Ame-
[The original course would have struck rigo Vespucci , accompanies him on this
the coast of Florida.] voyage 1499
Rodrigo de Triana, a sailor on the Nina, Amerigo Vespucci's first voyage. . . 1499
discovers land i^t 2 a.m. Friday Vicente Yafiez Pinzon discovers Brazil,
Oct. 12, 1492 Jan. 20, and the river Amazon. Jan. 26, 1500
Columbus lands on Guanahani, one of Pedro Alvarez de Cabral, of Portugal,
the Bahamas; takes possession in the discovers Brazil, April 22, and takes pos-
name of Ferdinand and Isabella of Castile, session of for the King of Portugal
and names it San vSalvador . Oct. 12, 1492 May, 1500
He discovers Cuba, Oct. 28; and Hi.s- Gasper Cortereal, in the service of
paniola (now Haiti), where he builds a Portugal, discovers Labrador 1500
fort, La Navidad Dec. 6, 1492 Francisco de Bobadilla appointed gov-
Columbus sails for Spain in the A'tna, ernor of Hispaniola and leaves Spain
the fianta Maria having been abandoned July, 1500
Jan. 4, 149.1 liobadilla arrests Columbus on his ar-
Reaches Palos ^larch 15. 1493 rival at Hispaniola and sends him to Spain
Received with distinguished honors by in irons. He is received with honor at
the Spanish Court at Barcelona. April, 1493 Court and the charges dismissed without
Bull of demarcation between Spain and inquiry Dec. 17, 1500
Portugal issued by Pope Alexander VI., The first map to show " America *' is
Afav 3-4, 1493 I^s Casas's 1500
The letter of Columbus to Ferdinand and Columbus sails on his fourth and last
Isabella describing his voyage first printed voyage with four caravels, and 150 men
in Latin 1493 from Cadiz May 9, 1502
He sails from Cadiz on his second ex- Discovers the island of Martinique
pedition ; Sept. 25, 1493 June 13, 1502
His fleet consisted of three galleons and Discovers various islands on the coast
fourteen caravels, with 1,500 men, besides of Honduras and explores the coast of the
animals and material for colonization : Isthmus July, 1502
discovers the Caribbee Isles — Dominica, Amerigo Vespucci on the South Ameri-
Xov. 3 ; Guadaloupe, Nov. 4 ; Antigua, can coast 1501-3
Nov. 10; finding his previous settlement Columbus finally leaves the New World
destroyed and colony dispersed, he founds for Spain Sept. 12, 1504
Isabella in Hispaniola, the first Christian Queen Isabella of Spain dies
city in the New World December, 1493 Nov, 26, 1504
IX. — L 161
UNITED STATES OF AJCEKCCA
Columbus dies at Valladolid First letter of Gortez on the conquest
May 20, 1506 of Mexico to Charles V. of Spain
Juan Diaz de Solis and Vicente Yafiez July 10, 1519
Pinzon are on the southeast coast of Panama foimded by Pedrarias.. .1519
Yucatan 1506 Montezuma, emperor of the Mexicans,
[De Cordova, ^ 1517 ; Grijalva, 1518 ; dies June 30, 1520
Cortez, 1519.] Magellan discovers the straits which «
WaldseemQller's or the *' Admiral's " bear his name, and passes into the Pacific
map probably 1507 Ocean Oct. 21-Nov. 27, 1520
First English publication to mention Cortez accomplishes the conquest of
America 1509 Mexico 1521
Francisco Pizarro reaches Darien..l509 Pizarro sails from Panama for Peru,
Alonso de Ojeda founds San Sebastian, but returns for supplies and repairs
the first colony in South America. .1510 Nov. 14, 1524
Diego Velasquez subjugates Cuba and Francis de Hoces, in command of one
founds Havana 1511 of the ships of Loyasas, discovers Cape
Juan Ponce de Leon discovers Florida Horn 1525
March 27, 1512 Narvaez's expedition to the upper Gulf
Vespucci dies at Seville, Spain, aged of California 1527
sixty-one years 1512 Pizarro enters Peru and destroys the
Vasco Nuflez Balboa, crossing the government 1531-33
isthmus of Darien, discovers the Pacific Jacques Cartier enters the Gulf of St.
and takes possession of it for the King Lawrence and sails to the present site of
of Spain, calling it the " South Sea " Montreal 1534-35
Sept. 25, 1513 Ferdinand de Grijalva's expedition
Juan Diaz de Solis discovers the La equipped by Cortez, discovers California
Plata January, 1516 1534
[He is killed by natives in an attempt Antonio de Mendoza appointed viceroy
to land. This river named in 1527 from of Mexico, the first in the New World
silver plate possessed by natives.] 1535-50
Spaniards at Darien hear of the em- Francisco Orellana explores eastward
pire of the Incas 1512-17 from Peru, down the Amazon, reaching
Las Casas made '' Universal Protector the ocean (voyage of seven months)
of the Indians " 1516 August, 1541
Francisco Fernandez de Cordova dis- Don Pedro de Valdivia invades and con-
covers Mexico 1517 quers Chile 1541
Vasco Nufiez Balboa executed at Darien Cortez returns to Spain, 1540; and dies
1517 there, aged sixty-two 1547
Grijalva at Cozumel and Vera Cruz, Las Casas returns to Spain 1547
penetrates Yucatan and names it New Davis discovers the strait that bears his
Spain 1518 name 1585
Hernando Cortez sails from Cuba to Falkland Islands discovered by Davis
conquer Mexico Feb. 18, 1519 1592
PBINCIPAL PEBSONS CONNECTED WITH THE DISCOVERY 07
AMERICA, AND WHY KNOWN
Columbus, Christopher, born in Gknoa voyage of Columbus. Attempts to de-
in 1435-45 ( ?) ; died in Valladolid, Spain, prive Columbus of the discovery, is baffled
May 20, 1506. The discoverer of the New and disgraced.]
World (America) 1492-98 Cabot, John, Venetian, date of birth and
Pinzon, Martin Alonso, Spanish navi- death unknown. In the service of Henry
erator, bom in Spain in 1441; died in VII. of England, discovers the mainland
Spain 1493 of North America (supposed coast of
[Commander of the Pinta in the first Labrador) June 24, 1497
162
ITKITED STATES OF AMEBICA
Cabot, Sebastian, eon of John, born in Accompanies Columbus to America, 1493,
Venice in 1475 ( ? ) , died in London about and during the next fifty years crosses
1557; discoverer of Newfoundland and ex- the Atlantic fourteen times in the interest
plorer of North American coast. 149&-15 17 of the natives. Made " Universal Protec-
Vespucci, Amerigo, bom in Florence in tor of the Indians" by the Spanish gov-
1451 ; died in Spain, Feb. 12, 1512. Ex- ernment 1516
plorer of the South American coast Cordova, Francisco Fernandez de, died
1499-1504 in Cuba in 1518; discovers Mexico and
Cabral, Pedro Alvarez de, Portuguese explores the coast of Yucatan 1517
navigator, died about 1526; the discoverer Qrijalva, Juan de, born in Spain; died
of Brazil April 22, 1500 in Nicaragua, Jan. 21, 1527. Explores
Cortereal, Gasper, Portuguese navi- Yucatan and hears of Mexico and Mon-
gator, born in Lisbon died 1501 tezuma 1518
[Sails along the coast of North America Cortez, Hernando, Spanish adventurer,
and names Labrador; returns to Lisbon born in Spain in 1485; died in Spain, Dec.
and sails on his second voyage, 1501, but 2, 1547; conqueror of Mexico 1519-21
never returns.] Magellan, Fernando, Portuguese navi-
Bobadilla, Francisco, bom in Spain, sent gator, born in 1470. Discovers the Strait
to Santo Domingo to relieve Columbus, sent of Magellan, which he enters Oct. 21,
Columbus and his brother Diego back to 1520, and names, passing through into the
Spain in chains. He loses his life by ship- ocean, Nov. 27, 1520, to which he gave the
wreck on his return voyage.. June 29, 1502 name Pacific. He was killed at one of the
Pinzon, Vicente Yafiez; brother of Philippine Islands, by the natives, April 17,
Alonso; born in Spain in 1460; died in 1521. Only one of his ships, under Sebastian
Spain in 1524. Commands the Nina in del Cano, reached Seville ( the first ship to
Columbus's first voyage. Discovers Cape circumnavigate the globe )... Sept. 8, 1522
St. Augustine, Brazil, Jan. 20, 1500, and Verazzano, Giovanni de, Florentine
the mouth of the Amazon, Jan. 26. Ex- navigator; bom near Florence in 1470;
plores the east coast of Yucatan 1506 died either at Newfoundland or Puerto
The western continent is named for him del Rico in 1527. Explores for France
by Martin Waldseemflller, a German ge- the North American coast as far north as
ographer, in a book printed in 1507 New York and Narraganset bays 1524
Ojeda. Alonso de, Spanish adventurer, Gomez, Esteban, Spanish navigator,
bora in Spain in 1465 ; died in Hispaniola bora in Spain in 1478 ( ? ) ; died at sea in
in 1515. Accompanies Columbus on his 1530 (?); explores the eastern coast per-
second voyage. With Amerigo Vespucci haps as far north as Connecticut 1525
he explored the northern coast of South Ayllon, Lucas Vasquez de, Spanish ex-
America in 1499, and established a settle- plorer, died in Virginia Oct. 18, 1526
ment at San Sebastian 1510 [Sailing, with three vessels and 600 per-
Ponce de Leon, Juan, Spanish soldier; sons, with supplies for a colony, along
bora in 1460 (?) ; died in Cuba in 1521. the coast, he enters Chesapeake Bay and
The discoverer of Florida, March 27, 1512; attempts a settlement near Jamestown,
landing at St. Augustine April 2, 1512 where he died. His colonists returned to
Balboa Vasco Nufiez, Spanish adventurer, Santo Domingo in the spring of 1527.]
born in Spain, 1475; executed at Darien Pizarro, Francisco, Spanish adventurer;
on a charge of treason, 1517; the discover- bora in Spain about 1471; assassinated at
er of the Pacific Ocean Sept. 25, 1513 Lima, Peru, Jan. 26, 1541. The destroyer
Soils, Juan Diaz de, Spanish navigator; of the Peruvian government 1531-33
bora in Spain in 1471; died in South Cartier, Jacques, born in St. Malo,
America in 1516. Reputed the most ex- France, 1494, died about 1555; the dis-
perienced navigator of his time. Discovers coverer of the river St. Lawrence.. 1534-35
the river La Plata, South America, Almagro, Diego de, Spanish adventurer,
January, 1516 born in Spain in 1463 ( ?) with Pizarro in
[Killed by Indians on that river.] Peru; put to death by Pizarro. .July, 1538
Las Casas, Bartholomew, born in Seville, De Soto, Fernando, bora in Spain in
Spain, in 1474; died in Spain, July, 1566. 1496 (?) ; died on the banks of the Mis-
163
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA
fiissippi, June, 1542 ; explorer of the south-
ern United States; discoverer of the Mis-
sissippi 1540-42
Coronado, Francesco Vasquez de, died in
1542; explorer of the territory north of
Mexico, now New Mexico, Arizona, and
Colorado 1640-42
Frobisher, Sir Martin, born in England
in 1536; died in Plymouth, England, Nov.
7, 1594; discovers Frobisher *s Strait
July 21, 1576
Drake, Sir Francis, born in England in
1537 (?) ; died in Puerto Bello, Dec. 27,
1595; explores the coast of California in
1578-79: first Englishman to sail around
the globe, reaching England 1580
Davis, John, born in England in 1550;
died on the coast of Malacca in 1605; dis-
coverer of Davis's Strait in 1585; of the
Falkland Islands 1592
Hudson, Henry, born in England; dis-
coverer and explorer of the Hudson River
in the interests of the Dutch, September,
1609, and Hudson Bay in 1611. Sent
adrift in an open boat by his crew and
never heard of afterwards 1611
UNDEB T'bE CONTINENTAL C0NGBE8S
For previous history see each State separately.
Pursuant to arrangements made by com-
mittees appointed in the colonies to con-
fer regarding the interests and safety of
the colonies, and termed " committees of
correspondence," delegates were chosen for
the first Continental Congress, to meet at
Philadelphia about Sept 1, 1774.
DELEGATES TO THE FIRST CONTINENTAL
OONORESS—Clim/tmicd.
DaUKatM.
First Continental Congress meets at
Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia (forty-four
delegates present, representing all the
States except Georgia and North Caro-
lina; see below) . . .Monday, Sept. 5, 1774
[Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, presi-
dent; Charles Thomson, secretary. Mr.
Thoitison remained secretary of the Con-
tinental Congress from its beginning to
its close, 1774-89.]
DELEGATES TO THE FIRST CONTINENTAL
CONGRESS.
2L James KiDsey
72. John De Hart
Richard Smith
William LlvlDgston...
Stephen Crane
Hon. Joseph Galloway.
27. Samuel Rhodes
aa Thomas Mifflin
John Morton
Charles Humphreys..
Edward Biddle
32. George Ross
33. John Dickinson
23.
24.
25.
26.
30
30.
31.
34. Hon. CsBsar Rodney.
35. Thomas McKean ....
3& George Read
D«1«K»tM.
1. MiO- John Sullivan...
2. Col. Nathaniel Folsom
3. Hod. Thomas Gushing
4. John Adams
6. Samuel Adams
e. Robert Treat Paine. ..
7. Hon. Stephen Hopkins
8. Hon. Samuel Ward. . .
9. Hon. Eliphalei Dyer. .
10. Hon. Roger Sherman.
11. Silas Deane
12. James Duane
13. Philip Livingston....
14. John Jay
lb. Isaac Low
1& John Atoop
17. Joba Herring
la Simon JV>eTum
19. Henry WIsuer
20. CoL William floyd . . . .
SUU Rtprwntod.
New Hamp-\
^ shire /
Massachn-
setts Bay
.}
f
Rhodelsland
and Provi-
dence Plan-
tations ....
> Connecticat.
City and
county o f
New York,
■ and other
counties in
province of
New York.
^ County of
Suffolk I n
province of
New York. .
40
41
42
43
44
CmiMitUb
Slffncd.
July 21, 1774
Jane 17, 1774
Aug. 10, 1774
July 18, 1774
July 28, 1774
87. Robert Goldsborough.
38. William Paca
39. Samuel Chase
Thomas Johnson
Matthew Tllghman . . .
Hon. Peyton Randolph
Patrick Henry
Benjamin Harrison. . .
45. George Washington. . .
46. Richard Bland
47. Edmund Pendleton...
48. Richard Henry lioe. . .
49. Henry Middletou
60. Christopher Gadsden.
61. Edward Rutledge ....
62. John Rutledge
63. Thomas Lynch
64. Richard Caswell
66. Joseph Hewes
50. William Hooper
D«lcf{»t« raantioncd aboT* not
<l*7 of mMttng
Richard Henry l^ee....
Thomas Johnson
Matthew Tilghinan
Henry Wisner
John AIsop
George Ross
Joseph Hewes.
William Hooper
Richard Caswell
State RtpnMatod.
New Jersey...
Pennsyl-
vania. ....
New Castle,
Kent, and
Sussex on
the Dels
ware
■I
J
' Maryland.
YliVinia
South Caro-
lina
}
North Caro-
lina
prM«nt at flnt
Cndvntiab
Slpwd.
July 23, 1774
July 22, 1774
Aug. 1, 1774
June 22, 1774
Aug. 6, 1774
July 28, 1774
John Dickinson
John Herring. ..
Simon Bocrum.
Virginia
Mainland
Maryland
New York....
Pennsylvania.
North Caro-)
Una I
North Caro->
lina /
Pennsylvania.
New York . . .
New York . . . .
July 6, 1774
Aug. 26, 1774
Date of
Joinlnir.
Sept. 6, 1774
It t.
Sept 12, •'
Sept 14, "
(i
tt
(t
«i
Sept 17,
li
cc
•I
Sept 28,
Oct 1,
104
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA
Congreaa resolves "that in determining North Carolina, April 7, 1775; New
questions, each colony or province shall Jersey, May 26, 1775.]
have one vote ** Sept. 6, 1774 Rhode Island colonists seize forty-four
Rev. Jacob Duch6 opens Congress with pieces of ordnance at Newport
prayer Sept. 7, 1774 Dec. 6, 1774
Resolution of Suffolk, Mass., convention Maryland convention enrolls the militia
(Sept. 6), "that no obedience is due to and votes £10,000 to purchase arms
any part of the recent acts of Parlia- Dec. 8-12, 1774
nient," approved by Congress New Hampshire freemen seize 100 bar-
Sept. 10, 1774 rels of powder and some ordnance at Ports-
Congress rejects a plan for union with mouth Dec. 11, 1774
Great Britain, proposed by Joseph Gallo- Benjamin Franklin returns from Eng-
way, of Pennsylvania, as intended to per- land April, 1775
petuate dependence Sept. 28, 1774 Delegates from Georgia to Congress by
Battle of Point Pleasant, west Vir- letter express loyalty, and explain inabil-
ginia Oct. 10, 1774 ity to attend April 8, 1775
Congress adopts a "Declaration of First anti-slavery society in the United
Colonial Right's," claiming self-government States formed by Quakers of Philadel-
Oct. 14, 1774 phia April 14, 1775
American Association, denouncing for- Battle of Lexington, Mass., at dawn of
eign slave-trade, and pledging the signers April 19, 1775
to non-consumption and to non- intercourse [For the chronological record of the war
with Great Britain, Ireland, and the for independence see Revolutionaby War,
British West Indies, signed by fifty-two in vol. vii.]
members of Congress Oct. 20, 1774 Letters from England to public officials
"Address to the People of Great Brit- in America, expressing determination of
ain," prepared by John Jay, approved by England to coerce the colonies, intercept-
Congress Oct. 21, 1774 ed at Charleston, S. C April 19, 1775
Congress adopts a " Memorial to the
Several Anglo-American Colonies" Second Continental Congreaa meets at
Oct. 21, 1774 Independence Hall, Philadelphia
A letter to the unrepresented colonies of May 10, 1775
St. John, N. S., Georgia, and east and [Peyton Randolph, president; Charles
west Florida, despatched by Congress Thomson, secretary.]
Oct. 22, 1774
t4
(I
Randolph resigning on account of in- coioni- R»prMgnt«>. D»'*K*tM. whw. cho-n.
disposition, Henry Middleton, of South Conncrticut 6 Nov. 3, 1774
Carolina, succeeds him as president of MiS^aSd**!'*;;;;: ::;:;;;; ? ^, J; '
Congress Oct. 22, 1774 Pennsylvania 6 Dec. 16.'
" Petition to the King " drawn by John f^ Kh.,i::::::::::: I j«: «; '"'
Dickinson, ordered sent to colonial agents south Carolina s Feb. 3, "
in London by Congress Oct. 26, 1774 ^:^::::::::::::::.:v, ? 5!:;?S J2; ::
Congress adopts "An Address to the North Carolina 3 April 6,'**
People of Quebec," drawn by Dickinson Kwaiia^'aidilioiii);: " ^«; "
Oct. 26, 1774 Rhodelsland 2 May 7,
First Continental Congress dissolved;
fifty-two days' session (actual session Articles of Union and Confederation
thirty-one days) Oct. 26, 1774 agreed upon in Congress. . . .May 20, 1775
[Proceedings of first Continental Con- Mecklenburg declaration of indepen-
gress endorsed by the colonies: Connecti- dence signed May 20, 1775
cut, November, 1774; Massachusetts, Dec. John Hancock, of Massachusetts, chosen
5. 1774; Maryland, Dec. 8, 1774; Rhode president of Congress May 24, 1775
Inland, Dec. 8, 1774; Pennsylvania, Dec. [Randolph having resigned on account
10, 1774; South Carolina, Jan. 11, 1775; of ill-health.]
New Hampshire, Jan. 25, 1775; Delaware, Congress adopts an "Address to the
March 15. 1775; Virginia, March 20, 1775; Inhabitants of Canada". . . .May 29, 1775
165
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA
Congress adopts a second petition to the Henry Laurens, of South Carolina,
King July 8, 1776 chosen president of Congress to succeed
Congress organizes a systematic super- Hancock, resigned on account of ill-health
intendence of Indian affairs. .July 12, 1775 Nov. 1, 1777
Benjamin Franklin, first postmaster- Gen. John Cadwallader seriously wounds
general, establishes posts from Falmouth, General Conway in a duel... Feb. 5, 1778
Me., to Savannah, Ga July 26, 1775 Congress prescribes an oath for officers
Congress adopts an " Address to the of the army February, 1778
People of Ireland " July 28, 1775 Count Pulaski raises a legion in Mary-
Resolved by Congress, " That Michael land 1778
Hillegas and George Clymer, Esqs., be .Sixth Continental Congress adjourns,
joint treasurers of the United Colonies '* 272 days' session June 27, 1778
July 29, 1775
Peyton Randolph died at Philadelphia Seventh Continental Congress meets at
Oct. 22, 1775 Philadelphia. July 2, 1778
Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense [Henry Laurens, president.]
Jan. 8, 1776 Francis Hopkinson elected treasurer of
General Thomas died of small-pox at loans by Congress July 27, 1778
Chambly June 2, 1776 Territory northwest of the Ohio, occu-
Committee appointed by Congress to pied for Virginia by Major Clarke, is con-
draw up a Declaration of Independence stituted a county of Virginia by the As-
June 11, 1776 sembly, and named Illinois. .October, 1778
Engrossed declaration signed by fifty- Congress advises the several States to
four delegates Aug. 2, 1776 take measures for the suppressing of " the-
First society of Shakers in the United atrical entertainments, horse-racing, gam-
Colonies reach New York, 1774, and settle ing, and such other diversions as are pro-
at Watervliet, N. Y September, 1776 ductive of idleness, dissipation, and gen-
Second Continental Congress (Phila- eral depravity of principles and manners "
delphia) adjourns; 582 days' session Oct. 12, 1778
Dec. 12, 1776 Delegates from New Jersey sign the
Articles of Confederation. .Nov. 26, 1778
Third Continental Congress meets at John Jay, of New York, chosen presi-
Baltimore, Md Dec. 20, 1776 dent of Congress Dec. 10, 1778
[John Hancock, president.] Thomas Hutchins, of New Jersey, ap-
Voted in Congress " that an authentic pointed " geographer-general of the United
copy, with names of the signers of the States" by act of Congress, which office
Declaration of Independence, be sent to he holds until his death at Pittsburg,
each of the United States ". .Jan. 20, 1777 April 28, 1789 1778
Third Continental Congress (Baltimore) Articles of Confederation signed by
adjourns; seventy-five days' session Thomas McKean, of Delaware, Feb. 12,
March 4, 1777 and by John Dickinson, of Delaware
May 5, 1779
Fourth Continental Congress meets at Samuel Huntington, of Connecticut,
Philadelphia March 4, 1777 .chosen president of Congress. Sept. 28, 1779
[John Hancock, president.] Legislature of New York empowers its
Fourth Continental Congress adjourns, delegates to cede to Congress a portion
199 days' session Sept. 18, 1777 of its western territory for the common
benefit Feb. 19, 1780
Fifth Continental Congress meets at Bank of Pennsylvania, the first in the
Lancaster, Pa., and adjourns; one day's United States, chartered and located at
session Sept. 27, 1777 Philadelphia March 1, 1780
[Hancock, president.] " Dark Day " in New England
May 19, 1780
Sixth Continental Congress meets at Congress advises States to surrender
York, Pa Sept. 30, 1777 their territorial claims to Western land
[Hancock, president.] for the general benefit Sept. 6, 1780
166
UKITED STATES 07 AMEBICA
Congress sends the ministers to France newspaper in America, issued at Philadel-
and Spain a statement of the claims of phia by Benjamin Franklin Bache..l784
the United States to lands as far as the Fiscal affairs of the United States
Mississippi River Oct. 17, 1780 placed in the hands of three commission-
Robert Morris appointed superintendent ers appointed to succeed Robert Morris
of finances by Congress Feb. 20, 1781 1784
Delegates from Maryland sign the Ar- John Jay appointed secretary of foreign
tides of Confederation .... March 1, 1781 affairs in place of Livingston, resigned
Thomas McKean, of Delaware, elected March, 1784
president of the Continental Congress Ninth Continental Congress adjourns;
July 10, 1781 189 days' session June .3, 1784
John Hanson, of Maryland, chosen presi- General Assembly of North Carolina
dentof Continental Congress. ..Nov. 6, 1781 cedes her western lands to the United
Lafayette sails for France from Boston States on condition of acceptance within
in the Alliance Dec. 22, 1781 two years, April, 1784, but repeals the act
Congress adopts a. great seal for the Oct. 22, 1784
United States June 20, 1782 Washington makes a tour of the west-
Elias Boudinot, of New Jersey, chosen em country to ascertain by what means
president of the Continental Congress it could be most effectually bound to the
Nov. 4, 1782 Union 1784
Constitution for the Society of the Cin-
cinnati formed at the army quarters on Tenth Continental Congress meets at
the Hudson River May 13, 1783 Trenton, N. J Nov. 1, 1784
Washington writes on the situation to Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, chosen
each of the State governors. .June 8, 1783 president of Continental Congress
Seventh Continental Congress adjourns; Nov. 30, 1784
session, 1,816 days June 21, 1783 Tenth Continental Congress adjourns;
[The longest session ever held in the fifty- four days' session .... Dec. 24, 1784
United States.]
-^ Eleventh Continental Congress meets at
Eighth Continental Congress meets at New York Jan. 11, 1785
Princeton June 30, 1783 [Richard H. Lee, president.]
[Elias Boudinot, president.] Gen. Henry Knox appointed Secretary
Thomas Mifflin, of Pennsylvania, chosen of War with added duties of Secretary of
president of the Continental Congress * Navy March 8, 1785
Nov. 3, 1783 Franklin, minister to France, obtains
Eighth Continental Congress adjourns; leave to return; Jefferson is appointed
127 days' session Nov. 4, 1783 March 10, 1785
^^^^ Dispute between the United States and
Ninth Continental Congress meets at Spain on navigation of the Mississippi
Annapolis, Md Nov. 26, 1783 River and the boundaries of the Floridas
[Thomas Mifflin, president.] 1786
General Washington bids farewell to Massachusetts cedes to the United
his officers at Fravince*s Tavern, corner States her claims to lands west of the
Pearl and Broad streets, New York City Niagara River, in accordance with an act
Dec. 4. 1783 of legislature of Nov. 13, 1784
Washington resigns his commission as April 19, 1785
commander-in-chief at the State-house, John Adams appointed minister pleni-
Annapolis, Md.^ and retires to Mount potentiary to Great Britain, Feb. 24, and
Vernon Dec. 23, 1783 received at the Court of George III.
Congress ratifies the definitive treaty June 1, 1785
of peace Jan. 14, 1784 Don Diego Gardoqui, minister from
Congress accepts cession of Northwest Spain to the United States, recognized by
Territory by Virginia; deeds signed by Congress July 2, 1785
Virginia delegates March 1, 1784 Treaty of amity and commerce con-
Amerioan Daily Advertiser, first daily eluded between the King of Prussia and
167
UNITED STATES OF AMEKCCA
the United States, and signed by Thomas Ordinance establishing a United States
Jefferson at Paris, July 28, Benjamin mint passed by Congress .... Oct. 16, 1786
Franklin at Passy, July 9, and J. Adams Twelfth Continental Congress adjourns;
at London Aug. 5, 1785 362 days' session Nov. 3, 1786
Franklin returns to Philadelphia from
France, after an absence of nine years, Thirteenth Continental Congress meets
landing Sept. 13, 1785 at New York Nov. 6, 1786
State of Frankland formed from western Arthur St. Clair, of Pennsylvania,
lands of North Carolina. .November, 1785 chosen president of Congress. .Feb. 2, 1787
Eleventh Continental Congress ad- Congress advises the States to send del-
journs; 298 days' session .... Nov. 4, 1785 egates to a convention in Philadelphia to
revise the Articles of Confederation, to
Txcelfth Continental Congress meets at meet May 14 Feb. 21, 1787
New York Nov. 7, 1785 Congress by ordinance provides govern-
John Hancock, of Massachusetts, chosen ment for the territory northwest of the
president of the Continental Congress Ohio (now Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michi-
Nov. 23, 1785 gan, and Wisconsin) July 13, 1787
[Did not serve owing to illness.] Treaty between the United States and
James Rumsey succeeds in propelling a Morocco ratified July 18, 1787
boat by steam and machinery on the Po- South Carolina cedes to. the United
tomac March, 1786 States her claims to a strip 12 miles
First spinning-jenny in the United wide west of a line from the head of the
States put in operation by Daniel Jackson, Tugaloo River to the North Carolina bor-
of Providence, R. 1 1786 der Aug. 9, 1787
Nathaniel Gorham chosen president of Delegates to the convention sign the Con-
the Continental Congress June 6, 1786 stitution Sept. 17, 1787
Gen. Nathanael Greene dies at Mulberry Thirteenth Continental Congress ad-
(irove, Ga June 19, 1786 journs; 359 days' session. . . .Oct. 30, 1787
Ordinance establishing the coinage pass-
ed August, 1786 Fourteenth Continental Congress meets
Delegates from Virginia, Pennsylvania, at New York :...Nov. 5, 1787
Delaware, New Jersey, and New York, at Spanish intrigues in Kentucky 1788
Annapolis, Md., consider the condition of Cyrus Griffin, of Virginia, chosen pres-
the nation, and request all the States to ident of Continental Congress. Jan. 22, 1788
send delegates to a convention at Phila- Method for putting the new government
delphia in May following. .Sept. 11, 1786 into operation reported by the committee
Connecticut makes a qualified cession to adopted by Congress Sept. 13, 1788
the United States of all territory south of Fourteenth and last Continental Congress
41° N. lat., and west of a line 120 miles adjourns; 353 days' session .. Oct. 21, 1788
west of Pennsylvania Sept. 14, 1786 Electors in the several States vote for
Shays's Rebellion in Massachusetts President and Vice-President
1786 February, 1789
UNDEB THE CONSTITUTION
First Admoistration-Federal. ^f f "" ,^^ *^" ^"""'tLf * ^A ^^"'^^^"^^f
Electoral vote counted. George Wash-
March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1793. ington, of Virginia, receives the entire
Seat of Government, New York City, electoral vote, 69, and is chosen Presi-
1789, and Philadelphia from Dec. 6, 1790. dent: and John Adams, of Massachusetts,
George Washington, Virginia, President, receives 34 votes and becomes Vice-Presi-
John Adams, Massachusetts, Vice-Presi- dent April 6, 1789
dent. President takes the oath of office, New
First Congress, first session, meets, York April 30, 1789
New York April 6, 1789 First tariff bill passes. . . .July 4, 1789
108
UNITED STATES OF AHEBICA
Department of Foreign Affairs organ- An act passed by 32 to 29 — House — au-
ized July 27, 1789 thorizing the acquisition of the District
Act organizing the War (and Navy) of Columbia for the seat of government
Department Aug. 7, 1789 July 10, 1790
Gen. Arthur St. Clair appointed governor First national census begun ; popula-
of the Northwest Territory. . .Aug. 7, 1789 tion enumerated as of Aug. 1, 1790
Treasury Department organized Treaty with the Creek Indians
Sept. 2, 1789 Aug. 7, 1790
This name is changed to State Depart- Tariff bill amended by increasing duties
ment Sept. 15, 1789 Aug. 10, 1790
Post-office Department temporarily es- Second session adjourns .. Aug. 12, 1790
tablished Sept. 22, 1789 General Harmar'a nnd Colonel Hardin's
Office of Attorney-General organized expedition against the Indians defeated
Sept. 24, 1789 in northwestern Ohio Oct. 17-20, 1790
Supreme Court of the United States es- Third session, Philadelphia, opens
tablished, with John Jay, of New York, Dec. 6, 1790
as chief -justice September, 1789 Vermont, the fourteenth State, ad-
Twelve Amendments to the Constitution mitted Jan. 18, 1791
submitted to the States for ratification Act incorporating Bank of the United
Sept. 25, 1789 States Feb. 8, 1791
[Ten of these ratified, taking effect [Bank to be at Philadelphia; might
Dec. 15, 1791.] establish branches; chartered for twenty
Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, the min- years; capital, $10,000,000.]
ister to France, appointed Secretary of An act taxing imported spirits, with
State Sept. 26, 1789 new duty on domestic spirits 1791
First session adjourns. . .Sept. 29, 1789 First Congress adjourns. .March 3, 1791
President visits Northern and Eastern [An able Congresc. In two years it
States Oct. 15, 1789 provided a competent revenue, funded the
North Carolina ratifies the Constitu- public debt, and gave the young nation
tion Nov. 21, 1789 a respectable standing in the world.]
Second session meets, New York Great Britain appoints her first minis-
Jan. 4, 1790 ter, George Hammond, to the United
First annual message from the Presi- States ^ . . .Aug. 7, 1791
dent Jan. 4, 1790 Second Congress, first session, opens
Secretary Hamilton reports on the pub- at Philadelphia Oct. 24, 1791
lie debt Jan. 14, 1790 • Speaker of the House, Jonathan Trum-
[He proposed that the government — bull, of Connecticut.
First, Fund and pay the foreign debt of Gen. Arthur St. Clair's expedition
the Confederation ($12,000,000) ; second, against the Indians of Ohio surprised and
Fund and pay the domestic debt ($40,- routed Nov. 4, 1791
000,000) ; third, Assume and pay the un- Congress grants a bounty for fishing-
paid war debt ($21,500,000) of the States, vessels Feb. 16, 1792
The last proposition was strongly op- Post-office department reorganized
posed, but was finally carried: Senate, 14 Feb. 20, 1792
to 12; House, 34 to 28.] United States mint established
North Carolina cedes her western ter- April 2, 1792
ritory to the United States. .Feb. 25, 1790 Tariff amended May 2, 1792
An act ordering a census passed Laws organizing the militia.. May 8, 1792
March 1, 1790 First session adjourns May 8, 1792
Franklin dies at Philadelphia, aged Capt. Robert Gray, in the Columbia,
eighty-four April 17, 1790 discovers the mouth (lat. 46** 10' N.) of
Act of Congress for the government of the river Columbia May 11, 1792
the Southwest Territory. . .May 26, 1790 Kentucky admitted (the fifteenth State)
Rhode Island ratifies the Constitution June 1, 1792
May 20, 1790 Second session opens at Philadelphia
[The la.st of the thirteen colonies.] Nov. 5, 1702
169
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA
Second Presidential election Nov. 6, 1792 Aation, under penalty of forfeiture of the
President's salary fixed at $25,000 vessel and fine of $2,000. .March 22, 1794
Feb. 8, 1793 In retaliation against England, an em-
Electoral count Feb. 13, 1793 bargo is laid on all shipping, continued
[George Washington, of Virginia, re- for sixty days March 26, 1794
ceived 132 electoral votes (all) ; John Senate ceases to sit with closed doors
Adams, of Massachusetts, 77 votes; and March 27, 1794
(Jeorge Clinton, opposition, 60.] President nominates John Jay as envoy
Second Congress adjourns extraordinary to England. .April 16, 1704
March 2, 1793 Gouverneur Morris recalled as minister
o . ■«- to France, and James Monroe appointed
Second Admiztistbation — ^Fedebal. ' ,, *^S- ,,.^.
May 27, 1/94
March 4, 1793, to March 3, 1797. An act relating to neutrality passed
Seat OF Government, Philadelphia, Pa. June 6, 1794
George Washington, Virginia, Presi- Post-office Department permanently es-
dent. tablifthed 1794
John Adams, Massachusetts, Vice- Tariff act of 1792 further amended by
President. increasing the ad valorem rates of duty
" Citizen " Genet of France, as minister June 7, 1794
to the United States, arrives at Charles- First session adjourns. .June 9, 1794
ton, S. C. ; warmly received Whiskey insurrection in western Penn-
April 9, 1793 sylvania July-November, 1794
Eli Whitney invents the cotton-gin; Gen. Anthony Wayne defeats the Ind-
marked effect on slavery 1793 ians near Maumee Hapids, in Ohio
President issues his celebrated procla- Aug. 20, 1794
mation of neutrality (severely criticised French minister Fanchet's despatch sup-
by the opposition) April 22, 1793 posed to compromise Edmund Randolph,
French government directs the seizure Secretary of State, intercepted by the
of vessels carrying supplies to an enemy's British, and shown to the United States
port May 9, 1793 government ; Randolph resigns 1794
Great Britain orders her ships-of-war Second session opens at Philadelphia,
to stop all vessels laden with French sup- Pa Nov. 3, 1794
plies and turn them into British ports Draft of treaty with England agreed to
June 8, 1793 by John Jay, special envoy.. Nov. 19, 1794
Minister Genet's recall asked for by Stringent naturalization law passed, re-
the government August, 1793 quiring renunciation of titles of nobility
Corner-stone of the United States Cap- Jan. 29, 1795
itol laid by Washington ... Sept. 18, 1793 Act passed for gradual redemption of
Followers of Jefferson begin to assume public debt 1795
the name of Republicans, in opposition Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasurj%
to the Federalists, under leadership of resigns January, 1795
Alexander Hamilton 1793 Third Congress adjourns. .March 3, 1795
Third Congress, first session, opens at President calls the Senate together to
Philadelphia. Pa Dec. 2, 1793 consider the Jay treaty with England
Thomas Jefferson retires from State De- June 8, 1795
partment December, 1793 General Wayne's treaty with the Ohio
An amendment (the eleventh) to the Indians at Greenville; they cede 25,000
Constitution approved by Congress, secur- square miles Aug. 3, 1795
ships-of-war, the foundation of the Unit- Washington signs the Jay treaty
ed States navy March 11, 1794 Aug. 14, 1795
[Declared in force, Jan. 8, 1798.] Treaty with Algiers to ransom prisoners
Act authorizing the construction of six taken by corsairs, and to pay annual trib-
ships-of-war, the foundation of the Unit- ute of $23,000 to the Dey Sept. 5, 1795
ed States navy March 11, 1794 Treaty with Spain, opening the Mis-
An act is passed forbidding any Ameri- sissippi and establishing boundaries
can vessel to supply slaves to another Oct. 20, 1795
170
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA
Fourth Congress, first session, opens at consider the threatening relations with
Philadelphia, Pa Dec. 7, 1795 France March 25, 1797
Proclamation of the Jay treaty Fifth Congress , first session (extra),
March 1, 1796 assembles at Philadelphia, Pa.
House demands the papers relating to May 15, 1797
the Jay treaty March 24, 1796 Speaker of the House, Jonathan Dayton,
[President declined, the House being no of New Jersey, Federalist,
part of the treaty-making power.] Congress subjects to a fine of $10,000
Jefferson w^rites the famous " Mazzei and ten years' imprisonment any citizen
letter," about April 21, 1796 concerned in privateering against a friend-
[The publication of this letter, about a ly nation June 14, 1797
year later, severs all friendly relations be- Congress authorizes the President to
tween Washington and Jefferson.] raise 80,000 militia for three months — the
Fisher Ames's speech before the House quota from Tennessee, the smallest, 806,
on the Jay treaty with England and Massachusetts, the largest, 11,836
April 28, 1796 June 24, 1797
House agrees to sustain Jay's treaty President empowered \jo employ the
April 30, 1796 frigates Constitution, Constellation^ and
Tennessee admitted (the sixteenth United States (see 1794) July 1, 1797
State) June 1, 1796 Duties on stamped vellum parchment
First session ad journs . . . , June 1, 1796 and paper, receipts, bonds, bills, insurance
New treaty with the Creek Indians policies, certificates, etc., by act of
June 29, 1796 " July 6, 1797
Washington's " Farewell Address " is- A duty on salt levied July 8, 1797
sued, refusing to accept office again Senate expels William Blount, of Ten-
Sept. 19, 1796 nessee July 9. 1797
Charles C. Pinckney succeeds James First session adjourns. .. .July 10, 1797
Monroe as minister to France President appoints John Marshall, of
September, 1796 Virginia, and Elbridge Gerry, of Massa-
Third Presidential election. Nov, 8, 1796 chusetts, with C. C. Pinckney, as commis-
Second session opens at Philadelphia, sioners to treat with France; they meet
Pa Dec. 6, 1796 at Paris Oct. 4, 1797
Congress assembles in the House for the [Commissioners asked to bribe members
purpose of counting the electoral vote of French Directory, but indignantly re-
Feb. 8, 1797 fuse. Talleyrand, the French Minister of
[At this time was illustrated one of Foreign Affairs, implicated. Mr. Mar-
tha great faults in the Constitution rela- shall and Mr. Pinckney ordered out of
tive to the election of President and Vice- France. C. C. Pinckney declared that the
President prior to the Twelfth Amend- United States had " millions for defence,
ment — Adams, a strong Federalist, Presi- but not one cent for tribute."]
dent, and Jefferson, in direct opposition Second session assembles at Philadel-
to that party, Vice-President.] phia. Pa Nov. 13, 1797
Charles C. Pinckney, United States min- First personal encounter in Congress
ister, not received by the French govern- between Matthew Lyon, of Vermont, and
ment, leaves France February, 1797 Roger Griswold, of Connecticut; the
Fourth Congress adjourns House fails to censure or punish
March 3, 1797 Feb. 12-15, 1798
Mississippi Territory organized
Third Administration — Federal. April 3 1798
March 4, 1797, to March 3, 1801. Congress makes provision for the gov-
Seat of Goverxmext, Philadelphia, un- ernment of the Territory of Mississippi
til 1800, then transferred to Washington. " April 7, 1798
John Adams f Massachusetts, President. Navy Department organized
Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, Vice-Presi- April 30, 1798
dent. Secretary of the Navy appointed
Special session of Congress called to May 3, 1798
171
UNITED STATES OE AMEBICA
Harper's Ferry selected as site for a Act to regulate the collection of duties
government armory and manufactory and tonnage, and to establish ports of
May 4, 1798 entry March 2, 1799
Congress authorizes a provisional army, Estimates for the year amount to over
and empowers the President, in case of an $13,000,000 1799
actual declaration of war or invasion, to Fifth Congress adjourns .. March 3, 1799
enlist, for three years, 10,000 men Upon assurance from France that a
May 28, 1798 representative from the United States will
Congress authorizes the President to in- be received with the " respect due a power-
struct commanders of ships-of-war to seize ful nation," President nominates William
French armed vessels attacking American Van Murray as minister to France, and
merchantmen or hovering about the coast associates with him Chief-Justice Ells-
f or that purpose May 28, 1798 worth, of Connecticut, and Governor
Song " Hail, Columbia!" first sung Davie, of North Carolina; all are received
May, 1798 by Napoleon, first consul .. March 30, 1799
Imprisonment for debt abolished Sixth Congress, first session, assembles
June 6, 1798 at Philadelphia, Pa Dec. 2. 1799
Commercial intercourse with France Speaker of the House, Theodore Sedg-
suspended June 12, 1798 wick, Massachusetts.
Washington accepts appointment as George Washington dies.. Dec. 14. 1799
commander-in-chief, with rank of lieu- Eulogy before Congress by Henry Lee, of
tenant-general June 17, 1798 Virginia, calling him " First in war, first
Uniform rule of naturalization adopted in peace, and first in the hearts of his
June 18, 1798 countrvmen " Dec. 26. 1799
President announces the failure of the United States frigate Constellation,
commission sent to France to make peace Com. Thomas Truxtun, defeats the French
June 21, 1798 irigsite La Vengeance Feb. 1. 1800
Alien act passed (alien and sedition General bankruptcy act April 4, 1800
laws) June 25, 1798 Territory of Indiana organized
All French treaties declared void May 7, 1800
July 6, 1798 Stricter law against the slave-trade
[The tenor of judicial opinion has been May 10, 1800
that France and the United States were Congress establishes four land offices for
not at war, although naval engagements the sale of public lands in the North-
took place.] west Territory (Ohio) May 10, 1800
Marine corps first organized by act of Connecticut resigns jurisdiction over
July 11, 1798 the Western Reserve May 13, 1800
Sedition laws passed (alien and sedi- First session (last meeting in Phila-
tion laws) July 14, 1798 delphia) adjourns May 14, 1800
Second session adjourns. .July 16, 1798 President Adams removes Timothy
By treaty the Cherokees allow a free Pickering, Secretary of State, and James
passage through their lands in Tennessee McHenry, Secretary of War. . . .May, 1800
to all travellers on the road to Kentucky United States government removes from
passing through Cumberland Gap Philadelphia to the new capital, Wash-
Oct. 2, 1798 ington July, 1800
Trial of Matthew Lyon, of Vermont, Frigate George Washington, Capt. Will-
before Judge Patterson, under the sedition iam Bainbridge, carries to Algiers the
law Oct. 7, 1798 Dey's tribute-money, and is required to
Third session assembles at Philadelphia, carry the Dey's ambassador to Con-
Pa Dec. 3, 1798 stantinople September, 1800
United States frigate Constellationf Envoys to France negotiate a convention
Com. Thomas Truxtun, captures the for eight years, preventing open war
French ship-of-war Ulnsurgente off the Sept. 30, 1800
island of St. Kitts Feb. 9, 1799 [Ratified by France, July 31, 1801, and
General Post-office established by act of by the United States. Dec. 19, 1801. Un-
March 2, 1799 der this treaty the claims for indemnity,
172
UNITED STATES OF AHEBICA
known as the " French Spoliation Claims," establishment of 1796— one regiment of
have been the subject of frequent reports artillery and two of infantry — and organ-
and discussions in Congress, with no result izes a military academy at West Point
until referred to the court of claims by March 16, 1802
the act of Jan. 20, 1885.] Excise tax repealed March 16, 1802
Spanish government cedes Louisiana to Naturalization laws of 1708 repealed;
France by the secret treaty of St. Ilde- those of 1795 restored April 14, 1802
fonso Oct. 1, 1800 Georgia cedes her western territory to
Fourth Presidential election the United States April 24, 1802
Nov. 11, 1800 Library of Congress catalogued, con-
Second session (first meeting in Wash- taining 964 volumes and 9 maps
ington, D. C.) Nov. 17, 1800 April, 1802
Capitol building burned at Washington First session adjourns May 3, 1802
Jan. 19, 1801 Washington incorporated as a city
John Marshall appointed chief -justice May, 1802
Jan. 20, 1801 Ohio adopts a State constitution
Electoral votes counted Feb. 11, 1801 Nov. 29, 1802
Congress assumes jurisdiction over the Second session convenes .... Dec. 6, 1802
District of Columbia Feb. 27, 1801 Ohio admitted as a State (the seven-
Navy reduced to thirteen vessels; the teenth) Feb. 19, 1803
rept to be disarmed and sold Seventh Congress adjourns
March 3, 1801 March 3, 1803
[Among those reserved were the frigates Treaty with France: the United States
United States, Constitutioriy President, purchases Louisiana for $15,000,000
Chesapeake, Philadelphiot, Constellation, April 30, 1803
Congrfss.l Eighth Congress, first session, con-
Sixth Congress adjourns. .March 3, 1801 vcnes Oct. 17, 1803
_ . TV Speaker of the House, Nathaniel Macon,
Fourth Aominibtbatio:^ — ^Democratic- v *i. r>. t
■o ^jr r, A ^cyfxi J. \€ X. *> North Caroliuaw
REPxrBLiCAi., March 4, 1801, to March 3, g^^^^^ ^^^.^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^.^^ ^^^^^
*^"'*- by vote of 24 to 7 Oct. 20, 1803
Seat of Government, at Washington. President authorized by Congress to
Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, President. take possession of Louisiana. .Oct 30, 1803
Aaron Burr, New York, Vice-President. Frigate Philadelphia, forty - four guns,
Three frigates and one sloop-of-war sent Captain Bainbridge, pursuing Tripolitan
to the Barbary coast to protect our com- ship-of-war, strikes a rock in the harbor
merce, commanded by Com. Richard Dale of Tripoli and is captured Oct. 31, 1803
May 20, 1801 Independence of Haiti proclaimed
Tripoli declares war against the United Nov. 29, 1803
States June 10, 1801 Twelfth Amendment to the Constitu-
Seventh Congress, first session, con- tion, relative to electing the President
venes Dec. 7, 1801 and Vice-President, passed by the Senate,
Speaker of the House, Nathaniel Macon, 22 to 10 Dec. 2, 1803
North Carolina. Same pa«sed by the House — 83 to 42
[President Jefferson sends a written * Dec. 12, 1803
message to Congress and announces tha* New Orleans delivered to the United
no answer is expected. No President has States Dec. 20, 1803
since addressed Congress orally.] Lieut. Stephen Decatur, with the ketch
Congress appoints John Beckley, of Vir- Intrepid, destroys the Philadelphia in the
ginia, librarian, with a room of the Capitol harbor of Tripoli under the guns of the
for the library Jan. 26, 1802 castle, without losing a man, night of
Congress recognizes the war with Tripoli Feb. 16, 1804
Feb. 6, 1802 Impeachment of Samuel Chase, Asso-
Repeal of the new circuit act ciate Justice of the Supreme Court; trial
March 8, 1802 begun February, 1804
Congress reduces the army to the peace [Acquitted March, 1805.]
173
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA
Louisiana Purchase divided into the off Sandy Hook, and kills the helms-
territory of New Orleans and the District man April 25, 1806
of Louisiana March 26, 1804 Great Britain issues an "Order in
First session adjourns ,. March 27, 1804 Council" declaring the whole coast of
Capt. Meriwether Lewis, of the Ist In- Europe, from the Elbe to Brest, in France,
fantry, and Lieut. William Clark, ap- under blockade May 16, 1806
pointed to explore the Missouri River and Napoleon issues the Berlin Decree
seek water communication with the Pacific Nov. 21, 1806
coa«t, enter the Missouri River Second session convenes .. Dec. 1, 1806
May 14, 1804 Treaty with Great Britain signed by
Burr, Vice-President, mortally wounds commissioners, but the President did not
Alexander Hamilton in a duel at Wee- even send it to the Senate. .Dec. 3, 1806
hawken, N. J., Hamilton having fired in Aaron Burr's supposed conspiracy cul-
the air July 11, 1804 minates 1806
Twelfth Amendment being accepted by Burr arrested by Lieutenant Gaines,
two-thirds of the States — Massachusetts, near Fort Stoddart, Ala.. Feb. 19, 1807
Connecticut, and Delaware only dissent- Act to prohibit import of slaves from
ing^-is declared ratified Sept. 25, 1804 Jan. 1, 1808, passes the House, Feb. 7,
Second session convenes Nov. 4, 1804 1807, by 113 to 5; approved
Fifth Presidential election March 2, 1807
Nov. 13, 1804 Duty on salt repealed .. March 3, 1807
Territory of Michigan formed from Ninth Congress adjourns.. March 3, 1807
Indiana Jan. 11, 1805 Burr brought to Richmond, Va., early in
Electoral vote counted Feb. 13, 1805 March, 1807
Twenty-five gunboats ordered for the His trial for treason begins there
protection of ports and harbors May 22, 1807
March 2, 1805 British frigate Leopard, fifty guns,
[This measure was urged by President Captain Humphreys, fires into the United
Jefferson, but proved to be useless.]. States frigate Chesapeake, Commodore
Crenesee and Buffalo Creek, N. Y., made Barron, off Chesapeake Bay, killing three
ports of entry March 3, 1805 and wounding eight, and takes four sea-
Eighth Congress adjourns. March 3, 1805 men, claiming them as British subjects
[W^ith this Congress closes the political June 22, 1807
life of Aaron Burr.] [Barron was suspended by a court-
martial for five years without pay and
Fifth Administration -- Democratic- emoluments, for making no resistance and
Republican, March 4, 1805, to March 3, surrendering his ship.]
1809. American ports closed to the British,
and British ships ordered from American
Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, President. waters July, 1807
George Clinton, New York, Vice-Presi- First steamboat, the Clermont '(Ful-
^^^^' ton's), starts from New York for Albany
Treaty of peace with Tripoli Sept. 14, 1807
June 3, 1805 Aaron Burr acquitted. .Sept. 15, 1807
Abiel Holmes's American Annals first Tenth Congress, first session, convenes
published 1805 Oct. 26, 1807
Ninth Congress, first session, convenes Speaker of the House, Joseph B. Var-
Dec. 2, 1805 num, Massachusetts.
Speaker of the House, Nathaniel Macon, A British " Order in Council " forbids
North Carolina. neutral nations to trade with France or
Commission authorized to lay out a her allies except under tribute to Great
national road from Cumberland, Md., to Britain Nov. 11, 1807
the Ohio River March 29, 1806 Napoleon's Milan decree forbids trade
First session adjourns .. April 21, 1806 with England or her colonies, and con-
Leander, a British naval vessel, fires fiscates any vessel paying tribute or sub-
into an American coaster, the Richard, mi tting to English search Dec. 17, 1807
174
UNITED STATES 07 AMEBICA
Congress authorizes the building ot 188 to take measures for their liberation, if
gunboats, at a cost ot not over $852,000 satisfied that they are entitled to it, is
Dec. 18. 1807 offered in the House; it is lost (61 to
Embargo act prohibits foreign com- 61) by the speaker's casting vote
merce Dec. 22. 1807 June 14, 180»
Second and more stringent embargo First session (extra) adjourns
act (commonly called, reading the title June 28, 1809
backward, the "O grab me act") Great Britain not revoking her "Or-
Jan. 9. 1808 <^*rs in (Ik)uncil " of 1807, the President
Embargo modified; the President au proclaims the Non-intercourse act still in
thorized to permit vessels to transport force towards that country. .Aug. 9, 1809
American property home from foreign David M. Erskine, British minister to
ports March 12, 1808 the United States, recalled, and Francis
Army raised to five regiments of in- J. Jackson appointed; arrives
fantry, one of riflemen, one of light ar- September, 1809
tillery and one of light dragoons, to be [British minister F. J. Jackson left
enlisted for five years April 12. 1808 Washington, and from New York asked
First session adjourns. . .April 25, 1808 for his passport His relations with this
Second session convenes Nov. 7. 1808 government being unsatisfactory, his re-
Sixth Presidential election. Nov. 8. 1808 call wag asked for.]
Territory of Illinois esUblished Second session convenes. .Nov. 27, 1809
Feb. 3, 1809 Committee appointed by the House to
Electoral vote counted in the House inquire into the charge that Brig.-Gen.
Feb. 8, 1809 J&mcs Wilkinson had received a bribe
Embargo act repealed March 1, 1809 from the Spanish government; or was an
Non-intercourse act forbids commercial accomplice, or in any way concerned with
intercourse with Great Britain. France, the agent of any foreign power, or with
and their dependencies after May 20 Aaron Burr April 3, 1810
March 1, 1809 General post-office established at Wash-
Tenth Congress adjourns . March s! 1809 ington under the Postmaster-General
April 30, 1810
British and French armed vessels ex-
SiXTH Administration — Democratic- ^.i^^ed from American waters by act ap-
Republican, March 4, 1809, to March 3, proved May 1 1810
^®^^' . xr« ■ • T» .J i. Second session adjourns May 1, 1810
Jamea Madison, Virginia, President. Napoleon's Rambouillet decree, dated
Gec^ge Clinton, New York, Vice-Presi- ^^^^^ 23, issued May. 1810
°®"*' [Ordered the sale of 132 American ves-
President proclaims that both England sels captured; worth, with their cargoes,
and France have revoked their edicts as $8,000,000.]
to neutrals, and terminates the Non-in- France proclaims the revocation of the
tercourse act April 19, 1809 Berlin and Milan decrees, to take effect
Eleventh Congress^ first session (ex- after Nov. 1, 1810
tra), convenes May 22, 1809 Third session convenes Dec. 3, 1810
Francisco Miranda, a native of South Recharter of the United States Bank
America, aiming to overthrow the Span- passed by the House, 65 to 64; fails in
ish power in Caracas, South America, en- the Senate, 17 to 17, by the casting vote
gages a vessel, the Leander, and with about of the president of the Senate, George
250 men sails from New York, February, Clinton Feb. 20, 1811
1806. Although reinforced by some other Eleventh Congress adjourns
vessels, and gaining some advantages, the March 3, 1811
expedition results in failure. The Ameri- President, United States frigate, forty-
cans of the expedition captured by the four guns, Com. John Rodgers command-
Spaniards, while confined at Carthagena, ing, meets the British sloop-of-war Little
petition their government for relief, June Belt in lat. 37®, about 40 miles off Cape
9. A resolution requesting the President Charles May 16, 1811
175
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA
Twelfth Congress, first session, con- Army raised to twenty-five regiments of
venes Nov. 4, 1811 infantry, four regiments of artillery, two
Gen. William H. Harrison defeats the ^ regiments of dragoons, and one of rifle-
Indians under tfie Prophet at Tippecanoe,! men ; total, 36,700 on paper. .June 20, 1812
within the present State of Indiana [For a chronological record of the chief
Nov. 7, 1811 battles and naval engagements between the
Brig. -Gen. James Wilkinson is tried by United States and Great Britain, see War
a general court-martial, convened at of 1812.]
Fredericktown, Md., Sept. 2, and ac- Duties on imports doubled. July 1, 1812
quitted Dec. 25, 1811 First session adjourns July 6, 1812
Theatre at Richmond burned; the gov- [This Congress had passed 138 acts in
ernor and many eminent citizens perish a session of 245 days. In the House
(Virginia) December, 181 1 Josiah Quincy, of Massachusetts, and John
Case of John Henry and the Federal- Randolph, of Roanoke, were the leaders
ists of New England; papers la.id before in the opposition to the war; Henry Clay,
the Senate by the President. .March 9, 1812 of Kentucky, and John C. Calhoun, of
President requested to lay before the South Carolina, in favor of it.]
Senate any information, which may be Oflice of the Federal Republican at Bal-
communicated without prejudice to the timore, Md., attacked by a niob, for de-
public interest, bearing on the case of nouncing the declaration of war with Eng-
John Henry March 10, 1812 land June 12 and July 27, 1812
Embargo on all vessels in the United On promise of protection by the mili-
States for ninety days April 4, 1812 tary/ the defenders of the office surrender
Louisiana admitted as the eighteenth and are taken to jail. The mob reassem-
State, to date from April 30; approved ble and break open the jail; kill General
April 8, 1812 Lingan, an officer of the Revolution, and
That part of west Florida west of Pearl mangle eleven others, leaving eight for
River is annexed to Louisiana dead July 28, 1812
April 14, 1812 [Arrests were made, but no one was
George Clinton, Vice-President, dies at punished.]
Washington, aged seventy-three Great meeting in opposition to the war
April 20, 1812 in New York City; John Jay, Rufus King,
President Madison renominated Gouverneur Morris, and other prominent
May 18, 1812 citizens in attendance Aug. 19, 1812
[Madison is renominated by the Demo- Second session convenes. . . .Nov. 2, 1812
cratic-Republican party under promise of Presidential election Nov. 10, 1812
a declaration of war with England.] Congress appropriates $2,500,000 to
President sends a war message to Con- build four 74-gun ships and six 44-gun
gress June 1, 1812 ships Jan. 2, 1813
Report of the minority against the war Electoral vote counted in the Senate
presented to the House. . . .June 3, 1812 chamber -.Feb. 10, 1813
Motion to make the debate .public lost Total strength of the army, limited by
June 3, 1812 Congress, 58,000; ac9ording to the re-
Territory of Missouri established turns of adjutant-general, including staff
June 4, 1812 and regimental officers, 18,945
Cartel ship from Great Britain, with Feb. 16, 1813
the survivors (two) of the four seamen A proclamation and circular letter from
taken by force from the Chesapeake by the governor of Bermuda is laid before
tlie Leopard in 1807, arrives at Boston, Congress by the President, which recites
and delivers the men to the United States a ** British Order in Council," providing
June 12, 1812 for colonial trade, with instructions to
" Orders in Council " abandoned by colonial governors to show special privi-
England June 17, 1812 leges to the Eastern (New England) States
War declared against Great Britain Feb. 24, 1813
(vote in the Senate, 19 to 13; in the Congress passes an act to encourapre
House, 79 to 49) June 18, 1812 vaccination Feb. 27, 1813
176
irinTED STATES OF AMEBICA
President vested with the power of re- Henry Clay resigns as Speaker of the
taliation on British subjects, soldiers, or House Jan. 19, 1814
Indians March 3, 1813 [He was appointed one of the peace
Twelfth Congress adjourns commissioners, to meet at Ghent.]
March 3, 1813 Langdon Cheves, of South Carolina,
elected Speaker Jan. 19, 1814
Seventh Administration — Demo- Resolution tabled in Congress for a com-
cratic-Republican, March 4, 1813, to ^ittee to investigate the Blue Lights
March 3, 1817. ^^^- ^4, 1814
President transmits to the House a re-
James Madison, Virginia, President. port from the Secretary of War explain-
Klbridge Gerry, Massachusetts, . Vice- ing the failure of the array on the north-
President, ern frontier .Feb. 2, 1814
Russia offers mediation between the Massachusetts forbids the confinement in
United States and Great Britain her jails of persons not committed by her
March, 1813 judicial authorities Feb. 7, 1814
United States divided into nine military [The object was to free herself from con-
districts March 19, 1813 fining British captives.]
William H. Crawford, Georgia, appoint- Loan of $25,000,000 and an issue of
ed to succeed Joel Barlow (dies Dec. 26, treasury notes for $10,000,000 authorized
1812) as minister to France. .April, 1813 by Congress March 24, 1814
General Wilkinson takes possession of Brig. -Gen. Wm. Hull is found guilty on
the Spanish fort at Mobile. .April 15, 1813 the second and third charges, and sen-
Albert Gallatin, Pennsylvania, and tenced to be shot (see Jan. 3, 1814)
James A. Bayard, Maryland, appointed as March 26, 1814
peace commissioners with John Quincy [This sentence was approved by the
Adams at the Russian court to negotiate President, but the execution remitted.]
a peace; they sail May 9, 1813 Repeal of the embargo. . .April 14, 1814
Thirteenth Congress, first session (ex- Congress authorizes the purchase of the
tra), convenes May 24, 1813 British vessels captured on Lake Erie,
Legislature of Massachusetts remon- Sept. 10, 1813, for $255,000, to be distrib-
strates against the continuance of the war uted as prize-money among the captors;
July 15, 1813 Com. Oliver H. Perry to be paid $5,000
Congress authorizes the loan of $7,500- in addition April 18, 1814
000 Aug. 2, 1813 Congress authorizes the collection and
Congress lays a direct tax of $3,000,000 ; preservation of fiags, standards, and col-
number of States, eighteen; New York as- ors captured by the land or naval forces
sessed the most, being $430,141.62; Lou- of the United States April 18, 1814
isiana the least, $28,295.11. .Aug. 2, 1813 Second session adjourns. .. .April, 1814
First session (extra) adjourns American commissioners to negotiate a
Aug. 2, 1813 peace with Great Britain: John Quincy
Second session convenes Dec. 6, 1813 Adams and Jonathan Russell, Massa-
Embargo established by Congress until chusetts: Albert Gallatin, Pennsylvania:
Jan. 1, 1815 Dec. 17, 1813 James A. Bayard, Delaware; and Henry
President Madison orders a general Clay, Kentucky'. These commissioners
court-martial at Albany, N. Y., upon Brig.- meet Admiral Lord Gambier, Henry Goul-
Gen. Wm. Hull for the surrender of De- bourn, and William Adams, British com-
troit Jan. 3, 1814 missioncrs, at Ghent, Belgium
An English vessel, the Bramble, under Aug. 8, 1814
a flag of truce, arrives at Annapolis, Md., Creek Indians, by treaty, surrender a
with offers of peace Jan. 6, 1814 great part of their territory to the Unit-
Congress authorizes increasing the army ed States Aug. 9, 1814
to 63,000 regular troops, and five years' Banks in the District of Columbia sus-
service January, 1814 pend Aug. 27, 1814
Daniel Webster's first speech in the John Armstrong, Secretary of War, re-
House on the enlistment bill. Jan. 14, 1814 signs Sept. 3, 1814
IX. — M 177
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA
[He was blamed for the capture of General Jackson, at New Orleans^ is
Washington.] fined $1,000 for contempt of court
Third session convenes ... Sept. 19, 1814 March 31, 1815
A resort of pirates and smugglers at American prisoners of war at Dartmoor,
Barataria Bay broken up, without resist- England, are fired upon by prison guards;
ance, by Commodore Patterson five killed and thirty-three wounded, two
Oct. 16, 1814 mortally April 6, 1815
" The Star-Spangled Banner " first sung Commodore Decatur sails from New
at the Holliday Street Theatre, Balti- York for Algiers with the frigates Guer-
more October, 1814 ridre, Macedonian, and Constellation, one
General Jackson occupies Pensacola sloop-of-war, four brigs, and two schooners
Nov. 6, 1814 May 19, 1815
Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts, fifth Guerrt^e captures an Algerian frigate
Vice-President of the United States, dies of forty-four guns oflf Gibraltar
at Washington, D. C, aged seventy June 17, 1815
Nov. 23, 1814 Dey, in a treaty of peace, renounces all
Hartford Convention meets at Hartford, claims to tribute, or presents, or to hold
Conn Dec. 15, 1814 prisoners of war as slaves. .June 30, 1815
Martial law proclaimed in New Orleans At a grand Indian council at Detroit,
by General Jackson Dec. 15, 1814 Mich., a treaty is made with eight of the
Treaty of peace signed by the commis- principal tribes east of the Mississippi
sioners at Ghent Dec. 24, 1814 Sept. 1, 1815
Congress levies a direct tax of $6,000,- Total debt of the United States, $119,-
000 (number of States, eighteen) 600,000 Sept. 30, 1815
Jan. 9, 1815 [Estimated cost of the war, $85,500,000.]
[The largest assessment, that of New Fourteenth Congress, first session, con-
York State, was $864,283.24 ; the smallest, venes Dec. 4, 1815
of Delaware, $64,092.50.] North American Review starts in Bos-
Congress imposes duties on household ton, Mass., William Tudor, editor 1815
furniture and on gold and silver watches Repeal of the act of Jan. 18, 1815, tax-
Jan. 18, 1815- ing household furniture, watches, etc.
United States purchases Jefferson's li- April 9, 1816
brary, consisting of about 7,000 volumes. United States Bank, capital $35,000,000,
for the use of Congress, for $23,000 chartered by Congress for twenty years
Jan. 26, 1815 April 10, 1816
Bill to incorporate the Bank of the Indiana authorized by Congress to form
United States is vetoed by President Madi- a constitution and State government
son Jan. 30, 1815 April 19, 1816
Treaty of peace reaches New York in An act for the relief of the relatives and
the British sloop-of-war Favorite representatives of the crew of the sloop-
Feb. 11, 1815 of -war Wasp, believed to be lost, passed
It is ratified. Feb. 17, 1815 April 24, 1816
Army reduced to a peace footing of Act passed regulating duties on imports
10,000 men, two major-generals, and four April 27, 181G
brigadier-generals March 3, 1816 Congress appropriates $1,000,000 a year
[The major-generals were Jacob Brown for eight years to increase the navy
and Andrew Jackson; the brigadier-gen- April 29, 1816
erals were Winfield Scott, Edmund Gaines, First session adjourns April 30, 1816
Alexander Macomb, and Eleazar W. Rip- Presidential election held. .Nov. 12, 1816
ley.] Second session convenes. . . .Dec. 2, 1816
Non-intercourse and non-importation Indiana admitted into the Union (the
acts repealed March 3, 1815 nineteenth State) Dec. 11, 1816
United States declares war against Al- American Colonization Society formed
giers March 3, 1815 in Washington, D. C December, 1816
Thirteenth Congress adjourns United States Bank begins operations
March 3, 1816 January, 1817
178
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA
Congress authorizes the President to em- General Jackson takes possession of
ploy John Trumbull, of Connecticut, to Pensacola May 24, 1818
paint four scenes of the Revolution for the Captures the fortress at Barrancas
Capitol Feb. 6, 1817 May 27, 1818
[These paintings are The Declaration of Centre foundation of the Capitol at
Independence; Surrender of Burgoyne at Washington laid Aug. 24, 1818
Saratoga; Surrender of Comtoallis; and Indians of Ohio cede their remaining
the Resignation of Washington at An- lands (about 4,000,000 acres), mostly in
na^lis.l the Maumee Valley Sept. 27, 1818
Electoral vote counted Feb. 12, 1817 Chickasaw Indians cede all land be-
Act dividing the Mississippi territory tween the Mississippi River and the north-
March 1, 1817 ern course of the Tennessee River.. 1818
Fourteenth Congress adjourns Treaty with England made. .Oct. 20,1818
March 3, 1817 Second session convenes .. Nov. 16, 1818
Illinois admitted (the twenty- first
Eighth Administration — Democratic- State) Dec. 3, 1818
Republican, March 4, 1817, to March 3, Memorial from the Territory of Mis-
1821. souri, asking permission to frame a State
r ^ ir XT" • • T» -J i. government, and for admission into the
James Monroe, Virginia, President. ?, • i^ lo loio
n^ • 1 rk m 1 • xt \t ^ tt- Union Dec. 18, 1818
Darnel D, Tompkins, New York, Vice- >^ ... •« -ajvxu
President Committee of five appointed by the
Senate to inquire into the course of Gen-
Indians attack a boat on the Apalachi- eral Jackson in taking possession of Fort
cola River, Florida, containing forty St. Marks and Pensacola, and in exe-
men, with women and children, killing all cuting Arbuthnot and Ambrister
but six men and one woman Dec. 18, 1818
Nov. 30, 1817 Bill introduced for the admission of
Fifteenth Congress, first session, con- Missouri Feb. 13, 1819
venes Dec. 1, 1817 Bill introduced to organize the Terri-
Mississippi (the twentieth State) ad- tory of Arkansas Feb. 16, 1819
mitted into the Union Dec. 10, 1817 Bill for admission of Missouri taken up
General Jackson takes the field against by the House Feb. 16, 1819
the Florida Indians Feb. 19, 1818 James Tallmadge, Jr., of New York,
Pensions granted, $20 a month to ofli- moves an amendment, declaring free all
cers and $8 a month to privates who had children born in Missouri after admission
served nine months or more in the Con- into the Union, and providing for the
tinental army or navy, on proof of need • gradual emancipation of the slaves. This
March 18, 1818 ig modified to declare all slave children •
Act establishing the fiag of the United born in the State after its admission free
States: thirteen horizontal stripes, repre- at the age of twenty-five. The bill so
senting the original States, alternately amended passes the House, 87 to 76
red and white, with a white star in a blue Feb. 17, 1819
field, for each State; approved Treaty with Spain concluded
April 4, 1818 Feb. 22, 1819
General Jackson captures the Spanish Approved by the President. Feb. 25, 1819
fort of St. Marks, Fla April 7, 1818 [By this treaty Spain ceded to the
An act to enable the people of Illinois United States all territory east of the
to form a State government, and for the Mississippi called east and west Florida,
admission of such State; approved with adjacent islands, for $5,000,000. Not .
April 18, 1818 ratified by Spain until October, 1820.]
First session adjourns. .April 20, 1818 Senate rejects the proviso of the House
At the capture of the Spanish fort of on the admission of Missouri, 31 to 7
St. Marks, Jackson secures Alexander Ar- Feb. 27, 1819
buthnot and Robert C. Ambrister, and " Senate returns the bill with amend-
hangs them under sentence of a military ments. House adheres, 78 to 76, and the
court April 30, 1818 bill fails March 2, 1819
179
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Alabama authorized to form a State slavery, 90 to 84, and inserts the " Thomas
government and to be admitted into the proviso," 134 to 42 March 2, 1820
Union March 2, 1819 Maine admitted ( the twenty-third State)
Arkansas organized as a Territory by act of Congress approved
March 2, 1819 March 3, 1820
Congress authorizes the President to Congress authorizes the people of Mis-
occupy east and west Florida souri to form a State government
March 3, 1819 March 6, 1820
Fifteenth Congress adjourns Duel between Com. Stephen Decatur and
March 3, 1819 Com. James Barron at Bladensburg,
Side- wheel steamer Savannah leaves Sa- Md March 22, 1820
vannah, Ga., for Liverpool, England Congress abolishes the sale of public
May 24, 1819 lands on credit April 24, 1820
[-She arrives at Liverpool, June 20, 1819.] Congress organizes the first committee
Maine separated from Massachusetts by on agriculture May 3, 1820
the Massachusetts legislature Congress authorizes a loan of $3,000,000
June 19, 1819 May 16, 1820
Com. Oliver Hazard Perry dies at Trin- First session adjourns. . . .May 15, 1820
idad. West Indies, of yellow fever Daniel Boone dies at Charrette, Mo,,
Aug. 23, 1819 aged eighty-five Sept. 26, 1820
Sixteenth Congress , first session, con- Spain ratifies her treaty with the
vencci Dec. 6, 1819 United States, whereby she cedes Florida
Henry Clay, speaker of the House. Oct. 20, 1820
Memorial from the people of Maine, Second session convenes .. Nov. 13, 1820
praying for admission into the Union, Henry Clay resigns the speakership;
presented Dec. 7, 1819 John W. Taylor of New York elected on
Memorial from Missouri, asking for ad- the twenty-second ballot by a majority
mission, again presented in the House of one Nov. 14, 1820
Dec. 7, 1819 Presidential election held. Nov. 14, 1820
Alabama admitted (the twenty - second Missouri, in her constitution, requires
State) Dec. 14, 1819 her legislature to prohibit free colored
Bill for the admission of Maine passes persons from settling in the State. The
the House Jan. 3, 1820 Senate adds a proviso that nothing con-
Senate adds to the bill admitting Maine tained in the constitution shall be con-
a clause for the admission of Missouri and strued as confiicting with that clause in
an amendment proposed by Senator Thom- the Constitution of the United States
as, Hlinois, prohibiting the introduction which declares " the citizens of each
of slaves into Louisiana north of the Ar- State shall be entitled to all the privi-
kansas boundary, 36** 30', except in Mis- leges and immunities of citizens in the
souri. Thomas proviso passes the Senate, several States." The bill admitting Mis-
30 to 10, and the bill as amended passes souri, with her constitution as amended,
the Senate, 24 to 20 Feb. 18, 1820 passes the Senate, 26 to 18. .Dec. 11, 1820
House rejects the amendments; Senate Electoral votes counted .. Feb. 14, 1821
asks for a committee of conference; House House not agreeing with the Senate,
passes Missouri bill with a clause prohibit- Feb. 22, on the Missouri bill, Henry
ing the further introduction of slaves, 93 Clay, of Kentucky, moves a committee to
to 84 Feb. 29. 1820 act with a committee of the Senate " to
Senate returns the Missouri bill to consider whether it is expedient to admit
the House with slavery clause struck out Missouri into the Union, and for the due
and Senator Thomas's territorial pro- execution of the laws of the United States,
viso inserted March 2, 1820 and if not, whether any other or what
Committee of conference advises the Sen- provision should be made." The joint
ate to recede from its amendment to the committee consists of seven Senators and
Maine bill, and the House to pass the twenty- three Representatives. Clay re-
Senate Missouri bill; House strikes out ports a joint resolution from the com-
from the Missouri bill the prohibition of mittee Feb. 26, 1821
180
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA
Passes the House, 87 to 81 by a voyage to the north, and that Cap-
Feb. 26, 1821 tain Symmes be intrusted with the con-
Senate concurs, 26 to 15. .Feb. 27, 1821 duct of the expedition Jan. 27, 1823
Resolution passed by Congress admit- Stephen F. Austin obtains from Mexico
ting Missouri into the Union ( the twenty- a grant of land in Texas for colonization
fourth State) approved March 2, 1821 February, 1823
Congress authorizes a loan of $5,000,- Seventeenth Congress adjourns
000 March 3, 1821 March 3, 1823
Sixteenth Congress adjourns Eighteenth Congress, first session, con-
March 3, 1821 venes Dec. 1, 1823
President Monroe, in his message, pro-
NiNTH Administration — Democbatic- dainis the " Monroe Doctrine "
Republican, March 5, 1821, to March 3, I>ec. 2, 1823
2^25. -^ resolution authorizing an embassy to
Greece offered in the House by Daniel
James Monroe, Virginia, President. Webster, of Massachusetts. . . .Dec. 8, 1823
Daniel D. Tompkins, New York, Vice- [This resolution was defeated Jan. 26,
President. 1824, although ably supported by Clay,
President appoints Gen. Andrew Jack- Webster, and others. John Randolph op-
son governor of Florida April, 1821 posed it in speeches full of sense and sar-
Gencral Jackson takes possession of casm.]
Florida July 1, 1821 Tariff (protective) bill brought before
President Monroe proclaims the admis- the House Jan. 9, 1824
sion of Missouri as the twenty - fourth [Clay and Buchanan supported the bill.
State Aug. 10, 1821 while Webster opposed it.]
Seventeenth Congress, first session, con- Congress by resolution offers the Mar-
venes Dec. 3, 1821 quis de Lafayette a ship to bring him to
Thomas H. Benton enters the Senate the United States, approved .. Feb. 4, 1824
from Missouri Dec. 6, 1821 Act to survey routes for canals and
W^illiam Pinkney, of Maryland, dies, roads February, 1824
aged fifty-eight Feb. 25, 1822 Ninian Edwards presents an address to
Apportionment bill passed the House bringing charges against Seo
March 1, 1822 rctary Crawford. This is known as the
President, by message, recommends the A. B. Plot April 19, 1824
recognition of the independence of the Tariff bill approved May 22, 1824
South American states and Mexico [37 per cent, was the average rate of
March 8, 1822 duty.]
Bankrupt bill defeated in the House by Report of committee exonerating Sec-
a vote of 72 to 99 March 12, 1822 retary Crawford from the charges of Mr.
Resolution recognizing the independence Edwards May 25, 1824
of the American provinces of Spain pass- First session adjourns ... May 27, 1824
ed by the House, 167 to 1. .March 28, 1822 Lafayette, with his son, arrives at New
[Mr. Gamett, of Virginia, voted against York Aug. 15, 1824
the measure.] Tenth Presidential election
Territorial government established in Nov. 9, 1824
Florida March 30, 1822 Second session convenes Dec. 6, 1824
President vetoes an appropriation of Lafayette welcomed to the House of
$9,000 for preserving and repairing the Representatives, in an address by the
Cumberland Road May 4, 1822 speaker, Mr. Clay Dec. 10, 1824
President submits to Congress his ob- Congress (the House by 166 to 26, the
jection to national appropriations for in- Senate unanimously) votes to Lafayette
ternal improvements May 4, 1822 $200,000 and a township of land in any
First session adjourns May 8, 1822 part of the United States he might se-
Second session convenes Dec. 2, 1822 lect that is now unoccupied. .Dec. 22, 1824
A petition to Congress asks that Capt. Treaty with Russia ratified
John Cleves Symmes's theory be verified Jan. 11, 1825
181
UNITED STATES OE AMEBICA
[Establishing the boundary-line be- president pro tern, of the Senate, dies at
tween the United States and Russia at Washington Feb. 20, 1826
54*" 40' N. lat.] South American states call a general
Electoral votes counted Feb. 9, 1825 congress, to meet at Panama in June,
Treaty with the Creek Indians, termed 1826, and to consider the rights of those
the " Indian Spring Treaty " states, and invites delegates from the
Feb. 12, 1825 United States. Congress appropriates
[This treaty was signed by their chief $40,000, and appoints Richard C. Ander-
Mcintosh, and provided for the cession son, minister to Colombia, and John Sar-
of all the Creek territory in Georgia. and geant, of Philadelphia, delegates
several million acres in Alabama for $400,- March 14, 1826
000. The Indians repudiated the cession During the debate on the " Panama con-
and killed Mcintosh, about April 30.] gress" in the Senate, John Randolph
An act appropriating $150,000 to ex- refers to the coalition of Adams and Clay
tend the Cumberland road from Canton, as that of the "Puritan and the black-
on the Ohio, opposl1;e Wheeling, to Zanes- leg." A duel followed between Clay and
ville, O., approved March 3, 1825 Randolph April 8, 1826
An act of Congress for strengthening First session adjourns .... May 22, 1826
the laws of the United States approved John Adams, born in Braintree, Mass.,
March 3, 1825 Oct. 19, 1735, and Thomas Jefferson, bom
Eighteenth Congress adjourns in Monticello, Va., April 2, 1743, die on
March 3, 1825 the fiftieth anniversary of American inde-
pendence July 4, 1826
Tenth Administration — Democratic- Abduction of William Morgan from
Republican (coalition), March 4, 1825, Canandaigua, N. Y Sept. 12, 1826
to March 3, 1829. [Gave rise to a political party — the
anti-Masonic — ^that became national in im-
John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts, portance, though short-lived.]
President. ^ Convention with Great Britain concern-
Jokn O. Calhoun, South Carolina, Vice- j^g indemnities for the War of 1812-14
President. j^^v. 13, 1826
Corner-stone of Bunker Hill monument Second session convenes ... Dec. 4, 1826
laid June 17, 1825 Congress makes an appropriation for
[Lafayette was present, and Daniel the payment of Revolutionary and other
Webster delivered the oration.] pensions Jan. 29, 1827
Lafayette leaves Washington for France Nineteenth Congress adjourns
in the new frigate Brandy wine, furnished March 3, 1827
him by the government. .. .Sept. 7, 1825 General Gaines ordered into the Creek
Mordecai M. Noah selects Grand Island, Indian country 1827
in the Niagara River, as a site for a city Protectionists hold a convention at
of refuge for the Jews, to be called Ararat Harrisburg, Pa., and demand .a higher
Sept. 17, 1825 tariff July 30, 1827
Com. David Porter, while cruising, United States and Great Britain by
lands a force at Porto Rico and exacts treaty agree to extend or renew the com-
au apology for an insult to the American mercial agreements of 1818, and the Ore
flagn He is recalled and suspended for six gon boundary to continue indefinitely
months 1825 Aug. 6, 1827
Erie Canal finished Oct. 26, 1825 First railroad in the United States, run-
Nineteenth Congress, first session, con- ning from Quincy, Mass., to the Neponset
venes Dec. 5, 1825 River, 3 miles, commenced 1826; corn-
Dispute between the State of Georgia pleted (operated by horse-power) .. .1827
and the United States upon the removal Boundary differences between the Unit-
of the Creek Indians 1825-29 ed States and the British possessions to
John Gaillard, United States Senator be referred to an arbiter. .. .Sept. 29, 1827
from South Carolina from 1804 to 1826, Ttoentieth Congress, first session, con-
and from April 14, 1814, to March 9, 1825, venes Dec 3, 1827
182
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
By another treaty Creek Indians cede Bill before the House for a national road
their remaining lands in Georgia for $47,- from Buffalo, N. Y., to New Orleans, La.,
491. Ratified January, 1828 via Washington March 23, 1830
Maj.-Cren. Jacob Brown dies at Wash- Treaty with Denmark ; indemnity claims
ington Feb. 24, 1828 March 28, 1830
Debate on the tariff bill begun in the President Jackson at a public dinner in
House March 4, 1828 Washington on Jefferson's birthday gives
Debate in the Senate... May 5-14, 1828 this toast, "Our Federal Union, it must
Tariff bill passed by the House be preserved." Vice-President Calhoun
May 15, 1828 responded : " Liberty dearer than Union "
Approved; known as the "Tariff of April 13, 1830
Abominations " May 19, 1828 Bill for a national road from Buffalo,
Congress by resolution grants Charles N. Y., to New Orleans, La., rejected in
Carroll, of Carrollton, only surviving House by 88 to 106 April 14, 1830
signer of the Declaration of Independence, Treaty with the Ottoman empire
the franking privilege May 23, 1828 May 7, 1830
First session adjourns May 26, 1828 Final rupture between Jackson and
Second railroad in the United States, Calhoun May, 1830
from Mauch Chunk, Pa., to the Lehigh Duties on coffee, tea, and cocoa re-
River, 9 miles, commenced 1827, and duced May 20, 1830
finished 1828 President vetoes the Mayville and Lex-
Eleventh Presidential election ington, Ky., road bill May 27, 1830
Nov. 11, 1828 Massachusetts obtains from the United
Second session convenes. . . .Dec. 1, 1828 States $430,748.26 for services of her mili-
Electoral votes counted in the House tia, 1812-14 May 31, 1830
Feb. 11, 1829 First session adjourns May 31, 1830
Twentieth Congress adjourns John Randolph sails as minister to
March 3, 1829 Russia June, 1830
Eleventh Administration — Demo- Anti-Mason party hold the first national
CBATic, March 4, 1829, to March 3, 1833. convention in the United States at Phila-
, , , , „ ^ .•! X delphia. Pa., Francis Granger, of New
Andrew Jackson, Tennessee, Presid^t. y^^^ presiding September, 1830
John C. Calhoun, South Carolina, Vice- g^^^^^ ^^^^.^^ convenes. . . .Dec. 6, 1830
President. Senate rejects the award of the King of
John Jay, statesman, dies at Bedford, the Netherlands as arbitrator of the boun-
N. Y May 19, 1829 dary between Maine and Great Britain
James L. M. Smithson, founder of the Jan. 10, 1831
Smithsonian Institution, dies in Genoa, First locomotive built in the United
Italy June 27, 1829 States, "The Best Friend," at the West
" Stourbridge Lion," the first locomotive Point foundry shops in New York City ;
run in the United States, is purchased in first trip on the South Carolina Railroad
England and arrives in New York in June, Jan. 15, 1831
1829; shipped to Carbondale, and tried Twenty-first Congress adjourns
on the track at Honesdale. . .Aug. 8, 1829 March 3, 1831
William Lloyd Garrison publishes the John H. Eaton, Secretary of War, re-
Qenius at Baltimore, Md., advocating im- signs April 7, 1831
mediate emancipation 1829 Martin Van Buren, Secretary of State,
Ticenty-firat Congress, first session, resigns April 7, 1831
convenes Dec. 7, 1829 Ex-President James Monroe dies in New
Robert Y. Hayne's (South Carolina) York, aged seventy- three July 4, 1831
great speech in defence of State rights in Negro insurrection led by Nat Turner,
the Senate on "the Foote resolution," in Southampton county August, 1831
limiting the sale of public lands President Jackson reforms his cabinet
Jan. 25, 1830 1831
Daniel Webster's reply defending the Anti-Masonic party hold a national con-
Constitution Jan. 26-27, 1830 vention at Baltimore, Md., and nominate
183
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA
William Wirt, of Virginia, for President, olutionary soldier, dies near Camden,
and Amos Ellmaker, of Pennsylvania, for S. C, aged ninety-eight
Vice-President; number of delegates, 112 June 1, 1832
Sept. 26, 1831 Bill rechartering the National Bank
Free trade convention held at Phila- passes the Senate, 28 to 20. .June 11, 1832
delphia Oct- 5, 1831 And the House, 107 to 85 . .July 3, 1832
High tariff convention held at New York Commissioner of Indian affairs first ap-
Oct 26, 1831 pointed July 9, 1832
Copyright law radically amended, mak- President vetoes the bank bill
ing the term twenty-eight years instead July 10, 1832
of fourteen, with renewal of fourteen Senate fails to pass the bank charter
years more, and wife and children of au- over the President's veto July 13, 1832
thor, in case of his death, entitled to a Source of the Mississippi discovered by
renewal 1831 an exploring party under Henry R. School-
William Lloyd Garrison begins the pub- craft July 13, 1832
lication of the Liberator at Boston.. 1831 Partial repeal of the tariff measures of
Twenty-second Congress, first session, 1828 July 14, 1832
convenes Dec. 5, 1831 First session adjourns. . . .July 16, 1832
National Republican party hold a na- Cholera first appears in the United
tional convention at Baltimore, Md., and States 1832
nominate Henry Clay, of Kentucky, for Treaty with the two Sicilies, indem-
President, and John Sergeant, of Penn- nity Oct. 14, 1832
sylvania, for Vice-President; number of Presidential election Nov. 13, 1832
delegates, 155 Dec. 12, 1831 Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, Md., last
[This party advocated higher tariff and surviving signer of the Declaration of In-
internal improvements.] dependence, dies at Baltimore, aged ninety-
Memorial for the renewal of the charter five Nov. 14. 1832
of the National Bank presented to Con- Convention is held at Columbus, S. C,
gress Jan. 9, 1832 which by ordinance declares the tariff acts
William L. Marcy, of New York, while of 1828 and 1832 null and void
urging the Senate to confirm Martin Van Nov. 19, 1832
Buren as minister to England, says, " They [The term " nullification *' was borrow-
see nothing wrong in the rule that to the ed from the Virginia and Kentucky reso-
victors belong the spoils of the enemy " lutions of 1^98.]
Jan. 25, 1832 Second session convenes Dec. 3, 1832
Henry Clay advocates the " American President Jackson issues a proclamation
system " of protection in the Senate, sup- to the people of South Carolina
ported by the Senators from Delaware, Dec. 10, 1832
Maine, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Ohio, John C. Calhoun, Vice-President, re-
Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island sip^is Dec. 28, 1832
January-February, 1832 President Jackson, by message, informs
Democratic (first so-called) National Congress of the proceedings of South Caro-
Convention meets in Baltimore lina, and asks power to enforce the collec-
May 21, 1832 tion of the revenue Jan. 16, 1833
[Nominated Jackson for President, and John C. Calhoun, now a Senator from
Martin Van Buren, of New York, for Vice- South Carolina, introduces resolutions:
President, he having been rejected as min- that the theory that the people of the
ister to England in the Senate by the United States are now or ever have been
vote of Vice-President Calhoun. In this united in one nation is erroneous, false in
convention it was resolved "that two- history and reason Jan. 22, 1833
thirds of the whole number of votes in the Henry Clay introduces the " compromise
convention s^all be necessary to consti- tariff" in the Senate as a solution of all
tute a choice." This was the origin of the pending troubles between the manufact-
famous two-thirds rule.] uring States and the South
Black Hawk War May-August, 1832 Feb. 12, 1833
Gen. Thomas Sumter, distinguished Rev- Electoral votes counted Feb. 13, 1833
184
J
UNITED STATES OP AMEBICA
" Compromise tariff " passes the House, Mr. Clay offers a resolution, Dec. 10,
119 to 85 Feb. 26, 1833 inquiring of the President whether a paper
And the Senate, 29 to 16. .March 1, 1833 read to heads of departments under date
Becomes a law March 3, 1833 of Sept. 18, 1833, relative to the deposits
[This law scaled down all duties so that of the public money, was genuine, and re-
20 per cent, should be the standard duty questing that said paper be laid before
in 1842.] the Senate. This resolution passes the
Twenty-second Congress adjourns Senate, 23 to 18 Dec. 11, 1833
March 3, 1833 Senate appoints a committee to investi-
gate the National Bank Feb. 4, 1834
Twelfth Admit^istbation — ^Democrat- Treaty with Spain, indemnity
ic, March 4, 1833, to March 3, 1837. Feb. 17, 1834
William Wirt, orator, lawyer, and
Andrew Jackson, Tennessee. President. author, dies at Washington, D. C, aged
Martin Van Buren, New York, Vice- gixty-two Feb. 18, 1834
President. Senate resolves that in removing the
South Carolina repeals the ordinance of deposits the President had assumed au-
nulliiication in a convention held thority not conferred by the Constitution
March 16, 1833 and the laws March 28, 1834
John Randolph, of Virginia, dies in House resolves that the National Bank
Philadelphia, aged sixty May 24, 1833 shall not be rechartered nor the deposit?
President Jackson lays near Fredericks- restored April 4, 1834
burg, Va., the corner-stone of a monument President protests against the resolii-
to Washington's mother, Mary Washing- tion of March 28, but the Senate refuses
ton May, 1833 to enter the protest in its minutes
President Jackson makes a tour of the April 15, 1834
Eastern States as far as Concord, N. H., General Lafayette dies in France
returning to Washington July 3, 1833 May 20, 1834
President removes W. J. Duane, Secre- Senate, by resolution, censures the
tary of Treasury, for refusing to with- President for removing the deposits
draw the deposits from the National Bank, June, 1834
and appoints Roger B. Taney, of Mary- Coinage of the United States changed
land, in his place Sept. 23, 1833 June 28, 1834
President Jackson directs the Secretary Indian Territory established by Con-
of the Treasury to withdraw the deposits, gress June 30, 1834
about $10,000,000, from the National Bank First session adjourns .. June 30, 1834
Sept. 26, 1833 "Whig" party [first so called. New
Indian chief Black Hawk is taken York, 1832] fully organized 1834
through the principal Eastern cities Treaty is made with the Seminole Ind-
autumn of 1833 ians at Payne's Landing, May 9, 1833,
Bank deposits removed from the Na- and an additional treaty at Fort Gibson,
tional Bank Oct. 1, 1833 March 28, 1834, for their removal to the
Anti-slavery Society organized in New Indian Territory; Indians reject the
York City Oct. 2, 1833 treaty of their chiefs. General Thompson
First severe railway accident in the sent by the United States to insist on its
United States on the Ambov and Bor- execution Oct. 28, 1834
dentown Railroad; several killed [Seminole War waged 1835-42.]
Oct. 8, 1833 Second session convenes .... Dec. 1, 1834
Great display of shooting-stars John Bell, of Tennessee, speaker in the
morning of Nov. 13, 1833 place of Andrew Stevenson, resigned;
Twenty-third Congress, first session, John Hubbard, of New Hampshire,
convenes Dec. 2, 1833 speaker pro tern, during this session.
American Anti-slavery Society organized Over 500 local banks in the United
at Philadelphia ; Beriah Green president. States 1834
and John G. Whittier one of the secre- ["The government revenues were de-
taries Dec. 6, 1833 posited in banks selected by the treasury.
185
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Neither these nor their unseleeted rivals The President, in his message, suggests
were under any^ort of supervision by the laws to prohibit the circulation of anti-
State which chartered them or by the slavery documents through the mails,
federal government, and no bank-note had Great fire in New York City
any certainty of value." — Narrative and Dec. 16-17, 1835
Critical History of America, vol. vii., p. General Thompson, Lieut. C. Smith, and
289.] others massacred by the Seminole Indians
President in his message announces the at Fort King, 60 miles southwest of St.
extinguishment of the national debt Augustine, Fla Dec. 28, 183o
December, 1834 [Osceola, whom General Thompson had
John Quincy Adams, member from shortly before put in irons for a day, led
Mas.sachusetts, delivers an oration on this war-party.]
Lafayette before Congress .. Dec. 13, 1834 Maj. F. L. Dade, with 100 men, moving
Attempted assassination of President from Fort Brooke to the relief of Gen.
Jackson at the Capitol by Richard Law- Clinch, is waylaid and the entire party
rence Jan. 30, 1835 killed except four, who afterwards die of
[Lawrence tried in April, but proved injuries there received ...... Dec. 28, 1835
insane.] Treaty with the Cherokee Indians in
Congress awards a gold medal to Col. Georgia; they cede all their territory east
George Croghan for his gallant defence of of the Mississippi for $5,000,000
Fort Stephenson twenty-two years before Dec. 29, 1835
Feb. 13, 1835 Memorial presented to Congress pray-
Senate appoints a committee of five to ing for the abolition of slavery within the
inquire into the alleged complicity of District of Columbia Jan. 11, 1836
Senator Poindexter, of Mississippi, in the Texas declares her independence
attempt to assassinate the President March 2, 1836
Feb. 22, 1835 Mexicans under Santa Ana capture the
[Investigation showed Senator Poin- Alamo, San Antonio, Tex., and massacre
dexter innocent.] the garrison. David Crockett killed here
Congress establishes branch mints at March 6, 1836
New Orleans, La., Charlotte, N. C, and Battle of San Jacinto, defeat of Santa
Dahlonega, Ga March 3, 1835 Ana April 21, 1836
Twenty-third Congress adjourns Mexico acknowledges independence of
March 3, 1835 Texas May 14, 1836
National Democratic convention at House resolves, by a vote of 117 to 68,
Baltimore, Md May, 1835 that everything presented to that body in
[Martin Van Buren, of New York, any way relating to slavery or its aboli-
nominated for President; Richard M. tion shall be laid on the table without
Johnson, of Kentucky, for Vice-Presi- further action or notice .... May 26, 1836
dent.] - [This was the first of the "gag rules"
Anti-slavery documents taken from the of Congress.]
mail and burned at Charleston, S. C. Arkansas admitted as the twenty-fifth
August, 1835 State June 15, 1836
Name " Loco-focos " first applied to the Act authorizing the different States
Democratic party 1835 to become depositories, in proportion to
Gen. William H. Harrison, of Ohio, their respective representation, of the sur-
nominated for President, with Francis plus funds in the United States treasury
Granger, of New York, for Vice-Presi- over $5,000,000. This money subject to
dent, by a State Whig Convention at Har- recall by • the United States treasurer at
risburg, Pa 1835 any time, but not in sums of over $10,000
Samuel Colt patents a "revolving per month. Money to be paid to the
pistol " 1835 States quarterly, viz., Jan. 1, April 1, July
Twenty-fourth Congress, first session, 1, Oct. 1, 1837. Although but three
convenes Dec. 2, 1835 instalments were paid, it aggregated
Speaker of the House, James K. Polk, $28,000,000. This money had never
of Tennessee. been recalled, and is carried on the treas-
186
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA
urer's report as unavailable funds. Ap- " Patriot War " in Canada commences
proved June 23, 1836 1837
James Madison dies at Montpelier, Va., First session (extra) adjourns
aged eighty-five June 28, 1838 Oct. 16, 1837
Territory of Wisconsin organized. .1836 Osceola, the Seminole chief, with a
First session adjourns July 4, 1836 party of seventy warriors, visits the camp
Treasury issues a " specie circular," re- of General Jesup under stipulations of
quiring collectors of the public revenue safety, and is detained as prisoner
to receive only gold and silver Oct. 21, 1837
July 11, 1836 [He was confined in Fort Moultrie,
[This proceeding hastened the panic of Charleston, S. C, where he died, Jan. 31,
1837.] 1838.]
Aaron Burr dies at Staten Island, aged Many citizens of the United States
eighty Sept. 14, 1836 along the borders of Canada join the in-
Samuel Houston elected first President surgents in the Patriot War during the
of the republic of Texas Oct. 22, 1836 autumn 1837
Presidential election Nov. 8, 1836 Elijah P. Lovejoy shot while defending
Second session convenes. . . .Dec. 5, 1836 his printing-press and paper at Alton, 111.,
Resolution of Senate, June, 1834, cen- from the attack of a pro-slavery mob
suring President Jackson for removing Nov. 7, 1837
the public money from the National Bank. Second session assembles. . .Dec. 4, 1837
Expunged from the records. .Jan. 16, 1837 Wendell Phillips's first "abolition"
Coinage of the United States again speech in Faneuil Hall, Boston, to protest
changed Jan. 18, 1837 against the murder of Elijah P. Lovejoy
Michigan admitted into the Union, the Dec. 8, 1837
twenty-sixth State in order.. Jan. 26, 1837 Col. Zachary Taylor defeats the Semi-
Electoral vote counted Feb. 8, 1837 nole Indians at Okeechobee Swamp, Fla.
Twenty-fourth Congress adjourns Dec. 25, 1837
March 3, 1837 American steamer Caroline is attacked
and burned by Canadian troops at Schlos-
Thirteenth Administration — Demo- ^^r's Landing, above Niagara Falls, on the
CRATic, March 4, 1837, to March 3, 1841. American side Dec. 29, 1837
Martin Van Buren, New York, Presi- President issues a proclamation of neu-
dent. trality as regards the disturbance in Can-
Richard M. Johnson, Kentucky, Vice- ada Jan. 5, 1838
President. Duel between William J. Graves, of
Great commercial panic begins by the Kentucky, and Jonathan Cilley, of New
failure of Herman Briggs & Co., Nfew Hampshire, members of the House
Orleans, La March, 1837 Feb. 24, 1838
[This panic reached its height in May.] [Fought with rifles; Cilley killed at the
All the banks in New York City sus- third shot.]
pend specie payment May 10, 1837 First regular passage by steamer across
[Banks in Boston, Philadelphia, and the Atlantic completed by the Oreat West-
Baltimore followed.] em and Sirius. Biriua seventeen days
An extra session of Congress called to from London, and Oreat Western fifteen
meet first Monday in September days from Bristol. Both arrive at New
May 15, 1837 York City April 23, 1838
Twenty-fifth Congress, first session (ex- Banks in New England and New York
tra), assembles Sept. 4, 1837 resume specie payments May 10, 1838
President's message advocates the sub- Iowa receives a territorial government
treasury. First sub-treasury bill reported June 12, 1838
in the Senate Sept. 14, 1837 Second session ad joums . . . July 9, 1838
Passes the Senate by a small majority United States exploring expedition to
Oct. 4, 1837 the Antarctic and Pacific oceans, under
Defeated in the House (see Aug. 6, command of Lieut. Charles Wilkes, sails
1846) Oct. 14, 1837 from Hampton Roads Aug. 18, 1838
187
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA
Third session assembles .... Dec. 3, 1838 Washingtonian Temperance Society
Charles G. Atherton, of New Hamp- founded in Baltimore 1840
shire, introduces a resolution in the Democratic National Convention at Bal-
House, known as the "Atherton gag," to timore, Md. Martin Van Buren nomi-
prevent the discussion of slavery. It pass- nated for President, leaving the States,
es by a vote of 127 to 78. . . .Dec. 11, 1838 to nominate for Vice-President
Loss of steamboats on the Western riv- May 5, 1840
ers: Mississippi, fifty-five; Ohio, thirteen; Sub - treasury or independent treasury
Missouri, two; Illinois, two; Arkansas, bill passed and approved July 4, 1840
one; Red, one; and four others during Britannia, the first regular steam-
the year {Niles's Register, vol, \yii.yip. Z2) packet of the Cunard line, arrives at
1838 Boston, fourteen days and eight hours
. Unsettled boundary between Maine and from Liverpool July 19, 1840
the British provinces results in the First session adjourns. .. .July 21, 1840
" Aroostook War "..February-March, 1839 " Log-cabin " and " Hard-cider " cam-
Rev. Zerah Colburn died at Norwich, paign. in the interest of William Henry
Vt., aged thirty-five March 2, 1839 Harrison, begins July, 1840
[A mathematical prodigy.] [Modern methods of conducting a Presi-
Twenty-fifth Congress adjourns dential campaign were now introduced.]
March 3, 1839 Steam.ship Arcadia arrives at Boston
L'Amistad (''Friendship") is captured from Liverpool in twelve days and twelve
off Montauk Point by the United States hours, the shortest passage up to that
brig Washington, Lieutenant Geding com- time Oct. 17, 1840
maiiding Aug. 29, 1839 Alexander McLeod arrested in the State
Daguerreotypes first taken in the Unit- of New York for complicity in the de-
ed States by Prof. J. W. Draper 1839 struction of the steamer Caroline, Dec.
Liberty party, in convention at War- 29, 1837 November. 1840
saw, N. Y., nominates James G. Birney [Tried and acquitted Oct. 12, 1841.]
for President and Thomas Earle, of Penn- Log - cabin, a Whig campaign paper,,
sylvania, for Vice-President . Nov. 13, 1839 edited by Horace Greeley, reaches a circu-
[This was the first appearance of a na- lation of 80,000 during the autumn . . 1840
tional anti-slavery party, and although Fourteenth Presidential election
Mr. Birney declined the nomination, it Nov. 10, 1840
polled over 7,000 votes.] Treaty of commerce between Texas and
Twenty-sixth Congress, first session, as- Great Britain made Nov. 14, 1840
sembles Dec. 2-16, 1839 Second session assembles. . .Dec. 7, 1840
Robert M. T. Hunter, of Virginia, Whig, Electoral votes counted ... Feb. 19, 1841
elected speaker of the House on the elev- Twenty-sixth Congress adjourns
enth ballot, receiving 119 votes out of March 3, 1841
232
'whig National Convention at Harris- ^/TT'^o^!' Administbatiox - Whig,
burg. Pa Dec. 4, 1839 ^**^^^ ^* ^^^^^ ^"^ ^^^''''^ ^> ^^^^'
[First ballot, Clay, ,103: Harrison, William Henry Harrison, Ohio, Presi-
94; and Scott, 57. Fifth ballot. Clay, 90; dent.
Harrison, 148; and Scott, 16. The nomi- John Tyler, Virginia, Vice-President,
nation of Harrison was made unanimous, Corner-stone of the Mormon temple at
and John Tyler nominated for Vice-Pres- Nauvoo, 111., laid April 6, 1841
ident.] ' Twenty-seventh Congress, first session
Steamer Lexington burned on Long Isl- (extra), assembles May 31, 1841
and Sound, between New York and Ston- Samuel L. Southard, New Jersey, presi-
ington, 140 lives lost Jan. 13, 1840 dent pro tern, of the Senate and actings
Lieut. Charles Wilkes discovers the ant- Vice-President of the United States until
arctic continent, 66° 20' S. lat., 154° 18' his death. May 22, 1842.
R. long Jan. 19, 1840 W. P. Mangum, North Carolina, presi-
[He coasted westward along this land dent pro tern, of the Senate and acting-
70 degrees.] Vice-President of the United States front
188
XJKITED STATES OF AMEBICA
May 31, 1842, to the end of President Dorr*8 Bebellion in Rhode Island,
Tyler's term. caused by the disagreement between the
Act to appropriate the proceeds of the Charter and Suffrage parties
public lands and pre-emptive rights May-June, 1842
granted, passed July 6, 1841 Statue of Washington, by Horatio
United States sloop-of-war Peacock, of Greenough, placed in the Capitol. .1842
the Wilkes United States exploring expedi- Charles Dickens visits the United States
tion, is lost at the mouth of the Columbia 1842
River, Oregon July 18, 1841 Earliest actual finding of gold in Cali-
Sub- treasury or independent treasury fornia in Los Angeles district 1842
act repealed Aug. 9, 1841 " Ashburton treaty " with England for
President Tyler vetoes the bill to incor- settling the boundaries between Maine and
porate the Fiscal Bank of the United the British provinces, also for suppressing
States Aug. 16, 1841 the slave-trade and extradition, negotiat-
Bankruptcy bill passed. .. .Aug. 19, 1841 ed at Washington between Jjord Ashbur-
President Tyler vetoes the Fiscal Cor- ton, special minister of Great Britain, and
poration bill Sept. 9, 1841 Daniel Webster, Secretary of State, and
Party of British volunteers from Can- signed Aug. 0, 1842
ada carry off Colonel Grogan End of the Indian war in Florida pro-
Sept. 9, 1841 claimed Aug. 14, 1842
[This seizure was unauthorized by the Ashburton treaty ratified by the Senate,
British government, and Grogan was 39 to 9 Aug. 20, 1842
promptly released. The seizure, however. Beginning of the fiscal year changed
caused great excitement.] from Jan. 1 to July 1 by law of
Cabinet resigns, except the Secretary of Aug. 28, 1842
State Sept. 11, 1841 After vetoing two tariff bills, President
[Because of the veto of the Fiscal Cor- Tyler signs the third Aug. 30, 1812
poration bill.] [The prevailing rate of this tariff was
First session (extra) adjourns 20 per cent.]
Sept. 13, 1841 Second session adjourns .. Aug. 31, 1842
President's proclamation forbids Ameri- [It passed ninety -five acts, thirteen
can citizens to invade British possessions joint resolutions, and 189 private bills,
Sept. 2o, 1841 sitting 269 days — the longest session since
Failure of the United States Bank under the beginning of Congress.]
the Pennsylvania charter. .. .Oct. 11, 1841 William Ellery Channing, Unitarian
Brig Creole, Ensor, ma«ter, sails from minister, dies at Bennington, Vt., aged
Richmond, Va., for New Orleans with sixty-two Oct. 2, 1842
merchandise and 135 slaves; some of the Alexander Slidell Mackenzie, command-
slaves attack the captain and crew, and ing the United States brig Somers, while
capture the vessel Nov. 7, 1841 on a short cruise, hangs at the yard-arm
Second session assembles. . .Dec. 6, 1841 Philip Spencer, a midshipman and son
Joshua R. Giddings, member from Ohio, of John C. Spencer, then Secretary of
presents resolutions concerning the brig War; Samuel Cromwell, a boatswain's
Creole and adverse to slavery mate; and Elijah H. Small, for an al-
March 21, 1842 leged conspiracy Dec. 1, 1842
Henry Clay resigns from the Senate Third session assembles Dec. 5, 1842
March 31, 1842 Samuel Woodworth (author of the Old
Influenza, called "la grippe," widely Oaken Bucket) dies at New York City,
pre\Tilent 1842 aged fifty-seven Dec. 9, 1842
Col. John C. Fremont's first exploring Resolutions offered by John M. Botts of
expedition to the Rocky Mountains com- Virginia, for the impeachment of President
mences May 2, 1842 Tyler for gross usurpation of power.
United States exploring expedition under wicked and corrupt abuse of the power of
Lieut. Charles Wilkes after a voyage of appointments, high crimes and misde-
four years and over 90,000 miles, returns meanors, etc Jan. 10, 1843
to New York June 10, 1842 [Rejected by a vote of 83 to 127.]
180
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA
Francis S. Key, author of Star-Span^ National Whig Convention at Balti-
gled Banner, dies at Baltimore, Md., aged more May 1, 1844
sixty-four Jan. 11, 1843 [Henry Clay, of Kentucky, nominat-
Com. Isaac Hull dies at Philadelphia, ed for President, and Theodore Freling-
Pa., aged sixty-eight Feh. 13, 1843 huysen, of New Jersey, for Vice-Presi-
Dr. Marcus Whitman, learning of the dent.]
intention of the British government to Hiots in Philadelphia between native
permanently occupy the Oregon Territory, Americans and the Irish. . .May 0-8, 1844
and desirous of a personal interview with National Democratic convention at Bal-
the United States government, to give timore, Md May 27, 1844
warning and also to announce the prac- [Martin Van Buren, of New York, re-
ticability of overland emigration to that ceived on the first ballot 146 out of 26G
region, leaves Walla Walla, October, votes, but failed to get the required two-
1842, and reaches Washington, D. C. thirds vote; his name was withdrawn on
March 3, 1843 the eighth ballot, and James K. Polk, of
Bankruptcy act of 1841 repealed Tennessee, was nominated on the ninth;
March 3, 1843 Silas Wright, of New York, was nomi-
Congress appropriates $30,000 to build nated for Vice-President, but declined, and
Morse's electric telegraph from Wash- George M. Dallas, of Pennsylvania, was
ington to Baltimore March 3, 1843 nominated.]
Twenty-seventh Congress adjourns First telegraphic communications in the
March 3, 1843 United States during this convention, on
John Armstrong, Secretary of War, the experimental line erected by the gov-
1812, dies at Red Hook, N. Y., aged emment between Baltimore and Washing-
eighty-flve April 1, 1843 ton May 27, 1844
Col. John C. Fremont starts on his sec- First session adjourns June 17, 1844
ond eiq)loring expedition with thirty-nine "Joe" Smith, the Mormon prophet,
men May, 1843 with his brother Hiram, murdered by a
[Reached Salt Lake, Sept. 6, and the mob at the jail in Carthage, 111.
Pacific coast, at the mouth of the Co- June 27, 1844
lumbia River, Nov. 10; returned July, Treaty with China, of peace, amity, and
1844.] commerce July 3, 1844
Bunker Hill monument completed and Henry Clay's Alabama letter, publish-
dedicated June 17, 1843 ed in the North Alahamian, alienates the
[President Tyler was present, and Daniel Northern Whigs Aug. 16, 1844
Webster delivered the address.] Fifteenth Presidential election
National Liberty party, in convention Nov. 12, 1844
at Buffalo, N. Y., nominates James G. Second session assembles .. Dec. 2, 1844
Birney for President, and Thomas Morris, On motion of John Quincy Adams the
of Ohio, for Vice-President. .Aug. 30, 1843 "gag rule,*' prohibiting the presentation
Twenty-eighth Congress, first session, of abolition petitions, is rescinded, 108 to
convenes Dec. 4, 1843 88 Dec. 3, 1844
John W. Jones, of Virginia, elected Samuel Hoar, sent by Massachusetts to
speaker. South Carolina in aid of the Massachu-
Explosion of a large gun, " the Peace- setts colored citizens imprisoned at
maker," on the United States war-steamer Charleston, S. C, is expelled from Charles-
Princeton, on the Potomac, carrying, with ton by citizens Dec. 5, 1844
many excursionists, the President and sev- Congress appoints the Tuesday follow-
eral of his cabinet; kills Mr. Upshur, Sec- ing the first Monday in November for the
retary of State, Mr. Gilmer, Secretary national election day Jan. 23, 1845
of Navy, David Gardiner, and others, be- Electoral votes counted .. Feb. 12, 1845
sides wounding twelve of the crew President Tyler vetoes a bill forbidding
Feb. 28, 1844 the building of any steam-vessel for the
Treaty of annexation with Texas signed revenue service unless by special appro-
April 12, 1844 priation Feb. 20, 1845
[Rejected by the Senate, 35 to 10.] [This bill passed both branches of Con-
190
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA
gress over the veto, the first veto over- ed States troops captured by the Mexi*
ruled by Congress.] cans April 25, 1846
Texas annexed by a joint resolution Battle of Palo Alto May 8, 1846
Feb. 28, 1846 Battle of Resaca de la Palma
Which the President approves May 9, 1846
March 1, 1845 President Polk, by special message to
Florida admitted as the twenty-seventh Congress, announces that war exists by
State March 3, 1845 the act of Mexico May 11, 1846
Congress reduces postage on letters to Congress authorizes the President to
6 cents within 300 miles, and 10 cents raise 50,000 men and $10,000,000 for the
for greater distances March 3, 1845 war May 13, 1846
Twenty-eighth Congress adjourns Treaty with Great Britain signed, es-
March 3, 1845 tablishing the boundaries west of the
PirntBSTH ADMiinsTRATiON-DEMO- Rocky Mountains on the 40th parallel of
aUTlO, March 4. 1845, to March 3. 1849. ?• '"Jl' ,«'«* *>""» ««"l>°e *''* "Oregon
' ' ' ' difficulty" June 15, 1846
James Knox Polk, Tennessee, Presi- Com. John D. Sloat, of the Pacific
^ent. Squadron, occupies Monterey, Cal., and
George Mifflin Dallas, Pennsylvania, proclaims the country annexed to the
Vice-President. United States Julv 6, 1846
Mexican minister demands his passport Congress recedes to Virginia the south-
March 6 1845 ^^^ ^fiTt of the District of Columbia
Andrew Jackson, seventh President, dies July S, 1846
at the Hermitage, near Nashville, Tenn., Tariflf of 1842 repealed, and a revenue
aged seventy-eight June 8, 1845 tariff passed (in the Senate by the casting
By an act of amnesty the Rhode Island vote of Vice-President George M. Dallas)
legislature releases Thomas W. Dorr, who approved July 30, 1846
was under a life sentence for treason "Warehouse system" established by
June 27, 1845 Congress Aug. 6, 1846
Naval school established at Annapolis, Independent treasury system re-enacted
Md., while George Bancroft is Secretary Aug. 6, 1846
of Navy 1846 Wisconsin authorized to form a consti-
Annexation ratified by Texas in conven- tution and State government . Aug. 6, 1846
tJon July 4^ 1845 Bill with the " Wilmot proviso " attach-
Texas in convention adopts a constitu- ed passes the House by 85 to 79 (no vote
tion Aug. 27, 1845 in the Senate) Aug. 8, 1846
Gov. Silas Wright, of New York, pro- Act establishing the Smithsonian Insti-
claims Delaware county in a state of tution approved Aug. 10, 1846
insurrection from anti-rent difficulties First session adjourns Aug. 10, 1846
Aug. 27, 1845 Brigadier-General Kearny takes peace-
Joseph Story, associate judge of the able possession of Santa F6. .Aug. 18, 1846
United States Supreme Court, dies at Gen. Zachary Taylor captures Monterey,
Cambridge, Mass., aged sixty-six Mexico, after a three days' battle or siege
Sept. 10, 1845 Sept. 24, 1846
Texas State constitution ratified by the Second session assembles. .Dec. 7, 1846
people Oct. 13, 1845 Iowa admitted as the twenty - ninth
Twenty - ninth Congress, first session. State Dec. 28, 1846
assembles Dec. 1, 1845 Battle of San Gabriel, Cal., fought
Texas adnitted as the twenty - eighth Jan- 8, 1847
State Dec. 29, 1845 Congress authorizes ten additional regi-
American army of occupation, Gen. ments for the regular army. .Feb. 11, 1847
Zachary Taylor, 3,500 strong, reaches the Battle of Buena Vista. .Feb. 22-23, 1847
Kio Grande, and takes post opposite Mat- Battle of Sacramento Feb. 28, 1847
amoras March 28, 1846 Congress resolves to light with gas the
Hostilities begun between Mexico and Capitol and Capitol grounds
the United States; a small force of Unit- March 3, 1847
101
UKITED STATES OF AMEBICA
Twenty-ninth CJongress adjourns Wisconsin admitted as the thirtieth
March 3, 1847 State by act approved May 29, 1848
General Scott lands at Vera Cruz, Mex- Congress appropriates $25,000 to buy
ico, with 13,000 men March 9, 1847 the unpublished papers of James Madi-
Vera Cruz surrenders after a bombard- son May 31, 1848
nient of nine days March 29, 1847 Whig National Convention at Indepen-
Army moves from Vera Cruz towards dence Hall, Philadelphia, on the fourth
the city of Mexico under General Twiggs ballot nominates Ma j. -Gen. Zachary Tay-
April 8, 1847 lor, of Louisiana, for President; Millard
Battle of Cerro Gordo.. April 18, 1847 Fillmore, of New York, for Vice-President
Army enters Puebla May 15, 1847 June 7-8, 1848
President Polk visits the Eastern States Corner-stone of the Washington monu-
as far as Augusta, Me., and returns to ment laid at Washington, D. C.
Washington July 7, 1847 July 4, 1848
Battles of Contreras and Churubusco Free-soil National Convention at Buf-
Aug. 20, 1847 falo, N. Y., nominates Martin Van Buren,
Armistice granted the Mexicans by (Jen- of New York, for President, and Charles
eral Scott.. from Aug. 21 to Sept. 7, 1847 Francis Adams, of Massachusetts, for
Salt Lake City founded by the Mor- Vice-President Aug. 9-10, 1848
mons 1847 So much of the Cumberland road as
Battle of El Molino del Rey ("The lies in Indiana is surrendered to that
King's Mill ") Sept. 8, 1847 State by act approved Aug. 11, 1848
Fortress of Chapultepec carried by Territorial government established in
storm, and the city of Mexico occupied Oregon by act approved Aug. 14, 1848
by the United States troops. Sept. 13, 1847 First session adjourns Aug. 14, 1848
Gen. Zachary Taylor returns to the Unit- Sixteenth Presidential election
ed States ". November, 1847 Nov. 7, 1848
Thirtieth Congress, first session, as- Second session assembles .. Dec. 4, 184S
sembles Dec. 6, 1847 First gold from California ( 1,804.50
By resolution Congress authorizes the ounces troy, average value per ounce,
erection on public grounds in Washing- $18.05i/>) deposited at the United States
ton of a monument to George Washing- mint by David Carter Dec. 8. 1843
ton Jan. 31, 1848 Postal treaty with Great Britain
Treaty of peace, friendship, limits, Dec. 15, 1848
claims, etc., between the United States Electoral votes counted. . .Feb. 14, 1849
and Mexico signed at Guadalupe Hidalgo Act granting swamp lands to the State
Feb. 2, 1848 of Tx)uisiana, approved (see March, 1857)
John Quincy Adams, sixth President, March 2, 1849
dies at Washington, aged eighty-one Territorial government of Minnesota
Feb. 23, 1848 established by act approved . March 3, 1849
[Was in his seat in the House when Coinage of the gold dollar and double-
stricken with apoplexy, Feb. 21.] eagle authorized March 3, 1849
John Jacob Astor dies in New York, Department of Interior created by act
aged eighty- five March 29, 1848 approved March 3, 1849
Congress authorizes a loan of $16,000,- Work of census office, previously under
000 March 31, 1848 Secretary of State, transferred to' the In-
By resolution Congress tenders the con- terior by act March 3, 1849
gratulations of the people of the United Thirtieth Congress adjourns
States to the French people on becoming March 3, 1849
a republic April 13, 1848
Democratic National Convention at Bal- Sixteextit Administration — Whig,
timore nominates upon the fourth ballot, March 5, 1840. to March 3, 1853.
under the two-thirds rule, Lewis Cass, of
Michigan, for President, and William 0. Zachary Tai/lor, Louisiana, President.
Butler, of Kentucky, for Vice-President MiUard FiUmore, New York, Vice-Presi-
May 22-26, 1848 dent.
102
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Gen. William J. Worth, U. S. A., dies Collins line of steamers between Great
at San Antonio, Tex., aged fifty-five Britain and the United States goes into
May 7, 1849 operation April 27, 1860
Gen. Edmund P. Gaines dies at New Committee on the compromise resolu*
Orleans, aged seventy-two .. June 6, 1840 tions submits an elaborate series of bills
James K. Polk, eleventh President, dies embodying the substance of the resolutions
at Nashville, Tenn., aged fifty-four of Jan. 29 May 8, 1850
June 15, 1849 [These several bills are known as the
President Taylor issues a proclamation compromise or ''omnibus" bill; the last
against filibustering expeditions to Cuba passed Sept. 20.]
under Lopez Aug. 11, 1849 Narcisso Lopez, a South American ad-
Albert Gallatin, distinguished states- venturer, makes a filibustering expedi-
man, dies at Astoria, L. I... Aug. 12, 1849 tion to Cuba from New Orleans in the
Thirty-first Congress, first session, as- steamer Creole, and lands at Cardenas,
sembles Dec. 3, 1849 May 19, with about 600 men; is repulsed
Senate strongly Democratic, and in the and retires to the steamer with a loss of
House the Free-soilers hold the balance thirty killed and wounded; is pursued
of power between the Democrats and by the Spanish war-steamer Pizarro to
Whigs. After sixty-three ballots for Key West, where he escapes..May 21, 1850
speaker, Dec. 22, Howell Cobb, of Georgia, Advance, 140 tons, and Rescue, 90 tons,
chosen by a plurality of 102 to 99 for equipped by Henry Grinnell, of New York,
Robert C. Winthrop, of Massachusetts, to search for Sir John Franklin, sail from
Organization of the House not completed New York City, under Lieut. £. J. De
until Jan. 11, 1850 Haven, with Dr. Elisha Kent Kane as
Henry Clay introduces six resolutions surgeon May 23, 1850
as a basis for compromise of the slavery President Taylor dies at Washington,
controversy Jan. 29, 1850 aged sixty-six July 9, 1850
[These resolutions related to— First, Vice-President Fillmore takes the oath
admission of California as a free State; of oflSce as President July 10, 1850
second, territorial governments for Utah William R. King, of Alabama, president
and New Mexico without conditions as to pro tern, of the Senate July 11, 1850
slavery; third, boundaries of Texas; Treaty between the United States and
fourth, payment of Texas debt; fifth, sup- the Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands, signed
pression of the. slave-trade in the District Dec. 20, 1849; ratified Aug. 24, 1850
of Columbia; sixth, fugitive slave laws.] Territory of Utah created, and terri-
Clay advocates his resolutions in the torial government established
Senate Feb. 6-6, 1850 Sept. 9, 1850
Resolution of Congress for purchasing Territorial government established in
the manuscript of Washington's Farewell New Mexico Sept. 9, 1850
Address Feb. 12, 1850 California admitted as the thirty-first
Abolitionists attacked by Daniel Web- State, her constitution excluding slavery
ster in debating the compromise bill Sept. 9, 1850
March 7, 1850 Northern and western boundaries of
[This speech much weakened Webster's Texas established. Texas cedes all claim
influence at the North.] to territory beyond this boundary, and re-
John C. Calhoun, statesman and member linquishes all claim for debt, compensa-
of the Senate, dies at Washington, aged tion, or indemnity for the surrender of all
sixty-eight March 31, 1850 United States property; $10,000,000 to be
Bulwer-Clayton treaty with Great paid by the United States government in
Britain, for a joint occupancy of the pro- stocks bearing 6 per cent, interest, and re-
posed ship-canal through Central America, deemable at the end of fourteen years
signed April 19, 1850 Sept. 9, 1850
After a debate of over two months. Amendments of great stringency to the
Clay's compromise resolutions are referred fugitive slave laws of Feb. 12, 1793, pass
to a committee of thirteen, with Clay as the House by 109 to 75, Sept. 12, 1850;
chairman April 19, 1850 approved Sept. 18, 1850
IX.— N 193
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Slave- trade suppressed from Jan. 1, [At this time it was decided that Con-
1851, in the District of Columbia, by act gress expires at noon on the fourth day
approved Sept. 20, 1850 of March.]
Flogging abolished in the navy and on Com. James Barron dies at Norfolk,
vessels of commerce by act approved Va., aged eighty-three April 21, 1851
Sept. 28, 1850 President Fillmore issues a proclama-
Act granting swamp lands to Arkansas tion against the promoters of a second
and other States, approved (see March 3, expedition against Cuba, and the ship
1857) Sept. 28, 1850 Cleopatra, with military supplies for that
First session (302 days) adjourns island, is seized April 25, 1851
Sept. 30, 1850 First train on the Erie Railway, New
[This session the longest up to this York to Dunkirk April 28, 29, 1851
time.] Extension of the United States Capitol;
City council of Chicago passes a reso- comer-stone laid by the President; ora-
lution nullifying the fugitive slave law, tion by Daniel Webster July 4, 1851
and releasing the police from obedience to [Extension finished, November, 1867.]
it Oct. 22, 1850 General Lopez's second expedition
[They subsequently reconsidered it.] against Cuba Aug. 3, 1851
Second session assembles. . .Dec. 2, 1850 Louis Kossuth and suite received on the
British consul at Charleston, S. C, in a United States war steamer Mississippi at
communication to the governor, calls at- the Dardanelles Sept. 10, 1851
tention to the State law under which a James Fenimore Cooper, author, dies
class (negroes) of her Majesty's subjects, at Cooperstown, N. Y., aged sixty-two
entering the ports of South Carolina on Sept. 14, 1851
the guarantee of a national treaty, in Hudson River Kailroad opened from
trading vessels or in distress, are taken New York to Albany Oct. 8, 1851
from the protection of the British flag Kossuth leaves the Mississippi at Gib-
and imprisoned, and hopes that the State raltar and embarks on the Madrid, an
will abrogate such portion of the law a« English passenger steamer, for Southamp-
applies to British subjects. .Dec. 14, 1850 ton, England Oct. 15, 1851
John James Audubon, distinguished President Fillmore issues a proclama-
ornithologist, dies near New York City, tion forbidding military expeditions into
aged seventy-one Jan. 27, 1851 Mexico Oct. 22, 1851
President Fillmore issues a proclama- Grinnell expedition, sent out in search
tion relative to the rescue of Shadrach, a of Sir John Franklin, May, 1850, returns
negro, at Boston, Mass., who had been to New York October, 1851
arrested as a fugitive slave, Feb. 15, 1851, Thirty-second Congress, first session,
calling on all officers and citizens to aid assembles Dec. 1, 1851
in recapturing him, and commanding the Speaker of the House, Linn Boyd, of
arrest of all persons aiding in his escape Kentucky.
Feb. 18, 1851 Kossuth arrives at New York from
Letter postage reduced to 3 cents for England Dec. 5, 1851
3,000 miles or less, if prepaid, and 5 Resolution of welcome to Louis Kossuth
cents if not; over 3,000 miles double rate, by Congress approved Dec. 15, 1851
Coinage of 3-cent pieces authorized. Henry Clay resigns his seat in the Sen-
March 3, 1851 ate (to take effect September, 1852)
Congress authorizes the President to Dec. 17, 1851
employ a public vessel, then cruising in A fire in the library of Congress de-
the Mediterranean, to convey to the stroys 35,000 of its 65,000 volumes
United States Louis Kossuth and his a«so- Dec. 24, 1851
ciates in captivity, if they wish to emi- Kossuth arrives at Washington, D. C,
grate to the United States, and if the on the invitation of Congress
Sultan of Turkey will consent Dec. 30, 1851
March 3, 1851 A memorial presented to the Senate
Thirty-first Congress adjourns from citizens of the United States (about
March 3, 1851 160 in number), captured by the Spanish
194
TJNITED STATES OP AMERICA
government in Cuba while engaged in the Caloric ship Ericsson makes a trial-trip
expedition of Lopez, sent to Spain as pris- from New York to the Potomac
oners, and there liberated by Queen Isa- Jan. 11, 1853
bella IT., asking Congress for transporta- Congress transfers all that portion of
tion to the United States Jan. 7, 1852 the Cumberland road which lies between
Congress appropriates $6,000 to return Springfield, 0., and the western boundary
them to the United States. .Feb. 10, 1852 of that State to Ohio, by act approved
Congress appropriates $72,500 for the Jan. 20, 1853
repair of the Congressional Library Electoral vote counted Feb. 0, 1853
March 10, 1852 Coinage of $3 gold pieces authorized.
Democratic National Convention held at and the weight of the half-dollar fixed at
Baltimore, the two-thirds rule governing 192 gr., and the quarter-dollar, the dime,
June 1, 1852 and half-dime at proportionate amounts,
[Four principal candidates for the by act approved Feb. 21, 1853
Presidency at this convention were Gen. Territory of Washington formed by act
Lewis Cass, Michigan; James Buchanan, approved March 2, 1853
Pennsylvania; ex-Gov. William L. Marcy, Congress authorizes a survey for a rail-
New York, and Stephen A. Douglas, Illi- way from the Mississippi to the Pacific
nois. On the thirty-fifth ballot the name March 3, 1853
of Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, Thirty-second Congress adjourns
was first presented and received 15 votes, March 3, 1853
and on the forty-ninth ballot he waa nom- seventeenth Administration-Deko-
mated, recemng 282 votes. William R. ^ j^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^^^^ 3 jgg^
Kmg, of Alabama, nominated for Vice-
President.] Franklin Pierce, New Hampshire, Presi-
Whig National Presidential Convention Q^'^t.
meets at Baltimore June 16, 1862 WtZ/iam R, King, Alabama, Vice-Presi-
[ Candidates for the Presidency were dent.
Millard Fillmore, New York; Gen. Win- Oath of office is administered to the
field Scott, Virginia; and Daniel Webster, Vice-President-elect by United States
Massachusetts. On the first ballot Fill- Consul Sharkey, at Cumbre, near Matan-
more had 133 votes, Scott 131, and Web- zas, on the island of Cuba. .March 24, 1853
ster 29; these proportions were main- [A special act of Congress authorized
tained very steadily until the fifty- third Mr. Sharkey to do this.]
ballot, when General Scott received 159 Wm. R. King, thirteenth Vice-President
votes to 112 for Fillmore, and 21 for Web- of the United States, dies at Cahawba,
ster. William A. Graham, North Carolina, Ala., aged sixty-seven April 18, 1853
was on the second ballot nominated for Kane sails from New York in the brig
Vice-President.] Advance, under the auspices of the Unit-
Henry Clay dies at Washington, D. C, ed States navy, in search of Sir John
aged seventy-five June 29, 1852 Franklin May 30, 1853
Branch of the United States mint es- Koszta affair, at Smyrna, Turkey
tablished at San Francisco, Cal. June 21, 1853
July 3, 1852 Com. M. C. Perry, a brother of Oliver
Free-soil convention at Pittsburg, Pa. Hazard Perry, with a fleet of seven ves-
Aug. 11, 1852 sels, proceeds to Japan with a letter from
[Named John P. Hale, New Hampshire, President Fillmore to the tycoon, solicit-
for President, and George W. Julian, ing a treaty. Commodore Perry arrives
Indiana, for Vice-President.] at the bay of Yedo July 14, 1853
First session adjourns (after a session World's Fair, Crystal Palace, opening
of 275 days) , Aug. 31, 1852 at New York City; President Pierce pres-
Daniel Webster dies at Marshfield, pnt July 14, 1853
Mass., aged seventy Oct. 24, 1852 William Walker's filibustering expedi-
Seventeenth Presidential election takes tion to Sonora, Mexico July, 1853
place Nov. 2, 1852 Thirty-third Congress, first session, as-
Second session assembles. . .Dec. 6, 1852 sembles Dec. 6, 1853
195
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA
James Gadsden, of South Carolina, min- Treaty with Great Britain, reciprocity;
ister to Mexico, by treaty purchases her the fishery difficulty settled. .June 5, 1854
territory south of the Gila River, now George N. HoUins, commander of the
known as the ''Gadsden purchase," and ship Ci/ane, bombards and destroys the
included in Arizona, containing 45,535 small town of Grey town on the Mosquito
square miles, for $10,000,000. Treaty and coast, Central America June 13, 1854
purchase approved Dec. 30, 1853 [This was an attempt to obtain re-
Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, intro- dress for a personal insult to one of the
duces a bill in the Senate, organizing the officers of the government, and to enforce
Territory of Nebraska Jan. 4, 1854 a claim of $24,000 indemnity.]
A. Dixon, of Kentucky, gives notice Merrimao, a new steam war - frigate,
of an amendment exempting the Territory launched at the Charleston navy-yard
from the Missouri compromise prohibit- June 14, 1854
ing slavery Jan. 16, 1854 [This was one of the vessels seized by
Proclamation of President Pierce against the Confederates at the Norfolk navy-
the invasion of Mexico (called out by yard, April, 1861.]
Walker's expedition into Sonora and Low- Medal presented to Captain Ingraham,
er California) Jan. 18, 1854 U. S. N., by a resolution of Congress, as
Senator Douglas, of Illinois, reports a a testimonial of the high sense entertaiu-
bill creating two Territories, Kansas and ed of his gallant and judicious conduct
Nebraska, of the same territory as the on July 2, 1853, in rescuing Martin
former Nebraska bill, with a section vir- Koszta from illegal seizure and imprison-
tually repealing the compromise of 1820 ment on board the Austrian brig Huzzar,
Jan. 23, 1854 approved Aug. 4, 1864
United States steamer Black Warrior First session adjourns Aug. 7, 1854
seized by the Cuban authorities at Havana Ostend manifesto issued. .Oct. 18, 1854
Feb. 28, 1854 Andrew H. Beeder, of Pennsylvania,
Kansas - Nebraska bill passes the Sen- appointed governor of Kansas by Presi-
ate, 37 to 14 March 3, 1854 dent Pierce 1854
First treaty between the United States Second session assembles .. Dec 4, 1854
and Japan, of peace, amity, and com- Jesse D. Bright, of Indiana, elected
merce, concluded and signed at Kanawaga, president pro tern, of the Senate
Japan March 31, 1854 Dec 5, 1854
[Two ports of entry opened to the Unit- Congress assents to the cession by
ed States, Hakodadi and Simoda.] Massachusetts to New York of " Boston
Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Society or- Corner," the southwesterly comer of
ganized by Eli Thayer, and incorporated Berkshire county, approved. .Jan. 3, 1855
(to aid emigration to Kansas) Annexation of the Sandwich Islands dis-
April 20, 1854 cussed in Congress (strongly opposed by
Kansas-Nebraska bill taken up in the England) January, 1855
House May 8, 1854 Panama Railroad completed; first train
Bill passes the House as an original from ocean to ocean Jan. 28, 1855
measure, by 112 to 90 May 24, 1854 Rights of citizenship secured to children
It passes the Senate, 35 to 13, and ap- of citizens bom in foreign territory by an
proved May 30, 1854 act approved Feb. 10, 1855
[The Missouri Compromise measures of Grade of lieutenant-general by brevet
1820 repealed by section 14 of this act.] revived by a resolution approved
President Pierce issues a proclama- Feb. 15, 1855
tion against the invasion of Cuba [This rank was immediately conferred
May 31, 1854 upon Maj.-Gen. Winfleld Scott.]
Anthony Bums, arrested as a slave at Right of way granted to Hiram 0.
Boston, Mass., is taken by the revenue Alden and James Eddy for a line of tele-
cutter Morris, by order of President Pierce, graph from the Mississippi River to the
conveyed to Norfolk, Va., and delivered Pacific by an act approved .. Feb. 17, 1855
to his alleged master, a Mr. Suttle Thirty-third Congress adjourns
June 2, 1854 March 3, 1855
196
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA
Governor Keeder, of Kansas, removed by Democratic National Convention meets
President Pierce; Wilson Shannon, of at Cincinnati, O June 3, 1850
Ohio, appointed in his place [James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania,
July 28, 1855 nominated for President on the seven-
William Walker lands in Nicaragua teenth ballot, and John C. Breckinridge,
with 160 men Sept. 3, 1855 of Kentucky, for Vice-President. Franklin
Col. Henry L. Kinney made civil and Pierce and Stephen A. Douglas were also
military governor of Greytown, Nicaragua, candidates for the Presidency, but were
by citizens Sept. 12, 1855 withdrawn on the fifteenth and sixteenth
Expedition in search of Dr. Kane, ballots.]
under Lieutenant Hartstene, U. S. N., First Republican National Convention
finds at the Isle of Disco, Greenland, held at Philadelphia June 17, 1850
Kane and his companions, who had left [On the first formal ballot John Charles
the ship in the ice, May 17, and reached Fremont, of California, was nominated
Disco, Aug. 8 Sept. 13, 1856 for President, 329 votes to 37 for McLean,
This expedition returns to New York of Ohio, and one for W. H. Seward ; Will-
City Oct. 11, 1866 iam L. Dayton, of New Jersey, was nomi-
Thirty-fourth Congress, first session, as- nated for Vice-President.]
sembles Dec. 3, 1855 John W. Geary, of Pennsylvania, ap-
After a contest of nine weeks, on the pointed governor of Kansas, in place of
133d ballot, Nathaniel P. Banks, of Massa- Shannon July 1, 185G
chusetts, is elected (Feb. 2, 1856) speaker Committee appointed by the House,
by a plurality of three votes over William March 10, 1856, consisting of John Sher-
Aiken, of South Carolina. man, of Ohio; William A. Howard, of
[This session was the stormiest ever Michigan, and M. Oliver, of Missouri, to
held.] inquire into the Kansas troubles, reports:
Proclamation of President Pierce First, that the election held by the free-
against the invasion of Nicaragua State party was not illegal; second, that
Dec. 8, 1856 the elections under the alleged territorial
President Pierce, in special message, laws were carried by invaders from Mis-
recognizes the pro-slavery legislature of souri ; thi^d, that ' the alleged territorial
the Territory of Kansas, and calls the at- legislature was illegal; fourth, that its
tempt to establish a free-State govern- acts were intended for unlawful ends ; fifth
ment an act of rebellion . w . Jan. 24, 1856 that neither of the delegates to Congress
President Pierce by proclamation warns was entitled to a seat; sixth, that no elec-
all persons against unlawful combinations tion could be held without a new census, a
against the constituted authorities of stringent election law, impartial judges
Kansas Feb. 11, 1856 of election, and United States troops at
American National Convention at Phila- every polling place; seventh, that the con-
delphia. Pa., on the first formal ballot stitution framed by the convention em-
nominates Millard Fillmore, of New York, bodies the will of the majority of the peo-
for President, and Andrew J. Donelson, of pie July 1, 1856
Tennessee, for Vice-President [Mr. Oliver, of Missouri, made a minor-
Feb. 22, 1856 ity report.]
Capture and sack of Lawrence, Kan., Grand jury at Washington indicts
by the pro-slavery party. . . .May 21, 1856 Preston S. Brooks for assault and battery
Charles Sumner, of Massachusetts, upon Charles Sumner, June 22; on trial
beaten down in the Senate chamber by Brooks admits the facts, and is fined $300
Preston S. Brooks, of South Carolina, be- July 8, 1856
cause of his speech, ''The Crime against Preston S. Brooks challenges to a duel
Kansas " May 22, 1856 Anson Burlingame, member from Massa-
House committee recommends the ex- chusetts. Mr. Burlingame in reply agrees
pulsion of Brooks and censure of Keitt, to meet him at the Clifton House, Niag-
but the resolution fails, 121 to 96 (two- ara Falls, on July 26, at noon, when dif-
thirds required) ; Brooks and Keitt re- ferences between them can be adjusted.
sign June 2, 1856 Burlingame leaves Washington for the
197
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
rendezvous; Brooks declines to pursue the Chief -Justice Taney, of the Supreme
matter further July 21, 1856 Court, delivers his decision in the Dred
Preston S. Brooks and L. M. Keitt are Scott case March 6, 1857
returned to Congress from South Carolina Robert J. Walker, of Mississippi^ ap-
July 28, 1856 pointed governor of Kansas, in place of
First session adjourns. .Aug. 18, 1856 Geary, of Pennsylvania, resigned
Army appropriation bill failing to pass, April, 1857
owing to a proviso that the army be not Second treaty with Japan; the third
used to aid the pro-slavery legislature of port, Nagasaki, opened to the United
Kansas, an extra session of Congress is States June 17, 1857
called for Aug. 21 Aug. 19, 1856 Shore end of the Atlantic submarine
Second session (extra) convenes telegraph cable is fixed by the United
Aug. 21, 1856 States steam-frigate Niagara at Valencia
Governor of Kansas proclaims the Ter- Bay, Ireland Aug. 5, 1857
ritory in insurrection Aug. 25, 1856 Cable breaks after paying out 335 miles
Aug. 11, 1857
abandoned until the next
Army appropriation bill passes without
the proviso Aug. 30, 1856
Second session (ten days) adjourns
Aug. 30, 1856
[It was
year.]
Brigham Young, governor of Utah, by
[The shortest session of any Congress.] proclamation forbids any armed force
Whig National Convention meets at coming into Salt Lake City, and orders
Baltimore Sept. 17, 1856 the troops in readiness to repel such in-
[It adopted the nominees of the Ameri- vasion and declares martial law
can party for President, Fillmore and
Donelson. Last appearance of the Whig
party in politics.]
Eighteenth Presidential election held
Sept. 15, 1857
Mountain Meadow (Utah) massacre
Sept. 18, 1857
Mormons attack the government trains
Nov. 4, 1856 and destroy seventy-eight wagons
Third session convenes Dec. 1, 1856
Dispersion of the free-State legislature
at Topeka, Kansas, by Federal troops
Jan. 6, 1857
Filectoral votes counted .. Feb. 11, 1857
Death of Elisha Kent Kane (arctic ex-
Oct. 6, 1857
Great financial distress; banks in New
York City and Boston suspend
Oct. 13-14, 1857
President Buchanan removes Brigham
Young, and appoints Alfred Cumming, of
plorer), at Havana, Cuba, aged thirty-five the United States army, as governor of
Feb. 16, 1857 Utah 1857
Act to confirm to the several States the William Walker makes his third filibus-
swamp and overflowed lands selected un- tering expedition to Nicaragua from New
der act of March 2, 1849, which granted Orleans Nov. 11, 1857
to the State of Louisiana all such lands Lands on the Nicaraguan coast with 400
found unfit for cultivation, and under act men Nov. 25. 1857
of Sept. 28, 1850, which made similar Commodore Paulding, of the United
grants to Arkansas and other States; ap- States navy, arrests Walker at Greytown,
proved March 3, 1857 Nicaragua, and he is taken to New York
Act passed materially reducing duties as prisoner Dec. 3, 1867
March 3, 1857 Thirty-fifth Congress, first session, as-
Thirty-fourth Congress adjourns
March 3, 1857
Eighteenth Administration — Demo-
cratic, March 4, 1857, to March 3, 1861.
James Buchanan, Pennsylvania, Presi-
dent.
John C. Breckinridge, Kentucky, Vice-
President.
sembles Dec. 7, 1857
Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, in the
Senate opposes forcing the Lecompton
constitution on Kansas Dec. 9, 1857
[He thus parted from the Southern
Democracy.]
Kobert J. Walker, governor of Kansas,
resigns Dec. 15, 1857
The House of Representatives meet for
the first time in the new hall of repre-
198
«
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
sentatives in the south wing of the ex- First mail overland from San Francisco
tension Dec. 16, 1857 reaches St. Tx)ui8, twenty-four days eigh-
[By an act approved July 2, 1864, the teen hours in transit Oct. 9, 1858
old hall of representatives wa« set apart Donati's comet, first appearing in June,
as a national statuary hall, and each State attains its greatest brilliancy
invited to furnish in marble or bronze Oct 9, 1858
statues of two of its most distinguished President Buchanan issues a proclama-
citizens.] tion respecting an apprehended invasion
James H. Hammond, of South Caro- of Nicaragua Oct. 30, 1858
lina, makes a " memorable speech " in the Grand Jury of Columbia, S. C, refuses
Senate in reply to W. H. Seward to indict the crew of the slaver Echo
March 4, 1858 Nov. 30, 1858
[In this speech originated the term Second session assembles .. Dec. 6, 1858
mud-sills of society."] Senate leaves the old to occupy the new
President Buchanan issues a proclama- Senate chamber in the north wing of the
tion respecting the Mormon rebellion in extension Jan. 4, 1859
Utah April 6, 1858 A bill presented in the Senate giving
Thomas H. Benton dies at Washington, the President $30,000,000 to purchase Cuba
aged seventy-six April 10, 1858 Jan. 24, 1859
An act to admit Kansas under the Le- William H. Prescott, author, di^ at
Gompton constitution May 4, 1858 Boston, Mass., aged sixty-three
Minnesota admitted as the thirty-second Jan. 28, 1859
State May 11, 1858 Oregon admitted as the thirty-third
Congress authorizes a loan of $20,000,- State Feb. 14, 1850
000 June 14, 1858 Daniel E. Sickles, Congressman from
. First session adjourns June 14, 1858 New York, kills Philip Barton Key at
Second treaty with China of peace, Washington for adultery with his wife
amity, and commerce June 18, 1858 Feb. 27, 1859
Debates in the senatorial contest in Thirty-fifth Congress adjourns
Illinois between Abraham Lincoln and March 3, 1859
Stephen A. Douglas during Trial of Daniel £. Sickles begun at
June and July, 1858 Washington, D. C April 4, 1859
Remains of James Monroe, fifth Presi- [It lasted eighteen days and resulted in
dent of the United States, buried at New his acquittal.]
York, 1831, taken up and conveyed to A rich gold mine opened in Colorado,
Virginia July 2, 1858 on the north fork of Clear Creek, by John
Lecompton constitution for Kansas re- H. Gregory May 10, 1859
jected by the people of Kansas, 11,088 to Unexampled frost prevails throughout
1,788 Aug. 2, 1858 the northern United States night of
Atlantic submarine telegraph com- June 4, 1859
pleted Aug. 5, 1858 M. Blondin for the first time crosses the
First message from Queen Victoria to Niagara River just below the falls on a
President Buchanan Aug. 16, 1858 tight-rope June 30, 1859
[After twenty-three days, 400 mes- San Juan islands occupied by General
sages having been transmitted, the cable Harney, U. S. A. (though claimed by
lost its conducting power.] Great Britain as belonging to Vancouver
Seizure of the EchOy a slaver, with 318 Island) July 9, 1859
slaves, by the United States brig Dolphin, Little John, a negro, arrested at Ober-
Ijieut. John H. Maffit commanding lin, O., as a slave, and rescued at Welling-
Aug. 21, 1858 ton Sept. 13, 1869
Fifteen hundred United States troops Senator David C. Broderick, of Cali-
leave Fort Laramie for the suppression of fornia, mortally wounded in a duel with
Mormon troubles in Utah Judge Terry near Lake Merced, Cal., Sept.
September, 1858 13. dies. . / Sept. 16, 1859
Crystal Palace burned in New York United States steamship Niagara sails
Oct. 5, 1858 from Charleston, S. C, for Liberia, Africa,
199
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
with the negroes taken from the slaver and specific; it passed the Senate after the
Echo; 271 are returned out of 318 Southern members withdrew; approved
Sept. 20, 1850 March 2, 1861.]
Jefferson Davis addresses the Demo- Japanese embassy, numbering seventy-
cratic State Convention of Mississippi in two, of all grades, arrive at Hampton
behalf of slavery and the extension of Roads, and reaches Washington
slave territory October, 1859 May 14, 1860
Brown's insurrection at Harper's Ferry, National Republican Convention meets
W. Va Oct. 16-18, 1859 at Chicago May 16, 1860
Gen. Winfield Scott is ordered to the [All the free States were strongly rep-
Pacific coast in view of the British claims resented, besides delegates from Delaware,
to San Juan; he arrives at Portland, Or. Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri,
Oct. 29, 1859 District of Columbia, and Territories of
Washington Irving dies at Tarrytown, Kansas and Nebraska. George Ashmun, of
N. Y., aged seventy-six Nov. 28, 1859 Massachusetts, was chosen president; con-
John Brown hanged at Charleston, vention decided that a majority nominate ;
W. Va Dec. 2, 1859 platform protested against the indefinite
Thirty-sixth Congresa, first session, as- extension of slavery in the Territories, but
sembles Dec. 5, 1859 proposed no interference with it in the
Green, Copeland, Copk, and Coppoc, States. Balloting began May 18, with
Harper's Ferry insurgents, hanged 465 delegates; necessary to a choice, 233.
Dec. 16, 1859 Candidates were Abraham Lincoln, of 11-
Mr. Clark, of Missouri, introduces a linois; William H. Seward, of New York;
resolution in the House that no one Simon Cameron, of Pennsylvania (with-
who has approved Helper's jTfte /mpendtn^ drew after the first ballot), Salmon P.
Crisis was fit to be speaker Chase, of Ohio, and Edward Bates, of
December, 1859 Maryland. Mr. Seward received on the
House adopts resolutions offered by John first ballot 173*4 votes; second, 184y8;
Covode, of Pennsylvania, for a committee third, 180; Mr. Lincoln, first ballot, 102
to investigate the conduct of the Presi- votes; second, 181; third, 231 *^; changes
dent March 5, 1860 then made gave Mr. Lincoln 354 votes,
A. C. Stephens and Albert Hazlett Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, was nomi-
hanged at Charlestown, W. Va. nated for Vice-President on the second
March 16, 1860 ballot.]
[These were the last of the prisoners Southern seceders from the Charleston
captured at Harper's Ferry in the John Democratic Convention meet at Richmond,
Brown insurrection.] Va., and adjourn to await the decision
National Democratic Convention meets of the Baltimore Convention. June 11, 1860
in Charlestown, S. C April 23, 1860 Seceders, with the rejected delegates,
After much discord the Southern mem- meet at Baltimore June 18, 1860
bers secede, and the convention, after [Twenty-one States were represented by
fifty-seven ballotings without nominating, 105 delegates. John C. Breckinridge, of
adjourns to meet at Baltimore June 18 Kentucky, was nominated for President,
May 3, 1860 and Joseph Lane, of Oregon, for Vice-
Constitutional Union party holds a President, June 23.]
national convention in Baltimore National Democratic Convention assem-
May 9, 1860 bles at Baltimore pursuant to adjoum-
[John Bell, of Tennessee, and Samuel ment June 18, 1860
Houston, of Texas, were the candidates for After some days of debate over creden-
nomination; on the second ballot Bell re- tials of delegates, many delegates with-
ceived 138 votes and Houston 69. Edward draw, and the chairman, Caleb Cushing,
Everett, of Massachusetts, unanimously of Massachusetts, resigns. David Tod, of
nominated for Vice-President.] Ohio, is chosen chairman, and balloting
Morrill tariff bill passes the House begins June 22, 1860
May 10, 1860 [On the second ballot Stephen A. Doug-
[It was protective, the duties being high las, of Illinois, received 181% votes. Ben-
200
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
jamin Fitzpatrick, of Alabama, was nomi- A loan of $10,000,000 authorized by
nated for Viee-PreBident, but declined, and Congress Dec. 17, 1860
the national committee nominated Herschel Senate appoints a committee of thirteen
V. Johnson, of Greorgia.] upon the condition of the country, and to
A loan of $21,000,000 authorized by Con- report a plan on adjusting the difficulty
gress June 22, 1860 Dec. 18, 1860
Homestead bill vetoed by the President [On Dec. 31 the chairman reported that
June 22, 1860 the committee were unable to agree.]
[Senate fails to pass it over the veto John J. Crittenden, of Kentucky, speaks
by three votes.] for union in the Senate, and offers reso-
First session adjourns. .. .June 25, 1860 lutions for amending the Constitution
Steamship Oreat Eastern sails from Dec. 18, 1860
England, June 17, reaching New York in [These resolutions, known as the Crit-
eleven days, two hours June 28, 1860 tenden compromise measure of 1860-61,
Kansas elects a convention to draft proposed to restore the compromise of
a second constitution ; it meets 1820, and strengthen the fugitive sla.ve
July 5, 1860 law of 1850. They were rejected after a
[Under this, the Wyandotte constitu- continued debate by 19 to 20, March 2,
tion, prohibiting slavery, Kansas was af- 1861.]
terwards admitted.] State of South Carolina unanimously
Lady Elgin, a steamer on Lake Michi- passes the ordinance of secession
gan, sunk by collision with the schooner Dec. 20, 1860
Augusta morning of Sept. 8, 1860 Robert W. Barnwell, James H. Adams,
[Out of 385 persons on board, 287 were and James L. Orr, appointed commission-
lost.] ers by South Carolina to treat for the pos-
William Walker, Nicaraguan filibuster, session of United States property within
captured and shot at Truxillo, Nicaragua the limits of South Carolina. .Dec. 21, 1860
Sept. 12, 1860 [On their arrival at Washington they
Prince of Wales arrives at Detroit, addressed a diplomatic letter to the Presi-
Mich., from Canada Sept. 21, 1860 dent, Dec. 28. The President replied, Dec.
After visiting Chicago, St. Louis, Cin- 30, but persistently refused to receive
cinnati, Washington, Baltimore, Phila- them officially.]
delphia, New York, and Boston, he em- Maj. Robert Anderson, in command at
barks for England from Portland, Me. Fort Moultrie, Charleston Harbor, South
Oct. 20, 1860 Carolina, abandons that fort and, with its
Nineteenth Presidential election held garrison, consisting of seven officers, sixty-
Nov. 6, 1860 one non-commissioned officers and privates,
Second session assembles. . .Dec. 3, 1860 and thirteen musicians, occupies Fort
President's message contends that the Sumter night of Dec. 26, 1860
South has no legal right to secede, and Ralph Farnham, last survivor of the
the government no power to prevent se- battle of Bunker Hill, dies at Acton,
cession Dec. 4, 1860 N. H., aged 1041/2 Dec. 27, 1860
A special committee of thirty-three, one Castle Pinckney and Fort Moultrie
from each State, appointed by the House seized by South Carolina State troops
upon the condition of the country Dec. 27, 1860
Dec. 4, 1860 United States arsenal, with 75,000
[This committee submitted five proposi- stands of arms, seized by South Caro-
tions, Jan. 14, 1861; but one, that pro- lina State troops at Charleston
posing a Constitutional amendment, ever Dec. 30, 1860
reached the Senate.] Edward D. Baker, of Oregon, answers
Howell Cobb, of Georgia, Secretary of the plea of Judah P. Benjamin, of Louisi-
Treasury, resigns Dec. 10, 1860 ana, in the Senate for the right of seces-
Lewis Cass, of Michigan, Secretary of sion Jan. 2, 1861
State, resigns because the President re- Fort Pulaski, at the mouth of the Sa-
fused to reinforce Major Anderson at Fort vannah River, Ga., seized by Georgia State
Moultrie, S. C Dec. 14, 1860 troops Jan. 3, 1861
201
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
United States arsenal seized at Mount I^ Yulee^ of Florida, withdraw from the
Vernon, Ala., by the Alabama State Senate with speeches of defiance
troops Jan. 4, 1801 Jan. 21, 1861
Forts Morgan and Gaines, at the en- United States arsenal at Augusta, Ga.,
trance of Mobile Bay, seized by the Aln- seized by Georgia troops .... Jan. 24, 1861
bama State troops .Jan. 6, 1861 Ordinance of secession of Louisiana
Fernando Wood, mayor of New York, adopted in convention, 113 to 17
recommends secession to the common coun- Jan. 26, 1861
cil Jan. 6, 1861 Alfred Iverson, of Georgia, withdraws
United States arsenal at Apalachicola, from the Senate in a speech of defiance
Fla., seized by the Florida State troops Jan. 28, 1861
Jan. 6, 1861 Kansas admitted as the thirty-fourth
Fort Marion and Fort St. Augustine, State Jan. 29, 1861
Fla., seized by Florida State troops Ordinance of secession of Texas adopted
Jan. 7, 1861 in convention, 160 to 7 Feb. 1, 1861
Robert Toombs, Senator from Georgia, Peace conference held at Washington,
delivers his last speech in the Senate D. C, at the request of the legislature of
Jan. 7, 1861 Virginia Feb. 4, 1861
Star of the West, sent by the United fTwenty-one States represented; ex-
States government to reinforce Fort President Tyler chosen president. It ad-
Sumter with 200 men under Lieut. Charles journed Feb. 27, after proposing amend-
R. Wood of the 9th Infantry, is fired on ments to the Constitution, which were
from Morris Island and forced to retire offered in the Senate March 2, and re-
Jan. 9, 1861 jected by a vote of 3 to 34.]
Ordinance of secession of Mississippi United States Senators Judah P. Ben-
adopted in convention, 84 to 15 jamin and John Slidell, of Louisiana,
Jan. 9, 1861 withdraw from the Senate with speeches
Fort Johnston seized by citizens of Feb. 4, 1861
Smith ville, N. C Jan. 9, 1801 Confederate Congress meets at Mont-
Fort Caswell seized by citizens of Smith- gomery, Ala Feb. 4, 1861
ville and Wilmington, N. C. .Jan. 10, 1861 Choctaw nation adheres to the Con-
Ordinance of secession of Florida federate States Feb. 7, 1861
adopted in convention, 62 to 7 Congress authorizes a loan of $25,000,-
Jan. 10, 1861 000 Feb. 8, 1861
United States arsenal and barracks at United States arsenal seized at Little
Baton Rouge, La., seized by Louisiana Rock, Ark., by the State troops
State troops Jan. 10, 1861 Feb. 8, 1861
Fort Jackson and Fort Philips, below Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, chosen
New Orleans, seized by Louisiana State President, and Alexander EL Stephens, of
troops Jan. 11, 1861 Georgia, Vice-President, by the Confed-
Ordinance of secession of Alabama erate Congress Feb. 9, 1861
adopted in convention, 61 to 39 Electoral vote counted .... Feb. 13, 1861
Jan. 11, 1861 United States arsenal and barracks
Florida demands the surrender of Fort seized at San Antonio by the Texas State
Pickens, at the entrance of Pensacola Bay, troops Feb. 16, 1861
Florida, with the garrison of eighty-one United States military posts in Texas
men, under Lieutenant Slemmer; refused surrendered to the State by General
Jan. 12, 1861 Twiggs, U. S. A Feb. 18, 1861
Fort Taylor, Key West, garrisoned by Jefferson Davis inaugurated President
United States troops Jan. 14, 1861 of the Confederacy Feb. 18, 1861
Ordinance of secession of Georgia adopt- Territorial government established in
ed in convention, 208 to 89. .Jan. 19, 1861 Colorado Feb. 28, 1861
United States Senators Clement C. Clay, Gen. D. E. Twiggs dismissed from the
of Alabama, Thomas L. Clingman, of army March 1, 1861
North Carolina, Jefferson Davis, of Mis- Territorial government established in
sissippi, Stephen R. Mallory and David Dakota and Nevada March 2, 1861
202
UNITED STATES OF AXEBICA
[No restrictions as to slavery in the United States armory at Harper's
acts establishing these governments.] Ferry, W. Va., abandoned and burned by
Gen. Winfield Soott, in a letter to Mr. its garrison April 18, 1861
Seward, submits four plans of dealing United States arsenal seized at Liberty,
with the seceding States: First, by con- Mo., by State troops April 18, 1801
filiation, as proposed by Mr. Crittenden Conflict between the 6th Massachusetts
or the peace convention; second, collect and mob in Baltimore, Md.. .April 19, 1861
duties on foreign goods outside the ports President proclaims the blockade of all
of the seceding States and blockade them; ports of the seceding States
third, conquer the seceding States (which April 19, 1861
will take 300,000 men) and hold them as Gen. Benjamin F. Butler's command ar-
conquered provinces; or, fourth, say to rives at Annapolis, Md April 20, 1861
the seceding States, " Wayward sisters, go United States officers seized at San
in peace " March 3, 1861 Antonio, Tex., as prisoners of war
Thirty-sixth Congress adjourns April 23, 1861
March 4, 1861 Governor of Arkansas refuses to furnish
quota of militia (one regiment) to Unit-
Nineteenth Administration — Repub- ®^ States April 23, 1861
LiCAN, March 4, 1861, to March 3, 1866. ^^^^ ^' Campbell, of Alabama, asso-
ciate justice of the Supreme Court of
Abraham Lincoln, Illinois, President. ^y^^ United States, resigns about
Hannibal Hamlin, Maine, Vice-Presi- -^j^y 2 jg^
^®°** [Campbell alone of the three Southern
State of Louisiana seizes the bullion in justices joined the Confederacy. He be-
the New Orleans mint, $536,000, for the came assistant Secretary of War of the
Confederate government March 7, 1861 Confederate States; died 1889.]
John Forsyth, of Alabama, and Martin President Lincoln calls for 42,034 volun-
J. Crawford, of Georgia, present creden- teers for three years, and adds 22,714
tials as ccnnmissioners of the Confederate men to the regular army and 18,000 to
States to the Secretary of State the navy May 3, 1861
March 12, 1861 United States ordnance stores seized at
He declines official intercourse with Kansas City May 4, 1861
them March 15, 1861 Ordinance of secession of Arkansas
Gen. P. T. G. Beauregard summons adopted in convention by 69 to 1
Fort Sumter to surrender. .April 11, 1861 May 6, 1861
Fire opened on Fort Sumter on the President proclaims martial law and
morning of April 12, 1861 suspends the habeas corpus in Key West,
[First gun fired by Edmund Ruffin, a the Tortugas, and Santa Rosa
Virginian, seventy-flve years of age.] May 10, 1861
Fort Sumter surrenders on Baltimore, Md., occupied by United
Sunday, April 14, 1861 States troops May 13, 1861
President by proclamation calls for Gen. Geo. B. McClellan, U. S. A., as-
75,000 troops, and convenes Congress for sumes command of the Department of the
July 4 April 15, 1861 Ohio, embracing a portion of West Vir-
Governor of North Carolina refuses to ginia May 13, 1861
furnish quota of militia (two regiments) Engagement at SewelFs Point, Va.
to the United States April 15, 1861 May 18-19, 1861
Forts Caswell and Johnston, of North Ordinance of secession of North Caro-
Carolina, taken possession of by State lina adopted in convention, vote unani-
troops April 16, 1861 mous May 21, 1861
Ordinance of secession of Virginia, United States troops advance into Vir-
adopted in convention by 88 to 55 ginia and occupy Arlington Heights and
April 17, 1861 Alexandria May 24, 1861
Governor of Missouri refuses to furnish Col. E. E. Ellsworth, of the New York
quota of militia (four regiments) to the Fire Zouaves, shot at Alexandria, Va.
United States April 17, 1861 May 24, 1861
203
UNITED STATES OF AMESICA
Gen. Irwin McDowell, U. S. A., as- Congress authorizes the enlistment of
sumes command of the Department of 500,000 men July 22, 1861
Northeastern Virginia .May 28, 1861 Gen. William S. Rosecrans assumes com-
Grafton, W. Va., occupied by United mand of the Department of the Ohio
States troops May 30, 1861 July 23, 1861
Ordinance of secession of the State of Gen. John C. Fremont assumes command
Tennessee adopted by the legislature of the Western Department. .July 25, 1861
June 8, 18G1 Gen. George B. McClellan assumes corn-
Virginia State troops transferred to the mand of the Division of the Potomac
Confederate government June 8, 1861 July 27, 1861
Engagement at Big Bethel, Va. State troops of Tennessee transferred
June 10, 1861 to the Confederate government
Governor of Missouri calls for 50,000 July 31, 1861
State militia to repel invasion First (extra) session (thirty- four days)
June 12, 1861 adjourns Aug. 6, 1861
Harper's Ferry abandoned by the Con- An act confiscating the property, in-
federates June 15, 1861 eluding slaves, of enemies of the United
General Banks arrests George P. Kane, States Aug. 6, 1861
chief of police, at Baltimore Cren. U. S. Grant assumes command of
June 27, 1861 the District of Ironton, Mo. .Aug. 8, 1861
And police commissioners. .July 1, 1861 Battle of Springfield, or Wilson's Creek,
Western Department constituted Mo., and death of General Lyon
July 3, 1861 Aug. 10, 1861
Thirty - seventh Congress, first session Kentucky and Tennessee constituted the
(extra), assembles July 4, 1861 Department of the Cumberland, under
Galusha A. Grow, of Pennsylvania, command of Gen. Robert Anderson
elected speaker of the House. Aug. 15, 1861
[States not represented in the Thirty- President by proclamation forbids corn-
seventh Congress: Alabama, Arkansas, mercial intercourse with seceding States
Florida, Creorgia, Mississippi, North Caro- Aug. 16, 1861
lina. South Carolina, Texas; from Lou- General Butler captures Forts Hatteras
isiana two Representatives were present and Clark, at the entrance of Hatteras
from February, 1863; Tennessee was rep- Inlet, with 715 prisoners, and twenty-
resented in the Senate by Andrew John- five guns Aug. 29, 1861
son, and in the House by three members. General Fremont proclaims martial
two of them from February, 1863.] law in Missouri, with freedom to the slaves
President's first message to Congress of active rebels Aug. 31, 1861
July 4, 1861 [This act was disapproved by the Presi-
Engagement at Carthage, Mo., between dent.]
the Federals under Col. Franz Sigel and General Grant assumes command of
Confederates under General Jackson; southeastern Missouri Sept. 1, 1861
Sigel retreats July 5, 1861 Advance of the Confederates into Ken-
Senate, by vote of 32 to 10, expels Mason tucky, and capture of Columbus
and Hunter, of Virginia; Clingman and Sept. 3-12, 1861
Bragg, of North Carolina; Chestnut, of Paducah, Ky., occupied by General
South Carolina; Nicholson, of Tennessee; Grant Sept. 6, 1861
Sebastian and Mitchell, of Arkansas, Gren. George H. Thomas assigned to coni-
Hemphill and Wigfall, of Texas mand at camp "Dick Robinson," east
July 11, 1861 Kentucky Sept. 10, 1861
[These Senators had vacated their seats Siege and surrender of Lexington, Mo.
at the previous session.] Sept. 11-20, 1861
Congress authorizes a loan of $250,- Bowling Green, Ky., occupied by the
000,000 July 17, 1861 Confederates Sept. 18, 1861
Battle of Bull Run July 21, 1861 Gen. O. M. Mitchel assumes command of
Gen. George B. McClellan ordered to the Department of the Ohio. .Sept 21, 1861
Washington July 22, 1861 Gen. William T. Sherman supersedes
204
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA
General Anderson in the Department of Committee convenes; Mr. Wade, chair-
the Cumberland Oct 8, 1801 man Dec. 20, 1861
Gen. 0. M. Mitchel organizes an expe- Affair at Dranesville, Va..Dec. 20, 1861
dition for the occupation of east Tennes- Government suspends specie payment
see Oct. 10, 1861 Jan. 1, 1862
James M. Mason, of Virginia, John Department of North Carolina estab-
Slide!], of Louisiana, Confederate envoys lished, Gen. A. E. Bumside commander
to Great Britain and France, run the Jan. 7, 1862
blockade of Charleston Harbor, S. C, in Burnside's expedition arrives at Hat-
the steamship Theodora, on the night of teras Inlet, N. C Jan. 13, 1862
Oct. 12, 1861 Engagement at Logan's Cross Roads,
Battle of Ball's Bluff, Va. .Oct. 21, 1861 or Mill Spring, Ky Jan. 19, 1862
General Scott retires, aged seventy-five Jesse D. Bright, of Indiana, expelled
Nov. 1, 1861 from the Senate on a charge of disloyalty.
Gen. David Hunter, U. S. A., relieves by 32 to 14 Jan. 20, 1862
General Fremont at St. Louis, Mo. Capture of Fort Henry, Tenn., by forces
Nov. 2, 1861 under General Grant and Conmiodore
Battle of Belmont, Mo Nov. 7, 1861 Foote Feb. 6, 1862
British royal mail-contract packet Trent Battle of Roanoke Island, by troops
leaves Havana, Cuba, for England, Nov. 7, under command of General Burnside
with Mason and Slidell on board; she is Feb. 8, 1862
stopped by the United States war steamer General Grant assigned to command
San Jacinto J Captain Wilkes, and the of District of West Tennessee
envoys taken from her Nov. 8, 1861 Feb. 14, 1862
Department of Missouri constituted Surrender of Fort Donelson, Tenn., to
Nov. 9, 1861 federal forces under General Grant
Department of the Ohio reorganized to Feb. 16, 1862
include Kentucky and Tennessee, Nov. 9; Nashville, Tenn., occupied by federal
Gen. Don Carlos Buell assumes command forces Feb. 25, 1862
Nov. 15, 1861 Congress authorizes $150,000,000 United
General Halleck assumes command of States notes, the legal-tender bill
the Department of Missouri Feb. 25, 1862
Nov. 19, 1861 Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark.
Second session assembles. . .Dec. 2, 1861 March 6-8, 1862
President Lincoln's first annual mes- Naval engagement at Hampton Roads,
sage to Congress Dec. 3, 1861 Va., and destruction of the United States
John C. Breckinridge, Kentucky, ex- frigate Congress and sloop-of-war Cumber-
pelled from the Senate Dec. 4, 1861 land by the Confederate iron-clad Vir-
[He had remained in the Senate until ginia, formerly the United States frigate
the end of the previous session.] Merrimac March 8, 1862
Senate resolves that a joint committee Pight between the Merrimac and JIfont-
of three members from the Senate and tor; the Merrimac retires .. March 9,1862
four from the House be appointed to in- Advance of the Army of the Potomac
quire into the conduct of the war, with to Manassas Junction, Va.
power to send for persons and papers, and March 7-11, 1862
to sit during the session (33 yeas to 3 General McClellan relieved from com-
nays) Dec. 9, 1861 mand-in-chief, retaining the Army of the
House concurs Dec. 10, 1861 Potomac March 11, 1862
This committee consists of Senators Departments of Kansas, of Missouri,
Benjamin F. Wade, of Ohio; Zachariah and part of Ohio merged into the de-
Chandler, of Michigan ; and Andrew John- partment of the Mississippi under Major-
son, of Tennessee, Dec. 17; and Congress- General Halleck March II, 1862
men Daniel W. Gooch, of Massachusetts; All persons in the service forbidden to
John Covode, of Pennsylvania; George W. return escaped slaves to Confederate
Julian, of Indiana; and Moses F. Odell, owners, by a new article of war
war Democrat, of New York. . Dec. 19, 1861 March 13, 1862
205 '
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Newbern, N. C, occupied by the Unit- mond to co-operate with General Model-
ed States forces March 14, 1862 Ian May 17, 1862
Embarkation of the Army of the Po- President approves the homestead act
tomac for the Peninsula commenced at May 20, 1862
Alexandria March 17, 1862 Education of colored children provided
Battle of Kernstown.or Winchester, Va. ; for in the District of Columbia by act of
Brig.-Gen. James Shields defeats " Stone- May 21, 1862
wall" Jackson March 23, 1862 Battle of Hanover Court-house, Va.
Siege of Yorktown, Va., commenced by May 24, 1862
General McCleltan April 6, 1862 Corinth, Miss., evacuated by the Con-
Battle of Pittsburg Landing, Tenn. federates, and occupied by the United
April 6-7, 1862 States forces under Major-General Halleck
Island Number Ten, in the Mississippi, May 30, 1862
evacuated by the Confederates Battle of Seven Pines, or Fair Oaks,
April 7, 1862 near Richmond, Va..May Sl-June 1, 1862
Huntsville, Ala., occupied by the Unit- Maj.-Gen. Robert E. Lee assigned to
ed States forces under Gen. O. M. Mitchel command the Confederate forces about
April 11, 1862 Richmond June 3, 1862
Bill abolishing slavery in the District President authorized to appoint diplo-
of Columbia passes the Senate April 3, matic representatives to the republics
29 to 14, and the House April 11, 92 to of Haiti and Liberia June 5, 1862
39; approved April 16, 1862 Treaty with Great Britain for the sup-
[The average compensation paid by the pression of the African slave-trade
government for each slave was $300.] June 7, 1862
Admiral Farragut with his fleet passes General Butler hangs William Mum-
Forts Jackson and St. Philip, the two ford at New Orleans June 7, 1862
forts guarding the Mississippi below New Battle of Cross Keys, Va. .June 8, 1862
Orleana April 24, 1862 Battle of Port Republic, Va.
Admiral Farragut occupies New Orleans June 9, 1862
April 25, 1862 Confederate cavalry, 1,500 men. under
Gen. B. F. Butler occupies New Or- Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, pass around Army
leans with his troops May 1, 1862 of the Potomac June 12-13, 1862
General Magruder evacuates Yorktown, Slavery forever prohibited in the Ter-
Va May 4, 1862 ritories June 19, 1862
Battleof Williamsburg, Va.. May 5, 1862 Army of Virginia formed and placed
Gen. David Hunter proclaims eman- under command of Maj.-Gen. John Pope
cipation of slaves, and authorizes arming June 26, 1862
all able-bodied negroes in Florida, Georgia, Seven days' fighting and retreat of the
and South Carolina May 9, 1862 Army of the Potomac from before Rich-
[These orders were not approved by the mond to Harrison's Landing on the James
President.] River June 26-July 2, 1862
Norfolk, Va., occupied by United States [Battles fought: Mechanicsville, June
forces under General Wool.. May 10, 1862 26; Gaines's Mill, June 27; Savage Sta-
Merrimao blown up by the Confeder- tion, June 29; Glendale, June 30; Fra-
ates May 11, 1862 zier's Farm, or White Oak Swamp, June
Department of Agriculture established 30; Malvern Hill, July 1.]
May 15, 1862 Vicksburg canal begun; designed by
General Butler issues General Order No. Gen. Thomas Williams to change the
28 at New Orleans regarding the conduct course of the Mississippi and isolate
of the women of that city. .May 15, 1862 Vicksburg June 27, 1862
[This order produced great excitement fCreneral Grant recommenced work on
in the South, and, with other acts of the this canal, Jan. 22, 1863, but it proved
general, called forth a proclamation from a failure.]
the President of the Confederacy. See Act for a railroad and telegraph line
Dec. 23, 1862.] from the Missouri River to the Pacific
General McDowell moves towards Rich- Ocean ; approved July 1, 1862
206
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Office of commissioner of intern&l rev- vance of General Lee's army and General
enue created July 1, 1862 Pope Aug. 29, 1862
President Lincoln calls for 300,000 vol- Battle of Manassas, or " second Bull
unteers for three years July 2, 1862 Run," a continuation of Groveton
General McClellan's letter to President Aug. 30, 1862
Lincoln from Harrison's Landing, Va., Kirby Smith, with Bragg's right, ad-
giving advice on the policy of the gov- vances on Richmond, Ky., and defeats the
emment July 7, 1862 Union forces Aug. 30, 1862
Major - General Halleck commander-in Battle of Chantilly, Va...Sept. 1, 1862
chief July 11, 1862 General Pope asks to be relieved from
By resolution Congress provides 2,000 his command of the Army of Virginia,
" medals of honor " for distribution to and transferred to the Department of the
non • commissioned officers and privates Northwest Sept. 3, 1862
who shall distinguish themselves Joseph Holt, of itentucky, appointed
July 12, 1862 judge • advocate - general of the United
Ma j. -Gen. John Pope takes command of States Sept. 3, 1862
the Army of Virginia July 14, 1862 Confederate forces cross the Potomac
Congress authorizes the enrolment of and occupy Frederick City, Md.
the militia between eighteen and forty-five; Sept. 4-5, 1862
the appointment of a judge-advocate-gen- Department of the Northwest created
eral; the President to organize army of Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and the
corps at his discretion ; persons of African Territories of Dakota and Nebraska ; Gen-
descent to be admitted to the army; act eral Pope commanding Sept. 6, 1862
approved July 17, 1862 General Lee issues a proclamation on
Congress authorizes the seizure and entering Maryland Sept. 8, 1862
confiscation of rebel property Capture of Munfordville, Ky., by the
July 17, 1862 Confederate forces under Bragg
Second session adjourns. . .July 17, 1862 Sept. 14-16, 1862
Ex-President Martin Van Buren dies Harper's Ferry surrenders to " Stone-
at Lindenwold, N. Y., aged eighty wall " Jackson Sept. 16, 1862
July 24, 1862 Battles of South Mountain, Md.
President Lincoln calls for 300,000 nine- Sept. 15, 1862
months' militia Aug. 4, 1862 Advance of Gen. Kirby Smith appears
[A special draft ordered in States whose before Covington, Ky., but immediately
quotas are not filled by Aug. 15.] retires Sept. 16, 1862
Battle of Cedar Mountain, Va. Battle of Antietam Sept. 16-17, 1862
Aug. 9, 1862 Confederate army retreat across the
Property in Louisiana belonging to Potomac on the night of
John Slidell, Confederate commissioner to Sept. 18-19, 1862
France, confiscated by order of General Battle of luka, Miss.; General Rose-
Butler Aug. 11, 1862 crans forces Confederate General Price
Army of the Potomac evacuates Har- to retreat Sept. 19-20, 1862
rison's Landing Aug. 16, 1862 Preliminary proclamation of President
Sioux Indians attack the frontier set- Lincoln announcing that in territory still
tlements of Minnesota Aug. 19, 1862 in rebellion on Jan. 1, 1863, the slaves
Confederates, under Gen. Braxton Bragg, will be declared forever free
invade Kentucky, crossing the Tennessee Sept. 22, 1862
River at Harrison above Chattanooga Convention of governors from fourteen
Aug. 21-24, 1862 loyal States, with proxies from three
Secretary of War directs the military otters, meet at Altoona, Pa., and ap-
govemor of the coast islands of South prove the emancipation proclamation
Carolina to enlist 6,000 volunteers of Afri- Sept. 24, 1862
can descent Aug. 25, 1862 General Buell with the United States
[The first permission by the government forces arrives at Louisville, Ky., in ad-
to employ negroes as soldiers.] vance of the Confederate forces
Battle of Groveton, Va., between the ad- Sept. 25, 1862
207
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Office of provost-marshal-general created Third session convenes .... Dec 1, 1862
by the Secretary of War.. Sept. 26, 1862 [The President's message recommends
Brig.-Gen. Jeff. C. Davis, U. S. A., shoots a plan of emancipation in the loyal
and mortally wounds Glen. William Nel- States: first, any State abolishing slavery
son at the Gait House, Louisville, Ky. prior to Jan. 1, 1900, should receive com-
Sept. 29, 1862 pensation; second, slaves made free by the
[No notice was ever taken of this affair war to be forever free, loyal owners to be
by the government.] compensated.]
Battle of Corinth, Miss.. Oct. 3-4, 1862 Battle of Prairie Grove, Ark.
Battle of Perryville, Ky.. ..Oct. 8, 1862 Dec 7, 1862
Eighteen hundred Confederate cavalry, General Burnside moves the Army of
with four pieces of artillery, under Gen. the Potomac to the Rappahannock, op-
J. E. B. Stuart, cross the Potomac for a posite Fredericksburg Dec. 10, 1862
raid into Pennsylvania .... Oct. 10, 1862 Army crosses the river. .Dec. 11-12, 1862
They reach and occupy Chambersburg, Battle of Fredericksburg. .Dec. 13, 1862
Pa., on Oct. 11, and return to Virginia Gen. N. P. Banks assumes command
through Maryland, crossing the Potomac of the Department of the Gulf, establish-
at White's Ford, without the loss of a ing his headquarters at New Orleans
man killed, and having secured 1,000 Dec 16, 1862
horses Oct. 12, 1862 General Grant expels Jews from his de-
Ten Confederate prisoners at Palmyra, partment Dec 17, 1862
Mo., shot by order of Creneral McNiel President Davis proclaims Gen. Benj. F.
Oct. 18, 1862 Butler a felon, outlaw, and common ene-
General McClellan assumes the offen- my of mankind, directing that if captured
sive, and crosses the Potomac from Mary- he be hanged immediately without trial,
land Oct. 26, 1862 and all his commissioned officers or others
Rear of the Confederate army under serving with armed slaves, if captured, be
General Bragg passes through Cumber- reserved for execution Dec 23, 1862
land Gap on its retreat from Kentucky Thirty-eight Indians hanged at Man-
Oct. 26, 1862 kato, Minn., for participation in the mas-
Death of Gen. 0. M. Mitchel, U. S. A., sacres Dec. 26, 1862
at Beaufort, S. C, aged fifty-two Gen. W. T. Sherman, aided by Admiral
Oct. 30, 1862 Porter, assaults Vicksburg on the north
Major-Creneral Buell, commanding Army sacres Dec. 26, 1862
of the Ohio, superseded by Major-General [Known as the battle of " Chickasaw
Rosecrans Oct 30, 1862 Bayou."]
Large Democratic gains in elections in Monitor founders off Cape Hatteras in
Northern States Nov. 4, 1862 a storm, with a loss of sixteen of her
[Horatio Seymour, Democrat, elected crew, night of Dec 30, 1862
governor of New York.] Act admitting West Virginia, to date
General McClellan relieved of command from June 20, 1863 (the thirty-fifth
of Army of the Potomac, and ordered to State), approved Dec 31, 1862
Trenton, N. J.; General Burnside ap- Battle of Murfreesboro, or Stone River
pointed Nov. 5, 1862 Dec 31, 1862^an. 2, 1863
General Porter ordered to Washington President Lincoln proclaims all slaves
to answer charges of General Pope free in the seceding States. . . .Jan. 1, 1863
Nov. 8, 1862 Absent from duty in the army, 8,987
Gen. B. F. Butler relieved from com- officers and 280,073 enlisted men
mand of New Orleans Nov. 9, 1862 Jan. 1, 1863
Lord Lyons, British minister to the Gfilveston, Tex., captured by the Con-
United States, reports to his government federates Jan. 1, 1863
upon the prospects of the Confederates, Gold at New York 133l^ to 133%
the intentions of the conservative ( Demo- Jan. 2, 1863
era tic) party, and the probability of sue- M. Drouyn de I'Huys, French minister
cess of mediation by foreign governments of foreign affairs, addresses M. Mercier,
in the war Nov. 17, 1862 French minister at Washington, concem-
208
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Ing mediation between the United States Congrese authorizee loans of $300,000,-
government and Confederate. .Jan. 9, 1863 000 for 1863, and $600,000,000 for 1864
Arkansas post captured by the United March 3, 1863
States forces under W. T. Sherman and Thirty-seventh Congress adjourns
McClemand, with a fleet of gun-boats under March 4, 1863
Admiral Porter Jan. 11, 1863 Proclamation of the President relative
Greneral Bumside resumes active oper- to desertions in the army. .March 10, 1863
ations, but is foiled by storms Major-General Burnside supersedes
Jan. 20-24, 1863 Maj.-Gen. H. G. Wright in the Depart-
Gen. Fitz-John Porter cashiered and dis- ment of the Ohio March 25, 1863
missed from the service of the United Admiral Farragut passes the Confederate
States under the Ninth and Fifty-second batteries at Grand Gulf, Miss., with three
Articles of War Jan. 21, 1863 gun-boats April 1, 1863
Organization of the Ist South Carolina Raid of mounted infantry from Tus-
Colored Loyal Volunteers, Col. T. W. Hig- cumbia, Ala., towards Rome, Ga. The
ginson, commander Jan. 25, 1863 entire force, 1,700 men, with Col. A. D.
Major-General Burnside relieved by Ma- Streight, captured by the Confederates
jor-General Hooker Jan. 25, 1863 April 7-May 3, 1863
A. D. Boileau, proprietor of the Phila- Major-General Burnside orders that
delphia Evening Journal, arrested and death shall be the penalty for aiding the
taken to Washington Jan. 27, 1863 Confederates, sympathizers with rebellion
Secretary Seward replies to the French to be sent into the Confederate lines
government upon mediation (see Jan. 9) April 13, 1863
Feb. 6, 1863 Admiral Porter, with eight gun-boats
Commissary-general of subsistence first and three steam transports, passes (down)
appointed, with the rank of brigadier-gen- the Confederate batteries at Vicksburg
eral Feb. 9, 1863 April 16, 1863
Territorial government established in Major-General Hooker crosses the Rap-
Arizona Feb. 24, 1863 pahannock at Kelly's Ford
Congress provides a national currency April 28-29, 1863
secured by United States bonds General Grant crosses the Mississippi
approved Feb. 25, 1863 at Bruinsburg, below Vicksburg
[Vote in the Senate, 23 to 21; House, April 30, 1863
78 to 64.] Battle of Chancellorsville, Va.
Destruction of the Confederate war- May 2-4, 1863
steamer Nfishville by the Montauk, in the [" Stonewall " Jackson ( Confederate
Ogeechee River, Ga Feb. 28, 1863 general) mortally wounded on the 2d,
Congress authorizes, besides the four dies on the 10th.]
major-generals and nine brigadier-generals Grand Gulf, below Vicksburg, aban-
for the regular army, forty major-generals doned by the Confederates. . .May 3, 1863
and 200 brigadier-generals for the vol- Clement L. Vallandigham arrested at
unteer service; there may be appointed Dayton, O., for treasonable utterances, by
thirty major-generals and seventy -five orders from General Burnside. .May 4, 1863
brigadier-generals for the volunteers General Hooker recrosses the Rappa-
March 2, 1863 hannock May 6, 1863
Congress resolves that it is the unalter- General Grant occupies Jackson, Miss,
able purpose of the United States to May 14, 1863
prosecute the war vigorously until the re- C. L. Vallandigham convicted by court-
bell ion is suppressed. . . . That any at- martial at Cincinnati of disloyal utter-
tempt at mediation will prolong instead ances, and sentenced to close confinement
of shortening the war. . . . That the re- during the war in some fortress of the
hellion is now sustained by the hope of United States. General Bumside approves,
such intervention March 3, 1863 and designates Fort Warren, Boston
Congress empowers the President to May 16, 1863
suspend the writ of habeas corpus Battle of Champion Hills, Miss.
March 3, 1863 May 16, 1863
TX. — o 209
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Battle of Big Black River, Miss. mand of the Army of the Potomac, and
May 17, 1863 Ma j. -Gen. George G. Meade succeeds
Confederates retire within the defences June 27^ 1863
of Vicksburg, and the siege begins United States and Ck)nfederate forces
May 18, 1863 concentrating at Crettysburg, Pa., battle
United States forces assault the works of Gettysburg begins July 1, and continues
at Vicksburg without success with the defeat of Confederates
May 21-22, 1863 July 2-3, 1863
President rescinds General Bumside's Franklin Pierce, ex-President of the
order concerning C. L. Vallandigham, and United States, addresses a Democratic
sends him into the Confederacy mass-meeting at Concord, N. H., alluding
May 22, 1863 to Vallandigham as a martyr of free speech
Major-General Banks, investing the July 4, 1863
Confederate works at Port Hudson, as- Vicksburg surrenders to General Grant
saults them without success. .May 27, 1863 July 4, 1863
Fifty-fourth Massachusetts (colored). Four thousand Confederate raiders, with
the first negro regiment sent from the ten guns, imder John H. Morgan, cross
North, departs for Hilton Head, S. C. the Ohio Riveir at Brandenburg, Ky., into
May 28, 1863 Indiana July 7, 1863
General Lee begins his movement for Port Hudson surrenders to General
the invasion of the North. .June 3, 1863 Banks July 8, 1863
Cavalry battle at Beverly's Ford, Va., Confederate army recrosses the Poto-
between Generals Pleasanton, Buford, and mac at Williamsport during the night of
Gregg, and the Confederate Gen. J. E. B. July 13, 1863
Stuart June 9, 1863 Draft riot in New York City
C. L. Vallandigham nominated for gov- July 13-16, 1863
emor by the Ohio Democratic Convention Repulse of the United States troops in
June 11, 1863 their assault on Fort Wagner, Morris
General Hooker begins the movement Island, S. C July 18, 1863
of his army northward from the Rappa- Samuel Houston dies at Huntersville,
bannock June 13-16, 1863 Tex., aged seventy July 26, 1863
Battle of Winchester, Va.; General John J. Crittenden dies at Frankfort,
Ewell defeats the United States troops Ky., aged seventy-seven July 26, 1863
under General Milroy. .June 14-15, 1863 President Lincoln proclaims protection
President Lincoln calls for 100,000 men of colored soldiers against retaliation by
for six months to resist the invasion of the Confederates July 30, 1863
Pennsylvania June 15, 1863 Governor Seymour, of New York, re-
[ Maryland to furnish 10,000, Pennsyi- quests President Lincoln to suspend the
vania 50,000, West Virginia 10,000, and draft for troops in that State
Ohio 30,000. These men were not used.] Aug. 3, 1863
Chambersburg, Pa., raided by Confeder- John B. Floyd, ex-Secretary of War and
ate cavalry Jime 15, 1863 Confederate brigadier-general, dies at Ab-
Confederate army crosses the Potomac ingdon, Va Aug. 26, 1863
June 24-26, 1863 Army of the Cumberland crosses the
General Rosecrans finishes the Tulla- Tennessee in pursuit of General Bragg
homa campaign, Tennessee, forcing the Aug. 29-Sept. 3, 1863
Confederates across the Tennessee at Advance of General Burnside's command
Bridgeport, Ala June 24-^uly 7, 1863 occupies Knoxville, E. Tenn. .Sept. 4, 1863
General Rosecrans advances from Mur- Confederates evacuate Fort Wagner on
freesboro against General Bragg at Tul- the night of Sept. 7, 1863
lahoma, Tenn June 24, 1863 General Wood's division of the 21st
Army of the Potomac crosses the Poto- Corps, Army of the Cumberland, occupies
mac June 26, 1863 Chattanooga, Tenn Sept. 9, 1863
Confederates advance to within thirteen President Lincoln suspends the writ of
miles of Harrisburg, Pa. . . .June 27, 1863 habeas corpus by proclamation
Major-General Hooker relieved of com- Sept. 15, 1863
210
UNITED STATES 07 AMEBICA
Battle of Chickamauga.Sept. 19-20,1863 nxaining in northeastern Tennessee during
Eleventh and 12th Corps, Army of the the winter; in the spring he joins Gen-
Potomac, Major-General Hooker, ordered eral Lee at Richmond Dec. 1-4, 1863
to middle Tennessee to reinforce the Army General Sherman's command and the
of the Cumberland Sept. 23, 1863 4th Corps, Army of the Cumberland, rein-
Engagement at Bristow Station, Va., force Knozville from Chattanooga
between the rear of the Army of the Po- Dec. 3-6, 1863
tomac and A. P. Hill Oct. 14, 1863 Thirty - eighth Conffreaa, first session,
Maj.-Gen. U. S. Grant appointed to the convenes Dec. 7, 1863
Division of the Mississippi, including the President Lincoln proclaims amnesty to
departments of the Tennessee, Cumber- all Confederates on returning to their a1-
land, and Ohio ; Maj.-Gen. William S. legiance Dec. 8, 1863
Rosecrans relieved of command of the Total debt of Confederacy, $1,220,866,-
Army of the Cumberland, and Maj.-Gen. 042.50 Jan. 1, 1864
George H. Thomas succeeds, by General Isaac Murphy inaugurated provisional
Order No. 337, War Department governor of Arkansas Jan. 22, 1864
Oct. 16, 1863 President calls for 500,000 men for
President Lincoln calls idr 300,000 men three years Feb. 1, 1864
for three years Oct. 17, 1863 Sherman's Meridian expedition leaves
Regulations issued for the re-enlistment Vicksburg, Miss Feb. 3, 1864
of soldiers in the field in " veteran volun- More than 100 Union prisoners, in-
teer regiments " Oct. 23, 1863 eluding Col. Thomas E. Rose and Colonel
General Hooker crosses the Tennessee at Streight, escape from Libby prison,
Bridgeport, Ala., Oct. 23, and advances Richmond, Va., by tunnelling under the
to the Wauhatchie Valley at the foot of walls Feb. 9, 1864
Lookout Mountain, on the west First Federal prisoners received at
Oct. 27, 1863 Andersonville prison, Ga Feb. 15, 1864
Pontoon bridge thrown across the Ten- Second Confederate Congress meets at
nessee at Brown's Ferry, below Chat- Richmond Feb. 19, 1864
tanooga Oct. 27, 1863 Battle of Olustee, Fla Feb. 20, 1864
Battle of Wauhatchie.... Oct. 27, 1863 Battle of Tunnel Hill, Ga.
General Longstreet, detached from the Feb. 22-26, 1864
Confederate array before Chattanooga, Congress votes to every Union master
advances towards Knoxville, E. Tenn. whose slave enlists in the Federal army
Nov. 4, 1863 a compensation not exceeding $300, the
Engagement at Rappahannock Station volunteer to be free Feb. 24, 1864
and Kelly's Ford, Va. The Army of the Congress revives grade of lieutenant-
Potomac succeeds in crossing the Rap- general in the army Feb. 29, 1864
pahannock, Lee retiring to the line of the Secretary of the Treasury authorized
Rapidan Nov. 7, 1863 to borrow $200,000,000 upon " 6.40 bonds "
Confederate forces under General Long- March 3, 1864
street before Knoxville Nov. 19, 1863 Kilpatrick attempts in vain to release
Battle of Lookout Mountain Union prisoners at Libby prison, Feb.
Nov. 24, 1863 28. Colonel Dahlgren loses his life in a
Battle of Chattanooga, or Missionary raid March 4, 1864
Ridge Nov. 25, 1863 Ulysses S. Grant commissioned lieu-
At Mine Run, Orange co., Va., the tenant-general, March 9; takes chief com-
advance of the Army of the Potomac mand March 10, 1864
under General Meade meets the Confed- Draft for 200,000 men for the navy and
erates under General Lee. Attacks desul- the reserve ordered for April 16 by the
tory; Meade retires... .Nov. 27-30, 1863 President March 14,1864
General Longstreet assaults the defences Governor Michael Hahn appointed
of Knoxville, especially Fort Sanders; military governor of Louisiana
repulsed with heavy loss Nov. 29, 1863 March 15, 1864
General Longstreet raises the siege of Enabling act for admission of Nevada
Knoxville, retreats towards Virginia, re- and Colorado March 21, 1864
211
UNITED STATES OF AMEEICA
New York Sanitary Commission fair Morgan raids Kentucky June, 1864
(receipts $1,200,000) opened. April 4, 1864 Battle of Ck>]d Harbor, Va.
Battles of Sabine Cross-roads, Pleasant June 1-3, 1864
Grove, and Pleasant Hill, La. Currency bureau of the treasury estab-
April 8-9, 1864 lished, with a comptroller of the currency,
Fort Pillow, Tenn., captured by Confed- appointed by President by act. June 3, 1864
crates under Forrest, and colored garri- Philadelphia sanitary fair (receipts,
son slaughtered April 12, 1864 $1,080,000) opens June 7, 1864
Enabling act to admit Nebraska ap- Union National Convention meets at Bal-
proved April 19, 1864 timore, Md., on call of the national execu-
Motto *' In God We Trust " first stamped tive committee, Feb. 22 ; appoints Hon.
upon the bronze 2-cent coins authorized William Dennison, of Ohio, president; ad-
by act April 22, 1864 mits delegates from Virginia and Florida
Hon. Daniel Clark, of New Hampshire, to seats without votes, and rejects dele-
elected president of the Senate pro tent. gates from South Carolina. .June 7, 1864
April 26, 1864 National Republican Convention meets
Array of the Potomac, 130,000 strong, at Chicago June 7, 1864
crosses the Rapidan May 4, 1864 [On the first ballot for President, Lin-
Sherman advances southward from Chat- coin received all the votes except those of
tanooga .May 4, 1864 Missouri for Grant, which were changed
Sassacus defeats the Confederate ram to Lincoln before the result was aa-
Alhemarle in Albemarle Sound nounced. First ballot for Vice-President,
May 5, 1864 Andrew Johnson 200, D. S. Dickinson 108,
Battle of the Wilderness, Virginia H. Hamlin 150, scattering 61; after many
May 6-6, 1864 changes the vote was announced: Johnson
Battle of Spottsylvania Court-house, 404, Dickinson 17, Hamlin 9.]
Va May 10, 1864 Vallandigham returns to Dayton, O.,
Battle at New Market, Va. ; Sigel re- from Canada June 15, 1864
pulsed by Confederates May 15, 1864 General assault of Federals on Peters-
Confederates under Johnston evacuate burg, Va June 16-18, 1864
Resaca, Ga May 15, 1864 Confederate cruiser Alabama fights the
Act for a postal money-order system United States ship Kearsarge oflf Cher-
May 17, 1864 bourg, France, and surrenders in a sink-
Offices of the New York Journal of Com- ing condition June 19, 1864
merce and World, which had published Battle of Weldon Railroad, Va.
a forged proclamation of the President, June 21-22, 1864
calling for 400,000 troops, seized and held Lincoln accepts the renomination by let-
several days by order of the Secretary of ter, dated Washington June 27, 1864
War May 19, 1864 Battle of Kenesaw Mountain. Ga.
[On July 1 Gen. John A. Dix and others June 27, 1864
were arrested, in accordance with a letter Repeal of fugitive slave law of 1850 ap-
from Governor Seymour to District At- proved June 28, 1864
torney A. Oakey Hall, for seizing these Act authorizing the issue of bonds not
offices.] to exceed $400,000,000, or treasury notes
Nathaniel Hawthorne dies at Plymouth, not to exceed $200,000,000 and bonds for
N. H., aged sixty May io, 1864 same amount June 30, 1864
Battles near Dallas, Ga. Congress grants Yosemite Valley and
May 25-28, 1864 Mariposa Big Tree grove to California for
Act creating Montana Territory out of a public park June 30. 1864
part of Idaho approved May 26, 1864 Secretary Chase resigns June 30; Will-
Convention of radicals at Cleveland, O., iam P. Fessenden appointed. .July 1, 1864
protests against the government's policy, Confederates evacuate Marietta, Ga.
and nominates Gen. John C. Fr(imont for July 1, 1864
President, and Gen. John Cochrane for Act prohibiting the coastwise slave-
Vice-Prcsident, by acclamation trade forever approved July 2, 1864
May 31, 1864 First session adjourns July 2, 1864
212
T7NITED STATES 07 AMERICA
President suspends the hahecLS corpus English-built cruiser Georgia captured
in Kentucky, and proclaims martial law at sea by the Niagara Aug. 15, 1864
July 5, 1864 General Grant seizes the Weldon Rail-
President, under resolution of Congress, road Aug. 18, 1864
appoints the first Thursday of August Democratic National Convention meets
as a day of humiliation and prayer at Chicago, Aug. 29; Horatio Seymour
July 7, 1864 chosen president of the convention and
President by proclamation explains veto, platform adopted, Aug. 30. On first bal-
July 2, of a reconstruction bill passed lot for President, Gen. George B. Mc-
less than an hour before the adjournment Clellan, of New Jersey, has 174 votes
of Congress July 8, 1864 (as revised and declared, 202 Vi) ; nomina-
Battle of Monocacy, Md..JuIy 9, 1864 tion made unanimous. George H. Pendlc-
Bepulse of Greneral Early at Fort ton, of Ohio, nominated on the second
Stevens, 6 miles from Washington ballot for Vice-President Aug. 31, 1864
July 12, 1864 Battles of Jonesborough, Ga.
Gold reaches 285 per cent., the maximum Aug. 31-Sept. 1, 1864
July 16, 1864 Hood evacuates Atlanta, Ga.
Hood supersedes Johnston in defence of Sept. 1, 1864
Atlanta July 17, 1864 Gen. John H. Morgan killed at Green-
President calls for 500,000 volunteers ville, Tenn Sept. 4, 1864
for one, two, or three years. .July 18, 1864 General McClellan's letter accepting
On July 5 Horace Greeley received a nomination, dated Orange, N. J.
letter from George N. Sanders, Clifton, Sept. 8, 1864
Canada, averring that Clement C. Clay, Frfimont withdraws in favor of Lincoln
of Alabama; James P. Holcombe, of Vir- and Johnson, by letter Sept. 17, 1864
ginia, and the writer, Confederates in Battle of Winchester, Va.
Canada, would proceed to Washington in Sept. 19, 1804
the interest of peace if full protection were Battle of Fisher's Hill, Va.
accorded them. Greeley referred this Sept. 22, 1864
letter to the President, suggesting with it General Price invades Missouri
a plan of adjustment. The President re- Sept. 24-Oct. 28, 1864
quested him to proceed to Niagara Falls English-built cruiser Florida captured
and communicate with the parties in per- in the Brazilian harbor of Bahia by the
son July 18, 1864 United States war-ship Wachusett, and
[A fruitless conference was the result.] taken to Hampton Roads, where she is
Battle of Peach Tree Creek, Ga. sunk by a collision a few days after
July 20, 1864 Oct. 7, 1864
Battle of Decatur, or Atlanta, Ga. Chief - Justice Roger B. Taney dies in
July 22, 1864 Washington Oct. 12, 1864
Battle of Ezra's Church, Ga. Battle of Cedar Creek, Va.
July 28, 1864 Oct. 19, 1864
Chambersburg, Pa., raided and mostly Raid on St. Albans, Vt., by Confederates
burned July 30, 1864 from Canada Oct. 19, 1864
Unsuccessful mine explosion under a Confederates under Price enter Linn
Confederate fort, near Petersburg, Va., con- county, Kan Oct. 23, 1864
ducted by General Burnside. .July 30, 1864 Confederate ram Albemarle blown up by
Confederate steamer Tallahassee, built Lieutenant Cushing, U. S. N., at Plym-
in England, destroys many United States outh, N. C Oct. 27, 1864
merchantmen July-August, 1864 Battle of Hatcher's Run, Va.
Successful attack on the harbor of Oct. 27, 1864
Mobile; Forts Craines, Morgan, and Powell Nevada, the thirty-sixth State in order,
captured by fleet under Farragut and land admitted into the Union by proclamation
forces under Granger. . .Aug. 6-22, 1864 of the President. Oct. 31, 1864
Maj.-Gen. Philip H. Sheridan appointed Mr. Seward telegraphs the mayor of
to the Army of the Shenandoah New York of a conspiracy to burn the
Aug. 7, 1864 principal cities of the North. .Nov. 2, 1864
213
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Second session of second Confederate Amendment to the Constitution, abolish-
Congress convenes at Richmond ing slavery, passes the House, 119 to 56
Nov. 7, 1864 Jan. 31, 1865
McCIellan resigns his command in the Sherman leaves Savannah and starts
armv. Nov. 8, 1864 northward Feb. 1, 1865
At the general election, Lincoln and President and Secretary Seward meet
Johnson, Republican, carry twenty - two Alexander H. Stephens, Vice-President of
States; McCIellan and Pendleton, three the Confederacy, and commissioners R.
(New Jersey, Delaware, and Kentucky) ; M. T. Hunter and Judge Campbell, to
eleven not voting Nov. 8, 1864 treat for peace, in Hampton Roads
Atlanta burned, and Sherman begins his Feb. 2-^3, 1865
march to the sea Nov. 14, 1864 Bennett G. Burley, the Confederate
Blockade of Norfolk, Va., Fernandina, raider on Lake Erie, surrendered to the
and Peusacola raised by proclamation of United States by the Canadian govern-
President Nov. 19, 1864 ment Feb. 3, 1866
Confederate incendiaries fire many ho- Battle of Hatcher's Run, Va.
tels in New York Nov. 26, 1864 Feb. 5, 1865
Battle of Franklin Nov. 30, 1864 Electoral vote counted Feb. 8, 1865
Second session convenes .... Dec. 5, 1864 €ren. J. M. Schofield appointed to corn-
Fourth annual message of President mand Department of North Carolina, with
Lincoln Dec. 6, 1864 headquarters at Raleigh Feb. 9, 1866
Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, LL.D., born President calls an extra session of the
1793, dies at Washington, D. C. Senate, March 4, 1865 Feb. 17, 1865
Dec. 10, 1864 Columbia, S. C, surrenders to General
Fort McAllister, Savannah, Ga., capt- Sherman Feb. 17, 1865
ured by Hazen's division of Sherman's Lee takes command of the Confederate
army Dec. 13, 1864 armies Feb. 18, 1865
Thomas defeats Hood at Nashville, Charleston, S. C, evacuated and bum-
Tenn Dec. 15-16, 1864 ed by General Hardee, Feb 17, is occu-
President Lincoln calls for 300,000 pied by Federal troops Feb. 18, 1865
volunteers to make up deficiency in call Fort Anderson captured by Federals un-
July 18, 1864. If not obtained before der General Cox Feb. 18, 1865
Feb. 15, 1865, a draft to be made Wilmington, N. C, captured by General
Dec. 19, 1864 Schofield Feb. 22, 1865
Savannah, evacuated by Confederates Secretary of the Treasury authorized
Dec. 20, occupied by Sherman to borrow $600,000,000 on bonds at not
Dec. 21, 1864 exceeding 6 per cent, in coin
Grade of vice-admiral established for March 3, 1865
the United States navy by act of Con- Act passed to establish a bureau for the
gress Dec. 21, 1864 relief of freedmen and refugees
Fort Fisher, N. C, bombarded by Gen- March 3, 1865
eral Porter, Dec. 24, and unsuccessfully A tax of 10 per cent, imposed on notes
attacked by Generals Butler and Porter of State banks paid out after July 1,
Dec. 25, 1864 1866 March 3, 1865
Vice-President Hamlin resumes the Confederate debt disowned by United
chair in the Senate Jan. 5, 1865 States Senate, Feb. 17; by House of Rep-
General Grierson's raid; after destroy- resentatives March 3, 1865
ing 100 miles of railroad, taking 600 Andrew Johnson inaugurated Vice-Pres-
prisoners and 1,000 contrabands, he ar- ident; oath administered by H. Hamlin
rives at Vicksburg Jan. 6, 1865 in the Senate chamber March 3, 1865
Fort Fisher captured Jan. 15, 1865 Thirty-eighth Congress adjourns
Edward Everett dies at Boston, aged March 3, 1865
scveuty-one Jan. 15, 1865 Senate assembles in special session
Monitor Patapsco sunk off Charleston March 4, 1865
by a torpedo Jan. 15, 1865 Lincoln inaugurated President
Joint resolution, proposing a Thirteenth March 4, 1865
214
mnTES STATES 07 AMBSICA
TWEKTIBTH ADMINI8TBATI0N-IKPUB- at the executive mansion at noon and ap-
*r 1. ^ 10/.C J. \M u o loflft propnate memorial services held through-
UCAN, March 4, 1865. to March 3, 1869. ^^/^^^ ^^^^^^ ^p^jj ^^ jK^g
.- , ,. , Til- • -o 'J «i. [Remains of the President, after lyinff
Abraham Ltncoliif Illinois, President ,. \^^.^ „* «.v« n ;*^i *u u *u o/ii.i
. , , , 'm ir*..^ -D : ^^ state at the Capitol through the 20th.
Andrew? t/ofctwon, Tennessee, Vice-Preai- ^„„^„. .^ c:«^;««««i^ th u i*-
, , ' conveyed to Springfield, 111., via Balti-
more, Harrisburg, Philadelphia, New
Special session of Senate adjourns York, Albany, Buffalo, Cleveland, Colum-
March 11, 1865 bus, Indianapolis, and Chicago; buried
Battle of Averysboro, N. C. at Springfield, May 4.]
March 16, 1865 Macon, Ga., occupied by Union forces
Confederate Congress adjourns sine die April 20, 1865
March 18, 1865 J. Wilkes Booth, discovered in a bam
Battle of Bentonville, N. C. near Bowling Green, Va., shot by Sergeant
March 19, 1865 Boston Corbett, and his accomplice, Har-
Arinies of Sherman, Terry, and Scho- old, captured April 26, 1865
field join at Goldsboro, N. C. Memorandum for a peace, signed by
March 23, 1865 Generals Sherman and Johnston at Dur-
Battle of Five Forks, Va. ham Station, N. C, April 18, is rejected
March 31-April 1, 1865 at Washington April 21. Grant arrives
Richmond evacuated by Confederates at Raleigh April 24, and General John-
and partly burned Aj)ril 2, 1865 ston surrenders to Sherman at Bennett's
Selma, Ala., captured with large stores house, near Durham Station
April 2, 1865 April 26, 1865
Ewell's division, some 8,000 men, cut Executive order for trial by military
off, surrounded, and captured at Sailor's commission of alleged assassins of Presi-
Creek, Va April 6, 1865 dent Lincoln issued May 1, 1865
Correspondence between United States Reward of $100,000 offered for the capt-
Minister Adams in London and Earl Rus- ure of Jefferson Davis by proclamation of
sell, respecting the Alabama, begins President May 2, 1865
April 7, 1865 Confederate Gen. Richard Taylor sur-
Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox renders at Citronelle, near Mobile, Ala.
Court-house, Va April 9, 1865 May 4, 1865
Montgomery, Ala., surrenders to Wil- Executive order re-establishing aii-
Bon April 11, 1865 thority of the United States in Virginia
Mobile evacuated by Confederates recognizes Francis H. Pierpont as gov-
April 12, 1865 ernor May 10, 1865
Secretary of War issues orders to stop Jefferson Davis captured, with his wifp,
drafting and further purchase of war ma- mother, Postmaster-General Reagan, Col-
terials April 13, 1865 onel Harrison, Johnson, and others, by
General Sherman occupies Raleigh, N.C. 4th Michigan Cavalry, under Colonel
April 13, 1865 Pritchard, at Irwinsville, Ga.
Stars and stripes raised over Fort May 10, 1866
Sumter, Charleston April 14, 1865 [Davis taken to Fortress Monroe.]
President Lincoln shot by J. Wilkes Last fight of the war near Palo Pinto,
Booth in Ford's Theatre, Washington Tex.; a Federal force under Colonel Bar-
April 14, 1865 ret defeated by Confederates under Gen-
Secretary Seward and his son wounded eral Slaughter May 13, 1865
in his own house by an assassin Confederate ram Stonewall surrenders
April 14, 1865 to Spanish authorities in Cuba
President Lincoln dies at about 7.30 May 20, 1865
A.M April 15, 1865 President Johnson proclaims Southern
Chief -Justice Chase administers the oath ports open May 22, 1865
of office as President to Andrew Johnson Grand review of the armies of the Po-
April 15, 1865 tomac, Tennessee, and Georgia at Wash-
Puneral services of President Lincoln ington, D. C May 22-23, 1865
215
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA
Gen. E. Kirby Smith surrenders his South Carolina repeals ordinance of 6e>
trans-Mississippi army May 26, 1865 cession Sept. 15, 1865
President proclaims general amnesty to Alabama annuls the ordinance of se-
rebels, with exceptions, on taking oath of cession Sept. 25, 1865
allegiance May 29, 1865 North Carolina annuls the ordinance of
William W. Holden proclaimed provi- secession Oct. 7, 1865
sional governor of North Carolina by Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia; John
President Johnson May 29, 1865 H. Reagan, of Texas; John A. Campbell,
Day of humiliation and mourning on of Alabama; George A. Trenholm, of
account of the assassination of Lincoln South Carolina, and Charles Clark, of
June 1, 1865 Mississippi, paroled by executive order
British government rescinds its recogni- Oct. 11, 1865
tion of the Confederates as belligerents President proclaims end of martial law
June 2, 1865 in Kentucky Oct. 12, 1865
Galveston, Tex., the last seaport held Great Fenian meeting at Philadelphia;
by the South, surrenders June 5, 1865 the Irish republic proclaimed
French government rescinds its recog- Oct. 16-24, 1865
nition of the Confederates as belligerents Florida repeals ordinance of secession
June 6, 1865 Oct. 28, 1865
Judge William L. Sharkey appointed Georgia repeals ordinance of secession
provisional governor of Mississippi by Oct. 3Q, 1865
President ifohnson June 13, 1865 National thanksgiving for peace
Proclamation of President removing re- Nov. 2, 1865
strictions on trade east of the Missis- Shenandoah, Captain Waddell, reaches
fiippi after July 1, and declaring insur- Liverpool, England, Nov. 6; he had first
rection in Tennessee suppressed heard of the peace Aug« 2; vessel given
June 13, 1865 up to British government, and crew pa-
Gren. A. J. Hamilton appointed pro- roled Nov. 8, and the vessel given to
visional governor of Texas by President the American consul Nov. 9, 1865
Jime 17, 1866 Captain Wirz, after military trial, be-
James Johnson appointed provisional gun Aug. 21, is convicted of cruelty to
governor of Georgia June 17, 1865 Federal prisoners in Andersonville, and
Lewis E. Parsons proclaimed provisional hung Nov. 10, 1865
governor of Alabama June 21, 1865 Ex-President Buchanan publishes a Tin-
Proclamation of the President rescind- dication of his administration
ing the blockade June 23, 1865 November, 1865
Restriction of trade west of the Mis- Habeas corpus restored in the northern
sissippi removed by proclamation of Presi- States by President's proclamation
dent. June 24, 1865 Dec. 1, 1865
Benjamin F. Perry proclaimed provi- Thirty - ninth Congress, first session,
sional governor of South Carolina convenes Dec. 4, 1865
June 30, 1865 President's annual message presented
Execution of Lewis Payne, G. A. At- Dec. 4, 1865
zerodt, David E. Harold, and Mary E. House appoints as committee on recon-
Surratt, implicated in the assassination of struction Messrs. Stevens, Washburn,
Lincoln July 7, 1866 Morrill, Grider, Bingham, Conkling, Bout-
William Marvin proclaimed provision- well, Blow, and Rogers Dec. 14, 1865
al governor of Florida July 13, 1865 Secretary Seward declares the Thirteenth
Confederate privateer Shenandoah Amendment to the Constitution, abolish-
(Captain Waddell) destroys about thirty ing slavery, ratified by twenty-seven States
Federal vessels during August, 1865 Dec. 18, 1865
Mississippi nullifies the ordinance of se- President sends a message to Congress
cession Aug. 22, 1865 on the insurgent States, with report of
All restrictions on Southern ports re- General Grant Dec 18, 1865
moved after Sept. 1 by proclamation of Senate appoints as committee on recon-
President Aug. 29, 1865 struction Messrs. Fessenden, Grimes,
216
UNITED STATES 07 AKEEICA
Harris, Howard, Johnson, and Will- they withdraw to the United States, where
iams Dec. 21, 1865 many are arrested for violating the
Governor Holden, of North Carolina, neutrality laws, and over 1,000 paroled
relieved by President Johnson, and Gov- June 2, 1860
ernor-elect Jonathan Worth appointed President's proclamation against the in-
Dee. 23, 1865 vasion of Canada by Fenians . .June 6, 1860
Death of Joseph Crele, said to be 141 Over 1,000 Fenians attack St. Armand,
years of age; born at site of Detroit in Quebec, and are routed. .. .June 0, 1806
1725; dies at Caledonia, Wis. Fourteenth Amendment to Constitution
Jan. 27, 1866 passes the Senate, June 8; the House,
Fredmen's bureau bill passed by Sen- June 13; reaching the State Department
ate, Jan. 25; by House, Feb. 6, 1806; ve- June 16, 1806
toed Feb. 19, 1866 Majority of reconstruction committee
[The Senate fails to pass this bill over report the late Confederate States not
the President's veto, vote being 30 for to entitled to representation in Congress
18 against.] June 18, 1860
President denounces Congress and the Message from the President to Congress
reconstruction committee in a speech at adverse to presenting the Fourteenth
the executive mansion Feb. 22, 1860 Amendment to the States.. June 22, 1860
Civil rights bill passed March 16; Great fire in Portland, Me.. July 4, 1800
vetoed March 27, 1800 James H. Lane, Senator from Kansas,
President proclaims the insurrection at commits suicide July 11, 1800
an end in Georgia, South Carolina, Vir- Tennessee readmitted by joint reso-
g^nia. North Carolina, Tennessee, Ala- lution of Congress, approved
bama, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, July 24, 1800
and Florida April 2, 1800 Congress creates the grades of admiral
First post of the Grand Army of the and vice-admiral in the navy, and revives
Republic organized at Springfield, III. that of general in the army
April 0, 1800 July 25, 1800
Civil rights bill passed over the Presi- Atlantic telegraph completed
dent's veto April 9, 1800 July 27, 1800
Fair held in Baltimore for the relief Act increasing and fixing the military
of the destitute in the Southern States peace establishment July 28, 1800
nets $104,500.97 April, 1800 First session adjourns. . .July 28, 1800
Race riot in Memphis, Tenn. Race riot in New Orleans, many negroes
May 1-2, 1800 killed July 30, 1800
Boundary of Nevada extended 1® E., National Union Convention of Conser-
by act of Congress May 5, 1800 vatives in Philadelphia; Senator James
Jefferson Davis indicted for complicity R. Doolittle, president Aug. 14, 1860
in the assassination of President Lincoln, This convention adopts a declaration
in the United States circuit court of Vir- of principles vindicating the President
g:inia May 8, 1800 Aug. 17, 1800
Fourth Wisconsin Cavalry mustered out. President proclaims the decree of Maxi-
after serving five years and one day; the milian, July 9, 1800, closing Matamoras
longest term of volunteers on record and other Mexican ports, null and void as
May 28, 1800 against the United States.. Aug. 17, 1800
Death of Gen. Winfield Scott at West Insurrection in Texas at an end by
Point, aged, eighty May 29, 1800 proclamation of the President
Customs officers seize 1,200 stands of Aug. 20, 1860
Fenian arms at Rouse's Point, N. Y., President Johnson visits Philadelphia,
May 19, and 1,000 at St. Alban's, Vt. New York, Chicago, etc., speaking in favor
May 30, 1800 of his policy and against Congress
Fenian raid into Canada; about 1,200 Aug. 24-Sept. 18, 1800
men cross the Niagara River at Buffalo, fin this journey, then popularly known
N. Y., landing near old Fort Erie, May as " swinging around the circle," the Presi-
31, 1800. After a skirmish near Ridgeway dent was accompanied by Secretary Sew-
217
T7NITED STATES OF AMERICA
ard, Secretary Welles, Postmaster-General the President's veto; Senate, 35 to 11;
Randall, General Grant, Admiral Farra- House, 133 to 37 March 2, 1867
gut, and other army officers and civilians.] Military reconstruction act introduced
Convention of Southern loyalists, held in the House by Thaddeus Stevens, Feb.
at Philadelphia Sept. 3-7, 1866 6, providing for the division of the in-
[This convention united with the con- surrectionary States into five military dis-
vention of the congressional party op- tricts, as follows: Ist, Virginia ; 2d, North
posing the President's policy.] and South Carolina; 3d, Georgia, Florida,
Comer-stone of monument to Stephen and Alabama; 4th, Mississippi and Arkan-
A. Douglas laid in Chicago .. Sept. 6, 1866 sas; 5th, Louisiana and Texas. Passed
National mass convention of soldiers over the President's veto; House, 138 to
and sailors held in the interest of the 51; Senate, 38 to 10 March 2, 1867
President at Cleveland, in resolutions re- National bankruptcy bill passed
ported by Col. L. D. Campbell, approve March 2, 1867
unanimously the action of the Philadelphia Department of Education established
convention of Aug. 17 Sept. 18, 1866 by act of Congress March 2, 1867
Pittsburg convention of soldiers and Peonage in the Territory of New Mexico
sailors held in opposition to the Presi- abolished and forever prohibited by act
dent's policy Sept. 25-26, 1866 of Congress March 2, 1867
Peabody Institute, Baltimore, Md., in- Committee on the judiciary reports, con-
augurated; George Peabody present cerning impeachment, its inability to con-
Oct. 24, 1866 elude its labors (report presented at 3
A gold medal for Mrs. Abraham Lincoln, a.m. Sunday, March 3 ) , and recommends
the gift of 40,000 French citizens, is de- a continuance of investigation
livered to Minister Bigelow at Paris March 2, 1867
Dec. 1, 1866 Thirty-ninth Congress adjourns
Second session convenes; President's March 4, 1867
message received Dec. 3, 1866 Fortieth Congress, first session, con-
Geo. H. Williams, of Oregon, introduces venes March 4, 1867
bill " to regulate the tenure of civil Schuyler Colfax re-elected speaker by a
offices " Dec. 3, 1866 vote of 127 to 30 for Samuel S. Marshall,
Massacre by Indians of United States of Illinois,
troops at Fort Philip Kearny, near Big [The first session of the Fortieth Congress
Horn, Wyo.; three officers and ninety was continued by repeated adjournments,
men killed and scalped Dec. 21, 1866 sitting — First, March 4-29; second, July
In the House of Representatives, James 3-20; third, Nov. 21-Dec. 2, when it ad-
M. Ashley, of Ohio, charges President journed sine die. Congress distrusting the
Johnson with usurpation, corrupt use of President, it was deemed advisable "that
the appointing, pardoning, and veto pow- the President should not be allowed to have
ers, and corrupt disposition of public control of events for eight months with-
property, and interference in elections, out the supervision of the l^islative
The case is referred to the judiciary com- branch of the government." Benj. F.
mittee by 108 to 39 Jan. 7, 1867 Butler enters Congress for the first time
Bill extending suffrage to negroes in the at this session as Republican representa-
District of Columbia ; passed by Congress, tive from Massachusetts.]
Dec. 14, 1866; vetoed, Jan. 5; passed over General Orders No. 10, issued from army
the veto i Jan. 8, 1807 headquarters by direction of the Presi-
Congress admits Nebraska as a State dent, assigning Gen. J. M. Schofield to com-
over the President's veto Feb. 9, 1867 mand 1st Military District; Gen. D. E.
Alexander Dallas Bache, LL.D., A.A.S., Sickles to command 2d Military District;
born 1806, dies at Newport, R. I. Gen. G. H. Thomas to command 3d Mili-
Feb. 17, 1867 tary District; Gen. E. 0. C. Ord to eom-
Nebraska, the thirty-seventh in order, mand 4th Military District; Gen. P. H.
proclaimed a State by the President Sheridan to command 6th Military Dis-
March 1. 1867 trict March 11-12, 1867
Tenure of civil office bill passed over Gen. John Pope assigned to 3d Military
218
UNITED STATES OF AXSEICA
District, General Thomas to command De- Grant appointed Secretary pro tern., Stan-
partment of the Cumberland ton submitting under protest
March 15, 1867 Aug. 12, 1807
Peabody Southern educational fund (a Sheridan relieved of command in 5th
gift of $2,100,000 from George Peabody) Military District, and General Hancock
transferred to a board of trustees, Rev. Dr. appointed Aug. 17, 1807
Barnas Sears superintendent General Sickles succeeded by Gen. £. R.
March 22, 1867 S. Canby as commander of 2d Military
Supplementary reconstruction act con- District Aug. 26. 1867
cur red in March 10, vetoed by President, Woman's suffrage campaign in Kansas
March 23; is passed over his veto by the conducted by Lucy Stone, Susan B. An-
House, 114 to 25, and by the Senate, 40 thony, Elisabeth Cady Stanton, and
to 7 March 23, 1867 George Francis Train with the Hutchin-
Congress adjourns to July 3, after son family of singers
a session of twenty-six days September-October, 1867
March 29, 1867 General amnesty proclaimed by the
Special session of the Senate in ac- President Sept. 7, 1867
cordance with President's proclamation, National cemetery at Antietam dedi-
March 30, meets April 1, 1867 cated Sept. 17, 1867
Special session of the Senate adjourns Gold discovered in Wyoming, and South
Mne die April 19, 1867 Pass City established October, 1867
Expedition against the Indians in west- Elias Howe, inventor, born 1819, dies
€rn Kansas, led by Generals Hancock and at Brooklyn, L. I Oct. 3, 1867
•Custer April 30, 1867 Formal transfer of Alaska by Russia to
Jefferson Davis taken to Richmond on General Rousseau of the United States
habeas corpus and admitted to bail in service at New Archangel, Sitka
^100,000; sureties, Horace Greeley and Oct. 9, 1867
Augustus Schell, of New York; Aristides Congress reassembles Nov. 21, 1867
Welsh and Darid K. Jackman, of Phila- Congress adjourns sine die after a twelve
delphia; W. H. McFarland, Richard B. days' session Dec. 2, 1867
Haxall, Isaac Davenport, Abraham War- Second session meets Dec. 2, 1867
wick, G. A. Myers, W. W. Crump, James President's message received by Con-
Lyons, J. A. Meredith, W. H. Lyons, gress Dec. 3, 1867
John M. Botts, Thomas W. Boswell, and Resolution to impeach the President
James Thomas, Jr., of Virginia negatived in the House of Representatives
May 13, 1867 Dec. 7, 1867
Congress reassembles July 3. 1867 Maj.-Gen. George C. Meade appointed
Supplementary reconstruction bill, re- to command of 3d Military District, suc-
ported July 8, vetoed and passed over the ceeding Pope, removed Dec. 28, 1867
Teto July 19, 1867 Senate refuses to approve of the sus-
Congress adjourns to Nov. 21, after a pension of Secretary Stanton. .Jan. 13, 1868
■session of eighteen days. . . .July 20, 1867 Act exempting cotton from internal tax
Catharine Maria Sedgwick, authoress, Feb. 3, 1808
bom in 1789, dies near Roxbury, Mass. President Johnson removes Stanton, and
July 31, 1867 appoints Gen. Lorenzo Thomas Secretary
John H. Surratt, implicated in assas- of War ad int.; act declared illegal by the
«ination of President Lincoln, is arrested Senate Feb. 21, 1808
in Alexandria, Egypt, and placed on the Mr. Stanton refuses to vacate, and has
American vessel Sicatara, Dec. 21, 1806; Thomas arrested and held to bail (din-
his trial begins June 10, 1867, in the crim- charged Feb. 24) Feb. 22, 1808
inal court for the District of Columbia; House of Representatives votes to im-
the jury, disagreeing, are dismissed peach the President, 124 to 42
Aug. 10, 1867 Feb. 24, 1808
E. M. Stanton, Secretary of War, refus- Impeachment reported at the bar of the
ing to resign at the request of the Presi- Senate by Thaddeus Stevens and John A.
4lent, Aug. 5, is suspended, and General Bingham Feb. 25, 1808
219
T7NITED STATES OF AMEBICA
Articles of impeachment adopted by the Arkansas admitted to representation by
House, and Thaddeus Stevens, B. F. Congress over President's veto
Butler, John A. Bingham, George S. Bout- June 22, 186^
well, James F. Wilson, Thomas Williams, Eight hours to constitute a day's work
and John A. Ix>gan elected managers for all laborers, workmen, and mechanics
March 2, 1808 in government employ, by act
Senate organizes as a court of impeach- June 2o, 1868
ment March 5, 1868 North Carolina, South Carolina, Loui-
General Hancock succeeded by General siana, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida ad-
Buchanan as commander of 5th Military mitted to representation in Congress over
District March 18, 1868 President's veto June 25, 1868
Answer of President Johnson to articles McDowell relieved and Gen. Alvan C.
of impeachment read in court by his coun- Gillem appointed to command of 4th
Bel March 23, 1868 Military District June 30, 1868
Prosecution begun by B. F. Butler So - called " Burlingame treaty " with
March 30, 1868 China signed at Washington. .July 4, 1868
Chinese embassy, headed by Anson Bur- Amnesty proclamation by the President
lingame, arrives at San Francisco pardoning all late rebels not under pre-
March 31, 1868 sentment or indictment in United States
Benjamin R. Curtis opens the defence courts July 4, 1868
in court of impeachment. . .April 9, 1868 National Democratic Convention meets
Memorial monument and statue of in Tammany Hall, New York, July 4, and
President Lincoln imveiled at Washington Horatio Seymour chosen permanent presi-
April 16, 1868 dent, July 6; Horatio Seymour nomi-
Grand Army of Republic institutes Me- nated for President on twenty-second bal-
morial or Decoration Day by order desig- lot; Gen, Frank P. Blair for Viee-Presi-
nating May 30 for observance dent unanimously on first ballot
May 6, 1868 July 9, 1868
Senate votes upon eleventh article of Act removing legal and political dis-
impeachment; 35 (not two-thirds) for abilities imposed by United States on
conviction, 19 for acquittal several hundred persons in the Southern
May 16, 1868 States as mentioned in act. .July 20, 1868
Republican National Convention assem- Secretary Seward announces the Four-
bles at Chicago, and Joseph R. Hawley, teenth Amendment to the Constitution
of Connecticut, chosen permanent presi- adopted by the vote of twenty-nine States
dent, May 20; Ulysses S. Grant nominated July 20, 1868
for President on first ballot; on the fifth Bill for payment of national debt and
ballot for Vice-President, Schuyler Colfax, reduction of rate of interest passed by
of Indiana, receives 641 votes; Benjamin Congress July 26, 1868
F. Wade, of Ohio, 38; Reuben E. Fenton, Territory of Wyoming created of parts
of New York, 69 May 21, 1868 of Dakota, Utah, and Idaho. .July 25, 1868
Court of impeachment acquits the Presi- Freedman's bureau discontinued after
dent on articles ii. and iii. by same vote Jan. 1, 1869, by act July 25, 1868
as on article xi., and adjourns sine die United States laws relating to customs,
by vote of 34 to 16 May 26, 1868 commerce, and navigation extended over
Mr. Stanton resigns as Secretary of Alaska, by act July 27, 1868
War, May 26, and is succeeded by General Act for protection of naturalized cit-
Schofield May 30, 1868 iz^ns abroad July 27, 1868
Ex - President James Buchanan, born Second session adjourns to Sept. 21,
1791, dies at Wheatland, Pa. .June 1, 1868 after sitting 239 days July 27, 1868
Gen. George Stoneman assigned to 1st Fourteenth Amendment ratified by Geor-
Military District, to replace Schofield gia, July 21, 1868; proclaimed by Presi-
June 1, 1868 dent July 27, 1868
Gen. Irvin McDowell appointed to com- Gen. J. Reynolds appointed to command
mand 4th Military District, Dec. 28, 6th Military District (Texas)
1867, assumes his duties June 4, 1868 July 28, 1868
220
UNITED STATES 07 AXSEICA
Thaddeus Stevens, born 1793, dies at Fortieth Congress adjourns
Washington, D. G Aug. 11, 1868 March 4, 1869
Ordinance of secession declared null and General Grant inaugurated President
void in Louisiana by Constitution, ratified March 4, 1869
by the people Aug. 17-18, 1868
Col. George A. Forsyth engages in an Twenty - first Administration — Re-
«ight days* fight with Indians on the north publican. March 4, 1869, to March 3,
fork of the Republican River, Kan. 1873.
September, 1868
Second session reassembles for one day Vlyaaes 8. Grant, Illinois, President,
and adjourns to Oct. 16.... Sept. 21, 1868 Schuyler Colfax, Indiana, Vice-Presi-
Congress meets and adjourns to Nov. 10 <^®'*^-
Oct. 16, 1868 Forty-first Congress, first session, meets
Grant and Colfax, Republicans, elected March 4, 1869
President and Vice-President by votes of General Gillera removed from 4th Mili-
twenty-six States and a popular vote tary District (Mississippi), and Gen. Adel-
of 3,015,071; Seymour and Blair, Dem- bert Ames appointed March, 1869
ocrats, receive votes of eight States A. T. Stewart, nominated and confirmed
and a popular vote of 2,709,613 as Secretary of the Treasury, March 5,
Nov. 3, 1868 resigns because of act of Sept. 2, 1789,
Second session meets and adjourns which forbids any one interested in im-
Nov. 10, 1868 porting to hold the office. . .March 9, 1869
Third session meets Dec. 7, 1868 Earliest practicable redemption of Unit-
President proclaims unconditional par- ed States notes in coin promised by act
•don and amnesty to all concerned in the March 18, 1869
late insurrection Dec. 25, 1868 President's message to the Senate on
Colored National Convention, Frederick claims upon Great Britain . . April 7, 1869
Douglass president, meets at Washington President calls a special session of the
Jan. 13, 1869 Senate for April 12 April 8, 1860
Objection to counting electoral votes of First session ad journs ... April 10, 1869
Oeorgia made in the House of Represent- Special session of the Senate meets
atives by Mr. Butler, of Massachusetts April 12, 1869
Feb. 10, 1869 Gen. E. R. S. Canby assumes command
Electoral votes counted by Congress: of the Military District of Virginia
for Grant and Colfax, Republicans, 214; April 20, 1869
for Seymour and Blair, Democrats, with Special session of Senate adjourns
Oeorgia, 80, without Georgia, 71 April 23, 1869
Feb. 10, 1869 Union Pacific Railroad opened for traffic
A nolle prosequi entered in case of Jef- May 10, 1869
ferson Davis Feb. 11, 1869 Filibustering expedition under Gen.
Loans of money on United States notes Thomas Jordan, fitted out in New York,
by national banks forbidden by act lands on north coast of Cuba
Feb. 19, 1869 May 12, 1869
Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitu- Southern Commercial Convention meets
tion, forbidding States to restrict the at Memphis, Tenn.; 1,100 delegates from
elective franchise because of race, color, twenty-two States May 18, 1869
or previous condition of servitude, pro- National Commercial Convention meets
posed by resolution of Congress, received at New Orleans May 25, 1869
at Department of State Feb. 27, 1869 Great peace jubilee at Boston, Mass.
St. Paul and St. George islands, Alas- (Music) June 15, 1869
ka, declared a special reservation for pro- Adolph E. Borie, Secretary of Navy, re-
tection of fur seal, and landing thereon signs June 22, 18C0
forbidden, by act Mardi 3, 1869 Expedition for Cuba under Colonel
Speaker Colfax resigns, T. M. Pome- Ryan, sailing from New York, June 26,
Toy unanimously elected speaker is captured by a United States revenue-
March 3, 1869 cutter June 27, 1860
221
TTNITEB STATES OF AMERICA
Soldiers' national monument at Gettys- National Ck>lored Labor Convention
burg dedicated July 1, 1809 meets in Washington Dec. 10, 1869
Irish National Republican Convention Wyoming gives women the right to vote
m^ets in Chicago; 221 delegates and hold office Dec. 10, 1869
July 4-5, 1869 George Peabody, bom in South Dan-
United States end of the Franco-Ameri- vers, Mass., 1795, dies in London, Nov. 4;
can cable landed at Duxbury, Mass., July funeral services held in Westminster
23, and event celebrated ... July 27, 1869 Abbey, Nov. 12, and body placed on the
National Labor Convention meets in British steamship Monarch for transporta-
Philadelphia Aug. 16, 1869 tion to the United States.. Dec. 11, 1869
National Temperance Convention (500 Act removing legal and political dis-
delegates) meets in Chicago abilities from large classes of persons in
Sept 1-2, 1869 the Southern States Dec. 14, 1869
John A. Rawlins, Secretary of War, and Edwin M. Stanton, bom 1814, dies at
General Grant's adjutant throughout the Washington, D. C Dec. 24, 1869
war, born 1831, dies at Washington, D. C. Telegraph operators' strike throughout
Sept. 6, 1869 the country Jan. 4, 1870
One hundred and eight men suffocated in Statue of Nathanael Greene, placed in
a burning coal-mine at Avondale, Pa. the old hall of House of Representatives
Sept. 6, 1869 by Rhode Island, accepted by resolution of
William Pitt Fessenden, bora 1806, dies Congress Jan. 20, 1870
at Portland, Me Sept. 8, 1869 British Peninsular and Oriental steam-
Financial panic in New York City cul- ship Bombay collides with and sinks the
minates in " Black Friday " ; gold quoted United States corvette Oneida, about 20
at 162V2 Sept. 24, 1869 miles from Yokohama, Japan ; 112 lives
George Peabody lands at New York, lost Jan. 23, 1870
June 10; he endows several institutions, Prince Arthur, of Great Britain, reaches
adds $1,400,000 to his Southern education New York, Jan. 21, and is presented to
fund, and leaves for London President Grant Jan. 24, 1870
Sept. 30, 1869 Virginia readmitted by act approved
Northwestern branch of the National Jan. 26, and government transferred to
Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, civil authorities by General Canby
near Milwaukee, Wis., dedicated Jan. 27, 1870
October, 1869 George Peabody buried at Peabody
Franklin Pierce, ex-President, born 1804, (South Danvers), Mass Feb. 8, 1870
dies at Concord, N. H Oct. 8. 1869 Congress authorizes the Secretary of
Commercial Convention held at Louis- War to establish a weather bureau for the
ville, Ky., 520 delegates from twenty-two United States Feb. 9, 1870
States, ex-President Millard Fillmore pre- Northern Pacific Railroad begun at
siding Oct. 13, 1869 the Dalles of the St. Louis, Minn
Steamboat Stoneicall burned on the Mis- Feb. 15, 1870
sissippi below Cairo; about 200 persons Anson Burlingame, born 1822, dies at
perish Oct. 27, 1869 St. Petersburg, Russia Feb. 23, 1870
United States branch mint at Carson Mississippi readmitted by act approved
City, Nev., founded 1866, begins opera- Feb. 23, 1870
tions Nov. 1, 1869 Hiram R. Revels, of Mississippi, first
Admiral Charles Stewart, born 1778, colored member of the Senate, sworn
dies at Bordentown, N. J Nov. 6, 1869 Feb. 25, 1870
Maj.-Gen. John Ellis Wool, born 1784, Act removing legal and political dis-
dies at Troy, N. Y Nov. 10, 1869 abilities from many persons in the South-
National Woman's Suffrage Convention era States March 7, 1870
meets in Cleveland, O. (183 delegates from Texas readmitted by act approved
sixteen States, Rev. Henry Ward Beecher March 30, 1870
president), and organizes American Wom- Secretary Fish proclaims the ratification
an's Suffrage Association Nov. 24, 1869 of Fifteenth Amendment by twenty-nine
Second session opens Dec. 6, 1869 States: North Carolina, West Virginia,
222
UNITED STATES 07 AKEBICA
HassachuaettB, Wisconsin, Maine, Loui- National Commercial Convention meets
siana, Michigan, South Carolina, Penn- at Cincinnati, O Oct. 4, 1870
sylvania, Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Gen. Robert £. Lee, bom 1807, dies at
Illinois, Indiana, New York, New Hamp- Lexington, Va. . .' Oct. 12, 1870
shire, Nevada, Vermont, Virginia, Ala- President*8 proclamation forbidding
bama, Missouri, Mississippi, Ohio, Iowa, military expeditions against nations at
Kansas, Minnesota, Rhode Island, Ne- peace with the United States
braska, Texas March 30, 1870 Oct. 12, 1870
Mass-meeting of Mormons at Salt Lake Oliver P. Morton, appointed minister to
City protest against interference by Con- Great Britain, declines for political rea-
gress with polygamy April 5, 1870 sons Oct. 25, 1870
American Anti-slavery Society, after an Jacob D. Cox, Secretary of Interior, re-
existence of thirty - seven years, is dis- signs Oct. 30, 1870
solved April 0, 1870 John Lothrop Motley, minister to Eng-
Point of junction of Union and Central land, asked to resign by the President,
Pacific railroads fixed northwest of the July, 1870; disregarding the request, is
station at Ogden, Utah, by act recalled November, 1870
May 6, 1870 Third session opens Dec. 5, 1870
Proclamation by President against Fe- President's annual message presented
nian invasion of Canada May 24, 1870 Dec. 5, 1870
Fenian army of 500 invade Canada from J. H. Rainey, of South Carolina, first
Fairfield, Vt., and are driven back colored member of House of Represent-
May 25-27, 1870 atives, is sworn in Dec. 12, 1870
Act to enforce the right to vote under Gen.' Robert Schenck appointed min-
the Fifteenth Amendment... May 31, 1870 ister to Great Britain Dec. 22, 1870
Attorney-General Hoar resigns Resolution authorizing a San Domingo
June 15, 1870 commission approved <B. F. Wade, of
United States Department of Justice Ohio; A. D. White, president of Cornell
organized by act June 22, 1870 University, and S. G. Howe, of Ma«sa-
Treaty to annex Dominican Republic cbusetts, named) Jan. 12, 1871
and lease bay and peninsula of Samana Supreme Court decides the legal tender
concluded, Nov. 29, 1869; rejected by the act of 1862 constitutional. .Jan. 16, 1871
Senate June 30, 1870 Statue of Lincoln in the rotunda of the
Congress grants the widow of President Capitol- unveiled Jan. 25, 1871
Lincoln a pension of $3,000 per annum George Ticknor, historian, born 1701,
July 14, 1870 dies at Boston Jan. 26, 1871
Stone presented to President Lincoln by Act for a commission of fish and fish-
patriots of Rome is given to the Lincoln eries (Spencer F. Baird appointed)
Monument Association at Springfield, 111., Feb. 9, 1871
by Congress July 14, 1870 District of Columbia made a territorial
Act to authorize refunding the national government, by act Feb. 21, 1871
debt at 6, 4^, and 4 per cent. Act for celebration of centennial of
July 14, 1870 independence by an international ex-
Georgia readmitted by act approved hibition at Philadelphia in 1876
July 15, 1870 March 3, 1871
Act reducing the United States array to Forty-first Congress adjourns
a peace footing July 15, 1870 March 4, 1871
Second session adjourns .. July 15, 1870 Forty-second Congress, first session.
First through car from the Pacific meets March 4, 1871
reaches New York July 24, 1870 Speaker of the House, James G. Blaine,
Adm. David C. Farragut, born 1801, dies of Maine,
at Portsmouth, N. H Aug. 14, 1870 Charles Sumner, chairman of Senate
National Labor Congress meets in Cin- committee on foreign relations, replaced
cinnati Aug. 15, 1870 by Senator Cameron, of Pennsylvania
President proclaims neutrality in the March 10, 1871
Franco-Prussian War Aug. 22, 1870 President's proclamation against unlaw-
223
UNITED STATES 07 AKEKICA
ful combinations of armed men in South Chicago fire breaks out
Carolina March 24, 1871 Sunday evening, Oct 8, 1871
Senator Sumner's speech on the resolu- Forest fires in vicinity of Green Bay,
tions regarding the employment of the Wis Oct. 8-9, 1871
navy on the coast of Santo Domingo dur- Proclamation by the President against
ing negotiations for the acquisition of part Ku-klux in South Carolina. .Oct. 12, 1871
of that island March 27, 1871 William M. Tweed arrested and re-
First civil service commission, Greorge leased on $2,000,000 bail.... Oct. 2J, 1871
William Curtis, Alexander G. Cattell, Capt. Charles Francis Hall, Arctic ex-
Joseph Medill, D. A. Walker, E. B. Elli- plorer, dies on the Polaris. .Noy. 8, 1871
cott, Joseph H. Blackfan, and David C. Grand-Duke Alexis of Russia arrives at
Cox, appointed by President. .March, 1871 New York with a fleet of war-vessels,
William H. Gibson (colored). United Nov. 19; gives a public reception
States mail agent on the Lexington and Nov. 21, 1871
Louisville Railroad, assaulted at North Russian envoy to the United States,
Benson, Ky., Jan. 26; United States troops Catacazy, recalled, owing to personal
sent into Kentucky, and mail withdrawn differences with Secretary Fish
on that route for one month. .March, 1871 Nov. 25, 1871
Santo Domingo commission's report sent Second session convenes Dec. 4, 1871
to Congress with a special message by the Fish-Catacazy correspondence published
President April 5, 1871 Dec. 6, 1871
Act to enforce the fourteenth amend- Attorney-Gen. A. T. Akerman resigns
ment (Ku-klux act) April 20, 1871 his office Dec. 13, 1871
Branch mint at Dahlonega, Ga., con- Tweed committed to the Tombs, but re-
veyed to trustees of the North Georgia leased on writ of habeas corpus
Agricultural College for educational pur- Dec 16, 1871
poses, by act April 20, 1871 President's message, with report of
First session adjourns April 20, 1871 civil service reform commission
Under call, dated April 20, Senate meets Dec. 19, 1871
in special session May 10, 1871 Brigham Young arrested in Salt Lake
Extra session of Senate adjourns sine City as implicated in murder of Richard
die '.May 27, 1871 Yates Jan. 2, 1872
Hall's Arctic expedition sails from New Col. James Fisk, Jr., shot in the
York June 29, 1871 Grand Central Hotel, New York, by Ed-
Riot in New York City between Irish ward S. Stokes, Jan. 6, dies.. Jan. 8, 1872
Orangemen and Catholics. .July 12, 1871 Congress accepts from Rhode Island a
First narrow-gauge (3 feet) locomotive statue of Roger Williams Jan. 11, 1872
built in the United States shipped from Senator Sumner's speech on civil rights
Philadelphia for the Denver and Rio Jan. 15, 1872
Grande railroad July 13, 1871 Liberal Republican movement begins
Tweed ring frauds first exposed in the with a convention held at Jefferson City,
New York Times July 22, 1871 Mo Jan. 24, 1872
Political disturbance in Louisiana be- Martin J. Spalding, Roman Catholic
gins Aug. 8, 1871 archbishop of Baltimore and primate of
National Labor Congress held in St. the Church in America, born 1810, dies
Louis Aug. 10, 1871 Feb. 7, 1872
Mass-meeting in New York held to con- Labor Reform Convention meets at Co-
sider the Tweed ring frauds; committee lumbus, O., Feb. 21, and nominates Judge
of seventy appointed Sept. 4, 1871 David Davis, of Illinois, for President,
President Lincoln's body removed to the and Judge Joel Parker, of New Jersey,
permanent vault at Springfield, 111. for Vice-President Feb. 22, 1872
Sept. 19, 1871 National Prohibition Convention at Co-
National Commercial Convention meets lumbus, C, nominates James Black, of
at Baltimore, Md Sept. 26, 1871 Pennsylvania, for President, and John
Brigham Young arrested in Salt Lake Russell, of Michigan, for Vice-President
City for polygamy Oct. 2, 1871 Feb. 22, 1872
224
TJVITED STATES 07 AXXBICA
Yellowstone National Park established New York nominates Grant and Wilson for
by act approved March 1, 1872 President and Vice-President. May 23,1872
Imperial Japanese embassy, of 114 per- Sumuer assails the President in the
sons, is presented to the President of the Senate May 31, 1872
republic at the executive mansion B. Gratz Brown accepts the Liberal Re-
March 4, 1872 publican nomination for Vice-President
United States Centennial commissioners May 31, 1872
and alternates meet in Philadelphia and Dispute with Spain respecting the im-
organize, electing Joseph R. Hawley prisonraent of Dr. Howard, an American
president March 4, 1872 citizen, in Cuba since Dec. 13, 1870, set-
Statues of Jonathan Trumbull and tied, and Dr. Howard released. .June, 1872
Roger Sherman presented to the Senate General labor strike in New York set-
by Connecticut for the old Hall of Rep- tied June, 1872
resentatives March 8, 1872 Centennial board of finance incorpo-
President Grant appoints Gen. A. A. rated by act June 1, 1872
Humphreys, U. S. A., Prof. Benjamin James Gordon Bennett, founder of the
Peirce, United States coast survey, and New York Herald, born 1796, dies at New
Capt. Daniel Ammen, U. S. N., a com- York June 1, 1872
mission to examine plans and proposals National Republican Convention at
for an interoceanic canal across the lath- Philadelphia, June 5, Thomas Settle, of
mus of Darien March, 1872 North Carolina, permanent president.
Prof. S. F. B. Morse, bprn 1791, dies Grant renominated by acclamation, and
in New York April 2, 1872 on first ballot Henry Wilson, of Massa-
National convention of colored men at chusetts, nominated for Vice-President by
New Orleans; Frederick Douglass, chair- 304^4 votes to 321^4 votes for Schuyler
man April 10-14, 1872 Colfax June 6, 1872
Assassination of Judge J. C. Stephen- Second session adjourns. .June 10, 1872
son, Thomas E. Detro, and James C. Cline Grant accepts the Republican nomina-
at Gun City, Mo April 24, 1872 tion June 10, 1872
Senator-elect Matthew W. Ransom from Senator Wilson's letter of acceptance
North Carolina admitted to a seat, and dated June 14, 1872
the Senate for the first time since 1861 is World's peace jubilee at Boston
full April 24, 1872 June 17-July 4, 1872
Brigham Young taken to Camp Douglas, Liberal Republican Revenue Reformers'
March 21, and released.. ..April 30, 1872 Convention at New York nominates Will-
Duty on tea and coffee repealed by iam S. Groesbeck, of Ohio, for President,
act May 1, 1872 and Frederick Law Olmstead, of New York,
National Liberal Republican Convention for Vice-President June 21, 1872
meets in Cincinnati, O., Carl Schurz per- Judge David Davis declines the Labor
manent president. Horace Greeley, of Reform nomination for President
New York, nominated for President on the June 24, 1872
sixth ballot. May 3 ; Gov. B. Gratz Brown, Joel Parker, nominated for Vice-Presi-
of Missouri, for Vice-President dent by Labor Reform Convention, declines
May 1-3, 1872 June 28, 1872
Greeley's letter of acceptance dated National Democratic Convention meets
May 20, 1872 at Baltimore, Md., July 9, James R. Doo-
Political disabilities under article 3 of little, of Wisconsin, chairman. Horace
the Fourteenth Amendment removed, ex- Greeley, of New York, nominated for Presi-
cept from Senators and Representatives in dent on first ballot by 686 votes out of
Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh Congresses, 732, and B. Gratz Brown, of Missouri, for
and officers of the judicial, military, and Vice-President, by 713 out of 732
naval service of the United States, heads July 9-10, 1872
of departments, and foreign ministers Mr. Greeley accepts the Democratic
of the United States, by act nomination July 12, 1872
May 22, 1872 B. Gratz Brown accepts the Democratic
Workingmen's National Convention at nomination Aug. 8, 1872
IX.— p 225
TTKITED STATES OF AMEBICA
National Labor Reform Gonvention at of Massachusetts; James B. Beck, of
Philadelphia nominates Charles O'Gonor Kentucky; William E. Niblack, of Indi-
for President and Eli Saulsbury for Vice- ana, and George W. McCrary, of Iowa,
President Aug. 22, 1872 appointed the committee. . .Dec 2, 1872
O'Conor declines the nomination Credit Mobilier investigation to be
Aug. 27, 1872 henceforth conducted in open session by
National Convention of " Straight-out " resolution of the House Jan. 6, 1873
Democrats in Louisville, Ky., repudiates Resolution adopted by the House to
the Baltimore nominees, and nominates investigate the relations of the Credit
Charles O'Conor, of New York, for Presi- Mobilier and the Union Pacific Railroad
dent, and John Quincy Adams, of Massa- Company to the government
chusetts, for Vice-President (both decline) Jan. 6, 1873
Sept. 3-5, 1872 Committee appointed to investigate:
National Industrial Exposition opens at J. M. Wilson, Indiana; Samuel Sheila-
Louisville, Ky Sept. 3, 1872 barger, Ohio; Henry W. Slocum, New
Tribimal at Geneva, under article vii. of York ; Thos. Swann, Maryland ; and Geo.
the treaty of Washington, May 8, 1871, F. Hoar, Massachusetts Jan. 7, 1873
awards to the United States $15,500,000 [This committee reported Feb. 20.]
as indemnity from Great Britain William M. Tweed placed on trial
Sept. 14, 1872 Jan. 8, 1873
Colored Liberal Republican National Act to abolish the grades of admiral
Convention at Louisville, Ky., delegates and vice-admiral in the United States
from twenty-three States; Greeley and navy; no future appointments to be made
Brown nominated Sept. 25, 1872 Jan. 24, 1873
William Henry Seward, bom 1801, dies Jury disagree in the Tweed trial
at Auburn, N. Y Oct. 10, 1872 Jan. 31, 1873
" Epizootic," affecting horses through- Postal franking privilege abolished by
out the country, reaches the city of New act of Congress Jan. 31, 1873
York Oct. 23, 1872 " Trade dollar " ordered and silver de-
Emperor of Germany, arbitrator in the monetized by act passing the Senate Feb.
San Juan difficulty, awards the islands to 6, and the House Feb. 7, 1873
the United States Oct. 23, 1872 Electoral votes counted .. Feb. 12, 1873
Grcneral election: Grant and Wilson March 4, 1873, designated for extraor-
carry thirty-one States ... Nov. 5, 1872 dinary session of Senate, by proclamation
Great fire in Boston; loss $80,000,000 of President Feb. 21, 1873
Nov. 9-10, 1872 Alexander H. Stephens elected to Forty-
Susan B. Anthony and fourteen other third Congress from Georgia . Feb. 26, 1873
females prosecuted for illegal voting in Resolutions of the House censuring
Rochester, N. Y Nov. 18, 1872 Oakes Ames, of Massachusetts, and James
Modoc war in California. .Nov. 29, 1872 Brooks, of New York, for connection with
Horace Greeley, born 1811, dies at Pleas- Credit Mobilier Feb. 27, 1873
antville, N. Y Nov. 29, 1872 Act by which hereafter no Indian na-
Nicaragua expedition, in charge of Com- tion or tribe within the territory of the
mander E. P. Lull, sails from the United United States shall be acknowledged or
States (returns July, 1873) recognized as an independent nation, tribe,
December, 1872 or power with whom the United States
Third session begins Dec. 2, 1872 may contract by treaty March 3, 1873
President's annual message received Amendment to appropriation bill offer-
Dec. 2, 1872 ed by B. F. Butler, fixing salary of the
Resolutions of Mr. Blaine adopted in President of the United States at $50,000
the House, to investigate the accusation in per year, Vice-President $10,000, and Sen-
the public press that members of the ators, Representatives, and delegates, in-
House had been bribed in behalf of the eluding those of the Forty-second Con-
Union Pacific Railroad by stock in the gress, $7,500, besides travelling expenses
Cr^it Mobilier of America, and Luke P. (the salary-grab bill), passed
Poland, of Vermont; Nathaniel P. Banks, March 3, 1873
226
irinTEI) 8TATB8 OF AKBBICA
Act to establish ten life-saving stations rescues the remainder of the crew of the
on the coast of Maine, New Hampshire, Polaris June 23, 1873
Massachusetts, Virginia, and North Caro- Centennial exposition at Philadelphia,
lina March 3, 1873 to open April 19, 1876, and close Oct. 19
Forty-second Congress adjourns following, by proclamation of President
llfarch 4, 1873 July 3, 1873
Senate convenes in special session Site of exposition buildings in Fair-
^farch 4, 1873 mount Park, Philadelphia, transferred to
President Grant reinaugurated the centennial commission. .July 4, 1873
March 4, 1873 England pays the Alabama award ($15,-
600,000) Sept 5, 1873
TwENTT-SBOOND ADMINISTRATION — Ue- Pftoic begins in the Stock Exchange,
PUBLICAN, March 4, 1873, to March 3, New York City Sept. 19, 1873
IQ11, New York Stock Exchange closed Sept.
20 ; reopens Sept. 30, 1873
Ulysses fiL Oront, Hlinois, Presid^t. Execution of Captain Jack and other
Hmry Wtlson, Massachusetts, Vice- dodoes Oct. 3, 1873
President. Evangelical Alliance of the World holds
Special session of Senate adjourns a session in New York Oct. 3-11, 1873
March 26, 1873 VirginiuSf an American schooner, sus-
White Star steamship Atlantic wreck- pected of conveying men and arms from
ed on Marr's Rock, off Nova Scotia; 547 New York to the insurgents in Cuba, is
lives lost April 1, 1873 captured by the Spanish gunboat Tor-
Massacre by Indians under Captain Jack nado, and conveyed to Cuba
of General Canby, in the lava-beds near Oct. 31, 1873
Fort Klamath, Cal April 11, 1873 Above ninety insurgents and sailors
Rescue of nineteen persons (late of the tried; many insurgents and six British
Polaris) from floating ice in Baffin's Bay, and thirty Americans shot
by the sealing - vessel Tigress, Captain Nov. 4-7, 1873
Bartlett, of Conception Bay, Newfound- William M. Tweed convicted
land April 30, 1873 Nov. 19, 1873
One-cent postal-cards issued by the Forty-third Congress, first session,
United States government. . .May 1, 1873 opens Dec. 1, 1873
National Cheap Transportation Asso- Vote for speaker of the House: James
elation organized in New York G. Blaine, 189; Fernando Wood, 76; S. S.
May 6, 1873 Cox, 2 ; Hiester Clymer, 1 ; Alexander H.
Chief -Justice Salmon P. Chase, bom Stephens, 1 Dec. 1, 1873
1808, dies at New York City Prof. Louis J. R. Agassiz, scientist.
May 7, 1873 bom 1807, dies at Cambridge, Mass.
Cakes Ames, member of Congress Dec. 14» 1873
from Massachusetts, the ''father of the Virginius surrendered to the United
Cr^it Mobilier," bom 1804, dies States by Spain; she founders at sea off
May 8, 1873 Cape Fear while on her way to Ne^ York
President's proclamation dispersing Dec. 19 f 1873
disorderly bands in Louisiana Ex-Mayor Hall, of New York, acquitted
May 22, 1873 Dec. 24, 1873
United States agricultural congress, or- Survivors of the Virginius massacre,
ganized in St. Louis, 1872, meets at 102, surrendered to the United States au-
Indianapolis, Ind May 28, 1873 thorities at Santiago de Cuba, Dec. 18,
Nearly all the Modocs surrender. May reach New York on the Juniata
22; Captain Jack and the remainder sur- Dec. 28, 1873
render June 1, 1873 Women's temperance crusade begins at
Susan B. Anthony fined $100 for illegal Hillsboro, O December, 1873
voting at Rochester June 18, 1873 Chang and Eng, the Siamese twins,
Ravenscraig, of Kirkcaldy, Scotland, in born in Siam, April 15, 1811, came to the
lat. 75* 38' N., and long. 65** 35' W., United States, 1828, die at their home
227
XTNITED STATES 07 AXBSICA
near Salisbury, N. C, Eng suryiving Great distress in Minnesota, Kansas,
Chang about two hours Jan. 17, 1874 and Nebraska hj the graashopper plague
Act of March 3, 1873 (salary grab July-October, 1874
bill) repealed except as to salaries of the Mysterious abduction of Charley Ross,
President and justices of the Supreme aged four years, from his father's home
Court Jan. 20, 1874 in Germantown, Pa. (never found)
Morrison R. Waite appointed and con- July 1, 1874
firmed chief-justice of the Supreme Court Illinois and St. Louis railroad bridge
Jan. 21, 1874 over the Mississippi at St. Louis opened
Act authorizing coinage at the mint of July 4, 1874
coins for foreign nations. .Jan. 29, 1874 Rev. Henry Ward Beecher demands an
Ex-President Millard Fillmore, bom investigation of Theodore Tilton's charges
1800, dies at Buffalo, N. Y.March 8, 1874 against him July 7, 1874
Charles Sumner, bom 1811, dies at Rev. Henry Ward Beecher acquitted by
Washington, D. C March 11, 1874 a committee of his church.. Aug. 28, 1874
Bill to inflate the currency, fixing the Headquarters of the United States army
maximum limit at $400,000,000, pasRctl removed to St. Louis Oct. 1, 1874
by Senate, April 6, by 29 to 24; and Lincoln monument at Springfield, TIL,
House, April 14, by 140 to 102, vetoed dedicated Oct. 15, 1874
April 22, 1874 National Woman's Christian Temper-
Condition and status of the fur trade ance Union organized at Cleveland, O.
in Alaska to be investigated by special Nov. 10, 1874
government agent, by act. . .April 22, 1874 Second session opens Dec. 7, 1874
Proclamation of President commanding President's message received
turbulent and disorderly gatherings in Dec. 7, 1874
Arkansas to disperse May 15, 1874 Race riot at Vicksburg, Miss.; seventy-
W. A. Richardson, Secretary of the five negroes killed Dec. 7, 1874
Treasury, resigns June 1, 1874 Death of Hon. Ezra Cornell, bom 1807,
President to invite foreign governments occurs at Ithaca, N. Y Dec. 9, 1874
to take part in the Centennial Exposition, Official reception given King Kalakaua,
by act June 5, 1874 of the Hawaiian Islands, by Congress
Territorial government for the District Dec. 18, 1874
of Columbia abolished, and a board of President by proclamation orders tur-
three governing regents provided for, by bulent and disorderly gatherings in Mis-
act.^ June 20, 1874 sissippi to disperse Dec. 21, 1874
Congress appropriates $300 or less to Gerrit Smith, philanthropist, born 1797,
purchase and restore to the family of dies at New York City Dec. 28, 1874
Lafayette the watch presented him by Senator Sherman's bill for resumption
General Washington, lost during his visit of specie payment, Jan. 1, 1879, approved,
to the United States in 1825, and since with special message Jan. 14, 1875
found June 22, 1874 President calls the Senate for March 5
"Hazing" at the Annapolis naval Feb. 17, 1875
academy to be investigated by court- Indemnity from the Spanish govern-
martial, and punished by dismissal, by ment for families of men shot in the
act June 23, 1874 Virginius massacre fixed at $80,000
Court of commissioners of Alabama Feb. 27, 1875
claims constituted by act of C]k>ngress Civil rights bill, to enforce equal en-
June 23, 1874 joyment of inns, public conveyances.
Law to punish by imprisonment and theatres, etc., approved March 1, 1875
fine the bringing into the United States Contract with James B. Eads for jetty-
and selling or holding in involuntary ser- work at the mouth of the Mississippi
vitude inveigled or kidnapped foreigners Rivor, by act March 3, 1876
June 23, 1874 Enabling act for Colorado passed
First session adjourns. .June 23, 1874 March 3, 1875
Postmaster-Gen. A. J. Creswell resigns Supplementary immigration act passed
June 24, 1874 March 3, 1875
228
UNITED STATES OF AMEBIOA
Act authorizing 20-ceiit pieces of silver President Grant speaks against secta-
March 3^ 1875 rian schools in Des Moines, la.
Part of island of Mackinac made a na- Sept. 29, 1875
tional park, by act March 3, 1875 Steamship Paeifio founders between San
Forty-third Congress adjourns Francisco and Portland; 200 lives lost
March 4, 1875 Nov. 4, 1875
Special session of Senate convenes, T. Henry .Wilson, Vice-President, bom
W. Ferry president pro tern, 1812, dies at Washington, D. C.
March 5, 1875 Nov. 22, 1875
Gold discovered in Deadwood and Thomas W. Ferry, of Michigan, presi-
Whitewood gulches, S. Da. dent pro tem. of the Senate, becomes act-
March 14, 1875 ing Vice-President Nov. 22, 1875
Special session of Senate adjourns William B. Astor, born 1792, dies at
March 24, 1875 New York Nov. 24, 1875
Wheeler adjustment of Louisiana State Forty-fourth Congress, first session,
government April 14, 1875 meets Dec. 6, 1875
Centenary of the battle of Lexington Democratic majority in the House of
April 19, 1875 Kepresentatives for the first time in fifteen
Whiskey frauds in Western States, years; Michael C. Kerr chosen speaker
causing a loss to the United States of by 173 to 106 for James G. Blaine
$1,650,000 in revenue in ten months, ex- Dec. 6, 1875
posed May 1, 1875 Seventh annual message of President
Secret investigation of the whiskey ring Grant advocates unsectarian and compul-
by Secretary Bristow, aided by Myron sory education Dec. 7, 1875
Colony, leads to seizure of sixteen dis- Reverdy Johnson, born 1796, dies at An-
tilleries and many recti fying-houses in St. napolis, Md Feb. 10, 1876
Louis, Milwaukee, and Chicago Congress appropriates $1,500,000 to
May 10, 1875 complete Centennial buildings, etc., at
George H. Williams, Attorney-General, Philadelphia Feb. 16, 1876
resigns, April 22, to take eflfect W. W. Belknap, Secretary of War, re-
May 15, 1875 signs; the House, by resolution, im-
John C. Breckinridge, born 1821, dies peaches him March 2, 1876
at Lexington, Ey May 17, 1875 Articles of impeachment presented in
President Grant's letter on the " third Senate April 4, 1876
term" appears May 29, 1875 Charles A. Dana, appointed minister to
Centenary of the battle of Bunker Great Britain, rejected by the Senate
Hill June 17, 1875 April 5, 1876
Jury in the case of Tilton v. Beecher Alexander T. Stewart, born in Belfast,
disagree and are discharged . July 2, 1875 Ireland, 1803, dies at New York
Andrew Johnson, born 1808, dies near April 10, 1876
Jonesboro, Tenn July 31, 1875 Statue of Abraham Lincoln, from con-
Hon. Horace Binney, born 1780, grad- tributions of freedmen, unveiled in Lin-
iiate of Harvard, 1797, and oldest member coin Park, Washington April 14, 1876
of Philadelphia bar, dies at Philadelphia President Grant vetoes Senate bill to
Aug. 12, 1875 reduce his salary after March 4, 1877,
Commodore Perry's flag-ship, the Law- from $50,000 to $25,000 April 19, 1876
rence, sunk for preservation in Misery Message from President Grant justify-
Bay, Lake Erie, in July, 1815, is raised ing his absence from the seat of govem-
for transportation to the Centennial Ex- ment by precedents May 4, 1876
position Sept. 14, 1875 Dom Pedro II., Emperor of Brazil,
Democratic conventions of New York with the Empress Theresa, arrives in New
declare for specie resumption York April 15, and is presented to
Sept. 16, 1875 President Grant May 7, 1876
Columbus Delano, Secretary of the In- Centennial Exposition at Fairmount
terior, resigns July 5; resignation ac- Park, Philadelphia, opened by President
cepted Sept. 22, 1875 Grant and Dom Pedro May 10, 1876
229
XTNITED STATES OF AXBSIOA
Prohibition Convention at Cleveland, nominated for Vice-President by accla-
O., nominates Gen. Green Clay Smith, of mation June 29, 1876
Kentucky, for President, and G. T. Stew- Centenary of American independence
art, of Ohio, for Vice-President July 4, 1876
May 17, 1876 R. B. Hayes accepts Republican nomina-
National Greenback Convention at In- tion July 8, 1876
dianapolis, Ind., nominates Peter Coop- Postmaster-General Jewell resigns
er, of New York, for President; United July 11, 1876
States Senator Newton Booth, nominated W. A. Wheeler's letter of acceptance
for Vice-President, declines, and Samuel July 15, 1876
F. Cary, of Ohio, substituted Congress authorizes the Ininting of not
May 18, 1876 less than $10,000,000 in silver coin to ex-
Alphonso Taft, Secretary of War, re- change for legal- tender notes, and declares
signs, being appointed Attorney-Grcneral the trade dollar no longer a legal tender
May 22, 1876 July 22, 1876
Peter Cooper's letter of acceptance Hendricks's letter of acceptance dated
May 31, 1876 July 24, 1876
Edwards Pierrepont, Attorney-Grcneral, Tilden's letter of acceptance dated
resigns June 1, 1876 July, 31, 1876
Site for observatory of Mount Hamil- W. W. Belknap acquitted by the Senate ;
ton, Santa Clara co., Cal., granted to the vote on first article, 35 guilty, 25 not
trustees of Lick Observatory by Congress guilty Aug. 1, 1876
June 7, 1876 Colorado, the thirty-eighth State in
Ezra D. Winslow, the American forger, order, admitted by act of March 3, 1875,
surrendered by Great Britain and by proclamation of President
June 15, 1876 Aug. 1, 1876
Republican National Convention meets at Congress appropriates $200,000 to corn-
Cincinnati, O., June 14. Edward McPher- plete the Washington monument
son, of Pennsylvania, permanent president. Aug. 2, 1876
On the 16th nine nominations for Prcsi- First session adjourns Aug. 15, 1876
dent are made ; votes necessary to a choice, Hon. M. C. Kerr, speaker of House of
378; on the first ballot, Rutherford B. Representatives, bom 1827, dies at Rock-
Hayes has 61; Jas. G. Blaine, 285; B. U. bridge Alum Springs, Va Aug. 19, 1870
Bristow, 113; on the seventh ballot. Bronze statue of Lafayette, the gift of
Hayes, 384; Blaine, 351; Bristow, 21; for the French Republic to New York City, is
Vice - President, William A. Wheeler, of unveiled Sept. 6, 1870
New York, unanimously elected on first Hallet's Point Reef, Hell Gate, blown up
ballot June 16, 1876 Sept 24, 1876
B. H. Bristow, Secretary of the Treas- Gen. Braxton Bragg, bom about 1815,
ury, resigns June 20, 1876 dies at Galveston, Tex Sept. 27, 1876
Massacre of Gen. George A. Custer and By proclamation President Grant com-
276 men, by Indians under Sitting Bull, mands disorderly and turbulent gatherings
near the Little Big Horn River, Montana in South Carolina to disperse . Oct. 17, 1876
June 25, 1876 Presidential election Nov. 7, 1876
President suggests public religious ser- International exhibition at Philadel-
vices on July 4, 1876, by proclamation phia closes Nov. 10, 1876
June 26, 1876 Second session meets; Thomas W. Ferry
Democratic National Convention at St. presiding in the Senate Dec. 4, 1876
Louis, Gen. John A. McClernand per- In the House Samuel J. Randall is elect-
manent president, June 27; six nomina- ed speaker by 162 to 82 for James A.
tions for President made; first ballot Garfield Dec. 4, 1876
gives Samuel J. Tilden, of New York, 417; President Grant's eighth annual mes-
Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana, 140; sage Dec. 5, 1876
on the second ballot Tilden receives 535 Brooklyn Theatre burned during a per-
votes, and his nomination made unan- formance of The Two Orphans^ and 295
imous, June 28; Thomas A. Hendricks lives lost Dec. 5, 1876
230
tTHXTED 8TATB8 07 AMXBIOA
First incineration in the United States Senator Francis Keman, of New York,
of body of Baron De Palm, at the ere- substituted on electoral commission for
matory in Washington, Pa Dec. 6, 1876 Senator Thurman, physically unable to
Returning boards give Hayes 185 elec- serve Feb. 26, 1877
toral votes, Tilden, 184; election disputed Contested vote of South Carolina award-
(the country in great excitement till the ed to Republicans by electoral commis-
following March) Dec. 6, 1876 sion, 8 to 7 Feb. 27, 1877
Com. Cornelius Vanderbilt, bom 1794, Election of R. B. Hayes as President,
dies at New York Jan. 4, 1877 and William A. Wheeler as Vice-President
Two governors, Nicholls, Democrat, and confirmed, and joint meeting of two Houses
Packard, Republican, inaugurated in Lou- of Congress dissolves at 4.10 a.m.
isiana Jan. 8, 1877 March 2, 1877
Joint congressional committee agrees President calls special session of the
upon a plan for counting the electoral Senate for March 5. 187 7.. March 2, 1877
votes Jan. 17, 1877 House of Representatives resolves that
Act passed by Senate, Jan. 25, by 47 to Samuel J. Tilden and Thomas A. Hen-
17, and by House, Jan. 26, by 191 to 86, dricks received 196 electoral votes for
provides for an electoral commission of President and Vice-President, and were
five members of each House, elected viva elected, 136 yeas, 88 nays, 66 not voting
voce on the Tuesday before the first Thurs- March 3, 1877
day in February, 1877, with four associ- R. B. Hayes privately takes oath of
ate justices of the Supreme Court from office as President, 7.05 p.m., Saturday,
the first, third, eighth, and ninth circuits, March 3, 1877
together with a fifth associate justice Forty- fourth Congress adjourns
selected by the other four; the commis- March 4, 1877
sion not to be dissolved when organized, R. B. Hayes inaugurated and publicly
and no withdrawal of members permitted takes the oath of office. . . .March 5, 1877
except by death or physical disability ; Special seHsion of Senate convenes ; Vice-
approved Jan. 29, 1877 President Wheeler sworn in. March 5, 1877
Senate elects as members George F. Ed-
munds, Oliver P. Morton, Frederick T.
Frelinghuysen, Allen G. Thurman, Thomas Twentt-thtbd Administration— Re-
F. Bayard: the House elects Henry B. pi^blican, March 4, 1877, to March 3,
Payne, Eppa Hunton, Josiah G. Abbot, 1881.
James A. Garfield, George F. Hoar; the Rutherford B. Hayes, Ohio, President,
justi^s of the Supreme Court designated ^yuuam A. Wheeler, New York, Vice-
are Nathan Clifford, Samuel F. Miller, President.
Stephen J. Field, and William Strong,
and select Joseph R. Bradley as the fifth; Special session of Senate adjourns
in all eight Republicans, seven Demo- March 17, 1877
crats Jan. 30, 1877 John D. Lee, convicted of complicity
Three certificates from Florida referred in the Mountain Meadow massacre, exe-
to the electoral commission, and the vote cuted March 23, 1877
awarded to the Republicans by 8 to 7 Packard legislature in Louisiana breaks
Feb. 9, 1877 up April 21, 1877
Prof. A. Graham Bell exhibits his tele- Forty-fourth Congress adjourning with-
phone at Salem, Mass Feb. 12, 1877 out making the usual appropriations for
Commission awards the electoral vote the army for the year ending June 30.
of liOuisiana to the Republicans by vote 1878, the President calls on the Forty-
8 to 7 Feb. 16, 1877 fifth Congress to meet Oct. 15
Contested vote of Oregon counted for May 5, 1877
the Republicans by the commission, 8 Ex-President Grant leaves Philadelphia
to 7 Feb. 23, 1877 for an extended European tour
Political disabilities of J. E. Johnston, May 17, 1877
of Virginia, under the Fourteenth Amend- John L. Motley, historian, born 1814,
ment, removed by act of Feb. 23, 1877 dies at Dorsetshire, England..May 29,1877
231
XTNITED 8TATB8 OF AMEBICA
Ten Molly Maguires hanged, six at party, with Judge Francis W. Hughes as
Pottfiville, and four at Mauch Chunk, Pa. president Feb. 22, 1878
June 21, 1877 Bland siWer bill, as amended, passed
Civil service order issued by President over the President's veto Feb. 28, 1878
Hayes: "No officer should be required or Benjamin F. Wade, born 1800, dies at
permitted to take part in the manage- Jefferson, O March 2, 1878
ment of political organizations or elec- American register to be issued to, and
tion campaigns " June 22, 1877 naval officers detailed for, the Jeannetie
Strike on the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- (fitted for a Polar expedition by James
road begins at Martinsburg, W. Va. Gordon Bennett), by act
July 16, 1877 March 18, 1878
Proclamations of President against do- William M. Tweed, bom 1823, dies in
mestic violence in West Virginia (dated Ludlow Street jail, New York
July 18), in Maryland (July 21), and April 12, 1878
Pennsylvania July 23, 1877 Thomas W. Ferry chosen president pro
Armed band of Mexican outlaws forcibly tern, of the Senate April 17, 1878
release two notorious criminals, Espro- First train on the Gilbert elevated
neda and Garza, from jail in Rio Grande railroad. New York, is run on Sixth
City, Tex., escaping to Mexico Avenue April 29, 1878
Aug. 12, 1877 Coinage of 20-cent silver pieces stopped
Brigham Young, bom 1801, dies at Salt by act May 2, 1873
Lake City Aug. 29, 1877 Prof. Joseph Henry, of the Smith-
VitLT with the Nez Percys Indians breaks sonian Institution, bom 1797, dies
out in Idaho, June 15; closed by surren- May 13, 1878
der of Indians to Colonel Miles Select committee appointed in the House
Sept. 30, 1877 on motion of Mr. Potter to investigate
Forty-fifth Congress, first session (ex- alleged frauds in the Presidential election
tra), opens Oct. 15, 1877 in Louisiana and Florida.. May 17, 1878
President Hayes's message. Oct. 16, 1877 Further retirement of legal-tender notes
Bill for free coinage of the standard forbidden; the balance, $350,000,000, to
silver dollar as a legal tender introduced be kept in circulation, by act
in the House by Mr. Bland, of Missouri May 31, 1878
Nov. 5, 1877 Bill to repeal the bankrupt law passed
Fisheries commission, under treaty of June 7, 1878
Washington, awards $5,500,000 in gold to Act providing for government of the
be paid by the United States to Great District of Columbia by three commis-
Britain for fisheries privilege sioners June 11, 1878
Nov. 23, 1877 William Cullen Bryant, born 1794, dies
United States sloop - of - war Huron at New York June 12, 1878
wrecked in a gale off the coast of North It is made unlawful to employ the army
Carolina near Oregon Inlet; over 100 as a posse comitatus to execute laws ex-
lives lost Nov, 24, 1877 cept as expressly authorized by the Con-
First session adjourns Dec. 3, 1877 stitution June 18, 1878
Second session meets Dec. 3, 1877 Act for additional life-saving stations
President's message recommends resump- and for organizing the life-saving service
tion of specie payment, Jan. 1, 1879 June 18, 1878
Dec. 3, 1877 Second session adjourns. .June 20, 1878
President and Mrs. Hayes celebrate their Yellow fever prevails in the Southern
silver wedding at the White House States, beginning at New Orleans about
Dec. 31, 1877 July 10-15, 1878
About 100 lives, chiefly railroad engi- Gen. B. F. Butler joins the Greenback
neers and artisans bound for Brazil, lost party Aug. 10, 1878
by wreck of the steamship Metropolis near Repeal of bankrupt laws of 1867 and
Kitty Hawk, N. C Jan. 31, 1878 1874 takes effect Sept. 1, 1878
Greenback National Convention in To- First resident embassy of China to the
ledo^ O., organizes a National Greenback United States, Chen Lan Pin, Yung Wing,
232
UNITED STATES OF AKEBICA
and thirty-six others, arrive at Washing- Congress not having made the neces-
ton, Sept. 20, and present their credentials sary appropriations, President Hayes calls
Sept. 28, 1878 an extra session for March 18
Proclamation of President warning all March 4, 1879
persons to desist from violence in New Forty-sixth Congress, first session (ex-
Mexico Oct. 7, 1878 tra), meets March 18, 1879
Remains of Alexander T. Stewart mys- [For the first time since the Congress
teriously stolen from the vault in St. that was chosen with Mr. Buchanan in
Mark's churchyard. New York 1856, the Democratic party was in control
Nov. 7, 1878 of both branches.]
Third session meets, and President Negro exodus from Southern States to
Hayes's second annual message received Kansas March-April, 1879
Dec. 2, 1878 Proclamation of President ordering the
Gold reaches par in Wall Street, New removal of squatters from Missouri and
York, for the first time since Jan. 13, Texas settling in Oklahoma
1862 Dec. 17, 1878 April 26, 1879
Bayard Taylor, bom 1825, dies at Ber- Army appropriation bill vetoed
lin, Germany Dec. 19, 1878 April 29, 1879
Government resumes specie payment William Lloyd Garrison, abolition-
Jan. 1, 1879 JBt, born 1804, dies at New York
Caleb Gushing, bom 1800, dies at New- May 24, 1879
buryport, Mass Jan. 2, 1879 President vetoes the legislative, execu-
Potter committee of House of Repre- tive, and judicial appropriation bill
sentatives begins the " cipher despatches " May 29, 1879
inquiry at Washington Jan. 21, 1879 Joint resolution to erect a monument
Act to incorporate the Society of the ** the birthplace of George Washington
Jesuit Fathers of New Mexico, passed by June 14, 1879
the legislative Assembly of New Mexico Second army appropriation bill approved
over the governor's veto, Jan. 18, is de- hy the President June 23, 1879
clared void by act approved .. Feb. 3, 1879 Commission of seven members for the
During the debate on the Chinese im- improvement of Mississippi River to be
migration bill in the Senate, for the first appointed by the President, by act
time a colored Senator, B. K. Bruce, of June 28, 1879
Mississippi, occupies the chair First session adjourns July 1, 1879
Feb. 14, 1879 Yacht Jeannette sails from San Fran-
Women permitted to practise before the c>sco for the Arctic regions. .July 8, 1879
Supreme Court by act Feb. 15, 1879 Confederate Gen. John B. Hood, bom
Secretary of Navy authorized to accept 1831, dies at New Orleans. .Aug. 30, 1879
for a voyage of exploration by Bering Excitement over elections in Maine be-
Strait the ship Jeannette, tendered by gins Sept. 8, 1879
James Gordon Bennett, by act Indian massacre at the White River
Feb. 27, 1879 agency, Colorado, of N. C. Meeker and
Bill to restrict Chinese immigration twelve others Sept. 29, 1879
passes the Senate Feb. 15, the House Feb. Henry C. Carey, political economist,
22. is vetoed March 1, 1879 bom 1793, dies at Philadelphia
Congress appropriates $250,000 as a per- Oct. 13, 1879
petual fund for the American printing- French ocean cable landed at North
house for the blind at Louisville, Ky. Eastham, Mass Nov. 15, 1879
(incorporated 1858) March 3, 1879 Second session meets; President Hayes's
Act for taking the tenth and subse- third annual message received
quent censuses March 3, 1879 Dec. 1, 187!)
National board of health of seven mem- Secretary of War McCrary resigns
bers (one from a State) to be appointed Dec. 10, 1870
by the President by act. . . .March 3, 1879 Pamell and Dillon arrive at New York,
Forty-fifth Congress adjourns Jan. 2, and Pamell addresses a large meet-
March 3, 1879 ing Jan. 4, 1880
233
XTKITED STATES OF AUXBICA
Second proclamation of President to pre- Congress appropriates $100,000 or less
vent settlement of Oklahoma . .Feb. 12, 1880 to carry into effect its resolution of nearly
Ferdinand de Lesseps banqueted in New 100 years previously (Oct 29, 1781), to
York March 1, 1880 erect a marble column at Yorktown, Va.,
Dennis Kearney, sand-lots agitator of " inscribed with a succinct narrative of
San Francisco, sentenced to six months' the surrender of Earl Cornwalis to his
imprisonment and $1,000 fine Excellency General Washington,"
March 15, 1880 June 7, 1880
United States steamer Constellation, Act to pay the Oneida Historical Society
commissioned under act of Feb. 25, 1880, $4,100, according to resolution of the Con-
to carry contributions for relief of suf- tinental Congress, Oct. 4, 1777, to erect a
fering poor in Ireland, sails from New monument to Brigadier-General Herkimer,
York March 30, 1880 killed at the battle of Oriskany
Allen G. Thurman, elected president of June 8, 1880
the Senate pro tern., serving till April 15 Greenback National Convention meets at
April 7, 1880 Chicago, June 9; Richard Trevellick, of
Congress accepts from Thomas Jefferson Michigan, president. After an informal
Coolidge and others, of Massachusetts, the ballot, James B. Weaver, of Iowa, receives
desk used by Thomas Jefferson in writing the entire vote (718) for President, and
the Declaration of Independence, to be de- B. J. Chambers, of Texas, 403 for Vice-
posited in the Department of State President, to 311 for Gen. A. M. West, of
April 28, 1880 Mississippi . . : June 11, 1880
President Hayes authorized to accept Second session adjourns
the steamship Oulnare from H. W. How- June 16, 1880
gate, and fit her up to establish a tem- Neal Dow, of Maine, nominated for
porary station for Arctic scientific ob- President, and A. M. Thompson, of Ohio,
servation at some point north of 81**, or for Vice-President, by Prohibition Nation-
on or near the shore of Lady Franklin al Convention, at Cleveland, 0.
Bay May 1, 1880 June 17, 1880
Appropriation bill vetoed because of a Samuel J. Tilden declines to be a candi-
dause modifying the election laws date for President, by letter of
May 4, 1880 June 18, 1880
Kepublican Anti-third-term Convention Democratic National Convention meets
held at St. Louis, Gen. John B. Henderson, in Cincinnati, June 22 ; John W. Steven-
presiding May 6, 1880 son, of Kentucky, chosen permanent presi-
Allen G. Thurman chosen president pro dent on the first ballot. Winfield S. Han-
tem. of the Senate May 6, 1880 cock has 171 and Thomas F. Bayard 153 V^
Postmaster-General Key resigns out of 728*4 cast, June 23; second ballot:
May, 1880 Hancock 320, Samuel J. Randall 128y,,
Kepublican National Convention meets at Bayard 113, and nomination of Hancock
Chicago, June 2; George F. Hoar perma- made unanimous. For Vice - President,
nent president, June 3; fourteen nomina- William H. English, of Indiana, nominated
tions made for President. On the second by acclamation June 24, 1880
ballot James A. Garfield's name appeared, General Weaver accepts Greenback
with one vote. Until the thirty-fourth nomination July 3, 1880
ballot the votes remained substantially General Garfield accepts Republican
unchanged; the five most important bal- nomination July 12. 1880
Steamer Dessoug, with Egyptian obelisk
" Cleopatra's Needle," arrives in New
m sS ^ York July 20, 1880
Neal Dow accepts Prohibition nomina-
tion July 20, 1880
Garfield nominated for President, and General Hancock 'accepts Democratic
Gen. Chester A. Arthur, of New York, on nomination July 29, 1880
the first ballot, for Vice-President, International sheep-and-wool show held
June 7, 1880 at Philadelphia, Pa September, 1880
234
lots are given:
lat.
Sd.
t4th.
35th.
Mtb.
Junes A. Garfield
a * • • • • ■
1
17
250
399
U.S. Grant
304
90R
28-2
312
275
813
67
306
James 6. Blaine
284
42
John Sberman
93
94
107
99
3
XTHITBD 8TATB8 07 AXXSIOA
Return of the Schwatka Arctic explo- tore Conkling and Piatt, of New York,
ration expedition to New York against the removal of General Merritt
Sept. 23, 1880 from the collectorship at New York, and
Arctic steamer Oulnare returns to appointment of Mr. Robertson, without
Washington Oct. 10, 1880 consulting said Senators. .March 28, 1881
Publication of forged letters on the Investigation of alleged sUr • route
Chinese question (Morey letters) attrib- frauds leads to resignation of second as-
uted to General Garfield, addressed to a gistant Postmaster-Gen. Thomas A. Brady
mythical person, H. L. Morey, of Lynn, April 20, 1881
Oct. 20, 1880 Vinnie Ream-Hoxie's bronze sUtue of
Presidential election Nov. 2, 1880 Admiral Farragut unveiled at Washing-
Lucretia Mott, born 1793, dies in Mont- ton, D. C April 25, 1881
gomery county. Pa Nov. 11, 1880 Senators Conkling and Piatt of New
Electoral votes of States, except Geor- York resign May 16, 1881
gia, cast Dec. 6, 1880 Special session of Senate adjourns 9ine
Third session meets Dec. 6, 1880 die May 20, 1881
President Hayes's fourth annual mes- Arctic steamer Jeannette, crushed in
sage presented Dec. 6, 1880 the ice in lat. 77** N., long. 167* W., is
Electoral vote of Georgia, 11 for abandoned and sinks June 12, 1881
Hancock and English, cast.. Dec. 8, 1880 Steam-whaler Rodgern despatched from
R. W. Thompson, Secretary of Navy, San Francisco by the Navy Department
resigns Dec. 15, 1880 in search of the Jeannette. .June 15, 1881
Nearly one mile of Broadway, New Secretary Blaine writes to American
York, is lighted by electricity. Brush sys- ministers "at principal European courts
tem Dec. 20, 1880 that any movement to jointly guarantee
International sanitary conference call- the neutrality of the interoceanic canal at
ed by resolution of Congress, May 14, Panama would be regarded by the United
1880, meets at Washington, D. C. States as an uncalled-for interference
Jan. 5, 1881 June 24, 1881
"Cleopatra's Needle" set up in Central American Association of the Red Cross.
Park, New York Jan. 22, 1881 organized June 9, with Miss Clara Bar-
Electoral votes counted in Congress^ ton as president, incorporated
Feb. 9, 1881 July 1, 1881
President Hayes calls the Senate in President Oarfield shot by Charles Jules
extra session for March 4, 1881 Guiteau in the Baltimore and Potomac
Feb. 28, 1881 Railroad station at Washington, D. C.
President vetoes the " funding act of July 2, 1881
1881 " March 3, 1881 l.ieut. Adolphus W. Greely, with a party
Forty-sixth Congress adjourns of twenty-five in all, sails from St. John's,
March 3, 1881 Newfoundland, in the Proteus to eatab-
Special session of Senate convenes, ligh one of thirteen circumpolar stations
Chester A. Arthur presiding for scientific purposes in accordance with
March 4, 1881 European plans July 7, 1881
James A. Garfield inaugurated Presi- Warner Miller, of New York, elected
dent March 4, 1881 to Senate to jnicceed Piatt. .July 16, 1881
Elbridge G. Lapham, of New York,
TWENTY-TOUHTH Administration-Re- ^^^^^ ^^ Senate to succeed^Conkling ^^^
PrmjCAN, March 4, 1881, to March 3, ^^^^^^ ^^.^^^^ ^^.^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^
^^^' Court judge, born 1803, dies at Cornish.
James A. Garfield, Ohio, President. -^^ ju]y 26, 1881
Chester A, Arthur, New York, Vice- Wrangell Island or Land, off the Sibe-
President. rian coast, taken possession of in name
Postmaster-General James presents to of the United States by Captain Hooper
President the protest of himself. Vice- and Mr. Reynolds of the revenue-cutter
President Arthur, and United States Sena- Corwin Aug. 12, 1881
235
TTNITED STATES 07 AKEBIOA
Forest fires in Huron and Sanilac ooun- Exodus of colored people from Edge-
ties, Michigan, spread over 1,800 square field countj. South Carolina
miles, making 2,900 families homeless, Dec. 24-31, 1881
and destroying 138 lives .. September, 1881 Postmaster-GeneralJames surrenders his
President Garfield removed from Wash- department to his successor .. .Jan. 6, 1882
ington to Francklyn Cottage, Elberon, Congress tenders the thanks of the
N. J Sept. 6, 1881 United States to the Khedive of Egypt
(Sen. Ambrose E. Burnside, born 1824, for the obelisk known as "Cleopatra's
dies at Bristol, R. I Sept. 13, 1881 Needle" Jan. 12, 1882
President Garfield dies at 10.35 p.m. Guiteau convicted of murder
Sept. 19, 1881 Jan. 25, 1882
Vice-President Arthur sworn as Presi- Act granting an additional pension to
dent at his residence in New York City Mary, widow of Abraham Lincoln
between 2 and 3 a.m. by Judge John R. Feb. 2, 1882
Brady Sept. 20, 1881 Guiteau sentenced to be hanged June 30
President Arthur formally takes the Feb. 4, 1882
oath of office in Washington National memorial services in the hall
Sept. 22, 1881 of House of Representatives; James G.
President calls the Senate in extra ses- Blaine delivers a eulogy upon President
sion for Oct. 10 Sept. 23, 1881 Gatfleld Feb. 27, 1882
Funeral train, bearing the remains of Act passed for the apportionment, after
President Garfield, leaves Washington for March 3, 1883, of representation by the
Cleveland, O Sept. 23, 1881 census of 1880,' increasing the number of
Obsequies of President Garfield at Representatives to 325 Feb. 28, 1882
Cleveland; day of mourning observed Floods in the Mississippi Valley
throughout the country under procla- February-March, 1882
mation of President, dated Sept. 22 In the criminal court of the District
Sept. 26, 1881 of Columbia, John W. Dorsey, John M.
International cotton exposition opens Peck, John R. Miner, Stephen W. Dorsey,
at Atlanta, Ga Oct. 5, 1881 M. C. Rerdell, Thomas J. Brady, William
Special session of Senate convenes H. Turner, and J. L. Sanderson are in-
Oct. 10, 1881 dieted for frauds and conspiracy to de-
One hundredth aniversary of the sur- fraud the government in bids for mail
render of Lord Cornwallis celebrated at service on star routes March 4, 1882
Yorktown, Va Oct. 19, 1881 Edmunds's law, excluding bigamists
Special session of Senate adjourns and polygamists in the Territories from
Oct. 25, 1881 voting or holding office, passed
Secretary of Treasury Windom resigns March 22, 1882
Nov. 14, 1881 Engineer Melville finds the bodies of De
Resignation of Attorney-General Mc- Lonjj and eleven of his men, near the
Veagh accepted Nov. 14, 1881 mouth of the River Lena, Siberia
Trial of Charles J. Guiteau for mur- • March 23, 1882
der begins at Washington .. Nov. 14, 1881 Henry W. Longfellow, born 1807, dies
Forty-seventh Congress, first session, at Cambridge, Mass March 24, 1882
opens Dec. 5, 1881 Northern boundary of Nebraska extend-
David Davis presiding in Senate ; Joseph ed to forty-third parallel by act of
Warren Keifer, of Ohio, elected speaker March 28, 1882
by 148 votes to 129 for Samuel J. Ran- Annual pension of $5,000 each granted
dall, of Pennsylvania Dec. 5, 1881 to widows of James A. Garfield, James
President Arthur's annual message K. Polk, and John Tyler, by act of
Dec. 6, 1881 March 31, 1882
Secretary of State Blaine resigns President Arthur vetoes bill restricting
Dec. 15, 1881 Chinese immigration for twenty years
Dr. Isaac I. Hayes, Arctic explorer, April 4, 1882
born 1832, dies at New York City Secretary of the Interior Kirkwood re-
Dec. 17, 1881 signs April, 1882
236
UNITED 8TATB8 07 AXXSICA
Secretary of the Navy Hunt resigns Turner not guilty; Miner and Rerdell
April, 1882 guilty; jury disagree on the others
Congress appropriates $10,000 for a 8ept. 11, 1882
monument at the grave of Thomas Jeffer- Engineer G. W. Melville, of the Jeau'
son at Monticello, Va April 18, 1882 neUe, and seamen William Xoros and Will-
Ralph Waldo Emerson, born 1803, dies iam Ninderman arrive at New York
at Concord, Mass April 27, 1882 Sept. 13. 1882
Proclamation of President against vio- Bi*centennial of the landing of William
lence in Arizona, referring to the " cow- Penn celebrated in Philadelphia
boys" May 3, 1882 Oct. 22-27, 1882
President Arthur remits the unexecuted Thurlow Weed, politician and journalist,
part of the sentence disqualifying Gen. born 1798, dies Nov. 22, 1882
Fitz-John Porter May 4, 1882 Second session convenes Dec. 4, 1882
Immigration of Chinese laborers to the Tariff commission submits an exhaus-
United States suspended for ten years, tive report Dec. 4, 1882
and admission of Chinese to citizenship New trial of star-route case begins
prohibited by act of May 6, 1882 Dec. 4, 1882
Lieut. James B. Lockwood and Sergeant Newhall House, Milwaukee, WMs., burn-
Brainard of the Greely expedition reach ed; nearly one hundred lives lost
lat. 83** 23' 8^^ N May 13, 1882 Jan. 10, 1883
Bill to appoint a tariff commission ap- Lot M. Morrill, born 1813, dies at Au-
proved May 15, 1882 gusta, Me Jan. 10, 1883
New indictment in th« star-route trial Act to regulate and improve the civil
presented, with Sanderson's name omitted service of the United States under which
May 20, 1882 Dorman B. Eaton, of New York, John
Lieutenant Danenhower, Dr. Newcomb, M. Gregory, of Illinois, and Leroy D.
Cole, and Long Sing, part of the survivors Thoman, of Ohio, were appointed a civil
of the Jeannette, arrive in New York service commission Jan. 16, 1883
May 28, 1882 William E. Dodge, born 1805, dies at
Deadlock in the House of Representa- New York Feb. 9, 1883
tives begins May 25, over contested elec- In star-route case Rerdell pleads guilty,
tion of £. M. Mackey, of South Carolina, and offers to testify touching the con-
V. Samuel Diddle; the former finally spiracy Feb. 15, 1883
seated May 31, 1882 Ohio River flood ; at Cincinnati the
New star-route trial begins water reaches the height of 66 feet 4 inches
June 1, 1882 Feb. 15, 1883
Guiteau executed at Washington, D. C. Tariff bill approved March 3, 1883
June 30, 1882 Forty-seventh Congress adjourns
Tariff commission meets at Washing- March 4, 1883
ton, John L. Hayes, president Alexander H. Stephens, born 1812, dies
July 6, 1882 at Atlanta, Ga March 4, 1883
Mrs. Lincoln, widow of President Envoys from the Queen of Madagascar
Lincoln, dies at Springfield, 111. presented to President Arthur in Wash-
July 16, 1882 ington March 7, 1883
Veto of river and harbor appropriation Postmaster - Gen. T. O. Howe, born
bill Aug. 1, 1882 1816, dies at Kenosha, Wis.
River and harbor appropriation bill March 25, 1883
passed over the veto Aug. 2, 1882 Four survivors of the Jeannette arrive
President authorized to call an inter- at New York March 27, 1883
national conference at Washington, to Peter Cooper, bom 1791, dies at New
fix on a common prime meridian for the York City April 4, 1883
world Aug. 3, 1882 Brig.-Gen. Joseph K. Barnes, Surgeon-
First session adjourns Aug. 8, 1882 General of the United States army, 1864-
National raining and industrial expo- 82, dies at Washington, D. C. April 5, 1883
sition held at Denver, Col August, 1882 Ex-Senator William P. Kellogg, of Lou-
Verdict in star-route case: Peck and isiana, indicted for complicity in star-
237
UVITED STATES 07 AXBBICA
route frauds hj grand jury at Washing- Direct telegraphic communication be-
ton April 18, 1883 tween United States and Brazil via Gen-
Irish-American National Convention at tral America opened; message by Presi-
Horticultural Hall, Philadelphia; nearly dent Arthur to the Emperor. Sept 21, 1883
1,600 delegates; Alexander Sullivan, of National convention of colored men — 300
Chicago, president April 26, 1883 delegates from twenty-seven States — ^meets
New civil service rules published by the at Louisville, Ky Sept 24, 1883
President May 8, 1883 Centennial of the disbanding of the
New York and Brooklyn Bridge opened Army of the Revolution celebrated at
May 24, 1883 Newburg, N. Y Oct 18, 1883
National exposition of railway appli- Lieut.-Gen. Philip H. Sheridan succeeds
ances opened in Chicago May 24, 1883 Oen. W. T. Sherman, retired, in command
Panic on the New York and Brooklyn of United States army Nov. 1, 1883
Bridge; twelve killed, twenty-nine injured Dr. J. Marion Sims, surgeon, bom 1813,
May 30, 1883 dies Nov. 13, 1883
Remains of John Howard Payne, au- Standard railroad time in the United
thor of Home, Street Home, who died at States goes into eflfect Nov. 18, 1883
Tunis, April 1, 1852, are brought, by aid Forty-eighth Congress, first session, con-
of W. W. Corcoran, of Washington, and venes Dec. 3, 1883
interred in Oak Hill cemetery, Washing- President Arthur's third annual message
ton June 9, 1883 Dec. 4, 1883
Verdict of not guilty in the star-route New cantilever bridge opened over the
case June 14, 1883 gorge at Niagara Falls Dec. 20, 1883
Celebration of the 333d anniversary of President, by proclamation, recommends
Santa F6, N. M July 2, 1883 observance by appropriate exercises of the
Charles H. Stratton (Tom Thumb), bom 100th anniversary of the return by George
1838, dies at Middleboro, Mass Washington to the Continental Congress
July 15, 1883 at Annapolis (Dec. 23, 1783) of his corn-
General strike of telegraph operators; mission as commander-in-chief
1,200 quit work July 19, 1883 Dec. 21, 1883
Brig. -Gen. E. O. C. Ord, born 1818, dies Steamship City of Columbus wrecked on
at Havana, Cuba July 22, 1883 Devil's Bridge, off Gay Head, Mass.; nine-
Capt. Matthew Webb drowned in swim- ty-seven lives lost Jan. 18, 1884
ming the whirlpool below Niagara (body Wendell Phillips, born 1811, dies at Bos-
found at Lewiston four days later) ton. Mass Feb. 2, 1884
July 4, 1883 Morrison tariff bill introduced in the
Southern exposition opened at Louis- House Feb. 4, 1884
ville, Ky., by President Arthur Arnold Henry Guyot, geographer, bom
Aug. 1, 1883 1807. dies at Princeton, N. J.. .Feb. 8, 1884
American forestry congress meets at Joint resolution for an expedition to the
St Paul, Minn Aug. 8, 1883 coast of Greenland to relieve the Greely
Boston foreign exhibition opens Arctic expedition Feb. 13, 1884
Sept 3, 1883 Floods in the Ohio Valley; the river
Last spike of the Northern Pacific Rail- rises 71 feet at Cincinnati. . .Feb. 14, 1884
road driven opposite mouth of Gold Creek, Congress appropriates $300,000, Feb. 12.
Mont, by Henry Villard Sept 9, 1883 and $200,000 additional, Feb. 15, for re-
United States steamer Yantic and Arctic lief of flood sufferers in the Ohio Valley
steamer Proteus leave St. John's, New- Feb. 12 and 15, 1884
foundland, for relief of Greely expedition, Funeral services in New York, at the
June 29; the Proteus is crushed in the Church of the Holy Trinity, for victims
ice at entrance to Smith's Sound, July of the Jeannette Arctic expedition (brought
23; the Yantic, returning, arrives at St to New York) Feb. 22, 1884
John's Sept 13, 1883 President Arthur, by special message to
President Arthur receives the Korean Congress, asks appropriation to recon-
ambassadors at the Fifth Avenue Hotel, stmct the navy March 26, 1884
New York City Sept 18, 1883 Three davs of mob mle in Cincinnati,
238
UNITED STATES OF AXEBICA
arising from a verdict of manslaughter Samuel C. Pomeroy, of Kansas, for Presi-
against William Bemer for complicity dent (candidates withdraw in favor of St.
in the murder of his employer, W. H. John and Daniel in August following)
Kirk March 28-30, 1884 June 20, 1884
Government offers $25,000 for the dis- Lieut. A.W. Greely and six others found
covery and rescue, or ascertaining the fate, alive by search party in Thetis and Bear,
of the Greely Arctic expedition, by act under W. S. Schley, in Smith Sound,
of April 17, 1884 5 miles off Cape Sabine June 22, 1884
Steamer Thetis leaves Brooklyn navy- Act passed to establish a bureau of la-
yard for relief of Greely May 1, 1884 bor in the Department of the Interior
Morrison tariff bill rejected in House of June 27, 1884
Representatives. , May 6, 1884 Proclamation by President warning
Failure of the Marine Bank and firm of persons not to settle on Oklahoma lands
Grant & Ward in New York City July 1, 1884
May 6-7, 1884 General West accepts nomination of
Statue of Chief -Justice John Marshall Greenback-Labor party July 3, 1884
unveiled at Washington, D. C. Bill for relief of Fitz-John Porter ve-
May 10, 1884 toed, and passed over the veto by House,
Alert, the last Greely relief steamer, July 2, is killed in the Senate
sails from Brooklyn navy-yard July 3, 1884
May 10, 1884 First session adjourns. .. .July 7, 1884
Charles O'Conor, bom 1804, dies at Paul Morphy, famous chess-player, dies
Nantucket May 12, 1884 at New Orleans, La., aged forty-seven
Bill repealing the test oath of 1862 July 10, 1884
approved May 12, 1884 Democratic National Convention meets
Financial crisis in New York City at Chicago, July 8; William F. Vilas
May 14, 1884 chosen permanent president of convention.
National Anti-monopoly Convention at July 9; balloting for nine candidates;
Chicago nominates Gen. B. F. Butler for necessary to a choice, 547 votes: on first
President; the candidate for Vice-Presi- ballot Grover Cleveland, of New York,
dent left to the committee .. May 14, 1884 receives 392 votes, T. F. Bayard, 170, and
Act passed providing for the civil gov- Thomas A. Hendricks, 1, July 10; second
emment of Alaska May 17, 1884 ballot: Grover Cleveland, 475, amended
National Greenback - Labor Convention 683; T. F. Bayard, 15014, amended, 81%;
meets in Indianapolis, Ind., May 28; Thomas A. Hendricks, 124^4, amended,
James B. Weaver permanent president; 45%. Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indi-
B. F. Butler nominated for President, and ana, nominated for Vice-President by Dem-
Gen. A. M. West, qf Mississippi, for Vice- ocratic convention, unanimously
President May 29, 1884 July 11, 1884
Republican National Convention meets Blaine's letter of acceptance published
at Chicago, June 3; John B. Henderson, July 18, 1884
of Missouri, permanent president, June General Logan's letter of acceptance
4; nominations made for Presidential can- published July 22, 1884
didates, June 5 ; four ballots cast, June 6 ; National Prohibition Convention holds
of the eight candidates, James G. Blaine its meeting in Pittsburg, Pa., July 23;
receives on the first ballot 334% votes, and ex-Gov. John P. St. John, of Kansas,
on the fourth, 641 ; Chester A. Arthur on nominated for President, and William
the first, 278, on the fourth, 207 ; the votes Daniel, of Maryland, for Vice-President
necessary to a choice being 411, the nomi- July 24, 1884
nation of Blaine is made unanimous. John National Labor party at Chicago adopts
A. Logan nominated for Vice-President the Democratic nominees for President and
June 6, 1884 Vice-President July 30, 1884
G^. B. F. Butler endorses the Green- Lieutenant Greely and his men reach
back-Labor platform June 12, 1884 Portsmouth, N. H., Aug. 2, and are pub-
American Prohibition National Con- licly welcomed Aug. 4, 1884
vention at meeting in Chicago nominates Corner-stone of pedestal of the statue
239
TTHITED STATES OF AXBSICA
of Liberty Enlightening the World laid Capstone of the Washington monument;
on Bedloe^B Island, New York Harbor Washington, D. C. (foundation first laid,
Aug. 5, 1884 July 4, 1848), is embedded .. Dec. 6, 1884
Thetis, Bear, and Alert, with bodies of World's industrial cotton centennial
the dead of the Greely expedition, arrive exposition opens at New Orleans; ma-
at New York Aug. 8, 1884 chinery set in motion by President Arthur
Gen. A. M. West, of Mississippi, nomi- by telegraph from Washington, and open-
nated for Vice-President of United States ing address sent by telegraph
by national committee of the Anti-monop- Dec. 16, 1884
oly party Aug. 16, 1884 President-elect Cleveland resigns as gov-
Butler's letter of acceptance published ernor of New York; David B. Hill, lieuten-
Aug. 19, 1884 ant-governor, succeeds Jan. 6, 1885
Cleveland's letter of acceptance published Schuyler Colfax, bom 1823, dies at Man-
Aug. 19, 1884 kato, Minn Jan. 13, 1885
Hendricks's letter of acceptance publish- Electoral votes of Iowa and Oregon not
ed Aug. 20, 1884 reaching the Secretary of State before the
St. John and Daniel announce their ac- first Wednesday in January, Congress ap-
ceptance of the prohibition nomination propriates $1,000 to send special messen-
at a temperance camp-meeting at Cuba, gers for them Jan. 17, 1885
N. Y Aug. 25, 1884 Act to ascertain claims of American citi-
International electrical exhibition zens for spoliations by the French prior
opens at Philadelphia Sept. 2, 1884 to July 31, 1801 Jan. 20, 1885
Charles J. Folger, ex-Secretary of the "Liberty bell," sent from Philadelphia,
Treasury, bom 1818, dies at Qeneva, N. Y. arrives at New Orleans exhibition
Sept. 4, 1884 Jan. 25, 1885
Mrs. Belva Lockwood, of Washington, President announces the expiration on
accepts the nomination of the California July 1 of the treaty with Great Britain
Women's Rights Convention for President concluded May 8, 1871 Jan. 31, 1885
September, 1884 Electoral votes counted in Congress:
Messrs. Fisher and Mulligan publish let- For Cleveland and Hendricks, 219; for
ters of J. G. Blaine, upon which he is Blaine and Logan, 182. In announcing
charged with corruption in legislation, the votes for Cleveland and Hendricks,
favoring the Little Rock and Fort Smith Senator Edmunds, president of the Sen-
Railroad in 1876 Sept. 16, 1884 ate pro tern,, uses the expression, " and so
International prime meridian confer- appear to have been elected " ; and adds
ence opens in Washington, D. C, Oct. 1, that the president of the Senate makes
twenty-five nations represented; the me- this declaration only as a public state-
ridian of Greenwich is recommended by ment of the contents of papers opened
twenty-one nations, Santo Domingo oppos- and read, and not as possessing any au-
ing it, and France and Brazil not voting thority in law to declare any legal con-
Oct 13, 1884 elusions whatever Feb. 11, 1885
Secretary of the Treasury Gresham re- Act to authorize a retired list at three-
signs Oct 28, 1884 quarter pay for private and non-commis-
Famous alliterative sentence of Dr. sioned officers in United States army or
Burchard, who, at the reception by Mr. marine corps who have served thirty years
Blaine of a delegation of clergymen in Feb. 14, 1885
New York City, refers to the Democracy Dedication of Washington monument at
as the party whose antecedents have been Washington, D. C; orations by Robert
"rum, Romanism, and rebellion" C. Winthrop, of Massachusetts, and John
Oct. 29, 1884 W. Daniels, of Virginia .... Feb. 21, 1885
Presidential election Nov. 4, 1884 Court convened Nov. 15, 1884, for the
Capt. David L. Payne, famous leader trial of Brig.-Gen. David G. Swaim ; judge-
of Oklahoma boomers, dies at Wellington, advocate-general concludes its work, and
Kan Nov. 29, 1884 sentences him to suspension from the
Second session meets ; President's annual duties of his office on half-pay for twelve
message presented Dec. 1, 1884 years (see Dec. 1, 1894) Feb. 24, 1885
240
mnTEB 8TATB8 OV AXXSICA
Prcflident-elect, in a letter to congress- F. T. Frelinghuysen, ex-Secretary of
men, advises suspension of the purchase State, bom 1817, dies at Newark, N. J.
and coinage of silver Feb. 24, 1885 May 20, 1885
Act to prohibit the importation and mi- Ck>tton centennial exposition at New
gratJon of aliens under contract or agree* Orleans closes May 31, 1885
ment to perform labor, except domestic Benjamin Silliman, chemist, bom 1816,
service, or skilled labor in new industries dies at New Haven, Conn. . . .June 14, 1885
not otherwise obtainable Feb. 26, 1885 James D. Fish, president of the sus-
Special session of Senate called for pended Marine Bank of New York City,
March 4 Feb. 27, 1885 sentenced to ten years' imprisonment at
Act to appoint one person from those Sing Sing June 27, 1885
who have been generals or generals-in- Niagara Falls reservation formally
chief of the army of the United States opened to the public July 15, 1885
on the retired list with rank and full pay Investigation of contract for ship-build-
(Gen. U. S. Grant so appointed by Presi- ing with John Roach instituted by Secre-
dent Arthur), approved March 3, 1885 tary of Navy Whitney, in March; pay-
Act approved appropriating $1,895,000 ments to Mr. Roach suspended
for four new vessels for United States July 19, 1885
navy; two cruisers and two gunboats Gen. U. S. Grant dies at Mount Mc-
March 3, 1885 Gregor, near Saratoga, N. Y., 8.08 a.m.
Forty-eighth Ck>ngress adjourns. July 23, 1885
March 3, 1885 Proclamation of President suspending
Special session of Senate, Vice-Presi- all public business on the day of funeral
dent presiding March 4, 1885 of General Grant July 23, 1885
Cleveland inaugurated President; oath General Grant buried at Riverside Park,
administered by Chief -Justice Waite New York City Aug. 8, 1885
March 4, 1885 James W. Marshall, the discoverer of
gold in California, dies there in poverty,
Twenty-fifth Adicikibtsation — ^Demo- Aug. 8, 1885
CBATic, March 4, 1885, to March 3, 1889. Helen Hunt Jackson, author, bora 1831,
dies at San Francisco, Cal.. .Aug. 12, 1885
Grover Cleveland, New York, President. Massacre of Chinese at Rock Springs,
Thomas A. Hendricks, Indiana, Vice- Wyo.; fifty killed by the opposing miners
President. Sept. 2, 1885
Proclamation of President warning per- Maj. Aaron Stafford, last surviving
sons against attempting to' settle on Okla- officer of the War of 1812, dies at Water-
homa lands March 13, 1885 ville, N. Y., aged ninety-flve . Sept. 6, 1885
United States government determines American sloop Puritan wins the
to guarantee free and uninterrupted tran- America's Cup in a race with the British
sit across the isthmus of Panama, now cutter Oenesta at New York
threatened by insurgents April 2, 1885 Sept. 14-16, 1885
Special session of Senate adjourns John McCloskey, first American cardi-
April 2, 1885 nal, born 1810, dies at New York
Richard Grant White, Shakespearian Oct. 10, 1885
critic and philologist, born 1822, dies at Breaking up at one blast of Flood
New York City April 8, 1885 Rock, Hell Gate, N. Y., covering nine
Five hundred United States troops enter acres ; 282,730 lbs. of explosive used ;
Panama, arrest Ai^puru, leader of insur- conducted by Gen. John Newton, U. S. A.
gents, and protect American property (total cost, $106,509.93).. .Oct. 10, 1885
April 24, 1885 Gen. George B. McClellan, bora 1826,
Revised version of the Old Testament dies at Orange, N. J Oct. 29, 1885
published in London and New York Ferdinand Ward, of firm of Grant &
May 16, 1885 Ward, New York City, indicted June 4,
Apache Indian outbreak under Geroni- sentenced to ten years in Sing Sing
mo in New Miexioo and Arizona Oct. 31, 1885
May 17, 1885 All insurgents and unlawful assem-
EC— Q 241
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
blages in Washington Territory com- Horatio Seymour, bom 1810, dies at
manded to disperse by proclamation of Utica, N. Y Feb. 12, 1886
President Nov. 7, 1885 Mr. Morrison introduces his tariff bill
North, Central, and South American in the House Feb. 15, 1886
exposition opened at New Orleans John B. Gough, temperance lecturer,
Nov. 10, 1885 born 1817, dies at Frankford, Pa.
Elizur Wright, abolitionist, bom 1804, Feb. 18, 1886
dies at Medford, Mass Nov. 22, 1885 House of Representatives appoints a
Vice-President Thomas A. Hendricks, committee to investigate the "Pan-Elec-
born 1819, dies at Indianapolis, Ind., trie scandal," Attorney-General Grarland
Nov. 25, 1885 being accused of connivance, in a govem-
Farmers' congress, at its fifth annual nient suit against the Bell Telephone Corn-
meeting, held at Indianapolis, Ind., organ- pany, with a company in which stock was
izes with Robert Beverly, of Virginia, as given him Feb. 26, 1886
president Dec. 3, 1885 Message of President Cleveland to the
Forty 'ninth Congress, first session, Senate on suspension from office and the
meets Dec. 7, 1885 constitutional competence of Congress to
John Sherman, of Ohio, elected presi- have access to official papers and docu-
dent pro tent, of the Senate, and John G. ments. The phrase " innocuous desue-
Carlisle, of Kentucky, speaker of the tude" is here applied to unenforced laws
House Dec. 7, 1885 March 1, 1886
President Cleveland's first annual mes- President informs Congress that the na-
sage Dec. 8, 1885 tion is probably not liable for the Rock
W. H. Vanderbilt, bom 1821, dies at Springs Chinese outrages, but suggests in-
New York City Dec. 8, 1885 demnity March 2, 1886
Robert Toombs, Confederate Secretary Blair educational bill considered and
of State, born 1810, dies at Washington, passed in the Senate March 5, 1886
Ga Dec. 15, 1885 Knights of Labor strike on the Gould
Pension of $5,000 per annum granted to Southwestern railway system
Julia D. Grant, widow of Gen. Grant March 6, 1886
Dec. 26, 1885 Blair educational bill is referred to
Capt. Emmet Crawford, U. S. A., shot House committee on education
by Mexicans probably by mistake while March 9, 1886
in pursuit of Apaches, 50 miles south- Masked strikers disable twelve locomo-
west of Nacori, Mexico, Jan. 11, dies tives at Kansas City, Mo.. .March 23, 1886
Jan. 18, 1886 United States troops ordered to St.
Act providing that, in case of removal, Louis and other points, to prevent inter-
death, resignation, or inability, both of ruption of mail transportation
the President and Vice-President, the March 26, 1886
cabinet officers succeed in the following Pension of $2,000 per annum granted to
order: Secretary of State, Secretary of the widow of Gen. W. S. Hancock
Treasury, Secretary of War, Attorney- March 29, 1886
General, Postmaster-General, Secretary of Bill for the free coinage of silver (with-
Navy, and Secretary of Interior out limit) defeated in the House by 163
Jan. 19, 1886 to 126 April 8, 1886
Four hundred Chinamen driven out of Governor Alger, of Michigan, by proe-
Seattle, Washington Territory, without lamation, designates " Arbor Day " to be
violence, and sent to San Francisco, Feb. celebrated by general tree-planting
7; riots result, and United States troops April 11, 1886
ordered out Feb. 7-9, 1886 Mr. Morrison reports from the commit-
Proclamation of President orders un- tee on ways and means his tariff bill
lawful assemblages in Washington Ter- April 12, 1886
ritory to disperse Feb. 9, 1886 President's message suggesting a com-
Major-Gen. W. S. Hancock, born 1824, mission of labor, to consider and settle,
dies at Gk)vemor*8 Island, N. Y., when possible, controversies between labor
Feb. 9, 1886 and capital April 22, 1886
242
VNltSD 8TA1»t Of ASCSUCA
Great railroad strike formally declared armed vessels, a cruiser and a torpedo-
at an end by Knights of Labor boat, to be built of American steel and
May 4, 1886 domestic armor-plate Aug. 3, 1880
Anarchist riot, "Haymarket massacre," Congress authorizes one, two, and five
in Chicago, 111 May 4, 1886 dollar silver certificates Aug. 4, 1886
Act of Congress to provide for study of Samuel J. Tilden, bom 1814, dies at
alcoholic drinks and narcotics, and their Greystone, N. Y Aug. 4, 1886
effect on the human system, in public By joint resolution. Congress accepts
schools of Territories, District of Colum- from Mrs. Qrant and W. U. Vanderbilt
bia, and in military and naval academies the presents of various foreign govern-
and Indian and colored schools of the ments to Qen. U. 8. Grant.. Aug. 5, 1886
United States May 20, 1886 First session adjourns Aug. 6, 1886
Henry W. Jaehne, vice-president of the [During this session of Congress, Presi-
New York City common council, sentenced dent Cleveland vetoed 145 bills out of
to nine years and ten months in Sing Sing, 1,640 passed; of 077 private pension bills
for receiving a bribe from Jacob Sharp's he vetoed 123.]
Broadway surface road, Aug. 30, 1884 Seven Chicago anarchists convicted of
May 20, 1886 murder; August Spies, Michael Schwab,
Twenty- two anarchists indicted at Chi- Samuel Fielden, Albert A. Parsons, Adolph
cago for murder May 27, 1886 Fischer, George Engel, and Louis Lingg,
President Cleveland married to Frances sentenced to death; Oscar W. Xeebe to
.Folaom at the White House, Washington, fifteen years' imprisonment
D. C June 2, 1886 Aug. 20, 1886
Johann Most, anarchist, sentenced in Lightning ignites 70,000 pounds of
New York City to one year's imprison- dynamite and seventy tons of powder at
ment and $500 fine for inciting to murder, Laflin & Rand's powder-magazine near
June 2, 1886 Chicago, 111.; five killed, twenty-five in-
General "tie-up" of New York City jured Aug. 29, 1886
Btreet-car lines by Knights of Labor Charleston earthquake Aug. 31, 1886
June 5, 1886 Apache Indian chief Geronimo, with his
Morrison tariff bill defeated in House band, surrenders to General Miles at
of Representatives by 157 to 140 Skeleton cafion, Arizona Sept. 4, 1886
June 17, 1886 American yacht Mayflower defeats the
Judge David Davis, bom 1815, dies at British yacht OcUatea off New York, in
Bloomington, 111 June 26, 1886 international race for America's cup
Franking privilege granted to the widow Sept. 7 and 11, 1886
of Gen. U. S. Grant by act of Congress First national convention of anti-
June 28, 1886 saloon Republicans meets at Chicago; 300
Act to legalize incorporation of national delegates Sept. 16, 1886
trade unions, headquarters in District of Disastrous gale on Gulf of Mexico and
Columbia June 29, 1886 floods in Texas; 250 lives lost, 2,000 per-
Act restoring Gen. Pitz-John Porter to sons left desolate Oct. 12, 1886
■ the army, approved July 1, 1886 " Boodle " aldermen in New York City
Paul Hamilton Hayne, the Southern arraigned for bribery Oct. 19, 1886
poet, bom 1831, dies near Augusta, Ga. Bartholdi's statue of Liberty Enlighten-
July 7, 1886 ing the World unveiled .... Oct. 28, 1886
Order of President Cleveland warning Reception to French delegates to the
office-holders and subordinates against the Bartholdi statue dedication given at the
use of official positions to influence polit- White House, Washington Nov. 4, 1886
ical movements July 14, 1886 Ex-President Chester A. Arthur, bora
Act taxing and regulating the manufact- 1830, dies at New York Nov. 18, 1880
ure of oleomargarine Aug. 2, 1886 Charles Francis Adams, Sr., bora 1807,
Pitz-John Porter appointed to a colo- dies at Boston, Mass Nov. 21, 1886
nelcy in the army Aug. 2, 1886 Henry M. Stanley, the African explorer,
Act to increase the navy, providing for received in New York Nov. 27, 1886
four double-turreted monitors, and two Arbor Day celebrated in San Francisco
243
TTNITED STATES OF AKEBIGA
by school-children; 40,000 young trees ured or seized by Gen. B. F. Butler in
supplied by Adolph Sutro for the oc- 1862, to such person as the court of
casion Nov. 27, 1886 claims may decide to be the owners
Second session begins Dec. 6, 1886 March 3^ 1887
[John Sherman, of Ohio, president pro Tenure of office act repealed
tern, of the Senate.] March 3, 1887
President's message presented Act for return and recoinage at par
Dec. 6, 1886 of trade dollars March 3, 1887
Gen. John A. Logan, bom 1826, dies at Forty-ninth Congress adjourns
Washington, D. C Dec. 26, 1886 March 3, 1887
John Roach, ship - builder, born 1813, Henry Ward Beecher, stricken with apo-
dies at New York City Jan. 10, 1887 plexy, March 2, dies in Brooklyn
Remnant of Table Rock at Niagara March 8, 1887
Falls, 100 feet long, 76 wide, and 170 James B. Eads, engineer, born 1820, dies
deep, falls Jan. 12, 1887 at Nassau, N. P March 8, 1887
Edward L. Youmans, scientist, born Inter-State commerce commission ap-
1821, dies at New York Jan. 18, 1887 pointed by the President. .March 22, 1887
Mexican War pension bill approved Transatlantic yacht race from Sandy
Jan. 29, 1887 Hook to Queenstown, between the Coronet
Act fixing second Monday in January and Dauntless, won by the former in 14
for meeting of electors of each State at days, 19 hours, 3 minutes, 14 seconds, sail-
such place as legislatures may direct, and ing 2,934 miles March 27, 1887
second W^ednesday in February for count- John G. Saxe, poet, bom 1816, dies in
ing electoral votes in Congress . Feb. 3, 1887 Albany, N. Y March 31, 1887
Inter-State commerce bill, appointing Body of Abraham Lincoln, carefully
five commissioners to regulate commerce guarded since an effort to steal it from the
between the States, approved sarcophagus of the Lincoln monument,
Feb. 4, 1887 Springfield, 111., made in 1876, is buried
Pension bill for relief of dependent par- in a grave dug in the crypt and covered
ents and honorably discharged soldiers with six feet of cement, the sarcophagus
and sailors who served three months in the being replaced April 14, 1887
Civil War, now disabled and dependent Monument to James A. Garfield unveiled
upon their own labor, vetoed. Feb. 11, 1887 in Washington, D. C May 12, 1887
Daniel Manning resigns as Secretary of Fire in horse - car barns, New York
the Treasury Feb. 14, 1887 City; 1,200 horses suffocated
Union Labor party organized at Cin- May 27, 1887
cinnati, O Feb. 22, 1887 William A. Wheeler, ex- Vice-President,
Bill to prohibit importation of opium born 1819, dies at Malone, N. Y.
from China approved Feb. 23, 1887 June 4, 1887
Veto of the dependent pension bill sus- A recommendation made by Adjutant-
tained in the House Feb. 24, 1887 General Drum, on April 30, to return flags,
Congress appropriates $147,748 to in- both Union and Confederate, captured in
demnify Chinese subjects for the Rock the Civil War and stored in the War De-
Springs massacre Feb. 4, 1887 partment, approved by the President and
Act to organize the hospital corps of endorsed by the Secretary of War, is re-
the army of the United States voked by President Cleveland as not au-
March 1, 1887 thorized by law nor justifiable as an ex-
Act to establish agricultural experiment ecutive act June 16, 1887
stations in colleges established by act of Reunion of Union and Confederate sol-
July 2, 1862, in the several States diers, survivors of the Philadelphia bri-
March 2, 1887 gade and Pickett's division, is held at
President authorized to adopt retalia- Gettysburg, Pa July 2-4, 1887
tory measures in the fishery dispute with Jacob Sharp, found guilty of bribing
Canada March 2, 1887 New York aldermen, is sentenced to four
Act authorizing the President to de- years* imprisonment and a fine of $5,000
liver the so-called " Twiggs swords," capt- July 14, 1887
244
UNITED STATES 07 AlffSBIOA
Miss Dorothea L. Dix, philanthropist, Alcott, his daughter, novelist, bom 1832,
born 1805, dies at Trenton, N. J. dies at Boston March 6, 1888
July 19, 1887 Blizzard on the Atlantic coast; thir-
Failure of H. S. Ives & Ck)., of New ty lives lost; $10,000,000 worth of prop-
York, stock-brokers ; liabilities, $20,000,- erty destroyed ; about 4 feet of snow falls
000 Aug. 11, 1887 in New York City, and drifts in the
Spencer F. Baird, naturalist, born 1823, streets 10 to 20 feet deep
dies at Wood's Holl, Mass. March 12-13, 1888
Aug. 19, 1887 Chief -Justice Morrison R. Waite, born
Ninth international medical congress 1816, dies at Washington, D. C
meets at Washington, D. C. .Sept. 5, 1887 March 23, 1888
Three days' centennial celebration of the Brighton Beach Hotel, Kings county,
formation of the Constitution begins at N. Y., a wooden structure 465 feet long,
Philadelphia :.Sept. 15, 1887 150 deep, and 3 stories high, estimated
American party organized in Philadel- weight 5,000 tons, is moved back from the
phia Sept. 17, 1887 ocean 600 feet by 112 platform cars, on
American sloop Volunteer wins the in- twenty-four parallel tracks, drawn by four
temational yacht race over the British locomotives attached by tackle
cutter Thistle Sept. 27 and 30, 1887 April 3 et seq., 1888
President and Mrs. Cleveland leave Roscoe Conkling, statesman, born 1829,
Washington for a tour of the West and dies at New York. . .• April 18, 1888
South Sept. 30, 1887 Convention of delegates from nearly all
Elihu B. Washburne, born 1816, dies the Southern States east of the Missis-
at Chicago, 111 Oct. 22, 1887 sippi meets at Hot Springs, N. C, to pro-
Sentence of anarchists Fielden and mote immigration April 25, 1888
Schwab commuted to imprisonment for Belva A. Lockwood, nominated for
life; Lingg kills himself by exploding a President by Equal Rights Convention at
bomb in his mouth Nov. 10, 1887 I>es Moines, la May 15, 1888
Chicago anarchists Spies, Fischer, En- Alson J. Streeter, of Illinois, nominated
gel, and Parsons hanged Nov. 11, 1887 for President, and C. E. Cunningham, of
Johann Most, anarchist, of New York, Arkansas, for Vice-President, by Union
arrested for incendiary language Labor party at Cincinnati, O.
Nov. 17, 1887 May 16, 1888
Fiftieth Congress, first session, opens Robert H. Cowdrey, of Illinois, nominat-
Dec. 5, 1887 ed for President, and W. H. T. Wake-
President Cleveland's third annual mes- field, of Kansas, for Vice-President, by
sage Dec. 6, 1887 United Labor Convention at Cincinnati,
Anarchist Most sentenced to one year's O May 17, 1888
imprisonment Dec. 8, 1887 Clinton B. Fisk, of New Jersey, nomi-
Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden, geologist, nated for President, and John A. Brooks,
bom 1829, dies at Philadelphia of Missouri, for Vice-President, by Pro-
Dec. 22, 1887 hibition National Convention at Indian-
Ex-Secretary of the Treasury Manning, apolis May 31, 1888
bom 1831, dies at Albany, N. Y. Grade of lieutenant-general in the army
Dec. 24, 1887 merged into grade of general, and Presi-
Secretary Lamar resigns .. Jan. 7, 1888 dent authorized to appoint a general of
Asa Gray, botanist, bom 1810, dies at the army by act of June 1, 1888
Cambridge, Mass Jan. 30, 1888 P. H. Sheridan commissioned general of
David R. Locke, ** Petroleum V. Nasby, the army June 1, 1888
Confederate X Roads," bom 1833, dies Act providing for execution of murderers
at Toledo, O Feb. 15, 1888 by electricity in New York State signed
W. W. Corcoran, philanthropist, born by Governor Hill June 4, 1888
1798, dies at Washington, D. C. Democratic National Convention meets
Feb. 24, 1888 in St. Louis, Patrick A. Collins, of Massa-
A. Bronson Alcott, bom 1799, dies at chusetts, permanent president, June 5;
Boston, Mass., March 4, and Louise M. Grover Cleveland nominated for Presi*
245
UNITED STATES OV AHSBIOA
dent by acclamation, June 6; Allen Q. Qrover Cleveland's letter of acceptance
Thurman, of Ohio, nominated for Vice- Sept. 8, 1888
President by 690 to 105 for Isaac P. Gray, Canadian retaliation bill passes House
of Indiana, and 25 for John C. Black, of of Representatives by 176 to 4, Sept. 8;
Illinois June 7, 1888 referred to the Senate committee on for-
Department of Labor, in charge of a eign relations Sept. 10, 1888
commissioner of labor to be appointed by Benjamin Harrison's letter of accept-
the President, established by act of ance Sept. 11, 1888
June 13, 1888 Immigration of Chinese in the United
Republican National Convention opens States, except officials, teachers, students,
in Chicago, June 19; M. M. Estee, of Call- merchants, or travellers for pleasure,
fomia, made permanent president, June prohibited by act approved . . Sept. 13, 1888
20; nineteen candidates are balloted for Hodjii Hussein Ghooly Khan, first min-
— ^necessary to a choice, 416. Two ballots ister from Persia to the United States, ar-
are cast on June 22, three on June 23, and rives in New York Sept. 30, 1888
three on June 25. The results of the first Levi P. Morton's letter of acceptance
and eighth ballots for the four principal Oct. 2, 1888
candidates were as follows: Melville W. Fuller, appointed chief -jus-
in 9th. ^^^ ^^ *^® United States April 30, is con-
Benjamin HHrrison, of Indiana 80 044 firmed July 20, and sworn in
John . Sherman, of Ohio 220 118 rv»f o looo
Russell A. Alger, of Michigan 84 100 *„ ^ ^ , wt. o, lOOO
Walter Q. Grrabam, of IHinoia. Ill 00 Allen G. Thurman s letter of acceptance
Oct. 12, 1888
Levi P. Morton, of New York, nomi- First session (321 days) adjourns
nated for Vice-President June 25, 1888 Oct. 20, 1888
Monument to Francis Scott Key un- [This was the longest session on
veiled in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, record; 15,685 bills and joint resolutions
Cal July 4, 1888 were introduced, of which 1,237 bills
Centennial Exposition of the Ohio Val- and fifty-seven joint resolutions became
ley and Central States, continuing until laws.]
Oct. 28, is opened at Cincinnati, O. Indiscreet letter on American politics
July 4, 1888 from the British minister, Lord Sackville
Debate on Mills tariff bill in the House West, dated Beverly, Mass., Sept. 13,
closed, July 19, and bill passed by 162 to 1888, to Charles F. Murchison. of Po-
149 July 21, 1888 mona, Cal., a naturalized Englishman
Second timber-raft launched at Tog- who had asked advice how to vote, pub-
gins, Bay of Fundy, July 25, containing lished Oct. 25, 1888
22,000 logs averaging 40 feet in length, Recall of Minister Sackville suggested,
is towed in safety to New York, arriving and the President refuses to recognize
about Aug. 5, 1888 him officially Oct. 30, 1888
Gen. P. H. Sheridan, born 1831, dies Presidential election Nov. 6, 1888
at Nonquitt, Mass Aug. 5, 1888 Second session meets Dec. 3, 1888
Candidates of Prohibition party pub- President's annual message presented
lish letters of acceptance. . . .Aug. 6, 1888 Dec. 3, 1888
Gen. J. M. Schofield succeeds to com- Oyster war in Chester River, etc.
mand of army of the United States Dec. 11, 1888
Aug. 14, 1888 Act incorporating the American His-
James Langdon Curtis, of New York, torical Association Jan. 4, 1889
nominated for President, and James R. Upper Suspension Bridge at Niafi^ara
Greer (replaced by P. D. Wigginton, Oct. Falls torn from its cables and blown into
2) for Vice-President, by the American the river during a gale Jan. 10, 1889
party in convention at Washington Substitute for the Mills tariff bill passes
Aug. 15, 1888 the Senate, Jan. 22; is debated in the
President's message outlining a plan House and referred to committee on ways
of retaliation in the matter of the fishery and means Jan. 26, 1889
treaty Aug 23, 1888 John M. Clayton, Republican candidate
246
UNZTXP STATES 07 AXBXIOA
for Congress from second district » Arkan- President Harrison inaugurated
sas, assassinated at Plummersville, Ark. March 4, 1889
Jan. 29, 1889 _
New executive department, " the De- Twentt • b«th Administration — Re-
partmcnt of Agriculture," created by act p^wjcan, March 4, 1899, to March 3,
of Feb. 9, 1889 ^®^^-
John Call Dalton, physiologist, bom Benjamin Harrison, Indiana, President.
1825, dies at New York City.. Feb. 12, 1889 Levi P. Morton, New York, Vicc-Presi-
Norman J. Coleman, of Missouri, ap- dent,
pointed first Secretary of Agriculture John Ericsson, scientist and inventor,
Feb. 12, 1889 born 1803, dies at New York City
Electoral votes counted in Congress: March 8, 1889
Benjamin Harrison, of Indiana, and Levi United States steamers Trenton and
P. Morton, of New York, Republicans, Vandalia wrecked and the Nipsio stranded
receive 233 votes; Grover Cleveland, of in a storm near Apia, Samoan Islands
New York, and Allen G. Thurman, of March 16, 1889
Ohio, Democrats, receive 168 votes Proclamation of the President warning
Feb. 13, 1889 persons against entering Bering Sea for
Act to create the Maritime Canal Com- unlawful hunting of fur-bearing animals
pany of Nicaragua Feb. 20, 1889 March 21, 1889
Act dividing Dakota into two States, SUnley Matthews, associate justice of
and enabling the people of North and Supreme Court of United States, born
South Dakota, Montana, and Washington 1824, dies at Washington, D. C.
to form constitutions and state govern- March 22, 1889
ments Feb. 22, 1889 Extra session of Senate closes
Congress appropriates $250,000 to aid April 2, 1889
American workmen thrown out of em- Proclamation of President designates
ployment by stoppage of work on the April 30, 1889, the centennial of the in-
Panama Canal Feb. 25, 1889 auguration of Washington as President, as
President calls the Senate in extraor- a day of special thanksgiving
dinary session, March 4 Feb. 26, 1889 April 4, 1889
Bill passed retiring Gen. William S. Oklahoma, by proclamation of President,
Rosecrans Feb. 27. 1889 March 23, 1889, is opened for settlement
Act to provide for taking the eleventh at noon, and city of Guthrie established
and subsequent censuses March 1, 1889 April 22, 1889
Congress appropriates $100,000 for a Simpson Dry-dock at Newport News,
permanent coaling station at Pago Pago, Va., the largest in the United States,
Tutuilla, Samoa March 2, 1889 formally opened April 24, 1889
Bill to refund to the States and Terri- Centennial of inauguration of President
torips the direct tax levied by act of Aug. Washington celebrated in New York City
5, 1861, vetoed by President Cleveland and elsewhere April 29-May 1, 1889
March 2, is passed by the Senate, but Body of Dr. Cronin, of Chicago, who
lost in the House March 2, 1889 had disappeared three weeks previously,
Act to punish the use of the mails in found in a sewer May 22, 1880
"the sawdust swindle " or " counterfeit- Johnstown flood May 31, 1889
money fraud," or by dealing in " green John Brown's fort, near Harper's Ferry,
articles,'* " green coin," " bills," " paper swept away by a flood on the Potomac
goods," "green cigars," etc., by fine and June, 1889
imprisonment March 2, 1889 City of Seattle, W. T., nearly destroyed
Levi P. Morton, Vice-President elect, by fire; 30 acres burned over; loss,
takes the oath of office in the Senate $5,000,000 June 6, 1889
March 4, 1889 Simon Cameron, statesman, bom 1799,
Fiftieth Congress adjourns dies at Donegal, Lancaster co., Pa.
March 4, 1889 June 26, 1889
Special session of the Senate convenes Maria Mitchell, astronomer, bom 1818,
March 4, 1889 dies at Lynn, Mass June 28, 1889
247
L
XTNITED STATES OF AmBICA
Theodore Dwight Woolsey, ex-president the abolition of national banks, and issue
of Yale College, bom 1801, dies at New of legal-tender treasury notes, prohibiting
Haven, Conn July 1, 1889 alien ownership of land and dealing in
Sioux reservation in Dakota (11,000,- futures of agricultural and mechanical
000 acres) ceded to the United States products Dec. 6, 1889
Aug. 6, 1889 Auditorium building and opera-house,
David S. Terry, assaulting Judge Chicago, dedicated Dec. 9, 1889
Stephen Field at Lathrop, Cal., is shot Coughlin, O'Sullivan, and Burke sen-
dead by United States Marshal Nagle tenced to life imprisonment, and Kunze
Aug. 14, 1889 to three years, for complicity in murder
Cronin murder trial begins in Chicago of Dr. Cronin, of Chicago, and Beggs
Aug. 30, 1889 acquitted Dec. 16, 1889
Deep Harbor Convention, with delegates " Jol grippe " invades the United States
from fifteen States and Territories, meets Dec 21, 1889
at Topeka, Kan., to consider the security Horatio Allen, first locomotive engineer
of a harbor on the Texas coast in the United States, dies at Montrose,
Oct. 1, 1889 N. J., aged eighty-eight Jan. 1, 1890
Pan-American congress organizes in State dinner given by the President to
Washington, D. C Oct. 2, 1889 the Vice-President and cabinet. Jan. 7, 1890
International marine conference meets William D. Kelley, born 1814, the oldest
in Washington, D. C Oct. 16, 1889 member of the House of Representatives
Work formally begun on the Nicaragua in term of service (since 1860) as well as
Canal Oct. 22, 1889 in years, dies Jan. 9, 1890
North and South Dakota admitted into Woman's Christian Temperance League
the Union as States (thirty-ninth and organized at Cleveland, O...Jan. 23, 1890
fortieth in order), by proclamation of the House of Representatives disputes on
President Nov. 2, 1889 the power of the speaker to count a
Maritime exhibition opens in Boston, quorum when members present refuse to
Mass Nov. 4, 1889 vote Jan. 29, 1890
Montana (forty-first State in order) ad- Wife and daughter of Secretary of the
mitted into the Union by proclamation of Navy Tracy lose their lives in the burning
the President Nov. 8, 1889 of their residence at Washington, D. C.
Washington (forty-second State in or- Feb. 3, 1890
der) admitted into the Union by proclama- Gentiles at Salt Lake City, Utah, for
tion of the President Nov. 11, 1889 the first time obtain control in a local
Pan-American delegates, after visiting election Feb. 10, 1890
all sections of the country, a journey of Proclamation of the President opening
6,000 miles, return to Washington part of the great Sioux reservation for
Nov. 13, 1889 settlement Feb. 10, 1890
Great fire in Lynn, Mass.; 80 acres Proclamation by the President against
burned over ; 296 buildings destroyed ; loss the use of the Cherokee strip for grazing
over $4,000,000 Nov. 26, 1889 by whites under private contract with the
Fifty- first Congress, first session, meets Cherokees Feb. 17, 1890
Dec. 2, 1889 John Jacob Astor, bom 1822, dies at
[Thomas B. Reed, of Maine, elected New York, leaving a vast fortune
speaker of the House.] Feb. 22, 1890
President Harrison's first annual mes- Vote in the House of Representatives on
sage Dec. 3, 1889 a site for the World's Columbian Exposi-
Jefferson Davis, ex-President of the Con- tion results: Chicago, 157; New York,
federacy, bom 1808, dies at New Orleans 107; St. Louis, 26; Washington, D. C,
Dec. 6, 1889 18; necessary to a choice, 155
Committees representing the Farmers' Feb. 24, 1890
Alliance and Industrial Union and the United States steamer Enterprise ar-
Knights of Labor meet at St. Louis and rives at New York with the body of
adopt a platform of principles demanding George H. Pendleton, who died at Brus-
the free and unlimited coinage of silver, sels, Nov. 24, 1889 Feb. 27, 1890
248
TTHITSD STATES 07 AKSBIOA
North American Commercial Company Act to provide for a temporary govern-
secures the Alaskan fur-seal rights ment in the Territory of Oklahoma
Feb. 28, 1890 May 2, 1890
National league of Republican clubs Commander B. H. McCalla sentenced
meets at Nashville, Tenn.. March 4, 1890 to be suspended from rank and duty for
Act authorizing an assistant Secretary three years; sentence approved by Secre-
of War at a salary of 94,500. March 6, 1890 tary Tracy May 15, 1890
Owing to British seal-poaching in Amer- McKinley tariff bill debated in the
ican waters, and refusal of Great Brit- House of Representatives, May 7*10, and
ain to recognize a close season, the Presi- passed by the House, 104 to 142
dent by proclamation warns persons May 21, 1800
against entering Bering Sea for the pur- Work of taking the United States cen-
pose of unlawfully killing fur - bearing sus begins June 2, 1800
animals March 15, 1890 McKinley tariff bill reported in the
Large number of ** boomers " invade the Senate June 18, 1800
Cherokee strip March 23, 1890 National commission of the World's Co-
Gen. Robert C. Schenck, bom 1809, dies lumbian Exposition appointed by the Pres-
in Washington, D. C March 23, 1890 ident; elects ex-Senator Thomas W. Palm-
Louisville tornado March 27, 1890 er, of Detroit, permanent chairman, and
Australian ballot system successfully John T. Dickinson, of Texas, permanent
introduced at a State election in Rhode secretary June 27, 1890
Island April 2, 1890 Bill passes granting pensions to soldiers
Samuel J. Randall, bom 1828, dies at and sailors who served ninety days in the
Washington, D. C April 13, 1890 Civil War, now or hereafter disabled, and
McKinley tariff bill introduced from to widows and minor children and de-
the committee on ways and means pendent parents June 27, 1890
April 16, 1890 Bill to protect trade and commerce
Pan-American conference, in which was against unlawful restraints of trusts, mo-
represehted Haiti, Nicaragua, Peru, Gua- nopolies, etc., approved July 2, 1890
temala, Colombia, Argentine Republic, Act admitting Idaho as a State (the
Costa Rica, Paraguay, Brazil, Honduras, forty- third) July 3, 1890
Mexico, Bolivia, United States, Venezuela, Gen. Clinton B. Fisk, born 1828, dies
Chile, San Salvador, and Ecuador, ad- at New York City July 9, 1890
joums April 19, 1890 Act admitting Wyoming as a State (the
John C. Fremont placed on the army forty-fourth) July 10, 1890
retired list, with the rank of major-gen- Act authorizing a bridge over the Ilud-
eral, by act of April 19; approved son River between New York and New
April 21, 1890 Jersey, and incorporating the North River
Pan -electric suit decided by the Su- Bridge Company July 11, 1890
prenae Court in favor of ex-Attorney-Gen- Maj.-Gen. John C. Fremont, born 1813,
eral Garland April 21, 1890 dies at New York July 13, 1890
Congress appropriates $150,000 for re- Act authorizing the purchase of not
lief of sufferers from floods on the Mis- more than 4,500,000 ounces of silver per
sissippi .- April 25, 1890 month at not more than $1 for 371
Act passed to provide for celebrating grains, and to issue treasury notes there-
the 400th anniversary of the discovery of for, and coinage of 2,000,000 ounces per
America by Christopher Columbus by an month until July 1, 1891, and thereafter
international exhibition of arts, industries, as necessary July 14, 1890
manufactures, and products of the soil, Message of President Harrison recom-
mines, and sea, at Chicago, III. mends legislation that will close the
April .25, 1890 mails and express lines of the United
Supreme Court decides that imported States against lottery companies
liquors may be carried into any State, July 29, 1890
and sold in the original packages, without Strike of 3,000 trainmen on the New
reference to local prohibitory or restrict- York Central Railroad Aug. 8, 1890
ive laws April 28, 1890 Wilson bill as amended, authorizing the
249
UNZTBD STATES 07 AXEXICA
States to prohibit sale of imported liquors Coinage of $3 and $1 gold pieces, and
in '' original packages," approved 3-cent nickel pieces discontinued by act
Aug. 8, 1890 Sept. 26, 1890
John Boyle O'Reilly, Irish patriot and Celebration, at Providence, R. I., of the
poet, bom 1844, dies at Hull, Mass. centennial of the introduction of cotton-
Aug. 10, 1890 spinning into America Sept. 29, 1890
First annual convention of letter-car- Pension of Sarah Dabney, widow of
riers of the United States held at Boston, John Q. Dabney, Revolutionary soldier,
Mass.; 100 delegates Aug. 13, 1890 increased from $12 to $30 per month by
Act establishing a national military park act of June 20; also of Asenath Turner,
at the battle-field of Chickamauga widow of Samuel Dunham, and Mary
Aug. 19, 1890 Snead, widow of Bowdoin Snead, Revo-
Body of Capt. John Ericsson sent to lutionary pensioners Sept. 30, 1890
Sweden on the United States steamer Bat- McKinley tariff bill approved
iimore Aug. 23, 1890 Oct. 1, 1890
Act for inspection by the Department Act of Congress setting apart certain
of Agriculture of salted pork and bacon tracts of land in California as forest reser-
for export and of foods and drink and cat- vations Oct. 1, 1890
tie imported, and empowering the Presi- First session (304 days) adjourns
dent to retaliate upon foreign nations Oct. 1, 1890
discriminating against the United States [This was the second longest* session
Aug. 30, 1890 ever held; 16,972 bills introduced, nearly
Act for an annual appropriation of 1,400 became laws.]
moneys received from the sale of public Louis Phillipe Albert d'Orl^ans, Comte
lands to colleges of agriculture and me- de Paris, volunteer aide on General Me-
chanics' arts established by act of Con- Clellan's staff during the Civil War, ar-
gress, July 2, 1862; each State and Terri- rives in New York Oct. 3, 1890
tory to receive $15,000 the first year, Polygamy abolished as an institution of
increased by $1,000 annually, until $26,- the Church of the Latter-day Saiijts at a
000 is reached, which shall be a permanent general conference in Salt Lake City, Utah
annual donation Aug. 30, 1890 Oct. 6, 1890
Single Tax Convention meets at New Daughters of the American Revolution
York City, Sept. 2, and adopts a plat- organized at Washington Oct. 11, 1890
form Sept. 3, 1890 Associate Justice Samuel Miller of the
Criminal jurisdiction of United States Supreme Court, struck with paralysis,
circuit and district courts extended to Oct. 10, dies at Washington
the Great Lakes and connecting waters Oct. 13, 1890
by act Sept. 4, 1890 William W. Belknap, ex-Secretary of
Direct Trade Convention, with delegates War, bom 1829, dies at Washington, D. C.
from six cotton-producing States, organ- Oct. 13, 1890
izes at Atlanta, Oa Sept. 10. 1890 Chief of Police David C. Hennessy, of
Strike of trainmen on the New York New Orleans, waylaid before his own home
Central Railroad declared off by Italian " Mafia," to whose band he had
Sept. 17, 1890 traced a number of crimes, and killed, re-
Act amending section 3,894 of Revised ceiving six wounds Oct. 15, 1890
Statutes, relating to advertising of lot- Religious excitement among the Indians
tery tickets, approved Sept. 19, 1890 of the Northwest ("Messiah craze") first
River and harbor bill, appropriating appears June 3, when three Indian chiefs.
$24,981,295, approved Sept. 19, 1890 representing the Comanches, Cheyennes,
Bronze statue of Horace Greeley, by and Arapahoes, meet near the Crow agency
John Quincy Adams Ward, unveiled in in Montana to behold the Great Spirit on
front of the Tribune building, New York the rocks; it develops into the "ghost
City Sept. 20, 1890 dances " among the Sioux tribes the lat-
Act reserving as a public park the big- ter part of October, 1890
tree groves in townships 17 and 18 south. Second session convenes. .Dec. 1, 1890
in California Sept. 26, 1890 President's message read. . .Dec. 1, 1890
250
XTNITEP STATES OF AHBBIOA
David Kalakaua, King of the Sandwich submitted Dec. 29, 1890, is considered in
Islands, lands at San Francisco, Cal. Senate Jan. 20, 1891
Dec. 4, 1890 King Kalakaua, born 1836, dies at San
Tatonka Otanka, "Sitting Bull," bom Francisco Jan. 20, 1891
in Dakota, 1837, who posed as leading Representatives of the Farmers' Al-
apostle in the ghost dances, is arrested, liance and Industrial Union in Washing-
and is killed during an attempt of Ind- ton, D. C, agree upon a confederation of
ians to rescue him, near Grand River, the labor organizations Jan. 22, 1891
about 40 miles from Standing Rock Aldrich's cloture resolution displaced in
agency, N. D Dec. 16, 1890 Senate by bill for apportionment of repre-
Maj.-Gen. Alfred H. Terry, bom 1827, sentetion, by 35 to 34 Jan. 26, 1891
dies at New Haven, Conn Dec. 16, 1890 Over 100 miners killed by an explosion
Secretary Blaine proposes to the British of fire-damp in the coke-mines near
minister at Washington arbitration in Mount Pleasant, Pa Jan. 27, 1891
the Bering Sea difficulty Dec. 17, 1890 Secretary of Treasury Windom, bom
By proclamation the President appoints 1827, dies suddenly of heart disease at a
May 1, 1893, as the opening, and the last banquet at Delmonico's, New York City
Thursday of October, 1893, as the closing Jan. 29, 1891
day of the World's Columbian Exposition Act apportioning representatives in Con-
at Chicago Dec. 24, 1890 gress, 356 after March 3, 1893, approved
Battle with " Big Foot's " band of Ind- Feb. 7, 1891
ians on Wounded Knee Creek, S. D. : Strike involving 10,000 miners begins in
among the Indians killed were forty-four Connellsville coke regions, Pa.
squaws and eighteen pappooses; loss to Feb. 9, 1891
United States troops, thirty-two killed, Adm. David Dixon Porter, born 1814,
thirty-nine wounded Dec. 29, 1890 dies at Washington, D. C. . .Feb. 13, 1891
Gen. Francis E. Spinner, United States Gen. William T. Sherman, born 1820,
ex-treasurer, bora 1802, dies at Jackson- dies at New York Feb. 14, 1891
Tille. Fla Dec. 31, 1890 Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks placed upon the
International monetary conference meets pension roll at the rate of $100 per month
at Washington Jan. 7, 1891 Feb. 18, 1891
Motion for leave to file a petition for a Senator Ingalls chosen president of the
writ of prohibition against the condemna- Senate pro tern., Feb. 25, 1886, and con-
tion of the Canadian sealer W. P, Say- tinned by successive elections until April
ward, condemned by the United States 3, 1890. On March 12, 1890, he is unan-
district court in Alaska in 1887 for vio- imously designated to preside during the
lating United States laws, by taking seals future absences of the Vice-President and
in Bering Sea, and appealed to the Su- at the pleasure of the Senate, a function
preme Court, is entered on behalf of the never before exercised by any member of
attorney-general of Canada.. Jan. 12, 1891 the Senate; he resigns this office
Senate passes a free -coinage bill Feb. 19, 1891
adopted June 17, 1890, as a substitute Prof. Alexander Winchell, geologist,
for the financial bill, and takes up the bora 1824, dies at Ann Arbor, Mich,
federal election bill by 34 to 33 Feb. 19, 1891
Jan. 14, 1891 First triennial of National Council of
George Bancroft, historian, born 1800, Women of the United States meets at
dies at Washington, D. C. .Jan. 17, 1891 Washington, D. C Feb. 23, 1891
Indian chiefs at Pine Ridge agency, Jan. Act to refund to the States $15,227,-
14, agree to surrender to General Miles, 632.03 collected under the direct-tax act
who declares the Indian outbreak ended of 1861, levying $20,000,000 . March 2, 1891
Jan. 19, 1891 Act authorizing three United States
Discussion of the federal election bill prisons: one north, another south of 39°
(H. R. 11,045), passed by House of Repre- and east of the Rocky Mountains, the
sentatives, July 2, 1890, closes in the third west of the Rocky Mountains
Senate Jan. 19, 1891 March 3, 1891
Aldrich cloture rule, to limit debate. Congress appropriates $15,000 for ex-
251
TTNITEI) STATES 01* AXXSIOA
periments in forestry and artificial rain- Itata sails from San Diego, carrying off
making March 3, 1891 the United States deputy marshal
Act creating nine courts of appeal and May 7, 1891
nine additional United States circuit [The marshal was landed some 8
court judges approved March 3, 1891 miles south of San Diego, and the Itata
Act granting registry to certain foreign- took from the Ameri&n schooner Robert
built vessels with subsidies; the mails and Minnie a cargo of arms shipped from
to be carried when required without ad- Ilion, N. Y.]
ditional compensation, and new vessels to United States cruiser Charleston saAls
be built suitable for conversion into in pursuit of the Itata May 9, 1891
auxiliary or transports March 3, 1891 President Harrison returns to Washing-
International copyright act approved ton May 15, 1891
March 3^ 1891 Rear- Admiral McCann given command
Fifty-first Ckingress adjourns of the American vessels in the South Pa-
March 4, 1891 cific May 17, 1891
[The Fifty-first Congress was nick- Trans • Mississippi commercial congress
named the *' Billion Dollar Congress" (1,200 delgates) opens at Denver, Col.
from the grand total of its appropria- May 19, 1891
tions.] People's party organized at the National
Eleven Italians confined in the Parish Union conference (1,418 delegates from
prison, New Orleans, on charge of the thirty-two States) at Cincinnati, O.
murder of Chief Hennessy, six of whom May 19, 1891
had just been acquitted by jury trial, are President opens to settlement about
massacred March 14, 1891 1,000,000 acres of the Fort Berthold Ind-
Baron Fava, Italian minister at Wash- ian reservation. South Dakota
ington, protests against the New Orleans May 20, 1891
lynching March 15, 1891 Charleston reaches Callao without hav-
Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, born 1807, dies ing seen the Itata May 27, 1891
at Washington, D. C March 21, 1891 Benson John Lossing, historian, bom
Italian minister Fava recalled 1813, dies at Chestnut Ridge, Dutchess
March 31, 1891 co., N. Y June 3, 1891
Gen. Albert Pike, born 1809, dies at Itata surrenders to Admirals McCann
Washington, D. C April 2, 1891 and Brown in the harbor of Iquique, hay-
Senator George F. Edmunds resigns, to ing on board a cargo of 5,000 rifies
take effect Nov. 1 April 6, 1891 June 4, 1891
Phineas T. Bamum, born 1810, dies at Lieut. R. E. Peary and wife (the first
Bridgeport, Conn April 7, 1891 lady to join a Polar expedition) sail for
Patent centennial opened in Washington the Arctic regions June 6, 1891
by President Harrison April 8, 1891 Great Britain agrees to a modus vivendi,
President Harrison and party leave a close season and limited privileges in
Washington for an extended trip in the the seal fisheries, until May 1, 1892. Pro-
South and West April 14, 1891 claimed by President June 15, 1891
Resignation of Senator John H. Reagan, Monument, inscribed " On this spot
of Texas, to take effect June 10 Christopher Columbus first set foot upon
April 24, 1891 the soil of the New World," erected on
China formally objects to Henry W. Watling Island by the Chicago Herald
Blair as minister from the United States June 15, 1891
because of his speech in Congress against Nine new United States circuit courts
the Chinese April 28, 1891 of appeal formally organized
Charles Pratt, philanthropist, born June 16, 1891
1830, dies at New York City Rain-making experiments begun in
May 4, 1891 Texas under the Department of Agricult-
United States marshal, at the request of ure Jime 23, 1891
Chilean minister, seizes the Chilean insur- Discovery recorded of a new lake form-
gent transport Itata at San Diego, Cal. ing in Salton Sink, Ariz., owing to floods
May 6, 1891 on the Colorado June 29, 1891
252
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Ex- Vice-President Hannibal Hamlin, bom March 30, and supplementary proclama-
1809, dies at Bangor, Me July 4, 1891 tion Sept 10, 1891
Charleston and Itaia arrive at San William Ferrel, meterologist, bom 1817,
Diego, Cal July 4, 1891 dies at Maywood, Kan Sept. 18, 1891
Secretary of the Treasury accepts $500 President proclaims the ceded Indian
from the Itata for violation of the navi- lands in Oklahoma Territory open to set-
gation laws July 8, 1891 tleraent on Sept. 22 Sept. 18, 1891
Cargo of arms and ammunition on the Opening of the St. Clair River tunnel
Itata libelled by the United States mar- celebrated at Port Huron and Sarnia
shal at San Diego, Cal July 14, 1891 Sept. 19, 1891
Statue of Gen. Stonewall Jackson un- Russian man-of-war Alenta seizes an
veiled at Lexington, Va. ; 15,000 Confed- American sealer, the Levyis, at Bering
erate veterans present; oration by Gen- Island and carries the crew to Vladivos-
eral Early July 21, 1891 tock for trial Oct. 2, 1891
Smokeless powder used for the first time Human Freedom League organized in
in this country in experiments at Sandy Independence Hall, Philadelphia
Hook, N. J July 25, 1891 Oct. 12, 1891
Thomas W. Babcock, born 1815, for Boatswain, mate, and six sailors of the
fourteen years in Congress from Vir- United States cruiser Baltimore injured
ginia and for four years speaker of Con- by a mob in the streets of Valparaiso,
federate Congress, dies in Appomattox Qxile, resulting in death of two sailors
county, Va Aug. 5, 1891 Oct. 16, 1891
Two vessels seized in Bering sea for Nathaniel Duncan Ingraham, formerly
unlawful sealing Aug. 7, 1891 of the United States navy (Koszta affair),
James Russell Lowell, bom* 1819, dies afterwards in the Confederate service,
at Cambridge, Mass Aug. 12, 1891 dies at Charleston, S. C Oct. 16, 1891
Cherokee strip closed to the whites by James Parton, author, born 1822, dies
order of the President Aug. 13, 1891 at Newburyport, Mass Oct. 17, 1891
Sarah Childress Polk, widow of ex- Italy withdraws her prohibition of
President James K. Polk, bom 1803, dies American pork Oct. 21, 1891
at Nashville, Tenn Aug. 14, 1891 Officers of the Louisiana State lottery
Battle monument, 308 feet high, in Ben- indicted under United States law by the
nington, Vt., dedicated; address by Presi- Grand Jury in Sioux Falls, N. D.
dent Harrison Aug. 19, 1891 Oct. 21, 1891
Over sixty persons killed by a falling First Empire State express train runs
building in Park Place, New York City from New York to Buffalo via N. Y. C. &
Aug. 22, 1891 H. R. R. R. in 8 hours 42 minutes
R. G. Dyrenforth and staff experiment in Oct. 26, 1891
artificial rain production by dynamite Southern States Exposition opens at
bombs exploded in the air, etc., near Mid- Augusta, Ga Nov. 2, 1891
land, Tex Aug. 18-26, 1891 Itata case submitted by counsel in the
First reunion of survivors of the Black United States court at Los Angeles, Cal.
Hawk War of 1832 held at Lena, 111.; Nov. 5, 1891
seventeen veterans over seventy years old Sefior Pedro Montt, minister from Chile,
present Aug. 28, 1891 officially presented to President Harrison
Germany removes restrictions on im- Nov. 14, 1891
ports of American pork Sept. 3, 1891 A lunatic enters the office of Russell
New Chilean government, with Jorge Sage in New York City with a hand-bag,
Montt as president, officially recognized demands $1,250,000, and on refusal drops
by the Department of State at Washing- the bag filled with explosives, killing him-
ton, D. C Sept. 7, 1891 self and a bystander, injuring others, and
Denmark revokes prohibition of import wrecking the building Dec. 4, 1891
of American pork Sept. 8, 1891 Secretary of War Redfield Proctor re-
Forest reservation in Wyoming, adjoin- signs Dec. 5, 1891
ing Yellowstone National Park, set apart France removes restrictions on Ameri-
by proclamation of President Harrison, can pork Dee. 6, 1891
253
tTNITSB STATES OV AMfi&ICA
Fifti/-8econd Congress, first session, ty-five; National Woman's Christian Tem-
meets Dec. 7, 1891 perance Union, four. Delegates decide to
Annual message of President Harrison act with the People's party in the Presi-
Dec. 9, 1891 dential canvass Feb. 22, 1892
United States Senate ratifies the general Treaty signed at State Department,
act passed by the anti-slavery conference Washington, by Sir Julian Pauncefote
in BrusQels, July 2, 1890.. Jan. 11, 1892 and Secretary Blaine, referring the Be-
Forest preserve in New Mexico set apart ring Sea dispute to an international ar-
by proclamation of President bitration commission of seven members
Jan. 11, 1892 Feb. 29, 1892
Randolph Rogers, sculptor, born 1825, Forest reserve. Pike's Peak, Col., set
dies at Rome, N. Y Jan. 14, 1892 apart by proclamation of President Har-
Congressman Bland introduces a free- rison Feb. 11, March 18, 1892
coinage bill in the House Jan. 21, 1892 Standard Oil Trust dissolved
Ultimatum of the United States served March 21, 1892
on the Chilean government by Secretary Debate on the silver bill closes in House
Blaine, through Minister Montt, demand- of Representatives and fails of a vote
ing an apology for the assault upon the March 24, 1892
sailors of the Baltimore in the streets of Walt Whitman, poet, bom in 1819, dies
Valparaiso, an indemnity, and the with- at Camden, N. J March 26, 1892
drawal of the insulting circular of Min- Treaty with foreign powers for repress-
ister Matta Jan. 21, 1892 ing the slave-trade in Africa and the im-
Satisfactory answer to the ultimatum portation of fire-arms, ammunition, and
from Chile submitted to Congress with spirituous liquors, signed at Washing-
a message from the President ton April 2, 1892
Jan. 27, 1892 Steamer Missouri, which sailed from
James G. Blaine writes to Chairman New York, March 15, carrying food sup-
Clarkson, of the Republican National plies to starving Russians, arrives at Li-
Committee, refusing to be a candidate bau April 3, 1892
for President Feb. 6, 1892 President proclaims open to settlement
Senate financial committee reports the greater part of Lake Traverse Indian
against the free silver-coinage bills reservation in North Dakota April 15
Feb. 9, 1892 April 11, 1892
France, Italy, and Sweden chosen as President proclaims open to settlement
Bering Sea arbitrators Feb. 10, 1892 Cheyenne and Araphoe Indian lands in
Bland free-coinage silver bill reported Oklahoma, April 19, about 3,000,000 acres
favorably by the House Feb. 10, 1892 April 12, 1892
Resolution for investigation of the so- Under instruction from President Har-
called " sweating system " of tenement rison, Secretary Blaine tenders the Italian
labor upon manuifacture of clothing, etc. government, as a voluntary offering for
Feb. 13, 1892 distribution among the relatives of Ital-
First Continental Congress of the Na- ians lynched in New Orleans, March 14,
tional Society of the Daughters of the 1891, $25,000, which is accepted and paid
American Revolution, Mrs. Harrison presi- April 14, 1892
dent-general, opens in Washington Baron Fava ordered to resume his po-
Feb. 22, 1892 sition as minister to the United States
National Industrial Conference meets in by the Italian government . April 16, 1892
St. Louis, Mo., with delegates from Far- Secretary Blaine and Sir Julian Paunce-
mers' Alliance, 246; Farmers' Mutual fote conclude a new modus vivendi for
Benefit Association, fifty-three; Knights the Bering Sea April 18, 1892
of Labor, eighty-two; National Farmers* Bill introduced in the House by Mr.
Alliance, ninety-seven; National Citizens* Geary, of California, Jan. 6, to prohibit
Alliance, twenty-five; Colored Farmers* absolutely the coming of Chinese into
Mutual Benefit Association, ninety-seven; the United States, whether subjects of
National Citizens' Independent Alliance, the Chinese empire or otherwise; referred
twenty-seven; Patrons of Industry, twen- to the committee on foreign aflfairs. On
264
UNITED STATES OF AlffSBIOA
Feb. 10 he reports a Bubstitute from the Vice-President Adlai E. Stevenson, of Illi-
committee, which, taken up and debated, nois, chosen unanimously on first ballot
April 4, passes the House, 179 to 43, 107 June 23, 1802
not voting. Senate and House not able National Prohibition Convention meets
to agree, a conference is held and a bill at Cincinnati, O June 29, 1892
presented, which passes the House, May 3, Congress authorizes the President to
and the Senate, May 4, and approved proclaim a general holiday commemorat-
May 5, 1892 ing the 400th anniversary of the discovery
Bering Sea arbitration treaty ratified of America June 29, 1892
May 9, 1892 John W. Foster, of Indiana, confirmed
Act to encourage American shipping ap- by the Senate as Secretary of State
proved May 10, 1892 June 29, 1892
Steamer Conemaugh sent from New Gen. John Bidwell, of California, nomi-
Tork and Philadelphia with provisions nated for President, and J. B. Cranfell,
for the starving Russians, arrives at Riga of Texas, for Vice-President, by the Pro-
May 12, 1892 hibition Convention June 30, 1892
Spain removes restrictions on Ameri- Lock-out of strikers at the Carnegie
can pork May 22, 1892 Steel Company's mills at Homestead, Pa.,
Senator Stewart's bill for free coinage begins July 1, 1892
of silver taken up by the Senate Catholic Sioux Congress opens at the
May 26, 1892 Cheyenne agency. South Dakota; 6,000
Provision for closing the World's Fair Sioux Indians present July 3, 1892
government exhibit on Sundays adopted First National Convention of the Peo-
by the House of Representatives pie's party meets at Omaha, Neb., July
May 26, 1892 2; H. L. Loucks, of South Dakota, per-
James G. Blaine, Secretary of State, re- manent chairman. Gen. James B. Weaver,
signs June 4, 1892 of Iowa, nominated for President, July 4;
Dam at Spartansburg, Pa., bursts, cans- Gen. James G. Field, of Virginia, for Vice-
ing a flood and the breaking of tanks of President July 5, 1892
gasoline, which ignites on Oil Creek be- Congress appropriates $50,000 for site
tween Titusville and Oil City; flood and and pedestal for a statue of Gen. W. T,
fire result in the loss of over 100 lives Sherman July 5, 1892
June 5, 1892 Pinkerton detectives, attempting to
Republican National Convention assem- land from a barge at the Carnegie mills,
bles at Minneapolis, Minn., June 7; Gov- Homestead, Pa., are attacked by strik-
emor McKinley, of Ohio, permanent chair- ers; several detectives and strikers killed
man, Jun^ 8; on first ballot Benjamin or wounded July 6, 1892
Harrison receives 535V« votes; Blaine, Entire National Guard of Pennsylvania
1827.; McKinley, 182; Reed, 4; Robert T. is ordered to Homestead by Governor Pat-
Lincoln, 1. On motion of Charles McKin- tison July 10, 1892
ley the nomination of Harrison is made Lock-out involving 3,000 striking miners
unanimous. At the evening session White- begins in the C<Eur d'Alene mining district,
law Reid, of New York, is nominated for in Shoshone county, Id., April 1; an at-
Vice-President by acclamation tack is made by union men on new hands
June 10, 1892 employed in the Gem mine, in which sev-
President Harrison, by message to Con- eral are killed July 11, 1892
gresfl, recommends retaliation against Can- Cyrus W. Field, born 1819, dies at
ada for discrimination against American Ardsley, N. Y July 12, 1892
vessels June 20, 1892 River and harbor bill, appropriating
Democratic National Convention meets $21,153,618 and authorizing in contracts
in Chicago, 111., June 21; W. L. Wilson, $31,555,401, approved July 13, 1892
of West Virginia, chosen permanent chair- Bland-Stewart free-silver bill, passed
man, June 22; first ballot for President by the Senate, 29 to 25, July 1, is refused
cast June 23: Cleveland, 617Vs; Hill, 115; consideration in the House by 154 to 136
Boies, 103; Gorman, 361/2; Carlisle, 14; July 13, 1892
Cleveland declared nominated; and for Proclamation of President commanding
255
UNITED STATES OF AMEBIGA
all persons in insurrection in Idaho to descendants of Columbus to the World's
disperse July 16, 1892 Columbian Exposition Aug. 5, 1892
Indenmity of $76,000 in the matter of First session adjourns Aug. 5, 1892
the Chilean affair of Oct. 16, 1891, ac- Violence by miners in Tennessee op-
cepted from Chile by United States min- posed to convict labor, quelled by Nation-
ister Eagan July 17, 1892 al Guard Aug. 13-16, 1892
Proviso for closing the World's Fair Switchmen's strike on Erie Railroad
on Sunday confirmed by Senate, July begins at Buffalo, N. Y., where the strik-
14, and concurred in by House ers bum freight trains, destroying about
July 19, 1892 a million dollars' worth of railroad prop-
President authorized to contract for erty Aug. 14, 1892
one armored cruiser of about 8,000 tons Creneral Doyle orders out the 65th and
and one coast-line battle-ship of 9,000 74th regiments of National Guard in
tons, by act approved July 19, 1892 Buffalo Aug. 15, 1892
Two thousand United States troops, In response to appeal from sheriff
sent by President Harrison to the C<Bur and mayor of Buffalo, Governor Flower,
d'Alene mining district. Id., occupy of New York, orders out about 8,000 of
Wardner, July 14; order restored among the National Guard from New York,
the strikers, and soldiers ordered home Brooklyn, and elsewhere, to protect prop-
July 23, 1892 erty at Buffalo, N. Y Aug. 17, 1892
H. C. Frick, chairman of the Carnegie President Harrison, in retaliation
Steel Company, shot and twice wounded against Canadian measures, proclaims
by a Russian • Hebrew anarchist named that a toll of 20 cents per ton be col -
Berkman July 23, 1892 lected from Sept. 1 until further notice.
Private lams, of Company K, 10th Hegi- on all freight passing through St. Mary's
ment, calling for three cheers for the as- Falls Canal to any port of the Dominion
sassin, is hanged up by his thumbs for of Canada Aug. 20, 1892
thirty minutes by order of Colonel Street- Switchmen's strike at Buffalo declared
er July 23, 1892 off by Grandmaster Sweeney
Act authorizing the President in retali- Aug. 24, 1892
ation to demand tolls for, or prohibit the John Bidwell's letter of acceptance
passage of, St. Mary's Falls Canal by Aug. 25, 1892
foreign vessels, in his discretion Eight delegates of Socialistic Labor
July 26, 1892 party in New York City nominate Simon
Act granting pensions of $8 per month Wing, of Massachusetts, for President of
to survivors of the Indian wars of 1832- United States, and Charles H. Matchett,
42 (Black Hawk War, Creek War, Chero- of New York, for Vice-President
kee disturbance, and Seminole War) ap- Aug. 28, 1892
proved July 27, 1892 Hamburg- American steamship Moravia
Act changing date of the dedication brings to New York the first cases of
of the World's Fair buildings from Oct. cholera (out of 386 steerage passengers,
12 to Oct. 21 Aug. 4, 1892 twenty-two die during the voyage)
Act granting pensions of $12 per month Aug. 30, 1892
to all nurses during the Civil War now George William Curtis, bom 1824, dies
dependent Aug. 5, 1892 at West Brighton, Staten Island
Bill for coinage of 5,000,000 half-dollar Aug. 31, 1892
silver pieces as souvenirs for the benefit President Harrison orders twenty days'
of the Columbian Exposition, on condi- quarantine of all immigrant vessels from
tion that the exposition shall not be cholera-infected ports Sept. 1, 1892
opened on Sunday Aug. 5, 1892 President Harrison's letter of accept-
Train' in charge of the United States ance published Sept. 5, 1892
government, carrying $20,000,000 in gold, John Greenleaf Whittier, poet, bom
leaves San Francisco for New York 1807, dies at Hampton Falls, N. H.
Aug. 5, 1892 Sept. 7, 1892
Kesolution of Congress inviting the Ex-Senator Francis Keman, bom 1816,
King and Queen of Spain and the dies at Utica, N. Y Sept. 7, 1892
256
WXTSD STATES 01* AUSBIOA
lieutenant Peaiy and party arrive at ment forest reserve, Colorado, Dec. 24;
St. John's, Newfoundland, on the steamer and Afognak forest and fish-cniture re-
Kite, sent to the Arctic regions in search serve in Alaska Dec. 24, 1802
of them Sept. 11, 1892 President issues a proclamation of am-
Cabin passengers of the Narmanniapre- nesty to Mormons liable to prosecution
vented from landing at Fire Island, by for polygamy on condition of future obe-
injunction restraining the health author- dience to law Jan. 4, 1893
ities from using the island for quaran- Pensioners of Mexican War now draw-
tine purposes, Sept. 12, injunction dis- ing $8 to receive $12 per month, by act
solved, and two regiments of National Jan. 5, 1893
Guard and Naval Reserves ordered out Great Northern Railroad completed to
by Governor Flower; passengers are final- Pacific Jan. 6, 1893
ly suffered to land Sept 13, 1892 Presidential electors meet at State cap-
Generals Weaver and Field accept the itals and vote Jan. 9, 1893
nomination of the People's party Gen. Benjamin F. Butler, bom at Deer-
Sept. 17, 1892 field, N. H., Nov. 5, 1818, dies suddenly
Gen. John Pope, bom 1823, dies at at Washington, D. G Jan. 11, 1893
Sandusky, 0 Sept. 23, 1892 Ex-President Rutherford B. Hayes, born
Patrick S. Gilmore, leader of Gilmore's at Delaware, O., 1822, dies at his home
band, born 1829, dies at St. Louis at Fremont, O Jan. 17, 1893
Sept. 24, 1892 L. Q. C. Lamar, ex-Confederate general,
Grover Cleveland's letter of acceptance ex - Senator, Secretary of the Interior
Sept. 26, 1892 in Cleveland's first cabinet, and associ-
Encounter at Coffeyville, Kan.; the ate justice of the Supreme Court, dies
famous Dalton gang, attempting to rob near Macon, Ga Jan. 23, 1893
the banks, are annihilated by a marshal's Phillips Brooks, Protestant-Episcopal
posse, in which affray four citizens are bishop of Massachusetts, born at Bos-
killed by the desperadoes Oct. 5, 1892 ton, Dec. 13, 1835, dies there
Columbus-day celebration in New York Jan. 23, 1893
City and elsewhere Oct. 12, 1892 James G. Blaine, born 1830, dies at his
Opening exercises of the World's Co- home in Washington, D. C.Jan. 27, 1893
lumbian Exposition at Chicago Bill to repeal the silver-purchase clause
Oct. 21, 1892 of the Sherman act called up by Senator
Presidential election held. .Nov. 8, 1892 Hill Feb. 6, 1893
Strike at the Camegie Mills, Home- Electoral votes counted Feb. 8, 1893
stead, Pa., declared off Nov. 20, 1892 Hawaiian commission reaches Washing-
Continental Congress of the Salvation ton, Feb. 3; treaty of annexation signed.
Army opens in New York. .Nov. 21, 1892 Feb. 14, and laid before the Senate
Jay Gould, bom 1836, dies at New Feb. 15, 1893
York City, leaving a fortune estimated Act for a national quarantine against
at $72,000.000 Dec. 2, 1892 cholera approved Feb. 15, 1893
United States, England, and (Jermany Gen. P. T, G. Beauregard, bom near New
agree to common action in restoring order Orleans, May 28, 1818, dies at New Or-
in Samoa Dec. 6, 1892 leans. La Feb. 20, 1893
Second session opens Dec. 5, 1892 President suspends part of the procla-
Joint resolution, introduced in House mation of Aug. 18, 1892, imposing tolls
by Mr. Durborow, of Illinois, to open the on freight for Canada through the St.
Exposition on Sunday, referred to com- Mary's Falls Canal Feb. 21, 1893
mittee on Columbian Exposition Inman line steamers City of New York
Dec. 6, 1892 and City of Paris transferred from Brit-
President's message read in House and ish to American registry; the stars aa(?
Senate Dec. 6, 1892 stripes raised on the City of New York by
Proclamations of the President setting President Harrison Feb. 22, 1893
apart the South Platte forest reserve Secretary of State Foster resigns to sit
in Colorado, Dec. 9; San Gabriel timber on the Bering Sea tribunal at Paris
reservation, California, Dec. 20; Battle- Feb. 23, 1893
EC.— B 257
TTNITED STATES OF AMEBIGA
Proclamations of President setting apart eral, born at St. Augustine, Fla., May 16,
the Sierra Forest reserve, California, Feb. 1824, dies in Sewanee, Tenn.
14; Pacific coast reserve, Washington, March 28, 1893
Feb. 20; Grand Cafion forest reserve, Ari- Gen. Hiram Berdan, inventor of a long-
zona, Feb. 20; Trabuco Cafion forest re- range rifle, dies at Washington, D. C.
serve and another timber reserve in Cali- March 31, 1893
fomia Feb. 25, 1893 Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware, nomi-
Diplomatic appropriation act, author- nated ambassador to the Court of St.
izing the President at his discretion to James (the first ambassador of the United
confer on the envoys to any government States), March 30; he takes the oath of
the same rank as its representative in office April 3, 1893
the United States, approved Arguments of English and American
March 1, 1893 representatives begun before the court of
Act requiring inter-State railroads after arbitration in the Bering Sea dispute
Jan. 1, 1898, to use only cars with auto- April 4, 1893
matic couplers and engines with air- Minister Hicks telegraphing that the
brakes approved March 2, 1893 consular agency at MoUendo, Peru, was
Fifty-second Congress appropriates $1,- attacked, March 25, and the agent shot,
026,822,049.72, more by $38,400,000 than Secretary Gresham directs a protest and
the Fifty-first, the so-called '< Billion Dol- a demand for reparation April 6, 1893
lar " Congress March 3, 1893 Chief of the diplomatic service to
Fifty-second Congress adjourns France, James B. Eustis, of Louisiana,
March 4, 1893 raised to the rank of ambassador
April 8, 1893
Twenty - seventh Administration — Caravel Santa Maria, a reproduction of
Democratic, March 4, 1893, to March the flag-ship of Columbus, given to the
3, 1897. United States by Spain, March 26, reaches
OroverCl^eland, New York President. " g'lnuiian ' Pauncefote ' recS
Adlat E. Stevenson, Illinois, Vice-Presi- president as ambassador from Great
^^^^' Britain April 11, 1893
Senate assembles in extra session American Railway union organized at
Mai-ch 4, 1893 Chicago April 12, 1893
President withdraws the Hawaiian M. Patenotre received by the President
treaty from the Senate March 9, 1893 as ambassador from France
Hawaiian princess Kaiulani and suite April 12, 1893
reach Washington, March 8, and are re- United States forces withdrawn from
ceived at the White House Hawaii by order of Commissioner Blount
March 13, 1893 April 13, 1893
Extradition treaty with Sweden rati- Duke of Veragua and party arrive at
fled and proclaimed March 18, 1893 New York and are publicly received
Ex-Representative Blount sails from San April 16, 1893
Francisco for Honolulu on the revenue- Senate special session adjourns
cutter Rush on his special mission to April 15, 1893
Hawaii March 20, 1893 Spanish caravels reach Hampton Roads,
Bering Sea arbitration opened in Paris April 21 ; New York Harbor
March 23, 1893 April 24, 1893
President informed that Great Britain Original Paul Jones flag raised and sa-
and France have raised their representa- luted at the Highlands of Navesink, N. J.,
tives to the United States to the rank of April 25, 1893
ambassadors March 24, 1893 Gen. John M. Corse, the hero of Alia-
A threatening outbreak on the Choctaw toona, Ga., dies at the " Hemlocks," Mass.
reservation, Indian Territory, between ri- April 27, 1893
val Indian factions, results in a battle; International Columbian naval review
several are wounded March 28, 1893 in New York Harbor and Hudson River;
Edmund Kirby Smith, Confederate gen- President Cleveland reviews the fleet on
258
TTHITBD 8TATBS 07 AXSBIOA
the Dolphin, passing between lines of ships timore, Md., Nov. 13, 1833, dies in New
three miles in length; ten nations repre- York City June 7, 1893
sented by thirty-six war-ships and over Gold reserve in the United States treas-
10,000 officers and men April 27, 1893 ury falls below $89,600,000.. .June 8, 1893
Jjiberty bell received at Chicago with Floor of Ford's Theatre, Washington,
honors Apr^ 29, 1893 D. C, used by the pension record division
World's Columbian Exposition formally of the War Office, falls while nearly 400
opened at Chicago by President Cleveland government clerks are at work in the
May 1, 1893 building; twenty -one killed, sixty -eight
Secretary of the Treasury issues an injured June 9, 1893
order, supplemented by a circular from Battle -ship Mcusachusetts launched at
the Attorney-General, suspending arrests Messrs. Cramp & Sons' ship-yards in
under the Chinese exclusion act until fur- Philadelphia June 10, 1893
ther orders May 4, 1893 Viking ship, representing Lief Ericson's
James H. Blount, of Georgia, appointed Cockatah Find, which left Bergen, Nor-
minister to Hawaii to succeed John L. way, April 30, for the World's Fair at
Stevens, resigned May 9, 1893 Chicago, reaches New York. .June 17, 1893
Joseph Francis, inventor of the life- United States Senator Leland Stanford,
saving car, for which a special gold medal ex-governor of California, born 1824, dies
was awarded Aug. 27, 1888, and pre- at Palo Alto, Cal June 20, 1893
sented by Congress April 12, 1890, dies at Governor Altgeld, of Illinois, pardons
Cooperstown, N. Y., aged ninety-two Fielden, Schwab, and Neebe, anarchists en-
May 10, 1893 gaged in the Haymarket riot. June 26, 1893
Locomotive engine No. 999 of the New President Cleveland calls an extra ses-
York Central & Hudson River Railroad sion of Congress to meet Aug. 7
runs a mile in thirty-two seconds between June 30, 1893
Rochester and Buffalo, N. Y. Frequent failures among national, State,
May 11, 1893 and private banks. . .July-September, 1893
Geary Chinese exclusion act upheld as Lieutenant Peary leaves New York on
constitutional by the Supreme Court in his second Greenland expedition
special session ; arguments begun. May 10 ; July 2, 1893
decision reached May 15, 1893 First summer meeting for university ex-
Secretary of State defers deportation of tension students called in Philadelphia by
Chinese under the Geary act until Con- the Society for the Extension of Univer-
gress shall appropriate sufficient funds sity Teaching July 5, 1893
May 17, 1893 Justice Blatchford, of the Supreme
Infanta Eulalia arrives in New York Court, born March 9, 1820, dies at New-
with her husband, Prince Antoine, to rep- port, R. I July 7, 1893
resent the Queen Regent of Spain at the Colorado Silver Convention opens in
World's Fair May 18, 1893 Denver, and issues an appeal to the people
Cherokee strip between Kansas and of the United States July 11, 1893
Oklahoma, containing 6,072,764 acres, pur- First convention of the National Bi-
chased by the government for $8,596,736, metallic League in Chicago. . .Aug. 1, 1893
to be added to Oklahoma May 18, 1893 Fifty-third Congress, first session (ex-
Jefferson Davis's remains removed from tra), assembles Aug. 7, 1893
New Orleans, May 28, and reinterred in Senate composed of forty -four Demo-
Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond, Va. crats, thirty-seven Republicans, four Pop-
May 31, 1893 ulists, with three vacancies. House corn-
Official notice that the Italian and Ger- posed of 216 Democrats, 125 Republicans,
man legations at Washington are made eleven Populists, with four vacancies. C.
embassies June 2 and 3, 1893 F. Crisp, of Georgia, elected speaker
President promulgates the extradition Aug. 7, 1893
treaty with Russia, ratified at St. Peters- President's message, recommending the
burg April 21, to go into effect June 24 repeal of the purchase clause of the Sher-
June 5, 1893 man silver act Aug. 8, 1893
Edwin T. Booth, actor, born near Bal- "Currency famine" early in August;
259
UNITED STATES OF AXEBIOA
*
premiums for small bills reach $25 per on the Lake Shore Railroad, near Ken-
$1,000 Aug. 10, 1893 dalMUe, Ind., shoot the engineer, and, by
Wilson bill to repeal the silver-pur- dynamite, secure nearly $20,000 from the
chase law introduced in the House express car Sept 12, 1893
Aug. 11, 1893 Five thousand ounces of gold, worth
United States cruiser Minneapolis $134,000, missed from the United States
launched at Cramp & Sons' ship - yards, mint at Philadelphia, in a vault not open-
Philadelphia Aug. 12, 1893 ed since 1887. The money was stolen by
Decision of Bering Sea court of arbi- weigh-clerk H. S. Cochran, who restores
tration, denying the right of the United $107,000 Sept. 14, 1893
States to a close sea, but adopting regu- Cherokee outlet, Oklahoma, opened to
lations forbidding the killing of seals with- settlement under proclamation of the Pres-
in 50 miles of Pribylov Islands or outside ident, Aug. 19, 1893 ; 100,000 persons make
that limit from May 1 to July 31 a rush for the 6,000,000 acres of land
Aug. 16, 1893 Sept 16, 1893
Legislatures of Montana, Washington, Centennial of the laying of the comer-
and Wyoming adjourning without electing stone of the Capitol celebrated at Wash-
Senators for six years, beginning March ington; William Wirt Henry, of Virginia,
4, 1893, the Senate decides that when chief orator Sept 18, 1893
a State legislature has the opportunity Destructive storm on the Gulf of Mex-
to elect and fails, an appointment by the ico; over 2,000 lives lost along the coast,
governor is void. This left three vacan- with a large loss of property on
cies in the Senate Aug. 23, 1893 Oct. 2, 1893
Severe hurricane in Southern Atlantic Pan • American Bimetallic Convention
States; more than 600 lives lost at Beau- meets at St. Louis Oct. 3, 1893
fort. Port Royal, and adjacent places Tucker bill to repeal the federal elec-
Aug. 28, 1893 tion laws passes the House by 201 to 102 ;
Wilson bill, repealing the purchasing not voting, fifty Oct. 10, 1893
clause of the " Sherman act," passes the Senate sits continuously to force a vote
House; yeas, 239; nays, 109; not voting, on the repeal bill, from 11 A.if. Wedpesday,
five Aug. 26, 1893 Oct. 11, to 1.46 A.M. Friday, when it ad-
Wilson bill reported in the Senate from joums for want of a quorum. Senator
the finance committee, with amendments, Allen, of Nebraska, holds the floor for
pledging the government to maintain bi- fourteen hours, in the longest continuous
metallism, by Senator Voorhees of Indiana speech ever made in the Senate
Aug. 29, 1893 Oct. 13, 1893
Official data show 660 State and private American yacht Vigilant wins the third
bank suspensions and seventy- two resump- of five races for the America's cup, off
tions, and 156 national-bank suspensions Sandy Hook, N. J., defeating the English
and seventy resumptions Valkyrie Oct. 18, 1893
Jan. l-Sept 1, 1893 Secretary Gresham issues confidential
Albert S. Willis, of Kentucky, appointed instructions to Minister Willis, outlining
minister to Hawaii, to succeed Mr. Blount the plan of the President for reinstating
Sept. 3, 1893 the Queen at Hawaii by moral force, under
Pan-American medical congress opened certain conditions Oct. 18, 1893
at Washington, D. C, by President Cleve- Lucy Stone (Blackwell), founder of the
land; over 1,000 physicians in attendance American Woman Suffrage Association,
Sept 5, 1893 bom Oct. 13, 1818, dies at Dorchester,
Hamilton Fish, LL.D., statesman, bom Mass Oct. 18, 1893
Aug. 3, 1808, dies at Qarrisons, N. Y. Rear - Admiral Stanton removed from
Sept. 7, 1893 command of the South Atlantic Squadron,
Envoy to Germany made an ambassa- on charge of saluting the flag-ship of Ad-
dor Sept. 8, 1893 miral Mello, leader of the Brazilian rev-
World's parliament of religions begins olutionists Oct 26, 1893
its sessions in Chicago, III. .Sept. 11, 1893 Battle -sbiy Oregon launched at San
Twenty masked robbers hold up a train Francisco Oct 26, 1893
260
XnXlTED 8TATBS 07 AMXBIGA
World's Columbian Exposition closed William B. Hornblower, of New York,
Oct. 30, 1893 nominated associate justice of the 8u-
Senate passes the Wilson bill to repeal preme Court in place of Blatchford, de*
the silver-purchase law, with the Voor- ceased, Sept. 19, 1893; rejected by the
hees amendment, by 43 to 32 (twenty-three Senate, through the influence of Senator
Republicans, twenty Democrats for ; nine- Hill, of New York, by 30 to 24
teen Democrats, nine Republicans, four Jan. 15, 1894
Populists against; ten not voting) John H. Gear, of Iowa, elected United
Oct. 30, 1893 States Senator Jan. 16, 1894
Wilson bill as amended passes the House Secretary Carlisle announces an issue
by 193 to 94; Hot voting, sixty-six; and is of $50,000,000 ten-year 5-per-cent. bonds,
approved Nov. 1, 1893 payable in coin Jan. 17» 1894
McCreary Chinese exclusion bill, as United States Senator Edward C. Walt-
amended by Mr. Geary, passes the House hall from Mississippi resigns
by 178 to 9, Oct. 16, and Senate, Nov. 2. Jan. 18, 1894
The bill extendi the time of registration six United States flag fired on in Rio de
months from date; approved. .Nov. 3, 1893 Janeiro by the insurgents. Admiral Ben-
First sessioil (extra) adjourns ham returned the fire and exacted prompt
Nov. 3, 1893 satisfaction Jan. 30, 1894
Francis Parkman. American historian, Income-tax clause attached to the tariff
bom 1823, dies at Jamaica Plains, near bill in the House by 175 to 56, Jan. 31, and
Boston Nov. 8, 1893 the bill amended passed by 204 to 140 ; not
Extradition treaty with Norway ratified voting, eight Feb. 1, 1894
Nov. 8, and proclaimed Nov. 9, 1893 Old corvette KearBarge, which fought
The cruiser Columbia makes a record and sank the Alabama off Cherbourg,
of 25 knot/i Nov. 16, 1893 France, during the Civil War, is wrecked
Supreme 0>Urt decides that the Great on Roncardo Reef, about 200 miles north-
Lakes of this country and their connecting east from Bluefields, Nicaragua ; no lives
waters are included in the term " high lost Feb. 2, 1894
seas " Nov. 20, 1893 Bland silver bill, providing for the coin-
Jeremiah M. Rusk, ex-Secretary of Agri- age of seigniorage to the amount of $55,-
culture,'dies at his home in Viroqua, Wis., 000,000, introduced in the House
aged fifty-three Nov. 21, 1893 Feb. 7, 1894
Pauline Cushman (Fryer), actress, McCreary resolutions on Hawaii, up-
scout, and spy in the Federal army during holding the administration policy, pass the
the Civil War, dies at San Francisco, Cal., House by 177 to 76; not voting, ninety-
aged sixty Dec. 2, 1893 eight Feb. 7, 1894
Supreme Court declares the alien con- Federal election laws repeal bill passes
tract labor law constitutional the Senate by 39 to 28, Feb. 7; approved
Dec. 4, 1893 Feb. 8, 1894
Second session assembles. President's Wheeler H. Peckham, of New York,
message received and read. . . .Dec. 4, 1893 nominated associate justice of the Supreme
President's message to Congress defining Court, Jan. 22 ; nomination rejected by the
his position in the Hawaiian controversy Senate, through the influence of Senator
Dec. 18, 1893 Hill, of New York, by 41 to 32
Wilson tariff bill reported in the House Feb. 16, 1894
from the ways and means committee Senator E. D. White, of Louisiana, nom-
Dec. 19, 1893 inated as associate justice and confirmed
Rear- Admiral Stanton restored to rank, Feb. 19, 1894
and assigned to command of the North At- Bland silver bill passes the House by
lantic Squadron Dec. 21, 1893 168 to 129; not voting, fifty-six
Senate committee begins the investiga- March 1, 1894
tion of President Cleveland's Hawaiian N. C. Blanchard, representative in Con-
policy Dec. 27, 1893 gress, appointed by the governor of Lou-
Debate on the Wilson tariff bill begins isiana, qualifies as successor to Senator
in the Hou9e. Jan. 8, 1894 White March 12, 1894
261
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA
Bland bill passes the Senate by 44 to 31 ; Richard Croker resigns as a member of
not voting, ten March 15, 1894 the executive, and as chairman of the
Tariff bill, with amendments, reported finance committee of Tammany Hall ; John
in the Senate from the committee on McQuade succeeds him May 10, 1894
finance by Senator Voorhees General assembly of the Presbyterian
March 20, 1894 Church convicts Prof. Henry P. Smith of
J. S. Coxe's Army of the Commonweal heresy by a vote of 396 to 101
starts from Massillon, O., for Washington May 26, 1894
with about 100 men March 25, 1894 Kelly's industrial army, 1,100 strong,
Alfred Holt Colquitt, United States Sen- reaches St. Louis May 28; divides, and
ator from Georgia, dies at Washington, proceeds down the Mississippi and up the
D. C, in his seventieth year Ohio towards Washington. .May 31, 1894
March 26, 1894 Frye's California army arrives in de-
President Cleveland vetoes the Bland tachments at Washington early part of
bill for coinage of seigniorage June, 1894
March 29, 1894 Rhode Island legislature elects ex-Gov.
Senator Voorhees opens the tariff de- George P. Wetmore as successor to United
bate in the Senate April 2, 1894 States Senator Dixon June 12, 1894
Kelly's industrial army, 350 strong, American Railway Union boycott of the
leaves San Francisco for Oakland on its Pullman Palace Car Company grows into
way to Washington April 3, 1894 a general Western railroad strike
Bill to carry out the terms of the Be- June 27, 1894
ring Sea tribunal passes the Senate April Bill making the first Monday in Sep-
3, and is approved April 6, 1894 tember a legal holiday, "Liabor Day," in
President proclaims the award of the the United States, approved. ^une 28, 1894
Bering Sea tribunal April 9, 1894 Rear-Adm. William Grenville Temple.
Kelly*s army, augmented to 1,200 men, U. S. N., dies at Washington, aged
seizes a Union Pacific Railroad train of seventy June 28, 1894
twenty coal-cars, and proceeds eastward Kelly's army reaches the vicinity of
April 12, 1894 Washington about July 1, 1894
Senator Zebulon B. Vance, of North Car- United States Judges Groscup and
olina, dies at Washington, D. C, aged Woods of the northern district of Illinois
sixty-four April 14, 1894 enjoin President Debs of the American
Gen. Henry W. Slocum dies at his home Railway Union and others from interfer-
in Brooklyn, aged sixty-six. .April 14, 1894 ing with trains carrying United States
Henry S. Ives, nicknamed the " Napoleon mails July 2, 1894
of Finance." dies of consumption near Secretary of War announces that the
Asheville, N. C April 17, 1894 United States troops at Fort Sheridan-
Ex • Gov. Thomas J. Jarvis, appointed eight companies of infantry, two troops of
April 19 to succeed the late Senator cavalry, and a battery of light artillery —
Vance, of North Carolina, qualifies have been ordered to Chicago to enforce
April 26, 1894 the laws of the United States
General Coxey's army of commonweal- July 3, 1894
ers arrives at Brightwood Park, near €k)rman compromise tariff bill passes
Washington, D. C April 29, 1894 the Senate: yeas, 39 (thirty-seven Demo-
Francis B. Stockbridge, United States crats, two Populists) ; nays. 34 (thirty-
Senator from Michigan, dies at Chicago, one Republicans, two Populists, one Dem-
aged sixty-eight April 30, 1894 ocrat [Mr. Hill, of New York] ) ; with 634
Leaders of Coxey's army arrested for amendments to the original Wilson bill of
trespassing on the grounds of the Capitol, the House July 3, 1894
and imprisoned May 1, 1894 The Hawaiian Republic proclaimed
Canadian revenue-cutter Petrel seizes July 4, 1894
two American steamboats on Lake Erie, Governor Altgeld, of Hlinois, protests
and arrests forty-eight residents of Ohio against ordering Federal troops into the
on charge of illegal fishing in Canadian State July 6, 1804
waters May 9, 1894 Proclamation of President warning un-
262
UNITBD 8TATB8 07 AXBBIOA
lawful asBemblages in the State of Illinois Tariff bill becomes a law without the
to disperse, July 8, and a second procla- President's signature Aug. 27, 1894
mation referring to States in the North- Second session (268 days) adjourns
west July 9, 1894 Aug. 28, 1894
President Debs, Vice-President Howard, Ten towns in Minnesota, six in Wisoon-
and other leaders in the American Rail- sin, and three in Michigan totally de-
way Union strike, indicted by the federal stroyed by forest fires August, 1894
grand jury for conspiracy to obstruct the Gen. N. P. Banks, bom Jan. 30, 1816,
mails and hinder the execution of laws dies at Waltham, Mass Sept. 1, 1894
July 10, 1894 Samuel J. Kirkwood, United States ex-
Joint committee of the Senate and House Senator, ex-Secretary of the Interior, and
on naval affairs agrees on a scheme of war governor of Iowa, dies at Des Moines,
promotion in the navy July 13, 1894 aged eighty-one Sept. 1, 1894
President Cleveland signs the enabling Maj.-Gen. George Stoneman, ex-gov-
act to admit Utah into the Union ernor of California, bom Aug. 8, 1822, dies
July 17, 1894 at Buffalo, N. Y Sept. 5, 1894
Kepresentative Wilson from West Vir- President Cleveland proclaims amnesty
ginia reads in the House a personal letter to persons convicted of polygamy under
from the President condemning the Senate the Edmunds act Sept. 27, 1894
tariff bill July 19, 1894 Proclamation of President setting apart
Gen. Coxey, after a short term in the the Ashland forest reserve in Oregon
district jail, disbands his army, stating Sept. 28, 1894
that his plan had failed and that they Brig. -Gen. John P. Hawkins, commis-
would have to look out for themselves sary-general of subsistence. United States
July 26, 1894 army, retired Sept. 29, 1894
Ex-Judge Advocate-Gkn. Joseph Holt, Oliver Wendell Holmes, bom in Cam-
U. S. A., retired, born January, 1807, dies bridge, Mass., Aug. 29, 1809, dies at his
at Washington, D. C Aug. 1, 1894 residence in Boston Oct. 7, 1894
American Railway Union strike, virtu- Andrew G. Curtin, war governor of
ally ended July 14, when the strikers re- Pennsylvania, dies at Bellefonte, Pa., aged
turned to work in large numbers, is for- seventy-seven Oct. 7, 1891
mally declared off Aug. 3, 1894 Train on the Fredericksburg and Poto-
United States Treasury gold reserve mac Railroad held up 41 miles south of
reaches the lowest point since the resump- Washington, D. C, and robbed of $150,000
tion of specie payments, namely, $52,189,- Oct. 12, 1894
500 Aug. 7, 1894 Memorial tablet to memory of Robert C.
President Cleveland recognizes the new Morris, the financier of the Revolution, un-
Republic of Hawaii Aug. 8, 1894 veiled at Batavia, N. Y. ; oration by Secre-
A detachment of militia drives the tary of Treasury Carlisle Oct. 13, 1894
remnant of the Kelly and Frye indus- Secretary Carlisle offers for sale $50,-
trial armies across the Potomac 000,000 of United States 5-per-eent. ten-
Aug. 11, 1894 year bonds Nov. 13, 1894
[They were finally furnished transpor- [Awarded to the Stewart syndicate of
tation to their Western homes by the gov- New York City, Nov. 26.]
emment.] Dr. James McCosh, ex-president of
United States Senate ratifies the new Princeton College, dies in Princeton, N. J.,
Chinese treaty regulating immigration, aged eighty-three Nov. 16, 1894
signed March, by 47 to 20. .Aug. 13, 1894 New treaty with Japan signed at Wash-
[Formally proclaimed by the President, ington Nov. 23, 1894
Dec. 8.] President remits the unexpired portion
House passes the Senate tariff bill by of Brigadier-General Swaim's sentence
182 yeas (175 Democrats, seven Popu- (see February, 1885) Dec. 1, 1894
lists) to 106 nays (ninety- three Republi- John Bums, the English labor leader
cans, thirteen Democrats), and passes bills and member of Parliament, arrives at New
for free coal, iron, barbed wire, and sugar York Dec. 1, 1894
Aug. 13, 1894 [Retumed to England, Jan. 3, 1895.]
263
TTVITED STATS8 OF AMXBIOA
Third session convenes Dec. 3, 1894 Joint resolution passed to revive the
Emigrant convention with China rati- grade of lieutenant-general in the army for
fied Dec. 7, 1804 the benefit of Maj.-Gen. John M. Schofield;
Treaty between the United States and signed by the President, and confirmed
Japan proclaimed Dec. 9, 1894 Feb. 6, 1895
President Cleveland issues an order plac- President Cleveland decides the boun-
ing in the classified civil service the inter- daty dispute between Brazil and the Ar-
nal-revenue force Dec. 12, 1894 gentine Republic in favor of Brazil
Eugene V. Debs sentenced to six months' Feb. 6, 1895
imprisonment, and his associates to three Brig.-Gen. Thomas H. Ruger, U. S. A.,
months' imprisonment for contempt of nominated by the President to be major-
court (sentence to begin Jan. 8, 1895) general Feb. 8, 1895
Dec. 14, 1894 President sends a message to Con-
Mosquito reservation formally incorpo- gress advising it of a loan of $62,400,-
rated with Nicaragua Dec. 17, 1894 000 at 4 per cent, for thirty years,
Brigadier-General Swaim, judge advo- imder provision of the act of Jan 14,
cate-general retired Dec. 24, 1894 1875 Feb. 8, 1895
Philological congress in the United Frederick Douglass, colored, celebrated
States opens at the University of Pennsyl- in the history of the country, dies at
vania, Philadelphia Dec. 27, 1894 Anacostia, D. C, aged about seventy-eight
Act to establish a national military years Feb. 20, 1895
park at the battle-field of Pittsburg Land- Postmaster-Gen. Wilson S. Bissell re-
ing, or Shiloh, approved Dec. 28, 1894 signs Feb. 27, 1895
James G. Fair, United States ex-Senator Wm. L. Wilson, of West Virginia, ap-
froro California, dies at San Francisco, pointed Postmaster-General, and confirmed
aged sixty-three Dec. 29, 1894 March 1, 1895
[Estate estimated at $40,000,000.] Reparation demanded from Spain for
President nominates Col. G. N. Lieber to firing on the steamer AlliatiQa
he judge advocate-general in place of Brig.- March 3, 1895
Gen. D. G. Swaim, retired Jan. 3, 1895 Fifty-third Congress adjourns
Royalist uprising at Waikiki Beach, March 4, 1895
about 5 miles from Honolulu, for the pur- [Appropriations allowed for the year
pose of overthrowing the government $498,952,524, of which $141,381,570 was
(easily suppressed) Jan. 6, 1895 for pensions.]
Brooklyn street-car strike, attended with An act to reduce taxation, to provide
great loss of property and several lives, revenue, etc. (the tariff bill) 1895
without beneficial results to the strikers [It became a law without the Presi-
Jan. 10, 1895 dent's approval.]
Senate passes the urgency deficiency Steamship AUianQa fired upon by
bill, including appropriations for collect- Spanish cruiser Conde de Vendaito
ing the income tax Jan. 15, 1895 March 5, 1895
M. Casimir-P^rier resigns the presi- Riot and massacre on the levee. New
dency of France Jan. 15, 1895 Orleans March 12, 1895
M. Felix Faure elected to the presi- Spain gives satisfaction in the AUianga
dency of France Jan. 17, 1895 affair April 26, 1895
Nicaragua Canal bill passes the Senate Income tax declared null and void by
Jan. 25, 1895 the Supreme Court May 20, 1895
James G. Blaine dies at Washington, [The vote was 5 to 4.]
D. C Jan. 27, 1895 Hugh McCullough, ex-Secretary of the
Loss of the North Grerman Lloyd steam- Treasury, dies at Washington
ship Elbe off the coast of Holland May 24, 1895
Jan. 30, 1895 Secretary of State Gresham dies at
Springer (administration) finance bill, Washington May 28, 1895
authorizing the issue of $500,000,000 of Richard OlUey appointed Secretary of
gold bonds, etc., defeated in the House State, and Judson Harmon, Attomey-
( 135 to 162) Feb. 5, 1895 General June 7, 1895
264
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA
The President issues a proclamation National Democratic party meets at
against the Cuban filibusters Indianapolis, Ind. (Declares for the gold
June 12, 1895 standard) Sept. 3, 1896
Justice Howell, of the United States Appropriation for the Tennessee Gen-
Supreme Court, dies Aug. 8, 1895 tennial Exposition granted .. Dec. 22, 1896
Majpr-General Miles assumes command Arbitration treaty between the United
of the army Oct. 5, 1895 States and Great Britain signed at Wash-
[lyieutenant-Qeneral Schofield retired ington, D. C Jan. 11, 1897
for age.] National Monetary Association meets at
Members of the Venezuela boundary Indianapolis, Ind., Jan. 12, 1897
commission named by the President Intoxicating drinks to Indians pro-
Jan. 1, 1896 hibited Jan. 30, 1897
The Secretary of the Treasury calls for Transportation for contributions to the
bids for $100,000,000 in bonds as a popu- famishing poor of India authorized
lar loan Jan. 6, 1896 Feb. 19, 1897
The American ship 8t, Paul goes ashore Postal laws amended providing limited
off Long Branch, N. J Jan. 24, 1896 indemnity for loss of registered mail mat-
[She was released Feb. 4.] ter Feb. 27, 1897
The United States consulate at Barce- Rights of aliens to hold and own real
lona, Spain, mobbed March 2, 1896 estate in the Territories regulated
American college athletes win many vie- March 2, 1897
tories in the Olympian games in Greece An act to provide for the representation
April 6, 1896 of the United States at any international
International Arbitration Congress monetary conference hereafter, and the
meets at Washington April 22, 1890 President authorized to promote an in-
John Hays Hammond and other Amer- ternational agreement March 3, 1897
icans convicted of high treason in the Congress at Venezuela ratifies arbitra-
Transvaal Republic, sentenced to death tion treaty March 30, 1897
April 28, 1896 Universal Postal Union Congress opens
[They were subsequently banished.] at Washington, D. C May 2, 1897
Republican National Convention meets Arbitration treaty with Great Britain
at St. Louis, Mo. Platform adopted rejected by the Senate May 5, 1897
June 18, 1896 Berliner telephone case dicided by Unit-
The Ancient and Honorable Artillery ed States Supreme Court in favor of Bell
Company, of Boston, arrives in England Company May 10, 1897
on a visit July 8, 1896 Belligerency of Cuba recognized
Democratic National Convention meets May 20, 1897
at Chicago, 111. Platform adopted Fifty thousand dollars appropriated for
July 9, 1896 the relief of United SUtes destitute citi-
The Venezuelan arbitration correspond- zens in Cuba May 24, 1897
enee made public July 17, 1896 Severe earthquake in Central States
The People's Party National Convention May 31, 1897
meets at St. Louis, Mo July 24, 1896 Venezuela boundary treaty ratified at
President Cleveland issues a proclama- Washington .June 14, 1897
tion warning Cuban filibusters Immigrant buildings on Ellis Island
July 30, 1896 burned June 15, 1897
The Rev. Sebastian Martinelli appointed Trans-Mississippi International Exposi-
papal delegate in the United States tion at Omaha, Neb., authorized
July 30, 1896 June 30, 1897
Hoke Smith, Secretary of the Interior, An act to provide revenue for the gov-
resigns; David R. Francis appointed his ernment, and to encourage the industries
successor Aug. 22, 1896 of the United States (the tariff bill)
Li Hung Chang arrives in New York July 24, 1897
Aug. 28, 1896 Authority given to the President to sub-
[Received by President Cleveland, Aug. pend discriminating duties imposed on for-
29.] eign vessels and commerce . July 24, 1897
265
UNITED STATES OF A3CEBI0A
Hawaii ratifies annexation treaty Oongress thanks Commodore Dewey and
Sept. 14, 1807 the officers and men imder his command
Bering Sea treaty signed at Washing- April 22, 1898
ton Nov. 8, 1897 Appropriations for fortifications and
Postal Union treaty signed at Washing- other works of defence, for the armament
ton Nov. 16, 1897 thereof, approved May 7, 1898
Yellow-fever returns from the Missis- Volunteer brigade of engineers, and an
sippi coast show 4,286 cases, of which 446 additional force of 10,000 men, authorized
were fatal Nov. 21, 1897 May 11, 1898
The killing of seals in the waters of the Volunteer signal corps authorized
North Pacific prohibited Dec. 29, 1897 May 18, 1898
The monetary convention meets at In- Battle-ship Alabama launched at Ohes-
dianapolis Jan. 26, 1898 ter, Penn May 18, 1898
Free silver beaten in the House of Rep- An act to provide assistance to the in-
resentatives by a vote of 182 to 132 habitants of Cuba, and arms, munition,
Jan. 31, 1898 and military stores to the people of Cuba,
The letter written by the Spanish min- authorized May 18, 1898
ister at Washington (De Lome) reflecting United States auxiliary naval force au-
on the President published. . .^eb. 8, 1898 thorized May 26, 1898
The battle-ship Maine blown up in the Commercial treaty with France signed
harbor of Havana Feb. 15, 1898 May 30, 1898
Joint resolution providing for a survey The Trans-Mississippi International Ex-
and report upon the practicability of se- position in Omaha,Neb.,open8..June 1,1898
curing a channel of adequate width and Congress authorizes the Secretary of the
of 35 feet depth at mean low water Navy to present a sword of honor to Com-
through the Southwest Pass of the Mis- modore George Dewey, and to cause bronze
sissippi River approved Feb. 17, 1898 medals to be struck commemorating the
Joint resolution providing for the recov- battle of Manila Bay, and to distribute
ery of the remains of the officers and men such medals to the officers and men of the
on the United States ship Maine approved ships of the Asiatic Squadron . June 3, 1898
Feb. 23, 1898 House document No. 396, relating to the
A law prohibiting the passage of local beet-sugar industry in the United States,
or special laws in the Territories, and lim- authorized by joint resolution to be print-
iting territorial indebtedness, amended ed June 4, 1898
March 4, 1898 Disabilities imposed by section 3 of the
Gen. William S. Rosecrans dies at Rose- Fourteenth Amendment to the Consti-
crans, Cal March 11, 1898 tution removed June 6, 1898
Relief for the sufferers by the destruc- Appropraition to pay the Bering Sea
tion of the United States ship Maine au- awards June 15, 1898
thorized March 26, 1898 Commission appointed to collate infor-
Joint resolution for the recognition of mation and to consider and recommend
the independence of the people of Cuba, legislation to meet the problems presented
demanding that the government of Spain by labor, agriculture, and capital, author-
relinquish its authority and government in ized June 18, 1898
the island of Cuba, and to withdraw its The bankruptcy law approved
land and naval forces from Cuba and July 1, 1898
Cuban waters, and directing the President Joint resolution annexing the Hawaiian
of the United States to use the land and Islands to the United States approved
naval forces of the United States to carry July 7, 1898
these resolutions into effect First pensioner of the war with Spain,
April 20, 1898 Jesse T. Gates, 2d United States Artillery,
War with Spain declared . April 20, 1898 badly wounded 1898
[For chronological record, see Spain, Anglo-American League organized in
War with.] London July 13, 1898
Charles Emory Smith appointed Post- United States and Canadian joint high
master-Greneral • April 21, 1898 commission meet in Quebec. .Aug. 23, 1898
266
UNITED 8TATS8 OF A3CEBI0A
John Hay appointed Secretary of State [The President was authorized to ap-
Sept. 30, 1808 point an admiral of the navy who shall
Battle-ship lUinaia launched at New- not be placed on the retired list except
port News Oct. 4, 1898 upon his own application, and when the
United States Supreme Court decdies admiral dies the office ceases to exist]
Joint Traffic Association case against the The navy and marine corps reorganized
railroads Oct. 24, 1898 (the navy personnel act) . .March 3, 1899
The captured Spanish cruiser Infanta Pan - American Exposition of 1901 au-
Maria Theresa abandoned in a gale thorized March 3, 1899
Nov. 1, 1898 The Ohio Centennial and Northwest Ter-
David A. Wells dies at Norwich, Conn, ritoty Exposition at Toledo, 0., authorized
Nov. 5, 1898 March 3, 1899
General elections result in a small Re- Attack on British and American sailors
publican majority in the next House of at Samoa, by Mataafa's followers
Representatives Nov. 8, 1898 April 1, 1899
Gen. Don Carlos Buell dies at Louisville, Stephen J. Field, associate justice
Ky Nov. 19, 1898 United States Supreme Court, dies at
Provision made for a national exposition Washington, D. C April 9, 1899
, of American products in the city of Phila- Bronze bust of Thomas Paine unveiled
delphia Dec. 21, 1898 at New Rochelle, N. Y May 30, 1899
General Woods succeeds General Brooke Statue of President Arthur unveiled in
in Cuba 1899 Madison Square, New York. June 14, 1899
John Russell Young, librarian of Con- First formal meeting of the Venezuela
gress, dies at Washington, D. C. arbitration commission June 15, 1899
Jan. 17, 1899 The President calls for ten regiments to
The American flag raised at Guam, quell Philippine insurrection. .July 7, 1899
Commander Taussig, of the Bennington, [For an account of the insurrection,
first governor Feb. 1, 1899 and chronology of the main events, see
James A. Sexton, commander-in-chief Aouinaldo; Philippines, etc.]
Grand Army of the Republic, dies at Elihu Root succeeds Russell A. Alger as
Washington, D. C Feb. 5, 1899 Secretary of War July 22, 1899
Commissary-General Eagan suspended Reciprocity treaty with France signed
for six years from the army. .Feb. 7, 1899 July 24, 1899
[The court-martial had recommended his Hurricane at Porto Rico, many hun-
dismissal from the army.] dreds of lives lost Aug. 8, 1899
Fire in Brooklyn navy-yard, loss $1,- National export exposition opened at
000,000 " Feb. 15, 1899 Philadelphia Sept. 14, 1899
The Vicksburg National Military Park Admiral Dewey arrived in New York
authorized Feb. 21, 1899 Sept. 26, 1899
An act providing for the erection of a Great naval parade in honor of Admiral
new custom-house in the city of New York, Dewey Sept. 29, 1899
approved March 3, 1901, amended Venezuela commission announced its
March 2, 1899 award Oct. 2, 1899
[The Secretary of the Treasury author- Temporary boundary-line of Alaska
ized to acquire the Bowling Green site at agreed upon with England .. Oct. 12, 1899
a cost not to exceed $3,000,000, and the Shamrock defeated in the races for the
custom-house property on Wall Street to America's Cup Oct. 20, 1899
be sold for not less than $3,000,000.] United States cruiser Charleston wreck-
An act making an appropriation to carry ed off the Philippines Nov. 7, 1899
out the obligations of the treaty of Dec. England relinquishes her territorial
10, 1898, between the United States and claims in Samoa Nov. 8, 1899
Spain March 2, 1899 Memorial to Winnie Davis, the " Daugh-
The Mount Rainier National Park au- ter of the Confederacy," unveiled at Rich-
thorized March 2, 1899 mond, Va Nov. 8, 1899
The office of admiral of the navy ere- Vice-President Hobart died at Pater-
ated March 2, 1899 son, N. J Nov. 21, 1899
267
17HITSD 8TATS8 OF AMXBICA
Samoan partition treaty signed at Six thousand two hundred troops or*
Washington Dec. 2, 1899 dered to China July 8, 1900
Samoan treaty signed at Washington, Ex-Secretary of State Jacob D. Cax
D. C Dec. 2, 1899 dies at Oberlin, O Aug. 4, 1900
Fifty -siwth CongresM meets Relief for the destitute miners at Cape
Dec. 4, 1899 Nome authorized Aug. 31, 1900
Secretary Hay announced the success Ex-Secretary of State John Sherman
of the *' open-door " policy in China dies at Washington Oct. 22, 1900
Jan. 2, 1900 United States cruiser Togemite wrecked
The British government notified that the at Guam Nov. 13, 1900
seizures of American flour at Delagoa Bay Senator Cushman K. Davis dies
are illegal and indemnity demanded Nov. 27, 1900
Jan. 2, 1900 The Philippine commission orders all
[The British government reply that laws printed in English Dec. 21, 1900
food-stuffs are not contraband of war un- Reapportionment Act, 386 members of
less intended for the enemy.] the House of Representatives
Ex-Surg.-Gen. William A. Hammond Jan. 16, 1901
dies at Washington Jan. 6, 1900 The army reorganization bill approved
Samoan treaty ratified Jan. 16, 1900 Feb. 2, 1901
The Hay-Pauncefote treaty signed at The centenary of John Marshall's in-
Washington Feb. 5, 1900 augUration as chief -justice of the United
William H. Taft appointed chairman of States Supreme Court celebrated
commission to establish civil government Feb. 4, 1901
in the Philippines Feb. 6, 1900 War Department closes canteens
Congress orders the frigate Constitution Feb. 4, 1901
preserved Feb. 14, 1900 Russia adds 30 per cent, to customs
The gold standard currency bill signed duties on certain American goods in re-
March 14, 1900 taliation for United States duty on sugar
General MacArthur succeeded General Feb. 16, 1901
Otis in the Philippines April 7, 1900 The Cuban constitution signed in dupli-
Charles N. Allen appointed governor of cate by the delegates in the convention
Porto Rico April 12. 1900 Feb. 21, 1901
The Senate refuses seat to Matthew Articles of incorporation of the United
Quay, who had been appointed United States Steel Corporation filed in New
States Senator by the governor of Penn- Jersey Feb. 25, 1901
sylvania April 24, 1900 Decision against the Bell Telephone
Act creating the senior major-general Company in the Berliner patent case de-
of the army lieutenant-general cided Feb. 27, 1901
June 6, 1900 Extra session of the Senate called
Civil government act for the " District " March 4, 1901
of Alaska enacted June 6, 1900 The river and harbor appropriation bill,
" Belle Boyd/' the woman spy of the amounting to $28,566,696, fails to become
Civil War, dies at Kilboume, Wis. a law March 4, 1901
June 12, 1900 [The total appropriations by Congress
General MacArthur proclaims amnesty during the session amounted to $1,440,-
to the Filipino insurgents .. June 15, 1900 062,545.]
Republican Convention at Philadelphia Andrew Carnegie gives $4,000,000 as a
nominates McKinley and Roosevelt fund for disabled and superannuated work-
June 21, 1900 men of the Carnegie Company, and $1,000,-
United States battle-ship Oregon ground- 000 for the maintenance of the Carnegie
ed at Chefoo, China June 29, 1900 libraries near Pittsburg, Pa . March 13, 1901
[Subsequently taken off without any Benjamin Harrison^ ex-President, dies
serious damage.] March 13, 1901
Democratic National Convention at St. General Funston captured Aguinaldo
Louis nominates Bryan and Stevenson March 23, 1901
July 5, 1900 Tlie United States government pur-
268
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA
chased from Spain the islands of Cagayan Phresident McKinley's body lies in
and Cibutu March 23, 1901 state in the Buffalo city hall on Sept.
Attorney-General Griggs resigns 15; is taken to Washington, where it
March 31, 1901 lies in state in the rotunda of the Capi-
[ Succeeded by Philander C. Knox.] tol building on Sept. 17 ; is taken to Can-
The Cuban commissioners appointed by ton, O., where the last ceremonies are
the constitutional convention meet Presi- held Sept. 19, 1901
dent McKinley and Secretary Root In accordance with President Roose
April 25, 1901 velt's proclamation the day is observed as
The Leyland Steamship Company in a day of mourning throughout the coun-
England purchased by J. P. Morgan & try Sept. 19, 1901
Company April 29, 1901 Czolgosz placed on trial in Builalo
Porto Rico tariff law declared constitu- Sept. 23, 1901
tional May 27, 1901 [He is found guilty Sept. 24th, and is
Andrew Carnegie gives the Scotch uni- electrocuted at Auburn, Oct. 29th.]
versities $10,000,000 June 7, 1901 The body of President Lincoln is en-
The Cuban convention adopts the Piatt tombed Sept. 26, 1901
amendment June 12, 1901 Captain Council and 45 officers and
Civil government in the Philippines es- men massacred by bolomen at Balangiga
tablished, and William H. Taft appointed Sept. 28, 1901
first governor June 21, 1901 The Cuban Constitutional Convention
General Chaffee appointed military gov- dissolved by General Wood Oct. 3, 1901
ernor in place of General MacArthur Pan-American Congress opened in the
June 22, 1901 City of Mexico Oct. 22, 1901
Turkey settles the United States in- Andrew Carnegie gives $10,000,000 to
demnity claims July 2, 1901 the United States for advanced study and
Monument of Commodore Perry un- original research December, 1901
veiled in Japan July 14, 1901 President Roosevelt's first message to
William if. Hunt chosen successor to Congress Dec. 3, 1901
Governor Allen of Porto Rico. July 23,1901 Nicaragua leases a 6-mile wide strip
Porto Rico adopts resolution providing of territory along the proposed canal
for free-trade with the United States on Dec. 9, 1901
the anniversary of the American occupa- Decision of the Schley court of in-
tion of the island July 26, 1901 quiry published Dec. 13, 1901
Inquiry into the conduct of Rear-Ad- Hay-Pauncefote treaty ratified
miral Schley ordered July 26, 1901 Dec. 16, 1901
General strike of United States Steel Cuba elects Presidential electors
Corporation employes Aug. 10, 1901 Dec. 31, 1901
William H. Hunt appointed governor of [Electoral college meets Feb. 24, 1902.]
Porto Rico -rAug. 30, 1901 Panama Canal offered to the United
I»resident McKinley visits the Pan- States for $40,000,000 Jan. 4, 1902
American exposition at Bllfikk) Postmaster • General Smith resigns, to
Sept. 4, 1901 take effect Jan. 10, 1902
The President makes an address at the " [Succeeded by Henry C. Payne.]
exposition Sept. 6, 1901 Secretary of the Treasury Gage resigns,
The President is shot twice by an an- to take effect Jan. 25, 1902
archist named Czolgosz while holding a [Leslie M. Shaw successor.]
reception in the Temple of Music Insurgents in Batanga«, 22 officers, 245
Sept. 6, 1901 men, with 223 rifles, surrendered
Tlie court of inquiry asked for by Ad- Jan. 14, 1902
miral Scliley meets at Washington The United States Isthmian Canal Com-
Sept. 12, 1901 mission recommend acceptance of the Pan-
President McKinley dies. .Sept. 14, 1901 ama Canal offer Jan. 18, 1902
President Roosevelt takes the oath of Denmark agrees to transfer the Danish
office as President before Judge John R. West Indies to the United States for
Hazel in Buffalo Sept 14, 1901 $4,000,000 Jan. 23, 1902
269
XXHITSB STATS8 07 AXSBIOA-.ALABAMA
ATiABAlfA
Alabama (an Indian word, meaning and occupies the territory, but relinquish-
" Here we rest"), a Southern State of the es her claims north of 31° after tedious
Union, the twenty-second in order of ad- negotiations March, 1798
mission. It lies between lat dO"" 15' and This region from 31** to 32"* 28' N. lat.,
35° N., and between long. 84° 56' and 88° between the Mississippi and the Ghatta-
48' W. from Greenwich. Its length north hoochee, is formed by Congress into the
to south is 336 miles; its greatest breadth, Mississippi Territory 1798
200 miles ; area, 52,230 square miles. Pop- Winthrop Sargent, of Massachusetts, ap-
ulation, 1890, 1,513,017; 1900, 1,828,697. pointed by President Adams first governor
Number of counties, sixty-six. Capital, 1798
Montgomery. [Seat of government, Natchez on the
De Soto leads about 1,000 men from Mississippi.]
Florida to the Mississippi 1640 Spanish garrison at Fort St. Stephen
France claims all the Mississippi Val- relieved by Federal troops May, 1799
ley 1697 Washington county, comprising all east
De Bienville builds Fort St. Louis on of the Pearl River to the Chattahoochee,
the west side of Mobile Bay 1702 formed by Governor Sargent. . .June, 1800
Colony removed to present site of Mo- First census of Washington county,
bile 1711 showing 733 whites, 494 negro slaves, and
Fort Toulouse built by French at the twenty-three free negroes 1800
confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa [Mobile not included, being under Span-
rivers * . . . 1714 ish rule.]
All the territory now Alabama north Congress provides a legislature for the
of 31° and west to the Mississippi ceded Territory 1800
to England by France 1763 President Jefferson appoints William C.
[West Florida from 1764 to 1781 in- C. Claiborne, of Tennessee, governor. .1801
eluded much of the present territory of Georgia cedes to the United States all
Alabama and Mississippi. The British between the 31st and the 35th parallels for
province of west Florida was bounded by $1,250,000 April 24, 1802
32° 28' N., while all Alabama north of Congress extends the Mississippi Terri-
32° 28' was in the British province of tory to 35° N 1804
Illinois.] Robert Williams, of North Carolina, gov-
Spain declares war against Great Brit- ernor 1805
ain May 8, 1779 Madison county created 1808
Don Bernardo de Galvez, Spanish gov- David Holmes, of Virginia, governor
ernor of Louisiana, captures Mobile . 1809
March 14, 1780 Baldwin county created 1809
Great Britain cedes to the United States The three counties in what is now Ala-
all territory east of the Mississippi except bama have 6,422 whites and 2,624 negroes
Florida, the boundary of west Florida 1810
being again fixed at 31° N. ; and cedes Madison Gazette started at Huntsville
Florida back to Spain by treaties of .. 1783 1812
A treaty between the federal government United States forces occupy Spanish
and the Chock taw Indians confirming the west Florida, and the district east of
cession of the territory obtained by the Pearl River and south of 31° N. is added
British from that tribe Jan. 3, 1786 to the Mississippi Territory 1812-13
Georgia claims to include by royal char- Spanish garrison at Fort Charlotte (Mo-
ter what is now Alabama and Mississippi, bile) surrenders to the United States forces
and creates Houstoun county out of part under General Wilkinson .. April 13, 1813
of Alabama north of the Tennessee River First engagement in the war with the
1785 Creek or Muscogee Indians on Burnt Corn
Spain claims west Florida, 32° 28' N., Creek July 27, 1813
270
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— ALABAMA
[The whites, under Colonel Caller, re- Congress authorizes Alabama to form
pulsed.] a State constitution March 2, 1819
Fort Mimms, a stockade near the east Convention at Huntsville to frame a
bank of the Alabama River (now Baldwin constitution conclude their labors
county), is surprised at mid-day by 1,000 Aug. 2, 1819
Creek warriors led by Weatherford and First €reneral Assembly at Huntsville,
the prophet Francis. There were in the forty-five representatives and twenty-two
fort 245 men with arms, and 308 women senators Oct. 25, 1819
and children. After a stubborn resistance William W. Bibb chosen governor
till 5 P.M. they are overpowered — about Nov. 9, 1819
fifty escape Aug. 30, 1813 Joint resolution of Congress admitting
Battle of Tallasahatchie (now in Cal- Alabama into the Union approved by
houn county). The Indians defeated by President Monroe Dec. 14, 1819
General Coffee Nov. 3, 1813 The seat of government removed to Ca-
Battle of Talladega. General Jackson haba 1820
defeats the Indians Nov. 9, 1813 Act to establish a State university at
Capt Sam Dale's ''canoe fight'' with Tuscaloosa passed Dec. 18, 1820
Indians Nov. 12, 1813 [It was not opened until April 18,
Hillabee Town. Massacre of Indians by 1831.]
General White. This attack was made State bank established and located at
without the knowledge of Jackson Cahaba 1820
Nov. 18, 1813 The principal towns in Alabama were
Auttose towns. Indians defeated by Huntsville, Claiborne, Mobile, Cahaba,
General Floyd and towns destroyed St. Stephens, Florence, and Montgomery
Nov. 29, 1813 in 1820
Econochoca or ''Holy Ground'' Indians General Lafayette received at the cap-
defeated by General Claiborne ital 1824
Dec. 23, 1813 Seat of government removed to Tus-
Battles of Emuckfau and Enotochopco caloosa 1826
(now in Tallapoosa county). The Ind- William Weatherford, the Indian war-
ians attack and are repulsed rior and chief at the Fort Mimms mas-
Jan. 22-24, 1814 sacre, dies in Monroe county 1826
Calebee River. Indian attack repulsed University of Alabama (non-sectarian)
by General Floyd Jan. 27, 1814 at Tuscaloosa opened 1831
General Jackson, reinforced, attacks First cotton factory erected in Madison
Indians fortified at Great Horse-shoe Bend 1832
(Tohopeka) of Tallapoosa River Creeks cede to the United States all
March 27, 1814 their lands east of the Mississippi for
[By this, the bloodiest battle of the $210,000 by treaty 1832
war, the power of the Indians was de- First railroad completed from Tuscum-
stroyed.] bia to Decatur, 44 miles 1834
Indians by treaty cede to the United Cherokees cede their lands to the State
States nearly half the present State of by treaty Dec. 29, 1835
Alabama. Aug. 9, 1814 [They receive $5,000,000 and 7,000,000
General Jackson captures Pensacola, Fla. acres beyond the Mississippi — ^to remove
Nov. 7, 1814 within two years.]
Chickasaw Indians, by treaty, relinquish Great financial convulsion in 1837
all claim to the country south of the Seat of government removed to Mont-
Tennessee for $65,000 Sept. 14, 1816 gomery 1847
Territory east of what is now Missis- Population of the State about the time
sippi organized as the Territory of Ala* of its secession (whites, 526,431; negro
bama March 3, 1817 slaves, 435,080; free negroes, 2,690) — 964,-
William Wyatt Bibb appointed govern- 201 1860
or by Monroe 1817 The General Assembly by resolution re-
Territorial legislature first meets at quires the governor, if a Black Repub-
St. Stephens Jan. 19, 1818 lican be elected President of the United
271
17HITSD 8TATB8 OF AMEBIC A— ALABAMA
States in Koyember, to order elections of counted, E. H. Moren is declared elected
delegates to a constitutional convention and is inaugurated; as ex -officio presi-
Feb. 24, 1860 dent of the Senate he then counts the
Alabama passes- an ordinance of seces- votes for governor — R. B. Lindsay, 77,-
sion by 61 to 39; the fourth State to se- 721; W. H. Smith, 76,292.. Nov. 26,1870
cede Jan. 11, 1861 An amicable settlement of dispute after
Alabama seizes United States arsenal suit to recover books, papers, etc., of the
and arms at Mobile, and occupies Forts governor's office begun by Governor Lind-
Morgan and Gaines at entrance of Mo- say Dec 7, 1870
bile Bay January, 1861 Birmingham founded (chief iron centre
Provisional Ck)ngress of delegates from of Alabama ) 1871
six seceded States meet at Montgomery University of Alabama reorganized and
Feb. 4, 1861 opened Oct. 4, 1871
Adopt a provisional constitution George Goldthwaite, Democrat, elected
Feb. 8, 1861 United SUtes Senator, Dec. 7, 1870;
Jefferson Davis inaugurated President qualifies Jan. 15, 1872
of the Confederacy at Montgomery Legislature passes a new election law,
Feb. 18, 1861 provides for an agricultural college, and
Seat of Confederate government re- adjourns Feb. 26, 1872
moved from Montgomery to Richmond, State agricultural and mechanical col-
Va July, 1861 lege at Auburn chartered and opened
There were liberated by the emancipa- 1872
tion proclamation 435,132 slaves in Ala- Election returns of Nov. 5 disputed,
bama Jan. 1, 1863 Republican members of legislature organ-
Confederate fleet defeated in Mobile Bay ize at United States court-house in Mont-
by Admiral Farragut Aug. 5, 1864 gomery; Democratic members at State
[State furnishes to the Confederate ser- capitol, each claiming a constitutional
vice sixty - five regiments of infantry, quorum. Governor Lindsay recognizes
twelve regiments of cavalry, and twen- the latter Nov. 18, 1872
ty-two batteries of artillery. Brewer's David P. Lewis, Republican, declared
History of Alabama.] elected governor, Nov. 23, and assumes
Mobile evacuated by Confederate forces the office, recognizing the court-house leg-
April 12, 1866 islature Nov. 25, 1872
State convention meets and annuls or- Legislative dispute referred to Attor-
dinance of secession Sept. 25, 1865 ney-General of the United States, who
New constitution adopted. .Nov. 5, 1865 proposes a compromise to take effect Dec.
[This constitution was not ratified un- 18, when the Senate organizes at the cap-
til November, 1875.] itol, the court-house Assembly continuing
State admitted to a representation in its sessions Dec. 18, 1872
Congress by act passed over President's Pursuant to adjournment, Dec. 21, both
veto June 25, 1868 Houses meet Jan. 13, 1873, to examine
Under proclamation of Gov.-elect W. contested seats and transact business in-
H. Smith, June 26, the legislature as- dependently until a joint resolution pass-
sembles and ratifies the Fourteenth ed by the lower House is agreed to, in-
Amendment to the Constitution of the forming the governor of the organization
United States July 13, 1868 of the General Assembly Feb. 1, 1873
State turned over to civil authorities Colored labor State convention meets
by General Meade July 14, 1868 at Montgomery Nov. 18, 1873
Immigration convention meets at Mont- Constitutional convention meets at
gomery June 2. 1869 Montgomery Sept. 6, 1876
Governor Smith, claiming majority in New State constitution ratified by 95,-
State election of Nov. 8, files injunc- 672 to 30,004 Nov. 16, 1875
tion restraining president of Senate from Act to fund State debt in new bonds
counting votes for governor at reduced interest and surrender certain
Nov. 26, 1870 securities held by the State, approved
Votes for lieutenant-governor being Feb. 23, 1876
272
tTNTTSD 6TATS8 OF AXSEICA— ALASKA
First biennial seBsion of legislature un- appropriated for the relief of disabled Con-
der new oonstitution, begins federate soldiers or their widows by the
Nov. 16, 1876 legislature of 1888-89
Act to establish a public-school system; Southern Inter-State Farmers' Associa-
a superintendent of education to be elect- tioif meets at Montgomery. .Aug. 21, 1880
ed every two years, etc 1876-77 Kubc Burrows, a notorious criminal and
John T: Morgan, Democratic Senator, murderer, breaks jail and is shot and
presents credentials in the United States killed at Birmingham Oct 8, 1800
Senate Feb. 27, 1877 Ex -Gov. E. A. CNeil dies at Flor-
Act granting $76 to any resident of ence Nov. 7, 1890
the State who lost an arm or leg in the Eleventh annual convention of American
Confederate army 1879 Federation of Labor at Birmingham meets
George S. Houston qualifies as United Dec. 14, 1891
States Senator March 18, 1879 Four thousand nine hundred and fifty-
United States Senator Qeorge S. Hous- five disabled Confederate soldiers apply for
ton dies Dec. 31, 1879 pensions, each receiving $26.60 from a fund
Luke Pryor, Democrat, qualifies as of $131,362.02 raised by special tax. . .1892
United States Senator under executive ap- Conference of colored people at Tuske-
pointment to fill vacancy Jan. 16, 1880 gee, in the *' black belt," to consider the
James L. Pugh, United States Senator- condition of the race; regretting the pov-
elect qualifies Dec. 6, 1880 erty of the South, and lack of means for
State treasurer I. H. Vincent absconds, education, inability to build school-houses
leaving a deficit of about $212,000 or furnish teachers, etc.; it admitted the
January, 1883 friendliness and fairness of the whites, etc.
State agricultural department goes into 1892
operation, with E. C. Betts, of Madison Two State tickets in the field — Gov.
county, as commissioner Sept. 1, 1883 Thomas G. Jones heading Conservatives,
Congress grants the State 46,080 acres and ex-Commissioner of Agriculture R. F.
of land for the benefit of the university Rolb, the " JefTersonian Democrats." Two
April 23, 1884 platforms issued; Kolb defeated, charges
Foundation of a monument to the Con- frauds at the polls August, 1892
federate soldiers of the State laid on the The State resumes the care of convicts
grounds of the capitol in Montgomery by under contract 1893
Jefferson Davis April 29, 1886 Australian ballot authorized 1893
State agricultural and mechanical col- Governor Jones recommends the sup-
lege burned; loss, $100,000 pression of lynching by giving the sheriffs
June 24, 1887 greater authority Feb. 6, 1893
Lease of convicts in State penitentiary Many negro miners killed by strikers
awarded to the East Tennessee Coal, Iron, July 16, 1894
and Railroad Company, the convicts to be Dispensary law in effect Jan. 1, 1900
employed in the Pratt coal-mines near Ex-Senator Luke Pryor dies at Athens
Birmingham 1888 Aug. 6, 1900
Southern inter-State immigration con- Tornado at Birmingham, eighteen lives
vention, nearly 600 delegates from all the lost, $260,000 property destroyed
Southern States, meets at Montgomery March 26, 19Q1
Dec. 12, 1888 Constitutional convention meets
Mardi Gras, Good Friday, and April 26 May 22, 1901
added to the legal holidays, and $60,000 New constitution ratified. .Nov. 11, 1901
Alaska, formerly Russian America, is west by the Bering Sea and Straits.
bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean, Prom the main portion of the Territory
on the east by the British possessions, on a narrow strip with a breadth of about 60
the south by the Pacific Ocean, and on the miles extends southeast along the Pacific
IX.— 8 ' 273
UNITED STATES OF AMEBIGA— ABIZONA
coast, and terminates at the confines of Congress provides a civil government
British Columbia in 54'' 40' N. lat From May 17, 1884
north to south the extreme length is 1,100 Rev. Sheldon Jackson appointed general
miles, and greatest breadth, 800 miles, agent of education for the Territory
It contains about 577,390 square miles. April, 1886
The distance between Portland Channel, A. P. Swineford arrives at Sitka as gov-
52** N. lat. 130" W long., separating the ernor Sept. 15, 1885
lower part of Alaska from British Amer- Gold first discovered at Silver Bay, near
ica and Atoo, the westernmost island of Sitka, in 1887
the Aleutian chain, is 2,100 miles. If Atoo Expedition sent by the United States
be accepted as the western extremity of coast and geodetic survey, under J. £.
the United States, San Francisco is nearly McGrath, to determine the exact boundary
its geographical centre of longitude, between Alaska and the British posses-
Population, 1900, 63,592. Capital, Sitka, sions June, 1889
This Territory was first discovered by a The North American Commercial Com-
Russian expedition under command of pany secures the Alaskan fur-seal rights
Bering 1741 for twenty years Feb. 28, 1890
Territory granted to a Russian- Amer- Population reported by the census agent,
ican fur company by Emperor Paul.. 1799 31,000, consisting of 900 Aleuts, 5,000
This charter renewed 1839 Indians, 18,000 Eskimos, 2,300 Chinese,
[New Archangel, now Sitka, on the isl- and 4,800 whites Aug. 29, 1891
and of Sitka, was and is the principal Qreat excitement created by the Klon-
settlement and capital.] dike gold discoveries in the summer of. 1897
Privileges of the fur company expired Avalanche in the Chilkoot Pass, nearly
1863 200 persons killed April 3, 1898
Ceded by Russia to the United States Temporary boundary - line of Alaska
for $7,200,000, by treaty signed March 30 agreed upon with England. . .Oct. 12, 1899
and ratified June 20, 1867 Civil government for the " District " of
Formal possession taken by the United Alaska enacted June 6, 1900
States Oct. 9, 1867 Relief for destitute miners at Cape
Alaska made by Congress a military and Nome authorized by Congress
collection district 1870 Aug. 31, 1900
ARIZONA
Arizona^ a territory of the United Spaniards from Mexico form settle-
States between lat. 31" and 37® N., and ments from Tucson to the Mexican line,
between long. 109' and 114" 40' W. Utah and partly occupy the country for nearly
and Nevada lie on the north, on the east 150 years. They are finally driven out by
is New Mexico, Mexico on the south. Call- the Indians before 1821
fornia and Nevada on the west. It con- First hunters and trappers from the
tains about 113,916 square miles. It has United States probably visited Arizona
eleven counties — Apache, Cochiso, Coconi- in 1824
mo, Gila, Graham, Maricopa, Mohave, All Arizona north of the river Gila is
Pima, Pinal, Yavapai, and Yuma. Popu- included in cession by Mexico to United
lation, 1880, 40,440; 1890, 59,620; 1900, States by treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
122,931. CapiUl, Phoenix. Feb. 2, 1848
First explorations made by Vasquez First American settlers were persons on
Coronado, sent from Mexico by Viceroy their way to California, who stopped on
Mendozo 1540 the Gila to engage in stock-raising. . . 1849
Spaniards again enter and establish a Gadsden purchase brought to the United
military post where Tucson now stands States all of Arizona south of the Gila
1580 Dec. 30, 1853
Jesuit missionaries on Santa Cruz River, Act of Congress organizing the Terri-
about 1600 tory Feb. 24, 1863
274
TTNITSD 8TATB8 OF AJOBBIOA— AEKAITSAS
Gov. John N. Goodwin, in camp at Na- Bald of Looo't band of Chiricahua Ind-
vajo Springs, formallj organizes the ter- ians in the valley of the Gila begins
ritorial government and fixes its tempo- April 19, 1883
rary seat near Fort Whipple Acts to establish an insane asylum at
Dec. 29, 1863 Phoenix, a normal school at Tempe, and
First territorial legislature adopts a the University of Arizona at Tucson
mining law and the so-called Howell code January-March, 1885
of general laws ; sits Act providing that no polygamist or
Sept. 26-NoT. 10, 1864 bigamist shall vote or hold office
Tucson made the capital by a majority January-March, 1885
of one vote 1867 Congress appropriates $2,000 to repair
Arizona a military district by order of the ruin of Casa Grande, reserving from
General Halleck October, 1867 settlement the entire site of the ancient
Act to establish public schools in the city March 2, 1889
Territory and a board of education and State capital removed from Prescott to
levying a tax of 10 cents on each $100 Phoenix Feb. 4, 1890
1868 Forty lives lost by broken mining-dam
Major J. W. Powell, for the Smithso- on the Hassayampa River.. Feb. 23, 1890
nian Institution with a party of ten, in Friday after Feb. 1 each year made a
four boats, descends the cation of the Ck>lo- legal holiday as Labor Day
rado from Green River to Rio Virgin Jan. 19-March 19, 1891
May-August, 1869 Yuma devastated by flood. .Feb. 27, 1891
Arizona and southern California made Eleven bills submitted to Governor
a military department, headquarters at Zulick for approval, March 21, 1889; un-
Fort Whipple 1869 signed, as sixty consecutive days had pass-
Forty citizens and 100 Pftpagos from ed since the organization of the legislature.
Tucson and vicinity massacre eighty-five The territorial Supreme Court declared the
Indian prisoners of war (seventy-seven of session legal for sixty days of actual legis-
them women and children) at Camp lative work, and the bills became laws
Grant, and capture thirty, who are sold without the governor's approval 1891
to the Pilpagos as slaves. (One hundred Discovery of a lake forming in Salton
and eight persons were afterwards tried Sink from the overflow of the Colorado
for murder and acquitted) . . . .April, 1871 River June 29, 1891
"Arizona diamond swindle." Excite- Constitutional convention meets at
ment over supposed diamond flelds in Phoenix, Sept. 7, and adopts a complete
Arizona ; the San Francisco and New constitution Oct. 2, 1891
York Mining and Commercial Company, Ex-Gov. A. P. K. Safford dies at Tar-
with a capital of $10,000,000, formed; pon Springs, Fla Dec. 16, 1891
Clarence King, United States geologist, Land reclaimed by irrigation, 343,000
finds the field " salted " with rough dia- acres up to 1892
monds from Africa, Brazil, etc 1872 [Capable of being reclaimed under the
A long war waged by General Crook present water development, 1,730,000 acres,
with hostile Apaches in Arizona ends by Supposed amount that can be reclaimed
surrender of the Tontos, Hualapais and with the water available in the Territory,
Yavapais in 1873, and other bands in. 1874 24,000,000 acrcs.l
Mormon colonists from Utah settle in Indians attack Nogales Aug. 12, are
Apache county March, 1876 pursued by United States cavalry, three
Prescott chosen as capital 1877 killed, thirty captured Aug. 17, 1896
New public-school law enacted 1883 New capitol finished August, 1900
ABKAN8AS
Arlgansag (formerly Arkansaw), a sour i bounds it on the north, and the Mis-
SouthWestern State between lat. 33° and sissippi River and a small part of the
36** 30^ N., and long. 89** 40' and 94** 42' southeast comer of the State of Missouri
W. from Greenwich. The State of Mis- on the east, Louisiana on the south, and
276
UmTfiD dTATEd 07 AMSBIGA— ABEANSA8
the Indian Territory mostly on the west. [The negative vote was cast by Dr.
It contains seven ty-five counties; area, Isaac Murphy, afterwards (1864-68)
53,045 square miles. Population, 1890, governor.]
1,128,179; 1900, 1,311,564. CapiUl, Little Battle of Pea Ridge between Union and
Rock. Confederate forces March 6-7, 1862
This State probably visited by De Soto Union troops under General Wash-
1541 burne occupy Helena July 11, 1862
La Salle passes down the Mississippi Battle of Prairie Grove. United States
to its mouth 1682 Gens. Francis J. Herron and James G.
Louis XV. of France grants to John Blunt; Confederate Gen. Thomas C.
Law, originator of the " Mississippi llindman. Confederates retire during the
scheme," a tract of land in the Arkan- night with a loss of 1,317. Federal loss,
sas River (Law, however, neglects it) 1,148 Dec. 7, 1862
1720 Arkansas Post captured with 5,000 men
Transfer by France to Spain of Loui- by the United States forces under Mc-
siana includes the present State of Ar- Clernand, Sherman, and Admiral Porter
kansas Nov. 3, 1762 Jan. 11, 1863
First settlement at Arkansas Post 1785 Confederate Gens. T. H. Holmes and
Spain cedes Louisiana to France by Sterling Price, with about 8,000 men, at-
treaty of lldefonso 1800 tempt to retake Helena. Gen. B. M. Pren-
Province of Louisiana ceded by France tiss, with about 4,000 men, repulses them
to the United States, who pay $11,250,000 with heavy loss July 4, 1863
and assume the " French spoliation Union forces occupy Little Rock
claims" 1803 Sept. 10, 1863
Missouri Territory established, includ- Union State convention assembles to
ing Arkansas and all north of the State form a new constitution Jan. 8, 1864
of Ix)ui8iana and west of the Mississippi Dr. Isaac Murphy provisional governor;
1812 inaugurated Jan. 22, 1864
Arkansas Territory, including all north Constitution ratified by vote of the peo-
of the State of Louisiana, and south of pie March 14, 1864
36® 30', and west from the Mississippi [The legislature under this constitution
River to the 100® meridian, formed is not recognized by Congress.]
March 2, 1819 Arkansas and Mississippi formed into
Arkansas Qazette, first newspaper in the the 4th Military District under Gen. Ed-
Territory, published at Little Rock, Will- ward O. C. Ord 1867
iam E. Woodruff, editor'. . . .Nov. 20, 1819 New constitution reported. .Feb. 4, 1868
Western boundary fixed, reducing its New constitution adopted and ratified
area to the present limits of the State March 13, 1868
1828 State readmitted to the Union over
Admitted into the Union, the twenty- Johnson's veto June 22. 1868
fifth State. Population, 52,240 Military commander, Gen. A. C. Gillem,
June 15, 1836 turns over the State to the civil authori-
United States arsenal at Little Rock ties June 22, 1868
seized by the State authorities Gen. Thomas C. Hindman assassinated
Feb. 8, 1861 at Helena by an old soldier 1868
Arkansas convention meets about Powell Clayton elected governor . . 1868
March 1, 1861 Governor Clayton places ten counties
Was vi8ite4 by William S. Oldham, of under martial law Nov. 9, 1868
the Confederate Congress, and a commis- Elisha Baxter nominated for governor by
sioner from Jefferson Davis; but voted the Republican party, and Joseph Brooks
against secession (vote, 39 to 35) by the Liberal Republican party 1872
March 16, 1861 Disturbance occasioned by frauds
Arsenals seized at Napoleon and Fort charged against both parties in the elec-
Smith April 23-24, 1861 tion continues throughout 1873-74
Act of secession adopted by the legis- Convention called to revise the consti-
lature — ^yeas, 69 ; nay, 1 May 6, 1861 tution meets July 14, 1874
276
TTNITSD 8TATS8 07 AXEBIGA-<3ALnP0BHIA
[The fifth convened in the State, Legislature pasBes Australian ballot law
the other years being 1836, 1861, 1864, 1891
1868.] Law in relation to convicts radically
New constitution ratified by a majority amended 1893
of 53,890 Oct. 13, 1874 Cotton-growers convention at Little Rock
New constitution proclaimed March 10, 1893
Oct. 30, 1874 Ex-State Treasurer Woodruff indicted
[Governor's term reduced from four to Dec. 17, 1892; judgment in favor of State
two years. Office of lieutenant-governor for $50,000 Feb. 8, 1894
abolished, president of the Senate substi- [First trial, October, 1891, of ex-
tuted.] State Treasurer William E. Woodruff, the
Election frauds and outrages occur.. 1888 jury disagree; the second trial, April,
C. R. Breckinridge, Democrat, and 1892, verdict, not guilty, the accused re-
John M. Clayton, Republican, contest the leased.]
2d Congressional District 1888 United States Senate confirms the Pres-
John M. Clayton assassinated at Plum- idcnt's appointment of Congressman C. R.
mersville Jan. 29, 1889 Breckinridge to be minister to Russia
[He claimed to have been elected, and July 20, 1894
was collecting evidence to contest the Ex-Governor Elisha Baxter dies at
election at this time.] Batcsville, Ark June 2, 1899
State Treasurer Woodruff short in his The anti-trust law declared unconsti-
accounts about $138,800 Jan. 13, 1891 tutional 1900
CALIFOBNIA
California (Spanish, calida formax, Spanish voyageur Sebastian Vizcaino
meaning a hot furnace), a Pacific coast (Biscayer) sails from Acapulco, and is
State, lies between lat. 32** 28' and 42** N., said to have visited the bays of San Diego
and long. 114® 30' and 124** 45' W., having and Monterey during the latter part of
a coast line of over 700 miles. It is bound- 1602
ed on the north by Oregon, east by Nevada After 160 years, with little further ex-
and Arizona, south by Mexico, and west by ploration, the Spaniards, aroused by
the Pacific Ocean. Population in 1890, priests and by reports of Russian ad-
1,208,130; 1900, 1,486,053; area, 168,360 vances southward from Alaska, send to
square miles, in fifty-four counties. Capi- the Pacific coast Jos6 de Galves, who
tal, Sacramento. leaves Mexico April 9, 1768
Hernando d'Alarcon sails to the head of Galvez, in Lower California, fits out
the Gulf of California, and sends boats an expedition for Fransiscan fathers, by
up the Colorado River May, 1540 sea and land; two vessels reach San Diego
Juan Cabrillo, sailing north, discovers April 11 and May 1, 1769
a harbor, supposed to be San Diego Bay, Portola, with land expedition, reaches
Sept. 28, 1542, and reaches Monterey San Diego, July 9; leaves five days later,
Nov. 14, 1542 arrives at San Pedro, Oct. 30., and thence
After Cabrillo*s death at San Miguel, proceeds nearly to San Francisco Bay,
Jan. 3, 1543, Farallo, his pilot, reaches but, provisions being exhausted, returns
a point recorded as 44® N., but now be- to San Diego Nov. 11, 1769
lieved to have been Cape Mendocino, 40® Portola's second expedition from San
30' N March 10, 1543 Diego reaches Monterey Bay
English explorer Sir Francis Drake May 24, 1770
touches the coast at lat. 43® N., June, Mission and presidio of San Carlos at
1579; sailing south, he lands in a bay at Monterey founded June 3, 1770
"Cape of the Kings" about 30 miles north- Missions of San Antonio de Padua and
west of San Francisco, June 17 ; received San Gabriel founded 1771
kindly bv the natives, and calls the coun- Don Pedro Fages, successor to Portola,
try New' Albion. Drake leaves. .July, 1579 dent by viceroy of Mexico, from Monterey,
277
UNITED STATES OF AMEBIGA— CALIFOBNIA
March 27, 1772, with an exploring party, Vancouver anchors at Monterey, Nov.
to secure the harbor of San Francisco from 27, 1792; visits San Carlos, Dec. 2; puts
foreign aggression ; they advance along to sea Jan. 15, 1793
the shore to San Joaquin River, and un- Returns from the Hawaiian Islands in
able to cross, return to Monterey 1793 and again in 1794; is suspected by
April 4, 1772 the Spanish governor, and coldly received;
First interior expedition from Sonora, anchoring at Monterey, he visits the Sali-
under Juan Bautista de Anza, reaches San nas Valley; sails away Dec. 2, 1794
Gabriel March 22, 1774 First vessel from the United States in
Fernando Javier de Rivera y Moncada a Calif ornian port, the Otter, from Boston,
appointed lieutenant-governor of Calif or* arrives at Monterey, Oct. 29, 1796. The
nia May 25, 1774 captain, Ebenezer Dorr, after obtaining
Juan Perez, in the Santiago, explores supplies, secretly lands ten Englishmen
coast north to lat. 45** July 9, 1774 and one woman, stowaways from Port
Lieut. Juan Bautista de Ayala an- Saxon, and sails away Nov. 6, 1796
chors off San Francisco, sends a boat in. By royal orders, the Californias arc
Aug. 1, 1775; he explores the bay for forty divided into two provinces, Antigua (the
days, returning to Monterey, then the peninsula, then under the control of the
capital Sept. 22, 1775 Dominican missions) and Nueva Cali-
Settlement on the Colorado, opposite fornia March 26, 1804
mouth of the Gila Dec. 17, 1775 Russian chamberlain, Nikolai Petrovich
Presidio of San Francisco founded Rez&nof, royal inspector for Sitka, finding
Sept. 17, 1776 that colony in great need of food, sails to
Mission established at San Francisco San Francisco with a cargo of goods,
Oct. 9, 1776 which he exchanges for provisions, despite
Pueblo of San Jos6 established the Spanish restrictions on trade; he wins
Nov. 29, 1777 also the affections of Dofia Concepcion,
Pueblo of Concepcion established. . 1780 daughter of the commandant, Don Jos4 Ar-
Indian massacre at San Pablo and Con- gu@llo May 21, 1806
cepcion; Rivera slain July 17, 1781 Indians across the bay from San Fran-
Pueblo of Los Angeles founded cisco troubling Spanish; Alfirez Moraga
Aug. 26, 1781 marches against them and defeats and
A fleet fitted out by the French govern- scatters the tribe May 22, 1810
ment for scientific exploration, under Jean Russians establish a fort at Ross, 18
Francois Galaup de la P4rouse, sailing miles north of Bodega, having settled the
south from lat. 58** 37' enters Monterey vicinity in 1807-10 Sept. 30, 1812
Bay, Sept. 14, 1786; entertained ten days Gov. Jos6 Joaquin de Arrillaga dies at
by Governor Fages and the padres of San Soledad mission; Capt. Jos6 Arquello sue-
Carlos mission September, 1786 ceeds July 24, 1814
Mission of Santa Barbara founded Rumors of revolutions in South Amer-
Dec. 4, 1786 ica; proclamation from Gov. Pablo Vin-
A Spanish scientific expedition from Ca- cente de Sola, and preparations for defence
diz, under Alejandro Malaspina, explores June 23, 1816
the coast, anchoring at Monterey Mission of San Rafael founded
Sept. 13, 1791 Dec. 14, 1817
Capt. George Vancouver with an explor- French Capt Hippolyte Bouchard ("the
ing party, sent by Great Britain around pirate Buchar") appears with two ves-
the world, commissioned also to settle sels of thirty-eight and twenty-six guns
the boundary question on the north of under the flag of Buenos Ayres; his real
California, anchors his vessel, the Dis- purpose is unknown, but, after summon-
coveri/y in San Francisco Harbor ing Monterey and other places on the coast
Nov. 14, 1792 to surrender, and pillaging the towns, he
With seven officers, Vancouver, on horse- sails away December, 1818
back, visits Santa Clara, under Spanish From 1767 up to 1821, California be-
escort; the first foreigners to penetrate so ing under Spanish rule, ten governors
far into the interior Nov. 20, 1792 were appointed by that power. From
278
TTNITSD STATES OF AMEBIGA-^ALZTOBNIA
1822 until 1845, being under Mexican cisco rancho, formerly belonging to the
domination, her governors (twelve) were San Fernando mission March, 1842
appointed from Mexica Com. Thomas Ap Gatesby Jones, with
California becomes a province of Mexico the United States Pacific Squadron of five
under the regency of Don Augustin Itur- vessels, believing war to exist with Mexico,
bide, 1821, and Governor Sola is elected enters Monterey Harbor, seizes the fort,
deputy to the new Cortes; Itur bide pro- and declares California a territory of the
claimed emperor May 18, 1822 United States, Oct. 20, 1842; learning next
Russians warned to abandon California day that there is no war, he restores the
within six months Oct. 21, 1822 territory Oct. 21, 1842
Iturbide surrenders his crown, March, Col. J. C. Fremont, with exploring ex-
1823, and is banished from America, May, pedition, reaches Sutter's Fort
1823; California is substantially indepen- March 8, 1844
dent until the new constitution of the About fifty Califomians, under Manuel
Mexican Republic is ratified by the Junta Castro, Jesus Pico, and others, seize arms
of California May 2&, 1825 and munitions stored at San Juan Bautis-
Electors, summoned by Gov. Jos6 Maria ta, and instigate revolt against Gov.
Escheandia, choose Capt. Jos6 de la Guerra Manuel Micheltorena and his army of
y Noriega delegate to Mexican Congress convicts from Mexico Nov. 14-15, 1844
Feb. 18, 1826 Micheltorena is supported by Sutter and
Jcdediah S. Smith, a trapper from the other foreigners, but concludes a treaty,
United States, the first to make the trip agreeing to send away his battalion and re-
from Salt Lake, reaches San Gabriel turn to the capital Dec. 1, 1844
Dec. 26, 1826 First immigrants to California in
Territorial committee, seven members wagons, the "Murphy company," under
and three substitutes chosen by the junta Elisha Stevens, reach Sutter's Fort
of electors at San Diego in February, Dec. 13, 1844
meets at Monterey June 14, 1827 Micheltorena having broken the treaty
Joaquin Solis, a convict ranchero, in- of 1844, the revolution is renewed; on the
stigates the troops to revolt against the field of- Cahuenga he capitulates, and Pio
governor, with a view to give all offices to Poco becomes governor in his stead
Califomians; soldiers at Monterey seize Feb. 21, 1845
the presidio, Nov. 12-13, and later meet Colonel Fremont on a third expedition
no opposition at San Francisco 1829 obtains permission from Mexico, through
Governor Escheandia by proclamation United States consul Thomas O. Larkin,
calls on the Monterey insurgents to sur- at Monterey, to continue his explorations
render, Jan. 7, 1830; recaptures Monterey, of the coast Jan. 27, 1846
Jan. 20; apprehends Solis and other lead- Colonel Fremont, in Oregon, receives
ers, and sends fifteen of them, on the bark orders to watch the Mexican and British
Volunteer, for San Bias May 9, 1830 relations in California, May 9, 1846. Re-
Decree for secularization of missions; turning to California, he finds General De
San Carlos and San Gabriel to be organ- Castro prepared to resist American in-
ized as towns, surplus property, after dis- vasion. American settlers begin the so-
tribution to neophytes, passing to secular called "bear-flag revolt" by occupjring
administrators; other missions the same Sonoma, with a flag bearing a star and
as far as possible. Jan. 6, 1831 bear and the words, " California Republic "
Secularization accomplished 1834 June 14, 1846
Los Angeles made a city — capital of Fremont assumes command of insur-
Califomia May 23, 1835 gents at Sonoma July 5, 1846
After various attempts at negotiation Stars and etripes raised at Monterey,
with the authorities, the warnings of 1822 July 7, by order of John D. Sloat, com-
not being heeded, Russians at Ross, Bode- manding United States Pacific Squad-
ga, and other points on the coast, sell their ron ; at Sonoma they replace the bear
rights to Col. John A. Sutter for $30,000, flag, July 9, and over Sutter's Fort
and leave the country January, 1842 July 11, 1846
Placer gold discovered on the San Fran- Fremont embarks in the schooner
279
TTNITSD STATES OF AMEBIGA— GALITOBHIA
Cyane, commodore Dupont, and occupies First gold from California, 1,804.50
San Diego July 29, 1846 ounces, deposited in the United States
Two hundred Mormon emigrants, re- mint by David Carter Dec. 8, 1848
cruited in the United States, arrive at San Brig.-Gten. Bennett Riley, instructed by
Francisco in the ship Brookljfn, under the Secretary of War to assume the civil
Elder Brannan July 31, 1846 administration, arrives by sea at Monterey,
Americans) under Com. Robert F. Stock- April 12^ 1849. He issues a proclamation
ton and Colonel Fremont, capture Los An- for a temporary government to replace the
geles Aug. 13, 1846 local provisional governments
First number of an American newspaper, June 3, 1849
the Californian, issued at Monterey by A convention to form a State consti-
Robert Semple and Walter Colton tution sits at Monterey, Sept. 1, 1849, until
Aug. 15, 1846 Oct. 13. The constitution adopted and
Commodore Stockton proclaimed gov- State officers chosen by the people
emor Aug. 17, 1846 Nov. 13, 1849
Mexicans recapture Los Angeles New Almaden quicksilver mines opened
Sept. 29-30, 1846 1860
Gen. Stephen W. Kearny, under orders California admitted to the Union (the
from Washington to proceed from New thirty-first State; population, 92,597) by
Mexico to California and establish a pro- act approved Sept. 9, 1850
visional government, arrives at Santa Assay office established at San Francisco
Maria Dec. 5, 1846 1850
Indecisive battle at San Pascual be- Of five extensive fires in San Francisco
tween Mexican Gen. Don Andres Pico, since Dec. 24, 1849, the greatest destroys
and General Kearny, who is twice a large part of the city (twenty-two
wounded Dec. 6, 1846 blocks) May 4, 1851
Battle of San Gabriel; decisive defeat Act of legislature establishing public
of the Mexicans Jan. 8-9, 1847 schools 1851
Los Angeles regained by the Americans Democratic and Whig parties organized
Jan. 10, 1847 in California May, 1851
Colonel Fremont assumes the civil gov- Prevalence and immunity of crime, and
ernment under commission from Com- corruption of officials, prompts the forma-
modore Stockton Jan. 19, 1847 tion of a vigilance committee of leading
General Kearny, under instructions citizens in San Francisco. Five criminals
from the President, issues a proclamation hanged by them, and nearly twenty banish-
from Monterey as governor, and directs ed from the State. Governor McDougall
Colonel Fremont to deliver in person, at issues a proclamation against the commit-
Monterey, all public documents in his tee, July 21. A convicted murderer, re-
charge, which he does with hesitation prieved by the governor, is hanged by the
March 1, 1847 people at Sacramento Aug. 21, 1851
Col. Richard B. Mason appointed gov- University of the Pacific at St. Jos6
ernor May 31, 1847 chartered and opened 1852
First steamboat in California waters California Academy of Sciences founded
leaves San Francisco, reaching Sacramento at San Francisco 1853
in six days and seven hours State lunatic asylum established at
Nov. 28, 1847 Stockton 1863
Gold discovered near Coloma on Col. Filibusters under Colonel Walker sail
John Sutter's land, by James Wilson Mar- from San Francisco for Lower California
shall Jan. 19, 1848 Oct. 17, 1853
California and New Mexico ceded to the United States branch mint opened at
United States by treaty of Guadalupe- San Francisco April, 1854
Hidalgo, Feb. 2, 1848; proclaimed in Call- Panama Railroad opened, facilitating
fomia August, 1848 immigration to California. .Jan. 23, 1856
First emigrants from China, two men Law excluding from the courts negro
and one woman, arrive in the bark Eagle and Indian evidence amended by adding
1848 Chinese 1856
280
UNITED STATES 07 AXEEIOA-<3ALX70BHZA
James King, of William, editor of the Gongress grants the Yosemite Valley
San Francisco Evening Bulletin, a cham- and the Mariposa Big-tree grove to Cali-
pion of reform, is shot in the street by fornia for public use, resort, and recre-
James Casey, editor of the Sunday Times, ation ; to be inalienable June 30, 1864
a noted politician. May 14, 1866; dies May California ratifies the constitutional
20. The vigilance committee is revived amendment abolishing slavery
May 15, and some 8,000 members are en- Dec. 18, 1865
rolled. Casey is taken from jail, May University opened at Berkeley, near San
18; tried and hanged with another man Francisco Sept. 23, 1869
named Cora, convicted of murder Riot in Loe Angeles; fifteen Chinamen
May 22, 1856 hanged and six shot by a mob
Discovery of gold mines on the Frazer Oct. 24, 1871
River May 1, 1858 €^. E. R. S. Canby and Commissioner
First overland mail west leaves St. Thomas, while negotiating under a flag of
Louis, Mo., Sept. 16, 1858; arrives at San truce for the removal of the Modoc Ind-
Francisco Oct. 10, 1858 ians to a reservation, are massacred by
Forty-two prisoners escape from State Captain Jack and his warriors in th«
prison in open day, and 100 others fol- lava beds near Fort Klamath
lowing are fired upon and driven back April 11, 1873
June 27, 1859 University of California permanently
David C. Broderick wounded by David located at Berkeley July 16, 1873
S. Terry in a duel Sept 12; dies Assassins are captured June 1, tried,
Sept. 16, 1859 and Captain Jack and two associates are
First pony express leaves Sacramento hanged Oct. 3, 1873
for St. Joseph, Mo April 4, 1860 Central Pacific Railroad attempts to
A Japanese embassy of seventy-two men obtain from Congress a grant of Gk>at
are the guests of San Francisco Island, the property of the United States,
March 29, 1860 on San Francisco Bay, opposite Oakland;
California regiment. Col. E. D. Baker, an independent party in opposition is
organized April 21, 1861 formed, and Newton Booth, its candidate,
Citizens' meeting in San Francisco de- elected for the long term to Congress,
Clares for Union May 11, 1861 with Judge Johnson S. Hayes, anti-rail-
Daily overland mail established from road Democrat, for the short term
the Missouri River to San Francisco over Dec. 20, 1873
the central route to replace that through Law empowering juries to determine be-
northem Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, tween death and imprisonment for life in
and Southern California, established in convicting of a capital crime 1874
1858 July 1, 1861 Compulsory education law passed and
Telegraph line from Denver, Col., to Sac- school laws revised ; a State superintend-
ramento, Cal., completed. .September, 1861 ent of instruction to be elected 1874
Ex-Senator Gwin and Attorney-General State temperance convention at San
Benham arrested by General Sumner, Francisco Nov. 19, 1874
charged with complicity in Rebellion State capitol at Sacramento completed
Nov. 14, 1861 1875
One hundred and fifty convicts escape " O'Connor bill " becomes a law, author-
from the State prison. In their recapture izing three commissioners of transporta-
three are killed and twenty-two wounded tion to inspect railroads and require them
July 22, 1862 to be kept in safe condition. .April 3, 1876
Pacific Methodist College at Santa Rosa Permanent organization of the working-
opened, 1861 ; chartered 1862 men's party of California, Dennis Kear-
Ground broken for the Central Pacific ney, "the sand-lot orator," president.
Railroad at Sacramento by Gk)vemor headquarters at San Francisco
Stanford Feb. 22, 1863 Oct. 6, 1877
At San Francisco, United States officers Dennis Kearney arrested and impris-
seize the schooner Chapman, about to sail, oned two weeks for incendiary speeches
as a Confederate privateer. .March 15,1863 and threats Nov. 3, 1877
281
UNITED STATES OF A1CEBICA-<3ALIF0BVIA
Act amending the code of civil pro- coverer of gold, at his grave in Coloma,
cedure concerning attorneys, by striking Eldorado county 1887
out the words "white male''; Mrs. Clara Tax enacted of 1 cent on each $100
S. Foltz, of San Jos6, is admitted to the of property for the University of Califor-
bar 1878 nia 1887
Act providing for a State labor bureau Comer-stone of Stanford University laid
1878 at Palo Alto May 20, 1887
Convention to revise the constitution Lick Observatory transferred by the
meets, Sept. 28, 1878; adjourns, March 3, trustees to the regents of the University
1879; new constitution takes effect of California June 1, 1888
July 4, 1879 Monument erected in Golden Gate Park
Yacht Jeannette sails from San Fran- to Francis S. Key, for which James Lick,
Cisco for the Arctic regions. .July 8, 1879 who died Oct. 1, 1876, bequeathed $60,000
Popular vote for governor; for €r€orge 1888
C. Perkins, Kepublican, 67,970; Hugh J. Acts passed establishing the South Cali-
Glenn, Democrat and new constitution, fornia State Hospital for the Insane, the
47,562; William F. White, workingmen's Mendocino Insane Asylum at Ukiah, and
party, 44,620 Sept. 3, 1879 a State reform school for juvenile offend-
Normal school at San Jos6 destroyed ers at Los Angeles 1889
by fire Feb. 10, 1880 Act passed recognizing the veterans'
Work begun on the Lick Observatory on home at Yountville as & State home for
Mount Hamilton, 4,250 feet above the sea disabled veterans and as a beneficiary
1880 imder the act of Congress providing' aid
Dennis Kearney arrested for sedition; 1889
sentenced to six months' imprisonment David S. Terry, assaulting Judge
and a fine of $1,000 March 15, 1880 Stephen Field at Lathrop, is shot dead
State viticultural commission founded by United States Marshal Nagle
1880 Aug. 14, 1889
University of Southern California char- Pioneer woollen mills close; the last of
tered and opened at Los Angeles 1880 the large woollen manufactories in the
" Young debris relief bill " passed, im- State 1889
posing, with a general tax, a special tax Gabriel, the famous mission Indian, dies
on miners, to repair damage done to agri- at Salinas, Monterey county, aged 151
culture by debris washed into the valleys years March 16, 1890
by hydraulic mining; such debris, it is Twenty-nine persons drowned in a train
estimated, has destroyed 43,500 acres of which falls through a drawbridge at Oak-
good farming land 1880 land May 30, 1890
Convention of miners in Nevada City, Fortieth anniversary of tlie admission
July 22, 1882, to consider the debris ques- of California into the Union, celebrated
tion; anti-debris convention of 110 dele- Sept. 6, 8, and 9, the latter day being a
gates, residents, and property-holders in legal holiday in the State by governor's
the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, proclamation Sept. 6-9, 1890
at Sacramento Sept. 26, 1882 Act of Congress to reserve as a public
Acts passed creating a horticultural, park the Big-tree groves in townships
sericultural, and forestry commission, and 18 and 17 south Sept. 25, 1890
a bureau of labor statistics 1885 King David Kalakaua of the Sandwich
California home for the care and train- Islands lands at San Francisco from the
ing of feeble-minded children opened at United States man-of-war Charleston
Santa Clara 1885 Dec. 4, 1890
Thirty-six-inch lenses for the great re- King David Kalakaua, born 1836; dies
fractor of the Lick Observatory safely at San Francisco Jan. 20, 1891
brought by rail from Cambridgeport, Hon. George Hearst, United States Sen-
Mass., and deposited in the observatory ator, dies in Washington, D. C,
vaults Dec. 27, 1886 Feb. 28, 1891
Legislature appropriates $5,000 for a Charles N. Felton, elected United States
monument to James W. Marshall, the dis- Senator. . . '. March 19, 1891
282
XJHITBD STATES OF AXBBICA— ^JOLOAADO
Dr. David S. Jordan, president of In- Midwinter exposition lit San Francisco
diana State University, accepts the presi- inaugurated Aug. 24, 1893; opened Janu-
dency of Inland Stanford, Jr., University ary, 1894; closed July 31, 1894
March 23, 189L The first Chinamen deported from San
Chilian insurgent transport, the Itata, Francisco for non-registration
seized at San Diego May 6, 1891 Aug. 10, 1893
First shipment of block- tin (seven tons) Irrigation Congress meets at Los
from the Temescal mines, in San Bemar- Angeles Oct. 10, 1893
dino county, received in San Francisco Serious earthquake in California
June 15, 1891 March 31, 1898
Australian ballot law takes effect Adolph Sutro dies at San Francisco
July 1, 1891 Aug. 8, 1898
Leland Stanford, Jr., University at Contract made for the San Pedro break-
Palo Alto opened Oct. 1, 1891 water 1900
Earthquake; slight elsewhere; damage The first through passenger train on the
at Woodland, $50,000 April 19-21, 1892 Santa F<^ Railroad from Chicago to San
Train guarded by United States soldiers, Francisco June 30, 1900
with $20,000,000 of government gold, CoUis P. Huntington dies at Pine Knot
leaves San Francisco for New York; has Lodge, N. Y Aug. 13, 1900
the right of way Aug. 5, 1892 Semi-centennial of California's admis-
Three-hundred and fiftieth anniversary sion as a State Sept. 9-12, 1900
of the discovery of San Diego Bay Steamship City of Rio de Janeiro sunk
Sept. 28, 1892 off the Golden Gate in a fog, 128 lives lost
Hydraulic mining permitted under re- Feb. 22, 1901
strietions March, 1893 International convention of the Epworth
Leland Stanford, governor, 1862, United I^eague meets at San Francisco
States Senator, 1893, and founder of July 18, 1901
Leland Stanford, Jr., University, dies Great strike of longshoremen at San
June 20, 1893 Francisco begins July 30, 1901
COLORADO
Colorado^ one of the United States, He was born in New Jersey, Jan. 5,
lying between lat. 37** and 41** N. and 1779; killed at the taking of York, now
between long. 102** and 109** W. The Toronto, Canada 1812
name is derived from the Spanish verb Maj. Stephen H. Long visits this re-
coloravy and was first given to the river gion, and he reports to Congress that
and later to the State. Wyoming and all the country drained by the Missouri,
Nebraska lie on the north, Nebraska and Arkansas, and Platte rivers is unsuitr
Kansas on the east. New Mexico and the able for cultivation and uninhabitable
Indian Territory on the south, and Utah 1819
on the west. It extends east and west [This impression aided to delay settle-
about 380 miles; north and south, 280 ment of Colorado until Oregon and Cali-
miles. Area, 103,925 square miles, in fomia had both been settled. Bancroft's
fifty-five counties. Population, 1890, Colorado, p. 349.]
412,198; 1900, 539,700. Capital, Denver. Bent brothers erect a stockade called
Expedition of Vasquez Coronado from Fort William on the north branch of the
Mexico, supposed to have entered this re- Arkansas Kiver 1832
gion 1541 John C. Fremont's expedition touches
Padre Francisco Escalanto, of New Colorado 1842-44
Mexico, makes an expedition into this ter- Fort Massachusetts erected on Ute
ritory 1776 Creek 1850
Lieut. Zebulon Montgomery Pike, with Discovery of gold in what is now Col-
twenty-three soldiers, explores it and dis- orado, reported 1852-57
covers Pike's Peak Nov. 15, 1806 W. Green Russell, a miner of Dahlo-
283
TXHITED STATES OS* AMSBICA— COLORADO
mega, Ga., organizes an expedition to The State adopts for the courts the
search for gold in Colorado 1858 " Illinois practice code." The capital was
Denver founded 1858 Colorado City, but was changed to Golden
[Named after the governor of Kansas.] City in 1862, and back to Denver 1868
Gold discovered at Boulder Creek Greeley, Weld county, located and B^t-
Jan. 15, 1859 tied '. 1870
First saw-mill erected on Plum Creek First street railroad at Denver com-
by D. C. Oakes, and lumber furnished for pleted 1872
building the town April 21, 1859 State school . of mines established at
Great influx of gold-seekers 1859 Golden 1874
John H. Gregory discovers gold on the Act admitting Colorado as a State
north fork of Clear Creek, the richest mine March 3, 1875
in Colorado, and one of the richest in the State university established at Boulder
world May 10, 1869 1876
[Gregory, a lazy fellow from Gordon Admission of Colorado proclaimed by
county, Ga., drives a government team President Grant Aug. 1, 1876
from Leavenworth to Fort Laramie in [Thirty-eighth in order.]
1858. He sells his claim for $22,000, ex- Leadville settled August, 1877
pecting easily to find another; disappears University of Colorado incorporated
in 1862, and is never seen again. — Ban- 1860, and opened at Boulder 1877
croft,] State agricultural college established
Discovery of silver in Colorado 1859 at Fort Collins 1878
Pueblo laid off on the site of the old Massacre at White River agency of N.
town of Pueblo 1859-60 C. Meeker and twelve others by Indians
Increased immigration into Colorado Sept.. 29, 1879
1860 On the same day the Ute Indians ambush
First school-house erected in Boulder and attack 160 troops at Mill Creek, in
1860 Rio Blanca county. Captain Thornbury,
Act erecting a new territory to be call- the commander, killed; Captain Payne, of
ed Colorado Feb. 28, 1861 the 6th Cavalry, takes command. After
[Name suggested by William Gilpin, being invested five days, they are relieved
first governor.] by Colonel Merritt Oct. 5, 1879
William Gilpin commissioned governor [The troops lost fourteen killed and
1861 forty- three wounded.]
Hiram P. Bennett first delegate to Con- Fi^st important discovery of silver in
gress 1861 Gunnison county, the Forest Queen lode.
First legislature meets at Denver. . 1861 made near Crested Butte 1879
Great suffering from cold during the Deliver selected as permanent capital
winter and drought during the summer of of the State Nov. 4, 1881
1863 Henry M. Teller appointed Secretary of
Great flood at Denver April, 1864 the Interior in President Arthur's cabinet
Colonel Chivington, with 900 men, at- April 6, 1882
tacks an Indian camp at Sand Creek, Lar- Act passed providing for the establish-
imer county, and kills 131 persons, men, ment of a State home and industrial
women, and children Nov. 27, 1864 school for girls at Denver, and the first
First national bank at Denver estab- Monday in September of each year desig-
lished 1865 nated as Labor Day, a public holiday,
Alexander Cummings, governor by legislature in session
October, 1865 Jan. 5-April 4, 1887
Nathaniel P. Hill organizes the Boston A soldiers' and sailors' home at Monte
and Colorado Smelting Company, and Vista, a State normal school at Greeley,
erects a furnace at Black Hawk, near Cen- and a State reformatory in Chaffee county
tral City 1866 provided for by legislature in session
[This furnace (removed to Denver, Jan. 2-April 1, 1889
1879) reduces refractory ores and makes Last spike of the Pike's Peak Mountain
abandoned mines of value.] Railroad driven Oct. 20, 1890
284
UNITED STATES 07 AITSBICA— CONNECTICUT
AuBtralian ballot law passed in session Bull Hill war inaugurated at Cripple
Jftn. 7-April 7, 1891 Creek March, 1894
Troops called out to suppress disorder Militia ordered out and United States
in the legislature owing to collision of government called to assist in settling
rival factions in the lower house city hall troubles June, 1894
Jan. 14, 1891 Adjutant - General Tarsney assaulted
Discovery of gold in Cripple Creek and maltreated at Colorado Springs
February, 1891 June 23, 1894
Verdict of " Not guilty " in the Milling- Great fire destroying Cripple Creek
ton murder trial at Denver April, 1896
April 29, 1891 Strike of Leadville miners inaugurated
Trans-Mississippi commercial congress, June 19, 1896
1,200 delegates, opens at Denver Strike of coal-miners at Walsenburg«
May 19, 1891 resulting in international complications
First passenger train ascends Pike's December, 1896
Peak June 30, 1891 Leadville strike settled and militia re-
National mining congress, 10,000 dele- turned Feb. 22, 1897
gates, opens at Denver Nov. 18, 1891 Governor Adams furnishes United
Discovery of silver and founding of States government with regiment of vol-
Creede January, 1892 unteers for service in the Philippines
Forest preserve, Pike's Peak, set apart May 9, 1898
by proclamations of President Harrison, Colorado and Northwestern Railway
Feb. 11, and supplementary completed October, 1898
March 18, 1892 Italian riots at Lake City. March, 1899
Conclave of the grand encampment of Return of 1st Colorado Volunteers from
the Knights Templar of the United States Philippines September, 1900
formally opens at Denver Aug. 9, 1892 State capitol completed . December, 1900
Death, at Wilmington, O., of Qen, James B. Orman inaugurated governor
James W. Denver, in whose honor Denver Jan. 8, 1901
was named Aug. 9, 1892 Serious strike of foreign miners at Tel-
Panic of '93 and closing of silver-mines luride, July 2 (amicably adjusted by
June, 1893 Governor Orman, July 6) 1901
CONNECTICTTT
Connecticiit, United States (Indian them John Hampden and John Pym, all
Quaneckiacui — «. e.. Long River, or River that part of New England which lies west
of Pines), one of the six New England from the Narraganset River, 120 miles
and of the thirteen original States, lies on the coast, and thence in latitude and
between lat. 41** and 42° 3' N. and long, breadth aforesaid to the Pacific Ocean
71" 55' an^ 73** 50' W. Massachusetts March 19, 1631
lies on the north, Rhode Island on the [The council of Plymouth the previous
east. Long Island Sound on the south, and year had granted the whole tract to the
New York on the west. The southwest Earl of Warwick, and the grant had been
corner projects along the sound, south confirmed to him by a patent from King
of the State of New York, for about 13 Charles I.]
miles. Area, 4,990 square miles, in eight Wahquimacut, a sachem from the Con-
counties; population, 1890, 746,258; 1900, necticut River, visits Plymouth and Bos-
908,420. Capital, Hartford. ton, asking colonial governors to send
Adrian Block, a Dutch navigator, first settlers to that river 1631
explores the Connecticut River as far as [Governor Winthrop, of Massachusetts,
Hartford 1614 does not favor the movement.]
Robert, Earl of Warwick, president of John Oldham, from Dorchester, Mass.,
the council of Plymouth, grants to Lord and three others visit the Connecticut
Say and Seal and eleven others, among September, 1633
285
UNITED STATES OF AHEBICA— COKNECTICUT
William Holmes, of Plymouth, prepares C!ozmecticut, beleaguered by the Pequods
the frame of a house with a board cov- all the winter of 163&-37
ering, places it on a vessel, and sails for About thirty colonists of Connecticut
the Connecticut River; passes a small killed by the Pequods during the win-
Dutch fort, " The House of Good Hope," ter of 1636-37
at Hartford, and, landing on the west Court at Newtown (Hartford) applies
bank, erects the first English house in to Massachusetts for aid against the Pe-
Connecticut (now Windsor) .October, 1633 quods Feb. 21, 1637
Dutch at New Netherlands, with sev- [The name Newtown is changed to
cnty men, make a feeble attempt to drive Hartford, Watertown to Wethersfield, and
the settlers away 1634 Dorchester to Windsor by this court.
Rev. Thomas Hooker, of Newtown (now Hartford was so named in horor of the
Cambridge), Mass., advocates new settle- Rev. Mr. Stone, who was born at Hart^
ments on the Connecticut River 1634 ford, England.]
About sixty men, women, and children, Wethersfield attacked by the Pequods,
with horses, cattle, and swine, start several killed April, 1637
through the wilderness from near Bos- The court at Hartford, bent on oflTensive
ton to the Connecticut River war against the Pequods, call for eighty-
Oct. 15, 1636 eight men — forty-two from Hartford, thir-
They reach the river about the middle ty from Windsor, sixteen from Wethers-
of November, 1635 field May 1, 1637
Colonists from Massachusetts, led by These are joined by Uncas, sachem of
John Winthrop, son of Governor Win- the Mohegans, with seventy warriors, at
throp, fortify the mouth of the Connecti- Say-Brook fort May 15, 1637
cut, and call the fort Say-Brook, in honor Capt. John Mason, of Windsor, com-
of Lords Say and Brook Nov. 9, 1635 manding the expedition, sails from Fort
A Dutch vessel appears off the mouth, Say-Brook for Narraganset Bay, to sur-
but is not suffered to land prise the Pequod fort May 19, 1637
November, 1635 At Narraganset Bay about 200 Narra-
Great suffering at Windsor, on the Con- ganset warriors join him. He approach-
necticut, during the winter of 1635-36 es the Pequod fort on the evening of May
First court in Connecticut held at New- 25, and next morning, at early light, he
town (Hartford) April 26, 1636 attacks and completely destroys it, to-
Rev. Thomas Hooker, " the light of the gether with about 600 Indians, men,
Western churches," and Rev. Mr. Stone, women, and children, losing two killed
with 100 men, women, and children, and and about twenty wounded
160 head of cattle, leave Cambridge, Mass., May 26, 1637
for the Cofinecticut River through the Court of Connecticut calls for forty
wilderness June, 1636 more men for the war against the Pe-
They reach the river early in July, 1636 quods June 26, 1637
John Oldham murdered by the Indians Pequods attempt to escape into the wil-
near Block Island July,. 1636 derness westward. Captain Stoughton,
War with the Pequods July, 1636 with a Massachusetts company, pursues
[The Pequods, with at least 700 war- along Long Island Sound. With Sassa-
riors, then occupied eastern Connecticut, cus, their sachem, the Pequods take shel-
and ruled part of Long Island.] ter in a swamp near Fairfield, and after
An expedition against the Pequods and another severe fight surrender, but their
Indians on Block Island is sent from sachem and a few followers escape
Massachusetts under John Endicott July 13, 1637
Aug. 25-Sept. 14, 1630 [These fled to the Mohawks, who treach-
[It exasperated, but did not subdue, the erously murdered them. The prisoners
Indians.] were sold into slavery or incorporated
Roger Williams, of Rhode Island, pre- with other tribes. " There remained not
vents a league between the Pequods and a sannup nor a squaw, not a warrior nor
Narragansets 1636 a child."]
Fort at Saybrook, at the mouth of the The Hector lands at Boston Rev. John
286
UNITEI) STATES OF AHEBICA— COHNECTICXJT
Davenport, Theophilus Eaton, and Ed- Middletown settled 1651
ward Hopkins July 26, 1637 French agents from Quebec visit the
Mr. Eaton and others explore the lands Connecticut colonists, asking aid against
and harbors of Connecticut on the sea- the five nations of New York (the Iro-
coast, and select Quinipiack (now New quois) 1651
Haven) for a settlement in the autumn Alarm and distress of the colonists ow-
of 1637 ing to trouble with the Dutch 1653
Rev. John Davenport, Mr. Eaton, and Commissioners are for war, but Massa-
others sail from Boston and arrive at chusetts refuses assistance 1653
Quinipiack about the middle of They address Parliament and Cromwell
April, 1638 for aid 1653
Gloomy prospects of the colonists. Great Colony, ordered by Parliament to treat
earthquake June 1, 1638 the Dutch as enemies, seize the Dutch
Colonists purchase land in and about house and lands at Hartford 1654
New Haven of the Indians. .Nov. 24, 1638 Death of Governor Haynes 1654
All free planters convene at Hartford Law against Quakers: to be fined and
and frame a constitution for civil gov- sent out of jurisdiction .... October, 1656
ernment..' Jan. 14, 1639 Gov. John Winthrop obtains for Con-
First constitution of Connecticut adopt- necticut a charter, with ample privileges,
ed at Hartford April, 1639 from Charles II April 20, 1662
General election held at Hartford Charles II. grants a patent to his
April, 1639 brother, the Duke of York, of extensive
[John Haynes chosen governor.] tracts, including the west side of Con-
General election held at Quinipiack necticut River March 12, 1664
(New Haven) Oct. 26, 1639 Col. Richard Nichols, governor of New
[Theophilus Eaton chosen governor..] York, and commissioners from Con-
Milford and Guildford purchased of the necticut, fix the western boundary of Con-
Indians and settled 1639 necticut, beginning on the east side of
[Laws founded upon and administered Mamaroneck Creek and thence north-
according to the Scriptures.] northwest to the Massachusetts line.
Settlement made at Saybrook by George The southern line was determined to be
Fenwick 1639 the Sound, Connecticut losing her pos-
Fourteen capital laws of Connecticut sessions on Long Island Nov. 30, 1664
enacted, founded on passages of Script- United colony elects John Winthrop
ure April 2, 1642 governor 1665
Boundary-line between Connecticut and Lyme made a* town May, 1667
Massachusetts first run by Woodward and Haddam made a town October, 1668
Saffrey 1642 Major Andros, the new governor of New
Colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plym- York, claims under the Duke of York
outh, Connecticut, and New Haven con- all land west of the Connecticut River
federate under the name of the United 1675
Colonies of New England.. May 19, 1643 Major Andros appears before the fort
Connecticut purchases of Col. George at Saybrook with an armed force and
Fenwick the old CJonnecticut patent for demands its surrender July 11, 1675
£1,600, and assumes jurisdiction over the [It is refused by Captain Bull, and the
whole territory 1644 patent and commission forbidden to be
New London settled 1648 read.]
Governors and magistrates receive no War with Philip, sachem of the Wam-
salaries in Connecticut up to 1648 panoags 1675
[Then the governor's salary was fixed Connecticut furnishes 315 men in the
at £30.] fight at Narraganset fort Dec. 19, 1675
Governor Stuyvesant, of the New Neth- Death of Gov. John Winthrop
erlands, visits Hartford to settle certain April 5, 1676
boundary questions with the New Eng- Boundary between Connecticut and New
land United Colonies Sept. 11, 1650 York of 1664 superseded by that of
Norwalk settled 1651 1683
287
TTNITED STATES OT AKE&ICA— COKKECTICTJT
Sir Edmund Andros, the royal gov- chusetts had encroached upon Connecti-
emor, comes to Hartford and demands cut. The tract was sold by Connecticut
the charter in the name of King James in 1716 for about $2,274; given to Yale
II Oct 31, 1687 College. Boundary run as it now is, 1826,
[After a long discussion in the assem- leaving indentation to Massachusetts
biy, early in the evening the lights are about 2 miles square, as compensation
extinguished, and the charter is taken for towns previously lost.]
from the table and secreted by Capt. Will- First State-house built at Hartford
liam Wadsworth, of Hartford, in a hoi- 1720
low oak-tree, known since as the " char- Gurdon Saltonstall, governor for six-
ter oak," on the estate of the Wyllyses, teen years, dies Sept. 20, 1724
across the river.] Final boundary established with Rhode
Sir Edmund Andros assumes the gov- Island 1728
ernments, selects councillors, seizes the Joint survey made between New York
records of the colony, and rules arbitra- and Connecticut 1731
rily Oct. 31, 1687 Connecticut furnishes 1,000 men for
Overthrow of Sir Edmund Andros's gov- land and marine service against Louis-
emment at Boston on hearing of the rev- burg 1745
olution in England and flight of James First silk coat and stockings of New
II April 18, 1689 England production were worn by Gov-
Charter recovered and free government ernor Law, of Connecticut 1747
restored in Connecticut May 9, 1689 Phineas Lyman, major-general of the
William and Mary proclaimed at Hart- Connecticut forces, second in command
ford with great ceremony and joy at the battle* of Lake George
June 13, 1689 Sept. 6, 1755
Colonel Benjamin Fletcher, governor of [Sir William Johnson being disabled,
New York, comes to Hartford while the General Lyman conducted the engage-
Assembly is in session and demands com- ment successfully to Dieskau's defeat.]
mand of the militia under commission Citizens of Connecticut known as the
from the King Oct. 26, 1693 Susquehanna Company purchase from the
[The Assembly refusing, he orders the Six Nations land 70 miles in length
militia under arms, and attempts to read on the Susquehanna River, and extending
his commission to them and assume com- from 10 miles east of that river west
mand. Captain Wadsworth prevents this 140 miles, for about $10,000, July 11,
by ordering the drums to beat, threaten- 1754. It includes the Wyoming Valley,
ing death to the governor if he persists.] where they make a settlement 1763
Charter ratified by William III. [This leads to a long controversy be-
April, 1694 tween Connecticut and Pennsylvania.]
Boundary of 1683 between New York Connecticut Courant, published by
and Connecticut confirmed by William III. Thomas Green, at Hartford, first issued
1700 Oct. 26, 1764
Charter for a college at New Haven Jared IngersoU sent by Connecticut to
(Yale) granted by the General Court England to oppose the Stamp Act 1764
Oct. 9, 1701 He accepts the position of stamp-mas-
First issue of bills of credit by Con- ter, and is compelled by the citizens to
necticut, £8,000 for an anticipated expe- resign Sept. 19, 1765
dition against Canada 1709 Gov. Thomas Fitch consents to taJce the
First printer in the colony, Thomas oath for the support of the Stamp Act
Short, from Boston, at New London 1766
1709 [He is dismissed at the next election.]
He publishes the Bayhrook Platform Connecticut Journal first published at
of Church Discipline 1710 New Haven 1767
Settlement of the boundary with Mas- Jonathan Trumbull elected governor
sachusetts 1713 1769
[Massachusetts grants to Connecticut [The only colonial governor who favored
107,793 acres, the amount that Massa- independence in 1776. He was elected gov-
288
TXNITEB STATES OS* AMEBICA— COHKXCTICTXT
ernoT annually until 1784. The name of lat. 41** N. and west of a line 120 miles
** Brother Jonathan/' humorously bestowed west of Pennsylvania Sept. 14, 1786
upon him by General Washington, has [The space left to Connecticut in Ohio
been applied to the United States.] is known as the Western Reserve, and is
Eliphalet Dyer, Roger Sherman, and claimed as a compensation for the terri-
Silas Deane elected at Norwich to the tory relinquished in Pennsylvania.]
first Continental Congress. . .June 6, 1774 Constitution of the United States rati-
Israel Putnam, of Pomfret, Conn., fied by Connecticut; vote 128 to 40
hastens to Boston on hearing of the battle Jan. 9, 1788
of Lexington; arrives April 21, 1775 Wooden clocks first made at Waterbury
[Riding on one horse 100 miles in 1790
eighteen hours.] Gen. Israel Putnam dies at Brookline,
Col. Samuel H. Parsons and Benedict Conn May 19, 1790
Arnold, at Hartford, plan the capture of Connecticut bestows upon citizens, espe-
Ticonderoga April 27, 1775 cially those of Danbury, Fairfield, Groton,
Benedict Arnold marches from New New London, and Norwalk,who had suffer-
Haven with his company and reaches Bos- ed during the Revolution, half a million
ton April 29, 1775 acres at the west end of the Western Re-
Surrender of Ticonderoga to Col. Ethan serve in Ohio, hence known as '' Fire
Allen and Benedict Arnold lands" 1792
May 10, 1775 Connecticut sells to the Connecticut
General Assembly authorize bills of Land Company, of 320 citizens, 3,200,000
credit to $500,000 to equip eight regiments acres, the remainder of the tract between,
May 11, 1775 Lake Erie and lat. 41** N.. / 1795
Ex-Governor Tryon, with 2,000 men, de- [The price, $1,200,000, was made a State
stroys Danbury April 26, 1777 school fund.]
[G^en. David Wooster, of Connecticut, is Connecticut through Governor Trum-
mortally wounded.] bull, executes surrender to the United
General Tryon lands at New Haven with States of jurisdiction over the Western
about 3,000 men and plunders it Reserve, Ohio May 30, 1800
July 6, 1778 Connecticut opposed to war of 1812
Fairfield, Green's Farm, and Norwalk New Ix)ndon blockaded by Sir Thomas
burned 1778 Hardy with British ships for twenty
General Tryon, from Kingsbridge, N. Y., months June, 1813
with 1,500 troops, destroys the salt-works Stonington bombarded by Sir Thomas
at Horseneck, Conn. Here General Put- Hardy's fleet Aug. 9-12, 1814
nam is said to have ridden down a decliv- Delegates from the several New England
ity in escaping March 26, 1779 legislatures meet in conventibn at Hart-
Benedict Arnold plunders and burns ford to consider the grievances caused by
New London Sept. 6, 1781 the war, and to devise measures for its
[Fort Griswold across the river is capt- termination Dec. 15, 1814
ured the same day, and out of a garrison Connecticut adopts a State constitution
of 160 men seventy-three are killed, in- in place of the royal charter, by a vote
eluding their commander, Colonel Ledyard, of 13,918 to 12,361 Oct. 5, 1818
and thirty wounded, mostly after the sur- Washington College (Episcopal) char-
render. Connecticut furnished during the tered at Hartford 1823
Revolution 31.959 troops, only Massa- [Name changed to Trinity, 1845.]
chusetts furnishing more.] Wesleyan University at Middletown
Samuel Seabury, D.D., seeks in England (Methodist) chartered 1831
consecration as bishop of Connecticut; Prudence Crandall opens a school for
being refused, he is consecrated by three colored children at Canterbury 1833
bishops of the Episcopal Church in Scot- [She is arrested and sent to jail. On
land Nov. 14, 1784 failure to convict her the school-house is
Connecticut frees her slaves 1784 sacked by a mob and the inmates ex-
Connecticut makes a qualified cession to pellcd.]
the United States of all territory south Ship Amistad, Spanish, brought into
IX. — T 289
UNITED STATES OF AHEBICA— COHNECTICTTT
New London by Lieutenant Geding, of the the 4th Connecticut Infantry, leaves Hart-
United States brig Washington ford under Col. Levi Woodhouse
Aug. 29, 1839 June 10, 1861
John W. Niles appointed postmaster- Brig.-Gen. Nathaniel Lyon, born in
general in Van Buren's cabinet Ashford, July 14, 1819; killed in battle
May 25, 1840 of Wilson's Creek, Mo Aug. 10, 1861
Amendment to article viii. of the State Gen. Joseph K. F. Mansfield, born in
constitution abolishing freehold quali- New Haven, Dec. 22, 1803; killed in bat-
fication for electors, etc., ratified tlo of Antietam Sept. 17, 1862
October, 1845 Rear-A*dmiral Andrew Hull Foote, born
State Teachers' Association organized in New Haven, Sept. 12, 1806; dies at New
April 7, 1846 York City June 26, 1863
Sheffield Scientific School of Yale Uni- Ma j. -Gen. John Sedgwick, born in Corn-
Tersity opened 1847 wall, Sept. 13, 1813; killed in battle of
Act passed for registering births, mar- Spottsylvania May 9, 1864
riages, and deaths 1848 Fifty thousand six hundred and twenty-
Isaac Toucey appointed attorney-general three three-years* troops furnished during
June 21, 1848 the war 1861-65
Samuel Colt begins the manufacture of State board of fish commissioners
revolvers at Hartford 1852 created 1865
Samuel D. Hubbard appointed post- State board of education organized,
master-general Aug. 31, 1852 with Daniel C. Gilman as secretary. . 1865
Legislature establishes the Supreme Lydia Sigourney, poet, dies at Hartford
Court of Errors and the Superior Court, June 10, 1865
and abolishes the county courts Legislature which convened at Hart-
May, 1855 ford, May 3, adjourns after the longest
Amendment to State constitution rati- session on record up to date
fied, making ability to read the consti- July 21, 1865
tution a qualification for electors An exciting election for governor;
October, 1855 President Johnson's influence favoring
Act abolishing school societies and James E. English; Joseph R. Hawley, Re-
putting the support of schools upon publican, elected by only 541 majority
towns, who are to elect a board of school April, 1866
visitors of three, six, or nine members Legislature ratifies the Fourteenth
July 1, 1856 Amendment to the Constitution
Charter Oak at Hartford blown down June 30, 1866
Aug. 21, 1856 Legislature ratifies the Fifteenth
State constitution amended by vote Amendment to the Constitution
of 7,290 to 6,062, so that judges of March 16, 1869
the Supreme Court of Errors and Su- Election for governor being close, a joint
perior Court shall sit eight years, but committee of the General Assembly, ap-
may be removed by impeachment pointed to examine returns May 3, report
October, 1856 total vote 94,860; for Marshall Jewell,
Isaac Toucey appointed Secretary of the Republican, 47,473; for James E. English,
Navy March 6, 1857 Democrat, 47,373; scattering, 14; declare
Governor Buckingham issues a proc- Jewell elected May 10, 1871
lamation ordering the purchase of equip- Governor Jewell assumes office
ments for an army of 5,000 men, and May 16, 1871
urging militia companies to fill their ranks Noah Porter elected president of Yale
Jan. 17, 1861 University in place of Theodore D. Wool-
Gideon Welles appointed Secretary of sey, resigned 1871
the Navy March 5, 1861 Temperance party, represented by about
First infantry, 780 three-months' men, 100 delegates, meets at New Haven and
leaves New Haven for Washington, under nominates a full State ticket
Col. Daniel Tyler May 9, 1861 Dec. 13, 1871
First regiment enlisted for three years, Labor-reform party holds a State con-
290
UNITED STATES OF AMEBIC A— COHNECTICUT
vention at Bridgeport and nominates a Republican candidates for State officers
State ticket Jan. 3, 1872 elected by the legislature, there being no
Jesse OIney, geographer, bom in 1798, choice in State election of Nov. 2, 1886
dies at Stratford July 30, 1872 January, 1887
State constitution amended; all sessions First text-book ever published by the
of the General Assembly, from May, 1875, State, a small treatise on the effect of
to be held at Hartford Oct. 7, 1873 alcohol on the human system, is issued
Ex-Gov. and United States Senator VV. and distributed to the schools
A. Buckingham dies at Norwich September, 1887
Feb. 4, 1875 Equestrian statue of Gen. Israel Putnam
State constitution amended : Tuesday erected at Brooklyn, Windham county, and
after first Monday in November made gen- unveiled Jan. 14, 1888
era! election day ; Wednesday after first First Monday in September designated a
Monday in January the day of meeting of public holiday (Labor Day), a State nor-
General Assembly Oct. 2, 1875 mal school established at Willimantic, and
Orris S. Ferry, United States Senator an ** anti-screen " saloon law and modified
from Connecticut, dies at Norwalk Australian ballot law passed by legis-
Nov. 21, 1875 lature in session Jan. 9-June 22, 1889
"Greenback men" meet in convention Alfred H. Terry, major-general, United
at New Haven Feb. 22, 1876 States army, born 1827, dies at New
William' H. Bamum, Democrat, elected Haven Dec. 16, 1890
to fill the unexpired term of United States Deadlock between the two houses of the
Senator Ferry, deceased May 17, 1876 legislature on the governorship
Agricultural experiment station estab- Jan. 7, 1891
lished by law 1877 Democratic candidates for State offices
Gideon Welles, ex-Secretary of Navy, sworn in by the Senate, refused posses-
dies at Hartford Feb. 11, 1878 sion by Republican incumbents
Act passed for State Board of Health Jan. 13, 1891
of six members March 13, 1878 Governor Bulkeley by proclamation
Legislature occupies the new capitol for warns the citizens against recognizing the
the first time March 26, 1878 Democratic State oflScers. . .Jan. 19, 1891
There being no choice for State officers, P. T. Bamum, born 1810, dies at
November, 1878, the legislature elects Bridgeport April 7, 1891
Charles B. Andrews governor Superior Court decides in favor of Gov-
Jan. 9, 1879 ernor Bulkeley June 24, 1891
Boundary dispute between New York Both claimants to governorship agree
and Connecticut, begun in 1856, is settled, to take the matter into the State Su-
the southern boundary being fixed through preme Court Oct. 1, 1891
the middle of Long Island Sound ; the Ex-Gov. Hobart B. Bigelow dies at New
" oblong tract," 4.68 square miles in area. Haven Oct. 12, 1891
lying 20 miles east of the North River, In the suit of Morris, Democrat, v,
goes to New York 1880 Bulkeley, Republican, the Supreme Court
Board of Pardons, consisting of the gov- holds Bulkeley to be governor
ernor, a judge of the Supreme Court of Jan. 5, 1892
Errors, and four persons appointed by the Daniel Grant, one of the famous triplets
General Assembly, who must all concur of Torrington, dies, aged seventy-one years,
in a pardon, is created by legislature his two brothers surviving Oct. 5, 1892
Jan. 3-May 3, 1883 Celebration of the 250th anniversary of
Bronze memorial statue of William A. the founding of Stamford Oct. 16, 1892
Buckingham, Connecticut's war governor, Governor Morris recommends constitu-
18 unveiled in Hartford June 18, 1884 tional revision March, 1893
State constitution amended; biennial Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of Uncle
legislative sessions to begin in 1887; rati- Tom* 8 Cdbirv, dies at Hartford
fled by 30,520 to 16,380 Oct. 6, 1884 July 1, 1896
President Noah Porter, of Yale Univer- President Dwight, of Yale, resigns his
sity, resigns 1880 office Nov. 17, 1898
291
XJNITEI) STATES 01* AMEBICA— BELAWABE
Arthur T. Hadlej elected president of The following anniversaries were ob-
Yale University May 25, 1899 served in 1900: East Haddam, bicenten-
Sons of the Revolution of New York nial; Middletown, 250th year; Bridgeport,
present the Nathan Hale school-house and centennial ; Trinity Parish, Fairfield, 175th
grounds to East Haddam June 6, 1900 year.
Camp Field and a soldiers' monument Yale bicentennial at New Haven
at Hartford dedicated Oct. 4, 1900 Oct. 20-23, 1901
BELAWABE
Delaware, one of the Middle Atlantic erect a church within its walls, and name
States, is, next to Rhode Island, the the territory "New Sweden". .March, 1638
smallest State in the Union. Its southern Minuit buys from five chiefs the Min-
boundary is a line drawn due west from quas territory on west side of the Dela-
the Atlantic on lat. 38** 28' N., half-way to ware, from Bombay Hook to the river
the Chesapeake Bay. Its western boun- Schuylkill, with no western boundary spec-
dary is a line drawn north from this point, ified March 29, 1638
tangent to a circle having a radius of 12 Protest against Swedish settlement by
miles and with New Castle as its centre. William Kieft, director-general of the New
An arc of this circle forms the northern Netherlands, on claim of prior possession
boundary of the State, and separates it by the Dutch May 6, 1638
from Pennsylvania in about lat. 39° 50'. Peter Minuit having been drowned in a
Delaware River and Bay separate if from storm at sea off the West Indies, Lieut.
New Jersey on the east, a-nd Maryland Peter Hollender, commissioned governor of
lies to the south and west. Area, 2,050 New Sweden, arrives with new immigrants
square miles, in three tounties. Popula- at Christiana just as the colony had re-
tion, 1890, 168,493; 1900, 184,735. Capi- solved to break up ..April 11, 1640
tal, Dover.' Dutch settlement made a few miles from
Henry Hudson discovers the Delaware Christiana under a hereditary fief grant
River Aug. 28, 1609 from the crown of Sweden. . .Nov. 2, 1640
Lord de la Warr, governor of Virginia, Johan Printz, a Swede, appointed gov-
enters the bay called by his name. . . .1610 ernor of New Sweden, arrives at Chris-
Samuel Godyn, a director in the Dutch tiana with two vessels of war. Feb. 15, 1643
West India Company, purchases 16 Dutch Fifth Swedish expedition arrives at
square miles from the natives, at the Christiana March 11, 1644
mouth of the Delaware July 25, 1630 Dutch States-Greneral and West India
David Petersen de Vries makes a small Company secure from the Indians a deed
settlement at the Hoorn-kill, now Lewes, to all lands between Christiana Creek
just within the entrance to Delaware and Canarosse, the same which had been
Bay, and calls it Swanendael sold to the Swedes by the Indians, and
March, 1631 erect Fort Casimir, now New Castle
De Vries having left the colony soon July 19, 1651
after, returns to find it destroyed by the Governor Printz, returning home, ap-
Indians; all the settlers killed points his son-in-law, Johan Pappegoia,
Dec. 5, 1632 governor of the colony October, 1652
Owners of Swanendael transfer their Johan Claudii Rising, arriving at Fort
interest in the property to the directors of Casimir, in the ship Eagle, direct from
the Dutch West India Company Sweden, with reinforcements for the col-
Feb. 7, 1635 ony in New Sweden, demands its surren-
First permanent settlement of Euro- der, takes the fort without bloodshed, and
peans in Delaware by Swedes under Peter renames it Fort Trinity May, 1654
Minuit, a former director of the Dutch Vice-Governor Pappegoia returning to
West India Company at Manhattan. They Sweden soon. Rising assumes supreme
locate at Christiana, within the present authority as director-general of New
limits of Wilmington, build a fort and Sweden 1654
292
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— DELAWARE
Gov. Peter Stuyvesant of Manhattan and imprisoned in New York; after-
captures forts Trinity and Christiana, wards transported to the Barbadoes
sends to Europe all Swedes refusing alle- Dec. 20, 1660
giance to Holland, and brings the colony George Fox, the Friend, holds a large
under Dutch rule Sept. 16-25, 1655 meeting in New Castle 1672
Governor Rising and companions em- New Castle incorporated and a con-
bark for Sweden on the De Waag^ and stable's court erected May, 1672
bid farewell to Delaware Oct. 1, 1655 Anthony Clove appointed governor of
Stuyvesant commissions Johan Paul Delaware under the Dutch, who retake
Jaquet governor of the Dutch colony on New York Aug. 12, 1673
the Delaware, who selects Fort Casimir as By treaty of Westminster, Delaware re-
his residence Nov. 20, 1655 verts to the English, and Sir Edmund
Swedes arriving on the ship Mercurius, Andros reappoints magistrates who had
not knowing of the change in government, been removed by the Dutch 1674
attempt to ascend the river and land, but William Penn arrives at New Castle
are dismissed by the Dutch without blood- with deed from Duke of York for a circle
shed March 24, 1656 of 12 miles around New Castle, and lands
Governor-general and council give sev- between this tract and the sea
enty-flve deeds for land, chiefly for lots in Oct. 28, 1682
New Amstel, now New Castle. The first Act of union and naturalization passed
made April 12, 1656 at the first Assembly in Upland (now
Dutch West India Company transfers Chester, Pa.), annexing to Pennsylvania
to the city of Amsterdam Fort Casimir the three lower counties on the Delaware,
and the adjacent territory of New Amstel, New Castle, Kent, and Sussex. Dec. 7, 1682
which becomes known as the Colony of Lords of trade and plantations decide
the City Aug. 16, 1656 in favor of Penn against Lord Baltimore's
Jaquet is removed for mismanagement, claim to Delaware 1685
and Jacob Alrich appointed in Holland as Delaware, under its charter from Penn«
governor of New Amstel April, 1657 forms a legislative Assembly; first meeting
William Beekman appointed vice-gov- at New Castle 1703
ernor of the Colony of the Company, with Willingtown, now Wilmington, laid out
headquarters at Altena, now Wilmington, by Thomas Willing October, 1731
Oct. 28, 1658 After twenty years of litigation the
Beekman secures a deed of land from boundaries of Delaware are defined.. 1733
the Indians, and erects a fort at the James Adams introduces printing into
Hoom-kill May 23, 1650 Delaware, publishing at Wilmington, for
Governor Alrich dies; Alexander Hino- six months, the Wilmington Courant
yosa succeeds Dec. 30, 1650 1761
Colony of the Company surrenders its Thomas McKean and Caesar Rodney sent
rights to the Colony of the City as delegates to the first Colonial Congress
Feb. 7, 1663 at New York Oct. 7, 1765
Colony passes into British control under Csesar Rodney chosen commissioner to
the Duke of York Oct. 1, 1664 erect State-house and public buildings in
New Amstel surrenders to Sir Robert Dover 1772
Carr, sent to subject the country by Thomas McKean, George Read, and
Charles II., and called New Castle Cfesar Rodney elected delegates to the first
Nov. 3, 1664 Continental Congress 1774
Swedish church erected at Crane-hook Assembly unanimously approves reso-
1*4 miles from Fort Christiana 1667 lution of Continental Congress of May 15,
Temporary council of Deputy-Governor and overturns the proprietary government,
Carr and six others, swearing allegiance substituting the name of the province on
to the Duke of York, established at New all occasions for that of the King, and
Castle 1668 directs the delegates to vote on indepen-
Kdnigsmarke, better known as the dence according to their own judgment
*'Long Finn," instigating rebellion against June 15, 1776
the Duke of York in Delaware, is arrested Convention at New Castle frames a new
203
UNITED STATES OF AKEBICA— BELAWABS
constitution^ assumes the name *' The Dela- Explosion of 5,000 lbs. of powder at
ware State/' and designates Dover as Du Font's powder-mills, Wilmington
capital Aug. 27, 1776 April 18, 1847
Evening after battle of Brandywine, Title to Pea Patch Island, derived from
President McKinley captured by a party Delaware by United States and from New
of British; George Read, speaker of As- Jersey by James Humphrey, many years
sembly, succeeds him Sept. 12, 1777 in litigation, awarded to United States
Thomas McKean, of Delaware, elected by Hon. John Sargeant, referee
President of Continental Congress Jan. 15, 1848
July 10, 1781 John Middleton Clayton, of Delaware,
Richard Basset, Gunning Bedford, Jr., negotiates the Clayton-Bulwer treaty with
Jacob Broom, John Dickinson, and George the British government April, 1850
Read sign the Constitution of the United A new constitution framed and sub-
States as representatives from Delaware mitted to the people, but rejected
Sept. 17, 1787 Oct. 11, 1853
Del&ware first State to adopt the federal Amendment to constitution changing
Constitution, and without amendments day of State elections Jan. 30, 1855
Dec. 7, 1787 Henry Dickinson, commissioner from
New constitution, framed by a conven- Mississippi, invites the State to join the
tion at New Castle, changes the name to Confederacy; proposition rejected unani-
" The State of Delaware," and goes into mously by the House and by a majority of
operation without submission to the peo- the Senate Jan. 3, 1861
pie June, 1792 Delaware declares for the Union
Act appropriating receipts from mar- April 15, 1861
riage and tavern licenses for a school fund Delaware added to the Military Depart-
1796 ment of Washington April 19, 1861
James A. Bayard, of Delaware, appoint- Governor Burton calls for volunteers
cd minister plenipotentiary to France for United States army, and obtains a
Feb. 19, 1801 regiment of about 775 three-months' men.
Du Pont powder-mills near Wilmington (Subsequently two regiments of about
established by Eleuth^re Ir6n^ Du Pont 1,000 each were enlisted for the war)
de Nemours 1802 April 23, 1861
Ca?sar Rodney, of Delaware, appointed A peace convention at Dover resolves
Attorney-General of United States against the war and for a peaceable rec-
Jan. 20, 1807 ognition of the Confederacy
James A. Bayard, one of the negotiators June 27, 1861
of the treaty of Client, signed Delaware raises its quota for volunteer
Dec. 24, 1814 army, under calls of July and August,
Cffisar Rodney appointed minister pleni- without drafting; in all about 5,000 men
potentiary to Buenos Ayres. .Jan. 27, 1823 furnished by the State 1862
Act passed establishing free schools. 1829 Governor Cannon undertakes military
Chesapeake and Delaw^are Canal com- supervision for the United States of elec-
pleted at cost of $2,250,000 1829 tion for Congressman; opposition in pub-
Locomotive introduced on New Castle lie meeting at New Castle decide not to
Railroad 1831 vote, as a protest against the interference
T^uis McLane, of Delaware, appointed Nov. 17, 1863
United States Secretary of the Treasury Delaware creates her first State debt
Aug. 8, 1831 by issuing bonds for the sum of $1,000,000
State constitution revised by a conven- for obtaining substitutes for the draft
tion of thirty delegates at Dover 1864
Nov. 8, 1831 Equal rights convention held at Wil-
Wilmington made a city 1832 mington Sept. 4, 1864
New Castle and Frenchtown Railroad, General tax act passed, including cor-
161/3 miles long, completed 1832 poration tax on railroad capital stock,
Louis McLane appointed United States net earnings, and rolling stock
Secretary of State May 29, 1833 April, 1869
294
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— DISTBICT OF COLUMBIA
Woman's suffrage convention at Wil- gress, signer of Declaration of Indepen-
mington November, 1869 dence, and president (governor) of the
Ratification of Fifteenth Amendment State, unveiled Oct. 30, 1889
celebrated by colored people. April 14,1870 A secret-ballot law passed, and the gov-
New Castle, with a population of 2,300, ernor made president of the State board
incorporated as a city 1875 of education instead of the president of
School bill passed; board of education Delaware College at session of the legis-
to consist of the president of Delaware lature Jan. 6-May 16, 1891
College, secretary of State^ and State Ex-Gov. John W. Hall dies at Fred-
editor 1875 erica Jan. 23, 1892
Act passed imposing a fine on any per- Inland waterway between Lewes and
son taking part in any political torch- Chincoteague Bay, 75 miles long, begun
light parade 1881 1893
High license bill passed by legislature Two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of
1889 Old Swedish Church celebrated .'June, 1893
Pillory and whipping for female con- Thomas F. Bayard dies at Dedham,
victs abolished 1889 Mass Sept. 28, 1898
Monument over grave of Caesar Rodney, Deadlock in senatorial election not
1728-84, member of Continental Con- broken 1901
DISTBICT OF COLUMBIA
District of Columbia. The District of Its surface is generally irregular and un-
Columbia is the seat of government of the dulating, rising from the level of mean
United States of America. Its citizens do low tide in the contiguous Potomac River
not vote for President or Vice-President to an elevation of 420 feet at the high-
of the United States, nor in the affairs est point, which is about a half-mile
of the District. The centre of the dome southeastwardly from its northwestern
of the Capitol is in lat. 38° 63' 20" N., boundary.
and long. 77'' 00' 29" W. Population, The District of Columbia was estab-
1890, 230,392; 1900, 278,718. lished as the seat of government of the
It is situated on the left, or eastern. United States by proceedings taken under
bank of the Potomac River, 108 miles authority and direction of acts of Con-
from its entrance into Chesapeake Bay, gress approved July 16, 1790, entitled
and about 185 miles, via said river and " An act for establishing the temporary
bay, from the Atlantic Ocean. The centre and permanent seat of the government of
of the District, as originally established, the United States" (1 Statutes, 130), and
was in long. 77° 2' 27.745" W. of the act of March 3, 1791, entitled "An
Greenwich, and in lat. 38° 53' 34.915" act to amend 'An act for establishing the
N., and in the vicinity of Seventeenth temporary and permanent seat of the gov-
and C streets northwest, in the city of ernment of the United States ' " ( 1 Stat-
Washington. In consequence of the re- utes, 214), pursuant to the following pro-
trocession to Virginia of the portion of the vision contained in the eighth section of
District derived from that State, that lo- the first article of the Constitution of the
cality is now nearly on the southwestern United States, enumerating the powers of
border of the District, but it is still ap- CongresE — viz.:
proximately midway between the eastern " To exercise exclusive legislation in all
and western extremes. cases whatsoever over such district (not
The District consists topographically of exceeding 10 miles square) as may, by ces-
an urban section named " the city of sion of particular States and the accept-
Washington " and of a suburban and agri- ance of Congress, become the seat of the
cultural section which contains a num- government of the United States, and to
ber of unincorporated villages. It em- exercise like authority over all places pur-
braces an area of 69.245 square miles, chased, by the consent of the legislature
60.01 square miles of which are land, of the State in which the same shall be,
295
UKITEI) STATES OF AMBBICA— DISTBICT OS* COLUXBIA
for the erection of forts, magazines, arse- First newspaper, the National InteUi-
nals, dock-yards, and other needful build- genoer, published in Washington. .. .1800
ings." Congress first meets in Washington
Qeorgetown laid out under act of As- Nov. 21, 1800
sembly in eighty lots, comprising sixty Superintendence of Washington placed
acres June 8, 1751 in the hands of three commissioners. 1800
Ck>nstitution of the United States gives Congress . assumes jurisdiction of the
Congress power to *' exercise exclusive District, and continues in force the exist-
legislation in all cases whatsoever over ing laws of Maryland and Virginia
such district (not exceeding 10 miles Feb. 27, 1801
square) as may, by cession of particular Washington incorporated by Congress;
States and the acceptance of Congress, with a mayor appointed by the President
become the seat of government of the and a council elected by the people
United States " Sept. 17, 1787 May 3, 1802
Act of Maryland to cede to Congress 10 Navy-yard at Washington established
miles square in the State for the seat of March 27, 1804
government of the United States Public buildings in Washington burned
Dec. 23, 1788 and destroyed by the British after the
Act of Virginia ceding 10 miles square battle of Bladensburg Aug. 24, 1814
or less upon the Potomac for the seat of Georgetown College, founded in 1789,
government of the United States chartered as a university May 1, 1815
Dec. 3, 1789 American Colonization Society, for col-
Georgetown incorporated .. Dec. 25, 1789 onizing free people of color in Liberia,
Act of Congress locating the district founded at Washington 1817
for a seat of government New charter granted Washington, and
July 16, 1790, and March 3, 1791 mayor elected by the people
President Washington appoints Thomas May 15, 1820
Johnson, Daniel Carroll, of Maryland, and Columbian College, Washington, incor-
David Stuart, of Virginia, commissioners porated 1821
to survey the federal district Corner-stone of first lock in Chesapeake
Jan. 22, 1791 and Ohio Canal laid near Georgetown in
Nineteen proprietors agree upon terms presence of President Jackson
for sale of lands to the government. May 29, 1829
Lots for public buildings to be paid Building of the governjncnt post-office,
for at $125 per acre, streets free; designed by Robert Mills, commenced
other lots to be the joint property of the 1839
owners and the public trustees United States Treasury building, de-
March 30, 1791 signed by Robert Mills, completed. .1841
President Washington proclaims the United States Naval Observatory found-
lines and boundaries of the District. A ed 1842
square comprising 64 square miles in Congress retrocedes the 36 square miles
Maryland and 36 in Virginia received from Virginia July 9, 1846
March 30, 1791 Corner-stone of the Smithsonian Insti-
First stone marking boundary of the tution laid May 1, 1847
District set in Jones's Point, Hunting Corner-stone of the Washington Monu-
Creek, Va April 15, 1791 ment laid Ju4y 4, 1848
Commissioners agree to call the federal National Soldiers' Home, 2 miles north
district the " Territory of Columbia," and of Washington, established by act of Con-
the federal city the " City of Washing- grcss March 3, 1851
ton," and to name the streets of the lat- Corner-stone of south extension of the
ter alphabetically one way and numerical- Capitol laid July 4. 1851
ly the other Sept. 9, 1791 Principal room of the library of Con-.
Corner-stone of President's house in gress burned, 35,000 volumes destroyed
Washington laid Oct. 13, 1792 Dec. 24, 1851
Corner-stone of north wing of the Cap- Louis Kossuth visits Washington
itol laid Sept. 18, 1793 Dec. 31, 1851
296
XmiTEI) STATES OF AMEBICA— DISTBICT 07 COLUXBIA
First national agricultural convention, CongresA aboliBhes the territorial gov-
151 members from twenty -two States, ernment, substituting a temporary board
Marshall P. Wilder, of Massachusetts, of three commissioners appointed by the
president, meets at Washington President June 20, 1874
June 24,' 1852 Permanent government of District con-
Congress appropriates $50,000 for an stituted by Congress, in a board of three
equestrian statue of Washington on pub- commissioners with no local legislative
lie grounds near the Capitol body June 11, 1878
Jan. 25, 1853 President Garfield assassinated in the
Government hospital for the insane of Baltimore and Potomac Railroad station
the army and navy established near at Washington July 2, 1881
Uniontown, 1853; opened 1855 Remains of John Howard Payne, who
Columbia Institution for the Deaf and died in Tunis, Africa, in 1852, interred in
Dumb, founded by Amos Kendall, char- Oak Hill Cemetery, Washington
tered by Congress 1857 June 9, 1883
Peace conference of five commissioners Capstone of the Washington Monument
from each State assembles at Washing- placed (monument 555 feet high)
ton Feb. 4, 1861 Dec. 6, 1884
Balloon ascension for military pur- American College of the Roman Clitholic
poses made at Washington, and first tel- Church opened at Washington
egraph message from a balloon sent by Nov. 13, 1880
Mr. Lowe to President Lincoln The Ford Opera - house collapsed dur-
June 18, 1861 ing business hours; twenty -one clerks
Congress emancipates all slaves, to be killed and many wounded
valued by commissioners and paid for at June 9, 1893
a maximum of $300 April 16, 1862 President Cleveland opens the Pan-
Collegiate department of the Columbia American medical congress in Washing-
Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, knoMm ton Sept. 5, 1893
as the National Deaf-Mute College, the Coxey's army invades Washington
only one in the world, publicly opened April 29, 1804
June 28, 1864 The new Corcoran Art Gallery opened
Gen. Jubal Early, Confederate, attacks Feb. 22, 1897
Fort Stevens, 6 miles north of Washing- Greneral convention of the Protestant
ton, and is repulsed July 12, 1864 Episcopal Church held at Washington
President Lincoln assassinated in Ford's Oct. 5, 1898
Theatre, Washington April 14, 1865 Gas explosion in the Capitol wrecks
Suffrage granted to colored citizens in the Supreme Court room.... Nov. 7, 1898
the District Jan. 8, 1867 General Garcia, the Cuban leader, dies
The extensions of the Capitol finished at Washington Dec. 11, 1898
November, 1867 Congress appropriates $10,000 for the
Howard University chartered 1867 celebration of the establishment of the
Corcoran Art Gallery deeded to trustees seat of government at Washington
by W. W. Corcoran, the founder Feb. 28, 1899
May 10, 1869 President of the board of commission-
Congress repeals the charters of Wash- ers of the District of Columbia are as fol-
ington and Georgetown, and forms a terri- lows:
torial government for the District, with Seth Ledyard Phelps, president
a governor and council of eleven members July 1, 1878, to Nov. 29, 1879
appointed by the President of United Josiah Dent, president
States for four years, and a House of Nov. 29, 1879, to July 17, 1882
Delegates elected by the people Josiah Rodman West, president
Feb. 21, 1871 July 17, 1882, to March 29, 1883
Henry D. Cooke, first governor James Barker Edmonds, president
March 16, 1871 March 29, 1883, to April 1, 1886
Alexander R. Shepherd appointed gov- William Benning Webb, president
emor ,... Sept. 13, 1873 April 1, 1886, to May 21, 1889
297
UNITED STATES 01* AMEBICA— FLOBIDA
John Watkinson Douglass, president John Brewer Wight, president
May 21, 1889, to March 1, 1893 June 1, 1898, to May 9, 1900
John Wesley Ross, president Henry Brown Floyd Macfarland, presi-
March 1, 1893, to June 1, 1898 dent May 9, 1900
FLOBIDA
Florida, one of the United States; lies la), establishes a camp, from which he
between lat. 31** and 24° 30' N., and makes excursions Aug. 14, 1559
long. 79* 48' and 87° 38' W. The Perdido Expedition fitted out by Admiral Go-
River separates it from Alabama on the: ligni, under Capt. Jean Ribault, on the
west. It is mostly a peninsula, 275 miles way north along the coast, places at the
long and averaging 90 miles in width, ex- entrance of St. John's River a monument
tending south to the Strait of Bimini, of stones bearing the arms of France, and
and separating the Giilf of Mexico from builds Fort Charles. . : 1562
the Atlantic Ocean. Greorgia and Ala- Ren6 de Laudonni^re, with three veg-
bama bound it on the north. Area, 59,- sels sent from France by Coligni, settles
268 square miles in forty -five counties, at point now known as St. John's Bluff
Population, 1890, 391,422; 1900, 528,542. June 22, 1564
Capital, Tallahassee. Sir John Hawkins, with four vessels,
Juan Ponce de Leon, sailing from Por- anchored at Tjaudonni&re's settlement, and,
to Rico in search of new lands, discovers seeing the settlers in great need, offers
Florida, March 27; lands near St. Au- to taJce them back to France. Laudon-
gustine, plants the cross, and takes pos- nidre refuses, but buys a vessel of Haw-
session in the name of the Spanish kins, who sets sail Aug. 15, 1565
monarch April 2, 1512 Seven vessels under Ribault, from
Diego Miruelo, a pilot, sails from Cuba Dieppe, May 23, with 600 men and fami-
with one vessel, touches at Florida, and lies of artisans, land at river St. John
obtains pieces of gold from the natives Aug. 29, 1565
1516 Don Pedro Menendez de Avilla arrives
Spaniards, under Francis Hernandez de from Spain with an expedition at St.
Cordova, land in Florida, but are driven Augustine, Aug. 28, 1565. Re-embarking,
off by the natives and return to Cuba they discover four large vessels of the
1517 French anchored at the mouth of the St.
Ponce de Leon, having returned to Porto John. Being fired upon by the Spanish,
Rico and obtained title and privileges the French put to sea, and Menendez re-
of Adelantado of Florida, fits out two ves- turns to St. Augustine, lands, and takes
sels and revisits Florida. Driven off by possession of the country in the name of
the natives, he soon after dies in Cuba the King of Spain Sept. 8, 1565
1521 Menendez, with 500 men, attacks and
Panfilo de Narvaez, commissioned to massacres the settlers of Laudonnidre at
conquer and govern the mainland from Fort Caroline, few of the French escap-
the river of Palms near Tampico to Gape ing. He calls the fort San Mateo
Florida, lands at Tampa Bay with 400 Sept. 19, 1565
men and eighty horses April 15, 1528 Ribault sails to surprise the Spanish,
Fernando de Soto, leaving Cuba, lands Sept. 10, but by a tempest is driven ashore
at Tampa Bay, which he calls Esptritu near Mosquito Inlet, and followed up by
Santo, with about 1,000 men and 350 Menendez, and all who reject the Catholic
horses, and passing north through Flori- faith are massacred September, 1565
da, erects a cross of wood near the Laudonni^re, with eighteen or twenty
northern boundary. He lands fugitives, the survivors of the massacre
May 25, 1539 at Fort Caroline, sails for France
Don Tristan de Luna, with about 1.500 Sept. 25, 1566
soldiers and many zealous friars, anchors Menendez sails for Spain, having in
in Santa Maria Bay (probably Pensaco- eighteen months established forts and
208
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA— FLOEIDA
block-houses at St. Augustine, San Mateo, with a fort, " Charles/' and other public
Avista, Guale, St. Helena, Tequesta, buildings 1696
Carlos, Tocobayo, and Coava . .spring, 1567 Don Joseph Cuniga, governor of St.
Father Sedello and Brother Baez begin Augustine 1701
a mission among Indians on Quale St. Augustine besieged by a land ex-
( Amelia) Island; the latter compiles a pedition from Carolina under Colonel
catechism in Indian language 1568 Daniel and a naval force under Gov-
Dominic de Gourgues lands near the ernor Moore; two Spanish vessels appear-
mouth of St. Mary's River, at Fernandina, ing off the harbor, Governor Moore raises
with 184 men. Befriended by Indians hos- the siege 1702
tile to the Spanish, and seeking revenge Carolina troops under Colonel Moore
for the French, he surprises the Spanish, move against the Indians in north
destroys Fort San Mateo, and sets sail for Florida and Aght the Spaniards under
France May 3, 1568 Don Juan Mexia, at Fort San Luis, near
Meuendez, having returned, spends a Tallahassee Jan. 15, 1703
few years in Florida, then leaves the gov- Combined attack of French and Span-
ernment to his relative. Marquis de Me- iards unsuccessfully made upon Charles-
nendez, and again goes to Spain 1572 ton, S. C August, 1706
Sir Francis Drake lands at St. Augus- Don Gregorio de Salinas, governor of
tine and destroys the fort which the Pensacola, succeeded by Don Juan Pedro
Spaniards abandoned, but rebuilt im- Metamoras 1717
mediately after his departure Don Antonio de Benavuedi y Malina ap-
May 8, 1586 pointed governor of east Florida to suc-
Twelve brothers of the Order of St. ceed Don Juan de Ayala 1718
Francis sent to Florida to continue the Expedition against Pensacola fitted out
mission on the island of Guale 1593 by M. de Bienville, the French commander
Son of the chief of Guale incites a gen- at Mobile, captures the fort and takes the
eral conspiracy, and the missionaries are garrison to Havana in two French vessels;
massacred 1598 Governor Metamoras immediately equips
War between the Spanish and Apalachee an expedition and recaptures the fort.. 1719
Indians, who are conquered, and a large French, under Desnade de Champmeslin,
number set to work on the fortifications besiege Pensacola, destroying the forti-
of St. Augustine 1638 fications and public buildings and capt-
Diego de Rebellado succeeds to the uring the fort and Santa Rosa Island
house of Menendez as captain-general of Sept. 18, 1719
Florida 1655 Pensacola restored to Spain by peace
St. Augustine pillaged by buccaneers with France; Spaniards rebuild the town
under Capt. John Davis, an Englishman on Santa Rosa Island near where Fort
1665 Pickens now stands 1722
Don Juan Hita de Salacar, captain-gen- Colonel Palmer, of Carolina, with 300
eral of Florida 1675 men and a band of friendly Indians,
Don Juan Marquez de Cabrera, captain- makes a rapid, unexpected, and effectual
general of Florida 1680 descent upon Indian and Spanish settle-
Marquez Cabrera attempts to remove ments in Florida 1727
tribes of Florida Indians from the interior Don Francisco Moral Sanchez, governor
to the islands on the coast; an insurrec- of St. Augustine, for an unsatisfactory
tion follows, and some tribes removing to treaty with the English under General
Carolina make incursions into Florida Oglethorpe, is recalled to Spain and ex-
about 1681 ecuted 1736
Three galleys of Spaniards from St. Don Manuel Joseph de Justis, sent in
Augustine break up the colony of Scots place of Governor Moral, is succeeded by
on Port Royal Island, S. C 1686 Don Manuel de Monteano 1737
Don Laureano de Torres, governor of General Oglethorpe, governor of
east Florida 1693 Georgia, arrives at the mouth of St. John's
Andres de Arriola appointed first gov- River and captures Fort San Diego
ernor of a Spanish colony at Pensacola, May 24, 1740
299
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA— FLOBIDA
General Oglethorpe destroys Fort Moosa, King's Road, from Fort Barrington to
which he finds deserted, but afterwards St. Augustine, constructed by subscription
places there a garrison of Highlanders from public-spirited men in Florida. .1765
under Colonel Palmer June, 1740 Forty families from Bermuda emigrate
English, reinforced by a Carolina reg- to Mosquito to engage in ship-building
iment, open the siege of St. Augustine 1766
June 24, 1740 Fifteen hundred Greeks, Italians, and
Three hundred Spaniards capture Fort Minorcans, indentured to work for a com-
Moosa; Colonel Palmer killed in action pany organized in England by Sir William
June 25, 1740 Duncan and Dr. Andrew Turnbull, form
General Oglethorpe hearing of the ar- a settlement at Mosquito called New
rival of Spanish vessels with supplies for Smyrna 1767
besieged, and many of his men being sick Gen. James Grant, returning to Eng-
and discouraged, raises the siege land, is succeeded by Lieut.-Gov. John
July 20, 1740 Moultrie 1771
Spanish fleet of thirty-six sail, under Col. Patrick Tonyn, sent from England
Governor Monteano, enters harbor of St. to assume the governorship of east
Simons, Ga., and after four hours' en- Florida, arrives March, 1774
gagement Oglethorpe abandons the works British vessel, The Betsy, from London,
and retires to Frederica July 5, 1742 with 111 barrels of powder, captured oflf
After an unsuccessful attack on Fred- St. Augustine by a privateer from Caro-
erica. Governor Monteano, scared by a lina August, 1775
decoy letter sent by Oglethorpe, and by Colonists at New Smyrna institute pro-
three vessels from Charleston, sails away ceedings to annul their indentures, and,
from Florida July 14, 1742 being successful, remove to St. Augustine
Oglethorpe makes a sudden descent 1770
upon St. Augustine, but captures only a Governor of east Florida calls out the
few Spaniards March 9, 1743 militia to join the royal troops in resisting
Noted Indian chief Secoffee, with his " the perfidious insinuations " of the neigh-
tribe, settles in Alachua, about the centre boring colonies 1776
of Florida; founder of the Seminole Sixty of the most distinguished citizens
nation 1750 of Carolina are sei:^d by the British and
Don Alonzo Fernandez de Herrera ap- transported as prisoners to St. Augustine
pointed governor of Florida 1755 1780
Treaty ceding east and west Florida to Governor Tonyn, Qwing to the state of
Great Britain in exchange for Havana public affairs, is forced to call a General
and the west part of Cuba ratified Assembly, which meets. . . .March 17, 1781
Feb. 10, 1763 Don Bernardo de Galvez, assisted by a
Temporary command of province given naval force under Admiral Solana, in-
to Major Ogilvie 1763 vests Pensacola ; Forts St. Michel and
By proclamation. King of Great Britain St. Bernard garrisoned by 1,000 English
divides Florida into two provinces, east under General Campbell; the magazine of
and west, by the Apalachicola River; fort exploding. General Campbell capitu-
west Florida extending to the Mississippi lates March, 1781
and north from Gulf to lat. 31® Country west of Pensacola as far as the
Oct. 7, 1763 Mississippi River receded to Great Britain
Gen. James Grant appointed first Eng- by Spain -. 1781
lish governor of east Florida 1763 Expedition under Colonel Devereux sails
Pensacola laid out as a city, with streets from St. Augustine, and with fifty men
at right angles, making squares 400 by captures the Bahama Islands from Spain
200 feet 1763 1783
Dennis Rolle, obtaining from the British By treaty, Great Britain cedes to Spain
government a grant of 40,000 acres, em- east and west Florida, evacuation to take
barks from England with 100 families and place within three months .. Sept. 3, 1783
settles on east side of the St. John's Governor Zespedez, the new Spanish
River at Rollstown 1765 governor, arrives at St Augustine and
300
UNITED STATES 07 AKERICA— FLOBIDA
takes possession of Florida in the name of stitution granted to Spain and her colo-
the King of Spain June, 1784 nies Oct. 17, 1812
Alexander McGillivray, chief of the British fleet enters Penitocola Harbor
Creeks, forms a treaty with the Spanish and garrisons forts Michel and Barran-
govemor in behalf of the Creek and Semi- cas \Yith British troops, by consent of the
nole Indians, engaging to prevent whit« Spanish governor August, 1814
men from entering the country without a General Jackson, with 5,000 Tennessee
Spanish permit 1784 volunteers, captures Pensacola and Fort
William Augustus Bowles, in British Michel; Fort Barrancas is blown up by
employ, who had won the favor of the the British Nov. 7, 1814
Creeks at Pensacola, captures Fort St. United States troops, under Col. Dun-
Marks and holds it for several weeks until can L. Clinch, unexpectedly reinforced by
Governor CNeil of Pensacola drives him Creek Indians on the same errand, and
out, arrests and sends him prisoner to aided by two gunboats, attack a fort on
Cuba 1789 the Apalachicola River established by the
General Mcintosh, after imprisonment British as a refuge for runaway negroes,
for a year in Cuba because of the jealousy and commanded by a negro named Garcia;
of the Spanish governor, Quesada, re- a hot shot from gunboat " 154," enter-
tui-ns to Florida, gathers followers, de- ing the magazine, blows it up; out of 350
Btroys a Spanish fort at Jacksonville and men, women, and children in the fort not
several Spanish galleys; returns to Geor- over fifty escape Aug. 24, 1816
gia 1794 By order of the President of the United
Spain recedes to France all of west States, Captain Henly invests and breaks
Florida lying west of the Perdido River up a depot for smugglers and buccaneer-
1795 ing privateers on Amelia Island, under the
Band of Seminole Indians, or ** run- Spanish flag, and led by Gregor McGregor
a ways/' from the Creek nation, settle and Ijouis Aury Dec. 23, 1817
near the present site of Tallahassee General Jackson, aided by Creeks under
1808 a treaty, attacks the Seminoles in Florida,
Congress authorizes the President to destroying the Miccosukee and Fowl towns
seize west Florida if ^ foreign power at- and Fort Marks 1818
tempts to capture it Jan. 15, 1811 Creneral Jackson, the Spanish governor
Settlers on the northern border of at Pensacola furnishing arms to the hos-
Florida organize a provisional government, tile Indians and blockading his supplies
with Gen. John H. Mcintosh governor of up the Escambia, marches to Pensacola
the republic and Colonel Ashley military and captures it 1818
chief 1812 General Jackson hangs Arbuthnot and
Fernandina, at this time a depot of Ambrister April 30, 1818
neutral trade, garrisoned by Spanish East and west Florida ceded to United
troops under Don Jos6 Lopez, is besieged States by treaty and purchase, Spain re-
by General Mcintosh and capitulates ceiving $5,000,000 Feb. 22, 1819
Mar:h 17, 1812 Change of flags at St. Augustine under
Governor Kindelan, sent from Spain to Governor Coppinger, on the part of Spain,
succeed Colonel Estrada, acting governor and Col. Robert Butler, of the United
of Florida, demands withdrawal of United States July 10, 1821
States troops 1812 Change of flags at Pensacola, Govern-
Company of United States troops, mostly or Callava representing Spain, and G<n-
invalids, under command of Lieutenant eral Jackson the United States
Williams, is attacked by negroes under July 21, 1821
Prince, sent by the governor of St. Augus- General Jackson appointed governor of
tine; negroes are dispersed after mortally Florida on change of flags 1821
wounding Lieutenant Williams Juan P. Salas sells to John W. Sinfon-
May 12, 1812 ton his title to Key West obtained from
Monument erected in the public square the Spanish government in 1815
at St. Augustine by order of the Spanish Dec. 20, 1821
Cortes, to commemorate the liberal con- General Jackson in west, and Captain
301
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— FLOBIDA
Hanham in East Florida, wrest papers Severest cold ever known in Florida ; the
. and archives from the Spanish governors St. John's River frozen several rods from
1821 the shore, and thermometer marks 7°
Act for a territorial government in above zero, a northwest wind for three
Florida of all territory ceded by Spain to days about Feb. 8, 1835
United States, known as East and West A council at the Indian agency extends
Florida March 30, 1822 time for removal to Jan. 1, 1836; eight
William P. Duval appointed territorial chiefs agree to emigrate, five refuse
governor 1822 April 24, 1835
First legislative council meets at Pen- Battle near Wahoo Swamp; United
sacola June, 1822 States troops attacked by Indians under
Key West made a naval depot and sta- Micanopy, Jumper, and Alligator, and
tion of the United States, under command Major Dade's command massacred
of Commodore Porter 1822 Dec. 28, 1835
By Congress East and West Florida are Seminole chief Osceola, seeking revenge
united, and legislative council meets at for recent imprisonment by the whites,
St. Augustine March 30, 1823 with about twenty Indians surprises Gen*
Treaty of Fort Moultrie; the Indians eral Thompson and a friend while walk-
of Florida agree to remove within certain ing near the Indian agency, and kills and
limits, the northern line being about scalps them Dec. 28, 1835
20 miles south of Micanopy.. Sept. 18,1823 Battle of General Clinch with Indians
Dr. William H. Simmons and John L. under Osceola and Alligator, near the
Williams, commissioners of legislative Withlacoochee River Dec. 31, 1835
council, select Tallahassee as capital Battle at Dunlawtown of Major Put-
October, 1823 nam with Indians under King Philip
First house in new capital erected. . 1824 Jan. 18, 183(>
Name of the castle of St. Marks at St. General Gaines, with troops from Xew
Augustine changed to Fort Marion Orleans, attacked by Indians while seeking
Jan. 7, 1825 to ford the Withlacoochee Feb. 29, 183G
Florida Institute of Agriculture, Antiq- Richard Keith Call appointed territorial
uities, and Sciences organized at Talla- governor March, 183G
hassee, and holds its first public meet- Defence of Cooper's post west of the
ing Jan. 4, 1827 Withlacoochee by Georgia volunteers under
Treaty of Payne's Landing between Col. IMajor Cooper against 250 Seminole war-
James Gadsden, United States commis- riors April 5-7, 183G
sioner, and the Seminole Indians; who Railroad from St. Joseph to bayou Co-
surrender their lands in Florida for an lumbus opened 1836
equal area in Indian Territory, agreeing to Battles between the United States troops
remove within three years.. May 9, 1833 and Indians in Florida, at Micanopy, June
Additional treaty made at Fort Gibson, 9; Welika Pond, July 9; Ridgely's Mills,
Indian Territory, with representative July 27; Fort Drane, Aug. 21; San Ve-
chiefs of Seminoles, assigning them a tract lasco Sept. 18, 1836
in the Indian Territory March 28, 1834 General Call relieved; Gen. Thomas S.
Proclamation of President Jackson an- Jesup takes command .... November, 1836
nouncing the ratification of the treaty of Battle of Wahoo Swamp ends the cam-
Payne's Landing and Fort Gibson paign of 1836; results of the year encour-
April 12, 1834 age the Seminoles Nov. 17-21, 1836
State-house in Tallahassee begun, 1826; Attack on Camp Monroe by 400 Semi-
finished 1834 noles under King Philip repulsed
John H. Eaton appointed territorial Feb. 8, 1837
governor 1834 Four hundred Seminoles attack Fort
United States officer at Fort King noti- Mellon, on Lake Monroe, and retire*
fies General Thompson, Indian agent for Feb. 9, 1837
Florida, of the determination of infiuen- Indians assembled in large numbers at
tial chiefs of Florida Indians not to emi- Fort Dade, by articles of capitulation
grate October, 1834 agree to withdraw south of the Hills-
302
TTNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— FLOBIDA
boro River, and prepare at once to Florida war buried at St. Augustine with
emigrate to the West March 6, 1837 military honors and a monument erected
General Hernandez captures two camps by their comrades Aug. 16, 1842
of Indians and negroes .... Sept. 10, 1837 John Branch, territorial governor
General Hernandez, by order of General 1844
Jesup, captures Osceola and sends him Congress grants eight sections of public
to Fort Moultrie, S. C, as a prisoner lands in Florida for seat of government,
Oct. 21, 1837 one section in each township for public
General Taylor routs a large Indian schools, two townships for two seminariea
force at Okeechobee Lake Dec. 25, 1837 of ^learning, and five per cent, from sales
Battle at Wacassassa Kiver of public lands for educational purposes;
Dec. 26, 1837 State admitted to the Union
Action with Seminoles at Jupiter Inlet; March 3, 1845
General Jesup wounded Jan. 24, 1838 William D. Moseley, governor of the
General Jesup offering peace, many Ind- new State 1845
ians come into camp, agreeing to let the Destructive hurricane passes over Key
President decide whether they remain in West Oct. 11, 184ft
the country or not February, 1838 Thomas Brown, governor 1849
President determining to enforce the Public meeting in St. Augustine peti-
treaties, General Jesup captures about tions the federal government for removal
700 Indians and negroes. .March 22, 1838 of all Indians from the State
Over 1,000 Indians removed to the West- Aug. 25, 184^
em reservation 1838 Chief and six sub-chiefs of the Semi-
Gen. Zachary Taylor takes command in noles and Micasukies and a delegate from
Florida, General Jesup retiring the Tallahassees meet General Twiggs in
May 15, 1838 council and agree to remove west of the
Territory of Florida, in convention at Mississippi and try to persuade their peo-
St. Joseph, forms a State constitution pie to do so Jan. 21, 1850
Dec. 3, 1838 Two State seminaries of learning organ-
Robert H. Reid appointed territorial ized, one at Palatka, known asthesemi*
governor 1839 nary east of the Suwanee, and the other
Indians attack Colonel Harney's post on at Tallahassee, known as the seminary
the Carloosahatchee July 23, 1839 west of the Suwanee 1867
During this and four years previous Most of the Florida Indians emigrate to
Florida furnished 5,342 volunteers for the Indian Territory; United States troops
Indian war 1839 mustered out 185&
General Taylor asking to be relieved, Fort Marion seized by Confederates of
Brevet Brig.-Gen. W. R. Armi stead is as- St. Augustine by order of the governor
signed to command in Florida Jan 7, 1861
May 6, 1840 Fort Clinch, in construction on Amelia
Battles with Indians at Fort King, Island, seized by Confederates
Marion county, April 28; Waccahoota, January, 1861
Sept. 6; Everglades, Dec. 3-24; Micanopy Apalachicola arsenal, established in
Dec. 28, 1840 1833, captured by Confederates
Battle at Fort Brooke ... March 2, 1841 January, 1861
General Armistead relieved at his re- State convention at Tallahassee passes,
quest, and Gen. William J. Worth takes an ordinance of secession — ^yeas 62, nays 7
command May 31, 1841 — amending the constitution by insert*
Richard K. Call reappointed territorial ing the words " Confederate States " in
governor 1841 place of " United States ". . .Jan. 10, 1861
Battle at Hawe Creek, Jan. 25 ; at Pi la- Forts Barrancas and McRae and the
kikaha April 19, 1842 navy-yards at Pensacola seized by Confed-
General Worth, by general order, an- erates Jan. 12, 1861
nounces the cessation of hostilities with Forts McRae and Barrancas dismantled
Indians in Florida Aug. 14, 1842 April, 1861
Officers and soldiers who died in the Federals in Fort Pickens, near Pensa-
303
UNITED STATES 07 AMEEICA— FLOBIDA
cola, are reinforced by troops from New District of Florida ; headquarters at Talla-
York and Illinois, on steamer Atlantic liassee (later at Jacksonville)
April 1&-23, 1861 May 31, 1867
Confederate ''coast guard" seize the Republican Convention at Tallahassee;
light-house and all United States govern- 129 delegates July 11, 1867
ment property at Key Biseayne, Fla. Convention organizing a Conservative
Aug. 23, 1861 party (Constitutional Union) at Talla-
Confederates attack the Wilson Guards hassee appoints a State committee
on Santa Rosa Island Oct. 9. 1861 Sept 25, 1867
Frigates Niagara and Richmond bom- Forty-one out of forty-six delegates
bard forts McRae, Barrancas, and Pickens elected to constitutional convention at
Nov. 23, 1861 Tallahassee; organize, but disagree as to
Federal fleet under Admiral Dupont, the eligibility of four of their number
with slight resistance, takes St. Mary's, Jan. 20, 1868
Fernandina, and Fort Clinch 1862 Fifteen members of the constitutional
Electoral vote cast for Jefferson Davis convention decide not to attend the meet-
Feb. 12, 1862 ings Feb. 1, 1868
St. Augustine taken by Federals with- D. Richards, president of convention, an-
out resistance March 11, 1862 nounces for twenty or twenty-two dele-
Jacksonville surrendered to Dupont gates that they, a legal quorum, have
March 12, 1862 framed and adopted a constitution ig-
Jacksonville evacuated by Federals noring the constitution of 1865
April 9, 1862 Feb. 6, 1868
Confederate fort on St. John's bluff, St. Fifteen members meet at Tallahassee
John's River, captured by Federals and elect Horatio Jenkins president
Oct. 3, 1862 Feb. 8, 1868
Federals again take Jacksonville General Meade calls the delegates to-
Oct. 5, 1862 gether, and Colonel Sprague acting as
St. Mary's shelled and burned by Federal chairman, Richards and Jenkins resign, and
gunboat Mohawk Nov. 9, 1862 Jenkins is appointed president of the con-
Jacksonville taken by Federals under vention Feb. 18, 1868
Colonel Higginson March 10, 1863 State constitution adopted; eight dele-
Federals badly defeated at Olustee gates sign under protest, nine refuse
Feb. 20. 1864 Feb. 26, 1868
Regarding Florida as still a State of New constitution ratified by the people
the Union, a convention at Jacksonville May, 1868
appoints delegates to the Presidential Legislature meets and adopts the Four-
convention, to meet June 7, at Baltimore teenth Amendment June, 1868
May 24, 1864 Military and civil governments sur-
By proclamation, President Johnson ap- rendered to Harrison Reed, who is inau-
points William Marvin provisional gov- gurated as governor July 4, 1868
ernor July 13. 1865 Unsuccessful attempt to impeach Gov-
Delegates elected to State convention at ernor Reed of high crimes and misde-
Tallahassee Oct. 10, 1865 meanors in office 1868
Convention at Tallahassee adopts a new Legislature provides for a State board
constitution without submission to the of education 1869
people and repeals the ordinance of seces- Fifteenth Amendment ratified by House
sion Oct. 28, 1865 and Senate June 11 and 16, 1869
President Johnson proclaims " that the Harvey S. Harmon admitted to the bar
insurrection which heretofore existed in at Alucha circuit court, by Judge J. H.
the State of Florida is at an end and Gross; first negro admitted in Florida
is henceforth to be so regarded " 1869
April 2, 1866 People of Florida west of the Chocta-
Meeting at Tallahassee forms a State wha tehee River vote by a majority for an-
educational association .... May 20. 1867 nexation to Alabama, the conditions fixed
Colonel Sprague, military commander of by commissioners being '' the consent of
304
k
UNITED STATES OF AMBBICA— FLOBIDA
Congresfi and consideration of $1,000,000 State sells 4,000,000 acres of State land
paid to Florida by Alabama ".Nov. 2, 1869 south of Ocala and east of the Kissim-
Equalization act passed by legislature mee River to Hamilton Disston and asso-
Jan. 27, 1871 ciates of Philadelphia for $1,000,000. .1881
Taxation felt to be unnecessarily heavy; Active work begun on a contract with
cielegat4?8 from nearly all the counties meet Philadelphia capitalists for draining Lake
at Lake City and appoint a finance com- Okeechobee and reclaiming land ; half of
mittee to ** examine into the financial con- reclaimed land to go to the contractors
dition of the State" and to call on the 1882
governor to interfere ... ; Sept. 6, 1871 Trustees remove the State university
Proclamation of governor calling on the from Eau Gallic to Lake City and incor-
people not to bring the law into contempt porate the Florida University 1883
by refusal to pay taxes, and promising en- At the November election a new con-
forcement of the equalization act till de- stitution, formed by the convention of
dared unconstitutional or repealed 1885, ratified by the people.. Nov. 2, 1886
Nov. 6, 1871 Discovery of phosphate rock in abun-
Attempt to remove Governor Reed by dance near Dunnellen, Marion county
impeachment unsuccessfully renewed June, 1889
February, 1872 Sub-tropical exposition opens at Jack-
Act reorganizing the State agricultural sonville Jan. 9, 1890
college, proposed by a former legislat- Constitutional amendment adopted pro-
ure, and making the superintendent of viding that the election of State officers
public instruction its president 1872 shall be held on the Tuesday after the first
Act at special session of the legislature Monday in October every second year
refunding the State indebtedness (total November, 1890
bonded debt, $1,430,223.48) Supreme council of the National Farm-
February, 1873 ers' Alliance begins its session at Ocala
Marcel lus L. Steams succeeds Governor Dec. 2, 1890
Hart, who died .March 18, 1874 Gen. Francis E. Spinner, ex-Secretary of
Florida Fruit Growers' Association the Treasury of the United States, bom
opens a few days' session at Jacksonville 1802, dies at Jacksonville. .Dec. 31, 1890
Jan. 20,. 1875 Large deposit of Kaolin clay disoov-
At a special election, amendments to the ered in Putnam and Lake counties
constitution are ratified by the people February and March, 1891
May 4, 1875 United States Senator Wilkinson Call
After the November Presidential elec- secures renomination on the eighty-sixth
tion three sets of certificates of electoral ballot in caucus, by vote of 62 to 42 for D.
votes were sent to Washington: (1) that H. Mays and 2 for ex-Governor Bloxham
of Republican electors, signed by Governor May 25, 1891
Stearns; (2) that of Democratic electors, Senator Call declared re-elected by
signed by Attorney-General Cocke; (3) fifty-one votes in joint session, a ma-
that of Democratic electors made under act jority of both Houses ; but as only fifteen
of the legislature and signed by Governor Senators and thirty-nine members of the
Drew December, 1876-nJanuary, 1877 House attended, his election is disputed.
Act authorizing State adjutant-general there being no quorum of the Senate
to lease convicts, March 3, 1877 May 26, 1891
Convention of colored men at Talla- Monument to the Confederate dead un-
hassee addresses the colored people of the veiled at Pensacola June 17, 1891
State on education and acquiring home- Governor appoints R. H. M. Davidson
steads and fostering habits of industry United States Senator to fill the sup-
and sobriety July 4, 1877 posed vacancy Sept. 16, 1891
Governor Drew procures conveyance to Ex. -Gov. Marcellus L. Steams dies at
the State of nearly 1,800,000 acres of gov- Palatine Bridge, N. Y., aged fifty-three
ernment land under act of Congress re- Dec. 8, 1891
lating to swamp and overfiowed lands Senator Wilkinson Call seated in United
1880 States Senate Dec. 8, 1891
IX.— u 305
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— GEORGIA
Large beds of yellow and red ochre Monument to the Ck>nfederate dead of
found in Levy and Dade counties. .. .1893 Florida erected by Charles C. Hemming,
Fuller's earth in large quantities found and presented to the city, unveiled in
in a number of counties in the State Jacksonville June 17, 1898
April and May, 1893 Mercury fell to 2 degrees below zero
Disastrous freeze; temperature at Tal- at Tallahassee; snow fell as far south as
lahassee fell to 18 degrees; fruit frozen Tampa; freezing almost as far south as
on the trees as far south as Bartow; the Dade county; cold of short duration and
vegetable crop a total loss damage not material Feb. 13, 1899
Dec 28-29, 1894 A large deposit of natural cement dis-
Freezing weather all over the State, covered in Gadsden county May, 1900
northwest blizzard causing mercury to Ex-(xov. George F. Drew dies at Jack-
fall to 10 degrees at Tallahassee. Orange sonville Sept. 30, 1900
and other tropical fruit trees killed to the Constitutional amendments providing
ground as far south as lat. 27 V^ N. Loss for representation of new counties when
estimated at $200,000,000 1895 formed, and the election by the people of
Florida East Coast Railway completed county commissioners, adopted
from Jacksonville to Miami, on Biscayne Nov. 6, 1900
Bay, 366 miles 1896 Fire in Jacksonville destroyed almost
Platform breaks at a Bryan meeting in all of the residence and business portion
St. Augustine, 200 injured. .April 8, 1897 of the city; loss estimated at $15,000,000
General Shafter embarked his army for May 3, 1901
the invasion of Cuba from Tampa Legislature provided free scholarships
June 12-14, 1898 at De Funiak Springs May 28, 1901
GEORGIA
Georgia, the southernmost and young- Altamaha River, Ossabaw Sound, and the
est of the thirteen original States of the Savannah River May, 1562
United States, is bounded on the north by Second expedition, sent out by Coligni,
Tennessee and North Carolina, east by the three ships under Ren6 de Laudonnier.
Savannah River (which separates it from anchor in St. Andrew's Sound. .June, 1564
South Carolina), and by the Atlantic Land between lat. 31® and 36* N., and
Ocean, which forms a coast-line of about westward to the ocean, granted by first
128 miles; Florida bounds it on the south, charter of Charles II. to the lords pro-
and Alabama and a small part of Florida prietors of Carolina March 24, 1663
on the west. It lies between lat. 30° 20' A three years* grant of lands between
and 35° N., and long. 80° 40' and 85° 38' Savannah and Altamaha rivers obtained
VV. Area, 59,475 square miles, in 137 coun- from lords proprietors of Carolina by Sir
ties. Population, 1890, 1,837,353; 1900, Robert Montgomery, Bart., who issues
2,216,331; capital, Atlanta. proposals for settlement of his province,
De Soto enters the State from Florida; the " Margravate of Azilia " 1717
travels northeast through the pine bar- Montgomery fails to colonize and for-
rens, erects a cross of wood near the feits grant 1720
Ocmulgee; hears from Indians on the Eto- Lords proprietors of Carolina sell seven-
wah of gold to the north, and proceeds eighths of their grant to Parliament, and
westward to the Mississippi, entering Ala- all south of Savannah River is reserved
bama bv the Coosa 1540 bv British crown 1729
Tristan de Luna, with 300 Spaniards, Lord Carteret, owner of one-eighth, sells
spends the summer in what is now Haber- it to trustees for establishing the colony
sham county, searching for gold 1500 of Georgia in America Feb. 28, 1732
Jean Ribault, of Dieppe, with two ships Trustees receive their charter granting
fitted out by Gaspard de Coligni, high ad- " all those lands between Savannah and
miral of France and leader of Huguenots, Altamaha, and westerly from heads of
anchors oflf mouth of Satilla, discovers said rivers in a direct line to the South
300
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA— GEORGIA
seas, including islands within 20 leagues a Moravian settlement in America, locate
of the coast." The trustees, serving with- on north side of the Ogeechee River, near
out pay, offer to all "indigent persons Fort Argyle January, 1735
who would be willing to seek a livelihood Fifty-nine Salzburgers under Mr. Vat,
in the colony if provided with a passage twenty-two British emigrants, and some
thither and means of getting settled," free Indian chiefs whom Oglethorpe had taken
citizenship and free exercise of religion to England, arrive at Savannah early in
(Papists excluded). Charter granted 1735
June 9, 1732 Small quantity of Georgia silk taken
Ship Ann, Capt. John Thomas, with to England and court dress made, worn
Gen. James Oglethorpe, Rev. Henry Her- by Queen Caroline at levee on King's
bert, D.D., and thirty-five families, an- birthday April 2, 1735
chors in Rebellion Roads, S. C. Augusta laid out and garrisoned at
Jan. 13, 1733 trustees* expense; Roger de Lacy, an Ind-
Obtaining consent of Creek Indians ian agent, one of ita first settlers. . . .1735
through Mary Musgrave, interpreter, Rev. First issue of £4,000 of Sola bills, or
Thomas Bosomworth, Oglethorpe, and col- bills of exchange of various denomina-
onists land at Yamacraw bluff, on south tions, made by trustees' agents in Geor-
side of Savannah River, the present site gia July 24, 1735
of Savannah Feb. 12, 1733 About 100 Highlanders, sent from Scot-
First clapboard house in Georgia be- land by trustees, settle on north side of
gun in Savannah Feb. 19, 1733 the Altamaha River, calling it New In-
Two thousand religious books received verness January, 1736
by trustees from unknown persons in Eng- Two ships, convoyed by British sloop
land for use in colony April 18, 1733 Hawk, bringing Oglethorpe, John and
Ship James, Captain Yoakly, first ship Charles Wesley, twenty-five Moravians,
to sail up the Savannah and unload at the and a number of Salzburgers. anchor
town May, 1733 near Tybee Island Feb. 5, 1736
Treaty of Oglethorpe with lower Creek, Fort on St. Simon's Island at Frederica,
Uchee, and Yamacraw Indians, who agree as marked out by Oglethorpe, begun
ever to protect the English and restore Feb. 19, 1736
runaway negroes, receiving for each four John Wesley first preaches at Savan-
blankets and two guns, or an equivalent nah March 7, 1736
May 21, 1733 Fort St. Andrews erected on Cumber-
Ten families sent from Savannah to land Island by Highlanders, and Fort
Fort Argyle on Ogeechee River, previous- W^illiam planned 1736
ly garrisoned by rangers June, 1733 Treaty ending hostilities between Span-
Public designation of town and wards ish and English colonies, and referring
with religious exercises; town court of all disputes as to boundaries between
record established, first session of mag- Georgia and Florida to the home govern-
istrates held, and first jury in Georgia ments Oct. 27, 1736
impanelled July 7, 1733 Oglethorpe appointed general of forces
Forty Jews arrive at Savannah, sent by in South Carolina and Georgia . June, 1737
the committee appointed by the trustees John Wesley sails for England
July, 1733 Dec. 24, 1737
Trustees prohibit rum in Georgia Uprising of negroes, incited by the Span-
Aug. 11, 1733 ish at Stono, quelled 1738
Forty-two families of Salzburgers, sent Arrival of ship bringing Rev. George
from Augsburg, Bavaria, by the Society Whitefield and a regiment recruited by
for the Propagation of Christian Knowl- Oglethorpe in England; the regiment, un-
edge, settle at Ebenezer. .March 17, 1734 der Colonel Cochran, locating at Freder-
Oglethorpe sails for England, leaving ica May 3, 1738
Thomas Causton in authority Many Moravian emigrants remove to
April 7, 1734 Pennsylvania (the rest follow two years
Ten persons, under Rev. Gottlieb Span- later) 1738
zenberg, sent over from Saxony to begin Attempted assassination of General
307
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA-^aEORGIA
Oglethorpe while inspecting Fort St. Gen. Don Manuel de Montiano, alarmed
Andrews on Cumberland Island by a decoy letter sent by Oglethorpe, with
November, 1738 his iieet, fearful of being hemmed in by
Articles of convention between the Brit- sea and land, hastens to sea
ish and Spanish governments ; disputed about July SO, 1742
territories to be retained by present pos- Oglethorpe returns with detachment of
sessors Jan. 14, 1739 Highlanders from a fruitless incursion
Treaty of peace at Coweta Town be- into Florida March 9, 1743
tween chiefs of Creek Indians and Ogle- Magazine at Frederica blown up
thorpe Aug. 21, 1739 March 22, 1743
George Whitefield lays first brick of Trustees abrogate part of constitution
central building of orphan house " Beth- appointing board for Frederica, and coun-
esda," 9 miles from Savannah ties are consolidated; Col. William Ste-
March 25, 1740 phens elected first president of colony of
Spanish Fort St. Diego, near St. Au- Georgia, under government established at
gustine, defended by fifty - seven men, solicitation of people, by the King
taken by Oglethorpe May 10, 1740 April 18, 1743
Being joined at St. John's by Carolina Charles Harris and James Habersham
troops, Oglethorpe marches upon Fort in partnership establish first commercial
Moosa, which Spaniards evacuate and re- house in Georgia 1744
treat to St. Augustine May 15, 1740 Thomas Bosomworth obtains deed from
Fort Moosa recaptured by 300 Span- Indian chief and emperoi^ Malatchee, to
iards under Don Antonio Salgrado after islands of Ossabaw, Sapelo, and St. Cath-
a bloody conflict June 26, 1740 arine '. Dec. 14, 1747
After an ineffectual siege of three weeks Small ship (the first) chartered in Eng-
Oglethorpe retires from before St. Au- land by Harris and Habersham to bring
gustine and reaches Frederica about Georgia products May, 1749
July 20, 1740 In response to petitions the act of
Georgia divided into two counties: Sa- 1735, prohibiting importation and use of
vannah, comprising all territory north negro slaves, was repealed by trustees
of Darien; and Frederica, covering the Oct. 26, 1749
settlements on St. Simon's Island and the Trustees abolish tail - male tenure of
Altamaha; and Col. William Stephens grants and make them absolute
chosen president of Savannah May 25, 1750
April 15, 1741 Henry Parker commissioned vice-presi-
Nine Spanish vessels, attempting to en- dent of Georgia June 26, 1750
ter Amelia Sound, are repulsed by can- Christ Church (Anglican), Savannah,
non of Fort William, on Cumberland Isl- dedicated July 7, 1750
and, aided by armed schooner of fourteen Provincial assembly of delegates to pro-
guns and eighty men.... June 21, 1742 pose, debate, and refer matters to the
Spanish squadron of thirty - six vessels trustees, first meets at Savannah
enters St. Simon's harbor in spite of Jan. 15, 1751
battery of fort and a few English ships, Henry Parker chosen president of col-
lands about 500 men within 4 miles of ony April 8, 1751
Frederica July 5, 1742 First general muster of militia in lower
English having abandoned Fort St. Si- districts at Savannah June 13, 1751
mon, the Spanish occupy it; march Trustees hold last meeting, surrender
against Frederica, and are driven back charters, and the government passes to
to an open marsh bordering on a forest, the board of trade and plantations
where they stack arms and are surprised June 23, 1752
and completely routed by a platoon and Community of Anglican Church people,
company of rangers under Lieutenants after preliminary examination of lands in
Sutherland and Mackay in a battle known 1752-53 and procuring grant of about
as " Bloody Marsh " July 7, 1742 32,000 acres of land between Ogeechee and
Rum act repealed in Georgia by order Altamaha, settle at Midway, Ga.
of House of Commons July 14, 1742 March, 1754
308
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA— GEORGIA
Patrick Graham elected president of captain-general and govemor-in-chief of
colony 1754 Georgia reaches Savannah . . . Jan. 28, 1762
Silver seal made for colony under King's William Grover, first chief-justice of
direction June 21, 1754 Georgia, removed from office for malad-
Capt. John Reynolds, of the British ministration March, 1763
navy, appointed governor of Georgia in Protest and caveat issued by Governor
August, arrives at Savannah Wright against grants of land south of
Oct. 29, 1754 the Altamaha by South Carolina
Reynolds dissolves board and forms a March 30, 1763
royal council under letters patent from First newspaper in Georgia, the Geor-
the crown Oct. 30, 1 754 gia Gazette, issued at Savannah by James
First General Assembly of freeholders of Johnson April 17, 1763
estates of not less than 500 acres, meets at By royal proclamation, southern boun-
Savannah Jan. 7, 1755 dary of Georgia is made the St. Mary's
Governor assents to twelve acts of As- River, including lands between this and
sembly; the second was for issuing £3,000 the Altamaha claimed by South Carolina
in paper' bills of credit March 7, 1755 Oct. 7, 1763
Two transports arrive at Savannah with Congress of Creeks, Cherokees, Cataw-
about 400 Acadians, banished from Nova has, Chickasaws, and Chocktaws, meet
Scotia. As Papists could not remain in governors of Virginia, North Carolina,
Georgia under charter, they were sent to South Carolina, and Georgia at Augusta,
South Carolina the next spring and conclude treaty and cede additional
December, 1755 land to Georgia Nov. 5, 1763
By machinations of his secretary. Will- New commission granted Governor
iam Little, Governor -Reynolds Js .rharged Wright for the new Mississippi territory
with maladministration and resigns office of Georgia Jan. 20, 1764
to Henry Ellis, elected lieutenant - gov- Four additional parishes laid off be-
emor Feb. 16, 1757 tween Altamaha and St. Mary's rivers
Treaty of peace with council of upper 1765
and lower Creeks by Lieutenant-Governor Sixteen members of Assembly at Sa-
Ellis Nov. 3, 1757 vannah consider a circular from Massa-
Georgia divided into eight parishes, and chusetts Assembly, proposing a General
Church of England worship established Congress at New York on the Stamp Act
March 17, 1758 Sept. 2, 1766
Islands of Ossabaw, St. Catharine, and Letter sent General Congress in New
Sapelo formally ceded to England by Creek York announces hearty co-operation of
nation April 22, 1758 Georgia Assembly, but opposition of Gov-
Ellis appointed governor-in-chief by lords ernor Wright prevents attendance of dele-
of trade May 17, 1758 gates October, 1765
Grant of 300 acres for site of Sun- British ship Speedwell arrives in Sa-
bury by Mark Carr, part of his 500- vannah River with stamps, which are se-
acre grant from the King in 1757 cretly transferred to Fort Halifax to avoid
June 20, 1758 destruction threatened by Liberty Boys
Claims of Thomas and Mary Bosom- Dec. 5, 1765
worth settled by order of the King South Carolina aroused because Georgia
Feb. 9, 1759 accepts stamps to clear sixty or seventy
First wharf built in Savannah 1759 vessels waiting in Savannah
Act for issuing £7,410 in paper bills December, 1765
of credit May 1, 1760 Two hundred Liberty Boys threatening
Lieut.-Gov. James Wright succeeds Gov- to break open fort and destroy stamps,
emor Ellis Nov. 2, 1760 the governor removes them under mili-
George III. proclaimed King with civil tary escort to the guard-house
and military pomp; the only event of the Jan. 2, 1766
kind ever witnessed in Greorgia Mr. Agnus, stamp distributer, arrives
Feb. 10, 1761 at Tybee, is secretly conveyed to the gov-
Commission creating James Wright ernor's house, takes the oath, but in a few
309
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA— OEOBGIA
days leaves town convinced of his in- Resolutions of fealtv to Continental
security Jan. 3, 1766 Congress drawn up by representatives of
A body of 600 men threatening Fort Darien in district congress . .Jan. 12, 1775
George and the governor's house, the Provincial Congress in Savannah elects
stamps are placed on the Speedwell Dr. Jones, Archibald Bullock, and John
Feb. 3, 1766 Houstoun, delegates to the Continental
Effigy of Governor Wright, with of- Congress in Philadelphia Jan. 18, 1775
fensive circular of Secretary Conway in Delegates send patriotic letter, but can-
his hand, burned on the commons in not attend during struggle in Georgia
Savannah Feb. 4, 1766 with royal power April 8, 1775
Official announcement of repeal of General Assembly convenes ; no quorum ;
Stamp Act received by governor royal government in Creorgia suspended
July 6, 1766 May 9, 1775
Assembly refuses governor's call for Noble Wimberly Jones, Joseph Haber-
supplies for British troops in Georgia, sham, Edward Telfair, and a few others
and General Gage withdraws all troops appropriate to colonial use 500 lbs. of
from province soon after... Jan. *20, 1767 powder from King's magazine
One hundred and seven Irish Protes- ■ May 11, 1775
tants settle at forks of Lambert Creek Lyman Hall, delegate from parish of
and Great Ogeechee March, 1768 St. John to Continental Congress, arrives
Benjamin Franklin appointed agent for at Philadelphia with present for patriots
Georgia in Great Britain. . .April 11, 1768 in Massachusetts of 160 barrels of rice
King rejects, as irregular and disre- and £50 May 13, 1775
spectful, a petition of the Assembly pre- Other delegates from the State not tak-
sented by Franklin, protesting against acts ing their seats in Congress, Georgia, ex-
of Parliament taxing America, under date cept parish of St. John, is placed under
of Dec. 24, 1768 ban of colonial intercourse bv Continental
Merchants and traders of Savannah Congress May 17, 1775
meet and resolve that importers of Ship Juliana leaves Savannah with gift
articles subject to parliamentary duties of sixty-three barrels of rice and £120 in
are enemies to the country specie for Massachusetts. . ..June 1, 1775
Sept. 16, 1769 Governor Wright having issued orders
Unanimous election of Dr. Wimberly for celebration of King's birthday, Liberty
Jones as speaker of Assembly; vetoed by people spike the cannon on the bay, dis-
governor, who dissolves the Assembly mount them, and roll them to the bottom
Feb. 22, 1770 of bluff June 2, 1775
James Habersham, president of the First liberty-pole in Georgia erected at
council, assumes executive duties on Savannah, on King's birthday
Wright's departure for England, and June 5, 1775
twice vetoes election of Dr. Jones as Claim of George Galphin, a prominent
speaker of Assembly July, 1771 and liberal trader, audited before governor
Works for filature in Savannah, erected and approved, for £9,791 June 6, 1775
1751, discontinued; end of silk industry Provincial Congress at Tondee's Long
in Georgia 1772 "Room, Savannah, elect Archibald Bullock
Governor Wright returns from England president, adopt the " American Declara-
• with the title of baronet. . .February, 1773 tion or Bill of Rights" of Continental
Creeks and Cherokees convene at Au- Congress, and resolve in non-importation
gusta and cede to King over 2,100,000 acres of British merchandise July 4, 1775
in Georgia, to liquidate indebtedness to First provincial vessel commissioned
traders of over $200,000 June 1, 1773 for naval warfare in the Revolution, is
Meeting in Savannah; resolves to con- sent out by Georgia under command of
cur with sister colonies in every consti- Captain Bowen and Joseph Habersham,
tutional measure to obtain redress of Discovering an English vessel bringing
American grievances. This meeting was powder for Indians and royalists, they
afterwards pronounced illegal and punish- board her and secure the powder
able by Governor Wright. . .Aug. 10, 1774 July 10, 1775
310
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— OEOBQIA
Continental Congress officially notified President Bullock invested with the ex-
that Georgia acceded to general aaso- ecutive power, with assistance of five per-
elation; it is thenceforth one of the Unit- sons of his own choosing Feb. 22, 1777
ed Colonics ^..July 20, 1775 Mr. Bullock dying within a month, is
Messrs. Zubley, Bullock, and Houstoun succeeded by Button Gwinnett, who was
take seats as delegates from Georgia to soon after killed in a duel with General
Continental Congress Sept. 13, 1776 Mcintosh March 4, 1777
English ship with 250 barrels of gun- Act of attainder of enemies of American
powder seized off Tybee Island by the liberty as traitors, and confiscating their
IJberty people Sept. 17, 1775 estates, passes the Assembly
Provincial Congress takes under super- March 1, 1778
vision all courts of law.... Dec. 1, 1776 Executive council invests the governor
Council of safety fully organized; with sole executive power independent
George Walton, president. . .Dec. 11, 1775 of council April 16, 1778
Battalion of troops ordered raised at British under Colonel Prevost advance
Continental expense for protection of north into Georgia to join Lieutenant-
Georgia, organized Jan. 7, 1776 Colonel Campbell, who sailed from New
Governor Wright arrested by Maj. York Nov. 27, 1778
Joseph Habersham and put under parole Campbell anchors off Tybee
Jan. 18, 1776 Dec. 27, 1778
Provincial Congress organize; elect Campbell lands, attacks rear of Amer-
Hon. Archibald Bullock president, issue icans under General Howe, who retreats
bills of credit for military stores, and across the Savannah, abandoning the city,
draw up temporary constitution for American loss, nearly 100 killed and
Georgia Jan. 22, 1776 wounded, thirty drowned in swamps,
Governor Wright escapes to English seven officers, 416 non-commissioned offi-
ship Scarborough, and writes a letter to cers and privates taken prisoners. Brit-
people, offering peace, but is not heeded ish loss, two captains and five privates
Feb. 11, 1776 killed, eight privates wounded
Captain Rice, charged by the council of Dec. 29, 1778
safety to dismantle shipping at Savannah Colonel Campbell takes possession of
to prevent capture by the British, is sur- Cherokee Hill and Ebenezer
prised and imprisoned on a vessel which Jan. 1-2, 1779
the British had boarded. To accomplish Major Lane surrenders garrison at Sun-
his release the council of safety fired sev- bury to Prevost Jan. 9, 1779
eral vessels, arrested all members of royal Augusta surrendered to British under
council in Savannah, and menaced officers Campbell January, 1779
of ships at Tj'bee March 2, 1776 Americans under Pickens,. Dooly, and
Lord North's bill prohibiting trade with Clarke repulse British at battle of Kettle
the colonies in rebellion is announced in Creek, W^ilkes county Feb. 14, 1779
Georgia March, 1776 Prevost surprises and defeats Ameri-
Temporary constitution ratified by cans under General Ashe at Briar Creek.
Provincial Confrress April 15, 1776 Loss, American, 340 killed, wounded, and
Declaration of Independence signed by prisoners; British, sixteen killed and
Lyman Hall, Button Gwinnett, and George wounded March 3, 1779
W'alton, members from Georgia Civil government renewed by British
July 3, 1776 under Colonel Prevost March 4, 1779
Declaration of Independence received in Governor Wright returns to Georgia
Savannah; read by Archibald Bullock at July 13, 1779
liberty-pole, and acknowledged by national As British invasion prevented carrying
salute Aug. 8, 1776 the constitution into effect, the supreme
First constitution of Georgia ratified in executive council is clothed with plenary
convention ; parishes abolished and coun- power and elects John Wereat president
ties erected instead Feb. 5, 1777 Aug. 6, 1779
Fort Mcintosh on St. Ilia River sur- Count d'Estaing, with fleet of thirty-
rendered to British Feb. 17, 1777 three war- vessels, surprises and captures
311
XTNITBD STATES OS* AMEBIGA— GEOBGIA
part of British fleet under Sir James Wal- plied by legislature by sale of forfeited
lace, commanding Tybee station negroes aud supplies May 4, 1782
Sept. 3, 1779 British forces, advancing 7 miles from
Armies of Lincoln and D'Estaing be- Savannah to escort Creek Indian allies
siege Savannah Sept. 23, 1779 into camp, are routed by Wayne
Captain French with 111 British, and May 21, 1782
five vessels with crews and ammunition, Orders received by Sir James Wright at
frightened by bonfires and voices, sur- Savannah for evacuation of the province
render to Col. John White of Georgia line June 14, 1782
and six Americans Oct. 1, 1779 Seat of provincial government removed
Americana and French attack Savan- to Ebenezer, headquarters of General
nah; lose 1,100 killed and wounded out of Wayne, where Assembly meets
4,000 and abandon siege, bearing away July 1, 1782
Count Pulaski, mortally wounded Savannah evacuated by British; Col.
Oct. 9, 1779 James Jackson selected to receive the keys
A dissatisfied faction elects George July 11, 1782
Walton governor, appoints executive Executive council establish themselves
councillors, and elects delegates to Con- in Savannah, and legislature convenes
grese, producing great confusion July 14, 1782
Nov. 4, 1779 Last blood of Revolution shed in
Assembly at Augusta elects Richard Georgia, Col. John Laurens, killed in a
Howley governor and Greorge Wells presi- skirmish at Combahee Ferry
dent of executive council Jan. 4, 1780 ^ Aug. 27, 1782
'Governor Howley by proclamation calls ' General Pickens and Colonel Clarke
on people to support and defend the gov- drive a party of marauding Tories from
ernment Feb. 2. 1780 settlement on Etowah into Florida
Assembly adjourns to Heard's Fort, Oct. 17, 1782
Wilkes county, which becomes temporary General Mcintosh, John Houstoun, and
capital of the State Feb. 5, 1780 Edward Telfair appointed agents to ad-
Governor Howley leaves for Continental just the northern boundaries
Congress; President Wells dying soon Feb. 15, 1783
after, Stephen Heard becomes executive Treaty ratified at Augusta; Creeks
Feb. 18, 1780 cede country west of Tugaloo, including
House of Assembly of only fifteen mem- headwaters of Oconee River
bers (eighteen being a quorum) passes May 31, 1783
acts attainting rebels of high treason Legislature convenes at Augusta
May 9, 1780 July 8, 1783
Augusta taken by Colonel Clarke, Sept. Franklin and Washington counties laid
14; retaken by British Sept. 17, 1780 out on land ceded by the Creek Indians
Fort Grierson, one of the defences of February, 1784
Augusta, taken by Clarke, Pickens, and Executive council notified of ratifica-
Lee May 24, 1781 tion by Congress of treaty of peace with
Colonel Brown, who with British forces Great Britain March 1, 1784
stands a protracted siege of Augusta by Land court opened at Augusta to issue
Americans, capitulates June 5, 1781 warrants, "citizens' rights," "refugee
Assembly convenes at Augusta and certificates," "Continental certificates,*'
elects Nathan Brownson governor "minute-men certificates," and "marine
Aug. 16, 1781 certificates " April, 1784
John Martin elected governor at University of Georgia receives charter
Augusta Jan. 1, 1782 and 40,000 acres of wild land 1785
Legislature consults with General Legislature grants Count d'Estaing
Wayne at Sister's Ferry on the Savannah, 20,000 acres of land and free citizenship
and by proclamation invites desertion of Georgia 1785
from British army and return of citizens Hostile Creeks subjected by Colonel
to Georgia Jan. 12, 1782 Clarke, and treaty concluded at Gal-
Governor Martin, in destitution, is sup- phington Nov. 12, 1785
312
UHITBD STATES OF AHEBICA— OEOBGIA
Chatham artillery of Savannah organ- " Surrendered by the capitulation of York
ized May 1, 1786 Town, Oct. 10, 1781. Honi aoit qui mat
Colonel Gunn breaks up camp of run- y peii«0-~G. R." with the imperial crown
away negroes, trained to arms by the 1701
British and ravaging country General Washington, on a Presidential
May 6, 1786 tour, arrives at Savannah and is received
Gen. Nathanael Greene dies at " Mul- with enthusiasm May 13, 1701
berry Grove," 14 miles from Savannah, the Eli Whitney, of Connecticut, while re-
home presented him by the legislature siding in Georgia, invents the cotton-gin
June 10, 1786 May 27, 1703
Assembly directs paper bills of credit General Clarke, claiming that by the
not to exceed £30,000 struck off under di- treaty of 1700 certain lands on the south
rection of governor Aug. 14, 1786 side of the Oconee River had been im-
Abram Baldwin and Hon. William Frew, properly ceded to the Creeks by the United
delegates from Georgia, sign draught of States, takes possession, defying Georgia
constitution proposed for ratification and United States, but is driven out
Sept. 17, 1787 Oct. 12, 1704
Legislature at Augusta ratifies the fed- Seat of government removed from Au-
eral Constitution, the fourth State gusta to Louisville, now county seat of
Jan. 2, 1788 Jefferson county May 16, 1705
George Handly elected governor to sue- Rescinding act signed by Governor
ceed Gen. James Jackson (age thirty), Irwin, who was elected the previous month
elected Jan. 0, who resigned on account Feb. 13, 1706
of his youth Jan. 25, 1788 United States grants to Georgia pre-
Differences between South Carolina and cmption rights to lands obtained by joint
Georgia settled; northern boundary of treaty made with the Creek Indians by
Georgia fixed in line west from head United States and Greorgia in previous
of most northern brtinch of Tugaloo year March, 1707
River to the Mississippi River Mississippi Territory set off from
February, 1788 Georgia by act of Congress. .April 7, 1708
First bag of cotton exported from Geor- Revised constitution signed by dele-
gia, raised by Alexander Bissel of St. Si- gates at Louisville, proclaimed by sixteen
mon's Island 1788 rounds of artillery May 30, 170&
New constitution, to take effect in fol- " Senatus Academicus " of University of
lowing October, formally accepted by gov- Georgia first meets at Louisville
ernor May 6, 1780 November, 1700
First General Assembly under new con- Moravian mission among the Cherokeea
stitution meets Nov. 3, 1780 begun at Spring Place, Murray county
General Assembly meets for public wor- 1801
ship in St. Paul's church, Augusta, on the First building erected for university of
first national Thanksgiving under the con- Georgia 1801
stitution Nov. 26, 1780 James Jackson resigns to take seat in
Colonel Willet gains the confidence of United States Senate; David Emanuel act-
Creek Indians, and Alexander McGillivray, ing governor Dec. 7, 1801
son of a Scotchman by a half-breed Creek, Georgia cedes her western territory to
an enemy to the Americans and acknowl- the United States for $1,250,000 and stipu-
edged head of the Creeks; McGillivray with lation that the Indian title to lands in
eight warriors accompanies Willet to Phil- Georgia should be extinguished by United
adelphia and New York, when a treaty is States, but no time for completion of con-
concluded, ceding land south of Oconee tract is specified April 24, 1802
and Ocmulgee rivers Aug. 13, 1700 Treaty at Washington; Creek Indians
Two brass cannon, taken at Yorktown, cede land between Oconee and Ocmulgee
are presented to the Chatham artillery of to the United States Nov. 14, 1805
Savannah, by General Washington, in ap- First session of legislature at Milledge-
preciation of their part in his reception in ville, the new capital IS67
Savannah ; one bears the inscription, Battle between Georgia volunteers under
313
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— OEOBOIA
Col. Daniel Newman and Lotchaway and election of governor is transferred from
Alligator Indians in east Florida the legislature to the people
Oct. 5, 1812 Nov. 17, 1824
Attack and destruction of Auttose Treaty at Indian Springs with Creeks —
towns by 950 Georgia militia under Gen- represented by Gen. William Mcintosh
eral Floyd, and battle with Creeks on and fifty others. They cede to United
Tallapoosa River; Indian loss, 200 kill- States all the Creek country in Georgia
ed; Americans, eleven killed, fifty-four and several millions of acres in Alabama
wounded Nov. 29, 1813 Feb. 12, 1825
General Floyd repulses a large body of Savannah and Ogeechee Canal begun.
Creek Indians at Camp Defiance, 48 miles the State subscribing for $40,000 of stock
west of the (Chattahoochee, after a loss of 1825
seventeen killed and 132 wounded Governor orders a survey of Indian
Jan. 27, 1814 lands in Georgia 1825
Treaty ceding territory to United States United States government sends General
between Creek Indians and General Jack- Gaines to Georgia to protect the Indians
son, at Fort Jackson Aug. 9, 1814 1825
Point Petrie, near St. Mary's, defended Treaty with Creek Indians at Washing-
by about ninety men under Captain Mas- ton annuls treaty of 1825 and cedes only
sias, is surrendered to 1,000 British lands in Georgia, the Creeks agreeing to
Jan. 13, 1815 emigrate Jan. 24, 182G
William H. Crawford appointed Secre- Threatening correspondence between
tary of War March 3, 1815 Governor Troup and the United States
Frederic Tudor, of Boston, ships first on jurisdiction in Indian matters within
load of ice to Savannah 1817 the State 1826-27
First mission of American board of State extends criminal jurisdiction over
commissioners among the Cherokees com- part of Greorgia claimed by the Cherokees
menced at Spring Place, Murray county Dec. 20, 1828
1817 John M. Berrien appointed Attorney-
William H. Crawford appointed Secre- General March 9, 1829
tary of the Treasury Oct. 22, 1817 Legislation annuls all laws and ordi-
David B. Mitchell resigns governorship nances made by Cherokees .. Dec. 19, 1829
and is succeeded by William Rabun, presi- First gold from Georgia mines received
dent of the Senate Nov. 4, 1817 at the United States mint 1830
Three hundred Georgia infantry under Law forbidding any white person to
Lieutenant-Colonel Arbuckle repulse Fowl- enter the Cherokee country without license
town Indians 12 miles from Fort Scott on and oath of allegiance to Georgia
Flint River Nov. 23. 1817 Dec. 22, 1830
Ex-Governor Mitchell, United States Cherokee Georgia surveyed by order of
agent to the Creek Indians, concludes governor, laid out in small sections, and
treaty, ceding lands in northwest Georgia distributed by lottery to the people of
to the United States to be annexed to Georgia April, 1831
Georgia Jan. 22, 1818 Rev. Samuel A. Worcester and Elizur
First transatlantic steamship Savan- Butler, M.D., missionaries to Cherokees,
nah sails from Savannah for Liverpool refusing oath of allegiance to Georgia,
(passage took twenty-six days) are imprisoned in State penitentiary
May 26, 1819 Sept. 16, 1831
Governor Rabyn dying, is succeeded by Supreme Court of the United States
Matthew Talbot, president of the Senate pronounces authority assumed by Georgia
Oct. 24. 1819 unconstitutional, declares void laws de-
Macon laid out, and first court held priving Indians of their rights, and orders
March 20, 1823 release of missionaries : March, 1832
Wilson Lumpkin appointed by Presi- Gospel of Matthew printed at New
dent commissioner of boxmdary between Echota in Cherokee language 1832
Georgia and Florida. 1823 Altamaha and Brunswick Railroad, 12
By amendment to the constitution, the miles long, commenced 1832
314
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA— GEOBGIA
Anti-tariff convention mfeets at Mil- George W. Crawford appointed Secre-
ledgeville Nov. 12, 1832 tary of War March 6, 1849
Imprisoned missionaries pardoned by Wallace, Iverson, and Lumpkin, of
Governor Lumpkin Jan. 14, 1833 Georgia, issue a manifesto to people of
John Forsyth appointed Secretary of the United States, declaring emancipation
State June 27, 1834 certain unless prevented by the slave
William Schley elected governor, recom- States, and calling upon the latter for
mends a State lunatic asylum at Mill- union and concert in self-defence 1849
edgeville and geological survey Gen. Narciso Lopez, having fled from
November, 1835 Cuba to New York under charges of con-
Treaty at New Echota between United spiracy, organizes an expedition against
States and Cherokee nation fixes May 24, Cuba, lands at Savannah, is arrested, but
1838, for Georgia to take possession of discharged amid the cheers of the people
territory ceded by Cherokees. .Dec. 29, 1835 and allowed to proceed May 27, 1850
Battle of Chickasawhachee in Baker State convention of delegates called by
county between Creek Indians on their the executive at Milledgeville adopts the
way to join the Seminoles, and Georgia *• platform of 1850." " Resolved, that the
militia July 3, 1836 State of Georgia, even to the disruption of
Wesleyan Female College, the oldest for every tie that binds her to the Union,
women in the United States, chartered will resist any act of Congress abolishing
1837 slavery" Dec. 10, 1850
United States branch mint opened at Extension of slavery into California and
Dahlonega, Lumpkin county 1837 New Mexico being advocated by the South-
Southern convention, 180 delegates from ern extremists, the Union party nomi-
five States, at Augusta for establish- nate and elect Howell Cobb governor
ing direct trade with Europe October, 1851
April 2, 1838 By joint resolution the governor is re-
Cherokee Indians, 1,560 in number, es- quested to withdraw the block of marble
corted out of Georgia to Ross Landing, bearing the inscription, "The Constitu-
Tenn., by Georgia militia. .June 3, 1838 tion as it is, the Union as it was," con-
Bonds for $1,579,875 issued by State for tributed to the Washington monument,
the Western and Atlantic Railroad. .1839 and substitute one bearing the State arms
Georgia Historical Society incorporated Dec. 31, 1851
1839 Formation of the " Know-nothing " or
First settlement on site of Atlanta . . 1839 American party in Georgia 1852
Governor McDonald advocates the Mis- Southern convention meets in Savannah
souri Compromise 1839 Dec. 12, 1856
Great flood in Georgia, the Savannah Appropriation of $200,000 made by Con-
River the highest in a century; boats pass gress for purchase of site for a naval
through the streets of Augusta depot at Brunswick on Blythe Island
May 28, 1840 Jan. 28, 1857
Law reducing State tax 20 per cent. 1841 Howell Cobb appointed Secretary of the
After much opposition bill passes, add- Treasury March 6, 1857
ing 25 per cent, to State tax of previous Governor Brown vetoes bill suspending
year 1842 forfeiture proceedings against banks for
Suspension from office of Bishop An- one year; the banks in Augusta and else-
drews of Methodist Episcopal Church, for where resume specie payment
marrying a slave-holder, results in the May 1, 1858
formation of the Methodist Episcopal Georgia schooner-yacht Wanderer seized
Church, South, organized at Louisville, in New York on suspicion of being a slave-
Ky May 1, 1845 trader, but released June 16, 1858
Settlement previously known as Governor Brown seizes forts Pulaski
Marthasvillc and Terminus is named At- and Jackson sixteen days before Georgia
lanta 1847 secedes Jan. 3, 1861
Macon and Atlanta telegraph line in Ordinance of secession passed (yeas,
operation 1849 208; nays, 89)... Jan. 19, 1861
315
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— GEOBGIA
[Alexander H. Stephens and Herschel Johnston succeeded by Hood in de-
V. Johnson vote nay.] fence of Atlanta July 17, 1864
Members of Congress from Georgia First battle (Peach-tree Creek) near
withdraw Jan. 23, 1861 Atlanta July 20, 1864
Iverson withdraws from the Senate Second battle (Decatur) near Atlanta
Jan. 28, 1861 July 22, 1864
Mint at Dahlonega seized by Confeder- Third battle near Atlanta
ate authorities of Georgia .. Feb. 28, 1861 July 28, 1864
Georgia adopts Confederate constitu- Battle of Jonesboro Aug. 31, 1864
tion March 16, 1861 Hood evacuates Atlanta after burning
Georgia adopts a State constitution all machinery, supplies, and munitions of
March 23, 1861 war not portable Sept 1, 1864
Governor Brown by proclamation for- President Jefferson Davis, on a tour
bids the people of Georgia to pay North- of inspection, delivers an address on the
em creditors April 26, 1861 crisis, at Macon Sept. 23, 1864
Admiral Dupont, U. S. N., takes Tybee Battle of Allatoona Pass. . .Oct. 6, 1864
Island November, 1861 Sherman begins his march to the sea
Draft of troops made in Savannah, at with two corps of the Army of the Ten-
call of President Davis for 1,200 volun- nessee under Howard, and two corps of
teers from Georgia March 4, 1862 the Army of the Cumberland under Slo-
Port Pulaski bombarded by Federals cum Nov. 14, 1864
and taken April 10, 1862 [City of Atlanta burned at the same
Conscript act, annulling previous con- time.]
tracts by volunteers and making all men Governor Brown and Greorgia legislate
over eighteen years and under thirty-five ure, in session at Milledgeville, leave hur- .
soldiers for the war, sustained by Supreme riedly foV Augusta Nov. 18, 1864
Court of Georgia Nov, 11, 1862 Fort McAllister captured by the Feder-
First general council of the Protestant als under Hazen .Dec. 13, 1864
Episcopal Church of the Confederate Confederates evacuate Savannah
States assembles at Augusta Dec. 20, 1864
Nov. 19, 1862 Legislature assembles at Macon
Federals under Colonel Montgomery Feb. 11, 1865
capture and burn Darien..June 11, 1863 James Johnson appointed provisional
Confederate war- vessel Atlanta leaves governor by President Johnson
Savannah to attack the blockading fleet; June 17, 1865
meets Federal monitor Weehattken, and Convention of State delegates at Mil-
in fifteen minutes is disabled and capt- ledgeville repeal ordinance of secession
ured June 17, 1863 Oct. 30, 1865
Battle of Chickamauga. Sept. 19-20, 1863 War debt declared void by convention^
Battle of Ringgold Nov. 27, 1863 and revised constitution adopted
First detachment of Federal prisoners Nov. 7, 1865
received at Andersonville prison Legislature assembled at Milledgeville
Feb. 15, 1864 adopts amendment to federal Constitu-
Battle of Tunnel Hill. .Feb. 22-25, 1864 tion abolishing slaveiy Dec. 5, 1865
Resolutions passed by legislature recom- Charles J. Jenkins inaugurated governor
mending the tender of peace to the Unit- of Georgia Dec. 14, 1865
ed States after every victory. March, 1864 Legislature appropriates $200,000 ta
Confederates under General Johnston buy corn for indigent poor of the State,
evacuate Resaea and cross the Oostenaula, and distributes it to 45,000 people
speedily followed by Federals under Gen- March 12, 1865
eral Sherman May 15, 1864 Legislature passes over the governor's
Sherman attacks Johnston at bluffs of veto a stay-law forbidding levy or sale
Kenesaw Mountain and is repulsed under execution upon any contract or lia-
June 27, 1864 bility made or incurred prior to Jan. 1,
Johnston evacuates Marietta 1865, or any subsequent renewal, except
July 1, 1864 for one-third of the principal and interest
316
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA— GEOBGIA
after Jan. 1, 1868, and one- third after Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments
each subeequent year 1806 ratified in legislature February, 1870
New constitution set aside by Congress Georgia readmitted to the Union
March, 1867 July 16, 1870
Maj.-Oen. John Pope assumes command System of public instruction established
of 3d Military District April 1, 1867 by law Oct 13, 1870
Use of " chain gang " as a legal mode Governor Bullock, accused of fraudulent
of punishment except in penitentiary dis- negotiation of bonds endorsed by the State,
continued May 1, 1867 resigns and leaves the State; Benjamin
Republican State mass convention held Ck>nley, president of the Senate, succeeds
at Atlanta adopts the name " Union Re- Oct. 30, 1871
publican party of Georgia," and pledges James M. Smith elected governor by
iiearty support of reconstruction meas- special election Dec. 10, 1871
ures July 4, 1867 Macon and Brunswick Railroad seized
Convention of native white citizens by the State for non-payment of interest
of Georgia, at Macon, under name of July 2', 1873
■" Conservative party of Georgia *' Amendment to bonding law prohibits
Dec. 5, 1867 payment of $8,000,000 bonds endorsed by
Constitutional convention, called by or- Governor Bullock and pronounced fraudu-
^er of General Pope, meets at Atlanta lent. (Being ambiguously worded, it failed
Dec. 9, 1867 of its purpose.) Passed .. February, 1874
Convention makes Atlanta the capital Commissioner of agriculture authorized
Jan. 8, 1868 by law February, 1874
Governor Jenkins, refusing warrant for State board of health organized
•expenses of constitutional convention, is June 9, 1875
removed by General Meade, military gov- New constitution adopted. July 26, 1877
ernor; Ma j. -Gen. Thomas H. Ruger made Confederate monument unveiled at Au-
provisional governor Jan. 13, 1868 gusta Oct. 31, 1878
State central committee of conservative Legislature votes bounties to soldiers
party meets at Macon and adopts the title who had lost limbs in the Confederate
■"The central executive committee of tha service; appoints a commission to regu-
national Democratic party of Georgia ** late railroad charges, and adopts a State
Feb. 13, 1868 flag July-October, 1879
New constitution ratified Macon and Brunswick Railroad sold at
March 11, 1868 auction by the State for $1,125,000
Rufus B. Bullock, Republican, elected Jan. 13, 1880
^governor April 20, 1868 Nugget of gold weighing over a pound
" Farming out ** of penitentiary convicts found in Nacoochee Valley . spring of 1880
begun by General Ruger. .May 11, 1868 Revision of State code regulating time
Governor Bullock inaugurated, to serve for voting by the electoral college 1880
four years July 22, 1868 International cotton exposition held at
Convention of negroes held at Macon Atlanta Oct. 5-Dec. 31, 1881
Oct. 6, 1868 One hundred and fiftieth anniversary of
Right of negroes to hold office settled settlement of Savannah celebrated
by the Supreme Court June 22, 1869 Feb. 13, 1883
Act of Congress completes reconstruc- Governor Stephens dying, is succeeded
tion of Georgia Dec. 22, 1869 by James S. Boynton, president of the
Georgia Senate refuses to ratify the Senate March 5, 1883
Fifteenth Amendment 1869 Legislature prohibits Sunday excursion
Gen. A. H. Terry assigned to military trains 1883
command of District of Georgia General local option law passed by
Dec. 24, 1869 legislature 188*5
Legislature elected 1868 aRsemble in First election under local option law
Atlanta by Governor Bullock's procla- in Fulton county; majority of 225 for
mation, to perfect organization of State prohibition in vote of about 7,000
Jan. 10, 1870 Nov. 25, 1885
317
UNITED STATES 07 AMEBICA— HAWAn
Inter-State farmers' convention held at First State convention of People's par-
Atlanta August, 1887 iy at Atlanta nominates W. L. Peck for
Legislature increases Supreme Court governor and a full State ticket
from three judges to five 1887 July 20, 1892
Opening of the Technological School at L. Q. C. .Lamar, of United States
Atlanta, a branch of the State university Supreme Court, dies at Macon
October, 1888 Jan. 23, 1893
New capitol at Atlanta finished and Statue of Alexander H. Stephens un-
accepted by State; cost, $1,000,000 veiled at Crawfordsville May 24, 1893
March 20, 1890 Cyclone on the coast of Georgia and
National Military Park established at South Carolina, 1,000 lives lost
Chickamauga battle-field by Congress Aug. 28, 1893
Aug. 19, 1890 Yellow-fever epidemic at Brunswick
Direct- trade convention, delegates from Sept. 17, 1893
six cotton-producing States, organizes at Cof ton • spinners' Southern Association
Atlanta Sept. 10, 1890 meets at Augusta Dec- 13, 1893
William J. Northen, president of State The cotton States and international
Agricultural Society, nominated by Farm- exposition at Atlanta opened
ers' State Alliance in June, and by Dem- Sept. 18, 1895
ocrfttic State Convention in August, is Ex-Speaker C. F. Crisp dies at Atlanta
elected governor Oct. 1, 1890 Oct. 23, 189G
Ex • Governor Gordon elected United Tornado at Arlington, eight killed
States Senator Nov. 19, 1890 March 22, 1897
Ex-Gov. James Milton Smith dies at Co- Roman Catholic cathedral at Savannah
lumbus Nov. 25, 1890 burned Feb. 6, 1898
Monument to Henry W. Grady unveiled President and cabinet attend peace
at Atlanta Oct. 21, 1891 jubilee at Atlanta Dec. 13-19, 1898
Southern States exposition opens at Au- Ex-Gov. W. Y. Atkinson dies at New-
gusta Nov. 2, 1891 nan Aug. 8, 1899
Charles F. Crisp elected speaker Unit- Railroad wreck near McDonough;
ed States Congress Dec. 8, 1891 thirty-five lives lost June 24, 1900
HAWAn
Hawaii, a Territory of the United throned January, 1893, when a provisional
States, is a group of islands in the North government was formed, in the interest of
Pacific Ocean, discovered December, 1778, those advocating annexation to the Unit-
by Captain Cook, who, on Feb. 14, 1779, ed States. There are 56 miles of rail-
was killed here by the natives. These way in the islands, and 250 miles of tele-
islands, called Hawaiian, or Sandwich, Isl- graph, and Honolulu is lighted by elec-
ands, were united into a kingdom under tricity. Area of the islands, 0.740 square
Kam(>haniPha I. KamC^ham^ha II. and his miles — viz., Hawaii, 4.210; Maui, 760;
Queen died in England in 1823. Under Oahu, 600; Kauai, 590; Molokai, 270:
Kam<ihamC*ha III. the kingdom was recog- Lauai, 150; Niihau, 97; Kahoolawe, 63.
nized by England, France, the United Population, 1884, 80,578: 1890, 89,990:
States, and other governments. A con- 1900, 154,001. Honolulu, on the isl-
stitution was granted in 1840; revised in land of Oahu, the capital; population,
1852. On the death of the King in 1854, 20,487. At the discovery by Captain
he was succeeded by Kam^ham^ha IV., Cook, 1778, the population was probably
his nephew; died 1863; succeeded by 200,000.
Kam<>ham$ha V. ; died Dec, 11, 1872; sue- John L. Stevens, United States min-
ceeded by Prince Lunalilo, crowned Jan. ister at Hawaii, writes to his govern-
8, 1873; died 1874; succeeded by King ment in favor of annexation
Kalakaua; he by Queen Liliuokalani, his Nov. 19, 1892
eldest sister, Jan. 20,1891, who was de- Detachment of marines (160 men), with
318
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— IDAHO
two pieces of artillery, from the United Commissioner Blount arrives at Wash-
States ship Boston, lands at Honolulu ington Aug. 22, 189.^
Jan. 16, 1893 Albert S. Willis, of Kentucky, appointed
Queen Liliuokalani dethroned minister Sept. 8, 1893
Jan. 16, 1893 Minister Willis presents his credentials
[A provisional government established to President Dole, of the provisional gov-
and commissioners sent to the United ernment Nov. 7, 1893
States to ask for annexation.] Senator Hoar, of Massachusetts, offers
Hawaiian commissioners arrive at a resolution requesting the President to
Washington Feb. 3, 1893 transmit to Congress all correspondence
John L. Stevens, United States minister and other papers relating to Hawaii;
at Hawaii, assumes a protectorate pend- adopted Dec. 6, 1893
ing instructions from Washington President's message regarding Hawaiian
Feb. 9, 1893 affairs sent to the Senate.. Dec. 18, 1893
President Harrison, by message to the Republic proclaimed and a constitution
Senate, recommends annexation of the adopted July 4, 1894
islands under a treaty concluded between [Sanford B. Dole, elected president for
Secretary Foster and the Hawaiian com- the* term 1894-1900.]
missioners Feb. 15, 1893 Ex-Queen Liliuokalani renounces her
An envoy of Queen Liliuokalani arrives right to the throne of Hawaii
at Washington Feb. 17, 1893 June 30, 1895
Princess Kaiulani reaches New York Treaty between the United States and
from England March 1, 1893 Hawaii providing for annexation
President Cleveland withdraws the June 16, 1897
Hawaiian treaty March 9, 1893 [Ratified by Hawaii, Sept. 14, 1897.]
Ex-Queen Liliuokalani sends circulars President Dole, of Hawaii, arrives in
to the different powers explaining her Washington as the guest of the United
course, and protesting against the at- States Jan. 26, 1898
tempts to deprive her of her throne, etc. Joint resolution for annexation of
March 9, 1893 Hawaii passed June 17, 189a
Ex-Representative James H. Blount, of President ^McKinley approves the joint
Georgia, sent on a special mission to resolution annexing the Hawaiian Islands
Hawaii from the United States govern- July 7, 1898
nient March 20, 1893 Transfer of sovereignty. .Aug. 12, 189*
Commissioner Blount orders the United Prince Kaiulani dies at Honolulu
States flag lowered at Hawaii March 6, 1891>
April 13, 1893 Act providing a government for the Ter-
Commissioner Blount appointed envoy ritory of Hawaii, to take effect June 14,
extraordinary and minister plenipoten- 1900, approved April 30, 1900
tiary to the Hawaiian islands Grovernor Dole inaugurated
May 9, 1893 June 14, 1900
Lorin A. Thurston, Hawaiian minister Wilcox elected Territorial representa-
to the United States, presented to Presi- tive in the United States House of Repre-
dent Cleveland June 9, 1893 sentatives November. 190O
IDAHO
Idaho (Indian, Edah hoe), one of the and Washington on the west. Area,
States of the northwestern division of the 84,800 square miles, in eighteen counties;
Union. Its name signifies "light on the population, 1890, 84,385; 1000, 161,772;
mountains." It lies between lat. 42* and capital. BoisC* City.
49*' N., and long. Ill* and 117* W. The First white men in Idaho, Lewis and
Dominion of Canada bounds it on the Clarke's exploring expedition 1805-(5
north, Montana and Wyoming on the east, First settlement at Fort Hall, by N. J.
Utah and Nevada on the south, and Oregon Wyeth 1 834
319
UNITED 8TATB8 07 AMERICA— ILLIH0I8
Canir d'AIene mission established. .1842 Lieutenant-Governor Willey succeeds
Gold discovered on the Oro Fino Creek, Governor Shoup, resigned. . .Dec. 20, 1890
followed by a large immigration. 1858-60 Election of Dubois being deemed illegal,
Idaho created a Territory. March 3, 1863 William H. Claggett is chosen Shoup's
General school law passed. .Jan. 12, 1877 successor Feb. 11, 1891
Test-oaths abjuring polygamy and plu- Law allowing verdict by three-fourths
ral and celestial marriages required of of a jury in a civil action, and an Aus-
all county and precinct officers. .1884-85 tralian ballot law enacted at session end-
New capitol completed at Bois^ City ing March 14, 1891
1887 United States Senate seats Dubois (vote
legislature unseats three members as 55 to 5) March 3, 1892
ineligible under the anti-Mormon test- Lockout involving 3,000 striking miners
onths 1888 begins in the Cceur d'Alene mining dis-
University at Moscow authorized by trict in Shoshone county, April 1. An
the legislature January, 1889 attack on men employed in the Grem mines.
Convention frames a State constitution made by union men, results in the killing
July 4-Aug. 6, 1889 of several miners July 11, 1892
Constitution ratified and State officers Martial law put in force in Shoshone
elected Nov. 5, 1889 county July 14, 1892
Supreme Court sustains the Idaho anti- Proclamation of President Harrison
Mormon test-oath law for voters commanding all persons in insurrection in
Feb. 3, 1890 Idaho to disperse July 16, 1892
Admitted as the forty-third State by Two thousand United States troops, by
proclamation of President Harrison order of President Harrison, occupy Ward-
July 3, 1890 ner, July 14; suppress disturbance; with-
Governor Shoup takes the oath of office, draw July 23, 1892
Nov. 3, and convenes the legislature at Trial of insurrectionary miners at Coeur
Bois6 City Dec. 8, 1890 d'Alene city for conspiracy; four con-
IjCgislature elects United States Sena- victed, ten acquitted Sept. 29, 1892
tors; Governor Shoup for term ending Riot at Conir d'Alene April 29, 1899
March 4, 1891 (also F. T. Dubois to sue- Snake River irrigation enterprise affect-
ceed him), and W. J. McConnell ing 250,000 acres of land, at a cost of
Dec. 18, 1890 $1,500,000 begun 1900
ILLINOIS
niinoiSy one of the northern central Marquette, purposing to establish a mis-
states of the United States, its western sion among the Illinois Indians, makes a
boundary the Mississippi River, which portage from the Chicago to the Des-
separates it from Iowa and Missouri; plaines, descends the Illinois River nearly
Wisconsin bounds it on the north. Lake to Utica, where he meets a large con-
Michigan touching the northeastern cor- course of chiefs and warriors
ner; Indiana on the east, and Kentucky April 8, 1675
on the south. It is limited in lat. by Father Claude Allouez, successor to Mar-
36° 59' to 42° 30' N., and in long, by 87° 35' quette, who died May 18, 1675, enters the
to 91° 40' W. Area, 56,650 square miles, Chicago River on his way to the Indian
in 102 counties. Population, 1890, 3,826,- mission April, 1676
351; 1900, 4,821,550. Capital, Spring- Robert Cavalier Sieur de la Salle, with
field. Henry Tonti, Father Hennepin, and a
Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette party of thirty-three, descending the Kan-
desccnd the Mississippi River from the kakee and Illinois rivers, pass through
mouth of the Wisconsin to the Arkansas. Peoria Lake, Jan. 3, 1680, and erect Fort
Returning, they ascend the Illinois, mak- CreveccBur on the east shore of the outlet
ing their way to Lake Michigan via the 1680
Desplaines and Chicago rivers 1673 Father Hennepin descends the Illinois
320
UNITED STATES OF AHEBICA— ILLINOIS
from the fort to explore the upper Mis- ent county of Randolph made by Colonel
eissippi Feb. 28, 1680 Wilkins to John Baynton, Samuel Whar-
La Salle, returning from Montreal with ton, and George Morgan, merchants of
supplies for Fort Crevecoeur, finds the Philadelphia April 12, 1769
town of the Illinois Indians burned by the A freshet destroying a part of Fort
Iroquois, the fort destroyed, and the gar- Chartres, it is abandoned by the British
rison dispersed 1680 garrison, who occupy Fort Gage, opposite
La Salle and Tonti, seeking the mouth Kaskaskia, and fix the government there
of the Mississippi, descend .the Illinois, 1772
arriving at its mouth Feb. 6, 1682 Deed to the Illinois Land Company from
They build Fort St. Louis on Starved the chiefs of Indian tribes in Illinois for
Hock on the Illinois, near the site of Utica two immense tracts of land in southern
November, 1682 Illinois, bought July 6, recorded at Kas-
La Salle returns to France, 1683 ; sails kaskia Sept 2, 1773
for the mouth of the Mississippi in American expedition under Greorge
August, 1684. Tonti, with twenty-five Rogers Clarke conquers Illinois without
Frenchmen and five Indians, intending to bloodshed, occupying Kaskaskia
meet him at the mouth of the Missis- July 4, 1778
sippi, leaves Fort St. Louis Territory conquered by Colonel Clarke
Feb. 13, 1686 is made by the legislature of Virginia into
Fort Chicago, probably built by M. de Illinois county October, 1778
la Durantaye in 1685, appears on a map Col. John Todd proclaims from Kaskas-
of Lake Michigan dated 1688 kia a temporary government for Illinois
Mission established at the great town June 15, 1770
of the Illinois is removed down the river Illinois included in the Virginia act of
to the present site of Kaskaskia before cession to the United States, Dec. 20, 1783,
1690 the deed of which is executed
Philip Renault, with 200 mechanics and March 1, 1784
laborers, and 600 negro slaves for work- Illinois included in Northwest Territory,
ing supposed mines in Illinois, founds St. organized by act of Congress
Philipps, a village a few miles above Kas- July 13, 1787
kaskia 1719 Maj.-Gen. Arthur St. Clair, elected by
Pierre Duque Boisbriant, sent by the Congress governor of the Northwest Terri-
Western Company, builds Fort Chartres on tory, arrives at Kaskaskia February, 1790
the east side of the Mississippi, 22 miles By act of Congress 400 acres are granted
from Kaskaskia 1720 to every head of family who had improved
Jesuits establish a monastery and col- farms in Illinois prior to 1788 1791
lege at Kaskaskia 1721 By the treaty of Greenville, sixteen
Kaskaskia becomes an incorporated town tracts 6 miles square in Illinois are ceded
1725 by the Indians; one at the mouth of the
Renault sells his slaves to the French Chicago River, "where a fort formerly
colonists in Illinois 1744 stood " Aug. 3, 1795
Fort Massac, or Massacre, on the Ohio, Site of Peoria fixed by the abandonment
about 40 miles from its mouth, established of a settlement called La Ville de Maillet,
by the French about 1711, is enlarged and located farther up the lake in 1788. . . 1796
garrisoned 1756 Jean Baptiste Point de Saible, a negro
British flag raised over Fort Chartres who settled at Chicago about 1779, sells
Oct. 10, 1765 his cabin to a French trader named Le
Colonel Wilkins, sent to Fort Chartres Mai and moves to Peoria 1796
to govern the Illinois country, assumes Illinois part of Indian Territory, cre-
by proclamation the civil administration, ated by act May 7, 1800
'appointing seven magistrates or judges Memorial to Congress by a committee
Nov. 21, 1768 called to Vincennes by Grovernor Harrison,
First court held in Illinois opens at requesting the repeal of the sixth article
Fort Chartres Dec. 6, 1768 of the organic act prohibiting slavery
Land grant of 30,000 acres in the pres- Dec. 20, 1802
IX. — X 321
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA— ILLINOIS
By treaty of Fort Wayne, June 7, rati- LawB of the Territory revised by Na-
iled at Vincennes, Aug. 7, 1803, the Ind- thaniel Pope, and printed by Matthew
ians cede to the United States 1,634,000 Duncan under date June 2. 1813
acres of land, 336,128 in Illinois; and by Bank of Illinois incorporated at Shaw-
treaty of Vincennes, Aug. 13, the Kaskas- neetown 1816
kias cede most of southern Illinois. . . 1803 Fort Dearborn rebuilt 1816
Fort Dearborn built on the south side Charter for Cairo city granted by the
of Chicago River by the federal government legislature 1817-18
and garrisoned. The corner of Michigan Enabling act for the State of Illinois
Avenue and River Street, Chicago, marks approved April 18, 1818
the site 1803 Northern boundary of Illinois extended
Congress establishes land ofSces at Kas- 50 miles to lat. 42^ 30^ 1818
kaskia, Vincennes, and Detroit Convention at Kaskaskia to frame a con-
March 15, 1804 stitution adopts an ordinance accepting
John Kinzie, of the American Fur Com- the enabling act Aug. 26, 1818
pany, buys Le Mai's trading-house; is the First general assembly under the con-
first permanent settler at Chicago 1804 stitution meets at Kaskaskia
By the treaty of St. Louis, Nov. 3, 1804, Oct. 6, 1818
the united Sac and Fox Indians cede to Illinois admitted into the Union, ap-
the United States land on both sides of proved Dec. 3, 1818
the Mississippi River, extending on the State bank of Illinois incorporated with
east from the mouth of the Illinois to its four branches March 22, 1819
head and thence to the Wisconsin Legislature re-enacts the " black laws "*
Nov. 3, 1804 respecting free negroes, mulattoes, ser-
Piankeshaw Indians cede to the United vants, and slaves March 30, 1819
States 2,616,921 acres west of the Wabash, Ferdinand Ernst, from Hanover, locates
opposite Vincennes Dec. 30, 1805 a colony of twenty-five or thirty families
Territory of Illinois created with Kas- at Vandalia 1819
kaskia as the seat of government John Kelly and family the first white
Feb. 3, 1809 settlers at Springfield 1819
Ninian Edwards commissioned governor Seat of government removed to Vandalia
by Madison April 24, 1809 1820
Mail route established by law from Vin- State-house at Vandalia destroyed by
cennes to St. Louis, via Kaskaskia, Prairie fire Dec. 9, 1823
du Rocher, and Cahokia 1810 General election, proposed convention to
Illinois raised to second grade of terri- amend the constitution permitting sla-
torial government May 21, 1812 very defeated by 4,972 to 6,640
Ouing to Indian murders and outrages August, 1824
a cordon of forts and block-houses is erect- Illinois and Michigan Canal Association
ed in Illinois; the most noted is Fort incorporated Jan. 19, 1825
Russel, near Edwardsville 1812 Reception given General Lafayette at
Garrison of Fort Dearborn, by order of Kaskaskia April 30, 1825
General Hull, Aug. 7, 1812, though re- Congress grants 224,322 acres to the
inforced by Captain Wells and fifteen State of Illinois to aid the Illinois and
friendly Miamis, evacuate the fort Aug. Michigan Canal March 2, 1827
15. They are attacked and massacred by Father of Abraham Lincoln removes
Indians; thirty-nine killed, twenty-seven from Indiana with his family to Macon
taken prisoners, and the fort burned county, III 1830
Aug. 15-16, 1812 Towns of Chicago and Ottawa surveyed
Captain Craig, of Shawneetown, under and laid out by a board of canal commis-
instructions from Gen. Samuel Hopkins, sioners, and maps prepared by James
burns Peoria and removes the captured Thompson bearing date Aug. 4. 1830
French inhabitants suspected of complicity United States troops under General
with the Indians to Alton. .October, 1812 Gaines, having burned the old Sac village
Legislature convenes at Kaskaskia on the Mississippi deserted by Black
Nov. 25, 1812 Hawk and his warriors, encamp at Rock
322
UNITED 8TATE8 07 AMERICA— ILLINOIB
Island, where Black Hawk, summoned to a and hj ordering out the Nauvoo Legion to
council, signs an agreement not to recross resist a poaae comitaius, assassinated in
the Mississippi to the Illinois side with- jail at Carthage by conspirators
out permission from the governor or the June 27, 1844
President of the United States Two thousand Mormons, the van of the
June 30, 1831 general exodus, cross the Mississippi on
Black Hawk, with 160 warriors, unsuc- the ice Feb. 15, 1846
cessfuUy attacks Apple River Fort, 12 Abraham Lincoln elected to Congress
miles from Galena June 6, 1832 1846
Battle of Kellog's Grove, 50 miles from Convention meets at Springfield, June
Dixon; Colonel Demont attadced by 7, 1847, and completes a constitution,
Indians under Black Hawk Aug. 31, which is adopted by the people,
June 26, 1832 59,887 to 15,859, and tokes effect
Chicago incorporated as a town April 1, 1848
August, 1833 Illinois and Michigan Canal, begun in
New State bank with six branches incor- 1836, opened April 16, 1848
porated 1834 Bloody Island dike built at East St.
Abraham Lincoln elected to the State Louis 1848
legislature 1834 Jefferson Davis challenges Col. W. H.
[Also 1836, 1838, 1840.] Bissell, afterwards governor, to a duel; he
First number of the Alton Observer, an accepts the challenge, but the matter is
anti-slavery newspaper, published by Rev. amicably settled February, 1850
Elijah P. Love joy Sept. 8, 1836 Geological survey authorized by act of
Abraham Lincoln admitted to practise Feb. 17, 1851
law 1836 Law providing that any negro or mu-
Act to establish and maintain a general lutto, bond or free, who comes into the
system of internal improvement appro- State and remains ten days may be fined
priates $10,230,000 Feb. 27, 1837 $50 or sold into slavery until the fine is
Chicago chartered as a city worked out Feb. 12, 1853
March 4, 1837 Act passed incorporating the State
Corner-stone of State capitol at Spring- Agricultural Society 1853
field laid July 4, 1837 Illinois Wesleyan University, at Bloom-
Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, publisher of the ington, chartered and opened 1853
Alton Ohaervevy shot dead by a mob at Hon. N. W. Edwards appointed State
his office Nov. 7, 1837 superintendent of common schools
First rail on Northern Cross Railroad March 15, 1854
laid at Meredosia, May 9, and first locomo- Attempt of Senator Stephen A. Douglas
tive in Mississippi Valley put on the track to address the people of Chicago from an
Nov. 8, 1837 open balcony in defence of the Kansas-
TiCgislature first meets at Sprinjrfield, Nebraska bill is met with hisses, groans,
the new capital: Assembly in the Second and continued noise for four hours, when
Presbyterian Church, Senate in First Douj^las retires Sept. 1, 1854
Methodist, and the Superior Court in the Law for a system of free schools in the
Episcopal Dec. 9, 1839 State Feb. 15, 1855
Mormons locate on the east bank of the Trial of some thirty German saloon-
Mississippi, in Hancock county, and found keepers in Chicago for violating the pro-
Nauvoo 1840 hibitory liquor law just passed leads to a
Laws passed, " to diminish the State riot, April 21 ; city placed under martial
debt and put the State bank into liquida- law April 22, 1855
tion." Jan. 24, 1843, and " to reduce the Northwestern University, at Evanston,
public debt $1,000,000 and put the Bank chartered in 1851, is opened 1855
of Illinois into liquidation" 1843 Illinois State University at Normal
Mormon leaders Joe and Hyrum Smith, opened 1857
the former mayor of Nauvoo, imprisoned Many prisoners from the old peniten-
for treason in levying war against the tiary at Alton removed to the new peni-
State by declaring martial law in Nauvoo. tentiary at Joliet May 22, 1858
323
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— ILLINOIS
Debate between Lincoln and Douglas circuit court against Matteson for $255,-
throughout the State on slavery 500, the State secures $238,000 at a mas-
Summer and autumn, 1858 ter's sale of the ex-governor's property
Governor Bissell dies; Lieut.-Gov. John April 27, 1864
Wood succeeds March 18, 1860 Democratic National Convention meets
Abraham Lincoln nominated for Presi- at Chicago Aug. 29, 1864
dent by the Republican National Con- Plot to liberate Confederate prisoners
vention at Chicago May 16, 1860 at Camp Douglas, Chicago, is exposed,
Abraham Lincoln inaugurated Presi- and leaders, arrested November, 1864, are
dent March 4, 1861 tried by court-martial and convicted at
General Swift, with six companies and Cincinnati January, 1865
four cannon, leaves Chicago to occupy Legislature ratifies the Thirteenth
Cairo, under telegraphic order from the Amendment to the Constitution and re-
Secretary of War to Governor Yates, of peals the " black laws " 1865
April 19 April 21, 1861 Burial of President Lincoln at Spring-
Twenty-one thousand stands of arms field May 4, 1865
seized at the St. Louis arsenal by forces Sanitary commission fair at Chicago.
under Captain Stokes, and removed to $250,000 raised May, 1865
Alton by boat, thence to Springfield by First post of the Grand Army of the
rail April 26, 1861 Republic mustered in at Decatur
U. S. Grant tenders his services to Gov- April 6, 1866
ernor Yates, and is assigned to command Orville H. Browning appointed Secre-
of camps Yates, Grant, and Douglas tary of the Interior Sept. 1, 1866
April, 1861 Tunnel under Lake Michigan to supply
Stephen A. Douglas dies at Chicago, Chicago with water completed; length 2
aged forty-eight June 3, 1861 miles December, 1866
A convention chosen to form a new con- Law passed abolishing capital punish-
stitution meets Jan. 7, 1862 ; aasumes ment 1867
legislative powers, ratifies the Thirteenth Horace Capron, United States Commis-
Amendmcnt to the Constitution, votes sioner of Agriculture Dec. 4, 1867
$500,000 of State money for the relief of University of Illinois at Urbana, char-
sick and wounded Illinois soldiers, and tered 1867, opened March, 1868
frames a constitution which was rejected U. S. Grant nominated for President by
by the people June, 1862 the Republican National Convention at
Arsenal established by act of Congress Chicago May 20, 1868
on Rock Island, where Fort Armstrong Comer-stone of the new capitol at
was erected in 1816 1863 Springfield laid Oct. 5, 1868
Chicago Times suppressed for one day First river-tunnel in this country com-
by order from General Burnside, No. 84, pleted under the Chicago River; 810 feet
dated June 1, and revoked. .June 4, 1863 long December, 1868
Democratic mass convention, 40,000 dele- U. S. Grant inaugurated President
gates, held at Springfield .. June 17, 1863 March 4, 1869
Political disturbance at Charleston, Legislature ratifies the Fifteenth
Coles county, between citizens attendant Amendment to the Constitution; vote,
upon the circuit court and veterans of the in Senate 17 to 7; in House, 52 to 27
54th Illinois Regiment; seven lives are lost March 5, 1860
March 22, 1864 Elihu B. Washburne appointed Secre-
Discovery of fraudulent reissue of tary of the Treasury March 6, 1869
$224,182.66 of ninety days' redeemed canal John A. Rawlins appointed Secretary of
scrip dating back some thirty years, by War March 11, 1869
the use of checks signed in blank at that Appropriation made by legislature for
time. Suspicion points to ex - Governor the Northern Illinois Hospital for the In-
Matteson, who ofTers to indemnify the sane at Elgin 1869
State against loss, Feb. 9, 1859. Other Constitution framed by a convention at
evidences of fraud in oflice coming to light, Springfield, May, 1870, ratified by the
under a decree rendered in the Sangamon people; 134,227 to 35,443 July 2, 1870
324
UNITED STATES OF AHEBICA— ILLINOIS
Remains of President Lincoln trans- Chicago voice and hearing school for
f erred from the temporary tomb to the the deaf opened at Englewood 1883
crypt of the monument at Oak Ridge Haymarket massacre by anarchists
Cemetery May, 1871 May 4, 1886
Deepening of the Illinois and Michigan Gen. John A. Logan, United States
canal to create a current from Lake Mich- Senator, dies at Washington
igan to the Illinois River, begun in 1865, Dec. 26, 1886
is completed July 18, 1871 Chicago University endowed with
Illinois and Michigan Canal turned over $1,600,000 by J. D. Rockefeller, and a gift
to the State August, 1871^ of land by Marshall Field 1890
Chicago fire, which burns over 2,124* Chicago secures the World's Fair, the
acres and destroys 17,500 buildings, begins vote on the site in the House of Repre-
Oct. 8-9, 1871 sentatives being: Chicago, 157; New York,
New building for the United States ma- 107; St. Louis, 26; Washington, 18
rine hospital, established at Chicago, May, Feb. 24, 1890
1852, completed 1872 Panic in the Chicago board of trade
Governor Oglesby, elected United States April 12, 1890
Senator ; Lieut. - Gov. John L. Beveridge Constitutional amendment, to permit
succeeds him March 4, 1873 the city of Chicago to issue 5-per-cent.
Northwestern farmers* /convention of bonds to $5,000,000 to aid the World's
150 delegates from Indiana, Iowa, Michi- Columbian Exposition, adopted by legis-
gan. New York, and Illinois meets at Chi- lature July 31, 1890
cago Oct. 2^, 1873 George R. Davis selected as director-
Monument to Abraham Lincoln at Oak general of the World's Columbian Ex-
Ridge, Springfield, dedicated . . Oct. 15, 1874 position Sept'. 19, 1890
National convention of the Grand Army Gen. John M. Palmer, Democrat, elect-
of the Republic held at Chicago ed United States Senator on the 154th
May 12, 1875 ballot March 11, 1891
Chicago day-schools for the deaf opened Laws reducing the legal rate of interest
1875 from 6 to 5 per cent., and making the first
Lake Forest University, at Lake Forest, Monday in September (Labor Day) and
opened 1876 Feb. 12 (Abraham Lincoln's Birthday)
Parade of 1,500 armed communists car- legal holidays, passed at session ending
rying the red flag in Chicago, winter of June 12, 1891
1876 Governor Fifer signs the ballot reform
State board of health organized. . ..1878 bill June 23, 1891
Militia law: entire male population to First reunion of survivors of the Black
be enrolled and 8,000 organized and Hawk War of 1832 held at Lena; seven-
armed; DO other military organizations to teen veterans present Aug. 28, 1891
parade or drill unless licensed Equestrian statue of General Grant un-
May28, 1879 veiled at Chicago Oct. 7, 1891
Board of fish commissioners created by World's Fair amendment to State con-
legislature 1879 stitution adopted by vote of 500,299 to
Bureau of labor statistics established 15,095 November, 1891
1879 Alien land law pronounced unconstitu-
Republican National Convention meets tional Dec. 23, 1891
at Chicago June 2, 1880 Train of twenty-eight cars containing
Greenback National Convention meets 12,000 bushels of shelled corn, the contri-
at Chicago June 2, 1880 bution of residents of McLean county to
Robert T. Lincoln, Secretary of War the Russian famine sufferers, is made up
March 5, 1881 at Bloomington March 10, 1892
Aurora the first city in the world to Eighty square miles of territory in-
light its streets with electricity 1881 undated by the breaking of a levee on the
Governor Cullom, elected United States Mississippi 1892
Senator, is succeeded by John M. Hamil- Democratic National Convention meets
ton Feb. 7, 1883 at Chicago June 21, 1892
325
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— ILLINOIS
University of Chicago opens, without President Cleveland declines to remove
formal ceremony, with 500 students troops, declaring " a conspiracy exists
Oct. 1, 1892 against the commerce between the States *'
World's Columbian Exposition, pre- July 5, 1894
liminary exercises at Chicago; orations Insurrection of railway strikers in Chi-
by Chauncey M. Depew and Henry Wat- cago, 2,000 cars and other railway prop-
terson Oct. 21, 1892 erty being burned, and six persons kill-
United States Supreme Court affirms ed, and Governor Altgeld orders two bri-
the judgment of the United States cir- gades of State militia to scene of trouble
cuit court adverse to the claims of the July 6, 1894
Illinois Central Railroad Company to the Conflict in Chicago between militia and
submerged lands Dec. 6, 1892 mob, one killed and forty-nine wound-
World's Columbian Exposition opened ed July 7, 1894
at Chicago May 1, 1893 Martial law in Chicago declared by
A financial panic in Chicago President Cleveland July 8, 1894
June 5, 1893 President E. V. Debs and other offi-
Governor Altgeld pardons the anarchists cers of American Railway Union arrest-
Fielden, Neebe, and Schwab, serving sen- ed for interfering with United States
tence in the penitentiary for complicity mail July 10, 1894
in the Haymarket riot July 26, 1893 Railway strike declared off by Presi-
The parliament of religions begins its dent Debs July 19, 1894
session at Chicago Sept. 11, 1893 Fire in Chicago, destroying property
Chicago Day at the World's Fair; 700,- to the value of $3,000,000 .. Aug. 1, 1894
000 persons attend Oct. 9, 1893 Work begins on Hennepin Canal
Carter H. Harrison, mayor of Chicago, Aug. 22, 1894
assassinated Oct. 28, 1893 State election carried by Republicans
World's Columbian Exposition closed Nov. 6, 1894
Oct. 30, 1893 S. M. Cullom re-elected United States
Prendergast, the murderer of the mayor Senator Jan. 22, 1895
of Chicago, hanged July 13, 1894 Lincoln monument at Springfield con-
World's Columbian Exposition build- veyed to State by Lincoln Monument As-
ings burn; loss, $1,000,000. .Jan. 8, 1894 sociation May 18, 1895
State fair located permanently at Dedication of monument to Confederate
Springfield Jan. 11, 1894 dead at Oakwood Cemetery, Chicago
Riots of striking coal-miners at many May 30, 1895
places suppressed by State troops, with Eugene V. Debs sentenced to six months
loss of life May and June, 1894 imprisonment for rioting. .June 2, 1895
Strike of Pullman Palace Car Com- Illinois Democrats, assembled in State
pany's employes at Pullman, near Chi- convention for purpose of considering
cago May 11, 1894 monetary question, addressed by ex-
Democratic State Convention, Spring- Congressman W. J. Bryan, of Nebraska,
field, nominates Franklin MacVeagh for and declare for free and . unlimited coin-
United States Senator June 26, 1894 age of silver at 16 to 1, thus starting
American Railway Union, on account free-silver movement June 5, 1895
of Pullman strike, declares boycott on Legislature appropriates $25,000 for
principal railways June 26, 1894 monument to Elijah P. Lovejoy at Alton
The United States court issued an in- June 17, 1895
junction to prevent interference with rail- Special session of legislature, passing
road trains by strikers July 2, 1894 law creating State board of arbitration
Federal troops ordered to Chicago to and other laws.... June 25-Aug. 2, 1895
execute process of United States courts Death of John Dean Caton, justice of
July 3, 1894 Illinois Supreme Court, 1842 to 1864
Governor Altgeld telegraphs President July 30, 1895
Cleveland protesting against presence of Riot at Spring Valley between Italian
Federal troops in Chicago, and demanding and negro miners, with fatal results
their removal July 5, 1894 Aug. 14, 1895
326
UNITED STATES OF AMEEICA— ILLINOIS
First earthquake on record in Chi- gro miners from Southern States to take
cago Oct. 31, 1895 the place of striking coal - miners causes
Death of Eugene Field, poet, lecturer, bloody fight at Virden; train bearing ne-
and journalist Nov. 4, 1895 groes riddled with bullets; eleven killed,
Republican State Convention at Spring- over thirty wounded, several fatally
field nominates John R. Tanner for gov- Oct. 12, 1898
ernor, and instructs national convention Qovemor proclaims martial law at
delegates for William McKinley for Pres- Pana on account of disorder growing out
ident April 29-30, 1896 of lockout of coal-miners Nov. 21, 1898
Illinois State Convention at Peoria re- Death of Joseph Medill, distinguished
nominates John P. Altgeld for governor, journalist March 16, 1899
and declares for free silver at 16 to 1 Fight between white and colored min-
June 23, 1896 erg at Pana; six killed, nine wounded;
Death of Lyman Trumbull, justice of the martial law again declared
Illinois Supreme Court, 1848-53; United April 10, 1899
States Senator, 1855-73. .June 26, 1896 Death of Richard J. Oglesby, United
National Democratic Convention at States Senator, 1873-79, thrice elected
Chicago nominates William J. Bryan, of governor, distinguished general in Civil
Nebraska, for President July 10, 1896 War April 24, 1899
Election carried by Republicans by Legislative act appropriating $100,000
overwhelming majority Nov. 3, 1896 to repair and rebuild Lincoln monument
John R. Tanner (Republican) inaugu- approved by governor April 24, 1899
rated governor of Illinois Jan. 11, 1897 Fight between white and colored min-
William E. Mason (Republican) elected ers at Carterville; six negroes killed
United States Senator Jan. 20, 1897 Sept. 17, 1899
Passage by legislature of "Allen bill," President McKinley lays corner-stone
relating to street-railway franchises, of new post-office building, Chicago
which became a political issue the follow- Oct. 9, 1899
ing year June 9, 1897 Water from Lake Michigan turned into
Strike of coal -miners, affecting all Chicago drainage canal Jan. 2, 1900
mines in Illinois and other States in bi- Methodist general conference convenes
tuminous coal region July 4, 1897 at Chicago May 2, 1900
Statue of John A. Logan unveiled at Richard Yates nominated for governor
Chicago July 22, 1897 by Republican State convention at Peoria,
Death of George M. Pullman, president on fortieth anniversary of nomination of
and founder of Pullman Palace Car Com- his father, Richard Yates, Sr., for same
pany Oct. 19, 1897 office May 9, 1900
Francis E. Willard, of the Women's Democratic State convention at Spring-
Christian Temperance Union, dies at New field nominates Samuel Alschuler for gov-
York City Feb. 17, 1898 ernor June 26, 1900
Break in levee surrounding Shawnee- Grand Army of the Republic meets at
town, on Ohio River, submerges entire Chicago Aug. 25, 1900
city, drowning twenty - four ; Governor Death of John A. McClemand, of
Tanner sends special train with tents and Springfield, distinguished Union general
supplies April 3, 1898 in Civil War Sept. 20, 1900
Body of Miss Frances E. Willard, emi- Death of John M. Palmer, of Spring-
nent social reformer and lecturer, ere- field, distinguished general in Civil War,
mated in Chicago April 9, 1898 governor. United States Senator, and can-
Wheat speculation engineered by Joseph didate of National Democratic party in
Leiter collapsed June 13, 1898 1896 for President Sept. 25, 1900
Death of John Moses, historian Election carried by Republicans
July 3, 1898 Nov. 6, 1900
Chicago daily papers suspend publi- Richard Yates inaugurated governor on
cation on account of a strike fortieth anniversary of inauguration of
July 25, 1898 his father, Richard Yates, Sr., in same
Attempt of coal company to land ne- office Jan. 14, 1901
327
UNITED STATES OF AKEBICA— INDIAN TE&BITOBY
8. M. Cullom elected United States rarj vault into reconstructed monument
Senator fourth time Jan. 22, 1901 at Springfield April 24, 1901
Removal of bodies of Abraham Lincoln John R. Tanner, former governor, dies
and members of his family from tempo- suddenly at Springfield. .. .May 23, 1901
INDIAN TEBBITOBY
•
Indian Territorjy a division of the States, which are incorporated into Okla-
United States definitely set apart for the homa.
Indians, June 30, 1834, lat. 33° 35' to The Cherokee strip opened for public
37** N., long. 94'* 20' to 103** W. Oklahoma settlement Sept. 16, 1893
and Kansas are on the north, Missouri Choctaws and Chickasaws agree to dis-
and Arkansas to the east, and Texas on tribute the common land to the individual
the south and west. Area, 31,400 square members of the tribes April 23. 1897
miles. Population, 1890, about 75,000; Creek or Muscogee Indians agree to
1900, 392,060. Its former area has been give each citizen member of the tribe
reduced by the loss of the ** Cherokee 160 acres of the common land
strip," added to Oklahoma. March 1, 1901
Cherokees get lands west of the Missis- Seminole Indians agree to divide their
sippi by treaty May 6, 1828 lands into three classes, valued at $5,
Grant (5,000,000 acres in the north $2.50 and $1.25 per acre respectively, and
and northwest) further confirmed by to allot an equal value in lands to each
treaty Feb. 4, 1833 member of the tribe April 23, 1897
Their final removal effected by treaty Banking. — In 1900 there were thirty-
Dec. 29, 1835 three national banks in operation, having
Choctaws receive lands (6,668,000 acres $1,400,630 in capital, $482,970 in outstand-
in the southwest) by treaty ing circulation, and $437,500 in United
Sept. 27, 1830 States bonds. There were also thirty-one
Their removal was gradual, mostly in State banks, with $473,833 capital, and
1838 $44,051 surplus; and three private banks.
Creeks are granted land in the Territory with $80,000 capital,
by treaty March 24, 1832 Churches and Education. — The strongest
Grant defined, 3.215,405 acres in the denominations in the Territory are the
eastern part by a further treaty Methodist Episcopal, South; regular Bap-
Feb. 14, 1833 tist. South; Disciples of Christ; Pres-
Their removal was gradual, mostly in byterian, North; Roman Catholic; Cum-
1838 bcrland Presbyterian; Church of God;
Seminoles are allotted lands here by and African Methodist. In 1899 there
treaty March 28, 1833 were 387 Evangelical Sunday-schools, with
It was not until after the Seminole War 2,942 officers and teachers, and 16,393
that they were removed to the Territory, scholars. There are no general school
the last leaving Florida 1858 statistics, but the Five Nations, the
[They have some 200,000 acres, cen- United States government, and religious
tral.] societies support over 400 schools. There
Chickasaws receive land in the Territory were in 1899 four public high and ten
by treaty May 24, 1834 private secondary schools, the Indian Uni-
[Removal effected gradually, mostly in versity at Bacone, and Henry Kendall
1838. They occupy about 4,377,000 acres College at Muscogee.
in the south.] Railroads. — The total length of rail-
Besides these five civilized tribes. Con- roads within the Territory, Jan. 1, 1901,
gress has from time to time located other was 1,501 miles, of which 158 miles
tribes and fragments of tribes in this were constructed during the previous
Territory. Large sections of the Territory year.
being occupied, the Creek, Seminole, and Post-offices and Periodicals, — ^In 1901
other tribes cede lands to the United there were 527 post-offices of all grades,
328
XTNITED STATES OF AMEBICA^INDIANA
and ninety-four periodicals, of which nine tional institutions in addition to those
were daily, eighty-one weekly, three supported by the United States govern-
monthly, and one bimonthly. ment and by religious organizations.
Territorial Oovemment. — Each of the The United States treasury holds trust
five great nations is allowed self-govern- funds for the Territory exceeding $8,-
ment under officers chosen by popular 000,000, the interest of which is paid regu-
election. Each nation maintains educa- larly to the national treasuries.
INDIANA
Indiana, one of the north central Captain Helm placed in charge of Post
States of the United States, extends from Vincennes by Colonel Clarke and his gar-
the Ohio River, which separates the State rison of one man surrenders, ''with the
from Kentucky on the south, to Lake honors of war," to British force under
Michigan and the State of Michigan, Gov. Henry Hamilton Dec. 15, 1778
which bound it on the north. Ohio lies Governor Hamilton surrenders Vin-
to the east and Illinois bounds it on the cennes to the Americans under Colonel
west. It is limited in lat. by 37** 47' Clarke Feb. 24, 1779
to 41* 46' N., and in long, by 84** 49' to 88** Court of civil and criminal jurisdiction
2' W. Area, 36,350 square miles, in ninety- organized at Vincennes June, 1779
two counties. Population, 1890, 2,192,404; An expedition against Detroit organ-
1900, 2,516,462. Capital, Indianapolis. ized by La Balme, a Frenchman of Kas-
Robert Cavalier de la Salle and Henri kaskia, who plunders British traders at
Tonti, with a party of thirty- three, as- site of Fort Wayne, is dispersed by an at-
cend the St. Joseph River to the site of tack of Miami Indians .. September, 1780
South Bend, thence by portage to the One hundred and fifty thousand acres
Kankakee and down the Illinois River of land in Indiana opposite the falls of
December, 1679 the Ohio presented to Colonel Clarke and
La Salle, returning from Montreal with his regiment by Virginia legislature
supplies for Tonti at Fort Crevecceur, Oct. 3, 1779, and Oct. 5, 1780
makes the portage from the St. Joseph Spaniards under Capt. Eugenio Puerre
to the Kankakee November, 1680 march across Indiana from St. Louis, and
Mention made of one Sieur Dubinson as capture Fort St. Joseph 1781
commandant at a post near the site of Indiana included in the Virginia act of
Lafayette, called Ouiatenon. 1719 cession, Dec. 20, 1783; deed conveying
Sieur de Vincennes mentioned as com- to the United States the territory north-
mandant at the poste de Ouabache (Eng- west of the Ohio executed. .March 1, 1784
lish, Wabash), now Vincennes 1727 General Clarke makes an unauthorized
[Supposed to have been settled about seizure of Spanish property at Fort Vin-
1722.] cennes, which he garrisons 1780
Mission established at Post Vincennes By resolution of Congress, the Secretary
by Sebastian L. Meurin 1749 of War is directed to order the command-
Garrison at Ouiatenon, under Lieuten- ing officer on the Ohio to dispossess " a
ant Jenkins, surrenders to Indians, who body of men who had, in a lawless and
distribute the English prisoners among unauthorized manner, taken possession -of
neighboring French traders 1763 Post Vincennes *' April 24, 1787
On a proclamation by the British com- Indiana part of Northwestern Territory
mandant, Edward Abbott, many inhabi- created by law July 13, 1787
tants of Post Vincennes swear allegiance Maj.-Gen. Arthur St. Clair elected by
to Great Britain May, 1777 Congress governor of the Territory north-
Inhabitants of Vincennes throw off al- west of the Ohio Oct. 6, 1787
legiance to Great Britain and declare By act of Congress, 400 acres are grant-
themselves citizens of the United States ed to each person who, in 1783, was head
at the suggestion of Col. George R. Clarke of a family at Vincennes. .March 3, 1791
July 18, 1778 Brigadier-General Scott, with 800 men,
329
XTNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— INDIANA
sent against Wea Indian towns on the Wa- ed States land in eastern Indiana by
bash, destroys Ouiatenon. .June 1, 1791 treaty at Grouseland, near Vincennes
Second expedition against the Indian Aug. 21, 1805
villages on the Wabash under Brig. -Gen. Laws of Indiana published at Vin-
James Wilkinson, who leaves Fort Wash- cennes by Messrs. Stout & Smoot. . .1807
ington, Aug. 1, 1791, destroys the Eel Illinois Territory set off from Indiana,
River Indian village near Logansport, and comprising all west of the Wabash River
over 400 acres of corn, and reaches the and a line drawn north from Post Vin-
rapids of the Ohio Aug. 21, 1791 cennes Feb. 3, 1809
Treaty of peace and friendship with Property qualifications of 50 acres, or
the Indians at Vincennes, by Brig.-Gen. a town lot valued at $100, required of
Rufus Putnam Sept. 27, 1792 electors in Territory by act of Congress
Fort Wayne, on the site of an ancient Feb. 26, 1809
Miami village and an English fort erect- Great political contest over slavery won
ed 1764, built and garrisoned by friends of free labor 1809
Oct. 22, 1794 By treaty at Fort Wayne, Sept. 30,
Northwestern Territory divided: that 1809, the Delaware, Pottawattomie, Mi-
part west of a line from the mouth of ami, and Eel River tribes cede to the
the Kentucky River to Fort Recovery, United States about 2,900,000 acres south
and thence north to be called Indiana of the Wabash; treaty confirmed by the
Territory, and Vincennes the seat of gov- Weas, who meet Governor Harrison in
ernment, by act approved .. May 7, 1800 council at Vincennes Oct. 26, 1809
William Henry Harrison, appointed **An act for the introduction of ne-
governor of Indiana Territory, May 13, groes and mulattoes into the Territory
1800, arrives at Vincennes of Indiana," approved Sept. 17, 1807:
Jan. 10, 1801 repealed Dec. 4, 1810
General court of the Territory first Property qualification for voters abol-
held. Vincennes March 3, 1801 ished by Congress March 3, 1811
^lemorial to Congress by a conven- Fort Harrison, on the Wabash, near the
tion called at Vincennes, Dec. 20, 1802, by site of Terre Haute, completed
Governor Harrison, Nov. 22, asks repeal Oct. 28, 1811
of the sixth article of the organic act. Battle of Tippecanoe; a sudden attack
which prohibits slavery 1802 before sunrise of Indians under the Proph-
Congress establishes land offices at Kas- et, a brother of Tecumseh, on General
kaskia, Vincennes, and Detroit Harrison's camp at Burnet's Creek, about
March 15, 1804 7 miles northeast from Lafayette, in Tip-
Westem Sun, edited by Elihu Stout, pecanoe county. Loss to the Americans,
first published at Vincennes as the In- thirty-seven killed, 151 wounded. Ind-
diana Gazette July 4, 1804 ians defeated Nov. 7, 1811
By treaty at Vincennes, the Delaware Prophetstown, deserted by the Prophet,
Indians cede to the United States land is destroyed together with a quantity of
between the Wabash and Ohio rivers, and corn Nov. 8, 1811
south of the road from Vincennes to the One man and twenty-one women and
falls of the Ohio, Aug. 18, and the Pianke- children massacred at the Pigeon Roost
shaw Indians relinquish their claim to settlement, Scott coimty, by Shawnee Ind-
this territory Aug. 27, 1804 ians Sept. 3, 1812
Indiana given jurisdiction over that part Night attack of Indians on Fort Har-
of Louisiana Purchase west of Mississippi rison successfully resisted by the garrison
River and north of thirty- third parallel under Capt. Zachary Taylor
March, 1805 Sept. 4-5, 1812
Michigan Territory created out of a part Fort Wayne invested by the Indians
of Indiana 1805 about Sept. 1, and the garrison relieved
First General Assembly of Indiana Ter- by 2,000 Kentucky troops and 700 citizens
ritory meets at Vincennes. .July 29, 1805 of Ohio under General Harrison
Delaware, Pottawattomie, Miami, Eel Sept. 12, 1812
River, and Wea Indians cede to the Unit- Deserted Indian villages in the vicinity
330
XTNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— INDIANA
of Fort Wayne destroyed by detachments William Conner, on the west fork of the
of troops Sept. 13-19, 1812 White River, May 22, 1820, accepted and
Expedition under Lieut.-Col. John R. confirmed by the legislature, and the capi-
Campbell leaves Dayton, O., Dec. 14, 1812; tal named Indianapolis Jan. 6, 1821
bums the Indian villages on the Missis- First general school law of Indiana in
sinewa River December, 1812 revised statutes of 1824, drawn by com-
Seat of government fixed at Corydon, mittee appointed by legislature
Harrison county, by act approved Jan. 9, 1821
March 11, 1813 Proceedings against the State bank for
Books, papers, and records destroyed by fraudulent management^ which results in
the burning of the office of the recorder forfeiting its franchise, begun
of Knox county January, 1814 Dec. 31, 1821
One thousand Miamis, reduced to desti- Indiana University at Bloomington,
tution, assemble at Fort Wayne to obtain chartered 1820, opened 1824
food January, 1814 Mr. Rapp and associates sell their prop-
Settlement of Harmony, on the Wabash, erty at Harmony to Robert Dale Owen,
50 miles from its mouth, formed by a Ger- of Scotland, a philanthropist, who at-
man community under Frederick Rapp, tempts to establish a community, naming
from Pennsylvania 1814 the place New Harmony 1825
Farmers and Mechanics' Bank of In- State road from Lake Michigan to
diana at Madison, incorporated by legis- Madison on the Ohio begun 1830
lature Sept. 6, 1814 Thomas Lincoln, with his family, re-
Bank of Vincennes incorporated moves to Macon county, 111 1830
Sept. 10, 1814 Indiana Historical Society incorporated
Congress passes an enabling act for In- 1831
diana; the northern boundary a line Wabash and Erie Canal in Indiana be-
drawn east and west 10 miles north of the gun Feb. 22, 1832
southern extremity of Lake Michigan State bank chartered 1834
April 19, 1816 Internal improvement law, a State loan
Ordinance accepting the enabling act of $10,000,000 to be expended by a board
passed by a convention which meets at of internal improvement January, 1836
Corydon, June 10 June 29, 1816 Madison and Lafayette Railroad com-
State constitution adopted by conven- menced 1836
tion June 29, 1816 Indiana Asbury University (since 1884
Jonathan Jennings inaugurated first De Pauw), at Greencastle, chartered and
governor at Corydon Nov. 7, 1816 opened 1837
Indiana admitted into the Union by University of Notre Dame (R. C), at
act approved Dec. 11, 1816 Notre Dame, chartered 1844, and opened
Act to appoint superintendents of school 1845
sections authorized to lease school lands, State failing to pay its interest on the
every lessee required to set out 100 apple public debt for several years, compro-
and 100 peach trees within four years mises with creditors, who take property
Dec. 14, 1816 for one-half of the indebtedness and one-
Bank of Vincennes adopted as State half in bonds 1846
bank of Indiana, empowered to adopt the Constitution, framed by a convention
Farmers and Mechanics' Bank of Indiana which met at Indianapolis, Oct. 7, 1850,
as one of its branches Jan. 1, 1817 adopted Feb. 10, 1851
Thomas Lincoln, the father of Abraham New constitution, ratified by vote, 109,-
Lincoln, with his family, moves from 319 to 26,755, goes into operation
Kentucky to what is now Spencer county Nov. 1, 1851
1817 Butler University, at Irvington, char-
By treaty at St. Mary's, 0., the Dela- tered in 1850, opened 1855
ware Indians cede to the United States all State Senate refused to go into an elec-
claims to land in Indiana .... Oct. 3, 1818 tion of United States Senator, creating
Site for capital of Indiana located by a a vacancy, in 1845, and a second time re-
committee, which met at the house of refuses 1855
331
UKXTBD STATES OF AMERICA— Iin>IANA
Great frauds in sale of swamp lands, lodged in jail at New Albany, are hanged
whereby State lost about $1,500,000, ex- by seventy masked men Dec. 12, 1868
posed 1859 Schuyler Colfax elected Vice-President
D. C. Stover, clerk in Agent of State's 1869
office, issues $2,500,000 of forged State Democrats break up the legislature to
securities 1850 prevent ratification of Fifteenth Amend*
Lieut.-Gov. A. A. Hammond succeeds ment March 4. 1869
Governor Willard, who dies at St. Paul, Legislature ratifies the Fifteenth
Minn Oct. 3, 1860 Amendment to the Constitution
Governor Lane elected United States May 13-14, 1869
Senator; Lieutenant-Governor Morton Seizing and hanging of certain negroes
sucoeeds January, 1861 suspected of the murder of a family in
Caleb B. Smith appointed Secretary of Clark county by a mob of disguised per-
the Interior March 5, 1861 sons calls forth a proclamation from
Six regiments raised and mustered in Governor Baker, expressing his deter-
within a week after the call of the Presi- mination to suppress mob violence
dent for troops, made April 15, 1861 Nov. 23, 1871
Jesse D. Bright expelled from United Indiana State grange organized 1872
States Senate for treason. .March 2, 1862 Portion of the northern State prison at
Legislature broken up by Republicans to Michigan City, in erection from 1863 to
prevent passage of " military bill ". . 1863 1870, is destroyed by fire July 13, 1872
John P. Usher appointed Secretary of Amendment to the constitution, pro-
the Interior Jan. 8, 1863 viding that " no law or resolution shall
Second Kentucky Cavalry, Confederate, ever be passed that shall recognize any lia-
Captain Hines, cross the Ohio at Flint bility of this State to pay or redeem any
Rock, and are captured June 16, 1863 certificates of stock" issued in 1846 for
Confederates under Morgan cross the the completion of the Wabash and Erie
Ohio at Brandenburg, Ky., July 8, pur- Canal, ratified Feb. 18, 1873
sued by Federals under Greneral Hobson. Second annual meeting of the national
They move eastward, covering 700 miles congress of agriculture at Indianapolis,
in twenty days (Morgan's raid) 200 delegates from twenty-five States
July, 1863 May 28. 1873
Hugh McCulloch appointed Secretary of Jeffersonville depot of the Quarter-
the Treasury March 7, 1865 master's Department of the United States
Law making colored people competent completed 1874
witnesses 1865 Purdue University, the land-grant col-
Convention of colored citizens of In- lege of Indiana, at Lafayette, chartered
diana at Indianapolis to devise means to 1862, opened 1874
obtain full citizenship Nov. 6, 1866 Commission appointed by the legislat-
National convention of the Grand Army ures of Indiana and Kentucky, governed
of the Republic held at Indianapolis by the United States survey of 1806, de-
Nov. 20, 1866 termine that Green Island, near Evans-
Governor Morton resigns, being elected ville, belongs to Kentucky. . . .July, 1875
United States Senator, and is succeeded James N. Tyner, Postmaster-General
by Lieut.-Gov. Conrad Baker July 12, 1876
January, 1867 Richard W. Thompson, Secretary of the
Legislature ratifies the Fourteenth Navy March 12, 1877
Amendment to the Constitution Senator Morton dies Nov. 1, 1877
Jan. 29, 1867 Oflice of mine inspector created by act
Robbers of an express car on the Jeflfer- of legislature 1879
son ville Railroad, May 22, 1868, are ar- Corner-stone of new State-house at
rested, and on their way to Brownston for Indianapolis laid Sept. 28, 1880
trial the train is stopped by a so-called Governor Williams dies.. Nov. 20, 1880
vigilance committee of Seymour, a con- Nine amendments to the State consti-
fession extorted from the prisoners, who tution adopted by the people. The second
are hanged, July 20. Four other prisoners, and fourth making the constitution con-
332
UNITED STATES OE AMEBICA— IOWA
form to that of the United States as to Monument to Vice - President Hen-
the rights of colored citizens dricks unveiled at Indianapolis
March 14, 1881 July 1, 1890
National convention of the Grand Army Supreme council of the farmers' alli-
of the Republic held at Indianapolis ance convenes at Indianapolis
June 15, 1881 - Nov. 17, 1891
Walter Q. Gresham, Postmaster-Gen- Grovemor Hovey dies at Indianapolis,
eral April 3, 1883 Nov. 23 ; Lieutenant-Governor Chase act-
Monument to Senator Morton unveiled ing November, 1891
1884 State female reformatory destroyed by
Walter Q. Gresham, Secretary of the fire March 1, 1892
Treasury Sept. 24, 1884 John W. Foster, Secretary of State
Hugh McCulloch, Secretary of the June 29, 1892
Treasury Oct. 28, 1884 Walter Q. Gresham appointed Secretary
Monument to Schuyler Colfax unveiled of State 1893
1885 Popular welcome at Indianapolis to
Thomas A. Hendricks, Vice-President, ex-President Harrison on his arrival at
dies Nov. 20, 1885 the close of his administration
First Natural Gas Company in In- March 6, 1893
diana chartered March 6, 1886 State home for soldiers established at
Lejjislature appropriates $200,000 for a Lafayette 1895
soldiers and sailors' monument in Circle National Democratic party meets at
Park, Indianapolis (corner-stone laid Indianapolis (declares for the gold stand-
Aug. 22, 1889; completed in 1901) . .1887 ard) Sept. 3, 1896
State normal school at Terre Haute National Monetary Association meets
burned April 9, 1888 at Indianapolis Jan. 12, 1897
Australian ballot system substantially Daniel W. Voorhees, ex-United States
adopted by law 1889 Senator, dies at Washington, D. C.
Offices of State geologist, mine inspector, April 10, 1897
and State inspector of oils abolished, and The monetary convention meets at In-
a department of geology and natural re- dianapolis Jan. 25, 1898
sources created 1889 Ex-Grovernor Matthews dies suddenly
Benjamin Harrison elected President while making a speech. .. .Aug. 28, 1893
1880 George W. Julian dies at Irvington,
Secret organization of so-called White Ind July 7, 1899
Caps in southern Illinois is investigated Ex-Secretary of the Navy Richard W.
by the government of the State in 1888, Thompson dies at Terre Haute
and a law passed to suppress riotous con- Feb. 9, 1900
spiracy 1889 Ex-Governor Mount dies. .Jan. 16, 1901
William H. Miller appointed Attorney- Ex-President Harrison dies
General March 5, 1889 March 22, 1901
IOWA
Iowa, a State of the north-central tion, 1890, 1,911,896; 1900, 2,231,853.
United States, separated on the east by Capital, Des Moines.
the Mississippi River from Wisconsin and Father Marquette and Louis Joliet de-
Illinois. Minnesota bounds it on the north, scend the Wisconsin River, reaching its
South Dakota and Nebraska on the west mouth June 17, 1673; 100 miles below,
— ^the Missouri River forming the boun- on the western shore of the Mississippi,
dary-line of the latter State — and Mis- they discover an Indian trail, which they
souri on the south. It is limited in lat. follow to an Indian village, where Mar-
by 40® 36' to 43® 30' N., and in long, by quette " publishes to them the one true
89® 6' to 96® 31' W. Area, 56»025 square God" June, 1673
miles in ninety - nine counties. Popula- Father Louis Hennepin, M. Dugay, and
333
XTNITED 8TATBS OF AMERICA— IOWA
six other Frenchmen ascend the Missis- and the Sacs and Foxes; Indians sell to
sippi from the mouth of the Illinois to United States the Keokuk reserve, 256,-
the falls of St. Anthony, leaving Fort 000 acres, at 75 cents per acre
CrevecoBur. Ill Feb. 28, 1680 September, 1836
Wife of Peosta, a Fox warrior, discov- Burlington, settled in 1833, is incor-
ers lead in Iowa, on the west bank of porated 1837
the Mississippi 1780 Treaty with the Sacs and Foxes extends
At a council at Prairie du Chien, Julien the western boundary of the Black Hawk
Dubuque, a French-Canadian trader, ob- purchase in lat. 45^ 40' to include the
tains from Indians permission to work principal sources of the Iowa River
lead -mines at the place now bearing Oct. 21, 1837
his name and a grant of 140,000 acres Territory of Iowa erected, including all
of land 1788 Wisconsin west of the Mississippi
Land grant to Julien Dubuque by Ind- June 12, 1838
ians is confirmed by Baron Carondelet, Territorial government inaugurated at
and a King's title issued 1796 Burlington July 4, 1838
Lands on both sides of the Mississippi, Black Hawk, who had settled on the
including a large part of Iowa, ceded to Des Moines River, dies Oct. 3, 1838
United States by Sac and Fox Indians, Seat of government removed to Iowa
by treaty at St. Louis Nov. 3, 1804 City 1839
Territory of Louisiana, including Iowa, Boundary disputes between Missouri
framed by law of March 3, 1805 and Iowa cause fighting on the border;
Iowa included in Territory of Missouri, one lowan is killed in resisting the Mis-
erected by act June 4, 1812 souri sheriff's collection of taxes. . . . 1839
Fort Madison, built in 1808, on the Constitution adopted by a convention
site selected by Lieutenant Pike in 1805, which meets at Iowa City Oct. 7, 1844
is abandoned by the garrison and burn- . Nov. 1, 1844
ed to prevent its falling into the hands Enabling act for Iowa approved
of Indians and British 1813 March 3. 1845
Sioux annihilate Sac and Fox tribes Boundary defined in the enabling act
near Dubuque; whites occupy deserted rejected by the people; 7,235 for, and
villages, but are driven out by United 7,656 against 1845
States troops under Lieut. Jefferson Davis, Mormons remove from Nauvoo, 111., and
by order of Col. Zachary Taylor 1830 settle at Council Bluffs 1846
David Tothers makes the first settle- Constitution framed by a convention
ment in Des Moines county, 3 miles south- which meets at Iowa City May 4, corn-
west from the site of Burlington 1832 pleting its labors May 19, 1846, is rati-
Treaty at Rock Island; the Sacs and fied by a vote of the people, 9,492 to
Foxes cede to the United States Iowa and 9,036 Aug. 3, 1846
a part of Wisconsin, known as the Black Act of Congress, fixing boundaries for
Hawk purchase, reserving 40 miles square Iowa, referring the Missouri boundary' to
to Keokuk Sept. 21, 1832 the Supreme Court Aug. 4, 1846
Zachariah Hawkins, Benjamin Jen- Iowa admitted into the Union by act
nings, and others settle a colony at Fort approved Dec. 28, 1846
Madison 1832 Antoine le Claire breaks ground at
First permanent settlement in Scott Davenport for the Mississippi and Mis-
county by Antoine le Claire 1833 souri Railroad, now the Chicago, Rock
Dubuque founded 1833 Island, and Pacific Sept. 1, 1853
Iowa included in Territory of Michigan, Iowa Wesleyan University at Mount
erected by act approved. . . .June 28. 1834 Pleasant chartered and opened 1855
Aaron Street founds Salem, first Quaker Corner-stone of the first railroad bridge
settlement in Iowa 1834 over the Mississippi River, between Rock
Iowa included in Territory of Wiscon- Island and Davenport, laid Sept. 1, 1854;
sin. erected by act approved. April 20, 1836 and first locomotive, the "Des Moines,'*
Treaty at East Davenport between Gov- to cross the Mississippi passes over
ernor Dodge, United States commissioner, April 21, 1856
334
XTNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— IOWA
Massacre of white settlers at Spirit pealed, and the jury empowered to hang
I^ake by a predatory band of Indians un« convicted murderers, or imprison for life
der the Sioux chief Ink-pa-duta 1878
March, 1857 State board of health organized. .1880
€k>nstitutional convention meets at Iowa Drake University at Des Moines opened
City Jan. 19, 1857, completes its labors and chartered 1881
March 6, 1857; constitution ratified by Prohibitory liquor law goes into effect
the people, 40,311 to 38,681. Aug. 3, 1857 July 4, 1884
State capital removed to Des Moines State capitol dedicated; cost $3,000,000
1857 1884
State University of Iowa at Iowa City, Frank Hatton appointed Postmaster-
chartered 1847, opened, Silas Totten pres- General Oct. 14, 1884
ident 1860 Soldiers' Home at Marshalltown opened
Legislature votes a war loan of $600,- Nov. 30, 1884
000 June, 1861 Lower house of legislature assembles.
Upper Iowa University at Fayette, open- Jan. 13, 1890, having two factions, the
ed 1857, chartered 1862 Republicans with fifty votes, and the
James Harlan appointed Secretary of combined Democratic, Union Labor, and
the Interior May 15, 1865 Independent with fifty votes; no organi-
Legislature ratifies Thirteenth Amend- zation until Jan. 27; by compromise, a
ment to Constitution January, 1866 Democratic temporary speaker and a Re-
Legislature ratifies Fourteenth Amend- publican clerk are elected; permanent or-
ment to Constitution April 3, 1868 ganization with a Democratic speaker and
An amendment to the State constitu- Republican clerk, minor offices divided
tion, striking out the word "white "from Feb. 19, 1890
the qualifications of electors, is adopted Horace Boies, Democrat, inaugurated
by a vote of the people, 105,384 to 81,- as governor Feb. 27, 1890
119 1868 Legal rate of interest reduced from 10
State board of immigration created to 8 per cent., and the first Monday in Sep-
by act of legislature 1869 tember (Labor Day) made a public hol-
lowa Agricultural College at Ames, iday 1890
chartered 1857, opened 1869 Beer sent in sealed kegs from Peoria,
William W. Belknap appointed Secre- 111., to Keokuk, la., and there sold in
tary of War Oct. 25, 1869 " original packages " by agents, being
Legislature ratifies Fifteenth Amend- seized under the prohibitory laws of the
ment to Constitution Feb. 3, 1870 State, the Supreme Court decides such seiz-
Comer-stone of new capitol laid ure was in violation of the clause of the
Nov. 22, 1871 Constitution giving to the United States
Law passed restricting sale of liquors the exclusive right to regulate inter-State
and limiting licensees' profit to 33 per commerce April 28, 1890
cent 1872 Wilson " original package bill." as
Act passed abolishing penalty of death amended, making all intoxicating liquors
1872 imported into a State subject to its laws,
State convention of Patrons of Hus- passes Congress and is approved
bandry at Des Moines January, 1873 Aug. 8. 1890
Governor Kirkwood, elected United legislature passes an Australian ballot
States Senator, resigns, and is succeed- reform act 1802
ed by Joshua G. Newbold Cyclone in the northwest part of the
January, 1876 State, Pomeroy destroyed, 900 persons
Geo. W. McCrary appointed Secretary homeless July 6, 1803
of War March 12, 1877 Medical practice act declared consti-
Canal around Des Moines Rapids at tutional 1893
Keokuk, 7% miles long, and costing Torpedo - boat Ericsson launched at
$4,500,000, is formally opened Duquesne May 12, 1894
August, 1877 [This was the first war-ship built on
Bill abolishing capital punishment re- inland waters.]
335
XTNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— KANSAS
Memorial (soldiers and sailors) Mill- 8tate library commission created
tary College at Mason City, established 1900
1900 Amendment for a constitutional con-
[$2,000,000 has been subscribed.] vention defeated November, 1900
KANSAS
Kansas, Alaska excluded, is geograph- expedition to the Paduca (Comanche)
ically the central State of the United Indians in June, 1724, but, falling sick
States, lying between lat. 37** and 40® N., on the way, returns to the fort, on an
and long. 94° 38' and 102** VV. It is island in the Missouri River, just above
bounded by Nebraska on the north, Mis- the mouth of the Osage. He resumed the
souri on the east, Indian Territory and journey in October, taking with him an
Oklahoma on the south, and Colorado on escort of twelve Frenchmen, his son, a
the west. Area, 81,700 square miles in lad of ten, and twenty-seven Indians from
105 counties. Population in 1890, 1,427,- the neighboring tribes. The expedition
096; 1900, 1,470,495. Capital, Topeka. entered Kansas at the Kaw Indian village,
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, with a then situated near the present site of
force of 350 Spaniards and 800 Indians, Atchison, moved in a southwesterly di-
set out from Culiacan on the southeast rection across Kansas for about 230 miles
shore of the Gulf of California in search to the nearest village of the Paducas, made
of Quivira. He travelled northerly to the a satisfactory treaty, and returned to
headwaters of the river Gila, crossed the Fort Orleans Oct. 5, 1724
mountains to the headwaters of the Rio Included in the Louisiana Territory pur-
del Norte, and followed them to their chase of France 1803
sources, then, journeying northeasterly. Congress divides Louisiana into two
came into the province of Quivira (Kan- unequal parts, the one north of lat. 33** N.,
sas), reaching, as he said, the fortieth called the district of Louisiana, under
degree of latitude. He described the earth the governor of Indiana Territory
as black and well watered, the best pos- March 26, 1804
sible for all kinds of productions of Spain, Lewis and Clark leave St. Louis for
and the plains full of crooked-back oxen, the Pacific, under government authority,
but he found no gold or silver, and re- and find remains of an old French fort
turned in September, 1541 near the present site of Atchison
French explore the Missouri River as May, 1804
far as the mouth of the Kansas River District of Louisiana made the Territory
1705 of Eiouisiana March 3, 1805
M. Dutisne, a young French oflicer, sent Zebulon M. Pike, at the village of the
out by Bienville, governor of Louisiana, Pawnee republic, causes the Spanish flag
reaches the Pawnee country in Kansas, to be lowered and the flag of the United
and, erecting a cross of wood, takes formal States to be raised (State legislature in
possession in the name of the King of 1901 marks the site with a granite shaft)
France Sept. 27, 1719 Sept. 29, 1806
[It is now supposed that Dutisne did Territory of Louisiana admitted to *the
not come into Kansas, but visited the second grade of government as Missouri
Osapes in Missouri and the Pawnees in the Territory June 4. 1812
Indian Territory.] First steamboat, a stern-wheeler, called
Spaniards from Santa F6, seeking to the Western Engineer ^ passes up the Mis-
found a colony on the Missouri, are de- souri River, carrying Maj. S. H. Long on
stroyed by the Missouri Indians near the an expedition up the Yellowstone. .. .1819
present site of Fort Leavenworth, only one Section 8 of act for admission of Mis-
settler, a Spanish priest, escaping and souri into the Union provides that in all
returning to Santa F^ 1720 Tjouisiana, north of lat. 36** 30', and not
M. de Boiirgmont, commandant at Fort included in the State, slavery " shall be
Orleans, !Mo., undertakes a commercial and is hereby forever prohibited," but
336
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA— KANSAS
runaway slaves may be lawfully reclaim- is now Wyandotte county, in July, and
ed. Act passed March 6, 1820 remove to permanent location purchased
Major Sibley, appointed under act of from the Dela wares in the forks of the
Congress, surveys a wagon-road from Mis- Kansas and Missouri rivers
souri through Kansas to 8anta F6..1825 December, 1843
By treaty with Osage Indians the tribe Kansas Indians cede to the United
locate on a tract of 7,564,000 acres in States 2,000,000 acres in Kansas
south Kansas, watered by the Arkansas, Jan. 14, 1846
Verdigris, and Neosho rivers Gen. S. W. Kearny marches from Fort
Dec. 30, 1826 Leavenworth to Santa F6 1846
Fort Leavenworth, called a cantonment Mormon battalion leaves Fort Leaven-
until 1832, established and United States worth in the employ of the United States
troops stationed there 1827 for service in the Mexican War
Treaty with the Delaware Indians, August, 1847
locates them in the fork of the Kansas Military road built by the government
and Missouri rivers Sept. 24, 1829 from Fort Leavenworth to Fort Kearny
Baptist Shawnee mission (Hev. John- 1850
ston Lykins and wife, resident missiona- Fort Riley, near junction of Repub-
ries) established 4 miles west of the Mis- lican and Kansas rivers, established under
souri line under Rev. Isaac McCoy; also name of Camp Centre in the fall of. .1852
appointed agent by the government for Willard P. Hall, of Missouri, introduces
colonizing the eastern Indians within the a bill to organize the Territory of Platte
Territory 1831 (Kansas and Nebraska) . . .Dec. 13, 1852
Indian tribes located in Kansas, in- Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Society,
eluding the Shawnees, Ottawas, the Kick- soon after incorporated as the New Eng-
apoos, Kaskaskias, Peorias, Piankeshaws, land Emigrant Aid Company, organized
and Weas 1831-32 in Boston March, 1854
First printing-press brought to Kansas Delawares, Shawnees, lowas, and Kick-
by Rev. Jotham Meeker, set up at the apoos cede lands in Kansas to the United
Shawnee Baptist Mission in Johnson States May, 1854
county, fall of 1833 Act of Congress passed organizing the
First stock of goods landed below Kan- Territory of Kansas, to be admitted as a
sas City, at Francis Chouteau's log ware- State with or without slavery
house 1834 May 30, 1854
Congress makes all United States terri- Thirty-two persons associate in Weston,
tory west of the Mississippi not in the Mo., to lay out Leavenworth, the first
States of Missouri and Louisiana or Ter- city in the Territory June 13, 1854
ritory of Arkansas " Indian country " A meeting at Weston, Mo., resolves to
June 30, 1834 remove any and all emigrants coming to
Col. Henfry Dodge, U. S. A., makes an Kansas under the auspices of the North-
expedition to the Rocky Mountains, leav- ern emigrant aid societies .. July 20, 1854
ing Fort Leavenworth May 29, and re- Atchison Town Company formed in
turning along the line where the Atchison, Missouri July 27, 1854
Topeka, and Santa F6 Railroad now runs Emigrants under Charles H. Branscomb,
1835 of Massachusetts, sent out by emigrant
Fort Scott established on the Marmaton aid company to Kansas as an anti-slavery
River April 9, 1842 colony, settle at Lawrence Aug. 1, 1854
Lieut. John C. Frfimont, in his expedi- First newspaper in Kansas, the Leav-
tion west from St. Louis, reaches site of enworth Herald^ pro-slavery, printed un-
Lawrence. June 12; Topeka, June 14: der an elm- tree on the levee at Leaven-
and thence travels northwest to the Blue worth Sept. 16, 1854
and Platte rivers 1842 Atchison laid out by an association from
Fri^mont passes up the Kansas River on Platte county. Mo., and first sale of lots
a second expedition 1843 takes place Sept. 21, 1854
Wyandottes remove from Ohio, encamp Samuel D. Lecompte, of Maryland, com-
on the east bank of the Kansas, in what missioned chief- justice Oct. 3, 1854
IX. — Y 337
T7HITED STATES 07 AMERICA— KAITSAS
Andrew H. Reeder, of Pennsylvania, ap- notice of his removal, and Secretary Wood-
pointed governor, arrives in the Territory son becomes acting governor
Oct. 7, 1854 Aug. 10, 1855
Secret societies called Blue Lodges be- Rev. Pardee Butler, free-State man, set
gin in Weston, Mo., for extending slavery adrift on a raft in the Missouri River at
into Kansas October, 1854 Atchison for preaching anti-slavery doc-
Election as territorial delegate to Con- trine (on his return the following April
gress of J. W. Whitfield, pro-slavery, by he was stripped, tarred, and covered with
illegal votes Nov. 29, 1854 cotton) Aug. 16, 1855
Topeka founded Dec. 6, 1864 Delegates elected by a free-State con-
A free-State meeting at Lawrence vention at Lawrence, Aug. 14, which re-
Dec. 23, 1854 pudiated the acts of the State legislature,
Wyandotte Indians cede to the United assemble at Big Springs, and appoint
States lands purchased by them from the delegates to a convention at Topeka, Sept.
Delawares in Kansas in 1843 19, to draw up a State constitution and
Jan. 31, 1855 seek admission to the Union
First census completed: total, 8,501; Sept. 5, 1855
voters, 2,905; slaves, 192 Feb. 28, 1855 Wilson Shannon, of Ohio, takes oath
Five sons of old John B^own settle on of office as governor Sept. 7, 1855
the Pottawattomie, near Osawatomie Convention at Topeka to take measures
February, 1855 to form a free-State constitution and
About 1,000 Missourians enter Lawrence government Sept. 19, 1855
with arms, and vote for members of the Free-State men take no part in the elec-
legislature March 30, 1855 tion of Gen. J. W. Whitfield, delegate to
Manhattan located April 4, 1855 Congress Oct. 1, 1855
Cole McCrea, a free-State man, kills Pro-slavery party meet at Leavenworth,
Malcom Clark, pro-slavery, at Leaven- ask the " lovers of law and order " to
worth April 30, 1855 obey the laws of the first legislature, and
William Phillips, of Leavenworth, pro- declare it treason to oppose them
testing against election frauds, is taken Oct. 3, 1855
to Weston, Mo., tarred and feathered, and Free-State party elect A, H. Reeder dele-
ridden on a rail. The outrage approved gate to Congress Oct. 9, 1855
by the pro-slavery party May 17, 1855 Free-State constitutional convention
At a free-State convention at Lawrence meets at Topeka, James H. Lane presi-
it was " Resolved, that in reply to the dent Oct. 23, 1855
threats of war so frequently made in our Charles W. Dow is killed by Franklin N.
neighboring State, our answer is, * We are Coleman, pro-slavery man, near Lawrence,
ready ' " June 8, 1855 on the 21 st. Free-State men meet at the
Convention of National Democracy at scene on the 22d, and Sheriff Samuel J.
Lawrence June 27, 1855 Jones arrests Jacob Branson, with whom
State legislature meets at Pawnee, and Dow had lived, for taking part. At Blan-
at once drives out the free-State mem- ton, Branson is released by free-State
bers July 2, 1855 men. A meeting is held at Lawrence, and
Legislature, overriding Governor Reed- Branson addresses the people. Fearing
er's veto, removes the seat of government a mob from Missouri, citizens are armed
to the Shawnee Manual Labor School November, 1855
July 6, 1855 Governor Shannon orders Maj.-Gren.
Governor Reeder, charged with irregu- William P. Richardson of the territorial
larities in the purchase of Indian lands militia to collect as large a force as pos-
by W. L. Marcy, Secretary of State, June sible and report to Sheriff Jones
11, is removed, and John L. Dawson ap- Nov. 27, 1855
pointed, who declines to serve About 800 free-State men enlist at Law-
July 31, 1855 rence, among them John Brown and four
Legislature selects Lecompton as per- sons, and about 1,500 Missourians gather
manent capitol Aug. 8, 1855 at Franklin, near the mouth of the Waka-
Governor Reeder announces receipt of rusa Nov. 29, 1855
338
T7NITED STATES OF AMEBICA— KANSAS
Governor Shannon makes a treaty with treason in organizing a free-State govern-
the free-State men, and orders the militia ment May 5, 1856
and sheriff to disband their forces Governor Robinson arrested at Lexing-
Dec. 8, 1855 ton. Mo., while on the way east with his
Vote upon Topeka free- State eonstitu- wife, who continued on her way with the
tion results in 1,731 for and 46 against, papers containing the testimony gathered
The pro-slaveiy men carry off the ballot- by the Congressional investigating com-
box at Leavenworth Dec. 16, 1855 mittee in Kansas. (He was taken to Le-
Office of the Territorial Register at compton, held for four months, and re-
Lea venworth entered by a mob, press and leased on bail) May 10, 1856
type thrown into the river.. Dec. 15, 1855 Israel B. Donalson, United States mar-
Convention at Lawrence nominates shal, issues a proclamation saying that
State officers under the Topeka consti- the citizens of Lawrence resist arrests
tution. The conservative free-State men under judicial writs. He commands law-
bolt and nominate a " free-State, anti- abiding citizens to come to his assistance,
abolition" ticket Dec. 22, 1855 The citizens of Lawrence ask Governor
Dr. Charles Robinson elected governor Shannon to protect them.. May 11, 1856
under the Topeka constitution (Governor Shannon replies to citizens of
Jan. 15, 1856 Lawrence that they need fear nothing but
Message of President Pierce to Con- the legally constituted posse of the United
gress, endorses the "bogus" legislature. States marshal and sheriff of Douglas
and calls the Topeka movement revolu- county May 12, 1856
tionary Jan. 24, 1856 A meeting at Lawrence declares Donal-
Whitfield takes his seat in Congress, son's statement to be false, but says an
and Recder announces that he will con- invading mob will be resisted. Anarchy
test it Feb. 4, 1856 prevails throughout the Territory. The
United States forces in Kansas, by free-State men flee to Lawrence for mut-
order of Secretary of War, are put under ual protection. The force of invaders
requisition of the governor .. Feb. 15, 1856 around Lawrence constantly increases
Free-State legislature meets at Topeka; May 13, 1856
Governor Robinson delivers his message. In the morning United States Mar-
aud A. H. Reeder and J. H. Lane are shal Donalson with a large posse ap-
elected senators March 4, 1856 peared on Mt. Oread; later. Deputy Mar-
Henry Ward Beecher sends twenty-five shal Fain entered the city and made ar-
Bibles and twenty-five Sharp's rifles to rests without molestation, being a United
a Connecticut party emigrating to Kansas States officer. He then returned to camp,
March 28, 1856 turned over his posse to Samuel J. Jones,
Topeka constitution presented in United Sheriff of Douglas coimty, who, not being
States Senate by Lewis Cass, March 24 ; hampered by the restrictions of the United
in the House by Daniel Mace, of Indiana States marshal, proceeded to destroy the
April 7, 1856 Free-State Hotel, the offices of the Herald
Congressional investigating committee of Freedom and Kansas Free-State, and
reaches Lawrence April 18, 1856 Governor Robinson's duelling, and to ran-
Sheriff Jones attempts to arrest S. N. sack and pillage the town generally —
Wood in Lawrence, charged with aiding United States Senator Atchison, of Mis-
in the rescue of Branson in November souri, is one of the posse.. . .May 21, 1856
previous, but is prevented, shot at, and George W. Brown and Gaius Jenkins,
woimded. Colonel Sumner, United States arrested on May 14, are taken before
army, arrives at Lawrence with his com- Judge Lecompte, at Lawrence, to answer
mand April 19-25, 1856 to the charge of treason, bail denied, and
Major Buford, of Alabama, arrives at case continued till September
Westport, Mo., with a large body of men May 22, 1856
from Georgia, Alabama, and South Caro- Five pro-slavery men on the Potta-
• lina April 29, 1856 watomie, in Franklin county, killed by a
Grand jury of Douglas county indict party under Capt. John Brown
Robinson, Reeder, and others for high May 24, 1856
339
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA— KANSAS
Governor Reeder, after escaping arrest way of Nebraska, known as " Lane's Army
by the United States marshal at Law- of the North" June 29, 1856
rence, May 7, goes to Kansas City, May "Report of the special committee ap-
11, and is concealed at the American pointed to investigate the troubles in
Hotel, where he remained until May 21, Kansas" is published by the government,
when, assuming a disguise, he secured It contains the affidavits of prominent men
passage on a steamer and escaped to in both political parties in regard to lead-
Illinois May 26, 1856 ing events July 1, 1856
Battle of Black Jack, Douglas county, House passes Growls bill for the admis-
free-State men led by John Brown, and sion of Kansas imder the Topeka eonsti-
pro-slavery by H. Clay Pate. Brown capt- tution, by a bare majority, while the
ures twenty-eight men June 2, 1856 Senate adopts Mr. Douglas's report pro-
Governor Shannon issues a proclama- viding for a constitutional convention to
tion " commanding all persons belonging be held in December July 3, 1856
to military companies unauthorized by Acting Grovernor Woodson issues a proc-
law to disperse, otherwise they will be lamation forbidding the meeting of the
dispersed by United States troops" Topeka legislature, which convenes, but
June 4, 1856 is dispersed by Colonel Sumner under
Captains Brown and Shore consent to orders from Woodson, whom Jefferson
disband June 5, 1856 Davis, Secretary of War, had instructed
Whitfield's men take a free - State him to obey. The movement is considered
Missourian, Jacob Cantrel, try him for insurrectionary July 4, 1856
" treason to Missouri " by a mock court- Convention of Kansas aid committees at
martial June 5, and kill him on Buffalo, N. Y., to raise money for Kansas,
June 6, 1856 presided over by Governor Reeder
Topeka Tribune only free- State paper July 9-10, 1856
not suppressed June 7, 1856 Senate confirms John W. Geary, of
Civil War rages throughout the settled Pennsylvania, as governor of Kansas
portions of the Territory. The Missouri July 31, 1856
River is closed to free-State men. Large House of Representatives makes vigor-
relief funds are raised for free - State ous efforts to relieve Kansas of the bogus
settlers in the Eastern and Central States laws. Senate refuses to co-operate
June 7, 1856 July, 1866
National Republican Convention at House declares Whitfield not entitled to
Philadelphia declares that it is "both the the seat, but does not admit Governor
right and the duty of Congress to pro- Reeder , Aug. 4, 1856
hibit in the Territories those twin relics James H. Lane enters Kansas through
of barbarism — ^polygamy and slavery " Iowa and Nebraska with a party of nearly
June 17, 1856 600 Northern immigrants, known in his-
James F. Legate arrested June 19, for tory as "Lane's Army of the North"
treason, and confined with others in tents Aug. 7, 1856
about 2 miles from Lecompton, guarded Free - State men attack Franklin,
by soldiers. John Brown, Jr., and H. H. Pro-slavery defenders surrender
Williams added to the prisoners Aug. 12, 1856
June 23, 1866 Davis S. Hoyt, a free - State man, is
Governor Shannon leaves Lecompton for murdered near a pro-slavery camp, called
St. Tjouis, June 23, having written Buford Fort Saunders, about 12 miles southwest
on the 10th that he had resigned of Lawrence Aug. 12, 1856
June 23, 1856 Fort Saunders, the Georgia camp at
Secretary Woodson writes to Col. P. St. Washington Creek, taken by free - State
George Cooke, in command at Fort Riley, men Aug. 16, 1866
to scour the country between that post House passes a bill for a survey of the
and the crossing opposite Topeka, for the southern boundary of Kansas
purpose of repelling a threatened invasion Aug. 16, 1866
of the Territory (refers to the expected Titus'e Fort, near Lecompton, taken by
entrance of General Lane's emigrants by Lawrence men with twenty pro-slavery
*340
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA—KANSAS
prisoners, Henry J. Shombre, free-State, Capt. James A. Harvey's Lawrence
is mortally wounded Aug. 16, 1856 force, after a six hours' fight at Hickory
Governor Shannon makes a second Point, Jefferson county, compel the pro-
Ireaty of peace with Lawrence, and ex- slavery men to surrender; later in the
changes some free-State prisoners day 101 of his men, having disobeyed the
Aug. 17, 1866 governor's orders to disband, are capt-
Maj.-Gen. William P. Richardson calls ured by Colonel Cooke, U. S. A., and con-
on the Ist and 2d brigades of northern fined in camp at Lecompton. About twenty
Kansas Aug. 18, 1856 of these men were convicted in' October of
Murder of Hoppe, free-State, by Pugit, murder, and sentenced to twenty years in
pro-slavery, at Leavenworth, on a bet of the penitentiary) Sept. 13, 1856
$6 against a pair of boots that in less John Brown assists the free-State men
than two hours he would bring into at Lawrence in the defence of the town;
Leavenworth a Yankee scalp. (He was Governor Geary orders Woodson and
afterwards tried and acquitted) Strickler to disband the pro-slavery army
Aug. 19, 1856 on the Wakarusa Sept. 14, 1856
Governor Shannon receives notice of The pro-slavery forces encamped near
his removal and of the appointment of Lawrence since the 14th are prevailed
John W. Geary, of Pennsylvania upon by the goverjior to disband and re-
Aug. 21, 1856 turn to Missouri Sept. 17, 1856
David Atchison chosen commander of Publication of Kansas: Its Interior and
pro-slavery troops in the Territory; Exterior Life, by Mrs. Sara T. L. Robin-
Stringfellow assists him in concentrating son Oct. 24, 1856
an army at Little Santa F6 on the Mis- Governor Geary announces that " peace
souri border Aug. 25, 1856 prevails throughout the Territory of Kan-
Proclamation of Governor Woodson de- sas " Nov. 11, 1856
daring the Territory in a state of insur- Col. William A. Phillips publishes his
rcction and rebellion Aug. 25, 1856 book, The Conquest of Kansas by Mis-
House of Ottawa Jones burned by pro- souri and Her Allies 1856
slavery ruffians Aug. 29, 1856 The United States House of Representa-
Osawatomie sacked by Missourians, tives reconsiders the act refusing to seat
and Frederick Brown killed Whitfield, and he becomes delegate for
Aug. 30, 1856 Kansas Dec. 9, 1856
Missourians commence the raids in Free-State legislature meets at Topeka,
Linn and Bourbon counties, followed later Governor Robinson absent; Judge Cato
by James Montgomery's retaliatory meas- grants a writ, and seven members of the
ures August, 1856 legislature are arrested by the L^nited
William Phillips, free-State, killed at States marshal ^Jan. 7. 1857
a Leavenworth city election Territorial legislature and a conven-
Sept. 1, 1856 tion of Kansas National Democratic party
John W. Geary, of Pennsylvania, third meet at Lecompton Jan. 12, 1857
territorial ^vernor, promises in his in- Second session of territorial legislature
augural address justice and fair play; meets at Lecompton Jan. 12, 1857
orders the territorial militia to disband House committee refuses to seat Whit-
and other armed bodies to quit the Ter- field Feb. 11, 1857
ritory. and calls for a new enrolment of Cities of Topeka, Atchison, and Man-
the militia Sept. 9, 1856 hattan incorporated Feb. 14, 1857
Governor Geary sends a despatch to the John Brown makes a striking state-
President in which he gives a very cor- ment on the condition of affairs in Kan-
rect and impartial statement of the sas before a committee of the Massachu-
condition of affairs in the Territory setts legislature Feb. 18, 1857
Sept. 9, 1856 Legislature passes act providing for
Governor Robinson, John Brown, Jr., electing delegates to the Lecompton con-
and H. H. Williams, treason prisoners at stitutional convention, but does not pro-
Lecompton, released on bail vide for the submission of the constitution
Sept. 10, 1856 to the people Feb. 10, 1857
341
XTNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— KANSAS
Legislature charters St. Joe and To- The wagon-trains of the Utah expedi-
peka Railroad Company, afterwards the tion are leaving Fort Leavenworth daily;
Atchison, Topeka, and Santa F6 Railroad Gren. Albert Sidney Johnston is in corn-
Company Feb. 20, 1857 mand of the 5,000 troops sent out to
Emporia founded February, 1857 subdue the Mormons Aug. 1, 1857
Free-State convention at Topeka pre- Under the Topeka constitution, Marcus
pares a spirited review of political events J. Parrott chosen to Congress; vote on
in Kansas March 10, 1857 the constitution, 7,257 for, 34 against
Governor Geary having offered his res- Aug. 9, 1857
ignation to take effect March 20th, leaves At a convention at Grasshopper Falls,
Kansas secretly March 10, 1857 the free-State men" agree to take part in
Free -State convention at Topeka re- territorial election, Oct. 5.. Aug. 26, 1857
solves not to vote for delegates to the At the October election the free-State
Lecompton constitutional convention party is successful Oct. 5, 1857
March 10, 1857 Baker University established at Pal-
The number of immigrants to Kansas myra, now Baldwin City October, 1857
is very large March 13, 1857 Convention meets at Lecompton, Sept.
The newly appointed governor, Robert 7, and forms a State constitution favoring
J. Walker, in his letter of acceptance, slavery; adjourns Nov. 3, 1857
says that he understands that the gov- Free-State convention at Lawrence re-
ernment expects a fair and regular vote pudiates the Lecompton constitution, and
by actual residents of Kansas asks for a vote of the people to decide be-
March 26, 1857 tween it and the Topeka constitution
First free-State victory at Leaven- Dec. 2, 1857
worth; election of a mayor President Buchanan, by message, urges
April 13, 1867 admission of Kansas under Lecompton
Frederick P. Stanton, secretary, who constitution Dec. 7, 1857
precedes Governor Walker to Kansas, an- Special session of territorial legislature
nounces the policy of the new administra- passes act to submit Lecompton const!-
tion in an address at Lawrence, and says tution to a full and fair vote of the whole
that resistance to the " bogus laws " will people on Jan. 4, 1858 Dec. 17, 1857
mean war April 24, 1857 J. W. Denver succeeds Secretary Stan-
Gov. Robert J. Walker arrives at Le- ton, removed, as acting governor
compton and reads his inaugural address Dec. 21, 1857
May 27, 1857 Election on the Lecompton constitution
The Squatter Sovereign, of Atchison, with or without slavery; free-State men
the most violent of the pro-slavery news- do not vote; total vote, 6,795
papers in the Territory, passes into the Dec. 21, 1857
hands of free-State men May, 1857 Free-State convention at Lawrence on
Governor Robinson's message to To- Dec. 23, and a Democratic convention at
peka legislature June 11, 1857 Leavenworth, both in opposition to the
Election of delegates to the Lecomp- Lecompton constitution Dec. 24, 1857
ton constitutional convention ; no free- Election of officers under the Lecompton
State men voted June 15, 1857 constitution; vote for governor, 4,097
Free - State convention at Topeka to Jan. 4, 1858
nominate officers under the Topeka con- Result of a people's vote on the Le-
stitution. and a delegate to Congress, ap- compton constitution was: Against, 10,-
points James H. Lane to organize citizens 226; for. with slavery, 138; for, without
of the Territory to protect the ballot- slavery, 23; election held Jan. 4, 1858
boxes at the approaching elections Last meeting of the Topeka legislature;
July 15, 1857 no quorum March 4, 1858
Governor Walker, with several compa- Free-State constitutional convention at
nies of dragoons, encamps before Law- Minneola, March 23, adjourned to Leaven-
rence. intending to prevent action under worth, March 26, frames "The Leaven-
the independent municipal charter, but worth constitution " April 3, 1858
soon withdraws July 17, 1857 Compromise bill known as the " English
342
XTNITED STATES OE AMERICA— KANSAS
Swindle" and "Lecompton Junior" pass- Legislature adjourns from Lecompton
ed, admitting Kansas under Lecompton to Lawrence Jan. 21, 1860
constitution amended, approved Atchison and St. Joseph Railroad corn-
May 4, 1868 pleted and cars running to Winthrop, op-
Governor Denver takes oath of office posite Atchison Feb. 22, 1860
May 12, 1858 Track-laying of first railroad in Kansas
Jjcavenworth constitution adopted by begun on the Elwood and Marysville Rail-
the people May 18, 1858 road March 20, 1860
Attack on free-State men by a party House of Representatives votes to ad-
of twenty-five under Charles A. Hamil- mit Kansas under the Wyandotte consti-
ton, at Marais des Cygnes; five killed and tution April 11, 1860
five severely wounded May 19, 1858 First pony express arrives at St.
Twenty men leave Lawrence for Pike's Joseph, Mo., 11 days and 12 hours from
Peak. One of the first expeditions to the Sacramento April, 1860
gold regions May 21, 1858 Breaking ground for the Santa F6
People's vote on the Lecompton consti- Railroad at Atchison occurred
tution as modified: For, 1,788; against, June 13, 1860
11,300 Aug. 2, 1858 Greorge M. Beebe, secretary, becomes act-
Governor Denver resigns; Secretary ing governor on Governor Medary's res-
Hugh S. Walsh acting governor ignation Dec. 17, 1860
Oct. 10, 1858 Population of the Territory, 107,204
Captain Montgomery, with sixty-eight 1860
men, enters Fort Scott and releases Last territorial legislature meets at Le-
Benjamin Rice, a free-State prisoner compton, Jan. 7, and adjourns to Law-
Dec. 16, 1858 rence Jan. 8, 1861
Samuel Medary, governor, arrives at Act to admit Kansas under Wyandotte
Lecompton Dec. 18, 1858 constitution passes Senate, Jan. 21 ;
John Brown and his men go into Mis- House, Jan. 28; approved. . . .Jan. 29, 1861
souri, liberate fourteen slaves, and bring Governor Robinson assumes office
them into Kansas Dec. 20, 1858 ^ Feb. 9, 1861
Kansas in 1838y by W. P. Tomlinson, Meeting of the first State legislature at
contains a history of the troubles in Linn Topeka March 26, 1861
and Bourbon counties Dec. 31, 1858 James H. Lane and Samuel C. Pomeroy
Democratic territorial convention, Te- elected United States Senators
cumseh, states that "the slavery ques- April 4, 1861
tion is practically settled in favor of a Steamboat New Sam Oaty arrives at
free State " May 11, 1859 Leavenworth from St. Louis, under Con-
Republican party organized in Kansas; federate flag. The captain is compelled
convention at Osawatomie addressed by by the people to substitute the stars and
Horace Greeley May 18, 1859 stripes April 18, 1861
Beginning of a drought which lasted First Confederate flag captured by Kan-
until November, 1860, and caused the sas troops at latan. Mo., brought into
*' Kansas famine " June, 1859 Leavenworth June 3, 1861
Convention at Wyandotte adopts a con- Organization of the Ist Kansas at Fort
stitution July 29, 1859 Leavenworth June 4, 1861
Vote for Wj'andotte constitution: For, First daily overland mail coach arrives
10,421 : against, 5,530 Oct. 4, 1869 at St. Joseph, Mo., seventeen days from
Abraham Lincoln speaks at Elwood Sacramento July 18, 1861
Dec. 1, 1859 Battle of Wilson's Creek, which saved
Abraham Lincoln speaks in the Meth- Missouri to the Union; Gen. Nathaniel
odist Episcopal Church at Atchison on the Lyon, of Kansas, killed Aug. 10, 1861
same dav that John Brown is hanged in Battle with Confederates at Dry Wood
Virginia'. Dec. 2, 1859 Sept. 2, 1861
At election under Wyandotte consti- Platte River Bridge massacre, Barclay
tution, Charles Robinson, Republican, is Coppoc and other Iowa soldiers killed
chosen governor Dec. 6, 1859 Sept. 3, 1861
343
T7NITED STATES OF AMERICA— KANSAS
Vote for State capital stood: Topeka, Cherokee neutral lands sold to James
7,S)96 ; Lawrence, 5,291 ; scattering, 1,184 F. Joy Oct. 9, 1867
Nov. 5, 1861 Heavy Texas cattle trade at Abilene
Confederate guerilla chief Quantrill October, 1867
makes a raid into Johnson county, burn- Lucy Stone, Susan B. Anthony, Eliza-
ing Shawneetown Oct. 17, 1862 beth Cady Stanton, Mrs. C. I. H. Nichols,
Quantrill, with 300 men, dashes into the and George Francis Train, with the
streets of Lawrence at daylight and kills Hutchinson family of singers, advocate
about 200 men Aug. 21, 1863 woman suffrage 1867
Massacre at Baxter Springs, Kan., of Vote upon amending constitution: For
eighty men, the cavalry escort of General striking out the word "white," 10,483;
Blunt, by Quantrill and 600 guerillas for striking out " male," 9,070 ; against,
Oct. 6, 1863 19,857 Nov. 5, 1867
A wagon-train loaded with Fort Scott Indian raids in Solomon Valley and
coal arrives in Leavenworth along the Republican and Saline rivers
Jan. 30, 1864 August, 1868
Confederate Gen. Sterling Price ad- Kansas academy of science founded at
vances with troops towards Kansas, Oct. Topeka, under the name of Kansas Nat-
1, and enters Linn county ural History Society Sept. 1, 1869
Oct. 24, 1864 Governor Crawford calls for the organ-
Battles near Mound City, Little Osage, ization of a cavalry regiment, the 19th
and Charlotte Oct. 26, 1864 Kansas, for Indian service. .Oct. 10, 1868
Census: White, 127,270; colored, 12,- Col. George A. Forsyth engages in an
527; Indian, 382 May, 1865 eight days' fight with Indians on the
Osage Indians sell to the United States north fork of the Republican River
a tract of land, 30 by 50 miles square, and Sept. 17. 1868
cede to the government a strip 20 miles State convention of colored people at
in width, off the north side of the re- Topeka ask the legislature to memorial-
mainder of their reservation ize Congress for negro suffrage
Sept. 29, 1865 Jan. 20, 1869
Kansas furnishes for war a total of Woman suffrage convention at Topeka
23,000 men, a larger proportion of the Feb. 4, 1869
population than any other State ^igl^t million acres of the Osage di-
1861-65 minished reserve lands opened by Con-
Colored men in convention at Topeka gress to settlement April 10, 1869
memorialize the legislature to strike the Indian raids on the Republican River
word "white" from the Constitution Mav 21, 1869
January, 1866 Fifteenth Amendment to the Const itu-
Legislature authorizes sale of 500,000 tion of the United States ratified by Kan-
acres of State land for the benefit of rail- sas Jan. 19. 1870
roads January, 1866 legislature adjourns after ratifying the
State university opened for instruction. Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution
Lawrence Sept. 12, 1866 of the United States March 3, 1870
Northern Kansas overrun with grass- First number of Kansas Magazine is-
hoppers, which breed in spring of 1867 yued Jan. 1, 1872
September, 1866 Liberal Republican Convention at To-
Treaty made with many Indian tribes peka, organized to " rebuke the corrup-
for removal to Indian territory tions and usurpations which have char-
Feb. 23, 1867 acterized our State and national politics'^
Generals Hancock and Custer march April 10, 1872
against Indians in western Kansas Act of Congress for the removal of
April 30, 1867 Kansas Indians May 8, 1872
Eighteenth Kansas Cavalry, raised for Congress provides for the removal of
the protection of the frontier, mustered -Osage Indians and the sale of their lands
into the United States service July 15, 1872
July 15, 1867 Session of farmers' State convention at
344
T7NITED STATES OF AMEBICA— KANSAS
Topeka; constitution of the Farmers' Co- David L. Payne and followers crowd
operative Association formed into Indian Territory in an attempt to
March 26, 1873 form a settlement May 11, 1880
Rich discoveries of lead near Baxter Greenback Labor party in convention
Springs Sept. 8, 1873 at Topeka nominates H. B. Vrooman for
Buffalo products shipped over Kansas governor July 28, 1880
railways: bones, 10,074,950 lbs.; hides, State election; vote upon adding to the
1,314,300 lbs.; meat, 632,800 lbs 1874 constitution, "The manufacture and sale
Indian raids on the frontier. .June, 1874 of intoxicating liquors shall be forever
Drought and grasshoppers cause great prohibited in the State, except for medi-
destitution in portions of Kansas cal, scientific, and mechanical purposes,'*
July-August, 1874 92,302 votes for, 84,304 against, and the
One thousand five hundred Mennonite decision was left to the Supreme Court
immigrants come to Topeka in Septem- November, 1880
ber and purchase 100,000 acres of land in Immigration of colored people continues
Marion, Harvey, and Reno counties, from through the year; at its close there were
the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa F6 Rail- 40,000 colored immigrants in Kansas
road Company Oct. 14, 1874 1880
Eighty barrels of salt made at Alma, Supreme Court decides the prohibitory
Kansas, sold in Denver .... May 13, 1875 amendment valid; legislature attempts to
Great injury to crops by grasshoppers strengthen it by additional legislation
May 16, 1875 February, 1881
State relief committee report that they Meeting of Farmers' Alliance at Topeka
had received from all sources and dis- Sept. 14, 1881
tributed in Kansas $72,863.47 in cash, 265 George W. Glick, Democrat, elected gov-
car-loads, and 11,049 packages, the last ernor; remaining State officers and Con-
two items valued at $161,245 in cash gressmen being Republican
June 24, 1875 November, 1882
Thirty thousand pounds of fiour shipped €k>vernor Glick in his message pro-
from Arkansas City to Arkansas by fiat- nounces the prohibition amendment prem-
boat down the Arkansas River ature, and indeed unfortunate, and sug-
Aug. 20, 1875 gesta its repeal 1883
The Annals of Kansas, by Daniel W. Law creating a railroad commission and
Wilder, published November, 1875 regulating passenger and freight charges
Incorporation of the Kansas State His- 1883
torical Society Dec. 15, 1875 Prohibition party organized in State
Legislature abolishes all distinction of convention at Lawrence .... Sept. ' 2, 1884
color in the laws March 4, 1876 Population 1,268,562 March 1, 1885
Kansas fruit is awarded the first Kansas national guard fully organ-
premium at the Centennial Exposition, ized under militia law of 1885 1886
Philadelphia, and her agricultural prod- Legislature grants women in Kansas
ucts attract national attention municipalities votes for city and school
October, 1876 officers, and on the issuing of bonds for
Discovery of lead deposits in Cherokee school purposes Feb. 15, 1887
county; Galena and Empire City spring Passage of act providing for the police
into existence 1877 government of cities of the first class
Monument to John Brown dedicated at through a board of police commissioners
Osawatomie Aug. 30, 1877 appointed by the executive council, and
First refugees to Kansas; vanguard of also for a similar government for cities
a great migration of colored people from of the second class in certain contingencies
slave States on the Mississippi arrive at March 1, 1887
Wyandotte .April, 1879 An act providing for the redemption of
Kansas Pacific Railroad seizes the tele- railroad bonds by Kansas municipalities,
graph along its line; a step in the Ameri- It has resulted in the redemption and
can Union and Western Union telegraph funding of many million dollars of such
war February, 1880 bonds March 5, 1887
.345
UNITED STATES OF AMEBIGA— KANSAS
Liquor law to suppress the so-called Bob and Emmet Dal ton, Joseph Evans,
** drug-store saloons " 1887 and " Texas Jack," shot and killed by cit-
Governor stations 2d Regiment in izens while attempting to rob the First
Stevens county to preserve peace, Sheriff National and Ck)ndon's banks in Coffey-
John Cross having been murdered by an ville; four citizens are killed in the
armed faction; result of a county seat affray morning of Oct. 5, 1892
contest July, 1887 L. D. Lewelling elected governor by the
National farmers' congress and farm- Populists and Democrats. .November, 1892
ers' trust association at Topeka; dele- Republicans and Populists each claim
gates from all sections of Union the speakership in the House
Nov. 4, 1887 Jan. 10, 1893
Explosion of dynamite bomb at Cof- [Separate organizations effected.]
feyville in an express package. The ob- Republicans take forcible possession of
ject has remained a mystery, though sup- Representative Hall, Topeka
posed by some to have been political Feb. 15, 1893
Oct. 18, 1888 [Militia called out by the governor.]
Legislature appropriates $9,700 for the A peace agreement signed
establishment and maintenance of a silk Feb. 17, 1893
station and to promote the culture of Supreme Court of Kansas decides that
silk in the State March, 1889 the Republican House was the legally con-
Convention of delegates from fifteen stituted body Feb. 25, 1893
States and Territories at Topeka to de- Republican State ticket, E. N. Morrill,
vise means for securing a deep harbor on governor Nov. 6, 1894
the coast of Texas Oct. 1, 1889 Amendment to the constitution giving
State Re-submission Republican League to women full suffrage defeated
in convention at Wichita demand a re- Nov. 6, 1894
submission of the prohibitory amendment Cyclone in Cloud, Clay, and Washing-
Jan. 15, 1890 ton counties is destructive to lives and
State convention of over 3,000 delegates property April 25, 1896
at Topeka to protest against the "Mis- Natural gas was discovered in quanti-
souri whiskey invasion " and the " origi- ties sufficient for manufacturing purposes
nal package shops " June 23, 1890 at lola, Christmas Day, 1895, and was first
Wilson bill, overruling the " original used for manufacturing purposes
package decision," passes Congress, re- Nov. 1, 1896
ceives the President's signature, and the Populists carry the State, John W.
" original package shops " are closed Leedy, governor. Nov. 3, 1896
Aug. 8, 1890 The book, In His Steps, by Rev. Charles
People's party, an outgrowth of the M. Sheldon, published 1896
Farmers' Alliance and State Grange, con- Act providing for uniformity and maxi-
venes at Topeka and nominates John F. mum charges for school text-books in
Willits for governor Aug. 13, 1890 Kansas March 13, 1897
At State election the vote for governor Railroad wreck at Emporia, thirty
stood: Humphrey, Republican, 115,025; killed and wounded Sept. 8, 1897
Willits, People's party, 106,972 Twenty-first Kansas Volunteer Infantry
Nov. 4, 1890 mustered into United States service at
W. A. Peffer (Alliance) elected United Topeka, TLomas G. Fitch, colonel
States Senator Jan. 28, 1891 May 12-14, 1898
Shooting of Col. Sam Wood, pioneer Twenty-second Kansas Volunteer In-
free-State man, in a county seat fight in fantry mustered into United States ser-
Stevens county June 23, 1891 vice at Topeka, Henry C. Lindsey, colonel
United States Senator Plumb dies at May 11-17, 1898
Washington, D. C, of apoplexy Twenty-third Kansas Volunteer In-
Dee. 20, 1891 fantry, composed entirely of colored men,
Bishop W. Perkins appointed United mustered into the United States service
States Senator by the governor in place at Topeka, James Beck, lieutenant-colonel
of Plumb, qualifies Jan. 5, 1892 July 2-19, 1898
346
UNITED STATES OF AMEBIGA— XENTT7CKY
Twentieth Kansas Volunteer Infantry Francisco, where it is mustered out, and
mustered into United States service at is received at Topeka Nov. 2, 1899
Topeka, Frederick Funston, colonel, May Two men hanged by a mob at Fort
9-13, and sails for Manila Scott Jan. 20, 1900
October-November, 1898 Indian famine relief committee organ-
Twenty - second Kansas, stationed at ized at Topeka; 41,483 bushels of corn
Camp Alger, Thoroughfare Gap, Va., and and $8,700 in cash was contributed
Camp Meade, near Middletown, Pa., May through the committee, which also re-
28-Sept. 9, mustered out at Fort Leaven- ported over $25,000 raised previously,
worth Nov. 3, 1898 mostly through the churches
Twenty-first Kansas, stationed at Camp April 5, 1900
Oeorge H. Thomas, Lysle, Oa., and Camp Conflict between sheriff's posse and two
Hamilton, Ky., May 20-Sept. 25, muster- train robbers, both outlaws killed, at
ed out at Fort Leavenworth Goadland Aug. 10, 1900
Dec. 10, 1898 Death of ex-Senator John J. Ingalls, at
Repeal of police conunissioner law Las Vegas, N. M Aug. 16, 1900
Jan. 4, 1899 Adoption of constitutional amendment
Creation of Kansas travelling libraries making the Supreme Court consist of
commission in connection with the State seven members Nov. 6, 1900
library (14,700 volumes circulated by Republicans gain full control of the
September, 1901) March 4, 1899 State in 1898, with William E. Stanley for
Twenty-third Kansas sails from New governor, who is re-elected. . .Nov. 6, 1900
York, Aug. 25; arrives at Santiago, Cuba, Law creating court of visitation de-
for guard duty at San Luis, Aug. 31, clared unconstitutional 1900
1898 ; returns to Fort Leavenworth, and is Good roads congress at Topeka
mustered out April 10, 1899 September, 1900
Twentieth Kansas does valiant service Carrie Nation wrecks liquor saloons in
in the Philippines, 1898-99; returns in Wichita and other Kansas cities. Is ar-
the Tartar, by way of Hong-Kong, to San rested Feb. 4, 1901
KENTUCKY
Kentucky, a once noted hunting-ground De Soto and his followers ascended the
of the American Indians, which, owing to west bank of the Mississippi, opposite the
frequent desperate encounters between lower portion of the State, during.. 1543
them and the early white settlers, was Kentucky included in the charter of
named the " Dark and Bloody Ground." Virginia 1584
It is the fifteenth State in order of ad- Colonel Wood, seeking trade with the
mission into the United States, and lies Indians, explores Kentucky as far as the
south of the Ohio River, which separates Mississippi 1654
it from Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, and Captain Bolt, from Virginia, travels in
east of the Mississippi, which divides it Kentucky 1670
from Missouri. Lat. 36** 30' N. marks Jacques Marquette, a Jesuit missionary,
almost the entire division line between it Louis Joliet, and five other Frenchmen,
and Tennessee on the south, while 39" 6' spend several days at the mouth of the
limits it on the north. On the east the Ohio July, 1673
Cumberland Mountains and the Big Sandy Chevalier Robert de la Salle and his
River, which flows into the Ohio, sepa- lieutenant, Chevalier Henri de Tonti, with
rate it from Virginia and West Virginia, others, pass from the Illinois River down
It is 300 miles in length from east to west, the Mississippi, stop a few days at the
between long. 82° 3' and 89" 26' W., wedge- mouth of the Ohio, and claim both sides of
shaped, and averages 150 miles in breadth, the Mississippi for France. .February, 1682
Area, 40,400 square miles in 119 counties. A vast tract, including Kentucky,
Population, 1890, 1,858,635; 1900, 2,147,- deeded to the British by the Iroquois, by
174. Capital, Frankfort. treaty at Albany, N. Y., concluded. . .1084
347
T7NITED STATES OF AMEBICA-^KENTTTCKY
M. Longueil, from Canada, descends the by Virginia, the people in convention at
Ohio, and discovers Big Bone Lick on a Boonesboro adopt a proprietary govern-
small creek which flows into the Ohio ment for their new State of Transylvania
about 20 miles above the falls 1739 and pass laws May 23, 1775
Dr. Walker, of Virginia, discovers the Simon Kenton and Thomas Williams
Kentucky River (which he calls the land at the mouth of Limestone Creek,
Louisa), the Big Sandy, and others. .1747 now Maysville, and plant a com crop
Christopher Gist, exploring for the Ohio May, 1775
Land Company, reaches the Shawnee Daniel Boone and others bring their
town, on both sides of the Ohio, just be- wives and children into Kentucky
low the mouth of Scioto Creek September, 1775
Jan. 29, 1751 Representatives of Transylvania at Ox-
James McBride, with others in a canoe, ford, Greenville co., N. C, elect James
passes down the Ohio to the mouth of the Hogg delegate to the Continental Con-
Kentucky River 1754 gress, but Virginia prevents seating him
Capt. Harry Gordon, chief engineer in September, 1775
the western department in North America, Kentucky county formed by Virginia
encamps "opposite to the Great Lick" in out of Fincastle county Dec. 6, 1776
Lewis county, Ky July 16, 1766 First siege of Harrodsburg by forty-
John Findlay and a few wandering white seven Indians under Blackfish
men from North Carolina visit Kentuckv March 7, 1777
1767 Indian attack on Boonesboro, April 15,
By treaty at Fort Stanwix, now Rome, fails; a second unsuccessful attempt by
N. Y., the Six Nations and the Delawares, 200 July 4, 1777
Shawnees, and Mingoes, of Ohio, grant to Daniel Boone, captured by the Indians,
the King of England territory south of the with twenty-seven others, while making
Ohio River, including most of Kentucky salt at the Blue Licks, Feb. 7, 1778, is
Nov. 5, 1768 carried to Chillicothe, O. ; learning of a
Daniel Boone reaches the Red River proposed attack of the Indians on Boones-
with five hunters from North Carolina boro,, he escapes, and, travelling 160 miles
June 7, 1769 in ten days, reaches Boonesboro
Out of forty hunters from southwest June 20, 1778
Virginia, nine under Col. James Knox, Duquesne, with eleven French and 400
known as the Long Hunters (for the Indians, besieges Boonesboro for thirteen
length of the hunting period), reach the days, till by treaty siege is raised
Green and Cumberland rivers 1770 Sept. 7, 1778
Capt. Thomas Bullit, a surveyor, lays Col. George Rogers Clarke, moving
out the town of Louisville 1773 against British posts on the Wabash and
Big Bone Lick, near Burlington, visit- Mississippi, leaves several families at the
ed by James Douglas, of Virginia, who falls of the Ohio, who settle Louisville
finds on the ground bones of the mas- October, 1778
todon 1773 Col. Robert Patterson begins a fort
First log - cabin in Kentucky built by where Lexington now stands, and lays out
James Harrod, at Harrodsburg 1774 the town April 17, 177^)
Treaty with Cherokees at Wataga, Col. Legislature of Virginia passes land law
Richard Henderson, Nathaniel Hart, and for Kentucky, each possessor of a war-
others acquire, for £10,000, the territory rant locating it at his will and surveying
between the Ohio, Kentucky, and Cumber- it. Many surveys overlapped; lawsuits
land rivers March 17, 1775 followed, with confusion of titles, and
Fort begim on south side of Kentucky many settlers lost their land 1779
River called Boonesboro, and settlements Governor of Virginia appoints William
started at Boiling Springs and St. Fleming, Edmund Ljme, James Barbour.
Asaph's, or Fort Logan, in Lincoln county and Stephen Trigg commissioners for
April, 1775 Kentucky. At their first court at St.
Under a call of Colonel Henderson, Asaph's, the first claim considered was
though his purchase was not recognized that of Isaac Shelby's to settlement and
348
-1
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— KENTUCKY
pre-emption " for raising a crop of corn Intrigues of the Spanish government in
in the county in 1176" Oct. 13, 1779 Kentucky, in which General Wilkinson,
In retaliation for Colonel Clarke's sue- John Brown (one of the Virginia dele-
ccssos in Illinois, Colonel Byrd, of the gates to Congress), Benjamin Sebastian,
British army, is sent against Ruddle's and Judge Innes are implicated. Spain
and Martin's stations in Kentucky, capt- seeks to separate the Western States from
ures them, and retreats with plunder and the Bastern, and Mr. Brown states that
prisoners to Detroit June 22, 1780 the Spanish minister, Don Gardoqui, had
County of Kentucky divided into Jeffer- authority to enter into an arrangement
son, Fayette, and Lincoln counties for the exportation of their produce to
Nov. 1, 1780 New Orleans on terms of mutual ad van-
Fort Jefferson, built on the Mississippi tage, " if the people of Kentucky would
River, 5 miles below the mouth of the erect themselves into an independent
Ohio. Besieged by Chickasaw Indians, re- State " 1788
in forced by General Clarke from Kaskas- Fourth act of separation passed by Vir-
kia, and soon after abandoned as too re* ginia, complying with the wishes of Ken-
mote to hold 1780 tucky Dec. 18, 1789
Captain Estill, in pursuit of Indians Ninth convention of Kentucky accepts
who had invested Estill's station, over- the terms of Virginia, and fixes June 1,
takes them near Mount Sterling, and in 1792, for independence July 26, 1790
the fight loses his life. . . .March 22, 1782 Local board of war for district of Ken-
Battle of Blue Licks. .. .Aug. 19, 1782 tucky, established by Congress for prose-
General Clarke, with 1,050 men, ends cution of war and defence against the
Indian invasions in Kentucky Indians January, 1791
November, 1782 Congress authorizes Kentucky to frame
A district court opened at Harrodsburg a constitution Feb. 4, 1791
1783 First paper mill in Kentucky built at
Col. James Wilkinson opens a store in Georgetown by Craig, Parkers &. Co.. .1792
Lexin<;ton February, 1784 State convention at Danville frames a
Convention at Danville, concerning pro- constitution April 3, 1792
posed spparation of Kentucky from Vir- Gen. Isaac Shelby elected first governor
ginia Dec. 27, 1784 May, 1792
Second convention at Danville addresses Kentucky admitted into the Union
Assembly of Virginia and people of Ken- June 1, 1792
tucky in favor of separation. .May 23, 1785 Legislature assembles at Lexington,
First act of Virginia favoring the June 4, and Frankfort is selected as the
separation of Kentucky on conditions capital June 6, 1792
January, 1786 Gen. Anthony Wayne's call for volun-
Second act of Virginia postpones separa- teers from Kentucky being unsuccessful,
tion until Jan. 1, 1789 October, 1786 Governor Shelby orders a draft
Gen. James Wilkinson descends the Sept. 28, 1793
Mississippi to New Orleans with a small Lexington Democratic Society resolves
<»rgo of tobacco and other products "that the rights of the people of the
June, 1787 United States on waters of Mississippi
First newspaper published in Kentucky, ought to be peremptorily demanded of
and the first west of the Alleghanies, the Spain by the government of the United
Kentucky Gazette, i^^sued by John and States " October, 1793
Fielding Bradford, at Lexington Legislature meets for the first time at
August, 1787 Frankfort Nov. 1, 1793
Fifth convention at Danville unani- Four Frenchmen sent by Minister Genet
mously decides on separation on the terms to Kentucky to instigate an expedition
offered by Virginia Sept. 17, 1787 against the Spanish in Louisiana
Eleven of the fourteen Kentucky dele- Nov. 1, 1793
gates in the Virginia convention vote Citizens of Kentucky meet at Lexington
against adopting the Constitution of the and pass resolutions in reference to free
United States June 28. 1788 navigation of the Mississippi . May 24, 1794
349
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— KENTT7CXY
Thomas Powers sent by Carondelet, fort, describes intrigues with Spain, im>
Spanish governor of Louisiana, to treat plicating Wilkinson, Brown, Innes, etc.
with the people of Kentucky for the navi- July 4, 1806
gation of the Mississippi July, 1795 Aaron Burr appears in court at Frank-
Daniel Boone moves to the west of the fort under process served by Col. Joseph
Mississippi River 1795 Hamilton Daviess, United States attorney,
J^xington public library established to answer high misdemeanor in organizing
(400 volumes) 1795 within the United States a military ex-
First charter of Newport adopted pedition against Mexico. Burr is ac-
Dec. 14, 1795 quitted Dec. 2, 1806
Thomas Powers again sent by Caronde- [A few days later his acquittal was celc-
let to Kentucky with the outline of a pro- brated by a ball at Frankfort.]
visional treaty and a letter to Judge Se- Jefferson Davis bom in Christian county
bastian to concert a separation of Kentucky June 3, 1808
from the Union July 12, 1797 Abraham Lincoln bom in Hardin (now
Henry Clay removes from Virginia and Larue) county Feb. 12, 1809
opens a law office in Lexington Dr. Ephraim McDowell, the " father of
November, 1797 ovariotomy," successfully performs the
Endowment by the legislature of five first in the world, at Danville 1809
educational academies in Kentucky, each Mammoth Cave discovered 1809
with 6,000 acres of land Feb. 10, 1798 Lottery authorized to raise $10,000 for
John Fitch, inventor of steamboat, the improvement of the navigation of the
dies at Bardstown, aged fifty-five Kentucky River Jan. 10, 1811
June, 1798 Henry Clay, speaker of the House of
" Kentucky resolutions of 1798," sug- Representatives Nov. 4, 1811
gesting nullification of the alien and sedi- Colonel Owen and Joseph H. Daviess,
tion laws, introduced by John Breckin- of Kentucky, killed in action at the battle
ridge; pass both Houses of the legislature of Tippecanoe Nov. 7, 1811
Nov. 16, 1798 Six prominent citizens of Frankfort
Transylvania University established at authorized to raise $4,000 by lottery to
Lexington by union of Transylvania Semi- complete an unsectarian house of worship
nary (founded 1780) and Kentucky Acad- on the public square Feb. 4, 1812
emy (founded 1706) Dec. 22, 1798 Appropriation made by the legislature
Constitutional convention in Frankfort of $12.50 for digging stimips out of the
Aug. 17, 1799 State-house yard Feb. 8, 1812
At Harpe's Head, 3 miles from Dixon, Brig. -Gen. Green Clay, with 3,000
Webster county, highwayman Micajah Kentuckians, reaches Fort Meigs to re-
Harpe, alias Big Harpe, killed and head inforce General Harrison, and with part
impaled 1799 of his force cuts his way through the
Boundary-line between Kentucky and enemy's lines into the fort. .May 5, 1813
Virginia defined Oct. 14, 1799 Col. Richard M. Johnson, authorized by
" Great revival " of religion begins in Congress, raises a regiment of 1,000 volun-
Kentucky ; first great camp-meeting held teers in Kentucky 1813
at Caspar River July, 1800 Battle of the Thames; Governor Shelby
Kentucky River Company chartered to with 4,000 Kentuckians, Colonel Johnson,
clear the river of obstructions and others participate Oct. 5, 1813
Dec. 19, 1801 State-house at Frankfort burned
Kentucky Insurance Company chartered Nov. 25, 1813
at Lexington with banking powers At the request of President Madison,
Dec. 16, 1802 the legislature sets apart rooms in the
John Breckinridge, of Fayette county, penitentiary for British prisoners
appointed Attorney-General 1805 Dec. 8, 1813
Aaron Burr visits Lexington 1805 Congress grants Daniel Boone 1,000
Trappist monks arrive in Kentucky acres in upper Louisiana. . . .Feb. 10, 1814
1805 Treaty of Ghent signed; Clay one of
Western World, a new weekly of Frank- the commissioners Aug. 6, 1814
350
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— KENTT7CKY
Two thousand five hundred Kentucky Capitol at Frankfort destroyed by fire
militia under Maj.-Gten. John Thomas Nov. 4, 1824
reach New Orleans Jan. 4, 1815 Henry Clay candidate for the Presi-
Town of Covington chartered by legis- dency 1824
lature Feb. 7, 1815 Legislature repeals court of appeals act
Lexington and Maysville and Lexing- and organizes a new court. Anti-relief
ton and Louisville Turnpike Road Com- party becomes Old Court party, and Relief
paniea chartered Feb. 4, 1817 party merged into New Court party
Comer-stone of the lunatic asylum at Dec. 24, 1824
Lexington laid. It bears a brass plate Henry Clay appointed United States
inscribed, "The first erected west of the Secretary of State March 7, 1825
Apalachian Mountains".. . .June 30, 1817 Oeneral Lafayette visits Louisville
President James Monroe visits Louis- May 8, 1825
ville on his tour of inspection of arsenals, Old Court have a majority in the legis-
naval depots, and fortifications. .. .1817 lature, but Senate remains New Court
Forty-six independent banks chartered 1825
in the State, aggregate capital $8,720,000, Legislature restores the Old Court
most of which fail during the year Dec. 30, 1827
Jan. 26, 1818 Natural gas-well discovered on Green
Ex-Gov. Isaac Shelby, commissioner River by Samuel White 1828
with Gen. Andrew Jackson, obtains by William T. Barry, of Lexington, Post-
treaty with the Indians cession of the master-General of United States 1829
" Jackson purchase " south and west of American oil-well near Burksville on the
the Tennessee River Oct. 19, 1818 Cumberland River discovered in boring
Owing to pressure of debt among the for salt, spouted 50 feet. The oil, im-
people the legislature extends the right of agined to have healing qualities, was
replevin from three to twelve months bottled and sold through the United States
Feb. 11, 1820 and Europe for medicine 1830
President Madison, General Jackson, President Jackson vetoes a bill direct-
and others entertained at Louisville by ing the Secretary of the Treasury to
the freemasons June 24, 1820 subscribe for 1,500 shares of the Mays-
Legislature by resolutions requests ville, Washington, and Lexington Turn-
President to negotiate with Great Britain pike Road Company May 27, 1830
for restoring fugitive slaves in Canada First rail Lexington and Ohio Railroad
November, 1820 laid at Lexington Oct. 22, 1831
Bank of the Commonwealth at Franklin Henry Clay candidate for the Presi-
chartered, with branches in each judicial dency 1832
district and a capital of $2,000,000 (not Maysville incorporated as a city
required to redeem its notes, they are made Jan. 31, 1833
receivable in public debts and taxes, and Kentucky Colonization Society sends
State lands were pledged for their re- 102 freed negroes to Liberia
demption) Nov. 29, 1820 March, 1833
Two political parties arise : Relief party, Kentucky educational convention with
composed of debtors and majority of delegates from fifty-eight counties meets
voters, and Anti-relief, of merchants, farm- at Frankfort, Jan. 9, 1834. Kentucky
ers, etc., and legality of the replevin act Common School Society organized at
is questioned 1821 Frankfort Jan. 28, 1834
Petition of Cleves Symmes, of Newport, Lieut. -Gov. James T. Morehead suc-
presented in the United States Senate for ceeds Governor Breathitt, who dies
aid in a voyage to the inside of the earth Feb. 21, 1834
through the poles, which he claims are Covington incorporated as a city
open Nov. 19, 1822 Feb. 24, 1834
Supreme Court holds the replevin act Amos Kendall, of Frankfort, Post-
unconstitutional 1823 master-General of United States 1835
Gen. Joseph Desha elected governor by Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky,
Relief party Aug. 7, 1824 elected Vice-President 1836
351
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— KENTUCKY
State Agricultural Society organized leave Louisville under the auspices of the
Feb. 3, 1838 Kentucky Colonization Society
Felix Grundy, of Nelson county, At- Jan. 7, 1846
torney -General of the United States. .1838 Burial of those Kentuckians who fell
Governor Clark dies; Lieut.-Gov. C. A. in the Mexican War in the State cemetery
Wickliffe takes oath of office at Frankfort July 20, 1847
Sept. 5, 1839 [It was at this burial that the poem.
Tliree hundred and fifty men from Bour- The Bivouac of the Dead, by Theodore
bon and Harrison execute "Lynch law" O'Hara (1820-67), written to commemo-
nt Williamstown, Grant county, on Smith rate the event, was read.]
May the and Lyman Crouch, who had cut Lines of telegraph erected from Mays-
the throat of William Utterback, of Bour- ville to Nashville and Cincinnati 1847
bon county. He recoveredj but lost speech Bones of Kentuckians massacred by
July 10, 1841 Indians at the river Raisin, Jan. 18, 1813,
Charles A. Wickliffe, of Beardstown, found while grading a street in Monroe,
Postmastor-General ; John White, speaker Mich., are reinterred in the State ceme-
of the House of Representatives, and John tery Sept. 30, 1848
J. Crittenden, Attorney-General of the Emancipation meetings; the gradual
United States — all from Kentucky. .1841 emancipation of the slaves discussed at
Legislature passes anti-State repudia- Maysville and Louisville. .Feb. 12-13, 1849
tion resolutions Jan. 14, 1842 Convention to remodel the constitution
George M. Bibb, of Xx)ui8ville, Secre- meets at Frankfort Oct. 1, 1849
tary of the United States Treasury Legislature requests the governor to
June 16, 1844 place a block of Kentucky marble in the
Raw silk produced in Somerset, 1842, Washington monument at Washington,
and a manufactory established at New- inscribed, " Under the auspices of Heaven
port and silk spun and woven and the precepts of Washington, Ken-
October, 1844 tucky will be the last to give up the
Henry Clay candidate for the Presi- Union" Jan. 24, 1850
dency 1844 New constitution adopted
Miss Delia A. Webster, for abducting May 7, 1850
slaves to Ohio, is sentenced to two years Battle monument erected in State ceme-
iii penitentiary, Dec. 23, 1844. By peti- tery, Frankfort June 25, 1850
tion of jury and others she is pardoned by John J. Crittenden, of Kentucky, ap-
Governor Owsley, and leaves for her home pointed Attorney-General of the United
in Vermont Feb. 25, 1846 States; and John L. Helm becomes gov-
Governor Bartley, of Ohio, refuses a ernor July 31, 1850
requisition from Governor Owsley for one Death at Washington, D. C, of Henry
Kissam, charged with kidnapping slaves Clay June 29, 1852
March 14, 1845 United States Military Asylum located
Governor Whitcomb, of Indiana, issues at Harrodsburg Springs .... May 8, 1853
a warrant to an officer from Kentucky James Guthrie, of Louisville, Secretary
for the arrest of a free mulatto on charge of the Treasury, and Jefferson Davis, of
of stealing several slaves from Harrods- Christian county, Secretary of War. . 1853
burfr April 25, 1845 Miss Delia A. Webster again appearing
Methodist Episcopal Church, South, or- in Kentucky, and assisting Rev. Norris
ganized, Louisville May, 1845 Day in transporting slaves to Ohio, is first
Office of the True American, published requested and then compelled to leave the
at Lexington by Cassius M. Clay, for its State March 12. 1854
abolition utterances entered by sixty citi- A jury having acquitted Matthew F.
zens, and Clay's effects shipped to Cin- Ward of the murder of William H. G.
cinnati Aug. 18, 1845 Butler in Louisville, an indignation meet-
Reinterment of Daniel Boone and wife ing is held in Louisville. A mob burns in
in the State cemetery at Frankfort efhgy John J. Crittenden, of counsel for
Sept. 13, 1845 Ward and others, and is with difficulty
Colony for " Kentucky in Liberia " subdued April 29, 1854
352
J
UNITED STATES OF AHEBICA— KEKTT7CKY
State temperance convention at Louis- Joseph Holt, of Kentucky, Secretary of
ville nominates George W. Williams for War Dec. 31, 1860
governor Dec. 14, 1854 Montgomery Blair, of Frankfort, Post-
" Know-nothing " convention at Louis- master-General March 7, 1861
ville nominates Judge William V. Loring, Governor Magoffin answers a War De-
Whig, for governor Feb. 22, 1855 partment call for troops : " I say emphati-
Riot on election day, " Bloody Monday," cally, Kentucky will furnish no troops for
between Know-nothings and foreigners the wicked purpose of subduing her sis-
Aug. 6, 1855 ter Southern States" April 15, 1861
John C. Breckinridge elected Vice-Pres- Union meeting at Louisville declared
ident of the United States 1856 that Kentucky would not take sides, but
General assembly of Old School Pres- maintain a neutral position and remain
byterian Church at Lexington loyal until the government became the
May 21, 1857 aggressor April 18, 1861
Corner-stone of Henry Clay monument Capt. Joseph Desha, with a company
laid in the cemetery at Lexington with of over 100 men, leaves Harrison county
masonic ceremonies July 4, 1857 to join the Confederates, with several
United States agricultural exhibition other companies from other counties
opens at Ix)uisville Aug. 31, 1857 April, 1861
Kentucky University at Lexington or- At an election of delegates to the Bor-
ganized 1858 der State convention the rote was over-
Methodist Episcopal Church, South, in whelmingly in favor of the Union
conference at Hopkinsville, votes to ex- May 4, 1861
punge the general rule forbidding " the Three Union men and three Breckin-
buying and selling of men, women, and ridge men as arbitrators agree that Ken-
children, with an intent to enslave them " tucky should not take part, but maintain
Oct, 18, 1858 armed neutrality May 11, 1861
Death at Shippingport of James D. House of Representatives resolves on
Porter, the Kentucky giant; height, 7 feet State neutrality May 16, 1861
0 inches April 24, 1859 Governor Magoffin proclaims armed ncu-
Joseph Holt, of Louisville, appointed trality of State May 20, 1861
Postmaster-General 1859 Border State convention at Frankfort,
Destruction by a mob of the True with representatives from Kentucky and
South, an abolition paper published at Missouri and one from Tennessee, address-
Newport Oct. 28-29, 1859 es Kentucky to remain neutral, and the
liCgislature adopts the boundary - line L^nited States to satisfy the slave States
between Kentucky and Tennessee survey- of the safety of slave property
ed by Cox and Briggs, commissioners ap- May 27-June 3, 1861
pointed in 1859 Feb. 28, 1860 S. B. Buckner, as commander of the
Governor Magoffin, by circular, submits State guards and adjutant-general, orders
to the governors of slave States six propo- six companies of State guards to Colum-
sitions, among them : " To amend the bus, to preserve the neutrality of that dis-
united States Constitution to forbid nul- trict June 24, 1861
lifying the fugitive slave-law. That all Brig.-Gen. William Nelson establishes
Territories north of 37° shall come in as Camp Dick Robinson in Garrard county,
free States, all south as slave States. To where companies of Federal soldiers of
guarantee free navigation of the Missis- Kentucky are formed into regiments
sippi forever to all States. To give the August, 1861
South protection in the United States Confederate troops from Tennessee oc-
Senate from unconstitutional or oppressive cupy Columbus Sept. 4, 1861
legislation upon slavery" Dec. 9. 1860 (General Grant, with two regiments and
Col. W. S. Featherstone as commission- two gunboats, takes possession of Pa-
er from Mississippi visits Frankfort to ducah, and proclaims that he comes solely
urge Kentucky to co-operate in " efficient to defend the State from aggression
measures for the common defence and Sept. 6, 1861
safety" Dec. 25, 1860 Legislature by resolution orders Con-
ix.— z 353
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA--KENTT7CKY
federate troops to leave the State, re- H. Thomas; General Zollicoffer is kill-
fusing to order both parties to leave ed and the Confederates routed
Sept. 11, 1861 Jan. 19-20, 1862
Legislature by resolution instructs the General Buckner evacuates Bowling
governor to call out the State troops Green Feb. 14, 1862
to drive out the Southern invaders, and Confederates evacuate Columbus, Feb.
resolves, " that Kentucky expects the Con- 27 ; Federals take possession
federates or Tennessee troops to be with- March 3, 1862
drawn from her soil unconditionally" Brig.-Gen. John H. Morgan, with his
Sept. 12, 1861 Confederate cavalry or rangers (900
S. B. Buckner issues from Kussollville men), begins his first Kentucky raid in
an address to the people, calling on them Monroe county July 8, 1862
to take up arms against the usurpation Prison for "rebel females" prepared at
of Abraham Lincoln Sept. 12, 1861 Newport, where they will be required to
Resolution passed over the governor's sew for the Federal soldiers. .July 28, 1862
veto requesting Gen. Robert Anderson, Grovemor Magoffin resigns; J. F. Robin-
commander of Fort Sumter, to take charge sin, speaker of State Senate, succeeds
of the State troops, which he did him Aug. 16, 1862
September, 1861 General Bragg begins his march into
S. B. Buckner occupies Bowling Green Kentucky from Tennessee .. Aug. 24, 1862
with a Confederate force. . . .Sept. 18, 1861 Battle near Richmond, Madison county;
Sixth Regiment, Indiana Volunteers, Confederates victorious .. Aug. 29-30, 1862
reaches Louisville Sept. 20, 1861 Colonel Morgan's Confederate cavalry
House passes a bill calling out 40,000 reach Lexington after five weeks, passing
volunteers for one to three years to re- through the State on their second raid
pel the invasion of Confederate forces Sept. 4, 1862
Sept. 24, 1861 Mumfordsville surrendered to the ad-
Battle at Camp Wildcat, the junction of vancing army under General Bragg, Sept.
three roads leading to Mount Vernon, 17; again occupied by the Federals
Tendon, and Richmond. Kentucky In- Sept. 21, 1862
fantry under Col. Theodore T. Garrard Confederate State government organ-
nnsuccessfiilly attacked by Confederates ized at Frankfort, with Richard Hawes,
under Brig.-Gen. Felix K. Zollicoffer of Bourbon, as governor, and four hours
Oct. 4, 1861 later leaves Frankfort, never to return
Sovereignty convention in session at Oct. 4, 1862
Russellville for three days. Over 200, re^- Battle of Perryville fought on Chaplin
resenting sixty-five counties, adopt an or- Hills in Boyle county Oct. 8, 1862
dinance of secession, choose Col. George Nine Confederate soldiers captured and
W. Johnson provisional governor, with hanged in Rockcastle county in retaliation
Bowling Green the new seat of government for the hanging in Bell county, by some
Nov. 18, 1861 Confederate soldiers, of Capt. H. King
Confederate Congress admits Kentucky and fifteen others as bushwackera
as a State Dec. 9, 1861 Nov. 6, 1862
Self-stvled legislative council of Ken- Colonel Cluke's Confederate cavalrv
tucky assembles within the Confederate take Mount Sterling March 21, 1863
lines and elects ten delegates to the Con- Battle of Dutton Hill, Pulaski county;
federate Congress at Richmond Confederates retreat after five hours' en-
Dec. 14, 1861 gagement: March 30. 1863
At Middle Creek, Floyd county, Col. Desperate engagement at TebVs bend of
James A. Garfield routs the Confederates Green River. Taylor county. Two hundred
under Col. Humphrey Marshall of 2.5th Michigan Infantry, under Colonel
Jan. 10, 1862 Moore, in a strong natural fortification.
Battle of Mill Springs, Pulaski county; are attacked by 600 of Morgan's men.
Ma j. -Gen. George B. Crittenden and Brig- When summoned to surrender, Colonel
adier-General Zollicoffer attack thp ap- Moore declined, "because the Fourth of
proaching Federals under Maj.-Gen. George July was not an appropriate day to sur-
354
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— KENTUCKY
render," and the Confederates retreated Agricultural College established
after several ineffectual attempts to storm • Feb. 22, 1866
the intrenchments July 4, 1863 By proclamation of the governor, busi-
General Burnside declares martial law ness is suspended on the occasion of the
in Kentucky July 31, 1863 funeral of Lincoln April 19, 1865
Capt. Edward Cahill having been sent Old command of General Morgan sur-
into Kentucky in December, 1863, to re- renders to Brig-Gen. E. H. Hobson at
cruit free colored men for the Union army. Mount Sterling May I, 1865
the legislature by resolution protests, President Johnson modifies President
and requests the President to remove all Lincoln's proclamation of July 5, 1864,
camps for negro soldiers, by which " our " in so far that martial law shall no
slaves are enticed to leave the service of longer be in force in Kentucky"
their owners " Feb. 18, 1864 Oct. 12, 1865
Meeting at Louisville of a Border State State farmers' convention held at
** freedom " convention. One hundred dele- Frankfort. Forty counties represented
gates from four States — Kentucky, Mis- Jan. 11, 1866
souri, Tennessee, and Arkansas " Ashland," the home of Henry Clay,
Feb. 22-23, 1864 near Lexington, purchased for the new
Brig.-Gen. John H. Morgan enters the Agricultural College of Kentucky
State from Virginia with 2,400 men on Jan. 15, 1866
his *' June raid " June 2, 1864 Jesse Root Grant, father of General
Parts of Morgan's forces demand the Grant, appointed postmaster at Coving-
surrender of Lexington, which is refused, ton Feb. 25, 1866
June 9, and invest Frankfort, which is " Skaag's men," a band of over 100
successfully defended June 11, 1864 armed and mounted outlaws, terrorize the
General Burbridge overtakes Morgan's colored population of Marion county
forces at Cynthiana and defeats them 1866
after an hour's desperate battle Legislature rejects Fourteenth Amend-
June 12, 1864 ment to Constitution Jan. 10, 1867
President Lincoln suspends writ of Amnesty bill passed; no officer, soldier,
habeas corpus in Kentucky, and pro- or sailor of the United States or so-called
claims martial law in the State Confederate States shall be held respon-
July 6, 1864'8ible, criminally or civilly, in courts of
Many citizens arrested by General Bur- the State for any act done during the
bridge, under General Sherman, as " Sons late rebellion, under military authority
of Liberty," "American Knights," etc. Feb. 28, 1867
1864 John L. Helm, elected governor, Aug.
A number of citizens of Paducah, Co- 5, inaugurated while dangerously ill at
lumbus, and vicinity banished to Canada his home in Elizabethtown, Sept. 3; dies
August, 1864 Sept. 8, 1867
Commission sent by General Bur- Lieut.-Gov. John W. Stevenson suc-
bridge to investigate the conduct of Gen. ceeds Sept. 8, 1867
Eleazer A. Paine, who had produced Governor Stevenson authorizes three
a fifty-one days' reign of terror at companies of volunteers against a band
Paducah. Paine flees to Illinois of " regulators " and lynchers in Marion,
September, 1864 Boyle, and adjoining counties
James Speed, of Louisville, Attorney- Oct. 11, 1867
General of United States. .November, 1864 John W. Stevenson elected governor
Law consolidating Transylvania and Aug. 3, 1868
Kentucky universities February, 1865 Legislature rejects the Fifteenth
John C. Breckinridge appointed Secre- Amendment to Constitution
tary of War, Confederate States of Amer- March 13, 1869
ica 1865 A band of so-called " Ku-klux " attack
General Palmer relieves General Bur- Frank Bowen near Nicholasville, who in
bridge from command of the district of self-defence kills one March 16, 1869
Kentucky Feb. 10, 1865 Seven hundred colored delegates hold a
355
T7NITED STATES OF AHEBICA— KENTUCKY
State educational convention near Louis- above Evansville, Ind., deciding juria-
ville July 14, 1869 diction over Green Island, is defined.
Great commercial convention at Louis- This section had become the refuge of
ville, ex-President Millard Fillmore pre- thieves, because of uncertain jurisdiction,
sidefi; 520 delegates from twenty-nine The commissioners, governed by the Unit-
States Oct. 13, 1869 ed States survey of 1806, awarded Green
Affray at Somerset, Pulaski county, Island to Kentucky, the boundary running
from the whipping of one Cooper by regu- near the present bed of the Ohio River, on
lators; forty men engaged; three killed the Indiana side 1875
Nov. 20, 1869 Legislature establishes a bureau of
Legislature establishes an insurance agriculture, horticulture, and statistics,
bureau May 20, 1870 and reduces legal interest from 10 to 8
Governor Stevenson resigns. Preston per cent 1876
H. Leslie, president of the Senate, acting Gen. Green Clay Smith, of Kentucky,
lieutenant-governor, is inaugurated nominated for President by the Pro-
Feb. 13, 1871 hibition party 1876
Over 100 armed men enter Frankfort at Acts passed legislature making 6 per
dawn and free a white man charged with cent, the legal rate of interest in the
murdering a negro, though the jail was State, and creating State board of health
guarded by four militiamen. .Feb. 25, 1871 1878
An assault on a United States mail Act of legislature appropriating $10,000
agent (a negro, William H. Gibson), on for a monument to the memory of John
the Lexington and Louisville Railroad C. Breckinridge, who died May 17, 1875
train at North Benson depot, Jan. 26, 1878
1871, occasions sending troops into Ken- Bill to re-establish the whipping-post
tucky and stopping the mail route for a passes House, 63 to 21 ; lost in Senate by
month March, 1871 casting vote of lieutenant-governor . . . 1878
Preston H. Leslie elected governor Troops sent by governor to Jackson,
Aug. 7, 1871 Breathitt county, to quell an old feud re-
National convention in Louisville of vived by a mob attacking sheriff bringing
" Straight-out Democrats," who repudiate a prisoner charged with murder to court,
the action of the Baltimore convention under twenty-five guards Nov. 29, 1878
nominating Horace Greeley for President, Legislature transfers to the United
and nominate Charles O'Conor, of New States the five locks and dams constructs
York, for President, and John Quincy by the State in the Kentucky River. .1880
Adams for Vice-President.. Sept. 3-6, 1872 "Regulators," a vigilance association
National industrial exposition opens at of large extent, disbands, 200 men giving
Louisville Sept. 3, 1872 themselves up to the civil authorities in
Colored Liberal Republican National Louisville, and furnishing names of 800
Convention at Tx)uisville ; delegates from others". 1880
twenty-three States; Greeley supported State Prohibition party organized at
Sept. 25, 1872 Louisville Oct. 14, 1881
State educational convention of colored Legislature establishes a board of rail-
men in session at Jjouisville road commissioners, and prohibits extor-
Feb. 18-19, 1873 tion and discrimination in transportation
Governor Leslie advertises in New York of freight and passengers 1882
City and Louisville that Kentucky is McCoy, of Pike county, Ky., kills Hat-
anxious to call in her bonds, and is pre- field, of Logan county, W. Va., in an elec-
pared to pay the principal and interest tion dispute. Four McCoys arrested for
upon presentation Sept. 10, 1873 this act are captured by a Hatfield mob,
Ku-klux outrages in Shelby and Frank- carried into West Virginia, and then se-
lin counties October, 1873 cretly taken back to Kentucky and shot
General law regulating the sale of in- 1882
toxica ting liquors 1874 One hundredth anniversary of the battle
Under authority of the legislatures of of Blue Licks celebrated on the battle-
Kentucky and Indiana, the boundary field Aug. 19, 1882
356
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— KENTXTCKY
Southern exposition opens at Louisville New constitution ratified, 213,950 for,
Aug. 1, 1883 74,446 against Aug. 3, 1891
National convention of colored men at Constitutional convention reassembles
Louisville discusses and acts upon civil Sept. 2, and, after amending the consti-
and political rights Sept. 24, 1883 tution adopted by the people, signs and
Governor Buckner announces suspension publishes the result Sept. 28, 1891
of State Treasurer Tate (State treasurer Governor signs the anti- lottery bill,
for twenty years) for defalcations which which makes the dealing in lottery tickets
proved to amount to $229,009.21, and act a felony March 15, 1892
passed creating ofiice of State inspector One hundredth anniversary of the ad-
and examiner March, 1888 mission of Kentucky into the Union
State troops stationed at Pikeville to celebrated at Lexington June 1, 1892
prevent the rescue of three Hatfields who Rush Morgan, the noted desperado who
were captured by the sheriff of Pike had killed seventeen men, is shot and kill-
county, in Logan county, W. Va., and ed near Hubbard Springs Jan. 31, 1893
were lodged in Pike county jail, and six John G. Carlisle resigns United States
other Hatfields who were captured after Senatorship to become Secretary of the
burning the house of the elder McCoy, Treasury February, 1893
and killing his wife, daughter, and son William Lindsay is elected United
1888 States Senator for six years, beginning
Detachment of seventy troops sent to March 6, 1896 Jan. 10, 1694
Perry county to protect the circuit court For the first time in her history Ken-
in the " French-Eversole " feud tucky elects a Republican State ticket,
November, 1888 headed by William O. Bradley for governor
Stephen G. Sharp elected State trcas- November, 1895
urer in place of defaulter Tate In the electoral college Kentucky for
Aug. 5, 1889 the first time casts her vote for Republican
Perry and Knott counties "absolutely candidates for President and Vice-Presi-
dominated and terrorized by savage and dent January, 1806
lawless bands," and the circuit court is W. J. Deboe, Republican, of Crittenden
suspended. The governor refuses to cause county, is elected to succeed Blackburn in
expense to the State by calling out troops the United States Senate, for six years,
1889 beginning March 5, 1897. ...April 28, 1897
State tjoops aid in defeat of the Howard The legislature passes an election law,
faction in the so-called Howard-Turner known as the Goebel law.. March, 1898
feud in Harlan county Oct. 21, 1889 The legislature creates a board of prison
Constitutional convention meets at commissioners, consisting of three mem-
Frankfort Sept. 8, 1890 bers, to administer the affairs of the two
Tornado, leaving a path 400 yards wide penitentiaries of the State, which have
and 3 miles long, passes through . Louis- hitherto devolved on the commissioners of
ville. In Louisville 120 persons are kill- the sinking fund March, 1898
ed; loss to the city, $2,500,000 The legislature appropriates $500 to
March 27, 1890 mark and properly preserve the graves of
Senator James B. Beck drops dead in a the Confederate soldiers slain at the battle
railway station in Washington, D. C. of Perryville in 1862 March 16, 1898
May 3, 1890 Under the call of the President for
LTnited States Supreme Court decides troops to serve during the Spanish War
in favor of the claim of Kentucky to the four regiments of Kentuckians are tender-
ownership of Green Island in the Ohio ed to the War Department and accepted as
River May 19, 1890 follows : The Louisville Legion ( Ist Ken-
John G. Carlisle, elected United States tucky Infantry), Col. John B. Castleman;
Senator, qualifies May 26, 1890 2d Kentucky Infantry, Col. E. H. Gaither;
Hatfield-McCoy feud ended by a mar- 3d Kentucky Infantry, Col. T. J. Smith;
riage March 21, 1891 and 4th Kentucky Infantry, Col. David G.
Constitutional convention adjourns to Colson 1898
Sept. 2 April 11, 1891 Quadrennial election for State officers,
357
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— KENTUCKY
which is claimed by both the Democratic of 6 to 1 that the action of the legislat-
and the Republican candidates ure in declaring Goebel governor was legal
November, 1899 April 6, 1900
The State board of election commis- An appeal from the decision of the
sioners (one member dissenting) award Louisville circuit court in the guberna-
the certificate of election to the Republi- torial case is filed in the United States
can candidate December, 1899 Supreme Court April 16, 1900
The legislature meets in biennial session, The grand jury at Frankfort returns in-
before which William Goebel, Democrat, dictments against Henry E. Youtsey, Har-
contests the claim of William S. Taylor, Ian Whitaker, Berry Howard, James How-
Republican, to the office of governor, Tay- ard, and Dick Combs for the murder of
lor being the incumbent Jan. 2, 1900 Goebel, and against others as accessorj-
J. C. S. Blackburn is elected United before the fact April 17, 1900
States Senator to succeed William Lindsay In the Franklin county circuit court
Jan. 17, 1900 final judgments in favor of the Democratic
In Frankfort, while on his way to the claimants for the minor State ofilces are
State-house to be present at the 10.30 a.m. entered April 18. 1900
session of the Senate, Senator William Col. David G. Colson, on trial at Frank-
Goebel, Democratic contestant for govern- fort for the killing of Ethelbert D. Scott,
or, is shot by a concealed assassin and in the lobby of the Capital Hotel, that city,
mortally wounded Jan. 30, 1900 is acquitted April 21, 1900
Governor Taylor issues a proclamation In the Franklin county circuit court
adjourning the legislature, to meet in the indictment against Col. David G. Col-
London, Laurel county, on Feb. 6, 1900 son for killing Luther G. Demarce in
Jan. 30, 1900 his (Colson's) fight with Ethelbert D.
State troops prevent the assembling of Scott, Jan. 16, 1900, is dismissed
the legislature in Frankf ort . . Jan. 31, 1900 April 24, 1900
The gubernatorial contest before the The Republican claimants for minor
legislature having been decided in favor State offices are granted an appeal from
of Senator Goebel, he is sworn in as gov- the circuit court to the court of appeals
ernor, J. C. W. Beckham as lieutenant- April 24, 1900
governor Jan. 31, 1900 In the United States district court for
The courts grant an injunction to pre- Kentucky, Judge Evans sentences O'Xeill,
vent Governor Taylor from exercising the Locke, Crites, and Mullen to th^ee years
functions of his office Feb. 3, 1900 in the Nashville penitentiary and to pay
Goebel dies and J. C. W. Beckham is a fine of $100 each for conspiring to pre-
sworn in as governor by succession, to vent negroes from voting at the Novem-
hold till next general election ber (1899) election April 25, 1900
Feb. 4, 1900 The United States Supreme Court, in
The legislature is recalled to Frankfort, the case of Taylor against Beckham for
the Democratic members having for some the governorship, decides that it has no
days met in Louisville and the Republi- jurisdiction. Taylor vacates the office and
can members in London Feb. 10, 1900 leaves the State.... May 21, 1900
The legislature reassembles at Frank- Republicans in convention in Louisville
fort Feb. 19, 1900 nominate John W. Yerkes for governor
The state board of election commis- July 16, 1900
sioners, sitting as a contest board, de- Democrats in convention in Lexington
cide in favor of the Democratic claim- nominate J. C. W. Beckham for governor
ants for the minor State offices July 21, 1900
Feb. 26, 1900 Caleb Powers, Republican claimant for
The gubernatorial contest between the office of Secretary of State, on trial
Beckham and Taylor having been sub- at Georgetown for conspiring to murder
mitte<l to the courts, the Louisville circuit Senator Goebel, is found guilty and his
court decides in favor of Beckham punishment fixed at imprisonment for
March 10, 1900 life Aug. 18, 1900
The court of appeals decides by a vote Judge Cantrill, of the Scott county cir-
358
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA— LOUISIANA
cuit court, grants Caleb Powers an ap- der, is found guilty, and his punishment
peal August, 1900 fixed at imprisonment for life
The legislature meets in extraordinary Oct. 20, 1900
session to amend or repeal the election law J. C. W. Beckham is elected governor
of 1898, known as the Gk>ebel law Nov. 6, 1900
Aug. 28, 1900 Act of Congress dividing Kentucky into
James Howard, on trial at Frankfort for two federal court districts is approved by
the murder of Goebel, is found guilty, and the President Feb. 12, 1901
his punishment is fixed at death The court of appeals reverses the de-
Sept. 26, 1900 cision of the Scott county circuit court
Judge Cantrill, of the Franklin circuit in the case of Caleb Powers and orders
court, sentences James Howard to hang a new trial March 28, 1901
Dec. 7, but grants an appeal The court of appeals reverses the de-
Sept. 29, 1900 cision of the Franklin county circuit court
Henry E. Youtsey, on trial at George- in the case of James Howard and orders
town for complicity in the Goebel mur- a new trial March 28, 1901
LOUISIANA
Louisianay the central gulf State of D'Iberville, returning from an expedition
the United States, has for its southern north of Lake Pontchartrain, finds an
boundary the Gulf of Mexico, and south English ship at the mouth of the Mis-
of 31° N. it extends from the Sabine River sissippi, which sails away after being noti-
on the west to the Pearl River on the fied by Bienville that France had taken
east, about 250 miles. North of lat. 31** possession Sept. 15, 1699
N. its eastern boundary is the Missis- Sauvolle appointed governor of Louisi-
sippi River, which separates it from Mis- ana Dec. 7, 1699
sissippi, and the Sabine River and Texas D'Iberville returns from France in com-
form its western boundary. That portion pany with Bienville, and establishes a
of the State lying east of the Mississippi fort on the Mississippi, where they are
River is bounded on the north by the visited by the Chevalier de Tonti
State of Mississippi, and that west of the Jan. 17, 1700
Mississippi River by Arkansas. Lat. 28° Sauvolle dying, Bienville succeeds him
56' to 33° N., and long. 89° to 94° W. Aug. 22, 1701
Area, 45,420 square miles, in ninety- De Muys, appointed governor-general
nine parishes. Population, 1890, 1,118,- of Louisiana, dies on his way from France,
587; 1900, 1,381,625. Capital, Baton and Bienville continues in command. .1707
Rouge. It differs from the other States King grants to Sieur Antony Crozat
in that its jurisprudence is based on the exclusive trading rights in Louisiana for
Roman or civil law instead of the common ten years Sept. 14, 1712
law of England, and the counties are Lamothe Cadillac arrives from France
called parishes. as governor, and appoints Bienville lieu-
Robert Cavalier de la Salle descends tenant May 17, 1713
the Mississippi to its mouth, names the Bienville makes peace with the Choc-
country Louisiana, and takes possession taw Indians 1715
in the name of the King of France Governor Cadillac, in search of silver,
April 9, 1682 goes to the Illinois country and incurs
Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville enters the the enmity of the Natchez Indians. . 1715
Mississippi March 2, 1699 Bienville ascends the Mississippi to sub-
D*Iberville, having settled Biloxi, sails ject the Natchez, and establishes Fort
for France, leaving his lieutenant, Sau- Rosalie in their country April, 1716
voile de la Villantry, in command M. de PEpinay arrives as governor from
May 3, 1699 France March 9, 1717
Jean Baptist Le Moyne Bienville (born Crozat surrenders his trading privi-
in Montreal, Feb. 23, 1680), brother of lege to the King Aug. 23, 1717
359
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— LOUISIANA
Company of the West chartered to fos- Second expedition of Bienville against
ter and preserve the colony .. Sept. 6, 1717 the Chickasaws, who sue for peace
Three French Tessels arrive with sixty- 1740
nine colonists and troops and Bienville's Marquis de Vaudreuil appointed gov-
commission as governor of Louisiana ernor; Bienville returns to France
Feb. 9, 1718 May 10, 1743
Fort Naquitoches on the Red River es- Marquis de Vaudreuil marches against
tablishcd by M. Bienville 1718 the Chickasaws; unable to take their
New Orleans founded by Bienville. .1718 towns, he garrisons the fort on the Tom-
Eighty girls from a house of correction bigbee erected by Bienville, and returns
in Paris arrive in charge of three Ursu- to New Orleans 1753
line nuns February, 1721 Louis Billouart, Chevalier de Kerlerec,
Balize or buoy established at the mouth succeeds Vaudreuil, who was appointed
of the Mississippi 1722 governor of Canada Feb. 9, 1754
Company of Germans, settlers on John First arrival of Acadians at New
Law's grant (''Law's bubble") on the Ar- Orleans; they are sent to Attakapas and
kansas River, descend the river to near Opelousas 1756
New Orleans and locate there 1722 M. Dubreuil erects a sugar-mill in New
Seat of government removed to New Orleans (cane-growing having been start-
Orleans 1723 ed by the Jesuits in 1751) 1768
Black code for punishing slaves pro- Garrison of Fort Du Quesne flee towards
mulgated by Bienville 1724 New Orleans, evacuating and setting fire
Bienville recalled to France; P^rier to the fort Nov. 24, 1758
becomes commander - general France cedes Louisiana to Spain, and
Aug. 9, 1726 to England all east of the Mississippi
Some Jesuits and Ursuline nuns arrive River except the island of New Orleans,
at New Orleans, and a nunnery is erect- and makes the Mississippi free to both
ed • 1727 nations Nov. 3, 1762
Arrival of a cargo of girls sent from Kerlerec succeeded by D'Abadie as di-
France by the company, each provided rector-general, who arrives at New Or-
with a small casket of wearing apparel leans June 29, 1763
1728 Delegates from all parts of the parish
[Known as ** Filles & la Cassette," or at New Orleans elect Jean Milhet to
casket girls.] petition the King that the province be
Chevalier Loubois, with allied French not severed from France 1763
and Choctaws, advances against Natchez English troops occupy Baton Rouge
Indians, who had massacred the garrison February, 1764
of Fort Rosalie and occupied it; the Ind- Nyon de Villiers, who was in command,
ians desert the fort and 200 prisoners in abandons the Illinois district and reaches
it January, 1730 New Orleans July 2, 1764
M. P6rier makes another expedition , D'Abadie dies and is succeeded by
against the Natchez and secures their Aubrey Feb. 4, 1765
chief Great Sun and others Large colony of Acadians from Maine
Jan. 24, 1731 arrive February, 1766
[Great Sun died a prisoner, the others Antonio d'Ulloa lands at New Orleans
were sold as slaves to St. Domingo.] with civil officers and soldiers to take
Company of the West surrenders its possession of the province. .March 5, 1766
charter to the King Jan. 23, 1731 Decree dictated by Ulloa and proclaim-
Superior council of Louisiana reorgan- ed by Aubrey that all captains of ves-
ized by letters patent; P6rier continued sels from France or Santo Domingo report
in office May 7, 1732 to Ulloa on arrival with bills of lading
Settlement at Baton Rouge 1733 and passports, and that the agents for
Bienville reappointed governor 1733 sale of cargo submit to competent ex-
Bienville repulsed in an expedition aminers the prices they propose to sell
against the Chickasaw Indians at, subject to reduction by the examiners
May 26, 1736 if too high Sept. 6, 1766
300
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— LOUISIANA
An address to the superior council Treaty of peace at Paris between Great
signed by nearly 600 men claims freedom Britain, Spain, and the United States
of commerce with the ports of France and Sept. 3, 1783
America, and demands the expulsion of Galvez succeeds his father in the vice-
Ulloa ; it was adopted by the council royalty of Mexico in 1785; Don Este-
Oct. 25, 1768 van Miro acts in his place and receives
Ulloa, enjoined to leave the city, flees his commission as governor
to Havana. The French flag is displayed, June 2, 1786
Aubrey and Foucault (a leader in the Gen. James Wilkinson reaches New Or-
revolution) are summoned to govern the leans in June with a small cargo of
colony as before, and the people institute tobacco and other goods. Perhaps to ad-
a republic Oct. 29, 1768 vance mercantile schemes he has inter-
Don Alexander O'Reilly, captain-gen- views with Governor Miro and professes
eral, lands at the Balize, and demands accord with him in seeking a rupture be-
the government in the name of Spain tween the western and eastern United
July 28, 1769 States, and increase of Spanish power in
O'Reilly, with twenty-four Spanish ves- America. He returns to Philadelphia
sels, appears before New Orleans, lands September, 1787
2,600 Spanish troops, and assumes pos- Settlers from western North Carolina
session of Louisiana Aug. 18, 1769 arrive, after failure to erect the State of
Nine leaders of the revolution arrested Frankland March, 1789
and brought before General O'Reilly; com- French refugees from Santo Domingo
missary Foucault sent to France and reach New Orleans, and a few of them
thrown into the Bastile Aug. 21, 1769 open the first regular theatre in the city
Six leaders of the revolution are im- 1791
prisoned, and six sentenced to be hanged Don Frangois Louis Hector, Baron de
are shot, no hangman being found Carondelet, succeeds Miro as governor and
Oct. 25, 1769 intendant of Louisiana .... January, 1702
O'Reilly abolishes by proclamation the Publication of the first newspaper in
superior council, and substitutes a cabildo Louisiana, Le Moniteur de la Louisiane
of six perpetual regidors, two ordinary 1794
alcaldes, and an attorney-general syndic Grenet, the French ambassador to the
over which the governor presides United States, plans an expedition against
Nov. 25, 1769 the Spanish dominions, and a society of
Black code re - enacted by proclamation French Jacobins in Philadelphia addresses
of O'Reilly 1770 an inflammatory circular to the French in
O'Reilly delivers up the government to Louisiana 1794
Don Luis de Unzaga Oct. 29, 1770 "Canal Carondelet," from New Orleans
Unzaga appointed captain-general of to Lake Pontchartrain, projected, be-
Caracas, Don Bernardo de Galvez assumes gun, and abandoned by Governor P^rier
the government Feb. 1, 1777 in 1727; recommenced and completed
Galvez by proclamation grants privi- ^ 1795
lege of trading with any part of the Etienne de Bor6 succeeds in producing
United States April 20, 1778 sugar from cane, beginning a new industry
Settlement called New Iberia on the 1795
Bayou Teche by about 500 immigrants By treaty Spain grants the United
from Canary Islands January, 1779 States "the right to deposit their mer-
Galvez captures Baton Rouge from the chandise and effects at New Orleans for
British Sept. 21, 1779 the space of three years, and at the end
Galvez moves against Fort Charlotte on of that time to continue, or an equivalent
the Mobile River and captures it establishment to be assigned at some other
March 14, 1780 point on the Mississippi River "
John James Audubon born at New Or- Oct. 27, 1795
leans May 4, 1780 Spanish commissioner Don Manuel
Galvez invests Pensacola, which capit- Gayoso de Lemos, and United States com-
ulates May 9, 1781 missioner Andrew Ellicott, meet at
361
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA— LOUISIANA
Natchez to define the boundary between leaving left bank of Lakes Borgne and
Spanish and United States possessions Pontchar train to the Spanish
Feb. 24, 1797 Dec. 20, 1803
Carondelet refuses to surrender the Congress divides Louisiana into a south-
posts on the Mississippi, hoping for a em territory of Orleans and a northern
separation of the western United States district of Louisiana March 26, 1804
from the eastern 1797 Territorial government in Orleans be-
Carondelet appointed governor of the gins: William C. C. Claiborne governor
Mexican provinces; Don Manuel Gayoso Oct. 1, 1804
de Lemos succeeds in Louisiana Vessel bringing nearly 200 French
Aug. 1, 1797 prisoners of the British government, who
Don Juan Ventura Morales, Spanish in- had captured the ship. Governor Clai-
tendant, refuses a place of deposit to borne refuses to allow it to ascend the
United States citizens In New Orleans river; the French desert the ship, which
1799 is seized by the United States marshal
On the death of Gayoso the Marquis de at request of British claimants
Casa-Calvo succeeds as governor, and Don ■ Nov. 3, 1804
Ramon de Lopez y Angullo as intendant New Orleans chartered as a city.. 1804
of Louisiana July 18, 1799 Territorial government giving the peor
By a secret treaty at St. Ildefonso the pie no power, the " merchants, planters.
King of Spain retrocedes Louisiana to and other inhabitants of Louisiana "^ peti-
France Oct. 1, 1800 tion Congress, declaring its organization
Treaty at Madrid confirms treaty of oppressive and degrading. . . .Jan. 4, 1805
St. Ildefonso March 21, 1801 Congress provides for a government of
Right of deposit restored to the people the Territory of Orleans in all respects
of the United States 1801 like that of Mississippi Territory, except
Don Juan Manuel de Salcedo arrives as to the descent and distribution of
as governor of Louisiana and Florida, estates and the prohibition of slavery
Morales succeeds Lopez as intendant March 2, 1805
June 15, 1801 Col, Aaron Burr arrives in New Or-
By proclamation of Morales, citizens of leans, to remain ten or twelve days
United States are refused deposit in New June 26, 1805
Orleans, and importation in American Governor Claiborne orders the Marquis
bottoms is prohibited October, 1802 of Casa-Calvo and the intendant Morales
Morales, fearing famine in the province, out of the country, and a source of great
disregards his regulation and annuls the anxiety is removed July, 1806
prohibition 1803 Territorial legislature meets
LauBsat, the prefect appointed by March 24, 1806
Napoleon, arrives at New Orleans General Wilkinson, at St. Louis, re-
March 26, 1803 ceiving a confidential letter from Aaron
By treaty at Paris, Napoleon cedes Burr, denounces him in a message to
Louisiana to the United States for 60,- Washington; Nov. 27, 1806, President
000,000 francs April 30, 1803 Jefferson by proclamation makes known
Casa-Calvo and Salcedo, Spanish com- the traitorous enterprise; Oct, 29, Wilkin-
missioners, present the keys of New Or- son, by message to the Spanish corn-
leans to citizen Laussat, who takes pos- mander-in-chief, proposes the withdrawal
session of Louisiana in the name of France of troops of both governments from ad-
Nov. 30, 1803 vanced positions to Nacogdoches and
Gen. James Wilkinson encamps on the Natchitoches respectively, which was
Mississippi near New Orleans, and the agreed to; General Wilkinson reaches
Spanish troops sail for Havana New Orleans Nov. 25, 1806
Dec. 18, 1803 Arrest in New Orleans of several men
Citizen Laussat as commissioner for charged with abetting Burr's treason
France delivers New Orleans to General December, 1806
Wilkinson and W. C. C. Claiborne as Digest of civil law adopted, legislature
commissioners for the United States, adjourned March 31, 1808
362
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— LOUISIANA
General Wilkinson, ordered to New ity against the United States; Lafitte re-
Orleans with troops, arrives April 19. fuses Aug. 30, 1814
He is afterwards relieved by Wade Citizens of New Orleans and vicinity
Hampton 1809 meet, pass resolutions of loyalty, and ad-
Citizens of Baton Rouge territory at- dress the people Sept. 15, 1814
tack the reduced garrison of the fort at Flotilla sails from New Orleans against
Baton Rouge, and in the skirmish the the pirates, who prepare to resist, but
Spanish Governor Grandpa is shot, and abandon nine ships to the Americans
the garrison capitulates .. September, 1810 Sept. 18, 1814
Convention of the people of Baton General Jackson arrives at New Orleans
Rouge territory at St. Francisville frame Dec. 2, 1814
a constitution, elect a governor, and es- British threaten New Orleans and capt-
tablish the independent Territory of west ure gunboats under Lieut. Thos. A. C.
Florida Sept. 29, 1810 Jones D«c. 14, 1814
Under proclamation of the President, Battle at Viller6's plantation, 12 miles
Governor Claiborne takes possession of from New Orleans; the English advance
west Florida, and annexes it to the Terri- repulsed by General Jackson
tory of Orleans Dec. 7, 1810 Dec. 23, 1814
An insurrection of slaves in the parish Battle at Chalmette's plantation; Brit-
of St. John is suppressed after sixty or ish repulsed Dec. 28, 1814
more are killed. The heads of sixteen Battle at Rodriguez Canal
who were captured and executed were set Jan. 1, 1815
on poles along the river as a warning Battle of New Orleans Jan. 8, 1815
January, 1811 Unsuccessful attack on Fort St. Philip
Act to enable the people of Orleans to by the British Jan. 9-18, 1815
form a State government signed by Pres- British General Lambert abandons ex-
ident Madison Feb. 20, 1811 pedition against New Orleans
Exclusive grant by legislature to Liv- Jan. 19, 1815
ingston and Fulton to build steamboats General Jackson orders all French sub-
for eighteen years from Jan. 1, 1812 jects having certificates of discharge to
1811 return to the interior, Feb. 28. Has
Arrival from Pittsburg of first steam- Louallier arrested as a spy; Hall, as abet-
ve»sel on the Mississippi. .Jan. 10, 1812 ting a mutiny in granting a habeas corpus
Constitutional convention at New Or- for Louallier; arrests Hollander; releases
leans adjourns Jan. 22, 1812 all three; and for high-handed methods is
Congress admits Louisiana as a State tried and fined $1,000 1815
April 8, 1812 Frederic Tudor ships ice to New Orleans
Congress extends the limits of Louisiana from Boston 1820
to include all between the Mississippi and Thomas B. Robertson elected governor
Pearl rivers south of lat. 31** N. 1820
April 14, 1812 Governor Robertson resigning to become
First session of State legislature at judge of United States district court,
New Orleans June, 1812 President Thibodeaux of the Senate acts
General Wilkinson resumes command in as governor until inauguration of Gov-
Louisiana and arrives at New Orleans emor-elect Henry Johnson
June 8, 1812 December, 1824
W. C. C. Claiborne elected governor Visit of Lafayette; the legislature ap-
Aug. 10, 1812 propriates $15,000 for his entertainment
General Wilkinson superseded by Gen- 1825
eral Floumoy\ June, 1813 Legislature grants $10,000 to Thomas
Colonel Nicholas (British) by proclama- Jefferson Randolph for the family of
tion incites people of Louisiana and Ken- Thomas Jefferson, as a mark of gratitude
tucky to revolt Aug. 29, 1814 from Louisiana March 16, 1827
Barataria Island occupied by pirates Seat of government removed from New
under Jean Lafitte; the British under Sir Orleans to Donaldsonville 182!)
William H. Percy invite them to hostil- Provision for running boundary-line be-
363
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— LOUISIANA
tui^een Louisiana and Arkansas Territory Ordinance of secession adopted in con-
under act of Congress 1830 vention, yeas 113, nays 17 . .Jan. 26, 1861
New Orleans again made the seat of Mint and custom-house in New Orleans
government Jan. 8, 1831 seized by Confederates Jan. 31, 1861
Pontchartrain Railroad, 4% miles long, Convention to join Southern Confed-
opened for traffic April, 1831 eracy; State flag adopted, a red ground.
Branch mint at New Orleans receives crossed by bars of blue and white and
first bullion March 8, 1838 bearing a single star of pale yellow
During this and the two previous years Feb. 4, 1861
Louisiana furnished 1,179 volunteers in the Louisiana ratifies the Confederate con-
Florida war 1838 stitution March 22, 1861
New constitution adopted in convention Louisiana raises 3,000 Confederate
May 14, 1845 troops, and at call of Governor Moore
Legislature meets in new State-house at 3,000 additional April 24, 1861
Baton Rouge Jan. 21, 1850 First gim cast for Confederate navy at
Steamer Pampero, with 500 men under Phoenix Iron Works at Gretna, near New
Lopez, for expedition against Cuba, leaves Orleans May 4, 1861
New Orleans -A.ug. 3, 1851 Port of New Orleans blockaded by Unit-
Riot because of Cuban expedition in New ed States sloop-of-war Brooklyn; Ship
Orleans; office of Spanish paper La Patria Island occupied by Union troops. . . .1861
destroyed Aug. 21, 1851 Banks of New Orleans suspend specie
Convention to revise constitution meets payments Sept. 18, 1861
at Baton Rouge July 5, 1852 Confederate martial law instituted in
University of Louisiana chartered.. 1853 New Orleans Oct 11, 1861
Commercial convention of Southern and Federal steamship Richmond, under
Southwestern States meets at New Orleans John Pope, while coaling near New Or-
Jan. 8, 1855 leans, is struck by a Confederate ram
William Walker, with his expedition, Oct. 12, 1861
leaves New Orleans, ostensibly for Mobile, State casts its electoral vote for Jef-
but really for Nicaragua, eluding the Unit- ferson Davis as president of the Confcd-
ed States authorities Nov. 11, 1857 erate States Feb. 19, 1862
Walker surrenders to Com. Hiram Admiral Farragut passes forts Jack-
Paulding; indignation meetings at New son and Philip with his fleet, morning
Orleans, Mobile, and other Southern cities April 24, 1862
Dec. 8, 1857 Surrender of New Orleans to Admiral
Political disturbance in New Orleans; Farragut April 25, 1862
500 men as a vigilance committee seize the Capture of forts Jackson and Philip by
court-house and State arsenal; Know- the Federals April 28, 1862
nothing party occupy Lafayette Square Confederate capital transferred to Ope-
June 4-5, 1858 lousas April, 1862
Legislature in extra session provides for Ma j. -Gen. Benjamin P. Butler takes pos-
a State convention and votes $500,000 to session of New Orleans May 1, 1862
organize military companies; Wirt Adams, Baton Rouge occupied by Federals
commissioner from Mississippi, asks the May 27, 1862
legislature to join in secession William B. Mumford, for taking down
December, 1860 the United States flag from the United
Immense popular meeting in New Or- States mint after the surrender of the city
leans on announcement of the secession of to Admiral Farragut, hanged at New Or-
Sonth Carolina Dec. 21, 1860 leans by order of General Butler
Mass-meeting held at New Orleans to June 7, 1862
ratify " Southern Rights " nominations for Federal troops in Baton Rouge, be-
the convention Dec. 25, 1860 sieged by Confederates, Aug. 5, evacuate
Seizure by Confederates of forts St. by order from General Butler
Philip. Jackson, and Livingston, arsenal at Aug. 16, 1862
Baton Rouge, and United States revenue- Brig. -Gen. Geo. F. Shepley military
cutter Lewis Cass Jan. 10-13, 1861 arovernor of Louisiana Aug. 21, 1862
364
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA— LOUISIIANA
General Grover occupies Baton Rouge Buchanan as commander of the 5th Mili-
Dec. 16, 1862 tary District March 18, 1868
Maj.-Gen. N. P. Banks relieves General State election ; new constitution ratified,
Butler Dec. 16, 1862 and Henry C. Warmouth elected governor
Election held by order of President April 18, 1868
Lincoln; Messrs. Hahn and Flanders Congress readmits the Southern States
chosen to Congress; they take seats, Feb. June 26, 1868
9, 1863, and occupy them until Fourteenth Amendment adopted by the
March 3, 1863 legislature July, 1868
Henry W. Allen> chosen governor by Con- Numerous political and color riots occur
federates; seat of government at Shreve- in New Orleans, Opelousas, and other por-
port 1863 tions of the State during the year 1868
Michael Hahn chosen governor at Fed- Passage of social equality bill, giv-
eral election in New Orleans and vicinity ing all persons, without regard to color
Feb. 22, 1864 or previous condition, equal privileges in
Governor Hahn appointed military gov- public conveyances or places of public re-
ernor by the President. . . .March 15, 1864 sort Jan. 4, 1869
Convention at New Orleans to revise the Fifteenth Amendment ratified by Senate,
constitution April 6, 1864 Feb. 27, and by House March 1, 1869
Bureau of free labor, predecessor of the " Crescent City Live-stock and Slaugh-
Freedmen's bureau, opened at New Orleans ter-house Company,'* a monopoly in New
1865 Orleans which excited opposition, and was
Governor Hahn resigning, is succeeded finally declared unconstitutional and re-
by Lieut.-Gov. J. M. Welles strained by perpetual injunction, was
March 4, 1865 created by the legislature and went into
Confederate GJovemor Allen resigns operation June 1, 1869
June 2, 1865 Legislature grants to the New Orleans,
Governor Welles re-elected. .Nov. 6, 1865 Mobile, and Chattanooga Railway Com-
[This government, though never recog- pany $3,000,000 in 8-per-cent. State bonds,
nizod by Congress, continued until March, payable in four instalments. .Feb. 21, 1870
1867.] Legislature unites Jefferson City and
Constitution of 1864 left the negroes still Algiers with New Orleans under one
disfranchised ; a convention, chiefly of charter 1870
blacks who wished to frame a new con- George M. Wickliffe, State auditor, im-
stitution, meets in New Orleans and re- peached and convicted of extortion and
suits in a riot; several hundred negroes fraud March 3, 1870
killed July 30, 1866 A political contest between two factions
Congress passes the military recon- of the Republican party. The State cen-
struction act March 2, 1867 tral committee — S. B. Packard, United
General Sheridan appointed commander States marshal at the head — call a con-
of the 5th Military District, Louisiana vention to choose a State committee. The
and Texas March 19, 1867 opposition, under Lieut.-Gov. Oscar J.
General Sheridan removes Governor Dunn ( colored ) , meet in the custom-house.
Wells " for making himself an impediment Governor Warmouth and P. B. S. Pinch-
to the faithful execution of the reconstruc- back (colored) are refused admission, and
tion act,'* and substitutes Thomas J. the Warmouthites meet in Turner's Hall
Durant, who declines, and Benjamin F. Aug. 8, 1871
Flanders is appointed June 8, 1867 On the death of Lieutenant-Governor
Sheridan relieved and General Hancock Dunn, the election of P. B. S. Pinchback
appointed Aug. 17, 1867 by the Senate in extra session is claimed
Constitutional convention at New Or- as unconstitutional by the opposition, led
leans adopts a constitution prohibiting by George W. Carter, speaker of the
slavery, declaring the ordinance of seces- House, and known as " Carterites '*
sion null, and wholly disfranchising ex- Nov. 22, 1871
Confederates Nov. 22, 1867 Warmouth legislature meets at Me-
General Hancock relieved by General chanics* Institute; the Carterites over the
365
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— LOUISIANA
'•' Gem Saloon," on Royal Street, Jan. 6. tween the insurgents and police, the State-
Colonel Carter, by proclamation, proposes house is captured, and members of the
to seize the Mechanics' Institute build- McEnery legislature installed
ing, and appears before it with several Sept. 14, 1874
thousand men, but is prevented by General McEnery and Penn surrender the State
Emory Jan. 22, 1872 buildings without resistance to General
In extra session the House, in the ab- Brooke Sept. 17, 1874
sence of Colonel Carter, declares the speak- General Brooke appointed military gov-
er's chair vacant, chooses O. H. Brewster ernor, and Governor Kellogg resumes his
speaker, and approves the course of Gov- duties Sept. 19, 1874
ernor Warmouth 1872 Legislature meets and United States
Act passed funding the indebtedness of ^troops are called in to quell disturbance;
the State April 30, 1872 great excitement throughout the United
Conventions of the two wings of the States Jan. 8, 1875
Republican party at Baton Rouge, headed Claims of the several candidates are
respectively by Packard and Pinchback. submitted to a congressional committee
The Packard convention nominates Will- or board of arbitration, in which William
iam Pitt Kellogg for governor A. Wheeler is prominent, and the so-
June 19, 1872 called " Wheeler Adjustment " is agreed to
Adjourned meeting of the Pinchback April 14, 1875
convention nominates P. B. S. Pinchback Immigration convention held in the
for governor Aug. 9, 1872 chamber of commerce. New Orleans, corn-
Fusion of two wings of the Republican prising delegates from the Southern and
party by the State central committee Western States March 1-2, 1876
nominates Kellogg for governor and Pinch- At election held this day both Republi-
back for Congressman-at-large 1872 can and Democratic parties claim the
Judge Durell, in December, declares victory Nov. 6, 1876
Kellogg elected governor at election held S. B. Packard, Republican, inaugurated
Nov. 4, 1872 governor at the State-house, New Orleans.
"Fusion legislature" in the City Hall, Francis T.N icholls, Democrat, inaugurat*»d
New Orleans, impeaches and suspends at St. Patrick's Hall, New Orleans, and
Governor Warmouth Dec. 11, 1872 both legislatures meet Jan. 8, 1877
Inauguration of Kellogg as governor. Courts, police stations, and arsenal at
also of John McEnery, nominee of the New Orleans are peaceably surrendered
Democratic reformers and liberals to the Nicholls authorities ... Jan. 9, 1877
Jan. 14, 1873 Packard failing to receive aid from the
Members of McEnery legislature seized United States government, and a com-
and marched to the guard-house by armed mission appointed by President Hayes to
police March 6, 1873 investigate the political situation in Loui-
People submit to the Kellogg govern- si ana reporting public sentiment in favor
ment " at the point of the bayonet," as of the Nicholls government, the Packard
many express it. People's convention at legislature is dispersed .... April 21, 1877
New Orleans Nov. 24, 1873 Nicholls government occupies State-
" Crescent City White League " formed, house April 24, 1877
" to assist in restoring an honest and in- Legislature, by concurrent resolution,
telligent government to the State of Loui- directs Senators and Congressmen to use
siana " 1874 every effort to secure the passage of the
Six Republican officials, aYrested near Bland silver bill and of the bill to repeal
Ooushatta, in Red River parish, while be- the so-called resumption act introduced
ing taken to Shreveport, are shot in the Senate Jan. 19, 1878
Aug. 30, 1874 Political disturbance in Tensas and Con-
People send a committee to demand the cordia parishes, resulting in killing a man
abdication of Kellogg, and the McEnery named Peck, and the wounding by his corn-
faction, 10,000 strong, led by D. B. Penn, panions of three colored men; investi-
lieutenant - governor, appear before the gated by Congress 1878
State-house; a conflict takes place be- By act of Congress, March 3, 1875, a
366
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— LOUISIANA
contract was made with Capt. James Bu- First Prohibition convention ever held
chanan Eads for the construction of jetty- in Louisiana meets at Shreveport
work at the mouth of the South Pass in Aug. 19, 1885
the Mississippi River^ to secure and main- North, Central, and South American
tain a navigable channel 200 feet wide and exposition opens Nov. 10, 1885
20 feet deep. Captain Eads's work has Legislature grants relief to wounded and
already resulted in a clear channel of the disabled C/onfederate soldiers of the State,
required width and deeper than the 20 and to the widows of the Confederate
feet specified 1878 soldiers killed or wounded in the war
Constitutional convention at New Or- 1886
leans frames a constitution. Capital Charter of the Louisiana State lottery
changed from New Orleans to Baton Rouge expiring in 1894, the an ti -lottery people,
April 21, 1879 in convention at New Orleans, found an
Louis A. Wiltz, Democrat, elected gov- anti-lottery league to oppose its renewal
emor, and the new constitution ratified Feb. 28, 1890
by the people Dec. 8, 1879 Louisiana Lottery Company offers the
Debt ordinance, fixing the interest State $1,000,000 per year, double its
on consolidated State bonds at 2^ per former offer, for the privilege of main-
cent, for five years, 3 per cent, for fifteen taining a lottery May 13, 1890
years, and 4 per cent, thereafter, and House of Delegates passes a bill amend-
limit of State tax fixed at 6 mills, rati- ing the State constitution, by granting a
fied by the people at the election recharter to the Louisiana State Lottery
Dec. 8, 1879 Company for twenty-five years for
Bureau of agriculture and immigra- $1,000,000 per annum June 25, 1890
tion created Jan. 14, 1880 State legislature settles the lottery ques-
Board of liquidation appointed, in tion conditionally by accepting $1,250,-
New Orleans to retire all the valid debt 000 per year for the lottery privilege
of the city, a total of $17,736,508.96, ex- July 1, 1800
changing it for 4-per-cent. bonds payable Governor Nicholls vetoes the lottery bill
in fifty years 1880 July 7, 1890
University for the higher education of An ti -lottery league meets in New Or-
colored boys opens 1880 leans, 500 delegates Aug. 7, 1890
Death of Governor Wiltz, Lieutenant- Chief of Police David C. Hennessy,
Governor McEnery succeeds .. Oct. 17, 1881 of New Orleans, is waylaid and killed by
Suit begun against Louisiana by New Italian "Mafia," to whose band he had
York and New Hampshire on coupons on traced a number of crimes, night of
Louisiana State bonds transferred to these Oct. 15, 1890
States by the holders thereof 1881 Killing in the parish prison at New
Two hundredth anniversary of the dis- Orleans of eleven Italians. .March 14, 1891
covery of the mouths of the Mississippi by Officers of the Louisiana lottery in-
La Salle April 10, 1882 dieted by the grand jury in Sioux Falls,
Chief-Justice Waite renders his decision N. D., under United States laws
in the New York and New Hampshire suits Oct. 23, 1891
against Louisiana, that " one State cannot John A. Morris, in a letter, withdraws
create a controversy with another State his proposition for the renewal of the
within the meaning of that term as used charter of the I^ouisiana lottery
in the judicial clauses of the Constitution, Feb. 4, 1802
by assuming the prosecution of debts Convention of United Confederate Vet-
owing by other States to its citizens " erans meets at New Orleans. .April 8, 1892
March 5, 1883 Proposed constitutional amendment to
Levee convention held at Baton Rouge, continue the Louisiana State lottery for
recommending placing the entire con- twenty-five years from Jan. 1, 1894, is re-
vict force at work on the levees jected by vote at State election
June 19, 1883 April 19, 1892
World's industrial and cotton centen- Monument erected to David C. Hennessy
Dial exposition held at New Orleans.. 1885 (assassinated by Mafia in 1890) by the
367
ITNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— MAINE
people of New Orleans, is unveiled at gress, appointed Senator by Governor
Metarie Cemetery May 30, 1892 Foster to fill the unexpired term of White
Nicaragua Canal convention opens in March 7, 1894
New Orleans; delegates from every State Ex-Gov. J. Madison Wells dies at Le-
and Territory Nov. 30, 1892 compte, La Feb. 28, 1899
United States Senator Randall L. Gib- Five Italians lynched at Tallulah, La.,
son dies at Hot Springs, Ark. for murder of Dr. J. F. Hodge
Dec. 15, 1892 July 20, 1899
Donaldson CafTrey appointed by Gov- Constitutional amendment authorizing
ernor Foster United States Senator to $75,000 annually for Confederate pen-
fill unexpired term Dec. 31, 1892 sions adopted November, 1900
Gen. P. G. T. Beaurgeard dies at New Constitutional amendment enabling New
Orleans, aged seventy-five years Orleans to issue bonds for water, sewerage,
Feb. 20, 1893 and drainage adopted November, 1900
Destructive cyclone along the Gulf of St. Charles College at Grand Coteau
Mexico; over 2,000 lives lost. .Oct. 2, 1893 destroyed by fire Feb. 17, 1900
United States Senator Edward D. White Conflict between police and negroes in
appointed associate justice of the Su- New Orleans; fourteen persons killed,
prerae Court of the United States thirty seriously injured July, 1900
Feb. 19, 1894 The leasing of convicts to private con-
Newton C. Blanchard, member of Con- tractors stopped March 3, 1901
KAINE
Maine. The extreme eastern point of between lat. 40° and 46** N., and appoints
the United States is West Quoddy Head, him governor of the country, which is
which is also the eastern extremity of the called Acadia Nov. 8, 1603
State of Maine. Maine is the largest of the De Monts, accompanied by M. de Pou-
Eastern States, and, including islands, trincourt, and Samuel Champlain, visits
it has a south shore-line of 2,400 miles his patent, and discovers Passamaquod-
on the Atlantic. It is limited in latitude dy Bay and the Schoodic or St. Croix
by 43° 4' and 47° 31' N., and in longi- River May, 1604
tude by 66° and 71° W. Its extreme Later in the season De Monts erects a
breadth is 210 miles, narrowing in the fort on St. Croix Island, and spends the
north to about half that distance. New winter there 1604
Brunswick and the St. Croix River form De Monts enters Penobscot Bay, erects
the eastern and northern boundary; the a cross at Kennebec, and takes possession
Canadian province of Quebec lies to the in the name of the King. He also visits
northwest, and New Hampshire to the Casco Bay, Saco River, and Cape Ood
west below lat. 45° 20'. Area, 33,040 May, 1605
square miles in sixteen counties. Popula- George Weymouth, sent out by the Earl
tion, 1890, 661,086; 1900, 694,466. Capi- of Southampton, anchors at Monhegan
tal, Augusta, since 1832. Island, May 17, 1605; St. George's Isl-
First Englishman known to have con- and, May 19, and Penobscot Bay, June
ducted an expedition to the shores of 12. After pleasant intercourse with na-
Maine, then "Norumbega," was John tives, he seizes and carries away five of
Walker, in the service of Sir Humphrey them 1605
Gilbert, who reached the Penobscot River Colonies of Virginia and Plymouth in-
1580 corpora ted with a grant of land between
Speedwell and Discoverer, from Bristol, 34° and 45°, including all islands within
England, commanded by Martin Pring, 100 miles of the coast, the permission
enter Penobscot Bay and the mouth of given the Plymouth colony to begin a
a river, probably the Saco. .June 7, 1603 plantation anywhere above lat. 38°
Henry IV. of France grants to Pierre April 10, 1606
de Gast Sieur de Monts all the territory Lord John Popham, chief - justice of
368
ITNITEI) STATES OF AMEBICA— MAINE
England, and Sir Ferdinando Gorges, fit over which Shurte acted as agent and chief
out two ships and 100 emigrants, under magistrate for thirty years 162G
George Popham and Raleigh Gilbert, Eight patents granted by Plymouth
which land at Stage Island. .Aug. 11, 1607 council, covering the seaboard from the
Finding Stage Island too small, they Piscataqua to the Penobscot, except the
establish a colony and " Popham's Fort " " territory of Sagadahoc " below the Dam-
on the west bank of the Sagadahoc River ariscotta. Among these were the *' Ken-
1607 nebec," " Lygonia," or plough patent, with
Discouraged by the death of George settlement on Casco Bay, the "Waldo pat-
Popham, and the burning of their store- ent," and " Pemaquid " 1630-31
house, they return to England in the A French vessel visits the New Plymouth
spring of 1608 trading-house at Penobscot, and carries
Two French Jesuits, Biard and Mass6, off booty valued at £500, and within three
with several families, settle on Mount years the English abandon it to the
Desert Island 1609 French June, 1632
Twenty-five French colonists land on Crew of sixteen Indian traders, under
Mount Desert Island and found a settle- Dixy Bull, turn pirates, attack the fort
nient called St. Saviour March, 1613 at Pemaquid, and menace the coast until
[They were soon expelled by the Eng- the next summer, when they are beaten
lish from Virginia under Captain Argal off 1032
as trespassers on English territory.] Trading-house established by the Eng-
Capt. John Smith arrives at Monhegan lish at Machias, which next year w^as
from England. Building seven boats, he seized by Claude de la Tour, the French
explores the coast from Penobscot to Cape commander at Port Royal 1633
Cod, and makes a map of it, to which Plymouth council surrender their char-
Prince Charles assigned the name of New ter, and Sir Ferdinando Gorges appoint-
England April, 1614 ed governor-general over the whole of
War, famine, and pestilence depopulate New England April 25, 1635
the Indian territories in Maine during M. d'Aulney de Charnisy, from the Aca-
the years 1615-18 dian country, takes possession of the trad-
Plymouth Company receives a new pat- ing-house at Biguyduce (Penobscot) for
ent to lands between 40** and 48**, and in France 1635
length "by the same breadth throughout Gorges, empowered by the Plymouth
the mainland from sea to sea" council, April 22, 1635, sends over his
Nov. 3, 1620 son William as governor of the territory
Crorges and Capt. John Mason procure between Piscataqua and Sagadahoc, called
of the Plymouth council a patent of all New Somerstshire, who organizes the
the country between the Merrimac and first government and opens the first court
Sagadahoc, from the Atlantic to the rivers within the present State of Maine
Canada and Iroquois, which they called March 28, 1636
"The Province of Laconia**. .Aug. 10, 1622 Gorges obtains from Charles I. a pro-
Permanent settlement made at Monhe- vincial charter to land between Piscata-
gan 1622 qua and Sagadahoc and Kennebec rivers,
Permanent settlement at Saco 1623 extending 120 miles north and south.
Gorges procures a patent from Plymouth which was incorporated and named " The
council to 24,000 acres on each side of Province and County of Maine"
the Agamenticus (York) River, and plants April 3, 1639
a colony 1624 Thomas Purchase, first settler at Pejep-
New Plymouth colony erects a trading- scot, on the Androscoggin, assigns to Gov-
house at Penobscot; the first English es- ernor Winthrop, of Massachusetts, "all
tablishment of the kind in these waters the tract of Pejepscot, on both sides of
1626 the river, 4 miles square towards the sea**
Abraham Shurte commissioned by Giles Aug. 22, 1639
Elbridge and Robert Aldsworth to pur- Thomas Gorges appointed deputy-gov-
chase Monhegan Island; buys it for £50. ernor of the province of Maine
It is added to the Pemaquid plantation, March 10, 1640
IX. — 2 A 369
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— MAINE
First general court under the charter Ferdinando GorgeB, grandson of the
opened at Saco June 25, 1640 original proprietor, obtains from the King
Gorges founds in Agamenticus a city an order to the governor and council of
of 21 square miles, which he calls Gorge- Massachusetts to restore his provinoe in
ana March 1, 1642 Maine Jan. 11, 1664
Alexander Rigby purchases the abandon- A part of the grant of the King of
ed ** Plough patent, or Lybonia," and com- England to the Duke of York includes
missions George Cleaves deputy president, the territory between the St. Croix and
who opens a court at Saco styled "The Pemaquid and northward, variously call-
General Assembly of the Province of Ly- ed the ** Sagadahoc Territory," " New
gonia," which extended from Cape Por- Castle," and the " County of Cornwall"
poise to Casco April, 1643 March 12, 1664
Richard Vines elected deputy-governor King's commissioners establish a form
of the province of Maine 1644 of provisional government in the province
Commissioners appointed for the pur- of Maine June 23, 1665
pose decide that the province of Lygonia By the treaty of Breda the English sur-
does not belong to the province of Maine, render Nova Scotia to France, which also
as the latter contended, and the Kennebec claims the province east of the Penobecot
River is assigned as the boundary be- July 31, 1667
tween the two provinces March, 1646 Four commissioners from Massachusetts
Court of province of Maine convenes at hold a convention in York, commanding
Wells, at mouth of the Kennebec River, the people of the province of Maine in
and Edward Godfrey elected governor of his Majesty's name to yield again all
the province 1646 obedience to the colony, doing this at the
Massachusetts, in 1651, laying claim request of prominent citizens in the prov-
by her charter to all lands south of a line ince July, 166S
drawn eastward from a point 3 miles New survey of the Massachusetts boun-
north of the source of the river Merri- dary to the north having been made by
mac, found this point by survey to lie in George Mountjoy, and the line fixed at lat.
lat. 43** 43' 12^^, with its eastern point 43** 49' 12", its eastern terminus on White
on Upper Clapboard Island, in Casco Bay, Head Island in Penobscot Bay, Massachu-
and confirms it by assumption of juris- setts appoints four commissioners, who
diction Oct. 23, 1652 open a court at Pemaquid and proceed to
Isle of Shoals, and all territory north of organize the additional territory
Piscataqua belonging to Massachusetts, May, 1674
erected into county of Yorkshire. . . .1652 Duke of York takes a new patent from
Kittery, incorporated in 1647, and Aga- the King, and commissions Sir Edmund
menticus made into the town of York Andros governor of both New York and
1652 Sagadahoc June 22, 1674
General court of elections at Boston Indian depredations and massacres in
admits for the first time two representa- King Philip's War begin, Sept. 12; attack
tives from Maine: John Wincoln, of Kit- Saco, Sept. 18, and bum Scarborough
tery, and Edward Ilishworth, of York Sept. 20, 1675
May, 1653 King by council confirms the decision of
Wells, Saco, and Cape Porpoise declared a commission which had been appointed
towns 1653 and reported that ** the right of soil in
English, under Major Sedgwick subdue New Hampshire and Maine probably be-
Penobscot and Port Royal, 1654, and the longed not to Massachusetts colony, but
whole Acadian province is confirmed to to the terre-tenants '* 1676
the English, who hold it for thirteen For the second time (the first in 1674)
years 1655 the Dutch capture the French fortifica-
Towns of Scarborough and Falmouth tion at Penobscot, but are soon driven
erected (see 1786) 1658 out by the English 1676
Quakers hold their first meeting in Indians attack Casco, bum Arrowsiek
Maine, at Newichawannock, or Piscataqua and Pemaquid, and attack Jewel's Island
December, 1662 August-September, 1676
370
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— MAINE
Indians destroy the settlement at Cape Treaty made by Maine and New Hamp-
Neddock; forty persons slain or captured shire with four tribes of Indians
Sept. 25, 1676 Sept. 8, 1685
One hundred and twenty Indians capt- Joseph Dudley, a native of Massachu-
ure the fort and part of its garrison at setts, graduate of Harvard in 1665, made
Black Point Aug. 14, 1676 by James II. president of Maine
Massachusetts employs John Usher, a May, 1686
Boston trader then in England, to nego- Sir Edmund Andros arrives at Boston
tiate the purchase of the province of to supersede Dudley as president of the
Maine, who concluded a bargain, took colonies Dec. 20, 1686
an assignment, and gave Greorges £1,250; Andros commissioned captain • general
original indenture bears date and vice-admiral over the whole of New
May 6, 1676 England, New York, and the Jerseys
Indian hostilities continue throughout March, 1688
1677; aflfair at Mare Point, Feb. 18; Pema- Andros seizes upon Penobscot, and sacks
quid, Feb. 26. Indians attack Wells sev- house and fort of Baron de St. Castin, aid-
eral times; again attack Black Point, ing to precipitate an Indian war
May 16-18, and ambush a party of ninety April, 1688
men near that point, killing sixty First outbreak of King William's War
June 29, 1677 at the new settlement of North Yarmouth
Sir Edmund Andros, fearing French on Royals River. Indians surprise and
aggression in the Duke's Sagadahoc prov- break up the settlement, Aug. 13. They
ince, sends a force from New York to Pem- attack and burn New Dartmouth (New
aquid to establish a fort and custom-house Castle ) , and destroy the fort and break up
June, 1677 the settlement on the Sheepscot River
Peace made with the Indians upon the Sept. 5-6, 1688
Androscoggin and Kennebec, at Casco, by Governor Andros using unwise measures
a commission from the government of Mas- in opposing Indians, arouses the people,
sachusetts April 12, 1678 who restore Danforth to the office of pro-
Thomas Danforth chosen president of vincial president, appoint a council for
Maine by the governor and board of col- the safety of the people, and resume the
ony assistants of Massachusetts 1680 government according to charter rights
Baptists make their first appearance in April 18, 1689
Maine in 1681; William Screven, their Garrison at Pemaquid attacked by Ind-
leader, organizes a church, but the mem- ians and forced to surrender
bers are obliged to remove to South Caro- ' Aug. 2, 1689
lina to avoid persecution 1683 Maj. Benjamin Church, with 600 men
Charter of Massachusetts colony ad- raised by Massachusetts, proceeds to the
judged forfeited, and liberties of the colo- Kennebec, and, ranging along the coasts,
nies seized by the crown ; ' Colonel Kirke intimidates the Indians ; leaving sixty
appointed governor of Massachusetts, soldiers at Fort Loyal, he returns with
Plymouth, New Hampshire, and Maine; the rest to Massachusetts 1689
Charles II. dying before Kirke could em- Newichawannock (now Salmon Falls),
bark, James II. did not reappoint him attacked by French and Indians under
June 18, 1684 Sieur Artel, and fifty-four settlers capt-
Charter being .vacated, various pur- ured and the settlement burned
chases were made from the Indians; the March 18, 1690
most important, known as the " Pejepscot Five hundred French and Indians under
purchase," was made by Richard Wharton, Castin attack Fort Loyal at Falmouth ;
and covered lands " lying between Cape the people abandon the village and retire
Small-point and Maquoit, thence north- to the garrison, May 16, which capitu-
ward on the west side of the Androscog- lates on the 20th, when the French, after
gin, 4 miles in width to the * Upper falls,' burning the town, retire to Quebec with
and 6 miles on the other side of the river 100 prisoners May, 1690
down to Merry-meeting bay" Sir William Phipps leaves Boston with
July 7, 1684 five vessels for Nova Scotia. He captures
371
UinXED STATES OF AMERICA— MAINE
Port Royal, and takes possession of the (now in Brunswick) between the whites
whole country and coast to Penobscot and Indians Jan. 7, 1699
May, 1690 Indians under French leaders attack
Three hundred men under Major Church Wells, Cape Porpoise, Saco, Scarborough,
are again sent from Massachusetts, Sept. Casco, Spurwink, and Purpooduck; the
2, to reduce Indians in the province. He last two entirely destroyed. Thus opened
attacks them at Pejepscot Fort on the the third Indian war, known as Queen
Androscoggin, freeing some English cap- Anne's War Aug. 10, 1703
tives; has an engagement with them at Enemy destroy Black Point, attack
Purpooduck Sept. 21, and returns home York and Berwick; legislatures of Mas-
leaving 100 men as garrison at Wells sachusetts and New Hampshire offer £20
September, 1690 for every Indian prisoner under ten years
Five months' truce signed at Sagadahoc of age, and £40 for every one older, or for
by commissioners from Massachusetts and his scalp September-October, 1703
the Indians, who agree to surrender all Colonel Church leads an expedition
prisoners and to make a lasting peace at against the enemy in the east, visits
Wells the following May. .Nov. 29, 1690 Penobscot Bay, and proceeds as far as the
Indians failing to meet President Dan- Bay of Fundy. He returns, having de-
forth as agreed at Wells on May 1, he stroyed all the settlements in the vicinity
returns to York and sends a reinforce- of Port Royal, and taken 106 prisoners
ment to Wells. Shortly after their arrival and a large amount of plunder with the
they are attacked by 200 Indians, whom loss of only six men 1704
they repulse June 9, 1691 Francis Nicholson, late lieiitenant-gov-
Chartcr of William and Mary, or the ernor of Virginia, arrives at Boston, July
Provincial charter, passes the seals and 15, with his fleet. He sails Sept. 18,
r(^ceives royal sanction, and the province reaches Port Royal Sept. 24, lands his
of Elaine is united with the royal province forces, and opens three batteries Oct. 1,
of Massachusetts Bay Oct. 7, 1691 and Subercase, the governor, capitulates
Two hundred Indians, led .by Canadian the next day, and Nicholson names the
French, assault York on the Agamenticus place Annapolis Royal Oct. 2, 1710
River. The inhabitants find shelter in the By treaty of Utrecht, "all Nova Scotia,
garrisoned houses and repulse the enemy, Annapolis Royal, and all other things
who retire after burning the town and in these parts " belonging to France are
killing and capturing about half of the ceded to Great Britain March 30, 1713
people Feb. 5, 1692 Berwick incorporated out of the north-
Eight representatives from Maine ap- ern settlements of Kittery. .. .June 9, 1713
pear in the Massachusetts House of Rep- Fort George erected on the west side
resentatives at its first session of the Androscoggin, opposite the lower
June 8, 1692 falls 1715
Five hundred French and Indians under Parker's Island and Arrowsick made a
Burneffe attack Wells, defended by a town or municipal corporation by the
small garrison and two sloops, which had name of Georgetown June 13, 1716
just arrived in the harbor bringing sup- Name of Saco changed to Biddeford
plies and ammunition; repulsed after a Nov. 18, 1718
siege of forty-eight hours. .June 10, 1692 First violence of the "Three Years* or
Fort built at Pemaquid. . . .August, 1692 Lovewell's War," the fourth Indian war,
Indians negotiate a treaty of peace with was the taking of nine families on Merry-
the English Aug. 11, 1693 meeting Bay by sixty Indians in canoes,
French and Indians under Iberville, June 13: they attack the fort at St.
Villebon, and Castin, capture the fort at George's River and burn Brunswick
Pamaquid July 15, 1696 June->Tuly, 1722
Eastern Sagadahoc claimed by the ' One thousand men raised by the general
French as part of Nova Scotia under the court to carry on the Indian war
treaty of Ryswick Sept. 11, 1697 ' Aug. 8, 1722
Treaty of Aug. 11, 1693, signed and rati- Capt. Josiah Winslow and sixteen men,
fied with additional articles at Mare Point in two boats on the St. George's River,
372
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA—MAINE
ambushed and surrounded by about 100 26, and unsuccessful attacks on forts
Indians in thirty canoes, and all killed Frederick and St. George. .September, 1747
May 1, 1724 Indian hostilities in Maine brought to
Father Sebastian Rasle, a Jesuit long an end by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle,
located at the Indian village of Norridge- signed Oct. 7, 1748
wock on the Kennebec, is suspected by A treaty based on Drummer's treaty
the English settlers of instigating the of 1725 made with Indians at Falmouth
Indians against them; a party under by commission from Massachusetts
Colonel Westbrook, sent to seize him in Oct. 16, 1740
1721, is unsuccessful, but a second party Indians attack Fort Richmond, on the
under Captain Moulton and Harmon, with .Kennebec, but, hearing that the garrison
100 men each, succeed in putting him and had been reinforced, they retire, but at-
about thirty Indian converts to death . tack Dresden, Swain Island, VViscasset,
Aug. 12, 1724 Sheepscot, and Georgetown, and withdraw
Capt. John Lovewell with thirty-three with twenty or thirty captives
men is surprised by Indians at Pegwacket; Sept. 11-25, 1750
a desperate battle ensues; the Indians are Commissioners meet the Indians at
repulsed, but with a loss to the English of St. George's Fort, Aug. 3, and proclaim
ten killed, including Captain Lovewell, a cessation of hostilities .. Sept. 3, 1751
fourteen wounded, and one missing New Castle incorporated, the first of the
May 8, 1725 towns in the territory of Sagadahoc
Treaty known as "Drummer's Treaty," June 19, 1753
signed by four Indian delegates at Boston Fort Halifax, on the Kennebec River
Dec, 15, 1725 below the Teconnet Falls; Fort Western, at
David Dunbar, an Irishman, obtains Augusta; and Fort Shirley, or Frankfort,
royal sanction to settle and govern the in Dresden, all built during the year. .1754
province of Sagadahoc 1729 In consequence of French and Indian
Owing to the arbitrary acts of Dunbar depredations, war is declared on all the
he is removed from his office, April 4, Indian tribes east of Piscataqua, and boun-
1733, by royal instruction, and Massacliu- ties offered for prisoners and scalps
setts resumes jurisdiction of Sagadahoc June 11, 1755
territory Aug. 25, 1733 Acadians or French Neutrals dwelling
Brunswick incorporated .. June 24, 1737 principally about Annapolis, Grand Pre,
King in council fixes the line between and vicinity are forcibly removed by order
Maine and New Hampshire to " pass of lieutenant-governor Lawrence and the
through the entrance of Piscataqua Har- provisional council, and dispersed among
bor and the middle of the river to the the American colonies from Maine to
farthermost head of Salmon Falls River, Georgia.*. September, 1755
thence north 2®; west, true course, 120 Skirmishes with the Indians at Bruns-
miles " March 5, 1739 wick, New Gloucester, Windham, where
Rev. George Whitefield visits Maine and the Indian chief Poland is killed, and at
preaches at York, Wells, and Biddeford Georgetown and Fort Halifax 1756
1741 Possession is taken of the Penobscot
First attack of Indians (the fifth Indian country, and Fort Pownal built and gar-
war) upon St. George and Damariscotta risoned with 100 men under Jedediah
(New Castle) , July 19; the provincial Preble July 28, 1759
government declares war against all Nauseag, a precinct of Georgetown, the
the Eastern tribes, and offers bounties birthplace of Sir William Phipps, first
for Indian captives or scalps royal governor of the Massachusetts prov-
Aug. 23, 1745 inces. erected into a town by the name of
Indian skirmishes and depredations W^oolwich Oct. 20, 1759
throughput the Sagadahoc territory dur- Pownalborough, embracing the present
ing 1746 towns of Dresden, Wiscasset, Alna, and
By May 1, 1747, the whole frontier from Swan Island, is incorporated
Wells to Topsham is infested with Indians, Feb. 13, 1760
who make an attack on Pemaquid, May Peace made with the remnant of the
373
UNITED STATES OF AKEBICA— MAINE
Indian tribes in the vicinity of Fort Warren incorporated; first town on St
Pownal April 29, 1760 George River Nov. 7, 1776
General court establishes the counties Fryeburg, scene of Lovewell's fight in
of Cumberland (that part of Maine be- 1725, incorporated Jan. 11, 1777
tween the Saco and Androscoggin) and Counties of York, Cumberland, and Lin-
Lincoln (that part east of the Andros- coin, by vote of Congress, erected into
coggin) June 19, 1760 the " District of Maine " 1778
Mount Desert Island granted to Gov- British General McLane and 900 troops
ernor Barnard 1762 take possession of the Peninsula of Major
Town of Bristol, embracing the ancient Biguyduce (now Castine), begin a fort,
Pemaquid, incorporated. . . .June 18, 1765 and station three sloops-of-war under Cap-
Town of Hallowell, embracing Cushnoc tain Mowatt Jan. 12, 1779
(Augusta) and Winslow, including Water- Pittston, the fortieth and last town es-
ville, incorporated April 26, 1771 tablished by the general court under the
Pepperellboroughi afterwards Saco, in- royal charter, incorporated. .Feb. 4, 1779
corporated June 9, 1772 Expedition of nineteen armed vessels
Belfast incorporated; first town on the and twenty-four transports, under Gurdon
Penobscot June 22, 1773 Saltonstall, a Connecticut sea-captain, and
New Gloucester incorporated 1,500 men from Massachusetts under G«n-
March 8, 1774 eral Lovell, arrive at Penobscot, July 25,
County convention, thirty-nine dele- for the purpose of dislodging the British;
gates from nine towns in Cumberland they remain inactive, however, until the
county, held at Falmouth, at w^hich meet- arrival of five British ships from New
ing Sheriff William Tyng declared his York, which force the Americans to bum
avowal to obey the province law and not their vessels and disperse. . . .Aug. 13, 1779
that of Parliament, and which advises Six hundred troops raised to protect the
"a firm and persevering opposition to Eastern Department, between Piscataqua
every design, dark or open, framed to and St. Croix, and command given to Gen.
abridge our English liberties" Peleg Wadsworth, with headquarters at
Sept. 21, 1774 Thomaston 1780
Captain Mowatt and two companions Bath incorporated, the first town estab-
of the British sloop-of-war Canseau are lished by the new government
made prisoners by fifty or sixty volunteers Feb. 17, 1781
under Lieut.-Col. Samuel Thompson, while General Wadsworth captured at Thomas-
ashore at Falmouth. The sailing-master ton and imprisoned at Castine, Feb. 18;
of the Canseau excites the people by escapes June 18, 1781
threatening to bum the town if Mowatt Land office is opened at the seat of gov-
is not restored; being released on parole, ernment, and State lands in the district
Mowatt weighs anchor, sails for Ports- of Maine are sold to soldiers and emigrants
mouth May 9, 1775 at $1 per acre on the navigable waters;
An English schooner, the Margranetto, elsewhere given, provided settlers clear
loading at Machias, is seized by a party sixteen acres in four years 1784
of volunteers under Benjamin Foster and First issue of the Falmouth Qnzeite and
Jeremiah O'Brien; after capturing this Weekly Advertiser, the earliest newspaper
prize O'Brien sails into the Bay of Fundy, established in Maine Jan. 1, 1785
and on his return captures a schooner Mount Desert, confiscated from Governor
and tender which were in search of the Bernard, is reconfirmed in part to his son
Margranetto June, 1775 John and to French claimants 1785
Col. Benedict Arnold, with a force of Convention to consider the separation
about 1. 100 men, passes up the Kennebec of the district from Massachusetts meets
to attack Quebec September, 1775 at Falmouth Oct 5, 1785
Captain Mowatt arrives in Falmouth Convention appointed at the lOctober
(now Portland) with four armed vessels, meeting assembles at Falmouth and draws
Oct. 17, with orders from Admiral Graves up a statement of particulars
to destroy the town, which he bums Jan. 4, 1786
Oct. 18, 1775 Massachusetts lands, 1,107,396 acres, be<
374
UNITED STATES OE AHEBICA— MAINE
tween Penobscot and St. Croix rivers, dia- Three commissioners appointed by gov-
posed of by lottery; a large portion pur- ernor and council to act on land titles in
chased by William Bingham, of Phila- Lincoln county Feb. 27, 1811
delphia March, 1786 Boxer, a British brig of eighteen guns
Falmouth divided and the peninsula and 104 men, Captain Blyth, engages the
with several opposite islands incorporated American brig Enterprise, sixteen guns
and named Portland July 4, 1786 and 102 men. Captain Burrows, oflf Port'
Coiivention of thirty-one delegates meets land. In thirty-five minutes the Boxer
at Portland and petitions the general surrenders and is taken to Portland by hei
court that the counties of York, Cumber- captor (both commanders killed)
land, and Lincoln be erected into a sepa- Sept. 5, 1813
rate State, and suggests that the towns Extent of "Pejepscot purchase" is de-
vote on the subject Sept. 6, 1786 clared according to the resolve of the Gen-
[Convention reassembling, Jan. 3, 1787, eral Court, March 8, 1787, that "Twen-
flnds votes cast on separation 994, 645 ty-mile Falls," 20 miles above Brunswick,
being yeas ; motion to present the petition are the " uppermost Great Falls " in the
to the legislature lost, but was presented Androscoggin River referred to in the deed
the year following.] to Wharton, dated July 7, 1684; matter
General Court sets off from Lincoln settled 1814
county the new counties of Hancock, from Fort Sullivan, in Eastport, under com-
Penobscot Bay to the head of Goulds- mand of Maj. Perley Putnam, surrenders
borough River, and Washington, east of to a British force from Halifax
Hancock June 25, 1789 July 11, 1814
Bangor incorporated Feb. 25, 1791 Fort at Castine destroyed by its gar-
Last meeting of the Salem Presbytery, rison on the approach of a British fleet
marking the decline of the Presbyterian from Halifax Sept. 1, 1814
Church founded at Londonderry, N. H., Frankfort delaying surrender, the Brit-
in 1719, is held at Gray. .. .Sept. 14, 1791 ish threaten vengeance against the place
Charter granted by the General Court and sail for Castine Sept. 1-7, 1814
for Bowdoin College in Brunswick British force under Sherwood and Grif-
June 24, 1794 fiths land at Buck's Harbor, about 3 miles
Augusta (the ancient Cushnoc) inoor- below Machias, and march against the
porated under the name of Harrington, fort, which the garrison desert and blow
Feb. 20, 1796; changed to Augusta up Sept. 12, 1814
June 9, 1796 British Maj.-Gen. Gerard Gosselin ap-
At Providence, the commission appoint- pointed to govern the province between
ed to determine and settle, according to Brunswick and Penobscot 1814
the Jay treaty, what river was the St. British sloop from Halifax, with a cargo
Croix, made a report that the mouth of invoiced at $40,000, on her passage to
the river is in Passamaquoddy,Bay, in lat. Castine is captured and carried into Cam-
4o*» 5' 6" N., and long. 67° 12' 30^^ W. of den November, 1814
London, and 3** 54' 15^* E. of Harvard Col- General court appoints a day of thanks-
lege, and that the boundary of Maine was giving on news of peace and of the treaty
up this river and the Cheputnatecook to of Ghent, Dec. 24, 1814. ... .Feb. 22, 1815
a marked stake called ** the Monument " British troops evacuate Castine
Oct. 25, 1798 April 26, 1815
Kennebec county erected from north Between 10,000 and 15,000 inhabitants
part of Lincoln Feb. 20, 1799 emigrate to Ohio 1815-16
Northern parts of York and Cumberland County of Penobscot incorported (the
counties erected into the county of Ox- ninth and last prior to the separation)
ford March 4, 1805 Sept. 15, 1815
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow born in Meetings held in all towns and planta-
Portland Feb. 27. 1807 tions of the district of Maine, and a vote
County of Somerset established from the taken on the question of separation from
northerly part of Kennebec Massachusetts result in 10.393 yeas and
March 1, 1809 6,501 nays May 20, 1816
375
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— MAINE
First separation law takes eflfect, direct- Maine Historical Societ^r incorporated
ing voters to meet in their towns on the Feb. 5, 1822
first Monday of September to vote on the Last meeting of commissioners to deter-
question, and send delegates to Brunswick mine the northern and northeastern
the last Monday of September, who, if a boundary of Maine held at New York,
majority of at least 5 to 4 favor separa- (They disagree, and subsequently the
tion, should form a constitution matter is referred to William, King of the
June 20, 1816 Netherlands) April 13, 1822
Convention of 185 delegates convenes at Wild lands in Maine surveyed and di-
Brunswick; vote shows 11,961 yeas to 10,- vided between Maine and Massachusetts
347 nays; the attempt to seek admission 1826
as a State failing, the convention was Boundary north and east of Maine re-
dissolved September, 1816 ferred to William, King of the Nether-
First meeting at St. Andrew's of joint lands, for settlement Jan. 12, 1829
Qommission, Thomas Barclay for Great Governor Lincoln dying, Nathan Cutler,
Britain, Cornelius Van Ness for the Unit- president of the Senate, succeeds him
ed States, to determine the northeastern Oct 8, 1829
and northern boundary of Maine ; no result Cumberland and Oxford Canal, from
Sept. 23, 1816 Portland to Sebago Pond, completed
President Monroe visits Maine on his 1829
tour of inspection of fortifications, etc. William, King of the Netherlands, rec-
1817 ommends as the boundary of Maine a
United States war-ship Alabamay eighty- line due north from the source of the St.
four guns, 2,633 tons, commenced and left Croix to the river St. John; thence in the
on the stocks at Kittery unfinished. .1818 middle of that river through the St,
Agricultural Society of District of Francis to its source, and thence along
Maine incorporated Feb. 16, 1818 the highlands southwesterly to "mile
Law of the United States, making every tree " and head of the Connecticut River
State a district in which vessels must en- Jan. 10, 1831
ter and clear, proving a stumbling-block Capital removed from Portland to
in the matter of the separation of Maine, Augusta; legislature meets... Jan. 4. 1832
is changed, and the eastern coast divided Bangor and Orono Railroad, 10 miles in
into two great districts March 2, 1819 length, completed 1836
About seventy towns petition the legis- Rufus Mclntire, land agent for Maine,
lature for separation, and bill passed and two others, sent to drive trespassers
granting it June 19, 1819 from timber on disputed territory in the
Under separation act, after an election north of the State, are taken by an armed
in July, and the proclamation of the gov- force as prisoners to Fredericton, but soon
ernor, Aug. 24, a convention of 269 dele- released by the governor of New Bruns-
gates at Portland elects William King wick Feb. 11, 1839
president, and appoints a committee of Lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick
thirty-three to report a constitution issues a proclamation regarding as an in-
Oct. 11, 1819 vasion of her Majesty's territory the at-
Congress admits Maine into the Union; tempt of a force of 200 armed men from
capital, Portland March 3, 1820 Maine to drive oflf persons cutting timber
Within seventeen months Governor King, on disputed territory Feb. 13, 1839
commissioner under the Spanish treaty. Agreement made between the British
resigns his office to Mr. Williamson, presi- government and the United States to pre-
dent of the Senate, who six months after, vent immediate hostilities between the
being elected to Congress, surrenders it to troops of Maine and New Brunswick, that
Mr. Ames, speaker of the House. The armed men should be withdrawn from the
president of the next Senate was Mr. territory, and the trespassers be kept off
Rose, who acted as governor one day, un- by the combined efforts of both govem-
til Governor Parris was inducted.. 18 20-21 ments Feb. 27, 1839
Waterville College (afterwards Colby Act of Congress passed authorizing the
University) established at Waterville 1820 President to resist any attempt of Great
376
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— MAINE
Britain to enforce exclusive jurisdiction leased to the Grand Trunk Railway for
over the disputed territory in the north of 999 years 1855
Maine March 3, 1839 Whole system of legislation on liquor
Gen. Winfield Scott, sent to command repealed, and license law drafted by Phin-
on the Maine frontier, arranges a truce eas Barnes, of Portland, enacted. .. .1856
and joint occupancy of the disputed ter- Joseph H. Williams, governor, to suc-
ritory by both governments ceed Hannibal Hamlin, who was elected
March 21, 1839 United States Senator Feb. 26, 1857
Treaty concluded at Washington be- Nathan Clifford, justice of the Supreme
tween Lord Ashburton, for Great Britain, Court Jan. 28, 1858
and Daniel Webster, Secretary of State, Maine liquor law in all its parts re-
for the United States, fixing the boundary enacted 1858
of Maine on the north, freeing navigation Bill passed granting the proceeds of
of the St. John's River, confirming land 1,000,000 acres of land and the claims
in disputed territory to those in posses- of Maine on the government of the United
sion, and allowing Maine and Massa- States, for the completion of the railroad
chusetts compensation for territory given from Portland to Halifax 1861
up, to be paid by the United States Hannibal Hamlin inaugurated Vice-
Aug. 9, 1842 President of the United States
Edward Kavanagh, acting governor in March, 4, 1861
the place of Governor Fairfield, elected Extra three days* session of the legis-
United States Senator March 3, 1843 lature, and provision made for ten regi-
Act restricting sale of liquors ments of volunteers for the Federal army,
August, 1846 and a coast-guard if necessary
Nathan Clifford appointed Attorney- April 22, 1861
General Dec. 23, 1846 Office of the Democratf a secession news-
Law enacted establishing a State board paper published in Bangor, entirely de-
of education 1846 stroyed by a mob Aug. 12, 1861
Death at Hallowell, of Nathan Read, United States Secretary of State Sew-
inventor, the first man to apply for a ard permits passage of British troops
patent before the patent law was enacted across the State from Portland to Can-
Jan. 20, 1849 ada 1862
State insane hospital at Augusta burn- Officers and crew of the Confederate
ed. Twenty-seven inmates and one as- privateer Archer enter the harbor of Port-
sistant perish in the flames land, capture the revenue cutter CaJeb
Dec. 4, 1850 Gushing, and put to sea; being pursued,
" Maine law," an act " to prohibit they take to their boats and blow up
drinking-houses and tippling-shops," pass- their prize, and are themselves captured
ed in May, approved by the governor June June 29, 1863
2, and enforced first at Bangor Foreign Emigrant Association of Maine
July 4, 1851 incorporated, to which the State agrees
Act abolishing the State board of edu- to give $26 for every able-bodied foreign
cation, the governor to appoint a school emigrant introduced into Maine by them
commissioner for each county 1852 1864
Search and seizure act for the con- William Pitt Fessenden, Secretary of
fiscation of liquors, passed 1853 the Treasury July 1, 1864
James G. Blaine moves from Philadel- A small party of Confederate raiders
phia to Augusta, and becomes editor of from St. John's, N. B., led by one Collins,
the Kennebec Journal 1853 of Mississippi, attempt the robbery of a
Maine purchases for $362,500 the share bank in Calais; but, the authorities being
of Massachusetts in wild lands in the forewarned by the American consul at
State 1853 St. John's, the attempt fails. July 18, 1864
Act passed by legislature appointing Great fire in Portland, burning over an
a superintendent of common schools area P^ miles long by 14 of a mile wide;
April 17, 1854 1,500 buildings burned; loss between $10,-
Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad 000,000 and $15,000,000 July 4, 1866
377
UNITED STATES OF AKEBICA— MAINE
Legislature passes a stringent prohibi- Vote for governor: Daniel F. Davis,
tory liquor law, and appoints a State eon- Republican, 68J66; Garcelon, Democrat,
stable to enforce its provisions 1867 21,688; Smith, National or Greenback.
State agricultural college established at 47,590 Sept. 8, 1879
Orono 1868 Republican press claims the Senate by
Constabulary law of 1867 repealed. 1868 seven majority, the House by twenty-eight,
James G. Blaine, speaker House of Rep- In November great excitement is produced
resentatives 1869 by the rumor that the governor and coun-
State temperance convention assembles cil would endeavor to count out the Repub-
at Portland and nominates Hon. N. C. lican majority and couiit in a Fusion
Hitchborn for governor June 29, 1869 (Democrat and National) majority. The
Swedish colony founded in Aroostook sub-committee of the council make their
county by fifty-one immigrants brought report Dec. 26, 1879
from Grothenburg by the board of com- Legislature convenes, and seventy-eight
missioners of immigration, which arrive Fusion members and two Republicans
at " New Sweden " July 23, 1870 qualify. The Senate elects James D.
A bill to increase the stringency of the Lamson ( Fusion ) president
prohibitory liquor laws passes both Houses Jan. 7, 1880
without opposition 1870 Commanders of all military organiza-
Liquor law amended so as to bring cider tions in the State are required to report
and wine made from fruits grown in the to Major-General Chamberlain
State within the prohibition 1872 Jan. 12, 1880
State convention for the formation of a Republicans organize a legislature
woman's suffrage association assembles at Jan. 12, 1880
Augusta February, 1873 Governor Garcelon's office being vacant
Act passed providing for a State after Jan. 7, President of the Senate Lam-
board of immigration, consisting of the son asks if Major-Creneral Chamberlain
governor, secretary of state, and land will recognize him as governor. Chamber-
agent 1873 lain refers the question to the Supreme
Woman's suffrage convention at Augusta Court Jan. 12, 1880
resolves : " That we pledge ourselves never Supreme Court recognizes the Republi-
to cease the agitation we have begun until can legislature. The Fusionists become de-
all unjust discriminations against women moralized, and Daniel Davis assumes the
are swept away " Jan. 28, 1874 office of governor Jan. 16, 1880
Compulsory education act passed by the Gen. Harris M. Plaisted, Greenback,
legislature 1875 elected governor Sept. 13, 1880
Death penalty in Maine abolished by Act passed making women eligible to
law 1876 the office of supervisor of schools and
Senator Lot M. Morrill, Secretary of superintending school committees 1881
United States Treasury June, 1876 United States Senator James G. Blaine
Fifty-two Swedes in " New Sweden " are appointed Secretary of State 1881
naturalized 1876 Act passed restoring the death penalty
Marble statue of Gen. William King, for murder 1883
first governor of Maine, presented to the Vote on amending the constitution, for-
United States government and placed in ever prohibiting the sale of intoxicating
Statuary Hall, Washington, January, 1878 liquors, 70,783 for, 23,811 against
State Greenback Convention held at September, 1884
Lewiston, 782 delegates; Joseph W. Smith Convention of the People's party,
nominated for governor June 5, 1878 held at Portland, nominate Presidential
September election: Selden Connor, Re- electors favoring Benjamin F. Butler
publican, 66,544; Joseph L. Smith, Green- October, 1884
back, 41,371; Alonzo Garcelon, Democrat, Act establishing a State board of health
28,218; no choice by people 1885
Sept. 9, 1878 Acts abolishing capital punishment and
Garcelon chosen governor by legislature establishing Arbor Day 1887
Jan. 3, 1879 Sebastian S. Marble, president of the
378
UKITEB STATES OF AMEBICA— MABYLAKD
Senate, aucceeds Governor Bodwell, who James G. Blaine, Secretary of State, re-
dies Dec. 16, 1887 signs June 4, 1892
Act passed forbidding manufacturing James G. Blq^ine dies at Washington,
" trusts " and heating railroad cars by D. C, aged sixty- three years
common stoves 1889 Jan. 27, 1893
State convention of Union Labor party Neal Dow, " the father of prohibition,"
meets at Waterville, and nominates Isaac dies at Portland Oct. 2, 1897
R. Clark, of Bangor, for governor Steamer Portland lost in a gale, 118
May 20, 1890 lives lost Nov. 29, 1898
Legislature enacts an Australian ballot Nelson Dingley dies at Washington,
law March 24, 1891 D. C Jan. 13, 1899
First Monday in September (Labor Twenty persons drowned by an acci-
Day) made a legal holiday by legislature dent at Bar Harbor Aug. 6, 1899
at session ending April 3, 1891 Arthur Sewall, Democratic candidate for
Ex - Vice - President Hannibal Hamlin, Vice-President in 1896, dies at Bath
born 1809, dies at Bangor July 4, 1891 Sept. 5, 1900
MABYIiAND
Maxylandy one of the United States, Charles to trade in all seas and lands
on the central Atlantic coast, lies wholly in those parts of the English possessions
north of the Potomac River, which, form- in America for which there is not already
ing the boundary-line that separates it a patent granted, and giving Claiborne
from West Virginia and Virginia, gives the power " to direct and govern " such of the
State a peculiar form. The State varies in King's subjects " as shall be under his
width from about 5 miles near the West command in his voyages and discoveries,"
Virginia line to 120 along the Chesapeake May 16, 1631
Hay, which cuts the State into two parts. Sir George Calvert, Lord Baltimore,
On the east it is bounded by Delaware and obtains from King Charles the promise of
the Atlantic Ocean. It is limited in lati- a grant of land now Maryland, but dies
tude by 37** 53' to 39** 42' N., the northern before charter is executed. .April 15, 1632
limit being the famous Mason and Dixon Cecilius Calvert, Baron of Baltimore in
line, marking its division from Pennsyl- the Kingdom of Ireland, son of Lord Balti-
vania. In longitude it is limited by more, receives from King Charles a grant
75** 2' to 79** 30' W. Area, 12,210 square covering territory hitherto unsettled,
miles, in twenty-four counties. Popula- having for its southern boundary the
tion, 1890, 1,042,390; 1900, 1,188,044. Potomac from its source to its mouth,
Capital, Annapolis. the ocean on the east, and Delaware Bay
Maryland is included in the grant of as far north as the 40th parallel, follow-
King James of England to the South Vir- ing that parallel to the meridian of the
ginia colony April 10, 1606 fountain of the Potomac June 20, 1632
Capt. John Smith leaves Jamestown to Virginians objecting to the grant to
explore the Chesapeake Bay, and discovers Lord Baltimore, the King refers their pe-
the mouths of the Susquehanna, North- tition to the privy council, who decides
east, Elk, and Sassafras rivers at its " That the Lord Baltimore should be left
head July-August, 1608 to his patent, and the other parties to
Maryland included in the second charter the course of law" July 3, 1633
to Virginia, which covered land from Point Colony sent out from Cowes in the Isle
Comfort along the coast north for 200 of Wright by Lord Baltimore, under his
miles, and south the same distance, and brother Leonard Calvert, to settle in Mary-
" from sea to sea" (Atlantic to the Pa- land, arrives off Point Comfort, Va.
ciflc) May 23, 1609 Feb. 24, 1634
Royal license given to William Clai- At Point Comfort Governor Calvert has
borne, one of the council and secretary of an interview with Claiborne, in which he
state of the colony in Virginia, by King intimates that certain settlements of the
379
UNITED STATES OF AKEKICA— MABYLAKD
latter on the Isle of Kent^ in Chesapeake vade the territory of the Maquantequat
Bay, would be considered as a part of the Indians Jan. 3, 1640
Maryland plantation. AJter the governor Petition of Claiborne to the governor
had explored the Potomac as far as Pis- and council to restore his property in
cataway Creek he returns to St. George's the Isle of Kent denied.. Aug. 21, 1640
River, and, sailing up about 12 miles to Act regulating measures, and adopting
tlie Indian town of Yoamaco, makes a the Winchester bushel as the standard
treaty with the tribe, and sends for the 1C41
colonists, who arrive, take peaceable pos- Grovemor Calvert, returning to England,
session, and name the place St. Mary's appoints Giles Brent lieutenant-generaK
March 27, 1634 admiral, chief magistrate, and commander
Colony export a cargo of Indian corn to of Maryland in his absence. .April II, 1G43
England 1635 Governor Brent issues a proclamation
First legislative Assembly at St. Mary's for arresting the person and seizing the
Feb. 26, 1635 ship of Richard Ingle, to answer the
Claiborne, having threatened the colony charge of treason in instigating a rebel-
at St. Mary's, grants a warrant to Rat- lion against the government in Maryland.
clifTe Warren to " seize and capture any Ingle arrested, but makes his escape
vessel belonging to the colony." Warren January, 1644
fits out a pinnace, with which he attacks So-called "Ingle's and Claiborne's re-
two armed pinnaces fitted out at St. bell ion " occurs in Maryland. Of this re-
Mary's and under the command of Thomas bellion little is known, except the de-
Cornwallis, and engages in a battle in struction of the great seal of the province
the Pocomoke, or Wicomoco River, which at St. Mary's in February, 1645, and the
results in the death of Warren and victory appointment of Edward Hill as governor
for the colony April or May, 1635 in the absence of Governor Calvert, who
Lord Baltimore commissions Governor fled from the parliamentary party, prob-
Calvert to call an assembly to signify ably to Virginia. At the restoration of
to the colony his dissent to laws made by the authority of Lord Baltimore, 1646, the
the Assembly in 1635, and propounding insurrectionists carried away or destroyed
others for their assent. .April 15, 1637 most of the records and public papers of
Governor commissions George Evelyn the province 1644-46
as commander of the Isle of Kent now Governor Calvert organizes a military
subjected to Maryland .... Dec. 30, 1637 force in Virginia and proceeds to St.
Assembly, including representatives from Mary's, and regains that part of his
the Isle of Kent, considers laws offered province 1646
by the lord proprietor. They reject them First mention made in the legislative
and frame others, which when sent to Eng- journal of the upper and lower Houses
land Lord Baltimore rejects. Assembly of Assembly 1647
meets Jan. 25, 1638 Recovering the Isle of Kent, Governor
By reference from the King and procla- Calvert pardons all the inhabitants, and
mation in Virginia, the claim of Clai- appoints Robert Vaughan chief captain
borne to the Isle of Kent and Palmer's and commander of the militia and civil
Island is rejected in favor of Lord Balti- governor April 18, 1647
more Aprfl 4, 1638 Governor Calvert nominates Thomas
Lord Baltimore finally gives assent to Greene as his successor June 9, 1647
the right of the Assembly to originate Miss Margaret Brent, administratrix
laws August, 1638 of Governor Calvert, asks from the Assem-
Assembly meets at St. Mary's and enacts bly a vote in the House for herself, and
laws for the government of the province another as attorney for Lord Baltimore;
March 19, 1639 refused January, 1648
Order executed by the governor and New " great seal '' for the province of
council to equip an expedition against the Maryland sent over by Lord Baltimore
Indians of the eastern shore and the Sus- Aug. 12, 1648
quehannocks May 28, 1639 Governor Greene removed by Ix)rd Balti-
Nicholas Ilervey commissioned to in- more, and William Stone, of Virginia,
380
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA— MARYLAND
" a zealous Protestant, and generally Richard Bennett and William Claiborne,
knowne to have beene always zealously of Virginia, a commission to " use their
affected to the Parliament," appointed best endeavors to reduce all the planta-
1648 tions upon the bay of Chesapeake to their
Tolerance act, the first securing relig- due obedience to the. Parliament and Coni-
ious liberty ever passed by an established monwealth of England "... Sept. 20, 1651
legislature, provides that " no person Numerous hostilities in the past having
professing to believe in Jesus Christ shall greatly reduced the Indian tribes in Mary-
from henceforth be any waies troubled, land, Lord Baltimore grants a tract of
molested, or discountenanced for, or in re- land at the head of Wicomoco River, con-
spect of, his or her religion, nor in the taining 8,000 or 10,000 acres, to be known
free exercise thereof within this province as Calverton Manor, to be reserved for
. . . nor any way compelled to the beleefe or the Indians 1651
exercise of any other religion against his Commissioners proceed to Maryland and
or her consent " April, 1649 engage Governor Stone and the rest of
Assembly grants Lord Baltimore power I^rd Baltimore's officers to " submit them-
to seize and dispose of any lands pur- selves to the government of the Com-
chased of any Indian, unless the pur- monwealth of England " j thus taking the
chaser could show a lawful title thereto control from Lord Baltimore. .March, 1652
from his lordship under the great seal By proclamation of the commissioners
1649 Grovernor Stone is reinstated as governor
Mr. Durand, elder of a Puritan or In- of Maryland, which he assumes " until the
dependent church founded in Virginia in pleasure of the state of England be
1642 (from Massachusetts), and which known " June 28, 1652
wfis broken up and driven out by that gov- Treaty with the Susquehannock Indians
ernment, obtains permission of the lord at the river of Severn, cedrng their lands
proprietary's government to settle with from the Patuxent River to Palmer's Isl-
iiib people at Providence or Anne Arundel, and on the west side of the Chesapeake
now Annapolis 1649 Bay, and from Choptank River to the
Commission granted by Lord Baltimore northeast branch, northward of Elke
to Robert Brooke, as commander of a River, on the eastern side of the bay
county (Charles) "around about and next July 5, 1652
adjoining to the place which he should Lord Baltimore issues instructions to
settle," on the south side of the Patuxent, Governor Stone for strictly enforcing the
with a colony he was transporting to submission of all the inhabitants of the
Maryland Sept. 20, 1649 province of Maryland to his proprietary
During the temporary absence of Gov- rights Feb. 7, 1654
ernor Stone. Thomas Greene, the deputy Governor Stone, by proclamation, de-
governor, proclaims Charles II. King, and clares that the province of Maryland is
grants a general pardon. . . .Nov. 15, 1649 under the government of Oliver Cromwell,
Settlement at Providence organized into lord protector of the commonwealth of
a county called Anne Arundel England, Scotland, and Ireland, etc.
July 30, 1650 May 6, 1654
Act passed by the Assembly punishing Robert Brooke, commander of Charles
by death and confiscation of property any county, having been discharged by Lord
compliance with Claiborne in opposition Baltimore, Governor Stone erects the
to Lord Baltimore's dominion over the county into the county of Calvert
province 1650 July 3, 1654
A rumor of the dissolution or resig- Commissioners Bennett and Claiborne,
nation in England of Ix)rd Baltimore's hearing of the new orders and instructions
patents leads the Puritans of Anne from Lord Baltimore, come to Maryland
Arundel to refuse to send any burgesses and make a second reducement of the
or delegates to the General Assembly at province, appointing Capt. William Fuller
St. Mary's when summoned 1651 and others commissioners for governing
Council of state in England appoints the affairs of Maryland July 22, 1654
three officers of the navy, together with Captain Fuller and the other commis-
381
UNITED STATES OE AKERICA— HABrYLAND
sioners call an assembly at Patuxent, it be a full determination ended in England
passes an " act of recognition *' of all tbe matters relating to the govem-
Oct. 26, 1654 ment " and is released Sept. 24, 1656
Acts of the Assembly; one concerning Lord Baltimore creates his brother
religion, declaring that " none who profess Philip Calvert one of the councillors to
the Popish religion can be protected in the the governor of Maryland, and principal
province by the laws of England. . . nor secretary of his province. .November, 1656
by the government of the commonwealth Luke Barber appointed deputy governor
of England, etc., but to be restrained from in the absence of Governor Fendall, who
the exercise thereof." One making void embarks for England June 18, 1657
the declaration of Governor Stone requir- Puritan assembly meets at Patuxent
ing the people to acknowledge Lord Balti- Sept. 24, 1657
more as absolute lord of the province Report of the commissioners for trade
October, 1654 made Sept 16, 1656, being favorable to the
Governor Stone, hearing from England rights of Lord Baltimore, the Puritan
that Lord Baltimore still retained his agents enter into a treaty with Lord
patent, reassumes the government and or- Baltimore to give up their power in the
ganizes a military force in county of St. province and give due obedience to his
Mary's under Josias Fendall, who seizes lordship's government; he agreeing espe-
the provincial records, which had been de- cially " that he will never give his assent
posited in the house of Mr. Richard Pres- to the repeal of the law established in
ton, on the Patuxent, during the revolu- Maryland, whereby all persons professing
tion in July, 1654, and also arms and am- to believe in Jesus Christ have freedom of
munition which had been stored in the conscience there" Nov. 30, 1657
house January, 1655 First Quaker missionaries appear in
With 200 m^n and twelve vessels. Gov- Maryland 1657
ernor Stone proceeds by land and water Puritan party in Maryland surrender
against the Puritans of Anne Arundel their power to the governor
March 20, 1655 March 24, 1658
People of Providence having prepared Crovernor of Maryland asserts Lord
for an invasion, a battle ensues between Baltimore's title to the Dutch settlements
the Puritans and the " Marylanders," of on Delaware Bay, and demands the submis-
which it is said " of the whole company sion of the settlement, which is refused
of the Marylanders there escaped only four 1659
or five " ; about fifty were slain or wound- Baltimore county founded 1659
ed. Of the Puritans, two were killed and Fendall, proving inimical to Lord Balli-
two died of wounds March 25, 1655 more, is removed, and succeeded by Philip
A few days after the battle, four of Calvert., who is sworn in at the provincial
Governor Stone's men were executed out council held at Patuxent .. December, 1660
of ten who were court-martialled and sen- Charles Calvert, eldest son of the lord
ten cod to be shot; the others, including proprietary, appointed governor. .. 1661-62
Governor Stone, escaping sentence, but At the request of the Assembly, Lord
held as prisoners of war March, 1655 Baltimore coins in England (1661) a large
Commission received from Lord Balti- quantity of shillings, sixpences, and pen-
more appointing Josias Fendall governor nies, which were put in circulation in the
of Maryland July 10, 1656 province by act of Assembly passed. .1662
In the matter of the proprietary rights On account of excessive production, an
of Lord Baltimore in Maryland, at this act is passed prohibiting the planting of
time under consideration in England, the tobacco for one year 1666
commissioners for trade report to Crom- First naturalization act passed, admit-
well 's council of state favorably to Lord ting certain French and Bohemians to cit-
Baltimore Sept. 16, 1656 izenship 1666
Josias Fendall, arrested and imprisoned Boundary-line between Maryland and
by the Puritans, takes an oath that he Virginia from Chesapeake Bay to the At-
will neither "directly nor indirectly be lantic Ocean established, and the true
any disturber to the government till there location of Watkins Point on the bay,
382
UNITED STATES OE AKEBICA— MA&YLAKD
marking its beginning, settled by a com- and Queen Mary to the province of Mary-
mission; Philip Calvert, of Maryland, and land and all English dominions
Edmond Scarborough, of Virginia, ap- " April, 1689
pointed June 25, 1668 Associators move upon St. Mary's and
Act to encourage importation of slaves the council abandons the State-house and
1671 provincial records to them. President Jo-
George Fox visits the Friends in Mary- seph and the council retiring to a fort
land 1672 upon the Patuxent, Coode marches upon
A number of outrages on the people of them with several hundred men, to whom
Maryland 'and Virginia by the Indians; they surrender, leaving the Associators
live chiefs of the Susquehannocks, captured masters of the situation. . . .July 25, 1689
in a joint expedition, are put to death King William approves the motives of
by Major Trueman, commanding the Mary- the Associators in taking up arms against
land forces, although they protested their Lord Baltimore's government, and author-
innocence and blamed the Senecas for the izes them to continue in power
outrages. For this act Major Trueman Feb. 1, 1690
was inpeached by the House of Delegates, Sir Lionel Copley appointed royal gov-
but escaped punishment. . . . Sept. 25, 1675 ernor of Maryland 1691
Cecilius Calvert dies, and Charles Cal- Immediately after Governor Copley's ar-
vert, third Lord Baltimore, becomes pro- rival in Maryland he summons a General
prietary Nov. 30, 1675 Assembly at St. Mary's, which passes an
Thomas Notley appointed governor, to act of recognition of William and Mary,
act as deputy in the name of his infant and then overthrows equal toleration in
son Cecil Calvert 1676 the province, and establishes the Church
Government land-office erected in the of England as the State Church of Mary-
province by the lord proprietary 1680 land t May, 1092
Ordinance promulgated by the proprie- On the death of Governor Copley, Sir
tary limiting suffrage to freeholders or Edmund Andros assumes the government
inhabitants of property. . .September, 1681 until the arrival of his successor, Nichol-
Charles, Lord Baltimore, reassumes per- son 1693
sonal government. . . .* 1681 Capital removed by law to Providence,
William Penn receives his grant to ter- now Annapolis 1694
ritory west of the Delaware and north of Public post established from the Poto-
Maryland 1681 mac through Annapolis to Philadelphia,
In the contest between William Penn route to be covered eight times in a year,
and Lord Baltimore, Penn claims 39° as and postman to receive a salary of £.50
the " beginning of the parallel of 40° "; sterling 1695
and the King and council decide that the Annapolis incorporated by law, the gov-
Maryland charter only included " lands ernment intrusted to eight freeholders,
uncultivated and inhabited by savages," called " commissioners and trustees "
and that therefore the territory along the 1696
Delaware was not included; that the State-house destroyed by fire, and many
peninsula between the two bays be divided of the records of Anne Arundel county
equally, all east of a line drawn from the burned 1704
latitude of Cape Henlopen to the 40th de- Royal charter of incorporation granted
gree to belong to Penn November, 1685 Annapolis by Governor Seymour
Council of nine deputies, with William Aug. 16, 1708
Joseph as president, appointed by Lord Benedict Leonard Calvert, fourth Lord
Baltimore, govern the province during his Baltimore, being a Protestant, the province
absence in England 1685 is surrendered to him shortly before his
Deputies failing to proclaim William death, which occurred April 16, 1715
and Mary rulers in the province, a cOn- John Hart, proprietary governor, repre-
vention of Protestants (termed Associa- senting Charles Calvert, fifth Lord Balti-
tors), John Coode at the head, assembles more, and infant heir of Benedict Leonard
for the defence of the Protestant religion, Calvert 1715
and asserting the rights of King William By resolution the lower House of As-
383
XJinTED STATES OF AMEBICA— MABTIiAND
sembly declare that " the people of Mary- Maryland frontier being subjected to
land are entitled to all the rights and im- incursions of the French and Indians from
munities of free Englishmen, and are of Fort Duquesne (Pittsburg, Pa.), the G*ii-
necessity inheritors of the common law of eral Assembly convenes at Annapolis and
England" 1722 votes £6,000 to aid Virginia in the re-
Act passed for "the encouragement of duction of the fort July 11, 1754
learning, and erecting schools in the sev- Command of the forces engaged against
eral counties of the province," under which the French on the Ohio given to Governor
law a public free school was established Sharpe under royal commission. .. .1754
at BatUe Creek, Calvert county 1723 Fort is erected at Cumberland, and gar-
.4 Complete Collection of the Laws of risoned with two companies as a resting-
Maryland, printed at Annapolis by Will- place for expeditions against Fort Du-
iam Parks 1727 quesne 1754
First newspaper printed in Maryland, Two companies, under Captain Dag-
the Maryland Gazette^ published at An- worthy and Lieutenants Bacon and For-
napolis by William Parks 1727 ty, march from Annapolis to the western
Baltimore laid out on lands belonging to frontier 1754
Charles Carroll, by commissioners appoint- General Assembly passes a law for tlie
ed by the legislature 1730 levying of troops, and providing a pen-
Agreement entered into that the boun- sion for those maimed* in ser\''ice
dary between Maryland and Delaware Dee. 24, 1754
should be that fixed by the decree of After Braddock's defeat, July 9, 1755.
1685. and that between Maryland and the borders of Maryland and Pennsyl-
Pennsvlvania a line drawn due west, 15 vania became one extended field of bat-
miles south of Philadelphia 1732 ties, murder, desolation, and panic
Charles Carroll, of Carroll ton, born at 1755
Annapolis Sept. 20, 1737 Acadians, consigned to the province at
Legislature appropriates £7,502 to meet their expulsion, arrive 1755
the expense of raising and equipping 500 Act to raise £40,000 for erecting Fort
volunteers for the great expedition against Frederick and other forts and block-
the Spanish dominions... 1740 houses on the frontier, and for a joint
Treaty concluded with the Six Nations expedition against Fort Duquesne.
by Governor Bladen in conjunction with March 22, 1756
the representatives of Virginia and Penn- Governor Sharpe appoints a day of
sylvania, at Lancaster, Pa., whereby, in thanksgiving for the capture of Fort
consideration of the payment of £300, the Duquesne, and the Assembly grants £1.500
Indians agree to relinquish all claims to to the Maryland troops who took part in
territory within the boundary of Mary- the expedition November, 175S
land 1744 Frederick, Lord Baltimore, agrees to the
Town of Frederick laid out by Patrick appointment of the commission, Messrs.
Dulany September, 1745 Mason and Dixon, who surveyed the line
Assembly votes £4,500 to raise a body known by their name, and set up mile-
of men for an expedition against Canada, stones: agreement made July 4, 1760
June 20, and an additional appropriation Zachariah Hood, a merchant of An-
of £1.100 November, 1746 napolis, is appointed stamp distributer
Nanticoke Indians emigrate from Mary- under the Stamp Act; arriving with his
land to Wyoming, carrying the bones of stamps, he is obliged to land clandestine-
their dead with them May, 1748 ly; his effigy is whipped, hanged, and
Frederick Calvert becomes sixth Lord burned, and he seeks refuge in New York.
Baltimore by the death of Charles Cal- The Assembly, prorogued from 1763, meets
vert April 24, 1751 and protests against the Stamp- Act, and
Lord Baltimore directs Governor Sharpe appoints Col. Edward Tilghman, William
to investigate as to which branch of the Murdock, and Thomas Ringgold dele-
Potomac is the source, Virginia claiming gates to the congress of deputies from
the north branch and Maryland the south all the colonies 1765
1753 Frederick county court deciding the
384
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA— MA&YLAKD
Stamp Act unconstitutional, a popular Convention of Maryland assembles and
•demonstration takes place, the " Sons of adopts the famous '* Association of the
Liberty " carry through the streets a cof- Freemen of Maryland," which becomes the
fin inscribed, "The Stamp Act expired of written constitution of Maryland for a
a mortal stab received from the Genius year July 26, 1775
of Liberty in Frederick county court, Nov. " Maryland line," under Col. William
23, 1765, aged 22 days" Nov. 30, 1765 Smallwood, engage in the battles of Long
Public officers in Annapolis, urged by Island, Harlem Heights, White Plains, the
the people, treat the Stamp Act as a nul- storming of Fort Washington, battles of
lity April 3, 1766 Trenton and Princeton ; they begin the
People of Maryland enter into articles year 1,444 strong, and are reduced to a
for non-importation of British superflui- mere handful at the close 1776
ties and for the promotion of American Batteries erected near Baltimore and
manufactures June 20, 1769 Annapolis, and public records removed
British bark Oood Intent, arriving at to Upper Marlboro for safety in prepara-
Annapolis, a meeting of the Associators tion for an attack by the British under
is held, and it is resolved that the cargo Lord Dunsmore 1776
of English goods should not be landed James Wilkinson repairs to the camp
1770 before Boston as a volunteer from Mary-
Assembly attempts to diminish the land 1776
amount of fees collectible by the public Convention assembles and unanimously
officials and established clergy, but is pro- orders the delegates to Congress to unite
rogued by the governor, who issues a proc- in declaring the colonies free and inde-
lamation fixing the old rates, and re- pendent, reserving to the State, however,
quiring the officers to receive the amount complete internal sovereignty; Charles
in money if tendered Nov. 26, 1770 Carroll, of Carroll ton, chief advocate of
Frederick, Lord Baltimore, dying with- this resolution, was on July 4, 1776,
out an heir, bequeaths his proprietary chosen a delegate; convention met
to Henry Harford, his natural son.. 1771 June 28, 1776
People aroused by the governor's proc- Declaration of Independence publicly
lamation, under the leadership of Charles read at Baltimore, with acclamations for
■Carroll, elect the popular candidates the prosperity of the United States
Messrs. Paca and Hammond to the House, July 22, 1776
and bury the obnoxious projclamation in Convention for framing a State const!-
«ffigy May 14, 1773 tution assembles at Annapolis, Aug. 14,
Convention meets at Annapolis, pro- and completes its labors (constitution
poses an absolute cessation of intercourse never submitted to the people)
with the mother-country, and nominates Nov. 11, 1776
Samuel Chase, Robert Goldsborough, Continental Congress meets at Balti-
William Paca, Matthew Tilghman, and more Dec. 20, 1776
Thomas Johnson delegates to the first Con- Maryland line, under Brigadier-General
tinental Congress at Philadelphia Smallwood. engage in the battles of
June 22, 1774 Brandy wine and Germantown, and are
Anthony Stewart, the owner of the stationed at Wilmington during the winter
brig Peggy Stewart, having paid the duty to protect Delaware 1777
on a few packages of tea included in the First legislature under the new consti-
cargo, the people are excited by his act, tution assembles, Feb. 5, and elects
and under advice of Charles Carroll, of Thomas Johnson governor ... Feb. 13, 1777
CarroUton, Stewart burns his vessel Count Pulaski raises a legion in Mary-
Oct. 14, 1774 land consisting of sixty-eight horse and
George Washington, present in . Con- 200 foot 1778
gress as a member from Virginia, is nomi- Maryland line active in battle of Mon-
nated by Thomas Johnson, of Maryland, mouth June 28, 1778
to be commander-in-chief of the American Legislature votes officers of the Mary-
forces, and unanimously chosen land line who serve through the war, and
June 15, 1775 their widows, half-pay during life, to com-
TX.— 2 B 385
UNITED STATES OE AMEBIGA— MA&YIiAKD
mence after seven years' pay voted by Act extending the right of Bufifrage and
Congress 1779 substituting the ballot for viva voce Tot-
Bill to confiscate British property passes ing passed Dec. 28, 1801
both Houses October, 1780 Legislature presents a sword and belt to
Maryland line, under Major - General George Washington Mann, of Maryland,
De Kalb, engage in the battles of Camden one of two soldiers who planted the Amer-
( where De Kalb was killed), Cowpens, ican flag on the walls of Deme, Tripoli
Guilford Court-house, Hobkirk's Hill, as- April 27, 1805
sault of Ninety-six, and Eutaw Springs Several associations formed in Haiti-
1780-81 more to encourage home manufacture and
Maryland, to secure rights to Western sale of domestic goods during the embargo
lands, delays signing the Articles of Con- against British vessels 1808
federation until, with other States, Vir- First number of Hiiles'a Register issued
ginia cedes lands northwest of the Ohio to in Baltimore by Hezekiah Niles
the United States in January, 1781; Mary- Sept. 7, 1811
land delegates, John Hanson and Daniel Gabriel Duval, of Maryland, appointed
Carroll, sign the articles. . .March 1, 1781 associate justice of the Supreme Court of
Officers of Maryland line organize State the United States Nov. 18, 1811
** Society of the Cincinnati " at Annap- Printing-office of the Federal Republi-
olis, Major-General Smallwood president can, an anti-war paper in Baltimore, de-
Nov. 21, 1783 stroyed by a mob June 22, 1812. They
United States Congress meets at An- attack the house of the editor, A. C. Han-
napolis Nov. 26, 1783 son, which was garrisoned, break into
Washington resigns his commission as the jail, whither some of the assailed had
commander-in-chief, at the State-house in been taken, and in the riot General Lin-
Annapolis Dec. 23, 1783 gan is killed and others left for dead
Delegates from Virginia, Pennsylvania, July 28, 1812
Delaware, New Jersey, and New York as- British Admiral Cockbum with four
semble at Annapolis to consider the con- ships-of-the line and six frigates plunders
dition of the nation, and request all the and burns French town, Havre de Grace,
States to send delegates to a convention Frederickstown, and Georgetown
at Philadelphia the following May March, 1813
September. 1786 Battle of Bladensburg, and capture of
James McHenry, Daniel of St. Thomas Washington by the British
Jenifer, and Daniel Carroll, delegates Aug. 24, 1814
from Maryland to the convention at Phil- British advancing on Baltimore under
adelphia, sign the Constitution of the General Ross are repulsed at North Point,
United States Sept. 17, 1787 General Ross is killed Sept. 12, 1814
Maryland adopts the Constitution British fleet bombard Fort McHenry
April 28, 1788 Sept. 13, 1814
Robert H. Harrison, of Maryland, nora- Francis S. Key, of Maryland, impris-
inated associate justice of the Supreme oned on one of the British vessels, com-
Court Sept. 26, 1789 poses the Star-Spangled Banner
John Carroll, D.D., consecrated bishop Sept. 13, 1814
of Baltimore, with jurisdiction over all Lancastrian school system introduced
the Catholics in the United States, the in Baltimore 1820
flrat bishop consecrated in the United Act passed abolishing the old division
States (Church, Roman Catholic) 1790 into hundreds, as fiscal, military, and
The State, by law, Dec. 23, 1788, cedes election districts, and making an election
to the United States such district 10 miles district the jurisdiction of the constable
square Congress may select for the Unit- 1824
ed States capital; the District of Co- Act passed for primary schools
lumhia selected 1790 " Feb. 28, 1826
Thomas Johnson, of Maryland, appoint- Ground broken for the Chesapeake and
ed associate justice of Supreme Court Ohio Canal by the President of the United
Aug. 5, 1791 States July 4, 182S
386
UNITED STATES OF AMEBIGA— MA&YLAND
Ground broken by Charles Carroll and State tax levied of 20 cents on every
corner-stone set for the Baltimore & $100, afterwards increased to 25 cents
Ohio Railroad, chartered 1827 April 1, 1841
July 4, 1828 Maryland Historical Society founded
Phcenix Company erect their shot-tower, January, 1844
234 feet high, in Baltimore. Completed Whig National Convention in Balti-
without scaffolding Nov. 25, 1828 more nominates Henry Clay for Presi-
First public school in Baltimore under dent May 1, 1844
law of 1827 opened Sept. 21, 1829 Morse magnetic telegraph from Wash-
Mount St. Mary's College at Emmitts- ington to Baltimore completed
burg, established in 1809, is this year in- May 20, 1844
corporated as a college 1830 Democratic National Convention at Bal-
On death of Governor Martin, George timore nominates for President James K.
Howard, first named of the executive Polk May 27-29, 1844
council, succeeds to the office Act waiving the State liens in favor of
July 10, 1831 $1,700,000 bonds to be issued by the
National anti-masonic convention as- Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company at
sembles at Baltimore and nominates Will- par, with a guarantee that for five years
iam Wirt for President of the United after completion not less than 195,000
States Sept. 26, 1831 tons would be transported annually upon
Roger Brooke Taney, of Maryland, ap- it, and a contract is made for the com-
pointed Attorney-General of the United pletion of the canal to Cumberland
States Dec. 27, 1831 March 10, 1845
Taney appointed Secretary of the United States Naval Academy estab-
Treasury Sept. 24, 1833 lished at Annapolis 1845
Hospital for the insane at Spring Rev. Charles Turner Torrey dies in
Grove, Baltimore county, opened 1834 State-prison under sentence for enticing
Taney appointed chief-justice Supreme slaves from the State May 9, 1840
Court of the United States State resumes the payment of interest
March 15, 1836 on her debt at the Chesapeake Bank, Bal-
Legislature passes the famous internal timore Jan. 1, 1848
improvement bill, subscribing $3,000,000 in Democratic National Convention at
State bonds to the Chesapeake and Ohio Baltimore nominates Gen. Lewis Cass,
Canal Company, $3,000,000 to the Balti- United States Senator from Michigan, for
more and Ohio Railroad, $500,000 to the President May 22, 1848
Maryland Crosscut Canal, $500,000 to the Edgar Allan Poe, bom Jan. 26, 1809,
Annapolis and Potomac Canal, and $1,000,- dies in Washington University Hospital,
000 to the Eastern Shore Railroad — in all Baltimore; buried in Westminster grave-
$8,000,000 June 3, 1836 yard Oct. 7, 1849
State convention irrespective of party Election riots between Democrats and
meets in Baltimore and adopts resolutions Know-nothings Nov. 4, 1849
for revising the constitution Convention to frame a new constitution
June 6, 1836 meets at Annapolis, Nov. 4, 1850, com-
Constitution revised; governor to be pletes its labors May 13, 1851; the consti-
elected by the people, council abolished, tution ratified by the people. June 4, 1851
Senate reorganized, one third to be elect- Whig National Convention at Bal ti-
ed by the people every two years.. 1836 more nominates jGen. Win field Scott for
Convention of Whig young men, 15,000 President June 16, 1852
to 20,000 delegates from every State in Whig National Convention at Balti-
the Union, meets at Baltimore more adopts the nominees of the Ameri-
May 4, 1840 can party, Fillmore and Donelson, for
Democratic National Convention meets President and Vice-President
at Baltimore May 5. 1840 Sept. 17, 1856
Tssue of State bonds reaches $16,050,- George Peabody gives $300,000 to found
000; deficit of treasury, $556,387.38 Peabody Institute Feb. 12. 1857
Dec. 1, 1840 Strike of the conductors and train men
387
«
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— HA&YLAKD
on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, mili- Gen. Robert C. Schenck proclaims mar-
tia called out; amicably settled tial law in the west-shore counties
April 29, 1857 June 30, 1S63
Constitutional Union Convention at Bal- Issue at the State election is emancipa-
timore nominates John Bell, of Tennessee, tion, and the Union party divides on the
for President May 9, 1800 subject into the Union and Unconditional
Democratic National Convention meets Union parties; the latter carries the elee-
by adjournment (from Charleston, S. C. ) tion Nov. 4, 1863
in Baltimore, June 18, 18G0. On the 23d General Schenck arrests many person.s
a large number of delegates withdraw, and suspected of treason, and suspends the
the remaining delegates nominate Stephen Maryland Club and similar societies
A. Douglas for President. The seceders 1863
nominate John C. Breckinridge, of Ken- Every Union master allowed $300 for
tucky June 23, 1860 each of his slaves enlisting by act of Con-
Philip Francis Thomas, of Maryland, ap- gress Feb. 24, 1864
pointed Secretary of the Treasury General Lee detaches a force for the in-
Dee. 12, 1860 vasion of Maryland, which overpowers tiie
A. H. Handy, commissioner from Missis- Federals under Gen. Lew. Wallace in a
sippi, addresses a meeting in Baltimore battle on the Monocacy River. .July 9, 1864
on the subject of secession. .Dec. 19, 1860 Convention for framing a new consti-
Secession flag raised and saluted with tution meets at Annapolis, April 27; com-
artillery on Federal Hill, Baltimore, but pletes its work, Sept. 6; ratified
on the third round the cannon are seized Oct. 12-13, 1864
and the flag pulled down. .April 18, 1861 [This constitution abolished slavery, and
Attack on Alassachusetts troops in Bal- disfranchised all who had aided or en-
timore by a mob, several soldiers and ci- couraged rebellion against the United
vilians killed and wounded. April 19, 1861 States. Home vote. 27.541 for, 29,536
House of Delegates rejects a secession against; soldiers, 2,633 for, 263 against;
ordinance by 53 to 13 April 29, 1861 majority for, 375.]
United States volunteers under General Maryland Agricultural College estab-
Butler take possession of the Relay house lished in Prince George's county 1865
on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Fair held at Baltimore for the relief of
May 5, 1861 the destitute in the Southern States; net
General Butler, at the head of 900 men, receipts, $164.569.97 April, 1866
occupies Baltimore without opposition Peabody Institute formally inaugurated :
May 13, 1861 George Peabody present Oct. 24, 1866
Confederates invade the State and oc- I-.egi8lature passes a very stringent Sun-
cupy Frederick, Sept. 8, 1862. General day law 1866
Lee issues a proclamation to the people of Johns Hopkins University incorporated
Maryland promising protection and as- Aug. 24, 1867
sistanee in regaining their rights. On New constitution, framed by a conven-
Sfpt. 10 the Confederates evacuate the tion which met at Annapolis May 8, 1867,
city, and it is occupied by the Army of the which abolishes office of lieutenant-gov-
Potomac Sept. 12, 1861 ernor, ratified by the people
Battle of South Mountain, Sept. 14, and Sept, 18, 1867
Antietam Sept. 17, 1861 [Vote for, 27,152; against, 23,036.]
State legislature unable to organize, New school law passed giving control
many members being arrested on suspicion of educational matters in each county to
of treason Sept. 17, 1861 a board of county commissioners
Governor Hicks calls an extra session of April 1, 1868
the legislature " to consider and determine State election in November, 1869, the
the steps necessary to be taken to enable whole Democratic ticket elected, and a
the State of Maryland to take her place legislature unanimously Democratic meets
with the other loyal States in defence of Jan. 5, 1870
the Constitution and Union." The legislat- Legislature unanimously rejects the
ure meets at Frederick Dec. 3, 1861 Fifteenth Amendment, and passes a school
388
UNITED STATES 07 AMEBICA— MABTLAND
law vesting the supervision of schools in succeeds Governor McLane, who is ap-
a State board, county boards, and school pointed United States minister to France
district boards 1870 March 27, 1885
State convention of those favoring the Public library, established by gift of
extension of the right of suffrage to Enoch Pratt in 1882, formally opened
women held at Baltimore Feb. 29, 1872 in Baltimore Jan. 4, 1886
Democratic National Convention at Bal- Sharp contest in Chester River between
timore nominates Horace Greeley, by a the State oyster steamer McLane and a
vote made unanimous, for President fleet of illegal dredgers; two schooners
July 0-10, 1872 are run down and sunk and others capt-
State Grange of the Patrons of Hug- nred Dec. 10, 1888
bandry meets in Baltimore, and makes a State oyster steamer Helen Bctughman
declaration of policy and principle fights with the schooner Robert McAllister,
March 7, 1874 an unlicensed oyster-boat Jan. 2, 1889
Public education act modified: Board Chesapeake and Ohio Canal wrecked by
of education to consist of the governor, flood on the Potomac, which also swept
principal of normal school, and four per- away the historic building known as John
sons appointed by the governor from pres- Brown's Fort June, 1889
idents and examiners of the several coun- In 1888 Virginia leased about 3,200
ty boards 1874 acres of oyster ground on Hog Island to
James B. Groome elected governor by one Lewis; Maryland claims a right to
General Assembly, Governor Whyte being the ground, but the national coast survey
elected United States Senator rejects her claim; Governor Jackson pro-
March 4, 1875 claims the ground open to both States,
Foundation of the Johns Hopkins Hos- and the Maryland schooner Lawson an-
pital, endowed with $4,500,000 by Johns chors on the Hog Island grounds; the
Hopkins in 1873, is laid in Baltimore Lau>8fm is attacked, run down, and simk
1875 by the Virginia police - boat Augttstua,
Daniel C. Gilman installed president of Nov. 27; harmony is restored between
the Johns Hopkins University the States, Virginia withdrawing her ex-
Peb. 22, 1876 elusive claim December, 1889
Affray in the streets of Baltimore; the Australian ballot law passed by Mary-
6th Regiment of militia being ordered out land legislature, and a high-license law
by Governor Carroll against strikers on enacted for Baltimore 1800
the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad at Cum- Decoration Day made a legal holiday by
berland; the soldiers are stoned, and fire act of legislature 1890
on the mob, killing nine and wounding State Treasurer Stevenson Archer dis-
twenty or thirty; the mob sets fire to the covered to be a defaulter to the amount of
railroad station July 20, 1877 $132,401.25, March 27; is arrested at his
Commissioners appointed by legislatures home in Belair, April 10; is tried, pleads
of 1874 and 1876 ifor boundary between guilty, and is sentenced to five years* ira-
Maryland and Virginia report prisonment July 7, 1890
Jan. 16, 1877 Ex-Gov. Philip Francis Thomas dies
Congress appropriates $25,000 for sur- at Baltimore, aged eighty. . ..Oct. 2, 1890
veying a route for a ship canal between United States Senator Ephraim King
the Chesapeake and Delaware bays to Wilson dies in Washington, D. C.
shorten the distance from Baltimore to Feb. 24, 1891
the ocean by about 200 miles 1878 Monument erected by the State to Leon-
State convention of tax-payers held ard Calvert, first governor of the colony,
at Baltimore to redress grievances and at Old St. Mary's June 3, 1891
secure relief from taxation Charles H. Gibson qualifies as United
Aug. 12, 1879 States Senator by executive appointment
Celebration of the 150th anniversary to fill place of Senator Wilson, deceased
of the founding of Baltimore Dec. 7, 1891
Oct. 10-15, 1880 Ex-Postmaster-Gen. John A. Cresswell
Henry Lloyd, president of the Senate, dies at Belair Dec. 23, 1891
389
17NITSD STATES OF AHEBICA— MASSACHUSETTS
Charles H. Gibson elected by the legis- Amendment to constitution in reference
lature as United States Senator to fill to judge of the Supreme Bench adopted
unexpired term Jan. 21, 1892 Nov. 7, 1893
Ex-Gov. E. Louis Lowe dies in Brook- The single-tax in operation at Hyatu-
lyn, N. Y., aged seventy. . . .Aug. 23, 1802 ville declared unconstitutional 1893
HASSACHTTSETTS
Massachusetts is the chief political A disease among the Indians nearly de-
division of New England and one of the populates the New England coast. .1616-18
original thirteen United States. It lies " Great patent of New England " passes
for the most part between 40** and 42** 45' the seals Nov. 3, 1620
N. lat., and 70*» 30' and 73° 30' W. long. [This patent, which has scarcely a
The States of Vermont and New Hamp- parallel in the history of the world, cov-
shire lie immediately on the north ; on ered a territory extending from 40° to 48'
the east lies the Atlantic Ocean, giving it of north latitude, and in length from the
a sea-frontage of about 250 miles; to the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.]
south lie the Atlantic Ocean and the States Speedwellj of sixty tons, is purchased in
of Rhode Island and Connecticut. Imme- Holland to take part of the English emi-
diately on its western boundaries lie Rhode grants there to England, and thence across
Island, New York, and New Hampshire, the Atlantic 1620
It extends east and west 190 miles, and Leaves Delft, Holland, for Southamp-
50 miles north and south, with a projection ton, England July 22, 1620
at the southeast, and a lesser one at the Is found to be unfitted for a voyage
northeast, that increases the breadth to across the Atlantic and is dismissed
about 110 miles. Area, 8,315 square Aug. 21, 1620
miles, in fourteen counties. Population, Mayflower sails from Plymouth Harbor.
1890, 2,238,943; 1900, 2,805,346. CapiUl, having on board 101 passengers
Boston. Sept. 6, 1620
Capt. Bartholomew Gosnold, sailing After a stormy passage of sixty- three
from Falmouth, England, after a passage days sights the cliffs of Cape Cod and
of forty-nine days, discovers land in lat. comes to anchor in Cape Cod Harbor
43** 30' N May 14, 1602 Nov. 9, 1620
He discovers a " mighty headland," Peregrine White bom on board the May-
which, from the quantity of codfish caught flower in Cape Cod Harbor. The first
in the vicinity, is called Cape Cod; the white child bom in New England
voyagers land; this is the first spot upon November, 1620
which the first known English discoverers Mayflower sails from Cape Cod Dec 15,
of Massachusetts set foot. . . .May 15, 1602 and anchors at Plymouth Dec. 16, 1620
Martin Pring, in the Speedwell, of sixty First death at Plymouth, Richard But-
tons, and William Browne, in the Dis- teridge Dec. 21, 1620
covcrer, of twenty-six tons, make discov- Passengers leave the ship and land at
eries along the New England coast. . 1603 Plymouth Rock Dec. 21, 1620
Capt. George Weymouth, with twenty- Storehouse erected at Plymouth, 20 feet
eight men, in the Archangel^ explores the square with a thatched roof
coast of Massachusetts and Maine, also Dec. 24-30, 1620
the Penobscot and Kennebec rivers. . .1605 Colony begins to erect separate houses
Henry Hudson discovers the Hudson Jan. 9, 1621
River 1609 Storehouse takes fire and nearly bums
Capt. John Smith explores the coast down Jan. 14, 1621
from the Penobscot River to Cape Cod, and Mrs. Rose Standish, the wife of Miles
names the country New England. . . . 1614 Standish, dies Jan. 29, 1621
Capt. John Smith publishes his De- Miles Standish made captain with mili-
scription of New Englandf to invite per- tary authority Feb. 17, 1621
nianent settlements there 1616 William White dies Feb. 21, 1621
390
UNITED STATES OF AHEBICA— MASSACHUSETTS
Samoset, the first Indian to visit the Much suffering from lack of food
colony, saying, "Welcome, Englishmen!" spring of 1622
March 16, 1621 Canonicus, sachem of the Narragan-
Massasoit, the grand sachem of the sets, sends by way of defiance a bun-
Wampanoags, with about sixty of his war- die of arrows tied in a rattlesnake's skin
riors, visits the colony. .March 22, 1621 to Plymouth; Governor Bradford sends
Treaty between the colony and Mas- back the skin stuffed with powder and
sasoit, which is faithfully observed for balls; this intimidates the tribe 1622
fifty-five years March 22, 1621 Colonists plant sixty acres of com.. 1622
John Carver unanimously confirmed as Two ships, Charity and Swan, with
governor of the colony for the new civil about sixty passengers, sent over by a
year March 23, 1621 Mr. Weston, a dissatisfied member of the
Forty-four deaths in the colony in four Plymouth Company, to attempt a settle-
months to April 1, 1621 ment, arrives July, 1622
Mayflower sails for England on her re- They attempt a settlement at a place
turn voyage April 5, 1621 called Wessagusset (now Weymouth) , on
Governor Carver dies April 5, 1621 Massachusetts Bay, during the year. . 1622
William Bradford elected governor, Isaac This colony, unable to support itself,
Allerton deputy 1621 breaks up, after nearly involving the
Susanna, the widow of William White, Plymouth colony in a war with the Indians
marries Edward Winslow, the first mar- 1623
riage in the colony May 12, 1621 Great distress at Plymouth for want of
Twenty acres of Indian corn and food spring of 1623
beans are planted and six acres of barley Two ships, Anne and Little James, of
and pease by the colony in the spring of forty-four tons, the latter built for the
1621 colony, arrive at Plymouth, bringing sixty
First duel in New England was fought passengers August, 1623
between Edward Dotey and Edward Leis- Capt. Robert Gorges, son of Sir Ferdi-
ter, servants of Stephen Hopkins, with nando Grorges, with Mr. Morrell, an Epis-
sword and dagger; they were sentenced to copal minister, and many others, arrive
have their head and heels tied together, and select a site at Wessagusset for
and thus remain for twenty-four hours settlement September, 1623
without food or drink; after an hour's Ship Charity, bringing a supply of
endurance they were relieved on promises clothing and a bull and three heifers, first
and pleadings June 18, 1621 neat cattle imported into New England
First Thanksgiving in the colony March 24, 1624
September, 1621 Population of Pljrmouth colony, 180, and
Village of Plymouth contains at this number of dwelling-houses, thirty-two; a
time seven dwelling-houses and four other substantial fort, a vessel of forty-four tons,
buildings September, 1621 with smaller boats; large tracts of land
Capt. Miles Standish, with nine Plym- under cultivation, and enclosures for the
outh colonists and three Indians, explores cattle, goats, swine, and poultry
the country about Massachusetts Bay spring, 1624
October, 1621 Capt. Robert Gorges returns to England
Fortune, a vessel of fifty-five tons, bring- early in 1624
ing thirty-six passengers, arrives at Plym- A few settlers remain at Wessagusset ;
outh Nov. 11, 1621 some families come from Weymouth, Eng-
The same vessel, laden with beaver and land, and the name is changed to Wey-
other skins and lumber, valued at $2,400, mouth 1624
the first remittance from New Plymouth, Settlement commenced at Cape Ann with
sails on her return voyage. . .Dec. 3, 1621 the intention of connecting the settlement
John Alden marries Priscilla Mullens with the fishing interests 1624
(the Puritan maiden), daughter of Will- W'illiam Bradford again elected govern-
iam Mullens 1621 or of Plymouth colony 1624
Town surrounded by a palisade and a John Lyford and John Oldham expelled
stockade built February, 1622 from the colony 1624
391
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— ICASSACHUSETTS
Captain Wollaston and about thirty with others conmmence a settlement at
others commence a settlement at a place Mishawums. now Charlestown
they call Mount Wollaston (now Quincy) June 24, l62iP
1625 A church established at Salem with Mr.
Thomas Morton on the departure of Skelton as ordained pastor and Mr. Hig-
Wollaston takes charge, and changes the ginson as teacher August, 1629
name to Merry Mount 162*3 John and Samuel Browne, members of
Robert Conant removes from the set- the colonial council and of the Massa-
tiement at Cape Ann to Naumkeag (now chusetts Company, are sent back to Eng-
Salem) 1626 land by Governor Endicott for their op-
Plymouth colony establish an outpost on position to the church and advocacy of
Buzzard's Bay; friendly commerce begins Episcopacy 1629
with the Dutch at New Amsterdam... 1627 Transfer of the Massachusetts colony's
Partnership of merchants and colonists government from Tendon to New England
being unprofitable, and the community sys- August, 1629
tem failing, eight colonists of Plymouth John Winthrop chosen governor and
buy of the London partners their interests Thomas Dudley lieutenant-governor of the
for $9,000, in nine annual instalments; the Massachusetts colony Aug. 20, 1629
community system is abandoned, a division Governor Winthrop, with Isaac John-
made of movable property, and twenty son and his wife, Lady Arbella Johnson,
acres of land near the town is assigned in daughter of the Earl of Lincoln, sail from
fee to each colonist January, 1628 England in the Arbella for Massachusetts
Rev. John White, a Puritan minister of April 8, 1630
Dorchester, England, enlists some gentle- Vessel arrives at Salem.. June 12, 1630
men who obtain a patent conveying to J^ady Arbella Johnson died
them that part of New England lying Aug. 30, 1630
between 3 miles to the north of the Mer- Her husband, Isaac Johnson, died
rimac River and 3 miles to the south of S^pt. 30, 1630
the Charles River, and every part thereof First general court met at Boston
in Massachusetts Bay; and in length be- Oct. 19, 1630
tween the described breadth from the At- Seventeen ships, bringing about 1,500
lantic Ocean to the South Sea emigrants, arrive in Massachusetts Bay
March 19, 1628 and at Plymouth during the year....J63b
Company appoint John Endicott govern- First church at Boston, third in order
or of the colony " until themselves should of time in the colony, gathered at Charles-
come over " May 30, 1628 town July, 1630
Endicott, with wife and children and Watertown settled by Sir Richard
about fifty others, embarks in ship Abigail Saltonstall 1630
from England for Massachusetts Roxbury settled by William Pynchon
June 20, 1628 1630
Plymouth people admonish Thomas Mor- Newtown (now Cambridge) settled by
ton of " Merry Mount " twice ; the third Mr. Dudley, Mr. Bradstreet, and others
time they sent Capt. Miles Standish " w^ith 1630
some aid"; Morton's followers are dis- Dorchester and Boston settled .... 1630
armed and dispersed without bloodshed, Lynn settled 1630
while he is conducted to Plymouth and Famine in the Massachusetts Bay colony
from there sent to England (upon this Deceml)er, 1630, and January, 1631
incident Hawthorne writes, The Maypole A general fast appointed for Feb. 6 ; ship
at Merry Mount) June, 1628 Lyon arrives, laden with provisions and
A second and larger company, number- bringing twenty-six passengers, amon^
ing sixty women and maids, twenty-six them Roger Williams Feb. 5. 1631
children, and 300 men, among whom is the Roger Williams is appointed assistant
Rev. Francis Higginson, on several vessels, to Mr. Skelton in the ministry at Salem,
leave England for Salem, bringing food, but, asserting his views of religious toter-
arms, tools, and 140 cattle May, 1629 ation, the independence of conscience, of
Ralph, Richard, and William Sprague, the civil magistrates, and the separation
392
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— MASSACHUSETTS
of church and state, he is obliged to with- Klders of the <;hur€h decide that if a
draw to the Plymouth colony, .early in 1631 governor-general were sent over from Eng-
Second general court makes the Massa- land he ought not to be accepted. . . .1635
chusetts colony a theocracy, which lasts Endicott reprimanded by the court for
for a half-century May 18, 1631 mutilating the colors at Salem 1635
Rev. John Eliot, afterwards distinguish- First appointment of selectmen at
ed as " Apostle to the Indians," arrive^ at Charlestown Feb. 10, 1635
Massachusetts Bay and becomes first teach- General court orders the fortifications
er of the church at Roxbury. .Nov. 2, 1631 repaired, appoints a military commission
Governor Bradford, of the Plymouth with extraordinary powers to guard the
colony, resigning, Edward Winslow is rights and liberties of Massachusetts
chosen governor 1632 March, 1635
Fort begun at Boston on Cornhill. .1632 Freemen choose John Haynes as govern-
Governor VVinthrop, of Massachusetts, or of Massachusetts, selected by deputies
visits Plymouth Oct. 25, 1632 from the towns, before the meeting of the
A vessel of thirty tons built at Mystic court, the first instance of " caucus " on
called Blessing of the Bay 1632 record May 6, 1635
Plymouth colonists send Captain Holmes Concord first settled 1635
to erect a trading-house on the Connec- Richard Dummer founds Newbury. .1635
ticut River at Windsor, above Hartford Roger Williams advocates the inviolable
1633 freedom of faith. He appears before the
John Oldham and three others travel magistrates to defend it April, 1635
as far as the Dutch trading-houses on the Rev. John Avery drowned while on hiSi
Connecticut River, and bring back fiatter- way to Marblehead from Newbury
ing reports of that country 1633 Aug. 14, 1635
Salary of the governor of Massachusetts Roger Williams is sentenced to depart
Bay fixed at £150 1633 out of the jurisdiction of the colony within
Oriffin brings 200 passengers, some of six weeks, but owing to clamor of a stanch
them eminent men, as John Haynes, after- minority is permitted to remain until
wards governor of Massachusetts, John spring October, 1635
Cotton, Thomas Hooker, and Samuel Stone John Winthrop, the younger, Hugh
1633 Peters, and Henry Vane arrive at Bos-
Small-pox destroys many of the Indians ton Oct. 3, 1635
of Massachusetts 1633 Captain Underbill is sent to apprehend
Ipswich settled 1633 Roger Williams, as he still continued " to-
Scituate settled 1633 preach," and carry him aboard a ship
Roger Williams returns to Salem from bound for England, but finds him gone
Plymouth colony 1633 December, 1635
Thomas Dudley chosen governor and Roger W^illiams finds refuge with Mas-
Robert Ludlow deputy governor of the sasoit, the sachem of the Wampanoags,.
Massachusetts colony 1634 and commences a settlement at Seekonk,.
John Endicott cuts from the flag the red on the east side of Narragansett Bay ; but
cross, at Salem, as being a " relic of learning from Mr. Winslow, of Plymouth,
antichrist and a Popish symbol " that he was within the patent of that
January, 1634 colony, he and five others move to the
Anne Hutchinson, of Alford, England, other side of the bay, having obtained a
w^ith her husband, William Hutchinson, grant of land ftom Canonicus, the head
arrives in the Griffin 1634 sachem of the Narragansets. He names
News of the creation of a colonial com- this settlement Providence 1636
mission, recall of the Massachusetts A law of the colony prohibits erecting-
charter, and appointment of a governor- a dwelling-house more than half a mile
general by the English government, re- from the meeting-house 1636
ceived at Boston April 10, 1634 Religious controversy with Mrs. Anne
Rev. Samuel Skelton dies at Salem, the Hutchinson begins 1636
first minister who died in New England Sir Henry Vane chosen governor of Mas-
Aug. 2, 1634 sachusetts ' 163ft
303
UNITED STATES 07 AHEBIGA— MASSACHUSETTS
Rev. Thomas Hooker and friends remove Rev. John Harvard dies at Charlestown
from Newtown (Cambridge) to Connecti- Sept. 14, 1638
<;ut, and found Hartford June, 1636 Three thousand emigrants arrive from
John Oldham killed by the Indians near England during 1638
Block Island July, 1636 Printing-press established at Cambridge
Expedition sent, under command of by Stephen Daye Marcb, 1639
JFohn Endicott, to punish the Indians of College at Cambridge (then Newtown)
Block Island for the murder of John Old- the place fixed upon as the site of it, is
'ham 1636 named Harvard, after its founder
Pequod War begins August, 1636 ]V£arch 13, 1639
General Court of Massachusetts agrees Inhabitants from the town of Lynn set-
to give £400 towards a school or college tie on Long Island 1640
Oct. 28, 1636 First original publication from Massa-
Roger Williams baffles the Pequods by chu setts, a volume of poems by Mrs. Anne
an alliance with the Xarraganset Indians, Bradstreet, wife of Governor Bradstreet
leaving the Pequods single-handed against 1640
the English, visiting the sachem of the New England navigation and commerce
Narragansets, Miantonomoh, near New- date from 1640
-port, while the Pequod ambassadors were Cultivation of hemp and fiax success-
-there in council December, 1636 fully undertaken, and the manufacture of
John Winthrop chosen governor of linen, cotton, and woollen cloths are b^fun,
Ikfassachusetts 1637 particularly at Rowley, a new town, where
Capt. John Mason, with some sixty men a colony of Yorkshire clothiers settle, with
^rom the Connecticut colony, and Capt. Ezekiel Rogers, grandson of the famous
John Underhill, with twenty men from martyr (John Rogers), for their minister
the Massachusetts colony, accompanied by 1640
200 Narraganset warriors, attack the Hugh Bewitt is banished from the Mas-
Pequod fort on the Mystic, capture and sachusetts colony for maintaining that he
destroy it with all its occupants, number- was free from "original sin." By order
ing 600 and over May 26, 1637 of the court he was to be gone within
Gov. Henry Vane returns to England fifteen days upon pain t)f death, and if
Aug. 3, 1637 he returned he should be hanged.
Pequod War ends by total annihilation * Dec. 9, 1640
•of the tribe October, 1637 Trouble of the Massachusetts and Plym-
Rev. John Wheelwright, brother of Mrs. outh colonies with Samuel Grorton begins
Anne Hutchinson, disfranchised and ban- 1641
ished for supporting her Nov. 2, 1637 Governor Bellingham, of Massachusetts,
He journeys to New Hampshire and selects his bride, and performs the mar-
-founds Exeter 1637 riage ceremony himself 1641
Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, under sentence A body of fundamental laws, being com-
-of banishment, is committed to Joseph piled from drafts submitted, is sent to
Welde, of Roxbury, for safe-keeping, until every town within the jurisdiction of Mas-
the court shall dispose of her sachusetts, to be first considered by the
Nov. 2, 1637 magistrates and elders, and then to be
She is excommunicated, sent out of the published by the constables, " that if any
jurisdiction, and retires to Narraganset man saw anything to be altered, he might
Bay, where her husband had gone communicate his thoughts to some of the i
March, 1638 deputies." Thus deliberately prepared,
John Harvard, a graduate of Emmanuel these laws, ninety-eight in number, were
■College, Cambridge, England, bequeath;^ formally adopted by the name of *' Funda-
his library and half of his estate, which mentals" or "Body of Liberties"
amounted to £700, for a college " . December, 1641
Sept. 14, 1638 First commencement at Harvard Col-
" Ancient and Honorable Artillery Com- lege 1642
pany** organized as the "Military Com- Elder Williams Brewster, of Plymouth,
pany of Boston " February, 1638 dies April 18, 1643
394
UNITED STATES OF AMEBIGA— ICASSACHUSETTS
Four of the New England colonies, Law passed against slave-stealing. .1645
Massachusetts, Connecticut, Plymouth, and Mrs. Oliver, for reproaching the magis-
New Haven, unite as the "United Colo- trates, is adjudged to be whipped; and a
nies of New England," for mutual pro- cleft stick placed upon her tongue for
tection and assistance. Articles of union speaking ill of the elders 164G
fiigned at Boston May 19, 1643 Plymouth and Boston visited by Cap-
Massachusetts divided into four coun- tain Cromwell, who from a common sailor
ties — viz., Suffolk, Middlesex, Essex, and had come to command three ships, and
Norfolk 1643 amassed wealth as a buccaneer, or "fighter
Martha's Vineyard settled by some peo- of the Spaniard " ; he spends money freely
pie from Watertown 1643 in both places 1646
James Britton and Mary Latham put to John Eliot preaches his first sei'mon
death for adultery 1643 to the Indians near Newtown Corners,
A thousand acres of land planted to afterwards called Nonantum, or "place of
orchards and gardens, 16,000 other acres rejoicing " Oct. 28, 1646
under general tillage; the number of neat Thomas Morton, of "Merry Mount,"
cattle estimated at 12,000, and sheep at dies at Agamenticus, Me 1646
3,000; money scarce, and bullets for a T^aw passed requiring every township
time pass for farthings 1643 which contained fifty householders to
Samuel Gorton is banished for heresy have a school-house and employ a teacher;
and disrespect to the magistrates, and and each town containing 1,000 free-
purchases a tract of land called Shawo- holders a grammar school 1647
met of the Narragansets, and begins a Epidemic visits New England, which
settlement there 1643 " took them like a cold and a light fever
Gorton and his companions, sura- with it " ; it extended throughout the
moned to Boston, refusing, a detachment country among Indians, English, French,
of forty men is sent to arrest them; and Dutch; among those who died of
Gorton and his followers, after an unsuc- it were Mr. Thomas Hooker, of Hart-
cessful attempt to defend themselves, are ford, and Mrs. Winthrop, wife of
taken to Boston and tried. Gorton and the governor, and over fifty others in
seven others are found guilty Massachusetts June 14, 1647
November, 1643 Samuel Gorton, after the second ban-
They are ordered, at the next court, to ishment from Massachusetts, 1644, pro-
depart out of the jurisdiction within ceeds to England to obtain redress; this
fourteen days, and not to return to Mas- he partially obtains, and, returning again,
eachusetts or Shawomet under pain of settles at Shawomet, which he now
death March, 1644 names Warwick, after the Earl of War-
Rev. John Wheelwright's sentence of wick, who had assisted him 1648
banishment revoked upon his acknowl- Margaret Jones, of Charlestown, in-
edging his error and asking pardon dieted for a witch, found guilty, and exe-
March, 1644 cuted June 15, 1648
Roger Williams proceeds to England [This was the first trial and execution
and obtains a charter, including the for witchcraft in Massachusetts.]
shores and islands of Narraganset Bay Gov. John Winthrop, in the tenth term
west of Plymouth and south of Massa- of his office as governor of Massachusetts,
chusetts as far as the Pequod River and dies, aged sixty-three, leaving a fourth
country, to be known as the Providence wife; he also left a journal commencing
Plantation, the inhabitants to rule them- with his departure from England and con-
selves as they shall find most suitable, tinned up to the time of his death
September, 1644 March 26, 1649
Anabaptists banished from Massachn- William Pynchon, of Springfield, having
setts 1644 published a book upon Redemption and
Free schools established at Roxbury Justification^ the General Court orders it
and other towns, to be supported by vol- to be publicly burned in the market-place
imtary allowance or by tax upon such as containing doctrines of a dangerous
as refuse 1645 tendency 1640
305
UNITED STATES OF AMEBIGA— ICASSACHXTSETTS
John Clarke, a minister from the Bap- master of any ship bringing Quakers witb-
tist church at Newport, R. I., and two in the jurisdiction; and all brought in
others are arrested at Lynn as Baptists were to be sent to jail, given twenty
and sent to Boston, where Clarke is sen- stripes, and kept at work until trans-
tenced to pay a fine of £20 or be whipped ; p»orted Oct. 4, 1656
the line is paid and he is released with the [Plymouth, Connecticut, and the Dutch
injunction to leave the colony 1651 at Manhattan (but not the government at
Obadiah Holmes, one of Clarke's com- Providence, R. I.) adopt similar laws.]
panions, is fined £30; not paying it, he William Robinson and Marmaduke
gets thirty strokes with a three-corded Stevenson hanged as returned Quakers
whip and is sent out of the colony. . . . 1651 Oct. 27, 1651^
Hugh Parsons and his wife Mary tried Town of Hadley settled 165*
for witchcraft; Mrs. Parsons dies in Mary Dyer was to be hanged (as a
prison. Parsons is acquitted 1651 Quaker) with Robinson and Stevenson,
Oliver Cromwell invites people of Mas- but through the pleadings of her son she
SQchusetts to Ireland 1651 was reprieved and again banished; re-
French of Canada appeal to the people turning again to Massachusetts, she is
of New England for aid against the Iro- hanged June 1, 1660
quois without success 1651 Charles II. restored May 29, 1660
Mint set up at Boston (by the General Edward Whalley and William Goffe,
Court) which coins shillings, sixpences, the regicides, arrive at Boston
and a few smaller coin 1652 July 27, 1660
[The date (1652) was not changed for Hugh Peters executed in England. .1660
thirty years. John Hull was first mint- General Court forbids celebration of
master, and, being allowed fifteen penee Christmas under a penalty of 5s.... 1660
out of every twenty shillings coined, he William Ledea is tried, convicted, and
amassed a large fortune.] banished as a Quaker, but, returning, he
President Dunster, of Harvard College, is tried and hanged March 14, 1661
is indicted for disturbing infant baptism Representations of the Quakers in Kng-
in the Cambridge church ; is convicted, land caused Charles II. to require the gov-
sentenced to a public admonition on lect- ernment to desist from proceedings against
ure day, laid under bonds for good be- them; a ship was immediately chartered,
havior, and compelled to resign and throw and Samuel Shattock, who had been ban-
himself on the mercies of the General ished from Massachusetts, was appointed
Court October, 1654 to convey the King's letter to Governor
Charles Chauncy accepts presidency of Endicott; soon after receiving it (Jovernor
Harvard College November, 1654 Endicott orders the discharge of all
Edward Winslow. one of the Mayflower's Quakers in prison Sept. 9, 1661
first passengers and governor of Plymouth, Eliot finishes translation of New Testa-
dies, aged sixty, on shipboard near His- ment into Indian 1661
paniola, and is buried at sea Charles II. proclaimed sovereign in Mas-
May 8, 1655 sachusetts Aug. 8, 1661
Mrs. Anne Hibbins, sister of Governor Sir Henry Vane executed in England
Bellingham and widow of a magistrate, is 166^
condemned and executed as a witch. .1656 Children of respectable people not "pro-
Two women, Mary Fisher and Ann f essors " allow^ed tp be baptized ; called tho
Austin (Quakers), arrive from England "Half-way Covenant'*; adopted. .. .1662
and are landed at Boston. .. .July, 1656 Metacomet, or Philip, youngest son of
Eight more arrive in the Speedwell Massasoit, sachem of the Wampanoap;
Aug. 7, 1656 and friend of the English, becomes sachem
These were all imprisoned and banished of the tribe on the death of his brother
without ceremony, and the masters of the Alexander 166-
vessels which brought them were^ pjaced Four ships, Guinea, thirty-six guns,
under bonds to take them away . .T?fcin6 Elias, thirty guns, Martin, sixteen guns,
At the next session of the General C<mrt and William and Nicholas, ten guns, with
a penalty of £100 was imposed upon the 450 soldiers, are sent from England
396
J
UNITED STATES OF AKEBIGA— MASSACHUSETTS
against the Dutch at New Netherland. of the settlements, is surprised by a large
They bring four commissioners to arrange body of Indians at a small stream, now
affairs in New England — viz., Col. Richard Bloody Brook, and totally defeated
Nicolls, Sir Robert Carr, Col. George Sept. 18, 1675
Cartwright, and Samuel Maverick, who Deerfield and Northfield abandoned by
1 each Boston July 23, 1064 the inhabitants and burned by the Ind-
Governor Endicott dies (aged seventy- ians September, 1675
seven) May 3, 1666 Commissioners meet and agree that
Massachusetts ordered by the English 1,000 troops must be levied by the united
government to send agents to England to colonies; Massachusetts to raise 627,Plym-
answer for refusing the commissioners outh, 158, and Connecticut, 315
jurisdiction; she replies evasively. .1666 Sept. 9, 1675
Baptists form a church in Boston, first [Gov. Josiah Winslow, of Plymouth, to
in Massachusetts 1664-68 command the whole.]
Church of Massachusetts debates with Springfield attacked and alx)ut fifty
Baptists at Boston April 14, 1668 buildings burned, but the Indians are
Title of " reverend " first applied to the driven off Oct. 5, 1675
clergy of New England 1670 Hatfield attacked Oct. 19, 1675
Two young married Quaker women It was resolved to regard the Narra-
walk naked through the towns of New- gansets as enemies^ and to make a
bury and Salem, in emulation of the winter campaign against them
prophet Ezekiel, as a sign of the naked- Nov. 2, 1675
ness of the land 1671 Several bodies of troops from Mapsa-
George Fox, founder and apostle of the chusetts, Connecticut, and Plymouth,
Quakers, comes to Rhode Island, but does numbering about 1,000, unite about 15
not venture into Massachusetts 1672 miles from the Narraganset fort
Governor Bellingham dies in office Dec. 18, 1675
1673 The fort was carried and the Indians
Population of Massachusetts proper routed and the whole place burned; over
was over 22,000, that of the Plymouth 1,000 Indians were killed and capt-
colony was probably not far from 7,000, ured; the English lost about 200 killed
while the Indian population was less than and wounded and six captains killed;
8,000 in both territories 1675 this " swamp fight " occurred Sunday
Three Indians of the Wampanoags are Dec. 19, 1675
seized, taken to Plymouth, tried, and Indians attack Lancaster, and after
executed for the murder of one Sausa- killing all the men carry the women and
man, an Indian of the Massachusetts children into captivity. .... .Feb. 5, 1670
tribe June, 1675 Six hundred additional troops ordered
Indians attack Swanze}*" and kill several to be levied Feb. 8, 1676
persons June 24, 1675 Medfield surprised and laid in ashes
Wampanoags, under Philip, attacked Feb. 21, 1676
by colonists, leave Narraganset Bay, Weymouth, within 18 miles of Boston,
unite WMth the Nipmuks, and attack attacked and seven buildings burned
Brookfield; the residents, in the princi- Feb. 24 1676
pal building, defend themselves from Aug. Groton attacked March 3, 9, 13, 1676
2 to 5. when Major Willard with a troop Town of Plymouth assaulted and twelve
of horse routs the Indians 1675 persons killed March, 1676
Hadley attacked by Indians on a fast Warwick burned and Providence par-
day while the inhabitants are at church tially destroyed March 17, 1676
Sept. 1, 1675 ['^e aged Roger Williams accepts a
Captam Beers and his party ambushed conftnission as captain for the defence of
near Northfield; he with twenty of his the town he had founded.]
men killed Sept. 4, 1675 Captain Pierce, of Scituate, with about
Captain Lothrop, of Beverly, having fifty men and twenty Indians, routed near
been sent with ninety picked men, the Seekonk ; his entire party cut off
" fiower of Essex," to bring in the harvest March 26. 1676
397
UNITED STATES 07 AMEBIGA— ICASSACHUSETTS
Marlborough attacked and partially Massachusetts becomes the lord proprie-
burned March 26, 1676 tary of Maine, and, in obedience to ao
Seekonk laid in ashes ... March 28, 1676 ordinance of the General Court, Massa-
Canonchet, sachem of the Narragansets, chusetts proceeds to organize the gorern-
captured April 9, 1676 ment of Maine 1680
Sudbury attacked and partially burned ; Edward Randolph sends over a " me-
Captain Wadsworth, of Milton, and his morial " to the King, urging proceedings
party surprised and totally defeated against the charter of Massachusetts. 1683
April 21, 1676 Charter of Massachusetts Bay vacated
Plymouth again attacked. .May 11, 1676 in England June 18, 1684
Indians defeated at Turner's Falls, on King James II. proclaimed in Boston
the Connecticut, by Captain Turner, who April 20, 1685
is afterwards killed and his command par- Copy of the judgment of the forfeiture
tially defeated by the arrival of other of the charter of Massachusetts received
Indians May 18, 1676 at Boston July 2, 16So
Scituate threatened and partially de- [This charter had guided the colony
stroyed May 20. 1676 for fifty-five years.]
Edward Randolph arrives at Boston as Plymouth colony divided into three
a special messenger from the English gov- counties — viz., Plymouth, Bristol, and
ernment to make minute inquiries into the Barnstable 1685
condition of the country. . . .June 10, 1676 Provisional government constituted with
Indians again attack Hadley, but are Joseph Dudley as president. .May 14. 1686
repulsed June 12, 1676 First Episcopal church organized in Bos-
King Philip's allies deserting him, he, ton 1680
with a few of his own tribe, moves back Sir Edmund Andros arrives at Boston
to Mount Hope, in his own territory in the Kingfisher^ a 50-gun ship, bear-
July, 1676 ing a commission for the government of
Here, surrounded in a swamp by troops all New England Dec. 20, 1686
under Captain Church, he is shot by an Charter government is publicly displaced
Indian while attempting to escape by arbitrary commission, popular repre-
Aug. 12, 1676 scntation abolished, and the press sub-
[His little son sold into slavery.] jected to censorship 1686
Edward Randolph sails for England, Legal oonsolidation of New England
July 30, and presents to the English gov- Dec 29, 1687
ernment a description of New England, Governor Andres's activity in oppressive
headed. An Answer to Several Heads of legislation January. 1688
Inquiry Concerning the Present State of Increase Mather sent to England by the
New Etigland Oct. 12, 1676 citizens of Massachusetts to lay before the
William Stoughton and Peter Bulkely King a petition of grievances. April 7, 1688
sent to the King as agents by Massa- Extension of New England to Delaware
chusetts with an address Oct. 30, 1676 Bay; Andros made governor of all the
Proceedings of England against Massa- territory; seat of government at Boston,
chusetts charter January, 1677 the lieutenant-governor to reside at Xe^
Massachusetts purchases the claims of York April. 1688
Gorges to Maine for about $6,000 News of the landing of the Prince of
May 6, 1677 Orange (afterwards William III. of Bug-
Governor Leverett dies in office land) in England received in Boston
March 16, 1679 April 4, 1689
Simon Bradstreet made governor, then People of Boston and vicinity overthrow
seventy-six years of age May, 1670 the government and arrest Governor An-
Edward Randolph, collector of customs dros and his adherents April 18, 1689
at Boston December, 1679 Provisional government established with
Stoughton and Bulkely return to Bos- Simon Bradstreet as governor, then in his
ton, unsuccessful in their eflforts to con- eighty-sixth year April 20, 1689
ciliate the English government William and Mary proclaimed
December, 1679 May 29, 1689
398
UNITED STATES OF AMEEICA— ICASSACHUSETTS
War with the French and Indians, [The paper lived seventy-two years. The
known as King William's War, commences only complete file is with the New York.
1689 Historical Society,]
Governor Andros impeached and sent to Benjamin Franklin born in Boston
England June 27, 1689 Jan. 17, 1706.
Edward Randolph a persistent disturber Haverhill again attacked by the French
of the peace of Massachusetts in the in- and Indians Aug. 29, 1708
terest of the government of England Port Royal taken from the French by
1676-89 the English Oct. 6, 1710"
Fleet fitted out by Massachusetts [Name changed from Port Royal to
against Port Royal sails from Boston un- Annapolis, in honor of Queen Anne.]
der Sir William Phipps. .. .April 28, 1690 Expedition against Quebec and Canada
Attack on Port Royal is successful, and leaves Boston July 30, 1711
the fleet returns with spoils covering cost [The fleet, consisting of fifteen ships-of-
of the whole expedition May 30, 1690 war and forty transports, is under corn-
Expedition against Canada — New Eng- mand of Sir Hovenden Walker, and car-
land and New York unite. Governor ries seven regiments of veterans from
Winthrop, of Connecticut, commands the Marlborough's army and a battalion of
land forces, and Sir William Phipps the marines. Eight vessels of this fleet are-
fleet. The expedition is a total failure wrecked in the river St. Lawrence on the
1690 night of Aug. 22, 1711, and the remainder
First paper money issued in Massa- return, having accomplished nothing.]
chusetts to pay the troops in the Canada Boundary between Massachusetts and
expedition , 1690 Connecticut located 1713
John Eliot, "the apostle to the Ind- Schooners invented and built at Cape-
fans," dies, aged eighty-six 1690 Ann 1714
Second charter granted Massachusetts Elizabeth Goose marries Tliomas Fleet,
by England Oct. 7, 1691 of Boston 1715
New charter received 1692 [Her mother is said to have been the
First appearance of the witchcraft de- veritable Mother Goose of Mother Ooose
lusion at Salem, at the house of the Rev. Melodies for children.]
Samuel Parris March, 1692 Population of Massachusetts 94,000 and
Sir William Phipps arrives at Boston 2,000 negroes 1715-
as first governor of the new province Samuel Shute arrives at Boston as gov-
May 14, 1692 ernor Oct. 4, 1716
Post-oflice established in Boston. .. .1693 Great snow-storm; snow from 10 to 20-
Indians attack Haverhill (see Ditsttn, feet deep Feb. 20-24, 1717
Hannah) March 15, 1697 Potatoes first introduced at Andover
Governor Bradstreet dies at Salem, aged 1719
ninety-five March 27, 1697 Boston Qazettej the second newspaper
Peace of Ryswick proclaimed at Boston started in Boston Dec. 21, 1719*
Dec. 10, 1697 Small-pox breaks out in Massachusetts^
Captain Kidd seized in Boston as a April, 1721
pirate and sent to England 1699 [Out of 5,889 persons who were attack-
Earl of Bellomont supersedes William ed in Boston, 844 died.]
Stoughton as governor of Massachusetts, Great opposition to inoculation. Cotton?
and arrives at Boston May 26, 1699 Mather interests himself in urging inocula-
Boston contains 1,000 houses and 7,000 tion. Dr. Boylston consents to the experi-
people 1700 ment upon his children and servants ; lOO"
> Joseph Dudley appointed governor. 1702 inoculated during the year 1721
French and Indians attack and burn New England Courant started in Bos-
Deerfield (see Williams, Eleazer) ton, with James Franklin, brother of
Feb. 28, 1704 Benjamin Franklin, as editor
Boston yews-Let teVy the first newspaper Aug. 7, 1721
in the British colonies, was published in Benjamin Franklin leaves Boston for
Boston April 24, 1704 Philadelphia October, 172a
399
UNITED STATES OF AMEBIGA— MASSACHtTSETTS
William Burnet arriveB at Boston as British navy; the rioters seize several
governor July, 1728 officers of his command as hostages. Gov-
Dispute between Governor Burnet and ernor Shirley takes refuge in the castle
the House regarding a fixed salary; the Nov. 17, 1747
House refusing it 1728-29 [The officers were finally released, and
(rovernor Burnet dies. . . .Sept. 7, 1729 most of the impressed men sent back.]
Jonathan Belcher, a native of Massa- Louisburg restored to France by the
chusetts, appointed governor, and arrives treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle Oct. 7, 1748
at Boston August, 1730 Governor Shirley goes to England on
Worcester county formed 1731 leave for one year September, 1749
Massachusetts and New Hampshire Spencer Phipps acting governor in
boundary fixed 1731 absence of Shirley 1749
England forbids the colonies to export Massachusetts extricates herself from
hats 1732 the insolvency of more than fifty years by
First freemason lodge in America estab- appropriating to her debt £183,650, re-
lished in Boston 1733 ceived from England for her outlay in the
George W'hitefield in Massachusetts expedition against Louisburg; this came
1740 over in solid coin September, 1749
Governor Belcher superseded by William Sir William Pepperell, Thomas Hutcbin-
Shirley Aug. 13, 1741 son, James Otis, and two others, as com-
[Grovernor Belcher was the last governor missioners, meet delegates from the East-
of the two provinces of Massachusetts and ern Indian tribes at Falmouth (now Port-
New Hampshire.] land. Me.), and renew the treaty made
Governor Shirley renews the claim for a quarter of a century before
a fixed salary, which is finally decided in Oct. 16, 1749
favor of the House 1742 Small-pox again visits Boston. . . .1752
, Peter Faneuil builds Faneuil Hall [Of 2,100 persons inoculated with it,
and presents it to the iovm of Boston only thirty-one died; of the 5,550 taken
1742 without inoculation, 514 died.]
England at war with France, com- Governor Shirley, now past the age of
menced March 31, 1744 sixty, returns to Massachusetts, bringing
Expedition against Louisburg, organized with him a young French Catholic girl
by Governor Shirley, under command of as his wife 17.'*3
William Pepperell 1745 Expedition against the French in Nova
Troops — of which Massachusetts fur- Scotia sails from Boston under command
nished 3,250, Connecticut 500, and New of Gen. John Winslow May 20, 1755
Hampshire 300 — rendezvous at Canseau Acadians, or " French Neutrals," at
April 1, 1745 Grand Vr6, on the northwestern coast of
Commodore Warren joins them at Kova Scotia, are carried away and scat-
Canscau with five ships-of-war and six tered among the English colonists
frigates April 23, 1745 September. 1755
Combined forces land a short distance Governor Shirley, being recalled, sails
from the fort April 29, 1745 for England Sept. 25, 1756
liOuisburg capitulates .... June 17, 1745 Thomas Pow^nall appointed governor
William Pepperell made a baronet and Aug. 3, 1757
Commodore Warren a vice-admiral for Sir William Pepperell commissioned
their services 1745 lieutenant-general of the Massachusetts
French fleet of forty ships-of-war, be- forces 1757
sides transports bearing a well-appointed Louisburg again besieged and taken by
army of veterans for the purpose of re- the English June 2-July 26, 1758
covering Louisburg, come into the Ameri- Governor Pownall succeeded by Francis
can waters September, 1746 Bernard, who arrives at Boston
[This expedition is a disastrous failure, Ang. 3, 1760
and returns to France.] Governor Bernard appoints Thomas
Riot in Boston owing to impressment Hutchinson chief-justice of Massachusetts
of citizens by Commodore Knowles, of the December, 1760
400
UNITED STATES 07 AMEBIGA— ICASSACHTTSETTS
James Otis's speech against the " Writs Rights and Grievances of the Colonists of
of Assistance " 1761 America " ; an address to the King ; a
[''American independence was then and memorial to the House of Lords; and a
there born."] petition to the House of Commons. The
Dispute between Governor Bernard and tone of all these was loyal.]
the House of Representatives on the right Stamp Act goes into effect.. Nov. 1, 1765
of originating taxes 1761 Andrew Oliver is compelled to resign
James Otis publishes a pamphlet en- his office Dec. 17, 1765
titled A Vindication of the Conduct of Population of Massachusetts, 238,423
the House of Representatives of the Prov- 1765
ince of Massachusetts Bay 1762 Dr. Benjamin Franklin meets Commons
Parliament subjects various articles for in committee of the whole, to consider peti-
the first time to duties on exportation tions from America Feb. 3, 1766
from, or importation into, the colonies; Repeal of the Stamp Act
passed April, 1764 March 18, 1766
Citizens of Boston assemble in town- [Repeal was carried in the Commons
meeting on hearing of this act; instruc- by a vote of 275 against 167, and in the
tions to their representatives in the (Jen- House of Lords 105 against 71.]
«ral Court are prepared by Samuel Adams News of the repeal received at Boston
May, 1764 May 16, 1766
Governor Bernard replies to the lords General Court of Massachusetts sends a
of trade September, 1764 circular letter to all the American colo-
Duties laid by Parliament on foreign nies. This letter asks the colonies to co-
molasses imported into British colonies ; operate in obtaining a redress of grievances
•called the sugar or molasses act 1764 Feb. 11, 1768
Stamp Act passed by Parliament Massachusetts House of Representatives
March, 1765 consists of upwards of 100 members, by
Andrew Oliver, secretary of Massa- far the most numerous assembly in
chusetts, accepts the office of distributer America 1768
of stamps for the province. . .August, 1765 Seizure of the sloop Liberty^ belonging
Oliver hanged in effigy on a tree to John Hancock, on charge of smuggling,
(Liberty Tree), and in the evening his occasions a great riot June 10, 1768
house is damaged by the mob Arrival of a squadron of seven vessels
Aug. 14, 1765 from Halifax, with the 14th, 29th, and a
Lieutenant-Governor Hutchinson's house part of the 59th regiments of British
mobbed and everything in it destroyed, regulars. These troops, under the com-
among other things many manuscripts re- mand of Gen. Thomas Gage, are landed in
lating to the history of the province, Boston Sept. 28, 1768
which he had been thirty years in col- Governor Bernard recalled, and embarks
lecting, and which could not be replaced, for England, regretted by none
are lost Aug. 26. 1765 July 31, 1769
Vessel arrives at Boston with the stamps [He had been governor of the province
Sept. 25, 1765 for nine years, and in that time had done
[These stamps were deposited at Castle more than all the other governors com-
William and remained there.] bined to inflame the jealousy of the min-
Delegates from nine Anglo-American istry, to irritate the people over whom
<?oloniefl meet at New York. . . .Oct. 7, 1765 he ruled, and to strengthen the spirit of
[This congress was composed of twenty- discord and disunion.]
«ix members. From New York, four; James Otis severely wounded in an
Rhode Island and Delaware, each two; affray at the British coffee-house on King
Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, Street, now State Street, in Boston
Pennsylvania, Maryland, South Carolina, Sept. 5, 1769
•each three. Thomas Ruggles, of Massa- Governor Bernard is succeeded by
chusetts, was chosen president of the con- Thomas Hutchinson as governor. .. .1769
gress. The manifestoes brought out at [He was born at Boston, Sept. 9, 1711;
this congress were: "A Declaration of the died near London, England, June 3, 1780.
IX.— 2 c 401
UNITED STATES OF AMEBIGA— MASSACHUSETTS
He was descended through a line of Failure to repeal the tax on tea in the
reputable men from Anne Hutchinson.] British Parliament April, 1774
Affray in Richardson's house in Boston; Gen. Thomas Gage appointed governor
the boy " Snider " is mortally wounded by May 17, 1774
a shot from the house — the first victim British Parliament passes two acts
Feb. 22, 1770 virtually repealing the charter of Massa-
Affray at Gray's rope- walk in Boston chusetts. One, entitled "An act for the
between citizens and the British soldiers better regulating the government of Mas-
March 2, 1770 sachusetts Bay," and the other, an act
Boston massacre March 5, 1770 for the more impartial administration of
Graduates of Harvard College take de- justice in said province. Both bills pas»
grees in " homespun " 1770 Parliament and are approved
David Everett, journalist, born at May 20, 1774
Princeton, Mass March 29, 1770 Port bill goes into effect. .June 1, 1774
[Author of: Gov. Thomas Hutchinson embarks for
England, forever leaving the country
"You'd scarce expect one of my aee wKi'^i* /,o^.« !,;«, KiV+k j-,^*.^ i i— "i
To speak iu public on the suie/' etc. ^"^^^ «*^® ^*"^ ^^^^^ ''^^ 1, 1* i4
spe K u pu liucBugc, etc. Fourth, or " King's," Regiment and ihe
Written while teaching a grammar school 49th of his Majesty's forces land at
at Ipswich.] Boston June 14, 1774
Castle William, in Boston Harbor, de- Fifth and 38th arrive July 5, 1774
livered into the hands of the King's Fifty-ninth arrives Aug. 6, 1774
troops by Governor Hutchinson First Continental Congress meets at
Sept. 10, 1770 Philadelphia Sept, 5, 1774
Population of the State, 262,680. . 1770 [Delegates from Massachusetts were
Governor Hutchinson's salary, £2,000, Thomas Gushing, James Bowdoin, Samuel
paid by the English government. He Adams, John Adams, and Robert Treat
thus becomes independent of the province Paine.]
1772 Powder seized by British troops at
Ministry of England and the East India Charlestown; about thirteen tons
Company secure an act relieving the com- Sept. 1, 1774
pany from paying duties on tea sent to Governor Gage erects fortifications on
America, thus encouraging its sale in the the neck which commands the entrance to
colonies May 10, 1773 Boston Sept. 5, 1 774
Arrival at Boston of the first of the A Provincial Congress formed in Mas-
tea-ships, with 114 chests of tea aachusctts, at Salem, adjourns to Con-
Nov. 28, 1773 cord, and chooses John Hancock president.
Two others arrive early in and Benjamin Lincoln, a farmer of Hing-
December, 1773 ham and afterwards a major-general in the
At the close of a spirited meeting of the Revolutionary army, secretary. Oct. 1, 1774
citizens at Faneuil Hall, between fifty and [This Congress constituted a permanent
sixty men, disguised as Indians, take pos- committee of safety, with comprehen-
session of the three tea-ships in the har- sive military powers; it made a complete
bor, and empty 340 chests of tea into organization of the militia, embodied a
the bay during the evening of force of minute-men, consisting of one
Dec. 16, 1773 quarter part of the force of the colony,
New York and Massachusetts boundary and appointed to the chief command Jed-
established 1773 ediah Preble, Artemas Ward, and Seth
Passage of Boston port bill by Par- Pomeroy; it proceeded to carry on the
liament March 7, 1774 government; collectors of taxes were
[Under this bill nothing could be un- ordered to pay no more money to the late
loaded at this port but stores for his treasurer of the province, but to band
Majesty's use and fuel and food for Bos- over all future collections to a treasurer
ton. This was to remain in force until appointed by the Congress.]
the East India Company had been in- Josiah Tucker, dean of Gloucester, Eng-
demnified for the loss of their tea.] land, declares the North American colo-
402
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— ICASSACHUSSTTS
nies should be a free and independent peo- Americans occupy Dorchester Heights
pie 1774 and throw up strong intrenchments, night
Provincial Congress of Massachusetts, of March 4, 1776
consisting of upwards of 300 members, British evacuate Boston. March 17, 1770
meet at Cambridge Feb. 1, 1775 Seven thousand soldiers, 4,000 seamen,
Governor Gage sends a detachment of and 1,500 families of loyalists sail for
soldiers to Salem to seize some cannon Halifax March 17, 1770
said to be deposited there; they are met Americans enter Boston
by a party of militia, but no collision March 20, 177G
takes place Feb. 26, 1775 Beading of the Declaration of Indepen-
British troops, about 800 strong, under dence in Boston from the balcony of the
Lieutenant-Colonel Smith, start towards State-house July 18, 1776
Concord about 10 p.m April 18, 1775 [At the same time the King's arms are
Paul Revere's ride to notify the country removed.]
of the march of the British troops towards Massachusetts quota of troops to serve
Concord, night of April 18, 1775 for three years or during the war is fifteen
Major Pitcairn, with the advance at battalions Sept. 10, 1776
Lexington, about 12 miles northwest from Fourth of July, the anniversary of tho
Boston, is met by about sixty militia under Declaration of Independence, observed in
Captain Parker ; here the first collision Boston 1777
takes place between British troops and Massachusetts' apportionment of the
Americans, early in the morning of war debt, $820,000 October, 1777
April 19, 1775 [Largest apportionment of any of the
George Washington appointed com- States.]
mander-in-chief of the American forces General Gates supersedes General Heath
by the Continental Congress in command of the forces stationed in
June 15, 1775 Massachusetts November, 1778
General Gage (lately reinforced) has State constitution framed by a conven-
at Boston about 10.000 men; Generals tion met at Boston, Sept. 1, 1779; labor
Clinton, Burgoyne, and Howe are also completed, March 2, 1780; submitted to the
there June, 1775 people and ratified 1780
Massachusetts council of war decides Academy of Arts and Sciences incor-
to fortify Bunker Hill June 16, 1775 poratod at Boston, James Bowdoin presi-
Observing these works. General Gage dent May 4, 1780
attempts to prevent their completion ; the " Dark Day " Friday May 19, 1780
British troops, 3,000 strong, under Sir John Hancock first governor 1780
William Howe and Gen. Robert Pigot, at- Population of the State, 316,900. .1780
tack the Americans about 3 p.m. Phillips Academy, Andover, founded,
June 17, 1775 April 21, 1778; incorporated .. Oct. 4, 1780
The loss of the Americans was 115 Population of Massachusetts: Whites,
killed (among them Dr. Joseph Warren, 353.623 ; blacks, 4,377 1784
who had just been appointed major-gen- First bank under the State constitution
eral), 305 wounded, and thirty captured; established, known as the Massachusetts
British loss was 226 killed and 828 bank 1784
wounded. Massachusetts mint established. . .1786
Charlestown burned by the British the [Discontinued after adoption of federal
same day; estimated loss £118,000. Constitution.]
General Washington reaches the army First symptoms of " Shays's Rebellion "
at Cambridge July 2, 1775 at a convention in the county of Worcester
General Gage recalled; he sails for Aug. 15, 1786
England Oct. 10, 1775 This affair culminates at Springfield,
[General Howe in command of the when Shays attempts to capture the arse-
British forces in Boston.] nal there Jan. 25, 1787
A heavy cannonade is opened upon Massachusetts convention to ratify the
Boston from all the American batteries, Constitution of the United States con-
evening of , March 2, 1776 venes at Boston Jan. 9, 1788
403
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA— HASSACHtJSETTS
[Governor Hancock chosen president of Recorder y the first religious paper pub-
the convention.] lished in the world Jan. 3, 181t>
Constitution is ratified by a vote of Maine separates from Massachusetts
187 to 168 Feb. 6, 1788 and erected into a State 1820
Slave-trade prohibited in Massachusetts Constitution of the State revised. .1820
March 26, 1788 Amherst College, Amherst, dedicated
John Adams elected Vice-President of Sept. 18, ISil
the United States 1789 Massachusetts Society organized to aid
President Washington visits Boston in the suppression of the slave- trade.. 1822
Oct. 24, 1780 Daniel Webster represents Boston in
Williams College at Williamstown, Congress 182:?
Berkshire county, founded 1790 Corner-stone of Bunker Hill monument
[Incorporated June 22, 1793. Congre- laid June 17, 1825
gational.] [General Lafayette present, Danid
John Hancock dies at Quincy, aged fifty- Webster orator.]
six Oct, 8, 1793 Journal of Education, afterwards the
MiddloRox canal projected 1793 Annals, started in Boston, the first of ii«
John Adams President of the United kind in the United States lS2d
States March 4, 1797 John Adams dies at Quincy
Frigate Constitution, " Old Ironsides," July 4, I82G
built at Boston 1799 Railroad (the first in the United States)
Bradford Academy ( for women ) , Brad- 3 miles long, from the granite quarries of
ford, opened 1803 Quincy to Neponset River, conimenceii
Andover Theological Seminary (Con- 182i;
gregational ) opened 1808 Abbott Academy ( for women) , Andover,
State averse to war with England. The established 182?>
legislature, in an address to the people, Massachusetts obtains from the United
" declare themselves unable to find any States $430,748.26, for services of militia
satisfactory solution of it, but in an during the War of 1812-14. .May 31, 1829
habitual and impolitic predilection for The Liberator ( an ti -slavery) first pub-
France " March 2, 1809 lished Jan. 1, 1S31
Massachusetts agrees to a remon- Burning of the St. Ursula Convent at
strance, in which she denounces the per- Mount Benedict by a mob on the night of
severance in the war after the repeal of Aug. 11, 1834
the British orders as impolitic and unjust Board of education established and or-
July 15, 1813 ganized June 29, 1837
British land at Wareham and burn Mount Holyoke College (for the educa-
several vessels and a factory; they also tion of women), South Hadley, opened
land at Scituate, a few miles from Boston, 1837
and throw the whole coast into fresh Arrest of George Latimer in Boston a*
alarm. A million dollars is appropriat- a slave 1842
ed by the legislature for defence [Liberated on payment of $400 by citi-
June, 1814 zens of Boston.]
Governor Strong calls out 10,000 milifia College of the Holy Cross founded at
to defend the State 1814 Worcester 184.1
A circular letter to the New England Completion and dedication of Bunker
States against the continuance of the war. Hill monument with imposing ceremonies
sent out by Massachusetts. .Oct. 17. 1814 June 17, 1843
State sends twelve delegates to the [President Tyler present, Daniel Web-
Hartford Convention Dec. 15. 1814 ster orator.]
News of peace with Great Britain Samuel Hoar, sent by the State to
brought to New York by the British sloop- Charleston, to test the constitutionality
of- war Favorite Feb. 11, 1815 of the act of South Carolina, whereby any
[News conveyed to Boston in thirty-two negro on any vessel entering her ports
hours, " thought to be a great elTort of was to be lodged in jail. Mr. Hoar
speed."] reaches Charleston Nov. 28, 1844
404
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— MASSACHUSETTS
[He is obliged to leave the city by force sachusetts to New York of Boston Cor-
a few days afterwards.] ner, the southwesterly corner of Berkshire
Capt. Henry Purkitt, the last survivor county Jan. 3, 1855
of the "Boston Mohawk Tea Party/' dies Sumner's speech in the United States
(aged ninety-one) March 3, 1846 Senate on the admission of Kansas, known
John Quincy Adams dies at Washington, as the " Crime against Kansas "
aged eighty Feb. 23, 1848 May 20, 1856
Water introduced in Boston through Senator Sumner assaulted and beaten
new water- works Oct. 25, 1848 down by Preston S. Brooks, of South Caro-
Shadrach, colored waiter, arrested as a lina, in the Senate chamber. .May 22, 1850
slave in Boston Feb. 15, 1851 Adjutant-general's report shows the
[Rescued by colored persons and sent to State to have 147,682 men enrolled in the
Canada.] militia, and 5,771 are in active service
Thomas Sims, a fugitive slave, arrested 1858
in Boston and sent back into slavery Pemberton mills, at Lawrence, fall by
April 12, 1851 reason of defect in building, and after-
[He is sold in New Orleans to a brick- wards take fire; 115 of the operatives
mason of Vicksburg, from whence he es- perish and 165 more or less injured
capes in 1863 to the besieging army of Jan. 10, 1860
General Grant, who sent him North.] John A. Andrews, " the war governor,"
Senatorial contest in the State legis- elected 1861
lature between Charles Sumner (Free- Annual meeting of the Massachusetts
soil) and Robert C. Winthrop. Charles Anti-slavery Society at Tremont Temple,
Sumner elected on the twenty-sixth ballot Boston, suppressed by the mayor
April 24, 1851 Jan. 24, 1861
Daniel Webster dies at Marshfield, aged Seven commissioners to the peace con-
seventy Oct. 24, 1852 ference at Washington appointed by Gov-
Law Axing the hours of labor for a day, ernor Andrews Feb. 5, 1861
from Oct. 1, 1853, to April 1, 1854, at Legislature appropriates $25,000 for
twelve hours; from April 1, 1854, until supplies for 2,000 troops. .. .April 3, 1861
Oct. 1, 1854, at eleven hours; and after Sixth Regiment, mustered at Lowell,
Oct. 1, 1854, at ten hours May 17, 1853 April 16, leaves Boston for Washington,
New constitution framed by a conven- 17th; attacked by a mob in Baltimore,
tion met at Boston, May 7, 1853; com- April 19; three soldiers are killed, twenty-
pletes its work Aug. 1, 1853 three wounded; arrives at Washington and
[Submitted to the people, but not rati- is quartered in the Senate chamber
fied.] 5 P.M., April 19, 1861
Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Society Legislature convenes in extra session
organized by Eli Thayer, and incorpo- May 14, and passes an act for the main-
rated April 20, 1854 tenance of the Union and the Constitu-
Anthony Burns seized as a slave at tion, creating the " Union Fund," and au-
Boston May 27, 1854 thorizing the issue of $3,000,000 in scrip,
[He is remanded to slavery, and, under supplemented afterwards by an act em-
a strong guard to prevent his release, is powering the governor to issue scrip for
taken to the wharf and shipped South. $7,000,000 to be loaned to the United
He was subsequently liberated by pur- States May, 1861
chase, and settled in Canada.] First Massachusetts, the first three-
A convention in Worcester declares in years' regiment to reach Washington,
favor of a new political organization, to leaves the State June 15, 1861
be called the " Republican " party San Jacinto arrives at Boston with
July 20, 1854 Mason and Slidell, Nov. 19; they are in-
State convention of the Republican carcerated in Fort Warren
party, held at Worcester, nominates Henry Nov. 24, 1861
Wilson for governor and Increase Sumner Maryland legislature appropriates
for lieutenant-governor Sept. 7, 1854 $7,000 to be transmitted to the governor
Congress consents to the cession by Mas- of Massachusetts for distribution among
405
VKITED STATES OF AHEBIGA— SCASSACHTTSETTS
the families of those of the Massachusetts Governor and council contract with
regiment who were killed or wounded in Walter Shanly, of Montreal, and Francis
the Baltimore riot December, 1861 Shanly, of Toronto, to complete the
New England women's auxiliary asso- Hoosac tunnel before March, 1874, for
ciation organized, with headquarters at $4.594,208 Dec. 24, 1S6B
Boston December, 1861 Ebenezer R. Hoar appointed United
Mason and Slidell released and sail for States Attorney-Greneral . . .March 5, 1S69
England Jan. 1, 1862 Legislature adopts the Fifteenth Amend-
In response to a proclamation by Gov- ment to the Constitution of the United
ernor Andrews, calling for more troops. States March 9-12, 186*.*
issued Sunday, May 25, 3,100 of the reg- George S. Boutwell appointed Secretary
ular militia report at his headquarters on of the Treasury March 11, 1869
Boston Commons May 26, 1862 Great peace jubilee in Boston
Fifty- fourth Regiment (colored), the June 15. 1B(»9
first formed in the free States, leaves Legislature establishes a bureau of sta-
Boston for Port Royal May 28, 1863 tisties, a State board of health, abolishes
[This regiment, in the unsuccessful as- the district system of public schools, and
sault on Fort Wagner, July 18, 1863, im- adjourns after a session of 171 days
mediately on its arrival at the front, was June 25, 1869
almost annihilated. Its colonel, Robert Landing at Duxbury, July 23, of the
G. Shaw, aged twenty-six years, was killed French Atlantic cables celebrated
in this assault and buried by the Confed- July 27, 1869
erates in the same pit with the dead of Labor Reform party organized at
his regiment.] Worcester Sept. 28, 1869
Mob of non-Unionists, attempting to Horace Mann School for the deaf at
force the doors of the armory of the 11th Boston opened 1869
Battery, Boston, fired upon and dis- George Peabody buried at Peabody.
persed ; sereral killed and many wounded Mass Feb. 8, 1870
July 14, 1863 Wendell Philipps nominated for gov-
Boston College, Boston, chartered and ernor by the Prohibition party
opened 1863 Ajig. 17, 1870
Edward Everett dies at Boston Wendell Phillips nominated for gov-
Jan. 16, 1865 ernor by the Labor Reform party
Monument erected in Lowell to the first Sept. 8, 1870
martyrs from Massachusetts m the Civil Boston University, Boston, chartered
War June 17, 1865 1869; opened '. 1871
Commemoration day at Cambridge in World's peace jubilee and international
honor of the patriot heroes of Harvard musical festival begins in Boston
College July 21, 1865 June 17, 1872
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Great fire in Boston; 709 brick and
at Boston, chartered 1861; opened.. 1865 stone and 67 wooden buildings burned;
Massachusetts State Primary School at loss $70,000,000; nearly 65 acres burned
Palmer opened 1866 over ; fourteen lives lost. . .Nov. 9-10, 1872
Legislature adopts the Fourteenth Ijcgislature meets in extra session to
Amendment to the Constitution of the devise means of relief for Boston
United States March 20, 1807 Nov. 19. 1872
Clark Institute for deaf mutes at William A. Richardson appointed Sec-
Northampton opened 1867 retary of the Treasury. . . .March 17, 1873
Massachusetts Agricultural College at Oakes Ames, M. C, father of the
Amherst, chartered 1863; opened " CrMit Mobilier," dies (aged sixty-nine ^
October, 1867 May 8, 1873
State legislature adjourns after the Massachusetts Normal Art School at
longest session ever held in the State up Boston opened May 8, 1873
to date, being 165 days June 12, 1868 Charlestown. Brighton, and West Box-
Worcester Polytechnic Institute at bury annexed to Boston by vote at election
Worcester, chartered 1865 ; opened . . 1868 held Oct. 7, 1873
406
UNITED STATES OF AHEBICA— ICASSACHUSETTS
Hoosac tunnel completed . Nov. 27, 1873 anniversary of the birthday of Daniel
Prof. Louis J. R. Agassiz, scientist, Webster (postponed from Oct. 3)
born 1807; dies at Cambridge Oct. 11, 1882
Dec. 14, 1873 "Tom Thumb" (Charles H. Stratton),
United States Senator Charles Sumner, born 1838, dies at Middleborough
tx)rn in Boston, 1811, dies at Washington July 15, 1883
March 11, 1874 Foreign exhibition opens in Boston, con-
Governor Washburn, elected United tinning until Jan. 12, 1884.. Sept. 3, 1883
States Senator to succeed Sumner, resigns Wendell Phillips, bom 1811, dies at
executive office to Lieut.-Gov. Thomas Tal- Boston Feb. 2, 1884
bot April 30, 1874 Charles O'Conor, bom 1804, dies at Nan-
Bursting of a reservoir dam on Mill tucket May 12, 1884
River, near Williamsburg, Hampshire Statue of John Harvard unveiled at
county, nearly destroys Williamsburg, Cambridge Oct. 15, 1884
Leeds, Haydensville, and Skinnerville ; William C. Endicott appointed United
200 lives and $1,500,000 worth of prop- States Secretary of War March 6, 1885
crty lost May 16, 1874 Elizur Wright, abolitionist, born 1804,
Prohibitory liquor law repealed dies at Medford Nov. 22, 1885
April 5, 1875 Charles Francis Adams, Sr., bom 1807,
Centennial celebration of the battles of dies at Boston Nov. 21, 1886
Lexington and Concord. . . .April 19, 1875 State property in the Hoosac tunnel and
Centennial celebration of the battle of Troy and Greenfield Railroad sold to Fitch-
Bunker Hill June 17, 1875 burg Railroad Company 1887
Celebration of the 100th anniversary of First Monday in September (Labor
the day Washington assumed command of Day) made a legal holiday at session
the army, at Cambridge .... July 3, 1875 of legislature, which adjourns
Smith College at Northampton, charter- June 16, 1887
ed 1871, opened September, 1875 Spencer F. Baird, naturalist, born 1823;
Wellesley College, Wellesley, chartered dies at Wood's Holl Aug. 19, 1887
1870, opened 1875 Asa Gray, botanist, born 1810, dies at
Vice-President Henry Wilson dies sud- Cambridge Jan. 30, 1888
denly at Washington Nov. 22, 1875 Ballot law modelled on the Australian
Public address in Faneuil Hall, Boston, system adopted by legislature at session
by Dennis Kearney, the " sand-lot orator " ending May 29, 1888
of San Francisco, Cal Aug. 5, 1878 Gen. P. H. Sheridan, born 1831, dies
Act abolishing nine separate State at Nonquit Aug. 5, 1888
boards, and creating the board of health, Maria Mitchell, astronomer, born 1818,
charity, and lunacy, passed by legislat- dies at Lynn June 28, 1889
ore, which adjourns April 30, 1879 Maritime exhibition opens at Boston
French ocean cable landed at North Nov. 4, 1889
Eastham, Cape Cod Nov. 15, 1879 Great fire at Lynn; 296 buildings de-
Cape Cod ship-canal from Buzzard's Bay stroyed ; 80 acres burned over ; loss,
to Barnstable Bay begun 1880 $5,000,000 Nov. 26, 1889
Anti-screen liquor-saloon law, enacted Haverhill celebrates its 250th anniver-
1880, goes into effect 1881 sary July 2, 1890
National law - and • order league organ- Cyclone visits the suburbs of South
ized at Boston Feb. 22, 1882 Lawrence, the most severe ever recorded
Henry W. Longfellow, born 1807, dies in the New England States; over $100,-
at Cambridge March 24, 1882 000 worth of property destroyed
Ralph Waldo Emerson, born 1803, dies July 26. 1890
at Concord April 27, 1882 John Boyle O'Reilly, Irish patriot, born
Society for the Collegiate Instruction 1844, dies at Hull Aug. 10, 1890
of Women, "Harvard Annex," organized First annual convention of the letter-
Jan. 14, 1879, incorporated carriers of the United States held at Bos-
Aug. 16, 1882 ton; 100 delegates Aug. 13, 1890
Celebration at Marshfteld of the 100th Accident on the Old Colony Railroad
407
UNITED STATjES OF AMSBICA— MASSACHUSETTS
near Quincy; twenty killed, thirty-one in- Ex-Gov. William Gaston dies at Boston,
jured Aug. 19, 1890 aged seventy-four Jan- 19, 18^
Benjamin Penhallow Shillaber, the ere- Miss Helen Shafer, president of Welles-
ator of '*Mrs. Partington," born 1814, dies ley College, born 1840, dies. .Jan. 20, 1894
at Chelsea Nov. 25, 1890 Fast Day abolished and April 19, the
Associate Justice Charles Devens, ex- anniversary of the battle of Lexington,
Attorney - General of the United States, substituted as a holiday (to be called
dies at Boston Jan. 7, 1891 Patriots' Day) March 16, 1894
James Russell Lowell, born 1819, dies Sixty-eight factories closed in Fall
at Cambridge Aug. 12, 1891 River Aug. 13, 1894
Phillips Brooks consecrated bishop of Nathaniel P. Banks dies at Walt ham
Massachusetts in Trinity Church, Boston Sept. 1, 181>4
Oct. 14, 1891 Oliver Wendell Holmes dies at Boston
James Parton, author, born 1822, dies Oct. 7, 1894
at Newburyport Oct. 17, 1891 Ex-Speaker Robert C. Winthrop dies at
First world's convention of the Woman's Boston Nov. 16, 1894
Christian Temperance Union opens at Bos- The veterans of the loth, 19th, 23d, and
ton Nov. 10, 1891 58th Massachusetts volunteer regiments
Governor's salary raised from $5,000 to return captured flags, and the 7th Massa-
$8.000 March 24, 1892 chusetts return the State flag to the State
City of Quincy celebrates its centennial officers Dec. 22, 1894
July 4, 1892 State census taken, showing a total pop-
Ex-Gov. Henry J. Gardner dies at Mil- ulation of 2,500,183 1895
ton July 22, 1892 Manchester celebrates its 250th anniver-
Lizzie Borden arrested at Fall River sary July 18, 1895
charged with the murder (Aug. 4) of her Samuel F. Smith, author of Americt^
father and stepmother Aug. 11. 1892 dies at Boston Nov. 16, 1895
Celebration of the 250th anniversary of The Pilgrim Society celebrates the 275th
the founding of Gloucester opens anniversary of the landing of the Pilgrims.
Aiig. 23, 1892 Dec. 21, 1895
J. G. Whittier dies at Hampton Falls, Cambridge celebrates its fiftieth anni-
N. H., Sept. 7 ; buried at Amesbury versary as a city, and its 266th anniver-
Sept. 10, 1892 sary as a settlement June 30, 1896
Celebration of the 250th anniversary of Kx-Gov. W. E. Russell dies at Adelaide,
the founding of Woburn begins Quebec July 16, 180«>
Oct. 2, 1892 Monument in memory of Col. R. G. Shaw»
Gen. Benj. F. Butler, born 1818, dies 54th Massachusetts Regiment, unveiled on
at Washington, D. C, Jan. 11, buried at Boston Common Memorial Day 1897
Lowell Jan. 16, 1893 Francis A. Walker, president of the
Phillips Brooks, Protestant Episcopal Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Bishop of Massachusetts, dies at his home, dies. . . . , Jan. 5, 1897
Boston Jan. 23, 1893 Gas main explodes in Boston; fifty per-
Great fire in Boston; loss, $5,000,000 sons killed and injured March 4, 1897
March 10, 1893 Bradford's History of Plymouth Colony,
Tremont Temple destroyed by fire usually called The Log of the Mayflower^
March 19, 1893 delivered to Ambassador Bayard by the
Lizzie Borden tried and acquitted bishop of London April 12, 1897
June 20, 1893 The log of the Mayflotcer delivered by
Statue of William Lloyd Garrison un- Mr. Bayard to the governor of Massachu-
veiled at Newburyport July 4, 1893 setts in the presence of the Senate and the-
Mrs. Lucy Stone, one of the earliest House of Representatives of Massachu-
champions of women's rights, dies at Bos- setts May 26, IS9T
ton Oct. 18, 1893 Boston elevated railway bill passed
Francis Parkman dies at Jamaica June 10, 189?
Plains, at the age of seventy years The 100th anniversary of the State-
Nov. 8, 1893 house Jan. 11, 189*
408
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— MICHIGAN
Marhlehead and Maiden celebrate their ehusetts legislature revoking the order
250th anniversaries May, 1898 banishing Roger Williams in 1635
Torrens system of land registration, April 18, ISOd*
approved June 23, goes into eflfect Edward Everett Hale resigns his pas-
July 1, 1898 torate after forty-three years of service
The new Southern Union station, one of May 16, 1899"
the largest railway stations in the world, Dwight L. Moody dies at Northfield
completed 189') Dec. 22, 1899
Resolutions introduced in the Massa- Ex-Governor Wolcott dies. .Dec. 21, 1900'
MICHIGAN
Michigan, one of the north central missionary, commences the settlement of
States of the United States, consists of Detroit July 24, 1701
two peninsulas; the upper peninsula lies First grant of land (thirty- two acres)
wholly south of J^ke Superior and north made at Detroit by Cadillac to Francois.
of Wisconsin, lakes Michigan and Huron, Fafard Delorme 1707
and is 318 miles long, east and west. The Detroit attacked by the Fox Indians;
lower peninsula extends north between after a three- weeks* siege the French gar-
Lake Michigan on the west and Lake rison of twenty soldiers, under M. du
Huron and the Detroit River on the east Buisson, drive the Indians back with
to the Strait of Mackinaw, a distance of severe loss May, 1712
280 miles. Canada lies to the east, Lake Pontiac, with Ottawa Indians, assisti»<
Erie touches the southeastern corner, while in the defence of Detroit against the com-
Ohio and Indiana form the southern bined Xorthern tribes under Mackinac
boundary. In latitude the whole State is 1746-
limited by 41** 42' to 48** 22' N., and in Further emigration from France to
longitude by 82"* 86' to 90** 30' W. Area, Detroit 1749
58,915 square miles in eighty-three coun- Maj. Robert Rogers is ordered by Gen-
ties. Population in 1890, 2,093,889; 1900, eral Amherst, at Montreal, to take pos-
2,420,982. Capital, Lansing. session of the posts in Michigan and ad-
Claude Dablon and Jacques Marquette minister the oath of allegiance to the-
establish a permanent mission at Sault French subjects there Sept. 12, 1760-
Ste. Marie 1668 Pontiac makes peace with Major Rog-
Two Sulpician priests, w^ith three canoes ers, and attends the English to Detroit
and seven men, pass through the Detroit Nov. 7, 1760-
River and Lake St. Clair 1670 Detroit capitulates, English flag raised
French under M. de St. Lusson permit- on the fort Nov. 29, 1760
ted to occupy Sault Ste. Marie by the Ind- British seize the forts at Mackinaw and
ians, erect a cross at that place bearing Green Bay Sept. 8, 1761*
the arms of France May, 1671 Indian tribes in the Northwest, incited
Marquette commences Fort Michili- by Pontiac against the English, capture
mackinac, starts a Huron settlement, and Fort St. Joseph May 25, 1763
builds a chapel there 1671 Pontiac plans an attack on the fort at
Marquette is buried near present site Detroit. He asks for a council in the fort,
of Ludington May 18, 1675 so that the Indians allowed in the fort, at
Robert la Salle, accompanied by Father a given signal, might begin a general
Louis Hennepin and Chevalier de Tonti, massacre; his plan is disclosed by an Ind-
sails up lakes Erie and Huron in the lan woman to the commandant, Major
Griffon, reaching Michilimackinac Gladwin, who permits the council, but dis-
Aug. 28, 1670 poses the garrison so as to intimidate
Antoine de la Motte Cadillac, lord of Pontiac May 9, 1763
Bouaget and Montdesert, tinder a com- Twenty batteaux, with ninety-seven men
mission from Louis XIV., leaving Mon- under Lieutenant Cuyler, sailing to rein-
treal in June with 100 men and a Jesuit force the garrison at Detroit, are attacked
409
UNITED STATES 07 AMEBICA— MICHIGAN
by the Indians, taken, compelled to navi- and other Western posts held by the Brit-
gate the boats up the Detroit to Hog Isl- ish before June 1, 1796, concluded
-and, and there massacred. . . .May 30, 1763 Nov. 19, 179i
By the strategy of a game of " baggati- Robert Randall, of PennsylFania, and
way," or lacrosse, played with bat and Charles Whitney, of Vermont, enter into
ball, Indians obtain entrance to the fort an agreement with seven merchants of
at Micliilimackinac and massacre the gar- Detroit to endeavor to obtain from the
rison June 4, 1763 United States government, by bribing
British garrison at Detroit, reinforced members of Congress, a pre-emption right
by a fleet of gunboats and a detachment to nearly 20,000,000 acres of land in Michi-
of 300 regular troops under Captain Dal- gan, but are exposed and receive a public
zell, send a force of about 274 men to make reprimand 1795
a night attack on Pontiac, who was en- Forts Mackinac (Mackinaw) and De-
camped near Detroit. The Indians, hear- troit evacuated by the British; Detroit
ing of the intended attack, form an am- garrisoned by a detachment of Greneral
bush at Bloody Bridge, and compel the Wayne's army, and Captain Porter first
British to retreat after losing twenty kill- raises the United States flag upon the soil
■ed, among them Dalzell, and forty -two of Michigan June 11, 1796
wounded July 31, 1763 Thomas Powers, agent for the Spanish
Pontiac remains before Detroit until Governor Carondelet, arrives at Detroit
forced to retire by the advance of Colonel to endeavor to interest General Wilkinson
Bradstreet May, 1764 in the Spanish intrigues in the West
Charter granted in England to a com- Aug. 24. 1797
pany for working the copper - mines of Northwestern Territory assumes the sec-
Lake Superior. The miners blast 30 feet ond grade of territorial government:
into the rock, and then abandon the mine Michigan forms the single county of
1773 Wayne, and sends one representative to
Parliament includes Michigan with Can- the General Assembly at Chillicothe. His
ada Jan. 22, 1774 election was the first held in Michigan
Expedition from Detroit under Governor under United States rule 1798
Hamilton against Gen. Roger Clark at Act of Congress approved establishing
Vincennes results in Hamilton's being Indiana Territory, in which Michigan is
captured and sent to Virginia; his troops partially included May 7, 1800
allowed to return to Detroit Article vi. of the constitution of Ohio,
^larch, 1779 confirmed by the United States govern*
Formation of the Northwestern Com- ment, specifies that the northern boun-
pany for fur trade 1783 darj' should be " a direct line from the
Foundation of Frenchtown laid by a few southern extremity of I^ake Michigan to the
Canadians who settle on the river Raisin most northerly cape of Miami Bay "..1862
1784 First United States land office opened
Indians cede to the United States by in Detroit under act of Congress
treaty at Fort Mcintosh a belt of land March 26, 1804
beginning at the river Raisin and extend- Indiana Territory divided; all north
ing to Lake St. Clair, 6 miles wide, also of a line east from the southerly extremity
a tract of land 12 miles square at Michili- of Lake Michigan to Lake Erie, and north
mackinac 1785 through the lake to the northern boundary
Congress includes Michigan in the of the United States to be the Territory
Northwestern Territory, formed by act of Michigan by act Jan. 11, 1805
July 13. 1787 William Hull appointed first governor
First American settlement established of the Territory March 1, 1805
on the river Raisin at Frenchtown, which Town of Detroit destroyed by fire
becomes a depot for trade for the North- June 11, 1805
western Fur Company 1793 First code of laws for the Territory
Jay's treaty with Great Britain fixing ndopted; called the "Woodward code"
^he eastern boundary of the United States, May, 1806
«nd calling for the surrender of Detroit Congress authorizes the governor and
410
UNITED STATES OF AMEBIGA— MICHIGAN
judges of Michigan to lay out a town. Special commissioner arrives with the
including old Detroit and 10,000 acres ad- treaty of peace lately concluded at Ghent
joining; grants to be made of lots to suf- Feb. 17, 1815
ferers by the fire 1806 Detroit incorporated as a village. . 1815
Act of Congress passed granting a con- President James Monroe visits Detroit
firmation of claims of those who had been Aug. 13, 1817
possessors of land in Michigan since 1796 By act of Congress Michigan Territory
1807 is extended westward to the Mississippi,
Michigan Essay or Impartial Observer, thus including the present State of Wis-
the first paper printed in Detroit, issued consin 1818
Aug. 31, 1809 Remains of soldiers massacred at the
Memorial presented to Congress setting Raisin River removed to Detroit, and
forth the defenceless condition of Michi- buried with honors of war.. Aug. 8, 1818
gan, and praying for aid against the Ind- Steamboat Walk-in-the-water arrives at
ians Dec. 27, 1811 Detroit, from Buffalo, N. Y., on her first
Governor Hull issues a proclamation trip Aug. 27, 1818
from Sandwich, on the Detroit River, in- Congress provides for the election of
viting people to come in under the Ameri- a delegate to Congress by citizens of Michi-
can fiag, and promising protection; but gan Feb. 16, 1819
extermination to those who joined the William Woodbridge elected territorial
British and savages against the United delegate Sept. 2, 1819
States July 12, 1812 Treaty with Indians at Saginaw; they
Lieutenant Hanks, commandant at Fort cede lands, 60 miles wide, west of Detroit,
Mackinac, surrenders to the British north to Thunder Bay 1819
July 17, 1812 Expedition under Governor Cass starts
Battles of Brownstone, Aug. 4, and out in bark canoes to explore the north-
Magiiaga -^ug. 9, 1812 western lake coast of Michigan
General Hull surrenders Detroit to Brit- May 24, 1820
ish under General Brock. .. .Aug. 16, 1812 Treaty with the Indians perfected
[The forces for its defence were esti- through Governor Cass; all country with-
mated at about 2,000 men. These, with in the boundaries of Michigan south of
2,500 stands of arms, twenty-five iron and Grand River not before ceded is granted
eight brass pieces of ordnance, forty bar- to the United States 1821
rels of gunpowder, and a large quantity Congress establishes a legislative coun-
of other military stores, were delivered cil of nine members, appointed by the
up to the British without even an attempt President out of eighteen elected by the
to defend them.] people March 3, 1823
Sudden attack upon the United States Detroit incorporated as a city 1824
troops, under General Winchester, at the First legislative council at the council
river Raisin by the British, and massa- house in Detroit June 7, 1824
ere of the panic-stricken United States Congress grants the governor and coun-
troops by the Indians Jan. 22, 1813 cil power to divide the Territory into
Naval victory over British fleet of six townships and incorporate the same, and
vessels, under Commodore Barclay, by increases the legislative council to thir-
United States squadron of nine vessels, teen 1825
under Com. Oliver Hazard Perry, off Right of electing members of the leg-
Sister Islands, Lake Erie, near Detroit islative council granted to the electors
Sept. 10. 1813 of the Territory Jan. 29. 1827
General Harrison takes possession of Pontiac and Detroit Railroad chartered
Detroit Sept. 29, 1813 July 31, 1830
Col. Tj€wis Cass appointed governor of Grovernor Cass resigns; appointed Unit-
the Territory Oct. 29, 1813 ed States Secretary of War
Unsuccessful attempt of United States Aug. 1, 1831
troops, under Colonel Croghan and Com- George B. Porter appointed governor
modore Sinclair, to reduce Fort Mackinac Sept. 17, 1831
Aug. 4, 1814 Troops raised in Michigan at the call
411
UNITED STATES OF AlCEBICA— MICHIGAH
of the United States government to en- Gen. Lewis Cass nominated for Presi-
gage in the Black Hawk War dent of tlie United States by the National
May 22, 1832 Democratic Convention at Baltimore
Congress adds to Michigan the terri- May 22, 1S42
tory between the Mississippi River and University of Michigan, planned by the
the Missouri and White Earth rivers, thus governor and people in 1817, established
including the whole of the present Min- by law, March 18, 1837, and located at
nesota, Iowa, and parts of North and Ann Arbor, is opened for reception of stu*
South Dakota June 28, 1834 dents Sept. 20, 1*42
Governor Porter dies; Stevens T. Mason State land office established at Marshall
acting governor July 6, 1834 by law, to take charge of and dispose of
Question of southern boundary being 500,000 acres granted by Ck>ngfre8s
agitated, Ohio commissioners, running a April, 1S43
line about 12 miles southwest of Adrian^ James G. Bimey, of Michigan, nomi-
are captured by Michigan troops after nated as Liberty candidate for President
several shots April 26, 1835 of the United States 1844
Michigan having attained a population Copper-mining in the upper peninsula
of over 60,000, a constitutional convention of Michigan begun 1845
convenes at Detroit May 11, 1835 Seat of government permanently lo-
New constitution ratified by the people cated at Lansing by act approved
Nov. 2, 1835 March 16, 1847
Enabling act for Michigan approved Michigan and Wisconsin troops enlisted
June 15, 1836 for the Mexican War leave Detroit by
Wisconsin Territory formed, compris- boat for Vera Cruz April 24, 1847
ing all of Michigan Territory west of Lake Capital punishment, except for treason.
Michigan 1836 abolished in the State 1847
Convention at Ann Arbor rejects the Epaphroditus Ransom elected governor
enabling act, as giving Ohio 470 square November, 1847
miles belonging to Michigan since 1787 Constitution framed by a convention
Sept. 26, 1836 which met at Lansing June 3; adopted
New convention of delegates at Ann by vote of the people Nov. 5, 1850
Arbor accepts the enabling aet Governor McClelland made United
Dec. 14, 1836 States Secretary of the Interior, Lieut-
After protracted discussion Congress ad- Gov. Andrew Parsons acting governor
mits Michigan, adding to the State in March 6, 1855
the upper peninsula 2,500 square miles; Maine liquor law passed 1853
act approved Jan. 26, 1837 State asylum for deaf, dumb, and blind.
Legislature passes an act to provide for established by act of legislature in 1848,
the organization and support of primary opens in rented rooms at Flint
schools March 20, 1837 February, 1854
Board of jseven commissioners of in- Ship -canal around St. Mary's Falls
ternal improvement appointed by act of opened 1855
legislature March, 1837 Lands granted by Congress to aid in
Meeting of citizens of Detroit friendly building a railroad from Ontonagon to the
to the Canadian patriot cause is held, Wisconsin State line 185(>
Jan. 1, 1838. Jan. 5 the schooner Ann is State reform school at Lansing opened
seized, loaded with 450 stands of arms Sept. 2, 1856
stolen from the Detroit jail, and sails State agricultural college at Lansing,
away with 132 men and provisions for established by act of legislature, Feb. 12,
the patriots. Meeting of the public to 1853, opened for students May, 1857
preserve neutrality is held... Jan. 8, 1838 State confers the grant of Congress
William W^oodbridge elected governor made in 1856 on the Ontonagon and State
November, 1839 Line Kailroad Company 1857
Governor Woodbridge. elected United State asylum for the insane at Kalama-
States Senator, is succeeded by James W. zoo opened for reception of patients .. 185^
Gordon as acting governor. .May 31, 1841 First Michigan Regiment, ready and
412
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— MICHIGAN
equipped four days after the President's State school for the blind opened in a
call, leaves Detroit under orders of the leased building at Lansing
War Department May 13, 1861 . Sept. 29, 1880
State receives from the federal govern- Legislature, after heated discussion
ment a grant of 5,891,598 acres of swamp and opposition, confirms grant of 1857
land in Michigan 1868 to the Ontonagon and State Line Rail-
All departments of Michigan University road Company, tilthough the road had not
open to women 1870 been constructed, and limitation of time
Constitution amended ; all distinction had long expired 1881
of civil and political rights based upon Michigan reform school for girls at
color abolished; ratified by the people Adrian, opened August, 1881
Nov. 8, 1870 Forest fires break out in Huron and
Two State relief committees, with head- Sanilac counties, and burn over some
quarters at Detroit and Grand Rapids, 1,800 square miles of territory, rendering
for the relief of sufferers by forest fires 2,900 families homeless, and destroying
in northern Michigan, disburse $462,106.30 138 lives September, 1881
in cash, and about $250,000 in clothing Site purchased for State insane asy-
and supplies from almost every State in lum near Traverse City 1882
the Union, Canada, and abroad Josiah W. Begole, union or fusion
October, 1871 candidate of the Democratic and Green-
Soldiers* monument at Detroit, erected back parties, elected governor
by voluntary contributions from citizens November, 1882
of the State, the corner-stone of which National Prison Association meets at
was laid July 4, 1867, is unveiled Detroit Oct. 17, 1885
April 9, 1872 State soldiers' home near Grand Rap-
Board of fish commissioners appointed ids dedicated Dec. 30, 1886
to organize a State fish-breeding estab- Local option law passed by legislature
lishment 1872 1887
Corner-stone of the new capitol at Lan- Acts passed to incorporate the Women's
eing laid Oct. 2, 1872 Christian Temperance Unions throughout
State board of health appointed . . 1873 the State .1887
Commission under legislative authority Ten counties hold local -option elections,
-selects Ionia as the location for a State and in each case they resulted in prohi-
houRC of correction 1873 bition December, 1887
Constitutional commission of eighteen Secret ballot law, on the Australian
members convenes at Lansing and draws ballot system, passed 1889
lip a constitution Aug. 27. 1873 Edwin B. Wimans, Democrat, elected
State public school for dependent chil- governor by 183.725 votes; the Prohibi-
dren at Cold water, organized 1871. is tion candidate received 28,651 votes
opened for reception of children 1890
May 21, 1874 Ex-Senator Thomas W. Palmer, of De-
Revised State constitution ratified by troit, appointed chairman of the nation-
people; a separate vote on woman suffrage al commission of the World's Columbian
«tands 40,077 for and 135.957 against Exposition June 27, 1890
Nov. 3, 1874 Henry B. Brown, commissioned asso-
Prohibitory liquor law repealed, and ciate justice of the United States Su-
an annual tax imposed on dealers in and preme Court, Dec. 30, 1890, is sworn in
manufacturers of liquors 1875 Jan. 5, 1891
Constitution amended, striking out arti- Prof. Alexander Winchell, geologist, born
cle iv., section 47, which prohibits any act 1824, dies at Ann Arbor. . . .Feb. 19, 1891
authorizing the license for selling intoxi- Tjegislature places all penal and reform-
eating liquors 1876 atory institutions under a single board.
State insane asylum at Pontiac opened extends the Australian ballot system, and
Julv. 1878 requires Presidential electors to be elect-
New capitol at Lansing dedicated ed by congressional districts, instead of
Jan. 1, 1879 bv general State ticket 1891
413
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA-^MINNESOTA
Twenty - fifth annual reunion of the £x-United States Senator Thomaa W.
Grand Army of the Republic opens at Ferry dies at Grand Haven
Detroit Aug. 4, 1891 Oct 14, 1806
Railroad accident at Battle Greek; State tax commissioner established. 1899
twenty-six persons killed and many in- The National Educational Aasociatioo
jured Oct. 20, 1893 meets at Detroit July 9, 1901
MINNESOTA
Minnesota, one of the northern frontier Northwestern Fur Ck)mpany builds a
States of the Union, containing Lake stockade at Sandy Lake 1794
Itasca, the source of the Mississippi River, Heirs of Carver's American wife dis-
is bounded north by Manitoba and On- pose of their interest in an alleged grant
tario, of the Dominion of Canada; east by of land in Minnesota to Carver (made by
Lake Superior and Wisconsin, south by the Naudowessies Indians, May 1, 1767)
Iowa, and west by North Dakota and to Edward Houghton, of Vermont, in con-
South Dakota. It is limited in latitude sideration of £50,000 1794
from 43® 30' to 49** N., and in longitude Indiana Territory created, including part
from 89** 29' to 97° 15' W. Area, 84,287 of present State of Minnesota .. May, 1800
square miles, in eighty counties. Popula- Territory of Upper Louisiana formed,
tion, 1890, 1,301,820; 1900, 1,751,394. Cap- including a large portion of Minnesota
ital, St. Paul. March 20, 1804
Daniel Greysolon du Luth, a native of Minnesota east of the Mississippi a part
Lyons, builds a trading-post at the en- of Michigan Territory 1805
trance of Pigeon River, on north shore of Lieut. Z. M. Pike, ordered by General
Lake Superior (whence the name Duluth) Wilkinson to visit Minnesota and expel
1678 the British traders, arrives at the site of
Father Louis Hennepin ascends the Mis- Fort Snelling, and in council with the
sissippi from the mouth of the Illinois, Dakota Indians obtains a grant of land
passes through I^ke Pepin, and reaches for the use of the United States 9 miles
the falls, which he names St. Anthony square on both sides of the river
October, 1680 Sept. 23, 1805
Sieur du Luth, with four Frenchmen Rev. Samuel Peters alleges, in a petition
and an Indian, in two canoes, from his to Congress, that he has purchased from
trading-post reaches a lake whose outlet the Carver American heirs their right to
enters the Mississippi, and on the river the grant made in 1767 1806
he meets Father Hennepin 1680 Minnesota east of the Mississippi in-
Nicholas Perrot erects a fort on Lake eluded in Illinois Territory 1809
Pepin, and takes possession of the Minne- Part of Minnesota east of the Mlssis-
80 ta country in the name of the King of sippi becomes a part of Michigan Territory
France May 8, 1689 1819
Le Seur builds a trading-post on an Barracks erected at Mendota and occu-
island in the Mississippi, just above Lake pied by a garrison which came from Green
Pepin 1695 Bay, Wis., by the Wisconsin River. .1819
Sieur le Seur, on a search for mines in Corner-stone of Fort Snelling laid; first
Minnesota, builds Fort THuillier on the called Fort St. Anthony. .Sept. 20, 1820
St. Pierre, now the Minnesota Three Mackinaw boats laden with seed
October, 1700 w^heat, oats, and pease, leave Prairie du
Jonathan Carver, the first British ex- Chien, April 15, 1820, for the Scotch set-
plorer of Minnesota, arrives at Mackinaw tlement at Pembina, where the crops were
from Massachusetts, August, 1766; Green destroyed by grasshoppers the previous
Bay, Wis,, Sept. 18; at Prairie du Chien, year. Proceeding entirely by water, ex-
Oct. 10; Falls of St. Anthony, Nov. 17; cept a jwrtage from Big Stone Lake to
and ascends the Minnesota River to the Lake Traverse, 1^ miles, they arrive at
stream which now bears his name 1766 Pembina June 3, 1820
414
UNITED STATES 07 AMEBIGA—KINKESOTA
Governor Cass, of Michigan, with an Kiver, is included in Iowa, set off in
exploring party from Detroit under sane- 1838 from Wisconsin, which was set off"
tion of the United States government, from Michigan in 1836 1833^
reaching the Mississippi by Sandy Lake, By order of Secretary of War, troops-
ascends to Cass Lake July 21, 1820 from Fort Snelling expel Swiss squatters-
General Leavenworth reports to the com- on the military reservation east of the
missioners of the land office that the Ind- Mississippi, between St. Paul and the fort
ians do not recognize grant to Carver in May 6, 1840
1767 1821 A log-chapel, erected by Father Lucian
First mill in Minnesota, erected under Galtier and dedicated to St. Paul (whence
the supervision of the officers of Fort the name of the city) Nov. 1, 1841
Snelling on the site of Minneapolis. .1822 Settlement begun at Stillwater by four
Committee on public lands report to the proprietors, who erect a saw*mill
Senate on Rev. Samuel Peters's claim to Oct. 10, 1843
the Carver grant of 1767; the original Capt. J. Allen, with a detachment of
deed not being produced, and for other dragoons, ascends the Des Moines River
reasons, it is resolved that the petition be and crosses to the St. Peter (Minnesota)
not granted Jan. 23, 1823 and Big Sioux rivers 1844
First steamboat to navigate the Missis- First meeting in Minnesota on the sub-
sippi from St. Louis to the Minnesota ject of claiming territorial privileges for
River, the Virginia, reaches Fort Snell- that part of Wisconsin Territory not in-
ing May, 1823 eluded in State constitution adopted
An expedition fitted out by government, March 13, 1848, is held in Jackson's store,
in charge of Maj. S. H. Long, discovers St. Paul July 12, 1848
that Pembina, the fort of the Hudson Bay Convention at Stillwater to consider
Company on Red River, is within the territorial government Aug. 26, 1848
United States. Long erects an oak post H. H. Sibley, of St. Peter, elected dele-
on the line, raises the United States flag, gate to Congress from Wisconsin Territory
and proclaims the territory a part of the not included in the State... Oct. 30, 1848
United States Aug. 5, 1823 Extract from the diary of Harriet E.
A colony of Swiss from the Red River Bishop, first school-teacher in St. Paul:
settlement establish themselves near Fort " J. R. Clewett came into Mr. Irwine's-
Snelling 1827 house and said, * My ! how this town is-
Henry R. Schoolcraft, with an ex- growing! I counted the smoke of eigh-
pedition for exploring the Mississippi, teen chimneys this morning ' "
Crow Wing, and St. Croix rivers, reaches . winter of 1848-
the Mississippi by Lake Superior and Congress establishes the territorial gov-
Sandy Lake, and reaches the source of ernment of Minnesota; bounded on south
the west fork in Itasca Lake. .July 13, 1832 by Iowa and Missouri River, west by the
Rev. W. T. Boutwell establishes at Leech Missouri and White Earth rivers, north
Lake the first mission among the Indians by the British possessions, and east by
in Minnesota west of the Mississippi > Wisconsin, with St. Paul as capital
October, 1833 ► March 3, 1840
Jean N. Nicollet leaves Fort Snelling to Alexander Ramsey, of Harrisburg, Pa.,
explore the sources of the rivulets that appointed governor of Minnesota Terri-
feed Itasca I^ake July 26, 1836 tory, organizes the government at St. Paul
Governor Dodge, of Wisconsin Territory, June 1, 184J>
meets the Ojibways at Fort Snelling, and First legislature, consisting of nine-
they cede to the United States the pine councillors and eighteen representatives,
forests of the ralley of the St. Croix and meets at the Central House in St. Paul
its tributaries July 29, 1837 Sept. 3, 1849'
Deputation of Dakotas conclude a Act passed to send the Washington
treaty with the United States at Wash- Monument Association a slab of red pipe-
ington, ceding all lands east of the Mis- stone from the Minnesota quarry. .. .1840
Bissippi September, 1837 St. Paul incorporated as a town
Minnesota, west of the Mississippi November, 1840
415
UNITBD 8TATBS OF AHEBICA— MINNESOTA
Minnesota Historical Society organized providing that no tax or provision for in-
by law Nov. 15, 1849 terest or principal of bonds shall be in
Congress appropriates $20,000 for a force until ratified by the people
territorial prison 1851 November. 1S60
Treaty at Traverse des Sioux, on Minne- First regiment of Minnesota volunteers
flota River, the Sioux cede lands in Iowa leaves Fort Snelling for Washington
and in Minnesota east of the Red River June 22, 1861
of the North, Lake Traverse, and the Sioux Indians, under Little Crow,
Sioux River July 23, 1851 massacre the whites at Yellow Medicine
Dog-train with explorers, under Dr. agency, Aug. 18, 1862; at New Ulm, in
Rae, after search for Sir John Franklin, Brown county, Aug. 21 ; attack New Lira
arrives at St. Paul from the north and are repulsed, Aug. 23; besiege Fort
Feb, 14, 1852 Ridgely for nine days; attack Cedar City,
Prohibitory liquor law passed; ratified McLeod county, Sept. 3; State troops un-
by the people April 5, but declared void der Col. H. H. Sibley march against them,
by Supreme Court 1852 Aug. 26 ; United States troops under Ma-
Collegc of St. Paul, chartered as the jor-General Pope are despatched to the
Baldwin School, dedicated .. Dec. 29, 1853 seat of war, and after a sharp battle at
City of St. Paul incorporated Wood Lake the Indians are defeated, and
March 4, 1854 500 are taken prisoners, 300 of whom are
Convention held at St. Anthony, and sentenced to be hung SepL 22, 1862
the Republican party of Minnesota formed Ninety-one captive white women and
March 29, 1854 children surrendered by the Indians to
Duluth founded 1856 Colonel Sibley near the Chippewa River
Bill to remove the government to St. Sept. 26. 1862
Peter passes the House, but the council Thirty-eight of the 300 Indians sen-
is dissolved without acting on the bill tenced are executed Dec. 26, 1S6S
1857 Little Crow killed by a settler in the
Inkpadootah, a Dakota Indian, at the neighborhood of Hutchinson, McLe«i«l
head of a band, massacres a settlement of county July 3. li^*X^
whites at Springfield, capturing a number Minnesota school for the deaf opened at
of women and children March, 1857 Faribault 1863
Congress grants to Minnesota six alter- Professor Fames, State geologist, reports
nate sections of land per mile to aid in the rich silver-bearing quartz near Vermilion
construction of railroads. . . .March, 1857 Lake, in the northeast part of the State
Constitutional convention assembles at 1865
St. Paul, July 14, 1857. Republicans and State insane hospital at St. Peter open-
Democrats organize separately, prepare ed Dec. 6, 1866
drafts, but unite and submit one consti- State reform school at St. Paul openwl
tution to the people (ratified 36,240 to 1866
700), St. Paul the capital. .Aug. 29, 1857 City of Minneapolis incorporated. .1867
State issues $2,275,000 in bonds, out of Amendment to article vii., section 1 of
$5,000,000 authorized by an amendment to the constitution, striking out the word
the constitution, article ix., section 10, "white," ratified by the people
called Minnesota State railroad bonds, the November. 1868
<iTed\t of the State being pledged for in- State university created by law, 1851:
terest and principal April 15, 1858 Confess grants it 46,000 acres of land.
Minnesota admitted into the Union 1857, and same year the first building
May 11, 1858 erected at St. Anthony; chartered 1868.
State normal school at Winona opened opened 1869
1860 Bill to remove seat of government from
Railroads default in interest and the St. Paul to a place in Kandiyohi county
State forecloses 1860 passes both Houses, but is vetoed, . . . 1869
Amendment to constitution, article ix.. Convention at St. Paul organizes a
section 10, amended 1858, forbidding more State temperance society Oct. 6. 1860
•bonds to aid railroads, and to section 2, Construction of the Northern Pacific
416
UNITED STATES OF AKEEIGA— MINNESOTA
Railroad commenced at the Dalles of the Supreme Court decides that the amend-
St. Tx)ui8 Feb. 15, 1870 ment to article ix. of the State constitu-
Ship • canal across Minnesota point at tion, ratified in 1860, ia invalid, as im-
Duluth began 1870 pairing the obligation of contracts; the
Legislature ratifies the Fifteenth legislature provides for the settlement of
Amendment, establishes a board of im- State railroad bonds at 50 cents on the
migration, and amends the liquor law so dollar 1881
as to allow local option 1870 William Windom, Secretary of the
Minneapolis and St. Anthony incorpo- Treasury March 5, 1881
rated as one city 1872 State normal school located by law at
Act passes legislature establishing a Moorhead 1885
State board of health 1872 State public school for dependent chil-
Act passed to create a fund for an in- dren at Owatonna founded 1885
ebriate asylum at Rochester, by tax upon State insane hospital located at Fer-
saloon-keepers 1873 gus Falls 1886
State Treasurer William Seeger im- Acts passed: For a State reformatory
peached by the House of Representatives, at St. Cloud; a municipal government for
Feb. 26; pleads guilty. May 22, ''without Duluth; a high-license law where local
any corrupt or wilful intent," and is re- option does not prohibit, and to abolish
moved from office 1873 the State board of immigration, created in
Amendment to the constitution rat- 1878 1887
ified by popular vote, permitting worn- Soldiers' home opened at Minnehaha
en to vote for school-officers or on school Falls November, 1887
questions, and to be eligible to any State normal school at Moorhead open-
office pertaining to schools ed Aug. 29, 1888
Nov. 2, 1875 William Windom again Secretary of
Amendment adopted providing for Treasury March, 1889
biennial instead of annual sessions of the Secret (Australian) ballot law, estab-
legislature November, 1877 lished in cities of over 10,000 inhabitants.
Act passed, creating a public examiner by act 1889
to superintend the books and financial ac- State reformatory at St. Cloud opened
counts of public educational, charitable, September, 1889
penal, and reformatory institutions of the Memorial Day (May 30) made a legal
State 1878 holiday 1889
Minnesota Amber-cane Growers* Asso- Nearly 100 lives lost by a tornado on
elation organized at Minneapolis 1878 Lake Pepin July 13, 1890
State insane asylum at Rochester, pro- State insane hospital at Fergus Falls
vided for by act of legislature in 1878, opened July 29, 1890
opened Jan. 1, 1879 William Windom, Secretary of Treas-
Minnesota school for the feeble-minded ury, dies suddenly after responding to a
opened at Faribault 1879 toast at a banquet given by the New York
Act of legislature creating farmers* board of trade at Delmonico*s, evening of
board of trade, to assume supervision Jan. 29, 1891
over the agricultural interests of the Gen. H. H. Sibley, first governor of
State ; one member appointed by the judge Minnesota, dies in St. Paul, aged eighty
of each judicial district 1879 Feb. 18, 1891
Alexander Ramsey appointed United Wlialeback steamer Charles W. WeU
States Secretary of War. . . .Dec. 10, 1879 more leaves Duluth with a cargo of grain
Second centenary of the discovery of the for Liverpool June 11, 1891
Falls of St. Anthony celebrated at Minne- Washburn-Crosby Company, of Minne-
apolis July 4, 1880 apolis, sends out 175 cars containing 22,-
North wing of asylum for the insane at 000 barrels of fiour, consigned to the
St. Peter destroyed by fire; thirty lives Russian relief committee of Philadelphia
lost Nov. 15, 1880 March 23, 1892
State capitol destroyed by fire Republican National Convention as-
March 1, 1881 sembles at Minneapolis June 7, 1892
IX. — 2d 417
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA^MISSISSIPFI
Fire in Minneapolis; loss, $2,000,000 Corner-stone of new capitol laid
Aug. 13, 1893 July 27, \m
Forest fires destroy towns of Hinckley Semi-centennial of the Territory and
and Sandstone, causing the death of 417 State celebrated by the old settlers
people; 2,200 homeless and destitute; June 1, 1S99
property loss about $1,000,000 Semi-centennial of the historical *>-
Sept. I, 1894 ciety celebrated Nov. 15, im
Red Lake Indian reservation diminished Population of Minnesota, at the national
to about a quarter part of its former area; census, 1,751,394; of its five leading cities:
the remainder opened for settlement Minneapolis, 202,718; St. Paul, 163,06.5;
May 15, 1896 Duluth, 52,969; Winona, 19.714, and
Minnesota supplied four regiments for Stillwater, 12,318 1900
the Spanish war, being the first State to Senator Cushman K. Davis dies
respond to the President's call. May 7, 1898 Nov. 27, 1900
MISSISSIPPI
Mississippi, one of the Gulf States of I^ Salle descends the Mississippi to it§
the United States, is bounded north by mouth 16S2
Tennessee. The Tennessee River touches Lemoine d'Iberville plants a colony on
the State in the extreme northeast corner, the bay of Biloxi May, 1699
On the west the Mississippi River sepa- Iberville, Bienville, and Chevalier df
rates it from Arkansas and Louisiana above Tonti ascend the Mississippi to the present
lat. 31** N., which divides the State from site of Natchez February, KW
I^uisiana on the south, 110 miles east Fort Rosalie, at Natchez, erected bj
from the Mississippi River to the Pearl. Bienville, governor of Louisiana, and com-
That portion of the State east of the Pearl pleted Aug. 3. 1716
River extends south to the Gulf of Mex- Mississippi Company chartered with
ico, affording a coast-line of about 80 exclusive privilege of the commerce of
miles. Alabama forms the entire eastern Louisiana and New France, and obligated
boundary. It is limited in latitude be- to introduce within twenty-five years 6,001
tween 30° 13' and 35** N., and in longitude white persons and 3,000 negro slaves
between 88° 7' and 91° 41' W. Area, 46,- Aug. 17, 1717
340 square miles, in seventy-five counties; Mississippi Company grants land for
population, 1890, 1,289,600; 1900, 1,551,- settlements on the Yazoo, at Natchez, on
270. Capital, Jackson. the bay of St. Louis, and on PascagoiiU
Fernando De Soto, on his expedition. Bay 171?
enters the present State of Mississippi Three hundred settlers locate at Natchw
near the junction of the Tombigbee IT'^O
and Black Warrior rivers: crosses the Three hundred emigrants, destined for
Pearl in Leake county, and reaches the the lands of Madame de Chaumonot,
Indian village of Chickasaw arrive at Pascagoula Jan. 3, 1721
December, 1540 Seat of government of Louisiana re-
Indians attack and burn Chickasaw, moved from Biloxi to New Orleans. .1723
which De Soto had fortified and occupied Chopart, commander of Fort Rosalie, de-
as winter quarters February. 1541 niands that Great Sun, head of the
De Soto reaches the Mississippi, which Natchez tribe of Indians, should Taeate
he crosses, probably within 30 miles of White Apple village, about 6 miles from
Helena, in boats built for the purpose the fort, and surrender it to the French;
April, 1541 a conspiracy of Indians and the massacre
Mississippi included in the proprietary of the garrison follow Nov. 29, 1729
charter of Carolina 1663 Destruction of the Natchez by the
Louis Joliet and P^re Jacques Mar- French and Choctaws
quette descend the Mississippi as far as Jan. 28-Feb. 8, 1730
lat. 33° 1673 Mississippi Company surrenders its
418
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— MISSISSIPPI
charter; the King proclaims all Louisiana Spain claims north to the mouth of the
free to all his subjects 1732 Yazoo River; signed Sept. 3, 1782
Mississippi included in the proprietary County of Bourbon established by Geor-
charter of Georgia 1732 gia of all lands east of the Mississippi be-
Unsuccessful expedition of Bienville tween lat. 31 ** and the mouth of the
against the Chickasaws in the northern Yazoo, to which Indian titles had been
part of Mississippi May, 1736 extinguished Feb. 7, 1785
Capt. George Johnstone appointed gov- • Act erecting Bourbon county repealed
ernor of west Florida, including portion Feb. 1, 1788
of Mississippi south of 31st parallel ac- Four companies chartered by the Geor-
quired by treaty of Paris.. Nov. 21, 1763 gia legislature with control of more than
A second decree of the King in council 3,000,000 acres of land in Mississippi at
extends the limits of west Florida north to the rate of 2*4 cents per acre, to be paid
the mouth of the Yazoo, to include the into the State treasury Jan. 7, 1795
settlements on the Mississippi Treaty at Madrid with Spain fixes the
June lOj 1764 southern boundary of the United States
Scotch Highlanders from North Caro- at lat. 31* N.; the western boundary the
lina and Scotland build Scotia, about 30 middle of the Mississippi River, with free
miles eastward from Natchez 1768-70 navigation Oct. 27, 1795
Richard and Samuel Swayze, of New Georgia legislature rescinds grants to
Jersey, the latter a Congregational min- the Mississippi companies .. Feb. 13, 1796
ister, purchase land in Adams county, Spanish commissioner Don Manuel Ga-
settle and establish a church 1772-73 yoso de Lemos meets the United States
James Willing secures authority from commissioner Andrew Ellicott at Natchez
Congress to descend the Mississippi and to carry out the provisions of the treaty
secure the neutrality of the colonies at regarding the boundary-line between the
Natchez, Bayou Pierre, etc 1778 United States and Spain.. Feb. 24, 1797
Fort Panmure, formerly the French fort Colonel Ellicott succeeds in securing the
Rosalie, garrisoned by a company of in- election of a permanent committee of pub-
fantry under Capt. Michael Jackson, by lie safety July, 1797
order of the governor of west Florida. 1778 On Jan. 10, 1798, Colonel Ellicott re-
Gen, don Bernardo de Galvez, pro- ceives notice from the governor-general
posing to expel the English from Florida, of New Orleans that orders had been re-
storms Fort Bute, Sept. 7, 1779, and capt- ceived from the King to surrender the
ures Baton Rouge, commanded by Lieu- territory, but it was not until the Span-
tenant-Colonel Dickinson, who surrenders ish had lost hope from intrigues in the
all west Florida upon the Mississippi, in- West that on March 23 Fort Nogales on
eluding Fort Panmure and the district of Walnut Hill was evacuated, and Fort Pan-
Natchez, to the Spanish.. Sept. 21, 1779 mure about midnight .. March 29-30, 1798
Fort Panmure surrendered by the Span- Act of Congress approved creating Mis-
iards to insurgents, under the British flag, sissippi Territory, including the present
after a siege of a week April 30. 1781 State of Alabama April 7, 1798
Don Carlos de Grandpr^, appointed civil Georgia constitution of this year defines
and military commander of the district of definitely the boundaries claimed by the
Natchez, July 29, 1781, takes measures State, which include the Mississippi Ter-
to punish insurgents who had not fled ritory, established by act of Congress
after the capture of Pensacola, and im- 1798
prisons seven, charged with promoting Winthrop Sargent appointed flrst terri-
a general rebellion against government in torial governor of Mississippi, and arrives
the district of Natchez 1781 at Natchez Aug. 6, 1798
Definitive treaty of peace establishes General Wilkinson reaches Natchez and
the southern boundary of the United fixes headquarters at Loftus Heights, af-
States at the 31st parallel N. lat., from terwards Fort Adams Aug. 26, 1798
the Mississippi to the St. Mary's River; Act of Congress supplemental regard-
but in ceding Florida to Spain no boun- ing the government of the Mississippi Ter-
dary on the north is mentioned, hence ritory, and providing that settlement shall
419
XXNITED STATES 07 AMERICA— KISSISSIPFI
be made with Georgia for claims on or be- Expedition under Gen. F. Lu Claibonie
fore March 10, 1803 1800 attacks the holy city of the Creek Indiana,
Seat of government removed from Natch- called Escanachaha, on the east side of
ez to Washington, 6 miles east, by act the Alabama River, which they bum
of Assembly and council Feb. 1, 1802 Dec. 23, 1813
Articles of agreement and cession under Enabling act for Mississippi passed bj
the compromise act, secures to the United Congress, establishing the eastern boun-
States all territory south of Tennessee, dary, and the Territory of Alabama cre-
north of the Spanish line of demarkation, ated March 1, 1817
and eastward from the Mississippi to the Convention for framing & constitatioB
Chattahoochee April 24, 1802 meets at Washington, July 7, 1817, and
Outrages and murders by the bandit complete its labors Ang^. 15,1817
Mason and his gang along the great First General Assembly meets at Wash-
Natchez trace; the governor offers a re- ington Oct, 6, 1817
ward for his head, which is brought to Mississippi admitted into the Union
Washington by Little Harpe, who fled Dec 10, 1817
from Kentucky in 1799 and joined Mason Bank of Mississippi in Natchez anthor-
in his depredations. Harpe and another ized by law to establish branches, and the
of the band murder Mason for the reward, State becomes a stockholder. .Feb. 4, 181S
but are recognized, arrested, condemned. By treaty with Major-General Jackson,
and executed at Greenville 1802 of Tennessee, and Maj .-Gen. Thomas Hind«s
Weekly newspaper, the Natchez Oazette, of Mississippi, commissioners of the Unit-
published by Col. Andrew Marschalk at ed States, the Choctaws relinquish nearly
Natchez 1802 5,500,000 acres of land, which formed the
Natchez incorporated as a city county of Hinds ; known as thre " new pur-
March 10, 1803 chase" treaty Oct. 18, 183)
Jefferson College established at Wash- Legislature appoints a committee to lo-
ington by act of legislature 1803 cate the seat of government by act of
Natchez hospital for sick and distressed Feb. 12, 1821, and by a supplemental act
boatmen employed in the navigation of styles the new capital Jackson
the Mississippi River and others, incor- Nov. 28, 1821
poratcd 1804 Board of internal improvement, consist-
Whole of the territory ceded to the ing of the governor and three commis-
United States by Georgia, north of the sioners, organized 1829
Mississippi Territory and south of Ten- Planters' Bank chartered .. Feb. 10. 18aO
nessee, is annexed to Mississippi Terri- Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, by
tory by act of Congress. . .March 27, 1804 which the Choctaws cede the rest of their
Aaron Burr, arrested at Natchez, gives lands in Mississippi to the United States
bonds to appear before the territorial Sept. 28, 1830
court, Feb. 3. The court refusing release Treaty at Pontotoc Creek; the Chida-
from his recognizance, Feb. 5, next mom- saws cede their lands in Mississippi and
ing it was ascertained that he had made agree to remove from the State
his escape Feb. 6, 1807 Oct. 20, 1832
Judge Harry Toulmin's digest of the Convention for framing a new constitu-
laws of Mississippi adopted by the legis- tion meets at Jackson, Sept. 10, 1832.
lature Feb. 10, 1807 and completes its labors, Oct. 26. Consti-
Congress to extend the right of suf- tution ratified at the next general elee-
f rage in the Territory permitting the peo- tion 1832
pie to elect delegates to Congress Appropriation made for the erection of
Jan. 9, 1808 a State-house and executive mansion at
Bank of Mississippi chartered the capital Feb. 26, 1833
Dec. 23, 1809 Act approved incorporating the Missis-
Mobile district, lying south of lat. 31** sippi Union Bank and providing for $15,-
and between the Pearl and Perdido rivers, S00,000 in State stock as capital as soon
is added to Mississippi by act as a corresponding amount in private sub-
May 14, 1812 scriptions should come in.. Jan. 21, 1837
420
UNITED STATES 07 AMEBICA— MISSISSIPPI
Supplementary act authorizes an im- State convention meets at Jackson, Jan.
mediate issue of $5,000,000 of State stock, 7, 1861, passes an ordinance of secession,
which was sold at a heavy discount Jan. 0, 84 to 15 Jan. 15, 1861
through the bank of the United States Confederates occupy the unfinished fort
Feb. 15, 1838 on Ship Island, under construction since
Legislature eanctions the sale of stock 1855 Jan. 20, 1861
for the bank 1830 State convention ratifies the constitu-
Governor McNutt by message advises tion of the Confederate States
repudiating the Union Bank bonds sold to March 26, 1861
the United States Bank of Pennsylvania Town of Biloxi captured by Federal
1841 naval force under Capt. Melancthon Smith
Legislature by resolution depies that the Dec. 31, 1861
State is under any obligation, legal or Confederate government removes the
moral, to redeem the Union Bank bonds State archives from Jackson to Colum-
1842 bus for safety June 16, 1862
State Treasurer Richard S. Graves ar- Chief military operations in Mississippi
rested for embezzlement of State funds during 1862 were as follows: General
to the amount of $44,838.46. He escapes Beauregard evacuates Corinth, and Hal-
from the house of the sheriff and flees leek takes possession. May 20; United
to Canada 1843 States gunboat Easew bombards Natchez
Robert J. Walker appointed Secretary and the city surrenders, Sept. 10; Rose-
of United States Treasury. .March 6, 1845 crans defeats Confederates under Price in
Law passed establishing common schools a battle at luka, Sept. 19-20 ; unsuccessful
March 4, 1846 attack on Corinth by the Confederates un-
Mississippi regiment, under command der General Van Dorn, Oct. 3-4; Grenada
of Col. Jefferson Davis, serves in the Mexi- occupied by General Hovey's expedition,
can War 1846 20,000 strong, Dec. 2; Van Dorn defeats
University of Mississippi at Oxford, the Federal cavalry in battle of Coffeeville,
chartered in 1844, is opened 1848 Dec. 6; Holly Springs surrendered to the
Governor Quitman, arrested by the Unit- Confederates, Dec. 20 ; unsuccessful attack
ed States marshal for violation of the neu- of Federals t)n Vicksburg
trality law of 1818 in abetting the expe- Dec. 27-20, 1862
dition against Cuba, resigns as governor. Important military operations during
He is acquitted, renominated, but declines 1863: Colonel Grierson with Federal troops
1851 makes a raid through the State from
Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, appoint- Tennessee to Louisiana, April 17-May 6;
ed United States Secretary of War by naval battle of Grand Gulf, April 29; Mc-
President Pierce March 5, 1863 Clemand defeats the Confederates at Port
Amendment to the constitution ratified, Gibson, May 1; Raymond occupied by
appointing the first Monday in October as Federals under General MePherson, May
day for general election, and making the 12; MePherson occupies Jackson, May 14;
term of ofiice of the governor two years Grant defeats Pemberton at Champion
Feb. 2, 1856 Hills, May 16, and at Big Black River,
Jacob Thompson Secretary of the In- May 17; Vicksburg invested by forces
terior March 6, 1857 under General Grant, May 18; Vicksburg
Southern convention delegates from surrendered, July 4; Jackson evacuated
eight States assemble at Vicksburg and by General Johnston, who had occupied it
consider reopening the slave-trade after the advance of the Federals on Vicks-
May 11, 1859 burg, and the city is occupied by General
Whitworth female college at Brookhaven Sherman July 16, 1863
opened and chartered 1859 Sherman's Meridan expedition leaves
By joint resolution the legislature di- Vicksburg Feb. 3, 1864
rects the governor to appoint commis- Forrest, Confederate, defeats Sturgis at
sioners to the several slave-holding States, Guntown June 10, 1864
asking their co-operation in secession. Upon the surrender of General Taylor
Legislature adjourned Nov. 30, 1860 to General Canby, Governor Clarke by
421
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— MJSSISSIPFI
proclamation recalls the State officers, with ing Confederate soldiers almost unani-
the archives, to Jackson, and convenes the mous Nov. 30— Dec 1, 1869
legislature. He recommends a convention Congress readmits Mississippi into tht
to repeal the ordinance of secession and Union Feb. 17, ISro
remodel constitution May 6, 1865 School law organizing a State board uf
Judge William L. Sharkey appointed education and providing for a superiih
provisional governor by President John- tendent of public education 1S70
son, the federal government not recogniz- Planters, Manufacturers, and Mechan-
ing GoA^emor Clarke and the legislature ics' Association of the State of Missis-
June 13, 1865 sippi incorporated 1S71
Amendments to the constitution of 1832 Any rate of interest agreed upon in
and ordinances adopted by a convention writing made legal; 6 per cent, the lepil
called by the provisional governor, which rate in the absence of any agreement. 1873
met at Jackson, Aug. 14, and completed At a mass-meeting of taxpayers of War-
its labors Aug. 26, 1865 ren county at Vicksburg, Dec. 2, 1874, a
Law conferring civil rights upon freed- committee is sent to Sheriff Peter Crosby
men 1865 and clerk of the chancery court G. \\\
Governor Clarke arrested and impris- Davenport, to demand their resignations,
oned at Fort Pulaski 1865 " satisfied that said officials of this oountr
By reconstruction act Mississippi is were stealing and plundering our sub-
placed in the 4th Military District stance." Crosby resigned and Davenport
under Major-General Ord absconded December, 1S74
March 2, 1867 Political strife between State officers
By order of General Ord, W. H. Mc- and citizen taxpayers leads to a conflict of
Cardie, editor of the Vicksburg Times, is races. Armed negroes approach Mck*-
confined in a military prison on charge of burg from various directions, are met by
obstructing the reconstruction acts citizens, and dispersed* with considerable
Nov. 13, 1867 loss of life Dec. 7, 1874
Legislature unanimously rejects the Legislature, convened in extra session
Fourteenth Amendment. . . .January, 1868 by Governor Ames, Dec. 8, 1874, calls upon
Convention of landowners from Missis- the President " by military power to sup-
sippi, Alabama, Tennessee, and Ix)uisiana, press domestic violence, to restore peace
at Jackson, to organize a " Freehold Land and order in this State, and to guarantee
and Colonization Company " to encourage to all citizens the equal and impartial
emigration in each of these States enjoyment of their constitutional and legal
March 31, 1868 rights" Dec. 17, 1874
Gen. Irwin McDowell takes command of President Grant, by proclamation.
4th Military District. *. June 4, 1868 orders the people of Warren county to re-
Governor Humphreys reluctantly forced frain from forcible resistance to the laws,
to vacate the executive mansion for Maj.- and to submit peaceably to the authorities
Gen. Adelbert Ames, appointed provisional Dec. 21, 1874
governor by General McDowell People ratify the following amendment
June 15, 1868 to article xii., section 5 of the constitution
Constitution framed bv a convention of 1868: "Nor shall the State assume, re-
under the reconstruction act, which sits deem, secure, or pay any indebtedness or
at Jackson, Jan. 7 to May 15, 1868, is re- pretended indebtedness claimed to be due
jected by the people by 50,231 for and by the State of Mississippi to any person.
63,860 against June 28, 1868 association, or corporation whatsoever,
National Union Republican party of claiming the same as owners, holders, or
Mississippi in convention at Jackson, assignees of any bond or bonds now gener-
nominate Louis Dent for governor, the ally kno^vn as Union Bank bonds or Plant-
majority of the Democrats concur ers* Bank bonds '* 1S7.^
Sept. 8, 1869 Conflict between office-holders and people
At State election the constitution of still continuing, several riots occur.
May 15, 1868, is ratified by 105.223 for and notably at Yazoo City, Sent. 1, and Clin-
954 against; the vote against disfranchis- ton, Sept. 4. Governor Ames again appeal.*^
422
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— MISSOUBI
to the President for protection, which is hill country of Mississippi to the river
refused, and at the State election the Re- bottoms along the Mississippi in the Ya-
publican party is generally defeated zoo section commences in Hinds and Ran-
November, 1876 kin counties November, 1886
Lieut. -Gov. Alexander K. Davis im- Laying the corner-stone of the monu-
peached and found guilty, March 13; T. ment to the Confederate dead on the capi-
W. Cardoza, superintendent of public edu- tol grounds at Jackson May 26, 1888
cation, resigns, March 21 ; Governor Ames, Legislature introduces the Australian
having been impeached Feb. 26, resigns ballot system of voting in all except con-
his office March 28, 1876 gressional elections 1890
Amendment to the constitution abol- State Treasurer Hemingway convicted
ishing the office of lieutenant-governor of embezzling $316,612.19 by the Supreme
1870 Court Dec. 1, 1890
State board of health created by act of Constitutional convention which meets
legislature 1877 at Jackson, Aug. 12, 1890, adjourns Nov.
Acts passed by legislature: To estab- 1, having promulgated a new constitu-
lish and maintain in the State a system tion to take effect Jan. 1, 1891
of public free schools; that Alcorn Uni- Monument to Confederate dead unveiled
versity be hereafter known as the Alcorn at Jackson June 3, 1891
Agricultural and Mechanical College of A fire started by an insane inmate, J.
the State of Mississippi; to establish the D. Brown, consumes the main building of
Agricultural and Mechanical College of the State insane asylum at Jackson; the
the State of Mississippi; making the leg- inmates, nearly 600, are saved except
illative sessions biennial 1878 Brown Feb. 16, 1892
Mississippi Valley Cotton Planters' As- Lucius Q. C. Lamar died at Washington,
socjation organized at Vicksburg. . . . 1879 D. C. . ." Jan. 23, 1893
Mississippi Valley Labor Convention Sixty-four thousand two hundred dol-
meets at Vicksburg to consider the negro- lars authorized for relief of Confederate
exodus question May 5, 1879 soldiers and widows for the year 1893
Revised code of Mississippi laws made Agricultural College textile school
by Hon. J. A. P. Campbell, adopted by the created 1900
legislature 1880 Historical commission authorized. . 1900
T^w passed prohibiting the selling or One hundred and fifty thousand dollars
giving away of intoxicating liquors within per year for two years, as pensions to
5 miles of the University of Mississippi Confederate soldiers, appropriated. . . .1900
1882 Constitutional amendments providing
Inter-State levee convention assembles for legislative apportionment, and poll-tax
at Vicksburg Oct. 1, 1883 adopted November, 1900
General local option law passed.. 1880 New State-house to cost $850,000 au-
Extensive negro emigration from the thorized December, 1900
MISSOUBI
Missouri, one of the central United 36** to 40** 30' N., and in longitude fiom
States, lies west of the Mississippi River, 89** 2' to 95° 44' W. Area, 65,370 square
which separates it from Illinois, Kentucky, miles in 115 counties. Population in 1890,
and Tennessee. Arkansas bounds it on the 2,679,184; 1900, 3,106,665. Capital, Jeff er-
south. On the west, a line drawn south son City.
from Kansas City in about long. 94° 30', Fernando De Soto ascends the west bank
separates the State from the Indian Ter- of the Mississippi River as far as the
ritory and Kansas, while the Missouri present site of New Madrid 1541
River marks the boundary of Kansas con- I^uia Joliet and P6re Jacques Marquette
tinued and Nebraska north of Kansas City, descend the Mississippi to lat. 33° .... 1673
The State of Iowa forms the northern Robert Cavalier de La Salle descends
boundary. It is limited in latitude from the Mississippi to its mouth 1682
423
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA— MISSOTJSI
A prospecting party sent out by French New Madrid, settled as early as
governor of Louisiana ascends the Missouri 1780, is laid out on an extensive scale
River to the mouth of the Kansas 1705 by Col. George Morgan, of New Jer-
Missouri included in a grant to Anthony sey, who had received a g^ant of over
Crozat for the exclusive privilege of the 12,000,000 acres of land from Spain
commerce of Louisiana for fifteen years, * 17SS
made by Louis XIV Sept. 14, 1712 Crozat succeeded by Don Manuel Perez
Missouri included in a grant to the as commandant-general of the poet of St.
Mississippi Company on the resignation Louis 1T$8
of Crozat August, 1717 Zenon Trudeau succeeds Perez 17^
Lead-mining in St. Genevieve county by Daniel Boone, of Kentucky, moves to
Sieur Renault 1720 what is now St. Charles county 1795
Pierre Ligueste LaclMe, head of Lou- Trudeau succeeded, by Charles Defaault
isiana Fur Company, who in 1763 obtained Delassus de Delusiere 179S
from the director-general of Louisiana a Delassus appoints Daniel Boone corn-
monopoly of the fur trade with the Ind- mandant or syndic of the Femme Osa^
ians of Missouri, sends a party under district 1800
Auguste Chouteau, who lays out St. Louis Maj. Amos Stoddard, agent of France
Feb. 15, 1764 for receiving upper Louisiana from the
St. Ange de Belle Rive, the French com- Spanish, arrives at St. Louis, and on
mander of Fort Chartres, about 15 miles March 9 Delassus surrenders the territory
above St. Genevieve, surrendering the fort to him, and next day it is transferred to
to the British, removes with officers and the United States, Major Stoddard in cora-
troops to St. Louis and assumes command mand. . . . ^ March 10, 1804
of upper Louisiana July 17, 1765 Missouri included in the district of
Spanish troops under Captain Rios Louisiana, set off from the Territory of
reach St. Louis; Rios takes possession in Louisiana, and placed under the govem-
the name of the King of Spain ment of Indiana Territory by act of Con-
Aug. 11, 1768 gress March 26, 1804
Pontiac, chief of the Ottawas, who was Exploring expedition of Lewis and
murdered at Cahokia, is buried at St. Clarke up the Missouri River leaves St.
Louis, where he was a guest of St. Ange TjOuis May 14, 1804
1769 By act of Congress the district of
Blanchette, surnamed " The Hunter," Tiouisiana is regularly organized into the
builds a log-hut on hills now occupied Territory of Louisiana, and President Jef-
by the city of St. Charles, and establishes ferson appoints Gen. James Wilkinson
a military post under the governor of as governor March 3, 1805
upper Louisiana 1769 Aaron Burr visits General Wilkinson at
Lieut. -Gov. Don Pedro Piernas arrives at St, Jjonis September, 1805
St. Louis to assume the Spanish authority Lewis and Clarke expedition return to
over upper Ijouisiana 1770 St. Tx)uis Sept. 23, 1806
Francisco Crozat succeeds Piernas. .1775 Missouri Gazette established and pub-
Don Ferdinand© Leyba appointed gov- lished at St. Louis by Joseph Charless
ernor to succeed Crozat 1778 July, 1808
Massacre of whites near St. Louis by Treaty of Fort Clark by which the Great
Indians who, led by British, intended a and Little Osage tribes cede to the United
general attack on the settlement, but were States 33,173,383 acres of land in Missouri
repulsed May 26, 1780 and 14,830,432 acres in Arkansas
Leyba removed and Francisco Crozat Nov. 10, 1808
reinstated. Under his government St. Town of St. Louis incorporated
Louis was regularly fortified 1780 Nov. 9, 1809
Old St. Genevieve, which tradition says Town of New Madrid destroyed by an
was founded by settlers from Kaskaskia in earthquake Dee. 16, 1811
1735, is destroyed by a flood, the inhabi- Act of Congress changing the name to
tants remove from river bottoms to the the Territory of Missouri approved
present site 1785 June 4, 1812
424
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— MISSOUBI
Edward Hempstead first delegate to Conditions of admission of Missouri into
Congress November, 1812 the Union being accepted, President Mon-
First General Assembly meets in the roe approves the bill Aug. 10, 1821
house of Joseph Robidoux, between Walnut Thomas H. Benton enters the United
and Elm streets, St. Louis. . .Dec. 7, 1812 States Senate and serves continuously un-
united States Congress confirms to til 1851 1821
Daniel Boone 833 acres of land in the St. Louis incorporated a city; popula-
Femme Osage district Feb. 10, 1814 tion, 4,800 Dec. 9, 1822
Capt. James Callaway, with fifteen men, Public reception of Lafayette in St.
returning to the settlement of Loutre Isl- Louis April 29, 1825
and with some horses they had recovered Gov. Frederick Bates dies. .Aug. 1, 1825
from the Sac and Fox Indians, are at- Seat of government removed from St.
tacked by the Indians in ambush and Charles to Jefferson City, and legislat-
Captain Callaway and three of his men ure holds its first session there
are killed March 7, 1815 Nov. 20, 1826
By act of Congress the election of the Joseph Smith, the Mormon leader, hav-
council in Missouri Territory is by choice ing found a location for " Zion " at Inde-
of the people .April 29, 1816 pendence, Jackson county, in 1831, which
Steamboat General Pike ascends the he names " The New Jerusalem," arrives
Mississippi to St. Louis Aug. 2, 1817 from Kirtland, O., with many followers
Bill authorizing people of Missouri to 1832
frame a State constitution for admission St. Tx)uis University, founded 1829; in-
into the Union introduced into Congress corporated December, 1832
Feb. 13, 1819 Mormons in Missouri publish a pa-
•By act of Congress, Arkansas Territory per, the Evening Star, the sentiments of
is set off from Missouri March 2, 1819 which are obnoxious to the people, who
Independence, a pioneer steamboat, as- tar and feather the bishop and two others,
cends the Missouri River and arrives at and throw the presses into the river. On
Franklin, Howard county. .May 28, 1819 Oct. 31 an encounter occurs in which twa
Western Engineer, a steamboat con- citizens and one Mormon are killed. On
structed by Col. S. H. Long for an ex- Nov. 2 the Mormons attack Independence,
pedition up the Missouri to the Yellow- but are routed and forced to promise to-
stone, leaves St. Louis June 21, 1819 leave the county before* Jan. 1, 1834
Act approved authorizing the people of Nov. 2, 1833
Missouri Territory to form a State con- Congress adds the Platte purchase,,
stitution March 6, 1820 a triangle north of the Missouri River,.
A constitutional convention meets at St. west of the western boundary of the State,
Louis, June 12, completes its labors, July and south of the northern boundary ta
19, and the constitution is ratified by the Missouri, thus making it slave territory
people at the ensuing election 1820 June 7, 1836
Article iii., section 26, of the State con- Depredations and murders in Carroll
stitution requires the legislature " to pass county traced to a band of desperadoes
such laws as may be necessary" to pre- composed principally of a family named
vent free negroes and mulattoes from com- Hetherly, old Mrs. Hetherly being a sister
ing to and settling in the State 1820 of the Kentucky brigands, Big and Little
General Assembly, elected Aug. 28, meets Hafpe. The band broken up by the arrest
in the Missouri Hotel at St. Louis and and imprisonment of some of its chief
organizes a State government men July 17, 1836
Sept. 19, 1820 Bank of the State of Missouri estab-
Daniel Boone dies at Femme Osage lished at St. Louis ; capital, $5,000,000,
Sept. 26, 1820 about four-fifths belonging to the State
Missouri admitted into the Union with 1837
conditions that the legislature should By proclamation of President Van Bu-
pledge the faith of the State that the free ren, the law of June 7, 1836, regarding the
negro clause should never be executed Platte purchase, takes effect
March 2, 1821 March 28, 1837
425
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— MI8SOUBI
Col. Kichard Grentry's regiment leaves steamboats and their cargoes and a large
Columbia for the Seminole War section of the city May 17, 1849
Oct. 6, 1837 United States Senator Thomas H. Ben-
State-house burned with public papers ton, in the hall of the House at Jefferson
and records Nov. 17, 1837 City, opposes the ** Jackson resolutions.*'
Act of Congress to ascertain the true as in the spirit of nullification and di^-
boundary-line of Missouri on the north, union, and appeals from the le^slature
described in the act of admission as " the to the people May 26, 1849
parallel of latitude which passes through Inter - State convention at St. Louis
the rapids of the river Dcs Moines, mak- unanimously endorses a national Paciiie
ing the said line to correspond with railway a<?ros8 the continent . Oct. 16, 1&4P
the Indian boundary-line ". .June 18, 1838 Ground broken for the Pacific Railro;id
Numerous conflicts occurring between the by the mayor of St. Louis. . . .July 4, 18o(»
Mormons and people lead Governor Boggs William Jewell College at Liberty, char-
to issue a proclama-tion to call out the tcred in 1849, opened ISM*
militia and enforce the laws. Skirmishes At a joint convention to choose a Unit-
occur at Crooked River and Haughn's ed States Senator, Henry S. Geyer, of St.
Mills, near Breckinridge, between the mi- Louis, Whig, defeats Thomas H. Benton
litia and Mormons under G. W. Hinkle; Jan. 22, 1851
in the latter eighteen Mormons were kill- Destruction of the Industrial Luminarif,
ed, some of them after surrender. At Far a newspaper published at Parkville, by
West, Caldwell county, Joe Smith surren- a pro-slavery faction April 14. IRoo
ders to the militia and agrees that the Gov. Trusten Polk resigns to bec«jrae
Mormons shall leave the State United States Senator March, ISoT
October, 1838 Dred Scott and family emancipated ^y
Corner-stone of the University of the Taylor Blow, under deed for that purpo'^
State of Missouri at Columbia, laid from the family of Calvin C. Chaffee, who
July 4, 1840 inherited them'. May 26, 1857
Suicide of Gov. Thomas Reynolds First overland mail leaves St. Ixiuis for
Feb. 9, 1844 vSan Francisco Sept. 16. 1839
Remains of Daniel Boone and his wife First overland mail from California ar-
are removed to Frankfort, Ky. rives at St. Louis twenty-four days eigh-
July 17, 1845 teen and a half hours from San Franci-ico
The first regiment of Missouri troops Oct. 9, IS-j*^
for the Mexican War arrives at Fort Legislature calls a State convention.
Leavenworth June 18, 1846 "that the will of the people may be a:;-
State constitution completed, but re- eertained and effectuated," but providing
jected by the people 1846 that no ordinance of secession should be
Colonel Doniphan, with 924 Missouri valid unless ratified by the people
volunteers, defeats 4,000 Mexicans under Jan. 18, 1S61
General Heredia in the pass of Sacramento Edward Bates, of Missouri, United
Feb. 28, 1847 States Attorney-General March 5, 1S61
First line of telegraph between East State convention assembles in the court-
St. Louis and the East completed house at Jefferson City: ninety-nine dele-
Dec. 20, 1847 gates. Sterling Price chosen president.
Decision of the Supreme Court of the Feb. 28. They adjourn to meet at St. Ijovl'i^
I'^nited States upon the northern boundary' on March 4, when a committee reports
is confirmed by Congress, and the present against secession March 9, 1861
boundary established by act, .Fob. 15. 1848 In reply to President Lincoln's call for
Claiborne F. Jackson, on Jan. 15, 1840. troops, Governor Jackson writes, "Not
introduces resolutions in the State Senate, one man will the State of Missouri fur-
questioning the power of Congress to legis- nish to carry on such an unholy crusade "
late on slavery in the Territories. Passed April 17, 1861
by the Senate, Jan. 20, and by the Assem- United States arsenal at Liberty seizeil
biy March 0. 1849 and garrisoned by State troops under or-
Fire in St. Louis destrovs twenty-three der from Governor Jackson . April 20,1861
426
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— MISSOUBI
Captain Lyon, at the head of the Unit- Western Department, and Major McKin-
€d States forces in St. Louis, by a sud- stry, U. S. A., is created provost-ma rshal-
den move upon Camp Jackson, compels general Aug. 30, 1861
an unconditional surrender of the State By proclamation, Aug. 30, General Fr^-
militia there May 10, 1861 mont manumits two slaves of Thomas L.
General Harney, commandant at St. Snead, a secessionist of St. Louis
Louis, addresses the people of Missouri, Sept. 12, 1861
denouncing a military act of the legislat- Nationals are defeated in battles at
ure as indirect secession and unconstitu- Blue Mills Landing, Sept. 17, Lexington,
tional May 14, 1861 Sept. 20, and Papinsville. .Sept. 21, 1861
Governor Jackson calls for 50,000 mi- State convention at Jefferson City re-
litia, " for the purpose of repelling in- quires each civil officer within sixty days
vasion, and for the protection of the lives, to subscribe an oath to support the con-
liberty, and property of citizens of the stitution Oct. 16, 1861
State " June 12, 1861 Lexington reoccupied by the Nationals,
Governor Jackson, with the State troops, Oct. 16, who are also victorious at Fred-
proceeds to Booneville, leaving the capital ericktown, Oct. 22, and at Springfield
to fall into the hands of Lyon Oct. 26, 1861
June 15, 1861 Governor Jackson issues (Sept. 26) a
General Lyon defeats the State troops proclamation from Lexington, convening
under Colonel Marmaduke in battle at the legislature in extra session at Masonic
Booneville June 17, 1861 Hall in Neosho, Newton county
An indecisive battle is fought at Car- Oct. 21, 1861
thage between State troops under General General Fremont is relieved by Gren.
Jackson and Federals under General Sigel David Hunter Nov. 2, 1861
July 5, 1861 Legislature at Neosho passes an act
State convention makes Robert Wilson of secession, Oct. 28, and resolution re-
president in place of Sterling Price, made questing all members to sign it
major-general in the Confederate army Nov. 2, 1861
July 22, 1861 Indecisive battle at Belmont between
State convention declares the office of Generals Grant and Polk, Nov. 7; War-
governor, of lieutenant-governor, and of saw destroyed by Confederates
members of legislature vacant, and elects Nov. 19, 1861
Hamilton R. Gamble as provisional gov- Major-General Halleck, who succeeded
ernor July 31, 1861 General Hunter, Nov. 7, declares martial
Thomas C. Reynolds, ex-lieutenant-gov- law in St. Louis, Dec. 23; and, some men
ernor, proclaims from New Madrid that returning from General Price's army hav-
the forces of General Pillow had come on ing destroyed about 100 miles of the Mis-
tho invitation of Governor Jackson, *' to souri Railroad, he extends the order to all
aid in expelling the enemy ".July 31, 1861 the railroads in the State. .Dec. 25, 1861
Governor Gamble, by proclamation. Battles at Shawnee Mound and Milford,
promises protection to all citizens in arms Dec. 18, 1861, and at Mount Zion
who return j)eaceably to their homes Dec. 28, 1861
Aug. 3, 1861 New Madrid captured by General Pope
Governor Jackson, returning from Rich- March 14, 1862
mond, Va., to New Madrid, issues a " Dec- Independence captured by the Confeder-
laration of Independence of the State of ates Aug. 11, 1802
Missouri" Aug. 5, 1861 Battle at Newtonia, Confederates vic-
Nationals under General Lyon defeat torious Sept. 30, 1862
Confederates under Gen. James Rains at Andrew Allsman, an aged citizen of
Dug Springs. Aug. 2, and are defeated by Palmyra, taken in a raid by Col. John
Gen. Benjamin McCulIoch at Wilson 0. Porter's band in September, and not
Creek; General Lyon was killed heard of afterwards; General McNeil in
Aug. 10, 1861 retaliation shot ten of Porter's raiders
Missouri is placed under martial law Oct. 18. 1862
by General Fremont, at the head of the Confederate Gen. John S. Marmaduke
427
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— MISSOXTBI
repulsed at Springfield, Jan. 8, and at Monument to Thomas H. Benton, raised
Hartsville Jan. 11, 1863 for the State government on LafaTvtte
Gen. John H. McNeil repulses General Square, St. Louis, is unveiled
Marmaduke in a battle at Cape Girardeau May 27, 1S6S^
April 26, 1863 People reject the amendment striklng^
Ordinance adopted by the State con- out the word " white " in the suffrage
vention, ordaining that slavery should clause, by 74,053 to 55,236 186S
cease, July 4, 1870, subject to provisions Original seal of the State of Missouri.
with regard to age, etc July 1, 1863 which had disappeared from the seat of
Death of Governor Gamble government in 1861, is restored to Govem-
Jan. 31, 1864 or McClurg by ex-Lieut.-Gov. Thomas C.
Robbery and general massacre of citizens Reynolds May 26, 1S6£^
and Federal soldiers in Central ia by Legislature ratifies Fifteenth Amend-
guerilla band under Bill Anderson ment to the United States Constitution
Sept. 27, 1864 Jan. 10, 1870
General Price invades Missouri; defeats State Agricultural College located at
Curtis at Little Blue, Oct. 21, but is re- Columbia by law 1870
pulsed by Nationals at Big Blue, Little A movement set on foot in 1866 br
Osage, and Newtonia October, 1864 Col. B. Gratz Brown, for universal
Constitutional convention meets at St. amnesty, universal franchise, and revenue
Louis, Jan. 6, 1865, adopts an ordinance reform, divides the Republican party, a:.
abolishing slavery Jan. 11, 1865 the State convention at Jefferson City.
State board of immigration organized Aug. 31. 1870, into Radicals and Liberals
under act of legislature 1865 or " Bolters," headed by Gen. Carl SehurzL
State convention vacates on May 1 the The Lilieral candidate, B. Gratz Brown.
offices of judges of the Supreme Court, of elected governor Nov. 8, 1870
all circuit courts, and others Act passes over Governor Brown'** vel»>
March 17, 1865 directing that 422 bonds of the SUte of
New constitution completed April 10. Missouri, of $1,000 each, issued in 18-V2
Article ii., section 9, provides that after and falling due in 1872, " redeemable in
sixty days " no person shall be permitted gold or silver coin," be redeemed in legal-
to practise as an attorney," '* nor be com- tender notes Feb. 8, 1872
petent as a bishop, priest, deacon, minister. Seventy or eighty masked men stop a
elder, or other clergyman " to teach or railroad train at Gun City, Cass county,
preach or solemnize marriages unless he and murder Judge J. C. Stephenson,
shall have taken, subscribed, and filed an Thomas E. Detro, and James C. Cline,
oath of loyalty. Constitution ratified by charged with complicity in the fraudulent
the people, vote 43,670 for and 41,808 issue of railroad bonds, which imposed a
against June 6, 1865 heavy burden upon the tax-payers in that
Judges of the higher courts decline to county April 24, 1872
yield to the new judges appointed by Grov- Railroad bridge over the Mississippi at
ernor Fletcher under ordinance of March St. Tx>uis, designed by James B. Eads and
17, as not in the power of the convention, constructed by the Illinois and St. Loui&
By special order, General Coleman is di- Bridge Company, formally opened
rected to use such force as mav be neces- July 4, 1874
sary to establish the new judges in office. State railroad commission created by
which he accomplishes June 14, 1865 act of legislature March 27, 1875
Excitement in Lafayette from political Ordinance passed by legislature to pre-
strife and robbery and murder by despera- vent the payment of 1.918 bonds and
does under Archie Cleramens, who is killed coupons of $1,000 each, executed by the
by troops sent to quell the disturbance Pacific Railroad of Missouri under a law
spring of 1867 of Dec. 10, 1855, which had disappeared.
Legislature makes prize-fighting for but had not been cancelled or destroyed
money punishable by imprisonment from Oct, 30, 1875
six to twelve months, or a fine of $500 to New constitution framed by a State con-
$1,000 Feb. 8, 1868 vention which sat at Jefferson City, May
428
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— MIS80UBI
S, 1875, to Aug. 19, is submitted to the Bald-knobber leader David Walker and
people and ratified by a vote of 90,600 to three accomplices tried, March and April,
14,362 Oct. 30, 1875 1888. Sentenced to be executed on May
Convention of 869 delegates from thirty- 18; postponed. Their Bald • knobber
•one States and Territories assembles at friends, for revenge, seize and hang five of
St. Louis to take action upon the con- the witnesses Nov. 14, 1888
:struction of the Southern Pacific Railroad Norman J. Coleman appointed Secretary
Nov. 23-24, 1875 of Agriculture Feb. 12, 1889
Carl Schurz, of Missouri, Secretary of Australian ballot reform act, applicable
the Interior March 12, 1877 to cities and towns with a population of
State lunatic asylum at St. Joseph 5,000 and over, passed by the legislature
(burned; the 218 inmates escape 1889
Jan. 25, 1879 Act of legislature appointing the first
Cottey law passed, to take effect im- Friday after the first Tuesday of April
mediately, providing that county courts to be observed as Arbor Day 1889
•shall levy only four taxes: the State rev- David Walker, William Walker, and
•enue tax, the State interest tax, tax for John Matthews, Bald-knobbers, sentenced
•current county expenses, and school tax, April, 1888, finally executed at Ozark
unless ordered by the circuit court for May 10, 1889
the county or by the judge thereof in Inter-State Wheat Growers' Association
•chambers March 8, 1879 of Mississippi Valley meets at St. Louis,
Laws creating a State fish commission, N. J. Coleman, presiding Oct. 27, 1889
fi bureau of labor statistics, and appro- Woman's temperance crusade in Lath-
priating $3,000 for a State hatchery rop, etc., from Feb. 10, 1890
1879 State Treasurer E. T. Noland suspend-
Proposed amendment to the constitu- ed from office for defalcation to the amount
lion, article xiv., embodying the Maine of $32,745.69 March 4, 1890
liquor law, passes the House, and is re- Semi-centennial of the laying of the
jected in the Senate by 12 to 10 1879 corner-stone of the State university at
Convention of representatives of the Columbia celebrated July 4, 1890
commercial and agricultural and other Limited Kansas City express on the
"productive industries of the Mississippi Missouri Pacific Railroad is " held up "
Valley meets at St. Louis. . . .Oct. 26, 1881 by seven highwaymen at Otterville, and
Missouri River improvement convention express car robbed of $90,000
meets at St. Joseph. Four States and Aug. 17, 1890
iwo Territories are represented Representatives from the Union Labor,
Nov. 29, 1881 Prohibition, and Greenback parties meet
Downing high license law passed, which at St. Louis, Sept. 3, and organize the
fixes the maximum State and county National Reform party Sept. 5, 1890
lax on license for dram-shops at $1,200 Gen. W. T. Sherman dies at New York
•per annum 1883 City, Feb. 14, is buried at St. Louis
State board of health created by act of Feb. 21, 1891
legislature 1883 Legal rate of interest fixed at 8 per
Some seventy-five of the ** Bald-knob- cent, by act of legislature, which adjourns
ber " organization of Christian county are March 24, 1891
arrested in March, some on the charge of National industrial conference (over 660
murder, others for attending unlawful as- delegates from Farmers' Alliance and
-semblies of "Regulators." All but the mutual benefit associations) meets at St.
leaders are tried at Ozark and fined Louis and decides to act with the Peo-
August, 1887 pie's party in the Presidential campaign
Fifty out of seventy-eight elections un- Feb. 22, 1892
der the Wood local option law result National Nicaragua Canal convention,
in favor of prohibition 1887 with delegates from twenty-five or more
Governor Marmaduke dies. Dec. 28, 1887 States, meets at St. Louis. . . .June 2, 1892
Institution for deaf and dumb at Fulton Southeast Missouri land commission
turned February, 1888 created 1893
429
UNITED STATES OF AKEBICA— MOKTAKA
Cyclone at St. Louis, great loss of lives Richard P. Bland dies at L.ebanon. Ma
and property May 27, 1896 June 15, l*i»?
Kepublican National Convention meets Louisiana purchase exposition to re-
at St. Louis. Platform adopted ceive $5,000,000 in bonds from St. Louis;
June 18, 1896 $1,000,000 from the State; $5,000,000 fixm
The People's Party National Convention the Ignited States aft«r the committee haji
meets at St. Louis July 24, 1896 raised $10,000,000 ll*w
The street- rail road system of St. Louis Department-store taxation law declar«?l
sold to a New York syndicate for $8,- unconstitutional Feb. 20. 19i»:i
500,000 Deo. 7, 1898 The great trolley-car strike settled
Tornado in northern part of the State July 2, 1IHV»
(forty-two persons killed, over 100 in- Seven constitutional amendments adopt-
jured) April 27, 1899 ed November. 19i.w
MONTANA
Montana, a northwestern frontier State Steamboat Assinihoine, built by tfee
of the United States, is included almost American Fur Company, ascends th*
wholly between lat. 45° and 49** N., and Missouri to Fort Union in 1833; win-
long. 104* and 116° W. It is bounded on ters near the mouth of Popular Creek
the north by British America, east by 1835
North Dakota and South Dakota, south Father Peter John de Smet visits the
by Wyoming, the Yellowstone National Flathead Indians ip Gallatin Valley. .1840
Park, and Idaho, and west b^ Idaho. De Smet establishes a mission on the
Originally part of New France, ceded to St. Mary's River in the Bitter Root Vallt^y
Spain, 1763; receded to France, 1801; September, 1845
ceded to the United States, 1805; sue- De Smet establishes St. Ignatius mis-
cessively part of the Territory of Louisi- sion in the Flathead Lake Valley. ... 184-5
ana, 1805; Missouri, 1812; Missouri and American Fur Company builds Fort
Oregon, 1 848 ; Washington, 1853 ; Ne- Benton 184*i
braska, 1854; Dakota and Washington, Steamboat i^2 Paso reaches the mouth of
1861 ; Idaho, 1863. Area 146,080 square Milk River 1850
miles in twenty-six counties. Population, Francis Finlay, alias " Benetsee/' a
1890, 132,159; in 1900, 243,329. Capital, half-breed Scotch-and-Indian trader, set-
Helena, tied in what is now Deer Lodge county
Sieur de la Verendrye and his sons, on Gold Creek, discovers gold 1852
with a party of explorers, leave the Lake Gov. Isaac I. Stevens explores a route
of the Woods, April 29, 1742; they reach for a Pacific Railroad from St. Paul across
the upper Missouri and Yellowstone rivers Montana to the Pacific Ocean 185:»
and arrive at the Rocky Mountains Sir George Gore leaves St. Louis with
January, 1743 forty men, explores the headwaters of
Lewis and Clarke's expedition cross Powder River, and builds a fort on Tongue
Montana to the Pacific Ocean. Returning, River, 8 miles from its junction with the
Captain Lewis descends the Missouri from Yellowstone 1855
the Great Falls, and Captain Clarke the John Silverthom trades tobacco, etc..
Yellowstone from Livingstone, and meet with " Benetsee " for gold-dust 1858
at the mouth of the Yellowstone. .. .1805 Stern - w^heel steamboat the Chippeic<i
Emanuel Lisa builds a trading-post on reaches Fort Brul6, 12 miles below **^ort
the Yellowstone 1809 Benton July 17, 1859
Gen. William H. Ashley, of St. Louis, Chippeica reaches Fort Benton, the first
builds a trading-post on the Yellowstone steamboat to arrive there, but is followed
1822 the same day by the Key West
American Fur Company builds Fort July 2, 1860
Union on the Missouri, 3 miles above the Capt. James Fisk's first expedition, con-
mouth of the Yellowstone 1829 sisting of 100 men and thirty women and
430
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— MONTANA
children from Minnesota, arrives at Gold extinguishing all registered indebtedness
Creek, Deer Lodge county .. Sept. 26, 1862 of the Territory March 1, 1883
Discovery of gold in the Alder Gulch Henry Villard, president of the North-
near present site of Virginia City, Madi* ern Pacific Railroad, completes the work
son county, by a party of prospectors con- on that road, by driving the last spike
sisting of William Fairweather and others opposite the entrance of Gold Creek into
May 22, 1863 Deer Lodge River Sept. 8, 1883
Twenty-four outlaws, including the Settlement in Deer Lodge and Gallatin
sheriff and two deputies, hanged by a vigi- counties of monogamic Mormons ex-
lance committee, and eight banished. At pelled from Utah for apostasy 1883
their trial and by confession it was found Constitutional convention meets Jan. 14,
that these outlaws had murdered 102 peo- 1884, and adjourns Feb. 9; its constitu-
ple in Montana tion was ratified by the people Nov. 4,
December, 1863-February, 1864 and submitted to Congress, asking ad-
Law creating Montana Territory out of mission into the Union 1884
a portion of Idaho approved by President First steamboat to successfully navi-
Lincoln May 26, 1864 gate the Missouri River above Great Falls
Gold discovered in " Last Chance is launched at Townsend 1886
Gulch," in Ijcwis and Clarke county, on Territorial legislature passes a local-
present site of Helena. .. .July 21, 1864 option act, and provides for the observance
Montana Postj first newspaper in the of Arbor Day 1887
Territory, started at Virginia City . . 1864 Coal-mining begun in Cascade county
First territorial legislature meets at 1888
Bannock Dec. 12, 1864 Montana admitted to the Union by act
Historical Society of Montana incor- of Congress Feb. 22, 1889
porated Feb. 2, 1865 Legislature passes an Australian ballot
First National Bank of Helena, the first act 1889
in Montana, organized 1866 Laying of the comer-stone of the new
Helena Herald first issued 1866 capitol building on July 4, 1889
Steamer Key West leaves Sioux City, Constitutional convention meets at
April 14, 1869, reaches the Yellowstone Helena, July 4, 1889; adopts a constitu-
May 6, and ascends that river to Powder tion and adjourns, Aug. 17. Constitu-
River, a distance of 245 miles 1869 tion ratified by the people, 24,676 for and
Congress sets apart a tract near the 2,274 against Oct. I, 1889
headwaters of the Yellowstone as a public Proclamation of President Harrison, ad-
park; a small portion lies in Montana, mitting Montana into the Union as a
bordering on Wyoming March 1, 1872 State Nov. 8, 1889
Expedition under Thomas P. Roberts United States penitentiary at Deer
explores the upper Missouri from the Lodge becomes the property of the State
three forks down to Fort Benton. . 1872 of Montana upon its admission 1889
Seat of government removed from Vir- Owing to a dispute concerning the elec-
ginia City to Helena 1875 tion returns in Silver Bow county, a
General Forsythe, under orders from Democratic and Republican House, each
General Sheridan, explores the Yellow- claiming a quorum of thirty members,
stone, leaving Bismarck in the steamer including those from the disputed coun-
Josephine, June 15, ascending to Huntley, ty, convene. Governor Toole, Democrat,
418 miles June, 1875 sends a message to the Senate, comprised
Sioux Indians under Sitting Bull, near of eight Republicans and eight Democrats,
the Little Big Horn River, massacre Gen. and a Republican lieutenant-governor, and
George A. Custer, with five companies to the Democratic House also. The Re-
(276 men) of the 7th Cavalry, no man publican Senate elects two United States
escaping June 26, 1876 Senators, and the House and Senate in
Fort Assiniboine, near the Milk River, joint session elect two Democratic United
established May 9, 1879 States Senators December, 1889
Uncalled territorial bonds, amounting First legislature of State meets at
to M5,000, redeemed and cancelled, thus Helena January, 1890
131
UHITED STATES OF AXBBICA— NEBRASKA
To block legislation, the eight Demo- Helena selected as capital
cratic Senators flee the State, six going November, ISM
to the Pacific coast and two to St. Paul, State University at Missoula opened
until the session expires Feb. 5, 1890 September, 18d5
Three Indian chiefs of the Comanches, Blackfeet and Fort Belknap reservations
Cheyennes, and Arapahoes, meet near opened to settlement February, 1896
Crow agency to behold the Great Spirit on First National Bank of Helena failed
the rocks (Messiah craze )... June 3, 1890 Sept. 4, 1896
Rival houses of the legislature agree; State capitol authorized; not to cc^t
the Republicans to have twenty-eight mem- over $300,000 189S
bers, the Democrats twenty-seven and the Comer-stone of the new capitol laid by
speaker, subordinate offices, and control Governor Toole July 4, 1899
of committees Jan. 29, 1891 State board of horticulture created. 1899
Montana University opened at Helena; State school of mines opened at Butte
first graduation June, 1891 Sept. 11, 1900
Sept. 1 made a legal holiday, as Labor Marcus Daly dies at New York
Day 1891 Nov. 12, 1900
Legislature failing to elect a United Amendment to the constitution in refer-
States Senator, the governor appoints Lee ence to the Supreme Court carried . . 1900
Mantle, which appointee the Senate refuses Railroad accident killing about forty
to seat Aug. 28, 1893 persons Aug. 31, 1901
Nebraska, the thirty-seventh State of Congress organizes the TerritoTy of Ne-
the Union in the order of admission, bor- braska between lat. 40** and 49**, and be-
ders upon the Missouri River between lat. tween the Missouri River and Minnesota
40" and 43° N., from which river it ex- on the east and Utah Territory on the
tends west from long. 95° 23' for a dis- west May '30, 1854
tance of about 420 miles to long. 104**. It Francis Burt, appointed governor, dies
is bounded north by South Dakota, east by soon after reaching the Territory ; Thomas
Iowa and Missouri, south by Kansas and B. Cuming acting governor ... Oct. 13, 1854
Colorado, which cuts off a square from the Legislature and delegates to Congress
southwestern part of the State, and on the first elected Dec. 12, 1854
west by Colorado and Wyoming. Area, First legislature convenes at Omaha
76,855 square miles in ninety counties. Jan. 16, 1855
Population, 1890, 1,058,910; 1900, 1,066,- Capitol at Omaha completed
300. Capital, Lincoln. January, 1858
Emanuel Lisa founds a trading-post at Governor Black issues a proclamation
Bellevue 1805 calling out volunteers for the Federal
American Fur Company founds a fort army May 1, 1861
at Belle\Tie, 1810, where Col. Peter A. Act to enable the people to form a State
Sarpy locates as their representative. 1824 government April 19, 1864
Fort Kearney, on the Platte, establish- Constitution framed by convention, Feb.
ed for the protection of the Oregon.. 1848 9, 1866: ratified by the people, 3,938 for
Most of the present Nebraska, and much and 3.838 against June 21, 1866
more on the north, was acquired from Act to admit Nebraska as a State is
France by treaty ceding Txiuisiana in passed over a veto, " upon the fundamental
1803. It became a portion of the Terri- condition that within the State of Ne-
tory of Louisiana in 1805. and a part of bra.ska there should be no denial of the
the Indian country in 1834. That part elective franchise or of any other right
west of long. 103° was acquired from to any person by reason of race or color,
Mexico by the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidal- except Indians not taxed"; the Nebraska
go, proclaimed July 4, 1848 legislature accepting these conditions
Omaha founded 1854 Feb. 8-9, 1867
432
UNITED STATES OF AMEEICA— NEBRASKA
Act admitting Nebraska accepted by This writ was issued by Judge Dundy, of
legislature Feb. 20, 1867 the United States district court of Ne-
Nebraska admitted by proclamation of braska, who decides that an Indian has a
President Johnson March 1, 1867 right to a habeas corpus in a federal court.
A band of Indians wreck a freight train The Secretary of War at Washington
by placing obstructions on the track, and issues immediate orders for the release
murder all the train hands. General of Standing Bear and his followers
Augur sends a detachment of troops, who May 13, 1879
engage 500 Sioux Indians in battle at New school law, repealing and remodel-
Plum Creek, near Omaha.. Aug. 16, 1867 ling the old system of public instruction.
Seat of government removed from passed by legislature 1881
Omaha to a point in Lancaster county State home for the friendless located
named Lincoln, in honor of President at Lincoln, founded by act of legislature
Lincoln 1867 in 1881, is opened Jan. 1, 1882
Union Pacific Railroad, chartered by Gates College, at Neligh, chartered in
act of Congress, July 1, 1862, is opened for 1881 ; opened 1882
traffic May 10, 1869 At State election E. P. Ingersoll, presi-
Legislature ratifies the Fifteenth dent of the State Farmers' Alliance and
Amendment Feb. 17, 1870 candidate of the Greenback and Anti-mo-
State board of three commissioners of nopoly parties, receives 16,991 votes, as
immigration provided for by act of against 28,562 for J. S, Morton, Democrat,
legislature 1870 and 43,495 for James W. Dawes, Repub-
Gov. David P. Butler impeached for lican November, 1882
corruption in office, in appropriating to Amendment to the constitution extend-
his own use $17,000 of school fund ing suffrage to women rejected; 25,756 for
June 2, 1871 and 50,693 against November, 1882
Omaha Daily Bee established by Ed- Nebraska Central College, at Central
ward Rosewater at Omaha 1871 City, chartered and opened 1885
University of Nebraska, at Lincoln, Soldiers' and sailors home at Grand
chartered 1869, opened 1871 Island opened July, 1888
Nebraska Relief and Aid Society, Gen. First Monday in September made a legal
E. O. C. Ord at the head, organized at re- holiday (Labor Day) 1889
quest of the governor to relieve sufiTerers Industrial home for women and girls
from famine caused by drought and locusts at Milford opened May 1, 1889
Sept. 18, 1874 Asylum for incurable insane at Hastings
Legislature authorizes $50,000 in State opened Aug. 1, 1889
bonds for relief of sufferers by locusts and Convention of 250 delegates represent-
famine 1875 ing Kansas, Iowa, North Dakota, South
New constitution framed by a conven- Dakota, and Nebraska, meets at Omaha
tion which met at Lincoln, May 11, 1875, to unite in a central prohibition organiza-
completing its labors June 12, is ratified tion Dec. 18, 1889
by the people Oct. 12, 1876 At State election the vote for governor
Convention of governors from the West- stands as follows: James E. Boyd, Demo-
ern States and Territories at Omaha to crat, 71,331; John H. Powers, People's In-
consider the grasshopper pest dependent, 70,187 ; Lucius D. Richards, Re-
October, 1876 publican, 68,878; B. L. Paine, Prohibition,
Ponco chief Standing Bear and twenty- 3,676. A separate vote on adding a pro-
five followers on their way from the Ind- hibitory liquor clause to the constitution
ian Territory, which they left in January, stood: For the amendment, 82,292;
1879, to their old home in Dakota are ar- against, 111,728 November, 1890
rested on the Omaha reservation by Briga- Candidates on the Independent ticket
dier-General Crook, to be returned to the prepare to contest the election, and taking
Indian Territory. On April 8, H. Tibbies, of testimony begins at Lincoln . Dec. 5, 1890
assistant editor of the Omaha Herald, ap- The three candidates (Democrat, Re-
plies for a writ of habeas corpus on their publican, and Independent) claim the gov-
behalf, to be served on General Crook, ernorship Jan. 9, 1891
IX.— 2 E 433
*»
tXNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— NEVADA
Governor Thayer surrenders possession Members of the State board of public
of the executive apartments to Boyd under lands and buildings impeached
protest Jan. 15, 1891 April, 1893
Supreme Court of the State gives a de- [Acquitted June 6, 1893.]
cision ousting Boyd on ground that he is an Newberry law, establishing maximum
alien and reinstating Thayer. .May 5, 1891 lailroad rates, takes effect. . . .Aug. 1. 1893
Ex-(tov. David Butler dies near Paw- United States Senator Allen makes the
nee City May 25, 1891 longest continuous speech (on the silver-
Eight-hour law goes into effect purchase repeal bill) ever delivered in
Aug. 1, 1891 the United States Senate, speaking four-
United States Supreme Court declares teen and three-quarter hours.
James K. Boyd to be the rightful governor Oct. 13, 1893
of the State Feb. 1, 1892 Inter-State irrigation congress meets at
Public demonstration in honor of inau- Omaha March 21, 1894
guration of Governor Boyd takes place at The legislature of Nebraska adopts the
Lincoln Feb. 15, 1892 golden-rod as the State floral emblem
Silver anniversary of Nebraska cele- 189*i
brated at Lincoln May 25, 1892 The trans-Mississippi international ex-
First National Convention of People's position opened June 1, 1898
party at Omaha nominate Weaver and Sugar-ljeet growing by convicts tried a
Field for President and Vice-President an experiment, on a small scale, and
July 4-5, 1892 found profitable 1990
NEVADA
Nevada, one of the Western States of through Nevada down the Humboldt in
the American Union, is bounded north wagons on their way to California. .1844
by Oregon and Idaho, east by Utah Gen. J. C. Fremont's expedition crosses
and Arizona, south by Arizona and Cal- Nevada from near Pilot Knob into Cali-
ifornia, and west by California. It is fornia 1845
limit€»d in latitude by 35** to 42° N., and Nevada included in the territory coded
in longitude by 114° to 120° W.: and to the United States by the treaty of
has an area of 110,700 square miles in Guadalupe-Hidalgo Feb. 2, 1843
fourteen counties. Population in 1890, H. S. Bea tie takes possession of the pres-
45,761 ; 1900, 42,335. Capital, Carson ent site of Genoa, erects a log-house, and
City. opens a supply depot for emigrants. . .1849
Father Francisco Garc(^s sets out Gold discovered in small quantities in
from Sonora for California, and passes Gold Cation, near Dayton, by Abner Black-
through the southern portion of Nevada burn Tuly. 1849
1775 An immigrant named Hardin discovers
Peter Skeen Ogden, of the Hudson Bay silver in the Black Rock range, IVs miles
Fur Company, discovers the Humboldt from the place settled in I860 as Hardin-
River ' 1825 ville 1849
Jedediah S. Smith crosses the south- Nevada included in the Territory of
east corner of Nevada on his way from Utah by act Sept. 9, 1850
Great Salt Lake to I^-os Angeles, Cal., and Trading-post erected on land where Car-
on his return crosses the Sierra Nevada son City now stands 1851
and the entire State of Nevada from west E. Allen and Hosea B. Grosch discover
to east 1827 silver ore in Gold Cafion 1853
Joseph Walker and thirty-five or forty Carson City laid out in Eagle Valley by
men, trappers, pass through Nevada from Abraham V. Z. Curry, who built a stone
Great Salt Lake by the Humboldt River house there 1858
into California. 1832-33 Chinese first introduced into Nevada to
A party under Elisha Stevens, some- work on a mining-ditch at Grold Cafion
times called the Murphy Company, pass 1858
434
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— NEVADA
Territorial Enterprise started at Genoa tersect and drain the Comstock lode at
by William L. Jcrnegan and A. James a depth of 1,600 feet Feb. 4, 1865
Dec. 18, 1858 Eastern boundary of Nevada extended
Penrod Comstock & Co. discover the so- one degree by act of Congress
called Comstock lode in Six-Mile Cafion May 5, 1866
June 11, 1859 First railroad locomotive enters the
First settlement on the site of Reno State, running from the California side
made by C. W. Fuller 1859 to CrysUl Peak 1867
A constitution for the unorganized United States Supreme Court declares
Territory of Nevada, prepared in unconstitutional an act of Nevada legis-
July. is adopted by the people lature levying a capitation tax of $1 on
Sept. 7, 1859 every penson leaving the State by any rail-
First pony express reaches Carson Val- road, stage-coach, or other carrier of pas-
ley in eight and a half days from St. seyigers 1868
Joseph, Mo. The news by it is telegraphed Legislature ratifies Fifteenth Amend-
to San Francisco and published there mcnt to the Constitution of the United
in nine days from New York States March 1, 1869
April 12, 1860 United States branch mint at Carson
First Catholic church in Nevada erected City, founded in 1866, begins operations
at Genoa by Father Gallagher 1860 Nov. 1, 1869
War between the settlers and the Pah- Corner-stone of the State capitol laid,
Utes Indians opens by an attack on Will- June 9, 1870, and building completed and
iams Station, May 7. Battle at Pyramid occupied August, 1871
Lake fought May 12, and at Fort Storey, Lieutenant-Governor Denver refuses to
June 3, after which the Indians disperse surrender the State prison to his successor
1860 in office, P. C. Hyman, until compelled by
Territory of Nevada organized by Con- militia and sixty armed men under Gen-
gress March 2, 1861 eral Van Bokkelen, with one piece of artil-
Jesse L. Bennett, a Methodist preacher lery 1873
in Carson Valley during 1859, delivers the State University of Nevada, chartered
first sermon ever preached in Virginia in 1864, is opened at Elko 1874-
City, then the capital 1861 Bishop Whitaker's school for girls open-
Governor Nye proclaims the Territory ed at Reno 1876
organized July 11, 1861 Legislature by joint resolution amends
Carson City declared the permanent seat the constitution so as to exclude from the
of government by act of the legislature privilege of electors any bigamist or
Nov. 25, 1861 polygamist 1877
Butler Ives, commissioner on the part State fish commission appointed by act
of Nevada, and John F. Kidder, of Call- of legislature, and a hatchery established
fornia, meet in Lake Valley to establish at Carson City 1878
the boundary-line between California and Completion of the Sutro tunnel cele-
Nevada May 22, 1863 brated in the Carson Valley
Discovery of a salt basin five miles June 30, 1879
square, near the sink of the Carson River, Nickel-mines discovered in Humboldt
containing pure rock-salt to a depth of county 1882
14 feet 1864 L^nited States branch mint at Carson
Under act of March 21, 1864, a con- City closed 1885
vention to form a State constitution State university removed from Elko to
meets at Carson City, July 4; Nevada Reno and reopened March, 1886
was admitted by proclamation Acts of legislature passed providing for
Oct. 31, 1864 State immigration bureau and for the
Freemasonry established in the State observance of Arbor Day in the State
in February, 1862, and the grand lodge of 1887
Nevada organized January, 1865 Fourteen constitutional amendments
Sutro Tunnel Company chartered to voted upon by the people, who reject one
build a tunnel some 4 miles long to in- to authorize lotteries, and adopt one giv-
435
tXNITED STATES OF AHEBICA— NEW HAMPSHIBE
ing women the right to hold school offices. Governor Stevenson dies, and is succeed-
Election held Feb. 11, 1889 ed by Lieut.-Gov. Frank Bell, acting
Legislature appropriates $100,000 for a Sept- 21, IS^)
hydrographic survey of the State, and Twenty-five of the twenty-eight consti-
provides for State board of reclamation tutional amendments proposed in 1S91 or-
and internal improvement 1889 dered submitted to the people 1894. .l&^i
NEW HAHPSHIBE
New Hampshirey one of the Eastern quests, goes to a grandson, Robert Tuftnn.
States of the American Union, lies between who takes the surname of Mason. . . .16:13
Maine on the east and Vermont and Que- George Burdet, a clergyman from Yar-
bec on the west, from which it is separated mouth, England, succeeds Wiggin as pnT-
by the Connecticut River. Quebec bounds ernor of the Dover plantations 163fi
it on the north and Massachusetts on the Rev. John Wheelwright, banished from
south. The Atlantic, on the southeast cor- Boston as a result of the Antinomian Con-
ner, forms a coast-line of 18 miles, afford- troversy, and a few friends settle Exeter,
ing a good harbor at Portsmouth. Area, and form a government with elections hy
0,305 square miles, in ten counties. Popu- the people l^^S
lation, 1890, 376,530; 1900, 411,588. Capi- Hampton, considered as belonging to the
tal, Concord. colony of Massachusetts, founded. . .lt53S
New Hampshire formed a part of the Burdet succeeded by Capt. John Un-
grant to the colonies of Virginia and Plym- derhill 16S>i
outh, extending from lat. 34** to lat. 45® People of Portsmouth form a provision-
N April 10, 1606 al government 163^1
Capt. John Smith, ranging the shore Provisional government established at
of New England, explores the harbor of Dover Oct. 22, 1540
Piscataqua 1614 Four governments in New Hampshire
Ferdinando Gorges and Capt. John subscribe to a union with Massaohusett*.
Mason, members of the Plymouth coun- April 14, 1641, which goes into efTeet, giv-
cil, obtain a joint grant of the prov- ing New Hampshire's representatives »
ince of Laconia, comprising all the land vote in town affairs without regard to tp-
between the Merrimac River, the Great ligious qualifications Oct. 9, 1641
Lakes, and river of Canada Colonies of Connecticut, New Haven,
Aug. 10, 1622 New Plymouth, and Massachusetts fin-
Gorges and Mason establish a settle- eluding New Hampshire) form a eonfed-
ment at the mouth of the Piscataqua, call- eracy 1642
ing the place Little Harbor, and another White Mountains explored by Captain
settlement, 8 miles farther up the river, Neal 1642
Dover 1623 Quakers William Robinson and Marma-
Mason, having agreed with Gorges to duke Stevenson executed for returning
make the Piscataqua the divisional line, to the province after banishment
takes from the Plymouth council a patent Oct. 27, 1659
of that portion lying between that river William Leddra hanged for being a Qna-
and the Merrimac, and calls it New Hamp- ker March 14, 1660
shire Nov. 7, 1629 Warrant issued at Dover, directing three
Company of Laconia dividing their in- Quakeresses to be whipped out of the
terests. Mason procures for himself a char- province. Stripped and tied to a cart,
ter of Portsmouth 1631 they are publicly whipped at Dover and
Towns of Portsmouth and Northam laid Hampton, but freed at Salisbury through
out 1633 the agency of Walter Barefoot
A number of families from England set- December, 1662
tie on Dover Neck and build a fortified Indians in King Philip's War ravage
church 1633 Somersworth and Durham, and between
Mason's estate, after a few specific be- Exeter and Hampton. . ..September, 1675
436
tXNITED STATES OF AHEBICA— NEW HAHPSHIBE
Four hundred Indians captured by Mason heirs by Samuel Alien, of Lon-
strategy at Dover. Seven or eight are put don, who prevents its insertion in the
to death, 200 discharged, and the balance charter of William and Mary, and becomes
sold in foreign parts as slaves its governor, appointing his son-in-law,
Sept. 7, 1676 John Usher, as lieutenant-governor
King's bench decided that Massachu- March 1, 1692
setts had no jurisdiction over New Hamp- Law passed requiring each town to pro-
shire and Mason's heirs none within the vide a school-master, Dover excepted, it
territory they claimed. To establish then being too much impoverished by Ind-
Mason's title, the King makes New Hamp- ian raids to do so 1693
shire a distinct province, with John Cutts, Sieur de Villieu, and 250 Indians, ap-
of Portsmouth, president ... Sept. 8, 1679 proach Durham undiscovered, and, wait-
Royal commission declaring New Hamp- ing in ambush during the night, at sun-
shire a royal province reaches Portsmouth rise attack the place, destroy five houses,
Jan. 1, 1680 and carry away 100 captives
President Cutts dies, and is succeeded by July 17, 1694
Maj. Richard Waldron, of Dover Richard, Earl of Bellomont, is install-
April 5, 1681 ed governor of New York, Ma.ssachu setts,
Mason surrenders one-fifth of his quit and New Hampshire; council and courts
rents from the province to Charles II., and reorganized of opponents of the Mason
thus secures the appointment of Edward claim July 31, 1699
Cranfield as lieutenant-governor, with ex- Earl of Bellomont dies at New York,
traordinary powers and devoted to his in- March 5, 1701, and Joseph Dudley is
terests Jan. 25, 1682 appointed governor of Massachusetts
Cranfield suspends Waldron and Richard and New Hampshire by Queen Anne
Martyn, both popular leaders, from the 1701
council May 15, 1682 An attack of Indians on Durham is re-
Edward Gove, voicing the popular feel- pulsed by a few women in disguise firing
ing against Governor Cranfield, with a upon the Indians, who suppose the place
tumultuous body from Exeter and Hamp- well garrisoned April, 1706
ton, declares for liberty and reform. Find- Indian hostilities cease on the arrival
ing the people not yet ready for revolt, of news of the treaty of Utrecht, and a
he surrenders, is convicted of high treason, treaty ratified with them. . . .July 11, 1713
and imprisoned in the Tower of London George Vaughan made lieutenant-gov-
1683 emor and Samuel Shute commander-in
People, called upon by the governor to chief of the province Oct. 13, 1716
take leases from Mason, refuse to acknowl- Vaughan superseded by John Wenir
edge his claim Feb. 14, 1683 worth, by commission signed by Joseph
Assembly refuse money for the Cran- Addison, English Secretary of State
field government 1684 Dec. 7, 1717
Cranfield, by authority of the governor Sixteen Scottish families settle at Lon-
and council, without the concurrence of donderry, and the first Presbyterian church
the Assembly, imposes taxes: but, unable in New England is organized by Rev.
to enforce payment, obtains a leave of ab- James McGregorie 1719
sence, and returns to England, Walter Capt. John Tx)vewell makes his first
Barefoot, his deputy, succeeding as chief excursion against the Indians in New
magistrate Jan. 9, 1685 Hampshire December, 1724
Indians attack Dover; surprise Major A grant of land made by New Hamp-
Waldron in his own home, and massacre shire to the survivors of the Lovewell
him and many other settlers, taking twen- defeat at Fryeburg, Me., overlaps a sim-
ty-nine captives, whom they sell as slaves ilar grant by Massachusetts in Bow coun-
to the French in Canada. . . .Jan. 27, 1689 ty, which leads to a boundary litigation
People of New Hampshire effect a gov- between New Hampshire and Massachu-
emmental union with Massachusetts setts, which lasts forty years. Grants
March 12, 1690 made May 18-20, 1727
New Hampshire is purchased from the Duration of Assembly limited to three
437
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— NEW HAMPSHISE
yesLTs unless sooner dissolved by tlie jOfov- Dartmouth College at Hanover chart er-
ernor Nov. 21, 1727 ed Dec. 30. ITti?
David Dunbar appointed lieutenant-^ov- Nathaniel Folsom and John Sullivan j>
crnor June 24, 1731 pointed delegates to Congress at PhiU-
New Hampshire petitioning the ero>vn delphia by a convention of eighty -tivr
in 1732 to decide the boundary question, deputies, which meets at Exeter
obtains a royal order appointing commis- July 14, 1774
sioners, from the councillors of the neigh- By the request of a committee of ib*
boring provinces, to decide the question; people, a cargo of tea consigned to a Mr.
board meets at Hampton August. 1737 Parry, of Portsmouth, is reshipped to Ha>
Commissioners fix upon the present east- ifax, Jan. 25. 1774. A second cargo e^^ri-
crn l)oundary of New Hampshire. For the signed to Parry arriving, the people ai-
southern lx)undary an appeal is made to tack his house, and quiet is only restored
<jreorge III., who decides upon the present by sending of the vessel to Halifax
line, giving New Hampshire a territory Sept. 8. 1774
50 miles long by 14 broad in excess of her Town committee of Portsmouth, hearin.:
claim March 5, 1740 of the order by King in council prohibit
Bennington Wentworth appointed gov- ing exportation of gunpowder to Araerie*.
ernor and commander • in - chief of New seize the garrison at Fort WilHam and
Hampshire 1741 Mary, and carry off 100 barrels of gun
George Whitefield preaches in New powder, Dec. 11; next day they remove
Hampshire 1744 fifteen cannon, with small-arms and war-
Indian depredations in the New Hamp- like stores Dec. 12, 1774
shire settlements; attacks on Keene, Num- Armed men dismantle a battery at Jer-
ber Four ( Charlestown ) , Rochester, capt- ry*8 Point on Great Island, and bring eight
lire of Fort Massachusetts at Hoosuck pieces of cannon to Portsmouth
April-Aug. 20, 1746 May 26, 177.i
Three companies of ra-ngers under Rob- Convention of the people assembles a:
€rt Rogers and the two brothers John Exeter June, 1775
and William Stark, formed from the New New Hampshire troops in the battle of
Hampshire troops by the express desire Bunker Hill June 17, 1775
of Lord Loudon 1756 Governor Wentworth convenes the As-
First newspaper in New Hampshire and sembly, June 12, and recommends the con-
ihe oldest in New England, New Hamp- ciliatory proposition of Lord North, io
shire Oazettc, published at Portsmouth which the House gives no heed. They
August, 1756 expel three new royalist members, and
On application of New York, the King the governor adjourns the Assembly to
in council declares the western bank of the Sept. 28, and sails for Boston. From th*
Connecticut River the boundary between Isles of Shoals he adjourns the Assembly
New Hampshire and New York until April, 1776, his last official act
July 20, 1764 September, 1775
Concord, settled in 1727, called Rumford A constitution for New Hampshire i.*
in 1733, takes the name of Concord. .1765 framed by a Congress styling itself the
George Meserve appointed stamp dis- House of Representatives, which a4«sem-
tributer for New Hampshire, resigns his hies at Exeter, Dec. 21, 1776, and corn-
office before landing at Boston, Sept. 9, pletes its labors Jan. 5, 1776
1765, compelled to make a formal resig- Under the new form of government,
nation, Sept. 18. It being suspected that Meshech Weare is appointed president of
he still intended to distribute the stamped the council and of an executive committee
paper, he is compelled to give up his chosen to sit during the recess of the conn-
commission, and is sent back to England cil, as president of New Hampshire. .1776
Jan. 9, 1766 John Sullivan, of New Hampshire, ap-
John Wentworth, appointed governor pointed brigadier-general by Congress
in place of his uncle, removed by the Brit- 1776
ish ministry on charge of neglect of duty Ship-of-war Raleigh built at Portsmouth
Aug. 11, 1767 bv decree of Congress 1776
438*
UNITED STATES OF AHEKECA— NEW HAHPSHIBE
A convention of both houses reports a An academy, the second in the State,
declaration of independence, which was opened at New Ipswich 1789
adopted and sent forthwith to the dele- Publication of Concord Herald begun
gates of New Hampshire in Congress by George Hough Jan. 5, 1790
June 15, 1776 Academies incorporated at Atkinson
Declaration of Independence of the and Amherst 1791
United States signed by Josiah Bartlett Four post-routes appointed through the
and William Whipple, of New Hampshire, interior of the State 1791
Aug. 2, 1776, and by a third representa- New Hampshire Medical Society in-
tive from the State, Matthew Thornton corpora ted 1791
November, 1776 Bank established at Portsmouth. . 1792
New Hampshire troops engage in the Convention assembles at Concord, Sept.
battle of Bennington, under John Stark, 7. 1791, revises the State constitution,
who is made brigadier-general by Congress changes the title of the chief magistrate
Aug. 18, 1777 from president to governor, and completes
Articles of Confederation ratified by its labors Sept. 5, 1792
New Hampshire, March 4, 1778, and signed Elder Jesse Lee, coming from Virginia,
by the State representatives at Philadel- visits New Hampshire; founds the first
phia, Josiah Bartlett and John Went- Methodist society in the State 1792
worth Aug. 8, 1778 A privateer ship, the McClary, fitted
Phillips Academy at Exeter founded out during the war at Portsmouth under
1781 the sanction of the legislature, capt-
Daniel Webster born at Franklin, N. H. ures an American merchant ship, the
Jan. 18, 1782 Susanna^ bound for an enemy's port laden
Sixteen towns, on the eastern side of with supplies. The matter is brought into
the Connecticut River refuse to send court, and the United States court of ap-
delegates to a constitutional conven- peals reverses the judgment of the State
tion in New Hampshire, and desire to court and awards $32,721.36 damages to
be admitted into the new State of the owners of the Susanna. The legislat-
Vermont. Vermont agrees to accept these ure of New Hampshire, in special session,
additional towns, but Congress in its prepares a spirited remonstrance against
act of admission makes it an indis- this action as " a violation of State inde-
pensable preliminary that the revolted pendence and an unwarrantable encroach-
towns shall be restored to New Hamp- ment in the courts of the United States"
shire. The towns at last accept the sit- 1794
uation and become part of New Hampshire Bridge constructed over the Piscataqua
1782 near Portsmouth, from Newington to Dur-
A convention which meets at Concord, ham, nearly half a mile in length 1794
June 10, 1778, frames a constitution which First New Hampshire turnpike, ex-
is rejected by the people. A new con- tending from Concord to the Piscataqua
vention meets at Exeter in 1781, and after bridge, chartered 1796
two years a constitution is framed which Keene Sentinel established at Keene
goes into eflfeet June 2, 1784 March, 1799
John Langdon and Nicholas Oilman. New Hampshire Missionary Society, the
delegates from New Hampshire, sign the earliest charitable society of a religious
Constitution of the United States character in the State, incorporated. .1801
Sept. 17, 1787 Farmer's Cabinet published at Amherst
Convention assembles at Exeter, Feb. Nov. 11, 1802
13, adjourns to Concord, and ratifies the First cotton factory in State erected at
Constitution of the United States by a New Ipswich 1803
vote of 57 to 47 June 21, 1788 Piscataqua Evangelical Magazine pub-
President Washington, on a tour of lished at Portsmouth 1805
observation, arrives at Portsmouth Law passed dividing towns into school
Oct. 30, 1789 districts 1805
Portsmouth Journal established at From the preaching and teachings of
Portsmouth 1789 Mr. Murray in 1773, the Universalists are
439
tXKITED STATES OF AXEBICA— NEW HAMPSHIBE
recognized as a religious sect in New
Hampshire June 13, 1805
From 1680 to 1775 the seat of govern-
ment was at Portsmouth. From 1775 to
1807 the legislature adjourned from town
to town, assembling at Exeter, Concord,
New Hampshire, is succeeded by Joseph
M. Harper, acting governor
February, 1831
. Nashua and Lowell Railroad incorpo-
rated 1836
Act passed providing for a scientific.
Hopkinton, Dover, Amherst, Charlestown, geological, and mineralogical survey of
and Hanover. The legislature of 1807 ad- the State July 3, 1839
journs from Hopkinton to Concord for Office of State commissioner of common
regular sessions 1807 schools created 1846
New Hampshire Iron Factory Company,
incorporated at Franconia in 1805, erects
and puts in operation a blast-furnace. 1811
Horace Greeley born at Amherst
Feb. 3, 1811
New Hampshire troops, under Gen. John
McNiel, take part in the battle of Chip-
pewa, July 5, 1814, and at Niagara
July 25, 1814
Law passed giving to the State complete
Law authorizing towns to establish
public libraries 1849
Office of school commissioner abolished;
a board of education constituted of county
school commissioners June, 1850
Democratic National Convention at
Baltimore, Md., nominates Gen. Franklin
Pierce, of New Hampshire, for President
May 9, 1852
New Hampshire conference seminary
jurisdiction over Dartmouth College, the and female college at Tilton, opened 1845,
charter for which requires the trustees,
professors, tutors, and officers to take the
oath of allegiance to the British King
June 27, 1816
Trustees and overseers of Dartmouth
College, summoned by the governor to
receives its charter 1852
Property qualification for State officers
abolished 1852
Franklin Pierce inaugurated President
March 4, 1853
Gold discovered at Plainfield, in the
meet at Hanover, Aug. 26, 1816, refuse Connecticut Valley 1854
to act under the law of June 27, or to re- State teachers' association incorporated
port to the governor as requested 1854
Aug. 28, 1816 First regiment of Federal troops leaves
President John Wheelock, of Dartmouth Concord for the seat of war
College, dies April 4, 1817 May 25, 1861
President James Monroe, on his tour of Franklin Pierce's remarkable speech at
the Northern States, visits Portsmouth, Concord on the "war" July 4, 1863
Dover, Concord, and Hanover 1817 Soldiers' voting bill, passed Aug. 17,
State-house at Concord erected. .1817 is returned Aug. 26 with a veto, but be-
Gen. Benjamin Pierce appointed sheriff comes a law because retained in the gov-
of Hillsborough county by Governor
Plumer, liberates three aged men confined
for debt in Amherst jail, by paying their
debts Nov. 20, 1818
ernor's hands more than five days
Aug.' 17, 1864
Law authorizing a commissioner to edit
early provincial records, and Rev. Dr.
Toleration law making all religious Bouton, of Concord, chosen 1866
sects on equal grounds and dependent on Office of superintendent of public in-
voluntary contributions 1819 struction created 1867
Control of Dartmouth College, after two Revision and codification of the laws,
years more of litigation, awarded by the ordered by the legislature of 1865, com-
Supreme Court of the United States to the pleted 1867
trustees 1819 New Hampshire College of Agriculture
Law of June 29. 1821, imposing an an- and the Mechanic Arts, at Hanover, char-
nual tax of one-half of 1 per cent, on the tered 18C6, opened Sept. 4, 1868
capital stock of banks, for school purposes. Legislature ratifies the Fifteenth
The sum accrued is divided among the Amendment to the United States Consti-
towns 1829 tution July 1, 1869
Gov. Matthew Harvey, appointed judge City training-school, Manchester,
of the United States district court for opened 1869
440
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— NEW HAMPSHIBE
Ex-President Pierce dies at Concord State soldiers' home established at Til-
Oct. 8, 1869 ton, 1889; dedicated Dec. 3, 1890
Labor Reform party holds its first State Hiram A. Tuttle elected gOTernor by
convention Jan. 28, 1870 legislature. Jan. 7, 1891
Act passed creating a State board of J. H. Gal linger elected United States
agriculture 1870 Senator Jan. 20, 1891
James A. Weston, Democrat, receives Legislature makes the first Monday in
34,700 votes for governor, and James Pike, September (Labor Day) a legal holiday.
Republican, 33,892. The legislature elects directs removal of the New Hampshire
Weston by 326 to 159 June, 1871 College of Agriculture and the Mechanic
Orphans* home and school of industry Arts fro.m Hanover to the farm of the late
on the ancestral Webster farm, near Benjamin Thompson, of Durham, and
Franklin, opened 1871 passes a secret or Australian ballot act
Compulsory attendance school law goes at its session Jan. 7-April 11, 1891
into effect 1871 Ex-Gov. Samuel W. Hale dies at Brook-
Weston re-elected by the legislature, no lyn, aged sixty-eight Oct. 16, 1891
choice by the people; legislature meets Monument to Matthew Thornton, signer
June 3, 1874 of the Declaration of Independence, erect-
There being no choice for governor at ed by legislative authority, dedicated at
the election, March 9, 1875, Person C. Merrimac May 27, 1892
Cheney is chosen by the legislature Statue of John P. Hale, donated by his
June 9, 1875 son-in-law, W. E. Chandler, unveiled in
Thirteen amendments to the constitu- the State-house yard. Concord
tion, proposed by a convention at Concord, Aug. 31, 1892
Dec. 6 to 16, 1876, are adopted except two, -John Greenleaf Whittier, born 1807,
one of which was " to strike out the word dies at Hampton Falls Sept. 7, 1892
Protestant" in the Bill of Rights 1877 Vote for governor: John B. Smith, Re-
Prohibitionists in State convention at publican, 43,676; Luther F. McKinney,
Nashua adopt a constitution for the State Democrat, 41,501; Edgar L. Carr, Pro-
temperance union June 7-8, 1882 hibition, 1,563; scattering, 320
Bronze statue of Daniel Webster, 8 feet November, 1892
in height, cast at Munich, and gift of Insane asylum at Dover burned; forty-
Benjamin P. Cheney, is erected in the five lives lost Feb. 9, 1893
State-house park. Concord, and dedicated Monument to Ma j. -Gen. John Sullivan,
June 17, 1886 erected by legislative authority, dedicated
For governor: David H. Goodell, Repub- at Durham Sept. 27, 1894
lican, 44,809 votes; Charles H. Amsden, Vote for governor: Charles A. Busiel,
Democrat, 44,093 ; Edgar L. Carr, Prohi- Republican. 46,491 ; Henry O. Kent, Demo-
bition, 1,567; the choice devolves upon the crat, 33,959; Daniel C. Knowles, Pro-
legislature November, 1888 hibition, 1,750; scattering, 856
State constitutional convention meets November, 1894
at Concord, Jan. 2, 1889; among the seven State library and Supreme Court build-
amendments submitted to the people one ing erected at a cost of $300,000, dedicated
favoring prohibition is lost at Concord Jan. 8, 1895
March 12, 1889 Vote for governor: Greorge A. Ramsdell,
Legislature elects Goodell governor by Republican, 48,387; Henry O. Kent,
168 to 114 June 5, 1889 Democrat, 28,333; John C. Berry, Prohi-
Statue of Gen. John Stark, for which bition, 1,057; scattering, 1,015
the legislature appropriated $12,000, un- November, 1896
veiled in the State-house yard, Concord Vote for governor: Frank W. Rollins,
Oct. 23, 1890 Republican, 44,730; Charles F. Stone,
Vote for governor: Hiram A. Tuttle, Democrat, 35,653; Augustus G. Stevens,
Republican, 42,479; Charles H. Amsden, Prohibition, 1,338; scattering, 749
Democrat, 42,386; Josiah M. Fletcher, November, 1898
Prohibition, 1,363; no choice Ex-Gov. Frederick Smith dies
November, 1890 April 22, 1899
441
tXHITED STATES OF AlCEBICA— NEW JEBSET
Old Home Week firnt celebrated in fifty Republican, 53,891 ; Frederick E. Potter,
cities and towns August. ISDil Democrat, 34,956; Josiah M. Fletcher.
Seveniy towns celebrate Old Ht»me Week Prohibition, 1,182; scattering. 764
August. 1900 November. 1900
Joint presentation of bronze tablets to One hundred towns celebrate Old Homt
battle-^hips Kiarsarpr and Alabama by Week August. 194)1
p«*ople of New Hampshire, (lovernor John- Centennial anniversary of the gradu-
««ton and staff, of Alabama, attending, at ation of Daniel Webster from Dartmouth
Portsmouth Septeniln'r, 1900 celebrated by the college and State at
Vote for governor: Chester B. Jordan, Hanover September, 19Ul
NEW JERSEY
New Jersey, one of the middle Atlantic and establish the first permanent settle-
States of the United States of America, ment in New Jersey Oct, 28, 16tW
lies between lat. 38° 56' and 41** 21' Philip Carteret, appointed first English
N., and long. 73° 53' 51" and 75** 33' governor of New Jersey, arrives at
W. It is bounded on the north by New Elizabethtown with thirty settlers
York, east by New York and Atlantic August. 1665
Ocean, south by Delaware Bay, and west Newark settled by thirty families from
by Delaware and Pennsylvania, from which Connecticut May 17, 1666
it is sepn rated by the Delaware River. Grant of 276 acres issued for Hoboken
Area, 8,715 square miles, in twenty-one May 12, 1668
counties. Population in 1890, 1,444,933; Session of the first legislative Assembly
1900, 1,883,669. Capital, Trenton. of New Jersey held at Elizabethtown
Henry Hudson, in the ship Half Moon, May 26, 1668
enters Delaware Bay, Aug. 28. 1609, and Bergen chartered Sept. 22, 1668
coasts the eastern shore of New Jersey Settlers under grants from Governor
on his way to Sandy Hook, where he Nicholls form an independent government
anchors Sept. 3, 1609 whose deputies at Elizabethtown ele<?t
First Dutch settlement on the Delaware James Carteret governor May 14, 1672
is made near Gloucester, N. J., where Fort Gov. Philip Carteret returns to England
Nassau is built 1623 to lay the matter of the government of
Capt. Thomas Young, receiving a commis- New Jersey before the proprietors 1672
sion from Charles I., sails up the Delaware First Friends' meeting - house built at
River to Trenton Falls Sept. 1, 1634 Shrewsbury 1672
Number of English families settle on I^ord Berkeley sells his half interest in
Salem Creek, at a place called by the Ind- the province to two English Quakers, John
ians Asamohaking 1640 Fen wick and Edward Byllinge
Dutch acquire by deed a large tract of March 18, 1673
land in the eastern part of New Jersey New Netherlands, including New Jersey,
called Bergen Jan. 30. 1658 surrendered to the Dutch July, 1673
Royal charter executed by Charles 11., New Jersey again becomes an English
in favor of the Duke of York, of the whole province, under treaty of peace between
region between the Connecticut and Dela- England and Holland Feb. 9, 1674
ware rivers March 20, 1664 Edward Byllinge, becoming financially
Present State of New Jersey granted embarrassed, assigns his contract to Will-
by the Duke of York to Lord John Borke- iam Penn and others Feb. 10, 1674
ley and Sir George Carteret by deed of Philip Carteret returns and resumes au-
lease and release, to be called Nova thority in New Jersey, meeting the CJen-
Capsaria, or New Jersey. .June 23-24, 1664 eral As.sembly at Bergen. . . .Nov. 6, 1674
By license from Colonel Nicholls, gov- Fenwick, sailing from London in the
ernor under the Duke of York, a company, ship Griffith, arrives with a small com-
the " Elizabethtown Associates," purchase pany of Quakers and settles at Salem
the site of Elizabethtown from Indians, June. 1675
442
TTNITED STATES OF AUEBICA— NEW JEBSEY
" Concessions and Agreements " of the Robert Barclay appointed for life first
proprietors of the Fenwick and Byllinge governor of east Jersey under the new
purchase in New Jersey issued ; Fenwick proprietary, with Thomas Rudyard as dep-
to have one-tenth interest, and the as- uty 1682
signees of Byllinge nine-tenths, and a gov- Revenues of Matenicunk Island, in the
ernment established March 3, 1676 Delaware opposite Burlington, set apart
Quint ipartite deed executed between for education. This is believed to be the
William Penn and others, assignees of first school fund in America 1683
Byllinge, and Sir George Carteret, for a Perth Amboy laid out into lots.... 1683
division of New Jersey into east and west, First tavern or hotel in the province
by a line drawn from Little Egg Harbor established at Woodbridge 1683
to the most northerly point or boundary on Site of Camden occupied by Messrs.
the Delaware, Carteret retaining east Jer- Cooper, Runyon, and Morris 1684
sey July 1, 1676 First Episcopal church in New Jersey,
Richard Hartshore and Richard Guy, of St. Peter's, founded at Perth Amboy. 1685
east Jersey, and James Wasse sent from Byllinge dies, and Dr. Samuel Coxe, of
England, authorized to establish a govern- Ix)ndon, purchases his interest in west
ment for west Jersey, by the proprietors Jersey 1687
Aug. 18, 1676 First Baptist church in east Jersey
Nine executive commissioners appointed built at Middletown 1688
l)y the proprietors of west Jersey under a Governor Barclay dies.... Oct. 3, 1690
■constitution promulgated March 3, 1676, Presbyterian churches established in
accompanied by a large number of settlers, Freehold and Woodbridge 1692
arrive from England and purchase from First school law of the State enacted
the Indians a tract of land on the Dela- by the General Assembly of- east New
ware between Assunpink and Old Man's Jersey at Perth Amboy, to maintain a
Creek August, 1677 school-master within the town
Burlington laid out by agents of the Oct. 12, 1693
London Land Company 1677 Burlington incorporated 1693
Ship Shields f from Hull, the first ship Salem incorporated 1695
to ascend the Delaware to Burlington, Government of New Jersey surrendered
bringing settlers Dec. 10, 1678 to the crown, and both provinces united
Sir George Carteret, proprietor of east April 17, 1702
Jersey, dies 1679 Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury, appointed
Sir Edmund Andros claims the govern- governor of New York and New Jersey by
ment of New Jersey, which repudiates his Queen Anne Nov. 16, 1702
authority June 2, 1080 General Assembly meets at Perth Amboy
Duke of York having submitted the Nov. 10, 1703
claim of governmental power in New Jer- First association of Seventh-day Bap-
«ey to a commission, which decides against tists formed in Piscataway. . . .April, 1707
Andros, he makes a second grant of west Lord Cornbury, removed from office by
Jersey to the proprietors, Aug. 6, and of Queen Anne, is imprisoned for debt by his
*ast Jersey Sept. 6, 1680 creditors 1709
^^icinity of Trenton settled by Phineas Paper money first issued in New Jersey
Pemberton 1680 1709
First Assembly meets at Burlington and Assembly votes to aid the English ex-
organizes a government, with Samuel Jen- pedition against the French in Canada
nings as deputy governor. . . .Nov. 25, 1681 July 16, 1711
Carteret's heirs sell east Jersey to a Schuyler copper-mines near Belleville
■company of proprietors, including William discovered by Arent Schuyler 1719
Penn and eleven others. . . .Feb. 1-2, 1682 First freestone quarried in New Jersey
Penn Company, now increased to twenty- 1721
four proprietors, secure a new conveyance I^aw providing for triennial elections of
of east Jersey from the Duke of York, deputies to Assembly and triennial ses-
with full powers of government sions alternately at Burlington and Am-
March 14, 1682 boy 1727
443
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA— NEW TEBSBTT
Governor Montgomery dies. July 1, 1731 for New Jersey, begins the publieatioB of
Executive of New Jersey separated from an almanac which continues twenty yean
New York, and Lewis Morris appointed 1771
governor 1738 Stephen Crane, John de Hart, Junes
Weekly mail from Philadelphia to New Kinsey, William Livingston, and Riduird
York, carried by post-boys through New Smith chosen delegates to the Congrr»
Jersey, established 1739 at Philadelphia by a convention at X*^?
Rev. George Whitefield visits Elizabeth- Brunswick July 21, 1774
town 1740 Assembly of New Jersey unanimocslT
First iron run at furnace in Oxford, approves the proceedings of Con^re^s a«
Warren county March 9, 1743 reported by the delegates. . . .Jan. II, 1775
Governor Morris dies at Kingsbury, near Provincial Congress of N"ew Jersev. at
Trenton May 21, 1746 Trenton, elects Hendrick Fisher president,
College of New Jersey, at Elizabeth- and assumes authority May 23, 1775
town, incorporated 1746 Provincial legislature, convened by Gcr-
College of New Jersey removed to ernor Franklin, Nov. 16, ia prorogued
Newark 1748 Dec. 6, 1775
Trenton public library founded. . ..1750 Governor Franklin, sympathizing witli
First printing-press in the province es- the action of the British government, i5
tablished at Woodbridge by James Parker arrested and sent to East Windsor, Coob^
1751 where (until exchanged in 1778) he is held
College of New Jersey finally located as a prisoner 1775
at Princeton, and Nassau Hall erected Provincial Congress convenes at Bu>
1756 lington, June 10, 1776, appoints a e&at-
Stage line established from New Tork mittee to prepare a constitution, June S4^
to Philadelphia by way of Perth Amboy who report, June 26, a constitution,
and Trenton November, 1756 which is confirmed July 2, 177S
Governor Jonathan Belcher dies, aged Ordinance passed denouncing the pen*I-
seventy-six Aug. 31, 1757 ty of treason upon all who should lerr
New American Magazine, published at war against and within the State, or be
Woodbridge by James Parker, and edited adherent to the King of Great Britain
by Samuel Nevil January, 1758 July 18. ITTft
Special conference with Indians at Abraham Clark, John Hart, Francis
Fasten; the governor, Francis Bernard, Hopkins, Richard Stockton, and Joha
obtains from the chief of the united na- Witherspoon, delegates from New Jersey,
tions of the Minisinks, Wapings, and other sign the Declaration of Independence
tribes, for $1,000, a release of the Indian Aug. 2, 177^
title to every portion of New Jersey Legislature chooses William Livingston
Oct. 18, 1758 governor of the State Aug. 31, 177^
William Franklin, natural son of Ben- Washington retreats through New Jer-
jamin Franklin, appointed governor (the sey November, 177&
last royal governor of New Jersey) . .1763 Fort Washington being captured by the
William Coxe, appointed stamp dis- British, General Greene abandons Fort
tributer in New Jersey, voluntarily re- Lee, Bergen county Nov. 19, 1776
signs his office September, 1765 Washington crosses the Delaware info
Joseph Borden, Hendrick Fisher, and Pennsylvania Dec. 8, 1776
Robert Ogden, delegates to a convention of Battle of Trenton Dec. 26, 1776
nine colonies at New York, Oct. 7, 1765; Battle of Princeton Jan. 3, 1777
it publishes a declaration of rights, and Army under Washington winters at
adjourns Oct. 24, 1765 Morristown 17T7
First medical society in the colonies or- General Maxwell captures Elirabetb*
ganized in New Jersey July 23, 1766 town together with 100 British troops
Rutgers College, at New Brunswick, Jan. 23, 1777
chartered under the name of Queen's Col- Five vessels, part of a fleet bringing
lege by George III 1770 supplies for the British at New Bnins-
Isaac Collins, appointed public printer wick, are sunk near Amboy. .Feb. 26, 1777
444
T7NITED STATES OF AMEBICA— NEW JERSEY
General Howe evacuates New Jersey Governor Livingston dies at Elizabeth-
for the purpose of approaching Philadel- town July 25, 1790
|>hia by water, crossing to Staten Island Trenton made the capital of the State
June 30, 1777 Nov. 25, 1790
By act of Assembly the word "State** Trenton incorporated. .. .Nov. 13, 1792
is substituted for " colony " in the con- First factory at Paterson built, and cali-
«titution adopted in 1776 co goods printed, the first in New Jersey
Sept. 20, 1777 1794
Battle at Fort Mercer. Colonel Greene Inter-State traffic in slaves forbidden by
repulses a force of Hessians under Count the legislature March 14, 1798
Donop Oct. 22, 1777 Women vote at the Elizabethtown mu-
New Jersey Gazette, the first newspaper nicipal election 1800
in the State, is published at Burlington [The constitution of 1776 permitted
by Isaac Collins Dec. 3, 1777 women to vote.]
Battle of Monmouth Court-house Morris turnpike, from Elizabethtown to
June 28, 1778 the Delaware River, chartered
Isaac Collins prints 5,000 copies of a March 1, 1801
family Bible at Trenton 1778 Act for the gradual abolition of slavery.
Assembly ratifies the Articles of Con- making free all persons bom in the State
federation Nov. 19, 1778 after July 4, 1804, passed.. Feb. 15, 1804
John Witherspoon and Nathaniel Scud- Newark bank and insurance company
der, the delegates from New Jersey, sign chartered 1804
the Articles of Confederation Act confining suffrage to white male
Nov* 26, 1778 citizens Nov. 16, 1807
British at Paulua Hook surprised by Princeton Theological Seminary estab-
Maj. Henry Lee Aug. 19, 1779 lished by the Presbyterian Church. .1812
New Jersey Journal established by Act passed creating a fund for free
Shepherd Kollock at Chatham 1779 schools Feb. 12, 1817
American army winters at Morristown Jersey City incorporated. .Jan. 28, 1820
December, 1779 Samuel L. Southard, of New Jersey,
Five thousand troops under General Secretary of the Navy Sept. 16, 1823
Clinton drive baek the Americans under Morris Canal, from Newark to Phillips-
General Greene at Springfield, bum the burg, on the Delaware, commenced. .1825
town, and then retreat. . ..June 23, 1780 Camden and Amboy Railroad incorpo-
Elias Boudinot, of New Jersey, chosen rated Feb. 4, 1830
president of the Continental Congress Joseph Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon,
Nov. 4, 1782 purchases an estate of 1,400 acres at Bor-
Continental Congress meets at Prince- dentown, immediately after the downfall
ton'. June 30, 1783 of his brother at Waterloo, where he re-
New Brunswick incorporated 1784 sides until 1832
Continental Congress meets at Trenton Legislature appropriates $2,000 to ex-
Nov. 1, 1784 tingiiish all Indian titles to land in the
William Livingston, David Brearley, State 1832
William Patterson, and Jonathan Dayton, Boundary between New Jersey and New
delegates from New Jersey, sign the Con- York settled by a board of joint commis-
stitution of the United States sioners is confirmed by legislatures of both
Sept. 17, 1787 States in February, and by act of Con-
Constitution of the United States adopt- gress June 28, 1834
cd unanimously without amendments by Mahlon Dickerson appointed Secretary
the Assembly of New Jersey of the Navy under President Jackson
Dec. 18, 1787 June 30, 1834
Creneral Washington is received by a St. Mary's Hall, college for the superior
committee of Congress at Elizabethtown, instruction of women, chartered and open-
April 23, and escorted to New York, where ed at Burlington 1837
he is inaugurated President of the United John Stevens, engineer and inventor, pe-
States April 30, 1789 titions Congress for protection to invent-
445
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— NEW JEBSBIT
ors, which results in the patent laws of In response to a proclamation bj G:v
April 10, 1790. He builds a steamboat ernor Olden, April 17, four raiments d
propelled by twin screws that navigates New Jersey volunteers, under General Km-
the Hudson River in 1804. Establishes
a steam ferry from Hoboken to New York
City, Oct. 11, 1811, and at the age of
seventy-eight builds an experimental loco-
motive, which carries passengers at 12
miles an hour on his experimental track
at Hoboken, in 1826. He dies at Hoboken
yon, are despatched to Annapolis
May 3. NU
Rutgers Scientific School at Xew Brus-^
wick opened September. Ivw
State board of education establi&hird
Legislature ratifies the Fourtetnt*!
March 6, 1838 Amendment to the Constitution of xh'
At the State election for members of United States Sept. 11, !**»>;
the House of Representatives, the returns Home for disabled soldiers establi*hfj
are contested, the Democratic candidates at Mount Pleasant, Newark I >'»'-•
claim.ing a majority of about 100 votes in Legislature, by resolution, withdrairj
a poll of 57,000. The Whig candidates its ratification of the Fourteenth Amend-
receive certificates of election under the ment April, 1S6S
" Broad " seal of the State. .Oct. 9, 10, 1838 George M. Robeson, of New Jersey, Sec-
A speaker of the House was elected retary of the Navy June 25. \^)
(Robert M. T. Hunter) by compromise, Camden and Amboy Railroad /ind Dela-
but the five Democratic contestants are ware and Raritan Canal surrender their
seated on the report of a committee de-
claring them elected by a vote of 111 to
81 Julv 16, 1839
Clerk of the House of Representatives,
reserved rights, after forty years of mo-
nopoly, opening the carrying-trade acrc-^^
the State l^t**
Governor of New Jersey accepts the war-
H. A. Garland, of Virginia, refuses to call vessel bequeathed to the State by Edwin
the names of the Whig delegates from A. Stevens, known as the " Stevens Bat-
New Jersey, on the ground that tlie seats tery," together with $1,000,000 for it> f»>n-
were disputed at the opening of Congress pletion, which is placed under the -sup-pr-
(as there were five contested seats, and intendence of Gen. George B. McClellan
as the House stood, without New Jersey, and Gen. John Newton l^**-'"^
118 Whigs to 110 Democrats, success to Legislature refuses to ratify the Yi-
either party in this controversy meant a teenth Amendment to the Constitution ^-'
control of the House; hence the contro- the United States Feb. 15. 1870
versy) Dec. 2, 1839 Stevens Institute of Technology at He-
[This governmental flurry is known as boken opened ISTI
the " Broad Seal W'ar."] Free school system inaugurated in Xe^
Now Jersey Historical Society founded Jersey April. 1S71
at Trenton Feb. 27. 1840 Legislature passes a " general railroad
Constitutional convention assomhlos at law," providing that " no franchise here-
Trenton, May 14, completes its labors, tofore granted to construct a railroad, or
June 20, and the constitution is ratified to build or establish bridges or ferrie*, f*r
by the people Aug. 13. 1844 operate any line of travel shall hereafter
To^\^l superintendent of schools first au- continue to be or be construed to remain
thorized April 7, 1846
State union convention at Trenton re-
solves in favor of a compromise between
the Northern and Southern States
Dec. 11, 1860
Committee on national afl'airs in the
legislature report joint resolutions endors-
ing the Crittenden compromise, which were
adopted Tan. 2.5, 1861
Legislature appropriates $2,000,000, and
an annual tax of $100,000 for
purposes April
exclusive " IST:^
Compulsory education law passed. .1ST4
By act of legislature, March 27. 1>^74.
the Stevens Battery, in oonstrudioB
since 1843, which had cost over $2,500.-
000, still unfinished, is sold to United
States government for $145,000
Nov. 2. 1874
People ratify twenty-eight amendment^
to the constitution, proposed by the
militarv leirislatures of 1847 and 1875
30,
1861
446
Sept. 7, 1875
tXNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— NEW JEBSEY
Act passed creating a State board of Saturday half-holiday established, and
health 1877 Rutgers Scientific School awarded the
Centennial anniversary of the capture funds granted by Congress in aid of col-
of Princeton celebrated by a mock fight of leges of agriculture and mechanic arts at
Newark and Pennsylvania militia session Jan. 13-March 20, 1891
Jan. 3, 1877 Spinners' strike in the Clark thread
Convention of colored men held at mills declared off April 18, 1891
Princeton to consider the condition of Smokeless powder used for the first
their race, politically and socially time in this country at Sandy Hook in
Aug. 22, 1877 an 8-inch rifled gun July 25, 1891
Bureau of labor statistics created by Walt Whitman, poet, born 1819, dies at
act of legislature 1878 Camden March 26, 1892
Liberal League of New Jersey, the out- United States practice cruiser Bancroft,
growth of the Citizens' Protective Associa- the first war-ship built in the State,
tion of Newark, in State convention at is launched at the yards of Samuel L.
Newark, demand remodelling of the Sun- Moore & Sons Co. in Elizabeth
day laws September, 1879 April 30, 1892
Thomas Alva Edison establishes a City of Paterson celebrates the 100th
laboratory at Menlo Park, 1876; exhibits anniversary of its founding
his newly, invented system of electric light- July 4, 1892
ing by incandescent carbon vacuum lamps Horse-racing during December, January,
December, 1879 and February forbidden 1893
Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen ap- Battle monument at Trenton unveiled
pointed Secretary of State under Presi- Oct. 19, 1893
dent Arthur Dec. 12, 1881 Democrats and Republicans organize
Act passed to create a council of State separate Senates at Trenton — the governor
charities and correction, to consist of six recognizing the Democratic Senate
persons appointed by the governor Jan. 9, 1804
March 28. 1883 Republican Senators force their way
I^w enacted to abolish and prohibit the into the Senate chamber Jan. 10, 1894
employment under contract of convicts Supreme Court of New Jersey decides
and inmates of prisons, jails, penitentia- that the Republican Senate is lawful
ries, and all public reformatory institu- March 21, 1894
tions of the State 1884 Republican Senate recognized as the
Gen. George B. McClellan, "born 1826, legal Senate March 22, 1894
dies at Orange Oct. 29, 1885 William Walter Phelps dies at Engle-
State board of agriculture established wood June 17, 1894
1887 Railroad accident near Atlantic City,
Act of legislature passed making Labor forty-seven killed and seventy injured
Day, the first Monday in September, a July 31, 1896
legal holiday, and giving women the George M. Robeson, ex-Secretary of
right to vote at school-district meetings the Navy, dies at Trenton
1887 Sept. 27, 1897
Local option and high license law, Vice-President Hobart dies at Paterson,
passed in 1888, is repealed, and a high N. J Nov. 21, 1890
license law enacted 1889 Andrew Carnegie gives $50,000 to East
Horatio Allen, the first locomotive en- Orange for a public library; WMlliam M.
gineer in the United States, dies at Mon- Johnson $40,000 to Hackensack, Charles
trose, aged eighty-eight Jan. 1, 1890 Danforth $20,000 to Paterson; Dr. Will-
Governor's salary raised to $10,000 iam Sticker $100,000 to Orange 1900
a year by law Jan. 16, 1890 Carnegie Company incorporated with a
Australian ballot law adopted at ses- capital of $160,000,000 March 24, 1900
sion ending May 23, 1890 North German Lloyd's piers in Hoboken
Strike of over 3,000 employi^s in the burned (several hundred lives lost and
Clark thread mills at Newark and Kear- property valued at $10,000,000 destroyed)
ney begins Dec. 10, 1890 June 30, 1900
447
XJHITBD 8TATB8 OF AHE&ICA— HEW XEZIGO
HEW XEZICO
Hew XezicOy a territory of the United rior of the Franciscan monastery at San
States, lying between lat. 31* 20' and 37* Yldefonso 1675
N., and long. 103* 2' and 100* 2' W. It Pueblo Indians under Pop6 reduced to
is bounded on the north by Colorado, east abject slavery by the Spanish, rise in rf-
by Texas, south by Texas and Mexico, bell ion. Their plan of a general massacre
and west by Arizona. Area, 122,580 on Aug. 10, 1680, being discovered, they
square miles. Population, 1890, 153,593; begin two days earlier a massacre of the
1900, 195,310. Capital, Santa F6. Spanish, who are obliged to flee the conn-
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, with try, the Pueblos taking possession of Santa
400 Spaniards and 800 Indians, makes F6 Aug. 21, 16S0
an expedition from Mexico to the Pueblo New Mexico reconquered by the Spanish
Indian villages near Santa F^, which he under Diego de Vargas Zapata Lujan. 1692
conquers, and explores the surrounding Severe famine arising in the Spanish
region July, 1540 settlements, the Indians of fourteen
August in Rodriguez, a Franciscan friar pueblos enter upon a desolating but un-
of San Bartolom^, Mexico, with two as- successful war for the expulsion of the
sociates and an escort of twelve soldiers, Spanish 1696
ascends the Rio Grande, and 8 miles from Albuquerque founded during the admin-
the site of Albuquerque the party sepa- istration of Duke of Albuquerque. .1701-10
rate, the soldiers returning to Mexico, the Lieutenant-Colonel Carrisco discovers the
three friars remaining August, 1581 Santa Rita mines near Silver City. . . 1800
Don Antonio Espejo, with a relief party, Baptiste Lalande, a Frenchman from
ascends the Rio Grande, and, finding the Kaskaskia, reaches Santa F6 with a stock
miH^ionariefl located among the Pueblo of merchandise, which he disposes of at
Indians in 1581 had been killed, he re- a very large profit 1804
turns to San Bartolom^ by way of the James Pursley, a Kentuckian, leaves
Pecos River 1682-83 St. Louis in 1802, and after three years'
Don Juan de Ofiate, a wealthy citizen of wandering reaches Santa F6 1805
Zacateeas, under authority from Don Luis Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike, of the United
de Valasco, viceroy of New Spain, settles States army, builds a fort on the Rio del
with a colony of 130 families, ten friars, Norte on Spanish soil, supposing it to be
and a number of soldiers in the valley of the Red River and American possessions,
the Chama River, just above its junction during the month of Feb. 1807. With
with the Rio Grande 1598 his party he is taken to Santa F^ by a
Santa F^ founded under the title La Spanish escort, where they arrive March 3.
Ciudad Real de la Santa F4 de San Fran- From there he is sent to Chihuahua under
Cisco 1605 ehcort, arriving April 2, and has an audi-
Religious persecution of the Indians by ence with 'the commanding general Don
the Spanish, who whip, imprison, and Nemecio Salcedo. After some detention he
hang forty natives who would not re- is sent forward, reaching San Antonio, Tex.,
nounce their old faith, results in an un- June 7, and Natchitoches July 1, 1807
succepsful revolt of Indians 1640 Captains Glenn, Becknell, and Stephen
Native Indian tribes unite in a project Cooper visit Santa F4 with small parties
to make a simultaneous attack on the and a limited quantity of goods for trade
Spanish settlements, but the plan is dis- 1821-22
covered and broken up by Governor Con- First public school law in New Mexico;
cha, who arrests and imprisons the lead- action of the provincial deputation: " Re»
ers, hanging nine, and soiling the others solved, that the said ayuntamientos be
into slavery 1650 officially notified to complete the forma-
Four Indians hanged and forty-three tion of primary public schools as soon as
whipped and enslaved on conviction by a possible according to the circumstances
Spanish tribunal of bewitching the supe- of each community" April 27, 1822
448
» _
UNITED 8TATXS OF AXE&IOA— mW lOBZIOb
Francisco Xavier Craves, appointed Fort Marcy established near Santa ¥6
political chief, relieving Facundo Mai- Aug. 23, 1846
gares, the last governor of New Mexico General Kearney promulgates the
under Spanish rule ..July 6, 1822 "Kearney Code of Laws/' and proclaims
The United States makes overtures to Charles Bent governor of the Territory
New Mexico to join the American Union. Sept. 22, 1846
Bartolom^ Baca, political chief 1824 Donaciano Vigil becomes acting gov-
First wagon-trains from Independence, ernor in the room of Gov. Charles Bent,
Mo., to Santa; F6 1824 who is assassinated at Taos. .Jan. 19, 1847
New Mexico made a territory of the re- Revolt against the United States gov-
public of Mexico July 6, 1824 ernment in New Mexico, planned by Dons
Santa F$ trail made an authorized road Di^o Archuleta and Tomas Ortiz, breaks
by act of Congress; the bill introduced by out at Taos, but is suppressed by Ameri-
Thomas H. Benton passed .. January, 1825 can troops under Col. Sterling Price, and
Caravans being often attacked by Ind- Governor Montoya, prominent in the re-
ians, United States government details bell ion, is tried by court-martial and exe-
four companies as an escort on the Santa cuted, Feb. 7. Six others, convicted of
Y6 road 1828 participating in the murder of Governor
Old Placer gold-mines discovered about Bent, are executed Aug. 3, 1847
30 miles southwest of Santa F4....1828 Santa ¥6 Republican, the first news-
Oxen first used on Santa F6 trail. .1830 paper printed in English, issued 1847
A Spanish newspaper, El Crepusculo, By the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo,
published at Taos 1835 concluded Feb. 2, 1848, and proclaimed in
New Mexican constitution goes into Santa F4 in August following, New
effect, changing the territory into & de- Mexico becomes a part of the United States
partmeAt, centralizing power, and im- August, 1848
posing extra taxes. The new system being People of New Mexico, in convention at
obnoxious, the arrest and imprisonment of Santa F6, petition Congress for a terri-
a local judicial officer on what the people torial government, oppose the dismember-
considered a false charge provokes a ment of their Territory in favor of Texas,
revolution, Aug. 1, 1887, which is cen- and ask protection of Congress against the
tral at Santa Cruz, but which is soon introduction of slavery Oct. 14, 1848
quelled by Gen. Manuel Armijo 1837 By proclamation . of Governor Munroe,
New Placer gold-mines discovered.. 1839 in April, 1850, a convention at Santa F6,
Expedition under General McLeod sets May 15, frames a constitution for the Ter-
out from Austin, Texaf, June 18, 1841, to ritory of New Mexico, May 25, prohibiting
ascertain the feeling of the New Mexican slavery and fixing the east and west boun-
people with respect to ^ union with Texas, daries at 100^ and 111^. This constitution
When near San Migucj the force is met was ratified by the people, June 20, by a
by Damacio Salazar and his Mexican vote of 8,371 to 39, and Henry Connelly
troops seized and imprisoned at San Mi- was elected governor, but the movement
guel, from whence they are marched under was not recognized 1850
guard to the city of Mexico.. Oct. 17, 1841 Act of Congress establishing a terri-
President Santa Ana, by decree, closes torial government for New Mexico ap-
the frontier custom-house at Taos, Aug. proved Sept. 9, 1850
7, 1843, but repeals the act. March 31, 1844 F. X. Aubrey rode from Santa F$ to
Gren. Stephen W. Kearney, in command Independence, Mo., 850 miles, in five days
of a body of United States troops known and sixteen hours, on a wager, and won
as the " Army of the West," enters San- ?1 0,000 June, 1850
ta F6 and takes formal possession Elias T. Clark imported through a
Aug. 18, 1846 French firm in St. Louis, Mo., the first
General Kearney establishes a govern- Alfalfa seed sown in New Mexico, at a
ment for the Territory of New Mexico, cost of $5 per pound January, 1850
with Santa F4 as capital, proclaiming Mr. Clark also brought the first Bart-
himself provisional governor lett pear and Ben Davis apple trees across
Aug. 22, 1846 the Great American Plains and thus be-
ne.—2 F 440
TTKITEB STATES OF AlCEBICA— HEW HEZIOO
came the father of modem horticulture in era tea since March 11, 1862, is reeoTered
New Mexico 1851 by the Federals April 21, 1862
First legislative Assembly convenes at Territory of Arizona formed from part
Santa F6, and declares it the capital of of New Mexico Feb. 24, 1853
the territory June 2; 1861 Governor Connelly dies; W. F. M. Amjr
Santa F6 incorporated as a city. . 1851 acting governor 1865
Qov. James S. Calhoun dies while on his Portion of New Mexico above 37° at-
way to the States, and John Qreiner be* tached to Colorado 1867
comes acting governor June 30, 1852 By act of Congress peonage is abolished
Academy of Our Lady of Light, in and forever prohibited in the territory of
charge of the sisters of Loretto, organized New Mexico '. . .March 2, 1867
at Santa F6 1852 Qovemor in his message announces tele-
Christopher or " Kit " Carson appointed graphic oonununication with the North
Indian agent in New Mexico 1853 1868
Beall &. Whipple's railroad survey, Archives of New Mexico, partly de-
35th-parallel route 1853 stroyed in 1860, are further depleted under
Thirty-second parallel survey for rail- the rule of Governor Pile, when they are
road by Capt. John Pope (east half) and sold for Yraste paper and only about one-
Lieut. J. G. Park (west half) 1854 quarter of them recovered 1870
Territory acquired from Mexico under Legislature provides for commcm
the Gadsden purchase is incorporated with schools, under a board of supervisors and
the Territory of New Mexico. Aug. 4, 1854 directors elected by each county 1871
Overland mail-coach line to Pacific Serious election riot at Mesilla
coast, via Mesilla, N. M., established, Sept. 2, 1871
making the trip from San Francisco to Total indebtedness of New Mexico $74.-
southwest Missouri in twelve to fourteen 000 November, 1871
days July 24, 1858 Governor Marsh Giddings dies, and is
Overland transportation business em- succeeded by William G. Ritch as acting
ploys 5,405 men; 1,532 wagons; 4,377 governor Jan. 3, 1875
mules; 360 horses; 12,545 oxen; carrying The legislature enacts a law requiring
capacity 7,660 tons 1859 places of business to close on Sunday . 1876
School law passed requiring compulsory Ute Indians removed from New Mexico
attendance and the appointment of to the Colorado reservation
teachers by the justice of the peace in April-July, 187S
each precinct, who is entitled to collect Gen, Lew. Wallace, governor of New
the sum of 50 cents per month for each Mexico Oct. 1, 1878
child attending Jan. 23, 1860 First railroad track laid within New
Miguel A. Otero having thrice served Mexico, the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa
as delegate to Congress, also as attor- F6, crossing Raton Pass Nov. 30, 1878
ney-general and United States district Locomotive on the new Atchison, To-
attorney for the Territory, appointed sec- peka, and Santa F6 Railroad reaches Las
retary of New Mexico by President Lin- Vegas July 4, 1879
coin 1861 Apache Indians imder Chief Victorio
Maj. Isaac Lynde, U. S. A., in com- kill the herds and capture the horses of
mand at Fort Fillmore, surrenders the Captain Hooker's command at Ojo ef-
fort and his entire command of 700 to lient, Socorro county, and open an Indian
Lieut.-CoL John R. Baylor, Confederate war which lasted several months, re-
July 27, 1861 suiting in*the death of many settlers and
Confederates under Gen. H. F. Sibley the destruction of much property
defeat the Federals under Colonel Canby Sept. 3, 1879
at Valverde, 10 miles below Fort Craig Massacre by Apaches at McEver's ranch.
Feb. 21, 1862 near Hillsboro, followed in a few week^s
Battle at Apache Cafion, near Santa F4; by other massacres and destruction of
Colonel Slough defeats the Confederates property at and near Mason's and Lloyd's
under Colonel Scurry March 28, 1862 ranches, west of Mesilla Sept. 11, 1879
Santa ¥6, in possession of the Confed- The New Mexican Christian Advocate
450
UNITED STATES OF AMEEICA— KEW HEZICO
(M. E. Church), No. 1, Vol. I„ English and " Dr. Tanner, the faster," locates a colony
Spanish monthly, 32-column quarto, issued of vegetarians in Mesilla Valley, and
at Santa F6 by Rev. Thomas Harwood, produces a voluminous volume which is
A.M ....May, 1880 called Oahape, a new bible, a curious
New Mexico Historical Society, organ- compilation of all the religious beliefs of
ized 1859-60 is reorganized 1880 the earth, alleging that the manuscript
Bureau of immigration established by was written out on a typewriter through
act of legislature 1880 spiritual inspiration. The word " Oahspe "
All-rail connection established across is said to be from the language of the
the continent, via New Mexico and Ari- continent of Pan, buried under the Pacific
zona, being the date of the railway con- ages ago, and is compounded of O, the sky;
nection at Deming between the New Mexi- ah, the earth, and ape, the spirit 1889
CO and Southern Pacific (A., T., & S. F.) Agricultural college at Las Cruces
and the Southern Pacific... March 10, 1881 opened Jan. 21, 1890
Educational association of New Mexico Constitution amended by a convention
incorporated June 17, 1881 which reconvened at Santa F6, Aug. 18, is
First annual territorial fair held at rejected by the people by 16,180 votes for
Albuquerque Oct. 3-8, 1881 and 7,943 against, at an election held
Public school law passed, creating the Oct. 7, 1890
office of county superintendent, and pro- Ballot-box in Santa F6 county disap-
viding for the election by the people of pears mysteriously, and the commissioners
three commissioners for each precinct of Santa F6 refuse to canvass the vote in
1884 that precinct, while Democratic commis-
Act of Assembly passed establishing an sioners in Taos county throw out re-
orphans' home and industrial school at turns favoring Republicans. After liti-
Santa ¥^ 1884 gation before Justice Seeds, of the district
Destructive raids in the southwestern court, in December, Sec. Benjamin M.
portion of the Territory by Apache Indians Thomas, acting governor, swears in the
from Arizona Republican candidates in both precincts
May, June, and October, 1885 December, 1890
Territorial prison at Santa ¥6 com- Second Friday in March designated as
pleted and opened ' 1885 Arbor Day, a territorial board of educa-
New Mexico school for the deaf and tion created, and a high license bill passed
dumb at Santa F4 opened 1885 by the legislature, at session
New capitol building completed at Santa Dec. 29, 1890-Feb. 26, 1891
F^, under act of March 28, 1884, creating United States land court act passed
a capitol-building committee 1886 Congress, which secured that settlement
Legislature passes over the governor's of land titles guaranteed by the treaty of
veto an act abolishing the ofiice of attor- Guadalupe-Hidalgo forty-three years pre-
ney-general and substituting that of solici- vious : .Mafch 3, 1891
tor-general Feb. 15, 1889 J. L. Workman and O. A. Peterson, of
Acts of the legislature passed creating the American Museum of Natural His-
a State tmiversity at Albuquerque, an tory. Central Park, New York, in a search
agricultural college at Las Cruces, and for fossils in San Juan Valley, N. M., find
a school of mines at Socorro 1889 over 500 valuable specimens, among them
Insane asylum at Las Vegas created by a complete skull, the only one ever found,
act of legislature 1889 of the primitive elephant; qther speci-
Territorial board of health provided for mens found fill a gap in* the geological cal-
by act of legislature 1889 endar that is not represented elsewhere
Constitutional convention meets at in the world May 1, 1891
Santa F6 Sept. 3, adopts a constitution for £x-Gov. Samuel B. Axtell dies at
the proposed State of New Mexico, and Morristown, N. J., aged seventy-two
appoints a committee to present it to Con- Aug. 6, 1891
gress Sept. 21, 1889 Forest preserve in New Mexico set apart
A. M. Howland, a wealthy retired wool by proclamation of President Harrison
merchant from Boston, in connection with Jan. 11, 1892
451
UNITED STATES OP AMEBZCA— NEW MEXICO
Territorial capitol building at 8anta ¥6 Artesian wells dereloped in soutlieast-
bumed May 12, 1892 em New Mexico October, 1894
''An act to empower and enable the Peralta land-grant claim by J. Addi-
territorial board of education to organize son Reavis for 12,800,000 acres in Xew
and conduct teachers' normal institutes" Mexico and Arizona declared a fraud by
passed by the legislature . . Feb. 9, 1893 the United States court of private land
New Mexico Normal University at Las claims and Reavis sentenced to pay a
Vegas and New Mexico Normal Training fine of $10,000 and serve two years ui
School at Silver City established prison June 25, 1893
Feb. 11, 1893 Silver City suffers disastrous flood
New Mexico Military Institute estab- July 23, 1893
lished at Roswell, N. M...Feb. 23, 1893 San Juan county apple crop estimated
Bulletin No. 36, United States Depart- at 4,000,000 lbs Sept. 1, 1S93
ment of Agriculture, announces result of The national irrigation congress opens
an exhaustive series of tests with sugar its fourth annual session at Albuquerqae
beets in which New Mexico is shown to Sept. 16, 1893
lead the world, the average figures for United States government establishe:^
the territory being: precentage of solids in the United States marine hospital sani-
the beets, 19.4; percentage of sugar, 15.34; torium at Fort Stanton and the general
ratio of purity, 83.2 April 10, 1893 hospital for the care of army patients
W. T. Thornton succeeds L. Bradford afflicted with tuberculosis at Fort Bayard
Prince as governor April 26, 1893 November, 1893
The Pecos Company organized in New Francis Schlatter, "the divine healer,''
Jersey with $5,000,000 to construct in creates a sensation in New Mexico and
southeastern New Mexico the largest ir- Colorado because of his alleged marvel-
rigation enterprise in the United States lous cures of human ills. .December, 1893
May 15, 1893 " Resolved, that we recognize that the
New Mexico School of Mines opens its early attainment of Statehood is a matter
first session Sept. 5, 1893 of paramount importance to the people
Irrigation congress meets at Deming of New Mexico at present, and insist
November, 1893 that no partisan or personal advantage
Prehistoric ruins opened near Santa shall stand in the way of that object of
Cruz, from which is taken a large collec- which the Republican party has always
tion of ancient stone idols or household been the champion, and we call on all
gods which were objects of worship to patriotic citizens to unite in the strongest
the Pueblo Indians Jan. 18, 1894 possible effort to secure this boon to our
The Postal Cable Telegraph Company people at the earliest moment." Adopted
enters New Mexico June, 1894 by the Republican territorial central
House of Representatives passes a bill committee Jan. 21, 1896
for the relief of the Ceran St. Vrain vol- The New Mexico pioneers organized
unteers of 1847, the only surviving mem- Jan. 7, 1897
hers of this gallant band being Nicolas Miguel A. Otero, second son of the for-
Pino, of Galisteo, and Henry Cuniffe, of mer territory secretary under Lincoln, ap-
Mesilla July, 1894 pointed governor by President McKinley,
Public schools of New Mexico awarded succeeding W. T. Thornton. . .June 7, 1897
prizes for their exhibits at the World's Manuel R. Otero and Howard Leland
Fair, Chicago July 15, 1894 appointed registers of the United States
Antonio Joseph renominated for dele- land offices at Santa F6 and Roswell, re-
gate to Congress Sept. 17, 1894 spectively Sept. 17, 1897
Headquarters 10th United States In- Frank W. Parker appointed associate
fantry ordered to Fort Reno, and historic justice Jan. 10, 1898
Fort Marcy abandoned.... .Sept. 19, 1894 William J. Mills appointed chief-jus-
New Mexico awarded first prize for tice of Supreme Court, and John R. Me-
wheat and second for oats in the agri- Fie associate justice Jan. 31, 1898
cultural section at the World's Fair The legislature adopts memorial to
Sept. 23, 1894 Congress requesting that New Mexico be
462
UNITED STATES OF AMEBIOA— NEW YOBK
favorably Considered in the apportionment The coal and coke industry gives em-
of the national appropriations for geologi- ployment to 2,000 persons. Production
cal surveys March 16, 1899 of coal was 1,217,530 tons, valued at the
[In 1829 the Spanish population of New mines at $1,606,174, and coke 21,361 tons,
Mexico was 43,433, and it had eighteen valued at $60,000, for the fiscal year end-
schools taught by eighteen teachers. The ing June 30, 1901
Territory in 1900 had 53,008 children of Unveiling of marble slab in the plaza
school age, of whom 47,700 were enrolled at Santa F6 by the Daughters of the
as scholars in the public schools, with an American Revolution Aug. 19, 1901
average daily attendance of 31,800; num- [The inscription on the top facet of
ber of schools, 800 ; number of teachers, the monument is as follows : ** In this
l,000;value of school property, $1,000,000.] plaza. Gen. S. W. Kearney, U. S. A.,
Dedication of the new capitol proclaimed the peaceable annexation of
June 4, 1900 New Mexico on Aug. 19, 1846." On
Bernard S. Rodey, Republican, defeats the face of the stone fronting towards
O. A. Larrazola, Democrat, for delegate the Old Palace are inscribed the follow-
to Congress, receiving 21,557 out of a ing extracts from General Kearney's
total vote of 39«414 Nov. 5, 1900 address on that memorable day: ''We
Public interest aroused in the preserva- come as friends to make you a part of
tion of the historic ruins west of the the United States. In our government
Rio Grande near Espafiola, and Congress all men are equal. Every man has a right
is appealed to to establish there a na- to serve God according to his heart."]
tional park. The three best ruins are the Grand Commandery, Knights Templar,
Puye, Pajarito, and the old Cochiti, all of organized at Santa F6 Aug. 21, 1901
which were known to have been occupied [The records of the Civil War and the
in the sixteenth century October, 1900 late war with Spain show that, in pro-
Daniel H. McMillan appointed associate portion to her population, New Mexico
justice Dec. 18, 1900 has furnished more troops to uphold the
The Rock Island road enters northeast- national flag than any other State or
em New Mexico and inaugurates a period of Territory in the Union.]
great industrial development. .March, 1901 According to a bulletin issued by the
GeoTffe H. Wallace, territorial secre- census bureau, of the entire population
tary, dies April 13, 1901 of 195,310, 104,228 are males, and 91,083
James Wallace Raynolds appointed females. There are 13,625 foreign-bom
secretary of the Territory. .April 20, 1901 persons, constituting 7 per cent, of the pop-
Assault upon any railroad train, with in- ulation. There are 15,103 colored people,
tent to commit murder or any other felony, including 1,610 negroes, 341 Chinese, 8
has, under the laws of New Mexico, been Japanese, 13,144 Indians Aug. 29, 1901
punishable by death since 1897. The noto- Executive proclamation designating
rious " Black Jack " Ketchum executed un- ITinrsday, Sept. 19, as a day of fasting
der this act At Clayton May, 1901 and prayer, and " earnestly recommend-
Gov. M. A» Otero, appointed by Presi- ing that every church and house of wor-
dent McKinley to succeed himself, is inau- ship on this day hold a memorial service
pirated for a second time amid brilliant to commemorate the life and services to
ceremonies June 22, 1901 his country of one of the most distinguish-
New corporations filed with the terri- ed and exemplary Americans since the
torial secretary represent $89,735,925, for birth of the republic," which was gen-
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901 erally observed. Issued Sept. 14, 1901
HEW YOBK
New York, one of the original thirteen the river St. Lawrence; on the east lie
States of the United States, is separated Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut;
from Canada on the north by the eastern on the south, the Atlantic Ocean, New
portion of Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, and Jersey, and Pennsylvania; on the west
453
UNITSB STATES OF AlEESIOA— NEW 70BX
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, lakes Erie and They attack the Iroquois castle at On-
Ontario, and the rivers Niagara and St. ondaga Lake, near Liverpool, Onondaga
Lawrence. Its greatest length, north and county, and are repulsed Oct. 10-16, 1615
south, is 312 miles, including Staten Isl- A trading-post fortified at the mouth of
and, while east and west it is 412 miles, the Tawasentha (Normans Kill) Cred^.
including Long Island. It contains 49,- near Albany, by Jacob Eelkins; first for-
170 square miles, in sixty counties. Popu- mal treaty between the Indians and the
lation 1890, 5,997,863; 1900, 7,268,012. Dutch 1615
It is the " Empire State " of the Union New Netherland charter expires ; not re-
in wealth and population. Capital, newed by the States-General. .Jan. 1, 16 IS
Albany. Fort Orange built (South Market Street,
Giovanni da Verrazano, a Florentine, Albany) 1623
under commission of Francis I. of France, New Netherland a province under the
with a single caravel, the Dauphin, en- Amsterdam chamber 1623
ters the bay of New York April, 1524 New Amsterdam settled 1623
Half Moon, eighty tons, leaves Amster- New Netherland brings from the Texel
dam ; Henry Hudson, an Englishman, com- thirty families, chiefly Walloons ( French
mander April 4, 1609 Protestant refugees) March, 1623
Samuel de Champlain, coming from the Reaching the Hudson, some eight fami-
north with a war-party of Hurons, dis- lies settle near Fort Orange; the rest on
covers Lake Champlain July, 1609 Long Island at the Wallabout, Brcx^yn
Defeats the Iroquois near Ticonderoga; May-June, 1623
hence dates the enmity between the French Comelis Jacobsen May, first director or
and Iroquois; fire-arms first seen by the governor of New Netherland 1624
Indians July 30,1609 Sarah Rapelje the first known white
Half Moon enters New York Bay child bom in New Netherland
Sept. 11, 1609 June 7, 1625
Anchors just below Albany Peter Evertsen Hulft fits three vessels.
Sept. 19, 1609 each of some 250 tons, for New Amster-
Despatches a boat to sound the river dam; lands at Nutten (Governor's) lf\-
farther up Sept. 22, 1600 and July, 1625
Sails out of the Narrows. . .Oct. 4, 1609 William Verhulst succeeds May as di-
Hendrick Christiaensen and Adriaen rector 1625
Block sail Amsterdam vessels, the Fortune Peter Minuit, director, leaves Amster-
and the Tiger, to Manhattan Island. .1611 dam in Sea-Mew Jan. 9, 1626
Tiger accidentally burned at Manhat- Arrives at Manhattan May 4, 1626
tan 1613 Manhattan Island, " rocky and full of
Christiaensen builds " Fort Nassau," trees," ceded by Indians to the Dutch
a trading-house, 36X26 feet, in a stockade West India Company for sixty guilders
58 feet square, with a moat 18 feet wide, ($23) 1626
on Castle Island (below Albany) 1614 A block-house built surrounded by a
Block builds the Onruat (Restless), of palisade of cedar posts, at the extreme
18 tons, at Manhattan; launched near the southern end of the island and called Fort
Battery spring of 1614 Amsterdam 1626
In the Onruat he passes Hell Gate and Six farms, or ''boweries," laid out on
coasts along as far as Nahant Bay.. 1614 the island, and specimens of the harvest
States - General of Holland name the sent to Holland to show the fertility of
country about Manhattan " New Nether- the soil 1626
land," and grant its trade by charter to Dutch in friendly relations with the
Amsterdam merchants October, 1614 Plymouth colony of New England. . .1627
Christiaensen killed by Indians 1615 Dutch inform Plymouth of the *' Fresh **
Champlain, with ten Frenchmen, joins River (Connecticut) 1627
a party of Hurons and allies moving Population of Manhattan estimated at
against the Iroquois Sept. 1, 1615 270 1628
Lands from Lake Ontario near Hender- Kiliaen Van Rensselaer, a merchant of
son, Jefferson county October, 1615 Amsterdam, purchases land of the Indians
454
UNITED STATES OF AMEBIOA— HEW YOBK
around Fort Orange through his agent, by the Amsterdam directors of Michael
becoming patroon of the manor of Reus- Pauw for 26,000 guilders ($10,000) . .1637
selaerwyck 1630 De Vries reiterates the charges of Van
Michael Pauw purchases of the Indians Dincklagen against Qovernor Van Twiller ;
the site of Jersey City (Pavonia) and Van Twiller recalled 1637
Staten Island 1630 William Kieft director and commis-
iVeti? Netherland (800 tons) built at sioner Sept. 2, 1637
Manhattan 1631 Arrives at New Amsterdam
Mohawks receive fire-arms from the March 28, 1638
Dutch 1631 Purchases of the Indians part of Long
Peter Minuit, director, recalled Island for the company 1639
March, 1632 Thomas Belcher takes up a tract (in
Ship Eendragi, from Manhattan, at- Brooklyn) 1639
tacked in Plymouth Harbor, England, Lion Gardiner purchases Gardiner's
on a charge of illegally trading Island (the first permanent English settle-
April 3, 1632 ment in the State) March 10, 1640
British ministry claim New Netherland Southampton, Long Island, settled by
as English territory 1632 the English 1640
Eendragi reXeaaed May 27, 1632 Rensselaerwyck rapidly increases in
Wouter Van Twiller, clerk of the West wealth and population 1640
India Company, marries a niece of Kiliaen Indians near Manhattan alienated by
Van Rensselaer; made governor 1633 the conduct of the Dutch 1640
Friendly intercourse with the Virgin- Expedition against the Raritan Indians
ians 1633 July 16, 1640
Jacob Eelkins (the same person who Contributions levied on the Tappan Ind-
had previously established a trading-post ians by Governor Kieft, but refused
up the Hudson) visits Manhattan in the October, 1640
William, a London vessel from New Plym- Reformed Dutch Church established. 1640
outh, and sails up the Hudson to Fort Raritan Indians destroy De Vries's
Orange in defiance of the governor (the colony on Staten Island June, 1641
first English vessel to ascend) . Kieft sets a price on their heads
April 24, 1633 July, 1641
William brought down to Manhattan Kieft, anticipating an Indian war, con-
and forced to sea May, 1633 suits the heads of families in New Amster-
A small trading-post, called the '* House dam Aug. 23, 1641
of Good Hope," built and fortified with These choose " twelve select men " to act
two pieces of cannon by the Dutch, on or for them ; the first representative assembly
near the site of Hartford, Conn 1633 in the province Aug. 29, 1641
Wealthy colonists from Holland settle Ex-Governor Minuit dies at Fort
at Fort Orange 1636 Christina 1641
Jacob Van Corlaer purchased from the " Select men " dissenting from the gov-
Indians a plat on Long Island, the first ernor's warlike policy, he dissolves them
recorded grant in King's county February, 1642
June, 1636 George Baxter, an exile from New Eng-
States-General notified of the inefficiency land, English secretary; salary 250 guild-
of the governor through Van Dincklagen ers ( $95 ) 1642
August, 1636 Johannes Megapolensis the first clergy-
GJovemor Van Twiller personally pur- man in Rensselaerwyck, with a residence
chases from Indians the island Paggauck, and 1,000 guilders ($380) 1642
south of Fort Amsterdam ; supposed to Anne Hutchinson takes refuge near New
contain 160 acres; called by the Dutch Rochelle from religious persecution in Mas-
" Nutten Island," now Governor's Island sachusetts 1642
1637 Dutch at Fort Orange seek in vain to
Jonas Bronck purchases a tract in West- ransom Jogues (a French missionary,
Chester, opposite Haerlem June, 1637 prisoner of the Iroquois), but his life is
Pavonia and Staten Island purchased spared 1642
455
T7HITBD STATES OF AlEESIOA— NEW TOBX
Kieft rashly provokes an Indian war by Breuckelen (Brooklyn) obtains a munie-
sending soldiers to destroy the Indians at ipal government Nov. 26, 1646
Pavonia and Corlear Hook . . . Feb. 25, 1643 Kieft protests against English encroach-
Thus aroused, the Indians begin a war ments on New Netherland 1646
of retaliation 1643 Peter Stuyvesant lands at New Amster-
They attack trading-vessels on the river dam May 11, 1647
August, 1643 Kieft embarks for Holland in the
Capt. John Underbill, a hero of the Pe- Princess Aug. 16, 1647
quod War, enters the Dutch service Princess shipwrecked in Bristol Chan-
September, 1643 nel; Kieft, Doibinie Bogardus, and about
Anne Hutchinson killed, the settlement eighty others perish Sept. 22, 1647
destroyed, and her granddaughter, eight Thomas Chambers, a farmer, with others
years old, captured 1643 from near the present city of Troy, eom-
Throgmorton's settlement attacked and ing to Esopus, now Kingston, are the first
destroyed 1643 settlers of Ulster county 1652
Gravesend, Long Island, attacked, but Flatbush settled 16-52
Indians repulsed 1643 States-Gleneral recalls Stuyvesant
Father Jogues escapes from the Indians April 27, 1652
at Fort Orange; is brought to New Am- His recall revoked May 16. 1652
sterdam and sails for Europe 1643 First public debt of New Amsterdam
English under Robert Fordham, from about 6,000 guilders March 15, 1653
Stamford, settle Hempstead, Long Island Dutch vessels excluded from New Eng-
1644 land harbors 1653
English and Dutch destroy an Indian Landtdag (convention) at N^w Amster-
village near Hempstead 1644 dam Dec. 8, 1653
Kieft proclaims a public thanksgiving Convention organized. New Amster-
for the victory March, 1644 dam had three representatives; Breudke-
Captain Underhill destroys an Indian len, three; Flushing, two; Newtown, two;
village at Stamford, killing 600 Indians; Hempstead, two; Flatlands, three; Flat-
fifteen Dutch soldiers wounded bush, two; Gravesend, two; four Dutch
March 12, 1644 and four English towns sent ten Dutch
Complaints against Kieft; his recall de- and nine English delegates. .Dec 10, 1653
manded 1644 Governor dissolves the convention
Kiliaen Van Rensselaer dies at Amster- Dec 14, 1653
dam, Holland 1644 Pirates and robbers infest East River
End of Indian war ; treaty with some of and plunder shores 1654
the tribes April 22, 1645 First church formed at Flatbush;
General treaty with the Indians after Johannes Theodorus Polhemus dominie
five years of disturbance. . . .Aug. 30, 1645 1654
Several Englishmen obtain a patent from News of projected attack by the English
Governor Kieft for 16,000 acres ^bout received by Governor Stuyvesant
Flushing, L. I., and settle. . .Oct. 19, 1645 May 29, 1654
Adriaen Van der Donck buys of Ind- New Amsterdam put in a state of de-
ians land as far as " Spyt den Duyvel " ; fence June, 1654
States-General confirms the title (the Treaty of peace between England and
Dutch name, " de Jonkeers Landt," be- Holland 1654
came Yonkers) 1646 General thanksgiving day appointed
States-General, at the request of the Aug. 12, 1654
company (July 13), ratify Stuyvesant's Discovery of salt springs in central
commission as governor July 28, 1646 New York by Father Le Moyne
Patent issued to Comelis Antonissen August, 1654
Van Slyck for a colony in Kaatskill English settle at Westchester under
August, 1646 Thomas Pell November, 1654
Father Jogues returns to Canada, re- Seal and coat of arms of New Am-
visits the Mohawks, and is put to death sterdam received from Holland
Oct. 18, 1646 Dec 8, 1654
456
UNITED STATES OF AXESICA— NEW YOBK
Governor Stuyvesant sails to West and William, ten guns, with 450 soldiers;
Indies to establish trade. . . .Dec. 24, 1654 Ck)l. Richard Nioolls in command, to be
Indian invasion Sept. 15, 1655 deputy governor April, 1664
Hoboken, Pavonia, and Staten Island Delegates meet at New Amsterdam;
laid waste, 100 killed, 150 made prisoners, Jeremias Van Rensselaer, of Rensselaer-
$76,000 of property destroyed ' wyck, chairman, as being from the oldest
Sept. 15-20, 1665 " colonic " April 10, 1664
€k)vernor returns; prompt measures for It is decided to be impossible to take
defence Oct. 12, 1655 active measures against the English, who
Prisoners ransomed from the Indians were six times their number, and could
Oct. 26, 1655 bring overwhelming aid from Hartford
Settlement of Jamaica, Long Island April 22, 1664
March, 1656 Mohegans devastate the east side of the
New church at Beaverwyck (Albany) Hudson July 11, 1664
June, 1656 Population of New Amsterdam, 1,500;
Proclamation against the Quakers. . 1657 of the province, 10,000 1664
[Any person entertaining a Quaker for English squadron at Nyack Bay
a single night to be fined £50, one-half Aug. 28, 1664
to the informer, and vessels bringing any Surrender of Fort Amsterdam
Quaker into the province to be con- Sept. 8, 1664
flscated.] Surrender of Fort Orange. Sept. 20, 1664
Village laid out at Esopus (Kingston) First treaty between the English and
May 31, 1658 the Iroquois; this friendship continues for
French are obliged to abandon their over a century Sept. 24, 1664
colonizing efforts among the Iroquois after Name of New Amsterdam changed to
1658 New York and Fort Orange to Albany
Massachusetts grants land to English 1664
colonists on the Hudson 1659 Dutch government denounces the con-
Purchase of Schenectady Flats quest of New Netherland and demands its
July 27, 1661 restitution Nov. 6, 1664
Municipal charter granted to Esopus, West India Company recalls Stuyvesant
now to be called "Wiltwyck" (Indian Nov. 28, 1664
Village) 1661 Principal Dutch residents, including
Curtius returns to Holland and is sue- (jrovernor Stuyvesant and Van Rensselaer,
ceded by Dominie Algidius Luyck 1661 swear allegiance to Charles II. and the
John Browne arrested for harboring Duke of York 1664
Quakers 1662 Long Island adjudged to New York
Village of Esopus attacked by Indians 1664
and partly burned June, 1663 Stuyvesant returns to Holland
Browne banished. Goes to Amsterdam May, 1665
and appeals to the West India Company, Negro slavery recognized 1665
The directors rebuke Stuyvesant and en- Race-course at Hempstead, L. I., select-
join moderation 1663 ed by Governor Nicolls and named " New
Severe earthquake throughout New Market " May, 1665
Netherland, New England, and Canada Holland urgently demands the restora-
1663 tion of New Netherland 1665
Trouble with England and the English Ralph Hill and his wife Mary arrested
colony; a general provincial assembly for witchcraft and sorcery, but the jury
called by the governor to consider the " found nothing considerable against
state of the province March 19, 1664 them " 1665
Charles II. of England grants to the Peter Stuyvesant returns to New York
Duke of York territory including the New October, 1667
Netherland March 22, 1664 Governor Nicolls relieved at his own
Duke of York sends four ships against request 1667
New Netherland: Cfuinea, thirty-six guns; Governor Nicolls leaves New York
Elids, thirty guns; Martin, sixteen guns, Aug. 17, 1668
457
UNITED STATES 07 AXEEICA— NEW TOBK
Col. Francis Lovelace governor Philip of Pokanoket% or King Philip's,
Aug. 28, 1668 War 1675
Staten Island adjudged to New York New fort built by La Salle at Frontenae
1668 1676
Twenty whales captured in New York Governor Andros asserts English sov-
Harbor during spring of 1669 ereignty over the Iroquois 1676
Name " Kingston " given to Esopus Father Hennepin among the Mohawks
Sept. 25, 1669 1677
La Salle, Dollier, and Galin6e explore France denies English sovereignty over
lakes Ontario and Erie; possession taken the Iroquois 1677
for France 1669 Fresh discoveries in the interior of New
Staten Island purchased from the Ind- York; a large tract purchased from the
ians April 13, 1670 Indians by Louis du Bois, Jean Haa-
Katherine Harrison, widow, banished brouck, and others. The governor confirms
from Weather sfield, Ck)nn., for witchcraft, the grant extending along the Shawan-
comes to Westchester. Citizens complain, gimk Mountains and along the Hudson
but the court of assizes* directs her re- River, now Ulster county .. Sept. 16, 1677
lease. She is obliged to leave Crovemor Andros allowed to return to
August, 1670 England "to look after his own inter-
George Fox, the Quaker, visits Long ests " Nov. 17, 1677
Island 1672 New York, as described in London %y
Monthly post between New York and Governor Andros, contains twenty-four
Boston; first post messenger towns, villages, or parishes, in six pre-
Jan. 22, 1673 cincts or courts of sessions; servants are
Dutch fleet of seven vessels, with 1,600 much wanted; slaves, mostly from Bar-
men, arrives off Sandy Hook. The Dutch badoes, are scarce, worth from £30 to £35.
of New York welcome their countrymen A merchant with £500 or £1,000 is thoujrlit
Aug. 7, 1673 substantial, and a planter worth half that
Dutch fire on Fort James, which returns in movables is accounted rich. The value
a shot. Fort James and New York sur- of estates in the province is about £150,000,
render to the Dutch Aug. 9, 1673 Fifteen vessels, of 100 tons each, trade
[Province again named New Netherland, with the province each year from Old and
Fort James called Fort William Hen- New England. Five small ships and a
dricks, and the city of New York New ketch belong to New York, of which four
Orange.] were built there. The exports are pro-
Anthony Colve appointed governor visions, furs, tar, and lumber. The im-
August, 1673 ports of English manufactures amount to
Albany and Esopus reduced £50,000 yearly. The customs, excises, and
August, 1673 quit-rents do not nearly suffice for the
French build Fort Frontenac on Lake public expenses. The chief trading-places
Ontario 1673 are New York and Southampton on Long
Peace between England and Holland; Island for foreign commerce, and Albany
New Netherland restored to England for Indian traffic. There are about 2,000
February and March, 1674 males able to bear arms, 140 of them
New patent granted to the Duke of York horsemen. Fort James at New York is
by Charles II June 29, 1674 a square of stone with four bastions,
Maj. Edmund Andros appointed gov- mounting forty-six guns; Fort Albany at
ernor July 1, 1674 Albany is a small stockade with four has-
Formal delivery of New Netherland to tions and mounting twelve guns, sufficient
the English Nov. 10, 1674 against the Indians. Ministers are scarce
Capt. John Manning, who surrendered and religions many, so that there are no
New York to the Dutch in 1673, court- records of marriages or births in New
martialled and sentenced to have his York. In New York there are no beggars,
sword broken over his head, and forbidden but all the poor are cared for 1678
to wear a sword or serve the crown Governor Andros knighted by the King
February, 1676 in London 1678
458
J
UNITED STATES OF AMEBIOA—NEW YOBK
Sir Edmund Andros lands in New York City of Albany incorporated; Peter
after a nine weeks' voyage.. Aug. 8, 1678 Schuyler first mayor July 22, 1686
Jacob Leisler, with other New-Yorkers, Albany charter published. .July 26, 1686
on the way to England, captured by a Robert Livingston secures the Indian
Turkish corsair; they are ransomed, Leis- title to the territory on the Hudson op-
ler for 2,000 Spanish dollars 1678 posite Catskill to a point opposite Sauger-
French at Niagara; first mass by Fa- ties, and eastward to Massachusetts,
ther Hennepin Dec. 19, 1678 Governor Dongan confirms his title by
La Salle builds Fort Conty at the mouth patent with manorial privileges. This ter-
of the Niagara River January, 1679 ritory embraced 160,240 acres. .July, 1686
La Salle begins building the Griffin, of Charters of liberties repealed 1686
60 tons' burden, above Niagara Falls, at Population of the province about 18,000
the mouth of Cayuga Creek, near La Salle, 1686
Niagara county Jan. 26, 1679 Governor's salary fixed at £600 ster-
Oriffin enters Lake Erie (with La Salle, ling 1686
Tonti, and others on board. She proceeds French invade and occupy the Seneca
to Green Bay, Wis. After leaving that country in New York, and build a pali-
place to return, loaded with furs, she is saded fort at the mouth of the Niagara
never heard of) Aug. 7, 1679 River, on the east side 1687
Great comet seen in New York and Francis Stepney, a dancing-master, being
New England ; a day of fasting and humil- forced to leave Boston, comes to New
iation appointed Dec. 1, 1680 York, but is forbidden to teach
Sir Edmund Androe recalled and leaves June 3, 1687
New York Jan. 11, 1681 Iroquois appeal to the governor for pro-
Anthony BrockhoUs appointed provis- tection against the French. He supplies
ional governor January, 1681 them with arms and ammunition
Col. Thomas Dongan, appointed govern- August, 1687
or, reaches New York Aug. 26, 1683 French continue to assert their sover-
First Assembly under English rule eignty over the Iroquois 1687
Oct. 17, 1683 French governor of Canada makes peace
Charter of liberty adopted. The As- with the Iroquois 1688
sembly to meet once in three years at Governor Dongan required to surrender
least; every freeholder an elector; entire the government of New York to Andros
freedom of conscience and religion guaran- April 22, 1688
teed; no tax levied without the consent French fort at Niagara demolished
of the representatives Oct. 30, 1683 July 6, 1688
New York divided into ten counties ' Governor-General Andros reaches New
Nov. 1, 1683 York Aug. 11, 1688
A high sheriff commissioned for each Francis Nicholson lieutenant-governor
county 1683 of New York 1688
Agreement as to the boundary between War declared between England and
New York and Connecticut. .Nov. 28, 1683 France May, 1689
Governor Dongan commissions James Frontenac reappointed governor of Can-
Graham first recorder of New York City ada May 21, 1689
Jan. 16, 1684 Jacob Leisler seizes Fort James
Francis, I-iord Howard, governor of Vir- June 3, 1689
ginia, visits New York, and is made " free- Leisler assumes command of New York
ma«" of the metropolis. First British June 12, 1689
peer thus honored June 29, 1684 William and Mary proclaimed in New
Iroquois submit to the King of Eng- York June 22, 1689
land July 30, 1684 Lieutenant-Governor Nicholson leaves
Colonial post-office established by New New York for England June 24, 1689
York March 2, 1685 Leisler summons a convention
New York charter not confirmed by June, 1689
James II 1685 Iroquois ravage the country about Mon-
[No colonial assemblies imder James II.] treal Aug. 5, 1689
459
TOITXD STATES OF AHEBICA— NBW YOBX
Leigler commiasioned commander • in- thirty guns, sails from New York with a
chief by the Assembly, pending instruc- crew of 155 men, commissioned as a privar
tions f rom England Aug. 16, 1689 teer against the French, and pirates in
Frontenac returns to Quebec from the Indian Ocean Sept. 6, 1696
France September, 1689 [This was something of a ** private en-
Henry Sloughter appointed governor of terprise." Some noblemen of the English
New York Sept. 2, 1689 ministry invested £6,000 in the undertak-
Leisler assumes the title of lieutenant- ing. Kidd and Robert Livingston of New
governor Dec. 10, 1689 York were to have one-fifth of the pro-
Frontenac organizes three expeditions ceed*.]
against the English: one against New Richard Ckwte, Earl of Bellomont, ap-
York, the second against New England, and pointed to succeed Governor Fletcher in
the third to ravage Maine.. January, 1690 1695; commissioned, 1697, reaches New
Party of 210, including eighty Indians, York April 2, 1698
surprise and burn Schenectady, then the John Nanfan, a kinsman of Governor
western frontier post of New York, con- Bellomont, appointed lieutenant-governor
taining upward of forty well-built houses 1698
surrounded by a palisade, kill sixty or more Louis de Buade, Ck>unt de Frontenac,
people, and carry away many captives; governor of Canada, dies, aged seventy-
some escape to Albany Feb. 8-9, 1690 eight .Nov. 22, 1698
French retreat, and are pursued by the Remains of Jacob Leisler and Milbome
Iroquois 1690 honorably buried in the Dutch church, Gar-
Colonial Congress called at New York den Street 1699
by Leisler April 2, 1690 Governor Bellomont dies at New York
Expedition against Canada fails.. 1690 March 5, 1701
Leisler refuses to give up the fort at Kidd is denounced as a pirate, and, re-
New York to Richard Ingoldsby, Governor turning to New York, and thence to Bos-
Sloughter's deputy January, 1691 ton, is there arrested and ultimately sent
Arrival of Governor Sloughter ■ to England, where he is tried, convicted,
March 19, 1691 and hanged, with nine accomplices, at Exe-
Leisler imprisoned March 20, 1691 cution Dock, London May 24, 1701
Leisler, Milbome, and others indicted William III. of England dies
for treason and murder. Eight of the March 8, 1702
prisoners convicted April, 1691 Queen Anne succeeds 1702
Petition for Leisler's pardon. Governor Lieut.-Gov. John Nanfan acts as gov-
Slough ter signs the death-warrant of Leis- ernor until the arrival of Edward Hyde,
ler and Milborne May 14, 1691 Ix)rd Cornbury May 3, 1702
Leisler and Milbome executed Yellow fever in New York. General As-
May 16, 1691 sembly at Jamaica, L. 1 1702
Governor Sloughter dies.. July 23, 1691 Lord Cornbury prohibits Presbjrterians
Richard Ingoldsby acting governor from preaching without his license. .1707
July 23, 1691 Lord Cornbury removed; succeeded by
Governor Sloughter succeeded by Benja- Ix)rd Lovelace, who arrives. .Dec. 18, 1708
min Fletcher Aug. 29, 1692 Slave market established at the foot of
Frontenac sends an expedition against Wall Street, New York 1709
the Mohawks Jan. 15, 1693 I^rd Lovelace dies May 12, 1709
Peter Schuyler, of Albany, pursues the Lieutenant-Governor Ingoldsby, acting
French with English and Iroquois; they governor 1709
escape across the upper Hudson Expedition fitted out against Montreal;
February, 1693 failure 1709
Fort Frontenac rebuilt by the French Peter Schuyler takes to England five
1694 distinguished chiefs of the Iroquois to
Frontenac prepares a great expedition visit the Queen 1710
against the Iroquois; but only destroys Richard Ingoldsby displaced; Gerar-
three villages and some com 1696 dus Beekman acting governor from
William Kidd, with the Adventure, of April 10, 1710
460
UNITED STATES QF AMEBICA— NEW YOBK
Robert Hunter, governor, arrives at New Governor Cosby dies. . . .March 10, 1736
York with 3,000 German Lutherans George Clarke, governor 1736
June 14, 1710 Law disfranchising Jews in New York
Preparations to invade Canada. Nichol- 1738
son leaves Albany with 4,000 men, and a Captain Norris, of the ship Tartar,
fleet under Sir Hovenden Walker sails lying in the harbor of New York, applies
from Boston with 7,000 men and a fine to the mayor for authority to impress
train of artillery, against Quebec and thirty seamen. The governor and council
Montreal July 30, 1711 order the mayor to assent; but he refuses.
Fleet loses eight transports and more and the matter is passed by 1738
than 1,000 men on the rocks at the mouth Supposed negro plot to burn New York,
of the St. Lawrence, and sails for Eiig- Thirteen negroes burned, twenty hanged,
land; the army disbands 1711 and seventy transported to the West
Tuscaroras leave North Carolina and Indies March, 1741
join their brethren in New York, thus Sir George Clinton, governor
forming the Six Nations 1712 Sept. 20, 1743
Pretended discovery of a negro insur- French and Indians destroy the village
rection in New York; nineteen negroes of Saratoga and carry away captive over
hanged 1712 100 men, women, and children
Schoharie Flats settled by Germans, Nov. 28^ 1745
1713 Peace between England and France
Peace of Utrecht between England and October, 1748
France April 11, 1713 Theatre established in New York City
Court of chancery established. Lewis 1750
Morris appointed chief-justice of the Governor Clinton resigns . . Sept. 7, 1753
province 1715 Sir Danvers Osborne, governor, Sept. 7 ;
Governor Hunter resigns; Peter Schuy- commits suicide by hanging. .Sept. 12, 1753
ler acting governor July 19, 1719 James De Lancey, acting governor. .1753
William Burnet, governor, arrives at Convention representing New Hamp-
New York Sept. 17, 1720 shire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con-
English establish a trading-post at necticut. New York, Pennsylvania, and
Oswego 1722 Maryland, at Albany to consider a colonial
William Bradford issues the New York confederacy June 19, 1754
Gazette, the first newspaper in the [Articles of union drawn by Benjamin
province October, 1725 Franklin.]
Fort Niagara built by the French. .1726 King's College (now Columbia Univer-
Governor Burnet succeeded by John sity). New York City, founded, Rev. W.
Montgomery April 15, 1728 S. Johnson, D.D., first president 1754
Boundary with Connecticut established Sir Charles Hardy, governor 1755
May, 1731 Fort Edward and Fort William Henry
Governor Montgomery dies. .July 1, 1731 built 1755
Rip Van Dam, acting governor 1731 Battle of Lake George. Defeat of the
[Population in the province of New French, and capture of their leader, Baron
York, 50,289 ; New York City, 8,632 ; Dieskau Sept. 8, 1755
total number of negroes, 7,231.] [He was exchanged in 1763, and, return-
William Cosby, governor of New York, ing to France, was pensioned.]
arrives Aug. 1, 1732 Fort Oswego, with 1,600 men, 120
First stage runs between New York and cannon, fourteen mortars, two sloops, and
Boston, round trip twenty-eight days. 1732 200 boats and bateaux, surrenders to
John Peter Zenger establishes the New Montcalm Aug, 14, 1756
York Weekly Journal in the interests of Montcalm, governor of Canada, besieges
the people Nov. 5, 1733 Fort William Henry with about 8,000
Zenger arrested for libel and imprisoned French and 2,000 Indians Aug. 2, 1757
thirty-five weeks November, 1734 Colonel Monroe surrenders with the gar-
Andrew Hamilton, of Philadelphia, sue- rison of nearly 3,000 (Fort William
cessfully defends Zenger July, 1735 Henry) Aug. 9, 1757
461
mrrED states of amebzca— mew tobk
Jamc« De Lancey, governor; Sir Clutrlefl Governor Tryon gives 10,000 acres of
Hardy goes to England 1757 land to King's Ck>llege, and founds a chair
General Abercrombie attacks Fort Ti- of law 1774
conderoga and is repulsed. .July 8, 1758 New York publishes a declaration of
Fort Frontenac surrenders to the Eng- rights May 23, 1774
Hsh under Col. John Bradstreet Sir William Johnson dies at Albany,
Aug. 27, 1758 aged sixty July 11, 1774
Fort Stanwix built (Fort Schuyler) Delegates chosen to first Continental
1768 Congress July 25, 1774
English under Gen. John Prideaux be- Provincial convention in New York;
siege Fort Niagara; General Prideaux delegates to the Continental Congresu;
killed July 20, 1759 appointed April 22, 1775
French surrender the fort. July 25, 1759 Fort Ticonderoga surprised and taken
Battle of Quebec; General Wolfe killed by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold with
Sept. 13, 1759 eighty men May 10,1775
Surrender of Quebec Sept. 18, 1759 Crown Point surrenders. .May 12, 1775
Governor De Lancey dies. .July 30, 1760 Benedict Arnold captures St. Johns,
Cadwallader Colden, acting governor Canada May 16, 1775
July 30, 1760 First Provincial Congress in New York:
Capitulation of M. de Vaudreuil at Nathaniel Woodhull, president, appoints
Montreal and the entire reduction of a committee of safety May 22, 1775
Canada Sept. 8, 1760 General Tryon retires to the Asia, an
Death of George XL; George III. sue- armed English ship in the harbor of New
ceeds ..Oct 25, 1760 York 1775
Robert Monckton, governor City and county of New York ask ad-
November, 1761 vice from Congress how to deal with the
Leaves the government to Cadwallader British troops expected in the city, and
Colden 1761 the military stores captured at Ticonder-
New York claims jurisdiction over the oga May, 1775
present State of Vermont 1762 Richard Montgomery commissioned brig-
Sir Henry Moore, governor, arrives. 1765 adier-general by Congress. . .June 22, 1775
Sons of Liberty organized in New York Congress orders Captain Lamb to re-
1765 move the cannon from the fort at New
Colonial convention in New York to York to the Highlands; twenty-four pieces
consider the Stamp Act Oct. 7, 1765 secured Aug. 23, 1775
Stamp Act to go into operation, causes [English ship Aaia, lying in the harbor,
great disturbance in New York attempted in vain to prevent this. Alex-
Nov. 1, 1765 ander Hamilton, then a student in King's
Repeal of the Stamp Act (Columbia) College, assisted in securing
March 18, 1766 the cannon.]
English treaty with the Iroquois, Dela- Col. Ethan Allen taken prisoner with
wares, Shawnees, and Mingoes at Fort thirty-eight men by the British near Mon-
Stanwix Nov. 5, 1768 treal Sept. 25, 1775
Sir Henry Moore dies; Cadwallader Montreal captured by Gen. Richard
Colden again acting governor Montgomery Nov. 13, 1775
Sept. 1, 1769 General Montgomery attempts the capt-
Boundary settled between New York ure of Quebec; he is killed and the Amen-
and New Jersey 1769 cans repulsed Dec. 31, 1775
Liberty-pole in New York City cut down On the news of the Declaration of Inde-
by British soldiers Jan. 13, 1770 pendence, the leaden statue of the King of
John, Ijord Dunmore, governor 1770 England in New York is made into 42,-
Governor Dunmore transferred to Vir- 000 bullets July 6, 1776
ginia; William Tryon last royal governor Northern army falls back from Crown
of New York 1771 Point to Ticonderoga July 7, 1776
Line of jurisdiction between New York New York Provincial Congress at While
and Massachusetts settled 1773 Plains sanctions the Declaration of Inde-
462
VniTED STATES OF AMEBICA— NEW YOBK
pendence, making the thirteen colonies John Jay appointed chief -justice and
unanimous July 9, 1776 Robert R. Livingston chancellor 1777
[This Ck>ngres8 meets four times up to Garrison under General St. Clair aban-
July 0, 1776, when it takes the name Ck>n- don Ticonderoga July 6, 1777
vention of the Representatives of the State Murder of Jane McOrea by the Indians
of New York, meeting at Kingston.] near Fort Edward July 27, 1777
One sloop, three schooners, and five General St. Clair joins General Schuyler
smaller boats, carrying fifty-eight guns at Fort Edward, which is abandoned, and
and eighty-six swivels, built at Whitehall the Americans retire across the Hudson to
by the Americans to control Lake Cham- Saratoga, and thence to Stillwater; Bur-
plain; manned by about 400 men goyne reaches the Hudson.. July 29, 1777
Aug. 22, 1776 St. Leger, co-operating with Burgoyne,
Lord Howe lands 10,000 men and forty advances from Montreal with a large force
guns near Gravesend, L. I... Aug. 22, 1776 of Canadians and Indians; invests Fort
Americans under Greneral Sullivan de- Stanwix Aug. 3, 1777
feated by General Howe, and Grenerals General Herkimer, with about 800 men,
Sullivan and Sterling taken prisoners; advances to the relief of Fort Stanwix;
battle of Long Island Aug. 27, 1776 when within 6 miles of the fort, falls into
General Washington withdraws his an ambuscade at Oriskany, is mortally
forces to the city of New York from Long wounded, but repulses the enemy with aid
Island Aug. 29-30, 1776 from the fort under Colonel Willett
British use condemned hulks moored in Aug. 6, 1777
Wallabout Bay as prison-ships ; it is es- Two detachments of British and Indians
timated that 11,400 American prisoners from Burgoyne's army, numbering about
died in them during six years beginning 500 men eadi, under Colonels Baume and
1776 Breyman, defeated by Gen. John Stark at
New York City evacuated, occupied by Walloomsac Aug. 16, 1777
the British Sept. 14, 1776 Gen. Philip Schuyler superseded by
Battle of Harlem Heights; British re- Gen. Horatio Gates Aug. 22, 1777
pulsed Sept. 16, 1770 General Sullivan lands on Staten Isl-
Nathan Hale executed as a spy at New and, surprises two regiments of Tories,
York by command of General Howe and captures many prisoners
Sept. 22, 1776 Aug. 22, 1777
Fleet on Lake Champlain under Benedict St. Leger retreats from Fort Stanwix
Arnold meets a vastly superior British to Montreal before General Arnold, sent
armament under Captain Pringle, and is with three regiments by General Schuyler
defeated with a loss of about ninety men to relieve Fort Stanwix Aug. 22, 1777
Oct. 11-13, 1776 General Gates encamps at Stillwater
Battle of White. Plains; Americans Sept. 8, 1777
driven back Oct. 28, 1776 General Burgoyne encamps at Saratoga
Washington crosses the Hudson Sept. 14, 1777
Nov. 12, 1776 Battle of Stillwater; both armies claim
Fort Washington on the Hudson capt- the victory, but the Americans had great-
ured by the British, with 2,000 prisoners ly the advantage Sept. 19, 1777
and artillery Nov. 16, 1776 Forts Clinton and Montgomery, on the
Fort Lee, opposite Fort Washington on Hudson, taken by Sir Henry Clinton
the Hudson, evacuated by the Americans Oct, 6, 1777
under General Greene Nov. 18, 1776 Battle of Saratoga; British defeated
New York convention adopts a consti- Oct. 7, 1777
tution March 6-May 13, 1777 Surrender of the army under General
General Burgoyne with 7,173 British Burgoyne Oct. 17, 1777
and German troops, besides several thou- [Total number surrendered, 5,642; pre-
sand Canadians and Indians, appears be- vious losses about 4,000.]
fore Ticonderoga July 1, 1777 Lieutenant-Colonel Baylor's troop of
George Clinton elected governor horse (unarmed) surprised and mostly
July 3, 1777 killed and wounded (sixty-seven out of
463
UHITED 8TATB8 OV AMEBIGA--SEW YOBX
104) by a party of Britisli under Grey, jor-genenil in the American army, dies
near old Tappan, on the night of at Albany, aged fifty-seven. .Jan. 15, 1783
Sept. 27, 1778 Order of the Cincinnati founded by the
Schoharie rayaged by Indians and Tories officers of the army encamped on the Hnd*
Oct. 16, 1778 son May 13, 1783
Cherry Valley rayaged by Indians and Treaty of peace with Great Britain
Tories Nov. 11-12, 1778 signed at Paris Sept, 3, 1783
Sir Henry Clinton captures Verplanck's British evacuate New York City
and Stony Point June, 1770 Nov. 25, 1783
Stony Point surprised and captured. Long Island and Staten Island evmenated
with 500 prisoners, by Gen. Anthony by the British, who embark.. Dec 4, 1783
Wajme July 16, 1779 General Washington bids farewell to
General Sullivan leaves the Wyoming his officers at Fraunoe's Tavern, New Tork
Valley with a force of 3,000 men, July 31, Dec 4, 1783
on an expedition against the Six Nations. University of the State of New Yoric is
He is joined at Tioga Point, Aug. 22, by established by an act of the l^slature
Gen. James Clinton, with 1,600 men May 1, 1784
Aug. 20, 1770 [Governing body of the university is a
[In the course of three weeks the troops board of regents, chosen by the legislature
destroy forty Indian villages and extensive and holding office, without pay, for life,
fields of grain.] under certain restrictions.]
Verplanok^s and Stony Point evacuated Continental Congress meets in New York
by the British October, 1770 Jan. 11, 1785
Command in the Highlands of the Hud- Population of the State, 238,807.-1786
son, with the works at West Point, is Dispute between Massachusetts and New
given to Gkn. Benedict Arnold York about lands settled by commissioners
Aug. 3, 1780 appointed by the two States 1787
Maj. John Andr6, adjutant-general of Samuel Prevost, rector of Trinity
the British army, lands from the Brit- Church, consecrated bishop at Lambeth
ish sloop-of-war Vulture, and meets Gen- Palace, England, for the State 1787
eral Arnold on the night of Columbia Collie incorporated 1787
Sept. 21, 1780 New York accepts the Constitution of
Attempting to return to New York, he the United States, with amendments
is captured by John Paulding, David Will- July 25, 1787
iams, and Isaac Van Wart, near Tarry- First number of the Federalist appears
town Sept. 23, 1780 in New York Oct 27, 1787
Arnold, hearing of the capture of ** Doctors' mob," caused by the discovery
Andr^, escapes to the Vulture of human remains for dissection in the
Sept 24, 1780 hospital in New York City
[Arnold received from the British gov- April 13, 14, 1788
emment £10,000 and commission of brig- Oliver Phelps and Nathaniel Gorham
adier-general.] purchase of the Six Nations 2,500,000
A military board. Gen. Nathanael acres in western New York 1788
Greene president, convict Andr6 as a spy New York ratifies the Constitution of
Sept 20, 1780 the United States July 26, 1788
(reneral Washington approves the find- Congress meets in New York, in the old
ing of the board Sept 30, 1780 City Hall, comer of Wall and Nassau
Major Andr6 hanged at Tappan at streets, opposite Broad; only eight Sena-
twelve o'clock, noon, and buried there tors and thirteen Representatives present
Oct. 2, 1780 March 4, 1780
Ann Lee, founder of the Shakers, Senate, having a quorum, organises
coming from England, settles with a body March 30, 1780
of that sect near Albany, 1774, and estab- [Frederic A« Muhlenburg, speaker.]
lishes a community of them at New Leba- Senate, having a quorum, organises
non 1780 April 6, 1780
William Alexander (Lord Stirling), ma- [John Langdon, New Hampshire, d&osen
464
UNITED STATBS OF AMEBICA— HEW YOBX
to preside at the counting of votes for Sloop Detroit the first American vessel
President. All the sixty-nine votes were on Lake Erie 1796
cast for Washington, and thirty-four for Massachusetts deeds to Robert Morris,
John Adams, who became Vice-President.] of Philadelphia, nearly 3,300,000 acres of
John Adams takes the chair of the land in western New York.. May 11, 1796
Senate April 21, 1789 He extinguishes the Indian title, sells
Washington arrives at Elizabeth Point, several tracts from the east side along the
and is escorted to New York by a commit- Genesee River, and mortgages the residue
tee from both Houses in a barge rowed to Wilhelm Willink and others, of Amster-
by thirteen pilots dressed in white dam, Holland, called the Holland Land
April 23, 1789 Company 1796
Oath of office taken by Washington [By this purch^ise the Holland Land
April 30, 1789 Company acquired the present counties
[Oath was administered by Chancellor of Niagara, Erie, Chautauqua, Catta*
Livingston in the balcony of the City raugus, Wyoming, except some small res-
Hall.] ervations, and most of the counties of
First recorded party contest in New Allegany, Genesee, and Orleans.]
York State; votes polled, 12,453 1789 State road from Whitestown to Geneva
Oliver Phelps opens in Canandaigua the built 1796
first private land office in America. .1789 Forts Oswegatchie (now Ogdensburg),
United States buys of Stephen Moore Oswego, and Niagara evacuated by the
the site of West Point 1790 British 1796
Population of the State, 340,120. . .1790 John Fitch moves a small boat on Col*
Eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, and four- lect pond, in New York City, by a small
teenth sessions of the Continental Congress steam-engine and a " worm-screw " pro-
met in New York City — ^that is, from jecting from the stem of the boat.. 1796
Jan. 11, 1785, to Oct. 21, 1788. Also the Albany becomes permanent capital of
first and second sessions of the First Con- the State 1797
gpress under the Constitution Legislature grants to Chancellor Living-
March 4, 1789~Aug. 12, 1790 ston an exclusive right to navigate the
Phelps & Gorham sell to Robert Morris inland waters of the State by vessels
1,204,000 acres in western New York for propelled by fire or steam 1798
8d. an acre 1790 New York appropriates $1,200,000 to de-
Boundary between New Yorlc and Ver- fend her harbor against France. .. .1798
mont established 1790 Washington nominates Alexander Ham-
Congress leaves New York City and ilton as first in rank of major-generals in
meets in Philadelphia December, 1790 the provisional army 1798
Part of Vermont formed Cumberland and Legislature enacts the gradual abolition
Gloucester counties in New York till . .1791 of slavery April, 1799
Paper mill erected at Troy, which makes Population of the State, 589,051 . . .1800
from four to five reams of paper daily George Clinton again elected governor
1791 1801
French privateer fitted out in New York Democrats predominant, led by Col.
IB seized by militia by order of Governor Aaron Burr, the Clintons, and the Living-
Clinton June 14, 1791 stons 1801
Frederick William Augustus, Baron Bufl'alo laid out by the Holland Land
Steuben, major-general in the Revolution- Company, who open an office at Batavia,
ary army dies at Steubenville, Oneida Joseph Ellicott agent, for the sale of land
county Nov. 28, 1794 1801
Union College incorporated at Sche- Academy of fine arts founded at New
Tiectady 1795 York City 1801
George Clinton, after eighteen years' Duel between Col. John Swartwout and
service, declines re-election as governor, De Witt Clinton; five shots exchanged;
and is succeeded by John Jay 1795 Swartwout slightly wounded 1802
Legislature appropriates $50,000 for Military Academy established at West
public schools 1795 Point by Congress 1802
IX.— 2 o 465
UHITED STATES OF AMEBICA— KEW TOBX
Burr's Democratic friends resolve to Lieut. J. D. Elliott captures the Calc-
support him for governor against any reg- donia and Detroit, British vessels anchor-
ular nominee 1804 cd near Fort Erie, opposite Buffalo
Morgan Lewis elected as the regular Oct. 8, 1812
Democratic candidate 1804 [Congress votes Lieutenant Elliott a
Burr proposed as Federalist candidate sword for this exploit.]
in coalition with his faction; the plan Battle of Queenston, Upper Canada,
defeated by Alexander Hamilton 1804 and death of Sir Isaac Brock, governor of
This opposition of Hamilton to Burr Upper Canada Oct. 12-13, 1812
culminates in a duel at Hoboken, in which [The Americans, at first successful, are
Burr kills Hamilton July 11, 1804 finally beaten.]
New York Historical Society founded Gen. James Clinton, Revolutionary
1804 soldier, father of De Witt Clinton, di^
Philip Schuyler dies at Albany, aged at Little Britain, Orange county
seventy-three Nov. 18, 1804 Dec. 22, 1812
Legislature appropriates the proceeds of Albany Argu8 started in Albany, Jesse
the remaining State lands, over a million Buel editor Jan. 13, 1813
acres, for the school fund 1805 Ogdensburg attacked and captured by
Comer-stone of the old State capitol the British Feb. 22, 1813
laid at Albany April 23, 1806 York (now Toronto) taken by the Amer-
Robert Fulton's steamboat, the Cler- icans April 27, 1813
mont, makes first trip, New York to Al- Fort George, Canada, evacuated by the
bany ; average speed, 5 miles an hour British May 27, 1813
Aug. 7, 1807 Fort Erie captured by the Americans
Daniel D. Tompkins elected governor May 28, 1813
1807 British repulsed at Sackett's Harbor
James Geddes, of Onondaga, surveys a May 29, 1813
route for a canal from Lake Erie to the Perry's victory on Lake Erie
Hudson River, and reports it practicable Sept. 10, 1813
1808-0 Burning of the village of Newark.
Population of the State, 959,049. ..1810 near Fort George, by the Americans
A commission appointed to inquire into under General McClure, who was severely
the practicability of a canal from Lake censured, and Fort George evacuated
Erie to the Hudson explores the whole Dec. 10, 1813
route 1810 British capture Fort Niagara
It report.s in favor of the canal; esti- Dec. 19. 1813
mated cost, $5,000,000 1811 They burn Buffalo and Black Rock
West Point reorganized and made effi- Dec. 30, 1813
cient 1812 Fort Ontario at Oswego captured by the
George Clinton, first governor of New British May 5-6, 1814
York, dies at Washington, D. C. Fort Erie occupied by the Americans
April 20, 1812 July 3, 1814
Hamilton College, at Clinton, Oneida Battle of Chippewa, Canada; Ameri-
county, established 1812 cans victorious July 5, 1814
" Detached militia " of New York ar- Battle of Bridgewater, or Lundy's Lane,
ranged by the War Department in two Canada, one of the most destructive of the
divisions and eight brigades. April 21, 1812 war. The Americans, 2,000 strong, lose
War declared against Great Britain by 858 men killed and wounded, and the
the United States June 20, 1812 British (4,500) lose about twenty more;
Stephen Van Rensselaer (the patroon), fought from 8 p.m. to midnight
of Albany, commissioned major - general July 25, 1814
and assigned to the 1st Division, and Ben- Fort Erie besieged by the British
jamin Mooers, of Plattsburg, to the 2d Aug. 4, 1814
1812 Colonel Drummond assaults the works
British attack Sackett's Harbor and are and is repulsed Aug. 15, 1814
repulsed July 29, 1812 Commodore Macdonough defeats British
J 66
UNITED STATES OF AKEBICA— NEW YOBK
fleet on Lake Champlain at Plattsburg, Geneva College, Geneva, Ontario county,
under Commodore Downie. . Sept. 11, 1814 incorporated 1825
General Macomb, with about 6,000 men, [Name changed to Hobart College,
defeats 12,000 British under Sir George March 27, I860.]
Provost, at Plattsburg Sept. 11, 1814 Daniel D. Tompkins, bom 1774, dies on
Americans make a successful sortie at Staten Island June 11, 1825
Fort Erie and destroy the British works Erie Canal completed Oct. 26, 1825
Sept. 17, 1814 First boat, Seneca Chief, conveying the
British raise the siege after fifty-six governor and others, passes from Lake
days Sept. 21, 1814 Erie to the Hudson, and reaches New York
Americans, under General Izard, aban- City. Grand celebration Nov. 4, 1825
don Fort Erie and blow it up. Nov. 5, 1814 Delaware and Hudson Canal commenced
Treaty of peace ratified and promul- 1826
gated Feb. 17, 1815 Abduction of William Morgan from
Robert Fulton dies at New York City Canandaigua Sept. 12, 1826
Feb. 24, 1815 Thurlow Weed edits the Awti-masonio
General disappearance of the Federal Enquirer, at Rochester, N. Y 1826-27
party 1815-17 Owing to Morgan's abduction, a county
De Witt Clinton elected governor to sue- convention at Le Roy, Genesee county, be-
ceed Governor Tompkins, chosen Vice- gins the anti-masonic movement 1827
President of the United States 1817 Journal of Commerce started in New
Legislature abolishes slavery from July York City 1827
4, 1827 April, 1817 Gov. De Witt Clinton dies suddenly at
Erie Canal begun at Rome, Oneida coun- Albany, aged fifty-nine Feb. 11, 1828
ty July 4, 1817 Nathaniel Pitcher, acting governor
State grants $20,000 to county agricult- 1828
ural societies to promote agriculture and Oswego Canal finished 1828
family domestic manufactures 1817 Martin Van Buren elected governor; re-
State library founded at Albany signs March 12, 1829
April 21, 1818 Enos T. Throop, acting governor. .1829
First steamboat, Walk-in-the-fcater, on Manufacture of brick by machinery suc-
Lake Erie 1818 cessfully begun in New York 1829
Hamilton Theological Seminary, Madi- John Jay dies at Bedford, Westchester
son county, incorporated 1819 county May 17, 1829
Steamship Savannah, 380 tons, Capt. Sam Patch jumps from the Genesee
Moses Rodgers, sails from New York, Falls at Rochester and is killed. .. .1829
where she was built, for Savannah, Ga. Albany Evening Journal started, edited
April 10, 1819 by Thurlow Weed 1830
[Arriving there April 17, she sails from First omnibus built and used in New
that port, May 24, for St. Petersburg, York City 1830
Russia, via Liverpool, reaches Liverpool, Book of Mormon first published by E.
June 20 ; sails for St. Petersburg, July 23 ; B. Grandin at Palmyra 1830
returns to Savannah, fifty days from St. Population of the State 1,918,608. .18.30
Petersburg, December, 1819; first American University of the City of New York
steamship to cross the Atlantic] opened 1830
Population of the State, 1,372,111. .1820 First locomotive engine, "The Best
[From this time the State has been Friend,^' built in the United States, fin-
styled the "Empire State."] ished at West Point foundry, New York
Revised State constitution adopted and City, and tested Dec. 9, 1830
ratified February, 1822 Albany and Schenectady Railroad open-
Joseph C. Yates, governor 1822 ed, 16 miles 1831
Champlain Canal begun 1816, finished Chloroform first obtained by Samuel
1823 Guthrie, of Sackett's Harbor 1831
De Witt Clinton elected governor. .1824 Imprisonment for contract debt, ex-
Lafayette lands in New York City cept for fraud, abolished 1831
Aug. 15, 1824 Whi|r party formed 1832
467
TJNITBD 8TATBS OF AMEBICA— HEW YOBK
Cholera in New York City, June 27 un- Attica and Buffalo Railroad opened
til Oct. 19; 4,000 die 1832 1842
Buffalo and Utica incorporated as cities William C. Bouck, governor 1843
1832 Morgan Lewis, prominent soldier in the
First horse street-railroad in the world two wars with Great Britain and go\-
opened in Fourth Avenue, New York City ernor of New York, born in 1754, die* at
1832 New York City April 7, 1844
Red Jacket, the Indian chief, dies near Armed resistance begun ^y anti-renter^
Buffalo, aged seventy-eight. .Jan. 20, 1832 in Albany, Delaware, and Rensselaer c^yxm-
Anti-slavery society of New York organ- ties l!vl4
ized Oct. 2, 1833 [Tenants of the patroon refuse to paj
William L. Marcy, governor 1833 rent.]
Riot in New York against the abolition- Silas Wright, Jr., governor
ists 1834 Jan. 1, ls45
A geological survey of the State ordered Steamer Swallow, Captain Squires, frcm
1836 New York to Albany, strikes a rock near
Union Theological Seminary in New Athens; many passengers drowned
York City founded 183« April 7, 1JU5
Schenectady and Utica Railroad opened Qov. Silas Wright proclaims Delaware
1836 county in a state of insurrection on ar
Aaron Burr dies at New York, aged count of anti-rentism Aug. 27, 1^'>
eighty Sept. 14, 1836 Madison University, at Hamilton. Madi-
liCgislature appropriates $200,000 a year son- county, chartered May 26. 184^
for three years to form township and dis- [Hamilton Literary and Theologieal
trict libraries 1837 Seminary, at the same place, established
Patriot war — Canada 1837 in 1810, is included in this charter.]
Navy Island in Niagara River occupied State constitution revised and adopte^i
by the Patriots December, 1837 November, 184«
Steamer Caroline^ at Schlosser's Land- John Young, governor Jan. 1, 1S47
ing, on the American side of Niagara Oneida community established. . ..1847
River, is fired and sent over the Falls by Meeting at Seneca Falls to advocate
Canadian soldiers under Colonel McNab, political equality of women 1$4^
night of Dec. 29, 1837 Hamilton Fish elected governor by the
Auburn and Syracuse Railroad opened Whigs li^S
1837 Spirit rappings, phenomena begun in
William H. Seward elected governor the house of John D. Fox, Hydersville.
1838 and afterwards in Rochester 1S4S
Free banking law passed 1838 Continuous, railroad, Boston to Xf
Steamboat Lexington burned in Long York, opened Jan. 1, 1S4^
Island Sound Jan. 13, 1840 Population of the SUte, 3,097,394. .l^W
First State-prison library in the Unit- University of Rochester, at Rochester,
ed States started at Sing Sing 1840 chartered May 8, 1S50
Population of the State, 2,428,921. .1840 Arctic expedition in search of Sir John
Railroad completed from Boston to Franklin sails from New York under
Albany 1841 Lieutenant De Haven and Dr. Elisha
Steam-packet President sails for Liver- Kent Kane May 24, 1850
pool (never heard from) . .March 11, 1841 Collins line of steamships begin between
First Washington temperance meeting New York and Liverpool — an American
in New York March 24, 1841 line 1850
Steamboat Erie burned on Lake Erie; Washington Hunt elected governor. 1850
180 perish Aug. 9, 1841 Erie Railroad completed; Piermont oh
Auburn and Rochester Railroad opened the Hudson to Lake Erie
1841 April 28-29, 1851
Croton aqueduct finished; five years in Hudson River Railroad opened I8nl
construction; cost, $12,500,000; length, James Fenimore Cooper, bom in 17S9.
40% miles 1842 dies at Cooperstown, N. Y.. .Sept. 14, 1851
468
TJNITEI) STATB8 OF AMEBICA— ITEW YOBX
Whig party disappears from State and Washington Irving, bom in New York
national politics after 1852 City in 1783, dies at Tarrytown, N. Y.
Horatio Seymour, governor Nov. 28, 1859
Jan. 1, 1853 Population of the State, 3,880,735'. .1860
Second Arctic expedition in search of Erie Canal enlargement completed; en-
Sir John Franklin sails from New York tire cost, $52,491,915.74 1862
under Dr. Kane. Funds mostly furnished Horatio Seymour, Democrat, elected
by Henry Grinnell, of New York, and governor November, 1862
George Peabody. Grinnell land discovered Manhattan College, at Manhattanville,
May 30, 1853 New York City, incorporated by the re-
New York clearing-house established gents April 2, 1863
1853 Peace meeting held in New York City,
District libraries of the State have called by leading Democrats to devise
1,604,210 volumes 1853 means for ending the Civil War
[This number was reduced more than June 3, 1863
one-half through carelessness and loss up Clement C. Moore, born in New York,
to 1890.] 1779, dies at Newport, R. I. .July 10, 1863
New York Central Railroad formed [Author of the ballad, 'Ticaa the night
by the consolidation of the local railroads before Christmas.]
1853 Draft riots in New York City
Continuous line of railway opened, New July 13-16, 1863
York to Chicago 1853 [About 1,000 killed. Claims for dam-
First train over a uniform gauge from ages amounting to $1,500,000 presented.]
Buffalo to Erie and Chicago Normal school at Oswego established
Feb. 1, 1854 1863
Office of the State superintendent of Reuben E. Fenton, Republican, elected
public instruction created by a law of governor November, 1864
March 30, 1854 Number of troops furnished by the State
Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, widow of in the Civil War in all branches of the
Alexander Hamilton, dies at Washington, service reduced to a three years' standard
D. C, aged ninety-seven years was 392,270, about 12 per cent, of the
Nov. 9, 1854 population 1866
Railway suspension bridge at Niagara Eliphalet Nott, born in 1773, dies at
Falls completed 1855 Schenectady Jan. 29, 1866
Last survivor of Washington's Life- [Made president of Union College in
guard. Sergeant Uzel Knapp, dies, aged 1804. Over 3,700 students graduated dur-
ninety-seven, at New Windsor, Orange ing his presidency.]
county Jan. 11, 1856 Fenian raid into Canada ; about 1,200
St. Lawrence University, Canton, St. men cross Niagara River near Buffalo,
Lawrence county, incorporated camping near old Fort Erie. .May 31, 1866
April 3, 1856 Slight conflict takes place near Ridge-
Dudley observatory built at Albany way June 2, 1866
1856 [Force withdraws the next evening.]
Failure of the Ohio Life and Trust Cora- Reuben E. Fenton re-elected governor
pany in New York; a commercial panic November, 1866
spreads throughout the United States Vassar Female College at Poughkeepsie in-
Aug. 24, 1856 corporated, Jan. 11, 1861; name changed by
First telegraphic despatch received in legislature to Vassar College. .Feb. 1, 1807
New York from London by the Atlantic Normal school at Brockport established
telegraph Aug. 5, 1858 1867
Edwin D. Morgan, Republican, elected Public schools made entirely free
governor 1858 Oct. 1, 1867
M. Blondin (Emile Gravelet) crosses the State board of charities organized. .1867
Niagara River, just below the Falls, for Memorial or Decoration Day made a
the first time on a tight-rope legal holiday; date of first celebration
June 30, 1859 May 30, 1868
469
¥NITED STATES OF AHEBICA— HEW TOBK
Commission of fisheries created by an over the river proper 1^967 14 feet. Begmn
act passed 1868 1870, opened Oct 31, 1873
Cornell University at Ithaca opened to Tweed sentenced to twelve years in the
students October, 1868 penitentiary Nov. 22, 1873
John T. Hoffman, Democrat, elected gov- [He is discharged, but is rearrested, and
emor November, 1868 escapes Dec. 4, 1875. He goes to Spain,
Henry Jarvis Raymond, journalist, is IJiere arrested at Vigo, and brought
born in Lima, Livingston co., N. Y., Jan. back, Nov. 24, 1876. He dies in prison,
24, 1820, dies at New York City April 12, 1878.]
June 18, 1869 Millard Fillmore, former President of
Financial panic in New l^ork City cul- the United States, bom 1800, dies at
minates in Black Friday; the price of Buffalo March 7, 1874
gold reaches 162V^ Sept. 24, 1869 Compulsory education law passed
[During the excitement it is estimated April 15. 1874
that contracts were made for the sale of Term of the governor changed from two
$500,000,000 of gold. The crisis ruined years to three 1874
thousands, and disarranged the business of Samuel J. Tilden elected governor
the country.] November, 1874
Cardiff giant discovered on the farm of New York State soldiers' home incor-
William C. Newell, near Cardiff, Onon- porated at Bath May 15, 1876
daga county Oct. 16, 1869 Hallett's Point reef. Hell Gate, success-
Population of the State, 4,382,759.1870 fully blown up; work directed by Gen.
Lenox Public Library, New York City, John Newton, U. S. A., from the begin-
incorporated June 20, 1870 ning, 1869 Sept. 24, 1876
John T. Hoffman re-elected governor Lucius Robinson elected governor over
November, 1870 Edwin D. Morgan November, 1876
Comer-stone of the new capitol at Cornelius Vanderbilt dies at New York
Albany laid June 24, 1871 Jan. 4, 1877
Syracuse University (Methodist-Episco- Hock salt first discovered in the State
pal) founded at Syracuse 1871 by Charles B. Everest, 4 miles from War-
Captain Hall sails from New York in the saw June 20, 1878
United States ship Polaris, on an Arctic William Cullen Bryant, born 1794, dies
exploring expedition June 29, 1871 • at N'ew York City 1878
William M. Tweed arrested in New York Cyrus W. Field erects a monument in
City Oct. 27, 1871 memory of Maj. John Andr6 on the site
[His bail bond was fixed at $2,000,000.] of his grave at Tappan 1879
Legislature establishes a commission of Alonzo B. Cornell, Republican, elected
State parks May 23, 1872 governor 1879
Topographical survey of the Adiron- New capitol at Albany opened
dack wilderness begun by the State un- Feb. 12, 1879
der the supervision of Verplanck Colvin State board of health authorized by law
1872 May 18. 1880
Susan B. Anthony and some other wom- Commission for the protection of game
en vote at Rochester Nov. 5, 1872 and fish established by law. .June 26, 1880
Gen. John A. Dix elected governor New York and Connecticut joint boon-
November, 1872 dary commission award to New York a
Horace Greeley dies Nov. 29, 1872 small strip 4.68 square miles in area.
Commercial panic beginning in the Stock called the " oblong tract " 1880
Exchange of New York spreads through- Population of the State, 5,082,871
out the country Sept. 19, 1873 1880
International Railway Bridge crossing New York agricultural experiment sta-
Niagara River at Black Rock (Buffalo) to tion instituted by law June 26, 1880
Canada, built under authority of Congress Egyptian obelisk erected in Central Park
and the British Parliament and the State Jan. 22, 1881
and province governments at a cost of [Brought from Alexandria, £gypt» to
over $1,500,000. Total length 3,651V^ feet, New York by the steamer DesBOug, com-
470
UHZTBB 8TATB8 07 AKEBZOA— VBW YOBS
mander Henry H. Gorringe, U. S. N., Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, born 1822, dies
which sailed from Alexandria, June at Mount McGregor, near Saratoga
12, reaching New York, July 20, 1880. July 23, 1885
Total height, 00 feet; height of shaft, 69 David B. Hill, Democrat, elected gov-
feet; weight of shaft in pounds, 443,000. emor November, 1885
Total expense of removal and erection, Commission created to report the most
$103,732, paid by William H. Vanderbilt. humane and practical method of exe-
This obelisk is supposed to have been made cuting the death sentence May 13, 1886
1591-1565 B.G. at Heliopolis; removed to [It consisted of Elbridge T. Gerry, Dr.
Alexandria 22 B.C.] Alfred P. Southwick, and Matthew Hale.
Alfred B. Street, poet, born at Pough- Their report of Jan. 1888, recommended
keepsie, 1811, dies at Albany 1881 the use of electricity.]
United States Senators Conkling and State board of arbitration created by
Piatt resign May 16, 1881 law May 18, 1886
Warner Miller and Elbridge G. Lapham Office of factory inspector established
elected July 17, 1881 for the State May 18, 1886
Thurlow Weed, politician and journalist, John Kelly, Democratic politician, dies
dies at New York City, aged eighty-five at New York June 1, 1886
Nov. 22, 1882 Total cost of new capitol at Albany,
Grover Cleveland, Democrat, elected $17,914,875.02 to Sept. 30, 1887
governor November, 1882 John T. Hoffman, born 1828, dies in
Edwin D. Morgan, bom 1811 ; dies at Germany June 10, 1888
New York City Feb. 14, 1883 [Elected governor by the Democrats,
Commission of statistics of labor es- 1868 and 1870.]
tablished by law May 4, 1883 David B. Hill re-elected governor
East River suspension bridge, connecting November, 1888
New York and Brooklyn, opened Centennial of the first inauguration of
May 24, 1883 G«orge Washington celebrated in New
Civil service commission created by law York April 29-May 1, 1889
May 29, 1883 Population of the State, 5,997,853 .. 1890
Centennial of the disbanding of the George William Curtis elected chan-
army of the Revolution celebrated at New- cellor of the board of regents of the State
burg Oct. 18, 1883 of New York Jan. 30, 1890
New railroad (cantilever) bridge across Schenectady commemorates the 200th
the Niagara below the falls opened anniversary of the massacre by French and
Dec. 20, 1883 Indians Feb. 9, 1890
New York State dairy commission es- John Jacob Astor, born 1822, dies at
tablished by law April 24, 1884 New York Feb. 22, 1890
Governor Cleveland nominated for Presi- Grovernor Hill signs the Adirondack
dent of the United States at the Demo- IState park bill March 11, 1890
era tic National Convention in Chicago Charles T. Saxton Introduced in 1888
July 8, 1884 the first bill embodying the Australian
Grover Cleveland resigns as governor ballot system presented to any legislature
Jan. 6, 1885, having been elected Presi- in the United States, passes the Assembly
dent of the United States, David B. Hill by 72 to 51, March 13, but is vetoed by
acting governor 1885 Governor Hill March 31, 1890
Richard Grant White, bom 1822, dies Governor Hill approves the corrupt
at New York City April 8, 1885 practices act for preventing bribery and
Common schools cost the State $13,- intimidation at elections. .. .April 4, 1890
466,367.97 1885 Compromise election bill, allowing a
Legislature authorizes the governor, " paster ballot " and a series of tickets, in-
with the advice and consent of the Senate, stead of a " blanket ballot," is approved
to appoint three forest commissioners by the governor May 2, 1890
May 15, 1885 Maj.-Gen. John C. Frfimont, born 1813,
Niagara Falls reservation made a State dies at New York July 13, 1890
park July 16, 1885 First execution in the world of ele<y
471
UNITED STATES 07 AXEBICA— NEW YOBK
tricity, William Kemmler (murderer) at makes the run from New York to Buffalo
Auburn prison Aug. 6, 1890 in 8 hours 42 minutes Oct. 26, 1891
Strike of 3,000 trainmen owing to dis- Roswell P. Flower elected gOYemor
charge of certain Knights of Labor on the November, 1891
New York Central Railroad .. Aug. 8, 1890 Field, Lindley, Wiechers & Co., stock-
Boundary-line with Pennsylvania agreed brokers, of New York City, make an ae-
upon by commissioners, March 26, 1886, signment, liabilities, $2,000,000; E. M.
approved by Congress Aug. 19, 1800 Field said to be insane Nov. 27, 1891
Single - tax convention meets in New A lunatic enters the office of Russell
York City, Sept. 2, and adopts a platform Sage, in New York; being refused his de-
Sept. 3, 1890 mand for $1,250,000, he drops a hand-bag
Strike on the New York Central Rail- containing explosives, killing himself, a
road declared off Sept. 17, 1890 by-stander, bruising Sage and others, and
Governor Hill is elected United States wrecking the building Dec. 4, 1891
Senator from New York, receiving eighty- Greater New York bill fails in As-
one votes on joint ballot, to seventy-nine sembly March 15, 1892
for Evarts Jan. 21, 1891 L^slature appropriates $300,000 for
Secretary of the Treasury, William Win- the Columbian Exposition. . March 22, 1892
dom, bom 1827, dies suddenly at a ban- Cyrus W. Field, born 1819, dies at Ards-
quet at Delmonico's, New York ley, N. Y. Jnly 12, 1892
Jan. 29, 1891 Switchmen's strike at Buffalo, on the
Board of regents of the University Erie Railroad, begins; strikers burning
adopt a plan for university extension un- freight trains and destroying about $1,-
der a university extension council of five 000,000 worth of property. . .Aug. 14, 1892
representatives of colleges to be appoint- Sixty-fifth and 74th regiments of na-
ed annually Feb. 11, 1891 tional guard are ordered out at Buffalo
Gen. William T. Sherman, bom 1820, by General Doyle Aug. 15, 1892
dies at New York Feb. 14, 1891 National guard from New York, Brook-
Ex-Gov. Lucius Robinson dies at El- lyn, and elsewhere, about 8,000 men, order-
mira, aged eighty-one March 23, 1891 ed to Buffalo by Governor Flower
Ground broken for Grant monument in Aug. 17, 1892
New York April 27, 1891 Ex-Gov. Myron H. Clark dies at Canan-
Charles Pratt, philanthropist, bom 1830, daigua, aged eighty-six Aug. 23, 1892
dies at New York May 4, 1891 Switchmen's strike at Buffalo declared
School -children of the State choose the off by Grand-master Sweeney
rose as State flower by a vote of: Rose, Aug. 24, 1892
294,816; golden-rod, 206,402; majority, George William Curtis, bora 1824, dies
88,414 May 8, 1891 at West Brighton, Staten Island, N. Y.
Benson John Lossing, historian, born Aug. 31, 1892
1813, dies at Chestnut Ridge, Dutchess Ex-United States Senator Francis Ker-
county June 3, 1891 nan, bom 1816, dies at Utica
Chauncey Vibbard, called "the father Sept. 7, 1892
of the American railway," dies at Macon, Opening in New York City of the con-
Ga June 5, 1891 tinental congress of the Salvation Army
Statue of Henry Ward Beecher unveiled of the United States Nov. 21, 1892
at Brooklyn June 24, 1891 Edward Murphy, Jr., of Troy, elected
Four murderers, Slocum, Smiler, Wood, United States Senator. . ..January, 1893
and Jugiro, executed by electricity at Sing Act authorizing the purchase of Fire
Sing July 7, 1891 Island for quarantine purposes signed
George Jones, of New York Times, bom March 11, 1893
1811, dies at New York City. .Aug. 12, 1891 Gen. Henry Slocum, bom 1827, dies at
A train on the New York Central runs Brooklyn April 14, 1898
from New York to East Buffalo, 436 miles Naval review and parade a* New York
in 426 minutes' running time City April 27-28, 1893
Sept. 14, 1891 [Ten nations participate.]
First regular Empire State Express New York Central Railroad's engine
472
mnTBB STATES 07 AXEBIOA— NEW YOBX
090 makes a record of 112% miles per methods of the police department of New
hour iHaj 11, 1893 York City, holds its last session
The Princess Eulalie received with Dec. 29, 1894
honors in New York as representative of [This committee was appointed under a
the Spanish government May 18, 1893 resolution offered by Clarence Lexow in
" Viking ship " arrives at New York the Senate of New York, Jan. 24, 1894, and
City June 17, 1893 passed unanimously, charges against the
State monument dedicated on the battle- police of the city of New York having been
field of Gettysburg July 2, 1893 made publicly by the Rev. Dr. Charles H.
Hamilton Fish, bom, 1808, dies at Gar- Parkhurst of that city. The committee
rison's, N. Y Sept. 7, 1893 was appointed Jan. 31, with Senator
Vigilant'Valkyrie yacht races for the Lexow chairman. Investigation com-
Americans cup Oct. 7-13, 1893 menced on March 9, at the court-room of
Statue of Nathan Hale unveiled the county court-house in New York, With
Nov. 25, 1893 William A. Sutherland as counsel for the
The court of appeals decided that for- committee until April 13, when John W.
eign corporations could buy and sell real Golf appeared as counsel. At the end of
estate in New York Jan. 16, 1894 June the committee adjourned until Sept.
[This decision affected $25,000,000 worth 10, and continued with one or two short
of property.] intermissions until Dec. 29. The evidence
John Y. McKane, of Gravesend, L. I., confirmed the charges. The committee sub-
found guilty of election frauds and intim- mitted its report to the legislature at Al-
idation, and sentenced at Brooklyn to six bany, Jan. 18, 1895. The examination and
years in Sing Sing prison.. Feb. 19, 1894 testimony of the 700 witnesses made 10,-
Greater New York bill, after repeated 676 printed pages.]
defeats, passes the Assembly, Feb. 8, Sen- Bridge across the Hudson River be-
ate, Feb. 27, and is signed by the gov- tween New York and New Jersey au-
emor Feb. 28, 1894 thorized 1896
David Dudley Field, bom 1805, dies Trolley railroad strike in Brooklyn with
at Gramercy Park, New York City much violence Jan. 14, 1895
April 13, 1894 Lexow committee submits its report to
Constitutional convention meets at Al- the Senate Jan. 18, 1895
bany May 8, 1894 Harlem ship-canal, New York City,
Brooklyn Tabernacle (Dr. Talmage's) opened with appropriate ceremonies
and adjoining buildings burned June 17, 1895
May 13, 1894 The Defender-Valkyrie yacht races for
€U>vernor Flower vetoes school-teacher's the Amerioa'a cup off Sandy Hook
pension bill May 14, 1894 Sept. 7-13, 1805
President Cleveland signs the New York Lincoln's birthday first observed as
and New Jersey Bridge bill a legal holiday in New York
June 8, 1894 * Feb. 12, 1896
Senate committee begins investigation of Earl Dunraven expelled from the New
the New York police department York Yacht Club Feb. 27, 1896
June 14, 1894 Governor Morton signs Raines liquor
Torpedo - boat Ericsson, first United law March 23, 1896
States war-vessel built in inland waters, Statue of Gen. U. S. Grant unveiled in
arrives at Brooklyn navy-yard from Iowa front of the Union League Club, Brooklyn
Aug. 30, 1894 April 26, 1896
Levi P. Morton elected governor Governor Morton signs Greater New
Nov. 6, 1894 York bill May 11, 1896
Court of appeals confirms conviction of Chauncey M. Depew, at the New York
John Y. McKane Nov. 27, 1894 electrical exposition, transmits a mes-
Police Captain Creeden, of New York sage around the world in four minutes,
City, confessed to having paid $15,000 for employing power from Niagara Falls
his captaincy Dec. 14, 1894 May 16, 1896
Lexow committee, investigating the New York banks agree to furnish $20,-
473
XTHITED 8TATB8 OF AMEBICA— HEW TOBK
000,000 to protect the treasury gold re- dies near Glen Cove, aged seven ty-eight
serve July 21, 1896 years Oct 17, 1897
New York banks deposit $9,600,000 in John Lorimer Worden, naval officer,
the sub-treasury July 23, 1896 born at Sing Sing, 1818, dies at Wash-
Appellate division of the New York ington, D. C Oct. 18, 1897
Supreme Court declares the rapid transit Nineteen lives lost by New York Central
act constitutional July 28, 1896 passenger train running into the river at
Frank S. Black, of Troy, nominated by Garrisons, N. Y Oct. 24, 1897
the Republicans for governor, and Timothy Henry George, political economist, bom
li. WoodrufT, of Brooklyn, for lieutenant- at Philadelphia, 1839, dies at New York
governor Aug. 26, 1896 Oct 29, 1897
Li Hung Chang, Chinese statesman, Robert Van Wyck, Democrat, elected
meets President Cleveland at the residence first mayor of Greater New York
of William C. Whitney in New York City Nov. 2, 1897
Aug. 29, 1896 Mayor signs resolution turning over the
General Roloff, of the Cuban army, ar- Hall of Records to the National Histori-
rested in New York for violating neu- cal Society for a museum Dec. 31, 1897
trality laws Sept. 17, 1896 Trolley cars cross East River Bridge in
Niagara Falls electric power turned on furtherance of through transit system
in Buffalo Nov. 15, 1896 Jan. 22, 1898
Governor Morton approves a reclassi- Great excitement in consequence of the
fication of several thousand places in the receipt of news of the blowing-up of the
civil service list Dec. 9, 1896 battle-ship Maine in Havana Harbor the
Dakota divorces declared void in New night before Feb. 16, 1898
York State by Justice Leslie W. Russell Spanish war-ship Vieoaya anchors off
Dec. 23, 1896 Sandy Hook Feb, 18, 1893
Lexow legislative committee begins in- Assembly passes the constitutional
vestigation of trusts in New York amendment providing for biennial sessions
Feb. 5, 1897 of the legislature (the measure having
Name of Washington Park, Brooklyn, previously passed the Senate)
changed back to Fort Greene. Feb. 14, 1897 March 3, 1898
Mayor Strong vetoes Greater New York Governor Black signs the new primary
charter bill, April 9 (the measure sub- election law March 28, 1898
sequently passing both Houses of the legis- Seventy-first Regiment of New York
lature) April 13, 1897 marches to camp at Hempstead, L. I., on
Dedication of Grant's Tomb, Riverside President's call for troops. .April 29, 1898
Park, N. Y. (75th anniversary of General [Leaves for the front May 14.]
Grant's birth) April 27, 1897 Governor Black promulgates order dis-
Governor Black signs Greater New York banding the 13th Regiment, N. G., S. N. Y.
charter bill, law to go into effect Jan. 1, May 8, 189S
1898 May 5, 1897 Wheat sells in New York at $1.90
Eldridge Gerry Spaulding, banker, May 9, 1898
** father of the greenback," bom 1809, dies Mayor Van Wyck summarily removes
at Buffalo, N. Y May 5, 1897 Police Commissioners Philips and Ham-
Bicentennial jubilee of Trinity Church, ilton and Chief of Police McCuUagh
N. Y., celebrated May 6, 1897 May 21, 1898
Governor Black signs the so-called Thirty-nine Spaniards, prisoners of vmr,
" starchlesB " civil service bill arrive in New York June 3, 1898
May 15, 1897 First Regiment of New York starts for
Demolition of Tombs prison, New York Manila July 7, 1898
City, started May 25, 1897 Secretary Alger orders torpedoes and
Battle monument at West Point un- mines removed from New York Harbor
veiled with ceremonies May 31, 1897 July 15, 1898
Immigrant buildings on Ellis Island State capitol at Albany officially com*
burned June 16, 1897 pleted; total cost, $24,244,102.80
Charles Anderson Dana, journalist, Aug. 6, 1898
474
XTHITEP STATES OF AlCEBICA— NEW YOBX
Col. Theodore Roosevelt, Gen. Joseph Bronze statue of President Arthur un-
Wheeler, the Rough Riders, and 3d veiled in Madison Square, New York
United States Cavalry land at Montauk June 14, 1899
Point Aug. 15, 1898 Justice J^eonard A. Giegerich issues
Imposing naval parade in New York of order for the members of the municipal
Admiral Sampson's victorious Santiago council of New York to show cause why
fleet ^ . . .Aug. 20, 1898 they should not be punished for con-
James Samuel Thomas Stranahan, " first tempt in failing to vote bond issues
citizen of Brooklyn," born 1808, dies at July 27, 1899
Saratoga, N. Y Sept. 3, 1898 East Hampton, L. I., celebrates 250th
Admiral Cervera, Spanish naval ofiScer, anniversary Aug. 24, 1899
whose fleet was destroyed by Admiral Cornelius Vanderbilt dies
Sampson) July 3, arrives in New York Sept. 12, 1899
Sept. 8, 1898 Great naval parade in honor of Admiral
Forty-seventh Regiment of New York Dewey Sept. 29, 1899
ordered to Porto Rico for garrison duty Shamrock defeated in the races for the
Oct. 3, 1898 America's cup Oct. 20, 1899
Abraham Oakey Hall, lawyer, born 1826, Governor Roosevelt signs the grant of
dies at New York City Oct. 7, 189S lands under water to the Astoria Light,
Justice Wilmot M. Smith decides that Heat, and Power Company of New York
the creation of the County of Nassau was City Dec. 26, 1899
constitutional Oct. 11, 1898 Andrew Carnegie offers $300,000 to
Battle-ships Oregon and loica sail from found a day school in connection with
New York for Manila Oct. 12, 1898 Cooper Union, New York Jan. 1, 1900
George Edwin Waring, sanitary engi- Edward McGlynn, clergyman, born 1837,
neer, born 1833, dies at New York City dies at Newburg Jan. 7, 1900
Oct. 29, 1898 John D. Rockefeller gives $100,000 to
Chauncey M. Depew, Republican, elected Columbia University to found a chair of
United States Senator from New York to psychology Jan. 8, 1900
succeed Edward Murphy, Jr., of Troy Governor Roosevelt submits to the legis-
Jan. 18, 1899 lature the report of the special canal
Heaviest day's business ever transacted commission reconmiending the expenditure
on New York Stock Exchange of $60,000,000 for a barge canal from
Jan. 23, 1899 Buffalo to Albany Jan. 25, 1900
Fire at Brooklyn navy-yard destroys Rapid transit tunnel contract awarded
property valued at $1,500,000 to J. B. McDonald Jan. 16, 1900
Feb. 15, 1899 Contract for building the rapid transit
Rear- Admiral Lord Charles Beresf ord, tunnel in New York signed . . Feb. 24, 1900
R. N., addresses New York Chamber of Grovemor Roosevelt signs the bill for the
Commerce Feb. 24, 1899 preservation of the Palisades
Windsor Hotel burned with great loss March 21, 1900
of life March 17, 1899 Ground broken at City Hall, New York,
The Mazet investigation into charges of by Mayor Van Wyck, with silver spade,
bribery in New York City begins for the rapid transit tunnel, in the pres-
April 8, 1899 ence of 20,000 people March 24, 1900
Governor Roosevelt signs the new civil Governor Roosevelt orders several de-
service bill, which repeals the " starch- tachments of the national guard to Cro-
less" law of May 15, 1897. .April 18, 1899 ton to quell a riot of Italian laborers on
President McKinley visits Brooklyn the aqueduct April 14, 1900
navy-yard and cables Admiral Dewey cori^ Governor Roosevelt appoints the New
gratulations on the anniversary of his York tenement commission
victory at Manila May 1, 1899 April 16, 1900
Ex-Gov. Roswell P. Flower dies The remains of 110 prison-ship martyrs.
May 12, 1899 recently found in the navy-yard, interred
Bronze bust of Thomas Paine unveiled with military honors in the vault under
at New Rochelle, N. Y May 30, 1899 Fort Greene June 16, 1900
475
UHITED STATES OF AME&ICA— NEW TOBK
Oovemor Roosevelt nominated for Vice- The eight-hour-a-day law declared un-
President by Republican National Con- constitutional by the court of appeals
vention which renominated President Mc- Feb. 26, 1901
Kinley June 21, 1900 William Maxwell E^varts, lawyer, bom
Hoboken wharfs, opposite New York at Boston, 1818, died at New York City
City, destroyed, with three North (German Felx 28, 1901
Lloyd steamers, involving a loss of 250 Official announcement of the biliion-dol-
lives and $10,000,000 June 30, 1900 lar United States Steel Corporation is an-
John Woodward Philip, naval officer, nounced by J. P. Morgan & Co.
born 1840, dies at Brooklyn, N. Y. March 2, 1901
June 30, 1900 Andrew Cam^e offers to contribute
C. P. Huntington, capitalist, bom 1821, $5,200,000 to build sixty-five branch
dies near Raquette Lake. . .« Aug. 13, 1900 libraries for New York City, provided the
Hatch &, Foote fail for $2,000,000 city will furnish sites and maintenance
Sept. 18, 1900 March 13, 1901
Severe explosion in Tarrant's drug Grovemor Odell signs the bill creating a
building at Greenwich and Warren streets, bi-partisan bureau of elections for New
New York City, causes death of scores of York City March 13, 1901
persons, including firemen . . Oct. 29, 1900 The legislature passes the bill for the
William L. Strong, merchant, and former repeal of the charter of the Ramapo
mayor of New York, bom 1827, dies at Water Company (approved by the go?-
New York City Nov. 2, 1900 ernor, March 19) March 14, 1901
Governor Roosevelt finishes his cam- Governor Odell transmits to the legislat-
paign tour in Oswego, N. Y., having ure a message advocating the suhmis-
tra veiled 21,209 miles in eight weeks, ad- sion to the people of the plan to eomplete
dressed audiences aggregating 3,000,000 the improvements of the canals at a eoet
persons in twenty-four States of $25,000,000 March 15, 1901
Nov. 2, 1900 The New York City charter revision
Republicans' great sound-money parade bill is passed by the legislature over the
in New York Nov. 3, 1900 veto of Mayor Van Wyck, and is signed
Election of B. B. Odell, Republican, as by Governor Odell April 22, 1901
governor of New York Nov. 6, 1900 Total sales on the New York Stock Ex-
Henry Villard, financier, born 1835, change aggregate 3,300,000 shares
dies at Dobbs Ferry, N. Y.. .Nov. 11, 1900 April 22, 1901
Oswald Ottendorfer, journalist, born Pan-American exposition opened at
1826, dies at New York City Buffalo May 1, 1901
Dec. 16, 1900 The Greater New York Democrats issue
Governor Roosevelt removes District a declaration of principles. .May 10, 1901
Attorney Asa Bird Gardiner, of New York, Governor Odell vetoes the New York and
on charges, and appoints Eugene A. Phil- New Jersey Bridge bill and the employers'
bin as his successor Dec. 21, 1900 liability bill May 11, 1901
Governor Odell transmits to the legis- Five cadets dismissed and six sns-
lature the report of the New York City pended for insubordination at West Point
charter revision with a message urging Academy May 22, 1901
municipal economy Jan. 21, 1901 Hall of Fame opened in New York Citj
Sing Sing prison is condemned by the May 30, 1901
State board of health Jan. 30, 1901 Announcement that John D. Rockefeller
Mayor Van Wyck vetoes the New York proposes to establish the Rockefeller Insti*
Police Commission bill on the ground that tute for Medical Research in New York
the clause bestowing upon the governor City June 1, 1901
the power of removal is unconstitutional The United States Treasury Depart-
Feb. 17, 1901 ment interdicts the entrance of inuni*
The legislature passes the Police Com- grants suffering with tuberculosis at the
mission bill over the mayor's veto and port of New York on the ground of its
the bill is signed by Governor Odell being a dangerous contagious disease
Feb. 20, 1901 June 4, 1901
476
UNITBB 8TATBS OF AHEBIGA— NOBTH CABOLIKA
Seventh National Bank of New York Reenis in a fair way to recovery for several
fails June 27, 1901 days, when gangrene poisoning sets in
Jacob S. Rogers bequeaths his whole and he dies Saturday morning
estate, amounting to $5,000,000, to the Sept. 14, 1901
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York [The body lies in state in Buffalo City
City July 6, 1901 Hall and in the Capitol at Washington,
President McKinley visits the Pan- an dthe last ceremonies are held in Canton,
American exposition Sept. 4, 1901 0., Sept. 19, 1901.]
He makes an address on the grounds President Roosevelt takes the oath of
Sept. 6, 1901 office at Buffalo Sept. 14, 1901
The President is shot twice by an anar- The President appoints a day of mourn-
chist, Leon Czolgose, on Sept. 6. He ing for Sept. 19, 1901
NOBTH CABOLINA
Korth Carolina, one of the Atlantic Grant of March 20, 1663, enlarged and
States of the United States, is bounded extended south to lat. 29^.. June 30, 1665
north by Virginia, east by the Atlantic [This enlarged grant comprised all North
Ocean, with a coast-line of over 400 miles, and South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee,
southeast by the Atlantic Ocean, south by Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkan-
South Carolina and Georgia, west by South sas, part of Florida and Missouri, nearly
Carolina and Tennessee. It lies between all of Texas, and a large portion of north-
lat. 33"* 50' and SO"* 33' N., and between em Mexico.]
long. 75® 27' and 84® 20^ W. Area, 52,- Goveraor Drummond dying, succeeded
250 square miles, in ninety-six counties, by Samuel Stephens 1667
Population, 1890, 1,617,947; 1900, 1,893,- Form of government for Carolina, known
810. Capital, Raleigh. For first explora- as fundamental constitutions, framed by
tion of coast, see Virginia, 1584-90. John Locke, and amended by the Earl of
John Porey, secretary of the colony of Shaftesbury, partly put into operation,
Virginia, explores the country to the Cho- the first set bearing date July 21, 1669
wan River 1622 William Edmundson, a Quaker, sent out
Charles I. grants a patent for all the from Maryland by George Fox, preaches
territory between lat. 36® and 31* N. at the narrows of Perquimans River, where
to Sir Robert Heath 1629-30 Hertford was afterwards built 1672
Roger Green, with colonists from Vir- Governor Stephens dies and George Cart-
ginia, settles on the Roanoke and the Cho- wright, speaker of the Assembly of Albe-
wan rivers... July, 1653 marie, succeeds in 1673, but resigns and
Chief of the Yeopim Indians grants to is succeeded by Governor Eastchurch, rep-
G^rge Durant land in Perquimans county resented by a secretary, one Miller, whom
1662 he appoints president of the council and
Charles II. grants to the Earl of Claren- acting governor July, 1673
don and seven others territory extending People, tried by the Extortion and
westward from the Atlantic Ocean be- tyranny of Miller, revolt under John Cul-
tween lat. 31 ^^ and 36®, which they call peper, imprison the president and six
Carolina March 20, 1663 members of the council, call a legislature
Berkeley, governor of Virginia, visits and. assume control December, 1677
Carolina, organizes a government for the Culpeper goes to England to explain to
northern part, calling it Albemarle county, the lords proprietors, and John Harvey,
and appoints William Drummond governor president of the council, takes charge of
1663 the government, John Jenkins, being ap-
Several hundred persons, under Sir John pointed governor by the proprietors, suc-
Yeamans, land at the junction of Cape ceeding him June, 1680
Fear River and Old Town Creek, and lay Governor Jenkins dies and is succeeded
out a village called Charlestown, near the by Henry Wilkinson December, 1681
present site of Wilmington.. May 29, 1665 Seth Sothel, who had purchased the
477
UNITED STATES OF AMEEICA— NOBTH GABOLOTA
rights of Lord Clarendon, arrives as gov- eighth interest retained by Lord Gran-
ernor of Albemarle 1683 ville 1729
Fundamental constitutions, framed in Carolina, on becoming the property of
1669, are abrogated by the lords pro- the crown, is divided into two provinces,
prietors April, 1693 and George Burrington is appointed gov-
Law passed by the General Assembly dis- ernor of North Carolina. .April 30, 1730
franchising all dissenters from any office Commissioners run the boundary-line
of tru!)t, honor, or profit 1704 between North and South Carolina... 1738
First church in North Carolina built in One-eighth interest in the proprietary
Chowan county 1705 charter retained by John, Lord Carteret,
Lords proprietors grant to Christopher, heir of Lord Granville, is laid off for him.
Baron de Graaffenreidt, 10,000 acres of being bounded on the north by the Vir-
land on the Neuse and Cape Fear rivers ginia line, south by lat. 35" 34', and ex-
in 1709. About 15,000 Swiss and a large tending from the Atlantic to the Pacific
number of Palatines follow the Baron and 1743
settle at the confluence of the Trent and War having been declared by England
Neuse, calling the town Newbern against France, Fort Johnston on the
December, 1710 south bank of Cape Fear is built 1745
One hundred and twelve persons, princi- Large accession to the settlement near
pally settlers on the Roanoke and Chowan, Cross Creek is made by Scotch Highland-
are massacred by the Tuscaroras and other ers exiled to America 1747
allied Indian tribes Sept. 22, 1711 James Davis, at Newbern, issues the
Militia of North and South Carolina first newspaper in the State, the North
and friendly Indians attack the Tusca- Carolina Oasette 1749
roras on the banks of the Neuse, in the Moravians purchase from Lord Gran-
present coimty of Craven, and more than ville 100,000 acres between the Dan and
300 savages are killed and 100 made Yadkin, which they name Wachovia. .1750
prisoners Jan. 28, 1712 .First edition of the laws of North Ctnv
Troops under Col. James Moore, of lina by Samuel Swann, published by James
South Carolina, capture Fort Nahucke, a Davis at Newbern 1752
stronghold of the Tuscaroras in Greene Act passed to erect a school-house at
county, with 800 prisoners. . . March, 1713 Newbern 1764
Bills of credit for £800 issued by the A sloop-of-war, the Diligence, arrives in
colony to pay Indian war debt. First the Cape Fear River with stamped paper
issue of paper money in North Carolina for use in the colony, Sept 28, 1765.
1713 Colonels Ashe and Waddell, with an
Eden ton, on the Chowan Kiver, founde<l armed force, so terrify the captain thtt
1715 no attempt is made to land the paper.
Tuscarora Indians enter into a treaty, and seizing James Houston, stamp dis-
and a tract of land on the Koanoke, in tributer, they compel him to take an oath
the present county of Bertie, is ceded to not to distribute the stamped paper.. 1765
them by Governor Eden.... June 5, 1718 British ship-of-war Viper, Jacob Lobb
Pirate Edward Teach, commonly called captain, lying at anchor off Brunswick,
Black Beard, long a terror to North Caro- seizes two merchant vessels, the Dobhs
lina, is attacked by Lieutenant Maynard and Patience, from Philadelphia, showing
near Ocracoke, with two small coasters; clearance papers without stamps. Five
he is killed, and Maynard carries off hundred and eighty men under Col.
his head hung to the bowsprit Hugh Waddell, having secured the
Nov. 21 » 1718 clearance papers from the collector of
Boundary-line between North and South the port, proceed from Wilmington to
Carolina established 1727 Brunswick, and compel the release of the
I^ast Assembly under proprietary gov- two Vessels Feb. 21, 1766
ernment at Edenton; issues £40,000 more George A. Selwyn obtains from the
in paper money Nov. 27, 1728 crown large grants of land in Mecklen-
Lords proprietors surrender the gov- burg county, but the people prevent their
ernment to King George II. except one- survey 1766
478
ITNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— NOBTH OABOLINA
Bev. Daniel Caldwell opens a classical William Hooper, delegates to the Gonti-
school in Guilford county 1767 nental Ck)ngre8s at Philadelphia
People of Orange county, oppressed by Sept. 6, 1774
the unjust acts of Edmund Fanning, clerk Committee of safety orders the return
of the court of Orange, form an associa- of a cargo of tea which had been shipped
tion, headed by Herman Husbands and to William Hill; committee appointed
William Hunter, for regulating public Nov. 23, 1774
grievances and abuse of power 1768 Governor Martin by proclamation de-
James Hunter and Rednap Howell nounces the Provincial Congress as
sent by the regulators to the governor *' tending to introduce disorder and an-
with a statement of grievances archy " March 1, 1775
May 21, 1768 Governor Martin dissolves the Assem-
Govemor and council decide that the bly after a session of four days, ending the
grievances of the regulators do not war- royal rule in the State April 8, 1775
rant their course, which tends to high Delegates from Mecklenburg county meet
treason June, 1768 at Charlotte to take into consideration
Regulators assembling, July 11, the gov- the existing state of affairs; sign and for-
emor raises troops and marches from ward to the Continental Congress at Phila-
Salisbury to Hillsboro, swearing the delphia a declaration of independence
people to allegiance to the King and re- May 20, 1775
quiring the regulators to disperse. At Col. John Harvey dies at his home at
the September term of the Hillsboro Harvey's Neck, Perquimans county
Superior Court Husbands is indicted for a June, 1775
'riot, but acquitted. Hunter and others Articles of agreement to " resist force
are imprisoned. Fanning, indicted, pleads by force" in the support of the country,
guilty, and is fined sixpence and to " go forth and be ready to sacrifice
September, 1768 our lives and fortunes to secure her free-
Regulators present a petition for re- dom and safety," adopted by the Cumber-
dress to the governor, May 15, which is re- land Association at Wilmington
jected, and in the battle of Alamance the June 19, 1775
regulators are dispersed by the troops Fort Johnston burned by militia under
May 16, 1771 Colonel Ashe July 18, 1775
Regulators taken prisoners in the battle Governor Martin issues a proclamation
of Alamance are executed, Herman Hus- from the British ship-of-war Cruiser^ de-
bands escaping June 19, 1771 nouncing the Mecklenburg declaration of
Settlements at Cross Creek increased by independence Aug. 8, 1775
the addition of 300 families of Scotch One hundred and eighty -four dele-
Highlanders, among them Flora Mc- gates meet at Hillsboro, Aug. 21, 1775;
Donald (famous for aiding Charles Ed- choose Samuel Johnston president; de-
ward, the young pretender, to escape after clare that the people of North Carolina
his defeat at Culloden) and her husband, would pay their due proportion of ex-
who settle near the present site of Fayette- penses in forming a Continental army
ville 1773 and establish a State government
Col. John Harvey, former speaker of Aug. 24, 1775
the Assembly, calls a convention to form First meeting of the provincial council
a provincial congress, which meets at at the court-house in Johnston county
Newbern; Harvey is chosen speaker Oct. 18, 1775
Aug. 25, 1774 Donald McDonald, a Scottish High-
Tlie provincial congress decides that lander, commissioned by Grovernor Martin,
after Sept. 1, 1774, all use of East India raises a force of about 1,500 loyalists, who,
tea should be prohibited; that after Nov. under Col. Donald McLeod, attack the Con-
1, 1774, importation of African slaves tinental troops, 1,000 strong, under Cols,
should cease; and that after Jan. 1, 1775, James Moore, Caswell, and Lillington, but
no East India or British goods should be are routed, and General McDonald taken
imported August, 1774 prisoner Feb. 27, 1776
Richard Caswell, Joseph Hewes, and Provincial Congress assembles at Hali-
479
T7NITBD STATES OF AMEBICA— KOBTH CABOLINA
fax, April 4, 1776; resolves "that the Tories under Col. Hector McNeill, num-
delegates from this colony in Congress be bering 600 men, in the early morning
empowered to concur with the delegates march into Hillsboro and capture Gov-
from the other colonies in declaring in- emor Burke and his suite and plunder
dependence and forming foreign alliances, the town Sept. 13, 1781
reserving to this colony the sole and ex- David Fanning, a freebooter, appointed
elusive right of forming a constitution and lieutenant-colonel of the royal militia in
laws for this colony " April 12, 1776 June, 1781, captures forty-four persons
Nine hundred British, under Lord Corn- at Chatham Court-house while a eonrt-
wallis, land on General Howe's plantation martial is in progress, July 16; besiege?
in Brunswick, ravage and plunder it, May the garrisoned house of Col. Philip Alston,
12, and after burning some mills in the of Chatham, Aug. 8; captures forty-foar
vicinity embark, having Governor Martin Whigs under Colonel Wade, and disperses
on board, and sail for Charleston his troops at McFalls Mills, Sept. 1, and
May 29, 1776 fights the Whigs at Lundley's Mill, Chat-
Declaration of Independence of the ham county Sept. 14, 17S1
United States read before the court-house Maj. James H. Craig, who had occupied
in Halifax by Cornelius Harnett Wilmington with British troops since
Aug. 1, 1776 June 29, whence he directed raids into
Joseph Hewes, William Hooper, and the surrounding country, receiving new5
John Penn, for North Carolina, sign the of the surrender of Comwallis at York-
Declaration of Independence town, evacuates the place... Nov. 18, 1781
Aug. 2, 1776 Legislature grants Maj.-Cren. Nathanael
A congress chosen by election assembles Greene 25,000 acres of State land, after-
at Halifax, Nov. 12, 1776, frames a con- wards located on Duck River, and 640
stitution for North Carolina not sub- acres to each private, with larger grants
mitted to the people, elects Richard Cas- to officers in the Continental army. North
well governor by ordinance, and completes Carolina troops 17Si
its labors Dec. 18, 1776 Thomas Hart Benton, statesman, son of
Articles of confederation ratified by Jesse Benton, private secretary of Got-
North Carolina April 5, 1778 emor Tryon, bom near Hillsboro, Orange
John Penn, Cornelius Harnett, and John county, March 14, 1782
Williams sign the articles of confederation General Assembly at Hillsboro, amonf
on the part of North Carolina acts for relief of the general govern-
July 21, 1778 ment, cedes her western lands and an-
Four hundred North Carolina Whigs thorizes her del^^ates to execute a deed
under Col. Francis Locke attack a camp provided Congress would accept the offer
of Tories under Lieut-Col. John Moore, within two years April, 1784
and rout them at Ramsour's Mill, near Convention at Jonesboro appoints John
Lincolnton June 20, 1780 Sevier president, and resolves that a per-
Battle of Charlotte Sept. 26, 1780 son be despatched to Congress to press the
General Greene successfully conducts his acceptance of the offer of North Caro
retreat across North Carolina from Cow- lina Aug. 23, 1784
pens to the river Dan, a distance of 230 General Assembly meets at Newbem
miles, pursued by British under Lord and repeals the act of April 23, regarding
Cornwallis. February, 1781 the cession of western lands, .Oct, 22, 1784
Comwallis issues at Hillsboro a proc- Convention of five delegates from eadi
lamation inviting all loyal citizens to county meets at Jonesboro, chooses John
join him. Feb. 20, 1781 Sevier president, and forms a constitu-
Battle at Guilford Court-house; the tion for the State of Frankland
British under Cornwallis defeat the Amer- Dec. 14, 1784
icans under General Greene Constitution for the new State of Frank-
March 15, 1781 land accepted by a convention of the peo-
General Assembly meets at the court- pie, which meets at Greenville and chooses
house of Wake, where now stands the city John Sevier to be governor of the State
of Raleigh June, 1781 November, 1785
480
T7NITED 8TATS8 07 AKE&ICA— KO&TH OABOLIKA
Governor Caswell, of North Carolina, by sent to the United States mint was $11,*
proclamation denounces the revolt of 000 during the year 1814
Frankland as usurpation, and warns all State geological and mineralogical sur-
to return to their allegiance to North vey conducted by Prof. Denison Olmstead,
Carolina April 14, 1786 of the University of North Carolina. . 1817
State of Frankland continues to exist Reception to Lafayette at Murfrees-
under difficulties for about two years, boro Feb. 26, 1825
courts being held by both governments. Fund for public schools established by
military officers apppinted, and taxes law 1825
levied which people pay to neither, until State board of internal improvements
the legislature of Fvankland at Green- established 1825
ville authorizes the election of two repre- First toll-gate on the Buncombe turn-
sentatives to the legislature of North pike from the Saluda Gap via Asheville
Carolina, members of Assembly are to the Tennessee line, erected
elected by the people, and the new State October, 1827
is reabsorbed September, 1787 John Branch, of North Carolina, Secre-
William Blount, Richard Dobbs, Spaight, tary of the Navy March 9, 1829
and Hugh Williamson sign the Constitu- State-house, containing the statue of
tion of the United States as representa- Washington by Canova, destroyed by fire
tives from North Carolina. .Sept. 17, 1787 June 21, 1831
State convention fixes the seat of gov- Railroad from Cape Fear to Weldon,
emment at Wake Court-house, now 162 miles in length, to connect with a
Raleigh , 1788 short road begun in 1832, is commenced
North Carolina ratifies the Constitution 1833
of the United States by a vote of 193 to Convention meets at Raleigh, June 4,
76 Nov. 21, 1789 1835, frames amendments to the consti-
Dismal Swamp Canal, uniting the tution of 1776 (ratified by the people by
waters of Pasquotank and Elizabeth 26,771 to 21,606) and adjourns
rivers, incorporated 1790 July 11, 1835
As authorized by tct of the General As- Edward B. Dudley, first governor elect-
sembly of 1789, Samuel Johnston and ed by the people, inaugurated
Benjamin Hawkins, Senators from North Jan. 1, 1837
Carolina, execute a deed to the United United States branch mint at Charlotte
States in the wor^s of the cession act begins operations December, 1837
of 1784, Feb. 25, 179Q; Congress accepts it Raleigh and Gaston Railroad, incor-
April 2, 1790 porated in 1835, is completed . .July 4, 1839
General Assembly meets at the new city Raleigh and Wilmington Railroad, in-
of Raleigh Dec. 20, 1794 corporated in 1833, completed and opened
University of North Carolina at Chapel March, 1840
Hill, chartered in 1789, opened George E. Badger, of North Carolina,
Feb. 13, 1796 Secretary of the Navy March 5, 1841
Col. James Glasgow, Secretary of State, Gold discovered on the lands of Andrew
tried and convicted for abetting issue of Troutman in Rowan county, afterwards
fraudulent land grants, and locating them known as Gold Hill 1842
in fraud of the Continental soldiers. .1798 William A. Graham, of North Carolina,
Joseph Gates establishes the Raleigh Secretary of the Navy July 22, 1850
Register 1799 Trinity College chartered and opened at
Great revival of religion begun in Ken- Trinity College 1852
tucky in 1801; spreads through Tennes- James C. Dobbin, Secretary of the
gee and North Carolina 1802 Navy March 7, 1853
Bank of Cape Fear, with branches incor- Forts Caswell and Johnston, occupied by
porated, the mother bank at Wilmington State troops unauthorized, Jan. 8, 1861,
1804 are ordered restored to the proper au-
Qold discovered on Meadow Creek, in thorities by Governor Ellis
Carbarrus county, during the year 1801 Jan. 12, 1861
or 1802. The first considerable amount Resolutions passed in the House, unani-
IX.— 2 H 481
UNITSD STATES 07 AME&ICA— KOBTH CABOUNA
mouftly, declaring that in case reooncilia- Supreme Court. Militia had to be calkd
tion between North and South fails. North out to put him in possession — ^negroes sign
Carolina goes with the slave-States leases for three years as a compromise.]
Feb. 4, 1861 Plymouth surrendered by General Wes-
Got. John W. Ellis, in a telegram reply- sels to the Confederates under Gkneral
ing to the request ifor troops from the Hoke April 20, 1861
United States Secretary of War, says: Naval battle of Albemarle Sound; the
" You can get no troops from North Caro- Sasaacua defeats the Confederate ram AU
Una" April 15, 1861 bemarle May 5, lfl«4
Forts Caswell and Johnston seized by Confederate ram Albemarle blown up by
Confederates April 16, 1861 . Lieutenant Cushing at Plymouth
United States branch mint at Charlotte Oct. 27, 1861
seized by State April 20, 1861 Plymouth recaptured by Commodore
Arsenal at Fayetteville surrendered to Macomb Oct. 31, 18&4
the Confederates April 22, 1861 Fort Fisher bombarded by Admiral For-
Blockade of ports of Virginia and North ter, Dec. 24, and an attack by General
Carolina proclaimed April 27, 1861 Butler and Admiral Porter successfully
State convention passes secession ordi- repulsed Dec. 25, 1864
nance, revises State constitution, and rati- Fort Fisher captured by Admiral Porter
fies the constitution of the Confederate and €reneral Terry Jan. 15, 1865
States May 20, 1861 Federals under General Cox capture
Battle of Hatteras Inlet, forts Hatteras Fort Anderson Feb. 18, 1865
and Clark taken by Federals under Gen- Wilmington captured by General Scho-
eral Butler and Commodore Stringfaam field Feb. 22, 1865
Aug. 29, 1861 Battles at Wise's Forks, ^farch 8, at
Union movement, soon after suppressed, Fayetteville and at Kingston
begun by a convention in Hyde county, March 10, 1865
which declares independence of the State General Sherman occupies Fayetteville,
government, Oct. 12. A convention is call- March 12, and destroys the arsenal
ed, which elects M. N. Taylor provision- March 14, 18C5
al governor, after declaring vacant all Sherman crosses the Cape Fear River,
State offices Nov. 18, 1861 March 15; Federals under General Slo-
Joint naval and military expedition cum defeat Confederates under Hardee in
against North Carolina under Flag-officer the battle of Averasboro, March 16; Sher-
L. M. Goldsborough and General Burnside man defeats Johnston at Bentonville,
sails from Hampton Roads, January, March 19; the armies of Sherman, Terry,
1862; engages in the battle of Roanoke and Schofield join at Goldsboro, Mardi
Island, Feb. 8, and occupies Elizabeth City 23; Boone, N. C, is captured by Stone- .
Feb. 11, 1862 man March 28, 1865
General Burnside defeats Confederate Stoneman defeats Confederates under
General Branch, and occupies Newbem. Pemberton at Grant's Creek, and captures
Federal loss, 100 killed, 500 wounded Salisbury April 12, 1865
March 14, 1862 Raleigh occupied by Greneral Sherman
Fort Macon surrenders to the Federals April 13, 1865
April 26, 1862 Sherman and Johnston meet at Dnr-
Edward Stanley, commissioned by Pres- ham station, April 17; they sign an agree-
ident Lincoln temporary governor of that ment for peace, April 18 : it is rejected at
part of North Carolina still under Fed- Washington, April 21 ; General Grant ar-
eral control, arrives at Newbern rives at Raleigh April 24, 1865
May 26, 1862 Gen. J. E. Johnston surrenders to Sher-
Battles at Kingston, Dec. 14, White man ; agreement signed at Bennett's house,
Hall, Dec. 16, and Goldsboro. .Dec. 17, 1862 near Durham station April 26, 1865
The James City lands settled by negroes Maj.-Gen. J. M. Schofield, appointed to
1862 command the Department of North Caro-
[After the war claimed by James A. Hna, makes his headquarters at Rsleigh
Bryan, to whom they were awarded by the April, 1865
482
UNITED STATES 07 AMESICA— KO&TH CABOLnTA
William W. Holden proclaimed pro- AcU of violence by secret organizatioiiB
visional governor of the State by Presi- in Lenoir, Jones, Orange, and Chatham
dent Johnson May 29, 1865 counties lead Governor Holden to issue
Maj.-Gen. Thomas H. Ruger succeeds a proclamation of admonition and wam-
Schofield in command of the Department ing Oct. 20, 1869
of North Carolina June, 1865 Owing to alleged outrages of the " Ku-
Convention called by Provisional Gov- klux," Governor Holden proclaims Al-
ernor Holden meets at Raleigh, Oct. 2, amance county in a state of insurrection,
repeals the ordinance of secession, adopts March 7, 1870, and Caswell county, July
an ordinance prohibiting slavery, Oct. 8, and sends militia into the disturbed
9, and adjourns Oct. 19, 1865 counties under Colonel Kirk.. July, 1870
People ratify the repeal of the ordi- Colonel Kirk arrests persons implicated
nance of secession by 20,506 to 2,002, and in deeds of violence; writs of hahecia cor-
the ordinance prohibiting slavery by 19,- pu8 are issued by Chief-Justice Pearson,
039 to 3,039 Nov. 7, 1865 but Colonel Kirk refuses to produce four
Governor Holden is relieved of his trust of his prisoners, July 16; during pro-
by President Johnson, and Governor ceedings in the State and United States
Worth assumes office Dec. 23, 1865 courts Governor Holden orders Colonel
Convention of colored delegates meets Kirk to obey the writs Aug. 19, 1870
at Raleigh to promote the mental and Governor Holden impeached of malfeas-
political elevation of their race ance in office, Dec. 14, 1870; convicted
Oct. 1, 1866 and removed from office... March 22, 1871
Legislature passes an act ''granting Eight amendments to the constitution
a general amnesty and pardon to all offi- ratified by the people, one for biennial
cers and soldiers of the State of North meetings of the legislature. .Aug. 7, 1873
Carolina, or of the late Confederate States Act passed for amnesty and pardon to
armies, or of the United States, for of- members of secret or other organizations
fences committed against the criminal known as Heroes of America, Loyal Union
laws of North Carolina". .Dec. 22, 1866 League, Red Strings, Constitutional Union
Gen. D. E. Sickles assigned by the Pres- Guards, Whitebrother, Invisible Empire,
ident to command the 2d Military Dis- Ku • klux klan. North Carolina State
trict. North and South Carolina, with troops. North Carolina militia, and Jay-
headquarters at Columbia hawkers 1873
March 11, 1867 Chang and Eng, the Siamese twins, born
General Sickles removed, and Gen. Ed- at Bangesau, Siam, April 15, 1811, die at
ward R. S. Canby appointed' to the com- their home, near Mount Airy
mand Aug. 26, 1867 Jan. 17, 1874
Conservative mass-meeting at Raleigh Local option law passed 1874
define their aim " to ward off the dangers Qoy. Tod R. Caldwell dies at Hills-
which threaten ua from the success of boro, and is succeeded by Lieut.-Gov. Cur-
the ultra-Republicans or Radical party in tis H. Brogden July 17, 1874
the State " Sept. 27, 1867 Shaw University at Raleigh chartered
Convention called under the reconstruc- 1875
tion acts of Congress by General Canby Act changing the day for State elec-
assembles at Raleigh, Jan. 14 ; frames tions passed 1875
a constitution and adjourns, March 16. Bureau of agriculture, immigration, and
Constitution is ratified by a popular vote statistics established 1875
of 93,118 to 74,009 April, 1868 Constitutional convention meets at Ra-
North Carolina readmitted into the leigh, Sept. 6; adjourns Oct. 12. Con-
Union June 25, 1868 stitution ratified at the State election by
Fourteenth Amendment to the Consti- 122,912 to 108,829 1875
tution of the United States rejected by Biddle University at Charlotte charter-
North Carolina, Dec. 4, 1866, is ratified ed 1877
by legislature July 4, 1868 State industrial association organized
Legislature ratifies the Fifteenth by colored people 1879
Amendment March 5^ 1869 Prohibition bill, passed to take effect
483
nrXTBD STATES OF AXEBICA— HOBTH DAKOTA
Oct 1, 1881 » if ratified by people, is lost for girls at Greensboro; declaring the
by 48,370 votes to 166,325 ... Aug. 1, 1881 birthday of Robert E. Lee (Jan. 19) a
Survey of State oyster-beds, covering legal holiday; establishing a normal
1,307,000 acres, by Department of Agri- school for the colored race at Elizabeth
culture aided by federal government. 1886 City; and incorporating a soldiers' home
Convention representing nearly all for needy Confederate soldiers at Camp
Southern States east of the Mississippi at Russell, near Raleigh. Session begins
Hot Springs under the auspices of the Jan. 8 and closes March 9, 1891
Southern railroad and steamship com- Gov. Daniel G. Fowle dies suddenly of
panies, to promote immigration, resolve apoplexy at Raleigh, April 7, and Lieut
to establish Southern immigration associ- Gov. Thomas Holt is sworn in
ation, headquarters in New York April 8, 1891
April 25, 1888 Southern inter -State exposition opens
Annual meeting of the Inter-State Far- at Raleigh Oct 1, 1891
mers' Association held at Raleigh Ex-€tov. William Worth Holden dies at
Aug. 21, 1888 Raleigh, aged seventy-four. March 1, 1892
School law revised, requiring school- Col. L. L. Polk, president of the Nation-
books recommended by the State board al Farmers' Alliance, dies at Washington,
of education, and giving funds hitherto D. C June 11, 1892
devoted to normal schools for white Attempted lynching at Bakersville;
teachers, for county teachers' institutes eleven of the sheriff's posse killed
1889 Jan. 4, 1893
Confederate pension laws of 1885 amend- New State seal ordered 1893
ed, increasing the pension funds 1889 Zebulon B. Vance, United States Sen-
Negro exodus, fostered by emigration ator, dies at Washington, aged sixty-four
agents from Western States, depopulates April 14, 1894
North Carolina nearly 50,000 1889 Race riots at Wilmington. .Nov. 10, 1898
Laws creating a railroad commission The Dismal Swamp opened
and regulating charges and manage- Oct. 14, 1899
ment; locating a school for white deaf- Amendment to the constitution r^-
and-dumb children at Morganton; estab- lating the suffrage went into effect
lishing a normal and industrial school July 1, 1901
KOBTH DAKOTA
Korth Dakota, a Northern frontier Maj. S. H. Long, on a United States
State, formed by the division of Dakota government expedition, reaches Pembina.
Territory into two States in 1889, is and, finding it to be within the United
bounded on the north by the Canadian States, takes possession and raises the
provinces of Assiniboia and Manitoba, stars and stripes Aug. 8, 1823
east by Minnesota, south by South Dakota, Yellotrstone, a side-wheel steamboat
and west by Montana. It is limited in lat. built by the American Fur Company at
by 46** to 49** N., and in long, by 96** 30' Pittsburg, Pa., ascends the Missouri River
to 104® 6' W. Area, 70,795 square miles, as far as Fort Union, near the month of
in thirty-nine counties. Population, 1890, the Yellowstone 1832
182,719; 1900, 319,146. Capital, Bismarck. Steamboat Assiniboine, built by the
French trader settles at Pembina. .1780 American Fur Company, returning to St
United States government expedition Louis from the Yellowstone, is burned with
under Lewis and Clarke ascend the Mis- her cargo of furs, at the mouth of the
souri River on their way to the Columbia Heart River 183fi
River, 1804, and descend it on their re- By the organization of Nebraska Terri-
tum from the Pacific 1806 tory. May 30, 1854, and the State of
Scottish colony, planted under a grant Minnesota, May 11, 1858, the rest of the
from the Hudson Bay Company, settles present Dakota is left without legal name
at Pembina 1812 or existence May 11, 1858
484
UNITBD STATES 07 AMEBICA— KOBTH DAKOTA
Territory of Dakota, comprising the July 4, adopts a constitution, provides
present States of North Dakota and South for a division of the territorial indebted-
Dakota, organized by act of ness and property, and locates the capital
March 2, 1861 of North Dakota permanently at Bismarck
Capital located at Yankton 1862 July, 1889
Sioux Indians make two unsuccessful Constitution ratified by 27,441 to 8,107.
assaults on Fort Abercrombie The article prohibiting the manufact-
September, 1862 ure and sale of intoxicating liquors is
First ground in Dakota broken for the adopted by 18,552 to 17,393, and the Re-
Northern Pacific Railroad at Grand Forks publican State ticket elected
Jan. 2, 1872 Oct. 1, 1889
Settlement begun at Bismarck 1872 President Harrison proclaims North
Military reconnoitring expedition to the Dakota admitted Nov. 2, 1889
Black Hills under General Custer, accom- First legislative session of the State
panied by a scientific exploring party, meets at Bismarck Nov. 19, 1889
leaves Fort Abraham Lincoln Agricultural college established at
July 2, 1874 Fargo by act of legislature 1890
Senate bill to form Territory of Pembina State normal schools established at
from the northern part of Dakota is Valley City and Mayville 1890
amended, changing the name to Huron, Acts requiring the United States flag to
and passes the Senate Dec. 20, 1876. Re- be displayed throughout each day on all
ferred in House to committee on Terri- public State institutions, and making
tories Jan. 4, 1877 7 per cent, the legal rate of interest;
Seat of government of Dakota Terri- legislature adjourns March 18, 1890
tory removed to Bismarck 1883 Ta tonka Otanka, "Sitting Bull," bom
Delegates from North Dakota at Fargo in Dakota in 1837, is killed near Grand
protest against the State constitution River, 40 miles from Standing Rock
framed by a convention at Sioux Falls, agency, in an attempt by Indians to rescue
Sept. 4, 1883, for Dakota, with the 46th him after his arrest for refusing to peace-
parallel for northern boundary ably disperse his band and break up the
Sept. 12, 1883 " ghost dances " Dec. 15, 1890
Act for admission of State of Dakota Henry C. Hansborough elected United
passes the United States Senate, the re- States Senator Jan. 23, 1891
mainder of the Territory to be called Lin- Australian ballot law; laws giving Far-
coin 1884 go Agricultural College the Congressional
North Dakota University at Grand land donation; locating the blind asylum
Forks, chartered in 1883, opened 1884 in Pembina county; and directing that
Majority in Territory vote for separa- the Scandinavian language be taught in
tion of Sotith Dakota; North Dakota the State university at Grand Forks,
voting against it November, 1887 are passed at session
Legislature of Dakota Territory passes January-March, 1891
a local option law 1887 Proclamation of the President opening
Fargo College, at Fargo, chartered and up 1,600,000 acres of the Indian reserva-
opened 1887 tion to settlers at Fort Berthold
Convention at Watertown favors the May 21, 1891
division, the northern portion to form Officers of the Louisiana lottery in-
the State of North Dakota dieted under United States laws by the
Dec. 5, 1888 grand jury in Sioux Falls
Admission act, for a convention at Bis- pct. 23, 1891
marck, July 4, 1889, to form a constitu- The prohibitory law declared constitu-
tion and to divide with South Dakota the tional May, 1893
institutions, debts, records, etc., of the Business portion of Fargo destroyed
Territory, signed Feb. 22, 1889 by fire; loss estimated over $3,000,000
Seventy-five delegates elected May 14, June 8, 1893
1889, under proclamation of the governor Constitutional amendment prohibiting
in April ; convention meets at Bismarck lotteries enacted 1893
485
UNZTED STATES 07 AXEBICA— OHIO
OHIO
Ohio, one of the central northern States Treaty of Ryswick, by which France
of the United States, is situated between claims the Ohio Valley. . .September, 1697
lat. 3%"* 2V and 4P 57' N. and long. French erect a trading-post near the
80*' 34' and 84'' 49' W. The Ohio River mouth of the Maumee 1705
separates it from Kentucky on the south Governor Spotwood, of Virginia, urges
and from West Virginia south and east, the English government to occupy the
Pennsylvania bounds it in part on the east, valley of the Ohio 1709
Indiana on the west, and Lake Erie on the Vaudreuil, governor of Canada, opens
north. Its greatest length from east to a trading route to the Mississippi by Lake
west is about 225 miles; greatest breadth Erie, the Maumee and Ohio rivers... 17:^
from north to south is about 210 miles. Treaty of Lancaster, Pa.: territory '* be-
Area, 39,964 square miles, in eighty-eight yond the mountains" ceded fay the Iro-
counties. The surface consists of an un- quois to the English June, 1744
dulating plain, most of it arable with- Virginia colonists form the " Ohio Corn-
out excessive outlay. Population, 1890, pany" for occupation and settlement of
3,672,316 ; 1900, 4,157,545. It ranks fourth the Ohio Valley 1748
in wealth and population among the Celeron de Bienville's expedition to and
States of the Union. Capital, Columbus, down the Ohio River to the mouth of the
Letters patent issued by James I. of great Miami 1749
England, under which England claimed England grants the Ohio Company 600.-
Ohio afterwards April 10, 1606 000 acres of land 1749
Charter of the London Company granted Gist and Croghan lead a party of Eng-
by James I. of lands west of the Allegha- lish explorers into the Ohio country.. 1749
nies and northwest of the Ohio River . 1609 Charles Townshend, of the English min-
Eries, of southern and eastern shores of istry, urges the forcible seizure of the
Lake Erie, conquered by Iroquois 1666 Ohio region 1752
Ija Salle enters the Ohio Valley from French and Indians attack the English
the Niagara region, discovers the Ohio trading-post of Pickawillany( Piqua),capt-
River, and explores it as far as the rapids ure and destroy it June. 1752
at Louisville August, 1669 Duquesne sends a French expedition of
[It is now generally held that La Salle occupation into the Ohio Valley 1753
discovered the Ohio, descending to the falls Dinwiddle, governor of Virginia, deter-
at Louisville. This conclusion, while no mines upon the forcible occupation of the
doubt sound, is reached by cautious criti- Ohio country 1753
cism of fragmentary documents.] Expedition of Washington to St. Pierre
France takes formal possession of the at T^ Boeuf 1753
Northwest " from the mouth of the great Frederick Post, first Moravian mission-
river on the eastern side, otherwise called ary in Ohio, settles on the Muskingum
the Ohio " 1671 1761
Joliet indicates the Ohio country on his Treaty of Paris: France cedes to Eng-
map of the Northwest 1674 land all Canada and the French possessions
La Salle launches the Oriffin on Lake from the AUeghanies to the Mississippi
Erie and coasts along the northern fron- Feb. 10, 1763
tier of Ohio August, 1679 First general conspiracy of the North-
Iroquois convey Western lands east of western Indians under Pontiac 1763
the Illinois to the English by treaty. . 1684 Bouquet's expedition into the Ohio coun-
Nicholas Perrot, with twenty French- try; treaty with the Indians; Indians
men, marches into the Miami country; return captives 1764
French establish a post near the Ohio Ohio country made part of Canada.. 1765
boundary 1686 Indian and Moravian village of SchSn-
English traders crossing the Ohio coun- brunn built on the Tuscarawas by David
try are arrested by the French 1687 Zeisberger 1772
486
UNITBD STATES OF AKEBICA-OHIO
Lord Dimmore's expedition against the Gen. Arthur St. Clair arrives at Fort
Indian towns on the Scioto 1774 Harmar as governor of Northwestern Ter-
Battle of Point Pleasant on the ritory July 9, 1788
Ohio Oct. 10, 1774 Washington county formed
Two block-houses built on the site of July 12, 1788
Cincinnati 1780 Governor St. Glair establishes civil gov-
Birth of Mary Heckewelder, daughter ernment July 15, 1788
of John Heckewelder the Moravian mis- Losantiville, afterwards Cincinnati, laid
sionary ; first white child known to have out August, 1788
been bom in Ohio April 16, 1781 First Court held in Ohio at Marietta
English establish a fort at Sandusky Sept. 2, 1788
1782 Act confirming the territorial govern-
Massacre of the Moravian Indians at ment passed first session, first Congress
Gnadenhtttten on the Tuscarawas by a 1789
company of men from western Pennsyl- Gren. James M. Varnum, pioneer of the
vania and Virginia under command of State, and a judge of Northwestern Terri-
Colonel Williamson March 8, 1782 tory, dies at Marietta 1789
Expedition under Col. William Crawford Hamilton county formed.. Jan. 2, 1790
against the Ohio Indians on the Muskin- Fort Washington erected at Cincinnati
gum. Five hundred volunteers from Penn- 1790
sylvania and Virginia, mounted, assemble First Masonic lodge of the West estab-
in Ohio, about 75 miles below Pittsburg lished at Marietta 1790
May 20, 1782 Whites at Big Bottom, Morgan county,
March commences from Mingo Bottom massacred by Indians 1790
in what is now Steubenville township, Jef- Gen. Joseph Harmar's expedition against
ferson county May 26, 1782 the Miami Indians. Sept. 30, 1790
They are defeated by the Indians near Partially defeated near the Miami vil-
upper Sandusky June 5-6, 1782 lages, the expedition fails. .Oct. 22, 1790
Colonel Crawford, being captured by the Expedition of General St. Clair against
Indians, is put to death with barbarity the Indians; surprised and defeated near
June 11, 1782 Miami villages (now in Darke county,
Virginia legislature authorizes her dele- Nov. 4, 1791
gates to convey the Northwest Territory [Except Braddock's, the worst defeat
to the United States Dec. 20, 1783 ever experienced in Indian warfare; of
Virginia deed of cession dated about 1,800 men he lost 800.]
March 1, 1784 Benjamin Tupper, chief promoter of the
New Ohio Company formed in Boston settlement of Marietta, dies there. .. .1792
1786 First newspaper of the Northwest, the
Rufus Putnam, Samuel Parsons, and Sentinel, editor William Maxwell, appears
Manasseh Cutler made directors of the at Cincinnati 1793
Ohio Company March, 1787 After the defeat of St. Clair, General
Northwest territorial government estab- Wayne was appointed to command against
lished July 13, 1787 the Indians. Marching into the Indian
Gen. Samuel H. Parsons appointed judge country late in the autumn of 1793, he
in and over the territory of the United built a stockade near the scene of St.
States northwest of the Ohio River.. 1787 Clair's defeat, naming it Fort Recovery;
Mayflower leaves Sumrill's Ferry on the here he remained until the spring of 1794,
Youghiogheny with pioneers from Danvers, when he proceeded through the wilderness
Mass., and Hartford, Conn., to form a per- to the Maumee. Before meeting the Ind-
manent settlement in Ohio. ..April 2, 1788 ians in battle, Wayne offered to treat,
They land at Marietta April 7, 1788 but on their refusal advanced with his
First meeting of the agents and directors usual dash and vigor, with about 2,000
of the Ohio Company west of the Alle- men, and defeated them at Fallen Tim-
ghanies ; they name the place Marietta, bers, or Maumee Rapids Aug. 20, 1794
after Marie Antoinette, Queen of France General Wayne's treaty with the Indians
July 2, 1788 at Greenville, Darke county. .Aug. 3, 1796
487
UNITED STATES 07 AMBBIGA— OHIO
Town of Dayton laid out.. Nov. 4, 1795 confirmed by the State legislature. In
First settlement on the Western Reserre 1810 a grammar school was opened, and
begun at Conneaut, " the Plymouth of the in 1821 a college was organized.]
Reserye " July 4, 1796 Aaron Burr's expedition to Southwest-
Town of Chillicothe laid out 1796 em Territory 1805
Settlement started at Cleveland Portsmouth, Scioto county, settled. 1805
September, 1796 Indians cede to the United States the
William Henry Harrison appointed sec- tract known as the Ck>nnecticut Reserve;
retary of Northwestern Territory. . .1798 treaty concluded at Fort Industry
Steubenville settled September, 1798 July 4, 1805
Governor St. Clair directs an election State legislature orders the seizure of
of delegates for a territorial assembly the boats bulging on the Muskingum for
Oct. 29, 1798 the "Aaron BuTr expedition"
First territorial Assembly meets at Cin- Dec 2, 1806
cinnati Jan. 22, 1799 ' State capital removed from Chillicothe
First weekly newspaper in the North- to Zanesville 1810
west, the Western Spy and Hamilton Ga- Population of the State, 230,760. . .1810
zette^ Joseph Carpenter editor, appears at Matthew Sinlpson, bishop Methodist
Cincinnati May 28, 1799 Episcopal Church, bom Cadiz
William Henry Harrison elected dele- June 21, 1810
gate to Congress Oct. 3, 1799 First steamboat on the Ohio, the Veic
Zanesville settled Oct 3, 1799 OrJean^, 400 tons, built at Pittsburg, de-
Territory divided into: (1) Territory scends the Ohio to New Orleans in four-
northwest of the Ohio River (now Ohio) teen days 1811
and (2) Territory of Indiana War with England declared; three ngi-
May 7, 1800 ments raised in Ohio 1812
Chillicothe made the seat of government Columbus laid out 1813
for Ohio 1800 Col. Israel Putnam, one of the pioneers
St. Clair reappointed governor 1800 of the State, and a son of Gen. Israel Put-
Four land-offices established to sell pub- nam, dies at Belpre 1812
lie lands, at Steubenville, Marietta, Cin- Solomon Spaulding writes a work of fie-
cinnati, and Chillicothe May 10, 1800 tion. The Manuscript Founds at Salem.
First State-house erected at Chillicothe which afterwards furnishes the basis of
1801 the Mormon Bible 1812
Abraham Whipple takes the first ship. General Harrison builds Fort Meigs.
100 tons, built at Marietta, down the Wood county Februaiy, 1813
Ohio and Mississippi to Havana, and General Harrison defends this fort
thence to Philadelphia 1801 against the combined attack of 2,800 Brit-
By authority from Congress, a conven- ish and Indians under General Proctor and
tion meets at Chillicothe, Nov. 3, which the Indian chief Tecumseh. .May 1-8, 1813
signs and ratifies for the people the first Fort Meigs again besieged by about
constitution of Ohio Nov. 29, 1802 4,000 British and Indians under the same
Ohio is admitted into the Union as the commanders without success. July 21, 1813
fourth under the Constitution of the Unit- Fort Stephenson held by Maj. Georgt
ed States, and the seventeenth in the roll Croghan, with 150 men against 1,300 Brit-
of States Nov. 29, 1802 ish and Indians Aug. 2, 1813
St. Clair deposed as governor by Jef- Judge John C. Symms, one of the first
ferson December, 1802 settlers of Cincinnati, dies there
State legislature meets at Chillicothe, Feb. 26, 1814
the capital March 1, 1803 Edwin McMasters Stanton, Secretary
Ohio University (non-sectarian) opened of War, 1862^-68, bom at Steubenville
at Athens 1804 Dec, 19, 1814
[This university was founded in 1802 Great financial distress 1815
by the territorial legislature, and endow- Columbus made the capital of the State
ed by Congress with two townships, or 1816
46,000 acres of land. In 1804 the act was First steamboat built at Cincinnati. 1816
488
.YHITED STATES 07 AMEBIGA— OHIO
United States bank opened at Cincin- mouth on the Ohio to ClftTeland on Lake
nati Jan. 28, 1817 Erie, 307 miles, cost $5,000,000, finished
German community established at Zoar 1832
1817 Law School opened at Cincinnati College
United States bank opened at Chilli- 1833
colhe October, 1817 Oberlin College opened at Oberlin. . 1833
Indians of Ohio cede all their remain- School tax increased to 1 mill .... 1834
Ing lands in that State, about 4,000,000 Maumee Canal, Cincinnati to Defiance,
acres, to the State Sept. 27, 1818 178 miles, where it meets the Wabash and
Medical college opened at Cincinnati Erie; whole distance to Lake Erie, 265
1819 miles, cost $3,750,000, finished 1834
First steamboat on Lake Erie 1810 County school tax increased to 1^ mills
William S. Rosecrans bom at Kingston 1835
Dec. 6, 1819 Charter granted to the Sandusky,
William Tecumseh Sherman born at Mansfield, and Newark Railroad
Mansfield Feb. 8, 1820 March 11, 1835
Population: 581,295, 14.1 to the square Charter granted to the Cleveland, Co-
mile; fifth State in population 1820 lumbus, and Cincinnati Railroad; capital,
Ulysses S. Grant bom at Point Pleas- $3,000,000 March 16, 1835
ant April 27, 1822 Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad, from
Rutherford B. Hayes born at Delaware Dayton to Sandusky, 163 miles, com-
Oct. 4, 18k.2 menced (first in the State)
County tax of 14 mill levied for the September, 1835
support of common schools 1825 City charter granted Cleveland. . 1836
Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr., one of the Northern boundary of the State changed
first settlers of Marietta and governor of from parallel of the most southern point
the State, 1810-14, dies at Marietta of Lake Michigan to a direct line running
March 29, 1825 from this point to the most northern cape
Great tornado, " the Burlington storm," of Maumee Bay, giving the State its pres-
passes through Licking county ent boundary 1836
May 18, 1825 Prof. W. W. Mather makes the first
Ohio and Lake Erie Canal begun, Gov- geological survey of the State 1837
emor Clinton, of New York, removing the A portion of the Mad River and Lake
first shovelful of earth July 4, 1825 Erie Railroad opened; first in the State
Maumee Canal begun 1825 1838
Lafayette visits Ohio; received with Population: 1,519,467, 37.3 to square
great honor 1825 mile 1840
Ohio Mechanics' Institute established First railroad completed; Cincinnati to
at Cincinnati 1828 Springfield 1842
Coimty school tax increased to % mill William McKinley, bom at Niles, O.
1829 Jan. 29, 1843
Population : 937,903, 22.7 to square mile Comer-stone of the Cincinnati Observa-
1830 tory laid 1843
College of Teachers organized at Cin- Cincinnati Historical Society organized
cinnati 1831 1844
James A. Garfield born at Orange, Cuy- Ohio Wesleyan University opened at
ahoga county Nov. 19, 1831 Delaware 1844
Great fioods throughout Ohio 1832 Five volunteer regiments raised for the
Lane Theological Seminary (Presby- Mexican War 1846
terian) opened at Cincinnati 1832 Otterbein University opened at Wester-
Charter granted to the Cincinnati, San- ville 1847
dusky, and Cleveland Railroad Philip H. Sheridan, general United
June 5, 1832 States army, bom at Albany, N. Y., 1831,
Mormons, under Joseph Smith, settled appointed to West Point from Ohio. .1848
at Kirtland, Lake coimty 1832 Columbus and Xenia Railroad opened to
Ohio and Lake Erie Canal, from Ports- Cincinnati 1850
480
T7VITBD STATES 07 AlCEBICA— OHIO
Population, 1,980,329; 48.6 to square ville, Ky., to Marietta; 150 lives lost and
mile 1850 property destroyed to the amount of $1,-
Bailroad opened from Cleveland to Ck>- 000,000. Great damage done in Cindn-
lumbus, 135 miles 1851 nati May 21, 1860
Second constitution of the State: Ck>n- Population, 2,339,511; 57.4 to square
vention met at Columbus, May 6, 1850; mile 1860
adjourned, July 7, on account of the chol- United States calls for thirteen regi-
era; reassembled at Cincinnati, Dec. 2; ments from Ohio April 15,1861
completed its labors March 10, 1851 Law authorizing the acceptance of ten
Ratified by the people, 126,663 to 109,- regiments beyond required number, and
699 1852 providing $500,000 to support them
Qovemor's term of office two years from 1861
Jan. 1, 1852 Two regiments organized at Columbus
Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad open- and sent forward without arms or uni-
ed 1852 forms to Washington April 18, 1861
Laws reorganizing common schools, ere- $1,000,000 appropriated to prepare the
ating State school commissioner, board of State for war 1861
education, abolishing rate bills, State tax Law declaring the property of volun-
of ^ mill yearly in place of county tax teers free from execution for debt during
March 14, 1853 term of service 1861
Cleveland and Toledo Railroad opened Adjutant-general of the State reports
1853 that the following troops have been raised:
Railroad opened from Wheeling, Va., Infantry, 67,546; cavalry, 7,270; artillery,
to Columbus, • 137 miles 1854 3,028 ; total for three years' service, 77,-
Baldwin University opened at Berea 844, up to Dec. 31, 1861
1856 Under the "three months' call" the
Ohio State and Union Law School opened State had furnished 22,000 infantry, 180
at Cleveland 1866 cavalry, and 200 artillerymen 1861
It is made a penitentiary offence to Gen. Kirby Smith threatens Cincinnati
claim or hold slaves in the State, or to Sept. 6, 7, 1862
attempt to carry from the State as a slave Ohio State University founded 1862
any person of color 1857 Clement L. Vallandigham arrested br
Arrest and confinement in the county General Bumside May 5, 1863
jail at Cleveland of Prof. Henry E. Peck, Democratic convention nominates Clem-
of Oberlin College, and others, under the ent L. Vallandigham for governor
fugitive slave law, for rescuing at Wei- June 11, 1863
lington the negro " Little John," taken Confederate Gen. John H. Morgan, with
from Oberlin as a slave by a United cavalry, crosses the Ohio on a raid through
States deputy marshal Sept. 13, 1858 Indiana and Ohio July 3, 1863
Indicted in the United States court Captured with most of his command at
December, 1858 New Lisbon July 26, 1863
Bushnell, one of the rescuers, is found Confined in Ohio penitentiary, he escapes
guilty in the federal court at Cleveland November, 1863
April 15, 1859 Soldiers' monument erected at Cincin-
Supreme Court of Ohio refuse BushnelFs nati 1864
application for a habeas corpus , the pro- Number of men, reduced to a three-
ceeding against him in the federal court years' standard, furnished by Ohio for the
not being terminated April 28, 1859 Civil War, 240,514, from April 15, 1861,
Severe frosts throughout the State de- to April 9, 1865
stroy most of the wheat June 5, 1859 University of Wooster established at
Governor Dennison, on the requisition of Wooster 1866
Governor Letcher, refuses to arrest Owen Cincinnati suspension bridge opened to
Brown and Francis Merriam, indicted in the public 1867
Virginia for acts at Harper's Ferry Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical Col-
March 8, 1860 lege, State control, opened at Columbus
Tornado on the Ohio River from Louis- 1870
490
UNITED 8TATB8 07 AMEBICA— OHIO
Cincinnati Uniyersity opened at Gincin- Calvin S. Brice elected United States
nati 1870 Senator Jan. 14, 1890
Population, 2,665,260; 65.3 to square Woman's Christian Temperance League
mile 1870 organized at Cleveland Jan. 23, 1890
Vallandigham accidentally kills himself Lieutenant-Governor Lampson, Repub-
with a revolver while illustrating in court lican, unseated by Democratic majority in
a case of homicide June 18, 1871 the Senate Jan. 30, 1890
Completion of the canal around Louis- First Monday in September (Labor
• ville 1872 Day) made a legal holiday by legislature,
Revised constitution rejected by the peo- which adjourns April 28, 1890
pie 1873 Garfield memorial at Lakeview Ceme-
Population, 3,198,062; 78.5 to square tery, Cleveland, dedicated. . .May 30, 1890
mile 1880 Ex-Gov. Edward F. Noyes dies at Cin-
Train bearing the remains of President cinnati, aged fifty-eight Sept. 7, 1890
Garfield arrives at Cleveland Legislature meets in extraordinary ses-
Sept. 24, 1881 sion, Oct. 14, passes a bill suggested by
Western Reserve College removed to Governor Campbell, abolishing two public
Cleveland and renamed Adelbert, after a boards of Cincinnati, and creating a non-
son of Amasa Stone, who gave the College partisan board of improvement, appoint-
$500,000 1882 ed by the mayor, and adjourns
Great flood in the Ohio, submerging Oct. 24, 1890
parts of Cincinnati and Louisville; at Cin- Charles Foster, Secretary of the United
cinnati the river rose 66 feet States Treasury Feb. 25, 1891
Feb. 10-15, 1883 Modified Australian ballot act passed at
Ninety-fifth anniversary of the settle- an adjourned session of the legislature
ment of Ohio celebrated at Marietta Jan. 6-May 4, 1891
1883 People's party organized at the National
Great flood of the Ohio; thousands ren- Union Conference, held at Cincinnati,
dered homeless. Congress appropriates 1,418 delegates from thirty- two States
$500,000 for relief Feb. 12-15, 1884 May 19, 1891
Riots at Cincinnati, because of failure to City of Hamilton celebrates its centen-
punish criminals by law ; forty-two killed nial Sept. 19, 1891
and 120 wounded March 28-30, 1884 William McKinley, Jr., inaugurated
Dow law passed, taxing the liquor governor Jan. 11, 1892
traffic ^ 1885 National Prohibition Convention meets
State board of health established. . 1885 at Cincinnati June 29, 1892
John Sherman is re-elected United Gen. John Pope, bom in 1823, dies at
States Senator Feb. 12, 1886 Sandusky Sept. 23, 1892
Waterspout at Xenia kills twenty- Ex-President Hayes, born in 1822, dies
five persons, destroys 100 houses at his home at Fremont Jan. 17, 1893
May 19, 1886 Gen. J. S. Coxey*s army of the com-
Centennial celebration of the first set- monweal, numbering seventy-five men, or-
llement in Ohio at Marietta ganizes at Massillon, moves from that
April 7, 1888 place to Canton, 8 miles. . .March 26, 1894
Sunday liquor law passed 1888 Strike affecting 150,000 miners ordered
Ohio Valley and Central States Centen- at Columbus April 20, 1894
nial Exhibition opens at Cincinnati Allen G. Thurman dies at Columbus
July 4, 1888 Dec. 12, 1895
Organization of " White Caps '* disband The centenary of the settlement of
on promise from authorities not to proceed Cleveland celebrated July 22, 1896
against them; last outbreak, the whipping Militia fires upon a lynching-party at
of Adam Berkes in Sardinia, Brown Urbana, four persons killed
county, accused of immoral conduct June 4, 1897
Nov. 17, 1888 Coal-miners went on strike
Population, 3,672,316; 92.1 to square July 2, 1897
mile 1890 [Ended by compromise Sept. 11.]
491
T7HITED STATES OF AXXBICA-OKLAHOXA
Accident at Robinson's Opera-house in International Christian Endeavor eon-
Cincinnati, thirty-five killed or injured vention meets at Cincinnati
Oct 15, 1807 July 6, 1901
Ex-Secretary of the Interior Jacob D. President McKinley shot at Buffalo,
Cox dies at Oberlin Aug. 4, 1900 Sept. 7; dies Sept 14, 1901
Race riot at Akron Aug. 22, 1900 [Private funeral service in Buffalo,
John Sherman dies at Washington, D. C. Sept 16; the body lies in State at
Oct. 22, 1900 the Capitol, Washington, D. a. Sept
Tom L. Johnson elected mayor of Cleve- 18; the interment at Canton, O., Sept.
land April 1, 1901 19.]
Oklahoma, is a Territory of the United across the Kansas line and arrested under
States of America, formed in 1890 from federal vrarrants Jan. 37, 1^
the western part of Indian Territory and Inhabitants of No Man's Land organise
the Public Land strip, or No Man's Land, the Territory of Cimmaron, not recognised
a strip 16734 miles long and 34^ miles by Congress 1886
wide, lying north of Texas and west l^elegates of Creek nation meet in Wash-
of long. 100". Oklahoma is bounded on ington Jan. 19, and cede the western half
the north by Kansas and Colorado, east of their domain for $2,280,857.10; ratified
by Indian Territory, south by Texas, and by the Creek council Jan. 31, by Congress
west by Texas and New Mexico. Area, March 1, 1889
39,030 square miles. Population, 1890, Seminoles execute a release and con-
61,834; 1900, 398,331. Capital, Guthrie. veyance of their lands ceded by treaty in
No Man's Land ceded to the United 1866 March 16, 1889
States by Texas Nov. 25, 1850 Oklahoma opened for settlement by
Extensive scheme organized to take pos- proclamation of President Harrisos,
session of the portion of Oklahoma not March 27, to take effect at noon, April 23.
occupied by Indians, and parties from During the afternoon of this day 50,000
Missouri and Texas enter the Territory, or more settlers, encamped on the borders
but are ordered removed by proclamation of the Territory, enter and locate
of President Hayes April 26, 1879 April 22, 1889
Second proclamation to prevent settle- First bank in Guthrie opened in a tent
ment in Oklahoma Feb. 12, 1880 with a capital of $50,000. .April 22, 1880
Expedition under David L. Payne — ^who An attempt to form a provisional gov-
had organized in Kansas the Oklahoma emment for Oklahoma fails. Conven-
Town Company and the Southwest Colony tion meets at Guthrie May 22, 1889
— ^with twenty-five men, enter the Terri- Proclamation of the President against
tory and begin the settlement of the town the occupation of the Cherokee strip
of Ewing, but within three weeks they are Feb. 17, 1890
arrested by United States troops and im- Many "boomers** invade the Cherokee
prisoned 1880 strip March 23, 1890
Payne enters Oklahoma with a colony George W. Steele appointed first gov-
of 600 men, women, and children, and emor May, 1890
founds the town of Rock Falls. .May, 1884 President Harrison signs act creating
Under proclamation by President Ar- Territory of Oklahoma May 2, 1890
thur, July 1, the settlement at Rock Falls First election held for representative-tt-
is broken up by United States troops larg^ Aug. 5, 1890
August, 1884 Congress appropriates $47,000 for the
Many armed men under W. L. Couch en- relief of destitute persons in the Territory
camp at Stillwater on the Cimmaron River Aug. 8, 1890
and defy the military December, 1884 Milton W. Reynolds, Republican, elected
Couch and his forces surrender to the representative-at-large, dies from over-
United States troops, and are marched exertion during the canvass. .Aug. 9, 1890
492
T7HITED STATBP 07 AMEBICA— OBBOOH
First meeting of the legislature at Cherokee outlet, or strip, about 9,400
Guthrie Aug. 2T, 1890 square miles, was ceded to the United
Santa F6 and Rock Island Railroad States by the Cherokees, May 19, 1893;
companies bring into the Territory and the United States paying $8,300,000 in five
loan to the needy farmers, without in- annual instalments, beginning March 4,
terest, 25,000 bushels of seed wheat. . 1890 1875, interest 4 per cent, on deferred pay-
Agricultural College founded in Payne ments, besides paying $300,000 to the
county; a normal school located at Ed- Cherokees at once, and $110,000 to other
mond if the people give it $5,000 and 40 tribes, making in all about $8,710,000.
acres of land; a territorial university lo- By proclamation of the President, Aug.
cated at Norman, Cleveland county; 23, the strip was opened at noon
public schools established; Australian Sept. 16, 1893
ballot system introduced; legislature ad- [It is estimated that 100,000 people had
journs Dec. 24, 1890 gathered on the boundary-line awaiting
Cherokee strip closed to whites by order the opening.]
of President Aug. 13, 1891 Tonkawa and Pawnee reservations
New Indian lands in Oklahoma (about opened to settlement Sept. 16, 1893
300,000 acres) opened for settlement Cyclone at Chandler, thirty-five killed
Sept. 22, 1891 and injured , March 30, 1897
Resignation of Governor Steele accepted Flood at Guthrie, great loss of life
by President Harrison Oct. 18, 1891 April 28, 1897
Statehood convention meets at Okla- Greological survey begun 1900
homa City Dec. 15, 1891 Free homes bill passed by Congress
State Agricultural College at Still- May 14, 1900
water opened Dec. 15, 1891 Memorial service in honor of David L.
Proclamation of the President, April 12, Payne, " the original Oklahoma boomer,"
opens to settlement Cheyenne and Arapa- held at Blackwell Nov. 19, 1900
hoe Indian lands from. .. .April 19, 1892 Tornado destroying many lives and
The Kansas civil code adopted in its much property June 8, 1901
entirety ^ 1893 Proclamation by President McKinley
Territorial convention of negroes held opening certain Indian reservations to
at Guthrie AprU, 1893 settlers on Aug. 6, 1901 July 7, 1901
OREGOK
GTeg^iiy one of the Pacific coast States Lieutenant Broughton, of the British
of the American Union, has a coast-line navy, ascends the Columbia River about
of 300 miles, extending from lat. 42*^ N., 100 miles to the region of the cascades
which marks the boundary between the October-November, 1792
State and California and Nevada, to the By purchase, the United States acquires
Columbia River, which separates the State the claims of France to Oregon
from Washington on the north in lat. 46'' April 30, 1803
15' N. Idaho lies to the east, the Snake Lewis and Clarke United States govern-
River forming about half of the eastern ment expedition descends the Columbia to
boundary. It is limited in longitude be- its mouth, where it arrives. . .Nov. 5, 1805
tween llO'' 45' to 124** 30' W. Area, 96,- CapUin Nathaniel Winship, a New-Eng-
030 square miles, in thirty-one counties, lander, builds the first house in Oregon, at
Population, 1890, 313,767; 1900, 413,536. Oak Point, on the Columbia. .June 4, 1810
Capital, Salem. Pacific Fur Company, of which John
A Spanish expedition, sent out under Jacob Astor was a leading member, estab-
Bruno Heceta in the Santiago^ discovers lishes a trading-post at the mouth of the
the mouth of the Columbia River 1775 Columbia River, which it calls Astoria
Captain Robert Gray enters the Colum- 1811
bia River in the American ship Colum- D. McKenzie explores the Willamette
hia from Boston May 7, 1792 River 1812
493
UNITED STATES OF AXEBIGA— OBEQOV
Convention between the United States tween United States and Great Britain
and Great Britain for joint occupation of held June 15, 1846, are ratified in Lon-
Oregon concluded in London, Oct. 20, 1818, don, July 17, and proclaimed
ratified Jan. 19, 1819 Aug. 5, 1846
Ck>nvention between the United States First sale of town lots for Salem
and Russia regulating fishery and trading Sept. 10, 1S46
on the Pacific coast, and fixing 54® 40^ First mail contract in Oregon let to
as the northern boundary claimed by the Hugh Burns in the spring of 1846, and
United States, concluded at St. Petersburg, first regular mail service in the Terri-
April 5-7, 1824, and ratified. .Jan. 12, 1825 tory is established by the United SUte^
Ck>nvention between the United States government 1847
and Great Britain; the articles of 1819 Congress enacts a territorial govern-
are indefinitely extended, with proviso ment for Oregon Aug. 14, 1848
that either party might annul the agree- Gen. Joseph Lane, first territorial goT-
ment on twelve months' notice ernor, arrives, and proclaims the terri-
Aug. 6, 1827 torial government March 3, 1849
Capt. Nathaniel J. Wyeth, of Wenham, About $50,000, in five and ten dollar
Mass., establishes a fishery on Sauvies Isl- gold pieces, coined and put into circola-
and, at the mouth of the Willamette. .1832 tion by the Oregon Exchange Companj.
John McLeod and Michael la Framboise This is known as ''beaver money "..1849
erect Fort Umpqua, a post for the Hud- First territorial legislature meets at
son Bay Company, on the Umpqua River Oregon City July 16, 1849
1832 Gens. Smith and Vinton arrive in Ore-
Jason and Daniel Lee, Methodist mis- gon to examine the country with reference
sionaries, reach Oregon in Captain Wyeth's to the location of military posts
second overland expedition, which left In- Sept. 28, 1849
dependence, April 28, 1834, and establish Hudson Bay Company conveys to Unit-
a mission on the banks of the Willamette, ed States the rights of the company under
60 miles from its mouth Oct. 6, 1834 its charter and the treaty with Great
Methodist mission station established on Britain 1849
Clatsop Plains, near Young Bay Seat of government located at Salem by
Feb. 10, 1841 legislature, the penitentiary at Portland.
First meeting of settlers at the Metho- and the university at Corvallis 1850
dist mission to make a code of laws for Five of the Cayuse Indians, principals
the settlements south of the Columbia in the massacre of Dr. M. Whitman and
River Feb. 17-18, 1841 other missionaries at Wafilatpu, Nov. 29.
Star of Oregon, the first American ves- 1847, are delivered to the Oregon authori-
se! constructed of Oregon timber, is launch- ties, tried at Oregon City, condemned, and
ed from Oak Island in the Willamette, executed June 18, 1850
and sails for San Francisco. ; 1841 Schooner Samuel Roberts, with an ex-
A provisional government and organic ploring party formed in San Francisco to
laws for Oregon are adopted by the peo- discover the mouth of the Klamath River,
pie met at Champoeg, and Oregon City enters the Umpqua River Aug. 6, 1850
fixed as the seat of government Oregon donation act; Congress grants
July 5, 1843 each missionary station then occupied 640
First house in Portland erected by A. acres of land, with the improvements. To
L. Lovejoy and F. W. Pettygrove 1846 each white settler, 640 acres. To each
Publication of the Oregon Spectator be- emigrant settling in Oregon between D«.
gun at Oregon City 1846 1, 1850, and Dec. 1, 1853, 160 acres
Resolutions pass the House of Repre- Sept. 27, 1850
sentatives giving notice to Great Britain Maj. Philip Kearny fights the Indians
that the convention of 1818 and 1827 for at Rogue River June 28, 1851
joint occupation of Oregon should be ter- A party of twenty-three, under TVault,
minated at the expiration of twelve months set out to explore the interior, Aug. 24,
from the notice Feb. 9, 1846 1851. Sept. 1 all but nine turn back, at
Articles of the Oregon convention be- the Rogue River, about 50 miles from tbe
494
UNITED STATES OF AMEBIGA— OBBOON
ocean. These reach the headquarters of of the garrison at Whaleshead, on Rogue
the Coquille, Sept. 9; descend it, are at- River, during the absence of the rest
tacked, and five of the nine killed by Ind- (Feb. 22) at a dancing - party ; murder
ians Sept. 14, 1851 many farmers near the fort, and bum
Yam Hill River bridge, the first in the their houses and barns; 130, who escaped
country, constructed at Lafayette 1851 the massacre and fled to the fort, are be-
Grold discovered by some half-breeds in sieged thirty-one days, until relieved by
the sand of the old sea-beach at the mouth two companies under Colonel Buchanan
of a creek near the Coquille 1852 March, 1856
Willamette University at Salem opened Troops under Capt. A. J. Smith attack-
1844; chartered 1853 ed at the Meadows, on the Rogue River,
War with the Indians of Rogue River, where the Indians bad agreed to meet and
begun in June, ended by a treaty signed give up their arms, by Indians under Chief
by Joel Palmer and Samuel H. Culver. By John, May 27 ; they are rescued by Cap-
this treaty the Indians sell their lands, com- tain Augur May 28, 1856
prising the whole Rogue River Valley, to Chief John surrenders June 20, 1856
the United States for $60,000. Sept. 8, 1853 Convention assembles at Albany, and
Pacific University and Tualatin Aca- organizes the Free-State Republican party
demy, at Forest Grove, opened in 1848, of Oregon Feb. 11, 1857
is chartered 1854 Oregon constitutional convention assem-
T. J. Dryer and party ascend Mount bles at Salem, Aug. 17; completes its la-
Hood, and ascertain that it is an expiring bors, Sept. 18; constitution ratified by the
volcano still emitting smoke and ashes people; majority in favor of adoption,
August, 1854 3,980; against slavery, 5,082; against free
Governor Davis resigns, August, 1854 ; negroes, 7,569 Nov. 9, 1857
George Law Curry appointed Coal discovered at Coos Bay, near Em-
November, 1854 pire City, 1853, and mines discovered by
Volunteer company under J. A. Lupton James Aiken at Newport and Eastport,
nttack an Indian camp at the mouth of opened 1858
Butte Creek, killing twenty - three and State legislature meets, July 5, and Gov-
wounding many, early in the morning, emor Whiteaker is inaugurated
Daylight showed that the dead were mostly July 8, 1858
old men, women, and children . .Oct. 8, 1855 Act admitting Oregon signed by the
In retaliation, the Indians plunder and President Feb. 14, 1859
massacre settlers in the upper Rogue River Governor Whiteaker convenes the legis-
Valley t Oct. 9, 1855 lature, and completes the organization of
Astoria chartered 1855 the State government May 16, 1859
Governor Curry issues a proclamation Joseph Lane, ex - governor of Oregon,
calling for ^\e companies of volunteers, nominated for Vice-President of the Unit-
Oct. 15, and orders all companies not duly ed States on the Breckinridge ticket
enrolled by virtue of said proclamation to June 23, 1860
disband Oct. 20, 1855 Fort Stevens, at the mouth of the Co-
Convention of Free-soilers meets at Al- lumbia, completed 1864
bany, June 27, and drafts a platform for First National Bank of Portland, the
the anti-slavery party, to be reported at oldest west of the Rocky Mountains, is
an adjourned meeting appointed at Cor- established July, 1865
vallis for Oct. 30, 1855 Mount Hood, not previously in eruption
Volunteer force organized, Oct. 12, by since the settlement of California, contin-
Col. J. E. Ross, engages the Indians at ues for a month or more to emit smoke
Rogue River, near Gal ice Creek, Oct. 17, and flames, followed by the earthquake
and at Bloody Springs or Grave Creek of Oct. 8-9, 1865
Hills Oct. 30, 1856 Oregon ratifies the Thirteenth Amend-
New State-house at Salem burned, with ment to the Constitution Dec. 11, 1865
the library and furniture; the work of Oregon ratifies the Fourteenth Amend-
an incendiary Dec. 30, 1855 ment by one majority, and this act is dis-
Indians murder thirteen out of fifteen puted, as secured by the votes of two Re-
495
UnriTEI) STATES OF AKEBICA— PEN17STLVAHIA
publican memberB of the House afterwards University of Oregon at Eugene City,
expelled Sept. 19, 1866 chartered in 1872, is opened. .Oct. 18, 1876
Cincinnatus H. Miller (Joaquin Miller) Constitutional amendment, that "the
appointed judge of Grant county 1866 elective franchise in this State shaU not
Cargo of wheat shipped from Oregon hereafter be prohibited to any citizen on
direct to Australia by bark Whistler. . 1867 account of sex," passed and approved by
Grading for Or^;on Central Railroad the governor 1880
begun at Portland, April 14; grading of Amendment conferring the suffrage on
the rival Oregon and California Railroad women is lost; 28,176 votes against to
begun April 16, 1868 11,223 in favor June 2, 1884
First full cargo of wheat exported from Local option bill passed by the l^islat-
Oregon direct to Europe by Joseph Watt ure 1885
to Liverpool by the Bailie ^rouTfi. . ..1868 State normal school at Drain created
State agricultural college at Corvallis by law 1883
opened 1868 Bill passed creating a State board of
Legislature rejects the Fifteenth Amend- agriculture 1885
ment to the Constitution of the United First Saturday in June made a legal
States, and protests against the treaty holiday, Labor Day 1887
with China 1870 State convention at Salem forms an
Oregon school for deaf-mutes at Salem amalgamated party, including Prohibition*
opened 1870 ists. Grangers, Free-traders, Greenfaackers,
Legislature rescinds the resolution of American party men, Knights of Labor,
1870, rejecting the Fourteenth and Fif- Union Labor, and Woman Suffragists, on-
teenth amendments 1872 der the title Union party, to oppose the
Captain Jackson, conmiissioned to re- Republicans and Democrats. Sept. 14, 1889
move the Modocs to a reservation, fights Australian ballot law enacted, and State
them on Lost River, near Tule Lake board of charities and corrections estab-
Nov. 29, 1872 lished at the session. Jan. 12-Feb. 20, 1891
First convention of the Oregon State Women over twenty-one years of age
Woman's Suffrage Association held at made eligible to all educational offices.. 1893
Portland February, 1873 State capitol completed 1893
Congress grants public lands in Or^on Fire at Silver Lake in which forty per-
to construct a military road across the sons perished Dec. 29, 1894
State, July 2, 1864; the legislature grants Departure of 2d Oregon Volunteers for
1,920 acres of this for each mile to be built Philippine Islands May 25, 1898
by the Oregon Central Military Road Com- Return of 2d Oregon Volunteers from
pany, which builds to the summit of the Philippine Islands J^uly 12, 1899
Cascade Mountains in 1867; the company Five proposed constitutional amend-
sells its lands to the Pacific Land Com- ments rejected November, 1900
pany of San Francisco 1873 Erection of a monument at Champoegon
Oregon Pioneer Association organized the fifty-eighth anniversary of a meeting at
Oct. 18, 1873 which a majority of those present voted for
State board of immigration created by Oregon Territory to become a part of the
law Oct. 28, 1874 United States May 2, 1901
Oregon and Washington Fish Propagat- Adoption of text-books for public sdiools
ing Company incorporated ; hatching estab- of Oregon for a period of six years
lishment near Oregon City April, 1876 July 11, 1901
PENNSYLVANIA
Pennsylvania, one of the original small portion in the northwest oomer,
Middle States, being the seventh in which extends north to 42® 15', and thus
geographical order of the thirteen, is borders on Lake Erie — and between long,
known as the Keystone State. It lies 74'' 4(K and SO"" 36' W. New York and a
between lat. 39** 43' and 42® N. — except a small portion of Lake Erie lie on the
496
fTHITEB STATES OF AMEBICA— FEimSYLVANIA
north, Delaware River separates it from Penn contracts to sell an association,
New Jersey on the east, the States of " Company of Free Traders/' 20,000 acres
Delaware, Maryland, and West Virginia for £400, subject to a quit-rent of 2%
bound it on the south, while West Vir- mills per acre July 11, 1681
ginia and Ohio are on the west. Area, Court held at Upham by the deputy-
45,215 square miles, in sixty-seven coun- governor Sept. 13, 1681
ties. Population In 1800, 5,258,014; 1900, Three vessels sail with emigrants, and
6,302,115. Capital, Harrisburg. three commissioners with plans for the
Henry Hudson enters Delaware Bay, ex- proposed city of Philadelphia
amines its currents and soundings, but October, 1681
leaves without landing August, 1600 Penn publishes " frame of government ":
Delaware Bay visited by Lord de la Council of seventy-two persons elected for
Warr 1610 three years, one-third to go out annually;
Cornelius Hendricksen, in the interest of governor or deputy to preside with triple
the Dutch, explores Delaware Bay and river vote ; laws proposed to be submitted to
as far as mouth of the Schuylkill. . .1616 the people, afterwards to delegates. Forty
Cornelius Mey ascends the Delaware " fundamental laws " agreed upon by
River, and builds Fort Nassau, on the east Penn and the intended emigrants, were
side, nearly opposite the present Phila- added April 25, 1682
delphia 1623 Pennsylvania, though not included in
[This first occupation by the Dutch is Duke of York's charter, had been claim-
soon abandoned.] ed by governors of New York; to perfect
Swedish government sends out two ves- his title, Penn obtains from the duke a
sels, the Key of Calmar and the Chiffin, quit claim to Pennsylvania, also two
with a few Swedes ; entering the Delaware, deeds of feoffment, of town of New Cas-
they erect a fort near the mouth of Chris- tie with a circle of 12 miles round, and
tiana Creek, called Fort Christiana in of district thence to Cape Henlopen
honor of the then Queen of Sweden. . .1638 Aug. 21, 1682
Swedish Governor Printz fixes his resi- Penn, accompanied by 100 colonists,
dence on Tinicum Island, a few miles be- sails in the Weloomef Sept. 1, and lands
low Philadelphia, and builds a fort for at New Castle Oct. 27, 1682
defence 1643 [Twenty-three ships arrive in the Dela-
[ First European settlement in Pennsyl- ware this year with colonists for Penn-
vania.] sylvania.]
Swedes settle Upland (now Chester), Penn reaches Upland and calls it Chester
first town settled in Pennsylvania 1643 Oct. 20, 1682
Dutch from New York capture the Spacious brick residence built at a cost
Swedish forts on the Delaware, and take of £7,000 for Penn on " Pennsbury Manor,"
possession of the country. . .Sept. 25, 1655 opposite Burlington, about 20 miles above
This territory surrendered to the Eng- Philadelphia 1682
lish September, 1664 Penn visits New Jersey, New York, and
Dutch recover possession for a few Long Island, and returns to Chester
months, 1673, but the " peace of West- Dec. 4, 1682
minster " restores it to the English [Penn's famous treaty with the Indians
Feb. 10, 1674 under the elms at Shackamaxon, at the
William Penn receives from Charles II., northern limits of Philadelphia, occurs
in payment of £16,000 due his father from about this time, according to Hildreth,
the English government, a charter for Bancroft, and Lossing; the Narrative and
lands north of Maryland and west of the Critical History of America gives the
Delaware March 4, 1681 date, June 23, 1683. It is the subject of a
Penn issues an address to his subjects picture by Benjamin West. The whole
in Pennsylvania concerning the grant story of this treaty has been doubted.
April 8, 1681 Hildreth calls it '* the famous traditionary
Penn appoints William Markham dep- treaty." Bancroft says: "It is to be re-
uty governor, who sails in May, and ar- gretted that no original record of the meet-
rives in Pennsylvania June, 1681 ing has been preserved."]
IX.— 2 1 407
UNITED STATES OF AKEBICA— PE2rKSYI.VANIA
First Assembly of the province meets Thomas Lloyd, president, sails for Eng-
at Chester in three days' session land Aug. 12, 16S4
Dec. 4, 1682 [Province has twenty settled townsliips
[This meeting made changes in the and 7,000 inhabitants.]
"frame of government," tending to William Bradford establishes the first
strengthen the power of the proprietary, printing-press in Philadelphia (the third
The territories (Delaware) were enfran- in the colonies) ; first publication, ao
chised by a joint act, and united with almanac, the Kalendarium Penntihon-
Pennsylvania on the basis of equal rights, iense 16^
and a code called the "great law" was Several members of the settlement at
enacted.] Germantown send a written protest against
Counties of Bucks, (]!hester, and Phila- slavery to a Friends' meeting IGS;*
delphia organized December, 1682 [First anti-slavery effort in America.]
Penn attends to laying out Philadelphia " William Penn charter " school estab-
December, 1682 lished in Philadelphia 1680
Penn meets Lord Baltimore at New First paper mill in America built by
Castle to adjust boundary claims between William Rittenhouse and William Brad-
Pennsylvania and Maryland ford on a branch of the Wissahickon. .1690
December, 1682 Penn sanctions the separation of the
[Dispute not settled until 1760, when it lower counties (Delaware) as a separate
was referred to two English mathemati- government under William MariEham
clans, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, April 11, 1691
who ran the boundary-line due west 244 Grovernment of Pennsylvania taken from
miles (1763-67) in lat. 39"" 43' 26"; stones Penn Oct. 31, 1692
erected every mile up to 132, every fifth Pennsylvania placed under (Sovcnior
stone bearing the arms of the Baltimore Fletcher of New York 1693
and Penn families. Resurveyed, 1849. Penn's chartered rights restored
While debating in Congress the Missouri Aug. 30, 1694
Compromise, in 1820, John Randolph in- First Episcopal place of worship built in
troduced the phrase " Mason and Dixon's Philadelphia 169.1
line," as separating freedom from slavery, Penn returns to Pennsylvania after ab-
or the North from the South; the phrase sence of fifteen years Dec. 1, 1699
became at once exceedingly popular.] Yellow fever in Philadelphia 1699
Penn summons the Assembly to Phila- Discontent of the inhabitants leads
delphia, where changes are made in the Penn to summon an Assembly to prepare
" frame of government "; and to settle dis- a new frame of government. .Sept. 16, 1701
putes and prevent lawsuits, three " peace- New charter, or " charter of privileges,"
makers " are appointed for each county adopted Oct. 28, 1701
March 10, 1683 [It gave the Delaware counties option of
Weekly post established (letters car- a separate administration, of which ther
ried from Philadelphia to Chester, 2d.; to availed themselves soon after, though ud-
New Castle, 4d. ; to Maryland, 6d. ) der the same governor and council as Penn*
July, 1683 sylvania until 1776.]
First mill built at Chester 1683 Philadelphia incorporated as a city
Franfort Land Company, of Germany, Oct. 28, 1701
purchase 25,000 acres of land around Ger- Anticipating that the British min-
mantown, and begin a settlement, consist- istry were about to abolish the proprie-
ing of twenty families under Francis D. tary governments in America, Penn, to op-
Pastorius Oct. 24, 1683 pose this, sails for England and never
A woman tried as a witch; acquitted, visits America again Nov. 1,1701
but bound to keep the peace ; Penn pre- Thomas Butter establishes the first iron
sides; first and only case of such trial in works in Pennsylvania, near Pottatown,
Pennsylvania Feb. 27, 1684 30 miles from Philadelphia 1716
Penn, establishing a provincial court of Penn dies at Rushcombe, Buckingham-
five judges, Nicholas Moore, chief-justice, shire, England, aged seventy-four years
and leaving the executive to the council, July 30, 1718
408
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— PEmflTSYLVAiriA
Andrew S. Bradford establishes the cmor of Virginia to meet the French corn-
American Weekly Mercury at Philadel- mander at Fort Le Boeuf and learn hia
phia Dec. 22, 1719 reasons for invading British dominions
Pennsylvania puts in practice the November, 1753
"paper-money loan system" by the issue Thirty-three men of the Ohio company
of £15,000 in 1722, followed by an ad- begin a fortification at the junction. of
ditional issue of £30,000 .... March, 1723 the Alleghany and Monongahela, now
Franklin, seventeen years old, arrives Pittsburg, but on the approach of the
in Philadelphia October, 1723 French capitulate April 17, 1754
Pennsylvania Oazette started by Frank- French occupy and finish the fort, call-
lin Sept. 28, 1729 ing it Duquesne, in honor of the governor
Franklin founds the Library of Phila- of Canada 1754
delphia, forty persons subscribing "forty Washington sent with about 150 men
shillings " each and agreeing to pay " ten by Governor Dinwiddie, of Virginia, to
Bhillings" annually Nov. 8, 1731 the Great Meadows April, 1754
Franklin commences the publication of Congress of commissioners of the colo-
Poor Richard's Almanack 1732 nies at Albany, N. Y June 19, 1754
To secure their friendship against the Gen. £dward Braddock, commander-in-
over tures of the French, a treaty is made chief of the British in America, arrives in
with the Six Nations 1733 the Chesapeake with two British regiments
Masonic lodge formed in Philadelphia, February, 1755
the second in America 1734 General Braddock meets Shirley, gov-
A Catholic church built and mass emor of Massachusetts, De Lancey, of New
celebrated in Philadelphia 1734 York, Morris, of Pennsylvania, Sharpe, of
County of Lancaster organized 1737 Maryland, and Dinwiddie, of Virginia, in
George Whitefield arrives at Philadel- a congress at Alexandria, Va.
phia November, 1730 April 14, 1765
American philosophical society estab- [Object of the meeting was the estab-
lished in Philadelphia by Benjamin Frank- lishing of a colonial revenue, and the ad-
lin 1743 vice to the British government, in which
Hostilities with the Six Nations, ' after all concurred, was taxation by act of Par-
a bloody collision between them and the liament.]
backwoodsmen of Virginia, are averted by Assembly appropriates £30,000 for
a treaty at Lancaster between Virginia, carrying on the war April, 1755
Pennsylvania, and Maryland and the Six General Braddock is twenty-seven days
Nations, the Indians ceding the whole on the march from Alexandria to Fort
valley of the Ohio for £400 July, 1744 Cumberland, and arrives with 2,150 men
War of England with France, termed May 10, 1755
" King George's War " 1744 Braddock advances from Fort Cum-
For the reduction of Louisburg, Penn- berland for Fort Duquesne, distance, 130
sylvania furnishes £4,000 in provisions miles June 10, 1755
1745 Braddock leaves Colonel Dunbar to
Thomas and Richard Penn the sole pro- bring up the heavy baggage, and pushes
prietors of Pennsylvania, Thomas holding on with 1,200 chosen men.. June 19, 1755
three-quarters of the whole by bequest Battle of Monongahela; Braddock de-
from his brother John, who dies this year feated July 9, 1755
1746 Colonel Dunbar burns public stores and
Over 5,000 immigrants, mostly Ger- heavy baggage worth £100,000, destroys
mans, arrive in Pennsylvania 1750 the remaining artillery, and retreats
Franklin identifies lightning and elec- July 13, 1755
tricity June 5, 1752 [Fort Cumberland is evacuated, leaving
French build a fort at Presque Isle, the frontier of Pennsylvania without a
now Erie 1753 post of defence.]
One at Le Boeuf, on French Creek. .1753 Assembly levy a tax of £55,000, from
Another at Venango 1753 which the proprietary estates are ex-
Gteorgc Washington sent by the gov- empted November, 1766
499
iTNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— PEmflTSYLVAHIA
Quakers cease to act with the gov- Fort Venango destroyed, garrison and
ernment on its declaring war against all June 18, 1763
the Delawares and Shawnees Presque Isle, now Erie, garrison of
November, 1755 twenty-four men, surrenders
Estimated annual value of rents, etc., June 22, 1763
to the proprietary estates, £30,000; not Fort Pitt, with a garrison of 330 men,
subjected to taxation 1755 and 200 women and children, besieged by
Franklin undertakes the military com- the Indians June-July, 1763
mand and defence of the frontier with Colonel Bouquet, at the head of 500
the rank of colonel January^ 1756 British troops, advances from Carlisle to
Active hostilities between the English the relief of Fort Pitt J«ly, 1763
and the French along the entire frontier When within a half-mile of " Bushy
of the colonies from the spring of 1753, Run," and about 25 miles from Fort Pitt,
but war was not declared until he is attacked by the Indians
May 18, 1756 Aug. 5, 1763
Indian village at Kittanning, on the Battle continues during the day, and be-
Alleghany, 45 miles to the north of Pitts- gins again at early dawn. Bouquet feigns
burg, headquarters of the Delaware Ind- a retreat, bringing the Indians within the
ians, is surprised and destroyed by Col. circle of his troops and defeating them.
John Armstrong with 300 Pennsylvanians His loss was eight officers and 115
Sept. 7, 1756 privates. He reaches and relieves Fort
Franklin sent to England in support Pitt Aug. 10, 1763
of the Assembly's petition against the Connecticut colony in the Wyoming
proprietaries Thomas and Richard Penn, Valley driven out by the Indians
who oppose taxing their vast estate, and Oct. 15, 1763
controlled the deputy governor. He ar- Surveyors Mason and Dixon begin run-
rives in London July 27, 1757 ning the southern boundary-line (see this
[Succeeds in securing the assessment of record, 1682) Dec. 9, 1763
taxes on the surveyed lands at the usual Barbarities of Indians at this time dis-
rate to others.] posed the frontiersmen to destroy every
Gen. John Forbes begins the advance Indian— enemy or not. A remnant of a
against Fort Duquesne with some 7,000 friendly tribe at Conestoga is massacred
troops July, 1758 by frontiersmen termed " Paxton Boys";
[Pennsylvania furnished 2,700 under a few escape and flee to Lancaster for
Col. John Armstrong, among them Benja- refuge, but are followed and killed. The
min West, afterwards the painter, and An- pursuers hearing of friendly Indians io
thony Wayne, a lad of thirteen years; Philadelphia, march towards them, but
Virginia 1,900, with Washington as leader, are met by Franklin, who, after a long
The Virginia troops rendezvous at Fort negotiation, persuades them to disperse
Cumberland, Md., and the Pennsylvania Dec. 27, 1763-Januaiy, 1764
and other troops at Raystown, now Bed- Colonel Bouquet's expedition against
ford, Pa. Washington advised the Brad- the Ohio Indians from Fort Pitt
dock route for the advance, while Cols. Oct. 30, 1764
Bouquet and Armstrong recommended a Dr. Shippen begins in Philadelphia the
more central one, which was adopted.] first course of lectures upon anatomy e^^i*
Extensive emigration to the western delivered in America 1764
part of Pennsylvania 1759-62 Franklin, having returned from Eng-
Beginning of the Pontiac War 1763 land in 1762, is sent again by the Asscm-
Treaty of peace between England and bly to petition for a change of government
France, termed the treaty of Paris from proprietary to royal authority; sa*!*
Feb. 10, 1763 Nov. 7, 1764
Attack made by the Indians along the [The petition, however, was droppe(i.
frontier of Pennsylvania and Virginia owing to other matters of more weight.
May, 1763 See this record, 1779.]
Fort Le BoBuf burned by Indians; gar- Pittsburg was first occupied by peaceful
rison escapes June 18, 1763 settlers in 1760, but the settlement was
500
UNITED STATES OF AKEBICA— PENNSYLVANIA
destroyed by Indians during the Pontiac [At a grand demonstration in Pbiladel-
War, 1763. A permanent settlement was phia, on July 8, John Nixon, one of the
begun 1765 signers, read the Declaration to a vast
Franklin examined before the English concourse.]
House of Commons on the effect of the State convention assembles at Phila-
passage of the Stamp Act.. Feb. 13, 1760 del phia and assumes the government of
First appearance of the Pennsylvania Pennsylvania July 15, 1776
Chronicle and Universal Advertiser. .1767 Franklin, one of the three commission-
Treaty with the Six Nations at Fort ers sent to France, sails for that coun-
Stanwix, N. Y Nov. 5, 1768 try October, 1776
[This treaty extinguished the Indian Comwallis pursues Washington through
claim to the whole region of the AUe- New Jersey into Pennsylvania
ghanies from New York to Virginia, so December, 1776
tliat Thomas and Kichard Penn were Endangered by the approach of the
proprietaries of more than 25,000,000 British, Congress, at Philadelphia, ad-
acres, 250,000 inhabitants, and one of the journs to meet again at Baltimore
largest cities in America.] Dec. 12, 1776
First course of instruction in chemis- The Crisis, a patriotic pamphlet by
try attempted in America by Dr. Benja- Thomas Paine, appears in Philadelphia
min Rush at the College of Philadelphia Dec. 19, 1776
1760 State government organized, with
An^erican Philosophical Society insti- Thomas Wharton, Jr., as president
tuted at Philadelphia 1769 March 4, 1777
Philadelphia calls a public meeting, con- British fleet enters Delaware Bay
demns the duty on tea and taxation by July, 1777
Parliament, and requests the tea agents Washington and Lafayette first meet
to resign, which they readily do in Philadelphia August, 1777
Oct. 2, 1773 Battle of Brandywine Sept. 11, 1777
Tea ship sent back to England before Congress adjourns to Lancaster
it reaches Philadelphia Dec. 25, 1773 Sept. 18, 1777
First Continental Congress assembles at Massacre of Wayne's troops at Paoli
Philadelphia Sept. 5, 1774 Sept. 21, 1777
Assembly of Pennsylvania approves the State government removes to Lancaster
doings of Congress, and appoints dele- Sept. 24, 1777
gates to the new one Dec. 15, 1774 Howe with the British army occupies
Franklin returns to Philadelphia from Philadelphia Sept. 27, 1777
England, giving up hope of reconciliation. Battle of Germantown Oct. 4, 1777
after an absence of ten years. .April, 1775 Successful defence of Forts Mifflin and
Second Continental Congress meets at Mercer Oct. 22-23, 1777
Philadelphia May 10, 1775 British in possession of the defences
Committee of safety appointed, Frank- of the Delaware Nov. 20, 1777
lin president June 30, 1775 American army go into winter quar-
Pennsylvania instructs her delegates to ters at Valley Forge, on the Schuylkill
the Continental Congress to dissent from Dec. 19, 1777
and reject any proposition looking to a "Battle of the Kegs". .. .Jan. 5, 1778
separation from England. .November, 1775 Affair at Barren Hill May 20, 1778
Common Sense, a pamphlet by Thomas British evacuate Philadelphia and re-
Paine, published in Philadelphia tire across the Delaware through New
January, 1776 Jersey towards New York.. June 18, 1778
Assembly of Pennsylvania, under press- Washington crosses the Delaware pur-
ure of public opinion, rescinds the in- suing the British, leaving Gen. Benedict
structions to delegates in Congress Arnold in command at Philadelphia
June 24, 1776 June, 1778
Declaration of Independence adopted Massacre in the Wyoming Valley
by Congress, and announced in Philadel- July 2-4, 1778
phia July 4, 1776 John Roberts and Abram Carlisle^
501
XrNITED 8TATB8 OF AMEBICA— PBHNSYIiVAHIA
wealthy citizens of Philadelphia, executed phia to run a steamboat, invented by
aB Tories Nov. 22, 1778 John Fitch, between Philadelphia and
[Twenty- three others tried, but acquit- Trenton, making regular trips; company
ted.] soon fails 1790
By act of Assembly the proprietary United States government removed from
claims of the Penn family to ungranted New York to Philadelphia
lands or quit-rents were vested in the Dec. 6, 1790
State, leaving the late proprietaries all First bank of the United States esUb-
private property, including manors, etc. lished at Philadelphia. .. .February, 1791
The Assembly also granted to the Penns, Anthracite coal discovered in Carbon
in remembrance of the founder of Penn- county. The Lehigh Coal Company organ-
sylvania, the sum of £130,000=$524,000, ized in Philadelphia, but fail to find a
payable in instalments, to commence one market 1791
year after the peace 1779 Purchase of the triangle bordering on
[Besides this, which was faithfully paid. Lake Erie, and containing Erie Harbor,
the British government settled £4,000 on completed March, 1792
the head of the Penn family.] United States mint established in Phil-
Act for the gradual emancipation of adelphia (the only one in the United
slaves passed March 1, 1780 States until 1835) 1792
Bank of North America established at Yellow fever rages in Philadelphia
Philadelphia ; capital, $400,000 July, 1793
Dec. 31, 1781 Whiskey insurrection !..1794
First manufacture of " fustians and First turnpike-road in the United States
jeans " in the United States begins at completed from Philadelphia to Lancas-
Philadelphia 1782 ter, 62 miles 1794
Dickinson College at Carlisle incorpo- Four daily stages run between Phila-
rated 1783 delphia and New York, and one between
American Daily Advertiser, afterwards Philadelphia and Baltimore 1796
the Aurora^ the first daily newspaper in Resistance to the federal " house tax,"
America, issued in Philadelphia 1784 known as the "hot -water war,** sup-
TPublished by Benjamin Franklin pressed 1798
Bache.] Capital of the State removed to Lan-
First city directory of Philadelphia, and caster (Philadelphia had been the capital
first in the United States, published. 1786 117 years) April 3, 1799
General convention of the Protestant United States government removed from
Episcopal Church, the first in Americai^ Philadelphia to Washington. .July, 1800
meets at Philadelphia Sept. 27, 1785 Philadelphia first supplied with water
Pittsburg Oazette, first paper published from the Schuylkill through pipes laid
west of the Alleghanies, issued in the streets Jan. 1, 1801
July 29, 1786 Coach route established from Philar
Boundary-line between Pennsylvania and delphia to Pittsburg August, 1304
Virginia, continuation of Mason and Dix- Commiseion-house opened in Philadel*
on's line, extended to a point ^\e degrees phia for the sale of cotton -yams and
west from the Delaware 1786 thread made at Providence, R. L, the
Convention of the States to frame a fed- first in the United States 1805
eral Constitution meets at Philadelphia Steamboat Phcenix arrives at Philadel-
May 14, 1787 phia from New York, the first steamboat
State convention ratifies the federal navigating the ocean 1808
Constitution Dec. 12, 1787 Bible Society founded at Philadelphia.
Thomas Miflfiin, first governor under the the first in the United States 1808
federal Constitution 1788 State resists with an armed force at-
Franklin dies at Philadelphia, aged tempt of the United States to serve ft
eighty-four years April 17, 1790 writ in the Olmstead case at Philadelphia
New State constitution goes into effect for twenty-six days 1809
Sept. 2, 1790 Sunday-school organized in Philadel-
A stock company formed in Philadel- phia, the first in the United States, mark-
502
XTNITBD STATES OF AKEBIGA— PBVKSYLVAVIA
ing the transfer from secular instruction First locomotive used in the United
to religious, from the control of individu- States run on the Carbondale and Hones-
als to the churches 1809 dale road August, 1829
Famous ** traditionary " elm-tree of the Delaware and Hudson Canal from
" Penn-Indian treaty " blown down Honesdale to Rondout on the Hudson, 108
March 3, 1810 miles, completed 1829
First steamboat, the New Orleans, on The Cent, Christopher C. Cornwell pub-
the Ohio, leaves Pittsburg for New Or- lisher, the first one-cent daily paper is-
leans Oct. 29, 1811 sued in the United States, starts in Phil-
Capital removed from Lancaster to Har- adelphia 1830
risburg 1812 Internal improvements connecting Phila-
In anticipation of the war with Eng- delphia with Pittsburg completed at a cost
land. Governor Snyder calls for 14,000 to the State of over $18,000,000 1831
troops May 12, 1812 [They consisted of 292 miles canal and
Another unsuccessful attempt to use 125 miles railroad.]
anthracite coal as fuel 1812 First cases of cholera in Philadelphia
British blockade the Delaware, which July 5, 1832
seriously interferes with the commerce of State provides for educating all per-
Philadelphia March, 1813 sons between six and twenty-one 1834
Commodore Perry builds his fleet at Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad corn-
Erie during the spring and early summer pleted Nov. 1, 1834
of 1813 Philadelphia first lighted by gas
First rolling-mill erected at Pittsburg Feb. 8, 1836
1813 New charter obtained from the State
Banks in Philadelphia suspend specie under the name of the United States Bank
payment 1814 of Pennsylvania Feb. 18, 1837
Fairmount water-works, Philadelphia, Public Ledger of Philadelphia found-
completed Sept. 7, 1815 ed, price one cent March 25, 1837
Schuylkill Navigation Company build Charter of Second United States Bank
a canal from Philadelphia to Mauch expires (see United States record, 1832-34)
Chunk, 108 miles; cost $3,000,000; com- 1837
pleted 1815 United States Bank of Pennsylvania
Second United States Bank established in and all other banks of the State suspend
Philadelphia, chartered by Congress; capi- specie payment during the commercial
tal stock, $3,500,000, of which the United panic of 1837
States takes one-fifth April 10, 1810 State constitution amended
Anthracite coal begins to come into Feb. 20, 1838
use; 365 tons shipped to Philadelphia are Pennsylvania Hall in Philadelphia, ded-
disposed of with difficulty 1820 icated as an abolition hall on the 14th,
Number of tons of anthracite coal re- is burned by a mob May 17, 1838
ceived in Philadelphia, 1,073 in 1821 ; Buckshot war
2,440 tons in 1822 November-December, 1838
Lafayette visits the United States; re- [In a close election between Whigs and
ceived at Philadelphia with distinguished Democrats for control of the legislature,
honors September, 1824 which was to choose a United States
American Sunday-school Union founded Senator, both parties charged fraud. The
at Philadelphia 1824 Whigs ultimately receded from their po-
Monument erected on the site of the sition, leaving the Democrats in power. A
" treaty elm," to commemorate Penn's remark made that the mob would feel
treaty with the Indians 1827 the effect of "ball and buckshot before
Store for the sale of American hard- night " gave this episode the name of
ware opened in Philadelphia by Amos " buckshot war."]
Goodyear & Sons, the first in the United Iron successfully made with anthracite
States 1827 coal at Mauch Chunk Jan. 12, 1830
Paper from straw first manufactured United States Bank of Pennsylvania
in the United States at Meadville. . .1828 again suspends specie payment 1839
603
XTNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— PENNSYLVANIA
It finally closes its doors, its capital Camp Curtin established near Harris-
being lost Sept. 4, 1841 burg April 18, 1861
Use of wire rope as cables introduced on Governor Curtin calls an extra session
the inclined planes of the Alleghany and of the legislature for April 30, 1861
Portage Railroad by John A. Roebling In anticipation of invasion, Greneral Lee
1842 having crossed the Potomac into Maryland,
Philadelphia and Reading Railroad com- Governor Curtin calls 50,000 volunteer
pleted 1842 militia to Harrisburg Sept 11, 1862
Riots between the native Americans and Confederate General Stuart raids Oiam-
Irish in Philadelphia suppressed by the bersburg with about 2,000 cavalry
military April-May, 1844 Oct 12-14, 1862
Petroleum is obtained while boring for Confederate advance enters Pennsyl-
salt on the Alleghany, a few miles above vania June 22, 1863
Pittsburg 1845 Carlisle occupied by the advance of the
Pittsburg nearly destroyed by fire ; loss, Confederate forces under Ewell ; Kingston,
$10,000,000 April 10, 1845 13 miles fVom Harrisburg, entered on the
Telegraphic communication between 27th; and a skirmish takes place within
Philadelphia and Fort Lee, opposite New 4 miles of the capital on June 28, 1863
York, completed Jan. 20, 1846 Confederate advance called back bv
Philadelphia and Pittsburg connected General Lee to concentrate at Gettysburg
by telegraph Dec. 26, 1846 June 28, 1863
State forbids the use of jails to hold Battle of Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863
fugitive slaves May 3, 1848 National cemetery at Gettysburg con-
Resurvey of Mason and Dixon's line secrated l^ov. 19, 1863
completed Nov. 19, 1840 [During the Civil War the State fur-
Judiciary made elective 1850 nished 269,645 troops (three-years' stand-
Manufacture of galvanized iron begun In ard) ; among them 8,612 were colored. An-
Philadelphia 1852 swering the first call of the President for
Railroad track torn up at Harbor troops, the State furnished 20,979 three-
Creek, near Erie, by the opposition to the months' troops.]
railroad Dec. 9, 1853 Chambersburg again raided and mostly
Pennsylvania State Agricultural College burned by McCausland's Confederate cav-
organized in Centre county. .April 13, 1854 airy July 30, 1864
Zinc works at Bethlehem go into oper- Citizens of the counties bordering oo
ation Oct 12, 1854 Maryland reimbursed by the State for
Entire traffic-line of State improvements damages sustained during the Civil War
from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, completed April 9, 1868
by the State in 1831, sold to the Penn- All the miners in the Avondale coal
sylvania Railroad Company for $7,500,000 mine (108) suffocated by the burning of
July 31, 1857 the main and only shaft Sept 6, 1889
State divided into twelve (afterwards [Investigation results in effecting need-
thirteen) normal school districts 1857 ed reform in working the coal mines of the
Banks suspend specie payment 1857 State.]
First normal school in the State opened Bureau of labor statistics established
at Millersville 1859 by the State July 26, 1873
First oil-well drilled in the United New State constitution goes into effect
States by E. L. Drake, near Titusville; Jan. 1, 1874
depth, 7i feet; yield, 1,000 gallons per Centennial Expoeition, at Fairmount
day Park, Philadelphia, commemorating the
Governor Curtin's inaugural pledges the 100th anniversary of the Declaration of
State to the national cause against seces- American Independence, opens
sion Jan. 15, 1861 May 10, 1876
Five companies of State troops (530 Great strike of railroad employ^
men) reach Washington, D. C, the first rapidly extending over most of the liiMs
troops to arrive there for its defence, on of the northern United States, inangmated
the evening of April 18, 1861 July 19, 1877
504
XnnTZD STATES OF AMSBICA— PENNSYLVANIA
[The strike was not entirely quieted un- puted cures on St. Anthony's day, dies at
til November.] Pittsburg, aged seventy years
Natural gas used as fuel in western June 15, 1892
counties 1884 Lockout of strikers at mills of the Car-
Johnstown flood June 1, 1889 negie Steel Company begins. .July 1, 1892
William D. Kelley, bom in 1814, the Governor Pattison orders the entire
oldest member of the House of Represent- division of National Guard to Homestead
atives, dies in Washington, D. C. July 10, 1892
Jan. 9, 1890 Chairman Crawford, Hugh O'Donnell,
Proposal of Mr. Carnegie to expend John McLuckie, and thirty others, mem-
$1,000,000 for a public library in Pitts- bers of the advisory committee of the
burg accepted Feb. 10, 1800 Amalgamated Association, are arrested on
Cyclone at Wilkesbarre and other towns, charge of treason against the common-
killing fourteen, injuring 180, and dam- wealth of Pennsylvania Sept. 30, 1892
aging property to $1,000,000 Strike at Carnegie Steel Mills, Home-
Aug. 19, 1890 stead, declared off Nov. 20, 1892
Boundary between Pennsylvania and Ex-Gov. Henry M. Hoyt dies at Wilkes-
New York agreed upon by commissioners, barre Dec. 1, ^892
March 26, 1886, and confirmed by both Agitation regarding the desecration of
l^slatures, is approved by Congress the battle-field of Gettysburg by electric
Aug. 19, 1890 cars for carrying sight-seers 1893
International Brotherhood of Locomo- Twenty-five thousand dollars appropri-
tive Engineers is organized at Pittsburg ated to buy the land at Valley Forge, used
Oct. 15, 1890 by the Continental army 1893
Over 100 miners killed by an explosion Free text-books authorized and $500,000
of fire-damp in the shaft of Frick & Co.'s appropriated 1893
coke works, near Moimt Pleasant First summer meeting for university
Jan. 27, 1891 extension students opens at Philadelphia
Strike in Connellsville coke regions be- under the auspices of the American So-
gins; 10,000 miners involved. .Feb. 9, 1891 ciety July 5, 1893
Eleven strikers killed and forty wound- One million dollars for the erection of
ed April 2, 1891 an art gallery bequeathed by Mr. Drexel
Governor Pattison vetoes the compul- July 20, 1893
sory education bill June 18, 1891 Hon. Charles O'Neill, of Philadelphia,
Governor signs the Baker ballot reform bom in 1821, who had been a member of
bill June 19, 1891 the United States House of Representa-
Govemor Pattison calls an extra session tives for thirty years, styled " Father of
of the Senate, to meet Oct. 13, to in- the House," dies Nov. 25, 1893
vestigate charges against the State's finan- George W. Childs dies at Philadelphia
cial officers Sept. 26, 1891 Feb. 3, 1894
Human Freedom League organized at Coxey army, moving on Washington,
Independence Hall, Philadelphia reach Pittsburg, April 2, and leave on the
Oct. 12, 1891 5th and enter Maryland from Pennsyl-
I>avid Hayes Agnew, surgeon, bom vania near Cumberland April 13, 1894
1818, dies at Philadelphia American liner ,8t, Paul launched at
March 22, 1892 Philadelphia April 10, 1895
''High -water mark" monument, in- State capitol at Harrisburg burned
dicating the point reached by the Confed- Feb. 2, 1897
erate advance in the assault of July 3, at Great fire at Pittsburg, loss $3,000,000
Gettysburg, dedicated June 2, 1892 May 3, 1897
Dam at Spartansburg bursts, and Washington statuary of the Pennsyl-
gasoline, from tanks broken by the rush- vania Society of the Cincinnati unveiled
ing waters, ignites on the surface of Oil by the President of the United States
Creek, between Titusville and Oil City; May 15, 1897
over 100 lives lost June 6, 1892 International commercial conference
Rev. Father Mollinger, famous for re- opened at Philadelphia June 2, 1897
605
UNITED STATES OF AKBBIOA— BHODB ZSLAVD
Coal-miners went on strike July 2, Strike in the anthracite coal regions
1897. Ended by compromise Sept 13-Oct. 13, 1900
Sept. 11, 1897 [Ended by mutual concessions.]
John E. Keely (Keely motor) dies at Andrew Carnegie oflfers $1,000,000 to
Philadelphia Nov. 18, 1898 St. Louis for a public library
Ex-Senator Quay acquitted of a charge March 14, 1901
of conspiracy April 18, 1899 Mayor Ashbridge signs the Philadelphia
National export exposition opened at street-railway ordinances June 13, 1901
Philadelphia Sept. 14, 1899 [John Wanamaker offered to give $2,-
United States Senate refuses to seat 600,000 for the franchises which were
Matthew Quay April 24, 1900 signed away without consideration.]
Republican National Convention at Iron, steel, and tin workers connected
Philadelphia nominated McKinley and with the Amalgamated Association go on
Roosevelt June 21, 1900 strike July 16, 1901
BHODE ISLAND
Bhode Island, one of the thirteen Form of government, twelve articles of
original States of the Union, and the agreement, framed and adopted by the in-
smallest of the United States, is bounded habitants of Providence July 27, 1640
on the north and east by Massachusetts, Rev. Robert Lenthel called by vote to
on the west by Connecticut, and on the open a public school in Newport 1640
south by the Atlantic Ocean. Block General Assembly asserts Rhode Island
Island, about 9 miles from the mainland, to be a democracy, saving only the right
is a portion of the State's territory, of the King, and grants freedom of re-
Area, 1,250 square miles, in five coimties. ligious opinions March, 1641
Population 1890, 345,506; 1900, 428,556. Four landholders, three of them origi-
Capitals, Providence and Newport. nal proprietors, at Pawtuxet dissatisfied
Roger Williams, banished from Plym- with the opposition of one Samuel Gorton
outh colony, with five companies settles and his partisans to the government,
at a spot which he calls Providence offer themselves and their lands to Mas-
June, 1636 sachusetts, and are received by the Gen-
Aquedneck Island settled by eighteen eral Court Sept. 8, 1642
proprietors at Portsmouth, now New Samuel Gorton and his companions re-
Town, first called Pocasset 1637 move to Shawomet, where they bad pur-
Canonicus and his nephew Miantinomo, chased lands from the Indians, and com-
sachems of the Narragansets, deed to Roger mence the settlement of Warwick
Williams all lands between the Pawtucket Jan. 12, 1643
and Pawtuxet rivers March 24, 1638 .Roger Williams is sent to England as
Roger Williams and Governor Win- agent for Providence, Aquedneck, and
throp make a joint purchase of Prudence Warwick, to secure a charter from the
Island Nov. 10, 1638 King 1643
First^general training or militia muster Patent granted by Robert, Earl of War-
in Rhode Island held at Portsmouth wick, govemor-in-chief and lord high ad-
Nov. 12, 1638 miral, and commissioners, to planters of
Aquedneck purchased from the Indians the towns of Providence, Portsmouth, and
by " William Coddington and his friends " Newport, for incorporation of Providence
Nov. 22, 1639 Plantations in Narraganset Bay
First Baptist Church in America March 14, 1643
founded in Providence 1630 General Court changes the name of
John Clarke and several proprietors of Aquedneck to the "Isles of Rhodes'* or
Aquedneck remove to the southern part Rhode Island March 13, 1644
of the island and found Newport 1639 Grant to John Smith to establish a
First Baptist Church in Newport grist-mill above Mill Bridge in Provi-
founded 1639 dence, the first in Rhode Island 1646
606
XnriTED STATES OF AKEBIOA— BHODB ISLAND
Committees from ProTidence, Ports- Simon Ray and eight associates in 1660;
mouth, Newport, and Warwick at Ports- they begin a settlement 1661
mouth, adopt the charter of 1643, choose Settlement of Misquamicut, now West-
John Coggeshall president of the colony, erly, begun 1661
and give a tax of £100 to Roger Williams Charter of Rhode Island and Providence
for obtaining the charter plantations obtained from Charles II. by
May 1&-21, 1647 John Clarke, agent for the colony
Canonicus, sachem of the Narragan- July 8, 1663
sets, dies June 4, 1647 [This charter continued in force till
William Coddington receives from the 1843 — 180 years.]
council of state in England a commission, John Clarke presented with £100 and
signed by John Bradshaw, to govern payment of his expenses attendant upon
Rhode Island and Connecticut during his the procuring of the charter
life, with a council of six, to be named by Nov. 24, 1663
the people and approved by himself. Boundary dispute between Rhode Isl-
Authority procured April 3, 1651, and as- and, Massachusetts, and Connecticut set-
serted August, 1651 tied by a royal commission 1664
Roger Williams sent as agent of Provi- Westerly incorporated as a town
dence to obtain a confirmation of their May, 1669
charter, and Dr. John Clarke, agent of Seventh-Day Baptist Church established
Portsmouth and Newport, to obtain a re- at Newport 1671
peal of Coddington's commission, sail for George Fox, Quaker, preaches in New-
England October, 1651 port, 1672, and Roger Williams, seventy-
Island towns submit to Coddington, but three years old, holds a controversy with
the mainland towns, in legislative session, three disciples of Fox at the Quaker
elect John Smith president, and appoint meeting-house at Newport
other officers. They enact that no man, Aug. 9-12, 1672
negro or white, shall be held to service Block Island incorporated by the Gen-
more than ten years after coming into eral Assembly, and at the request of the
the colony May, 1652 inhabitants named New Shoreham
General Assembly in Providence passes Nov. 6, 1672
a libel law, also an alien law; no for- King Philip's War opens by an Indian
eigner to be received as a freeman or to massacre at Swanze, Mass.
trade with Indians but by consent of the June 24, 1675
Assembly October, 1662 Troops repulsed by King Philip, in-
William Dyer, secretary of the province, trenched in a swamp at Pocasset, and he
and husband of Mary Dyer (afterwards withdraws into Massachusetts
executed in Boston as a Quaker), arrives July 18, 1675
from England with news of the repeal of First event of King Philip's War in
Coddington's power Feb. 18, 1653 Rhode Island is the massacre of fifteen
Assembly of island towns, Portsmouth persons in Bull's garrisoned house at
and Newport, restore code of 1647, and South Kingston about Dec. 15, 1675.
elect John Sandford as president Governor Winslow attacks the fort of the
May 17-18, 1653 Narragansets in a swamp at South Kings-
Providence and Warwick with Ports- ton, and after about three hours' fight-
mouth and Newport in one General As- ing fires the foi*t and wigwams
sembly re-establish code of 1647, forbid Dec. 19, 1675
sale of liquors to Indians, and prohibit Warwick destroyed by Indians
French and Dutch trade with them March 16, 1676
Aug. 31, 1654 Canonchet, chief of the Narragansets,
Pawtuxet men withdraw allegiance to captured, refuses to ransom his life by
Massachusetts, given in 1642, and trans- making peace, is turned over for execu-
fer it to Rhode Island May 26, 1658 tion to friendly Indians, who send his
Block Island is granted for public ser- head "as a token of love and loyalty"
vices to Governor Endicott and three to the commissioners at Hartford
others, Oct. 19, 1658, who sell it to April 4, 1676
507
UNITXD STATES OF AMBBICA— BHODE ISLAHB
Massacre in a cedar swamp near War- of admiralty court on the general council
wick of 171 Indians by a party of Eng- of Hhode Island. Jan. 7, 1095
lish who did not lose a man. .July 3, 1676 Law dividing the legislature into an
King Philip shot through the heart by upper House, the council, and a lower
an Indian while attempting to escape House of Delegates from the people
from a swamp near Mount Hope Mar, }686
Aug. 12, 1676 Yearly meeting of Friends established
Grovernor Benedict Arnold dies June at Newport 1700
20, 1678, and is succeeded by William Boundary with Ck>nnecticut established
Coddington Aug. 28, 1678 May 12, 1703
Governor Coddington dies Nov. 1, 1678, Two sloops, manned by 120 men, Capt
and is succeeded by deputy-governor John John Wanton, capture a French privateer
Cranston Nov. 16, 1678 with its prize, a sloop loaded with pro-
Ma j. Peleg Sandford succeeds Cranston visions captured the day before near Block
as governor, who dies March 12, 1680 Island June, 1706
Custom-house established at Newport Colony of Rhode Island first issues
to enforce the navigation acts published paper money (£5,000), to defray the ex-
by the beat of drums April 1, 1681 penses of war Aug. 16 1710
Assembly first meets at Providence Latin school in Newport opened by Mr.
under new charter Oct, 26, 1681 Galloway 1711
Roger Williams dies, aged eighty-four. First quarantine act, against small-pox
and is buried in Portsmouth 1683 1711
Royal government established in Nar- First edition of the laws of Rhode
raganset, with a court of records, civil Island printed In Boston 1719
and military officers, and Connecticut and Thirty-six pirates, captured by Captain
Rhode Island excluded from jurisdiction Solgard, of British ship Oreyhaund, off
June, 1686 the southeast coast of Long Island, are
The " Atherton claim " to land pur- brought to Newport, tried, and twenty-six
chased near Warwick from the Indians sentenced and hanged on Gravelly Point,
by Humphrey Atherton, John Winthrop, opposite the town July 12, 1723
and others, in 1659, is thrown out by Gov- Property qualification for suffrage cs-
ernor Andros; but other lands are granted tablished, requiring a freehold of value of
the company by the royal council. . . . 1687 £100 or an annual income of £2
Gov. Sir Edmund Andros, stopping at Feb. 18, 1724
Newport for the charter of Rhode Island, Boundary-line with Connecticut signed
is foiled by Governor Clarke, who sends at Westerly Sept. 27, 1728
the charter to his brother to be hidden. George Berkely, dean of Derry, after-
Andros destroys the seal of the colony wards bishop of Cloyne, arrives in Rhode
and departs November, 1687 Island and purchases a farm in Middle-
Learning of the accession of William town, near New York Jan. 23, 1730
and Mary, Rhode Island resumes the [After two and a half years he returned
charter government May 1, 1689 to England, giving his farm and a ooUee-
Sir Edmund Andros, who had fled to tion of books to Yale Collie.]
Rhode Island from Boston, is captured Assembly passes an act for the relief
by Major Sandford at Newport, sent back, of poor sailors ; 6({. a month to be de-
and is again imprisoned Aug. 3, 1689 ducted for the purpose from the wages of
Seven French privateers capture Nan- every Rhode Island seaman.. May, 1730
tucket, Martha's Vineyard, and Block Rhode Island Gagette published by
Island, but part of the fleet, entering the James Franklin, brother of Benjamin, for
harbor of Newport by night, fails in its seven months at Newport; first in the
surprise July 14, 1690 State Sept. 27, 1732
Capt. Thomas Paine, from Newport, at- A private company petitions the legis-
tacks five French privateers near Block lature to sanction a lottery; suppressed
Island, who withdraw after several hours' by statute under a penalty of £500 and
fighting July 21, 1690 £10 for any one Who takes a ticket
Admiralty act passed, conferring power Jan. 23, 1733
608
UNITEI) STATES OF AMBBIGA—BHOBE ISLAHB
Sloop Pelican, the first whaling yessel Society "The Daughters of Liberty"
from Rhode Island, arrives at Newport organized by eighteen young ladies at Dr.
with cargo June, 1733 Ephraim Bowen's house in Providence
Assembly meets at Greenwich for the March 4, 1766
first time Feb. 18, 1734 British armed sloop Liberty making an
Newport artillery incorporated by act unprovoked assault on a Connecticut brig,
of Assembly Feb. 1, 1742 the people of Newport dismantle and
Gen. Nathanael Greene born at Poto- scuttle the Liberty and set her adrift
wamet, in township of Warwick July 17, 1769
May 22, 1742 College of Rhode Island (Brown Uni-
Legislature resolves to raise 150 men versity) removed to Providence 1771
and to fit out the colony ship Tartar for British schooner Oaspee, of eight guns,
the siege of Louisburg May, 1745 Capt. William Duddington, stationed at
Two large privateers, with 400 men, sail Newport, destroyed by a body of armed
from Newport into a northeast snow- men June 9, 1772
storm, are lost, and nearly 200 women Rev. Samuel Hopkins and Rev. Ezra
in Newport are made widows Stiles, of Newport, invite subscriptions to
Dec. 24, 1745 colonize free negroes on the western shores
Eastern boundary of Rhode Island, dis- of Africa. This was the inception of the
puted by Massachusetts and settled by a American Colonization Society
royal commission in 1741, is confirmed August, 1773
by royal decree received Nov. 11, 1746 People of Newport in town-meeting re-
Company of the Redwood Library, form- solve that any one aiding or abetting the
cd in 1735 at Newport, receives a charter unloading, receiving, or vending of tea
from the colony August, 1747 sent by the East India Company or others
Providence Library Association char- while subject to duty in America, is an
tered Feb. 25, 1754 enemy to his country Jan. 12, 1774
Newport Mercury first published by Creneral Assembly at Newport elects
James Franklin 1758 Stephen Hopkins and Samuel Ward dele-
Masonic Society in Newport incorporat- gates to Continental Congress
ed June 11, 1759 June 15, 1774
A lottery for raising $2,400 is granted Act of May 22, 1744, creating the
to erect a masonic hall 1759 " Artillery Company of the County of
Property qualification for right of suf- Providence," amended by changing the
frage modified to $134 freehold, or $7.50 name to "The Cadet Company of the
annual rent 1762 County of Providence " June, 1774
Providence Qazeiie and Country Jour- Three hundred pounds of tea publicly
nal published in Providence by William burned in Market Square at Providence,
Goddard; first issue Oct. 20, 1762 with copies of ministerial documents and
Jewish synagogue, erected in Newport, other obnoxious papers March 2, 1775
dedicated 1763 Grov. Joseph Wanton suspended from
Brown University, chartered in 1764 as ofllce, to which he had just been elected
the College of Rhode Island, is opened at for the seventh time, for upholding the
Warren 1765 action of the British government
Maidstone, a British vessel, impresses May 3, 1775
seamen in Newport Harbor; 500 sailors Admiral Wallace, commanding British
and boys seize one of her boats, drag it to fleet in Rhode Island, bombards Bristol,
the commons, and burn it June 4, 1765 plunders the people, and burns Governor
Augustus Johnston, Martin Howard, Jr., Bradford's house and seventeen others,
and Dr. Moffat, who had advocated the together with two churches .. Oct. 7, 1775
Stamp Act, are hanged and burned in effigy Charles Dudley, the King's collector of
at Newport Aug. 27, 1765 customs for Rhode Island, flees for refuge
Samuel Ward, of Rhode Island, alone of on board a ship-of-war Nov. 15, 1775
royal governors, refuses the oath to sus- British troops, 250, landed at Provi-
tain the Stamp Act taking effect dencc, are driven to their ships by troops
Nov. 1, 1765 from Warren and Bristol .. Dec. 13, 1775
509
UNITED STATES OF AMEBIGA— BHOBE ISLAND
A false alarm brings troops under Gen- captures the Pigot, a British galley which
erals Greene, Sullivan, and Washington to blockaded the eastern passage
Providence, Washington returning to New Oct. 28, 1778
York. April 7, 1776 General Assembly grants £500 for dis-
Last Colonial Assembly of Rhode Island tressed inhabitants of Newport
at Providence, May 1, 1776; abjures al- January; 1779
legiance to the British crown.. May, 1770 British embark for New York
Declaration of Independence celebrated Oct. 11-25^ 1779
in Bhode Island, which the Assembly French army lands at Newport
names " The State of Rhode Island and July 10, 1780
Providence Plantations " July, 1770 Public reception giren to General Wash-
William Ellery and Stephen Hopkins, ington in Newport March 6, 1781
representing Rhode Island, sign the Dec- General Assembly authorizes manumis-
laration of Independence 1776 sion of slaves, makes free negroes or
Eight thousand British troops land and mulattoes bom in the State after March
take possession of Rhode Island 1, 1784, and repeals slavery act of 1774
Nov. 28, 1776 Feb. 23, 1784
Gen. John Sullivan, appointed by Wash- Marine Society, instituted in 1754 under
ington to succeed Gen. Joseph Spencer in the name of "The Fellowship Club," is
command in Rhode Island, arrives at chartered June, 1785
Providence April 17, 1777 Stephen Hopkins dies near Providence
Col. William Barton, of Providence, with July 13, 1785
forty men, guided by a negro, Quako First spinning-jenny in the United
Honeyman, captures Gen. Richard Prescott States made and put in operation by
at his quarters, about 5 miles from New- Daniel Jackson, of Providence 1786
port July 10, 1777 Act passed for emitting £100,000 in
[Prescott is afterwards (May, 1778) ex- bills of credit, and making the same a
changed for Gen. Charles Lee, captured by legal tender at par 1786
the British in New Jersey, December, Newport, incorporated as a city, June
1776.] 1, 1784, resumes its old form of town
Articles of Confederation adopted by government March 27, 1787
Rhode Island Feb. 9, 1778 African slave-trade forbidden, with
British destroy seventy flat-bottomed penalties of £100 for each person import-
boats and property on the Kickemuit ed from Africa, and £1,000 for the vessel
River, and burn the church and a number Oct. 29, 1787
of houses at Warren May 25, 1778 Motion made in the General Assembly
William Ellery, Henry Marchant, and for the appointment of delegates to the
John Collins sign the Articles of Confed- general convention of the colonies at
eration July 9, 1778 Philadelphia is lost by a majority of
French fleet of eleven sail -of -line twenty- three votes 1787
ships, under Count d'Estaing, appearing Providence Association of Mechanics
off Brenton's Reef, six British war-vessels and Manufacturers incorporated
attempt to leave the harbor. They are March. 1789
pursued, and are run ashore and set on Congress subjects to duty all goods from
fire by their crews. Aug. 5, 1778 Rhode Island not of her own production
While the French fleet, dispersed ,by May, 1789
storms, refits at Boston, the British attack Assembly addresses the President and
the Americans on Butts Hill; the Ameri- Congress of the eleven States, assigning
cans lose 211 men, the British somewhat reasons for opposing the Oon8tituti<n}, set-
more Aug. 29, 1778 ting forth its attachment to its democratic
Americans under General Sullivan re- charter, and the fear that it would be
treat from Rhode Island to Tiverton, Aug. limited by the new federal 63rstem
30, 1778, and the British fleet with the September, 1789
army of Sir Henry Clinton arrives at Act passed repealing the l^ral tender
Newport Aug. 31, 1778 act of 1786, and promising to redeem the
Maj. Silas Talbot, with the sloop Hawk, paper at the rate of 15 to 1 . .Oct. 12» 1789
510
UNITED STATES OF AHEBICA— BHOBE ISIiAKD
After long and bitter opposition the Thomas W. Dorr elected governor under
convention assembled at Newport, adopts the people's constitution . . April 18, 1842
the federal Constitution and bill of rights Dorr government attempts to organize,
by 34 to 32, 5 p.m. Saturday May 3, 1842, but is resisted by legal State
May 29, 1790 government May 3, 1842
Providence Bank, the oldest in the Constitution to supersede the charter of
State, goes into operation 1791 1663 is framed by a convention which
First known copyright granted under the meets at Newport, Sept. 12, 1842, ad-
United States law is made to Rev. Will- joums to East Greenwich, and completes
iam Patten, of Newport, for a book en- its labors Nov. 5; constitution ratified by
titled Christianity the True Theology vote of the people, 7,032 to 59
May 9, 1796 Nov. 21-28, 1842
Marine corps of artillery chartered at Franklin Lyceum, formed in 1831, is
Providence 1801 incorporated at Providence 1843
College of Rhode Island changed to Dorr sentenced to imprisonment for life
Brown University in honor of Nicholas June 25, 1844
Brown 1804 Dorr, released from prison under an act
British occupy Block Island 1813 of general amnesty in 1847, is restored to
Commodore Oliver H. Perry leaves New- civil and political rights 1851
port to take command of the American Rhode Island adopts the Maine liquor
squadron on Lake Erie 1813 law May 7, 1852
Friends' school at Portsmouth estab- Newport incorporated as a city
lished in 1784, but discontinued after four May 20, 1853
years, is revived and established at Provi- Statue of Franklin unveiled at Provi-
dence 1814 dence Nov. 19, 1858
President James Monroe visits Rhode Legislature repeals the personal liberty
Island June 30, 1817 bill January, 1861
Rhode Island Historical Society incor- On news of the fall of Fort Sumter,
porated 1822 the governor tenders the United States
Reception, given Qeneral Lafayette at government 1,000 infantry and a battalion
Providence Aug. 23, 1824 of artillery. He convenes the legislature
Commodore Perry dies, aged thirty-four, in extra session, April 17, and the Rhode
of yellow fever, on the United States Island Marine Artillery pass through New
schooner Nonesuch in the harbor of Port York on their way to Washington
Spain, island of Trinidad; buried with April 20, 1861
military honors at Newport. . .Dec. 4, 1826 Legislature ratifies the Thirteenth
Act establishing public schools through- Amendment 1865
out the State January, 1828 Legislature ratifies the Fourteenth
Race riot in Providence begins between Amendment Feb. 7, 1867
sailors and negroes, military aid is called Board of State charities and correction
in and the riot act read. .Sept. 21-24, 1831 established 1869
City of Providence incorporated State farm, 421 acres in town of Crans-
Nov. 22, 1832 ton, afterwards site of State-house of
Company incorporated to construct a correction. State work-house, State asy-
railroad from Providence to Stonington in lum for incurable insane, and State alms-
1832, and railroad building commenced house, is purchased 1869
1835 Rhode Island woman suffrage associ-
Fort Adams in Newport Harbor, begun ation convention at Providence
in 1824, is completed 1839 October, 1869
Convention of delegates elected by Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitu-
friends of extension of suffrage, without tion of the United States is ratified
regard to the law regulating the right of Jan. 18, 1870
voting, at Providence, Oct. 4, 1841, forms Cove lands ceded to the towns by the
a people's constitution, and declares it colony. May 28, 1707, are conveyed to
adopted by a vote of the people the city of Providence by the State on
Dec. 27-29, 1841 payment of $200,000 1870
611
.YKITEB STATES OF AMEBICA— BHOBE JSLAXD
Legislature, by 56 to 2, abolishes im- Act passed abolishing the tribal au-
prisonment for debt 1870 thority and relation of the Narraganset
Statue of Roger Williams, executed for Indians 1880
the State by Franklin Simmons, present^ Ck>ngress awards the first-class gold
ed to the federal government to be placed medal to Mrs. Ida Lewis Wilson, keeper
in the Capitol March, 1871 of Lime Rock light-house, who, since 1859,
Free public library, art gallery, and had saved thirteen lives at the risk of
museum for the city of Providence char- her own 1881
tered 1871 Senator Ambrose E. Bumside, bom at
Prohibition party in the State adopt Liberty, Ind., 1824, governor of Rhode
the Republican candidate for governor. Island, 1866-69, dies Sept 3, 1881
Henry Howard 1873 Colored voters of Rhode Island, in con-
State convention of the Prohibition vention at Newport, resolve hereafter to
party at the State-house in Providence act independently of the Republican party
nominates "a distinct, separate, teetotal Oct 18, 1882
prohibition ticket for State officers," with Amendment to the State constitution
Henry Howard for governor, Feb. 26, 1874. prohibiting the manufacture and sale of
The Republican party adopt Howard by intoxicating liquors as a beverage, goes
acclamation, March 11. The Democratic into effect July 1, 1886
convention at Providence, March 23, ad- Compulsory education act passed re-
journs without platform or ticket quiring at least twelve weeks of school
March 23, 1874 attendance, six of them consecutive, by
Stringent prohibition law is passed, and all children between seven and fifteen
a constabulary act provided for enforcing years of age 1887
it May, 1874 Arbor Day established as a 1^^ holi-
Vote for governor at election, April 7, day 1887
1876: Rowland Hazard, of the National City of Woonsocket incorpora4«d . . 1888
Union Republican and Prohibition par- Bourn amendment to the State oonsti-
ties, 8,724; Henry Lippitt, Republican, tution, abolishing property qualification
8,368; Charles B. Cutler, Democrat, 5,166. for electors, proclaimed by governor
There being no choice, the legislature November, 1888
elects Lippitt by 70, to 36 for Hazard State agricultural school established by
May 25, 1875 act of legislature 1888
Constabulary act repealed, and an act Vote at April election for gOTemor:
"to regulate and restrain the sale of in- John W. Davis, Democrat, 21,289; H. W.
toxicating liquors" passed in its place Ijadd, Republican, 16,870; James H.
1875 Chace, Law Enforcement party, 3,597;
Corliss engine of 1,400 horse-power, and H. H. Richardson, Prohibition, 1,346.
weighing 700 tons, by George H. Corliss, There being no choice, the legrislature
of Providence, is set in motion at the chose H. W. Ladd May 28, 1889
opening of the Centennial Exhibition in Prohibitory amendment rescinded at a
Philadelphia by President U. S. Grant special election, June 20, 1889, and a high-
and l>om Pedro II., Emperor of Brazil license law passed Aug. 1, 1889
May 10, 1876 Australian ballot-reform law passed. 1889
There being no choice for governor at First State convention of the Union
the April election, Henry Lippitt, Repub- Reform party held, and Arnold B. Chace
lican, is chosen by the legislature nominated for governor Feb. 25, 1889
May 30, 1876 Australian ballot system introduced at
First board of harbor commissioners State election April 2, 1889
appointed by the governor John W. Davis elected governor by the
June 14, 1876 legislature, there being no choice by the
State board of health established . . 1878 people May, 1890
Legislature elects Alfred H. Littlefield, Celebration of the centennial of the
Republican, governor, there being no introduction of cotton - spinning into
choice at the election in April America begins at Providence
May 25, 1880 Sept. 29, 1890
512
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA— SOUTH GABOLIKA
Monument to Samuel Smith Collyer Plurality election amendment to the
dedicated at Pawtucket at close of cot- constitution adopted Nov. 28, 1893
ton centennial celebration Oct. 4, 1890 D. Russell Brown re-elected governor
Vote for governor: Davis, Democrat, April, 1894
22,249; Ladd, Republican, 20,995; Larry, Ocean House at Newport burned
Prohibition, 1,829; Burton, National, 384 Sept. 9, 1898
April 1, 1891 Roger Williams Park received $200,000
Soldiers* home at Bristol dedicated from Anna H. Man, and $200,000 from
May 21, 1891 Charles H. Smith 1900
Herbert W. Ladd, Republican, elected The trading-stamp law declared uncon-
governor by the legislature stitutional 1900
May 26, 1891 New City Hall, Newport, completed
Ex-Gov. Henry Lippitt dies at Newport, October, 1900
aged seventy-three June 5, 1891 Constitutional amendment changing
New State-house authorized and $1,- time of election, adopted. .November, 1900
500,000 in bonds ordered issued. .. .1893 New State-house completed 1901
SOUTH GABOLINA
South Carolina, one of the original Settlement near Port Royal by a few
Southern States of the United States, is English colonists with William Sayle as
bounded eastward by North Carolina and governor 1670
the Atlantic Ocean, with a coast-line of 200 Settlers at Port Royal remove to the
miles; Georgia lies to the west, and North western bank of the Ashley River and
Carolina bounds it on the north. It is found Old Charleston 1671
triangular in form, with the apex south. Settlement at Charleston increased by
Area, 30,570 square miles, in thirty-five a small colony from Barbadoes under
counties. Population, 1890, 1,151,149; Sir John Yeamans. With this colony
1900, 1,340,316. Capital, Columbia. came the first slaves in South Carolina
Velasquez de Ayllon, with two ships 1671
sailing northward from Santo Domingo to Freemen of Carolina meet at Charleston
procure Indians as slaves, anchors at the and elect representatives for the civil
mouth of the Combahee River. The na- government of the colony 1674
tives crowding on the vessels are carried Fundamental constitutions framed by
to Santo Domingo 1520 John Locke, and amended by the Earl of
Velasquez de Ayllon again sails from Shaftesbury in 1669, are put into opera-
Hispaniola with three ships, one of which tion in South Carolina 1674
is lost at the mouth of the Combahee, and By invitation a colony of Dutch from
200 of the men are massacred by the na- New York settle on the southwest side of
tives; but few escape 1525 the Ashley River 1674
Expedition fitted out by Admiral Co- Settlers remove from Old Charleston
ligny, under Jean Ribault, of Dieppe, ex- to Oyster Point and found Charleston
plores St. Helena Sound and Port Royal, 1680
and builds Charles Fort, near Beaufort Baptists from Maine, under Mr.
1562 Screven, settle on Cooper River. ... .1683
Charles II. conveys by charter territory Scotch settlement on Port Royal is
lying between lat. 31® and 36® N., to the broken up and dispersed by Spaniards
Earl of Clarendon and seven others, who from St. Augustine 1686
form a proprietary and call the country Gov. James Colleton, in endeavors to ex-
Carolina March 20, 1663 act arrears of quit-rents, proclaims mar-
Grant of land to the Earl of Clarendon tial law. The Assembly meet and ban-
and others enlarged and extended to lat. ish him; thereupon Seth Sothel, claiming
29® N June 30, 1665 to be a proprietor, usurps the government
Capt. William Sayle explores the coast 1690
1667 Sothel is compelled to relinquish the
IX.— 2 K 513
TJKITED STATES OF AHEBICA--80irrH CABOUNA
government on charge of malfeasance, and abling the Assembly to nominate a public
Philip Ludwell is appointed governor receiver 1717
1692 Governor and council impeach the ad-
Fundamental constitutions abrogated ministration of Chief-Justice Trott The
by the lords proprietors April, 1693 proprietors uphold Trott, mnd order the
Act making all alien inhabitants free- governor to publish at once the repeal of
men on petitioning the governor and the late popular acts of the legislature,
swearing allegiance to the King, with and to convene a new council and a new
liberty of conscience to all Christians ex- Assembly 1718
cept Papists 1696 Steed Bonnett and Kichard Worley,
Congregational ists from Dorchester, pirates, and forty followers, captured^
Mass., with their pastor, Kev. Joseph convicted, and hanged Mlf^
Lord, settle near the head of Ashley River Grovernor Johnson, by . letter of Alex-
1696 ander Skene, George Logan, and Will-
Combined naval and land expedition iam Blakeway, asked to accept the go?-
from Carolina, under Governor Moore and ernment from the people under the Kin^
Colonel Daniel, besieges St. Augustine. Nov. 28, 1719
Two Spanish vessels appearing in the Governor Johnson declining the^jflSce of
harbor. Governor Moore raises the siege governor, the People's Association pro-
after burning the town .. September, 1702 claim James Moore governor, and elect
First issue of paper money in America twelve councillors, choose Richard Allein
made by Carolina to meet £6,000, expenses chief -just ice, and appoint Col. John Bam-
of the expedition against Florida well agent for the province 171^
September, 1702 Lords of the regency appoint Francia
Carolina troops, under Governor Moore, Nicholson provisional governor, havinj?
make an expedition against the Indian decided that the proprietors had forfeited
towns of northern Florida . . January, 1703 their charter 1729
Combined expedition of French, un- Governor Nicholson arrives, summons
der Le Feboure, and the Spanish, made a new Assembly, which elects the late
upon Charleston, proves fruitless popular governor, James Moore, speaker
August, 1706 of the House 1721
South Carolina troops attack and de- Lords proprietors surrender the charter
feat the Tuscaroras on the Neuse, with and government to the King, except l^ord
a loss to the Indians of more than 300 Granville's one-eighth 172D
killed and 100 captured .... Jan. 28, 1712 Sir Alexander Cumming, sent out by
An incipient civil war breaks out in Great Britain, makes a treaty with the
Carolina in 1710, between Colonel Brough- Cherokees at Nequassee, who proclaim
ton, one of three deputies of the lords allegiance to the King April 3, 1739
proprietors, and Robert Gibbes, the pro- On assuming the government, the crown
claimed governor. The controversy be- divides Carolina, and appoints Robert
ing referred to the proprietors, they ap- Johnson governor of South Carolina
point Charles Craven governor 1712 April 30, 1739
Fort Nahucke, Greene co., N. C, gar- First newspaper in South Carolina pub-
riRoned by 800 Tuscarora Indians, capt- lished at Charleston, Thomas Whitmarsh,
ured by Col. James Moore, of South Caro- editor Jan. 8, 1732
lina March 20, 1713 Forty thousand acres of land on the
Yamassee Indians, incited by the Span- Savannah is given to John Peter Pury
iards, massacre ninety colonists at Poco- and his colony of some 370 Swiss; Purrs-
taligo April 15, 1715 burg is settled 1732-33
Governor Craven defeats the Indians on Williamsburg township formed by Irish
the Salkehatchie. In this war 400 South settlers \ . 1734
Carolinians are massacred 1715 Boundary-line between North and South
King in council so advising, proprietors Carolina partly established 173S
repeal the duty of 10 per cent, on all Negro insurrection at Stono suppressed,
poods of British manufacture, and also and its leader, Cato, and principals hanged
the act regulating elections and that en- 1749
514
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA— SOUTH GABOLINA
Fire consumes nearly one half of Charles- Henry Middleton chosen president of
ton Nov. 18, 1740 the Continental Congress
Ship-building begun; five ship-yards es- October, 22, 1774
tablished; four in the vicinity of Charles- First Provincial Congress of 184 mem-
ton, and one at Beaufort 1740 bers, including the forty-nine members of
Colonel Clark, with emigrants from the constitutional Assembly, meet and ap-
Virginia and Pennsylvania, settles on the prove proceedings of Continental Congress
Pacolet and Tyger rivers 1750-55 Jan. 11, 1775
Cotton in small quantities exported Letters from England to public officials
1754 in America intercepted at Charleston
Mrs. Pinckney, who ten years pre- furnish abundant evidence of the deter-
viously cultivated the first indigo, manu- mination of England to coerce America
factures near Charleston silk for three by force April 19, 1775
dress patterns; one she presents to the On receiving news of the battle of
pi-in cess-dowager of Wales, one to Lord Lexington, the arms are removed from
Chesterfield, and one to her daughter. 1755 the arsenal at Charleston and distrib-
Governor Glen erects Fort Prince uted among the enlisted men
George on the Savannah about 300 miles April, 1775
from Charleston 1755 Ship Betsey, from London, surprised by
Patrick Calhoun and four families a Carolina privateer, and 111 barrels of
settle in Abbeville district 1756 powder captured August, 1775
Treaty of peace concluded with the Fort Johnson garrisoned by Captain
Cherokees at Fort Prince George Heyward and the Charleston artillery
Dec. 17, 1750 September, 1775
Two ships reach Charleston with several Governor Campbell, last royal governor,
hundred poor German emigrants from dissolves the Assembly and retires to the
England, deserted there by their leader sloop-of-war Tamar Sept. 15, 1775
Stumpel April, 1764 * Hostilities in South Carolina begun by
Tw^o hundred and twelve French set- the British vessels Tamar and Cherokee
tiers, in charge of Rev. Mr. Gilbert, ar- making a night attack on the schooner
rive at Charleston in April. Settle at Defence, Captain Tufts, while blocking
New Bordeaux October, 1764 Hog Island channel by sinking hulks.
Stamped paper stored in Fort Johnson Shots are exchanged, but at sunrise the
on James Island, by order of Governor British vessels retire Nov. 12, 1775
Bull. One hundred and fifty volunteers Colonel Moultrie, authorized by the
compel the captain of the ship which council of safety, takes possession of
brought the paper to reload it and sail Haddrell's Point, and with artillery drives
immediately for Europe .... October, 1765 the British vessels from Charleston Har-
Christopher Gadsden, Thomas Lynch, bor ' December, 1775
and John Rutledge appointed delegates to Constitution framed by the Provincial
the second Colonial Congress Congress of South Carolina adopted,
Oct. 7, 1765 March 26, 1776, and courts of justice
An association of regulators formed in opened April 23, 1776
the inland settlements to suppress horse- British fleet under Sir Peter Parker
stealing, etc., leads to a circuit court law unsuccessfully attacks Fort Moultrie,
eptablishing courts of justice at Ninety- Sullivan's Island June 28, 1776
Six (now Cambridge), Orangeburg, and Thomas Heyward, Jr., James Lynch,
Camden 1769 Jr., Arthur Middleton, and Edward Rut-
Cargoes of tea sent to South Carolina ledge sign the Declaration of Indepen-
are stored, and consignees constrained dence 1776
from exposing it for sale 1773 Colonel Williamson, with 2.000 men,
Christopher Gadsden, Thomas Lynch, marches against the Cherokees, Sept. 13,
Henry Middleton, Edward Rutledge, and and lays waste all their settlements east
John Rutledge appointed deputies to the of the Apalachian Mountains
first Continental Congress at Philadel- September, 1776
phia July 6, 1774 Cherokee Indians by treaty cede to
515
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA— SOUTH CAROLINA
South Carolina all their land eastward required actively to aid military oper-
of the Unaka Mountains. .May 20, 1777 ations or be treated as rebels
Henry Laurens, of South Carolina, June 3, 1780
chosen president of the Continental Con- Affair at Rocky Mount.. July 30, 1780
gress Nov. 1, 1777 Battle of Hanging Rock. .Aug. 6, 1780
Constitution passed by the General As- Battle of Camden; Americans under
scnibly as an act, March 19, 1778, goes Greneral (rates attack the British under
into effect November, 1778 Comwallis and are repulsed . Aug. 16, 1780
State Supreme Court declares the con- Americans under Colonel Williams de-
stitutions of 1776 and 1778 acts of General feat the British at Musgrove's Mills on
Assembly, which it could repeal or amend the Ennoree Aug. 18, 1780
1779 Sixty distinguished citizens of South
Maj.-Gen. Benjamin Lincoln takes com- Carolina are seized by the British and
mand of all the forces to the southward; transported to St. Augustine as prisoners
establishes his first post at Purysburg on Aug. 27, 1780
the Savannah River 1779 Battle of King's Mountain
President I^owndes lays a general em- Oct. 7, 1780
bargo, and prohibits the sailing of vessels Col. Thomas Sumter extends his cam-
from any port of the State 1779 paign into South Carolina; he captures
British under Major Gardiner driven a British supply train, Aug. 15; is sur-
from Port Royal Island by General Moul- prised by Tarleton and defeated at Fish-
trie Feb. 3, 1779 ing Creek, Aug. 18 ; defeats Maj. James
Americans repulsed at Stono Ferry Wemyss in a night attack on Broad River.
June 20, 1779 Nov. 8, and defeats Colonel Tarleton at
British fleet from New York against Blackstock Hill Nov. 20. 1780
Charleston lands forces under Sir Henry Battle of Cowpens, near Broad River;
Clinton 30 miles from the city Americans under Morgan defeat the Brit-
Feb. 11, 1780 ish under Tarleton ; Andrew Jackson, then
Royal fleet commanded by Admiral Ar- a boy of fourteen years, takes part in
buthnot anchors near Fort Johnson on the engagement Jan. 17,1781
James Island April 9, 1780 Francis Marion, appointed brigadier-
Governor Rutledge retires from Charles- general by Governor Rutledge in July,
ton northward April 12, 1780 1780, joins General Greene on his return
American cavalry surprised by British to the State April, 1781
under Colonels Tarleton and Webster, and Battle of Hobkirk's Hill; Americans
routed at Monk's Corner .. April 14, 1780 under General Greene retreat before an
Fort Moultrie, weakened reinforcing attack of the British under Lord Francis
Charleston, surrenders to Captain Hud- Rawdon April 25, 1781
son, of the British navy.... May 6, 1780 British evacuate Fort Ninety-six
Charleston capitulates May 12, 1780 June 21, 1781
British forces under Colonel Tarleton Indecisive battle between General
surprise the Americans under Colonel Bu- Greene and Colonel Stuart at Eutaw
ford, at Waxhaw on the North Carolina Springs, each claiming a victory
border; the Americans lose 117 killed Sept. 8, 1781
and 200 taken prisoners, while the Brit- Governor Rutledge issues a proclama-
ish lose but five men killed and twelve tion offering pardon to the Tories in South
wounded May 29, 1780 Carolina Sept. 27, 1781
Sir Henry Clinton and Admiral Arbuth- General Assembly convenes at Jackson-
not, as peace commissioners, by proclama- boro on the Edisto River, January, elects
tion offer the inhabitants, with a few John Matthews governor, and passes laws
exceptions, pardon and reinstatement in for confiscating the estates of Tories
their rights June 1, 1780 February, 1782
All paroles to prisoners not taken by British evacuate Charleston
capitulation and not in confinement at Dec. 14, 1782
the surrender of Charleston are declared Charleston (hitherto Charlestown) in-
null and void after June 20, and holders corporated 1784
516
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA--SOUTH GABOLINA
South Carolina relinquishes to Georgia Public meeting on State rights held at
her claim to a tract of land lying between Columbia Sept. 20, 1830
the Altamaha and St. Mary's rivers.. 1787 Governor Hamilton recommends to leg-
South Carolina cedes to the United islature a nullification act 1830
States government her claim to a strip Legislature calls a convention at Co-
of land 12 miles wide west of a line lumbia, Nov. 19, 1832, to consider the
from the head of the Tugaloo River to protective tariff Oct. 25, 1832
the North Carolina border. .Aug. 9, 1787 President instructs the collector at
Constitution of the United States rati- Charleston to seize and hold every vessel
fied by the State May 23, 1788 entering that port until the duties be
Convention at Columbia completes State paid, and " to retain and defend the cus-
constitution June 3, 1790 tody of said vessels against any forcible
Santee Canal, connecting Charleston attempt." General Scott and a naval force
Harbor with the Santee, 22 miles long, are also sent to the State Nov. 6, 1832
begun 1792, completed 1802 State convention meets, Nov. 19, 1832,
Severe hurricane at Charleston and passes an ordinance of nullification,
September, 1804 declaring (1) the tariff acts of 1828 and
College of the University of South Car- 1832 to be null, void, and no law, nor
olina, chartered 1801, opened at Colum- binding upon the State, its officers or
bia 1805 citizens ; (2 ) prohibiting the payment of
Owing to the peculiar distribution of duties under either act within the State
the slave population, which gave the up- after Feb. 1,1833; (3) making any appeal
per counties the power to tax, while the to the Supreme Court of the United
lower counties held most of the property States as to the validity of the ordinance
taxed, a compromise is made in the con- a contempt of the State court from which
stitution, making the members of the the appeal was taken, punishable at the
lower House 124 — sixty -two from each discretion of the latter; (4) ordering ev-
eection 1808 ery office-holder and juror to be sworn to
Madison appoints Paul Hamilton Sec- support the ordinance; (5) giving warn-
retary of the Navy March 7, 1809 ing that if the federal government should
Legislature creates a free-school fund attempt to enforce the tariff by use of
1811 army or navy, or by closing the ports of
State Bank of South Carolina incorpo- the State, or should in any way harass
rated 1812 or obstruct the State's foreign commerce,
Decatur y Captain Diron, a privateer South Carolina would no longer consider
from Charleston, captures the British herself a member of the Union
ship Dominicia, of fifteen guns and crew Nov. 24, 1832
of eighty men, and shortly after, the Lon- President Andrew Jackson proclaims
don Trader with a valuable cargo nullification to be " incompatible with the
August, 1813 existence of the Union, and destructive
Cherokees cede territory lying within of the great object for which it was form-
the chartered limits of South Carolina, ed" Dec. 11, 1832
by treaty at Washington, March 22, 1816; Calhoun resigns the office of Vice-Pres-
ratified by the legislature of South Caro- ident Dec. 28, 1832
lina Dec. 19, 1816 Governor Hayne issues a proclamation
Monroe appoints John C. Calhoun Sec- in answer to that of the President's, in
retary of War Oct. 8, 1817 which he warns the people not to be
Territory ceded by the Cherokees in seduced from their primary allegiance to
1816. annexed to the election district of the State Dec. 31, 1832
Pendleton 1820 A bill to enforce the tariff, nicknamed
College of Charleston, commenced in the "bloody bill" and "force bill," be-
Charleston in 1785, reorganized and open- comes a law of the United States
cd Jan. 1, 1824 March 2, 1833
Legislature denounces the United States Henry Clay introduces a compromise
tariff as encroaching on State rights tariff bill, Feb. 12, 1833; becomes a law
Dec. 12, 1827 March 2, 1833
517
XTNITED STATES OF AMERICA— SOUTH CABOLIKA
A State convention passes two ordi- oeratic convention organize a Southern
nances: first, repealing the nullification convention, electing Senator Bayard, of
act of Nov. 24, 1832; second, an ordinance Delaware, president, but adjourn to meet
to nullify the act of Congress, March 2, a-t Richmond without making any nomi-
1833, commonly called the "enforcing nations May I, 1860
bill " March 16, 18S3 A convention called by the legislature.
Van Buren appoints Joel R. Poinsett Nov. 7, assembles at Columbia, Dec. 17,
Secretary of War March 7, 1837 but adjourns to Charleston, Dec. 18, where
During this and the two previous years they pass an ordinance of secession
2,265 volunteers furnished for the Florida Dec. 20, 1860
War 1838 Major Anderson evacuates Fort Moul-
Death of Governor Noble; Benjamin K. trie and retires to Fort Sumter, on night
Hennegan, lieutenant - governor, succeeds of Dec. 26, 1860
him in office April 7, 1840 Fort Pinckney, in Charleston Harbor,
Hugh 8. Legar^, Attorney-General of seized by State troops Dec. 27, 1860
United States Sept. 13. 1841 State troops seize the arsenal at Charles-
Tyler appoints Calhoun Secretary of ton, lower the Federal flag, after a salute
War March 6, 1844 of thirty- two guns, and run up the Pal-
Calhoun dies at Washington metto flag with a salute of one gnn for
March 31, 1856 South Carolina Dec. 31, 1860
Furman University at Greenville, char- Fort Johnson, in Charleston Harbor,
tered 1850, opened 1851 occupied by State troops. . . .Jan. 2, 1861
Convention of Southern Rights' associ- Star of the West, with a small force of
ations of the State resolve that " with troops and supplies for Fort Sumter, being
or without co-operation they are for dis- fired upon by batteries on Morris Island
solution of the Union " May 8, 1851 and Fort Moultrie, retires Jan. 9, 1861
State convention declares the right of Charles G. Memminger appointed Con-
the State to secede 1852 federate Secretary of the Treasury
Governor Adams in his annual message Feb. 21, 1861
recommends the revival of the slave-trade State convention called by the legis-
Nov. 24, 1856 lature, Dec. 17, 1860, revises the State
United States steamship Niagara sails constitution, which goes into effect with-
from Charleston for Liberia with Africans out being submitted to the people for
captured from the Echo, a slave-ship sail- ratification April 8, 1861
ing under American colors, Aug. 21, Governor Pickens's demand for the aur-
and brought to Charleston, where the render of Fort Sumter being refused by
300 or more slaves are placed in charge Major Anderson, Jan. 11, and also by the
of the United States marshal Secretary of War. Feb. 6, the Cfvil War
Sept. 20, 1858 is opened by a shell fired from the how-
Grand jury at Columbia returns *' no itzer battery on James Island at 4.30 a.m.
bill " on all three indictments against the Friday ^ April 12, 1861
crew of the slaver Echo Nov. 30, 1858 Fort Sumter evacuated by Major Ander-
Grand jury at Charleston refuses to in- son April 14, 1861
diet Captain Corrie, of the Wanderer, a United States steam-frigate Niapara
slave-ship seized in New York Harbor begins the blockade of Charleston Har-
May 16, 1859 bor, May 11; captures the English ship
Resolution offered in the House, that General Parkhill May 13, 1861
** South Carolina is ready to enter, with Governor Pickens proclaims that all
other slave-holding States, into the for- persons remitting money to pay debts due
roation of a Southern Confederacy " in the North are guilty of treason
Nov. 30, 1859 June 6, 1861
Democratic National Convention meets James M. Mason, of Virginia, and John
at Charleston, and adjourns to Baltimore Slidell, of Louisiana, leave Charleston
after delegates from Southern States had on the Confederate steamer Theodora for
withdrawn April 23. 1860 Europe to represent the Confederate gov-
Seceding Southern delegates to the Dem- emment Oct. 12, 1861
518
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA--SOUTH GABOLIKA
Twenty-five vesseU of the great South- A convention called by Governor Perry
em expedition anchor off Port Royal aBsembles in Baptist church at Columbia,
Nov. 4, 1861 Sept. 13, repeals the ordinance of seces*
Federals capture Forts Walker and sion, Sept. 19, and completes an amended
Beauregard, Port Royal .... Nov. 7, 1861 constitution, which takes effect without
Confederate privateer Isabel runs the being submitted to the people
1)lockade at Charleston, avoiding eleven Sept. 27, 1866
United States vessels Dec. 27, 1861 Legislature ratifies the Thirteenth
Gen. David Hunter declares free the Amendment Nov. 13, 1865
slaves in Georgia, Florida, and South Legislature rejects the Fourteenth
•Carolina May 9, 1862 Amendment December, 1866
Battle of Secession vi He (James Island), Gen. D. K. Sickles assigned to the
in which Col. T. G. Lamar defeats the Fed- command of 2d Military District, em-
«rala under Gen. Henry W. Benham bracing North and South Carolina,
June 16, 1862 with headquarters at Columbia
Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard assumes com- March 11, 1867
mand of the Department of South Caro- General Sickles superseded by Gen. E.
lina and Georgia Sept. 24, 1862 R. S. Canby Aug. 26, 1867
Gen. J. M. Brannan defeats the Con fed- A constitution, framed by a convention
urates under General WaHcer in the battle called under the reconstruction acts of
of Pocotaligo Oct. 22, 1862 Congress, which assembles at Charleston,
Commodore Samuel F. Dupont's squad- Jan. 14, and completes its labors, March
ron is repulsed in the battle of Charleston 17, ratified by the people, 70,558 to 27,288
Harbor April 7, 1863 April 14-16, 1868
. Colonel Montgomery, with United States South Carolina readmitted into the
troops, makes a raid from Beaufort up the Union June 25, 1868
Combahee River, securing 800 slaves and State penitentiary at Columbia opened
a quantity of provisions and horses 1868
June, 1863 J. K. Jillson elected the first SUte
Federals victorious in the battles of superintendent of public instruction in
Morris Island, July 10; Fort Wagner, South Carolina 1868
July 11 ; James Island July 16, 1863 Legislature ratifies the Fifteenth
Fort Wagner bombarded by Gen. Q. A. Amendment of the Constitution of the
C^illmore July 18, 1863 United States March 16, 1869
Charleston bombarded by the " Swamp State labor convention held at Columbia
Angel." which bursts Aug. 24, 1863 November, 1869
Fort Wagner bombarded by Gillmore Union Reform party organized and holds
Sept. 5, 1863 its first State convention at Charleston
George A. Trenholm appointed Confed- June 16, 1870
«rate Secretary of the Treasury 1864 Free common-school system established
Confederates defeat Gen. John P. Hatch 1870
•at Honey Hill Nov. 30, 1864 Tax-payers' convention held at the State
Confederates repulsed in battles of Po- capitol in Columbia " to devise means for
■cotaligo, Jan. 14; Salkhatchie, Feb. 3; Ihe redemption of the State from her
"Willston Station, Feb. 8; Orangeburg, financial embarrassments " May, 1871
Feb. 12; Congaree Creek Feb. 15, 1865 Owing to murder and outrage in the
Columbia surrendered to General Sher- upper country, by the Ku-klux, President
Tuan Feb. 17, 1865 Grant, by proclamation, Oct. 12, suspends
Charleston, burned and evacuated by the hehetis corpus in the counties of
•General Hardee the day previous, is oc- Spartansburg, York, Union, Chester,
■eupicd by Federal troops Feb. 18, 1865 Laurens, Newberry, Fairfield, Lancaster,
Gen. O. O. Howard defeats the Confed- and Chesterfield, and commands secret or-
•erates at Cherau March 3, 1865 ganizations to disband within five days.
Benjamin F. Perry appointed provi- Many troops are stationed in the State
«ional governor of South Carolina by and about 600 arrests made 1871
President Johnson June 30 1865 Act establishing the validity of bonds
519
irNITEB STATES OF AMEBICA-^OUTH GABOLINA
of the State, issued between Aug. 26, 1868, proceeds to canvass the votes and declares
and March 26, 1869 1872 Wade Hampton and William D. Simpson.
Clafiin University and South Carolina Democrats, elected; oath of office is ad-
Agricultural College and Mechanical In- ministered by Trial-Judge Mackay
stitute, organized at Orangeburg in 1869, Dec. 12. 1876
is reopened and chartered 1872 Both governors, being invited to Wash-
Tax- payers' convention at Columbia by ington, hold a priATite conference with
resolution asking for amendments, sim- President Hayes, which results in a
plifying and abridging the tax laws proclamation by Governor Chamberlain
Feb. 17, 1874 withdrawing his claim April 11, 1877
Governor Moses is indicted personally F. L. Cardoza, State treasurer under
for official acts; indictment is quashed on Governor Chamberlain, is arrested for
the ground that he should have been im- fraud upon the State government, July
peached June 8, 1874 21, and sentenced to two years in the
Convention of independent Republicans county jail and $4,000 fine. .Nov. 8, 1877
at Charleston nominates candidates for Jjegislature by joint resolution provides
governor, etc., who are supported by the that " all the unfunded debts and liabili-
Conservative party Oct. 2, 1874 ties of the State, including the bills of the
State normal school opened at Colum- bank of the State, and so much of the
bia 1874 funded debt as is known as the Little
Orphan asylum removed from Charles- Bonanza, be settled at the rate of 50 per
ton to Columbia 1875 cent.*' March, 1S78
Alleged blocking of a highway at Ham- Wade Hampton, elected United States
burg, July 4, by a colored militia com- Senator, resigns as governor, and is suc-
pany ; armed citizens attack them ; five ceeded by W. D. Simpson, who is installed
negroes killed and others wounded Feb. 26, 187^
July 9, 1876 Department of Agriculture established
Governor Chamberlain, by proclama- 1879
tion, orders all organizations except the Act to settle State debt in accordance
militia of the State to disband within with decision of State Supreme Court;
three days, Oct. 7; a similar proclamation James C. Colt named a special commii^-
by President Grant Oct. 17. 1876 sioner 1879
While the result of the State election is Governor Simpson, resigning his office
pending in the Supreme Court, the State to take the chief-justiceship, is succeeded
board of canvassers, holding that their by Lieut.-Gov. T. B. Jeter. . . .Sept. 1, 1880
powers were limited by statute to ten Centennial anniversary of the battle of
d.ays, on the last day issue certificates to Cowpens, Jan. 17, 1781, commemorated at
the Republican Presidential electors and Spartansburg by the unveiling of a statue
State officers, refusing certificates to mem- of Gen. Daniel H. Morgan. .May 11, 1881
bers of the legislature from Edgefield and Exodus of 5,000 colored people from
Laurens counties for irregularities in elec- Edgefield county, bound for Arkansas and
tions Nov. 22, 1876 Beaufort county Dec. 24-31, 1881
On the assembling of the legislature, State military academy at Charleston
sixty-four Democratic members, including reopened Oct. 1, 1882
those from Edgefield and Laurens coun- Constitution amended, forbidding coun-
ties, withdraw to Carolina Hall and or- ties to contract a debt greater than 8 per
ganize separately with William H. Wal- cent, of the taxable valuation 1884
lace as speaker Nov. 28, 1876 Earthquake destroys $5,000,000 worth
Senate and Republican House canvass of property ; first shock felt at Charleston,
the votes for governor and lieutenant- 9.51 p.m Aug. 31, 1886
governor, and declare D. H. Chamberlain Winthrop training-school for teachers
elected governor, Dec. 5 ; sworn into office at Columbia, opened 1886
Dec. 7, 1876 Act passed providing a pension of $5
Speaker Wallace, having a certificate per month for disabled Confederate
from the secretary of State of the votes soldiers and the widows of those killed in
cast for governor and lieutenant-governor, the Confederate service 1887
520
UNITED STATES 07 AMEBICA--SOirrH DAKOTA
Legislature accepts a devise of 814 acres Three counties in rebellion against State
in Oeanee county by Thomas G. Clemson, authority on account of the State dis-
on condition that the State erect and pensary law; militia called out
maintain an agricultural and mechanical March 31-April 1, 1894
college 1888 Governor Tillman assumes the control
First colored State fair ever held in of the police and marshals in all the
the State opens at Columbia. .Jan. 1, 1890 cities and incorporated towns
Act passed creating a board of phos- April 3, 1894
phate commissioners 1890 The dispensary law declared constitu-
Dcpartment of Agriculture and office of tional April 19, 1894
commissioner of agriculture abolished, and Supreme Court of the State decides that
powers bestowed on trustees of the Clem- prohibition is in force in the State
son Agricultural College at session May 8, 1894
Nov. 25-Dec. 24, 1890 Governor Tillman issues a proclamation
Col. Samuel B. Pickens dies at Charles- to open Aug. 1 the State liquor dis-
ton Sept. 17, 1891 pensaries July 23, 1894
Nathaniel Duncan Ingraham, formerly The convention began its sessions for
of the United States navy (Koszta affair), the revision of the State constitution
afterwards in the Confederate service, dies Sept. 11, 1895
at Charleston Oct. 16, 1891 Naval station ordered removed from
Maj. George Washington Earle, of Port Royal to Charleston 1900
Darlington, noted mathematician and civil The original proceedings of the con-
engineer, dies May 6, 1802 vention of 1832-33 are discovered in
State redistricted as to congressional the secretary of State's office
districts 1893 January, 1900
Evans liquor law goes into effect, by Constitutional amendments in reference
which the State assumes control of the to drainage and bonded indebtedness,
sale of intoxicants July 1, 1893 adopted November, 1900-
State dispensary act took effect Ex-United States Senator J. L. M. Irby
July 1, 1893 dies at Laurens Dec. 9, 1900
First State dispensary in Charleston Senators Tillman and McLaurin resign
opened; first day's sales, $50. Aug. 22, 1893 their seats May 26, 1901
Cyclone on the coast of Georgia and Governor McSweeney refuses to accept
South Carolina; 1,000 lives lost the resignation of Senators Tillman and
Aug. 28, 1893 McLaurin May 31, 1901
SOUTH DAKOTA
South Dakota, one of the United Fort Pierre established 1829
States, was formed by the division of First steamboat to navigate the upper
Dakota Territory into two States in 1889. Missouri, the Yelloicatone, built by the
It is bounded on the north by North Da- American Fur Company at Pittsburg,
kota, east by Minnesota and Iowa, south ascends the river as far as Fort Pierre
by Nebraska, and west by Wyoming and 1831
Montana. In latitude it lies between 43^ Treaty of Traverse des Sioux signed
and 46® N., and in longitude between 96** by the Indians, ceding to the United
20' and 104° W. ; area, 77,650 square miles, States the territory east of the Big Sioux
in fifty - one counties. Population, 1890, River 1851
328,808; 1900, 401,570. Capital, Pierre. Gen. W. S. Harney, with 1,200 men,
Lewis and Clarke ascend the Missouri marches from the Platte River to Fort
River on their way to the Pacific, leaving Pierre, where they encamp for the winter
the mouth of the river May 14, 1804, 1855
reaching the mouth of the Columbia River First settlement established at Sioux
Nov. 7, 1805; and returning by the Mis- Falls by the Western Town-lot Company,
souri, arrive at St. Tx)uis. .Sept. 23, 1806 of Dubuque, la 1857
521
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA-^OIITH DAKOTA
By organizing Nebraska Territory, May half of Dakota Territory; that portion
30, 1854, and Minnesota State, May 11, north of the 46th parallel to be called
1858, the remainder of Dakota is left with- the Territory of Lincoln 1884
out legal name or existence 1858 Agricultural college at Brookings open-
Territory of Dakota organized with an ed 1884
area of 150,932 square miles, by act of Dakota University at Mitchell opened
Congress March 2, 1861 September, 1885
Seat of government for Dakota Terri- Constitutional convention called by the
tory located at Yankton 1862 legislature at Sioux Falls frames a
Sioux Falls destroyed by the Sioux Ind- constitution for South Dakota
ians, and settlers flee to Yankton . . 1862 Sept. 25, 1885
Fort Dakota built on reservation at Legislature passes a local option law
Sioux Falls 1865 1887
Line of the Chicago, Milwaukee, and School of mines at Rapid City, establish-
St. Paul Railroad built from Sioux City, ed by act of legislature in 1885, is open-
la., to Yankton, completed 1873 ed 1887
Military and scientific exploring expe- A majority vote for the division of
dition, under Gen. G. A. Custer, arrives Dakota Territory into two States, North
at the Black Hills, July,. 1874, from Fort and South Dakota, at an election held
Abraham Lincoln. Specimens of gold are November, 1887
washed from the soil near Harney's Peak, Act admitting South Dakota signed, a
where it wa« known to exist in 1867, but constitutional convention to meet at Sioux
emigration thither was stopped by Gen- Falls, July 4, 1889 Feb. 22, 1889
eral Sherman on account of Indian Election held by proclama^tion of terri-
troubles. This visit causes great excite- torial governor, A. C. Mellette, April 15,
ment among the Sioux Indians 1874 1889, for delegates to a constitutional con-
Gold discovered in Dead wood and vention to meet July 4, and the Sioux
Whitewood gulches 1875 Falls constitution of 1885 favored by 37,-
Indians relinquish their titles to lands 710 votes to 3,414 May 14, 1889
in the Black Hills and western counties Sioux Falls constitution amended and
of southern Dakota 1876 adopted by a convention at Sioux Falls,
Town of Deadwood laid out 1876 July 4, which adjourns Aug. 6, 1889
Dakota school for deaf-mutes at Sioux Charles A. Foster, of Ohio, William
Falls opened 1880 Warner, of Missouri, and Gen. George A.
Yankton College, chartered in 1881, Cook, a committee appointed by the Presi-
opened at Yankton 1882 dent, arrive at the Sioux reservation early
Tin, detected as a black sand accom- in June, and secure the consent of tbree-
panying gold from the Black Hills, by fourths of the Indians to open for set-
Professor Pearce, of Argo, is practically tlement 26,751,105 acres of their land in
discovered by Maj. Andrew J. Simmons, the northwestern part of South Dakota
of Rapid City 1883 August, 1889
Seat of government removed from Yank- Arthur C. Mellette, Republican, elected
ton to Bismarck Sept. 11, 1883 governor of South Dakota, the Sioux Falls
A convention called by some 400 dele- constitution adopted by 70,131 to 3,267;
gates who met at Huron, June 19, con- the article prohibiting the manufacture
venes at Sioux Falls, Sept. 4, and frames and sale of intoxicating liquors adopted
a constitution for the State of Dakota to by 40,234 to 34,510, and Pierre chosen as
comprise the southern half of the Terri- the temporary capital Oct. 1, 1889
tory Sept. 19, 1883 First State legislature convenes at Pierre
University of South Dakota at Ver- Oct. 16, 1889
mil ion opened 1883 South Dakota admitted into the Union
Pierre University at East Pierre char- with the northern boundary the seventh
tered and opened 1883 standard parallel Nov. 2, 1889
Sioux Falls University opened .... 1883 Proclamation by President Harrison
United States Senate passes a bill for opening up the Sioux reservation, 9,000,-
the admission as a State of the southern 000 aeresy and a rush of immigrants who
522
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA-^OUTH DAKOTA
bad assembled on tbe east bank of tbe The board of regents of education ac-
Missouri Feb. 10, 1890 cording to amendment of State consti-
Legislature creates a State board of tution controlling all State educational in-
charities and correction, a board of re- stitutions, Charles N. Herreid, Robert H.
gents of education, a State board of equal- Haira, H. H. Blair, H. L. Hough, and F.
ization, a board of pardons, a bureau of A. Spafford appointed 1807
labor statistics, the office of State en- James H. Kyle elected United States
gineer of irrigation, a State meteorological Senator 1897
bureau, a State inspector of mines, and a Constitutional amendment providing
State board of pharmaceutical examiners for a State dispensary system adopted
1890 1898
Pierre selected as the permanent capital First Kegiment mustered into the
of the State 1890 United States service May 12, 1898
Farmers' Alliance and Knights of Labor Woman sufTrage defeated by an adverse
parties meet in State convention at Huron, majority of 4,008 Nov. 8, 1898
report in favor of woman suffrage, pro- Act carrying into effect provisions of
hibition, and tariff for revenue only, and constitutional amendment relating to in-
unite under the name of the Independent itiative and referendum passed 1899
party June 6, 1890 Andrew E. Lee, Populist, elected gov-
Dakota soldiers' home, established at ernor 1899
Hot Springs, Fall River county, in 1889, Charles N. Herreid, Republican, elected
is opened Nov. 27, 1890 governor 1900
Battle with Big Foot's Indian band School of technology at Aberdeen es-
on Wounded Knee Creek; some 250 Ind- tablished 1900
ans killed, including forty - four squaws Act creating food and dairy oommis-
and eighteen papooses. Loss to United sioner and enforcement of the pure food
States troops, thirty-two killed, thirty- laws, passed 1901
nine wounded Dec. 29, 1890 State Historical Society established
General Miles, after the Indians at Pine 1901
Ridge agency surrender, Jan. 15, declares Circulating school library law enacted
the Indian outbreak at an end 1001
Jan. 19, 1891 Judges Bartlett Tripp, J. M. BroMm, and
James H. Kyle elected United States ex-United States Senator G. C. Moody
Senator Feb. 16, 1891 appointed by Governor Herreid a com-
Australian ballot law enacted at session m it tee to codify the laws of the State
of Jan. O-March 7, 1891 1901
Sisseton Indian reservation opened to Act providing for the State board of
settlers April 16, 1892 agriculture 1901
Catholic Sioux congress opens at Chey- Act giving governor absolute and un-
enne agency; 6,000 Sioux Indians pres- limited power of removal of certain con-
ent July 3, 1892 stitutional and all appointive officers
C. H. Sheldon, Republican, elected 1901
governor 1892 Act establishing law department of
Board of medical examiners created and State University passed 1901
practice of medicine regulated 1893 United States Senator Kyle dies
Election of railroad commissioners pro- July 1, 1901
Tided for 1893 Governor Herreid appoints A. B. Kit-
C. H. Sheldon, Republican, elected tredge Senator to fill vacancy
governor 1894 July 11, 1901
Prize-fighting in the State prohibited The Supreme Court renders a decision
1895 construing the constitutional amendment
Andrew E, Lee, Populist, elected gov- establishing the initiative and referendum
emor 1896 which practically abolishes the same
United Stetes Circuit Judge A. J. Ed- 1901
gerton dies Aug. 10, 1896 Beginning of new era in railroad build-
[John A. Garland appointed successor.] ing 1901
523
UNITED STATES OP AMEBICA— TENNESSEE
TENNESSEE
Tennessee^ one of the Southern United middle Tennessee, with camp at Price's
States, lies between the Alleghany Moun- Meadows, Wayne county 1769
tains on the east and the Mississippi Written association formed fgr the gov-
River on the west. It is bounded on the emment of the Watauga settlers, and five
north by Kentucky and Virginia, east by commissioners appointed as a governing
North Carolina, south by Georgia, Ala- court 1772
bama, and Mississippi, and west by Col. Richard Henderson, Nathaniel
Arkansas and Missouri. It lies between Hart, and Daniel Boone purchase from
lat. So** and 36*' 35' N., and long. 81** 37' the Indians a tract of country between the
and 90** 15' W. Area, 42,050 square miles, Kentucky and Cumberland rivers, which
in ninety-six counties. Population in 1890, they call Transylvania. . .March 17, 1775
1,767,518; 1900, 2,020,616. Capital, Nash- Watauga purchased from the Indians
ville. and deed of conveyance to Charles Robert-
Louis Joliet and Pdre Jacques Mar- son executed • March 19, 1775
quette descend the Mississippi River to Watauga settlers march against advanc-
lat. 33® 1673 ing Cherokces, and disperse them in a bat-
Robert Cavalier de La Salle builds tie near Long Island Fort.. July 20. 1770
Fort Prud'homme on the fourth Chicka- Cherokees under old Abraham attack
saw bluff of the Mississippi River 1682 the fort at Watauga, but are repulsed
M. Charleville, a French trader, builds July 21. 1776
a trading- house near the present site of Forces under Col. William Christian
Nashville 1714 destroy the Cherokee towns in east Tennes-
French erect Fort Assumption on the see 1776
Mississippi at the fourth Chickasaw bluff Washington county, including all of
1714 Tennessee, created by law of North Caro-
Bienville makes a treaty of peace with lina November, 1777
the Chickasaw Indians at Fort Assumption Richard Hogan, Spencer, Holliday, and
June, 1739 others come from Kentucky and begin a
Party of Virginians, Dr. Thomas plantation near Bledsoe's Lick 1778
Walker and others; discover the Cumber- Capt. James Robertson and others from
land Mountains, Cumberland Gap, and Watauga cross the Cumberland Moun-
Cumberland River 1748 tains, pitch their tents near French Lick,
Fort Loudon founded about 30 miles and plant a field of com where Nashville
from the present Knoxville 1856 now stands 1779
Colonel Bird builds Long Island Fort Fleven Chickamauga Indian towns de-
on the Holston River, where the Ameri- stroyed by troops under Isaac Shelby, who
can army winters 1758 left Big Creek, near the site of Roger s-
Cherokees capture Fort Loudon. The ville April 10, 1770
garrison, after the surrender, start out for Jonesboro laid off and established as
Fort Prince George; after proceeding the seat of justice for Washington county
about 15 miles they are massacred by the 1779
Indians Aug. 7, 1760 Colony under John Donelson in open
Capt. James Smith and others explore boats, leaving Fort Patrick Henry on the
the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers Holston, descend the Tennessee and ascend
from above Nashville down to the Ohio the Cumberland to French Lick, where
1766 they found Nashboro April 24, 1780
By treaty at Fort Stanwix the Six Form of government for the Cumber-
Nations cede the country north and east land settlements drawn up and articles
of the Tennessee Nov. 5, 1768 signed at Nashboro May 13, 1780
Capt. William Bean settles on Boone Battle of Boyd's Creek, a confluent of
Creek, near Watauga 1769 the French Broad. Troops under Col.
Company formed to hunt and explore John Sevier, returning from the battle of
524
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— TENNESSEE
King's Mountain, join in expedition cither the State of North Carolina or the
against the Cherokees and disperse them State of Frankland " March 20, 1787
on their way to massacre the Watauga Legislature of Frankland meets for the
settlers October, 1780 last time at Greeneville, and government
Indian atrocities and massacres of set- reverts to North Carolina.. September, 1787
tiers in middle Tennessee, throughout this Deed conveying to the United States
and the following year, begin by an attack territory west of the Alleghany Moun-
on the house of Major Lucas at Freeland*s tains accepted by act of Congress, ap-
Station, on the Cumberland, near Stone proved April 2, 1790
River Jan. 15, 1781 William Blount appointed governor of
Battle of the Bluffs, where Nashville the territory southwest of the Ohio River
now stands; an unsuccessful attack of the Aug. 7, 1790
Cherokees on the fort April 2, 1781 First issue of the Knoxville Gazette
Pre-emption right allowed to settlers on published at Rogersville by George Roul-
the Cumberland by legislature of North stone Nov. 6, 1791
Carolina, 640 acres to each family or Knoxville, chosen as the seat of govern-
head of family April, 1782 ment, is laid out February, 1792
Court of oyer and terminer held at Attack of 700 Indians on Buchanan's
Jonesboro for Washington and Sullivan Station, 4 miles south of Nashville, repulsed
counties Aug. 15, 1782 by a garrison of fifteen Sept. 30, 1792
Treaty at Nashboro, by which the General Assembly meets at Knoxville
Chickasaws cede to North Carolina a tract Aug. 5, 1794
extending nearly 40 miles south from University of Tennessee at Knoxville,
Cumberland River 1783 chartered Sept. 10, 1794, as Blount Col-
First Methodist preacher comes to east lege, is opened 1795
Tennessee 1783 State constitution adopted without
Commissioners lay off on Duck River popular vote by a convention which sits
a grant of 2,500 acres of land presented by at Knoxville Jan. 11-Feb. 6, 1796
North Carolina to Gen. Nathanael Greene John Sevier inaugurated first governor
1783 of State March 30, 1796
Nashville established by the legislature Tennessee admitted into the Union by
to succeed Nashboro 1784 act approved June 1, 1796
General Assembly of North Carolina William Blount, of Tennessee, expelled
cedes to the United States territory west from the United States Senate on charge
of the Alleghany Mountains on condition of instigating the Creeks and Cherokees
that Congress accepts it within two years to assist the British in conquering Span-
June 2, 1784 ish Louisiana July, 1797
Believing themselves no longer a part Treaty with Cherokees extinguishing
of North Carolina, settlers in Washing- claims to land granted to individuals by
ton, Sullivan, and Greene counties meet North Carolina September, 1798
in convention at Jonesboro, choose John Great revival of religion, begun in Ken-
Sevier president, and form a constitution tucky in 1800, spreads through Tennessee
for the State of Frankland. .Dec. 14, 1784 1801
Governor Caswell, of North Carolina, Nashville chosen as seat of government
pronounces the revolt of Frankland by legislature 1802
usurpation April 14, 1785 General Wilkinson builds Fort Picker-
Constitution for Frankland, or the State ing at Memphis 1803
of Franklin, accepted by a convention of Public reception given to Aaron Burr at
the people at Greeneville, which chooses Nashville May 28, 1805
John Sevier as governor. . . .Nov. 14, 1785 Congi-ess grants 1,000 acres in one tract
Capt. James White and James Connor for academies in Tennessee, one in each
settle on the site of Knoxville 1786 county; 1,000 acres more for two colleges.
At a conference upon the legality of Blount in the east and Cumberland in the
the State of Frankland it is agreed that west 1806
the inhabitants are " at full liberty and Nashville Bank, the first in Tennessee,
discretion to pay their public taxes to chartered 1807
525
UNITED STATES OF AMEBIGA— TENNESSEE
Cumberland Presbyterian Church organ- Cumberland University at Lebanon
\xed Feb. 4, 1810 chartered and opened 1842
John Sevier dies near Fort Decatur, National Whig Convention held at
Ala Sept. 24, 1815 Nashville Aug. 21, 1S44
Gens. Andrew Jackson and Isaac Shelby James K. Polk elected President of the
obtain by treaty from the Chickasaws a United States Nov. 12, 1844
cession of their lands north of lat. 35^ Cave Johnson appointed Postmaster-
and east of the Mississippi River, known General March 6, 1845
as the Jackson purchase Oct. 19, 1818 Act for self • taxation of districts for
First conveyance of town lots in common schools 1845
Memphis made May, 1819 Andrew Jackson dies at the Hermitage,
Madison county organized and Jackson aged seventy-eight June 8, 1845
settled 1820 James K. Polk dies at Nashville, aged
Capital permanently fixed at Nashville fifty-four June 15, 1849
1826 Memphis incorporated as a city
University of Nashville, founded in December, 1849
1785, incorporated as Cumberland College Southern convention meets at Nashville
in 1806, reorganized in 1824, and name June 3, 1850
changed 1827 Convention meets at Nashville, Nov. 11,
Andrew Jackson elected President of 1850, and adjourns after recommending
the United States Nov. 11, 1828 a congress of slave-holding States by a
John H. Eaton appointed Secretary of vote of six States — Alabama. Florida.
War March 9, 1829 Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina, and
Act for a State system of internal im- Virginia, opposed to Tennessee
provements Jan. 2, 1830 Nov. 19, 1850
Joel Parrish, cashier of the State Bank, James Campbell appointed Postmaster-
proves a defaulter for $200,000, and the General March 5, 185$
bank wound up soon after. . . .Jan. 3, 1830 Southern convention meets at Memphis
Memphis Railroad chartered June 6, 185S
December, 1831 State agricultural bureau established
Andrew Jackson re-elected President of 1854
the United States Nov. 13, 1832 State capitol, commenced in 1845, corn-
Conviction of John A. Murrell, of Madi- pleted 1855
son county, the "great western land Aaron V. Bro\vn appointed Postmaster-
pirate " and leader of the " mystic clan," General March 6, 1857
a band of outlaws, horse thieves, and negro Memphis and Charleston Railroad com-
runners, who was brought to justice by pleted, joining the Atlantic Ocean with
Virgil A. Stewart 1834 the Mississippi River March 27, 1857
Constitution framed by a convention Southern commercial convention at
which meets at Nashville, May 19, and Knoxville, by vote of 64 to 27, recommends
completes its labors Aug. 30, 1834 ; ratified abrogation of the eighth article of the
by a popular vote of 42,606 to 17,691 Ashburton treaty, which requires the
March 5-6, 1836 United States to keep a naval force on
R. H. McEwen elected superintendent of the coast of Africa Aug. 10. 1857
public schools ■. . . . 1836 Constitutional Union Convention at Bal-
During this and the previous year the timore, Md., nominates John Bell, of Ten-
State furnished 1,651 volunteers for the nessee, for President May 9, 1860
Florida War 1837 Call for a State convention 'at Nash-
Felix Grundy appointed Attorney-Gen- ville, to consider secession, is defeated by
eral July 5, 1838 a vote of the people Feb. 9. 1861
National Whig Convention meets at Grov. Tsham G. Harris replies to Presi-
Nashville Aug. 17, 1840 dent Lincoln's call for troops, " Tennessee
State hospital for the insane opened will not furnish a single man for coercion,
near Nashville 1840 but 50,000, if necessary, for the defence
John Bell appointed Secretary of War of our rights, or those of our Southern
March 5, 1841 brothers ". April 18, 1861
526
TTNITED STATES OV AHBBICA— TENNESSEE
Gfovernor Harris orders the seizure of ner, occupied by Federal troops under
$75,000 worth of Tennessee bonds and Gen. A. E. Burnside Sept. 1, 1863
$5,000 in cash belonging to the United Chattanooga abandoned by Confederates
States government, in possession of the under Gen. Braxton Bragg, Sept. 8; Cum-
collector at Nashyille April 29, 1861 berland Gap surrendered to Federals
Majority vote of the State favors a Sept. 9, 186S
declaration of independence for Tennes- Confederates under Gen. James Long-
see and the acceptance of the provisional street defeat Federals at Philadelphia,.
government of the Confederate States east Tennessee Oct. 20, 1863
June 8, 1861 General Grant arrives at Nashville^
Eastern Tennessee Union convention Oct. 21, and at Chattanooga
at Greeneville declares its opposition to Oct. 23, 1863
the Confederate government. June 21,1861 G«n. W. E. Jones, Confederate, defeats
Governor Harris proclaims Tennessee Colonel (Garrard at Rogersville
out of the Union. June 24, 1861 Nov. 6, 1863
Confederate commissary and ordnance Longstreet besieges Knoxville and is re-
•torefl at Nashville destroyed by fire pulsed Nov. 17, 1863
Dec. 22, 1861 Grant defeats Bragg in battle of Chat-
Commodore Foote defeats Gen. Lloyd tanooga Nov. 23-25, 1863
Tilghman and captures Fort Henry Longstreet repulses Federals under Gen.
Feb. 6, 1862 J. M. Shackelford at Bean's Station, east
Bombardment of Fort Donelson begins Tennessee Dec. 14, 1863
Feb. 13; fort surrendered to General Fort Pillow captured by Confederates.
Grant by General Buckner, with 13.829 under Gen. N. B. Forrest, and garrison
prisoners Feb. 16, 1862 of colored troops annihilated
Seat of government removed to Memphis April 12, 1864
Feb. 20, 1862 Federals under Gen. A. C. Gillem sur-
Confederates evacuate Nashville, and prise the Confederate Gen. John H. Mor-
the Federals under Nelson enter gan at the house of a Mrs. Williams in
Feb. 23, 1862 Greeneville, east Tennessee. In attempt-
Andrew Johnson, commissioned briga- ing to escape he is killed Sept. 4, 1864
dier-general of volunteers and appointed Federals under Schofield repulse Con-
military governor of Tennessee, March 5, federates under Hood at Franklin
arrives at Nashville March 12, 1862 Nov. 30, 1864
Governor Johnson suspends the mayor Federals retire from Franklin and oc-
and other officials in Nashville for refus- cupy Nashville Dec. 1 ; Hood advances and
ing the oath of allegiance to the United partially invests Nashville
States April 5, 1862 Dec. 3-14, 1864
Two days' battle of Pittsburg Landing, Thomas defeats Hood at Nashville
or Shiloh April 6-7, 1862 Dec. 15-16, 1864
L^nion meetings held at Nashville. May Constitutional amendment abolishing-
12, and at Murfreesboro May 24, 1862 slavery framed by a convention which sit»
Memphis surrendered to Commodore at Nashville, Jan. 9 to Jan. 26, 1865, rati-
Davis June 6, 1862 fied by a vote of the people, 21,104 to 40
Battle of Murfreesboro Feb. 22, 1865
Dec. 31, 1862-Jan. 4, 1863 Legislature ratifies the Thirteenth
Battle of Spring Hill ; Confederates un- Amendment April 5, 1865
der Grcn. Earl Van Dorn victorious President Lincoln dies, Andrew Johnson
March 5, 1863 President April 15, 1865
Van Dorn repulsed by Federals under Law disfranchising all citizens who have
Gen. Gordon Granger at Franklin voluntarily borne arms for or aided the
April 10, 1863 Confederate government 186^
Federal raid under Col. Abel D. Streight Law making negroes and Indians com-
starts from Nashville '.April 11, 1863 petent witnesses 1866
Kingston and Knoxville, evacuated by Race riot in Memphis; twenty-four ne-
Confederates under Gen. Simon B. Buck- groes killed May 1-3, 186ft
527
UNITEI) STATB8 OF AHEBIGA— TENNESSEE
Fourteenth Amendment to Constitution Vanderbilt University at Nashville,
ratified July 19, 1866 chartered 1873, opened 1875
Tennessee readmitted into the Union by David McKendree Key appointed Po&t-
act approved July 24, 1866 master-General March 12, 1877
All distinction of race or color in quali- Yellow fever in Memphis 1878-79
fications for electors abolished Bill passed, March 28, 1879, to settle
February, 1867 the State debt at the rate of 50 cellt^
Fisk University at Nashville, opened on the dollar, with 4 per cent, interest.
1866, chartered 1867 is rejected by vote of the people, 30.920
Petition for removal of disabilities, to 19,669 Aug. 7, 1879
signed by nearly 4,000 citizens, including New Rugby founded 1880
leading men of the State, is presented to Centennial anniversary of the settle-
the legislature, but not granted 1868 ment of Nashville celebrated, May 17-24,
Act to suppress the Ku-k1ux Klan, en- and equestrian statue of General Jackson
titled "An act to preserve the public unveiled on capitol grounds. May 20, 1880
peace," punishes membership by a fine Horace Maynard appointed Postmaster-
of not less than $500 or imprisonment for General June 2, ISSO
five years .' 1868 Act of April 5, 1881, to settle the State
University of the South at Suwanee, debt by issue of new compromise bonds
chartered in 1858, opened 1868 bearing 3 per cent, interest, and coupons
Governor Brownlow calls out the State receivable in payment for taxes and debts
militia to suppress the Ku-klux Klan, due the State, is declared unconstitutional
and proclaims martial law in nine coun- February, 1882
ties Feb. 20, 1869 General conference of the Methodist
Southern Commercial Convention held Church, South, meets at Nashville
at Memphis; 1,100 delegates from twenty- May 3, 1882
two States May 18, 1869 Law of 1882 for settlement of State
Constitution, framed by a convention debt repealed, and a new law passed for
which sat at Nashville, Jan. 10 to Feb. funding at a discount of 24 per cent
22, ratified by a popular vote of 98,128 on 6-per-cent. bonds, and others in pro-
to 33,872 March 26, 1870 portion 1883
Colored Methodist Episcopal Church of Prohibitory constitutional amendment
America organized at Jackson by Bishop lost by a vote of 117,504 in favor, to 145.-
Paine Dec. 16, 1870 197 against August, 1887
Office of chief commissioner of immi- General Assembly at its session adopts
gration for the Stale created by act of the Australian ballot system, creates a
legislature 1871 State board of medical examiners, and
Reunion and Reform Association meets conveys to the Ladies' Hermitage Assooi-
at Nashville Oct. 13, 1871 ation the homestead of Andrew Jack-
Agricultural bureau organized under son and 25 acres of land
act of legislature Dec. 14, 1871 Jan. 7-April 8, 1880
Convention at Jackson to promote the National Teachers' Association meet?
formation of a new State, out of western at Nashville June 15, 1889
Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi Remains of John Sevier removed from
July 29, 1873 Alabama and interred at Knoxville...l889
Convention of colored people in Nash- Special session of the legislature held
ville, seeking their full rights as cit- at Nashville by proclamation (Feb. ID
izens of the United States of the governor .. Feb. 24-March 18, 1890
April 28, 1874 National League of Republican clubs
Sixteen negroes, Aug. 22, charged with meets at Nashville March 4, 1890
shooting at two white men, are taken from First Monday in September (Labor
Trenton jail and shot dead by disguised Day) made a legal holiday by the lejri*-
men Aug. 26, 1874 lature at session ending. .March 30, 1891
Andrew Johnson, ex - President of the Miners at Briceville attack the State
United States, dies near Jonesboro militia, and secure the withdrawal of
July 31. 1875 convict miners from the mines of the
528
TJKITED STATES OP AKEBICA— TEXAS
Tennessee coal and Knoxville iron com- Miners defeated and routed by militia
panies July 20, 1891 under General Carnes Aug. 19, 1892
Miners refer the convict mining system Convention of National Farmers' Al-
to the legislature July 24, 1891 liance opens in Memphis .. Nov. 15, 1892
Legislature meets in extra session to Labor troubles in east Tennessee, 100
consider the convict-labor sj'etem miners attack the convict camp at Fort
Aug. 31, 1891 Anderson April 19, 1893
Legislature resolves that it is powerless Judge J. H. Du Boise impeached, ac-
to abolish the convict-lease system, but quitted on some of the charges, con-
will not renew the lease.. Sept. 4-5, 1891 victed on others June 2, 1893
Miners at Briceville set free 160 con- President Polk's remains removed to
victs, and 140 more at another prison the State capitol grounds. . .Sept. 19, 1893
Oct. 31, 1891 The United States Supreme Court de-
Over 200 convicts set free in east Ten- cides the boundary-line dispute with Vir-
nessee by miners Nov. 2, 1891 ginia in favor of Tennessee 1893
Ex-Gov. Albert S. Marks dies sud- Serious revolt in the convict camp at
denly at Nashville Nov. 4, 1891 Tracy City July 27, 1894
National Real Estate Association for- Contest for governorship decided in
mally organized at Nashville favor of Peter Turney, who, on the face
Feb. 18, 1892 of the returns had 748 votes less than H.
Mining troubles in Coal Creek Valley Clay Evans, by the Tennessee legislature
«ettled; convicts to be replaced by white May 3, 1895
free miners Feb. 19, 1892 Chickamauga National Park dedicated
Steel cantilever bridge over the Missis- Sept. 19, 1895
sippi at Memphis opened May 12, 1892 General assignment law of 1895 de-
Confederate soldiers' home at the Her- clared unconstitutional .. November, 189G
mitage opened May 12, 1892 Fire at Knoxville, loss $2,000,000
Miners burn the convict stockade at April 8, 1897
Tracy City, Aug. 13, and make an attack Centennial Exposition opened
on the stockade at Oliver Springs May 1, 1897
Aug. 16, 1892 Anti-cigarette law declared constitu-
Miners capture the stockade at Oliver tional 1900
Springs, and send the guards and con- Fifty lives lost in the hurricane of
victa to Knoxville Aug. 17, 1892 Nov. 21, 1900
TEXAS
Texas, one of the Southern States of La Salle murdered by two follow-
the United States, is bounded on the north ers near the Neches River
by Oklahoma and Indian Territories, east March 30, 1687
by Arkansas and Louisiana, south by Captain De Leon, sent from Mexico
the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico, and against French settlers at Fort St. Louis,
west by Mexico and New Mexico. It on the Lavaca River, finds it deserted
lies between lat. 25° 51' and 36° 30^ N., April 22, 1689
and long. 93** 27' and 106° 40' W. Spanish mission of San Francisco at
Area, 265,780 square miles. Population, Fort St. Louis established 1690
1890, 2,235,523; 1900, 3,048,710. Capital, Don Domingo Teran de los Rios ap-
Austin. pointed governor of Coahuila and Texas
Robert Cavalier de La Salle, sailing 1691
irom France with four ships, July 24, San Antonio founded 1693
1684, fails to discover the mouth of the H. St. Denis sent out by Lamothe Ca-
Mississippi and lands near the entrance dillac, governor of Louisiana, to open
to Matagorda Bay Feb. 18, 1685 commercial relation with Mexico, reaches
La Salle builds Fort St. Louis on the the mission of St. John the Baptist, on
Lavaca July, 1685 the Rio Grande, where he is arrested by
IX. — 2 L 529
UNITED STATES OP AtfEBICA— TEXAS
the governor of Coahuila and impris- of the to\Yn, Nov. 7; engage in battles
oned August, 1714 with the Americans, Nov. 20, 1812-Jaii.
Spanish mission established near the 24, and Feb. 10, 1813; raise the siege
site of Nacogdoches 1715 Feb. 16, 1815
Spanish mission established at La Magee dying about Feb. 1, 1813, Colo-
Bahia, now Croliad 1721 nel Kemper takes command, pursues the
Bienvilje, under orders from the com- Mexicans to San Antonio, who surrender
pany of the Indies, sends a colony by sea March 6, 1813
to Matagorda Bay Aug. 10, 1721 Salcedo, Herrera, and ten officers are
Settlement of San Antonio de Bexar in- delivered to a company of Mexicans under
creased by thirteen families from the Juan Delgado and massacred
Canary Islands sent by the Spanish gov- March 7, 1815
ernment ; they found " I^a Purissima Con- Battle of the Medina ; Americans at
cepcion de Acuna" March 5, 1731 San Antonio under Don Jos6 Alvarez To-
Don Manuel de Sandoval appointed gov- ledo fall into ambush formed by Spaniards
ernor of Texas 1734 under General Arredondo. .Aug. 18, 1813
Walls of the church of the Alamo erected Galveston Island occupied for Mexico
at San Antonio de Bexar May, 1744 by Don Jos6 Manuel Herrera, minister of
Indians attack the mission of San Saba the Mexican patriots to the United
and massacre all 1758 States ; a government is organized and
France cedes Louisiana to Spain Don Luis Aury chosen governor of Texas
Nov. 3, 1762 and Galveston Island Sept. 12, 1816
Louisiana receded to France by secret Jean Lafitte with a band of buccaneers
treaty Oct. 1, 1800 occupies Galveston Island during Aury's
Philip Nolan, an American, obtains a absence and calls his settlement Cam-
passport from the Baron de Carondelet, peachy April, 1817
governor of Louisiana, to buy horses in Sabine River agreed upon as boundary
Texas, July 17, 1797. In the belief that between United States and Spanish pos-
he was commihsioned by General Wilkin- sessions Feb. 22. 1819
son to reconnoitre and raise an insur- A company of volunteers under Dr.
rection, Mexicans under Lieut. M. Muz- James Long, raised at Natchez to invade
quiz overtake him on the banks of the Texas, occupy Nacogdoches, establish a
Blanco; Nolan is killed and his follow- provisional government, and issue a decla*
ers captured March 21, 1801 ration proclaiming Texas to be a free and
Texas included in cession of Louisiana independent republic June, 1819
by France to the United States ratified First printing-office in Texas cstab-
at Washington Oct. 21, 1803 lished at Nacogdoches by Mr. Bigelow
Spanish commander. General Herrera, 1819
enters into an agreement wttti General Lafitte is taken iste 4iie -seryice of the
Wilkinson, establishing the territory be- Republican party of Mexico and appointed
tween the Sabine and Arroyo Honda governor of Galveston 1819
rivers as neutral ground .... Oct. 22, 1806 I^afitte is compelled to evacuate Gal-
Lieut.-Col. Zebulon Pike arrives at San v^etoa Island by Lieutenant Kearney of
Antonio on his return from Chihuahua, the United States brig Enterprise. .1821
whither he was taken by Spanish au- Stephen F. Austin leaves Natchitoches,
thorities to answer for building a fort June 10, and founds the colony for which
on Spanish soil on the Rio del Norte, his father, Moses Austin, received a grant
which he mistook for the Red River from Mexico, on the Brazos River
July, 1807 July, 1821
Expedition under Lieut. Augustus W. He founds San Felipe de Austin as
Magee, who conceived a plan of revolu- colonial town 1823
tionizing Texas, takes possession of Naeog- By decree of the constituent Mexican
doches, July, 1812, which the Mexicans congress. Coahuila and Texas are united
evacuate; reaches Goliad and takes pos- in one State May 7, 1824
session, Nov. 1 ; Governor Salcedo and Constitution of the L^nited Mexican
General Herrera commence an investment States proclaimed Oct. 4, 1824
530
TTKITEB STATES OV AMEBIGA— TEXAS
Don JosCi Antonio Sancedo itppointed Garriaon of Anahuac captured by Texans
chief of the department of Texas, to re- under Col. William B. Travis. .June, 1835
side at Bexar Feb. 1, 1825 Permanent council of one from each of
Henry Clay, United States Secretary of the committees of safety, at San Felipe,
State, instructs the United States min- chooses R. R. Royall president
ister to endeavor to procure from Mexico October, 1835
the retransfer of Texas ... March 26, 1825 First permanent newspaper in Texas,
Hayden Edwards, having procured a the Telegraph, established at San Felipe
grant for a colony, locates at Nacog- October, 1835
doches October, 1825 Commandant at Bexar having furnish-
£dwards*s grant annulled and the ed the corporation of Gonzales with a
American settlers, known as " Fredo- bras? 6-pounder against the Indians in
nian?,'' evacuate Nacogdoches and cross 1831, the Mexicans call it a loan, the
the Sabine, before Mexicans under Ahu- Texans a gift; the Texans win its posses-
mada Jan. 31, 1827 sion in a fight Oct. 2, 1836
Constitution for the State of Coahuila Capture of Goliad from Mexicans under
and Texas framed by a State congress at Lieutenant-Colonel Sandoval, by patriot
Saltillo, proclaimed March 11, 1827 forces under Capt. George Collingsworth
Battle of Nacogdoches; Texans under Oct. 9, 1835
Col. Hayden Edwards defeat the Mexi- S. F. Austin appointed commander-in-
cans under Colonel Piedras chief of the patriot forces.. Oct. 10, 1835
Aug. 2, 1827 Battle of Concepcion, about IV2 miles
Treaty of limits concluded between the from San Antonio; Texans under General
United States and United Mexican States Austin and Mexicans under General De
Jan. 12, 1828 Cos, the latter retreating Oct. 28, 1835
Vice-President Bustamente, succeeding Assembly known as the General Con-
Guerrero, deposed, by decree prohibits sultation of Texas meets at San Felipe de
further immigration from the United Austin, establishes a provisional govern-
States April 6, 1830 ment with Henry Smith as governor, and
Colonization laws repealed as to natives sends Branch T. Archer, S. F. Austin, and
of the United States April 28, 1832 William H. Wharton to the United Stetes
Fort of Velasco at the mouth of the to solicit aid in the struggle for inde-
Brazos taken by Texans under John pendence November, 1835
Austin June 26, 1832 Declaration of independence of Texas,
Nacogdoches retaken by Texans and a provisional constitution framed by
Aug. 2, 1832 a convention which meets at San Felipe,
First step towards independence, the Oct. 17; constitution signed
framing of a State constitution, never Nov. 13, 1835
recognized by the Mexican government One thousand four hundred Mexicans
and never put in operation, by a conven- under General De Cos surrender to the
tion which met at San Felipe, April 1, and Texans who attack San Antonio de Bexar
adjourned April 13, 1833 Dec 10, 1835
Law passed forming Texas into one Colonists besiege the Mexican garrison
judicial circuit and three districts — of the Alamo at San Antonio, and, after
Bexar, Brazos, and Nacogdoches a week's fighting, capture the fort
April 17, 1834 Dec. 16, 1835
Legislature of Coahuila and Texas, in Declaration of independence made and
session at Monclova, disperses on ap- signed by ninety-one Texans at Goliad
proach of army under Gen. Martin P. de Dec. 20, 1835
Cos, brother-in-law to General Santa Ana General Santa Ana, with 6,000 troops,
April 21, 1835 leaves Monclova for Texas to drive out
Committee of safety organized at Baa- revolutionists and persons of foreign birth
trop on the Colorado May 17, 1835 Feb. 4, 1836
Lone-star flag made at Harrisburg and Town of Bexar taken by Mexicans, and
presented to the company of Capt. An- the Texans retire to the Alamo
drew Robinson 1835 Feb. 21, 1836
531
CTHITED STATES OP AMEBIGA— TEXAS
Declaration of independence adopted by the upper one white, the middle one blue,
a convention at Washington on the Brazos with a five-pointed white star in the cen-
River March 2, 1836 tre, and the lower one red Jan. 25, 1839
Alamo invested eleven days by Santa Congress passes first educational act,
Ana; the garrison, under Colonel Travis^ appropriating certain lands for a general
Bowie, and David Crockett, are overpow- system of education Jan. 26, 1839
ered and massacred March 6, 1836 Congress meets at Austin
Mexicans defeated in the first fight at November, 1839
the Mission del Kefugio by Texans under France acknowledges the independence
Captain King March 9, 1836 of Texas 1839
Second fight of the Mission del Refugio ; England, Holland, and Belgium acknowl-
Colonel Ward attacks and drives back the edge the independence of Texas 1840
Mexicans March 10, 1836 Expedition under Gen. Hugh McLeod
Constitution adopted for the Republic leaves Austin, June 18, 1841, for Santa
of Texas by a convention which met at F^. When near San Miguel, his force is
Washington. March 1 March 17, 1836 met by Mexican troops under Damacio
Col. J. W. Fannin and 415 men, capt- Salazar, captured, and marched under
ured at Coleto by the Mexicans under guard to the city of Mexico
General Urrea, are taken to Goliad, and Oct. 17, 1841
330 shot by Santa Ana Twelve hundred Mexicans under Qen.
Sunday, March 27, 1836 Adrian Woll capture San Antonio, Sept
Colonel Ward retreats from Refugio, 11, 1842, but are forced to retreat by
March 11 ; he surrenders his forces at Vic- Mexican troops Sept. 18, 1842
toria, March 24, and is massacred Texan congress meets at Washington
March 28, 1836 November, 1842
San Felipe de Austin burned by the Battle at Mier on the Alcantra; Texans,
Texans March 31, 1836 under Colonel Fisher, surrender to Gen-
New Washington burned by the Mexi- eral Ampudia Dec. 26, 1842
cans April 20, 1836 Joint resolution for the annexation of
Battle of San Jacinto; 750 Texans un- Texas to the United States passes the
der General Houston defeat 1,600 Mexi- House of Representatives by 120 to 98,
cans under Santa Ana, and capture him Feb. 25, 1845; the Senate by 27 to 25,
April 21, 1836 and is approved March 1. 1845
Mexicans retreat beyond the frontier of Joint resolution of Congress of United
Texas April 24, 1836 States is approved by Texan congress
Congress meets at Washington, March; June 23, 1845
at Harrisburg, March ; at Galveston, April Ordinance of Texan congress for an-
16; and at Velasco May, 1836 nexation accepted by convention of peo-
Public and secret treaties with Santa pie assembled at Austin July 4. 1845
Ana signed at Velasco May 14, 1836 Convention at Austin frames a con-
Gen. Sam Houston inaugurated as presi- stitution which is ratified by the people,
dent of Texas at Columbia. .Oct. 22, 1836 4,174 to 312 Oct. 13, 184.1
Congress of United States acknowledges Texas admitted into the Union by act
independence of Texas March, 1837 approved Dec. 29, 1845
Congress meets at Houston .. May , 1837 Charles A. Wickliflfe sent on a secret
Convention to fix the boundary-line be- mission to Texas in the interest of an
tween the United States and Texas con- nexation, by President Polk 1845
eluded at Washington, April 25, 1838, and First State legislature convenes at Aus-
ratiftcations exchanged Oct. 12, and pro- tin Feb. 16, 184(5
claimed Oct. 13, 1838 J. P. Henderson inaugurated first gov-
Act of congress approved for carrying ernor of the State Feb. 19, 1846
into effect the convention of Oct. 13, 1838 Fort Brown at Brownsville established
Jan. 11, 1839 March 28, 1846
By act of Texan congress. Dec. 10, 1836, Battle of Palo Alto, May 8, and of
the permanent flag of the republic bears Resaca de la Palma May 9, 1846
three horizontal stripes of equal width, Act of congress sets apart one-tenth of
632
UKITEB STATES OF AMEBICA— TEXAS
the general revenues of the State for edu- the H at t eras in an engagement off Gal-
cational purposes May 13, 1846 veston Jan. 11, 1863
Baylor University at Waco chartered Samuel Houston, born in Virginia, dies
1845, and opened 1846 at Huntersville, aged seventy
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo concluded July 25, 1863
Feb. 2; ratification exchanged at Quere- Battle of Aransas Pass; Greneral Ran-
taro. May 30, and proclaimed som captures the Confederate works
July 4, 1848 Nov. 18, 1863
Austin city chosen as the seat of govern- Battle of Fort Esperanza, Matagorda
ment for twenty years by vote of the peo- Bay; Gen. C. C. Washburn defeats the
pie 1850 Confederates Nov. 30, 1863
Texas formally accepts the boundary Last tight of the war; Federals under
designated by the i)oundary bill for New Colonel Barret defeated in western Texas
Mexico, approved Sept. 9, 1850, by which by Confederates under General Slaughter
Texas is to receive $10,000,000 from the May 13, 1865
United States Nov. 26, 1852 Gen. Kirby Smith surrenders last Con-
First overland mail from San Diego, federate army May 26, 1865
Cal., arrives at San Antonio Gen. A. J. Hamilton, appointed pro-
Sept. 6, 1857 visional governor by President Johnson,
Enthusiastic Union meeting held at arrives at Galveston July 21, 1865
Austin Dec. 23, 1860 Constitution, framed by a convention
Brig.-Gen. David £. Twiggs surrenders which met at Austin, Feb. 10, and ad-
to the State of Texas the tJnited States joumed April 2, is ratified by the people,
ordnance depot at San Antonio and con- 34,794 to 11,235 June, 1866
tents, valued at $1,200,500 .. Feb. 18, 1861 Gov. J. W. Throckmorton enters upon
State People's convention meets at his duties Aug. 13, 1866
Austin, Jan. 21 ; passes an ordinance of Gen. P. H. Sheridan appointed com-
secession by vote of 166 to 7, Feb. 1 ; rati- mander of the 6th Military District,
fied bv popular vote, 34,794 to 11,235 comprising Louisiana and Texas
Feb. 23, 1861 March 19, 1867
Fort Brown, at Brownsville, evacuated Governor Throckmorton removed, E. M.
and occupied by Texan troops Pease appointed July 30, 1867
March '5, 1861 General Sheridan relieved and General
Gov. Sam Houston, opposing secession Hancock substituted as commander of the
and favoring separate State action, de- 5th Military District Aug. 17, 1867
posed; Lieutenant-Governor Clark in- Gen. J. Reynolds appointed to command
augurated March 20, 1861 of 5th Military District July 28, 1868
Constitution of the Confederate States Constitution, framed by a convention
ratified by legislature, 68 to 2 called under the reconstruction acts by
March 23, 1861 General Hancock, which sat at Austin,
Col. Earl Van Dorn captures 450 Unit- June 1, to December, 1868, is submitted
ed States troops at Saluria. April 25, 1861 to Congress, March 30, and ratified by
Governor Clark proclaims it treasonable people, 72,395 to 4,924
to pay debts to citizens of States at war Nov. 30-Dec. 3, 1869
with the Confederate States Legislature ratifies the Fourteenth and
June 18, 1861 Fifteenth amendments to the Constitution
Galveston surrendered to Commodore of the United States Feb. 18, 1870
Renshaw Oct. 8, 1862 Congress readmits Texas into the Union
Gon. N. J. T. Dana occupies Brazos, March 30, 1870
Santiago, and Brownsville with 6,000 Public school system inaugurated
soldiers from New Orleans September, 1871
November, 1862 A special election for State officers:
Confederates under Gen. J. B. Magruder Richard Coke, Democrat, elected governor
defeat Renshaw and capture Galveston by 85,549 votes to 42,663 for Governor
Jan. 1, 1863 Davis, Republican Dec. 2, 1873
Confederate privateer Alabama destroys Supreme Court decides that the law au-
533
UNITED STATES OP AMEBIGA— UTAH
thorizing the election of Dec. 2, 1873, is completion of the work; estimated to cost
unconstitutional Jan. 6, 1874 $6,200,000 September, 1890
New legislature organizes; not recog- United States Senator John H. Reagan
nized by Governor Davis : old legislature resigns, to take effect June 10
meets in the basement of the capitol April 24, 1891
Jan. 13, 1874 Five constitutional amendments rati-
Old legislature adjourns. .June 7, 1874 fied at special election Aug. 11, 1S91
Constitution, framed by a convention Experiments in rain-making by explo-
which sat at Austin, Sept. 6 to Nov. 24, sives Aug. 18-26, 1891
1875, ratified by the people.. Feb. 17, 1876 Horace Chilton appointed, qualifies as
State Agricultural and Mechanical Col- United States Senator Dec. 7, 1891
lege of Texas at College Station, charter- A small force of United States ca^-alry
ed 1871, opened 1876 and infantry attack and break up the
Armed band of Mexican outlaws enter camp of Ca-tarino Garza, Mexican rero-
Rio Grande City, break open the jail, re- lutionist, at Retampal Springs
lease two ' notorious criminals, Esproneda Dec. 22. 1891
and Garza, and escape with them to Mex- Roger Q. Mills chosen United States
ico Aug. 12, 1877 Senator by the legislature, March 22,
Mob of Mexicans and Texan citizens of qualifies March 30, 1892
Mexican birth attack State troops at San A band of revolutionists under Garza
Elizario and six persons are killed cross the border, burn a Mexican barrack.
Dec. 13, 1877 and return to Texas Dec. 12. 1892
State capitol destroyed by fire Town of Cisco destroyed by a tornado;
Nov. 0, 1881 thirty killed April 29, 1893
University of Texas at Austin, charter- The Austin Dam completed . .May 2, 1893
ed 1881, opened 1883 [Colorado River Dam, near Austin. de-
Corner-stone of new capitol laid stroyed by a flood, with loss of fifty lires
March 2, 1885 and $3,000,000 in property.]
New State capitol dedicated Land Commissioner W. L. McGaughey
May 16, 1888 impeached, April 6; acquitted
State reformatory near Gatesville open- May 5, 1893
ed Jan. 1, 1889 Great reunion of Confederate veterans
Convention of delegates from fifteen at Houston May 22, 189.>
States and Territories assembles at To- Great floods; over 200 negroes drowned
peka, Kan., to devise means for securing July 4, 1899
a deep harbor on the coast of Texas Monument to the heroes of the Texas
Oct 1, 1880 Revolution of 1836, presented by Henry
Act passed designating Feb. 22 as Ar- Rosenberg, unveiled at Galveston
bor Day 1889 April 21, 1900
John T. Dickinson appointed secretary Monument erected by school-children of
of the National World's Columbian com- the State unveiled on the site where in-
mission June 27, 1890 dependence was proclaimed . .April 21, 1900
Congress appropriates $500,000 to im- Great tornado at Galveston, with loss
prove Galveston Harbor, and authorizes of 1,000 lives and $30,000,000 in property
the Secretary of War to contract for the Sept. 8, 1900
UTAH
Utah, a State of the United States, the Population, 1890, 207,905 ; 1900, 276,749.
forty-fifth in admission, is bounded on Capital, Salt Lake City,
the north by Idaho and Wyoming, east Franciscan friars Silvestre Velez de
by Wyoming and Colorado, south by Ari- Escalante and Francisco Atanasio Domin*
zona, and west by Nevada. Area, 84,970 guez, looking for a route from Santa Y^
square miles, lying between long. 109® to Monterey, Cal., reach Utah and Sevier
and 114° W., and north of lat. 37° N. lakes '. September, 1776
534
TTNITED STATES OF AHBBICA— TTTAH
Great Salt Lake discovered by James Armed Mormons compel Associate-
Bridger 1826 Judge W. W. Drummond, of the United
One hundred and twenty men, under States district court, who had become un-
William H. Ashley, come to Utah Lake popular, to adjourn his court sine die
from St. Louis through South Pass, and February, 1856
build Fort Ashley 1825 First " hand - cart " emigrants reach
Jedediah S. Smith and fifteen trappers Great Salt Lake on foot from Iowa
march from Great Salt Lake to Utah Sept. 26, 1856
Lake, and thence to San Gabriel Mission, Judge Drummond resigns
Cal., 1826; return to Utah 1827 March 30, 1857
J. Bartleson and twenty -seven emi- Army of Utah, sent by President Bu-
grants for California proceed from Soda chanan as a poaae comitatua to sustain the
Springs to Corrine and thence into Ne- governor, begins to assemble at Fort
vada August, 1841 Leavenworth June, 1857
Marcus Whitman and A. L. Lovejoy, Nauvoo Legion, organized in 1840, is re-
on their way from Oregon to the United organized in Utah July, 1867
States, pass through Utah 1842 Alfred Gumming appointed governor of
Col. John C. Fremont, with Kit Carson Utah July 11, 1857
and three others, explores Great Salt Lake Mountain Meadows massacre, about 30
in a rubber boat Sept. 8, 1843 miles southwest from Cedar City; Ar-
Brigham Young and 142 Mormons, in kansas emigrants — thirty families — are
search of a location for their new Zion, fired upon by Indians, Sept. 7; forming
arrive at the site of Salt Lake City a corral, after a siege of four days they
July 21, 1847 surrender to John D. Lee, who promises
Mormons to the number of 1,553, with protection, but all except seventeen chil-
580 wagons, leave Council Bluffs, July 4, dren under seven years of age are mas-
and reach Salt Lake September, 1847 sacred by Indians and Mormons
Utah included in the cession by Mexico Sept. 11, 1857
to the United States by the treaty of Brigham Young by proclamation for-
Guadalupe-Hidalgo Feb. 2, 1848 bids armed forces to enter Salt Lake City,
James Brown purchases the tract wbere directs the troops in the Territory to re-
Ogden now stands from Miles M. Good- pel such invasion, and declares martial
year, who held it by Spanish grant as law Sept. 15, 1857
early as 1841 June 6, 1848 Mormons under Maj. Lot Smith de-
Provisional government for the State stroy on the Green River and Big Sandy
of Deseret, with capital at Salt Lake City, three or more supply-trains destined for
formed by a convention which met at Salt the army of Utah Oct. 5-6, 1857
Lake City, March 4, and chose Brigham Army of Utah, under Col. Albert Sid-
Young governor, March 12. First General ney Johnston, is ordered to Fort Badger,
Assembly convenes July 2, 1849 and into winter-quarters at Camp Scott,
Perpetual Emigration Fund Company 2 or 3 miles from Fort Badger and
organized at Salt Lake Oct. 6, 1849 115 from Salt I^ke City. .November, 1857
City of Provo founded 1849 Governor Gumming at Camp Scott pro-
First number of the Deseret News pub- claims the Territory in rebellion
lished at Salt Lake City.... June 15, 1850 " Nov. 27, 1857
City of Ogden laid out.. August, 1850 Col. Thomas L. Kane arrives at Salt
Territory of Utah created by act of Lake City as a peacemaker, with creden-
Congress Sept. 9, 1850 tials from President Buchanan
Salt Lake City incorporated Feb. 25, 1858
January, 1851 Governor Gumming visits Salt Lake
Coal discovered on Coal Creek at Cedar City with Colonel Kane, leaving Camp
City May, 1851 Scott April 6, 1858
Capt. J. W. Gunnison massacred by the A constitution for the State of Des-
Pah-Utes while exploring Lake Sevier, eret, formed by a people*8 convention at
with five out of ten companions Salt Lake City in March, 1856, is tabled
Oct. 26, 1853 in the United States Senate. April 20, 1858
535
UNITED STATES OF AMEEIGA— UTAH
Proclamation by President Buchanan ows massacre, Sept. 11, 1857, is shot on
offering amnesty to Mormons who submit the site of it March 23, 1877
to federal authority, issued April 6, is Brigham Young dies Aug. 29, 1877
accepted by the Mormon leaders School districts formed and a tax levied
June 2, 1858 for school buildings 1880
Van of the army of Utah finds Salt Edmunds law against polygamy, amend-
Lake City deserted; 30,000 Mormons had ing law of 1862 March 22, 1882
moved southward June 26, 1858 Congress authorizes an industrial home
Governor Cumming resigns and leaves at Salt Lake City for women renouncing
Salt Lake City May, 1861 polygamy, and for their children 1886
Another convention meets, Jan. 20, fin- Edmunds-Tucker anti-polygamy law ap-
ishes a constitution for the State of Des^ proved March 3, 1887
eret, Jan. 23, ratified by the people Gentiles for the first time control a
March 3, 1862 municipal election in Salt Lake City
Act of Congress passed to punish and Feb. 10, 1890
prevent polygamy in the Territories New free-school law, a territorial bu-
July 1, 1862 reau of statistics established, and 8 per
Mormon apostates, known as Morris- cent, made the legal rate of interest by
ites, indicted for armed resistance to law, legislature at sesmon
when summoned to surrender by the sher- Jan. 13-March 13, 1890
iff resist for three days — June 13-16, Mormon Church renounces polygamy at
1S62 — ^until their leader, Joseph Morris, a general conference in Salt Lake City
and others are killed; tried before Judge Oct 6, 1890
Kinney, seven are convicted of murder in New school law making public schools
the second degree March, 1863 free 1890
Gov. James Duane Doty dies Methodist University at Ogden founded
June 13, 1865 1890
University of Deseret at Salt Lake Territorial reform school destroyed by
City, chartered 1850, organized fire June 24, 1891
March 8, 1869 First election under national party
Gov. J. Wilson Shaffer by proclamation lines; Mormon Republican and Democrat-
forbids the review of the Nauvoo Legion ic votes about equal Aug. 4, 1891
of 13,000 men Sept. 15, 1870 Irrigation convention at Salt Lake City
Vernon H. Vaughan succeeds Governor Sept. 15, 1891
Shaffer, who dies October, 1870 Cap-stone of temple in Salt Lake City
Zion's Co-operative Mercantile Institu- laid by President Woodruff. .April 6, 1892
tion incorporated Dec. 1, 1870 Congress abolishes the Utah commis-
Com panics of the Nauvoo Legion are sion of five, under act of March 22, 1882,
dispersed by federal authority and transfers their duties to the governor,
July 4, 1871 chief -justice, and secretary of Utah
Brigham Young, ordered to be tried for July 14, 1892
bigamy, escapes 1871 President issues a proclamation of ara-
Brigham Young surrenders for trial; nesty to Mormons liable to prosecution
proceedings annulled by the Supreme for polygamy Jan. 4, 1893
Court 1872 New temple at Salt Lake City, begim
Brigham Young resigns temporal power forty years before, dedicated: cost, $12.-
April 10, 1873 000,000 April 6. 1893
Brigham Young again indicted for po- Trans-Mississippi congress held in
lygamy October, 1874 Ogden April 24, 1893
Adjudged to support one of his wives Act permitting Utah to hold a consti-
while she sues for divorce, March; im- tutional convention and become a State,
prisoned in his own house for non-com- signed July 17, 1893
pliance, November; discharged Acting-Gov. Charles C. Richards issues
December, 1875 a proclamation, ordering an election of
John D. Lee, convicted of murder in delegates to the constitutional convention
the first degree for the Mountain Mead- Aug. 1, 1894
536
UNITED STATES OF AHEBICA— UTAH
President Grover Cleveland issues a The Utah batteries (A and B) sail for
proclamation granting pardon and re- Manila, Philippines June 15, 180^
storing civil rights to all persons who A company of Utah United States vol-
were disfranchised by the anti-polygamy unteer engineers leave Salt Lake City for
laws, excepting those who had not com- San Francisco en route to the Philippine
plied with the proclamation issued by Islands July 10, 1898
President Harrison in January, 1893 Battery C (Utah volunteers) is organ-
Sept. 27, 1894 ized and sworn into United States service
At the general election in Utah the July 14, 1898
Republicans elect Frank J. Cannon dele- Memorial services are held in honor
gate to Congress, also sixty of 107 dele- of the American sailors who lost their
gates to the constitutional convention lives by the explosion of the Maine
Nov. 6, 1894 , July 24, 1898
The board of education inaugurates President Wilford Woodruff, of the
compulsory education in Salt Lake City Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day
Jan. 10, 1895 Saints, dies Sept. 2, 1898
Utah's seventh constitutional conven- Lorenzo Snow chosen president of the
tion convenes in Salt Lake City Mormon Church Sept. 13, 1898
March 4, 1895 The legislature adjourns sine die with-
The constitutional convention (the out electing a United States Senator
seventh) adopts the woman-suffrage clause March 9, 1899
April 6, 1895 The Utah volunteers return from the
After adopting the constitution, the Philippine Islands Aug. 19, 1899
convention adjourns, after a session of Congressman B. H. Roberts, of Utah,
sixty-six days, sine die May 8, 1895 by a vote of 280 to 50, is excluded from
The Republicans elect Congressman the House of Representatives
Clarence E. Allen, a majority of the legis- Jan. 25, 1900
lature, and the entire State ticket The Mothers* Congress held at Salt
Nov. 5, 1895 Lake City April, 1900
President Grover Cleveland signs the A terrific explosion in the mines at
proclamation admitting Utah into the Scofield, Utah, does much damage to life
Union Jan. 4, 1890 and property May 1, 1900
The State officers are installed. George Monument to the pioneers of Utah un-
M. Cannon, president of the Senate, and veiled July 25, 1900
Presley Denney, speaker of the lower Salt Lake City library receives $100,000
House Jan. 6, 1896 for grounds and building from John Q.
The pioneer jubilee festivities. The Packard 1900
pioneer monument is dedicated and sur- The legislature passes an anti-compul-
viving pioneers are decorated with golden scry vaccination bill over the governor's
badges July 20, 1897 veto Feb. 21, I90I
The fiftieth anniversary of the entrance George Q. Cannon, first counsellor to
of the pioneers into Great Salt Lake Val- PreHidcnt Lorenzo Snow, and prominent
ley is celebrated July 24, 1897 in the history of the State, dies
The two batteries (A and B) of Utah's April 12, 1901
volunteer artillery are mustered into ser- Memorial services are held at Salt Lake
vice at Fort Douglas May 9, 1898 City in honor of President McKinley
A troop of volunteer cavalry, subse- Sept. 19, 1901
quently known as Troop I of the 2d President Lorenzo Snow, of the Church
United States Cavalry, is organized in of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, dies
Salt Lake City, with John Q. Cannon Oct. 10, 1901
captain...: May 15, 1898 The first presidency of the Church of
Willard Young, son of President Brig- Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is re-
ham Young, is appointed by President Mc- organized, w^ith Joseph F. Smith as presi-
Kinley colonel of the 2d Regiment of dent, and John R. Winder, first, and
United States volunteer engineers Anthon H. Lund, second counsellor
May 31, 1898 Oct. 17, 1901
537
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA— VEBMONT
VEBMOHT
Vermont, a New England State, is Lieutenant-Governor Golden proclaims
bounded on the north by the province of Vermont annexed to New York
Quebec, east by New Hampshire, south by April 10, 1765
Massachusetts, and west by New York First New York patent for lands in Ver-
and Lake Champlain. It lies between 42* mont, under Colden's proclamation, for
44' to 45*^ 43' N. lat., and 71° 38' to 73° 26,000 acres, called Princetown. in the
25' W. long. Area, 9,565 square miles, in valley of the Battenkill, between Arling-
fourteen counties. Population, 1890, 332,- ton and Dorset May 21, 1765
422; 1900, 343,641. Capital, Montpelier. Samuel Robinson, appointed by 1,000
Samuel de Champlain explores the lake settlers under the New Hampshire grants
bearing his name 1609 to present their petition to the King, sails
About 44,000 acres in southern Ver- from New York for England.. Dec. 25, 1766
niont, granted to the colony of Connecti- King George III. forbids New York,
cut, in 1715, as an equivalent for lands until authorized, to grant land in Ver-
granted by Massachusetts in Connecticut mont July 24, 1767
territory, transferred to William Dummer, Lieutenant-€rovemor Colden disregards
Anthony Stoddard, William Brattle, and the order, and between September, 1769,
John White 1716 and October, 1770, grants 600,000 acres
Fort Dummer built by the colony of 1769-70
Massachusetts on the Connecticut River New-Yorkers, claiming the farm of
at Brattleboro 1724 James Breakenridge in the township of
French settle at Chinmey Point, Addi- Bennington (part of the Walloomsae
son township, Vt 1730 grant of 1739), send commissioners and
Township Number One, now West- surveyors who are dispersed by friends
min.ster, laid out between the great falls of Breakenridge Oct. 19, 1769
and the land grant of 1716, by the General Ejectment suits for lands claimed by
Court of Massachusetts Nov. 19, 1736 New York at Albany are decided against
Grant of Walloomsae, 1,200 acres most- settlers under New Hampshire grants
ly in New York, but extending into the June, 1770
township of Bennington 1739 Sheriff Ten Eyck, with a posse of about
Governor Wentworth, of New Hamp- 300 citizens of Albany, attempts to take
shire, makes a grant of Bennington ... 1749 Br eaken ridge's farm for New York claim-
Bennington settled 1761 ants, but are driven off by armed settlers
Proclamation by Lieutenant-Governor July 19, 1771
Colden, of New York, claiming the terri- Organization of the " Green Mountain
tory west of the Connecticut, now Ver- Boys " under command of Col. Ethan
mont, imder grants from Charles II. to Allen, for opposing "the Yorkers". .1771
the Duke of York, and ordering the sheriff Jehiel Hawley and James Breakenridge
to return the names of those who had appointed by deputies of Bennington at
settled on it under titles from New Hamp- Manchester, Oct. 21, to petition the King
shire Dec. 28, 1763 to confirm their grants from New Hamp-
[This claim was not settled until 1790.] shire Oct. 21, 1772
Northern boundary of Vermont fixed Green Mountain Boys visit Durham
at lat. 45° N 1763 (Clarendon) twice, armed and with
Governor Wentworth, after granting threats, to compel the inhabitants to ac-
about 130 townships west of the Con- knowledge the New Hampshire title
necticut, proclaims the claims of New October-November, 1773
Y'ork obsolete, and jurisdiction belongs Grovemor Tryon, of New York, by proc-
to New Hampshire March 13, 1764 lamation, commands Ethan Allen, Seth
New York appeals to the King, who de- Warner, Remember Baker, Robert Coch-
cides the Connecticut River to be the east- ran, Peleg Sunderland, Silvanus Brown,
ern boundary of New York.. .July 20, 1764 James Breakenridge, and John Smith
538
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— VEBMONT
to surrender within thirty days, offering Legislature at Windsor divides the
il50 for capture of Allen, and £50 each State into two counties: one east of the
for capture of the others — March 9, 1774 Green Mountains, called Cumberland, and
Convention at Manchester resolves that another west, called Bennington
whoever takes a commission of the peace March 12, 1778
from New York will be deemed an enemy Stockade fort and block-house erected
to his country and the common cause at Rutland April, 1778
April 12-13, 1774 Col. Ethan Allen, prisoner of the
Benjamin Hough, an inhabitant of New British since 1775, exchanged, is welcomed
Hampshire Grants, favoring New York, to Bennington by a salute of fourteen guns,
procures a commission as justice of the " one for young Vermont ". ..May 31, 1778
peace. He is found guilty of violating the Convention of towns on both sides of
resolution of April, 1774, publicly whipped, the Connecticut River, including eight
and sent to New York Jan. 30, 1775 from Vermont, at Cornish, N. H., proposes
People, to resist the holding of court to form a State, with capital on the
under royal authority at Westminster ap- Connecticut Dec. 9, 1778
pointed for March 14, 1775, assemble at Assembly of Vermont declares the union
the court-house, March 13. A guard left of 1778, with the sixteen towns east of the
during the night is fired upon by Sheriff Connecticut, null and void... Feb. 12, 1779
Patterson and his posse a little before Legislature of New York refers to Con-
midnight, wounding ten, two mortally, press to determine equitably the contro-
and seven are taken prisoners. In the versy between New York and Vermont
morning, court is opened, but the judge Oct. 21, 1779
and officers are imprisoned at Northamp- Town of Royalton attacked by 300 Ind-
ton by the mob March 14, 1775 ians from Canada; many buildings bum-
Ethan Allen, with eighty-three men, ed Oct. 16, 1780
captures Fort Ticonderoga . . May 10, 1775 Massachusetts assents to the indepen-
Ethan Allen and thirty-eight men, dence of Vermont March, 1781
captured in an attack on Montreal, sent Towns east of the Connecticut annexed
in irons to England Sept. 25, 1775 to Vermont at their request. . .April, 1781
Convention of the New Hampshire Col. Ira Allen, commissioner to ex-
^ants at Dorset; fifty-six delegates from change prisoners with the British, reaches
thirty-three towns, to form a separate lie aux Noix, a few miles north of the Ca-
State Sept. 25, 1770 nadian line, about May 8, and spends
Convention at Westminster declares seventeen days in conference; a union of
Vermont " a separate, free, and inde- Vermont with the British is proposed, un-
pendent jurisdiction or State, as ' New Aer instructions from General Haldimand,
Connecticut,' " Jan. 17, 1777 by encouraging which Allen effects an ex-
Convention at Windsor names the State change of prisoners and cessation of hos-
Vermont, adopts a constitution, and ap- tilities on the border May, 1781
points a provisional council of safety for Jonas Fay, Ira Allen, and Bazaleel
the State July 2-8, 1777 Woodward sent by the legislature to rep-
British troops under Generals Eraser resent the cause of Vermont to the Con-
and Riedesel disperse the rear guard of St. tinental Congress June 22, 1781
Clair's army under Colonels Francis and First newspaper in Vermont, the Ver-
Warner at Hubbardton July 7, 1777 mont Gazette^ or Green Mountain Post-
Council of Vermont appoints " com- hoy, printed at Westminster by Judah
missioners of sequestration" to seize the Paddock Spooner and Timothy Green
property of " all persons in the State who 1781
had repaired to the enemy " . .July 28, 1777 Congress resolves that an indispensable
Battle of Bennington; General Bur- preliminary to the admission of Vermont
goyne sends about 1,000 German troops as a State should be the relinquishing of
under Colonels Baume and Breyman to territory east of the Connecticut and west
fieize provisions at Bennington; they are of the present New York State line, Aug.
routed by Americans under General Stark 20, 1781 : the legislature dissolves its
Aug. 16, 1777 eastern and western unions. .Feb. 22, 1782
539
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— VEBHONT
Residents of Brattleboro, Guilford, agricultural school at Burlington, char-
and Halifax, in a petition prepared by tered 1791, opened 1800
Charles Phelps to Governor Clinton, of Steamboat The Vermont launched at
New York, complain of the Vermont gov- Burlington by John and James Winans
ernment, and ask New York to assume 1809
jurisdiction over Windham county Flag-ship Saratoga, of twenty-six guns,
April 30, 1782 and several small vessels, built upon
Governor Chittenden commissions Gen. Otter Creek during the winter of 1813-
Ethan Allen, Sept. 2, to raise 250 volun- 14, under Thomas Macdonough, engage
teers, and march into Windham county in the battle of Plattsburg and Lake
as a posse comitatus to enforce Vermont Champlain; Americans victorious
la^^s. This force, doubled by volunteers Sept. 11, 1814
from Windham county, arrests some President James Monroe makes a tour
twenty leaders of the rebellion, Charles through Vermont 1817
Phelps escaping, Sept. 10; these leaders Norwich University founded at Norwich
are tried at Westminster and banished 1819
from the State Sept. 11, 1782 Resolutions of the Vermont legislature
First school law; towns are empowered presented in the United States Senate,
to form school districts and to elect declaring slavery a moral and political
trustees Oct. 22, 1782 evil, and that Congress has the right to
legislature establishes post-offices and prohibit its extension Dee. 9, 1820
a postmaster-general ; " the rates of post- General Lafayette lays the comer-etone
age to be the same as in the United of the new university building at Bur-
States *' 1784 lington, to replace that destroyed by fire
Grant to Reuben Harmon, Jr., of in 1824 June 29, 1825
Rupert, of the exclusive privilege of coin- Act for the establishment of common
ing copper for a limited period ...... 1785 schools 1827
As provided by State constitution, the Anti-masonic governor, William A.
first council of censors meets and sug- Palmer, elected 1831
gests changes in the constitution, and House of Representatives divided into a
calls a convention 1785 Senate and General Assembly 1835
Constitution framed by a convention, Vermont asylum for the insane at Brat-
July 4, 1786, is adopted by the legislature tleboro, incorporated November, 1834, is
and declared March, 1787 opened December, 183ft
Ethan Allen, born at Litchfield, Conn., Legislature adopts anti-slavery resolu-
Jan. 10, 1737, dies at Burlington tions 1837
Feb. 12, 1789 State capitol at Montpelier completed
New York consents to the admission of 1837
Vermont into the Union, renouncing her Small band of Vermont patriots, or-
claims for $30,000, and the legislature of ganized on the Canada side of the Ver-
Vermont ratifies the agreement mont line to invade the province, threat-
Oct. 28, 1790 ened by 1,600 or 1,700 Canadian troops^
Vermont adopts the Constitution of the decide to return to Vermont, but are oom-
United States without amendments pelled to surrender by General Wool
Jan. 10, 1791 " December, 1838
Vermont admitted by act of Congress Marble first quarried at Rutland. .1844
of Feb. 18, to take effect March 4, 1791 License law passed 1844
Constitutional convention meets at School fund abolished to pay the State
Windsor, July 4 ; completes its labors debt 184.5
July 9, 1793 First slate quarry in the State opened at
Constitution of 1793 adopted by the Fairhaven 1845
legislature Nov. 2, 1796 Act providing State superintendent of
Gov. Thomas Chittenden resigns on ac- common schools, with town superin-
count of failing health (1797), and dies tcndents and district committees
at Williston Aug. 25, 1797 . Nov. 6, 1845
University of Vermont and State Local option law passed 184G
540
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— VIBOINIA
Two braes field-pieces, captured at Ben- Board of education abolished and the
nington, given to Vermont by Congress office of State superintendent of education
July 10, 1848 created 1874
Jacob Collamer appointed Postmaster- State reform school at Waterbury de-
General March 8, 1849 stroyed by fire Feb. 12, 1874
Railroad jubilee at Burlington, cele- Celebration at Bennington of one-hun-
brating the union of the lakes and the dredth anniversary of the battle of Ben-
Atlantic by railroad through Vermont nington Aug. 15-16, 1877
June 25, 1850 Revision of State laws of Vermont un-
Vermont State Teachers' Association der act of 1878 completed 1880
organized 1850 Manufacture and sale of intoxicating
Maine prohibition law passed liquors prohibited 1882
Dec. 20, 1852 State soldiers' home located at Ren-
State board of education established. 1856 nington Feb. 5, 1887
Capitol at Montpelier burned One hundred thousand dollars appro-
Jan. 6, 1857 priated for a State insane asylum at
Personal liberty bill, " to secure free- Waterbury 1888
dom to all persons within the State," State board of trade organized 1888
passed Nov. 25, 1858 Redfield Proctor appointed Secretary of
Under the call of President Lincoln War. March 5, 1889
and Governor Fairbanks, April 15, the Australian ballot law passed at session
first Vermont regiment reaches New York Oct. 1-Nov. 25, 1890
City May 10, 1861 George F. Edmunds resigns from the
Personal liberty bill of 1868 repealed United States Senate, to take effect Nov. 1
as inconsistent with the Constitution of April 6, 1891
the United States 1861 Ex-Gov. Paul Dillingham dies at Water-
Southern refugees in Canada, under bury July 26, 1891
Lieut. Bennett H. Young, rob the banks Celebration of centennial of admission
of St. Albans, escaping into Canada with of Vermont into the Union and dedication
over $200,000 Oct. 19, 1864 of the battle monument (308 feet high)
Norwich University removed to North- at Bennington Aug. 19, 1891
field 1866 Legislature called in special session con-
Vermont ratifies the Fourteenth Amend- cerning direct-tax money refunded by Con-
ment Nov. 9, 1866 gress Aug. 26, 1891
Vermont ratifies the Fifteenth Amend- Ex-Gov. John Gregory Smith dies at
ment Oct. 21, 1869 St. Albans Nov. 6, 1891
Gov. P. J. Washburn dies; Lieut.-Gov. Redfield Proctor appointed United
W. Hendee succeeds Feb. 7, 1870 States Senator, Aug. 25; qualifies
Five hundred Fenians, marshalled and Dec. 7, 1891
armed at Fairfield, invade Canada and Redfield Proctor elected United States
are driven back by Canadian militia Senator Oct. 19, 1892
May, 1870 Justin S. Morrill dies at Washington,
State constitution amended: council of D. C Dec. 28, 1898
<*en8ors abolished; legislative sessions and Merchants' National Bank, Rutland,
State elections made biennial 1871 failed March 26, 1900
VIBOINIA
Virginia, one of the thirteen original Ocean, and on the south by North Carolina
States of the United States, lies between and Tennessee. It is 425 miles in length
lat. 36** 30' and 39** 40' N., and long. 75** east and west and 205 miles in breadth
^5' and 83® 34' W. It is bounded on north and south. Area, 40,125 square
the north and west by Kentucky and West miles in 100 counties. Population in
Virginia, on the north and east by Mary- 1890, 1,655,980; 1900, 1,854,154. Capital,
land, Chesapeake Bay, and the Atlantic Richmond.
541
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— VIEGINIA
Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon*s supposed John White returns to Roanoke
entry of the James River 1527 Aug. 9, 1590
Capt. Philip Amidas and Arthur Barlow [He found the settlement deserted. Its
leave the Thames in two small vessels fate is conjectural.]
fitted out by Sir Walter Raleigh James I. of England grants the London
April 27| 1584 company, including Sir Thomas Gates, Sir
They enter Ocracock Inlet and land on George Somers, Richard Hakluyt, and
the island of Wocoken in Albemarle Sound Edward M. Wingfield the exclusive right
July 13, 1584 to occupy the land from lat 34** to 38** N.
After exploring Albemarle and Pamlico April 10, 1606
sounds and the island of Roanoke, they Three vessels — Susan Constant, of 100
take two natives, Manteo and Wauchese, tons, Capt. Christopher Newport; Oood-
to England September, 1584 speed, of forty tons, Capt. Bartholomew
[This country lying between 34** and Gosnold; and Discovery, twenty tons,
45** of N. lat.. called Virginia, in honor Capt. John Ratcliffe — with 105 emigrants,,
of Queen Elizabeth.] sail from the Downs, England, destined
Sir Walter Raleigh despatches seven for Virginia Dec. 19, 1606
vessels from Plymouth under Sir Richard They enter Chesapeake Bay, naming the
Grenville to plant settlements in the ter- capes at its entrance Charles and Henry,
ritory April 9, 1585 after the sons of King James
Grenville lands on the island of Woco- April 26, 1607
ken July 26, 1585 They enter the James River and land at
Leaving 108 men under Ralph Lane as a place they name Jamestown. May 13, 1607
colonists, Grenville returns to England Edward lyf. Wingfield chosen president
Aug. 25, 1585 1607
Sir Francis Drake, with twenty-three Cliristopher Newport sails to England
ships, anchors outside of Roanoke Inlet for provisions and more settlers
June 10, 1586 June 15, 1607
Drake sails for England with all Bartholomew Gosnold, the projector of
the colonists, who had become very de- the settlement, dies and is buried at
spondent, thus ending the first settle- Jamestown Aug. 22. 1607
raent of the English in America Before autumn fifty more die; Wingfield
June 19, 1586 is deposed and John Ratcliffe chosen presi-
Another ship of 100 tons, sent by Sir dent, whose incompetence gives the con-
Walter Raleigh at his own expense with trol to Capt. John Smith during the
supplies, arrives at Roanoke a few days autumn of 1607
later; finding the colonists gone, she re- Capt. John Smith, in exploring the
turns to England June, 1586 Chickahominy, is attacked by Indians and
Sir Richard Grenville, with three ships, captured; his companions killed
visits Roanoke about fifteen days after December, 1607
the departure* of Drake and leaves fifteen Condemned to death by Powhatan, he is
men plentifully supplied for two years to saved by his daughter Pocahontas
keep the land 1586 December, 1607
New colony of 150, sent by Sir Walter Captain Newport returns with supplies
Raleigh in charge of John White, leaves and 120 immigrants Jan. 8, 1608
Plymouth May 26, 1587 Newport returns to England with a
They reach Roanoke to find that the shipload of worthless earth, supposed to'
men left by Grenville have been murdered contain gold April 10, 1608
by Indians July 22, 1587 Capt. John Smith explores the region of
Eleanor Dare gives birth to the first the Chesapeake Bay, nearly 3,000 square
English child on American soil (named miles, as far north as Wyoming Valley
Virginia Dare) Aug. 18, 1587 July 24, 1608
John White returns to England at re- Newport arrives with supplies and
quest of colonists for supplies, leaving be- about seventy immigrants, among them
hind eighty-nine men, seventeen women, two women, the first in this colony
and two children Aug. 27 1587 September, 1608
542
SCENE ON A COLONIAL PLANTATION
UKITED STATES OF AKEBICA— VIBGINIA
Smith returns to Jamestown the soil; the company granting fifty acres
Sept. 7, 1608 to every freeman in fee-simple 1615
He is made president of the council Sir Thomas Dale embarks with John
Sept. 10, 1608 Kolfe and his wife Pocahontas, reaching
Smith compels the colonists to labor Plymouth June 12, 1616
six hours each day 1608-9 [Pocahontas soon after presented at the
New charter granted the London Com- Court of James.]
pany under the title of " Adventurers and Pocahontas dies at Gravesend, Kent,
Planters of the City of London/' with am- when about to embark for Virginia, aged
pie privileges May 23, 1609 twenty-two, leaving one child
Nine vessels, with more than 500 emi- March 21, 1617
grants, many swine, and a few horses, Capt. Samuel Argall returns to Vir*
sail from England for Virginia ginia as deputy-governor with 100 set-
June 12, 1609 tiers, and John Rolfe as secretary
Capt. John Smith, disabled by an explo- May 15, 1617
sion of gunpowder, embarks for England First seal (colonial) of Virginia. .1617
about Sept. 29, 1609 Lord Delaware embarks in the Neptune
Colony reduced from 490 to sixty in with 200 settlers and supplies; he dies on
six months 1609-10 the passage April 18, 1618
[This is known in Virginia history as Powhatan dies •. 1618
'•'the starving time."] Deputy-Governor Argall, convicted of
Sir Thomas Gates and the passengers malfeasance and oppressive exaction, es-
wrecked on the Bermudas construct two capes April 9, 1619
vessels and reach Jamestown Sir George Yeardley succeeds Lord Del-
May 24, 1610 aware as governor, and arrives at James-
Tn their destitution the whole colony town April 19, 1619
leave Jamestown for Newfoundland in First representative legislative assem-
their few small vessels; near the mouth of bly ever held in America meets at James-
the river they meet a boat of Lord Dela- town July 30, 1619
ware's, whose ships had just arrived with Dutch man-of-war sells colonists at
more colonists and supplies, and together Jamestown twenty negroes. .August, 1619
they return to Jamestown .. June 8, 1610 [This is the epoch of the introduction
Lord Delaware the first executive of of negro slavery in the English colonies.]
Virginia called governor; owing to ill- Earl of Southampton, the early patron
health he embarks for England of Shakespeare, elected treasurer of the
March 28, 1611 London Company June 28, 1620
Sir Thomas Dale reaches Jamestown Population estimated at 4,000, and 40,-
from England with three vessels and 000 pounds -of tobacco shipped to England
ample supplies, and assumes the govern- 1620
ment May 12, 1611 England claims a monopoly of trade of
Sir Thomas Gates, with his wife and her plantations.. October, 1621
daughters, bringing in six ships 300 set- London Company begins to ship re-
tlers, 100 cows and other cattle, and an spectable young women to supply the
abundant supply of provisions, arrives at colonists with wives 1621
Jamestown early in August, 1611 [They were sold for 120 lbs. of tobac-
Third charter granted transfers the con- co each, or the cost of bringing them
trol from the council or the King to the over.]
London Company March 12, 1612 Sir Francis Wyatt chosen governor, and
Capt. Samuel Argall, in a foraging ex- with nine ships, with emigrants and sup-
pedition, entices Pocahontas, daughter of plies, reaches Virginia October, 1621
Powhatan, on his vessel and takes her to Cotton-seed planted as an experiment
Jamestown 1612 for the first time 1021
Marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe Indians rise and massacre the whites at
by the Rev. Alexander Whitaker at James- nearly all the plantations, extending 140
town April 5, 1613 miles on both sides of the river; only
First establishment of fixed property in Jamestown and the nearest settlements
543
UNITED STATES OF AKEBICA— VIBGINIA
saved, a converted Indian revealing the sachem of the Powhatans, massacre 300
plot March 22, 1622 colonists April 18, 1644
Dissensions arising in the Virginia Indians are quickly overcome, and the
Company, King James appoints commis- aged Opechancanough is captured and
sioners to investigate it, who advise a dis- dies in prison 1644
solution May, 1623 Governor Berkeley sails for England,
Charter annulled by the King's Bench and leaves Richard Kemp as deputy
June 16, 1624 June, 1644
Sir Francis Wyatt succeeded by Sir Virginia in sympathy with the Cava-
Ceorge Yeardley as governor. .May, 1626 Hers of England. Population consists of
Governor Yeardley dies . . Nov. 14, 1627 20,000 whites and 300 negroes ; average
Council elects Francis West, a younger yearly export of tobacco, 1,500,000 lbs.
brother of Lord Delaware, governor 1648
Nov. 15, 1627 Dissenters having increased to 118, en-
Governor West goes to England, Dr. counter all the rigor of colonial authority,
John Potts succeeds March 5, 1628 and are suppressed by imprisonment and
Population, 5,000 1629 banishment 1048
George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, ar- Virginians continue their allegiance to
rives in Virginia in the autumn of. .1629 Charles II. after the execution of Charles
Ministers of the gospel are ordered I Jan. 30, 1549
to conform in all things to the canons Three hundred and thirty adherents of
of the Church of England 1629-30 Charles I. come to Virginia near the close
Governor Potts superseded as governor of 1649
by Sir John Harvey March, 1630 Governor Berkeley sends Col. Henry
Trouble with Maryland as to land titles Norwood to Breda to invite Charles II. to
1632-44 Virginia 1650
Virginia divided into eight counties or King Charles II. sends a new oommis-
shires, viz., Elizabeth City, Warwick, sion to Berkeley as governor, dated
James City, Charles City, Henrico, Isle of June 3, 1650
Wight, York, and Accomac 1634 Capt. Robert Dennis, one of the oommis-
William Clayborne, a Virginian con- sioners of the commonwealth to reduce
testant, sent to England by Governor Virginia, arrives at Jamestown
Harvey to answer for attempting to March, 1652
establish his claim against Maryland Colony surrenders March 12, 1652
1635 Provisional government organized.
Governor Harvey deposed by the Vir- Richard Bennett governor .. April 30, 1652
ginia Assembly, and commissioners ap- Richard Bennett succeeded by Edward
pointed to impeach him in England. He Digges as governor 1655
accompanies the commission 1635 Col. Edward Hill attacks the Indians
John West acting governor during the at the falls of James River and is re-
absence of Governor Harvey 1635-36 pulsed with loss 1656
Harvey, reinstated by Charles, returns Samuel Matthews succeeds Edward
1637 Digges as governor 1657
Sir Francis Wyatt succeeds Harvey as Governor Matthews dies .. January, 1659
governor November, 1639 Sir William Berkeley elected governor
Sir William Berkeley appointed gov- March 23, 1660
ernor, and arrives in Virginia Charles II. monarchy re-established in
February, 1642 England May 29, 1660
Massachusetts sends three clergymen to New commission as governor trans-
Virginia at the request of Puritans there mitted to Berkeley by Charles II.
1642 July 31, 1660
Virginia Assembly enacts that all minis- Governor Berkeley goes to England to
ters in the colony shall conform to the defend the colony against the navigation
order and constitution of the Church of act April 30, 1661
England or depart 1643 Col. Francis Morrison acUng govonor
Indians, incited by Opechancanough. 1661-62
544
UNITED STATES OF AKEBICA— VIBGINIA
Quakers and other separatists perse- Gathering some vessels and about 1,000
cuted by fines and banishment 1662 men, the governor returns to Jamestown
Virginia assigned for thirty-one years Sept. 7, 1676
to Lords Arlington and Culpeper by Bacon marches to Jamestown and drives
Charles II., at the yearly rental of forty out the governor and his followers
shillings 1673 Sept. 18, 1676
Colonists become dissatisfied with their He burns Jamestown Sept. 19, 1676
oppressive and unequal taxes. .. .1674-75 Governor Berkeley retires again to Ac-
Susquehanna Indians, driven trom the comae, while Bacon suddenly sickens of a
head of the Chesapeake, commence depre- malignant fever, a result of exposure and
dations on the colonists 1675 anxiety, and dies Oct. 28, 1676
These Indians are attacked in their fort. News of this rebellion in England pre-
near the present site of Washington, by vents the issue of the promised liberal
1,000 men from Virginia and Maryland, charter, just ready to pass the seals
uoder Col. John Washington, great-grand- October, 1676
father of George Washington 1675 Three commissioners despatched to Vir-
Six Indian chiefs, sent out of the fort ginia and one regiment of soldiers arrive
for a parley, are killed 1675 Feb. 29, 1677
Indians escape from the fort and spread Governor Berkeley, being recalled by
dismay and havoc upon the plantations the King, sails for England. April 27, 1677
along the James and Rappahannock. 1675 Governor Berkeley succeeded by Sir
Assembly meets and declares war Herbert JefTreys, who dies
against them. Five hundred men gathered December, 1678
under Sir Henry Chicheley. . .March, 1676 William Byrd builds a mill and trading-
When about to march. Governor Berke- house upon the present site of Richmond,
ley orders the force disbanded 1676 the place known as ''Byrd's Warehouse"
Alarmed colonists choose Nathaniel 1679
Bacon (bom in Suffolk, England) as their Sir Henry Chicheley governor until
leader; he, failing to procure a commis- May 10, 1680
sion from the governor, marches against [Succeeded by Lord Culpeper.]
the Indians without one and defeats them John Buckner brings a printing-press to
May, 1676 Virginia and prints the session laws, but
Grovemor Berkeley proclaims Bacon a is obliged to give bonds to print nothing
rebel May 29, 1676 more till the King's pleasure be known ;
Bacon elected a member of the new As- all printing forbidden in the colony. .1682
sembly 1676 Lord Culpeper succeeded by Lord
He is captured on his way to James- Howard, of Effingham 1684
town, tried before the governor and coun- Governor Effingham visits Governor
oil, and released on parole. .. .June, 1676 Dongan, of New York, and at Albany
Bacon before the Assembly asks the concludes a treaty with the Iroquois
governor for pardon, which is granted chiefs July, 1684
June 5, 1676 Many persons engaged in the rebellion
Bacon leaves Jamestown .... June, 1676 of the Duke of Monmouth transported to
He returns with 600 men and again de- Virginia 1685
mands a commission against the Indians. Governor Effingham embarks for Eng-
He is made commander-in-chief and au- land, and the Assembly sends Colonel
thorized by the Assembly to raise 1,000 Ludwell to lay the grievances of the colony
men, and this is ratified by the governor before the English government 1688
June, 1676 Huguenots of France first come to Vir-
Bacon, while engaged in a successful ginia 1690
campaign against the Indians, is again Francis Nicholson, formerly governor of
proclaimed a rebel and a traitor by Gov- New York, appointed governor of Vir-
ernor Berkeley July 29, 1676 ginia June 3, 1690
Governor, unable to resist Bacon, is First Assembly under William and
compelled to retreat to Accomac Mary at Jamestown April, 1691
August, 1676 Rev. James Blair obtains from William
IX. — 2 M 545
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— VUUJINIA
and Mary a charter for William and Mary through him Benjamin Franklin is ap-
College at Williamsburg. .February, 1692 pointed postmaster of Pennsylvania. . 1730
Sir Edmund Andros, formerly governor First settler in the Shenandoah Valley,
of New York and New England, succeeds Joist Kite, who takes up 40,000 acres and
Nicholson as governor of Virginia enters upon possession with a party from
February, 1692 Pennsylvania 1732
Francis Nicholson again governor of Richard Henry Lee, bom at Stratford,
Virginia November, 1698 on the Potomac Jan. 20, 1732
Williamsburg settled 1699 George Washington, born at Westmore-
First commencement at William and land county Feb. 22, 1732
Mary College 1700 Patrick Henry, born at Studley, Han-
Williamsburg made the capital 1700 over county May 29, 1736
Edward Nott appointed lieutenant-gov- First newspaper in Virginia, the Vir-
ernor Aug. 13, 1704 ginia Ga^sette, published by William
Governor Nicholson recalled 1705 Parks, appears at Williamsburg
George Hamilton, Earl of Orkney, ap- August, 1736
pointed governor of Virginia 1705 Richmond settled by William Byrd
[From this time the office became a pen- 1739
sionary sinecure, the governor residing Virginia raises a regiment to assist in
in England, and out of a salary of £2,000 the reduction of Carthagena, West Indies,
paid his deputy, the actual governor, Lawrence W*ashington, half-brother of
£800.] George Washington, is a captain in it.
Affairs of the colony managed by the embarking 1740
council, Edward Jennings president Mount Vernon, named by Lawrence
1705-10 Washington after Admiral Vernon, who
Edward Nott dies in office commanded the fleet against Carthagena
August, 1706 1740
Robert Hunter appointed lieutenant- George Whitefield comes to Virginia
governor, but is captured on the voyage • 1740
by the French 1708 Richmond incorporated 1742
Col. Alexander Spotswood arrives in Augustine Washington, father of Gteorge
Virginia as lieutenant-governor Washington, dies April, 1743
June, 1710 Thomas Jefferson born in Albemarle
Governor Spotswood explores the coun- county April 2, 1743
try west as far as the Shenandoah Valley, Dr. Thomas Walker, of the council of
crossing the Blue Ridge; the expedition Virginia, crosses and names the Cumber-
occupies six weeks land Mountains 1747
August-September, 1716 Harper's Ferry, named after Robert
Governor Spotswood sends Lieutenant Harper, an English millwright, who ob-
Maynard of the British navy with two tains a grant of it from Lord Fairfax
small vessels into Pamlico Bay in pursuit 1748
of the pirate John Teach, or " Black- Thomas Lee, of the council, proposes to
beard " Nov. 21, 1718 form the Ohio Company, consisting of him-
[Maynard sailed back with the head of self and twelve others, among them Law-
the pirate chief as a trophy. Thirteen rence and Augustine Washington 1748
captured pirates hanged at Williamsburg.] They obtain a grant of 600,000 acres
Governor Spotswood effects a treaty west of the mountains and south of the
with the Iroquois 1722 Ohio River between the Monongahela and
Governor Spotswood succeeded by Hugh the Kanawha March, 1749
Drysdale 1722 William Gooch, governor of Virginia for
Governor Drysdale succeeded by Will- twenty-two years, retires to England
iam Gooch 1727 August, 1749
Boundary established between Virginia Christopher Gist is sent to explore the
and North Carolina 1728 Ohio country as far as the falls of the
Alexander Spotswood appointed deputy Ohio by the Ohio Company 1750-51
postmaster-general of the colony, and John Robinson, president of the council,
546
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— VUUJINIA
acting governor, dying, is succeeded first Consternation on the western frontier
by Thomas Lee, then by Lewis Burwell of Virginia in consequence of Braddock's
1750-61 defeat 1754
Robert Dinwiddie appointed lieutenant- Virginia Assembly votes £40,000 for the
governor, and arrives in Virginia early in public service; calls out 1,500 men for
1752 active duty, and appoints Washington
By treaty the western Indians at Logs- commander-in-chief August, 1754
town, a trading-post about 17 miles north- Assembly allows Washington £300 as a
west from Pittsburg, agree not to molest compensation for his losses at the battle
any settlement on the south side of the of Monongahela August, 1754
Ohio June 13, 1752 Washington visits Governor Shirley at
Governor Dinwiddie sends Washington Boston to deliver to him a memorial from
(then twenty-one years old) as a com- the officers of the Virginia regiment ask-
missioner to investigate the proceedings ing King's commissions, and also to ac*
of the French on the Ohio; Washington quaint himself with the governor's mili-
leaves Williamsburg with a few attend- tary plans February-March, 1756
ants Oct. 30, 1753 Winchester, incorporated 1752, the only
Christopher Gist meets Washington at settlement not deserted west of the Blue
Cumberland and accompanies him Ridge 1756
Nov. 14, 1753 dov. Robert Dinwiddie retires
They arrive at Logstown. .Nov. 24, 1753 January, 1768
They reach Fort Le Bceuf on French [John Blair, president of the council.
Creek, Pa., about 15 miles south of Lake acting governor.]
Erie Dec. 11, 1753 Francis Fauquier, appointed governor,
Deliver Govemojr Dinwiddie's letter to arrives June 7, 1758
St. Pierre, commandant at Le Bceuf, re- Gen. John Forbes's expedition against
ceive a written reply, and return Fort Duquesne July, 1758
Dec. 16, 1753 Washington commands a regiment, and
Reach Williamsburg in eleven weeks, from it garrisons Fort Pitt, then con-
after a journey of 1,500 miles through an sidered within the jurisdiction of Vir-
almost trackless wilderness. .Jan. 16,1754 ginia. He marches back to Winchester
[The answer of the French was evasive and takes his seat in the Assembly, re-
and unsatisfactory.] signing his commission after more than
Assembly vote £10,000 for an expedi- five years' continuous service
tion to protect the Ohio Company in set- December, 1758
tling the territory on the Ohio and build- He marries Martha, widow of John
ing fortifications February, 1754 Parke Custis Jan. 6, 1759
Gen. Edward Braddock arrives in Vir- Patrick Henry's speech in the " Par-
ginia as commander-in-chief of all the sons' case " Dec. 1, 1763
forces in America February, 1754 Stamp Act approved by the King
Washington, with two companies, sent March 22, 1765
by Governor Dinwiddie to the Great Patrick Henry introduces in the Vir-
Meadows April, 1754 ginia Assembly five resolutions against
Washington attacks a small party of the Stamp Act May 30, 1765
French near the Great Meadows Virginia prevented by Governor Fau-
May 28, 1754 quier from sending delegates to the con-
General Braddock starts from Fort gress in New York to oppose the Stamp
Cumberland for Fort Duquesne with Act October, 1765
2,160 men June 7-8-10, 1754 George Mercer appointed distributer of
Washington surrenders Fort Necessity, stamps, but not permitted to serve
a rude stockade at the Great Meadows, to October, 1765
the French after a spirited defence, and Repeal of the Stamp Act. . .March, 1766
with military honors leads out its garri- Governor Fauquier dies 1768
son July 3, 1754 Norborne Berkeley, Baron de Boute-
Fort Cumberland, about 55 miles north- tourt, arrives in Virginia as governor
west of Winchester, built 1754 November, 1768
547
TTKITED STATES OF AMEBICA— VIBGINIA
Gtovemor Boutetourt dies Patrick Henry elected governor of Vir-
October, 1770 ginia ' June, 177G
[William Nelson, president of the coun- State constitution adopted, and colonial
cil, acting governor.] government ceases in Virginia
John Murray, Earl of Dunmore, gov- June 29, 1776
einor, arrives at Williamsburg 1772 Kentucky made a county of Virginia
Virginia House of Assembly appoints a 1776
" committee of correspondence," and Henry Clay bom in '* The Slashes."
recommends similar appointments to the Hanover county April 12, 1777
other colonies to promote union Maj. Greorge Rogers Clarke sent by Gov-
March, 1773 ernor Henry with an expedition against
Governor Dunmore dissolves the House the British fort at Kaskaskia (now in
of Burgesses for setting apart June 1 as a Illinois), and captures it July 4, 1778
day of fasting and prayer, in sympathy He also occupies Vincennes
with the people of Boston.. May 26, 1774 August, 1778
First Continental Congress meets at All territory northwest of the Ohio
Philadelphia; Peyton Randolph, of Vir- River occupied by Clarke is made by the
ginia« president Sept. 6, 1774 Virginia Assembly into the county of
Indian War 1774 Illinois October, 1778
Battle of Point Pleasant, at the junc- Col. John Todd appointed its county
tion of the Great Kanawha and Ohio, op- lieutenant Dec. 12, 1778
posite the present town of Gallipolis, O. Richmond becomes the capital of the
Oct. 10, 1774 State 1770
Speech of Patrick Henry before the con- Virginia tenders to Congress the entire
vention in the old church at Richmond, region beyond the Ohio 1780
urging resistance to England Virginia charters the town of Louisville,
March 20, 1776 Ky ; 1780
Governor Dunmore removes the gun- Virginia issues $30,000,000, and makes
powder at Williamsburg to a British man- it legal tender at $40 for $1 1780
of-war in the James River. .April 20, 1775 Benedict Arnold, with 1,600 men, enters
Governor Dunmore leaves Williamsburg, the James River by order of Sir Henry
taking refuge on board the Fowey, a Clinton Jan. 2, 1781
British ship, at Yorktown. .June 8, 1775 He plunders Richmond and destroys
George Washington appointed com- stores Jan. 5-6, 1781
mander-in-chief of the American forces He fixes headquarters at Portsmouth
by Congress June 15, 1775 March 20, 1781
Virginia convention appoints a com- • General Phillips, with 2,000 men, re-
mittee of safety, with Edmund Pendleton inforces him March 27, 1781
president July, 1775 Phillips and Arnold leave Portsmouth
This convention appoints Patrick Henry April 18 and occupy Petersburg, driving
commander-in-chief of the Virginian forces out Baron Steuben and Greneral Nelson
1775 April 24, 1781
Battle of Great Bridge, near the Dismal General Lafayette approaches Peters-
Swamp, 12 miles from Norfolk burg May 11, 1781
Dec. 9, 1775 General Phillips dies at Petersburg
Lord Dunmore burns Norfolk May 13, 1781
Jan. 1, 1776 Lord Cornwall is reaches Petersburg
Patrick Henry, feeling slighted, resigns May 19, 1781
as commander-in-chief February, 1776 Cornwallis sends Arnold to New York
Patrick Henry elected a delegate to the May, 1781
convention April, 1776 Cornwallis starts in pursuit of Lafayette
Convention instructs her delegates to May, 1781 *
Congress to advocate independence Lafayette and Wayne unite their forces
May 15, 1776 ' June 7, 1781
Declaration of rights by George Mason Cornwallis retires to Williamsburg
adopted by the convention. .June 12, 1776 June 25, 1781
548
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— VIBGINIA
Lafayette attacks Cornwallis near Green of Cameron, dies at his lodge, Greenway
Springs, and is repulsed July 6, 1781 Court, Frederick county, aged ninety years
Cornwallis crosses the James and Dec. 12, 1781
reaches Portsmouth July 9, 1781 Northwestern Territory, ceded by Vir-
Cornwallis retires with his army to ginia to the United States, accepted by
Yorktown Aug. 4, 1781 Congress 1784
General Lafayette at the forks of the Religious freedom act passed 1785
Pamunky and Mattaponey. .Aug. 13, 1781 It is made treason to erect a new State
American and French army starts for in the territory of Virginia without per-
Yorktown, Va., from the Hudson River mission from the Assembly. .October, J 78d
Aug. 25, 1781 Legislature authorizes the five counties
Count de Grasse arrives in the Chesa- of Kentucky to elect five delegates each to
peake with twenty-six French ships of the consider an independent government
line '. Aug. 30, 1781 November, 1785
Combined army passes Philadelphia on James Rumsey moves a boat by steam
the way to Yorktown Sept. 2, 1781 on the Potomac March, 1780
Count de St. Simon lands 3,200 French Lynchburg, on the James River, laid
at Jamestown Island, and Lafayette joins out 1786
him at Green Spring Sept. 3, 1781 Kentucky favors separation at a con-
They occupy Williamsburg, about 15 vention held at Danville Sept. 7, 1787
miles from Yorktown Sept. 5, 1781 Convention at Richmond on the federal
British fieet under Admiral Graves ap- Constitution .June 2, 1788
pears off the Chesapeake, and skirmishes Patrick Henry, James Monroe, George
with the French fleet Sept. 7, 1781 Mason, etc., oppose it; James Madison,
Washington reaches Williamsburg Edmund Pendleton, John Marshall, etc.,
Sept. 14, 1781 advocate it. It is ratified, 89 to 79
He visits Count de Grasse to plan the June 25, 1788
siege Sept. 18, 1781 Virginia cedes 40 square miles south of
French and American army (about 16,- the Potomac to the United States for a
000) advances within 2 miles of the federal district 1790
British outposts Sept. 28, 1781 [This land was restored to Virginia by
First parallel of the American army Congress in July, 1846.]
opened on Yorktown Oct. 6-6, 1781 Government armory and manufactory
Storming parties (American under Col. located at Harper's Ferry.. March 4, 1798
Alexander Hamilton and French under Patrick Henry dies June 6, 1799
Baron de Viomenil) carry two British George Washington dies.. Dec. 14, 1799
redoubts Oct. 14, 1781 Insurrection of the negroes under one
Lieutenant-Colonel Abercrombie vainly Gabriel, slave of a planter near Richmond
assaults the French batteries on the mom- 1800
ing of Oct. 16, 1781 John Marshall, of Virginia, appointed
Cornwallis attempts to escape across chief-justice of the Supreme Court
the river to Gloucester Point on the night Jan. 31, 1801
of Oct. 16, 1781 Richmond Enquirer appears at Rich-
Negotiations for capitulation begin mond March 9, 1804
Oct. 17, 1781 Trial of Aaron Burr for high treason at
Cornwallis surrenders 7,247 men, seventy- Richmond Sept. 1, 1807
five brass guns, sixty-nine iron guns Verdict, not proven Sept. 9, 1807
Oct. 19, 1781 Theatre at Richmond burned
Admiral Digby appears off the capes Dec. 26, 1811
of the Chesapeake with twenty-five ships [Seventy perished, among them the gov-
of the line, two 50-gun ships, and eight ernor, George W. Smith.]
frigates, carrying Sir Henry Clinton and Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company
7,000 troops 'Oct. 24, 1781 chartered Jan. 27, 1824
Learning of the surrender, he returns University of Virginia opened
to New York Oct. 29, 1781 March 25, 1825
Thomas Fairfax, sixth Lord and Baron [It was chartered 1819.]
549
UNITED STATES OF AKEBICA— VIBGINIA
The Whig, newspaper, appears in Rich- Norfolk navy-yard evacuated and prop-
mond 1826 erty destroyed April 20, 1861
Assembly condemns the tariff as uncon- Robert E. Lee nominated by the gov-
stitutional Feb. 21, 1829 ernor and confirmed by the convention as
Geological survey of Virginia ordered commander of the State forces
(completed in six years) 1836 April 21, 1861
Sixty gold-mines or " diggings " worked Virginia convention sends commission-
in Virginia (twenty-six in Spottsylvania ers to Alexander H. Stephens, Vice-Presi-
and fifteen in Orange county) 1839 dent of the Confederacy, to treat for the
John Brown, with several men, rents a annexation of Virginia April 24. 1861
small farm near Harper's Ferry Governor's proclamation that Virginia
June, 1859 is a member of the Confederacy (subject
Brown, with sixteen whites and six to popular vote in May).. April 25, 1861
blacks, captures the United States armory Richmond becomes the capital of the
building at Harper's Ferry on the night of Confederacy and general rendezvous of
Oct 16, 1859 Southern troops May, 1861
Attacked by United States troops under Virginia incorporated with the Con-
Col. Robert E. Lee, he is captured with federacy, and Gen. Robert E. Lee in com-
the survivors Oct. 18, 1859 mand of the Virginia Confederate forces
He is hung at Charleston, Va. May 6, 1861
Dec. 2, 1869 Gen. Benjamin F. Butler takes com-
Governor Letcher calls an extra session mand at Fortress Monroe. . . .May 22, 1861
of the legislature, which orders a con- People confirm the secession ordinance
vention Jan. 13, 1861 May 23. 1861
Convention rejects an ordinance of se- First advance of the Federals into Vir-
cession, 89 to 45 April 4, 1861 ginia May 24, 1861
It chooses three commissioners to ask Col. E. E. Ellsworth enters Alexandria
of the President his policy towards the in command of the New York Fire
Confederate States April 4, 1861 Zouaves, and is shot by Jackson, a hotel-
First shot at Fort Sumter from Ste- keeper at Alexandria, while taking down
vens's battery, fired by Edmund Ruffin, of a Confederate flag May 24, 1861
Virginia, at his earnest request Slaves around Fortress Monroe entering
April 12, 1861 the Federal lines are declared " contra-
Virginian commissioners present their brand " by Gen. B. F. Butler
credentials to the President . April 13, 1861 May 27, 1861
President answers the commissioners. Occupation of Newport News by the
refusing to acknowledge the Confederate Federals May 27-29. 1861
States April 15, 1861 Federal troops cross the Ohio at Wheel-
Governor Letcher refuses to furnish ing and at Parkersbu rg. .. .May 27, 1861
troops at the call of the President Occupy Grafton, W. Va. . .May 30, 1801
April 16, 1861 Affair at Philippi, Confederates retreat
Virginia State convention passes a se- to Beverly June 3. 1801
cession ordinance, 88 to 55, subject to a Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard proclaims to
vote of the people April 17, 1861 the people of Loudoun, Fairfax, and
Governor Letcher by proclamation rec- Prince William counties that the Federals
ognizes the Confederacy. . . .April 17, 1861 are warring for "beauty and booty"
Norfolk Harbor obstructed by sinking June 5, 1861
vessels, by order of Governor Tjeteher Virginia troops transferred to the Con-
April 17, 1861 federate government by the governor
Gen. W. B. Talieferro assifrnod to the June 8, 1861
command of the Virginia troops at Nor- Affair at Big Bethel, near Fortress Mon-
folk April 18. 1861 loe June 10, 1861
Harper's Ferry, threatened by Virginia General Patterson crosses the Potomac
militia, is evacuated by Lieutenant Jones at Williamsport July 2. 1861
and forty-five regulars, after destroying Affair at Rich Mountain, W. Va.; the
public property April 18. 1861 Confederates under Col. George H. Pegram
550
UNITED STATES OF AKEBICA— VIBOINIA
defeated by the Federals under General with two brigades (3,000) defeated by
Kosecrans July 11, 1861 ** Stonewall " Jackson (8,000)
Battle at Carricksford, W. Va.; Con- June 9, 1862
federates defeated, with the loss of Maj.-Gen. John Pope appointed to the
their general, Robert S. Garnett Army of Virginia June 26, 1862
July 14, 1861 Lee advances into Maryland ; " Stone-
Battle of Bull Hun July 21, 1861 wall" Jackson crosses the Potomac at
General Patterson relieves Gen. Na- White's Ford, near Leesburg
thaniel P. Banks in command of the De- Sept, 5, 1862
partment of the Shenandoah ** Stonewall " Jackson captures Harper's
July 25, 1861 Ferry Sept. 16, 1862
Maj.-Gen. George B. McClellan appoint- Battle of Fredericksburg .. Dec. 13, 1862
ed to the Army of the Potomac Battle of Chancellorsville
July 27, 1861 May 2^, 1863
Holding or accepting office under the Federals under Millroy driven out of
federal government declared treason by Winchester by the Confederate General
the State Aug. 1, 1861 Ewell June 15, 1863
Battle of Ball's Bluff Oct. 21, 1861 Grant's campaign in Virginia begins
W'est Virginia votes for a separation May 4, 1864
from Virginia; vote substantially unani- Gen. B. F. Butler forbids civil govern-
mous Oct. 24, 1861 ment in Norfolk by F. H. Pierpont as
Confederate armies in Virginia reor- loyal governor of Virginia. ..June 30, 1864
ganized under €ren. Joseph E. Johnston Maj.-Gen. Philip H. Sheridan appointed
Nov. 9, 1861 to the Army of the Shenandoah
Union troops occupy Big Bethel Aug. 7, 1864
Jan. 3, 1862 Battle of Winchester Sept. 19, 1804
At Hampton Roads the Confederate ram Battle of Fisher's Hill. .Sept. 22, 1864
Merrimao, Capt. Franklin Buchanan, sinks Battle of Cedar Creek. . . .Oct. 19, 1864
the Federal ship Cumberland, captures the Confederates abandon and partly burn
Congress, and forces the Minnesota Richmond April 2, 1865
aground March 8, 1862 Surrender of Lee at Appomattox
Battle between the Merrimao and Mon- April 9, 1865
iior. Lieutenant Worden commander; Francis H. Pierpont recognized as gov-
i/^Trrtmao retires March 9, 1862 ernor of Virginia by a proclamation of
Manassas Junction evacuated by the President Johnson May 9, 1865
Confederates March 10, 1862 Governor Pierpont assumes office
Battle of Winchester, or Kernstown, May 26, 1865
Gen. James Shields commanding Federal Fourteenth Amendment rejected by Vir-
forces ; Gen. " Stonewall " Jackson, Con- ginia 1866
federates; Confederates retire By act of Congress the federal govern-
March 23, 1862 ment assumes the government of Virginia
Peninsular campaign in Virginia begun March 2, 1867
March 23, 1862 General Schofield assigned to the Ist
Norfolk reoccupied by Union troops Military Di.strict March 13, 1807
May 11, 1862 General Schofield prescribes regulations
Confederates under " Stonewall " Jack- for registering voters for a State conven-
son drive General Banks from Winchester tion May 13, 1867
Mav 25, 1862 Election for a convention to frame a
Gen. Robert E. liCe assumes command of constitution Oct. 22, 1867
the Confederate forces in Virginia [Vote for, 107,342; against, 61,887.]
June 3, 1862 Convention meets Dec. 3, adjourns Dec.
Battle of Cross-Keys; General Fremont 20, 1867, to Jan. 2, 1868
attacks a part of Jackson's command un- Convention reassembles .... Jan. 2, 1868
der General Ewell, but retires . Convention adopts a constitution by 51
June 8, 1862 to 36 April 17, 1868
Battle of Port Republic; the Federals General Schofield relieved, and Gen.
551
VJkTtBD STATES OP AMEBICA— VIBGINIA
George Stoneman assigned to the com- Act passed making receivable for taxes
mand June 1, 1868 only gold, silver, United States treasury
Gen. George Stoneman relieved, and notes, national bank notes, and currency
Gen. £. R. S. Canby assumes command (excluding coupons on State bonds)
April 20, 1869 Jan. 26, 1882
Virginia adopts new constitution by a Riddleberger act passed, oflfering terms
majority of 39,957 July 6, 1869 of settlement with State bond-holders
[Gilbert C. Walker elected governor.] Feb. 14, 1882
Legislature assembles at Richmond All acts for punishment by stripes re-
Oct. 5, 1869 pealed, and other punishment substituted
Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments 1882
ratified Oct. 8, 1869 JjCgislature meets in extra session
Act admitting Virginia into the Union March 7-April 22, 1882
without further conditions, approved Amendment to State constitution abro-
Jan. 26, 1870 gating capitation tax as a condition of
Greneral Canby turns the State over to voting ratified by vote, 107,303 to 66,131,
the civil authorities Jan. 27, 1870 at election November, 1882
Governor Walker proclaims the final re- Extra session of the legislature
construction of the State Feb. 8, 1870 August-December, 1884
Capitol at Richmond falls, the galleries United States Supreme Court decides
giving way ; about sixty persons killed and that coupons are a good tender in payment
120 injured April 27, 1870 of taxes in Virginia April 20," 1885
Freshets in the James and Shenandoah Act to establish an agricultural experi-
valleys; $5,000,000 worth of property de- ment station at the Virginia Agricultural
stroyed September, 1870 and Mechanical College at Blacksburg; one
Burning of the Spotswood Hotel at appointing a commission to fix the boun-
Richmond Dec. 25, 1870 dary-line with North Carolina, and a local
State board of health organized in Vir- option act passed by legislature, which
ginia 1872 adjourns March 5, 1886
General Grant has a majority for Presi- Legislature convenes in extra session,
dent of 1,975 over Horace Greeley .. 1872 March 16, 1887; among other acts passes
State board of immigration established one to punish persons fraudulently using
1873 coupons, and adjourns May 24, 1887
Completion of the Chesapeake and Ohio Board of agriculture established by
Railroad between Richmond and Hunting- legislature, which adjourns . March 5, 1888
ton on the Ohio, length 421 miles 1873 College of William and Mary becomes
Richmond and Atlantic "Air Line" State Male Normal College by act ap-
Railroad opened ' 1873 proved March 5, 1888
James River free bridge at Richmond Jan. 19 (Gen. Robert E. Lee's birthday)
completed 1873 made a legal holiday by legislature at
Constitutional amendment abolishing session ending. March 1, 1890
the township system ratified 1874 Mercie's equestrian statue of Gen. Robert
Educational convention (colored) meets E. Lee unveiled at Richmond . .May 29, 1890
at Richmond Aug. 24, 1876 Monument to the Confederate dead un-
Statue of Gen. Thomas ("Stonewall") veiled at Fredericksburg June 10, 1891
Jackson unveiled on Capitol Square at Statue of Gen. " Stonewall " Jackson un-
Richmond Oct. 26, 1875 veiled at Lexington; 15,000 Confederate
Violent earthquake shock at Richmond veterans present ; oration by General Early
Dec. 22, 1875 July 21, 1801
Read just era, formerly Democrats, or- Thomas W. Bocock, born in 1815, for
ganize as a party Feb. 25, 1879 fourteen years a Congressman and for
Readjusters hold a State convention at four years speaker of the Confederate con-
Richmond July 7, 1880 gress, dies in Appomattox county
One hundredth anniversary of the sur- Aug. 5, 1891
render of Cornwallis celebrated at York- Appomattox Court-house building de-
town Oct. 19, 1881 stroyed by fire Feb. 3, 1892
552
UNITED STATES OF AME&ICA— WASHINGTON
Legislature ratifies a final settlement Monument at Fredericksburg, erected to
of the State debt with the bond-holders, the memory of the mother of Washington,
Nineteen million dollars in bonds, to run unveiled May 10, 1894
100 years, at 2 per cent, for ten years and University of Virginia partly destroyed
3 per ceut. for ninety years, to be issued by fire Oct. 27, 1895
for the $28,000,000 outstanding Confederate States' Museum at Rich-
February, 1892 mond dedicated Feb. 22, 1896
Senator John S. Barbour dies suddenly Monument to Confederate dead un-
in Washington May 14, 1892 veiled at Charlottesville June 7, 1897
Eppa Hunton, of Warrenton, under ex- Winnie Davis, the '' Daughter of the
ecutive appointment. May 28, qualifies as Confederacy," dies at Narraganset Pier
United States Senator June 1, 1892 Sept. 18, 1898
Convention of Southern governors meet The Dismal Swamp opened. Oct. 14, 1899
at Richmond in the interest of the South Memorial to Winnie Davis, the
April 12, 1893 " Daughter of the Confederacy," unveiled
Remains of Jefferson Davis, brought at Richmond, Va Nov. 8, 1899
from New Orleans, buried in Hollywood The fence law declared constitutional
cemetery, Richmond May 31, 1893 February, 1900
Monument to Confederate dead un- Ex-Gov. Henry H. Wells dies at Palmyra,
veiled at Portsmouth June 16, 1893 N. Y Feb. 12, 1900
Riot at Roanoke, eighteen killed, twenty- Monument to the Confederate dead un-
seven wounded Sept. 20, 1893 veiled at Charles City Nov. 21, 1900
Jubal A. Early, Confederate general, William Wirt Henry, historian, dies at
dies at Lynchburg March 2, 1894 Richmond Dec. 5, 1900
WASHINGTON
WaBhing^n, a Western frontier State Lieutenant Broughton, of the British
of the United States, between lat. 45° 40' navy, ascends Columbia River about 100
and 49** N., and long. 117* and 124** W., miles October-November, 1792
is bounded on the north by the Strait of Puget Sound discovered, named, and ex-
Juan de Fuca and British America, east plored by George Vancouver
by Idaho, south by Oregon, and west by April-July, 1792
the Pacific Ocean. Area, 69,180 square Lewis and Clarke United States govern-
miles, in thirty-six counties. Population ment exploring expedition descends the
in 1890, 349,390; 1900, 518,103. Capital, Columbia River, reaching its mouth
Olympia. Nov. 6, 1805
Juan Perez, in the ship Santiago, coasts Capt. Meriwether Lewis explores the
the shore of Washington and discovers coast from Columbia River to Shoalwater
Mount Olympus, naming it Santa Rosalia Bay Nov. 18, 1805
Aug. .10-11, 1774 Astoria, first American settlement on
Bruno Heceta, at the head of a Span- Pacific coast, established by John Jacob
ish expedition, discovers the mouth of the Astor's Pacific Fur Company
Columbia River 1775 April 12, 1811
Strait of Juan de Fuca explored and Fort Okanagan, built by David Stuart
named by Captain Meares after a Greek on the Okanagan, a branch of the Colum-
mariner of that name 1788 bia August, 1811
Captain Meares sails from Nootka Pierre Dorion and two others massacred
southward, rediscovers and names Mount by Indians on the Snake River
Olympus, and discovers and names Shoal- January, 1814
water Bay July 5, 1788 Fort Walla Walla, on the Columbia
Capt. Robert Gray discovers Gray Har- River, built by the Hudson Bay Company
bor, which he names Bulfinch Harbor, and 1818
Columbia River, which he enters Exploring party under James McMillan
Mav 11, 1792 leaves Afltoria, Nov. 18, 1824; ascends the
553
UNITED STATES OF AXERIGA— WASHINGTON
('hehalis River to Black River, thence to Seattle founded; named from a noted
Tumwater I-Jike ; thonce by an Indian Indian chief 1852
portage it descends the Kid Inlet to Puget Coal discovered near Bellingfaam Bay by
Stmnd l>ect'niber, 1824 William Pattle 18o2
Convention with Russia at St. Peters- First number of the Co/um&ton, a weekly
burg. April 5>7, 1824, regulating fishing newspaper, issued at Olympia
and trading on the Pacific coast, and fixing Sept. 11, 1852
54^ 40' as the northern boundary of the Congress establishes a territorial gov-
United States, ratified Jan. 12, 1825 emment for Washington (Oregon north
I>r. John McLoughlin, of the Hudson of the Columbia), and confirms titles of
Bay Company, moves headquarters from lands held by missionary stations before
Astoria to Vancouver, which thus becomes the establishment of Oregon, not exceeding
first settlement in present State of Wash- 640 acres each, to their religious societies
ington 1825 March 2, 1853
Fort Colville built by the Hudson Bay T. J. Dryer and party ascend Mount St.
Company at Kettle Falls, on the Columbia Helen, which they discover to be an ex-
1825 piring volcano 1853
Nathaniel J. Wyeth, with twenty-one Wagon-road opened over the Cascade
men, starts from Boston overland for Mountains, and thirty-five wagons, with
Oregon, and with a remnant of his party 100 or 200 emigrants, reach Puget Sound
descends the Columbia, arriving at Fort 1853
Vancouver Oct. 29, 1832 Henry L. Yesler builds Puget Sounds
Fort Nisqually built by Archibald Mc- first steam saw-mill at Seattle 1853
Donald 4 or 5 miles from the mouth of the I. I. Stevens, appointed governor of the
Nisqually River 1833 Territory, arrives at Olympia, Nov. 26, and
Mission station established at Waiilat- organizes the government. . .Nov. 28, 1853
pu, near Walla Walla, by the Revs. \Miit- First federal court held in Washington
man, Spaulding, and Gray 1836 at Cowlitz Landing by Judge Monroe
Lieut. R. E. Johnson, of the United Jan. 2, 1854
States exploring expedition, with three Treaty at Point Elliott, near the raouth
men from Nisqually, visits Forts Okana- of Snohomish River, with 2.500 Indians,
gan, Colville, Lapwai,-and Walla Walla, agreeing upon a reservation on the Lummi
and returns by Yakima River River, Jan. 22, and later with the tribes
May-^uly, 1841 farther north, selecting a reservation about
Michael T. Simmons, with five families, the head of Hood Canal January, 1854
settles at Tumwater, at the head of Budd Capital fixed at Olympia by act of legis-
Inlet, naming it New Market lature 1854
October, 1845 Gold discovered near Fort Colville
Congress notifies Great Britain that the * 1855
conventions of 1818 and 1827, for joint Treaty with the Nez Perc^, Cayuses,
occupation of Oregon Territory (including Walla Wallas, and Yakimas at Waiilat-
Washington) will terminate after twelve pu, by commissioners from Governor
months Feb. 9, 1846 Stevens June 11, 1855
Sniithfield, afterwards (1850) Olympia, Indian war begins; Indians attack
founded by I^vi L. Smith and Edmund eighty-four soldiers under Maj. G. 0. Hal-
Sylvester 1846 ler, sent from Fort Dalles, Oct. 3, for
Indian massacre at the Presbvterian the Yakima country Oct. 6, 1855
mission at Waiilatpu; Dr. M. Whitman Three families massacred by Indians in
and family killed Nov. 29, 1847 \Vhite River Valley Oct. 28, 1855
Fort Steilacoom, on Puget Sound, estab- Indians under I^schi, Owhi, and Tecum-
liphod July, 1840 seh. attacking Seattle, dispersed by shells
Convention of twenty-six delegates at from the sloop-of-war Decatur
Cowlitz Landing memorializes Congress Jan. 26, 1856
for a separate government for *' Columbia " Indians defeated in an attack on troops
< Oregon north of the Columbia) at WTiite River March 8, 1856
Aug. 29, 1851 Yakimas and Klikitats sweep down
554
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— WASHINGTON
upon the Cascades, massacre the family of Attempts of Knights of Labor to expel
B. \y. Brown, March 20, and besiege the the C/hinese from Washington lead to
garrison until relieved by troops under riots. Governor Squire, by proclamation.
Colonel Wright March 28, 1850 calls on citizens to preserve peace, Nov.
Jjcschi, arrested November, 1850, is three 5, 1885; and a riot occurring in Seattle,
times tried for murder and condemned, and Feb. 7, 1880, he declares martial law
is finally hanged Feb. 19, 1858 Feb. 8, 1880
Col. George Wright subdues the Coeur State school for defective youth estab-
d^AlOnes and Spokanes, and executes lished at Vancouver Jan. 20, 1888
treaties of peace at the mission on a Washington admitted to the Union
branch of the Coeur d'Al^nes 1889
Sept. 17-23, 1858 Constitution framed by a convention
Light-house on Cape Shoalwater, first which meets at Olympia, July 3; ratified
illuminated Oct. 1, 1858 by the people, 40,152 to 11.879. Articles
First vessel direct from China to enter for woman suffrage and prohibition are re-
Puget Sound, the Lizzie JarviSf arrives jected Oct. 1, 1880
and secures a cargo of spars President proclaims Washington a State
October, 1858 from Nov. 11, 1889
That part of Oregon Territory not in- Cities of Seattle, Spokane, Ellensburg,
eluded in the State is added to W^ash- and Vancouver visited by disastrous fires
ington Territory by Congress . Feb. 14, 1859 1889
Fort Colville established a , few miles New insane asylum at Medical Lake
east of the old Hudson Bay Company's erected 1889-90
fort June 20, 1859 T^egislature passes the Australian bal-
First cargo of yellow-fir spars shipped lot bill March 19, 1890
to Atlantic ports of the United States State normal school established at
from Port Gamble, in the Lawaon, of Cheney March 22, 1890
Bath, Me 1800 Soldiers' home established at Orting
University of Washington at Seattle, March 20, 1890
chartered 1801, opened 1802 Reform school established at Chehalis
Act of Congress approved, organizing as March 28, 1890
the Territory of Idaho that part of Wash- State normal school established at
ington east of Oregon and of the 117th Ellensburg March 28, 1890
meridian of west longitude Forty-five men buried under 20,000 cubic
March 3, 1803 feet of rock by the premature explosion
Capitol at Olympia completed 1803 of a blast at Spokane Falls. .Sept. 7, 1890
Tacoma, on Commencement Bay, Puget New legislative apportionment law, on
Sound, selected as the western terminus the census of 1890, enacted by the legis-
of the Northern Pacific Railroad 1872 lature at special sepsion. .Sept. 3-11, 1890
[Then the site of a saw-mill and a few Work begun at excavating for commerce
cabins.] a solid deposit of borax in Douglas county,
Emperor William I. of Germany, as 8V2 feet thick, IYq miles long, and V2 '"ile
arbitrator, decides San Juan dispute, giv- wide, discovered in 1875 1891
ing islands involved to United States Washington Agricultural College and
Oct. 21, 1872 School of Science established at Pullman
Walla Walla volunteers go to Idaho to March 9, 1891
help United States troops in Nez Perc6 New United States naval station estab-
Indian war July, 1877 lished at Port Orchard . .September, 1891
First settler at Spokane Falls 1878 Centennial of the discovery of Puget
Constitutional convention meets at Sound celebrated at Port Townsend
Walla Walla. June 11, 1878, sits twenty- May 7, 1892
four days. Constitution ratified by the Legislative deadlock over election of
people November, 1878 United States Senator 1893
Citizens generally participate in gold- State expended about $200,000 for mag-
spike celebration of completion of North- nificent display at the World's Columbian
ern Pacific Railroad September, 1883 Exposition, Chicago 1893
555
UNITED STATES OP AME&ICA— WEST VIBGINIA
University of Washington reorganized ment later achieved a fine reputation in
and relocated on new campus of 355 acres the Philippines May, 1898
within city limits of Seattle United States assay office located at
March 14, 1893 Seattle July, 1898
Office for engineer corps of United Mount Rainier National Park created
States army located at Seattle, having 1899
jurisdiction of Washington, Alaska, Power of Snoqualmie Falls brought by
northern Idaho, and western Montana electricity to Seattle and Tacoma..l900
1896 Pay office of the United States navy es-
Office of quartermaster's department of tablished at Seattle 1901
th^ United States army located at Seattle Port Orchard naval station, enlarged,
1896 becomes Puget Sound navy-yard
Xew United States army posts located July, 1901
at Spokane and Seattle 1896 First contracts let for work on the
President Cleveland, by proclamation, United States government canal be-
increased the forest reserve area in this tween Puget Sound and Lake Washing-
State to 8,110,080 acres Feb. 22, 1897 ton 1901
Arrival of steamship Portland at Seattle State undertakes work of making a
with $750,000 in Alaska gold-dust pre- geological survey under auspices of scien-
cipitated the Klondike gold rush tists in State University and State A^i-
July, 1897 cultural College 1901
Governor Rogers called for the State's Eighteen salmon fish-hatcheries estab-
quota (one regiment) of volunteers in lished and maintained by the State
the American- Spanish War, which regi- 1891-1901
WEST YIBGIKIA
West Virginia, a State of the United bert, 12 miles from site of Franklin, by
States formed from Virginia west of the Indians May, 1758
Alleghany Mountains, is of irregular Romney laid out and named by Lord
shape, a narrow strip known as the Pan- Fairfax November, 1762
handle extending north between Pennsyl- Capt. William Arbuckle, the first white
vania and Ohio some 70 miles, and Mary- man to traverse the Kanawha Valley,
land cutting a triangle out of the north*- reaches the site of Point Pleasant.. .1764
eastern portion. It lies between lat. 37^ English exploring expedition under Cole-
s' and 40** 37' N., and long. 77^ 4' and nel Crogan descends the Ohio, encamping
82'' 40' W. Its general boundary is Penn- at West Columbia and Little Guyandotte
sylvania and Maryland on the north, Vir- River May, 1765
ginia on the east and south, and Kentucky George Washington, on a surveying ex-
and Ohio on the west. Area, ' 24,780 pedition to the Ohio, passes through Rom-
square miles in fifty-four counties. Popu- ney Oct. 9, 1770
lation, 1890, 762,794; 1900, 958,800. Capi- Indians attack the crew of a trading
tal, Charleston. canoe from Pittsburg on the Ohio, near
Harper's Ferry established as a ferry Wheeling, killing one man, thus breaking
1748 a ten years' truce, April 16. The settlers
Baptist church formed at Opequon, declare war and engage in a battle near the
Berkeley county, under charge of Rev. mouth of Captina Creek. ,. .April 27, 1774
John Gerard, from New England 1754 Fort Union built on site of Lewisburg
Battle of the Trough, near Moorefield. 177 i
A small band of settlers pursuing Indians Fort Fincastle, afterwards Fort Henry,
under Kill Buck are hemmed in between at Wheeling, built 1774
mountain and river, and obliged to re- Battle of Point Pleasant, at the mouth
treat with loss of half their number of the Great Kanawha Oct. 10, 1774
spring of 1756 Fort Randolph, at Point Pleasant, be-
Massacre of the garrison of Fort Sey- gun Oct. 10, 1774
556
UNITED STATES OP AMB&IGA— WEST VIBGIKIA
John Harvie and John Nevill, chosen to Forty-six delegates from what is now
represent western Virginia in the Virginia West Virginia, vote on the ordinance of
convention, are admitted to seats secession; 9 for, 29 against; seven are ab-
March 21, 1775 sent, one excused April 17, 1861
Convention of Virginia frontiersmen Garrison at Harper's Ferry burn the
west of the Alleghany Mountains at Pitts- arsenal and flee into Maryland
burg elects John Harvie and George Rodes April 21, 1861
delegates to Continental Congress West Virginia declares for the Union
May 16, 1775 April 21, 1861
Tory insurrection under John Claypole, First Wheeling convention on the future
a resident of Hardy county, suppressed of western Virginia meets in Washington
by troops under General Morgan Hall, Wheeling May 13, 1861
June, 1775 First Virginia Federal Infantry mus-
Captain Foreman and twenty-one men tered in on Wheeling Island by Major
massacred by Indians about 4 miles from Oaks May 15, 1861
Idoundsville Sept. 25, 1777 Second Wheeling convention meets at
Fort Henry unsuccessfully besieged by Washington Hall, Wheeling, June 11,
Indians under Simon Girty 1861 ; adopts a declaration of rights, June
Sept. 27-28, 1777 13; an ordinance to reorganize the State
Cornstalk, Shawnee chief, murdered at government, June 19; and elects Francis
Point Pleasant Nov. 10, 1777 H. Pierpont governor June 20, 1861
Fort Randolph besieged by Indians General Rosecrans defeats Confederates
May, 1778 under Gen. R. S. Gamett, in the battle of
Attack by the Indians on Donnally's Rich Mountain July 11, 1861
Port, 10 miles northwest of Lewisburg Battle of Carnifex Ferry; Confederates
May, 1778 under Gen. H. A. Wise attacked by Feder-
6y grant of William Penn in 1681, the als under Rosecrans Sept. 10, 1861
western boundary of Pennsylvania is the General Reynolds repulses Confederates
meridian 5 degrees west of the Delaware, under Lee in battle at Cheat Mountain
Virginia in ceding to the United States Sept. 12-14, 1861
lands beyond the Ohio, in 1784, reserved a Convention at Wheeling passes an ordi-
strip about 70 miles long upon the Ohio nance to form a new State in western
west of Pennsylvania, now known as the Virginia called Kanawha, Aug. 20, 1861;
Panhandle March 1, 1784 ordinance ratified by popular vote of 18,-
General Assembly directs the establish- 408 to 781 Oct. 24, 1861
ment of Morgantown October, 1785 Federals burn Guyandotte
Wheeling laid out in town lots by Col. Nov. 11, 1861
Ebenezer Zane 1793 Constitution for a new State, named
Charleston created by act of legislat- West Virginia, framed by convention
ure Dec. 19, 1794 which meets at Wheeling, Nov. 26, 1861,
Aaron Burr visits Herman Blenner- and completes its labors, Feb. 18; consti-
hassett at his island in the Ohio, 2 miles tution ratified by popular vote of 18,862
below Parkersburg 1805 to 514 April. 1862
First steamboat on the Great Kanawha, General Assembly of reorganized Vir-
the Robert Thompson, ascends the river ginia at Wheeling assents to the erection
from Point Pleasant to Red House shoals of the new State of West Virginia
1819 May 12, 1862
John Brown, seeking " to free the Harper's Ferry surrendered by Gen.
slaves," captures Harper's Ferry Dixon H. Miles to Confederates under
Oct. 16-17, 1859 " Stonewall " Jackson Sept. 15, 1862
Petroleum discovered at Burning ' Gen. J. A. J. Lifrhtburn retreats through
Springs, on the north bank of the Kan- the Kanawha Valley, pursued by Confed-
awha 1860 crates under General Loring 1862
First public Union meeting in West Congress admits West Virginia into
Virginia, declaring against secession, held the Union from June 20, 1863
at Preston Nov. 12, 1860 Dec. 31. 1862
557
UNITED STATES OP AMEBICA— WISCONSIN
Confederates under General Jones bum porary seat of government by act of Feb.
100,000 barrels of petroleum at Burning 20, 1875 Nov. 10, 1875
Springs May 9, 1863 Strike on the Baltimore and Ohio Rail-
Inauguration of new State govern- load begun at Martinsburg. .July 16, 1877
ment takes place at Wheeling At election held by act of Feb. 21, 1877,
June 20, 1863 to locate the State capital after May 1,
Supreme Court of Appeals organized at 1885, Charleston has 41,288 votes, Cl&rks-
Wheeling July 9, 1863 burg, 30,812; Martinsburg, 8,049
Gen. W. W. Averill defeats Maj. John Aug. 7, 1877
Echols in battle of Droop Mountain Nathan Goff, Jr.» appointed Secretary
Nov. 6, 1868 of the Navy Jan. 6, 1881
Transfer of the counties of Berkeley Act striking the word "white" out of
(Aug. 5, 1863) and Jefferson (Nov. 2, the Woods jury law of 1872-73 1881
1863) from the State of Virginia to West Act passed establishing a State board
Virginia is recognized by joint resolution of health June 11, 1881
of Congress March 10, 1866 West Virginia normal and daasical
Amendments to State constitution rati- academy at Buckhannon opened 1882
fled, excluding from citizenship all who West Virginia Immigration and De-
had, subsequent to June, 1861, given vol- velopment Association organized at Wheel-
untary aid to the Southern (Confederacy ing Feb. 29, 1888
May 24, 1866 Returns of election for governor in
Legislature ratifies the Fourteenth November, 1888, were: Nathan GofT, Re-
Amendment Jan. 16, 1867 publican, 78,714; A. B. Fleming, Demo-
West Virginia University at Morgan- crat, 78,604. Fleming contests for fraud-
town opened June 17, 1867 ulent returns, and is declared elected by a
Legislature ratifies the Fifteenth Amend- party vote of the legislature, 43 to 40
ment March 3, 1869 Feb. 4, 1890
Charleston chosen as seat of govern- Hatfield-McCoy feud ended by a mar-
ment by legislature, Feb. 20, 1869, from riage March 21, 1891
April 30, 1870 First State board of agriculture meets
Amendment to article iii., section 1 of at Charleston May 4, 1891
the Stato constitution, rehabilitating cit- Stephen B. Elkins qualifies as United
izens disfranchised, ratified by the people States Secretary of War Dec. 24, 1891
April 27, 1871 Coal miners went on strike July 2, 1897
Constitution framed by a convention [Ended by compromise, Sept. 11.]
which meets at Charleston, Jan. 16, 1872, Ex-Senator W. T. Willey dies at Mor-
and completes its labors, April 9, 1872; gantown May 2, 1900
ratified by the people Aug. 22, 1872 Ex-Postmaster-General William L. Wil-
Legislature meets at Wheeling as tem- son dies at Lexington, Va. . . .Oct. 17, 1900
WISCONSIN
Wisconsin, one of the Western States Jean Nicolet, interpreter at Three
of the United States, lying between lat. Rivers, explores the Fox River 1634
42* 27' and 47** N. and long. 86** 53' and Sieur Radisson and Sieur des Groaeil-
92° 53' W., is bounded on the north by Hers, French traders, winter in the Green
Lake Superior and Michigan, on the east Bay country 1668
by Michigan and Lake Michigan, on the Radisson and Groseilliers ascend the
south by Illinois, and west by Iowa and Fox River 1659
Minnesota, the Mississippi and St. Croix Radisson and Groseilliers build a
rivers marking almost the entire boun- stockade on Chequamegon Bay, where Ash-
dary-line on the west. Area, 56,040 square land now is 1661
miles, in sixty-eight counties. Population Jesuit missionary to the Hurons, Ren§
in 1890, 1,686,880; 1900, 2,069,042. Menard, loses his life near the Black
Capital, Madison. River June, 1662
558
UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA— WISCONSIN
Father Claude Allouez establishes a lished by the French, with Sieur de la
mission at La Pointe, on Chequamegon Perri^re as commandant 1727
Bay 1665 Fort St. Francis, at Green Bay, on site
Mission established at the Rapids de of Fort Howard about 1718-21, is de-
Pdre on the Fox River, near Green Bay, stroyed, to keep it from the Indians. 1728
by Father Allouez 1670 Expedition fitted against the Fox Ind-
Father Marquette and M. Joliet from ians by the Marquis de Beauharnois
Michilimackinac enter Green Bay and ascends the Fox River, burning deserted
pass Fox River portage to the Wisconsin Indian villages August, 1728
River, June 10, and down the Wisconsin, Expedition against the Fox Indians un-
discovering the Mississippi. .June 17, 1673 der De Villiers 1730
Marquette coasts Lake Michigan from Fort La Baye built by the French on the
Green Bay, reaching the site of Chicago site of Fort Howard 1730
Dec. 4, 1674 Expedition against the Sacs and Foxes
La Salle, leaving his ship the Oriffin at by the French under De Noyelle 1735
Green Bay, sails up the coast of Lake Legardeur Saint Pierre, commandant at
Michigan 1679 Lake Pepin, evacuates his post, fearing
Daniel Greysolon Duluth ascends the massacre by the Indians 1737
Bois Brulfi from Lake Superior, and de- Massacre of eleven Frenchmen at Green
scends the St. Croix to the Mississippi Bay, by the Menoraonee Indians 1758
River 1680 Wisconsin becomes English territory
Father Louis Hennepin, with Duluth, Sept. 8, 1760
journeys from Lake St. Francis to Green Captain Belfour and Lieutenant Gorrell
Bay by way of the Wisconsin and Fox with English troops occupy Green Bay,
rivers 1680 which Belfour names Fort Edward Augus-
Pierre le Seuer reaches the Missisnippi tus Oct. 12, 1761
River via the Fox and Wisconsin. . . .1683 English abandon Fort Edward Augustus
Nicholas Perrot, appointed commandant on account of the Pontiac War, cross
of the West, winters near Trempeleau, Lake Michigan to L'Arbre Croche and
which he reaches via the Fox and Wiscon- thence to Montreal June 21, 1763
sin rivers from Green Bay 1685 Trade with the Chippewas at Chequa-
Father St. Cosme visits site of Mil- megon Bay reopened by Henry, an English
waukee on his way by boat from Green trader 1765
Bay to the Mississippi River. .Oct. 7, 1609 Augustin de Langlade and his son
Le Seuer discovers lead mines in south- Charles Michel settle permanently at
western Wisconsin 1700 Green Bay 1766
Marin, the French leader, sent by the Jonathan Carver, exploring the north-
Quebec government, attacks the Fox Ind- west, by way of Green Bay and the Fox
ians at Winnebago Rapids (Neenah) and Wisconsin rivers, reaches Prairie du
winter of 1706-7 Chien Oct. 15, 1766
De I-.ouvigny, sent to destroy the Fox John I-.ong, an English trader, visits
tribes, leaves Quebec, March 14; fights the Green Bay and Prairie du Chien
battle of Buttes des Morts on the Fox June, 1780
River, and reaches Quebec again Bazil Girard, Augustin Angi, and Pierre
Oct. 12, 1716 Antaya settle Prairie du Chien 1781
Francis Renault engages in mining on Laurent Barth engages in the carrying
the Mississippi above the mouth of the trade at the portage from the Fox to the
Wisconsin 1719 Wisconsin rivers 1793
De Lignery makes a treaty with the Trading posts established at Kewaunee,
Sacs, Foxes, and Winnebagoes, by which Sheboygan, Manitowoc, and Milwaukee, by
the French may cross Wisconsin to trade Jacques Vieau 1795
with the Sioux on Lake Pepin Western posts surrendered by England
June 7, 1726 to the United States June 1, 1796
Cardinell, a French soldier, and his wife, Wisconsin included in the Territory of
settle at Prairie du Chien 1726 Indiana, created by act approved
Fort Beauharnois, on Lake Pepin, estab- May 7, 1800
559
UNITED STATES OP AMEBIGA— WISCONSIN
Judge Charles Reaume appointed justice First newspaper, the Green Bay Intelli-
of the peace at Green Bay by Gov. Will- gencer, published at Green Bay
iam Henry Harrison, of Indiana 1803 Dec. 11, 1833
By treaty of St. Louis the united Sacs Land offices established at Mineral Point
and Foxes cede to the United States land, and Green Bay 1834
a portion of which lies in southern Wis- Military road from Fort Howard to
consin Nov. 3, 1804 Fort Crawford begun June 1, 1835
Wisconsin included in the Territory of First steamboat makes port at Mil-
Illinois, created by act approved waukee June 17, 1835
Feb. 3, 1809 Territory of Wisconsin created by act
Thomas Nuttall and John Bradbury, of April 20, and government organized at
naturalists, explore Wisconsin 1809 Mineral Point April 20, 1836
Governor Clarke takes possession of Milwaukee Advertiser published at Mil-
Prairie du Chien and builds Fort Shelby waukee July 14, 183«
1813 First session of the Assembly held at
Fort Shelby surrendered to the British Belmont, Iowa county Oct. 25, 1836
under Colonel McKay July 19, 1814 Real-estate speculation at Kewaunee,
United States troops occupy Prairie du owing to discovery of gold, at its height
Chien and commence Fort Crawford on 1836
the site of Fort McKay, formerly Fort First permanent settlement of Madison
Shelby June, 1816 April, 1837
Fort Howard, on Green Bay, built and Corner-stone of capital at Madison laid
garrisoned by American troops under Col. July 4, 1837
John Miller 1816 Governor Dodge, of Wisconsin Terri-
First grist-mill in western Wisconsin tory, by treaty with the Ojibways at
built at Prairie du Chien by John Shaw Fort Snelling, obtains cession to the
1818 United States of the pine forests of the
Solomon Juneau arrives at Milwaukee valley of the St. Croix and its tributaries
Sept. 14, 1818 July 29, 1837
Wisconsin attached to Michigan Terri- Assembly meets at Burlington, Des
tery upon admission of Illinois into the Moines county Nov. 6, 1837
Union Dec. 3, 1818 Legislature assembles at Madison
Winnebaffo Indians massacre three Nov. 26, 1838
whites at Prairie du Chien . . .June 28, 1827 Portage canal, connecting Wisconsin
Treaty concluded with the Menomonee and Fox rivers, begun by the United
and other Indian tribes at Butte des Morts States 1838
Aug. 11, 1827 Mitcheirs bank at Milwaukee estab-
Fort Winnebago built at the portage be- lished 1839
tween the Fox and Wisconsin rivers. .1828 " The Wisconsin Phalanx," a community
Battle of Wisconsin Heights; Black on Fourier's system, established at Cer-
Hawk attacked by Illinois troops under esco, now Kipon May, 1844
Gen. James D. Henry, and Wisconsin Mormon colony, an offshoot from Nau-
rangers under Maj. Henry Dodge voo, led by James Jesse Strang, is founded
July 21, 1832 on WhiteRiver at Voree 1845
Black Hawk's band destroyed by United Enabling act for the State of Wisconsin
States troops and crew of government passed by Congress Aug. 6, 1846
steamboat Warrior, at mouth of Bad Axe State constitution prohibiting banks and
River Aug. 2, 1832 banking, framed by a convention at Madi-
Black Hawk delivered to General Street, son, Oct. 5-Dec. 16, 1846, is rejected by
agent of the Winnebagoes, by his captors, the people April, 1847
Cha-e-tar and One-eyed Decorra Troops from Michigan and Wisconsin
Aug. 27, 1832 leave Detroit by boat for Vera Cruz, en-
Treaty with the Winnebagoes at Rock listed in the Mexican War. .April 24, 1847
Island, ceding to the United States their First railroad charter in Wisconsin
lands east of the Mississippi and west of granted to the Milwaukee and Waukesha
Green Bay Sept. 15, 1832 Railroad Company 1847
.560
UNITED STATES OF AMEBIGA— WISCONSIN
Convention assemblefi at Madison, Dec. William A. Barstow, Democrat, ex-gov-
15, 1847; frames a constitution and ad- ernor, and Coles Bashford, Republican,
journs, Feb. 1, 1848. Constitution rati- each claiming to be elected governor by
£ed by a popular vote of 16,442 to 6,149 the people, take the oath of office, the one
March 13, 1848 at the capitol, the other in the Supreme
Wisconsin admitted into the Union by Court room Jan. 7, 1856
act approved May 29, 1848 Assembly recognizes Barstow as gov-
First State legislature convenes June 5, ernor and the Senate as governor de facto
and officers take the oath June 7, 1848 Jan. 10, 1856
First telegram received at Milwaukee Supreme Court of Wisconsin summons
from Chicago Jan. 17, 1840 Barstow to show by what authority he
State Historical Society organized at claims to hold the office. . . .Jan. 17, 1856
Madison Jan. 30, 1849 Supreme Court decides that Barstow has
Amendment to the constitution con- been counted in upon fraudulent returns;
ferring suffrage on colored men receives a Lieutenant-Governor McArthur fills the
majority of votes cast, but not a majority office for four days, when Coles Bashford
of all who voted for State officers, and the assumes office March 21, 1856
canvassers declare it rejected First railway reaches the Mississippi
Nov. 6, 1849 River at Prairie du Chien.. April 16, 1857
Lawrence University at Appleton char- First Wisconsin Regiment mustered
tered and opened 1849 into service May 17, 1861
University of Wisconsin at Madison, About 700 Confederate prisoners are
chartered 1848, opened 1849 received at Camp Randall, Madison
First railroad train between Milwaukee April, 1862
and Waukesha February, 1851 Governor Harvey dies on his way to
Question of banks or no banks submitted the battle-field of Shiloh to look after
to the people of Wisconsin by act of the welfare of Wisconsin soldiers
March 5, 1851, 31,219 votes in favor to April, 1862
9,126 opposed 1851 Personal liberty law repealed
Capital punishment in Wisconsin abol- July, 1862
ished July, 1853 Negro-sufltrage amendment to the con-
Meeting at Ripon, called by A. E. Bovay, stitution rejected by vote of 55,591 to
Jediah Bowen, and others to organize the 46,588 November, 1865
Republican party, and Mr. Bovay sug- Home for soldiers' orphans opened Jan.
gests the name "Republican" 1, 1866; established by private subscrip-
Feb. 28, 1854 tion, becomes a State institution
Title "Republican" adopted for the March 31, 1866
party at a mass convention in Capitol Fourth Regiment Wisconsin Cavalry
Park at Madison July 13, 1854 mustered out after a service of five years
Act passed to extinguish the title of the and one day, the longest term on rec-
Chippewa Indians to lands owned and ord of a volunteer organization
claimed by them in Wisconsin and the Ter- May 28, 1866
ritory of Minnesota Dec. 19, 1854 Alexander W. Randall appointed Post-
A negro, Joshua Glover, claimed as a master-General July 25, 1866
slave by a Missourian named Garland, be- Supreme Court sustains the amendment
ing forcibly released from prison in Mil- to the constitution giving suffrage to col-
waukee, federal and State authorities dis- ored men, as ratified by the people in 1849
pute on the legality of the fugitive slave 1866
law 1854 Northern University at Watertown,
Sherman M. Booth, of Milwaukee, con- opened 1865, chartered 1867
victed in the federal district court of Legislature ratifies the Fifteenth
W^isconsin of violating the fugitive slave Amendment March 9, 1869
law by aiding in the liberation of Glover, Northwestern branch of the National
and fined and imprisoned, is discharged Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers,
by the Supreme Court, which pronounces near Milwaukee, dedicated. .October, 1869
the law unconstitutional Feb. 3, 1855 A " whirlwind of fire " 10 miles in width
IX.— 2 N 661
UNITED STATES OP AMEBIGA— WISCONSIN
Bweeps over the counties bordering on William F. Vilas appointed Secretary
Green Bay. Loss of life, 1,000 persons, of the Interior Jan. 16, 188S
burned, drowned, or smothered; of prop- Jeremiah M. Rusk appointed Secretary
erty, over $3,000,000 Oct. 8-9, 1871 of Agriculture March 5, 1889
State board of charities and reform ap- Annual meeting of the Grand Army
pointed by Governor Fairchild; four men of the Republic held at Milwaukee
and one woman , 1871 Aug, 27, 188D
Act punishing intoxication by fine and Acts passed to secure a secret ballot at
imprisonment 1872 elections 188!)
First State meeting of the American Ijocal option law passed, providing for
Constitutional Union, 666 delegates, at a vote on the question of license on peti-
Milwaukee Aug. 7, 1873 tion of 10 per cent, of the voters in any
Potter railroad law, relating to rail- town or village 1889
roads, express, and telegraph companies, Ex-Secretary Vilas chosen United States
fixing rates of transportation, and pro- Senator Jan. 27, 1891
viding for railroad commissioners Bennett school law of 1889, requiring
March 11, 1874 schools recognized by the State to teach
St. Paul and Northern railroads an- reading, writing, arithmetic, and United
nounce to the governor that they cannot States history in English, is repealed
obey the Potter law April 27, 1874 1891
Supreme Ck)urt sustains the Potter law Ex-Qov. Harrison Ludington dies at
September, 1874 Milwaukee, aged seventy-eight
Real estate of soldiers' orphans' home June 17, 1891
transferred to the regents of the State Charles Kendall Adams, ex-president of
University for a medical college. .. .1875 Cornell University, accepts the presidency
Supreme Court rejects the application of the University of Wisconsin
of Miss Lavinia Goodell for admission to July 30, 1892
the bar, as a calling inconsistent with the Legislature in special session to re-
duties of the sex January, 1870 apportion the State Oct. 17, 1892
Potter railroad law of 1874 made much Destructive fire in Milwaukee: over 300
less stringent Feb. 18, 1876 buildings destroyed and ten lives lost;
Legislature enables women to practise loss of property over $5,000,000
law 1877 Oct. 28, 1892
State park established in Lincoln county R. L. D. Potter, author of Potter rail-
by act of legislature 1878 road law, dies Nov. 9, 1803
National German - American teachers' Ex-Gov. J. M. Rusk dies at his home in
seminary at Milwaukee opened 1878 Viroqua Nov. 21. 1893
Legislature passes a compulsory edu- War history of Wisconsin completed
cation law 1879 1893
Death of " Old Abe," the Wisconsin war Panic resulting by failure of Plankin-
eagle, belonging to company C, 8th W^is- ton and other banks in Milwaukee. .1893
consin Infantry March, 1881 Experience Estabrook, one of the f ram-
Timothy O. Howe appointed Postmaster- ers of the Wisconsin constitution, dies
General .^ Dec. 20, 1881 March 26, 1894
Milwaukee day school for the deaf at Disastrous forest fires in northern Wis-
Milwaukee opened 1883 consin 1894
Science Hall of the State University de- Peter Parkinson, last sur^'ivor of Black
stroyed by fire; loss $200,000. .Dec. 1, 1884 Hawk War, dies March 30, 1895
William F. Vilas appointed Postmaster- Chief-Justice Harlow S. Orton dies
General March 6, 1885 July 4, 1895
Women empowered to vote at school Milwaukee celebrates its semi-centennial
elections 1885 Oct. 16, 1895
Legislature appropriates $5,000 yearly State census taken, giving Wisconsin
to hold farmers' institutes 1885 a population of 1,937,915 1895
Anarchist riots in Milwaukee Gen. Lucius Fairchild dies
May 5, 1886 Mav 23, 1896
562
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA— WYOMING
Milwaukee celebrates centennial year of Wisconsin Historical Society celebrates
her settlement. Free travelling - library fiftieth anniversary Feb. 22, 1899
system initiated by Senator J. H. Stout Tornado in Minnesota and Wisconsin
1896 (over 250 persons killed at New Rich-
The great Yerkes telescope dedicated mond, Wis.) June 12, 1899
at Lake Geneva, Wis Oct. 21, 1897 J. V. Quarles elected United States
Semi-centennial of Wisconsin as a State Senator 1899
celebrated June 28, 1898 Gen. Henry Harnden, capturer, of Jeffer-
Wisconsin raises and equips four regi- son Davis, dies at Madison. March 17, 1900
ments for American-Spanish War... 1898 Kx-Senator Philetus Sawyer dies at
Great strike of wood-workers at Osh- Oshkosh March 29, 1900
kosh, accompanied by rioting and blood- " Belle Boyd," the woman spy in the
shed 1898 Civil War, dies at Kilboum. June 12, 1900
Disastrous forest fires in northern Wis- Wisconsin State Historical library
consin during September; many lives lost building dedicated Oct. 19, 1900
1898 David Giddings, member of Wisconsin
Milwaukee public museum opened in Constitutional Convention, dies
new building Jan. 23, 1890 Oct. 24, 1900
WYOMING
WjoiDingf a Western inland State of Green River. At the junction of Lead
the United States, lying between lat. 4r Creek he builds a fort 1832
and 45** N., and long. 104** and 111'' W., William Sublette and Robert Camp-
is bounded on the north by Montana, east bell erect a fort on Laramie Fork, which
by South Dakota and Nebraska, south by they name Fort William, since Fort Lara-
Colorado and Utah, and west by Utah, mie 1834
Idaho, and Montana. Area, 97,890 square First emigrant train for Oregon and
miles, in twelve counties. Population, 1890, California crosses Wyoming 1841
60,705; 1900, 92,531. Capital, Cheyenne. Fort Bridger erected on Green River by
Sieiir de la Verendrye and his sons, James Bridger, a famous trapper. .. .1842
from Canada, travel as far south as Wind Col. J. C. Fremont, with a government
River 1843-44 exploring expedition, ascends and names
John Colter winters on the headwaters Fremont's Peak 1842
of Pryor's Fork, 1806; visits Shoshone Mormon pioneers, led by Brigham
I^ke, crosses the Rocky Mountains to the Young, pass Fort Laramie on their way
head of Green River, and returns to the to Great Salt Lake through South Pass
head of Wind River and Pryor's Fork June 1, 1847
1807 Part of Wyoming is included in the
Ezekiel Williams, trapper, wanders from territory acquired by the United States
the Yellowstone to the South Platte from Mexico by the treaty of Guadalupe-
through Wyoming 1807 Hidalgo Feb. 2, 1848
First recorded expedition from the east, Fort Laramie transferred to the United
the Pacific Fur Company, on the way to States 1849
Oregon under Wilson Price Hunt, passes Fort Bridger sold for $8,000 to the
through Wyoming, crossing Powder River Mormons 1853
Valley and' Big Horn Mountains to the Sioux Indian war begins; Lieutenant
Wind River, thence to the Snake River Grattan and twenty-eight men sent from
1811 Fort Tjiramie to arrest an Indian who
William H. Ashley, of the North Ameri- had shot a cow of a Mormon emigrant,
can Fur Company, with 300 men, explores The Indians refusing to give up the cul-
the Sweetwater and Green rivers 1824 prit, Grattan fires, and the whole party
Capt. E. L. Bonneville leads the first are killed summer of 1854
caravan, 110 trappers and twenty wagons. Sir George Gore, of Sligo, Ireland, with
from the Platte through South Pass to the his private hunting expedition, winters at
563
UNITED STATES OE AMEBIGA— WYOMING
Fort Laramie, 1854, and with James Railroad coal-mines, and drive them to
Bridger as guide travels north to Powder the hills, massacring many . . Sept. 2, 18S5
River 1855 Treaty concluded with the Shoshones
Oil is collected from a spring near and Bannocks at Fort Bridger, setting
Poison Spider Creek, and sold along the apart a reservation in Wyoming
Mormon trail for axle-grease 1863 July 3, 18S6
Bill introduced in Congress by James Laramie Glass Company inaugurate the
M. Ashley, of Ohio, to provide a tempo- first window-glass factory west of Illinois
rary government for "the Territory of April 6, 1887
Wyoming '* 1865 University of Wyoming at Laramie
Massacre of United States troops by chartered 1886; corner-stone laid Sept. 27,
the Indians in a sortie, under Colonel Fet- 1886; and opened September, 1887
terman, from Fort Philip Kearny, near New capitol at Cheyenne occupied by
Big Horn ; three officers and ninety men the legislature 1888
killed and scalped Dec. 21, 1866 Constitutional convention assembles at
Cheyenne first settled, July, 1867, and Cheyenne, Sept. 3-30; constitution sub-
a city government established, with H. M. mitted to the people, and ratified by a
Hook as mayor August, 1867 vote of 6,272 to 1,923 November, 1889
First newspaper published in the Terri- Wyoming admitted to the Union by act
tory, the Cheyenne Evening Leader^ Sept. of Congress approved July 10, 1890
19; Daily Argu8y Oct. 25; and Rocky Francis E. Warren inaugurated first
Mountain Star, Dec. 8 1867 governor of the State of Wyoming
First passenger train from Omaha ar- Oct. 14, 1890
rives at Cheyenne Nov. 13, 1867 First State legislature convenes at
Gold discovered on the sources of the Cheyenne Nov. 13, 1890
Sweetwater 1867 Legislature passes the Australian ballot
I^ramie City located on the Union Pa- law 1890
cific Railroad April, 1868 Forest reservation in Wyoming adja-
Territory of Wyoming organized by act cent to Yellowstone Park set apart by
of Congress out of parts of Dakota, Utah, proclamation of President Harrison
and Idaho July 25, 1868 March 30 and Sept. 10, 1891
Coal discovered three miles from Evans- Shoshone and Arapahoe Indians cede
ton, 1868, and first mine opened 1869 to the United States 1,000,000 acres of
Cheyenne designated as the capital of land at 55 cents per acre Oct. 16, 1891
Wyoming, and first territorial court held Five hundred cowboys set out to exter-
there Sept. 7, 1860 minate the cattle thieves in Wyoming and
* Act approved giving women the right Montana April 10, 1892
to vote and hold office in Wyoming United States troops called out to sup-
Dec. 10, 1869 press the cowboy disturbance
Grand jury of men and women impan- April 13, 1892
elled at Laramie March 7, 1870 All persons engaged in resisting the laws
Lieut. Gustavus C. Doane makes a recon- and processes of the United States courts
noissance from Fort Ellis, Montana, to in Wyoming commanded to desist, by proc-
Yellowstone Lake, via Gallatin River. 1870 lamation of President Harrison
Act of Congress approved setting apart July 30, 1892
3,575 square miles near the headwaters of Shoshone Indian reservation ceded to
the Yellowstone as a public park the United States 1893
March 1, 1872 Wyoming was without representation
Military expedition under Captain in the United States Senate from 1893.
Jones proceeds north from Bryan, on the C. D. Clark. Republican, and F. E. Warren,
Union Pacific Railroad, through the Wind Democrat, elected.. June 22, 1895
River Valley and the Yellowstone National Legislature provides for a State militia
Park, to Fort Ellis 1873 and encouragement of beet-sugar industry
Gov. William Hale dies. .Jan. 13, 1885 1897
Two hundred miners attack 400 Chinese, C. D. Clark re-elected United States
imported to work in the Union Pacific Senator Jan. 25, 1899
564
UNITED STATES SANITABY COMMISSION— UNI VEB8ITY EDUCATION
United States Sanitary Commission, ninety Senators, ol whom fifty-three are
See Sanitary Commission, The* United Kepublicana. twenty-nine Democrats, four
States. Populists, one Independent Republican,
United States Senate, the higher one Silver party, and two Independents,
branch of the Congress; composed of two See Congress, National (The Fifty-
Senators from each State, irrespective ol seventh Congress).
the population therein, who are elected United States Signal Service. See
by the State legislatures. Some of the Signal Corps.
most important functions of the Senate, United States Supreme Court. See
as distinct from the House, are the super* Supreme Court.
vision of the Presidential appointments of United States War-ships. See Navt.
the highest grade of public officers, the United Workmen, Ancient Order ow,
passing of judgment on all treaties con- a fraternal and benevolent organization;
tracted with foreign powers, and the sole founded in 1868; reported in 1900, grand-
power to try all impeachments. In the lodges, 37; sub-lodges, 5,300; members,
latter case impeachment proceedings must 410,000; benefits disbursed since organi-
originate in the House, which presents zation, $103,000,000; benefits disbursed
the charges to the Senate, which, in turn, last fiscal year, $8,000,000; master work-
acts as the court. The Vice-President of man, W. A. Walker, Milwaukee, Wis.; re-
the United States is president of the corder, M. W. Sackett, Meadville, Pa.^
Senate, but has no vote therein except- receiver, John J. Acker, Albany, N. Y.
ing in the case of a tie, and is really an Universalists, a sect who believe in the
officer with very limited power. It is final salvation of all. James Relly, who
customary, after the Vice-President has published his Union in 1760, founded the
been installed as presiding officer of the sect of Universalists in Great Britain; and
Senate, for him to preside over a few John Murray, in America, about 1770.
sessions of that body and then ask for a The sect barely exists in Great Britain,
leave of absence, when the Senate elects but flourishes in the United States. In
one of its own members as president pro 1818 Ilosea Ballou taught that retribu-
tern., and the member so chosen acts an tion is confined to this life, and those who
presiding officer whenever the Vice-Presi- could not accept this doctrine formed a
dent does not wish to exercise that privi- distinct sect and took the name of Uni-
lege. In the Fifty-seventh Congress versal Restorationists at Mendon, Mass.,
(March 4, 1901-March 4, 1903) there are Aug. 17, 1831.
UNIVERSITY AKD COLLEGE EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES
University and College Education in within brief space to show how certain
the United States, The Trend of. The great factors have been worked out, to-
following monograph upon the history gether with the results of this working,
and present status of the university de- The term " university " has many usages
velopment in the United States was pre- in this country. In the proper sense of
pared by President William R. Harper of the word it designates not a college or
the University of Chicago: institution doing college work; not an in-
stitution made up of a college and of pro-
Purpose and Definition. — Many striking fessional schools in which the latter arc
changes have taken place in the eduea- of the same grade as the college. A col-
tional and religious worlds during the lege of arts and a college of medicine are
past quarter of a century. It is inipos- to be treated as of the same grade pro-
sible to separate the history of education vided the students in the two institutions
in America from the history of the Church, are of the same degree of maturity and
Changes in one have aflfected the other. preparation. The term is rather to be
The purpose of this statement is not to used of institutions in which work of a
present statistics with reference to par- more advanced character than college
ticular institutions, but to make an effort work is offered to students, and in which
56.5
UNIVEBSITY AND COLLEGE EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES
emphasis is placed upon research and the be a university. All universities are of
training of students for research. In this necessity " privileged/' and in one form
last and highest sense, the term is prop- or another supported by the people. It is
erly applied to an institution which has natural that universities should be in-
only a single faculty of instruction and a fluenced by the changes which are going
comparatively small number of students, on among the people. But when for any
The only question in a given case is this: reason the administration of a univer-
Is the institution intended as a training sity, or the instruction in any one of its
school for the development of character, departments, is changed by an influence
or are the students of the institution from without; whenever an effort is made
those who have had no previous college to dislodge an officer or a professor be-
training? In either of these cases the cause the political or theological senti-
institution cannot be called a university ment of the majority has undergone a
in the largest and best sense of the word, change, at that moment the institution
It is unnecessary at this point to indicate has ceased to be a university, and it
the line which separates the college from cannot again take its place in the rank
the university. From my own point of of universities so long as there continues
view, I would draw such a line at the to exist, to any appreciable extent, the
end of the sophomore year in college factor of coercion. Neither State nor
work. There is something to be said on Church nor private patron has any right
both sides of this question, but it is a to interfere with the search for truth, or
question which need not here be dis- with its promulgation when found. With
cussed. schools ' and colleges organized for the
What makes a Vniversityf — Two things training of youthful minds it is entirely
combine to make possible the existence of different; and here, if nowhere else, may
a university. The first is opportunity for be drawn sharply the line of differentia-
research and investigation ; the second is tion between college and university. An
freedom to enjoy this opportunity. Either institution under State control almost
without the other is, of course, of little inevitably withholds freedom of research
value. Among the elements which go to in certain subjects; an institution under
make the opportunity for investigation Church control in certain other subjects:
are the factors connected with (1) li- while, indeed, an institution under the
braries and laboratories; (2) preliminary control of a board of trustees and upon
training of a satisfactory character; (3) private foundation is not infrequently
flexibility in the constitution of the im- limited by the prejudices of the trustees,
mediate environment; (4) a sufficient A good definition for a university is
number of students possessed of the the following: "A self-governing assoeia-
proper spirit of inquiry. Other factors tion of men for the purpose of study; an
might be included, but these are the most institution privileged by the State for the
fundamental. guidance of the people; an agency recog-
Freedom to enjoy the opportunities for nized by the people for solving the prob-
research is dependent largely upon the lems of civilization which present them-
organization of the institution. If it selves in the development of civilization."
were possible to trace the history of the A university touches every phase of life
birth 9f the university, and to examine at every point; it enters into every field
closely the inherent characteristics of of thought to which the human mind ad-
which it was possessed at the time of dresses itself. It has no fixed abode far
birth, three things would be noted:* away from man, for it goes to those who
(1) the right to govern itself; (2) freedom cannot go to it. It is shut in behind no
from control of State or Church; (3) the lofty battlement, for it has no enemy
right of free utterance. Without these which it would ward off. Strangely
characteristics in an institution of learn- enough, it vanquishes its enemies by in-
ing, whatever may be its name, it cannot viting them into close association with
„ o L, y ^ ^y ^* fw^ ,T itself. The university is a democratic in-
♦ See Article by the writer on The Univer- ... .. *•!. .4. / u„ av^ ^^ ^^i^ j
$ity and Democracy, the C<mnopoUian, April, stitution, constituted by the people and
i89y for the people.
566
XTNIVEBSITY AND COLLEGE EDXTCATION IN THE XTNITED STATES
Vniveraiiy Education in the Past. — Uni* prion method. As Professor Remsen has
versity education, in the sense defined described it:*
above, has come into existence very large- ** When the philosopher in those days
ly since the War of the Rebellion. A wished to solve a problem, his method was
university could hardly be said to have to sit down and think about it. He re-
existed in this country before 1870. Let lied upon the working of his brain to
us consider briefly the situation as it pre- frame a theory, and beautiful theories
sented itself: were undoubtedly formed. Many of these
1. In even the largest institutions, the — probably all of those which had refer-
library was scarcely of sufficient size or ence to natural phenomena — were far in
value to deserve the name. It was open advance of facts known, and even directly
for consultation during perhaps one hour opposed to facts discovered later. Minds
a day of two days in the week. The bet- were not hampered by facts, and theories
ter class of students, it was understood, grew apace. The age was one of mental
had no time for reading. In fact, read- operations. A beautiful thought was re-
ing was a degradation. William Freder- garded as something much superior to
ick Poole, the late librarian of the New- knowledge. We have not learned to think
berry Library, a few months before his less of beautiful thoughts, or of mental
death made this statement: "To those processes, but we have learned to think
of us who graduated thirty or forty or more of facts, and to let our beautiful
more years ago, books outside of the thoughts be guided by them."
text-book used had no part in our educa- 3. Still further, the curriculum was not
lion; they were never quoted, recommend- one of high standard, from the present
ed, nor mentioned by the instructor in the point of view. It is probably a correct
class-room. As I remember it, Yale Col- statement that the curriculum of Yale and
lege library might as well have been in Harvard sixty years ago was not much
Waterville or Bridgeport as in New Haven, higher than the curriculum of the best
so far as the students in those days were grade of high schools to-day. It certainly
concerned." It is only in comparatively was not as broad in the opportunities
recent years that the largest institutions furnished for diversity of work. As late
have had a librarian giving his entire as the year 1843 the requirements for
time to the care of the library. And the admission to the freshman class were as
laboratory occupied as small a place in the follows:
situation of forty years ago as did the In Latin: Cicero's orations, Virgil, Sal-
library. It was something unknown to a lust, Latin grammar and Latin prose, and
college graduate of thirty years ago. The Latin prosody. In Greek: Greek grammar
first chemical laboratory in Germany was and the reading of three books of the
built by Liebig at Giessen in 1826. This Anabasis. And in addition, arithmetic,
factor, which to-day takes its place side English grammar, and geography,
by side with the library, is something Still later, at Harvard, 1850:
which formed no part of education in in Latin: Caesar, Virgil, Cicero's select
days past. An institution of higher learn- orations, with Latin grammar and prose,
ing with no library worth mentioning, in Greek: Felton's Greek reader, '* writ-
and with no laboratories, could scarcely ing of Greek with the accents," Greek
be called a university. grammar. In mathematics: arithmetic,
2. The curriculum of study in those algebra, first lessons; introduction to
days dealt wholly with the past. It was geometry. Worcester's ancient geography
largely Latin, Greek, mathematics, and and history.
philosophy. Questions of living interest 4. The numbers in attendance were
could gain no recognition. The study of very small. A single case may be cited:
English literature, and indeed of modern In 1834 Harvard had 336 students in all
literature of any kind, was rigidly ex- departments; in 1840, 448 students; in
eluded until within two or three dec- 1850, 584 students; and in 1866-67, 959
ades. The attention of the 'students students. No institution of learning up
was directed to the past. The method , Address at the opening of Kent Chemi-
employed was in large measure the a oal Laboratory, January. 1893
567
XTNIVEBSITY AND COLLEGE EDXTCATION IN THE UNITED STATES
to the time of the close of the war had as Lee University in 1749, under the Church
large a number as 1,000 students. Dur- of England; the university of Pennsyl-
ing Harvard's first sixty-five years of his- vania in 1751; Columbia University in
tory there were graduated an average of 1754, under the Church of England;
eight students a year. During Yale's Brown University in 1764, in charge of
first 128 years, an average of between the Baptists; Rutgers College in 1766,
thirty-four and thirty-five students gradu- under the Dutch Reformed Church; Dart-
ated each year. There was no such thing mouth College in 1770, by the Congrega-
as a large college; the university was tionalists; and Hampden-Sydney College
something not yet dreamed of. in 1776, under the Presbyterians. It was
5. The constituency of the college in not until long after this that the State
those days was to a large extent students universities were established. In the
who were preparing themselves for the earlier times, when Church and State were
ministry. The college was practically a one in the colonies, the State may have
theological seminary. In Harvard, Hebrew had to do with the maintenance of the
was required of all students down to 1780. college; but State foundations, in the
Those subjects which have found their realm of higher education, have come for
way into the curriculum in more recent the most part since 1840. Of the more
years, because demanded by men having prominent State universities, the follow-
in mind the profession of medicine or the ing are the dates of establishment :
profession of the law, or a business career,
were entirely lacking. The percentage P.u^JV.^u^^*.. 1740 ■owa^„-^.. • • • • • • 1|«
of graduates entering the ministry was as Vermont 1791 Cornell 1868
follows: At Yale, one student in every Tennessee ..... 1704 Colorado 186S
. J X J * i»T/vo X ioo/\ u North Carolina. 1795 Illinois 1868
four graduated from 1702 to 1830 became Indiana 1820 Minnesota 18«n
a minister. At Harvard, during the first VI.»'?*°«* Jg^r. Nebraska 1860
«.. i. r 4. 4. ^ Michigan 1837 Texas 1883
fifty years, one out of every two entered Missouri 1840
the ministry.
In a word, therefore, higher education Higher education, until times compara-
in the past was intended largely for a *^vely recent, therefore, was the child of
single class of men. The numbers were ^^^ Church, and in each particular case
consequently very small ; and in the train- ^^^ special offspring of a denomination,
ing of these men the entire emphasis was ^^ ^^^ ^«° ^^ accordance with this policy
placed upon that which stood related to ^^^^ everyAvhere throughout the Middle
ancient times, rather than upon anvthing ^nd Western States the different denomi-
that concerned the times in which the nations of Christians have sought to
men lived; and besides, those methods of strengthen their work by establishing eol-
work which to-day constitute the very ^^ges, the absolute control of which they
essence of higher education, employed in ^^^^ maintained. The debt of education
connection with the library and the lab- *<* *^« several Christian denominations is
oratory, our fathers utterly lacked. something incalculable. It may almost be
In reference to the control of higher ^^^^ ^^^t down to 1830 or 1840 there was
education in this early stage of its de- ^^ ^ig^er education except that which was
velopment, the following points deserve provided for by the denominations,
^consideration : ^' ^^ this period, likewise, the officers
1. Nearly all the institutions of higher ^"^ *^e students of the college were very
learning were established by denomina- largely members of the particular de-
tions. Harvard came first, in 1636. estab- nomination which controlled the college,
lished by the Congregational ists. In 1693 This was a natural consequence of the fact
the college of William and Mary was ^^^^ *^« majority of the students were
founded by the Church of England in the preparing for the ministry. Just as to-
colony of Virginia. Yale followed in ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ of the theological seminaries
1701, under the Congrega tionalists. Then ^^^^ ^ composed of those who are eom-
in 1746 the Presbyterians established municants of the particular denomination
Princeton College, and this was followed ^n control of the seminary, so in those
in quick succession by Washington and * Not strictly a State university.
568
UNIVEBSITY AND COLLEGE EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES
days the staff of the college consisted ex* placed before the student three or four
clusively of those who were members of points of view and to have allowed him
the particular denomination in control of to make choice for himself would have
the college. been regarded as a method of policy
In many of the smaller institutions wholly disastrous in its effects. There was
under denominational control this condi- no choice of subject; there was no choice
tion still exists, while in the larger insti- of opinion. The curriculum was a cast-
tutions a survival of it is seen in such iron curriculum, and the whole process
a charter as that of Yale, which requires consisted of a series of mechanical con-
a large proportion of the corporation to trivances devised to make every student
be Congregational clergymen of the State exactly like every other student, in order
of Connecticut. that each and every one might seem to
3. But it is to be noted that denomi- have passed through the same mould, with
nations in those days were what we would each individual characteristic cut off.
to-day call sects. Inasmuch as the dis- Time does not permit me to show the
tinctions between the denominations were direct results of this kind of higher edu-
more clearly marked and greater emphasis cation. It is enough to say that it was
was placed relatively upon these distinc- characteristic of its times. The exclusive
tions, and since the spirit of those days spirit still prevailed. In many sections
was narrow as compared with that which of the country men were monarchists or
frequently permits to-day the co-operation aristocrats without knowing the fact,
of different denominations in the same The principles of democracy had not yet
great work, the denominational ism of exerted their full influence. The times
that time may fairly be called " an undue were not yet ripe for the full fruitage
denominationalism " — that is, sectarian- in the educational field of democratic
ism. From the point of view in which methods and democratic ideals. George
these words are used, the difference be- Eliot's description in Middlemarch of cer-
tween the spirit of sectarianism and the tain English institutions would have been
spirit of the denominationalism of to- strictly applicable to these, for they were
day is something world-wide. In those " institutions which sought to lift up the
times there had not yet sprung up these higher learning by making it exclusive."
great modern movements like the Young ,Vcm? Factors in the Present Situation. —
Men's Christian Association and the if, within fifty years, there have been
Young People's Society of Christian En- changes in our industrial world; if, with
deavor, which have contributed so large- the coming of the railroad and the tele-
ly to broadening out the denominations graph-line methods of transportation have
and to placing emphasis upon the essen- been revolutionized; if everywhere growth
tials of Christianity as distinct from the and development, which are only other
peculiarities of sects. Under these cir- words for expansion, have been phenom*
cumstances, the lines were drawn as enal, just so in the field of higher edu-
strictly between the colleges of the sev- cation. The changes have been so great
eral denominations as between the de- that one may hardly speak of evolution,
nominations themselves. It might almost be called revolution.
4. As a result of this narrow and sec- Higher education, as it stands in rela-
tarian control, and of the fact that the tionship to the different denominations of
largest single factor in the student body the Church, finds itself to-day engaged in
was made up of those engaged in prepara- a serious struggle for the solution of the
tion for the ministry, there was a unity problems which arise out of this new and
of plan and purpose, and a unity in teach- strange environment; and we should re-
ing, which is to-day unknown in institu- member that these changes owe their ori-
tions of higher learning. Only that might gin to the same cause as do the changes
be taught which was in strict accord in methods of transportation, business in
with the tenets of the sect or denomina- general, and life at large.
tion in control, and only that side of The high school, called the people's
truth was presented which it was desired college, is a development of twenty or
the student should accept. To have twenty-five years. Much work done for-
569
XTNIVEBSITY AND COLLEGE EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES
merly by colleges is now done by high lions. The explanation of this is clear,
schools; the course of study in many of With a political influence which naturally
these schools is more extensive and more lends itself to the State institution: with
thorough than was the course in many of the large number of alumni occupying the
the better colleges forty years ago, and chief positions as principals and teachers
many of the poorer colleges to-day. The in high schools; with no tuition fee, be-
educational policy involved in the main- cause provision has been made by the
tenanee and conduct of the high school State, and instruction is offered free;
is something very pleasing to the public, with excellent facilities for work in nearly
and everything points to a still higher every line; with fully equipped labora-
<levelopment ; for already in many States tories, and with libraries far more com- .
the high school is doing the work of the plete than any ordinary college can ever*
freshman year in college. Several things hope to possess, the State university pre-
are to be considered:* sents an inducement to the prospective
1. Much of the constituency of these student which the smaller college cannot
schools is drawn directly from the col- under any circumstances duplicate.
lege or the preparatory school connected The introduction of the library and the
with the college. laboratory into modern education presents
2. The graduates of these schools have other difficulties. These may be summed
distinct advantages in any effort to secure up in one word — ^lack of means. The
positions as teachers in the lower schools, work of the junior and senior years at
3. So strong is the work done in the college cannot in these days be properly
high school that many parents who have done without large libraries and well-
the means to pay the tuition fee in a equipped laboratories. The modern
denominational institution prefer the high method of teaching and of study rests
school; while the absence of any fee is a absolutely upon principles which demand
great incentive to many to patronize them, for their operation books and apparatus.
4. The equipment for science is often The introduction of the principle of
far better than that possessed by the col- election, which has now been universally
lege, and the instruction is more modern, adopted in so far as the financial re-
6. Preparatory schools in the West and sources of institutions make it possible.
South are no longer crowded, because >« a source of many changes and much
students are going to the high schools. embarrassment. The student-world is now
6. In a word, the high school is a dis- least of all concerned in preparation for
tracting element to the friends of the the ministry. The average class of even
college, which at one time controlled the the smaller college turns out more men
situation. ^or medicine and law than for the minis-
Another factor of great importance is try; while even a larger number, perhaps,
the development, especially in the West- of those who leave the college enter busi-
em States, of the State university. At "ess. These, having in mind the careers
first only a college, the State university which they are to follow, demand studies
has slowly gained ground, until in some which shall bear directly on that career.
States it has become almost impossible Kducators. for the most part, accept the
for the non-State colleges to continue doctrine that any ordinary subject, well
their work with satisfaction. So strong studied, will produce discipline and
has the antagonism come to be that in furnish culture. Students wish modern
more than one State the smaller colleges literature, rather than ancient literature;
have joined themselves together in an alii- modem history, rather than ancient his-
ance the object of which is to meet the tory. They wish political economy and
rapid encroachments of the State institu- political science, and sociology, instead of
tion. In the whole Mississippi Valley philosophy. Many prefer French and Ger-
there are not more than two or three non- man to Latin and Greek. So many sub-
State institutions which to-day do not jects are demanded, libraries of such ex-
stand in actual fear of the State institu- tent are needed, laboratories with such
equipment are called for, that to • day
• See The Prospects of the Small College. $1,000,000 will not suffice to meet the
570
UNIVEBSITY AND COLLEGE EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES
wants of an institution of higher learn- have less than 100 to 150 college students,
ing which, twenty years ago, would have The total income from all sources of more
been amply provided for by $100,000. The than one-third of all the colleges and uni-
elective principle, which calls for large versities in the United States is in each
expenditure not only in the way of books case less than $10,000. The cost per.
and equipment, but also of increased in- capita for high - school instruction in a
struction, is the rock on which many in- city like Peoria. 111., is larger than the
stitutions are being dashed to pieces. cost per capita of instruction furnished in ,
Added to this, there has come into ex- many of the colleges. The demands of
istence, gradually but surely, what is call- modern methods have multiplied the cost
ed the university idea. As has been said, of education many times, and at the same
a university, in the proper sense of the time the income on investments is steadily
term, was something which did not exist decreasing.
in the United States before the war. It The denominations recognize the fact
might be said that this idea goes no that, as such, they lack the means neces-
farther back than three decades. All in- sary to make provision for the work of
stitutions before that time, and many of higher education in the largest sense. No
the larger institutions of to-day, are large denomination, as such, has yet established
colleges, but not universities. and endowed an institution which has the
Two years ago, in the city of Chicago, rank of university. The denomination can
was organized an association of American provide for a college. It is not strong
universities. The association includes enough, and there is not sufficient inter-
fourteen of the 480 colleges of the United est, to secure means for the maintenance
States— one in thirty-four. In some of of a university. Universities on large
these institutions are gathered students foundations have come as a result, on one
the total number of whom would make hand, of generous gifts from men of many
thirty or forty colleges. This university denominations, including gifts from those
spirit has now taken root and its most who have had no denominational connec-
rapid development may be expected: for tion. (In this class will be placed Har-
the same spirit which has drawn so large vard, Yale, and Chicago.) Or by indi-
a portion of our population to the cities, vidual men, either out of touch with
where special advantages are thou^t to Christian work altogether, or without
exist and special privileges may be se- reference to it. (Here are to be placed
cured, is drawing the best men to the Girard College and the Leland Stanford
larger institutions (State universities and University.) Or by the collective strength
institutions only nominally under denomi- of a State. (Here belong the State uni-
national control) because of their larger versities, especially of the Middle and
libraries, their better equipped labora- Western States.)
tories, and their more direct contact with A denomination, as such, cannot to-day
life and modern civilization. This ele- furnish the faculty for a university. It
ment in the present situation is one would be literally impossible for even the
which the denominational college is com- strongest denomination in the United
pelled to face, and with which it has al- States to man a strong university. It
ready entered into serious struggle. would be difficult for any three denomina-
The older institutions of higher educa- tions combined to do this. If such a uni-
tion, the denominational colleges, are, versity were organized and if its faculty
therefore, confronted to-day by many were in large measure of a particular de-
changes from the earlier situation in nomination, it would be still more diffi-
which these colleges had birth and the cult for that denomination to impress its
first years of their growth. The difficul- particular doctrines upon the university,
ties which thus present themselves are A denomination may establish a college,
many, and among them not the least is and, if it is a small college, may furnish
the greatly increased cost of maintenance, the membership of its faculty. It may
The number of denominational colleges likewise furnish the largest number of
with an endowment of less than $100,000 the student body; and it might, although
is very large. These, for the most part, this is improbable, make a strenuous ef-
571
UNIVEBSITY EXTENSION— UFSHXJB
fort to propagate through this institution ville, Pa., he drafted the first ritual and
its peculiar views. But to attempt this in organized with fourteen members the first
the case of a university would be futile, lodge of the Ancient Order of United
and no body of men likely to be placed as Workmen. The first meeting was held
trustees in control of a university, even if Oct. 27, 1868, since which time the order
as individuals a majority of them are has spread to every State and Territory,
members of the same communion, will to- and in 1900 numbered over 400,000 mem-
day, or in the future, make an effort to im- bers. He died at Steelville, Mo., Jan. 18,
press upon that institution a denomina- 1887.
tional point of view. Updike, Wilkins, lawyer; bom in
This, then, is the present — with, on Kingston, R. I., Jan. 8, 1784; admitted
the one hand, many new educational prob- to the bar; was a member of the State
lems difficult of solution, and, on the legislature for many years; and author
other, a changed relationship between de- of Memoirs of the Rhode Island Bar;
nominationalism and higher education. History of the Episcopal Church in Nar-
If the past was the period of denomina- raganset Pier, R, /., etc. He died in
tional higher education, what shall we Kingston, R. I., Jan. 14, 1867.
call the present? XTpham, Charles Wentworth, author;
In the field of activity, as in that of born in St. John, New Brunswick, Canada,
theological thought, and as in that of May 4, 1802; graduated at Harvard Col-
business, it is a period of transition; lege in 1821, and at its Divinity School
transition from a lower to a higher plane ; in 1824 ; left the ministry on account of
from a narrower to a broader spirit; from bronchial trouble in 1844; was president
a smaller to a larger work; a transition of the Massachusetts Senate in 1857-58;
in process because we are now coming and member of Congress in 1853-55. His
into a fuller knowledge, and understand publications include Lectures on Witch-
the significance of the teachings of the craft, Comprising a History of the Salem
great Teacher, Jesus Christ; because we Delusion, 1692; Life of John C, Frimont;
are really just beginning to apply the Memoir of Francis Peabody; Salem Witch-
principles of democracy to our religion craft and Cotton Mather, a Reply; Life
and educational work; because the new of Sir Henry Vane, etc. He died in Salem,
century places before us possibilities of Mass., June 14, 1875.
increase, of readjustment, and of realiza- ITphamy Warren, geologist; born in
tion even beyond our dreams. Amherst, N. H., March 8, 1850; grad-
TJniversity Extension. The American uated at Dartmouth College in 1871;
Society for the Extension of University served on the geological survey of Min*
Teaching was founded at Philadelphia in nesota in 1879-85, and on the United
June, 1890, and incorporated in March, States geological survey in 1885-95. He
1892. The aim of university extension then became secretary and librarian of
is: first, to extend higher education to all the Minnesota Historical Society in St.
classes of people ; second, to extend educa- Paul. His publications include The
tion through the whole of adult life; Olacial Lake Aga^siz; Greenland Ice-
third, to extend thorough methods of study fields and Life in the North Atlantic,
to subjects of every-day interest. icith a New Discussion of the Causes of
From Philadelphia the movement has the Ice Age (with Prof. G. F. Wright),
extended into many sections of the coun- etc.
try, being established mainly, however, tTpshur, Abel Parker, statesman;
in connection with colleges and universi- bom in Northampton county, Va., June
ties. 17, 1790; admitted to the bar in 1810;
University Settlements. See Col- practised in Richmond, Va., in 1810-24;
lege Settlements. judge of the General Court of Virginia
ITpchurch, Joim Jorden, mechanic; in 1829-41; Secretary of the Navy in
born in Franklin county, N. C, March 26, 1841-43. In the latter year he succeeded
1822; received a common school education. Daniel Webster as Secretary of State. He
In 1868, while working in the Atlantic and published Brief Inquiry into the True
Great Western Railroad shops at Mead- Nature and Character of our Federal Gov-
572
XJPSON— UTAH
emment; Review of Judge Joseph Story's and letters which are preserved in the
Commentaries on the Constitution. He archives of the Indies in Seville,
was killed with several others on the Poto- Usher, Hezekiah, patriot; born in
mac River» near Washing:ton, by the ex- England about 1615; established him-
plosion of a large wrought-iron gun on self in Boston in 1646; was agent for the
the United States steamer Princeton, the Society for Propagating the Gospel; pur-
discharge of which he was witnessing, chased the press and type for printing
Feb. 28, 1844. Kliot's Indian Bible in 1657; and was one
Upsoiiy Anson Judd, educator; born in of the founders of the Old South ChurcU
Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 7, 1823; grad- in 1660. He died in Boston, Mass.,
uated at Hamilton College in 1843; Pro- March 14, 1676.
lessor of Rhetoric at Hamilton College in Ushjer, Hezekiah, patriot; born in
1853-70; ordained in the Presbyterian Cambridge, Mass., June 6, 1639; son of
Church in 1868 ; pastor in Albany in 1870- the preceding; engaged in business in
80; Professor of Sacred Rhetoric at Au- Boston. During the witchcraft excite-
burn Theological Seminary in 1880-87. ment. he was arrested but allowed to
He was appointed chancellor of the Uni- escape. He died in Boston, Mass., July
versity of New York in 1892. 11, 1679.
Upton, Emory, military officer; born Usher, John, colonial executive; born
in Batavia, N. Y., Aug. 27, 1839; grad- in Boston, Mass., April 27, 1648; son of
uated at West Point in 1861, and was Hezekiah 1st; succeeded his father in
assigned to the artillery. He became aide business; was colonel of militia; treas-
to General Tyler, and was wounded in urer of Massachusetts; agent in London
the battle of Bull Run. In the Peninsu- for the Massachusetts colony for the pur-
lar campaign he commanded a battery, chase from Sir Ferdinando Gorges of the
and was active in the battles of South title for the district of Maine; and lieu-
Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, tenant-governor of New Hampshire in
Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg. In the 1692-97, and from 1702 till his death, in
campaign against Richmond (1864) he Modford, Mass., Sept. 1, 1720.
commanded a brigade until assigned to Usher, John Palmer, statesman; bom
the army under Sheridan in the Shenan- in Brookfield, N. Y., Jan. 9, 1816; settled
doah Valley, where he was wounded in in Indiana, where he studied law and
the battle of Winchester. Early in 1865 practised; elected to the legislature and
he commanded a division of cavalry in later was attorney-general. On March 20,
General Wilson's operations in Alabama 1862, he was made first assistant Secre-
and Georgia, and was distinguished in tary of the Interior, and on Jan. 8, 1863,
the capture of Selma. In March, 1865, succeeded to the post of Secretary of the
he was brevetted major-general, United Interior, which he resigned May 15, 1865;
States army, for " meritorious services then resumed private practice and was
during the Rebellion." He was the au- made consulting attorney of the Union
thor of Infantry Tactics for the Unit- Pacific Railroad. He died in Philadel-
ed States Army, adopted in 1867. He phia. Pa., April 13, 1889.
died in San Francisco, Cal., March 14, Utah, State of, formed a part of the
1881. territory acquired from Mexico in 1848.
Urdaneta, Adr£S, navigator; born in It was settled in 1847 by Mormons, led
Villafranca, Guipuzcoa, Spain, in 1499. thither by Brigham Young. They formed an
Urged by the council of the Indies, Philip independent government and called it the
II. decided, in 1558, to undertake the State of Deseret — the land of the honey-
conquest of the Philippine Islands, and bee — in March, 1849. This was superseded
appointed Urdaneta chief pilot of the ex- by a territorial government, organized by
pedition, which left Acapulco Nov. 21, act of Congress, Sept. 9, 1850, under the
1564, under Miguel Lopez de Legaspi. name of Utah, the name of an Indian
The latter took possession of the island tribe. It then contained over 220,000
of Cebu and conquered Mindoro. Urda- square miles, embracing portions of what
neta returned to Mexico, where he died are now Colorado, Nevada, and Wyoming.
June 3, 1568. He wrote several memoirs In 1856, having a requisite number of in-
573
UTAH, STATE OF
habitants. th« legislature framed a c«n- a tiH cultural Induatry. Manufacturing
Btitution for the " State of Deseret." industries began early, owing to the dis-
nnd application was afterwards frequently lanee xnd lack of communication with
made for its admission into the Union, manufaetiiring centres, and now there are
without success till 1806. when It
Tegularl,v admitted, with
02K square miles.
mills,
!, and the
TERRiTnRFAr.
area of S4.- of different natures that thi
beet-root sugar industry
IBS In 1857 an incident twcurred that illus-
trates the witdness of the Territory leas
than fifty years ago. A party of emi-
grants going West were attacked by the
Mormons and [ndiana at a place called
HeUr It Wall!. usunieii offli* . .
rUtTED STATES SESiTORS.
The soil of the State is largely im-
pregnated with salts, which makes it Mountain Meadow. Many emigrants were
practically unfit for cultivation. There killed, others defended themselves brave-
are, however, soiuc portions which are ly. Then two Mormons, named Lee and
cleared of alkali, and by means of irri- Haight, offered to help the emigrants east-
gntion there hna grown up a considerable ward if thev would follow their guidance.
574
UTE INDIANS
This being agicfd to, the two Mormons
led the men and women into an ambush
and killed alt but seventeen of them. It
was not till 1874 that it became known
that the Mormons and not the Indian?
were responsible lor thia. See MottuoNS;
United Stateii, Utah, in this vol-
prising fifteen families, and at one time
occupying the central and western por-
tions ot Colorado and the northeaatern
portion of Utah, and extending into JJew
Uexico on the south.
In 1R90 there were 1.001 Moache, Ca-
pote, and Wiminurhie Utes at the south-
ern Ute agency in California: 1.711 Uin-
tah, White River, and L'neompahgre Utea
575
nt the Uintah and Ouiay agencies in
Utah; and a number of I'i-Utes and Fah-
Utea on reservations in Oregon, Indian
Terrilory, and Nevada.
Oiilbreak of 1S79.— There Beems 1»
have been no real cause for this oulbteak.
though some years before the agency
business was so fjroaely mismanaged that
the Indiana were very discontented.
Kathan C. Meeker waa appointed agent in
187S, and he wa^
said to be both just
and humane in all
his dealings with the
Indians. The ground
of discontent at this
time, however, 3eem»
to have been a gen-
eral movement on
the part of the white
men to reduce the
reservation of the
Ut«. In the spring
of 1870 the Colorado
legislature passed a
memorial to Con-
gress urging the
opening of the res-
ervation to white
settlement, and the
removal of the Ind-
ians therefrom. Of
ready for encroach-
ment, whether it
could be legally at-
tempted or not, and
- many who did not
hesitate to threater>
the Indians with
removal from their
lands. Moreover,
Mr. Meeker, believ-
ing that the wide
extent ot country
used by the Indians
not be permanently
left them, with the tide of immi|:;ration
liressinR so closely up to its very borders,
endeavored to induce the Indians under hia
charge to turn their attention to agricult-
ure, supplying them with the necessary
implements, and uainp all the compulsory
means allowed him to force them to cuHi-
,tc the lands. As might have been expect-
for hunting could
UTE ISDIANS— UTICA
ed, the spirit of mutiny ivas aroused im-
mediately. The Indians would not obey
Mr.Meeker,and his attempts to enforce the
rules he had prescribed only made mat-
ters worse. The Indians became more and
more unruly, and at last, in July, the agent,
feeling that he lost his power to coatrol
the rebellious spirit that had been aroused,
wrote to the Indian bureau, begging that
troops be sent to quiet the Indiana. No
attention was paid to his request at first,
but at last, in September, an order was
issued for the advance of a body of sol-
diers, under Major Thornburgh, from
Fort Fred Steele to the White River
agency "to
nquire into the causes o
trouble and
to check further insubord
nation." It
was intended that the Ind
ians should
not know of this advanc
until the ar
rival of the troops at th
Bjtency. but
news of the movement fiev
on the wings
of the wind, as it were, an
r that the white soldiers
were eoming to drive the Utes from their
lands, and there was an instant uprising
throughout the tribe. The advancing
cavalry were attacked near the Milk
River, on the north line of the reaerva-
tinn. Major Thornburgh and thirteen
of his men were killed, and the rest were
forced to intrench themselves as well as
they could. Many were wounded, and
their horses were all killed or captured.
The Botdiers were kept in a state of siege
for some days, until another force under
General Merritt reached and rescued
them. On the same day that the attack
was made on Major Thornburgh the Ind-
ians killed Mr. Meeker and all the male
employes of the agency. The women and
children were taken prisoners, but were
not harmed and were released a few
weeka later. Ouray, chief of the White
Biver Utes, had always professed friend-
liness to the whites and to Mr. Meeker.
He claimed that the attacks had been
made without bis previous knowledge.
and immediately ordered his tribe to stop
fighting. When General Merritt and his
forces arrived at the agency Ouray met
him and made such promises for the good
behavior of his tribe that no attempt was
made to punish those who had made the
attack on Major Thornburgh, or the mur-
derers of Mr. Meeker and bis assistants,
though a peace commission was sent out
to investigate the matter, and Chief
Ourny said that he would surrender the
responsible actors in the agency murder?
if they could be taken to Washington for
trial. The feeling against the Indians in
Colorado was very strong, and had popu-
lar sentiment then had any infiuence in
shaping matters there is no doubt that
speedy justice would have t>een riaited
on the guilty parties. The fact that this
would have led to a war in which scores
of innocent beings would also have un-
doubtedly perished, is the justification for
the temporizing policy which finally per-
mitted the offenders to escape.
ntica, a city and county seat of Oneida
county, N. Y. ; on the Mohawk Biver. The
city is in the centre of a dairying region
and is the chief cheese market of central
New York. During the colonial period
the site of the city was called Old Fort
Schuyler, from the fort which stood there.
It was a part of 22,000 acres given to
William Cosby, the colonial governor, in
1734, after which date the tract was
known as Cosby's manor. Population in
1000, 56,383.
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11