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PREFACE.
*j»j»jtji ,>-».»'
'N presenting this book to the public the Compiler wishes to announce that he
is prompted by a desire to commemorate the Enthronement of His Majesty
the Emperor, held in Kyoto, the ancient Capital of Japan, on November loth,
19 1 5, and the subsequent ceremonies in the Capital and elsewhere in accordance
with the time-honoured customs of the Empire. It was on July 30th, 1912, or the
2,572nd year after the accession of the first Emperor Jimmu Tenno, that the present
Emperor Yoshihito ascended the Throne upon the demise of the Emperor Meiji
Tenno the same day. Soon after the Restoration of 1868, the Meiji Tenno laid
the foundations of the Empire on a sound basis by encouraging various branches
of science and commerce, with the result that the country has since attained
wonderful development in arms and peaceful enterprises on the lines of Western
civilization, the utmost care being at the same time taken to preserve the national
traits as far as possible. Under the glorious reign of the present Emperor the
country continues to achieve further progress at home and abroad, and is destined
to play an important role in the promotion of International peace together with
the Entente Powers.
In the "Japan in the Taisho Era " are noted the Imperial House Law,
Imperial Accession Law, Imperial Genealogy of Japan, Emperor and Empress,
Grand Ceremonies of Enthronement, members of the Imperial Family, Japan of
to-day, Nobles and Personages in the Empire, all the details of which reflect
the great progress made by, and the glorious future before', the Land of the
Rising Sun.
IWATA NISHIZAWA
June, 1917.
CONTENTS.
FIRST PART.
ENTHRONEMENT:-
The Imperial House Law
Supplement to the Imperial House Law
Imperial Rescript of the Constitution of Japan ..
The Constitution of the Empire of Japan
Imperial Accession Law
History of the Ceremonies of the Enthronement ..
The Ceremonies of the Enthronement in 1915
' The Grand Ceremony of the Enthronement
The Service at the Kashiko-Dokoro
The Daijosai
Imperial Banquets and Visits to Shrine...
Grand Military Review
Grand Naval Review
Celebrations in the Empire — Tokyo, Yokohama and
Kyoto
Emperor and Empress and Imperial Family :—
H.I.M. the Emperor in Naval Uniform
H.I.M. the Empress in European Dress
The Emperor
The Empress and Crown Prince with his lounger
Brothers
The Late Emperor Meiji Tenno
The Late Empress Dowager Shoken
Genealogy of the Imperial Family of Japan
Arisugawa-no-Miya
• Fushimi-no-Miya
Kacho-no-Miya
Yamashina-no-Miya
Kaya-no-Miya
PAGE.
1
5
. 7
8
12
13
13
14
16
16
16
17
17
18
22
23
24
26
29
32
34
37
39
43
44
46
61
PAGE.
Kuni-no-Miya ■... 47
Nashimoto-no-Miya 49
Asaka-no-Miya 50
Higashikuni-no-Miya 51
Kitashirakawa-iio-Miya 53
Takeda-no-Miya 55
Kan-in-no-Miya 57
Higashifushimi-iio-Miya 59
Genealogies of the Members of the Imperial
Family
History of Japan: —
Prehistoric Japan
The Organization of the Empire of Japan
Tiie Yamato Court Period
The Taika Reform Period
The Nara Period ."
The Heian Period
The Kamakura Period
The Yoshino Court Period
The Muromachi Period
The Adzuchi-Momoyama Ptsriod ■ ...
The Edo Period
The Present Period (Meiji and Taisho Eras)
Aftermath of the Enthronement Ceremonies in 1915.
Eras of the Reign of the Various Emperors of Japan.
Congratulatory Addresses to the Throne by Foreign
Residents — Yokohama and Kobe
Foreign Representatives wiio attended the Ceremony
of Enthronement
63
65
66
69
70
71
74
77
78
79
82
87
96
97
101
102
SECOND PART.
JAPAN OF TO-DAY :-
The Cabinet
The Official Organization of the Cabinet
Cabinets, Personnel of
Premiers of Japan
General Rules for the Official Organization of all
Departments
The Official Organization of the Department of
Foreign Affairs ,
PAGE.
1
1
2
9
10
12
The Official Organization of the Department of
Home Affiiirs
The Official Organization of the Financial Depart-
ment
The Official Organization of the War Department...
The General Staff Office ...
Chiefs of the Army General Staff Office
The Official Organization of tlie Navy Department
PAGE.
14
15
17
18
19
20
II
CONTENTS.
The Naval Staff Board
Chiefs of the Naval Staff Board
Official Organization of the Department of Justice
Official Organization of tlie Department of Educa-
tion
Official Organization of the Department of Agricul-
ture and Commerce
Tiie Official Organization of the Department of
Communications
The Imperial Household Department
Ministers of the Imperial Household ...
The Geographical Situation of Japan
Extent of Area
Population of the Empire
The Legislation
Domestic Administrations
Colonial Administration (Formosa)
Colonial Administration (Chosen)
Colonial Administration (Karafuto)
Colonial Administration (Kwautung Province) ...
The Judicial Administration
The Military Affairs
The Army
The Navy
Diplomatic Affairs
Finance and Economics
Communication: Land Transportation
Communication : Marine Transportation
The Educational System
Religion
Banking Section: —
i Nippon Ginko (The Bank of Japan)
Nippon Kwangyo Ginko (The Hypothec Bank of
Japan)
Nippon Kogyo Ginko (The Industrial Bank of
Japan)
Yokohama Shokin Ginko (The Yokohama Specie
Bank)
Taiwan Ginko (The Bank of Taiwan)
Chosen Ginko (The Bank of Chosen)
Hokkaido Takushoku Ginko (The Hokkaido
Colonization Bank) .„
Bisan Noko Ginko (The Bisan Agricultural and
Industrial Bank)
Gumma-ken Noko Ginko (The Gumma Prefectural
Agricultural and Industrial Bank) ..,
Shidzuoka Noko Ginko (The Shidzuoka Agricultural
Industrial Bank)
Aichi Ginko (The Aichi Bank)
PAGE.
21
21
22
23
24
25
27
28
29
30
30
32
34
37
39
41
41
42
43
44
45
47
49
59
60
64
68
71
74
76
77
79
80
81
83
84
85
86
Dai-Hyaku Ginko (The One Hundredth Bank)
Diii-ichi Ginko (The First Bank) ...
Dai-san Ginko (The Third Bank)
Dazai Chozo Ginko (The Dazai Savings Bank)
Jugo Ginko (The Fifteenth Bank)
Kajima Ginko (The Kajima Bank)
Kishinioto Giuko (Tiie Kishimoto Bank)
Kyoto Shoko Ginko (The Kyoto Commercial and
Industrial Bank)
Meiji Ginko (The Meiji Bank)...
Mitsubishi Goshi Kwaisha Ginkobu (The Mitsu
bishi Goshi Kwaisiia Banking Department)
Mitsui Ginko (The Mitsui Bank)
Nagoya Ginko (The Nagoya Bank)
Naniwa Ginko (The Naniwa Bank)
0-mi Ginko (The 0-mi Bank)
Osaka Chochiku Ginko (The Osaka Savings Ban
Sanju-shi Ginko (The 34th Bank)
Shiju Ginko (Tiie 40th Bank^
Soda Ginko (The Soda Bank and The Soda Savings
Bank)
Tanaka Ginko (The Tanaka Bank)
Yasuda Ginko (The Yasuda Bank)
Yashin Ginko (The Yushin Bank)
Tokyo Ginko Shukaijo (The Tokyo Bankers'
Association) ...
Beverages and Provisions: —
Dai-Nippon Bser Kabushiki Kaisha (The Da
Nippon Brewery Co.)
Kabuto Beer Kabushiki Kaisha ( The Kabuto
Brewery Co.)
Kirin Beer Kabushiki Kaisha (The Kirin Brewery
Co.)
Morinaga Seika Kabushiki Kaisha (The Morinaga
Confectionery Co.)
Teikoku Beer Kabushiki Kaisha (The Teikoku
Brewery Co.)
Teikoku Kosen Kabushiki Kaisha (The Imperial
Mineral Water Co.)
The Clifford- Wilkinson Tansan Mineral Water Co,
Yushutsu Shokuhin Kabushiki Kaisha (The Export
Foodstuff" Co.)
Cement Section :—
Aichi Cement Kabushiki Kaisha (The Aichi Cement
\J\}mJ ••• ••• ••• >•• •■• ■■■ ••• ••• •••
Asano Cement Kabushiki Kaisha (The Asano
Cement Co.)
S^ura Cement Kabushiki Kaisha (The Sakura
Portland Cement Co.)
••* ••«
118
119
119
121
CONTENTS.
m
Dry Goods Section :— page,
Chikiri-ya (Mr. Jihei Nishimura) 122
Dai Chu (Mr. Churobei Tsuji) 123
Daikoku-ya (Mr. Saburobei Sugiura) 123
Daimaru Gofukuten (The Dairaaru Department
Store) ... • 124
Eiraku-ya (Mr. Ihei Hosotsuji) 12.'5
Mr. Fujii Zenshichi 125
Hassaku (Mr. Sakuliei Nobashi) 126
Hosoda Gomei Kaisha (Hosoda Partnership Co.) ... 126
Ichidr\ Bunjiro Shoten 127
Ichida Shoten (Ichida & Co.) 128
lida & Co. — Takflshimaya 128
luouye Daimaru Gofukuteu 130
Ito Chobei Shoten ... 131
Ito Man Shoten (The Ushu Yoko) ]31
Mr. Kamikawa Genyemon 132
Mitsukoshi Gofukuten (The Mitsukoshi Department
Store) 132
Nishio Soshichi Shoten 133
Matsumura Jinyemon Shoten ■ ... 134
Miyamoto Gisuke Shoten 134
Mr. Nishimura Sozayemon 135
Okamoto Sensuke Shoten 136
Mr. Tanaka Rishichi 137
Mr. Tsuda Tsuueshichi .. 138
Yasumori Shoten (Yasuraori & Co.) 138
Zeni Sei (Mr. Seibei Naiki) 139
Dying and Dye-Stuflfs:—
Aoki Senkojo (The Aoki Dye Works) 140
Hananoya Enogu Seizosho (The Hananoya Colours
Factory 140
Inabata Senkojo (Inabata & Co.) 141
Ito Senkojo (The Ito Dye Works) 142
Nippon Katazome Kabushiki Kaisha (The Japan
Cotton Printing and Dying Works) 142
Nisshin Sempu Goshi Kaisha (The Nisshin Dye
Works) 143
Shibata Senryo Shoten (The Shibata Dye-StuffStore) 144
Yamada Gomei Kaisha (The Yaniada Dye-Stuff Co.) 144
Electrical Section :—
Chichibu Densen Seizosho (The Chichibu Electrical
Wire Manufactory) 146
Dai-Nippon Denkyu Kabushiki KaisKa (The Dai-
Nippon Electric Bulb Co.) 147
Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Electro-Chemical Industry Co.) 148
PAGE.
Fujikura Densen Kabushiki Kaisha (The Fujikura
Electrical Wire Co.) 149
Fuji Suiden Kabushiki Kaisha (The Fuji Hydro-
Elcctric Co.) 150
Ishiwatari Denki Seisakusho (The Ishiwatari Elec-
trical Works) 151
Kokosha (Mr. Kichijiro Itami) 151
Kurosaki Denki Seisakusho (Tiie Kurosaki Elec-
trical Apparatus Works) 152
Kyoritsu Denki Densen Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Kyoritsu Electrical Machine and Electrical Wire
Co.) 153
Meiji Denki Kabushiki Kaisha (The Meiji Elec-
trical Co.) 153
Nagoya Dento Kabushiki Kaisha (The Nagoya
Electric Light Co ) 154
Oana Seisakusho (The Oana Works) 155
Oda Denki Kojo (The Oda Electrical Machine
Works) 156
Okumura Denki Shokai (The Okumura Electric
Engineering Co.) 157
Osaka Denkyu Kabushiki Kaisha (The Osaka
Electric Lamp (^o.) ... 158
Osaka Dento Kabushiki Kaisha (The Osaka Electric
Light Co.) 158
Osaka Dento Kabushiki Kaisha Seisakusho (The
Osaka Electric Light Company's Engineering
Works) 160
Sawafuji Denki Kogyosho (The Sawafuji Electric
Engineering Works) 161
Shibaura Seisakusho (The Sliibaura Engineering
Works) 162
Shimoha Denki Shokai (The Shimoha Electric Co.) 163
Teikoku Denkyu Kabushiki Kaisha (The Imperial
Electric Lamp Bulb Co.) 163
Tokyo Denki Kabushiki Kaisha (The Tokyo Electric
Co 164
Tokyo Dento Kabushiki Kaisha (The Tokyo
Electric Light Co.) 165
Tokyo Tanaka Shokai (H. S. Tanaka & Co.) ... 166
Tone Hatsudeu Kabushiki Kaisha (The Tone
Hydro-Electric Co.) 167
Toyo Denki Seisakusho (The Toyo Electrical
Works) 167
Ujigawa Denki Kabushiki Kaisiia (The Ujigawa
Electric Co.) 168
Mr. Yai Sakizo 169
Yokohama Densen Seize Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Yokohama Electric Wire Works) 169
IV
CONTENTS,
Exchanges and Brokers:— page.
Tokyo Kabusliiki Torihikijo (The Tokyo Stock
Exchange • 171
Fakushima Shokai (Fukushima & Co.) 172
Mr. Hosono Denjiro 173
Kobuse Shoten ... 173
Mr. Koike Kunizo (Koike & Co.) 174
Mr. Nanba Reikichi 176
Mr. Oda Shojiro 175
SoDO Sakutaro Shoten 176
Mr. Suzuki Tsunesuke 176
Mr. Tamatsuka Eijiro 177
Osaka Dojima Beikoku Torihikijo (The Osaka
Dojima Rice Exchange) 178
Nimo Shoten 179
Hosiery Section:—
Daitoku Goshi Kaisha (Daitoku & Co.) 180
Mr, Hirano Fusakichi 180
Hojo Kimo Seikobu (The Hojo Napping Works).,, 181
Mr. Horikawa Chobei — " Kyocho Shoten " 181
Ito Sho Shoten (S. Ito & Co.) ... 182
Iwahashi Shigeo Shoten 182
Iwai Wakichi Shoten (W. Iwai & Co.) 183
Kosugi Gomel Kaisha (Kcsugi & Co.) 183
Mr. Kuriyaraa Yasuhei 184
Mr. Makino Terusaburo 184
Nakagawa Isaku Shoten 185
Nishimura Shin Yoko (S, Nishimura & Co.) 185
Nishizawa Bufnjiro Shoten (Nishizawa & Co.) ... 186
Niwa Shoten 186
Osaka Boyekihin Meriyasu Kairyo Goshi Kaisha
(The Osaka Hosiery Improvement Co.) 187
Mr. Ozaki Knnizo 187
Mr. Shimidzu Hikosaburo 188
Mr, Tanimoto Tameo 188
Shirokane Meriyasu Seizosho (The Shirokane
Hosiery Work) 189
Tokyo Yushutsu Shokai (Tokyo Exports Co.) ... 189
Uyemura Kiaumeriynsu Kojo (The Uyemura Silk
Hosiery Works) 190
Hotel Section:—
Fujiya Hotel 191
Hashimoto Hotel 192
Ikaho Hotel 192
Tokyo Station Hotel ... 193
Three Hotels at Nikko „. 194
Insurance Section :—
Aikoku Seimei Hoken Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Aikoku Life Insurance Co.)
Daido Seimei Hoken Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Daido Life Insurance Co.)
Daiichi Seimei Hoken Sogp Kaisha (The First
Mutual Life Insurance Co.)
Fukuju Kasai Hoken Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Fukuju Fire Insurance Co.)
Fukuju Seimei Hoken Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Fukuju Life Insurance Co.)
Jinju Seimei Hoken Kabushiki Kaisha (The Jinju
Life Insurance Co.)
Kyodo Kasai Hoken Kabushiki Kaisha (The Kyodo
Fire Insurance Co.)
Kyosai Seimei Hoken Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Kyosai Life Insurance Co.)
Meiji Seimei Hoken Kabushiki Kaisha (The Meiji
Life Insurance Co.)
Nippon Seimei Hoken Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Nippon Life Assurance Co.)
Osaka Kaijo Kasai Hoken Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Osaka Marine and Fire Insurance Co.)
Teikoku Kaijo Unso Kasai Hoken Kabushiki
Kaisha (The Imperial Marine, Transit and Fire
Insurance Co.)
Teikoku Seimei Hoken Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Teikoku Life Insurance Co.) ...
Yokohama Kasai Kaijo Unso Shinyo Hoken Kabu-
shiki Kaisha (The Yokohama Fire, Marine,
Transit and Fidelity Insurance Co.)
Iron Works:-
Mr. Adachi Taiji
Adachi Tekkosho (The Adachi Iron Works)
Ajikawa Tekkosho (The Ajikawa Iron Works)
Fujimura Kikal Kabushiki Kaisha (The Fujiraura
Machine Co.)
Fushita Tekkosho (The Fushita Iron Works)
Hirao Tekkosho — Toyo Kikai Seisakusho (The
Hirao Iron Works and The Oriental Engineer-
ing Works)
Hirato Kojo (The Hirato Iron Works)
Ikegai Tekkosho (The Ikegai Iron Works)
Izumi Enkan Seizosho (The Izumi Lead Pipe Works)
Kaneko Kojo (The Kaneko Iron Foundry)
Kisha Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha (The Locomotive
Manufacturing Co.)
Kisliiraoto Shoten (Kishiraoto & Co.) ...
Kunitomo Tekkosho (The Kunitomo Iron Works)..
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
219
219
220
221
221
223
223
224
226
226
227
227
228
229
229
230
230
Matsuhara Tekkosho (The Matsuhara Bolt and
Nut Works)
Matsuo Tekkosho (The Matsuo Iron Works)
Miraura Kojo (The Miraura Works)
Minamisenju Kikai Seisakusho (The Minaniisenju
Engineering Works)
NakashiraaSankoshoCTheNakashima Iron Works)
Nakamura Tekkosho (The Nakamura Iron Works).
Nippon Enkan Seizosho (The Japan Lead Pipe
Manufactory)
Nippon Kokan Kabushiki Kaisha (The Nippon
Steel Tube Co.)
Nippon Seikbsho (The Japan Steel Works)
Nippon Sharyo Kabushiki Kaisha (The Japan
Wheel and Vehicle Works)
Nitto Seiko Kabushiki Kaisha (The Nitto Steel
Manufacturing Co.)
Osaka Denki Bundo Kabushiki Kaisha (The Osaka
Electric Copper Refining Co.)
Osaka Seisasho (The Osaka Chain Manufactory) ...
Otsuka Kojo (The Otsuka Iron Works)
Sonoike Kogu Seisakusho (The Sonoike Tool Works)
Mr. Sugi Keitaro (K. Sugi & Co.)
Tokyo Keiki Seisakusho (The Tokyo Meter Manu-
facturing Works)
Tokyo Spring Seisakusho— Tokyo Kozai Seisakusho
(The Tokyo Spring Works and Tokyo Steel
Materials Works) 231
Toyodashiki Shokki Kabushiki Kaisha (The Toyoda
Loom Works) 232
Tsukudajiraa Seisakusho (The Tsukudajinia Machine
Works) 233
Land Transportation: —
Japan's International Through Traffic 234
Minanii Manshu Tetsudo Kabushiki Kaisha (The
South Manchuria Railway Co.) 236
Chosen Tetsudo (Chosen Railways) 241
Hanshin Denki Tetsudo Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Hanshin Electric Railway Co ) 242
Keihan Denki Tetsudo Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Keihan Electric Railway Co.) 243
Kokura Tetsudo Kabushiki Kaisha (The Kokura
Railway Co.) 244
Tobu Tetsudo Kabushiki Kaisha (The Tobu Railway
\JOtJ !•• ••• ••• «•• ■•• •■• ••• ••• ••• ••• «^^
Leather Manufacturers and Shoe Makers :—
Chosen Hikaku Kabushiki Kaisha (The Chosen
Leather Manufacturing Co.) >. ... 246
PAGE.
Meiji Seikaku Kabushiki Kaisha (The Meiji Leather
Manufacturing Co.) 247
Nippon Hikaku Kabushiki Kaisha (Tiie Japan
Leather Co.) 247
Mr. Ota Tokujiro 248
Sakura-Gumi (The Sakura-Gurai Co.) 219
Marine Products:—
Mr. Hidaka Eizaburo 251
Inouye Sakujiro Shoten (S. Inouye & Co.) 252
Omura-wan Shinju Kabushiki Knisha (The Omuia-
Bay Pearl Co.) 252
Teikoku Suisan Kabushiki Kaisha (Imperial Marine
Products Co.)... 254
Toyo Hogei Kabushiki Kaisha (I'he Oriental
Whaling Co.) 254
Medical and Sanitary Section : —
Densenbyo Kenkyujo (Institute for the Study of
Infectious Diseases) 256
Akikusa Shoten (fhe AkikusaCo.) 257
Dai Nippon Seiyaku Kabushiki Kaisha (The Dai
Nippon Pharmaceutical Co.) 257
Enjudo Byo-in (The Enjudo Hospital) 258
Fu-undo Goto Goshi Kaisha (The Fu-undo Goto Co.) 259
Icho Byo-in (The Alimentary Organ Hospital) ... 260
Inouye Ganka Byo-in (The Inouye Ophthalmic
Hospital) 260
Mr. Iwaraoto Tokichi — Iwashiya 261
Iwashiya Matsuraoto Kikaiten (G. Matsumoto
& Co.) 2t)2
Kanno Byo-in (The Kanno Hospital) 262
Koseikan Byo-in (The Koseikan Hospital) 263
Mr. Kubota Shozayemon " 264
Kyo-uudo Byo-in (The Kyo-undo Hospital) 265
Dr. Makino Chiyozo 266
Matsumura Shoten (Matsumura & Co.) 266
Morishila Hiroshi Yakubo 267
Naruke Shoten 268
Ogata Fujinka Byo-in (The Ogata Hospital for
Women's Diseases) 269
Dr. Okazaki Keiichiro 269
Osaka Kessei Yaku-in (The Osaka Serum Hospital) 270
Sato Byo-in (The Sato Hospital) ' ... 271
Sankyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Sankyo & Co.) 272
Shiraimatsu Kikaiho (M. Shirai & Go ) 272
Mr. Takeda Chobei ~ 273
Toki Asataro Shoten 274
Tokyo Byo-in (The Tokyo Hospital) ... 275
Tomoda Goshi Kaisha (Tomoda & Co.) 276
VI
CONTENTS,
- • • PAGE.
Dr. Tsuzuki Jinnosuke 276
Utsunomiya Byo-in (The Utsunomiya Hospital) ... 277
Wataiuibe Byo-iii (The Watanabe Hospital) 278
Watanuki Byo-in (The Watanuki Hospital) 279
Mining Section :—
^r. Aso-Takichi 280
Daito Kogyo Kabushiki Kaislia (The Daito
Mining Co.) ... 281
Fujita-Gurai(TheFujitaCo.) 281
Furukawa Gomel Kaisha (Furukawa & Co.) 283
Hoden Sekiyu Kabushiki Kaisha (The Hoden Oil
Co.) 285
Hokkaido Tanko Kisen Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Hokkaido Colliery and Steamship Co.) 287
Ibaraki Saitan Kabushiki Kaisha (The Ibaraki
Coal Digging Co.) 288
Ishikari Sekitan Kabushiki Kaisha (The Ishikari
Coal Mining Co.) 289
Iwaki Tanko Kabushiki Kaisha (The Iwaki Coal
Mining Co.) ... 290
Kaijima Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (The Kaijima
Mining Co.) , 290
Kidogasawa Kozan Kabushiki Kaisha — Yakuki
Kozan Kabushiki Kaisha (The Kidogasawa
Mining Co. and Yakuki Mining Co.) 291
Kamaishi Kozan (The Kaniaishi Mine) 292
Kuhara Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (The Kuhaia
Mining Co.) 293
Mitsubishi Goshi Kaisha Kozanbu (The Mining
Department of the Mitsubishi Co.) 296
Mitsui Kozan Kabushiki Kaisha (The Mitsui
Mining Co.) 297
Nippon Sekiyu Kabushiki Kaisha (The Nippon Oil
\jO»J ••• ••• ••■ ••• ••■ asi «•• («• ••■ •■• ^t/O
Nishizawa Kinzan Kabushiki Kaisha (The Nishi-
zawa Gold Mining Co.) 300
Yokoyama Kogyobu (The Yokoyama Mining
Department) 301
Newspapers and Printers : —
The " Chugai Shogyo Shimpo " 303 ,
The Dobukan ; 303
Mr. Doi Kurahichi 304
Tlie Fuzambo 305
The Hakubunkan ... 306
Hakubunkan Insatsusho (The Hakubunkan Print-
ing Office) 307
Ichida Offset Insatsu Goshi Kaisha (The Ichida
Offset Printing Co.) 308
Isshiki Kappausho (The Isshiki Job Printers) .,. 309
The " Jiji Shimpo "
The " Japan Gazette "
Kojiraa Kojo (The Kojima Works)
The " Kokumin Shimbun "
Mitsuma Insatsusho (The Mitsuma Printing House)
The " Miyako Shimbun "
The " Nagoya Shimbun "
Nakaya Insatsusho (The Nakaya Printing House)..
The Nanko-do
Nippon Seihan Insatsu Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Nippon Seihan Printing Co.)
Nissliiu Insatsu Kabushiki Kaisha (The Nisshin
Printing Co.)
The "Osaka Mainichi Shimbun " and The " Tokyo
Nichinichi Shimbun "
The Sanshu-sha (The Sanshu-sha Printing House).
The Seiun-do
The Senryu-do
The Shosan-do
The Shimhi Shoin ...
Shuyei sha (The Shuyei-sha Printing Co.)
The " Tokyo Asahi Shimbun "
Tokyo Insatsu Kabushiki Kaisha (The Tokyo
Printing Co.J
The Tokyo Kokubun-sha
The Tokyo Seihon Goshi Kaisha
Tokyo Tsukiji Kappan Seizo-sho (The Tokyo
Tsukiji Type Foundry)
Toppau Insatsu Kabushiki Kaisha (The Toppan
Printing Co.)
Toyo Insatsu Kabushiki Kaisha (The Toyo Print-
ing Co.)
PAGE.
309
310
311
311
313
313
314
315
316
318
319
320
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
327
328
329
Paper Mills:—
Fuji Seishi Kabushiki Kaisha (The Fuji Paper Mill
Co.) 331
Oji Seishi Kabushiki Kaisha (The Oji Paper Manu-
facturing Co.) 333
Takefu Seishijo (The Takefu Paper Mill) ... ... 334
Tokyo Itagami Kabushiki Kaisha (The Tokyo
Card-Board Co.) 335
Raw Silk:-
Ishikawa Gumi Seishijo (The Ishikawa-Gunii
Filature Works) 336
llie Katakura-Gumi 337
The Kosui-Sha 337
Marudai-Gumi Seishijo (The Marudai-Gurai
Filature Works) 338
Taishokau Seishijo (The Taishokan Filature Works) 339
CONTENTS.
Vii
PAGE.
Yajima Seishi Kabuahiki Kaisba (The Yajima Raw
Silk Mfg. Co.) 339
Yokohama Kiito Kabushiki Kaisba (The Y'oko-
liaiua Raw Silk Co.) 340
Schools and Libraries: —
Gakushu-in (The Peers' School) 342
Kaigun Dai Gakko (The Imperial Naval Staff
College) 343
Suisau Koshusho 344
Teikoku Dzushokan (The Imperial Library) 345
Tokyo Joshi Koto Sliihan Gakko (The Tokyo
Female Higher Normal School) 346
Tokyo Teikoku Daigaku (The Imperial University
of Tokyo) 347
Tokyo Teikoku Daigaku Dzushokan (The Tokyo
Imperial University Library) 350
Azabu Jui Chikusan Gakko (Tlie Azabu Velerinary
Surgery and Stock Hreeding School) 351
Doshi-Sha (The Doshi-Sha University) 352
Fukuoka Kenritsu Dzushokan (The Fukuoka Pre-
fectural Library) 353
Fukuoka Shogyo Gakko (The Fukuoka Municipal
Commercial School) ... 353
Jissen Jo-Gakko (The Jisaen Girls' School) 354
The Kansei Gakuin 355
Kobe Jo-Gakuin (The Kobe College) ... 356
Kyoto Dzushokan (The Kyoto Prefectural Library) 357
The Meiji Semmon Gakko 358
Niigata Kenritsu Dzushokan (The Niigata Prefec-
tural Library) 359
Osaka Furitsu Dzushokan (The Osaka Prefectural
Library) 360
Osaka Ika Daigaku (Tlie Osaka Prefectural
Medical College) 360
Rikkyo Daigaku (St. Paul's College) 361
Tokyo Furitsu Shokko Gakko (The Artisans'
School of Tokyo Prefecture) 363
Waseda Daigaku (The Waseda University) 364
Shipbuilding :—
Asano Zosensho (The Asano Shipbuilding Co.) ... 365
Kawasaki Zosensho (The Kawasaki Dockyard
Co.) 366
Osaka Tekkosho (The Osaka Iron Works) 369
Tokyo IsWkawa-jiraa Zosensho (The Tokyo Ishikawa-
jima Shipbuilding and Engineering Co.) 371
Uraga Dokku Kabushiki Kaisha (The Uraga
Dock Co.) 672
Shipping :— PAGE,
Harada Kisen Kabushiki Kaisha (The Harada
Steamship Co) 373
Kita Nippon Kisen Kabushiki Kaisha (The North
Japan Steamship Co.) ... 373
Nanyo Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha (The South Sea
Mail Steamship Co.) 375
Nippon Yuseu Kabushiki Kaisha (The Japan Mail
Steamship Co.) 376
Osaka Shosen Kabushiki Kaisha (The Osaka Mer-
cantile Steamship Co ) 378
The Tomishima-Gumi 380
Toyo Kisen Kabushiki Kaisha (The Oriental
Steamship Co.) 381
Uchida Kisen Kabushiki Kaisha (The Uchida
Steamship Co.) 383
Spinning and Textiles Section :—
Senju Seijusho (The Senju Army Woollen Cloth
Factory) 384
Ashikaga Oriniono Dogyo Kumiai (Tlie Ashikaga
Textile Fabrics and Textile Guild) 385
Ashikaga Oriraono Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Ashikaga Textile Co.) 386
Ashikaga Yoriito Kabushiki Kaislia (Ashi-
kaga Thrown Silk Co.) 387
Mr. Iwaida Genzo 387
Mr. Katsukura Mokichi 388
Mr. Kawashima Kyubei 388
Kiraura Asashichi Orimono Kojo (A. Kimura
& Co.) 389
Mr. Masuzawa Sagenji 390
Mrs. Okajima Koto 390
Ryoya Senshoku Seri Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Ryoya Dying and Readjusting Co.) 390
Mr. Sakurai Shinroku 391
Mr. Shindo Yuji ' 391
Fuji Gasu Boseki Kabushiki Kaisha ( Ihe Fujigasu
Spinning Co.) 392
Fukushima Habutai Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Fukushima Habutai Co.) ; 394
Isezaki Orimono Dogyo Kumiai (The Isezaki Textile
Fabrics and Textile Guild 395
Jomo Mosurin Kabushiki Kaisha (The Jomo Mus-
lin Co.) 396
Kanegafuchi Boseki Kabushiki Kaisha (The Kane-
gafuchi Spinning Co.) ...,,397
VHl
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Kiryu Orimono Dogyo Kumiai (The Kiryu Textile
Fabrics and Textile Guild) 398
Ebara Teisuke Orimono Kojo (The T. Ebara's
Weaving Factory) 399
lidzuka Keitei Orimono Koj > (The lidzuka
Brothers Weaving Mill) 400
' Kakiage Bunzayemon Orimono Siioten (The
Kakiage's Textile Store) 401
Kiryu Yoiiito Kabushiki Kaiaha (The Kiryu
Silk Throwing Co ) ... 402
Ryomo Seishoku Kabushiki Kaisha (The Ryo-
mo Weaving and Mercerizing Co.) 403
Kurashiki Boseki Kabushiki Kaisha (Tlie Kura-
shiki Cotton Spinning Co.) 404
Kurihara Boshoku Kojo (The Kurihara Spinning
and Weaving Mill) 405
Kyoto Orimono Kabushiki Kaisha (The Kyoto
Weaving Co.) 40.')
Mosurin Boshoku Kabushiki Kaisha (The Muslin
Spinning and Weaving Co.) 406
Nippon Boshoku Kabushiki Kaisha (The Nippon
Spinning and Weaving Co.) 407
Nippon Keori Kabushiki Kaisha (The Nippon
Woollen Cloth Co.) 408
Nippon Menka Kabushiki Kaisha (The Japan Raw
Cotton Co.) 409
Nippon Seifu Kabushiki Kaisha (The Japan Tex-
tile Manufacturing Co.) 409
Nishijin Orimono Dogyo Kumiai (The Nisbijin
Weavers' Association) 410
Ora Orimono Dogyo Kumiai (The Ora Textile
Fabrics and Textile Guild) 411
Okahashi Kabushiki Kaisha (Okahashi & Co.) ... 412
Osaka Meriyasu Boshoku Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Osaka Hosiery Spinning and Weaving Works)... 413
Osaka Orimono Kabushiki Kaisha (The Osaka
Weaving Co.) 413
Osaka Taoru Goshi Kaisha (The Osaka Towel
Manufacturing Co 414
Sano Orimono Dogyo Kumiai (The Sano Textile
Fabrics and Textile Guild) 415
Mr. Shimada Isaburo 415
Teikoku Seima Kabushiki Kaisha (The Teikoku
Hemp Manufacturing Co.) 416
Teikoku Yoriito Orimono Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Teikoku Thrown Silk and Fabrics Co.) ... ... 416
Tokyo Kyariko Seishoku Kabushiki fCaisha (The
Tokyo Calico Works) 417
Tokyo Keorimono Kabushiki Kaisha (The Tokyo
< Woollen Manufacturing Co.) 418
PAGE.
Tokyo Mosurin Boshoku Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Tokyo Muslin Spinning and Weaving Co.) ... 419
Tokyo Seiju Kabushiki Kaisha (The Tokyo Woollen
Cloth Manufacturing Co.) 420
Toyo Boseki Kabushiki Kaisha (The Oriental Cot-
ton Spinning Co.) 421
Toyo Keori Kabushiki Kaisha (Toyo Textile Manu-
facturing Co.) 422
Toyo Mosurin Kabushiki Kaisha (The Toyo Muslin
Co.) 423
Uzen Orimono Kabushiki Kaisha (The Uzen
Textile Manufacturing Co.) 423
Toyo Shokufu Kabushiki Kaisha (The Oriental
Weaving Co.) ... 424
Y. Yagi Shoten and the Naniwa Spinning and
Weaving Co 424'
Tsuji Boshokusho (The Tsuji Spinning and Weaving
Mill) ; 425
Sugar Manufacturing Section :—
Chutai Takushoku Seito Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Chutai Development and Sugar Manufacturing
Co.)
Dai Nippon Seito Kabushiki Kaisha (The Japan
Sugar Manufacturing Co.)
Ensuiko Seito Takushoku Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Eusuiko Sugar Manufacturing and Development
Meiji Seito Kabushiki Kaisha (The Meiji Sugar
Manufacturing Co.)
Minami Nippon Seito Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Minami Nippon Sugar Manufacturing Co.)
Niitaka Seito Kabushiki Kaisha (Niitaka Sugar
Producing Co.)
Taito Seito Kabushiki^ Kaisha (The Taito Sugar
Producing Co.)
Taiwan Seito Kabushiki Kaisha (The Formosa
Sugar Manufacturing Co.)
Teikoku Seito Kabushiki Kaisha (The Imperial
Sugar Manufacturing Co.)
Toyo Seito Kabushiki Kaisha (The Oriental Sugar
Producing Co.) >
Toilet Articles Section:—
Hirao Sampei Shoten (S. Hirao & Co.)
The Imura Seiko-sha
The Ito Kocho-yen
The Kaneko-Go
Mr. Kobayashi Tomijiro
The Maruraiya Shoten
Nagase Shokai (The Nagase Co.)
The Nakayama Taiyo-do ... ...
426
427
429
430
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
437
438
439
439
440
441
Ob'N't'Ell't'8.
rt
Trading Section :—
Abe Icliitaro Shoten (I. Abe & Co., or Abe Ich
Yoko)
Mr. Abe Kobei — Masudaya _
The Aichi Bussan-Gumi
Akita Sliokai (Akita & Co.)
Aral Kenjiro Shoten (K. Arai & Co.)
Harii Shoten (Harii & Co.)
Mr. T. Hasegawa
Hirahiatsu Shoten (H. Hiramatsu & Co.)
Hotta Shokai (M. Hotta & Co.)
Ibuki Yoko (M. Ibuki & Co.)
Ikeda Shoten (Ikeda & Co.)
Itohchu Gomel Kaisha (0. Itoh & Co.)
Imanaga Shokai (Iraanaga & Co.)
Iwai Shoten (Iwai & Co.)
Mr. Iwatsubo Gohei
Kakiuchi Shoten (T. Kakiuchi & Co.)
Kanno Shokai (Kanno & Co.)
Kato Seiju Shoten (S. Kato & Co.) ...
Kobayashi Shoten (Z Kobayashi & Co.)
Komada Shoten (Komada & Co.)
ICoyamasada-Go (Koyamasada & Co.)
Kyoshinsha (The Kyoshinsha Co.)
Mr. Masuda Masuzo
Mitsui Biissan Kabushiki Kiiisha (Mitsui & Co.)
Matsumoto-Go (Matsumoto & Co.)
Matsuinoto-Gurai (Y. Matsumoto-Gumi & Co.)
Mr. Miyata Rikitaro
Nakamura Goshi Kaisha (Nakamura & Co.)...
Nakashima Yasunosuke Shoten (Y. Nakashima)
Mosawa-Gumi (Nosawa & Co.)
Nozaki Slioten (Nozaki Bros. & Co.)
Mr. Ogawa Rihachiro
Oguri Toraigoro Shoten (T. Oguri & Co.)
Oka Shigezo Shoten (S. Oka & Co.)
Mr. Okatani Sosuke
Okura-Gumi (Okura & Co.)
Mr. Sakabe Jiro (Sakabe & Co.)
Mr. Siisano Jinshiro
Shibakawa Shoten (Shibakawa & Co.)
The Shosho Yoko
Suzuka Shoten (Suzuka & Co.) ...
The Shinkyu-Guini
Suzuki Slioten (Suzuki & Co.)
Tanaka Goniei Kaisha
Tokunaga Shoten (Tokunaga & Co.)
Mr. Watanabe Shozaburo
Yamaguchi Kazo Shoten (K. Yamaguchi & Co.)
Yamamoto Shoten Osaka Shiten (H. Yamamoto,
- Osaka Branch) ...
PAGE. PAGE.
Yamatake Shokai (Yaraatake & Co.) 476
442 Yezoye Shoten (R. Yezoye Sons & Co.) 476
442 Yoshida Shikanosuke Slioten (S. Yoshida & Co.) ... 477
443 Yoshidzumi Taketaro Shoten (Taketaro Yoshidzumi) 478
444 Yoshikawa Kyushichi Shoten (K. Yoshikawa & Co.) 479
445 Mr. Yuasa Siiichizayemon 479
445
446 Miscellaneous Commerce Section : —
446 Mr. Akiyama Kichigoro 481
447 Anshin-do Yabuuchi Tokeiho (The Anshin-do
448 Yabuuchi Co.) 482
449 Arai Shokai (E. Arai & Co,) 482
449 Asanuma Sliokai (T. Asanuma & Co.) 483
450 Choya Shokai (Choya & Co.) 484
451 Fukuda Jusuke Shoten (J. Fukuda & Co.) 484
452 Fukuda Usaburo Shoten (Fukuda & Co.) 485
452 The Hakushin-Sha 486
453 Hayashi Otokichi Shoteu (O. Hayashi & Co.) ... 487
453 Mr. Hoshino Fukujiro 487
454 Mr. Hosonuma Asashiro 488
454 Ichimaru Shokai — 0. A. Shokai (Ichinaaru & Co.
455 and O. A. & Co.) 489
455 Mr. Ichinohe Zenshiro 489
456 Ikeda Burapo-do (J. I. Bumpo-do) 490
457 Imatsu-ya or Morioka & Co 491
459 Inouye Tadasuke Shoten (T. Inouye & Co.) 492
459 Ishida Manbei Shoten (M. Ishida & Co.) 492
460 The Ito Koichi-do 493
460 , Izawa Honten (Izawa & Co.) 494
461 Jiyu-do Shibutani Shokai (Jiyu-do Shibutani Co.).. 495
461 The Karaei Shoten 495
462 Kato Shoten (Kato & Co.) 496
462 Katsumoto Chubei Shoten (C. Katsumoto & Co.) ... 497
463 Mr. Kawai Kitaro 497
464 Kawamoto Kihei Shoten (K. Kawamoto & Co.) ... 498
465 Kawasaki Suketaro Shoten (8. Kawasaki & Co.) ... 499
465 The Kibi Shoten 499
467 The Kita Shiraizu Shoten 500
468 Komatsu Rokuye Shoten (Rokuye Koraatsu) ... 500
468 Mr. Komada Rihei 501
469 Kosuga Kyotaro Shoten — Osaka-ya (K. Kosuga &
470 Co 502
471 Koyama Honten (Koyama & Co.) 502
472 Mr. Kuritani Genroku (Genroku Kuritani & Co.).. 503
473 The Kuramoohi Shoten — Toyoda-ya 504
473 Mr. Matsuzaka Seikichi 505
474 Matsuzaki Isaburo Shoten (I. Matsuzaki & Co.) ... 505
474 Mayekawa Masazo Shoten (M. Mayekawa & Co.),.. 506
Minakawa Shoten (Minakawa & Co.) 507
475 Mr. Minami Tametaro 507
' CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Mitsuta Mannenhitsu Seizosho (The Mitsuta Foun-
tain Pen Co.) 508
Mr. Misaki Yosliinosuke 509
Murakami Kiyoji Shoten (K. Murakami & Co.) ... 509
M. Muranaka Shoten 510
The Muto Shoten (M. Muto & Co.) 510
The Mutsumiya Shoten 511
Nagao Otokichi Shoten (O. Nagao & Co.) 511
Nagase Shoten (D. Nagase & Co.) 512
Nakai Shoten (Nagai & Co.) 512
Mr. Nakamura Hambei 514
Nakaraura Shoten (K. Nakamura) 514
Mr. Nakamura Shozo (S. Nakamura & Co.) 515
Mr. Nakatani Akikichi 516
Nakatora Hon ten (Nakatora & Co.) 516
The Nippon 517
The Nishida Shoten 517
Nishimura Shoten (H. Nishimura) 518
Nishiumi Sakujiro Shoten (S. Nishiurai & Co.) ... 519
Ochiai Buukichi Shoten (B. Ochiai & Co.) 520
Ogimura Kametaro Shoten (K. Ogimura & Co ) ... 520
Oishi Gomu Honten (The Oishi Rubber Co.) 521
Mr. Okano Kambei 521
Osawa Masajiro Shoten (Masajiro Osawa) 522
Sakai Hamonoten (Sakai Edged Tool Co.) 523
The Senshunyen 524
Mr. Shibata Otokichi 524
The Shimidzu Shoten 525
The Sugimura Shoten 525
TheShobi-do 526
The Suzuhiko Shoten 527
Mr. Suzuki Kojiro — Maruman 528
Takata Matsutaro Shoten (M. Takata <& Co.) ... 528
The Takegami Shoten 529
Mr. Takeuchi Rinnosuke 529
Toyaraa Shoten (Toyama & Co.) 530
Toyoshima Kyushichi Shoten (Toyoshima Cotton
Yarn Store) 531
Mr. Tsuda Katsugoro 531
Tsutaya Shoten (Tsutaya & Co.) 532
Mr. Uchida Naokichi 533
Yaraahatsu Shoten (H. Yamada & Co.) ... 533
The Unno Shoten 534
Mr. Yamaguchi Kitaro 534
Yamatonori Seizosho — Kiuchi Shoten (Kiuchi &
^^•/ ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••■ ••• ••• ••• ooO
Yamato Shokai (The Yamato Co.) 536
Yanase Shokai (Yanase & Co.) ... 536
Yorozuya Shoten (Yorozuya & Co.) 537
Mr. Yoshiwara Sadajiro 538
The Yoshiyasu Shoten
The Yoshidzumi Shoten
Miscellaneous Industry Section :—
Mr. Akiba Daisuke
Arenkenn Gomu Seizosho (The Arenkenn Rubber
vvorKsj ... ... ,,, ... ,, ,,, ,,,
Asahi Eiipitsu Kabushiki Kaisha (The Asahi Lead
Pencil Manufacturing Co.)
Asano Mokkojo (The Asano Wood Works)
Ashimori Seikosho (The Ashimoii Rope Works) ...
Dai Nippon Jinzohiryo Kabushiki Kaisha (The Dai
Nippon Artificial Fertilizer Co.)
Dai Nippon Suido Mokkan Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Dai Nippon Water Works Wooden Pipe Manu-
facturing Co.)
Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Electro-Chemical Industry Co.)
Fujii Renzu Seizosho (The Fujii Optical Works) ...
Harimoto Korio Shoten (K. Hariraoto Safe Co.) ...
Higuchi Yukichi Shoten (Y. Higuclii & Co )
Hirano Daizu Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Hirano Bean Cakes Co.)
Mr. Isawa Kiichiro
Ishikawa Pensaki Seizosho (Ishikawa & Co.).
Ito Sakusan Seizosho (The Ito Acetic and Cliemical
Works)
Iwaki Garasu Seizosho (The Iwaki Glass Manu-
factory) w
Izumi Seiyusho (Izumi Oil and Paint Co.)
Kakuichi Gomu Goshi Kaisha (The Kakuiclii
Rubber Co.) ...
Kamijo Enpitsu Seizosho (The Kamijo Lead Pencil
Works)
Kaneko Enpitsu Seizosho (The Kaneko Pencil
Works)
Kanto Sanso Kabushiki Kaisha (The Kanto Acid
and Alkali Works)
Mr. Katsushiro Masutaro
Kinnnon Siiokai (The Kimmon Meter Works)
Kimura Ishiwata Shokai (The Kimura Asbestos
Co.)
Kinkozau Shoten (The Kinkozan Pottery)
Koku-ko-sha (The Koku-ko-sha & Co.)
Kiri Jubei Shoten (J. Kiri & Co.)
Mr. Koshiba Daijiro
Kntobuki Seiyensho (The Kotobuki Grass Rug
Manufactory) ,,
Kyokuto Enpitsu Goshi Kaisha (The Far Eastern
Pencil Manufacturing Co.)
541
545
545
148
546
547
548
548
549
549
550
551
552
553
553
554
555
556
556
557
558
558
559
560
560
561
CONTENTS.
xi
PAGE.
Kyonioto Garasu Seizosho (The Kyomoto Glass
Wares Manufacturing Factory) 562
Kyoto Rutsubo Seizosho (The Kyoto Graphite
Crucible Manufactory) 563
Masaki Ichikawa Enpitsu Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Masaki and Ichikawa Pencil Co.) 563
Masuda Tasaburo Shoten (The Masuda Flouring
Mill) 564
Masui Baisokoku (Masui & Co.) 566
Matsui Keitei Shokai (Matsui Brothers & Co.) ... 566
Matsuoka Shoten (S. Matsuoka) 567
Matsuzawa Seichusho (The Matsuzawa Thread
Works) 568
Meiji Seiren Kabushiki Kaisha (The Meiji Smelting
w0.).«. ••• •■• ••• ••• ••• •>• ••• ••• ••• ODo
Mitatsuchi Gomu Seizo Gomel Kaisha (The Mita-
tsuchi Rubber Works) 569
Miura Tokuji Shoten (Tokuji Miura) 570
Moritaka Shoteu ( W. Moritaka & Co.) 571
Nagamine Seijiro Shoten (S. Nagamine & Sons) ... 571
Nagoya Seitosho (The Nagoya Porcelain Manufac-
turing Co.) 572
Mr. Namikawa Yasuyuki 573
Nippon Gakki Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha (The Japan
Musical Instrument Manufacturing Co.) 574
Nippon Gomu Kabushiki Kaisha (The Japan
Rubber Co.) 575
Nippon Ishibotan Seizosho (The Japan Stone
Button Manufactory) 576
Nippon Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Japan Chemical Industry Co.) 577
Nippon Koruku Kabushiki Kaisha (The Nippon
Cork Co.) 578
Nippon Paint Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha (The Nippon
Paint Manufacturing Co.) 579
Nippin Sakusan Seizo Kabushiki Kaislm (The
Nippon Acetic Acid Manufacturing Co.) 580
Nippon Shiki Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha (The Japan
Paper Ware Manufacturing Co.) ' ... 582
Nisshin Seifun Kabushiki Kaisha (The Sino-
Japauese Flour Milling Co.) 583
Niwa Kogyosho (The Niwa Manufactory) 584
Osaka Abe Paint Seizosho (The Osaka Abe Paint
Manufactory) 585
Osaka Chikuonki Kabushiki Kaisha (The Osaka
Phonograph Co.) 586
Osaka Tebukuro Kabushiki Kaisha (The Osaka
Glove Manufacturing Co.) 587
Ryosui Gctehi Kaisha (The Ryosui Match Manufac-
turing Co.) 687
PAGE.
Sakaya Ishiwata Boshdkusho (The Sakaya Asbestos
Co.) • • Ooo
S. A. Enpitsu Penjiku Seizosho (S. A. Pencil Co.).. 589
Mr. Sasamura Takezo 590
Sawada Garasu Kojo (The Sawada Glass Manufac-
tories) 590
The Seiko-sha 591
Shimadzu Seisakusho (The Shimadzu Works) ... 592
Shinagawa Hakurenga Kabushiki Kaisha (The
Shinagawa AVhite Brick Co.) 592
Shinozaki Ink Seizosho (Shinozaki Ink Factory) ... 593
Shofu Toki Goshi Kaisha (The Shofu Porcelain
Manufacturing Co.) 594
Tachibana Garasu Seizosho (The Tachibana Glass
Works) 595
Taguchi Shokai (S. Taguchi & Co.) 595
Takabayashi Renzu Seizosho (The Takabayashi
Lens Works) 596
Takahashi Seibosho (The Takahashi Hat Factory).. 597
Takeda Shokai (S. Takeda & Co.) 598
Taketa Shokai (Taketa & Co.) 599
Takeuchi Seibei Shoten (S. Takeuchi & Co.)... ... 599
Teikoku Seibo Kabushiki Kaisha (The Teikoku
Hat Manufacturing Co.) 600
To-a Tabako Kabushiki Kaisha (The To-a Tobacco
Co.) 601
Tokyo Gasu Denki Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
(Tokyo Gas and Electrical Industrial Co.) 602
Tokyo ftyusan Kabushiki Kaisha (The Tokyo Sul-
phuric Acid Manufacturing Co.) 603
Tomiyama Shoten (Y. Tomiyama & Co.) 604
Toyo Ink Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha (The Toyo Ink
Manufacturing Co.) 604
Mr. Tsuchiya Soji 605
Usuda Kogyobu (The Usuda Manufactory) 606
Yagi Mahoki Seisakusho (The Yagi Thermos
Manufactory) 606
Yamaguchi Tankin Gomel Kaisha (The Yamaguchi
Tankin Co.) 607
Yamamoto Shozo Shoten — Maruyama-Go (Yama-
moto & Co.) 608
Yamatame Garasu Seizosho (The Yamatame Gflass
Manufacturing Co.) 609
Yokohama Gyoyu Kabushiki Kaisha (The Yoko-
hama Fish Oil Co.) 609
MisoellaneouB : —
Aikoku Fujinkai (The Ladies' Patriotic Society) ... 611
Arima-Gumi (Arima-Gumi & Co.) 612
Asakusa Honganji (The Honganji Temple of
A.sai£U3a)... ... ••• •••• •«■ t^m ... ••• ... Oxo
Titt
CONTENTS,
PAGE.
The Dojin-Kai 614
Eihei-ji (The Eihei-ji Temple) 615
Eyasu Goshi Kaisha (Eyasu & Co.) 616
Mr. Fukuoka Hideshi (The Fiikuoka Iron Works).. 617
Hakurankai Kyokai (The Exhibition Association).. 617
Mr. Hayashi Shinsuke 618
Hokkaido Rennyu Kabushiki Kaisha (The Hokkaido
Condensed Milk Co.) 620
lida Harubiko Tokkyo Jimusho (H. lida's Patent
and Trade Mark Agency) 621
Ishi Tokkyo Horitsu Jimusho (Ishi Patent and Law
Office) 621
Iwasaki Jujiro Shoten 622
Kajima-Gumi (Kajima-gurai & Co.) 623
Kido Tokkyo Benri Jimusho (Kldo International
Patent Agency) 624
Mr. Konoike Chuzaburo 625
Konoike (The Konoike Family) 625
Koro Hyoshiki Kanrislio (The Lighthouse Bureau).. 626
Mr. Kusaba Tsukumo (T. Kusaba, Mech. E., In-
ternational Patent Attorney) 627
Kyodo Seishi Nizukurisho (Kyodo Raw Silk
Packing Co.) 628
Kyoto Kosho Kabushiki Kaisha (The Kyoto Manu-
facturing & Trading Co.) 629
Mr. Mogi Sobei 630
Morioka Imin Gomel Kaisha (The Morioka Emi-
gration Co.) 631
Mural Honten 632
Nagoya Shogyo Kaigisho (The Nagoya Chamber of
Commerce) 634
Nakamatsu Tokkyo Horitsu Jimusho (The Naka-
matsu International Patent and Law Office) ... 635
Naikoku Tsuun Kabushiki Kaisha (The National
Express Co.) 636
Mr. Nakano Kinkuro 637
Niigata-ken Bussan Chiuretsukan (Tlie Niigata Per-
fectural Commercial Museum) 637
Ninmei-sha (Ninmeisha & Co.) 638
Nippon Sekijuji-sha (The Japan Red Cross Society) 639
Noji Shikenjo (The Agricultural Laboratory) ... 641
Osaka Shogyo Kaigisho (The Osaka Chamber of
Commerce; , 642
Okawa Shoko Kabushiki Kaisha (The Okawa
Trading and Manufacturing Co.) 614
Saiseikai (The Imperial Relief Society for the Sick
and Poor) 644
Mr. Ovvada Shoshichi 646
Sangyo Shikenjo (The Sericultural Laboratory) ... 648
Sapporo KoBo-yen (The Sapporo Agricultural
Experimental Station) ... .... 6^9
PAGE.
Shidzuoka-ken (Shidzuota Prefecture) 650
Shidzuoka-ken Chagyo Kuraini (Guild of the Tea
Traders in Shidzuoka Prefecture) 651
Sliifu Orimono Seisakusho (The Paper Cloth Manu-
factory) 652
Shimidzu-Han Ryogai-Ten (Shimidzu Exchange
Firm) 652
Sliouyo Koshinsho (The Commercial Information
Bureau) 653
Soji-ji (The Soji-ji Temple) 654
Mr. Sugawara Tsunemi 655
Suiko-sha (The Navy Club) 656
Sumiiomo So-Honten (The Sumitomo General
Head Office) 656
Mr. Suzuki Shutaro 669
Mr. Takada Shigeru 660
Tfikoku Gekijo (The Imperial Tiieatre) 661
Teikoku Koshinslio (I'he Imperial Mercantile
Association) 661
Teikoku Kyoiku-kai (fhe Imperial Educational
Society) 662
Teikoku Suinan l\yusai-kai (The Imperial Japanese
Society for Saving Life and Property from
Shipwreck) 663
Tetsudo Ukeo'gyo Kyokai (The Association of Rail-
way Contractors) 664
Tokyo Bengoshi-kai (The Tokyo Advocates'
Association) 665
Tokyo-Fu-kai (The Tokyo Prefectural Assembly)... j666
Tokyo Kokusai Kabushiki Kaisha (The Tokyo
National Loan Bonds Co.) 667
Tokyo Komusho ( The Tokyo Mining Affairs
Bureau) 667
Tokyo Koshinjo (Mercantile Agency) 668
Tokyo Siiogyo Kaigisho (The Tokyo Chamber of
Commerce) 669
Tsukiji Honganji (The Honganji Temple of Tsukiji). 671
Mr. Uchimura Tatsujiro (Ucliiraura International
Patent Attorney) 672
Uraga Dokku Kabushiki Kaisha (The Uraga Dock
Co.) 672
Uyeyama Seizo Shoten (S. Uyeyama & Co.) 674
Wakao-Ke (The Wakao Family) 675
Watanabe Tokkyo Dairi Kyoku (Tlie Watanabe
Patent Office) 676
Yamanaka Gomei Kaisha (Yamanaka & Co.) ... 677
Mr. Yamashita Kamesaburo 678
Yokohama Shogyo Kaigisho (The Yokohama
Chamber of Commerce) 679
Zenko-ji (The Zeuko-ji Temple) 679
Zohei Kyoku (The Mint) 680
CONTENTS.
XIII
NOBLES AND PERSONAGES :
Prince Kujo Michizane ... .
Prince Shimadzu Tadashige
Prince Tokugawa lyesato ... .
Marquis Ikeda Nakahiro ... .
Marquis Mayeda Toshinari... .
Marquis Nabeshima Naliohiro .
Marquis Tokugawa Yorimiclii .
Marquis Yamanouchi Toyokage.
Count Todo Takatsugu ... .,
Count Tokugawa Satomichi
Viscount Arima Sumiaki ... .
Viscount Mimuroto Masamitsu ..
Viscount Mori Motokatsu ... .
Viscount Soma Aritane ... .,
Viscount Tozawa Masaoto ... .
Mr. Ando Kensuke
Dr. Aoyaina Taneinichi
Mr. Araki Juppo
Mr. Asano Soichiro
Baron Den Kenjiro
Dr. Dohi Keizo
Mr. Doi Michio
Mr. Egusa Sliigetada
Baron Fujita Heitaro
Mr. Fujita Ken-ichi
Dr. Furukawa Sakajiro
Mr. Gomi Kimpei
Baron Goto Sliimpei
Dr. Hanai Takuzo ... ... ..
Mr. Hanaoka Toshio
Dr. Hara Genryo
Mr. Hara Takashi
Mr. Hasegawa Kazuye
Baron Hatano Yoshinao
Mr. Hayakawa Senkichiro
Dr. Hayaslii Akira
Baron Hayashi Gonsuke
Mr. Hirabayashi Eijiro
Mr. Hirade Kisaburo
Mr. Hirase Minao
Mr. Hirose Toho
Mr. Honda Tatsujiro
Mr. Horiye Sen-ichiro
Baron Hozunii Nobushige
Mr. lida Nobutaro
Mr. lidzuka Harutaro
Mr. Ijuin Hikokichi
THIRD
PART.
J:-
PAGE.
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Mr. Ishikawa Tokuyemon
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Admiral Kato Tomosaburo
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Mr. Kinoshita Kenjiro
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Dr. Kitazato Shibasaburo
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Vice-Admiral Murakami Kakuichi
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Dr. Nakaizumi Yukinori
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Viscount Nakamuda Takemasa ...
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Dr. Nakanishi Kametaro
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Mr. Nakashoji Ren
PAGE.
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XIV
CONTENTS.
PAGE
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Dr, Oba Shigema
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Mr. Oka Genzo
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Baron Sumitomo Kichizayemon...
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Rear-Admiral Suzuki Kantaro ...
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Mr. Tago Nobushige
Mr. Takakura Tohei
Vice-Admiral Takarabe Takeshi...
Mr. Takashima Hokkai
Mr. Terajima Noboru
Mr. Takashima Kahei
Di'. Terao Torn
Count Terauchi Masakata
Mr. Terazaki Kogyo
Vice-Admiral Tochinai Sojiro ...
Mr. Tokonarai Takejiro
Vice-Admiral Tsuchiya Mitsukane
Dr. Uno Ro
Mr. Urabe Jofu
Baron Uyehara Yusaku
Dr. Uzawa Fusaaki
Mr. Wakatsuki Reijiro
Mr. Watanabe Fukusaburo
Dr. Yamaguchi Einosuke
Rear- Admiral Yamaguchi Kujuro.
Baron Yamakawa Kenjiro
Mr. Yamamoto Kyuzaburo
Mr. Yamamoto Tatsuo
Mr. Yamashita Hidezane
Vice-Admiral Yamaya Tanin
Baron Yashiro Rokuro
Admiral Yoshimatsu Motaro
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Mr. Nishizawa Iwata
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PAGE.
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786
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787
788
789
790
790
791
792
793
793
794
795
796
797
798
798
799
800
801
802
802
803
804
805
806
806
807
808
808
FIRST PART.
ENTHRONEMENT.
r > (.
'he Imperial Throne of Japan, enjoying tlie Grace of Heaven and everlasting from ages eternal in an unbroken
line of succession, has been transmitted to Us through successive reigns. Tiie fundamental rules of Our
Family were established once for all at the time that Our Ancestors laid the foundations of the Empire, and
are even at this day as bright as the celestial luminaries. We now desire to make the instructions of Our
Ancestors more exact and express and to establish for Our posterity a House Law, by which Our House shall
be founded in everlasting strength, and its dignity be forever maintained. We hereby, with the advice of Our Privy
Cauncil, give Our Sanction to the present Imperial House Law, to serv'e as a standard by which Our descendants
sliall be guided.
[His Imperial Majesty's Sign-Manual.]
[Privy Seal.]
The iith day of the 2nd mmith of the 22nd year of the Meiji Era {Feb. li, 1889, A.D.)
THE IMPERIAL HOUSE LAW.
CHAPTER I.
SUCCESSION TO THE IMPERIAL THRONE.
Article I. — The Imperial Throne of Japan shall be succeeded to by male descendants in the male line of Imperial
Ancestors.
Article IL. — The Imperial Thorne shall be succeeded to by the Imperial eldest son.
Article IH. — When there is no Imperial eldest son, the Imperial Throne shall be succeeded to by the Imperial
eldest grandson. When there is neither Imperial eldest son nor any male descendant of his, it shall be succeeded to by the
Imperial son next in age, and so on in every successive case.
Article IV. — For succession to the Imperial Throne by an Imperial descendant, the one of full blood shall have
precedence over descendants of half blood. The succession to the Imperial Throne by the latter shall be limited to those
cases only when there is no Imperial descendant of full blood.
Article V. — When there is no Imperial descendant, the Imperial Throne shall be succeeded to by an Imperial
brother and by his descendants.
Article VI. — When there is no such Imperial brother or descendant of his, the Imperial Throne shall be succeeded
to by an Imperial uncle and by his descendants.
Article VII. — When there is neither such Imperial uncle nor descendant of his, the Imperial Throne shall be
succeeded to by the next nearest member among the rest of the Imperial Family.
( 2 )•
Articte VIII. — Among the Imperial brothers and the remoter Imperial relelations, precedence shall be given, in the
same degree, to the descendants of full blood over those of half blood, and to the elder over the younger.
Article IX. — When the Imperial heir is suffering from an incurable disease of mind or body, or wlien any other
weigiity cause exists, the order of succession may be changed in accordance with tlie foregoing provisions, with the advice of
the Imperial Family Council and with that of the Privy Council.
/ CHAPTER II.
ACCESSION AND ENTHRONEMENT.
Article X. — Upon the demise of the Emperor, the Imperial heir shall ascend the Throne, and shall acquire the
Divine Treasures of the Imperial Ancestors.
Article XI. — The ceremonies of Enthronement shall be performed and a DaijOsai* shall be lield at Kyoto.
Article XII. — Upon an ascension to the Throne, a new era shall be inaugurated, and the name of it shall remain
unchanged during tlie whole reign, in agreement with the established rule of the 1st year of the Meiji Era.
CHAPTER III.
MAJORITY, INSTITUTION OF EMPRESS AND OF HEIR-APPARENT.
Article XIII. — Tlie Emperor, tlie Kotaislii and the Kotaison shall attain their majority at eighteen full years
of age.
Article XIV. — Members of the Imperial Family, other than those mentioned in the preceding Article, shall attain
the mnjority at twenty full years of age.
Article XV. — The son of the Emperor, who is Heir- Apparent, shall be called " Kotaishi." In case there is no
Kotaishi, the Imperial grandson, who is Heir- Apparent, shall be called "Kotaison."
Article XVI. — The institution of Empress and that of K5taison shall be proclaimed by an Imperial Rescript.
CHAPTER IV.
STYLE OF ADDRESS.
Article XVII. — The style of address for the Emperor, the Grand Empress Dowager, the Empress Dowager and of
Empress, shall be His, or Her or Your Imperial Majesty.
Article XVIII. — The Kotaishi and his consort, the Kotaison and his consort, the Shinno and their consorts, the
Naishinno, the Wo and their consorts, and the Nyo- Wo shall be styled fits. Her, Their or Your Imperial Highness or
Highnesses.
CHAPTER V.
REGENCY.
Article XIX. — When the Emperor is a minor, a Regency shall be instituted.
When He is prevented by some permanent cause from personally governing, a Regency siiall be instituted, with the
advice of ihe Imperial Family Council and with that of the Privy Council.
Article XX. — The Regency shall be assumed by the Kotaishi or the Kotaison, being of full age of majority.
Article XXI. — When there is neither Kotaishi nor Kotaison, or when the Kotaishi or the Kotaison has not yet
arrived at liis majority, the Regency shall be assumed in the following order: —
1. A Shinno or a W5.
2. The Empress.
3. The Empress Dowager.
4. The Grand Empress Dowager.
5. A Naishinno or a Nyo-W5.
* See the Imperial Accession Law.
( 3 )
Akticle XXII. — In case the Regency is to be assumed from among tlie male members of the Imperial Family, it
shall be clone in agreement with tiie order of succession to the Imperial Throne. The same shall apply to the case of female
members of the Imperil)! Family.
Article XXIII — A female member of the Imperial Family to assume the Regency shall be exclusively one who
has no consort.
Article XXIV. — When, on account of the minority of the nearest related member of the Imperial Family, or for
some other cause, another member hus to assume the Regency, the latter sliall not, upon the arrival at majority of the above
mentioned nearest related member, or upon the disappearance of tlie aforesaid cause, resign his or her post in favour of any
person other than of the Kotaishi or of the Kotiiison.
Article XXV. — When a Regent, or one wlio should become such, is suffering from an incurable disease of mind or
body, or when any other weighty cause exists therefor, the order of tlie Regency may be changed, with the advice of the
Imperial Family Council and with that of the Privy Council.
CHAPTER IV.
THE IMPERIAL GOVERNOR.
Article XXVI. — When the Emperor is a minor, an Imperial Governor shall be appointed to take charge of His
bringing up and of His education.
Article XXVII. — In case no Imperial Governor has been nominated in the will of the preceding Emperor, the
Regent shall appoint one, with the advice of the Imperial Family Council and with that of the PrivyCouncil.
Article XXVIII.— Neither the Regent nor any of his descendants can be appointed Imperial Governor.
Article XXIX. — Tlie Imperial Governor cannot be removed from his post by the Regent, unless upon the advice
of the Imperial Family Council and upon that of the Privy Council.
CHAPTER VII.
THE IMPERIAL FAMILY.
Article XXX. — The term "Imperial Family" shall include the Grand Empress Dowager, the Empress Dowager,
the Empress, the Kotaishi and his consort, the Kotaison and his consort, the Shinno and their consorts, the Naishinno, the
Wo and their consorts, and the Nyo-Wo.
Article XXXI. — From Imperial sons to Imperial great-great-grandsons Imperial male descendants shall be called
Shinno, and from Imperial daughters to Imperial great-great-granddaughters. Imperial female descendants shall be called
Niiishinno. From the fiftli generation downwards, they shall be called, respectively, Wo and Nyo-Wo.
Article XXXII. — When the Imperial Throne is succeeded to by a member of a branch line, the title of Shinno or
Naishinno ;<hall be specially granted to the Imperial brothers and sisters, being already Wo or Nyo-Wo.
Article XXXIII. — The births, namings, marriages and deaths in the Imperial Family sh>ill be announced by the
Minister of the Imperial Household.
Article XXXIV. — Genealogical and other records relating to the matters mentioned in the preceding Article shall
be kept in the Imperial archives.
Article XXXV. — The members of the Imperial Family shall be under the control of the Emperor.
.Article XXXVI. — When a Regency is instituted, the Regent shall exercise the power of control referred to in the
preceding Article.
Article XXXVII. — When a member, male or female, of the Imperial Family is a minor and has been bereft of
his or her father, the officials of the Imperial Court shall be ordered to take charge of his or her bringing up and education.
Under certain circumstances, tlie Emperor may either approve the guardian chosen by his or her parent, or may nominate one.
Article XXXVIII. — The guardian of a member of the Imperial Family must be himself a member thereof, and
of age.
Article XXXIX, — Marriages of members of the Imperial Family shall ba restricted to the circle of the Family,
or to certain noble families spscially approved by Imperial Order.
( 4 )
Article XL.— Marriages of the Members of the Imperial Family shall be subject to the sanction of the Emperor.
Article XLT. — The Imperial writs siinctioniiig the marriages of members of the Imperial Family shall bear the
countersignature of the Minister of the ImperiHl Household.
Article XLII. — No member of the Imperial Family can adopt any one as his son.
Ar.TiCLE XLIII. — When a member of the Imperial Family wishes to travel bejond the boundaries of the Empire,
he shall first obtain the sanction of the Emperor.
Article XFjIV. — A female member of the Imperial Family, who has married a subject, shall be excluded from
membership of the Imperial Family. However, slie may be allowed, by the special grace of the Emperor, to retain iier
title of Naislilnno or of Nyo-Wo, as the case may be.
CHAPTER VIII.
IMPERIAL HEREDITARY ESTATES.
Article XLV. — No landed or other property, that has been fixed as the Imperial Hereditary Estates, shall be
divided up and alienated.
Article XLVI. — The landed and other property to be included in the Imperial Hereditary Estates shall be settled
by Imperial writ, with the advice of the Privy Council, and shall be aimouuced by the Minister of the Imperial Household.
CHAPTER IX
EXPENDITURES OF THE IMPERIAL HOUSE.
Article XLVII. — The expenditures of the Imperial House of all kinds shall be defrayed out of the National
Treasury at a certain fixed amouut.
Article XLVIII. — The estimates and audit of accounts of the expenditures of the Imperial House and all other
rules of the kind shall be regulated by the Finance Regulations of the Imperial House.
CHAPTER X.
LITIGATIONS DISCIPLINARY RULES FOR THE MEMBERS
OF THE IMPERIAL FAMILY.
Article XLIX. — Litigation between members of the Imperial Family shall be decided by judicial functionaries
specially designated by the Emperor to the Department of the Imperial Household, and execution issued after Imperial
Sanction thereto has been obtained.
Article L. — Civil actions brought by private individuals against members of the Imperial Family siiall be deci<led
in the Court of Appeal in Tokyo. Members of the Imperial Family shall, iiowever, be represented by attorneys, and no
personal attendance in the Court shall be required of them.
Article LI. — No member of the Imperial Family can be arrested or summoned before a Court of Law unless the
sanction of the Emperor has been first obtained thereto.
Article LII. — When a member of the Imperial Family has committed an act derogatory to his (or het) dignity, or
when he (or she) lias exhibited disloyalty to the Imperial House, he (or she) shall, by way of disciplinary punishment and
by order of the Emperor, be deprived of the whole or of a part of the privileges belonging to him (or her) as a member
of the Imperial Family, or shall be suspended therefrom.
Article LIII. — When a member of the Imperial Family acts in a way tending to the squandering of his (or her)
property, he (or she) shall be pronounced by the Emperor, prohibited from administering his property, and a manager
shall be appointed tlierefdr.
Article LIV. — The two foregoing Articles shall be sanctioned, upon the advice of the Imperial Family Council.
( 5 )
CHAPTER XI.
THE IMPERIAL FAMILY COUNCIL.
Article LV. — The Imperial Fnmily Council shall be composeil of the male members of tlie Imperial Family who
have reached tlie age of majority. The Grand Keeper of the Privy Seal, the President of the Privy Council, the Minister of
the Imperial Household, the Minister of State for Justice and the President of the Court of Cassation shall be ordered to
take part in the deliberations of the Council.
Article LVI. — The Emperor personally presides over the meeting of tlie Imperial Family Council, or directs one
of the members of the Imperial Family to do so.
CHAPTER XII.
SUPPLEMENTARY RULES.
Article LVII. — Those of the present members of the Imperial Family of the fifth generation and downwards, who
have already been invested with the title of Shinno, shall retain the same as heretofore.
Article L VIII. — The order of succession to the Imperial Throne shall in every case relate to the descendants of
absolute lineage. There shall be no admi sion to this line of succession to any one as a consequence of his now being an
adojited Imperial son, Koyushi or heir to a princely house.
Article LIX. — The grades of rank among the Shinno, Naishinno, W5 and Nyo-AVo shall he abolished.
Article LX. — The family rank of ShinnO and all usages conflicting with the present Law shall be abolished.
Article LXI. — The property, annual expenses and all other rules concerning the members ot the Imperial Family
shall be specially determined.
Article LXII. — When in the future it shall become necessary either to amend or make additions to the present
Law, tlie matter shall be decided by the Emperor, witli the advice of the Imperial Family Council and with that of the
Privy Council.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE IMPERIAL HOUSE LAW.
Promulgated on February lUh, 1907, that is, on the 18th year of the enactment of the original Imperial House Law,
with the following Imperial Rescript: —
The Law of the Imperial House of the Empire of Japan in enjoyment of heavenly grace is accordant with the
principles of the Imperial Ancestors and there is no disagreement whatsoever. Rut with the (levelojiment of civilization
and the progress of the worhl, it is necessary tliat the system should be established in u full and complete form, and the
|iro(risioiis of the Law increased and enlarged. Considering it advisable, therefore, to consolidate for all time tlie Foundation
laiil down by Our Ancestors, and being desirous of making clear the status of members of the Imperial Family by Written
Law, We hereby promulgate a Supplement to the Imperial House Law after duly consulting the Imperial Family Council
and the Privy Council, and it is Our hope that Our Descendants and Subjects shall follow aad observe it and never deviate
tiieteform.
Article I — A Wo may, by Imperial pleasure or on application, be granted a Family Name and be placed among
the Peers.
Article II. — A W5 may, with Imperial permission, become Heir to the House of a Peer or be adopted by a
Peer with the ol>jfCt of succeeciing to his House.
Article III. — The Wife and Lineal Descendants of a person who under the preceding two Articles enters upon the
status of a subject, and tlieir wives, enter his House, except daugliters who are married to other members of tlie Imperial
Family and their Lineal descendants.
( 6 )
Article IV. — A m«'ml)er of the family who is deprived of his privileges may, at Imperial pleasure, be lowered to
the statm of a subject : —
The Wife of a person wiio under tlie preceding paragraph is lowered to the status of a subject enters his House.
Article V. — In the cas-e of Arts. 1, 2 and 3, the opinion shall be taken of the Imperial Family Council and the
Privy Council.
Akticle VI. — A person who has once entered upon the statm of a subject cannot become a member of the Imperial
Family again.
Article VII. — In nddition to what is provided in this Law, regulations relating to the «te<MS and other rights and
duties "f members of the Imperial Family shall be separately provided.
Where, us to matters in which both members of the Imperial family and subjects are concerned, the provisions to be
followed by the one differ from those to be followed by the other, the provisions of the preceding paragraph are followed.
Article VIII. — I'hose provisions of laws ai d ordinances which are intended for members of the Imperial Family
apply only where there are not special provisions in the Law and rules issued on the basis of this Law.
On February lOtli, 1907, the fact of the above Supplement to the Imperial House Law being about to be promulgated
was solemnly declared before the Kaihiko-dokoro (Imperial Sanctuary), the iiLoreidert (Shrine of the sprits of the Imperial
Ancestors) and the iSAinden (Shrine of the Godi) in the Imperial palace, and Imperial messengers w<!re sent to the Ise
shrines, the Emperor Jimmu Tenno's mausoleum at Kashiwabara and the Emperor Komei Tenno's (the lute Emperor's
father) at Gotsuki-no-wa, Kyoto. The Document whicii was read before these Shrines, etc., ran as follows: —
" We hereby respectfully inform the Spirits of Our Imperial Ancestors: — Nineteen years have elapsed since the
Imperial House Laio was made for the purpose of making clear the rides bequeathed by the Imperial Ancestors and of
consolidating the g-eat Foundation of the Dynasty, endless with heaven and earth, during which time We have duly
observed it along with Our brethren and have never acted in contravention thereof. But now that the national fortunes are
enhanced more than ever and the divine influence of Our Imperial Ancestors shines forth afar all over the world, it is nothing
but what the August intention of Our Imperial Ancestors directs that the Law should be Enlarged and Supplemented in view
of the progress of time and fortune in order to strengthen the means of upholding Our dignity and authority, and broadening
the way which Our Descendants are to tread. We, therefore, have provided this Supplement to the Imperial House Law,
praying for the divine grace of our Imperial Ancestors ani swsiring thtt we wil' faithfully act upon it for ever,
" We pray that the Divine Spirits will hear this."
jAVING, by virtue of the glories of Our Ancestors, ascended the Throne of a lineal succession unbroken for
"A ages eternal; desiring to promote the welfare of, and to give development to the moral and int»llectiial
faculties of Our beloved subjects, the very same that have been fiivoured with the benevolent care and
aifectionate vigilance of Onr Ancestors ; and hoping to maintain the prosperity of the State, in concert with
Our people and with their support, We hereby promulgate, in pursuance of Onr Imperial Rescript of the
12th day of the 10th month of the 14th year of the Meiji Era, a fundamental law of State, to exliibit the principles by
which We are to be guided in Our conduct, and to point out to wliat Our descendants and Our subjects and their
descendants are forever to conform.
The rights of sovereignty of the State We liave inherited from Our Ancestors, and We shall bequeath them to Our
descendants. Neither We nor they shall in future fail to wield thera, in accordance with the provLsions of the Ci)nstilution
hereby granted.
We now declare to respect and protect the security of the rights and of the property of Onr people, and to secure to
them the complete enjoyment of the same, within the extent of the provisions of the present Constitution and of the law.
The Imperial Diet shall first be convoked for tlie 23rd year of Meiji, and the time of its opening shall be the date
when the present Constitution comes into force.
When in the future it may become necessary to amend any of the provisions of the present Constitution, We or
Our successors shall assume the initiative right, and submit a project for tlie same to the Imperial Diet. The Imperial Diet
shall pass its vote upon it, according to the conditions imposed by the present Constitution, and in no other wise shall Our
descendants or Cur subjects be permitted to attempt any alteration thereof.
Our Ministers of State, on Our behalf, shall be held responsible for the carrying out of the present Constitution, and
Onr present and future subjects shall forever assume the duty of allegiance to the present Constitution.
[ His Imperial Majesty's Sign-Manual. ]
[Privy Seal.]
Tlie llth day of the 2nd month of the 22nd year of the Meiji Era {Feb. II, ISS'J, A.D.)
(Counters g.ied) Count KURODA KIYOTAKA,
Minister President of State.
Count ITO HIROBUMI,
President of the Privy Council.
Count OKUMA SHIGENOBU,
Minister of State jor Foreign Affairs.
Count SAIGO TSUKUMICHI,
Minister of State for the Navy.
Count INOUYE KAORU.
Minister of State for Agriculture and Commerce.
Count YAM ADA AKIYOStll,
Minister of State for Justice.
Count MATSUGATA MASAYOSIII,
Minister of State for Finance, and Minister of Stale for Hone Aff'airs.
Count OYAMA IWAO.
Minister of State for War.
Viscount MORI ARINORI,
Minister of State far Education.
' Viscount ENOMOTO TAKEAKI,
Minister of State for Communications.
( 7 )
( 8 )
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE EMPIRE OF JAPAN.
CHAPTER I.
THE EMPEROR.
Article I. — The Empire of Japan shall be reigned over and governed by a line of Emperors unbroken for ages
eternal
Article II. — The Imperial Throne shall be succeeded to by Imperial male descendants, according to the provisions
of the Imperial House Law.
Article III. — The Emperor is sacred and inviolable.
Article IV. — The Emperor is the head of tlie Empire, combining in Himself the rights of sovereignty, and
exercises them according to the provisions of the present Constitution.
Article V. — The Emperor exercises the legislative power with the consent of the Imperial Diet.
Article VI. — The Emperor gives sanction to laws, and orders them to be promulgated and executed,
Article VII. — The Emperor convokes the Imperial Diet, opens, closea and prorogues it, and dissolves the House of
Representatives.
Article VIII. — The Emperor, in consequence of an urgent necessity to maintain public safety or to avert public
calamities, issues, when the Imperial Diet'is not sitting, Iraperiiil Ordinances in the place of law.
Such Imperial Ordinances are to be laid before the Imperial Diet at its next session, and when the Diet does not
approve the said Ordinances, the Government shall declare them to be invalid for the future
Article IX. — The Emperor issues, or causes to be issued, the Ordinances necessary for the carrying out of the laws,
or for the maintenance of tiie public peace and onler, and for the promotion of the welfare of the subjects. But no
Ordinance shall in any way alter any of the existing laws.
Article X. — The Emperor determines the organization of the different branches of the administration, and salaries
of all civil and military officers, and appoints and dismisses the same. Exceptions especially provided for in the present
Constitution or in other laws shall be in accordance with the respective provisions (bearing thereon).
Article XL — The Emperor has the supreme command of the Army and Navy.
Article XII. — The Emperor determines the organization and peace standing of the Array and Navy.
Article XIII. — The Emperor declares war, makes peace, and concludes treaties.
Article XIV. — The Emperor proclaims a state of siege. The conditions and effects of a state of siege shall be
determined by law.
Article XV. — The Emperor confers titles of nobility, rank, orders and other marks of honour.
Article XVI. — The Emperor orders amnesty, pardon, commutation of punishments and reliabilitation.
Article XVII. — A Regency shall be instituted in conformity with the provisions of the Imperial House Law. The
Regent shall exercise the powers appertaining to the Emperor in His name.
CHAPTER 11.
RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF SUBJECTS.
Article XVIII. — The conditions necessary for being a Japanese subject shall be determined by law.
Article XIX. — Japanese subjects may, according to qualifications determined in laws or ordinances, be appointed
to civil or military office equally, and may fill any other public officss.
Article XX — Japanese subjects are amenable to service in the Army or Navy, according to the provisions of the law.
Article XXI. — Japaue^ie subjects are amenable to the duty of paying taxes, according to the provisions of the law.
Article XXII. — Japanese subjects shall have the liberty of abode and of changing the sanie within the limits
of law.
Article XXIII — No Japanese subject shall be arrested, detained, tried or punished, unless according to law.
Article XXIV. — No Japanese subject shall be deprived of his right of being tried by the judges determined
by law.
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Article XXV. — Except in the cases provided for in the law, the house of no Japaneee subject shall be entered or
searched without his consent.
Article XXVI — Except in the cases mentioned in the law, the secrecy of the letters of every Japanese subject
shall remain inviolate.
Article XXVII. — The right of property of every Japanese subject shall remain inviolate. Measures necessary to
be taken for the public benefit shall be provided for by law.
Article XXVIII. — Japanese subjects shall, within limits not prejudicial to peace and order, and not antagonistic
to their duties as subjects, enjoy freedom of religious belief.
Article XXIX — Japanese subjects shall, within the limits of the law, enjoy the liberty of speech, writing,
publication, public meetings and associations.
Article XXX. — Japanese subjects may present petitions, by observing the proper forms of respect, and by com-
plying with the rules specially provided for the same.
Article XXXI. — The provisions contained in the present Chapter shall not affect the exercise of the powers
appertaining to the Emperor, in times of war or in cases of a national emergency.
Article XXXII — Each and every one of the provisions contained in the preceding Articles of tiie present Chapter,
that are not in conflict with the laws or the rules and discipline of the Army and Navy, shall apply to the officers and men
of the Army and of the iNavy.
CHAPTER III.
THE IMPERIAL DIET.
Article XXXII [.—The Imperial Diet shall consist of two Houses— a House of Peers and a House of
Representatives.
Article XXXIV.— The House of Peers shall, in accordance with the Ordinance concerning the House of Peers,
be composed of the members of the Imperial Family, of the orders of nobility, and of those persons who have been
nominated thereto by the Emperor.
Article XXXV. — The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members elected by the people, according to
the provisions of the Law of Election.
Article XXXV f. — No one can at one and the same time be a Member of both Houses.
Article XXXVII — Every law requires the consent of the Imperial Diet.
Article XXXVIII. — Both Houses shall vote upon projects of law submitted to them by the Government, and may
respectively initiate projects of law.
Article XXXIX. — A Bill which has been rejected by either the one or the other of the two Houses shall not be
again brought in during the same session.
Article XL. — Both Houses can make representations to the Government as to law, or upon any other subject.
When, liovvever, such representations are not accepted, tliey cannot be made a second time during the same session.
Article XLI. — The Imperial Diet shall be convoked every year.
Article XLII. — A session of the Imperial Diet shall last during three months. In case of necessity, the duration
of a session may be prolonged by Imperial Order.
Article XLIII. — When urgent necessity arises, an extraordinary session may be convoked, in addition to the
ordinary one. The duration of an extraordinary session shall be determined by Imperial Order.
Article XLIV. — The opening, closing, prolongation of a session and prorogation of the Imperial Diet shall be
effected simultaneously for both Houses. In case the House of Representatives has been ordered to dissolve, the House
of Peers shall at the same time be prorogued.
Article XLV. — When the House of Representatives has been ordered to dissolve. Members shall be caused by
Imperial Order to be newly elected, and the new House shall he convoked within five months from the day of dissolution.
Article XLVI. — No debate can be opened and no vote can be taken in either House of the Imperial Diet unless
not less than one-third of the whole number of the Members thereof is present.
Article XLVII. — Votes shall be taken in both Houses by absolute majority. In the case of a tie vote, the
President shall have the casting vote.
( 10 )
Article XL VIII. — The deliberations of both Houses shall be held ia public. The deliberations may, however,
upon demand of the Government or by resolution of the House, be held in secret sitting.
Aeticle XLIX. — Both Houses of the Imperial Diet may respectively present addresses to the Emperor,
Article L. — Both Houses may receive petitions presented by subjects.
Article LI. — Both Houses may enact, besides what is provided for in the present Constitution and in the Law of
the Houses, rules necessary for the management of their internal aifairs.
Article Lll. — No Member of either House shall be held responsible outside the respective Houses for any
opinion uttered or for any vote given in the House. When, however, a Member himself has given publicity to his opinions
by public speech, by documents in print or in writing, or by any other similar means, he sliall, in the matter, be amenable to
the general law.
Article LIII. — The Members of both Houses shall, during the session, be free from arrest, unless witli the consent
of the House, except in cases of in ^^ajfranfe delicto, or of offences connected with a state of internal commotion or with a
foreign trouble.
Aeticte LIV. — The Minister of State and the Delegates of the Government may, at any time, take seats and speak
in either House.
CHAPTER IV.
THE MINISTERS OF STATE AND THE PRIVY COUNCIL.
Article LV. — The respective Ministers of State shall give their advice to the Emperor, and be responsible for it.
All Laws, Imperial Ordinances and Imperial Rescripts of whatever kind that relate to the affairs of the State
require the countersignature of a Minister of State.
Article LVI. — The Privy Councillors shall, in accordance with the provisions for the organization of the Privy
Council, deliberate upon important matters of State, when they have been consulted by the Emperor.
CHAPTER V.
THE JUDICATURE.
Article LVII. — The Judicature shall be exercised by the Courts of Law according to law, in the name of the
Emperor,
The organization of the Courts of Law shall be determined by law.
Article LVIII — The judges shall be appointed from among those who po3sess proper qualifications according to
law. No judge shall be deprived of his position, unless by way of criminal sentence or disciplinary punishment. Rules for
disciplinary punishment shall be determined by law.
Article LIX. — Trials and judgments of a Court shall be conducted publicly. When, however, there exists any
fear that such publicity may be prejudicial to peace and order, or to the maintenance of public morality, the public trial
may be suspended by provision of law or by the decision of the Court of Law.
Article LX. — All matters that fall within the competency of a special Court shall be specially provided for by law.
Article LXI, — No suit at law, which relates to rights alleged to have been infringed by the illegal measures of
the administrative authorities, and which shall come within the competency of the Court of Administrative Litigation
especially established by law, shall be taken cognizance of by a Court of Law.
CHAPTER VI,
FINANCE,
Article LXII. — The imposition of a new tax or the modification of the rates (of an existing one) shall be
determined by law. However, all such administrative fees or other revenue having the nature of compensation shall not
fall within the category of the above clause. The raising of national loans and the contracting of other liabilities to the
charge of the National Treasury, except those that are provided in the Budget, shall require the cmseat of the Imperial Diet,
( 11 )
Article LXIII. — The taxes levied at present shall, in so far as they are not remodelled by a new law, be collected
according to the old system.
Article LXIV. — The expenditure and revenue of the State require the consent of the Imperial Diet by means of
an annual Budget, Any and all expenditures overpassing the appropriations set forth in the Titles and Paragraphs of the
Budget, or that are not provided for in the Budget, shall subsequently require the approbation of the Imperial Diet.
Article LXV. — The Budget sliall be first laid before the House of Representatives.
Article LXVI. — The expenditures of the Imperial House shall be defrayed every year out of the National
Treasury, according to the present fixed amount for the same, and sliall not require the consent thereto of the Imperial Diet,
except in case an increase thereof is found necessary.
Article LXVI I. — Those already fixed expenditures based by the Constitution upon the powers appertaining to the
Emperor, and such expenditures as may have arisen by the effect of law, or that appertain to the legal obligations of the
Government, shall be neither rejected nor reduced by the Imperial Diet, without the concurrence of the Government.
Article LXVIII. — In order to meet special requirements, the Government may ask the consent of the Imperial
Diet to a certain amount as a Continuing Expenditure Fund, for a previously fixed number of years.
Article LXIX. — lu order to supply deficiencies, which are unavoidable, in the Budget, and to meet requirements
unprovided for in the same, a Reserve Fund sliall be provided in the Budget.
Article LXX. — When the Imperial Diet cannot be convoked, owing to the external or internal condition of the
country, in case of urgent need for the mainteaance of public safety, the Government may take all necessary financial
measures, by means of an Imperial Ordinance.
In the case mentioned in tiie preceding clause, the matter shall be submitted to the Imperial Diet at its next session,
and its approbation shall be obtained thereto.
Article LXXl. — When the Imperial Diet has not voted on the Budget, or when the Budget has not been brought
into actual existence, the Government shall carry out the Budget of the preceding year.
Article LXXII. — The final account of the expenditures and revenue of the State shall be verified and confirmed by
the Board of Audit, and it shall be submitted by the Government to the Imperial Diet, together with the report of verifica-
tion of the said Board. The organization and competency of the Board of Audit sliall be determined by law separately.
CHAPTER VII.
SUPPLEMENTARY RULES.
Article LXXIIl. — When it has become necessary in future to amend the provisions of the present Constitution, a
project to that effect sliall be submitted to the Imperial Diet by Imperial Order. In the above case, neither House can
open the debate unless not less than two-thirds of the whole number of Members are present, and no amendment can be
passed, unless a majority of not less than two-thirds of the Members present is obtained.
Article LXXIV. — No modification of the Imperial House Law shall be required to be submitted to the delibe-
ration of the Imperial Diet. No provision of the present Constitution can be modified by tlie Imperial House Law.
Article LXXV. — No modification can be introduced into the Constitution, or into the Imperial House Law,
during the time of a Regency.
Article LXXVI. — Existing legal enactments, such as laws, regulations. Ordinances, or by whatever names they
may be c.-ilied, shall, so far as they do not conflict with the present Constitutiou, continue in force. All existing contracts or
orders, that entail obligations upon the Government, and that are connected with expenditure, shall come within the scope
of Art. LXVIL
( 12 )
IMPERIAL ACCESSION LAW.
Issued on February 11th op the Forty-Second Year of the Meiji Era (1909 A.D.)
E hereby promulgate the following Imperial Ordinance relating to the Accession, which has been approved by
the Privy Council : —
Article I. — When the Emperor ascends the Throne the Cliief of Ritualists sluiU conduct a service at
the Kashiko-dokoro (Imperial Sanctuary) and announce the fact to the Koreiden (the Shrine of the Spirits of
the Imperial Ancestors) and to the Shinden (the Shrine of tlie Gods.)
Article II. — As soon as the Accession is over, the name of the Era shall be changed. The name of the new Era
shall, after consiileration by the Privy Council, be decided by the Emperor.
Article III. — The name of the new Era shall be announced by an Imperial Ordinance.
Article IV. — The Grand Ceremonies of tlie Enthronement and the Daijosai (the Ceremonies of Offering Rice by the
Emperor to the Gods and the Spirits of the Imperial Ancestors) shall be conducted during a set period between Autumn and
Winter. The DaijSsai shall be performed immediately after the Grand Ceremony of the Euthronemsat .
Article V. — In conducting tlie Grand Ceremonies of the Enthronement and tlie Daijoiai the Commission entrusted
with the Grand Ceremonies of the Enthronement shall be appointed and attached to the Court to manage all affairs relating
thereto. The oflScial organization of the Commission for the Grand Ceremonies of the Euthronement shall also be announced
simultaneously.
Article VI. — The dates of the Grand Ceremonies of the Enthronement and the Daijosai shall be publicly announced
over the joint signatures of the Minister of the Imperial Household and Ministers of State.
Article VII. — When the dates of the Grand Ceremonies of the Enthronement and the Daijosai are fixed, the
Emperor himself will announce the details to the Kashiko-dokoro, Koreiden and Shinden. The Imperial messengers shall,
at the same time, be sent to the Imperial Great Shrine at Ise, the Mausoleum of the first Emperor Jimmu Tenno, and the
Mausolea of the last four Ancestors of the new Emperor respectively to report the particulars.
Article VIII. — The fields for the growing of rice to be used at the Daijosai shall be selected in the districts to the
east and south of Kyoto, which will be known as " Yuki," and in the districts to the west and north of Kyoto, which will
be called " Suki." These districts shall be selected by the Emperor.
Article IX. — When the Yuki and Suki districts are selected the Minister of the Imperial Household shall issue
instructions to the Governors within whose jurisdiction the districts are situated, ordering them to make the necessary
arrangements with the owners of the rice-fields, who will cultivate the plants and present the new rice to the Imperial Court.
Article X. — When the harvest season arrives, Imperial messengers shall be dispatched to the Yuki and Suki rice-
fields to conduct the ceremony of harvesting the rice.
Article XI. — Prior to the dates fixed for the Grand Ceremonies of the Enthronement, the Emperor and Empress,
with the Sacred Treasures, will proceed to the Kyoto Palace.
Article XII. — On the day on which the Grand Ceremonies of the Enthronement are conducted, an Imperial mes-
senger shall report the fact to the Koreiden and Shinden.
On the occasion of the Daijosai ceremony the Imperial messengers shall be ordered to report the details before the
Imperial Great Shrine at Ise, the KSreiden and Shinden, and they, with the Governor of the Provinces to which they are
sent, shall worship at the local shrines.
Article XIII. — On the day immediately preceding the Daij5sai Ceremony there shall be conducted the Cliinkon-
shiki (a service to pray for peace and long life and prosperity for the Emperor and Empress).
Article XIV. — The Grand Ceremonies of the Enthronement and the Daij5sai shall be conducted in accordance with
the Supplementary Regulations.
Article XV. — After the Grand Ceremonies of the Enthronement and the DaijOsai are completed. Banquets will be
given.
Article XVI. — After the Grand Ceremonies of the Enthronement and the Daijosai, the Emperor and Empress will
visit the Imperial Great Shrine at Ise, the mausoleum of the first Emperor Jimmu Tenno, and the mausolea of the last four
Ancestors of the new Emperor.
Article XVII. — When the Emperor and Empress return from Kyoto to Tokyo their Majesties will worship before
the Koreiden and Shinden.
Article XVIII. — During the period of mourning for the late Emperor or Empress Dowager, there shall be no Grand
Ceremonies of the Euthronement and Daij5sai.
( 13 )
HISTORY OF THE GRAND CEREMONIES OF THE
ENTHRONEMENT.
f?HE Enthronement of His Mnjesty Y05HIHIT0, and subsequent Ceremonies, held at Kyoto in the Autumn of the
I fourth year of the TaisliO Era (1915 A.D.), were conducted in accordance with the Rules of the Enthronement
drawn up during the lifetime of Emperor Meiji Tenno, and approved by him. In these regulations ancient forms and customs
have, as far as possible, been adhered to, but new features have in some instances been introduced to suit modern conditions
and requirements.
From ancient records and traditions it may be inferred that the Enthronement of Japanese Sovereign?, from the first
Em{)eror Jimmu Tenno down to the Thiity-eightli Emperor Tenji Tenn5, were very simple, prayers being offered and the
Three Sacred Treasures handed over to the new Emperor, With the introduction to Japan of Buddliism and Science from
Cliina and Korea, etiquette in the Japanese Imperial Court underwent a remarkable cliange, with the result tliat the
Enthronement was attended by much pomp and ceremony. The character of the Enthronement, itself, however, remained
practically unchanged.
THE GRAND CEREMONIES OF THE ENTHRONEMENT IN THE
FOURTH YEAR OF THE TAISHO ERA (1915 AD.)
fN the morning of November 6th, at six o'clock, His Majesty the Emperor left his Palace in Tokyo for Kyoto, travelling
via Nagoya, to take part in the Grand Ceremonies of the Enthronement on the 10th. Ideal autumn weather pre-
vailed. The journey from the Imperial Palace to Tokyo Station was made through crowded streets, the procession being the
most brilliant ever witnessed in Japan. The " Banzai " Arch, through which the procession passed, was erected near the
Babasakimon, leading to the Imperial Palace, and was illuminated each night while the festivities lasted. Similar arches
were erected in front of Tokyo Station and at various prominent places in the Capital.
Before the Imperial procession left the Palace the ceremony of removing the Kashiko-dokoro, or Imperial Sanctuary,
to Kyoto in connection with the Enthronement was conducted. The Imperial Sanctuary, in which was enshrined the
Mirror, one of the Three Sacred Treasures, was removed to a palanquin specially built, and was carried from the Palace to
Tokyo Station on the shoulders of thirty-two young men known as " Yase-doji." The State carriage of His Majesty was
surmounted by a golden phoenix, and was drawn by six handsome horses, with outriders. Immediately preceding tlie
Imperial carriage was borne the Imperial standard of crimson, with the chrysanthemum crest in gold.
The Emperor wore the uniform of Grand Marshal of the Army and the Chain and Star of the Supreme Order of the
Chrysanthemum and the First-class Military Order of the Golden Kite, etc. He was attended by Prince Hiromichi
Tiikatsukasa, Grand Chamberlain, who wore the uniform of a Major-General. The Imperial procession comprised H.I.H.
Marshal Sadanuru Shinno Fushirai-no-Miya, H.I.H. General Prince Kotohito Shinno Kan-in-no-Miya, Count Shigenobu
Okuma, the Premier, Chamberlains, Commissioners of the Grand Ceremonies, the Mayor of Tokyo, Inspector-General of tiie
Metropolitan Police, and many other officials. Tlie streets were lined by tiiousands of people. At Tokyo Station His
Majesty was received by a large number of high officers and officials, and promptly at seven o'clock the Imperial train left
the Station amidst the booming of a salute of 101 guns and the respectful salutations of many of His Majesty's subjects.
The Imperial train arrived at Nagoya Station at four o'clock in the afternoon, his Majesty being received by the
local Governor and representative citizens. His Majesty drove to tiie Nagoya Palace, where he spent the nigiit.
Leaving Nagoya Station on the morning of the 7th, the Imperial train arrived at Kyoto shortly before 2 p.m., its
arrival being greeted by a salute of 101 guns fired by the Artillery posted to the south of the Station. While the Kashiko-
dokoro was being removed from the train to the palanquin the Emperor gave audience to members of the Imperial Family,
Ministers of State, the Corps Diplomatique and other dignitaries who had preceded his arrival at Kyoto, as well as the
Governor and Mayor of Kyoto and other representative citizens. The Imperial procession then passed through the principal
streets to the Kyoto Palace in precisely the same order as was followed iu Tokyo.
Kyoto, the ancient Capital, was elaborately decorated in honour of the occasion. Triumphal arches were erected at
important points, and among the decorations were noted " Banzai " banners. Thousands of people lined the streets to see
the procession pass on its way to the Palace.
( 14 )
THE GRAND CEREMONY OF ENTHRONEMENT.
fM'^ November 10th the Accession Ceremony was conducted at the Shishiiden Hall. Among those present were tlie Crown
1^ Prince, Princes and Princesses of the Blood, including H.I.H. Marshal Prince Sadanaru Shinno, Coramissioner-in-
Chief of tiie Grand Ceremonies of the Enthronement, the Genro, or Elder Statesmen, comprising Marshal Prince Aritomo
Yamagata, Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama and Marquis Masayoshi Matsukata ; Count Shigenobu Okuma, the Premier, and
other Ministers of State ; members of the Corps Diplomatique, who were commissioned to represent their RulBrs at the
various Ceremonies ; members of the House of Peers and House of Representatives, high officers and officials, a number of
leading business men and bankers, and the representatives of various public bodies throughout the country.
The rain, which began to fall shortly after the Emperor's arrival at Kyoto on the evening of the 7th, and continued
unceasingly for two days, stopped during tlie night of the 9th. The morning of November 10th dawned with clouds and mist
hanging over the surrounding hills, but by ten o'clock the sun had broken through the clouds and was soon shining brightly,
and the Accession Ceremony was conducted in ideal Autumn weather.
In the centre of the Throne Room of the Shisliiiden was the Imperial Throne (Takamikura), facing the south, and
to the east of the Throne was the seat (Michodai) for the Empress (who, being indisposed, was unable to be present). In
front of the Shishiiden were large stands on which two stood handsome banners bearing the characters "Ban-zai" (" Long
Life "), a number of various antique banners in red, white, green, purple, yellow, etc., and beside them were placed gongs and
drums used in ancient times.
Prior to the Grand Ceremony in the afternoon a service was held at the Kashiko-dokoro (Imperial Sanctuary), in the
Shunkoden, at which were present the Crown Prince, H.I.H. Prince Sadanaru Shinno and other members of the Imperial
Family, the Premier and members of the Ministry, the Corps Diplomatique and a large number of high ofiicers and State
officials. The Emperor, wearing ancient robes and sword, entered the Hall at 10.23, and read before the Gods and the
Spirits of his Ancestors an Imperial Proclamation announcing that the Grand Ceremony of the Enthronement was to be
conducted at the Shishiiden that afternoon. The service was over at 11, when the drums were beaten three times.
His Majesty at 3.10 p.m. ascended the Throne, which was curtained, by the northern steps. Chamberlains placed the
Sacred Treasures on a stand before the Throne, and two Chamberlains ascended the eastern and western steps of the dais and
lifted the curtains, disclosing to view his Majesty on the Throne, holding the Imperial sceptre. His Majesty rose from
his seat and read the following Imperial Rescript in the presence of the gathering : —
" Having, by virtue of the glories of Our Ancestors, ascended the Imperial Throne of divine origin, we do
hereby perform the Ceremony of Accession.
" Our Imperial Ancestors having laid the foundation of Our Empire, Our wise Predecessors, in pursuance of
the divine command coeval with Heaven and Earth, have each succeeded to the Imperial Throne transmitted to
him in an ever-unbroken line together with the Divine Treasures of Our Imperial House, and have reigned over and
governed the people within Our Imperial dominions with benevolent care. The forefathers of you. Our subjects, have,
on their part, been constant and loyal in their service to the Imperial House. Thus consecrated by the ties that unite
the Sovereign and the subject with the strength of the bond between father and son, Our Empire has developed a
character which has no equal on this earth.
"Our illustrious Father brought forth upon this Empire a new era of prosperity and settled his mind on a
great policy of opening the country to foreign intercourse. He further promulgated the fundamental law of State
by expounding the bequeathed precepts of Our Imperial Ancestors, and effected an unparalleled great achievement
by giving a full scope of efficiency to the work of the Imperial regime. His eminent virtue thus shed its lustre
abroad and Ids benevolent influence was felt everywhere.
" Now that we have inherited the grand work of Our Father, it is Our will to secure, on the one hand, a
permanent stability of Our State by consolidating its foundations, and to share, on the other, the benefit of peace
and harmony by strengthening the friendship with other nations. May the Heavenly Spirits of Our Ancestors, to
whom We owe so much, witness Our determination that We will fulfil Our mission by diligently labouring day and
night. We trust that you, Our loyal subjects, will guard and maintain the prosperity of Our Imperial Throne by
performing with assiduity your respective parts and duties. It is Our wish to make ever more brilliant the glory of
Our country by the united virtue aud harmonious co-operation of all. We command you, Our subjects, to be guided
by these Our views."
( 15 )
Upon the conclusion of the Imperial Speech, Count Okuiua, the Preniier, took up a position in front of the Throne
and read the following congratulatory address in reply to the Speech from the Throne: —
" I most humbly present an adire^s to the Throne. Your Majesty, having succeeded to the Imperial Throne which
has through all ages been occupied by on? and tlie suras Dynnsty, and taken up the Sceptre of the Empire, now ascends the
Throne and holds the solemn Ceremony of the Accession. The entire nation rejoices with a full heart, and I, Your
Majesty's humble servant, am filled with infinite joy.
"The Imperial Ancestors transmitted to Their Descendants the divine ordinances which are eternal as Heaven and
Earth, and brought tlie country under Their rule ; They handed down the Three Sacred Treasures and made the chiefs of
the five tribes Their subjects. Thus, the foundations of the Empire unchangeable through all ages was definitely consolidated
and the relations of Sovereign and subject were firmly established.
"The Founder of tiie Imperial Line was brave and far-sighted to carry out the divine will of His Ancestors in
transmitting the rule of the country and to extend the work begun by His divine Ancestors. He led the Imperial Army
and subjugated tlie middle provinces and ascended the Imperial Throne. He decided personally in all matters and by His
wise government left a shining example to posterity. The descendants of the various tribes who served His descendants
also all followed the spirit of their forefathers and gave loyal support to the Imperial rule. To Him belongs the illustrious
title of the Founder of the Empire, and sublime is the work of the Imperial rule which was established to last for ever.
" His late Majesty of glorious memory, upon accession to the Throne, unfolded the Imperial plau of renovation by
settling the great policy of restoration and of opening the country, and established uniform government by adopting what
is gcod and excellent in foreign countries and, abolishing the old feudal system, made clear the basis of government by
promulgating the imperishable Constitution, strengthened the military and naval defence by setting up the military system,
ensured the moral and intellectual well-being of His subjects by the spread of education, lucre ised the afiluence of the people
by fostering agriculture and industry, and increased the offioienuy of general administration by reforming the institutions.
Thereupon the political order of the State was greatly enhanced and the prosperity of the nation grew unceasingly.
" Your Majesty, having succeeded to the Imperial Throne aud inherited the grand work of the Imperial regime, is ever
anxious to fulfil, in pursuance of the wise policy of Your great Father and Ancestors, Your high mission by strengthening
the stability of the Empire and by making manifest the virtuous glory of the Imperial rule. Now on this happy occasion of
the Grand Ceremony Your Majesty has been graciously pleased to favour us witli Your brilliant speech, elucidating the
fundamental character of the foundation of the Empire and teaching the ways to be observed by Your subjects, and we.
Your Majesty's humble subjects, are deeply moved.
" Your Majesty, with Your heavenly qualities of benevolence, filial piety, modesty and self-restraint, has begun a most
glorious reign, and with the divine aid of the Imperial Ancestors and His late Majesty always attending Your Majesty's
person, the Imperial work is more [)rosperous and the Imperial virtues are more illustrious than ever; and the whole world
resounds with high praises of Your Majesty. And we. Your humble subjects, solemnly swear to show our gratitude for
Your Majesty's gracious will by ceaselessly labouring to the utmost extent and, witli one heart, stimulating the spirit of
fidelity and making every endeavour to prove the sincerity of our feeling.
" We, Your Majesty's subjects, who are fortunate to attend those magnificent ceremonies, and see propitious clouds
hang around the lofty hall and golden banners flatter in the breeze of benevolence, can hardly contain ourselves for joy.
In the name of all the subjects of this Empire, I, Your Majesty's humble servant, most respectfully present our heartfelt
congratulations on this auspicious occasion and tender our sincere wishes for a long life to Your Gracious Majssty.
" Your Majesty's Servant,
"Count SHIGENOBU OKUMA,
" Minister President of State.
"Tenth day of November, 4th year of Taisho (1915 A.D.)"
Descending into the courtyard at half-past three. Count Okuma called for three " Banzai " for His Majesty the
Emperor, the whole assembly joining in the shout, which, on a pre-arranged signal, was simultaneously echoed throughout
the length and breadth of the Empire. His Majesty then rose and left the scene, gongs and drums being beaten three
times in accordance with the traditional Japanese custom, and thus ended the Grand Ceremony of the Enthronement.
( 16 )
THE SERVICE AT THE KASHIKO-DOKORO.
fHE service at the Kashiko-dokofo (Impsrial S.iiictuu-y) eo;nmeiiced at sunset on November llth, nncl lasted until one
o'clock next morning. During the playing of tlie special music by the Court musicians, tiie Emperor, attended by the
Court Ritualists, entered the Hall and offered prayers to the Gods and the Spirits of his Ancestors, afterward proceeding
to his seat. Next, H.I.H. Princess Nobu-ko Naishinno Asaka-no-Miya, representing the Empi-ess, offered prayers, being
followed by members of the Imperial Family. His Majesty left the Hall at 5 o'clock. Outside watch-fires were kept
burning througho\it the service, which was conducted by the Court Ritualists.
THE DAIJOSAI.
^HE Daijosai is a thanksgiving festival, when the Eraparor offers new rice, Ivuroki and Shiroki (sake of black and white
tS colour respectively) to the Gods and ths Spirits of his Ancestors this festival being specially observed after the Grand
Ceremony of the Enthronement. Two separate rice-fields, one known as " Yuki " and the other as " Suki," were selected
in the prefectures of Aichi and Kagawa, and there the rice offered was grown. Absolute cleanliness is most essential in the
cultivation of the plant. The harvesting of the rice is conducted with due ceremony by a number of selected men and
women in the presence of Imperial Messengers. The rice thus grown is sent to Kyoto, wliere it is made into sake (a fermented
beverage), and the remainder, together with sake, is offered to the Gods and the Spirits of the Imperial Ancestors during the
Enthronement festivities. The ceremony of presenting the rice and sake was performed at tlie Daijokyu Shrine (wherein the
Yuki and Suki Shrines were built in ancient Japanese style for the occasion) from sunset on December 14th to dawn of
the 15th, and was as imposing as it was important.
There were present Princes of the Blood, a large number of high officers and officials, including Ministers of State,
accompanied by their wives. A score of officials, wearing ancient costume and carrying the ancient swords, bows and quivers
full of arrows, took up their positions as guardians of the gates to the nortli, south, east and west. Meanwhile preparations
were completed for the ceremonies at the Yuki Slirine and the Suki Slirine.
At 7.35 p.m. the Emperor in a white ceremonial robe entered the Yuki Shrine and presented offerings to the Gods
and the Spirits of his Ancestors, His Majesty himself partaking in the sacred diet — a ceremony which was not seen by any of
tiie assembled company. Music was played by the Court musicians during the ceremony, the whole proceedings lasting until
after eleven o'clock.
At 1.35 a.m. the following day His Majesty proceeded to the Suki Shrine, where a similar ceremony was conducted,
the proceedings lasting until 4.30, when the Emperor returned to the Palace.
IMPERIAL BANQUETS AND VISITS TO SHRINES.
ijv T the Nijo Palace, on November 16th, the first of the two Imperial banquets was given in celebration of the Enthrone-
^ ment. The first banquet, served in Japanese style, was attended by members of the Imperial Family, Ministers of
State, the Corps Diplomatique, and a large number of high officers and officials, and their wives.
The second banquet was given at the Nijo Palaco on November 17th, and on this occasion it was served in European
style.
On the night of November 17th a number of Japanese classical d;inces were given in the presence of the Emperor
and the Court, the Representatives of the Rulers of all the friendly Powers, and a number of Japanese high officials, the
assembly numbering over two thousand five hundred.
On November 20th His Majesty visited the Imperial Great Shrines at Ise, and on the 24th visited the
mausoleum of the first Emperor Jimmu Tenno, on the 25th tiie mausoleum of Emperor Meiji Tenno, and on the 26th the
raausolea of Emperor Komei Tenno, Emperor Nink5 Tenno and Emperor Kokaku Tenno.
On the 27th the Emperor lefc Kyoto for Tokyo, travelling via Nagoya, His Majesty reaching the Capital on the 28tii
and the Kashiko-dokoro (Imperial Sanctuary) was taken back to Tokyo at the same time.
( 17 )
GRAND MILITARY REVIEW.
§P HE Military Review in honour of the Enthronement was held on December 2ad at the Aoyama Parade-ground, in
%
& Tokyo, in the presence of His Majesty tiie Emperor, Imperial Princes and Princesses, the Corps Diplomatique, and a
large concourse of the general public. The troops participating in the Review were the Imperial Bodyguard and the First
Division stationed in Tokyo, together with contingents from various parts of the Empire, the whole numbering 40,000 men.
Fine weather favoured the review, which passed off most successfully.
His Majesty, in the uniform of a Grand Marshal, and accompanied by Prince Hiroraichi Takatsukasa, Grand
Chamberlain, and other high officials, left the Palace shortly before 9 a.m. for the Parade-ground. All the streets from the
Palace to the ground wei-e densely packed by people, many of whom had from early morning taken up points of vantage.
In accordance with police instructions, and with a view to preventing the horses taking fright, there was no cheering.
On arrival at the Parade-groand His Majesty was received by H.I.H. Marshal Prince Sadanaru Shinno, who was
in command of the parade, H.I.H. General Prince Kotohito Shinno, Marshal PrinceOyama, General Viscount Hasegawa, Chief
of the General Staff, Lieut.-General Oka, Minister of War, members of the Corps Diplomatique, and other high officers and
officials. Mounting a magnificent black charger. His Majesty, escorted by Princes Sadanaru Shinno and Kotohito Shinn5,
the Headquarters Staff and Military Attaches of the friendly Powers, rode along the lines, afterwards taking up a position
at the saluting base for the march past.
The review ended shortly before noon, when an Imperial Rescript was issued to the troops. His Majesty expressing
appreciation of their services to the State and urging them to strive with renewed energy to maintain the efficiency of the
army.
His Majesty then returned to the Palace, the troops marching back to barracks.
GRAND NAVAL REVIEW.
fN December 4th His Majesty the Emperor reviewed in Tokyo Bay one hundred and twenty-five warships, aggregating
605,385 tons Admiral Baron S. Kataoka was in command of the whole fleet. The weather was bright, but
very cold.
The Fleet was drawn up in five lines, the first line pivoted on the large 30,000-ton battleship Fuso, the line
extending in a north-easterly direction for a distance of five or six miles. Lying next to the Fuso were thirteen
battleships, and then stretching away to the horizon were six cruisers comprising the remainder of the line. The second line
was headed by four battleship-cruisers, at the head of which was the Hiyei, built at Yokosuka, while next to her was the
sister-ship Kongo, built at Barrow-on-Furness. The third, fourth and fifth lines were composed of defence-boats, gun-boats,
and destroyers, while a line of submarines completed the array.
Day fire-works were sent up near Yokohama Station shortly before 9 a.m. to signal the approach of the Imperial
train. On alighting. His Majesty was received by Admiral T. Kato, Minister of the Navy, Admiral H. Shimamura, Chief
of the Naval Staff, Mr. K. Audo, Mayor of Yokohama, and many other prominent officers and officials. On his way to the
pier the Emperor, who wore the full dress uniform of an Admiral, acknowledged the respectful salutes of the spectators,
who included a number of foreigners.
On arrival at the pier His Majesty proceeded in a launch to the cruiser Tsukuba, which, attended by the cruisers
Tokiivci, Yahagi and Manshu, passed through the lines, all the vessels participating in the review firing a salute of twenty-one
guns. The review was concluded shortly before noon.
In honour of the occasion the city of Yokohama was gaily decorated, and a number of lantern processions paraded the
streets during the evening.
The Enthronement festivities were brought to a close on December 9th, with a successful gathering in Uyeno Park,
Tokyo, when His Majesty the Emperor received the loyal congratulations of the citizens of the Capital.
( 18 )
CELEBRATIONS IN THE EMPIRE.
IN TOKYO.
f^EVER has the loyalty of the citizens of Tokyo been demonstrated in a more practical manner than on the occasion of
i the departure of His Majesty the Emperor for Kyoto on November 6th, 1915, for the Grand Ceremonies of the
Enthronement.
From early morning the citizens were astir
decorating their houses and streets in honour of the
event. Long before the hour appointed for His Majesty's
departure, the streets leading from the Imperial Palace
to Tokyo Station were packed by people eager to see the
Imperial procession on this auspicious occasion. At
6 o'clock in the morning the Emperor, accompanied
by H.I.H. Marslial Prince Sadanaru Siiinno Fushimi-
no-Miya, Marquis Okuma, the Premier, and other
dignitaries, left the Imperial Palace for Tokyo Station,
where His Majesty took special train for Kyoto.
At Babasaki, in front of the Palace, there was
erected a large archway, 60 feet high and 138 feet wide,
known as the Banzai gate, through which the Imperial
, r\ fU f e ^\ , I • 1 DECORATIONS AT NIHONBASHI BRIDGE.
procession passed. On the centre or the gate, which was xj^k^^^v^^
in pure Japanese style, two Japanese ideographs, reading " Banzai," were exhibited in gold, together with four phoenix and
eigiit Yatano-kagami (Sacred Mirrors). A number of large banners representing the Sun and Moon, and others bearing tiie
characters " Banzai," etc., were placed at regular intervals between the Banzai gate and the Nijubashi bridge leading to the
Palace. In front of Tokyo Station was erected a similar gate, this displaying ideographs representing " Long Live the
Emperor and Empress," and " May the Prosperity of the Imperial House be Everlasting." Both sides of tiie principal streets
were draped with red and white bunting, and white lanterns, national flags and other decorations were displayed at every
house. At Hibiya Park there was an exhibitirm of chrysanthemums under the auspices of the Tokyo Municipal authorities
during the Enthronement festivities.
At the ceremony of Enthronement at Kyoto, on November 10th, the citizens of Tokyo were officially represented by
Dr. Y. Okuda, the Mayor, and by Mr. B. Nakano, Chairman of the Municipal Assembly. Representative citizens repaired
to the Imperial Palace and also to tlie Aoyaraa Detaclied
Palace, where tlie Empress was then residing, to oSer
congratulations on the great event. In Tokyo the day
was marked by a display of fireworks and a garden-
party given at Hibiya Park by the Municipal authorities,
while the Electric Bureau, under wiiose direction the
street electric car service is carried on, ran illuminated
cars. Some 1,200,000 citizens assembled in the open
ground in front of the Imperial Palace, at Hibiya
Park, and other points, to join in the celebra-
tion. At 3.30 p.m. the citizens joined in the shout of
" Banzai," given at the same time as at the Ceremony
of the Enthronement in Kyoto.
FLAG PROCESSION PASSING IN FRONT OF THE
PALACE.
On the occasion of the Daijosai festival at Kyoto,
on November 14th, a service was held at every temple
and shrine in Tokyo, and on the 16th and 17th, when
the first and second Imperial Banquets were given at Kyoto, similar entertainments were arranged by the Tokyo
Municipality.
( 19 )
On November 28th the Emperor, accompanied by members of the Imperial Family and the Court officials, returned to
..^,..„ _ _ _ Tokyo from Kyoto. At the Station His Majesty was
received by Dr, Okuda, Mayor of Tokyo, Ministers of
State and representative citizens.
At Uyeno Park, on December 9th, a celebration
in honour of the Enthronement was held under the
auspices of the Tokyo Municipality, this being the last
of the series of public festivities. His Majesty the
Emperor, accompanied by his suite, arrived at the Park
shortly after lO a.m., and was received by Dr. Okuda
and leading residents. His Majesty, taking up his position
in a pavilion specially built for the occasion, received
congratulations from the citizens. The streets through
which the Emperor drove to and from the Park were
thickly lined with people, who cheered His Majesty as he
PAViHuM iM UiJi^u FAKK. passed.
In the evening a big lantern procession was organized in honour of the occasion.
IN YOKOHAMA.
fHE citizens of Yokoliama celebrated the Enthronement in as enthusiastic a manner as did the citizens of Tokyo. In front
of the Yokohama Municipal Office a large arch of greenery was erected, and on this appeared the ideographs " Long Live
the Emperor and Empress." Similar arches were erected at the entrances to Yokohama Park and in other parts of the city.
On the occasion of the Enthronement Ceremony at Kyoto
on November 10th the citizens, under the direction of the
Municipal authorities, assembled at the Park, where they
took part in the shout of " Banzai " in honour of the
Emperor, Mr. Ando, the Mayor, leading the cheering.
Among those present were Mr. Ariyoshi, Governor of
Kanagawa Prefecture, Mr.Otani, President of the Japanese
Cliamber of Commerce, the Consular Body, leading foreign
residents, and a large number of Japanese. As a demon-
stration of loyalty to the Tiirone a pair of handsome
flower vases was presented by the citizens to the Imperinl
Court.
As the Emperor passed through Yokohama Station
on his journey to Kyoto on November 6th a large
number of officials and citizens assembled at the Station
to show their respects, and day fire-works were sent
up at a point near the Station. The s ime thing occurred when his Majesty passed through Yokohama on his return from
Kyoto on the 28th.
I
At the Yokohama Municipal Office a Special Commission was appointed to receive the congratulations which were
offored by the citizens from November 10th to the 14tli. These congratulations were afterwards presented to the Imperial
Household.
On December 4th the Naval Review was held off Yokohama in honour of the Enthronement, the Emperor, on the
cruiser Tsukuba, reviewing tiie fleet of 125 vessels. In the evening the whole fleet was illuminated, and presented a grand
spectacle. A lantern procession was organized by the citizens in honour of the Enthronement.
ARCH
YOKOHAMA PARK.
( 20 )
IN KYOTO.
P HE festivities in Kyoto connected witi the JEuthronement were arranged on a hiost elaborate scale^ the Municipal
% authorities having raised a loan of ¥500,000 for the purpose.
During the Enthronement festivities, namely from the 7th to the 27th of November, business was practically
suspended, and the citizens gave themselves up to rejoicing and celebration?, the ancient Capital being illuminated at night.
Naturally the decorations in the city were on a larger
scale than those in Tokyo, Yokohama and elsewhere.
In front of Kyoto Station a gigantic arch, 90 feet high
and 120 feet wide, was erected. Similar structures
were erected at various prominent points in the city,
which was gaily decorated with national flags, bunting,
lanterns, etc. There were numerous lantern pro-
cessions, and frequent displays of fireworks. In
addition, the Municipal authorities and leading organiza-
tions entertained in various ways members of the
Imperial Family, the Corps Diplomatique and other
guests invited to the festivities from all parts of
the country, the entertainments including a dinner
at the Yasaka Club and a garden-party given
by the local authorities. In commemoration of the
event an Industrial Exhibition was opened in the
Okasaki Park, where a huge tower, known as the " Banzai-to," was erected. In a large Hull call the ' Taireikan," built
there, were arranged models of the Shishiiden, where the Enthronement was conducted, the Daijokyu Shrine, Takamikura,
etc. used for the ceremonies, these being provided for those not invited to the Enthronement Ceremonie-s.
DECORATIONS AT KARASUMARU-DORI.
The Municipal authorities, beside offering congratulations to the Throne, presented His Majesty with a pair of
handsome flower vases, an album showing places of interest in Kyoto and neighbourhood, and other gifts, while the gifts to
Her Majesty comprised tapestry, embroideries, etc.
Under the auspices of the authorities a dinner was
given at the Minami-za Theatre in Shijo-dori on
November 8th in honour of foreign and Japanese
journalists, who were accorded every facility in the
discharge of their duties in connection with the
festivities.
All the hotels and many individual houses
were filled with visitors, some of whom were given
accommodation in the suburbs of tiie city.
In fact, the local authorities and citizens did
everything in their power for the comfort of the visitors
during the festivities.
Thousands of policemen were brought in from
various districts to regulate the traffic, and, thanks to the
way they did their work, no serious accident occurred during the festivities. As many visitors continued to arrive at
Kyoto after the ceremonies, the authorities opened a special Exhibition at the Okasaki Park from January 15th to April
30th, 1916, in order to show the progress of trade, etc., in the city.
SHIJO-DORI.
EMPEROR, EMPRESS
AND
IMPERIAL FAMILY.
( 24 )
THE EMPEROR.
[is imperial majesty YOSHIHITO, the one hundred and twenty-second Emperor of Japan, is the
third son of the late Emperor Meiji Tenu5, and was born on August 31st of the twelfth year of the Meiji
Era (1879 A.D.).
The naming ceremony was conducted on September 6th, when the infant Prince was named Yoshihito Shiuno. The
first and second sons of Emperor Meiji Tenno died in infancy.
Marquis Tadayasu Niikayama and Marchioness Nakayama were appointed guardians of the young Prince, wlio in
infancy was physically weak. On the eighth anniversary of his birthday, in 1887, the Prince was proclaimed Heir Apparent,
«nd in September of the same year he attended tiie Peers' Sciiool. On November 3rd of the twenty-seeotid year of the Meiji
Era (1889 A.D.), the birthday anniversary of the late Emperor Meiji TeuiiO, the ceremony of installing His Highness
as Crown Prince was conducted at the Imperial Palace, when Emperor Meiji Tenno presented His Highness with a sacred
sword known as " Tsubokiri " — a practice which will be carried out on similar occasions in future. The Crown Prince was
at the same time decorated with the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum and appointed a Second Lieutenant in the
Imperial Army.
A new Department, to have charge of affairs concerning the Prince, was at this time inaugurated in the Imperial
Household. In 1892 His Highness was promoted to the rank of a First Lieutenant of the Imperial Army, and two years later
left the Peers' School to be under private tutors at his Palace. In 1895 he was promoted to the rank of Captain, and on
the occasion of his nineteenth birthday, 1897, he was, in accordance with the provisions of the Imperial House Law,
given a seat in the House of Peers in the Imperial Diet. In 1898 he was promoted to the rank of a Major of
Infantry, and appointed a Lieut.-Commander in tlie Imperial Navy.
On May 10th of the thirty-third year of the Meiji Era (1900 A.D.) the Crown Prince married Sadako (First-class
Imperial Order of the Crown), fourth daughter of the late Prince Micliitaka Kuj5, and on the occasion of his marriage was
decorated with the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum, with Chain. On April 29th, 1901, a son was born to the Imperial
Couple and was named Hirohito Shinno. In the same year the Crown Prince was promoted to the rank of a Lieut.-Colonel
in the Army and a Commander in the Navy. On June 25th, 1902, a second son was born and named Yasuhito Shinno (Atsu-
no-Miya). In 1903 the Crown Prince was promoted Colonel in the Army and Captain in the Navy. Oa January 3rd,
1905, a third son was born and was named Nobuhito Shinno (I'akamatsu-no-Miya). In 1906 His Highness was promoted
Major-General in the Army and Rear-Admiral in the Navy. In 1907 he crossed over to Korea (now known as Chosen) and
visited the Korean Court, and as a result of the visit it was arranged that the Korean Crown Prince (now Prince li) should
visit Japan to prosecute his studies. In 1909 the Crown Prince was promoted Lieut.-General and Vice- Admiral.
On July 30th of the forty-fifth year of the Meiji Era (1912 A.D.) Emperor Meiji Tenno died. The same evening
the Crown Prince ascended the Throne, and in November of the fourth year of the Taisho P>a (1915 A.D.) the Enthrone-
ment Ceremonies were conducted in Kyoto. On December 2nd, 1915, a fourth son was born to the new Emperor and
Empress, and was named Takahito Shinu5 (Sumi-uo-Miya).
In his early days the Emperor was educated by Mr. T. Yumoto, who, on being sent to Europe on a certain mission,
was succeeded by Mr. K. Maruo, who was later appointed a Court Councillor. After leaving the Peers' School the young
Prince attended lectures by the late Dr. G. Kawada (Doctor of Literature) and Dr. K. Mishima (Doctor of Literature), on
Chinese Classics, and by the late Mr. T. Motowori on Japanese history and literature. His Highness studied French with a
French resident in Tokyo, and later with Mr. M. Mita. He thus speaks French fluently, and reads with much interest
French newspapers and magazines. He took a course in law, political economy and other branches of science from the late
Baron R. Midzukuri (Doctor of Law), who also lectured on the history of the nations.
In composing Japanese odes, or waka, the Emperor follows in the footsteps of the late Emperor Meiji TennO. As an officer
attached to the Imperial Bodyguard the Emperor, when Crown Prince, often visited the barracks to study military science,
and at times took command of the troops in various exercises. In military administration and tactics, the Emperor studied
under Generals M. Yuhi, T. Matsukawa and T. Utsunomiya, all well-known authorities on tactics, while General Baron
Y. Fukushima gave a course of lectures on military administration. Admiral H. Shimamura, Vice- Admiral H. Sakamoto
and Vice- Admiral T. Yamaya lectured before the young Prince on naval tactics.
His Majesty is an accomplished horseman, and as a young man often followed thjs recreation in company with officers
of the Imperial Bodyguard.
( 25 )
Among attendants of the Emperor, when Crown Prince, were the late li.I.H. Admiral Prince Takehito Shinno
Arisugawa-no-Miya, the late Marshal Prince I. Oyama, the late Prince H. Ito, Count H. Hijikata, ex-Minister of the Imperial
Household, Lieut.-General Viscount 8. Soga, Marshal Count Y. Oku, and the late Lieut. -General M. Kurokawa, all of
whom distinguished themselves either as statesmen or military commanders during the Meiji Era. Lieut.-General
M. Kurokawa was chief Aide-de-camp to the Crown Prince for many years, and was largely responsible for his training
along various lines. Every Saturday the Crown Prince visited the late Emperor, with whom he was closetted for hours,
acquiring knowledge in the conduct of affairs of State which should fit him for his task as ruler.
While attending the Peers' School, tiie young Prince walked to and fro in all kinds of weatiier. He is fond of
athletics and is a good swimmer. He has a contempt for anything underhand. One day the Prince, accompanied by his
attendants, was rabbit-shooting, but was very unsuccessful in his bag. One of the attendants, somewlmt disturbed by the
fact, secretly brought a tame rabbit from a farmhouse in the neighbourhood and set it free. His Highness fired, and killed
the animal. He discovered later that it was not a wild rabbit, and on inquiry the secret was disclosed. The man responsible
was warned by His Highness not to resort to such action again.
In 1901, when staying at the Detached Palace at Numadzu, his Highness, with hig attendants, went on a hunting
trip in the woods at the foot of Mt. Fuji. During the hunt His Highness became separated from his suite, and lost his
way. Coming to a farmer's house he entered for the purpose of resting. The farmer and his wife thought the visitor was
one of the Crown Prince's suite and treated him accordingly. It being late in the afternoon, they prepared a supper for
the visitor, who, without disclosing his identity, partook of the humble meal. When about to leave, the Prince told the farmer
and his wife that lie had no money to pay for the meal, but that on his return home he would send some one to pay for it.
So saying, the Crown Prince took leave of the humble host and hostess, but had not gone far when he met his suite, who had
been searching for him. The Prince thereupon dispatched an attendant to the farmer and his wife with gifts in return for
the kind treatment accorded him.
Ou ascending the Tlirone, the Emperor removed from the Aoyama Detached Palace to the Imperial Palace so
long occupied by Emperor Meiji Tenno. His Majesty's habits are very simple. He rises at six o'clock, and after
completing his toilet worships before the ancestral shrine. Breakfast follows, this consisting only of bread and milk. At
luncheon iiis Majesty takes foreign food, while dinner is served in Japanese style. After breakfast His Majesty reads
nearly all the leading newspapers, and then devotes several hours to State aflTairs.
On New Year's Day the Emperor conducts a service known as " Shih5-hai early in the morning to pray to the Gods
and Imperial Ancestors for the everlasting prosperity of the Empire. The service over. His Majesty receives greetings from
members of the Imperial Family, Ministers of State, the Corps Diplomatique and a number of high officers and officials in
Tokyo and neigiibouring districts.
On January 5th a New Year Banquet is usually given by His Majesty at noon in the Imperial Palace, to which are
invited Princes and Princesses of the Blood, Ministers of State, the Corps Diplomatique, and a large number of high officers
and civilians, the company usually numbering almost a thousand.
From about the middle of January until about the middle of March each year the Emperor and Empress stay at the
Imperial Detached Palace at Hayama.
February Uth, the " Kigensetsu " (Anniversary of the Accession of the first Emperor Jimmu Tenno), is celebrated
at the Imperial Palace, when the Emperor invites members of the Imperial Family, tlie Corps Diplomatique, and other
high officials to lunciieon.
In April their Majesties give the Imperial Cherry-viewing Party at the Hama Detached Palace, facing Tokyo Bay,
to which are invited members of the Imperial Family, Ministers of State, the Corps Diplomatique, Consular Body, high
officers and officials, and leading citizens of Tokyo and neighbouring towns.
During the summer each year their Majesties spend a considerable time at the Detached Palace at Nikko.
On October 31.st the Emperor officially celebrates the anniversary of his Birthday at the Imperial Palace, inviting
thereto members of the Imperial Family, Ministers of State, the Diplomatic Body and other high officials and officers.
In November an Imperial Garden-party is usually given by their Majesties at the Akasaka Detached Palace to
view the chrysanthemums, members of the Imperial Family, Ministers of State, the Corps Diplomatique, Consular Body and
a number of high officers and civilians being invited.
In December the Emperor usually opens the Imperial Diet in person, the ceremony being conducted in the House of
Peers. From the Throne in the House His Majesty reads an Imperial Message to members of the Upper and Lower Houses.
( 26 )
THE EMPRESS.
ER IMPERIAL MAJESTY EMPRESS SADAKO is the fourth daughter of the late Prince Michitaka Kujo,
whose family, according to Japanese myths, is descended from the god Amenokoyane-no-Mikoto. Fler Majesty
^ was born on June 25th of the seventeenth year of the Meiji Era (1884 A.D.).
In accordance with the rule of the Kujo family, the Empress, on the seventh day after her birth, was placed under the
care of a farmer named Kinzo Okawara and his wife, living at Suginami-mura, N"akano, a suburb of Tokyo. There she
remained until she was five years old. The farmer's wife carried the infant Princess on her back as she worked on the
farm and went out shopping, and thus the young Princess, exposed to all weathers, grew up to be very healtliy.
On November 10th, 1888, the young Princess was taken back to the Kujo family, and soon entered a kindergarten,
passing later to the Female Department of the Peers' School. Except in very stormy weather, she walked to and fro to
school. She was fond of recreation, lawn tennis being one of her favourite games.
While in the School, Her Highness always occupied the foremost rank among her class-mates, none of whom could
surpass her in various branches of science. She is of excellent physique, and is endowed with fine qualities, which fitted
her for the position of Crown Princess and Empress. As Princess she was frugal and led a very simple life, refraining
from all sorts of luxury common among ladies in higher classes in Japan. She was exceptionally kind and generous,
thereby winning the respect and confidence of all.
The Empress- Dowager Eisho, being an aunt of the Princess, often invited her to the Aoyaraa Palace, whither
she repaired with her elder sister, Noriko. These visits led to a great attachment between the young Princess and the
Empress Dowager, and the outcome was a betrothal between the then Crown Prince and the Princess.
On February 11th of the thirty-third year of the Meiji Era (1900 A.D.), known as tlie Kigeusetsu, the anniversary
of the accession of the first Emperor Jimmu Teuno, Princess Sadako was proclaimed bride-elect of the Crown Prince and
decorated with the First-class Imperial Order of the Crown. On May 10th following, the wedding ceremony took place at
the Imperial Palace in the presence of the Emperor and Empress, Princes and Princesses of the Blo:)d, Ministers of State,
members of the Corps Diplomatique, and a large number of Court officials, etc. After her marriage tiie Crown Princess
continued her studies in French, Chinese Classics, history of all nations, and various branches of Science under several
tutors of the Crown Prince. She'also took lessons on the violin and piano.
In addition to her daily functions at the Imperial Palace, Her Majesty devotes her energy to the development of
various lines of domestic industry and charitable works. For instance, she personally superintends the work of raising
silkworms in the compound of the Aoyaina Detached Palace, where the said enterprise was first inaugurated by the late
Empress Dowager Eisho in the early days of the Meiji Era. The scope of the enterprise has since been enlarged
and improved under the direction of the Empress, wlio has thus converted it into a Model Station for the benefit of
the silk industry of the Empire.
There are four sons of the marriage, namely : —
H.LH. The Crown Prince, Hirohito ShinnO, who was born April 29th of the thirty-fourth year of the Meiji Era
(1901 A.D.).
When His Highness reached school-age, he attended the Peers' School, where he remained until the inauguration, in
April, 1914, of a special Scientific Department at the Takanawa Detached Palace for the express purpose of educating him.
On July 30th, 1912, when the present Emperor ascended the Throne, the Crown Prince removed from the Aoyama
Palace to the Takanawa Detachei Palace, and Prince Yasuhito Shiano and Prince Nobuhito Shinno, the second and third
sons, remained at the Aoyama Palace.
Baron A. Hamao has been appointed Grand Master of the Household of the Crown Prince, Admiral Count H. Togo
being the chief guardian and tutor of his Imperial Highness.
( 27 )
On September 9th, 1912, the Crown Prince, the eldest son of the Emperor and Empress, was appointed a Second
Lieutenant in the Army and Second Sub -Lieutenant in the Navy, and decorated with the Supreme Order of the
Chrysanthemum. He was posted to the First Infantry Regiment of the Imperial Bodyguard and to the First Squadron.
On the following day the late General Count M. Nogi was received in audience by the Crown Prince, to whom he
presented a book called the " Cliucho Jijitsu." Tlie General in grave tones informed the Prince that the book would serve
as a guide to him when he ascended the Throne and undertook the task of governing the Empire. The General next visited
© »«>3 ?>» J!- •-«s® i>»^ j-es^SJ^vi- *«^S)i®-L t^^5S»-i >iS5Ci>»~»- ■^-^S -»'*® 2>»-a >iK^2>!^
I H.I.H. THE CROWN PRINCE. |
Prince Yasuhito Shinno and Prince Nobuhito Shinno, the second and third sons of the Emperor, and gave them some
valuable advice, expressing the ardent hope that they would both assist the Crown Prince in helping to maintain and
promote the best interests of the Empire. On the 13th of the same month, the day on which the State funeral of the late
Emperor Meiji Tenno was held in Tokyo, General Count and Countess Nogi committed harakiri at their residence, as they
desired to follow tlieir lute Imperial master to the other world.
( 28 )
On October Slst, 1914, the Crown Prince was promoted to the rank of a First Lieutenant in the Army and First
Sub-Lieutenant in the Navy. On October 31st, 1916, the Prince was promoted to the rank of a Captain in the Army and
a Lieutenant in the Navy. On November 3rd, 1916, tlie ceremony of officially installing the Crown Prince was conducted
at the Imperial Palace, when the Emperor, in accordance with the rules of the Imperial House, handed His Highness a
sacred sword known as " Tsubokiri." His Highness has a close resemblance to the Emperor in appearance and is
endowed with high qualities and magnanimity indispensable to a Sovereign of the Empire.
H.I.H. Prince Yasuhito Shinno (Atsu-no-miya) was born June 25th of the thirty-fifth year of the Meiji Era (1902 A.D.).
H.I.H. PEINCE YASUHITO SHINNO
(Atsu-no-Miya).
H.I.H. PRINCE NOBUSHITO SHINNO
(Takamat8u-no-Miya).
H.I.H. Prince Nobuhito Shinno (Takamatsu-no-miva') was born January 3rd of the thirty-eighth year of the Meiii
Era (1905 A.D.). ^ / S / J
Prince Yasuhito Shinno entered the Peers' School in April, 1909, and Prince Nobuhito Shinno in April, 1911. They
both have a close resemblance to the Empress in appearance. Prince Yasuhito Shinno has an exceptionally fine
physique, and is clever in mathematics. Prince Nobuhito Shinno is as clever as Prince Yasuhito Shinno in every respect.
In fact, like the Crown Prince they are endowed with many estimable qualities.
H.I.H. Prince Takahito Shinno (Sumi-no-miya) was born December 2nd of the fourth year of the Taisho Era
(1915 A.D.).
( 29 )
THE LATE EMPEROR MEIJI TENNO.
T-as|i|HE late Emperor Meiji Tenn5, father of the present Emperor, was the second son of the late Emperor KSmei
(\W: Tenno, and was born on September 22nd of the fifth year of the Kayei Era (November 3rd, 1852 A.D.)
The infant Prince, who was named Sachi-no-Rtiya, was placed under the care of the late Marquis
Tadayaau Nakayama, Marchioness Nakayama, and Lady Yosiiiko Nakayama. Amid a general outcry of
"Sonno-jo-i " ('' Reverence for the Emperor and expel the Western barbarians ! "), raised by various classes of the people,
Marquis Tadayasu Nakayama summoned to Kyoto a physician named Yasusuke Omura, who had studied medical science
under a Dutch physician in Nagasaki, and had the infant Prince vaccinated, an act wliich was kept secret on account
of the general agitation started against Europeans. Lord Sanenori Okiinachi was later added to tlie numi)er of guardians
of His Higliness.
The young Prince learned Chinese Classics and various branches of Science from tlie late H.LH. Prince Takaliito
Shinnf) Arisugawa-no-Miya, Marquis Tadayasu Nakayama, Lord Sanenori Okimachi, Viscount Osanaga Takatsuji
and Lord Nobusato Fushihara. Among the Prince's schoolmates were the late Prince Tomosada Iwakura, Marquis
Kimmochi Saionji, and Viscount Tarumitsu Uramatsu. On July 10th of the first year of the Man-in Era (August 26tb,
( 80 )
1860), Hi3 Highness, when nine years of age, w.u ia^tallad Crown Prince. On Septembsr 2?th of the same year
(November 10th, 1860 A.D.) the name of the Prince was changed to that of Mutsuhito Shinn5. On January 9th of the
third year of the Keiwo Era (February 13th, 1867 A.D.), His Highness, at the age of sixteen, ascended the throne on the
demise of Emperor Komei Teniio. On December 9th of the same year (January 3rd, 1868 A.D.) the administrative power
was restored to the Imperial Court. The Enthronement took place at the KySto Palace on August 27th of the first
year of the Meiji Era (October 12th, 1868 A.D.). On December 28th of the first year of the new Era (February 9tli, 1869
A.D.) the Emperor married Princess Haruko, a daugliter of the late Lord Tadaka Ichijo, and in the second year of the
Meiji Era (1869 A.D.) their Majesties removed to Tokyo from Kyoto.
At the Imperial Palace in Tokyo His Majesty inaugurated the Imperial Sanctuary known as the Kashikodokoro,
Every morning the Emperor worshipped before the Kashikodokoro, which may be said to be the centre of the national life
and activities. Whenever the State was confronted with a national crisis His Majesty visited the Great Imperial Shrine in
Ise Province, the mausoleum of the first Emperor Jimmu Tenno at Unebi, and the mausoleum of Emperor Komei Tenno at
Senzan. While radical reforms were introduced into the system of administration on the lines of Western civilization, the
Emperor saw the necessity of conducting religious services at the Imperial Palace in strict accordance with the customs
observed since the days of the first Emperor Jimmu Tenno.
During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5 the Emperor, on receipt of the news of the brilliant victory won by the
Japanese navy in the Japan Sea engagement, granted the Navy an Imperial Message, which read : —
" We highly appreciate the bravery and gallant actions of our officers and men in annihilating the enemy, an
achievement which we are now able to inform the spirits of our Ancestors."
From this it is evident that His Majesty venerated his ancestors. That the Emperor was not influenced by
old-fashioned ideas in the conduct of State affairs is seen from the fact that wlien Marshal Prince A. Yamagata was
Premier he recommended to the Throne Count A. Yamada as a Minister of State. But the Emperor was reluctant to consent
to the appointment, stating that the views of the Count did not coincide with the progress of the times because he was an
earnest advocate of the return to tiie autocratic system practised in feudal days. His Majesty was, however, prevailed upon
by Prince Yamagata to give Count Yamada a Ministerial post, explaining that once the Count became a Minister of State
he would not dare to express such views. Thus Imperial sanction was given to the appointment.
Among the scholars who lectured before His Majesty on various branches of Seience were the late Mr. T. Motowori,
Doctor of Literature, a well-knowji authority on Japanese literature ; the late Count T. Soyejima and the late Baron
N. Motoda, who were versed in Chinese Classics ; and the late Baron H. Kato, Doctor of Literature and Doctor of Law,
a well-known authority on European literature. In 1877 Marquis T. Sasaki, Count H. Hijikata, and Count T. Yoshii
were appointed instructors to His Majesty, whose Chamberlains comprised the late Lieut.-General Viscount T. Takashima,
the late Viscount T. Komeda, Baron M. Tsutsumi and Viscount T. Yamaoka, all of wlioin were experts on military
affairs.
His Majesty was six feet tall. He was an early riser, leaving his bed not later than six every morning throughout
the year. After breakfast the Emperor devoted some time to reading the leading newspapers of the country, and
then attended to State affairs until after four o'clock. After dinner His Majesty exchanged views with liis instructors
regarding administrative affairs, and frequently heated discussions lasted until after ten o'clock. The Emperor was a
good horseman, and in the evening spent some time in horse-riding in the Court-yard with his Chamberlains and ofiicers
of the Imperial Bodyguard. His Majesty was so assiduous in the conduct of State affairs that his Chamberlains feared
a breakdown, and often suggested that he spend the summer montiis at one or other of the favourite resorts; but
the Emperor never once left tlie Imperial Palace for recreation, saying that if he left the Capital he did not know who
would look after affairs of State.
The Emperor was very frugal in his habits and was of a most charitable disposition, frequently making large
donations to charitable institutions aud to people overwhelmed by great calamities.
( 31 )
In the early part of tlie Meiji Era the Imperial Palace, or Edo Caslle, which had been occupied by successive
Shoguns for about two generations and a half, was destroyed by fire, and the Emperor and Empress then removed to the
Akasaka Detached Palace. The authorities of the Imperial Household mapped out a scheme for the construction of a
new Palace, at a cost of ten million yen, and asked for the Imperial sanction for the same. His Miijesty rejected the pro-
gramme, on the ground tiiat it would be too costly. The new Palace was finally built in the compound of the Edo Castle at
a greatly reduced outlay. In compiling the Budget each year the Civil List was, in accordance with Imperial command,
curtailed as far as possible, the Emperor's private purse being a very moderate one.
After the Sino- Japanese War of 1894-5 there was noticed among all classes a tendency to luxurious living, whereupon
His Majesty, by way of warning his subjects, abolished various functions at the Imperial Palace and ordered that all
celebrations be comlueted in the simplest form possible. Later it was considered necessary to increase the Civil List, and
in the year immediately following the annexation of Korea it was increased by one million five hundred thousand yen.
On the celebration of Kigensetsu (the anniversary of the accession of the first Emperor Jimmu Tenn5) the Emperor was
pleased to grant the sura of one million five hundred thousand yen to be given to the poor, an Imperial Rescript intimating
a wish that the money be used for the relief of poor people who were unable to buy medicines or to pay for treat-
ment in hospital. For the purpose of putting to a good use the Imperial gift a public body, named the Onshizaidan
Saisei-kai, was organized by the authorities and people, who, impressed by the lead given by His Majesty, made liberal
donations towards the fund of the new organization. His Majesty was ever relucant to sanction any representation
suggesting the dismissal of Court officials who had reached an advanced age, and always urged that suitable posts be given
them on retirement. His Majesty showed a very keen interest in animals and birds, etc., and whenever he received from
his subjects gifts of fish, birds or animals for use at the table His Majesty invariably ordered the Court ofBcials to keep
them alive instead of slaughtering them for food.
In conducting affairs of State His Majesty showed sound judgment and shrewdness, being guided by high
principles of justice and uprightness. Each year the Emperor made it a rule to attend the graduating exercises at
the Naval and Military Schools of various grades. In compliance with a request of Count S. Kabayama, Minister of
Education, His Majesty honoured with his presence the graduation ceremony at the Tokyo Imperial University each year.
The Emperor was well versed in the laws of the country as well as in the official organization of various Departments
of State, and in some cases Ministers of State received counsel and direction from His Majesty regarding the exercise of
their duties. Once the late Prince It5 prayed the Emperor for permission to be relieved of his office as Premier, to which
His Majesty replied : — " Your responsibility ceases when you retire from office, but the Emperor himself cannot resign to
evade responsibility." To this pointed remark the Prince made no reply, and continued in office.
His Majesty devoted the whole of his energies to the administration of the Empire and the promotion of the status
of the country. An interesting story showing the late Emperor's devotion to duty is related. While the Privy Council was in
session in 1888 considering a draft of the Constitution, a messenger arrived with news of the death of the infant Prince Aki-
no-miya, a son of the Emperor. His Majesty, after receiving the news, remained with his Councillors until the proceedings
were finished. The late Prince Ito, then President of the Council, suspended the discussion, and reverently asked the
Emperor to leave the Council Chamber, but His Majesty persisted in remaining, stating that nothing could be more urgent
than State afiairs.
A certain member of the British Royal Family once described Emperor Mutsuhito (Meiji Tenno) as a typical gentle-
man, dignified and endowed with the fine qualities of magnanimity, benevolence, and uprightnesj. This estimate of His
Majesty was endorsed by all who were brought into contact with him, and therefore it is not surprising that under His
Majesty's guidance Japan made marvellous advance both in arms and science.
His Majesty was particularly fond of horse-riding. Another favourite pastime was the composition of Japanese
poetry, or waka, and during his lifetime he composed some 84,000 poems, his work being admitted of a very high order.
His Majesty died on July 30th, in the forty-fifth year of the Meiji Era (1912 A.D.), at the Imperial Palace, after a
brief illness, and was buried at Fushimi-no-Momoyama, near Kyoto.
( 32 )
THE LATE EMPRESS DOWAGER SHOKEN.
[ER late Majesty the Empress Dowager Slioken was born on April 17th of the third year of the Kayei Era
(May 28th, 1850 A.D.), and was a daughter of the late Lord Tadaka Ichijo. The infant Princess was named
Fukihime, but later her name was changed to that of Suyehime. On December 28th of the first year of Meiji
(February 9th, 1869, A.D.j she married the late Emperor Meiji Tenn5 and took the name of Haru-ko. Under
the tutorship of Lord Tadaka Ichij5, the Empress Dowager, when young, was educated along modern lines, and as a girl was
acquainted with the conditions of the people in the lower strata of society. When she was only fourteen years of age Lord
Ichijo died, and the Princess was then placed under the care of Lord Saneyoshi Ichijo, his eldest son, who died in 1868.
During and after the Rest iration of 1868 the Empress Dowager assisted her husband in the conduct of State aflfairs
and in re-organizing the system of Government on tiie lines of European countries. The late Prince H. Ito often eulogized
Her Majesty for her sound judgment and foresight in dealing with administrative affairs. Her Majesty was an ideal
Empress. While assisting the Emperor in the administration of State affairs, she took a very keen interest in charitable
affairs, and each year donated the sum of five thousand yen to the funds of the Japan Red Cross Society.
( 33 )
Similar donations were made to other charitable institutions and to asylums. During the Sino-Japanese and
Russo-Japanese Wars the Empress Dowager worked energetically in the cause of relief, visiting the wounded at naval and
military hospitals and helping in the preparation of bandages and other necessaries. Whenever a disaster overcame
any district through fire, flood or earthquake the Empress Dowager granted a liberal donation to aid the sufferers. Like
Emperor Meiji Tenno, the Empress Dowager was very frugal in her habits, and was very considerate in her attitude
towards those engaged in the Imperial Household. It is said she never once lost her temper because of blunders committed
by attendants and officials of the Imperial Household, but only warned them to be more careful in future.
The Empress Dowager Eisho took a keen interest in the development of all domestic industries, in order to promote
the welfare of the people. In the compound of the Aoyama Detached Palace there is, in addition to the model Station
for raising silk-worms, a model Agricultural Station, Upon the demise of the Empress Dow.ager Eisho the oversight
of the Imperial enterprises was attended to by the late Empress Dowager Shoken, who was particularly fond of
music, both Japanese foreign, and was clever in composing Japanese odes, or vxika, of which she penned as many
as twenty-four thousand. Except on tiie occasion of public functions, the Empress Dowager used to wear Japanese
dress. Her Majesty died on April 11th, of the third year of the TaishO Era (1914 A.D.), and was buried at Fushimi-no-
Momoyama-no-Higashi.
The descendants of the late Emperor Meiji Tenno and the Empress Dowager Shoken were : —
H.I.M. Yoshiiiito, the present Emperor.
H.I.H. Princess Masako Naishinno (Tsune-no-Miya), First Class Imperial Order of the Crown ; born September
30th of the twenty-first year of the Meiji Era (1888 A.D.); married H.I.H. Prince Tsunehisa Wo Takeda-no-Miya April
30th of the forty-first year of the Meiji Era (1908 A.D.).
H.I.H. Princess Fusako Naishinno (Kane-no-Miya), First Class Imperial Order of the Crown ; born January 28th
of the twenty-third year of the Meiji Era (1890 A.D.); married H.I.H. Prince Naruhisa WO Kitashirakawa-no-Miya
April 29th of the forty-second year of the Meiji Era (1909 A.D.)
H.I.H. Princess Nobuko Naishinno (Fumi-no-Miya), First Class Imperial Order of the Crown ; born August 7th of
the twenty-fourth year of the Meiji Era (1891 A.D.); married H.I.H. Prince Yasuhiko WO Asaka-no-Miya May 6th of the
forty-third year of the Meiji Era (1910 A.D.)
H.I.H. Princess Toshiko Naishinno (Yasu-no-Miya), First Class Imperial Order of the Crown; born May 11th of the
twenty-ninth year of the Meiji Era (1896 A.D.); married H.I.H. Prince Narubiko Wo Higashi-kuni-no-Miya May 18th of
the fourth year of the Taisho Era (1915 A.D.).
( 34 )
GENEALOGY OF THE IMPERIAL FAMILY OF JAPAN.
GENEALOGY OF THE IMPERIAL FAMILY OF JAPAN.
AMATEKASU OMIKAMI.
Ameno-oshihomiml-no-Mikoto.
Kinigi-no-Mikoto.
Hikohohodemi-no-Mlkoto.
Ugayafukiajezu-no-Mikoto.
1ST EMPEROR JIMMU TENNO.
1 I 660 K.C.
(Number of years
after Ist Emperor.) I
2nd Emperor Suisei Tenno.
80 I 581 B.C.
3rd Emperor Annei Tenno.
112 I 549 B.C.
4th Emperor Itoku Tenno.
151 I 610 B.C.
5th Emperor K6sh6 Tenno.
186 I 475 B.C.
6th Emperor KSan Tenno.
269 I 392 B C.
7th Emperor Korei Tenn5.
371 I 290 B.C.
8th Emperor Kdgen Tenno.
447 I 214 B.C.
9th Emperor Kaika Tenno.
603 I 168 B.C.
10th Emperor Sujin Tennd.
564 I 97 B.C.
11th Emperor Suinin Tenna.
632 I 29 B.C.
Toyosukiirihime-nO'Mikoto.
12th Emperor Keiko Tenno.
731 I 71 A.D.
Yamatobime-no-Mikoto.
Yamatotakeru-no-Mikoto.
14th Emperor Chuai TennS.
852 I _ 192 A.D.
15th Emperor Ojin Tenno.
860 I 200 A.D.
13th Emperor Seirau Tenno.
.91 131 A.D.
I I
I
Jingo Kogo.
16th Emperor Nintoku Teans.
973 I 313 A.D.
Ujinowakairatsiiko no-Woji.
Wakanukefutamata-no-W6ji,
17th Emperor Richs Tennfi.
1060 I 400 A.D.
IcUbeno-oshiiwa-oo-WSJi.
I
18th Emperor Hansho Tenno.
1066 40G A.D.
I
20th Emperor Ank5 Tenno.
1U3 453 A.D.
19lh Emperor Ingyo Tenna.
1072 I 412 A.D.
21st Emperor Yuryaku Tenna.
1116 1 456 A.D.
22nd Emperor Seine! TennO.
1139 479 A.D.
litoyoDoao-no-Mikoto.
24th Emperor Ninken Tenno.
1148 I 4S8 A.D.
25th Emperor Biiretsu Tenna.
1158 498 A D.
23rd Emperor Kenso Tenna.
1145 485 A.D.
26th Emperor Keitai Tenna.
1167 I 507 A.D.
27th Emperor Ankan Tenna.
1191 631 A.D.
28th Emperor Senka Tenno.
1195 635 A.D.
29th Emperor Kimmei Tenna.
1199 I 589 A.D.
80th Emperor Bilatsu Tenna. 31st Emperor Yomei Tenno.
1232 I 572 A.D. 1215 | 585 A.D.
Ofakahikohito-oye-no-Woji. Shotoku Taishi.
I
34th Emperor Jomei Tenno.
1289
629 A.D.
32nd Emperor Snshun TennS.
1247 5S7 A.D.
Chinu-no-W8.
33rd Empress Suiko Tennd.
1253 592 A.D.
I
35th Empress Kcgyokii Tenno. 37th JCmpreis .".limei Tenna. 36th Emperor Koloku Tenna.
1302 64'iA.D. 1316 633 A.D. KiOS 645 A.D.
When Kcgyoku Tenno ascended to the throne a second time he assumed the title of Saimei Tenna.
( 85 )
GENEALOGY OF THE IMPERIAL FAMILY OF JAPAN.
38th Emperor Tenji TennS.
1321 I 661 A.D.
40th Emptror Teramn TtnnSi
133?
41st Emprest Jita Tenno.
1346 686 A.D.
39th EmDeror Kobun Tenna.
1331' 671 A.D.
43rd Empress Oemmei Tennd.
1367 707 A.D.
Shiki Shinna.
(KasugaDomiya-no-Tcnna)
672 A.D.
49th Emperor Konin Tenno.
14.'!0 I 770 A.D.
60th Emperor Kanimu Tenna.
1441 I 781 A.D.
Kusakabe Wajl
(Okanomiya-no-Tenna)
44th Emprest 'Jensha Tenno.
1375 715 A.D.
42ncl Emperor Mommu TennS
1S57 I 697 A D.
45th Emperor Shomu T^ne.
1384 I 724 A.D.
Toneri ShinnS
(Sndojingyo Kotei)
47th Emperor Junntn Tenna.
1418 788 A.D.
46th Empress Koken Tenna. 48th Empress Shatoku Tenna.
1409 749 A.D. 1424 764 A.D.
When Empress Koken Tenno ascended to the throne a second time he assnmed
the title of Shotokii Tenno.
51st Emperor Heizei Tenno.
1466 806 A.D.
62nd Emperor Saga TennS.
1469 I 809 A D.
54th Empeior Nimmyo Tenno.
1493 I 833 A.D.
53rd Emperor Jnnna Tenno.
1483 823 A.D.
J
Kntsurabara Shinna
(Ancestor of the Taira Family).
55th Emperor Montoku Tennd.
1510 I 850 A.D
68th Emperor K8ka Tenna.
1644 834 A. D.
66th Emperor Seiwa Tenna.
161-i I 858 A.D.
67th Emperor Yozei Tenna.
1636 876 KX>.
Sadazumi Shinna
(Ancestor of the Minamoto Family).
I
69th Emperor Uda Tenno.
1547 I 887 A.D.
60th Emperor Daigo Tenna.
1557 I 897 A.D.
61st Emperor Suzaku Tenno.
1690 930 A.D.
62nd Emperor Murakami Tenna.
1606 I 916 A.D.
63rd Emperor Eeizei Tenno.
1627 I 967 A.D.
I
65ih Emperor Kazan Tenna.
1644 984 A.D.
67th Emperor Sanja Tenno.
1671 1011 A.D.
64th Emperor Yenya Tenna.
1629 I 969 A.D.
66th Emperor Ichijo Tenna.
1646 1 986 A.D.
r Goic
68th Emperor Goichijo Tenna.
1676 1016 A.IX
69th Emperor Gosuzaku TennS.
1696 I 10.36 A.D.
70th Emperor
17U5
Goreizei Tenna. 7l8t Emperor Gosanja Tenna.
1045 A.D. 1728 | 1068 A D.
72nd Emperor Shirakawa Tenna.
1732 I 1072 A. D.
73rd Emperor Horikawa TennB.
1746 I 1086 A.D.
74th Emperor Toba Tenno.
1767 I 1107 A.D.
76th Emperor Sutoku Tenna.
1783 1123 A.D.
77th Emperor Goshirakawa Tenno.
1815 I 1155 AD.
76th Emperor Konoye Tcnn&
1801 1141 A.D.
78th Emperor Nija Tenna.
1818 I 1158 AD.
79th Emperor Rokiija Tenna.
1826 1165 A.D.
80th Emperor Takaknra Tenna.
1828 I 1168 A.D.
I
81st Emperor Antoku Tenna.
1840 1180 A.D.
Morisada Shinna.
(Gotakaktira Tenno)
86th Emperor Gohorikawa Tenna.
1881 I 1221 A.D.
{I7th Emperor Shijo Tenna.
1892 1232 A.D.
82nd Emperor Gotnba Te imV
1845 118S A.D.
( 36 )
GENEALOGY OF THE IMPERIAL FAMILY OF JAPAN.
I
83rd Emperor Tsiichimikado Tenno.
1858 I 1198 A.D.
88th Emperor Gosaga Tenno.
1902 I 1242 A.D.
84th Emperor Juntokti Tenuis.
1870 I 1210 A D.
8Sth Emperor Chukyo TennO.
1881 1221 A.D.
89th Emperor Uofukakusa Tennd.
1906 I 1246 A.D.
92nd Emperor Fushimi Tennd.
1947 I 1287 A.D.
93rd Emperor oofushimi Tennd.
1958 I 1298 A D.
9Dth Emperor Kameyania TennS.
1919 I 1259 AD.
91st Emperor Gouda Tenno.
1934 I 1274 A.D.
9Sth Emperor Hanazono Tenno.
1968 1308 A.D.
94th Emperor Gonijo TennS.
1961 1301 A.D.
Tokihito Sbinno.
(KSgon-in).
Yutahito WS.
(K6myo-in).
9Cth Empsror Godaigo Tennd.
1978 I 1319 A.D.
97th Empeior Gomiirakanii Tenn5.
!9il9 I 1.339 A.D.
98th Emperor Goknnieyaiua TeonO.
2028 135J A.D.
Oklbito Wo
(Sukoin).
Yoshibito Shinno.
Sadafusa Shinno
(Uosuk5-in)
101st Emperor Gohanazono TennS.
2088 I 1428 AD.
102nd Emperor Gotsuchimikado TennI
2124 I 1464 A.D.
103rd Emperor Gokashiwabara Tenno.
2160 I ISOO A D.
104th Emperor Gonara Tenn5.
2136 I _1626 A.D.
105lh Emperor Ogimachi Tenno.
2217 I 1557 A.D.
Sanehito Shinno
(Yokoin)
106th Emperor Goyozei TennS.
2246 I 1586 A.D.
107th Emperor Gomidziino TennS.
2271 I 1611 A.D.
Ijrahito Wo
(Gokogon-in).
Ohito Wo.
(Goyenyu-ln).
99lh Emperor Gokoraatsu Tenno.
2052 I 1392 A D.
100th Emperor Shoko TennS,
2072 1412 A.D.
108th Empress Meisho TennS.
2289 1629 A D.
109th Emperor GokSmyS TennS.
2303 1643 A.D.
110th Emperor Gosaiin TennS.
2314 1654 A.D.
111th Emperor Reigen Tenno.
2323 I 1663 A.D.
112th Emperor Higashivama Tenno
2.347 I 16-i7 A.D.
11.3th Emperor Kakamikado Tenno.
2369 I 1709 A.D.
114th Emperor Sakiiratiiachi TennS.
2.395 I 1735 A D.
llSth Empress Gosaknramachi TennS.
2422 1762 A.D.
115th Emperor Momozono TennS.
2407 I 1747 A.D.
117th Emperor Gomomozono TennS.
2430 1770 A.D.
Naohito Shinno.
Sukeliito ShinnS
(Kyoko Tenno)
118th Emperor KSkaku Tenno.
2439 I 1779 A.D.
119th Emperor Ninko TennS.
2477 I 1817 A.D.
120th Emperor KSmei Tenno.
2506 I 1846 A.D.
121st EmperorMeiJi Tenno,
2527 I 1867 A.D.
122nd PRESENT EMPEROR.
2572 I 1912 A.D.
Masako NalshlnnS
(H.I.H. Princess
Taked;i no-miya).
Fnsako NaishinnS
(H.I.H. Princess
Eitashirakawa-no-miya).
Nobnko NaishinnS
(H I.H. Princess
Asaka-no-miya).
Toshiko NaishinnS
(H.I H. Priuce-ss
Higashikuni-no-miya).
Crown Prince
Birobito ShinnS.
Yasubito ShinnS
fAtsu-no-miya).
Kobubito ShinnS
fTakamatsu-no-miya).
Takahito ShinnS
(Sumi-no-miya).
( «7 )
ARISUGAWA-NO-MIYA.
URING the last few centuries the Arisugawa-no-Miya has been one of the four branches of the Imperial Family, the
other branches being Fushimi-no-Miya, Ky5goku-no-Miya, and Kan-in-no-Miya.
H.I.H. Prince Yorihito Shinno, the ninth son of the 111th Emperor Reigen Tenno, succeeded the Arisugawa-no-
Miya, which, under special favour of successive Sovereigns, has flourisheti.
PRINCE TARUHITO SHINNO.
P^HE late H.I.H, General Prince Taruhito ShinnS, a great-great-grandson of H.I.H. Prince Yorihito Shinno, was the
04 eldest son of H.I.H. Prince Takahito Shinno Arisugawa-no-Miya, and was born on February 19th, of the sixtli year of
the Tempo Era (Marcli 17ti), 1835, A.D.).
In 1862 Emperor Komei Tenno convened a Conference of Members of the Imperial Family to outline a programme
for national defence. The plans submitted by Prince Taruhito Shinno were all accepted by His Majesty, who then
appointed the Prince as Chief of Political Councillors at the Imperial Court. In 1867 the Emperor died, and was succeeded
by Emperor Meiji Tenno. In that year Yoshinobu Tokugawa, the fifteenth and last Shogun, handed over the reins of
government to the present Imperial House. On December 9th of the third year of the Keiwo Era (January 3rd,
1868 A.D.) a Rescript was issued announcing the restoration of the Imperial regime. In fact, the great work of the
Restoration was achieved largely through the efforts of Prince Taruhito Shinno. In February, 1868, he was appointed
Comirander-in-Chief of the Imperial Forces, and compelled Yoshinobu Tokugawa to surrender to liim Yedo Castle, the
present Imperial Palace in Tokyo. After holding the office of War Minister for several years, the Prince was in 1875
appointed a Councillor of the now defunct Genro-in, and assumed the office of President of the organization the following
year. He also took charge of the Board of Legislation. In 1877, when the Civil War broke out in Kyushu, the Prince
was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Government Expedition. In October of the same year he was promoted to the
rank of General, and in November was decorated with the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum in recognition of
distinguished services rendered in subjugating the uprising. In 1882 the Prince visited St. Petersburg (Petrograd) to
represent Japan at the Coronation of the Czar. When the military system ■was re-organized in 1889, the Prince was
appointed Chief of the General Staff Office. In 1894 the Si no- Japanese War broke out, ami the Prince accompanied
Emperor Meiji Tenno to Hiroshima, where the lieadquarters of tiie Japanese Array were established. On January 2-lth, of
the twenty-eiglith year of the Meiji Era (1895 A.D.), the Prince died at the age of 61. Prior to his death he was decorated
with the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum with Chain and the Second Class Military Order of the Golden Kite, in
appreciation of services rendered to the State. He was buried at Toshima-ga-oka, Tokyo, a State funeral being accorded
him.
The deceased Prince was a clever tactician, and was noted for his caligraphy.
PRINCESS TADAKO.
(MER IMPERIAL HIGHNESS Princess Tadako (First Class Imperial Order of the Crown), the consort of the
®-" late General Prince Taruhito ShinnS, was the seventh daughter of the late Lord Naohiro Mizogucbi, and was born
on May 12th, of the second year of the Ansei Era (June 25th, 18)5).
Since the death of the Prince in 1895 tlie Princess has lived more or less in retirement, but she still takes a keen
I interest in various public affairs.
( 3S )
, PRINCE TAKEHITO SHINNO.
fHE late H.I.H. Admiral of the Fleet Prince Takehito Shinn5 was the younger brother of H.I.H. Prince Taruhito
Shiniio, and was born on January 13th of the second year of the Bunkyu Era (February 11th, 1862, A.D.)
Ou the death of Prince Taruhito Shinn5 in 1895, Prince Takehito Shinno succeeded to the Arisugawa-
no-Miya. When young, Prince Takehito Shinno proceeded to England and entered a Naval Cadet Training
School. After graduating he served for a time in the British Navy. In 1880 tlie Prince was appointed a second-class
Sub-Lieutenant in the Japanese Navy, and was decorated witli the First Class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun. In 1883
he returned home and was later attached to the Naval Staif Office, In 1888 he was promoted to the rank of Commander,
and in the following year was dispatched to Europe to inspect the navies of the various Powers. In 1890, on liis
return home, he was promoted to the rank of Captain. He commanded respectively the warships Katsuragi, Takao,
Chiyoda, Matsushima, and Hashidaie. On February 11th, 1895, the Prince was decorated with the Supreme Order of the
Chrysanthemum, and afterwards received the Fourth Class Military Older of the Golden Kite in recognition of services
rendered during the Sino-Japanese War. In 1896 he was promoted to the rank of Rear-Admiral, and iu 1897 was sent to
England to represent Japan at the Jubilee of Queen Victoria. In 1899 he was promoted to the rank of a Vice-Admiral,
and in 1904 war promoted Adrainil. During the Russo Japimese War the Prince was attached to headquarters. In
December, 1906, he was decorated with the Third Class Military Order of tlie Golden Kite, and in 1908 was appointed a
Councillor of the Bureau of Imperial Decorations and member of the Military Council.
In the latter year he accompanied the present Emperor, H.I.M. Yosiiihito (then Crown Prince), to Korea (now Chosen),
and visited tlie Korean Court. The present Emperor, on ascending the throne (in 1912 A.D.), granted a special Imperial
Edict to H.I.H. Prince Sadanaru Sliinno Fushimi-no-Miya and H.I.H. Prince Takehito Shinno Arisugawa-no-Miya,
directing that they both assist him in the conduct of State affairs.
In July, 1913, the Prince was appointed an Admiral of the Fleet and decorated with the Supreme Order of the
Chrysanthemum with Chain. On July 10th, in the second year of the Taisho Era (1913 A.D.), the Prince died at Maiko,
where for about two years he had resided for the benefit of his health. He was 51 years old at the time of his death. He
was buried at Toshima-ga-oka, Tokyo, a State funeral being accorded him.
While serving on board a British warship in the Mediterranean the late Prince received a visit from a certain
Japanese statesman wlio was on his way to Europe on a mission. When the latter boarded the warship the Prince was on
guard over the coal bunkers. The visitor, under the guidance of the Captain, inspected the ship. When he came to the coal
bunkers the sentry came to " The Salute." The sentry was none other than Prince Takehito Shinno. After he was relieved
from sentry duty the Prince received the visitor in tlie Captain's room, which wag kindly placed at his disposal for the
occasion.
PRINCESS YASUKO.
MEU IMPERIAL HIGHNESS Princess Yasuko (First Class Imperial Order of the Crown), the consort of the late H.LH.
®^ Admiral of the Fleet Prince Takehito Siiinno, is the second daughter of the late Lord Yoshiyasu Mayeda, and was born
on February 8th of the first year of the Genji Era (March 15th, 1864 A.D.). She was married to the Prince on December
11th of the thirteenth year of the Meiji Era (1880 A.D.). Her Highness is an accomplished scholar in Chinese classics,
English and various branches of Science.
Of the marriage there survives :: — i
H.I.H. Princess (now Princess) Miyeko, second daughter, born on February 14th of the twenty-fourth year of the
Meiji Era (1891, A.D.). She married Prince Yoshihisa Tokugawa on November 8th of the forty-first year of the Meiji
Era (1908 A.D.). , , I
( S9 )
FUSHIMI-NO-MIYA.
fHE Fuehimi-no-Miya had its origin in H.I.H. Prince Yosliiliito Shinno, a great-grandson of the ninety-third Emperor,
Gofushimi TennO.
Prince Yoshihito ShinnO resided at the Fushimiden, which was used as the palace of Emperor Fushimi TennO, the
ninety-second Sovereign, and has since been ustd by subsequent Sovereigns.
He died in the twenty-third year of the Oyei Era (1416 A.D.) at the age of sixty-six. HI.H. Prince Hikohito
ShinniJ, a grandson of Prince Yoshihito ShinnS, succeeded Emperor ShokO TennS, the one hundredth Sovereign, and was
proclaimed Emperor Gohanazono TennO. H.I.H. Princess Sadatsune Shinn5, younger brother of Emperor Gohanazono
TennO, succeeded the Fushimi-no-Miya and assisted the Emperor in maintaining the authority and dignity of the Imperial
Court during the insurrection in the Onin Era (1467-8 A.D.). His descendants held high office at Court.
The late H.I.H. Prince Moriosa ShinnO, second son of H.I.H. Prince Sadayoshi Shinno, the nineteenth
representative of the Fushimi-no-Miya, established the Nashimoto-no-Miya, and H.I.H. Kuniiye ShinnO, who was the
first son of Prince Sadayoshi ShinnO, and succeeded the Fushimi-no-Miya, had many sons and daughters, among them being
H.I.H. Prince Sadanaru ShinnO Fushimi-no-Miya, the late H.I.H. Prince Akira ShinnO Yamashina-no-Miya, the lute
H.I.H. Prince Asahiko ShinnO Kuni-no-Miya, the late H.I.H. Yoshihisa ShinnO Kitashirakawa-no-Miya, the late H.I.H.
Prince Hirotsune Shinno KachO-no-Miya, H.I.H. Prince Kotohito ShinnO Kan-in-no-Miya, and H.I.H. Prince Yorihito
Shinno Higashifushimi-no-Miya.
PRINCE SADANARU SHINNO.
w
H.I.H. PRINCE SADANARU SHINNU
IS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS Field-Marshal Prince
(^^^ Sadanaru Shinno, the present representative of the
Fushimi-no-Miya, is the fourteenth son of the late H.I.H.
Prince Kuniiye Shinno Fushimi-no-Miya, and was born
on April 28tii, of the fifth year of the Ansei Era (June
9th, 1858, A.D.) On thedeath.iu 1862, of Prince Sadanori
Shinno, his elder brother. Prince Sadanaru ShinnO,
succeeded to the Fushimi-no-Miya.
In 1873 His Highness entered the Military Pre-
paratery School, and after graduating in 1875 was
appointed a Lieutenant in the Army.
In the Civil War of 1877 the Prince was attached
to the headquarters of the expeditionary forces, and at
the close of the campaign was promoted to tiie rank of
Captain. He then attended the Military Cadet School,
and was later attached to the General Staff Office. In
1881 he was raised to the rank of Major, and three years
later was promoted Lieut-Colonel. In 1885 his Highuess
was sent to Europe to study the military systems there, and
after an absence of a year returned home, when he was
decorated with tiie Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum.
In 1887 he was promoted to the rank of Colonel and
appointed to the command of the Fourth Infantry
Regiment of the Imperial Bodyguard. In 1892 the Prince
was promoted Major-General and appointed General
Officer Commanding the Fourth Brigade of Infantry.
During tiie Sino-Japanese War of 1894-5 the Prince
fought in the Liaotung peninsula, and later joined the
expedition to Formosa. At the termination of the war
he was decorated with the Third Class Military
Order of the Golden Kite, in recognition of disanguished
services. Later the Prince was appointed General Officer
( 40 )
Commanding the First Brigade of Infantry. At the Coronation of the Czar in 1896 the Prince represented the
Emperor of Japan. In November, 1898, he was promoted Lieut-General and appointed General OfBcer Commanding
the Tenth Division, In 1904, when the Russo-Japanese War brolce out, the Prince, as General Officer Commanding
the First Division, proceeded to the front, where he joined the Second Army. In June the Prince was promoted General,
and in October returned to Tokyo, to immediately proceed to the St. Louis Exhibition. On his return home in January,
1905, he was appointed a Member of the Military Council, and in the following year was decorated with the Second Class
Military Order of the Golden Kite in appreciation of services rendered at]the front. In 1907 the Prince was sent to Great
Britain to convey to King Edward VII. the thanks of Emperor Meiji Tenno for tlie Order of tlie Garter brought by Prince
Arthur of Connaught in 1906. Two years later the Prince represented the Imperial Court at the funeral in Peking of Emperor
Kwang-hsu, the last of the Manchu Dynasty. In 1910 the Prince visited the Anglo-Japanese Exhibition at Shepherd's Bush
in London, and represented the Emperor of Japan at the funeral of King Edward. The present Emperor, on ascending the
throne in 1912, granted a special Imperial Edict to H.I.H. General Prince Sadauaru Shinno Fusiiimi-no-Miya and tlie late
H.I.H. Admiral Prince Takehito Sliinno Arisugawa-no-Miya, directing them to assist His Majesty in the conduct
of State affairs. In December, 1912, Prince Sadanaru Shinno was appointed Grand Keeper of the Imperial Seals, wliich
office he held for some time. On January 9(h, 1915, he was promoted to the rank of Field- Marshal. At the Enthronement
of the Emperor in the Autumn of the fourth year of the Taisho Era (1915 A.D.) the Prince was Commissioner-in-Chief
of the Grand Ceremonies of the Enthronement. While assisting the Emperor in the management of State affairs, the
Prince devotes much time and thought to the development of domestic industries andjthe promotion of charitable work. He
iiolds the office of President of the Onshi-Zaidan Saisei-kai (Imperial Relief Society for the Sick and Poor), Dai Nippon
No-kai (Japan Agricultural Association), Dai Nippon Sanrin-kai (Japan Forestry Association), Dai Nippon Butoku-kai
(Association for the Development of Physique and Morals), Kokusaii Shorei-kai (Association for Encouraging and
Developing National Products), Teikoku Zaigo Gunjin-kai (Military Reservists' Association), Telkoku Gunjiu KSyen-kai
(Auxiliary Association for the Navy and Array), Kyoto Bijutsu Kyo-kai (Kyoto Fine Arts Association), Meiji Shingu
Hosan-kai (Auxiliary Association for the Construction of the Meiji Shrine in memory of the late Emperor Meiji Tenno), and
the British Association in Japan.
His Highness usually rises between five and six in the morning. He is particularly fond of horse-riding and "go"
(Japanese chess). He has also some taste for gardening and music. He is known to be particularly sympathetic and
generous, and never adopts an arrogant attitude towards his subordinates or servants. On the battlefield Prince Sadanaru
Shinno showed himself brave and courageous. In his expedition to Formosa, as a Brigadier-General during the Slno-
Japanese War of 1894-5, the Prince, witli a detachment, was on the way to Tainan through a mountain pass when he was
suddently enveloped by a strong force of natives, who, with rifles and swords, attacked the party. Seeing that his men
were somewhat startled by this sudden attack, the Prince, on horse-back, encouraged his troops, and himself daslied forward
in the face of the enemy fire. By this courageous action of His Highness the detachment, instead of being annihilated by
the superior force of the enemy, repulsed them and reached its destination.
During the Russo-Japanese War the Prince, then General Officer Commanding the First Division, was taking lunch
with his staff officers on the field, when a shell from the Russian position at Nansan, one of the outer forts of Port Arthur,
fell near where His Highness was sitting. Several other shells fell in quick succession on the same spot and exploded.
Tho Prince, in spite of the advice of his Staff to leave the scene as quickly as possible, remained at the table until he had
taken his last course, when he withdrew. His Highness is known to be particularly solicitous for the welfare of his officers
and men.
PRINCESS TOSHIKO NYO-WO.
tW ER IMPERIAL HIGHNESS Princess Toshiko Nyo-W5 (First Class Imperial Order of the Crown), the consort of
W-" Prince Sadanaru Shinno, is the fourth daughter of the late H.I.H. Prince Takahito Shinno Arisugawa-no-Miya, and was
born on May 21st of the fifth year of the Ansei Era (July 1st, 1858, A.D.). The fine qualities with which Her Highness
is endowed were manifested in a very practical manner during the war with Russia. With the arrival in Tokyo of large
numbers of troops who were on their way to the front, individual houses were requisitioned to give accommodation to
( 41 )
officers and men. Princess Toshiko Nyo-Wo threw open her palace for the accommodation of private soldiers, seventy-
seven of whom were thus provided for. Her Highness entertained them in various ways, and herself waited on them at table.
The men were all so greatly moved by the sympatiiy shown them that they went forth resolved to sacrifice their lives, if
need be, on the altar of national defence.
Descendants of Prince Sadanaru Shinn5 and Toshiko Nyo-W5 are :
PRINCE HIROYASU WO.
fIS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS Prince Hiroyasu W5, first son, born October 16th of the eighth year of the Meiji Er»
(1875, A.D.). On April 23rd of the sixteenth year of the Meiji Era (1883, A.D.) Prince Hiroyasu Wo succeeded
the Kacho-no-Miya. On January 16th of the thirty-seventh year of the Meiji Era (1904, A.D.) Prince Hiroyasu Wo, in
H.I.H. PRINCE HIROYASU WO.
H.I.H. PRINCESS TSUNEKO.
accordance with the wish of his father, returned to the Fushimi-no-Miya, while H.I.H. Prince Hirotada W5, second son
of Prince Hiroyasu Wo, remained in the Kach5-no-Miya, and became the present representative of the House.
Graduating from the Naval Cadet School at the age of twenty-one, Prince Hiroyasu Wo entered the Naval Staff
College in Germany, and, after graduating there in 1895, returned home. His Highness then served on the
( 42 )
Itmkushima, Matsushima, and. other warships as a Sub- Lieutenant. During the Russo-Japanese War the Prince, as a
Lieutenant, was on the Mikasa, the flag-ship of Admiral H. Togo, Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese United Fleet. In
an engagement with a Russian Squadron off Port Arthur the Prince was seriously wounded and was taken to the Naval
Hospital at Saseho, On recovering from his wounds, he was attached to the Imperial Headqus rters of the Japanese Military-
Forces, and in May, 1905, was sent to Seoul to visit the Korean Court. In November of the same year he was decorated
with the Supreme Order of the Chrysantliemum. In April, 1906, the Prince was decorated with the Fourth Class Military
Order of the Golden Kite in recognition of services rendered in the war, and simultaneously whs appointed second in
command of the battleship Okinoshima. In September of the same year the Prince was sent to Peking to visit the Chinese
Court, and at the same time was promoted a Lieut.-Commander. In 1907 lie proceeded to England to prosecute
his studies. On his return home in 1910 the Prince visited France, Germany, Russia, Italy, Austria- Hungary, Belgium,
the United States and other countries. In December he was promoted to the rank of Captain and appointed to the
command of the battleship Asahi. At the Coronation of the King of Siam, in December, 1911, the Prince was sent to
Bangkok to represent the Japanese Court. In August, 1913, he was promoted Rear-Admiral ; in August, 1914, he
was appointed President of the Naval Staff College ; and in December, 1915, became Commander of the Second Division.
In December, 1916, the Prince was promoted Vice- Admiral.
H.I.H. Prince Kunika Wo, second son, born March 18th of the thirteenth year of the Meiji Era (1880, A.D.).
H.I.H. Princess (now Marchoness) Sachiko, eldest daughter, born June 27th of the eighteenth year of the
Meiji Era (1885, A.D.). She married Marquis Toyokage Yamanouchi on April 6th of the thirty-fourth year of the Meiji
Era (1901, A.D.)
PRINCESS TSUNEKO.
fER IMPERIAL HIGHNES3 Princess Tsuneko (First Class Imperial Order of the Crown), the Consort of H.I H.
Rear-Admiral Prince Hiroyasu Wo, is the ninth daughter of the late Prince Yoshinobu Toktigawa. She was born on
September 23rd of the fifteenth year of the Meiji Era (1882, A.D.). In January 9th of the thirtieth year of the Meiji Era
(1897, A.D.) she married Prince Hiroyasu Wo. In 1910, Her Highness, together with Prince Hiroyasu Wo, travelled
in Europe.
The descendants of Prince Hiroyasu Wo and Princess Tsuneko are: —
H.LH. Prince Hiroyoshi W5, eldest son, born December 8th of the thirtieth year of the Meiji Era (1897, A.D.).
H.I.H. Princess Yasuko Nyo-W5, eldest daughter, born November 14th of the thirty-first year of the Meiji Era
(1898, A.D.).
H.I.H. Prince Hirotada W5 Kach5-no-Miya, second son, born January 26th of the thirty-fifth year of the
Meiji Era (1902, A.D.).
H.I H. Prince Hironobu Wo, third son, born May 22nd of the thirty-eiglith year of the Meiji Era (1905, A.D ).
H.I.H. Princess Atsuko Nyo-Wo, second daughter, born May 18th of the fortieth year of the Meiji Era
(1907, A.D.).
H.I.H. Princess Tomoko Nyo-Wo, third daughter, born May 18th of the fortieth year of the Meiji Era (1907, A.D.),
IJ.LH. Priuce Hirohide Wo, fourth son, bora October 4th of the first year of the Taish5 Era (1912, A.D.),
( 43 )
KACHO-NO-MIYA.
■%7«,->r *-":/'H!a««MBlki.;aBJ?r
,*i«»?jm:-
f?HE Kacho-no-Miya was formerly called the Chion-in-no-Miya.
1 In Kyoto there is a Buddhist temple known as the Chion-ia.
named the KachO-zan. H.I.H. Prince Ryojun HOshinno, a son
hundredth and seventh
Sovereign, took charge of
the Chion-in, and from
that time to the Restora-
tion in 1868 the temple
has remained under the
charge of a Prince of the
Blood.
In the first year of
the Manyei Era (1860,
A.D.), H.I.H. Prince
Taka-uo-Miya, sixth son of
tlie late Priuce Kuniiye
Shinno Fushimi-no-Miya,
took charge of the temple,
and assumed the name of
Sonshu HOshinnS. In 1868
the Prince left the temple
and changed bis name to
that of Hirotsune ShiunO.
He then established the
Kacho-no-Miya. Tlie
Prince was born the fourth
year of the Kayei Era
(1851. A.D.). In 1870
he married H.I.H. Princess
Ikuko, eldest daughter of
the late Lord Toshitake
Narabu. A son was born
to them on January 18lh of
the eighth year of the
Meiji Era (1885. A.D.),
and was named Hiroatsu
Shinno. Prince Hirotsune
Shinno proceeded to Europe
to prosecute his studies.
H.I.H. PRINCE HIKOTAD.A VVO.
This is the headquarters of the Jodo Sect and
of Emperor GomidzunS TennS, the one
and on his return entered
the navy. In 1875 he
was promoted Rear- Admiral
and decorated with the
First Class Imperial Order
of the Rising Sun. The
Prince died on May
24th of the ninth year
of the Meiji Era (1876,
A.D.).
H.I.H. Prince
Hiroatsu Shinn5, son of
the deceased, succeeded
the Kacho-no-Miya, but
he died seven years later,
namely on February 15th
of the sixteenth year
of the Meiji Era (1883,
A.D.), at the age of
nine.
On April 23rd of
the same year H.I.H.
Prince Hiroyasu W5, eldest
son of H.I.H. Marshal
Prince Sadanaru ShinnS
Fushimi-no-Miya, succeeded
the Kacho-no-Miya. On
January 16th of the thirty-
seventh year of the Meiji
Era (1904, A.D.) Prince
Hiroyasu WO returned
to the Fushimi-no-Miya,
leaving H.I.H. Hirotada
W5, his second son, in the
Kacho-no-Miya.
PRINCE HIROTADA WO.
(^
(MIS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS Prince Hirotada Wo, the present representative of the KachO-no-Miya, was born
®i January 26th of the thirty-fifth year of the Meiji Era (1902, A.D.).
( 44 )
YAM ASHINA-NO-MIYA.
fHE Yamashina-no-Miya was established by the late H.I.H. Prince Akira Shinno (formerly named Kanjuji-no-Miya), the
eldest son of the late H.LH. Prince Kuniiye Shiun5 Fushimi-no-Miya. He was born in the fourteenth year of the Bunka
Era (1817, A.D.), and was the elder brother of the late H.LH. Prince Asahiko ShinnS Kuni-no-Miya, the late H.I.H. Prince
Yoshihisa Shinno Kitashirakawa-no-Miya, the late H.I.H. Prince Hirotsune Shinno, Kacho-no-Miya, H.I.H. Prince Sadanaru
ShinnS Fushimi-no-Miya, H.I.H. Prince Kotohito ShinuS Kan-in-no-Miya, and H.I.H. Prince Yorihito Shinno Higashi
Fushimi-no-Miya. At the time agitation was raised in various quarters against foreigners the Prince showed himself to be
far-sighted, and urged the establishment of closer relations with foreign countries. He was an earnest advocate of the
restoration of the Imperial regime. In 1864 the Prince established the Yamashina-no-Miya, and in 1868 was appointed
Superintendent of Foreign Affairs. He died in the thirty-first of the Meiji Era (1898, A.D.) at the age of eighty-two. In
the Restoration of 1868 he played a conspicuous part and was rewarded for his services.
PRINCE KIKUMARO WO.
^HE late H.I.H, Prince Kikumaro Wo was the eldest son of Prince Akira Shinno, and was born July 3rd, in the sixth
*J* year of the Meiji Era (1873, A.D.). In 1889 he entered the Naval Cadet School, and the following year proceeded to
Germany, where he ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^__^^^_^^__^^__ jqq^ Yr^g decorated with
to the Naval . ^^^^H^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^J Supreme Order the
Gradaat- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H In the
^^^^H^^^^^^^HJIJ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H Russo-Japanese War
he was a Sub- ^^^^^^^^^^^^B^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H
Japanese Navy, after- ^^^^^^^^^^^|^^^^^^^^^^^^^| ^^^^^ ^^«
wards entered the Naval ^^^^^^^^I^^I^^^K ^^^^^^H '^^
Staff College in Germany. ^^^^^^^^^^^I^^^B > ^^^H ^^o""l><^l»ss^i>>t»''y Order
In 1894 he graduated at ^^^^^^^^^|^^B ^1 ^^M "^ ^''^'^^°
the College honours, ^^^^^^^^^H^^^K ' - ^^^1 ^^
and returned home in ^^^^^^^^^^^^BP .- ^K '^^
He (hen entered the Naval
Stafi College, but while
Attending the institution he
was taken ill and died on
May 2nd, in the forty first
year of the Meiji Era (1908,
A.D.). Prior to his death
he was promoted to the
rank of Captain.
The Prince was an
authority on mathematics,
and was very clever in
gunnery. He also took
great interest in meteorology.
In 1901 lie established a
in
November of the same year.
During the Sino-Japanese
War of 1894-5 he saw
active service on the cruiser
Yoshino, and afterwards on
the Takachiho. After the
war the Prince was decorated
with the Fifth Class Military
Order of the Golden Kite
and the First Class Imperial
Order of the Rising Sun in
appreciation of his services.
In 1902 he was raised to
the rank of Lieut.-Com-
mauder and in November
SON OF H.I.H. PRINCE KIKUMARO WS.
"H.I.H. PRINCE TAKEHIKO WO.
( 45 )
Meteorological Observatory on Mt. liukvia and appointed six experts to take charge. This is the first timea Meteorological
Observatory was established on the summit of a mountain in Japan.
In Great Britain, France, and Germany be was known as tlie diplomatic Japanese Prince.
PRINCE NORIKO.
^HE late H.I.H. Princess Noriko (Second Class Imperial Order of the Crown), the First Consort of the late H.I.H Prince
^ Kikumaro W5, was the second daughter of the late Prince Michitaka KujO, and was born December 4th of the
eleventh year of the Meiji Era (1878, A.D.). She died of illness on November 11th of the thirty-fourth year of the Meiji
Era (1901, A.D.).
The descendants of Prince Kikumaro Wo and Princess Noriko are : —
PRINCE TAKEHIKO WO.
tWiS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS Prince Takehiko WO, first son and present representative of the Yamashina-no-Miya,
"^ was born February 13th of the thirty-first year of the Meiji Era (1898, A.D.). He is an authority on mathematics.
While attending the Peers' School he was always at the head of his class. His Highness at present takes great interest
in scientific affairs, especially in relation to aeronautics.
H.I.H. Prince Yoshimaro Wo, second sou, born July 5th of the thirty-third year of the Meiji Era (1900, A.D.).
H.I.H. Princess Yasuko Nyo-WO, first daughter, born October Slst of the thirty-fourth year of the Meiji Era
(1901, A.D.).
PRINCESS HISAKO.
^ER IMPERIAL HIGHNESS Princess Hisako (First Class Imperial Order of the Crown), the second Consort of the
®^ late Prince Kikumaro Wo, was the third daughter of the late Prince Tadayoshi Siiimadzu. She was born February 7th
of the seventh year of the Meiji Era (1874, A.D.), and was married to H.I.H. Prince Kikumaro Wo on November 26th
of the thirty-fifth year of the Meiji Era (1902, A.D.).
Descendants of Prince Kikumaro Wo and Princess Hisako are : —
H.l H. Prince Fujimaro W5, third son, born February 25th of the thirty-eighth year of the Meiji Era (1905, A.D.).
H.I.H. Prince Hagimnro W5, fourth son, born April 21st of the thirty-ninth year of the Meiji Era (1906, A.D.).
H.I.H. Prince Shigemaro WO, fifth son, born April 29th the forty-first year of the Meiji Er.i (1908, A.D.}.
< 48 )
KAYA-NO-MIYA.
HE Kaya-no-Miya had its origin iu the late H.I.H. Prince Kuninori Wo, who was the first son of H.I.H. Prince
Asahiko Shinno Kuni-no-Miya. His Highness was born June Ist of the third year of the Keiwo Era (July 2nd,
1867, A.D.), and in 1882 entered a school known as
the Shingu-K5gakukan, in Ise Province, where he
studied the Mythology of Japan, Chinese Classics,
English Literature, and other branches of Science.
On December 16th of the twenty-fifth year of the Meiji
Era (1892, A.D.), Prince Kuninori Ws established
the Kaya-no-Miya, and on November 3rd of the
following year was decorated with the Imperial Order
of the Rising Sun with the Paulownia. On February
10th, 1895, the Prince was appointed to take charge of
the Imperial Great Shrines in Ise Province. In the
following year he was appointed President of the
Shingu-KOgakukan, and on November 3rd, 1901,
was decorated with the Supreme Order of the
Chrysanthemum. He died on December 8tli of the
forty-second year of the Meiji Era (1909, A.D.).
PRINCESS YOSHIKO,
H.I.H. PRINCE TSUNENORI WO.
/©ER IMPERIAL HIGHNESS Princess Yoshiko
oi^ (First Class Imperial Order of the Crown), the
Consort of the late H.I.H. Prince Kuninori Ws, was
the eldest daughter of the late Marquis Tadaosa Daigo,
and was born October 20th of the first year of the
KeiwO Era (December 7th, 1865, A.D.). Her Highness
married Prince Kuninori W5 on November 26th of the
twenty-fifth year of tlie Meiji Era (1892, A.D).
The descendants of Prince Kuninori W5 and Princess Yoshiko are: —
H.I.H. Princess (now Lady) Yukiko, eldest daughter, born November 23rd of the twenty-eighth year of the
Meiji Era (1895, A.D.), She married the Hon. Kazumoto Machijiri.
PRINCE TSUNENORI WO.
flS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS Prince Tsunenori WO, only son and present representative of the Kaya-no-Miya, born
January 27th of the thirty-third year of the Meiji Era (1900, A.D.).
H.I.H. Princess Sakiko Nyo-Wo, second daugliter, born March 30th of the thirty-sixth year of the Meiji Era
(1903, A.D.).
( 47 )
KU N l-NO-MI YA.
^HE founder of the Kuni-no-Miya was the late H.I.H. Prince Asahiko ShinnO, second son of H.I.H. Prince Kuniije
&■ Shinno Fushirai-no-Miya and elder brother of the late H.I.H. Yoshihisa Shiiino Kitashirakawa-no-MiyK, the late
H.I.H. Hirotsune Shinno Kacho-no-Miya, H.I.H. Prince Sadanaru ShinnO Fushimi-no-Miya, H.I.H. Prince Kotohito
Shinno Kan-in-no-Miya, and H.I.H. Prince Yorihito ShinnO Higashi Fu3liimi-no-Miya. Prince Asahiko ShinnS was born
January 28th of the seventh year of the Bunsei Era (February 27th, 1824, AD.) and took charge of a Bmldhist temple in
Kyoto known as the Joren-in. During the Restoration of 1868 the Prince played a conspicuous part, and in the eighth
year of the Meiji Era (1875, A.D.) established the Kuni-no-Miya. He wa« later appointed to take charge of the
Imperial Shrines in Ise province and was decorated with the Supreme Order of the Chrysacthemum. He urged the
importance of preserving old temples, shrines, historical places, and fine arts of the country, and it is no exaggeration to say
that the present development of fine art is largely due to his untiring efforts. The Prince died on October 29th of the
twenty-fourth year of the Meiji Era (1891, A.D.), at the age of sixty-seven.
PRINCE KUNIYOSHI WO.
t©rIS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS Prince Kuniyoshi Wo, the present representative of the Kuni-no-Miya, is the third son
(^ of the late H.I.H. Prince Asahiko Shinno. He was born July 2Srd of the sixth year of the Meiji Era (1873, A.D.)
H.I.H. l^KlNUifi KJMiyOsiHI WO.
H.I.H. PRINCESS CHIKAKO.
( 48 )
and named Yoshi-no-Miya. In 1886 his name was changed to that of Kuniyoshi W5 in 1890 the Prince entered the
Seijo Gakko (a private Military Preparatory Scliool) in Tokyo, and was later. In 1893 he graduated from the Pehool, and
was attached to the Third Division iri Nagoya as a cadet. In 1897 he was appointed a Second Lieutenant of Infantry and
decorated with the Imperial Order of the Rising Sun with the Paulownia. Later the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum
was conferred upon him. In 1899 he was promoted to the rank of First Lieutenant and entered the Military Staff College.
In 1901 he was promoted to the raok of Captain, and the following year graduated from the College. In 1904, when
the Russo- Japanese War broke out, lie proceeded to the front as a Major and remained with the Japanese forces throughout
the campaign. In December, 1906, he was decorated with the Fourth Class Military Order of the Golden Kite in
appreciation of services rendered to the State. In 1907 the Prince was sent to Europe to study military affairs and was
attached to the Second Regiment of the Imperial Bodyguard in Germany. In 1908 he was promoted to the rank of
Lieut.-Colonel and visited various Courts in Europe, returning home in August 1909. He was promoted to the rank of
Colonel the following year, and appointed to the command of the 38th Infantry Regiment. On August 3l8t, 1913, the
Prince was promoted Major-Geueral and appointed General Officer Commanding the First Brigade of the Imperial
Bodyguard.
PRINCESS CHIKAKO.
^ER IMPERIAL HIGHNESS Princess Chikako (First Class Imperial Order of the Crown), the Consort of Prince
(&-• Kuniyoshi Wo, is the seventh daughter of the late Prince Tadayoshi Shimadzu, and was born October 19th of the
twelfth year of the Meiji Era (1879, A.D.). On December 13th of tiie thirty-second year of the Meiji Era (1899, A.D.) the
Princess married Prince Kuniyoshi W5. She received lessons in English from Miss Kirby, a British lady, and speaks
English fluently.
'"^ The descendants of Prince Kuniyoshi Wo and Princess Chikako are : —
H.I.H, Prince Asaakira WO, eldest son, born February 2nd of the thirty-fourth year of the Meiji Era (1901, A.D.).
H.I.H. Prince Kunihisa Wo, second son, born March 10th of the thirty-fifth year of the Meiji Era (1902, A.D.).
H.I.H. Princess Nagako Nyo-Wo, first daughter, born March 6th of the thirty-sixth year of the Meiji Era
(1903, A.D.).
H.I.H. Prince Nobuko Nyo-W5, second daughter, born March 30th of the thirty-seventh year (f the Meiji Era
(1904, A.D.).
H.I.H. Princess Satoko Nyo-Wo, third daughter, born September 1st of the thirty-ninth year of the Meiji Era
(1906, A.D.).
H.I.H. Prince Kunihide W5, third son, born May 16th of the forty-third year of the Meiji Era (1910, A.D.).
PRINCETAKAWO.
t^IS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS Prince Taka Wo is the fifth son of the late H.LH. Prince Asahiko ShinnO, and was
®i born August 17th of the eighth year of the Meiji Era (1875, A.D.). He was decorated with the Imperial Order of
the Rising Sun with the Paulownia, and is now in temporary charge of the Imperial Great Shines in Ise province.
PRINCESS SHIDZUKO.
^ER IMPERIAL HIGHNESS Princess Shidzuko (Second Class Imperial Order of the Crown), the Consort of Prince
SB Taka Wo is tiie first daughter of Viscount Tadtisuke Minase, and was born September 25th of the seventeenth year
oftiie Meiji Era (1884, A.D.). She marrie<l Prince Taka WO on March 9th of the fourteenth year of the Meiji Era
(1907, A.D.).
The Descendants of Prince Taka Wo and Princess Shidzuko are: —
H.I.H. Prince Yoshihiko Wo, first son, born May 29th of the forty-fifth year of the Meiji Era (1912, A.D.).
] H.LH. Princess Koko Nyo-Wo, second daughter, born December 5th of the second year of the Taisho Era
(1913, A.D.).
( 49 )
NASHIMOTO-NO-MIYA.
fHE NASHIMOTO-NO-MIYA was established by the late H.I.H. Prince Moriosa 8hinn5, the tenth son of the late
H.I.H. Prince Sadayoshi Shinno Fushimi-no-Miya. He was born on the second year of the Bunsei Era (1819,
A.D.)- On Ddceraber of the third year of the Meiji Era (1870, A.D.) he established the Nashimoto-no-Miya, and
died on December 1st of the fourteenth year of the Meiji Era (1881, A.D.)-
PRINCE MORIMASA WO.
Mis IMPERIAL HIGHNESS Major-General Prince Moriraasa Wo, the present representntiva of the Nashiraoto-no-Miya,
*-- is the fourth son of the late H.I.H. Prince Asahiko Shinno Kuni-no-Miya, and was born March 9th of the seventh year
of the Meiji Era (1874, A.D.). He was first named Tada-no-Miya, and succeeded to the Nashimoto-no-Miya on the death
H.I.H. PRINCE MORIMASA WO.
H.I.H. PRINCESS ITSUKO.
of Prince Moriosa Wo. Prince Moriraasa Wo started life as a Cadet after graduating from the Military Cadet School, being
attached to the lltli Infantry Regiment of the Fifth Division. In November, 1895, he was decorated with the Imperial
Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia. On January 25th, 1897, he was appointed a Secopd Lieutenant in the Army, and
( 50 )
was promoted First. Lieutenant in 1899. In 1901 he was promoted Captain, and in December of the following year
was sent to France to study military science. On the outbreak of the war with Russia, the Prince returned home in
April, 1904, and proceeded to the front, being attached to the headquarters of the Second Army. In the November
following he was promoted Major and decorated with the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum. In April, 1906,
the Prince was decorated with the Fourth Class Military Order of the Golden Kite in recognition of services rendered in
the campaign. In August, 1906, he again proceeded to France to prosecute his studies, and entered the Military Staff
College there. In 1908 he was promoted Lieut.-Colonel, and returned home the following year, after visiting England,
Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Spain and other countries. In 1910 the Prince was promoted Colonel and
appointed Commander of the Sixth Regiment of Infantry. On August 31st, 1913, he was promoted Major-General and
appointed General Officer Commanding the 28th Brigade.
P R I N C E S S I T S U K O .
MER IMPERIAL HIGHNESS Princess Itsuko (First Class Imperial Order of the Crown), the consort of Prince
®^ Morimasii W5, is the second daugliter of Marquis Nahohiro Nabeshima. She was born in Rome on February 2nd
of the fifteenth year of the Meiji Era (1882, A.D.), during the time the Marquis was Minister to Italy. After graduating
from the Female Department of the Peers' School in Tokyo, she married Prince Morimasa Wo on November 28th of the
thirty-third year of the Meiji Era (1900, A.D.). The Princess speaks French fluently. In 1909 she accompanied the
Prince on his travels in Europe, returning home in the latter part of the same year.
The descendants of Prince Morimasa Wo and Princess Itsuko are : —
H.I.H. Princess Masako Nyo-Wo, eldest daughter, born November 4th of the thirty-fourth year of the Meiji Era
(1901, A.D.).
H.I.H. Princess Noriko Nyo-Wo, second daughter, born April 27th of the fortieth year of the Meiji Era
(1907, A.D.).
AS AKA-N O-M I Y A.
PRINCE YASUHIKO WO.
^IS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS Prince Yasuhiko Wo, the Present representative of the Asaka-no-Miya, is the eighth son
(^' of the late H.I.H. Prince Asahiko Shinn5 Kuni-no-Miya and was born October 2nd of the twentieth year of the Meiji
Era (1887, A.D.). After finishing an elementary course at the Peers' Scliool, the Prince entered the Military Preparatory
School. In March of the thirty-ninth year of the Meiji Era (1906, A.D.) the name of the Asaka-no-Miya was given him.
In 1908 he graduated from the Military Cadets School which he entered in 1906.
The Prince was decorated with the Imperial Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia in November, 1907. He was
appointed a Second Lieutenant of the Infantry in December, 1908, and a First Lieutenant on December 25th, 1910. He
was promoted to the rank of Captain on August 31sf, 1913. In December, 1915, he was transferred from the Sixty-first
Regiment to the Third Regiment of the Imperial Bodyguard.
The Prince closely resembles his elder brother, H.I.H. Prince Kuniyoshi Wo Kuni-no-Miya. He is a elever
tactician and shows wonderful ability in his application of military science. He speaks German fluently, and is now
studying French.
PRINCESS NOBUKO NAISHINNO.
^ER IMPERIAL HIGHNESS Princess Nobuko Naishinno (First Class Imperial Order of the Crown), the consort of
tcir" Prince Yasuhiko W5, is the eighth daughter of the late H.I.M. Emperor Meiji Tenno, being born August 7th of the
twenty-fourth year of the Meiji Era (1891, A.D.). She was named Fumi-no-Miya. On May 6th of the forty-third year of
the Meiji Era (1910, A.D.) she married Prince Yasuhiko WO. At the Azabu Detached Palace the Princess, with her
( 51 )
younger sister, H.I.H. Princess Tashiko NaishinnS Higashikuni-no-Miya, was brought up under the care of the late Marquis
and Marchioness Sasaki, and received her education from Madam U. Shimoda, Prof. T, Motowori and other scholars.
H.I.H. PRINCE YASUHIKO WO.
H.I.H. PRINCESS NOBUKO NAISHINNO.
The descendants of Prince Yasuhiko Wo and Princess Nobuko Naishinno are: —
H.I.H. Princess Kikuko Nyo-Wo, eldest daughter, born September 12th of the forty-fourth year of the Meiji Era
(1911, A.D.).
H.I.H. Prince Takahiko W5, first sod, born October 8th of the first year of the Taisho Era (1912, A.D.).
H.I.H. Prince Tadahiko Wo, second son, born January 5th of the third year of the Taisho Era (1914, A.D,).
HIGASHIKUNI-NO-MIYA.
PRINCE NARUHIKO WO..
fIS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS Prince Naruhiko WO, the present representative of the Higashikuni-no-Miya, is the
ninth son of the late H.I.H. Prince Asahiko Shinn5 Kuni-no-Miya, and was born December 3rd of the twentieth
year of the Meiji Era (1888, A.D.). Graduating from the Military Preparatory School in 1906, he was attached to the
Third lafaatry Regiment of the Impariil B)iyguarl. In November of the thirty-uinth year of the Meiji Era (1906, A.D.),
( 52 )
the name of Higashikuni-no-Miya was given him. In December following he entered the Military Cadet School, where he
graduated in 1908. In April of the same year he was decorated with the Imperial Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia.
In December, 1908, the Prince was appointed a Second Lieutenant of the Infantry and promoted First Lieutenant in
December 1910. In December, 1911, he entered the Military Staff College, and on August 31st, 1913, was promoted
Captain. Graduating from the Staff College in 1914, he was attached to the 29th Infantry Hegiment. In December, 1915,
he was transferred to the Third Infantry Regiment of the First Division. Tlie Prince is a crack shot and an expert
in jujitsu,
PRINCESS TOSHIKO NAISHINNO.
MER IMPERIAL HIGHNESS Princess Toshiko Naishinno (First Class Imperial Order of the Crown), the Consort of
•33^ Prince Naruhiko Wo, is the ninth daughter of H.I.M. Emperor Meiji Tenno. She was born May 11th of the twenty-
ninth year of the Meiji Era (1896, A.D.), and named Yasu-uo-Miya. She married Prince Naruhiko Wo on May 18th of the
fourth year of the Taisho Era (1915, A.D.). Her Highness, with her elder sister, H.I.H. Princess Nobuko NaishiunO
H.l.H. PRINCE NARUHIKO WO.
H.I.H. PRINCKBS TOSHIKO NAISHINNO.
Asaka-no-Miya, spent her early days at the Azabu Detached Palace, being educated by Madame U. Shimoda, Prof.
Motowori and other scholars. She is a vocalist, and has a special taste for the fine arts.
Of the marriage there is one son — H.I.H. Prince Morihiro W5, born May 6th of the fifth year of the Taisho Era
(1916, A.D.).
( 63 )
KITASHIRAKAWA-NO-MIYA.
fN the third year of the Meiji Era (1870, A.D.) H.I.H. Prince Satonari SliiniiO, the thirteenth sou of the late H.I.H.
Prince Kuniiye ShiunO Fushimi-no-Miya, was accorded the name of Kitashirakawa-no-Miya. Two years later the
Prince died at the age of 17, and was succeeded by his elder brother, H.I.H. Prince Yoshihisa ShinnC.
PRINCE YOSHIHISA SHINNO.
f? HE late H I.H. General Prince Yoshihisa Shinno was the ninth son of the late Prince Kuniiye Shinn5 Fushimi-no-
'' Miya, and was born February 16th of the fourth year of the KSka Era (April 1st, 1847, A.D.). In 1859 the Prince
was ordered to take charge of the Kanyei Buddhist temple at Uyeno, Tokyo. Realising that the Imperial troops were
making a descent upon Yedo (now Tokyo) from the direction of Kyoto in connection with the Restoration of 1868,
the Prince hurriedly left for the west in order to explain the position of the Shogunate Government. In Shizuoka
the Prince met H.I.H. Prince Taruhito Shinno Arisugawa-no-Miya, Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial troops operating
against the Shogunate Government, to whom he explained the true motives of the fifteenth and last Shogun. The Prince
then returned to the Kanyei Temple at Uyeno. Meanwhile part of the Shogunate force took up a position at Uyeno and
offered resistance to the Imperial troops, but were defeated. After the restoration of peace the Prince was sent to
Germany in 1870 to prosecute his railitHry studies, and there entered the Staff College. On January 2nd, 1872, Prince
Satonari Shinno died at the age 17, whereupon Prince Yoshihisa Shinno succeeded the Kitashirakawa-no-Miya. In 1874
tlie Prince was promoted Major, and in July, 1877, returned home from Germany. In December, 1878, he was decorated
with the Imperial Order of the Rising Sun witli Paulownia. In 1881 the Prince was promoted Colonel, and later was
Vice-President of the Toyania Military Scliool, and subsequently Chief Instructor. In November, 1881, he was promoted
Major-General and appointed a Brigadier-General. In December, 1886, he was decorated with the Imperial Order of the
Chrysanthemum. The Prince in 1892 was promoted Lieut.-Geuenil, and appointed to the command of the Sixth DiTision,
being later transferred to the command of the Fourth Division, In January, 1895, he was appointed to the command of the
Imperial Bodyguard, and in April of the same year proceeded to the Liaotung Peninsula to participate in the Sino- Japanese
War. He then proceeded to Formosa to occupy the Island, and penetrated as far south as Tainan. VViiile with the
expedition the Prince was attacked by fever, and succumbed to the disease on November 5th of the twenty-eighth year of
the Meiji Era (1895, A.D.). He was 49 years old at tlie time of his deatli. Prior to iiis demise he was raised to the rank
of General and decorated with the Supreme Order of the Chrjsantiiemum with Cliain and the Third Class Military Order of
the Golden Kite. The Prince held the office of President of the Japan Geological Association and the Japan Fine Arts
Association. In memory of the deceased Prince a Shrine was erected at Taipeh, in Formosa.
PRINCESS TOMIKO.
fER IMPERIAL HIGHNESS Princess Tomiko (First Class Imperial Order of the Crown), the Consort of the late
H.I.H. General Prince Yoshihisa Shinno, is the second daughter of the late Marquis Munenori Date. She was born
August 8th of the second year of the Bunkyu Era (October Ist, 1862, A.D.). After the death of the Prince, she devoted
herself to the upbringing up of her little sons and daughters.
The descendants of Prince Yoshihisa Shinno and Princess Tomiko are : —
H.I.H. Prince Tsunehisa Wo Takeda-no-Miya, first son, born September 22nd of the fifteenth year of the Meiji Era
(1882, A.D.). {See Takeda-no-Miya.)
H.I.H. Princess (now Lady) Mitsuko, first daughter, born October 19th of the eighteenth year of the Meiji Era
(1885, A.D.). She married the Hon. Osanaga Kanroji on November 14th of the thirty-seventh year of the Meiji Era
(1885, A.D.).
( 54 )
PRINCE NARUHISA WO.
fIS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS Prince Naruhisa W5, the present representative of the Kitashirakawa-no-Miya, third
son, was born April 18tli of the twentieth year of the Meiji Era (1887, A.D.), On the death of H.I.H. Prince Yoshihisa
Shinno in 1895 Prince Naruhisa Wo succeeded the Kitashirakawa-no-Miya. Graduating from the Peers' School in 1901
the Prince entered the Military Preparatory School, and later was admitted to the Military Cadet School. In December,
1908, he was appointed a Second Lieutenant of Artillery, having previously been decorated with the Imperial Order of the
Rising Sun with Paulownia. On August 31st, 1913, the Prince was promoted Captain and then entered the Military Staff
College. Graduating from the institution with honours in December, 1915, he was attached to the Third Regiment of
Field Artillery.
H.I.H. PRINCE NARUHISA WO.
H.I.H. PRINCESS FUSAKO NAISHINNO.
H.I.H. Prince (now Lady) Sadako, second daughter, born August 6th of the twentieth year of the Meiji Era
(1887, A.D.). She married the Hon. Yoriyasu Arima on February 2nd of the thirty-sixth year of the Meiji Era
(1903, A.D.).
H.I.H. Prince (now Marquis) Teruhisa, fourth son, born August 12th of the twenty-first year of the Meiji Era
(1888, A.D.). On July 20th, 1910, he was created a Peer with the title of Marquis, and established a House called
( 65 )
Komatsu in compliance with the request of the late H.I.H. Field-Marshal Prince Akihito ShinnO Komatsu-no-Miya. He
is now serving in the Navy.
tr.LH. Princess (now Viscountess) Takeko, third daughter, born March 28th of the twenty-third year of the Meiji
Era (1890, A.D.). She married Viscount Masaaki Hoshina on April 17th of the forty-fourth year of the Meiji Era
(1911, A.D,).
H.I.H. Princess (now Countess) Hiroko, fifth daughter, born May 28th of the twenty-eighth year of the Meiji Era
(1895, A.D.). She married Count Yoshinori Futara on July 20th of the fourth year of the Taish5 Era (1915, A.D.).
PRINCESS FUSAKO NAISHINNO.
.LTER IMPERIAL HIGHNESS Princess Fusako Naishinno (First Class Imperial Order of the Crown), the Consort of
t^ H.I.H. Prince Naruhisa Wo, is the seventh daughter of the late H.I.M. Emperor Meiji Tenn5, and was born January
28th of the twenty-third year of the Meiji Era (1890, A D.). She was named Kane-no-Miya. She married Prince Naruhisa
Wo on April 29th of the forty-second year of the Meiji Era (1909, A.D.). While an infant the Princess, with her elder
sister, H.I.H. Princess Masako Naishinno Takeda-no-Miya, resided at the Takanawa Detaclied Palace and was placed under
tlie care of Marquis and Marchioness Sasaki.
The descendants of Prince Naruliisa Wo and Princess Fusako Naishinno are : —
H.I.H. Prince Nagahisa Wo, first son, born February 19th of the forty-third year of the Meiji Era (1910, A.D.).
H.I.H. Princess Miiieko Nyo-WO, first daughter, born May 6th of the forty-fourtli year of the Meiji Era (1911, A.D.).
H.I.H. Princess Sawako Nyo-Wo, second daughter, born October 21st of the second year of the Taisho Era
(1913, A.D.).
TAKED A-NO-M I YA.
PRINCE TSUNEHISA WO.
m^^ IMPERIAL HIGHNESS Prince Tsunehisa Wo, the present representative of the Takeda-no-Miya, is the first son
®^ of the late General H.I.H. Prince Yoshihisa Sliinno Kitashirakawa-no-Miya, and was born September 22nd of the
fifteenth year of the Meiji Era (1882, A.D.).
During his infancy, the Prince was very weakly, and was therefore placed in the care of the late Marquis T. Sasaki.
He grew up a healthy lad and entered the Peers' School, afterwards going to the Military Preparatory School. In 1902 he was
admitted to the Military Cadet School, where lie graduated in November, 1903. The Prince was decorated with the Imperial
Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia in February, 1903. On February 12th, 1904, the Prince was appointed a Second
Lieutenant of Cavalry, and when the Russo-Japanese War broke out he proceeded to Manchuria. On the eve of his
departure for the front, the late Emperor Meiji Tenno was pleased to present him with one of his own chargers.
Having served throughout the whole campaign, the Prince returned home towards the end of 1905. In March of the thirty-
ninth year of the Meiji Era (1906, A.D.) the name of Takeda-no-Miya was given him. In April, 1906, he was decorated
with the Fifth Class Military Order of the Golden Kite in appreciation of services rendered to the State. In February,
1907, he was promoted Captain, and in December of the same year he entered the Military Staff College. Graduating
from the College the Prince was promoted to the rank of Major in November, 1911, and was decorated with the Supreme
Order of the Chrysanthemum in October, 1913. On August 30th, 1915, he was promoted Lieut.-Colonel.
( 66 )
PRINCESS MASAKO NAISHINNO
|ufER IMPERIAL HIGH.VESS Princess Miisako Naishinn5 (First Class Imperial Order of the Crown), the Consort of
®i H.I.H. Prince Tsunehisa Wo, is the sixth daughter of the late H.I.M. Emperor Meiji Tenno, and was born September
30th of the twenty-first year of the Meiji Era (1888, A.D.). Slie was named Tsune-no-Miya. On April 30th, of the forty-
H.I.H. PRINCE TSUNEHISA WO.
H.I.H. PRINCESS MASAKO NAISHINNO.
first year of the Meiji Era (1908, A.D.), the Princess married Prince Tsunehisa Wo. Her Highness speaks French fluently,
and is clever at the piano and organ. In her general character she resembles the late H.I.M. Emperor Meiji Tenno, and is
endowed with very fine qualities.
The descendants of Prince Tsunehisa W5 and Princess Masako Naishinno are : —
H.I.H. Prince Tsuneyoshi Wo, first son, born March 4th of the forty-second year of the Meiji Era (1909, A.D.).
H.I.H. Princess Ayako Nyo-Wo, first daughter, born July 4th of the second year of the TaishS Era
(1913, A.D.). . . - .
'( «r )
K A N ■ I N - N O - M I Y A .
MeFORE and during the reign of Emperor Koraei TennO, the father of Emperor Meiji TennC.all members of the families
W of the Emperors, with the exception of the Crown Prince, entered various Buddhist temples as priests or nuns. The
Fu8himi-no-Miya, Kyogoku-no-Miya, and Arisugawa-no-Miya enjoyed the privilege of constituting the membership of the
Imperial Family. During the military regency of lyenobu Tokugawa, the sixth Sh5gun in the Tokugawa regime, a well-
H.I.H. PRINCE KOTOHITO SHINNO.
H.I.H. PRINCESS CHIYEKO.
known scholar named Hakuseki Aral advised theShogun to make representations to the Imperial Court that the above restric-
tions placed on the sons and daughters of Emperors be withdrawn, so that the Imperial Family might flourish. The ShOgun
acted on this advice, and the Imperial Court acceded to the representation. Emperor Higashiyama Tenn5, the one
hundred and twelfth Sovereign, caused H.I.H. Prince Naohito Shinno, his sixth son, to establish the Kan-in-no-Miya.
After the death of Prince Naohito Shinno, the Kan-in-no-Miya was succeeded by his son, H.I.H. Prince Sukehito Shinno.
The latter's sixth son, H.I.H. Prince Tomohito Shinno, succeeded Emperor Gomomozono Tenn5, and on ascending the
throne assumed the name of Emperor Kokaku Tenno.
In the seventeenth year of the Meiji Era (1884, A.D.), an Imperial Decree was issued announcing that H.I.H. Prince
Sukehito Shinno, fatlier of Emperor Kokaku Tenno, be regarded as a Dajo TennS (retired Emperor) and called Ky5k6
Tenno. H.I.H. Prince Haruhito Shinno, first son of Prince Sukehito Shinno or Kyoko Tenno, succeeded the Kan-in-ner
( 58 )
Miya, he being followed in turn by Princes Takahito ShinnS and Naruhito Shinno, and by H.I.H. Prince Kotohito
Shinn5, the younger brother of H.I.H, Prince Sadanaru ShiunS Fushimi-no-Miya.
Prince Kotohito Shinno is the sixteenth son of the late H.I.H. Prince Kuniiye Shinno Fushimi-no-Miya. He was
born September 22nd of the first year of the Keiwo Era (November 10th, 1865, A.D.). The infant Prince was named Yasu-
no-Miya. After completing his education at the Umeya Elementary School in Kyoto, the Prince in 1877 entered the
Military Preparatory School in Tokyo. Graduating from the School in 1882, His Highness proceeded to France to pro-
secute his studies, and was admitted to the Military Cadet School there. After graduation, he was in 1887 appointed a Second
Lieutenant in the Imperial Cavalry and decorated with the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum. The Prince then
entered the Cavalry School and the Military Staff College in France. After graduating from the latter institution he
was promoted First Lieutenant on November 3rd, 1890, andVeturned home the following year. On November 3rd, 1892, he
was promoted Captain and attached to the First Regiment of Cavalry. In addition, he held the offices of instructor at the
Military Cadet School and other military institutions. During the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-5 he was attached to the
headquarters of the First Army. On November 3rd, 1894, he was promoted Major. After the war he was decorated with
the Fourth Class Military Order of the Golden Kite in appreciation of services rendered during the campaign. On
November 3rd, 1897, he was promoted Lieut.-Colonel and appointed to the command of the First Cavalry Regiment. .Two
years later he was promoted Colonel. On November 3rd, 1901, the Prince was raised to the rank of Major-General and
appointed General Officer Commanding the Second Cavalry Brigade. In 1904, when the Russo-Japanese War broke out,
His Highness, as Commander of tlie Brigade, proceeded to the front, and participated in the engagement at the Shaho and
in other battles on the Manchurian Plains. On November 3rd, 1904, His Highness was promoted Lieut.-General and
appointed General Officer Commanding the First Division. After the war he was decorated with the Second Class
Military Order of the Golden Kite. In September, 1911, he was given command of the Imperial Bodyguard. On Novem-
ber 27th, 1912, he was promoted General, and appointed a member of the Military Council. On September 11th, 1916,
His Highness, as representative of the Emperor, proceeded to Russia on an important mission, returning to Tokyo on
October 15th.
General Prince Kotohito Shinno, while attending to his military duties, finds time to devote to the interests of various
public bodies in the country. Since the death of H.I.H. General Prince Akihito ShinuS Komatsu-no-Miya, Prince Kotohito
Shinno has filled the office of President of the Japan Red Cross Society. His Highness is the President of the Franco-
Japanese Association, Russo-Japanese Association, Tokyo Club, Dai Nippon Sanshi-kai (Japan Silk Association) and the
Geographical Society.
When the Prince applied to the French Government to allow him to enter the Military Cadet School in France, the
Government replied that Princes of the Blood of various foreign Powers had hitherto engaged French instructors, and
that Prince Kotohito Shinno could not be an exception to the rule. The Prince, however, expressed his ardent wish
to enter the School as an ordinary student, and said he did not wish to be accorded the treatment given the
Prince of a foreign Power. He was therefore admitted to the School, where he was treated as an ordinary student. After
graduating from the School the Prince was attached to the French Seventh Light Cavalry Regiment and was decorated by
the French Government with the Chevalier de I'Ordre National de la Legion d'Honneur, which is seldom given to French or
foreign officers except when they render distinguished service to the State or achieve some great task. The holders of this
decoration are, therefore, held in higher esteem than those having the Grand Order of Merit. While preparing to enter the
Military Staff College in France a radical change was introduced into the organization of the French army, and as a result
other nationals were prohibited from entering any French military institution. In spite of this, the Prince asked President
Carnot and the Military Authorities for special permission to enter the Staff College. His request was finally granted, and
thus very intimate relations were established between the Prince and the President, who recognised the courage and qualities
of the Prince.
During the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-5 the Prince, as a Captain, was at one time attached to the Third Division
under the command of Lieut.-General (later Prince) Katsura. At the engagement of Kozan the troops of the Third
Division were hard pressed by the enemy, who threatened the left flank. Seeing this, Lieut.-General Katsura wanted to
give instructions to the left flank to immediately advance. Prince Kotohito Shinno offered to act as an orderly — a request
which was promptly accepted by Lieut.-General Katsura, who knew he could rely on the Prince. On his way back to the
main body of the Division the Prince was fired on by the enemy, but returned in safety, to the great relief of Lieut.-General
Katsura and the staff officers. This ^tion of Prince Kotohitp Shinny is one of tl^e many brave acts perforn^ed in the
Sino-Japanese War.
( 69 )
In the war with Russia Prince Kotohito 8hinn5, as a Brigadier-General, commanded a cavalry corps. In the battle
of Shaho a strong force of Cossacks attacked a Japanese position at Penchihu, and it was feared that if this position were
taken another position in the direction of Liaoyang would be endangered, the consequence being that the whole of the Japanese
plans would collapse. Thereupon Prince Kotohito Shiiino, with his force, made a bold attack and repulsed the enemy, with
the result that the Japanese scored a brilliant victory. Marshal Marquis (later Prince) Oyama, Commander-in-Chief of the
Japanese forces at the front, highly appreciated the distinguished service thus rendered by H.I.H. Prince Kotohito ShinnO,
and reported particulars of his bravery to Emperor Meiji TennO.
PRINCESS CHIYEKO.
MER IMPERIAL HIGHNESS Princess Chiyeko (First Class Imperial Order of the Crown), the Consort of H.I.H.
^ Prince Kotohito Shinno, is the second daugiiter of the late Prince Saneyoshi Sanj5. She was born May 25th of the
fifth year of the Meiji Era (June 30th, 1872, A.D.).
Her Highness was married to the Prince on December 19th of the twenty-fourth year of the Meiji Era (1891, A.D.)
She is President of the Japanese Patriotic Ladies' Association, Volunteer Nures' Association, and Japanese Female Education
Association.
The descendants of Prince Kotohito Shinno and Princess Chiyeko are : —
H.LH. Princess (now Viscountess) Yukiko, eldest danghter, born May 13th of the twenty-ninth year of the Meiji
Era (1896, A.D.). She married Viscount Nobusaki Ando on September 3rd of the fourth year of the Taisho Era
(1915, A.D.).
H.I.H. Princess (now Lady) Shigeko, second daughter, born May 29th of the thirtieth year of the Meiji Era
(1897, A.D.) She married the Hon. Nagainichi Kuroda on January 21st of the third year of the TaishS Era (1914, A.D.).
H.LH. Prince Haruhito Wo, second son, born August 3rd of the thirty-fifth year of the Meiji Era (1902, A.D.).
H.I.H. Princess Hiroko Nyo- Wo, fourth daughter, born February 21st of the thirty-ninth year of the Meiji Era
(1906, A.D.).
H.LH. Princess Hanako Nyo- Wo, fifth daugiiter, burn June 30th of the forty second year of the Meiji Era
(1909, A.D.).
HIGASHI FUSHIMI-NO-MIYA.
PRINCE YORIHITO SHINNO.
/-vi
iMiS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS Vice- Admiral Prince Yorihito Shinn5 is the present representative of the Higashi
®^ Fushimi-no-Miya, and the seventeenth son of the late H.I.H. Prince Kuniiye ShinnO Fushimi-no-Miya. His Highness
was born September 19th of the third year of the KeiwS Era (October 16th, 1867, A.D.). In 1877 he entered the Naval
Cadet School, and in 1884 proceeded to England to prosecute his studies. Later he proceeded to France for the same
purpose, returning home in 1891. While in France he was appointed a Sub.-Lieutenant of the Navy and was decorated
with the Supreme Order of tlie Chrysanthemum. In 1893 the Prince was sent to Europe and America on a mission, and
returned home in the following year, when he was promoted Lieutenant. During the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-5
he was attached to the United Japanese Squadron under the command of Admiral Count Y. Ito, and after the campaign
was decorated with the Fifth Class Military Order of the Golden Kite in appreciation of services rendered in annihilating
the Chinese Squadron. In September, 1899, he was raised to the rank of a Lieut.-Commander, and three years later
was promoted Commander. On February 2nd, of the thirty-sixth year of the Meiji Era (1903, A.D.), the name of
Higashi Fushimi-no-Miya was given him. During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5 the Prince, as second in command
of the cruiser Chitose, rendered distinguished service on several occasions in fighting and annihilating the Port Arthur and
Baltic Squadrons. After the war he was promoted to the rank of Captain and decorated with the Third Class Military
Order of the Golden Kite. In December, 1909, he was raised to the rank of Rear- Admiral. In 1911 the Prince proceeded
to England, where he represented the Imperial Court of Japan at the Coronation of King George V. Three years later he
C eo )
Was promoted Vice- Admiral, and now holds the office of Councillor of the Bureau of Imperial Decorations. The Prince
also holds the office of Honorary President of the Dai Nippon Suisan-kai (Marine Products Association), Teikoku Suinan
Kyusai-kai (Imperial Japanese Society for Saving Life and Property from Shipwreck), Nippon Kai-in Ekisai-kai
(Japanese Seamen's Relief Association), Nichi-futsu Ky5kai (Franco-Japanese Association), and other public bodies.
His Highness speaks French and English, and is an expert at gunnery.
H.I.H. PRINCE YOHIHITO SHINNO.
H.l.H. PKiNCESS KANEKO.
PRINCESS KANEKO.
fER IMPERIAL HIGHNESS Princess Kaneko (First Class Imperial Order of the Crown), the Consort of H.I.H.
Prince Yorihito Shinno, is the first daughter of the late Prince Tomosada Iwakura. She was born August 29th
of the ninth year of the Meiji Era (1876, A.D.). Her Highness married Prince Yorihito Shinno on February 10th of the
thirty-first year of the Meiji Era (1898, A.D.). She speaks French and English and takes a great interest in music, both
foreign and Japanese. Her Highness accompanied the Prince to Great Britain to attend the Coronation of King George.
She holds the office of President of the Dai Nippon Fujin Eiseikai (Japanese Women's Sanitary Association) and the
RikukaigunshOkO Fujinkai (Association of Wives of Naval and Army Officers). She is an honorary member of the Japan
Red Cross Society, Patriotic Ladies' Association, and other public bodies, , .. :
( ^ )
GENEALOGIES OF THE MEMBERS OF THE IMPERIAL FAMILY.
ABRIDGED GENEALOGIES OF FUSHIMI-NO-MITA, EACHb-NO-MlTA,
YAMASHINA-NO-MIYA, NASHIMOTO-NO-MIYA, AND
HIGASHIFUSHIMI-NO-MIYA
Ctofushlml-ln T«nn9 (93rd Emperor).
Tokihito Sblnno (Kogon-in).
Okibito Wo (Sukd-io).
I. Yoshihlto Shinno (FUSHIMI-NO-MIYA).
3. Sadafusa ShlDnd (Oosukfi-lD). 2. Haruhito Vf6.
OohaQazoDO-lii TennO (lOUt Emp«rai ). 4. Sadatsune ShinnO,
5- KuDitaka Shinna.
6. Sadaatsu Shinni.
I
7. Kunisuke Shinnd.
8. Sadayasu ShinnS.
9. EuniDobu SbinnS.
10. SadakiyoSblDDi.
il. Kuninari Shinno. 12. Kunlmiohi ShlDDS,
13. Sadajruki Shinno.
I
14. Kuninaga Sbinnd.
I
15. Sadatake ShlnnS.
I
I
16. Kunitada ShinnS. 1 8. Kuuijori ShinnS.
I I
17. Sadamocbi ShinnS. 1 9. Sadayoshi ShinnS.
20. Kun iye Sbinno. 1. Moriosa Shinna (NASHIMOTO-NO-MIVA).
2. Morimasa Wo (See KUNI-NO-MIYA).
I
Masako Nyo-Wa.
Noriko Nyo-Wo.
I.Akira Sblnno
(VAMASHINA-NO-MIVA).
2 KikiiniaroWe.
I
AsahlkoSfainnd
(See KUNI-NO-MIVA).
Hisako
(Lady Nija)
21. Ssdanori ShiunS.
I
Buniha Nyo-Wa.
i I I I I I
3. Takebiko WO. Yoshimaro Wa. Yaauko Nyo-W3. Fujlmaro Wa. Hagimaro Wa. SbigemaroWa.
Yosbihisa Shinnd
(See KITA8HIRAKAWA-N0-MIYA).
1. Hirotsune Sbinna
(KACHO-NO-MIYA).
2. Hiroataa Wd.
8. Hiroyasu W9.
I
4. Hirotada WS,
Nicbiyei Murakamo
(Abbess).
Satonari Sbinna
(See KITASHIRAKAWA-NO-MIVA).
Tnkako
(Viscountezis Matsudaira).
22 Sadanaru ShinnS.
I
I,,
lyenori Kiyosu
(Count).
I I I
Hiroyasu Wa. Kiinika Wo. Sachiko (Marchioness Yainanoiicbi).
Kotobito Shinno
(See KAN IN- lO-MIVA).
Hiroyoabi Yasuko Hiroiada Wo. Hironobu Atauko Tomako Hirohide WS.
WS. Kyo-Wo. (See KACHO-NO-MIYA) WS. Kyo-W3. Nyo-Wo. -
Yoiihifo Sliinno
(HIGASHIFUSHIMI-NO-MIYA).
GENEALOGIES OF THE MEMBERS OF THE IMPERIAL FAMILY.
ABRIDGED 6ENEAL0OT OF AAISUGAWA-NO-MITA.
Belgen-ln Tennd (11 1th Emperor).
1. Torihlto ShinnS (ARISUGAWA-NO-MIVA).
9. Otohite ShinaO.
<.OrihitoSbinna.
4. Tiunahito SUnnS.
8. Takabito ShinnS.
6. TaruUto ShinnS. Toahiko Nyo-Wi. 7. Takehlto ShinnS.
H.I.B. Princata Fiubimi-no-mljra (Senior). |
Mi^eko
(Princess Tokugawa).
ABRIDGED GENEALOGIES OF EUNI-NO- MI7A, EATA-NO-MITA, ASAEA-NO-MITA
AND HIGASHIEUNI-NO'MITA.
Eunilye ShinnS (See FUSHIMI-NO-MIVA.)
I. Aiahiko Sbiunu (KUNI-NO-MIVA).
I
1. Kuninori Wo.
(KAYA-NO MIYA).
Sakako
(Viscountess Higashizono).
Aklko
Ajako
(Lady Ikeda). (Ladr Takeucbi).
2. Kuniyoshi Wo.
Yiikiko 2. Tsunenorl Wi.
(Lad; Macbijiri).
Saklko N70-WS.
AsaaklraWS. KunibisaWa. Nagako Nyo-WO. .NobukoNyo-W8.
Satoko Nyo-Wa.
Kunibide W«.
Moriniasa Wo.
(See NASHIMOTO-NO-MIVA).
Taka WS.
Motoko
(Lady Sengoku).
Yosbibiko We. KSko Nyo-WS.
Suzuko
(Countess Mibu).
Yasuhiko Wo.
(A8AKA-N0-MIVA).
Nanibtko W6.
(HIGASHIKUNI-NO-MIVA).
.1
J
Moribiro Wo.
Kikuko Nyo-Wa. Takabiko Wo Tadahiko Wd..
ABRIDGED GENEALOGIES OF EITASHIRAKAWA-NO-MITA AND TAEEDA-NO-MITA.
KUQiiye ShinnS (See FUSHIMI-NO-MIVA).
2. Yoshihisa Shinno. 1. .Satonarl Shinna (KITASHIRAKAWA-NO-MIVA).
Tstinehisa Wo
(TAKEDA NO MIYA)
Miisuko
(Lady Kanroji).
3. Narutaisa Wo.
Sadako
(Lady Arima).
Teruhisa Komatsu Takeko
(Marquis), (Viscountess Hoshlna).
Tsuneyoshi Wo. Ayako Nyo Wa.
Nagahtsa Wu. Mlneko Nyo-Wa. Sawako Nyo-Wo.
kol
Hiroko
(Countess Futara).
ABRIDGED GENEALOGT OF EAN-IN-NO-MITA.
Higasblyama Tenna (112tb Emperor).
1. Naobito Shinna (KAN-IN-NO-MIYA).
2. Sukehito Shinna.
_l
3. Harubito Shinna. Eakaka Tenna (118th Emperor).
4. Takabito Shinna,
5. Narubito Shinno.
6. Kotohito Shinna (See FUSHIMI-NO-MIYA)
Yukiko (Viscounteu Anda).
Shlgeko (Lady Kuroda).
Harubito Wa
Hiroko Nyo-Wa.
HaoakoNyo-VA.
( 63 )
H ISTORY OF JAP AN.
^N reviewing the past history of the Imperial Court of Japan, which has been in existence for more than two
thousand years, attention is drawn to the fact that the throne has been, and is still, the centre of the
nation's activities. It may, therefore, be logically admitted that the history of the Imperial Court is the
history of Japan. The following chapters are epitomized : —
Chapter I. — Prehistoric Japan (or Legendary Japan before the accession to the Throne of the first Emperor
Jimmu).
Chapter II. — Organization of the Empire of Japan.
Chapter III. — The Yamato Period (from the Accession to the Throne of the first Emperor Jimmu (660, B.C.) to the
Emperor KStoku, thirty-sixth Sovereign, in the first year of the Taika Era, or 645, A.D., a period of 1,305 years).
Chapter IV. — Tlie Taika Reform Period (from the Emperor KOtoku in the first year of the Taika Era to the
Emperor Momniu, forty-second Sovereign, in the fourth year of the Kyoun Era, or 707, A.D., a period of 62 years).
Chapter V. — The Nara Period (from the Empress Gemmei, forty-third Sovereign, in the fourth year of the Kyoun
Era to the Emperor Konin, forty-nintli Sovereign, in the first year of the Tenwo Era, or 781, A.D., a period of 74 years).
Chapter VI. — The Heiaii Period (from the Emperor Kammu, fiftieth Sovereign, in the first year of the Tenwo Era
to the Antoku Emperor, eighty-first Sovereign, in the Juyei Era, or 1185, A.D., a period of 404 years).
Chapter VII. — The Kamakura Period (from the Emperor Gotoba, eighty-second Sovereign, in the first year of the
Bunji Era to the Emperor Godaigo, ninety-sixth Sovereign, in the third year of the Genko Era, or 1333, A.D., a period of
148 years).
Chapter VIII. — The Yoshino Court Period (from the Emperor Godaigo in the third year of the Genko Era to the
Emperor Gokameyama, ninety-eighth Sovereign, in the ninth year of the Genchu Era, or 1392, A.D., a period of 59 years).
Chapter IX. — The Muromachi Period (from the Emperor Gokomatsu in the third year of the Meitoku Era, or
1392, A.D., to the Emperor Ogimachi in the eleventh year of the Yeiroku Era, or 1568, A.D., a period of 176 years, known
as the Asliikaga Period),
Chapter X. — The Adzucbi-Momoyama Period (from the Emperor Ogimachi in the eleventh year of the Yeiroku
Era to the Emperor GoySzei one hundred and sixth Sovereign, in the eighth year of the Keicho Era, or 1603, A,D., a period
of 35 years, known as the Oda-Toyotomi Period),
Chapter XI. — The Yedo Period (from the Emperor Goyozei in the eighth year of the Keicho Era to the Meiji
Emperor in the third year of the Keiwo Era, or 1867, A.D., a period of 264 years, known as the Tokugawa Period).
Chapter XII. — The present Period (from the Emperor Meiji in the third year of the Keiwo Era to the forty-fifth
year of the Meiji Era and the present Emperor from the first year of the Taisho Era, or 1912, A.D., to the fourth year of
the same Era, or 1915, A.D.).
CHAPTER I.
PREHISTORIC JAPAN,
The Empire of Japan is situated in the extreme east of Asia. The climate is generally mild, and the country
abounds in picturesque and grand mountain scenery. The Japanese are renowned as a brave and patriotic people,
endowed with many fine qualities of iiigh culture and peculiar attainments. Governed and ruled by tlie Throne,
unchanged since the foundation of the Japanese Empire, the State has never been subjected to foreign incursion. Japan
to-day is in the ascendency as a first class Power in the East. History shows no country equal to Japan in that she is
one of the old Empires and is still maintaining her position as an independent State with a bright future before her.
In narrating briefly the history of the Imperial Court it is first imperative to refer to prehistoric, or legendary, ages.
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According to legendary chronicles, there was a god named Ameno-mi-naka-nushi in " Takama-ga-hara " (the
Heavens) before the world was created. With him were two other gods, one named Takami-musubi-no-kami and the other
Kamumi-musubi-no-kami. The world was created by the three gods, who are regarded as the Creators of the Universe.
After the lapse of the sixth Sovereign, there was Izanagi-no-mikoto and Izanami-no-mikoto, who constituted the seventh
Sovereign of gods. Izanagi-no-raikoto and Izanami-no-mikoto, in obedience to instructions from the Creators of the Universe,
stood on " Ameno-uki-hashi " in order to concrete the world and with " Araano-nuhoko " (divine halbert) given them by the
creators of the universe, they set to work as instructed. A few drops of sacred liquid from the point of the halbert created
an island, which was called the Onogoro-shima, and which is believed to be a small isle south-west of the Awaji Island at
the eastern entrance to the Inland Sea, At Onogoro-shima they built a holy edifice called tlie Yahirodono and lived there.
In addition to Awaji Island, they created Oyamato-toyo-akitsushima (Japan Proper), the Islands of lyo (now known as
Shikoku), Oki, Iki, Tsushima, Sado and Tsukushi (Kyushu), the whole of which are known as Oyashiraa-no-kuni (Great
Eight Islands). They tiien appointed divine rulers to control these Islands, and in the meantime Ohirume-no-mikoto and
Susano-no-mikoto were born to them. Ohirume-no-mikoto is known as Amaterasu Omikami, and her high virtues were so
greatly admired by Izanagi-no-mikoto and Izanami-no-mikoto that she was ordered to govern " Takama-ga-hara," while
Susano-no-mikoto was instructed to control the world. Owing, however, to anti-divine action on _ the part of Susano-no-
niikoto, Amaterasu Omikami, by way of warning him, entered the Ama-no-iwaya (Heavenly Cave) and shut up its doors
with the result that it became pitch Haik day and night, being followed by innumerable ominous incidents and disasters.
Thereupon, all the gods of the Universe convened a conference at " Ame-no-yasukawa " to save the gloomy situation. It
was then agreed that Ishikoritome-no-mikoto should manufacture " Yatano-kagami " (Mirror comprising one of the Three
Sacred Treasures now enshrined in the Imperial Palace), while Kushiakarutama-no-kami should make " Yasakani-no-
magatama" (Holy Jewels, one of the Three Sacred Treasures). Tliese Treasures, together with other divine offerings,
were hung on branches of " sakaki " trees (cleyera Japonica) and upheld by Futotama-no-mikoto, ancestor of the Imube
family before the Ama-no-iwaya. Amenokoyane-no-mikoto, ancestor of the Nakatomi family, offered prayers beseeching
that light might again illumine the Universe. A series of sacred dances and musical performances were at the same time
conducted by other gods and goddesses. Thus the anger of Amaterasu Omikami was dispelled and light again flashed
out from above the clouds. Susano-no-mikoto was then expelled to Idzumo province where he encountered a huge
serpent, known as " Yamata-orochi," which attempted to devour Kushiinada-hime. The serpent was killed by Susano-no-
mikoto and thus her life was saved. In the body of the serpent was found a sword, which was presented to
Amaterasu Omikami. This sword was afterwards called Murakumo-no-Tsurugi and constitutes one of the Three Sacred
Treasures,
A descendant of Susano-no-mikoto, Onamuchi-no-mikoto, who is also named Okuninushi-no-mikoto, was a god
endowed with a spirit of high virtue and courage. Taking up his position in Idzumo province Onarauchi-no-mikoto
administered the world in a satisfactory manner. Amaterasu Omikami, in the hope of securing for his son, Araeno-
oshiliomimi-no-mikoto, to government of the world, sent his messengers more than once to Okuninushi^no-mikoto to secure
the latter's consent. The influence of Okuninushi-no-mikoto was so great that all the messengers became his subjects instead
of returning to the Kingdom of Heaven where Amaterasu Omikami reigned supreme. Seeing this, Amaterasu Omikami
dispatched two powerful gods, one named Takemikadzuchi-no-kami and the other Futsu-nushi-no-kami, to the palace of
Okuninushi-no-mikoto to enforce obedience to her command. Thereupon Okuninushi-no-mikoto retired to the Kidzuki-no-
miya Hall in Idzumo province. A shrine was afterwards built at Kidzuki in his memory and is at present known as the
Great Shrine of Idzumo.
The irresistible force of Takemikadzuchi-no-kami and Futsu-nushi-no-kumi (who are now euslirined at the
Katori Shrine in Hitachi province and at the Kashima Shrine in Shimosa province respectively), coupled with the
submission of Okuninushi-no-mikoto, brought about a highly admirable regulation of State affairs. Amaterasu Omikami,
hoping that ISinigi-no-raikoto, son of Ameno-oshihomimi-no-mikoto, should govern the State, bestowed on Ninigi-no-mikoto
the Three Sacred Treasures above referred to and then granted the following Divine Message to him who was guarded by
Amenokoyane-no-mikoto, Futotama-no-mikoto, Ameno-oshihi-no-mikoto (ancestor of the Otomo family) and Arnatsukume-
no-mikoto (ancestor of the Kume family): — " Ashihara no ehiiho-aki no midzuUo-no-huni wa kore waga shison no kimi
tarubeki china ri. Yoroshiku nanji koson yukiie shirase. AmatsuhiUugi no sakaye masan koto masani tenj5 to kiwamari
tiakarubeshi." (The Land of the Rising Sun should be ruled and governed by Our descendants. You should first go and
control the State, which shall prosper as long as there exists a universe).
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Thereupon Ninigi-no-mikoto, accompanied by the various gods, descended on Mt. Takachiho in Himuga (general
name of Satsuma, Osumi and Hyuga provinces) of Kyushu and resided at Kasasa-no-misaki in Atano-kuni (believed to be
the port of Kaseda in Satsuma province at present). This is what the Japanese generally regard as " The Descent of the
Sun Goddess' Grandson " (Tenson Koiiii). After Ninigi-no-mikoto there were Hikohohodemi-no-mikoto and Ugaya-
Fukiayezu-no-mikoto, both of whom, taking up their supreme position in the western region, governed the country,
which was then handed over to Jimrau Tenno, the first Emperor of Japan.
CHAPTER II.
THE ORGANIZATION OF THE EMPIRE OF JAPAN.
Emperor Jimmu was the son and heir of Ugaya-Fukitiyezu-no-mikoto and was first named Sanu-no-mikoto.
Ascending the Throne, His Majesty was named Kamuyamato-Iwarehiko-no-mikoto and established his Palace at Takachiho-
no-miya in Himuga province (in the neighbourhood of Miyazaki in Miyazaki Prefecture, Kyushu). His Majesty was
endowed with fine qualities of sagacity, uprightness and perseverance. At a council of the members of the Imperial family
and his vassals the Emperor announced: That since the days of Ninigi-no-mikoto, who was ordered by Amaterasu-
Omikami to govern tlie country We have only established Our seat of Government in the western region. We are aware
that ill the east there is a vast tract of land which has not yet been placed under Our control. Surrounded on all sides by
ever-green mountain ranges the district of Yamato (Kyoto and neighbourhood at the present time) is most suited for the
conduct of administration inasmuch as it is located in the centre of the Empire. Be it resolved, therefore, that We should
establish Our seat of Government there.
Emperor Jimmu, at the head of the Imperial force, left Himuga for Northern Kyushu and thence to the districts on
the Inland Sea, where His Majesty spent several years in subjugating the various tribes. He then planned to reach his
destination, namely, the district of Yamato.
At that time the district of Yamato was under the sway of Nagasune-hiko, leader of a tribe, who had as his divine
dictator Nigihayahi-no-mikoto, descendant of a god. He was so powerful in arms that he opposed the Imperial force under
the command of Jimmu Tenno, who landed in Naniwa (Osaka at present) and who, in an engagement with Nagasune-hiko,
suffered a defeat. Thus the Imperial force changed the programme of campaign. Landing in Kuraano, Kii province, the
Imperial force attacked the flank of the enemy, but was again unsuccessful. A sacred golden kite was then seen hovering
over the Imperial force, and it perched on the bow the Emperor was carrying. Strange to say, powerful rays issuing from
the sacred bird were so dazzling that Nagasune-hiko and his men conld not face the Imperial force and were thus obliged to
beat a retreat. In this way the Imperial force won a brilliant victory, [The Military Order of the Golden Kite, which was
inaugurated in the Meiji Era, is derived from this historic incident]. Nigihayahi-no-mikoto became convinced that Jimmu
Tenno was the chief representative of the descendants of gods and tried to induce Nagasune-hiko to lay aside his arms and
sue for peace. To this, Nagasune-hiko objected. Thereupon Nigihayahi-no-mikoto killed Nagasune-hiko and joined the
Imperial force. Jimmu Tenno highly appreciated the action of Nigihayahi-no-mikoto, whose son, Umashimate-no-mikoto,
was then given a powerful office. Umashimate-no-mikoto was the ancestor of tiie Monobe family. His Majesty established
his Palace at Kashihara, to the south-east of the Unebi-yama in Yam ito province, and in January, two thousand five
hundred and seventy-four years ago, computed from the fourth year of the Taisho Era (1915), the Enthronement was
conducted there. Thus the Empire of Japan was established.
Under the command of Jimmu Tenn5 there was a group of a special race who afterwards became known as the
Yamato race and who assisted tiie Throne in adjusting affairs of the State. Various tribles, such as Ezo and Tsuchigumo,
were all subjugated by, and assimilated with, the Yamato race who, with the Throne as the centre of activities, attained a
remarkable development as a nation. In strengthening the foundations of the Empire the Yamato race, or Japanese,
worshipped gods, respected their ancestors and lineage and encouraged military training. The Japanese people are in reality
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a gigantic family with the Emperor as their administrator. It is, therefore, no wonder that the people regard the Emperor
as " Akitsu Mikami " (Living God) and that in guarding the Throne they are always willing to sacrifice everything. A
poem composed by the ancestor of the Otomo family says : —
" Umi-yuka ba mi-tsuku kabane; Yama-yuka ba kusa-musu kabane; Ogimino heni-koso shiname ; Nodo-niwa shinaji."
Meaning : " In naval warfare we are prepared for a watery grave.
" In land campaigns we are aware that our remains will be covered with grai=8 and moss.
" Oil, our beloved Sovereign ! We are always ready to die in your presence.
" We are not so disloyal as to breathe our last at home, but are quite willing to serve whatever command you may
give."
The above passages truly exhibit the loyal sentiments of the Japanese towards the Throne. Unparalleled as are the
specially close relations existing between the Imperial House and the people, the Empire of Japan is destined to maintain
its position for ever and to attain development both in arms and commerce on the international stage.
CHAPTER III.
THE YAMATO COURT PERIOD.
During the Yamato Court Period the Empire was governed under a family system. The Emperors, with but few
exceptions, resided in Yamato Province, although each Emperor removed the seat of Government after the Enthronement.
The Japanese people are in reality a large family. Under the family system certain hereditary offices, either civil or
military, were bestowed upon different families. For instance, the Nakatomi family, whose ancestor was Ameiio-koyane-
no-mikoto, and the Imbe family, whose ancestor was Futotama-no-mikoto, took charge of festivities, while military affairs
were entrusted to the Otomo family, whose ancestor was Ameno-oshihi-no-mikoto, and the Mouonobe family, whose ancestor
was Nigihayahi-no-mikoto. These families are generally known as the Yaso-torao-no-o, who were rendered service by a
class of people called the Tomobe. To these families were granted certain tracts of land, which they administered. Tiie
successive Emperors ruled and governed the Imperial estates, known as Miagata and Mita.
Emperor Sujin, the tenth Sovereign, was both sagacious and courageous. During his reign an epidemic wrouglit
havoc among the people, many of whom succumbed to the malady. Thereupon the Emperor offered prayers to the gods
and his ancestors in order that the epidemic might be speedily stamped out. He transferred to Kasanui-no-mura, in Yamato
province, the Murakumo-no-tsurugi and Yata-no-kagami (two of the Three Sacred Treasures) which, together with the
Yasakani-no-magatama (one of the Three Sacred Treasures), had hitherto been enshrined in the chamber where the successive
Emperors and Empresses were. Amaterasu Omikami was also enshrined and worshipped by their Majesties. Tlie Emperor
then ordered a sword and a mirror to be made, and kept these in the Palace together with the Yasakani-no-magatama.
Seeing tliat various tribes were against the Imperial regime, tlie Emperor dispatched four' Generals to the TOkaido,
Hokurikudo, SanyodS and San-indo to subjugate them, and thus peace was established in the country.
Emperor Sui-nin, the eleventh Sovereign, introduced reforms into the system of Administration. Benevolent as he
was. His Majesty issued instructions prohibiting the court officials and all classes of the people from committing " junshi " (to
be buried alive together with the deceased Emperor or Empress and other high personages). Upon the death of Empress
Hihasuliime-no-mikoto, Norai-no-sukune, an attendant to the Emperor suggested the manufacture of a number of clay human
figures, horses, etc. to bury together with the remains of Her Majesty, thereby establishing a precedent for the Imperial
obsequies. This suggestion was highly appreciated by the Emperor from the view-point of humanity. These human
figures were called " haniwa," and have been discovered in various districts at the present time. By order of the Emperor,
a shrine was established on the bank of the Isuzu-gawa river in Ise province, where Amaterasu Omikami, together with
the Murakumo-no-tsurugi and Yata-no-kagami, were enshrined. This shrine constitutes the Nai-gu in the Imperial Great
Shrine of Ise province. The Emperor, as did his immediate ancestor, encouraged agriculture, which attained considerable
development under his regime.
During the reign of Emperor Keiko a tribe known as the kumaso in Tsukushi (Kyushu) revolted. The Emperor
led an expedition thither, and after the lapse of eight years the uprising was suppressed. Afterwards, the tribe again rose
against the Imperial Court. Yamatotakeru-no-mikoto, son of the Emperor, who was then sixteen yeara old, was sent to
Kyushu to suppress the uprising. Disguised as a woman, he penetrated into the camp of the tribe and killed the leader, with
the result tlmt the uprising was quelled. Afterwards, another tribe, known as the Ebiso, revolted. The Ainu race, in the
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Hokkai-do at the present time, originates from the Ebiso, who then occupied the districts of Tokai-do and To8an-do in Eaatefn
Japan. The Emperor again sent Yaraatotakeru-no-mikoto to subdue the uprising. Prior to his departure he visited the
Imperial Great Shrine in Ise province to offer prayer in order that his mission might prove successful. He received from
Yaraatohirae-no-mikoto, in cliarge of tiie Shrine, the Murakumo-no-tsurugi, one of the Three Sacred Treasures kept in the
Shrine. Wearing the sacred sword, Yamatotakeru-no-mikoto proceeded to Suruga province, where His Highness was
almost victimized by the rebels, wiio pretended that they had surrendered to him. Taking him into a field the rebels set
fire to the grass in all directions, in the hope that he would be burnt to death. Thereupon, he unsheathed the sacred sword
and cut the grass round about him, tiiereby saving himself from destruction. After this, the name Murakumo-no-tsurugi
was changed to that ot Kusanagi-no-tsurugi (Grass-Cut-Sword) in order to mark the event. His Highness pursued the
rebels as far as the district of Rikuzen province, in North-eastern Japan, and then returned in triumph. On the way he
contracted an illness, to which he finally succumbed when he reached Ise province. Prior to his demise he left the sword at
Atsuta, Owari province, where a shrine was later established to enshrine the sacred blade. This shrine has since been called
the Atsuta jingu Shrine.
During the reign of Empeior Chuai, the fourteenth Sovereign, the Kumaso in Kyushu again revolted. The Emperor,
together with Empress Jingo, set out on an expedition, but His Majesty died of an illness before he could accomplish his
object. The Empress, thinking that the uprising of the Kumaso against the Imperial Court was due to the backing of
Shirngi (present Chosen), herself led a powerful expedition to Shiragi, in spite of the fact that she was pregnant at the time.
Takeshi-uchi-no-suknne, the well-known General in the expedition, played a conspicuous part in the operations. The King
of Shiragi finally surrendered, and gave pledge to present the Imperial Court of Japan with annual tributes as a mark of
respect, intimating that the Peninsular Kingdom would never discontinue the practice unless the sun rose from the western
horizon, the waters in the Arinare (Yalu river) flowed towards the upper reaches and the stones in the rivers rose up into
the sky and became stars. The Empress was satisfied with this and returned home. From that time the Kumaso remained
submissive to the Imperial rule.
In Chosen there were at the time four different States, comprising Shiragi, Koma, Kudara and Mimana. As a result
of Empress Jingo's expedition, these States surrendered one after another, and tlius the whole of the peninsula was annexed
to Japan.
On arrival in Kyushu from Ciiosen, Her Majesty gave birth to a son, who immediately ascended the throne and
was named Emperor Ojin, being the fifteenth Sovereign. During the cliildhood of the Emperor, Her Majesty personally
discharged the affairs of State, and this was the origin of the form of administration known as Sessho, or Regent.
With the annexation of Chosen the means of communication were firmly established with Japan, and various
branches of science and industry were introduced to this country. During tlie reign of Emperor Ojin, the King of Kudara
in Chosen sent to Japan a member of his family, named Achiki, to present two fine horses to the Imperial Court.
Achiki being a scholar in Chinese classics, the Emperor caused liis son Ujinowakairatsuko-no-Woji, to learn Chinese
classics from him. On the recommendation of Achiki, the great scholar named Wani was the following year summoned
from Chosen and appointed tutor to the Heir Apparent. Wani, on coming to Japan, presented several copies of " Kongo "
and "Senjimon" to the Imperial Court, Thus Chinese classics were first brought into Japan, and were followed by the
introduction of various lines of industry from the peninsula. Not only the Koreans but Chinese have immigrated to Japan
in large numbers and assimilated the manners and customs of the Japanese.
Emperor Nintoku, the sixteenth Sovereign, was endowed with fine qualities of benevolence, sagacity and magnanimity.
Unlike his ancestors, the Emperor removed the seat of Government from Yamato to Naniwa (Osaka), where His Majesty
established a Palace, called the Takatsu-no-miya. This was because Naniwa was far more advantageous than Yamato for
the maintenance of communication with Chosen. The higii virtues of tiie Emperor were in many cases manifested in a
practical miinner. One day His Majesty ascended a tower to look down over the city, when he noticed that the smoke
issuing from the households was very scarce. Sagacious as he was, he was soon convinced that his subjects were suffering
from want of food and other necessaries. An Imperial Ordinance was immediately issued, relieving the people from the
imposition of various taxes during three successive years. The Palace building began to show signs of decadence, but the
Emperor did not heed. After the lapse of three years His Majesty again ascended the tower, when he saw smoke rising
from every household. The Emperor then declared, " We have become very rich." Hearing this, the Empress asked
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His Majesty the reason why the Imperial Court became rich when the Palace building was going to decay. The Emperor
replied, intimating that the people constitute the foundations of the State, and it may, therefore, be urged that the wealth
of the people means the wealth of the Imperial Court. After repeated requests from the people, the Emperor oonseuted to
re-build the Palace.
Emperor Yuryaku, the twenty-first Sovereign, encouraged all branches of military science. His Majesty one day
proceeded to Mt. Katsuragi, in Yamato province, for hunting purposes. A huge wild boar suddenly appeared at some
distance from the spot where the Emperor was seated and made a dash upon His Majesty. Thereupon the Eraptror
ordered a " toneri " (military aide-de-camp) to kill the beast, but he hesitated. His Majesty, with bow, faced the beast,
and after a struggle succeeded in killing it. He was so greatly irritated at the timidity of the toneri that he was on the
point of killing him when the Empress appeared on the scene and pleaded with His Majesty to spare the man's life.
Thus the toneri was spared. The Empress was a daughter of Emperor Nintoku, and named Hata-hi-hime. In later
years the Emperor devoted his energy to the development of agriculture and industry, while the Empress engaged in the
task of raising silk worms. In obedience to instructions from the Imperial Court, Hata-no-sake-no-kimi, descendant of a
Chinese named Yudzuki-no-kimi, who, together with maqy Chinese, immigrated to Japan and became naturalized Japanese,
caused members of the Hata family, 18,000 in all, to make a number of weaving apparatus in order to develop the silk
industry. As a result, a large quantity of silk was manufactured and presented to the Imperial Court. The Emperor and
Empress sent their representatives to Kure-no-Kuni (South China) to engage several female weavers and sewing girls, with
the result that weavers named Aya-hatori and Kure-hatori and sewing women named E-hirae and Oto-hime were brought
to Japan. The Imperial Court further asked the King of Kudara in Chosen to engage and send to Japan skillful artisans
and workmen in various lines of industry. Thus a number of artisans, comprising " suye-tsukuribe" (manufacturer of
earthen ware), " kura-tsukuribe " (saddle-maker) " e-kakibe " (painter) and nishigoribe (manufacturers of gold brocade),
were also brought to Japan. A carpenter named Tsuge-no-mita, incompliance with instructions of the Emperor, erected
large buildings for the first time in Japan. His Majesty then established a shrine at Yaraada, Ise province, wherein was
dedicated Toyo-uke-no-«kami, god for living and clothing. This shrine is what is now known as the Geku in the Imperial
Great Shrine of Ise.
Upon the death of Emperor Seinei, neither Kenso Tenno nor Ninken Tenno dared to ascend the Throne. litoyono-
aono-raikoto, who was their elder sister, conducted the admiuistration temporarily. Kenso Tenno then ascended the
Throne, and three years later was succeeded by Ninken Tenno.
During the reign of Emperor Kimmei, the twenty-ninth Sovereign, the King of Kudara in Chosen sent an Envoy to the
Imperial Court of Japan and presented the image of Buddha and the Buddhist scriptures to encourage Buddhism. The
Emperor convened a conference of high officers and officials to consider whether the presents should be accepted.
Soga-no-Iname (descendant of Takeshi-uchi-no-sukune) urged the advisability of accepting the presents, while
Mononobe-no-Okoshi opposed their acceptance, contending that should the Japanese worship a god of a foreign country
they would provoke the resentment of the gods of Japan. His Majesty then gave the presents to 8oga-no-Iname, who kept
them in his villa. Buddhism was thus introduced to Japan for the first time. Subsequently a plague was reported in
various parts of the country, and many persons perished. Mononobe-no-Okoshi thought that this was doubtless due to the
resentment of the gods of the country, and with the sanction of the Emperor took steps to destroy the image of Buddha and
the temple in which it was enshrined. Still the Soga family continued to believe in Buddhism. Tliis gave rise to the later
trouble between the Soga and Mononobe families. Umako, son and heir of Soga-no-Iname, on succeeding to the hereditary
office of his father as Minister of State,J killed Moriya, son and heir of Mononobe-no-Okoshi, who succeeded to tlie
hereditary post of his father as Omuraji (office similar to that of Minister of Statei). Thus the Mononobe family was
extinguished.
Empress Suiko, the tliirty-third Sovereign, appointed Umayado-no-Woji, son of Emperor Yomei, thirty-first
Sovereign, Heir Apparent, to whom administrative affairs were entrusted. He was generally known as Shotoku Taishi,
being a really intelligent and virtuous ruler, and was a devoted believer of Buddhism. Under his direction, Buddhism
spread through the length and breadth of the country, and fine arts, comprising painting, engraving and architecture,
attained such remarkable development that they are at present known as " the fine arts of the Suiko Dynasty," in which
the ancient Greek and Indian designs are traceable. The famous Shitenno-ji Temple in Settsu province and the Horyu-ji
Temple in Yamato province were built during this period.
»
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Shotoku Taishi adjusted various systems of administration, and promulgated a Constitution comprising seventeen
Articles, laying great stress upon tiie importance of unity and co-opeiation of all classes of the people and the
encouragement of Buddhism. He tiien sent an Envoy to China and presented to the Chinese Court an autograph letter,
thus effecting intercourse oflScially between the two countries. The result was the introduction of civilization from the
Asiatic Continent.
In the reigns of Emperor Jomei, the thirty-fourth Sovereign, and of Emperor Kogyoku, the Soga family gained in-
fluence in and outside the Imperial Court and committed irregularities. Thereupon Nakatomi-no-Kamatari, with the help
of Nakano-Oye-no-Woji, son of Emperor Jomei, killed Soga-no-Iruka and thus the Soga family became extinct. With
Kotoku Tenno as successor to Emperor Kogyoku, Nakano-Oye-no-Woji, together with Nakatorai-no-Kamatari, carried
out thorough reforms of administration, and this is known as the Innovation of the Taika Era.
CHAPTER IV.
THE TAIKA REFORM PEHIOD.
Emperor Tenji was a son of Emperor Kimmei and was named Naka-no-Oye-no-Woji before he ascended the Throne.
He was the most enlightened Ruler the country had ever produced and introduced radical reforms in all lines of administra-
tion while he was the Heir Apparent with the help of Nakatomi-no-Kamatari, lie was successful in executing Soga-uo-Iruka
who had endangered the foundations of the Imperial Court. In appreciation of the distiuguislied service rendered by Naka-
nn-Oye-no-Woji in destroying the dangerous element, Empress Kogyoku expressed her willingness lo abdicate in his favour,
but Naka-no-Oye-no-Woji declined the offer. Emperor Kotoku, tiie thirty-sixth Sovereign tiien ascended the Throne.
This was the first time in history that a reigning Monarch was succeeded by a descendant during his or her life-time. The
name of the Era, called Taika, was then inaugurated for the first time. In accordance with instructions of the Emperor,
Naka-no-Oye-uo-Woji, with the help of Nakatomi-no-Kamatari and other oiRcers, carried out thorough reforms in
various branches of administration, and the result was that all tracts of land in the country were placed under the direct
control of the Imperial Court, while hereditary offices of various grades in Government circles were abolished. Further,
the Central Government was established with district offices under it and measures were taken to strengthen the national
defence, to facilitate the means of communication and to re-adjust taxation. These reforms were all effected iu the second
year of the Taika Era, namely in the one thousand three hundred and sixth year since the accession of the first Emperor
Jimmu, or in 646 A.D. In the history of Japan, the Taika Era, like tiie Meiji Era, is remarkable in that the
sovereign power was practically restored to the Imperial Court. Up to the duys of Emperor Mommu, the forty-second
Sovereign, successive Emperors carried on administration on the lines adopted by Naka-no-Oye-no-Woji.
Upon the death of Emperor Kotoku, ex-Empress Kogyoku again ascended the Throne, when Her Majesty was
named Saimei Tenno. Naka-no-Oye-no-Woji, in his capacity of Crown Prince, assisted the Empress in the conduct of
administration. The Imperial Court sent against the Ebiso, a tribe on the littoral of the Japan Sea, an expedition, under
the command of Abe-no-Hirafu, Lord of Koshi-no-Kuni, comprising Echizen, Kaga, Noto, Etcliu and Echigo provinces.
The expedition, in pursuit of the retreating tribe, crossed over to Wutari-no-shima (Hokkai-do) and inaugurated a military
magistrate in Sliiribeshi in order to govern the Island. Abe-no-Hirafu then sailed for the littoral region of Siberia, which
was known to the Japanese us Mishi-liase at the time, and after conquering that region returned home in triumph.
After the famous expedition led by Empress Jingo-Kogo to Korea, the Slates of Mimana and Kudara continued to
remain submissive to Japan, but the States of Shiragi and Koma revolted continually. Japan, therefore, sent expeditions
against Shiragi on several occasions. In Mimana, a Japanese Governor-General was stationed to control the peninsula.
During the reign of Emperor Kimmei, Shiragi subjugated Mimana, with the result that the .Japanese Government-General
was withdrawn. Meanwhile Shiragi, with the help ot China, subjugated the whole of the peninsula. A Japanese expe<Ii-
tion was later sent against Shiragi, but was unsuccessful. Naka-no-Oye-no-Woji thought it wise to concentrate his
energy on domestic administration and not to interfere with the outside world.
Naka-no-Oye-no-Woji ascended the Throne and was nameii Tenji Tenno, being the thirty-eighth Sovereign. Naka-
tomi-no-Kamatari, the right-hand man of the Emperor, died later. Prior to his death the Emperor visited him on his
deatli-bed — a great honour seldom accorded subjects by the Sovereign. His Majesty announced that the descendants of
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Nakatomi-no-Kamatari would adopt the family name of Fujiwara, and the supreme court rank known as Taishokukan was
accorded the son and heir of Nakatomi-no-Kamatari, who, during his life-time, rendered valuable services to the State in
enacting various laws and regulations, adapted from the Chinese system of administration at the time. Under the family
iiarae of Fujiwara the descendants of Nakatomi-no-Kamatari thrived and established blood relations with the Imperial
House successively. In later years they became Sessho (Regent) or Kampaku (Grand Chancellor to the Emperor).
The Emperor established his Palace at Otsu in Oral province and the Imperial Court at the time was known as the
Omi Court.
Emperor Kobun, the thirty-ninth Sovereign, was a tall and raanly-looking Monarch and a scholar inCliiuese classics.
Emperor Temmu, the fortieth Sovereign, was an enlightened Ruler and laid great stress upon the importance of
maintaining national character and spirit against the introduction of things Ciiinese which were then in vogue among
various classes of the Japanese. A noteworthy fact is that the Emperor ordered a history of Japan to be compiled on the
basis of all records and chronicles available for the purpose.
Emperor Momrau, the forty-second Sovereign, on ascending the Throne, caused Osakabe Shinno, a son of Emperor
Temmu, and Fuhito Fujiwara, a son of Kamatari, to either enact or remould viiriouS laws and regulations to suit the
conditions of the time. This work was completed in the first year of tlie Daiho Em, or in 701, A.D., and is now known as
the laws and regulations of the Daiho Era. In the second year of the Yoro Era (718, A.D.), when Empress Gensho, the
forty-fourth Sovereign, ruled the country the laws and regulations in force were further amended. According to the laws
and regulations of the Daiiio Era the Central Government comprised the Jiugi-kan and the Dajo-kan offices, the former
attending to all functions relating to gods and Imperial ancestors and the latter dealing with administrative affairs. It
should be noted that the Dajo-kan is composed of eight Departments of the Imperial Household, Court Affairs, Ceremonies,
Home Affairs, Finance, Justice, War and Civil Administration.
CHAPTER V.
THE NARA PERIOD.
In the third year of the Wado Era (710 A.D.), Empress Gemmei removed the Capital of the Empire to Nara, where
Her Majesty established her new Palace on an elaborate scale. From that time Nara remained the seat of the Central
Government for more than seventy years, during which period seven Monarchs ascended the Throne and ruled the country.
Emperor Konin being the last Sovereign of this particular period, which is generally knowQ as the Nara period. During
the reign of Empress Gemmei silver and copper coins were made for the first time in this country, the Chinese characters
" Wado Kaiiio " (Auspicious Treasure of the Wado Era) being struck thereon. Another noteworthy fact is that a history
of Japan was first compiled in the Japanese language under the direction of Her Majesty, this being known as the Kojiki
(Ancient Chronicle).
In the reign of Empress Gensho, who succeeded Empress Gemmei, another history of Japan, called the Nihon Shoki,
was compiled in Chinese.
Emperor Shomu, the forty-fifth Sovereign, who reigned from 744 A.D. to 749, was a devoted believer in the faith of
Buddhism and issued an Order that a temple, called the Kokubun-ji, be established in eacii province of the Empire. At
Naia a temple called tlie Todai-ji was built under the Imperial command, and within the precincts of the temple a
gigantic image of Buddha, in copper with mixture of gold and measuring 53 feet high, was erected. Over the image
stands a huge wooden edifice, measuring 126 feet high and extending 290 feet from west to east, was built. Empress
Komyo, who was also a believer in Buddhism, assisted His Majesty in the conduct of State affairs and eslablished
various charity organizations for the benefit of the poor. During this period fine arts and various branches of industry
attained a remarkable development, as did also architecture, painting, weaving, lucquer-ware industry, etc. The
manufacture of glass and soap was extensively carried on, and the printing of sacred books of Buddhism was undertaken
with success. The relics of this period are at present kept at the Shoso-in at Nara. The literature, too, attained a degree
of perfection, and among well-known literary men of the period are Kakinomoto-no-hitomaro and Yamube-no-akahito. An
Imperial Order was issued anuouncing that the people, high and low, should wear their clothes in such a manner that the
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right-hand portion was covered by the left-hand (just as is the case with the Western frockcoat at the present time). The
capital of Nara at the time presented a splendid and picturesque siglit, all classes of tiie people being in a flourishing
condition.
In Manchuria at this period was a country called Bokkai-koku (Pechili), which sent its Representative to Japan
and thus established a communication with this country which, until about the middle of the Heian Period, continued to
present to the Japanese Imperial Court each year its tributes in the form of rare and valuable articles as a mark of its
being a dependency of Japan.
Empress Koken, the forty-sixth Sovereign, re-ascended the Throne in 764, A.D. and was named Shotoku Tenno,
being the forty-eighth Sovereign. At this time tliere was an influential priest named Dokyo, who finally secured the
supreme office of Dajo-daijin (Premier). His influence in and outside the Imperial Court was so great that in certain
sections the suggestion was made that should Dokyo ascend the Throne and govern the State there would be a permanent
peace and tranquility all over the country. Thereupon the Empress ordered Wage-no- Kiyomaro, a famous loyalist, to
obtain the Divine oracle on the subject. Wage-no-Kiyomaro then announced that the Empire of Japan shall, under the
Divine oracle, be ruled and governed by descendants of the first Emperor Jimmu and that anyone who attempted to
threaten the Sovereign power should be executed. Dokyo was greatly irritated at this announcement and exiled Kiyomaro
to the country by way of punishment. He could not, however, realize his ambition to become a crowned monarch. Upon
the death of the Empress Konin Tenno, the forty-ninth Sovereign ascended the Throne and re-calle<l Kiyomaro from his
exile, while Dokyo was in turn exiled to Shimosa Province.
CHAPTER VI.
THE HEIAN PERIOD.
The Heian Period covers a time from the accession to the Throne of Emperor Kammu, the fiftieth Sovereign, in
781, A.D., to the inauguration in Kamakura of a Military Government by Yoritomo Minamoto. This period may be
divided into the following three sections : —
The first section is known as the Shinsei Period and covers the time from the accession of Emperor Kammu in
781, A.D. to the third year of the Kajo Era (850, A.D.) when Emperor Nimmyo abdicated the Throne.
The second section is known as the Fujiwara Period and covers a period from the accession of Emperor Moutoku, the
fifty-fifth Sovereign, in 850, A.D., to the fourth year of the Jiryaku Era (1068, A.D.), when Emperor Goreizei abdicated.
The third section is known as the Insei Period and covers a period from the accession of Emperor Gosanjo, the
seventy-first Sovereign, in 1068, A.D , to the fourth year of the Juyei Era (1185, A D.), when Emperor Antoku died.
During the first section the State was governed by tlie Sovereigns, but in the second section the country was under the
sway of the Fujiwara family, while in the third section the Sovereign power was transferred to the retired Emperors. During
this period there was a feud between the Minamoto and the Taira families, the former using the white banner as standard
and the latter the red banner, just as was the case with the White and the Red Rose in England. The result was a victory
for the Minamoto family.
The Shinsei Period: — Emperor Kammu, ascending the Throne, removed the capital of the Empire from Nara to
Uda-mura in Kadouo district, Yamashiro Province, in the 13th year of the Yenryaku Era (794, A.D.). The new Capital
was called Heiankyo at the time and is, in fact, the Kyoto of to-day. Under instructions of the Emperor, the streets were
laid out in regular order and the Palace, together with Government offices were established on the site they occupy at the
present time. From then, Kyoto remained the Capital of the Empire until 1869, A.D., a period of 1075 years. During
this period the Ezo tribe in North-eastern Japan often revolted. An expedition under the command of Taniuramaro
Saka-no-uye was sent against the tribe, which was soon subjugated.
During the reign of Emperor Saga, the fifty-second Sovereign, the Imperial Court exchanged Envoys with China.
The study of Chinese classics and other lines of science was in vogue at the time, and a number of young men and priests
proceeded to China for the prosecution of their studies. At Kyoto a College of high standing was established, and in the
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provinces there were a large number of schools and other educational institutions, both official and private, where Chinese
classics were taught. Among leading scholars were Ono-iio-Takamura and Miyako-no-Yoshika,
There were two distinguished priests, one named Kukai, who is at present known as Kobo-Daishi, and the other
Saicho, who is known aa Dengyo-Daishi. Kobo-Daishi established a religious sect known as the Shingon-shu and a temple
called the Kongobu-ji at the Koya-san in Kii province, as his headquarters. Dengyo-Daishi also establisiied another sect
known as the Tendai-shu and a temple called the Onryaku-ji at the Hiyei-zau near Kyoto, as his headquarters.
The Fujiwara Period : — Emperor Montoku, the fifty-fifth Sovereign, was a son of Emperor Nimmyo, whose
Empress hailed from the Fujiwara family, the ancestor of which is Karaatari. Yoshifusa Fujiwara, a descendant of
Karaatari, had a close blood relation with the Throne upon his sister's side. Enjoying the full confidence of the Court, he
finally Hssumed the supreme office of Dajo Daijin and administered affairs of State.
Emperor Seiwa, the fifty-sixth Sovereign, who ascended the Throne in b>yhood, was also assisted by Yoshifusa
Fujiwara who, in the eighth year of Jogiin (866, A.D.) was appointed the Sessho, or Regent, and conducted the administra-
tion in place of the Emperor. Tims the Fujiwara family came to grasp the reins of Government. Through the reigns of
Emperor Yozei, the fifty-seventh Sovereign, Emperor Koko, tiie fifty-eighth Sovereign, and Emperor Uda, the fifty-ninth
Sovereign, the Fujiwara family continued to carry on the administration. Emperor Uda, wlio was an enlightened
Sovereign, attempted to restore to the Tiirone the administrative power from the hands of the Fujiwara family. Meanwiiile
Mototsune Fujiwara, who had assumed the office of Sessho, died. Taking advantage of this opportunity. His Majesty
abdicated in favour of the Heir Apparent, with the intention of realizing his cherished desire in the name of the new
Emperor. Entering a temple called the Ninna-ji in Kyoto, his Majesty called himself Howo, or Cloistered Emperor. He
then drafted a series of instructions which were given to the new Emperor and whicii are now known as the Kambei
Go-yuikai (Instructions of tlie Kambei Era).
Emperor Daigo, the sixtieth Sovereign, in accordance with the Kambei Go-yuikai, abolished the office of the Sessho
or Kampaku, and appointed Tokihira Fujiwara, son of Mototsune, Sadaijin (assistant Prime Minister in First Class), while
Michizane Sugawara was appointed Udaijin (Assistant Prime Minister in Second Class). The latter was a scholar of
profound learning and highly respected by all in and outside the Imperial Coart. This aroused envy and hatred on the part
of Tokiliira Fujiwara, who contrived a plot against Michizane Sugawara in order to deprive him of his office. His plot was
successful and Michizane Sugawara was exiled to Kyushu. This affair occurred in the first year of the Engi Era
(901, A.I).). Michizane died shortly afterwards in exile. During the reign of Emperor Ichij >, the sixty-sixth Sovereign,
posthumous honours were accorded Michizane, who was given the highest court rank of Jo-ichii and the supreme office of
Dajo-daijin. A shrine was built in his memory at Kitano, Kyoto, and called the Temman Tenjin.
During the Heian Period the use of the Japanese alphabet became the vogue ; also the study of national Japanese
literature and poetry. Ki-no Tsurayuki, a well-known poet, and other scholars, in obedience to instructions of Emperor
Daigo, made a collection of excellent poems from the past ages and published it in the form of a pamphlet, called the Kokin
Waka-ahu (Collection of Poems ill Ancient and Modern Japan). In the preface to the pamphlet, whicli was written by
Ki-no Tsurayuhi, reference is made to six famous poets, including a poetess, all of whom are generally known as the
Rokka-sen (Six Great Poets). They comprise Sojo-Henjo, Nariliira Ariwara, Bunya-no-Yasuhide, Ono-no-Komachi
(poetess), Otomo-no-Kuronushi and Kisen-Hoshi. There was also a clever painter named Kose-no-Kana-oka. During the
Engi Era all members of the Fujiwara family secured influential aud important posts in the Court and central
government. Naturally those who could not find favour in the Court and the Central Government tried to expand
their influence and promote their interest in other districts, and called themselves Bushi or Samurai. To this
category belong the Minamoto family, or Genji, the ancestor of which is Emperor Seiwa, and the Taira family, or Heislii, the
ancestor of which is Emperor Kammu. During the Shohei and Tengyo Eras Taira-no-Masakado, belonging to the Taira
family, revolted in the Kanto district in Eastern Japan, while Fujiwara-no-Sumitomo rebelled in the Sanyo and Nankai
districts in Western Japan. Emperor Suzaku, the sixty-first sovereign, sent expeditions under the command of Taira-no-
Sadamori, Fujiwara-no-Hidesato, Minaraoto-no-Tsunemoto, and other Generals belonging to the Minamoto and Taira families
in o*der to suppress the uprisings in the west and the east. Upon the restoration of peace, members of the Minamoto and
Taira families implanted their respective influence in all parts of the country, and this led to the transfer of administrative
power from the Throne to the Military Regency in later years.
i
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Emperor Murakami, the sixty-second Sovereign, ascended the Throne in the first year of the Tenryaku Era, or
947, A.D,, and conducted the administration in person without the aid of Kampaku (Grand Cliancellor of the Emperor).
Emperor Keizei, the sixty-third Sovereign, was sickly and unable to attend to State affairs. Thus the Fujiwara
family regained authority and assumed tlie oflSces of Sessho and Karapnku as before. For about one hundred years, namely,
until the days of Emperor Goreizei, the seventieth Sovereign, the Fujiwara family conducted the administration. During
the reign of Emperor Ichijo, the sixty-sixth Sovereign, the study of fine arts and music became the vogue among all
classes of the people who led an easy and luxurious life. Especially was this the case with noblemen and their families
in Kyoto. Among the literati of these days were two ladies, one named Murasaki-shikibu and the other Sei-shonagon.
The former compiled the Genji-monogatari, and the latter the Makura-no-foslii, both famous literary works. They are
both regarded as master-pieces of national Japanese literature. Fine arts, such as painting and carving, and various
lines of industry attained to the highest pitch of development in^these days.
In the third year of the Kannin Era (1019, A.D.), during tie reign of Emperor Goichijo, the sixty-eighth
Sovereign, a Mongolian tribe called Toi, with an armada of over fifty vessels, invaded the Tsushima and Iki islands, and
then attempted to land on the coast ofChikuzen in Kyushu. Takaiye Fujiwara, Military Governor of Kyushu, with the
forces under his jurisdiction, faced the invaders, who were obliged to turn back.
During the reign of Emperor Goreizei, the seventieth Sovereign, Sadato and Muneto, sons of Yoritoki Abe, started
a rebellion in Mutsu-no-Kuiii, comprising Iwaki, Iwashiro, Rikuzen, Rikuchu and Mutsu provinces (North-eastern Japan).
Minamoto-no-Yoshiiye, better known as Hachimantaro in history, with Yoriyoshi, his father, was dispatched to the Mutsu
to suppress the uprising, whicli was entirely subjugated after the lapse of nine years. Later another rebellion occurred
in North-eastern Japan, but was suppressed in three years by the Minamoto family, which thus laid the foundations
for implanting its influence iu Northern and Eastern Japan.
The Insei Period : — Emperor Gosanjo, the seventy-first Sovereign, was the second son of Emperor Gosuzaku. His
mother was a daughter of Emperor Sanjo. His Majesty had no blood relation with tlie Fujiwara family, which was
unprecedented since the days of Emperor Uda, the fifty-ninth Sovereign. Yorimichi Fujiwara, who then held the supreme
office of Kampaku, tried in vain to prevent the Heir Apparent (later Emperor Gosanjo) from ascending the Throne.
Emperor Gosanjo married Princess Kei-shi, a daughter of Emperor Goichijo, and thus cut off the blood relationship with
the Fujiwara family. His Majesty then assumed charge of the administration and conducted State affairs in person.
Norimichi, younger brother of Yorimichi, was then appointed Kampaku, but he was practically powerless. Thus the
Fujiwara family was actually deprived of the authority of administration.
His Majesty laid great stress upon the importance of weights and measures, the standards of which were fixed by an
Imperial order. Radical reforms were introduced into various lines of administration, and an Imperial Edict was issued
urging the people to be thrifty and to refrain from indulging in the luxuries of former years. In the fifth year of his reign
the Emperor abdicated in favour of the Heir Apparent, and died the following year.
During the Insei Period, State affairs were practically carried on by the cloistered Emperors, and this period covers
the reigns of Emperors Gosanjo, Shirakawa, Horikawa, Toba and Sutoku.
Emperor Shirakawa, the seventy-second Sovereign, was as sagacious as his immediate predecessor, and after
abdication His Majesty, on assuming the August title of Cloistered Emperor, or Ho-Wo, continued to carry on the
administration. During this period, therefore, the Emperors actually seated on the Throne had nothing to do with State
afl'airs. The propagation of Buddhism was extensively carried on throughout the country, and leading temples were specially
provided with troops, known as " so-hei," or priest forces. Among the leading temples were the Yenryaku-ji at Hiyei-zan,
the Onjo-ji (popularly known as the Mii-dera) in Orai province, the Todai-ji and the Kofuku-ji in Kara. The priest forces
attached to each of these temples numbered several thousand.
In the latter days of the reign of Emperor Shirakawa another revolution broke out in the 0-u district in North-
eastein Japan. An expedition, under the command of Minamoto-no-Yoshiiye, was sent to quell the uprising, and after the
lapse of three years it was entirely suppressed.
For more than three hundred and sixty years after the removal of the Capital from Nara to Heian, or Kyoto, peace
was maintained in the Capital, but during the reign of Emperor Goshirakffwa, the seventy-seventh Sovereign, a disturbance
occurred in Kyoto, this being known in history as the insurrection of the Hogen Era, the origin of which was that the Retired
Emperor Sutoku, in compliance with the wishes of the Cloistered Emperor Toba, abdicated the Throne in favour of Emperor
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Kouoye, who was short-lived. Then Retired Emperor Sutoku desired that his son, Shigehito, or himself, should be enthroned,
but this desire was not realized. By order of the Cloistered Emperor Toba, Emperor Goshirakawa ascended the Throne.
In the first year of the Hogen Era (1156, A.D.) the Cloistered Emperor Toba died. Thereupon the Retired Emperor
Sutoku, with the backing of Fujiwara-no-Yorinaga, Sadaijin (Assistant Prime Minister in First Class), Miuamoto-no-
Tameyoshi, grandson of Miuamoto-no-Yoshiiye and his son, Tametomo, who is well known as a clever archer, and other
influential leaders, started the rebellion. The Emperor, on consultation with Tadaraichi Fujiwara, Kampaku (Grand
Chancellor of the Emperor), sent a strong force under the command of Miurtmoto-no-Yoshitomo and Taira-no-Kiyoraori
against the Retired Emperor Sutoku, who suffered a crushing defeat. The Retired Emperor was then transferred to Sanuki
province, while his followers were either executed or punished.
In the first year of the Heiji Era (1159, A.D.), the year in which Emperor Nijo, the seventy-eighth Sovereign,
ascended the Throne, another disturbance occurred in Kyoto, when Minamoto-no-Yoshitomo, eldest son of Tameyoshi, and
Fujiwara-no-Nobuyori rose against Taira-no-Kiyomori, head of the Taira family, but were defeated and executed. From
that time members of the Taira family grasped the reins of Government. During the reign of Emperor Rokujo, the
seventy-ninth Sovereign, Kiyomori assumed the supreme office of Dajo-daijin (Premier) and handled State affairs in an
autocratic manner. The insurrection of the Heiji Era had its origin in the fact that Minamoto-no-Yoshitomo, who rendered
distinguished services in the suppression of the Hogen insurrection, was not accorded as much honour as Taira-no-Kiyomori.
Minamoto-no-Yoshitomo was also on bad terms with Michinori Fujiwara, a favourite of Cloistered Emperor Goshirakawa.
Nobuyori Fujiwara, another favourite of the Emperor, was on bad terms with Michinori Fujiwara. Taira-no-Kiyomori
proceeded on a pilgrimage to Kumano. Availing themselves of this opportunity, Minamoto-no-Yoshitomo and Nobuyori
Fujiwara rose in rebellion and besieged the Imperial Palaces occupied by the Emperors. Penetrating the Court the two
leaders of the rebellion killed Michinori Fujiwara. On receipt of news of this extraordinary event Kiyomori hastened back
to Kyoto and suppressed the rebellion, Yoshitomo and Nobuyori being executed.
Emperor Takakura, the eightieth Sovereign, on ascending the Throne, admitted Toku-ko, a daughter of Kiyomori,
to attend at Court. Emperor Antoku, the eighty-first Sovereign, was born to her. Minamoto-no-Yorimasa, who was the
only influential representative of the Miuamoto family at the time, and who was over seventy years old, rose against the
Taira family in the fourth year of the Jisho Era (1,180, A.D.), but was defeated. In spite of this, Minamoto-no-Yoritomo,
third son of Yoshitomo, rose in Idzu province against the Taira family, while Miuamoto-no-Yoshinaka, his cousin, also
rebelled in Shinauo province. Meanwhile Taira-no-Kiyomori died in Kyoto. The Taira family, assaulted by the forces of
Ycshinaka and Yoritomo, evacuated Kyoto.
Escorting Emperor Antoku, Munemori, the second son of Kiyomori, left Kyoto for Western Japan. Yoshinaka then
entered Kyoto, the defences of which were strengthened by him in compliance with orders of the Cloistered Emperor
Goshirakawa. Yoshinaka was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the whole forces of the Empire and acted in an autocratic
manner far beyond his authority. Thereupon the Cloistered Emperor gave orders to Yoritomo to suppress Yoshinaka and
the Taira family.
Yoritomo, who had his headquarters at Kamakura, sent strong forces under his two younger brothers, Noriyori and
Yoshitsune, to crush the Taira family. The result was that Yoshinaka was defeated and killed and the famous battle vvas
fought at Danuo-ura, in the Inland Sea, between the forces of Minamoto and Taira in which the Taira, forces were nearly
annihilated. Eraperor Antoku jumped overboard and sank to the bottom of the Inland Sea. This occurred in the fourth
year of the Juyei Era (1185, A.D.). The whole of the Taira family, which exerted its influence over the country for a
period of over twenty years, was ruined, to rise no more.
Thus the Minamoto family regained its influence and Yoritomo established his military Government at Kamakura.
CHAPTER VII.
THE KAMAKURA PERIOD.
Upon the death of Emperor Antoku in the Western Inland Sea, Emperor Gotoba, the eighty-second Sovereign,
ascended the Throne. Tiie Cloistered Eraperor Goshirakawa, however, continued to carry on the administration of the
country. Minamoto-no- Yoshitsune, after annihilating the Taira family's forces at the Dan-no-ura battle, entered the
capital of Kyoto in triumph. Tiie Cloistered Emperor appointed him Commander of the Kyoto garrison in appreciation of
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his distinguished services rendered in vanquishing the Taira family's militarism. Yoshitsune was the most clever and
gallant General the country had ever produced, and he was only a little over twenty years old at the time. A division
arose between Minaraoto-no- Yoshitsune and Minamoto-no-Yoritomo, the latter of whom had established his own military
Government at Karaakura, and was the elder brother of the former. This was the outcome of malicious advice given
to Yoritomo by some one who hated Yoshitsune, because of the latter's military achievements. Yoshitsune, accom-
panied by Benkei and several other faithful followers, left Kyoto for North-eastern Japan, instead of engaging in an armed
conflict with his elder brother. With the consent of the Cloistered Emperor, Yoritomo established Guard Stations at
important places of the country in order to prevent the outbreak of disturbances on the one hand, and on the other to arrest
Yoshitsune. Thus Yoritomo became practically the administrator of the country. It was then in the first year of the Bunji
Era (1185, A.D.). Realizing that the Fujiwara family, the descendant of Hidesato, in Mutsu-no-Kuni in Nortii-eastern Japan
was antagonistic to the Kamakura Government and protected Yoshitsune, Yoritomo sent an expedition against the Fujiwara
family, who were annihilated. In the third year of tiie Kenkyu Era (1,192 A.D.) Yoritomo, with his forces, visited Kyoto
and was received in audience by the Cloistered Emperor, who appointed him Commander-in-Chief of the whole forces of the
Empire. Henceforward, with the exception of the Yoshino Court Period, lasting half a century, the country was governed
for a period of 667 years by Military Regents, including the Tokugawa Administration. Siiortly afterwards the
Cloistered Eraperor died and Emperor Gotoba assumed the Sovereign power. During the reigns of PImperors Tsuchimikado,
Juntoku and Chukyo, Retired Emperor Gotoba continued to exercise the Sovereign power. In the Kamakura Government,
Sanetomo, the Third Shogun (Military Regent), second son of Yoritomo, was assassinated by a priest named Kugyo
belonging to the Minamoto family. Thereupon Masako Hojo, the mother of Sanetomo, with the support of Yoshitoki Hojo,
who then assumed the office of Shikken (Assistant Regent), invited from Kyoto Yoritsune Fujiwara, who had a close
blood relation with the Minamoto family, and appointed him Fourth Regent in Kamakura. The Retired Emjieror Gotoba,
together with the Retired Emperor Juntoku, contrived a plan to crush the Kamakura Government, for the reason
that the latter often ignored Imperial orders. The Kamakura Government sent a strong force to Kyoto, and in a battle
fought between the two forces Retired Eraperor Gotoba suffered a defeat. The result was that the Retired Emperors Gotoba,
Tsuchimikado and Juntoku withdrew from Kyoto to various districts, while Emperor Chukyo abdicated. Emperor
Gohorikawa, the eighty-sixth Sovereign, then ascended the Throne. This was in the third year of the Jokyu Era
(1221, A.D.), and the above conflict is known as the mutiny of the Jokyu Era. The foundations of the Kamakura Military
Government thus became stronger than ever before.
In Kyoto, Emperor Gohorikawa abdicated and was succeeded by Emperor Shijo, and then by Emperors Gosaga,
Gofukakusa and Kameyama. The descendants of Eraperor Gofukakusa are known as the Jimyo-in line, and those of
Eraperor Kameyama as the Daikaku-ji line. The former were always in favour of the Kamakura Government, while the
latter were opposed to it.
Prior to the establishment of the Kamakura Government, Tokimasa Hojo, the father of Yoshitoki, played a
conspicuous part in assisting Yoritomo, the Founder of the Kamakura Government, in civil and military administration.
After the death of Yoritomo and the assumption by Yoriiye of the office of the Second Regent, Tokimasa Hojo was
appointed the Assistant Regent, in which office he was succeeded by Yoshitoki Hojo, and later by Ynsutoki Hojo.
The administration conducted by Yasutoki was so generous that all classes of the people were satisfied. Seeing that the
laws and regulations of the Daiho Era were no longer applicable to the existing conditions, a new law, called the
Joyeishikiraoku, was enacted as a standard of tiie military administration. Tokiyori Hojo, grandson of Yasutoki, conducted
State affairs in a satisfactory manner and discontinued the usage of appointing a member of the Fujiwara family as Military
Regent. A Prince of the Blood was specially invited from Kyoto and appointed Regent.
Japan was twice invaded by powerful forces of Mongolians, in the 11th year of the Bunyei Era (1274, AD.),
when Emperor Kameyama, the Ninetieth Sovereign, occupied the Throne and Tokimune Hojo, son of Tokiyori, was Assistant
Regent, and in the fourth year of the Koan Era (1281, A.D.) when Emperor Gouda, the Ninety-first Sovereign, occupied
the Throne. The Mongolians at the time conquered the whole of Asia and then invaded Eastern Europe. Japan was the
only country in the East which remained unconquerable. In the first invasion of Japan the Mongolians sent a large force
of men and in the second invasion a force of over 100,000, but the enemy was each time defeated by the Japanese armies
from Kyushu, Shikoku and other districts of the Empire. The enemy took possession of the Iki, Tsushima and other island*
off Western Japan, but were unable to land in Kyushu and elsewhere. In the second invasion, a storm arose p.nd nearly
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the whole of the Mougoliau fleet were capsized off Kyushu. In this campaign the Emperor Kameyama offered prayers to
the gods and ancestors of the Imperial House, while Imperial messengers were sent to the Imperial Great Shrine in
Ise province for the same purpose. In temples and shrines prayers were also offered. A priest named Kokakii, of the
Shoden-ji Temple at Kyoto, in offering his prayer to Buddha, composed a poem which reads: — " Suye-no yo-no suye-no
suye-made, waga-kuni-wa yorodzu-no kuni-ni mgure-taru kuni." (So long as the world lasts, may the Empire of Japan
maintain her status as a superior and independent State). In the second Mongolian invasion, mention must be made of
Michiari Kawano, an influential Magistrate of lyo province, who, with two small boats manned by several men each, ran in
among several hundred vessels of the enemy and jumping aboard one of the enemy's biggest vessels put all the Mongolians
to the sword and tooli the Commander prisoner.
The fact that the Mongolians twice failed to conquer Japan was due to appropriate measures taken by the Hojo
family, but after the close of the second Mongolian invasion the Kamakura Government began to suffer from flnnncial trouble
Takatoki Hojo, grandson of Tokiraune, was far less frugal than his ancestors and neglected his duties as Assistant Regent.
The Hojo family were in favour of Emperors belonging to the Jimyoin line, and interfered with the accession in order
to prevent representatives of the Daikakuji line from ascending the Throne. Passing the reigns of Emperors Fushimi,
Gofushirai, Gonijo and Hanazono, Emperor Godaigo, tlie ninety-sixth Sovereign, ascended the Throne. His Majesty belonged
to the Daikakuji line and was an enlightened Monarch, being respected by all classes of the people. Realizing that
Takatoki Hojo lost popularity on account of his maladministration, Emperor Godaigo, with the support of Prince Morinaga-
Shinno, and other Generals such as Suketomo Hino and Toshimoto Hino, contrived a scheme to suppress the Hojo family.
The Imperial scheme was also supported by forces comprising priests of the Yenryakuji and other temples at Nara and the
samurai forces at Kyoto and neighbouring districts. Tiiereupon Takatoki sent a strong force to Kyoto. Emperor
Godaigo established his headquarters at Mt. Kasagi in Yainashiro province and opposed the invaders, but was defeated.
His Majesty was then removed to the Oki Island, while the Generals who supported the Emperor were all killed. This
episode occurred in the first year of the Genko Era (1331, A.D.). Many loyal subjects in various districts, however, rose
against the Hojo family. Conspicuous among the loyalists was Masashige Kusunoki, a famous General in the history of
Japan, who was the descendant of Tachibana-no-Moroye, Sadaijin (Assistant Prime Minister in First Class) in the
Nara Period, The ancestors of Masashige had resided at the foot of Mt. Kongo in Kawachi province for generations.
While Masashige rose against the Hojo family, Morinaga-Shinno issued orders to loyalists in the country to rise against
the Hojo family. In a battle fought at Yoshino between the loyalists and the forces under the Hojo family,
the former were defeated and Morinaga-Shinno effected his escape. The castle of Masashige Kusunoki on Mt, Kongo
remained intact against the siege of the Hojo forces. Other loyalists, including the Kawano family of Shikoku and the
Kikuchi family of Kyushu, rose against the Hojo family one after another. Meanwhile Emperor Godaigo left the Oki
Island and landed in Western Japan. His Majesty was received by a loyalist named Niigatosbi Nawa, of Hoki province,
who rose against the Hojo family. Takatoki dispatched to San-in-do and Sanyo-do strong forces under the command of
Takauji Ashikaga and other Generals to suppress the loyalists. Takauji revolted and took the side of the loyalists and
then followed Emperor Godaigo to Kyoto. In obedience to the orders of Morinaga-Shinno, Yoshisada Nitta,
another famous loyalist, rose in Kotsuke province against the Hojo family and made a descent upon Kamakura, the
seat of the Hojo government. Attacking Kamakura from the sea-side of Inamura-ga-saki, Yoshisada penetrated the city
and defeated the forces of Takatoki who, together with his attendants, committed suicide. The Kamakura Government
was thus destroyed in the third year of the Genko Era (1333, A.D.).
During the Kamakura Military Administration militarism was encouraged as far as possible, while various lines
of social science were neglected. The study of the Japanese ode was, however, in vogue and many beautiful passages
were composed by Emperor Gotoba and the succeeding Sovereigns. Among experts in this particular line of literature
were Shunzei Fujiwara and his son, Teika Fujiwara, a priest named Saigyo and Minamoto-no-Sanetoino. In compliance
with orders of Emperor Gotoba, Teika Fujiwara compiled a book, entitled the Shinkokin-waka-shu, which is a collection
of master-pieces of odes and is highly valued at^ the present time. Among books describing warlike operations are the
Hogea-monogatari, Heiji-monogatari and Heike-monogatari. lu picture-drawing there was Mitsunaga Tosa, who
flourished in the latter part of the Heian Period, and a group of artists known as the Tosaye. During this period there
were clever artists such as Nobusane Fujiwara aud Takakane Takashiua. In penmanship, Sonyen-Hoshinno, sou of Emperor
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Fushimi, figured prominently and organized a group of experts under the title of the Shoren-in, which is now known &a the
Oiyeryu style. Among prominent carvers were Unlcei and Jinkei. There were created many new sects of Buddhism.
A priest named Yeisai, after prosecuting his studies in China, inaugurated a sect known as the Zen-shu which was followed
by the Imperial Court and the Hojo family. A priest named Genku (also known as Honen-Shonin) established a new sect
called the Jodo-shu, and another priest, named Shinrau, established theShin-shu or Ikko-shu, while Priest Nichiren founded
a sect known as the Hokke-shu.
CHAPTER VIII.
THE YOSHINO COURT PERIOD.
In the third year of the Genko Era the Emperor returned to Kyoto from Western Japan. His Majesty, with the
aid of Prince Morinagii-Sliinno and other loyalists, carried out reforms in various lines of administration. Takauji
Ashikaga was appointed Sangi (Chancellor of State) and granted the Court rank of Jo-zammi. He was a descendant
of Minamoto-uo-Yoshiiye, and his ancestors have resided at Ashikaga, Shimosa province, for generations. Takauji,
while enjoying tlie full confidence of the Emperor Godaigo was held in high esteem among military men belonging to the
Kamakura Government. Availing himself of .this favourable situation, he plotted to grasp the reins of Government
and awaited the arrival of an opportunity for the realization of his scheme. Yoshisada Nitta, like Takauji,
was a descendant of Minamoto-uo-Yoshiiye and was granted the Court rank of Ju-shii, being next to Takauji.
His ancestors resided at Nitta, Kotsuke province. Among other Generals and loyalists who were accorded similar
honours were "Naoyoshi Ashikaga, younger i)rother of Takauji, Yoshisuke Wakiya, younger brotiier of Yoshisada,
Masashige Kusunoki and Nagatoshi Nawa.
Prince Morinaga-Shinno became aware of Takauji Ashikaga's plot and tried to deprive him of his authority.
Takauji, however, forestalled Morinaga-Shinno and informed the Emperor that it was Morinaga-Shinno who schemed
to grasp the reins of Government. His Majesty believed this and confined Morinaga-Shinno in a certain quarter in
Kamakura. A disturbance was then created in Kanto (Eastern Japan), by remnants of the Hojo Government.
Naoyoshi Ashikaga, who guarded Kamakura, was defeated by the insurgents and beat a retreat westward.
On evacuating Kamakura, Naoyoshi murdered Morinaga-Shinno in confinement. Takauji prayed the Emperor
for permission to go and rescue his younger brother, Naoyoshi, but this request was not granted for fear he might start
a revolution. Takauji, by ignoring His Majesty's order, established iiimself in Kamakura. Thereupon the Emperor
sent an expedition against Takauji. In a battle fought at Hakone between the Imperial army and the Ashikaga force,
the latter was victorious and made a descent upon Kyoto which was soon occupied by the rebels. The Emperor,
therefore, removed to Mt. Hiyei. At this critical moment, a loyalist named Akiiye Kitabatake, the Lord of Mutsu-
no-Kuui, in North-eastern Japan, with a powerful force, arrived in R^oto and defeated Takauji, wlio fled to
Kyushu. Hovvever, Takauji, with Naoyoshi, and other followers, managed to collect a strong force in Western Japan
and then advanced upon Kyoto. By order of the Emperor, the loyalists under the command of Yoshisada Isitta and
Masashige Kusunoki faced the Ashikaga force, but were defeated. Masashige committed suicide by harakiri at Minato-
gawa (Kobe of to-day). Before his death, he told his younger brother, Masasuye Kusunoki, that he would, if possible,
like to be born seven times in order to crush the rebels against the Imperial Court. In the 13th year of the Meiji Era
(1880, A.D.), the late Emperor Meiji Tenno bestowed upon Masashige Kusunoki posthumous honours in recognition of
his being a true loyalist, and granted him the first Court rank of Jo-ichii. The Minatogawa Shrine now in Kobe is
dedicated to his memory.
Emperor Godaigo again tried to crush the Ashikaga family, and established his military headquarters at Mt. Hiyei.
His Majesty removed to Yoshino in the first year of the Yengen Era (1336, A.D.) and issued Imperial orders to the people
of various districts to rise against the Ashikaga family. Yoshisada Nitta, in a battle with the Ashikaga force, was killed,
while Akiiye Kitabatake also met the same fate. In August of the 4th year of the Yengen Era, Emperor Godaigo died
at his temporary Palace at Yoshino without accomplishing his object. Emperor Gomurakami, the ninety-seventh
Sovereign, then ascended the Throne. His Majesty, like his immediate ancestor, tried to crush the Ashikaga family,
but without result. Masatsura Kusunoki, son and heir of Masashige, suffered a defeat at the hands of the
Ashikaga force and died at Shijogawara in Kawachi province. Other loyalists, among them the Kikuohi family in
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Kyushu, the Kitabatake family in Ise, and the Nitta family in the Kanto (Eastern Japan) were powerless to face the
Ashikaga force. During the reign of Emperor Gokameyama, the ninety-eighth Sovereign, Yoshimitsu Ashikaga, a
grandson of Takauji, sent Yoshihiro Ouchi to Yoshino and prayed the Emperor to return to Kyoto. His Majesty
acceded to this proposal and returned to his Palace in Kyoto in order to put a stop to further disturbances in the country.
Prince Motohito Shinno later ascended the Throne and was named Gokomatsu Teuno, being the ninety-ninth Sovereign.
CHAPTER IX.
THE MUROMACHI PERIOD.
The Muromachi Period covers the seven consecutive reigns of Emperors Gokomatsu, Shoko, Gohauazono,
Gotsuchimikado, Gokashiwabara, Gonara and Ogimachi, extending from 1392 to 1586, A.D. During this period the
country was practically governed by the Ashikaga family. After the civil war in the Wo-nin Era, the Ashikaga family
lost its authority and the whole country was thrown into a state of turmoil. For about a hundred years there were
uprisings and disturbances in various parts of the country, and this period is known as a warlike or dark age.
Takauji Ashikaga was desirous of establishing his government at Kamakura in order to control the State, but he
was obliged to maintain his headquarters at Kyoto to keep a vigilant watch over the actions of the Imperial Court at
Yoshino, which was opposed to the Ashikaga Administration. His second son, Motouji Ashikaga, was therefore stationed
in the Kanto district to control Eastern Japan and the descendants of Motouji successively resided in the Kanto district.
During the administration of Yoshimitsu Ashikaga, the government was established at Muromachi, Kyoto, and thus it is
known as the Muromachi government. Yoshimitsu collected a large number of rare plants and flowers from various parts
of the country and planted them at his official residence at Muromachi, which was then called the Hana-no-Gosho
(Flowery Palace). At Kitayama, a suburb of Kyoto, he established a splendid villa and in the gardens there was erected
an edifice, three storeys high, the ceilings of which were plastered with gold, as were also the inner walls. This edifice
is called the Kinkaku and is still in existence. In compliance with a request of Yoshimitsu, Emperor Gokomatsu
visited his villa, where His Majesty stayed twenty days, during which period the Emperor was entertained by various
performances such as sarugaku (from which originated the " No " dance of the present day), shirabyoshi (dancing by
women wearing men's costume), music, etc. AVith a view to preventing the recurrence of civil wars and uprisings
which were so common during the Kamakura Period, Yoshimitsu established close marriage relations between the
Imperial Court and his government, and from then the Muromachi government was perfectly free from any pressure
brought to bear by the Imperial Court and its supporters. At the time Yoshimasa Ashikaga exercised his authority
an uprising, known as the disturbance of the Wo-nin Era, broke out as a result of troubles between the Hatakeyama
and Shiba families over questions of inhabitants. The two parties, with a force of over 100,000 men, fought in Kyoto
and neighbourhood. Yoshimasa was powerless to suppress the disturbance, which continued for a period of eleven
years, namely, from the first year of the Wo-nin Era (1467, A.D.) to the ninth year of the Bummei Era (1477, A.D.).
The capital of Kyoto, including the Imperial Palace, ancient » temples a d shrines, together with treasures and
Iwoks preserved for generations, were destroyed by fires consequent upju the continuation of hostilities. Yoshimasa,
unlike the founder of the Ashikaga Administration, imposed heavy duties upon the people and indulged in
luxurious living. Emperor Gohanozono warned Yoshimasa more than once to refrain from luxury and devote more
attention to tiie country's administration, but without result. At Higashiyaraa, a suburb of Kyoto, Yoshimasa established
a fashionable villa, the inner portion of which was plastered with silver, and it was called the Ginkaku. Emperor
Gotsuchimikado called it the Higashiyama-dono (Higashiyama Palace). Yoshimasa collected a large number of curios,
paintings and other valuable articles from various parts of the country and from China. Under the protection of
Yoshimasa, various lines of fine art attained remarkable development, and in the history of fine arts this period, which
is called the Higashiyama Period, marks an epoch. Among clever painters were Priest Sesshu, Motonobu Kano and
Mitsunobu Tosa, while in carving Sukenori Goto was the leader. The lacquer and eartlienware industries also attained
development. The ceremonial tea service, cut-flower arrangement, and the like were in vogue at the time.
During the Muromachi Period very little attention was paid to the encouragement of science, but among kuge
(court nobles) and priests ther^ were many scholars, and among samurai there were scholars such as Norizane Uyesugi and
Dokan Ota. A famous book, entitled the Taihei-ki, compiled in the latter part of the Yoshino Court Period, is a great
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work describing the battles during this period. In religious circles, the 2jen sect was most popular among various classes,
and leading priests were appointed advisers to the Ashikaga government. The Shin sect was also popular, and the
Honganji Temple collected large numbers of its believers as a demonstration ngainst the samurai class. With the exception
of Kyoto and neighbouring districts, the whole country was then in a state of commotion, and the Ashikaga government
was powerless to suppress uprisings. Conspicuous among the leaders were the Hojo family of the Kanto district, the
Takeda family of Kai and Shinano provinces, the Uyesugi family, of Echigo province, the Imagawa family, of Suruga
and Totomi provinces, the Ouchi and Mori families in Chugoku, the Chosokabe family, of Shikoku, and the Otomo and
Shimadzu families in Kyushu. These leaders were all ambitious to grasp the reins of government. The famous battle
fought at Kawaiiakajima between Shingen Takeda and Kenshin Uyesugi was not a mere struggle for the expansion of
their respective territories but was the outcome of tiieir ambitious schemes. In the midst of disturbances Nobunaga Oda,
of Owari province, rose, entered Kyoto and succeeded in grasping the reins of government in place ef the Ashikaga family.
During the administration of Yoshimitsu Ashikaga, Japan had intercourse with China, and during the administra-
tion of Yoshimasa Ashikaga with Korea, trade being carried on to a great extent. In the twelfth year of the Tenbun
Era (1543, A.D.) when Emperor Gonara occupied tiie Throne, a Portuguese merchantman arrived at the Tanega-shima
Islands, off Osumi province, Kyushu, and this was the first time Europeans came to Japan. European guns were thus
first introduced to this country. Afterwards the various Dairayos in the open ports of Kyusiiu traded with tiie Portuguese,
who introduced the Roman Catholic faith among the Japanese. The people in Western Japan, by organizing powerful
expeditionary forces, crossed over to Korea and China, the littoral of which countries were all seized by tlie Japanese. On
the Asiatic Continent the peoples regarded this as a revenge for the Mongolian invasions of Japan in tiie past. In this
period the developnaent of Japan's shipping was remarkable.
CHAPTER X
THE ADZUCHI-MOMOYAMA PERIOD.
This period covers the rtigns of Emperor Ogimachi, 105th Sovereign, and Emperor Goyozei, 106th Sovereign.
The affairs of the State were administered by Nobunaga Oda and Hideyoshi Toyotomi successively. The former had
his headquarters at the Adzuclii Castle in Omi province and the latter at the Momoyama Castle at Fushimi, Yamashiro
province. Thus this period is known as the Adzuchi-Momoyama Period.
Nobunaga Oda was a descendant of Taira-no-Shigemori and controlled Owari province. His father, Nobuhide
Oda, was a loyalist and donated large sums of money as expenditure for the re-construction of, and repairs to, the
Imperial Great Shrine in Ise province and the Imperial Palace in Kyoto. East of Owari province, there was a powerful
General named Yoshimoto Imagawa, who establishing closer relations with the Takeda, Uyesugi and Hojo families,
attempted to suppress Nobunaga and then to win tiie favour of the Imperial Court. At a battle fought at
Okehazama, Nobunaga defeated Yoshimoto, who was killed. He then took possession of Mino province and resided
in Gifu Castle thereby laying the foundations for grasping the reins of government. Emperor Ogimachi sent an
Imperial messenger to Nobunaga, ordering the latter to suppress disturbances in various districts. Nobunaga
was greatly impressed by the Imperial order and started to quell the disturbances. The Ashikaga family, though
powerless, continued to officially look after State affairs, but in the first year of the Tensho Era (1573, A.D.) Yoshiaki
Ashikaga, the last Regent of the Ashikaga family, was driven from Kyoto by Nobunaga and thus the Ashikaga
Administration came to an end. Nobunaga joined hands with lyeyasu Tokugawa in Mikawa province and faced
Shingen Takeda, Meanwhile Shingen died. His son, Katsuyori Takeda, opposed Nobunaga, but was crushed by
the latter. Kenshin Uyesugi, who was as ambitions as was Shingen Takeda, made a descendant upon Kyoto, but
died on the way. While Nobunaga was staying at the Houno-ji, Kyoto, he was suddenly attacked by Mitsuhide
Akechi, who was in charge of Tamba province, and killed. Nobutada Oda, son and^heir of Nobunaga, was also killed
at the same time. This was on June 2nd in the 10th year of the Tensho Era (1582, A.D.). In memory of Nobunaga
Oda a shrine, called the Kenkun Shrine, is now established in Kyoto.
Hideyoshi Toyotomi was a son of a poor individual named Yayemon at Nakamura, near Nagoya. When a mere
child, his father died and he was brought up by a step-father. At the age of sixteen, he left iiis home to make a fortune
and entered the service of Yukitsuna Matsudaira, a retainer of the Imagawa family, in Totomi province. He was so clever
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aud sagacious that he was hated by his fellow-servants. He, therefore, returned home and entered the service of
Nobuiiaga Oda. He was then named Tokichiro Kinoshita and married the daughter-in-law of Matayemon Asauo, who
was an iiiflueatial retainer of Nobunaga .and who appreciated his wisdom. He gradually rose in rank and was
appointed the Lord of the Nagahama Castle in Omi province, his family name being altered to Hashiba. By order of
Nobunaga, Hideyoshi led a strong force to Western Japan and Kyushu to suppress the enemy. While engaged in the
sweeping operations there, Nobunaga met an untimely death at Kyoto at the hands of Mitsuliide Akeehi, wlio was,
however, attacked by Hideyoshi and killed. Hideyoshi thus occupied the foremost rank among all Generals belonging to the
Oda and other influential families. Katsuiye Shibata, who was antagonistic to Hideyosiii, rose against the latter. In a
battle fought at the Shidzu-ga-take in Oral province between Shibata and Hideyoshi, the latter scored a victory, which was
mainly due to gallant fighting on the part of seven Generals, comprising Kiyomasa Kato, Masanori Fukushima, Yasuharu
Wakizaka, Katsumoto Katagiri, Yoshiaki Kato, Nagayasu Hirano and Takenori Kasuya, all of whom were expert
lancers. They are generally known as the Seven Lancers at the Shidzu-ga-take engagement. The Imperial Court
granted Hideyoshi the Court rank of Ju-sliii and appointed him Sangi (Chancellor of State) in appreciation of his
distinguished services. This was in the 11th year of the Tensho Era (1583, A.D.). Hideyoshi established the Osaka
Castle in Osaka as his headquarters. The sister of Hideyoshi then married lyeyasu Tokugawa. In the 13th yearoftlie
Tensho Era, Hideyoshi was raised to Ju-ichii in Court rank and practically became the administrator of the country.
Emperor Ogiraachi granted Hideyoshi a family name known as Toyotomi and hereafter he was named Hideyoshi Toyotomi.
Emperor Goyozei, on ascending the Throne, appointed Hideyoshi to the office of Dajo-daijin (Premier) and he also retained
the office of Kampaku (Grand Chancellor of the Emperor) as before. In the 15th year of the Tensho Era (1587, A D.),
Hideyoshi sent a powerful expedition, 200,000 strong, against the Shimadzu family in Kyushu, who were obliged to surrender.
In the 18th year of the same Era, Hideyoshi, with 800,000 men, attacked the Hojo family at Odawara and destroyed them.
Eastern Japan was given to lyeyasu Tokugawa. Masamune Date and other influential magistrates in Nortli-eastern
Japan obeyed the dictates of Hideyoshi and tlius tranquillity was established in the country. Upon the death of Nobunaga,
Hideyoshi took over his authority, and after the lapse of eight years Hideyoshi accomplished his ambitious designs.
In addition to the Osaka Castle, which still exists, Hideyoshi established a temple called the Hokoji and a
Daibutsu (great image of Buddha), in Kyoto. At Uchino, Kyoto, a splendid villa called the Shuraku was established.
Hideyoshi invited to his villa Emperor Goyozei, and on this occasion there were present members of the Imperial family.
Court Nobles, lyeyasu Tokugawa, Yoshiiye Mayeda, Nobuo Oda and other leaders. Availing himself of this opportunity,
Hideyoshi addressed the brilliant assembly, urging the necessity of respecting and protecting the Imperial Court which
was the centre of all activities. In promoting civilization and prosperity in Kyoto and elsewhere, Hideyoshi did every-
thing in his power, with the result that the capital of Kyoto began to thrive aud its prosperity exceeded that of past years.
Hideyoshi then retired from his official position and was succeeded by his son-in-law, Hidetsugu. In the third year of
tlie Bunroku Era (1594, AD.), Hideyoshi established the Momoyama Castle at Fushimi, Kyoto, and encouraged fine arts
and science. Among clever painters of tiie day were Yeitoku Kaiio and Sanraku and his son.
Hideyoshi concentrated his energy on the civil administration and adjusted the taxation. In estimating and
measuring the crop of rice a new standard of koku was adopted. The rice crop in the country during the Bunroku Era
amounted to 18,250,000 koku annually. The yield of the cereal in the districts under tiie jurisdiction of lyeyasu Tokugawa
was 2,560,000 koku, and in this respect he occupied the foremost rank among all leading retainers under the Toyotomi
Administration, followed by Terumoto Mori, who obtained 1,210,000 /fcoifcM, by Kagekatsu Uyesugi with 1,200,000 ^oirt,
and by Toshiiye Mayeda with 1,040,000 koku. The digging of gold and silver at Sado Island, Iwami and Kai provinces
was extensively carried on during this period. A noteworthy fact is that under the direction of Hideyoshi the work of
moulding gold, silver and copper coins was started on a large fcale.
Not satisfied with governing the country, Hideyoshi contrived a plan to conquer the whole of Asia, comprising
Korea, China, India and other countries. He first sent a messenger to the King of Korea, informing the latter that as
Japan would invade China the Korean Court should assist her in every way possible. The Korean King rejected
Hideyoshi's proposal. In the first year of the Bunroku Era (1592, A.D.), Hideyoshi sent to Korea an expedition, 200,000
strong, together with a naval force under the command of Yoshitaka Kuki and Takatora Todo, The headquarters were
established at Nagoya in Hizen province, Kyushu. Hideyoshi, with a force of 100,000 men, stayed at the headquarters.
Prior to this, Hideyoshi retired from the office of Kampaku and was succeeded by his son-in-law, Hidetsugu. Hideyoshi
then called himself Taiko. The Japanese expedition in Korea was under the leadership of Yukinaga Konishi apd
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Kiyomasa Kato. After taking possession of Seoul, Phongyang and other regions in North Korea, Kiyomasa Kato
advanced on Manchuria and made two Korean Princes prisoner. Meanwhile news reached the headquarters that the
mother of Hideyoshi was dangerously ill. Hideyoshi, who lost his father in his boyhood, was brought up by his mother and
it was quite natural that lie hesitated to cross over to Korea as originally planned. Emperor Goyozei sent an Imperial
messenger to Hideyoshi warning him not to proceed to Korea. Thereupon Hideyoshi returned to Osaka. The result was
the withdrawal of the expedition from North China and Korea. In doing this, an agreement was effected between Japan
and North China that the southern half of Korea be given to Japan and that the northern half be regarded as a
protectorate of Japan. In the first year of the Keicho Era (1,596 A.D.) there arrived in Osaka an Envoy from China,
bringing with him a facsimile letter from the Chinese Emperor. From this, it was known that the provisions of the
agreement above alluded to had been ignored by China and Korea alike. Hideyoshi was so greatly irritated that he sent
another expedition, 140,000 strong, to the Continent. Among leaders of the expeditions were Kiyomasa Kato, Yukinaga
Konishi, Hideaki Kobayakawa, Hidemoto Mori, Hideiye Ukita and Yosiiitaka Kuroda. On August 18th in the third
year of the Keicho Era (1598, A.D.) Hideyoshi died at the Fushimi Castle, Kyoto, at the age of sixty-three. On the eve
of liis death, Hideyoshi composed the following ode : — " Tsuyu-to ochi tsuyu-to kiye-nishi wagami kana, naniioa-no koto-mo
yume-no mata yume." (Coming into existence like a morning dew, I am now disappearing from the world just as is the
morning dew, and thejife of a man is but an empty dream and iiothing but a dream). In accordance with his will, the
expedition to Korea was withdrawn. A shrine called the Toyokunidaimyojin was established in his memory.
After Hidetsugu had assumed the office of Kampaku, Yodogimi, a favourite lady of Hideyoshi, gave birth to a boy,
who was named Hideyori. At the time of the death of Hideyoshi, Hideyori was only six years of age. Hidetsugu was
forced to commit suicide on suspicion that he had contributed a plan to take the life of his father-in-law, Hideyoshi.
Thus Hideyori, the real son of Hideyoshi, succeeded to the office of Kampaku. In compliance with the will of Hideyoshi,
lyeyasu Tokugawa and Toshiiye Mayeda assisted Hideyori in carrying on the administration. An ambitious General,
named Mitsuiiari Ishida, who was a favourite of Hideyoshi, tried to create dissension between lyeyasu Tokugawa and
Toshiiye Mayeda with a view to grasping the reins of government. Meanwhile Toshiiye Mayeda died, and naturally
lyeyasu Tokugawa, who was then at Fushimi, Kyoto, gained influence. Mitsunari Ishida devised a scheme to crush
lyeyasu Tokugawa, but was opposed by Kiyomasa Kato, Masanori Fukushima, Yoshinaga Asano, Terumasa Ikeda,
Nagamasa Kuroda, Yostiiaki Kato and Tadaoki Hosokawa, all of whom were faithful Generals under Hideyoshi.
Mitsunari Ishida, with the backing of Kagekatsu Uyesugi at Aidzu, rose against lyeyasu Tokugawa. At this time
Hideyori, the real son of Hideyoshi, remained at the Osaka Castle. On the side of Mitsunari Ishida were Terumoto Mori,
Hideiye Ukita, Hideaki Kobayakawa, Yoshihiro Shimadzu, Yoshinobu Satake, Yukinaga Konishi, and Morichika
Chosokabe. After occupying various districts, including Kyoto and Osaka, the Ishida forces advanced eastward and
entered Mino province. lyeyasu Tokugawa, who was staying at Oyama, Shimotsuke province, at the time, led his army
westward to face the Ishida forces. The famous 'General, Kiyomasa Kato, was then at the Kumamoto Castle, Higo
province, Kyushu, and supported lyeyasu Tokugawa.
On the plain of Sekigahara in Mino province, a memorable battle was fought between lyeyasu Tokugawa and
Mitsunari Ishida, the former having a force of 75,000 and the latter a force of 128,000. In the midst of the battle,
Hideaki Kobayakawa revolted against Ishida, while Hidemoto Mori refrained from fighting tiie Tokugawa forces. The
result was a crushing defeat of the Ishida forces. Thi» battle decided the fate of the whole situation and thus lyeyasu
Tokugawa assumed the reins of Government. This was on September 15th in the fifth year of the Keicho Era
(1600, A.D.) In the eighth year of the same Era lyeyasu Tokugawa established his Shogunate Government in Yedo
(present Tokyo).
Since the days of the Muromachi Court Period communication with the outside world has been carried on. Nagasaki
and Hirato in Hizen province were the principal open ports. In addition to the Portuguese, the Spaniards traded at these
ports and the Roman Catholic faith was introduced among the people in Kyushu and Western Japan. Under tlie joint
efforts of Otomo, Arima and Omura, the influential families in Kyushu, an Envoy was sent to Rome in the lOth year of the
Tenslio Era (15821, D.) wlien Emperor Ogiraachi ruled and governed the Empire. The Envoy, after being received by the
Pope, returned home in safety. Nobunaga Oda granted the propagation of the Catholic faith and established in Kyoto a
chapel called the Namban-ji. Hideyoshi, however, thougiit that the propagation of the Catholic faith was based on the
policy of territorial aggrandisement and expelled foreign missionaries and religious workers from Japan. Foreign trade was,
nevertlieless, encouraged by Hideyoshi, who permitted Japanese to sail as far as the South Pacific for commercial purposes.
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CHAPTER XI.
THE YEDO PERIOD.
During two hundred and sixty-four years tlie Tokugawa family assumed the supreme office of the Military Regent
at Yedo, the name of which was changed to that of Tokyo after the Restoration of 1868. This period may be divided into
the following three sections: — First period: from the reign of Emperor Goyozei, the 106th Sovereign, in the eighth year of
tlie Keicho Era (1603, A.D.) to that of Emperor Gokomyo, the 109th Sovereign, in the fourth year of tlie Keian Era
(1651, A.D.). Second period : from the reign of Emperor G )komyo in the fourth year of the Keian Era to that of
Emperor Sakuramachi, the 114th Sovereign, in the second year of the Yenkyo Era (1745, A.D.). Third period: from the
reign of Emperor Sakuramachi in the second year of the Yenkyo Era to that of Emperor Meiji in the third year of the
Keiwo Era (1867, A.D.).
The first period covered the Military Regency, or Shogunate Government, under lyeyasu Tokugawa, first Sliogun,
Hidetada Tokugawa, second Shogun, and lyemitsu Tokugawa, third Shogun. During this period various laws and
regulations of the Military Government were adjusted and the foundations of the Tokugawa Administration consolidated.
The second period covered the peaceful administration under the five Shoguns lyetsuna, Tsunayoshi, lyenobu, lyetsugu and
Yoshimune, all of whom exercised their authority to the fullest extent. The third and final period comprises the
administrations under lyeshige, lyeharu, lyenari, lyeyoshi, lyesada, lyemochi and Yoshinobu. During this period the
Shogunate Government gradually lost its authority and power, the result being the Restoration in 1868.
The first period covers the reigns of Emperors Goyozei, Gomidzuno, Meisho and Gokomyo. The Tokugawa family
had its origin in the Nitta family, which belongs to the Genji or Minamoto family. lyeyasu Tokugawa was born at
Okazaki, Mikawa province, in the 11th year of the Teubun Era (1542, A.D.), and liis father was named Hirotada
Tokugawa. When a mere child, he was named Takechiyo, and at the early age of six he was sent to the Imagawa family
as a liostage. On the way he has captured by the Oda family, who were opposed to the Tokugawa family. Takecliiyo was
afterwards released and allowed to be taken to the Imagawa family as a hostage. Meanwhile his father, Hirotada, died and
he succeeded to his father's territories, which were, however, placed under temporary control of Yoshimoto Imagawa, for
the reason that he had not yet come of age. Upon the untimely death of Yoshimoto at the Okehazama battle in the
third year of the Yeiroku Era (1560, A.D.), lyeyasu returned to his own territories Hud established friendly
relations with Nobunaga Oda. lyeyasu then opposed Shingen Takeda. After the death of Nobunaga and Shingen,
lyeyasu assumed an antagonistic attitude towards Hideyoshi Toyotomi, who was often defeated by the lyeyasu army.
Peace was established between the two, and from then lyeyasu assisted Hideyoshi in carrying on the Military Administra-
tion, lyeyasu was granted eight provinces in the Kanto district (Eastern Japan) and established his headquarters at Yedo.
During the Muromachi Period, Dokan Ota, vassal of the Uyesugi family, built in Yedo liis castle, which was afterwards
occupied by the Hojo family. This castle lyeyasu selected as his headquarters, and after the Restoration of 1868 the
Imperial Palace was established in the compound of the castle. It was on August 1st in the 18th year of the Tensho Era
(1590, A,D.) that lyeyasu m I'le his formal entry into the castle. After the death of Hideyoshi, lyeyasu assumed the Military
Regency and granted large teiritories to all leading Generals on the side of Hideyoshi with a view to maintaining peace.
The districts lying between Yedo and Kyoto were then occupied by members of the Tokugawa family and faithful vassals
of lyeyasu in order to maintain communication with the Imperial Court In the eighth year of the Keicho Era (1603, A.D),
Emperor Goyozei appointed lyeyasu Tokugawa Seiitaishogun (Commander-in-Chief of the whole forces of the Empire) and
Udaijin (Assistant Prime Minister in Second Class). In the tenth year of the same Era, lyeyasu resigned the Shogunate
and was succeeded by his son, Hidetada. lyeyasu then removed to Shidzuoka, but continued to attend to State afiairs.
Hideyori Toyotomi, together with his mother, Yodogimi, was stationed at the Osaka castle built by Hideyoshi
Toyotomi. After a series of battles with lyeyasu, Hideyori suffered a crushing defeat, with the result that he, with his
mother and faithful retainers, committed suicide in the castle. Thus the Toyotomi family was destroyed.
lyeyasu Tokugawa then enacted various laws and regulations relating to " Kuge " (court nobles), Daimyo and
Samurai, besides encouraging various branches of science. On April 17th in the second year of the Genua (1616 A. D.)
lyeyasu died in Shidzuoka at the age of seventy-five. Prior to. his death, he was promoted by the Imperial Court to the
supreme office of Dajo Daijin (Premier), and Imperial messengers came from Kyoto to enquire after his condition. Xu
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accordance with the will of lyeyasu, he was buried at Kuno-zan, Suruga province, but in the following year his remains
were transferred to Nikko, where they now lie. Posthumous honours were given him in the form of the highest Court
rank of Jo-ichii and the title of Toshogu.
Hidetada Tokugawa, the second Shogun, faithfully followed the lines of administration bequeathed by lyeyasu,
lyemitsu Tokugawa, the third Shogun, on assuming authority, introduced further reforms in various lines of administration
with a view to consolidating the foundations of the Shogunate Government and promoting the imppiness of the people,
lyemitsu's administration is generally known as the administration of the Kanyei Era, wliich covers a period from 1624
to 1643, A.D. " Bushi " (highest class of samurai) who received over 10,000 kohu of rice annually were officially admitted
as Daimyo, while samurai under tlie direct control of the Shogun, wliose annual allowances did not exceed 10,000 koku,
were called " hatamoto," and the lowest class of samurai were known as "gokenin." In carrying on the administration,
lyemitsu inaugurated three offices, called Tairo, Roju and Wakadoshiyori. The present splendid temples at Nikko were
built under the direction of Ijemitsu, who also established a temple called the Kanyei-ji at Uyeno, Yedo, and asked tiie
Imperial Court to have a Prince of the Blood stationed at the temple. This practice was carried on until the last days
of the Shogunate administration.
During the reign of Emperor Gomidzuno, lyeyasu Tokugawa prayed the Imperial Court for permission for his
grand-daughter to marry Emperor Gomidzuno, but was rejected by Retired Emperor Goyozei. Meanwhile lyeyasu died.
Through the good offices of Takatora Todo, the cherished desire of lyeyasu was finally realized when Kazu-ko, daughter of
Hidetada, the second Shogun, became the Empress. In the sixth year of the Kanyei Era (1629, A.D.), Emperor Gomidzuno
abdicated and the eldest Princess, named Oki-ko-Naishinno, ascended the Throne. Her Majesty was named Myosho Tenno,
being the 108th Sovereign. In view of the fact that Her Majesty's mother was the daughter of Hidetada, the Tokugawa
family was not only held 'in high esteem but consolidated the foundations of the Shogunate Administration more
than ever. In 1644 A.D., the Empress abdicated and was succeeded by her younger brother, Tsuguhito-Shinno, when the
name of the Era was ciianged to that of the Shoiio. The new Emperor was named Gokomyo Tenno.
Upon the inauguration of the Shogunate Administration, lyeyasu Tokugawa prohibited the introduction to Japan of
any religions from the West, as did Hideyoshi Toyotomi. Measures were, however, taken to establish communications, both
diplomatically and commercially, witli Chosen and China, but tiie latter country suspected the true motives of lyeyasu and
rejected the establishment of diplomatic relations witii Japan. Nevertheless, commerce was carried on between the Japanese,
Ciiinese and Koreans. The navigation was more active than during the Toyotomi Administration, and Japanese vessels
sailed as far as India, Ciiina and other quarters in the South PHci6c for trading purposes. In addition to Spain
and Portugal, Holland dispatched to Japan its Envoy in the 14th year of the Keiclio Era (1609, A.D.). lyeyasu
received the Envoy and accepted Holland's request to open commercial relations with Japan. In the 18th year of the same
Era (1613, A.D.), an Envoy from Great Britain arrived in Japan and was received by lyeyasu and Hidetada, to whom he
presented a facsimile letter from the British Sovereign, proposing to establish tradal relations with Japan. This proposal
was accepted by the Shogunate authorities.
Under the direction of a British subject named Mr. William Adams, who became nationalized and assumed the
Japanese name of Anjin Miura, a number of large vessels was constructed upon the lines of European craft. In the 15th
year of the KeichS Era, lyeyasu sent an Envoy to Mexico to engage in trade. Masamune Date, Lord of Sendai, dispatched
to Rome his retainer, named Tsunenaga Hasekura, who, on his arrival in Italy, was received by tiie Pope and returned
home in safety. Another hero, named Nagamasa Yamada, sailed as far as Siam on a Japanese vessel, suppressed an
insurrection in that country and was entrusted by the Siamese King with the task of adjusting state affairs. Hideyoshi
Toyotomi was the first to see that the introduction to Japan of the Roman Catholic religion and the propagation of its
faith by Western missionaries were based on territorial aggrandizement. lyeyasu endorsed Hideyoshi's view, and
upon the inauguration of the Tokugawa Administration this anti-Christian feeling become stronger than before. In the
16th year of the Keicho Era (1611, A.D.), the Bakufu, or Shogunate Administrative Office, received secret information that
the Japanese Catiiolic believers in Western Japan, with the backing of the navies of Spain and Portugal, contrived a plot
to overthrow the Shogun Government. The following year the Matsu-ura family in charge of Hizen province received
similar information, which was immediately forwarded to the Shogun in Yedo, In the 18th year of the Keicho Era
(1613, A.D.) the Bakufu issued instructions prohibiting Spaniards and Portuguese from coming to Japan on either large
ships or men-of-war for trading purposes. The Spaniards and Portuguese had, therefore, to come to Japan on small craft to
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trade with the Japanese. Nagasaki and Hirato, in Kyushu, were the only ports opened to foreign trade at the time. This
anti-fareigii measure was not so effective as expected by the Shogunate authorities in prohibiting the introduction to Japan
of the Western religion, so long as the Japanese were allowed to navigate the open seas. In the 10th year of the Kanyei
Era (1633, A..D.), lyemitsu Tokugawa issued orders prohibiting Japanese from leaving the country to trade with the
outside world, except on the " shain-sen," the vessels specially granted by the Shogunate authorities. In the 13th year of
the same Era Japanese were totally prohibited from leaving these shores even on the " shuin-sen." Several hundred
Japanese men and women who had the mixed blood of Europeans were taken to Macao. The Japanese Catholic believers,
some fifty thousand in number, at Shimabara, Arima, Amakusa and other districts in Kyushu rose in tumult against the
Shogunate authorities, having established their headquarters at the Hara castle at Shimabara in Hizen province. In the
14th year of the Kanyei Era (1636, A.D.), lyemitsu sent a powerful expedition against the insurgents, who were suppressed
the following year. This is known as the insurrection of Shimabara.
After the Shimabara insurrection the Bakufu adopted further rigid measures against the introduction of Western
religion, with the result that witli the single exception of the Dutch all other Europeans were prohibited from landing on
these shores. During a period of two hundred and twenty years, from the Kanyei to the Kayei Era, the policy of seclusion
was carried on by the Bakufu, and in this interval the Japanese advanced in culture and accomplished various lines of
science and arts peculiar to them. In fact, civilization was carried to a state of perfection.
The second period covers the reigns of Emperor Gokomyo, Gosaiin, Reigen, Higashiyama, Nakamikado and
Sakuramachi.
lyetsuna Tokugawa, the fourth Shogun, maintained oflSce for thirty years in perfect tranquillity. Tsunayoshi
Tokugawa then succeeded lyetsuna as the fifth Shogun. From the Genna Era (1615, A.D.) the people showed a tendency
for luxurious living, and this became all the more remarkable in the Genroku Era under the reign of Emperor Higashiyama,
from 1688 to 1703, A.D. Among leading Japanese scholars on Chinese classics were Rauzan Hayashi, Toju Nakaye,
Banzan Kumazawa, Jun-an Kinoshita, Jinsai Ito, Sorai Ogyu and Yekken Kaibara. Conspicuous among dramatists was
Monzayemon Chikamatsu who wrote various master-pieces. Tannyu Kano and Mitsuoki Tosa figured prominently as
painters. Moronobu Hishigawa was also a clever specialist in drawing pictures known as " ukiyo-ye." It was during the
Genroku Era that the famous Forty-Seven Ronin of Ako avenged the untimely death of tlieir Master.
Tsunayoshi died after his thirty years' administration and was succeeded by lyenobu Tokugawa, the sixth
Shogun. By securing the services of a scholar named Hakuseki Aral as an Adviser to the Shogunate Administration,
lyenobu introduced reforms in the administration, but he died after maintaining the office of Shogun for only four years.
lu the seventh year of the Hoyei Era (1710, A.D), Hide-no-Miya, younger brother of Emperor Nakamikado, established
the Kan-in-no-Miya, The Bakufu presented a large tract of laud in favour of the Kan-in-no-Miya. Hitherto the
Imperial family comprised Fushimi-no-Miya, Kyogoku-no-Miya and Arisugawa-no-Miya, Emperor Kokaku was a member
of Kan-in-no-Miya, from whose lineage is descended the present Emperor.
lyenobu was succeeded by lyetsugu Tokugawa as Shogun, but the latter died after four years' administration,
Yoshimune Tokugawa, grandson of lyeyasu Tokugawa, in Kishu, assumed oflSce as the eighth Shogun and encouraged
domestic industry and agriculture by establishing model experimental stations for sugar cane, potatoes, wood wax, herbs
for medicine, etc. 0-oka Yechizen-no-kami, as the " Machibugyo " (Governor) of Yedo, was famous for his sound judgment
in dealing with civil and criminal cases.
In the second year of the Yenkyo Era (1745), Yoshimune retired from office and was succeeded by lyeshige Tokugawa.
Yoshimune continued to exercise his authority for seven years. Yoshimune caused his two sons to reside at Tayasu and
Hitotsubashi in order to further strengthen the foundations of the Tokugawa Administration. The ninth Shogun also
caused one of his sons to reside at Shimidzu for the same purpose. The above three special houses of the Tokugawa family
are known as " Gosankyo,"
In the third period, Emperor Kokaku, the 118th Sovereign, governed the State for thirty-eight years, namely, from
the eighth year of the Anyei Era (1779, A.D.) to the 14th year of the Bunka Era (1817, A.D.). Emperor Ninko, the
109th Sovereign, administered State affairs from the first year of the Bunsei Era (1818, A,D.) to the 11th year of the Tempo
Era (1840, A.D.),
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lyeharu Tokugawa, the tenth Shogun, was not so clever as was Yoshimune, and died in the sixth year of the Temmei
Era (1786, A,D.). He was succeeded by lyenari, great grandson of Yoshimune, belonging to the Tokugawa family at
Hitotsubashi. The eleventh Shogun, though young, was sagacious and appointed Sadanobu Matsudaira, Lord of Shirakawa
Clan, Mutsu province, " Kochu " in order to assist the eleventh Shogun. Under his military administration there was a revival
in commercial and industrial circles. In the eighth year of the same Era (1788, A.D.) the Imperial Palace in Kyoto was
destroyed by a conflagration. Thereupon lyenari, with the advice of Sadanobu, started the work of re-building a new
Palace on a larger scale than in past years. The Shishii-den, Seiryo-den and other buildings were at the same time re-
constructed after the pattern of those in the Heian Period, The whole work was completed in the autumn of the second
year of the Kansei Era (1790, A.D.). Emperor Kokaku and the retired Emperor Gosakuramachi highly appreciated
lyenari and Sadanobu for their loyalty to the Throne thus far exhibited in a practical manner. His Majesty presented
lyenari with a poem composed by himself, while Sadanobu received an Imperial sword and other articles.
In the fourth year of the Kansei Era (1792, A.D.) a Russian Envoy arrived at Nemuro, Hokkai-do, having with
him several Japanese shipwrecked-men and asked the Bakufu (Military Government) for permission to engage in trade
with Japan. The Bakufu instructed the Envoy to proceed to Nagasaki and then approach the Bakufu on the subject.
Sadanobu, in compliance with instructions from the Shogun, visited the coast districts and took measures to strengthen the
national defence. The prosperity of Yedo was then at its zenith and civilization reached a stage of perfection. Among
scholars of the day were Hakuseki Arai, Muro Kyuso, Ritsuzan Shibano, Nishu Bito and Seiri Koga. In the Japanese
national literature Adzumamaro Katano, Mabuchi Kamo, Norinaga Motowori and Atsutane Hirata were conspicuous and
these scholars urged the necessity of upholding the principles of loyalty to the Throne and patriotism. This culminated
in the Restoration of 1868. Among novel-writers were Bakin Takizawa and Kyoden Santo. The printing business was
extensively carried on at the time. 0-kyo Maruyama and Buncho Tani are famous as clever painters of the day. Hokusai
Katsushika is universally known as a painter of " ukiyoye." From the days of Yoshimune Tokugawa European science was
introduced to the country and as a result there were many specialists on astronomy, mathematics and Western military
science. The costumes of men and women were more elegant and fashionable than during the Genroku Era. All classes
of the people, however, began to gradually feel the economic pressure. During the Bunka Era another Russian Envoy
arrived at Nagasaki to sign a commercial treaty, but without result. Russia, therefore, attacked Northern Japan, but
through the good offices of a Japanese merchant, named Kahei Takataya, peace was restored. Meanwhile a British
vessel penetrated Nagasaki without any previous notice and thus trouble arose. In the eighth year of the Bunsei Era
(1825, A.D.) the Bakufu issued orders to all Daimyo in the coast districts to assault and expel all foreign vessels approaching
these shores.
Mitsukuni Tokugawa in Mito, with the aid of scholars, drafted a Japanese history known as the Dainihonshi. In
these days there were not a few who were irritated witii the autocratic system of the Bakufu and who urged the necessity
of restoring the Administration to the Imperial House. In the Kanyei Era there were many loyalists, among them
Hikokuro Takayama and Kumpei Gamo. Through the medium of various books written by Rei-Sanyo and Nobunaga
Motowori the principle of loyalty to the Throne was largely encouraged and later became universal. lyenari maintained
office for 51 years, and was appointed by tiie Imperial Court Dajodaijin (Premier) with the Court rank of Juichii. In tiie
seventh year of the Tempo Era (1836, A.D.) lyenari resigned and was succeeded by lyenobu Tokugawa.
Emperor Komei, the 120th Sovereign, governed the Empire for 21 years, from the third year of the Koka
(1846, A.D.) to the second year of the Keiwa Era (1866, A.D.). During this period the administration of the State was
practically restored to the Imperial House.
On June 3rd in the sixth year of the Kayei Era (1853, A.D.) Commodore Perry, with his Squadron, comprising
four warships, arrived oflf Uraga and approached the Bakufu to open the country for international trade. Commodore Perry
was received by a representative of the Shogun, to whom he handed a facsimile letter from the President of the United
States. An arrangement was made that Commodore Perry should again visit Uraga the next year, when the Bakufu
would sign a commercial treaty with the United States. Thereupon the Commodore left Uraga after a stay of ten days,
lyeyoshi died ten days later and was succeeded by lyesada Tokugawa. Russia again sent her Envoy to Nagasaki to sign a
commercial treaty, but the Bakufu asked him to come again in a year or two. In February of the first year of the Ansei
Era (1854, A.D.), Commodore Perry, with seven warships, again entered Uraga and thence came to Kauagawa, threatening
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to steam up to Tokyo. The Bakufu was, therefore, obliged to sign a treaty of " friendship " with the United States, thereby
agreeing to open Shimoda, of Idzu peninsula, and Hakodate for trading purposes. This was followed by the signii)g of a
similar treaty with Russia, Great Britain and Portugal.
After the arrival at Uraga of Commodore Perry, to force Japan to open her doors for international trade, public
opinion was in favour of rejecting Europeans and Americans from landing on these shores, the Bakufu being censured for
its weak policy in dealing with foreigners. Nariaki Tokugawa at Mito took the lead in starting a general demonstration
against the Bakufu. Masaatsu Abe, who then held tlie office of " Rochu " in the Bakufu, maintained the view that it
would be wise for Japan to open the country for international trade. Later he resigned office and was succeeded by
Masahiro Hotta, who was of the same opinion as Abe in dealing with foreign affairs. The U.S. Consul-General Harris was
permitted to enter Yedo and have an interview with the Shogun, to whom he submitted a proposal to sign a commercial
treaty in addition to the treaty of friendship. The Imperial Court at Kyoto was, however, in favour of the anti-foreign
agitation and rejected the application of the Bakufu for permission to conclude a commercial treaty with the United States.
The Bakufu was consequently placed in a most awkward position. lu the fifth year of the Ansei Era (1858, A.D.),
Naosuke li, Lord of the HikoTie Clan was appointed " Tairo " on the recommendation of Hotta in order to face the difficult
situation. li saw the necessity of opening the country to international intercourse and appointed a Commission to hold
negotiiitions with Mr. Harris on the subject. At Kanagawa, on June 19th of the same year, an American-Japanese
Commercial Treaty, comprising 14 Articles, was signed, to come into force from June of the fullowing year. A similar
treaty was then signed with Great Britain, France, Russia and Holland. These treaties remained in force until the 27th
year of the Meiji Era (1894, A.D.) when Japan, witli the consent of the five countries, revised the treaties. In the treaties
it was stipulated that within a certain period measures be taken to open Kanagawa, Nagasaki, Niigata and Hyogo to
foreign trade, and that concessions be provided in Yedo and Osaka for the benefit of foreign merchants, while the system of
extraterritoriality be inaugurated at the same time.
lyesada having no heir, Yoshikatsu Tokugawa of Owari and otliers advanced a proposal that Yoshinobu Tokugawa
of Hitotsubashi should be elected as his heir. li, however, rejected the proposal and recommended Yoshitomi, belonging to
the Tokugawa family of Kishu, as heir. To this, lyesada gave consent This fact, coupled with the signing of commercial
treaties with the foreign countries under li's management, greatly irritated various clans in the country. Agitations
were started against li by the Mito Clan and in other quarters because of his autocratic actions.
On March 3rd of the first year of the Manyen Era (1860, A.D.), li was assassinated by several " roshi " (samurai) of
Mito at a point outside the Sakurada Gate leading to the Imperial Palace of to-day.
Upon the death of lyesada in August of the fifth year of the Ansei Era, Yoshitomi was appointed Shogun, and his
name was changed to that of lyemochi. In the first year of the Bunkyu Era (1861, A.D.) lyemochi married Princess
Chika-ko the younger sister of Emperor Komei, the marriage being arranged through the medium of Nobumasa Ando, who
held the office of "Rochu," and of Naotada Kujo who maintained the office of " Kampaku." Naosuke li, before he met
his untimely death, expressed the hope that the Shogun would marry a Princess of the Blood in order to establish a union
between the Imperial Court and the Bakufu By order of the Imperial Court, the Bakufu issued instructions to various
Daimyo to attack foreign vessels on and after May 10th of the third year of the Bunkyu Era (1863, A.D.). Thereupon the
Nagato clan bombarded foreign vessels in the Bakan Straits. In August of the first year of the Genji Era a united
Squadron of Great Britain, the United States, France and Hollaud bombarded Bakan in retaliation. A peace treaty was
signed between the Bakufu and the four countries, by which the Bakufu promised to pay indemnity. This is known as the
Shimonoseki afiair.
Prior to this, a British subject named Mr. Richardson was killed and two others were wounded at Namamugi near
Kanagawa by some samurai belonging to Hisamitsu Shimadzu of Satsuma, for the reason that they did not pay due respect
to an Imperial messenger whom Hisamitsu was escorting to Yedo. In June of the third year of the Bunkyu Era
(1863, A.D.) a British Squadron entered Kagoshima Bay and bombarded Kagoshima. The Satsuma Clan paid an indemnity
to England and thus peace was restored, the Bakufu having supplied the clan with necessary funds. This is generally
known as the Namamugi affair.
In the first year of the Keiwo Era (1865, A.D.) the Squadrons of Great Britain, America, France and Holland
entered Osaka Bay and demanded the opening of Hyog) to foreign trade as pre-arranged. The Imperial Court became
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aware of the fact that it was impossible to carry out its designs to keep foreigners away from tiiese shores. In the third
year of the Keiwo Era (1867, A.D.) Hyogo (present Kobe) was opened to international trade.
In the second year of the Keiwo Era, lyemochi died and was succeeded by Yoshinobu Tokugiiwa as the fifteenth
Shogun.
In December of the same year Emperor Komei died at Kyoto, when the Crown Prince, Mutsuhito Shinno, ascended
the Throne on January 9th, of the third year of the Keiwo Era. A union was effected between the Satsuma and < Ihoshu
clans, which were antagonistic to each other, and then a scheme wis mooted to upset the Bakufu Government and
re-establish an Iraperinl regime. On the side of the Siitsuma Clan were Takamori Saigo (Elder Saigo) and Toshimichi
0-kubo, wiiile the Chosliu Clan was represented by Ko-in Kido. Sliojiro Goto of the 'I'osa Clan, in his capacity as a special
Commission, was dispatched to Kyoto, where Yoshinobu Tokugawa, tlie fifteenth and last Shogun, was then staying, and
urged upon the latter the advisibility of returning the reins of Government to the Imperial Court. On October 14tli of the
third year of the Keiwo Era (1867, A. D.) the Shogun acceded to tliis argument and returned the administrative riglit to the
Throne. The following day the Emperor accepted the return to the Imperial House of the administrative power, thus
marking the end of the Siiogunate.
CHAPTER XII.
THE PRESENT PERIOD.
(The Meiji and Taisho Eras.)
The Meiji Era covers a period from the third year of the iCeiwo Era (1867, A.D.) to the 45th year of the Meiji
Era (1912, A.D.). The Taisho Era was inaugurated in tiie summer of the 45th year of the Meiji Era, when Meiji Teiiuo
died and the present Emperor ascended the Throne.
Upon the return to the Imperial Court of the administrative power. Emperor Meiji, being desirous of inaugurating
a new Government, summoned to Nijo Palace, Kyofo, a number of influential Kuge, or Court nobles, among them Tomomi
Iwakura and Tadayasu Nakayama, as well as powerful Daimyo comprising Yoshikatsu Tokugawa of the Owari Clan,
Yoshinaga Matsudaira of the Echizen Clan, Toyoshige Yamanouchi of the Dosa Clan, Tadayoshi Shimadzu of the Satsuma
Clan, and Nagakoto Asano of the Aki Clan. On December 9th of the third year of the Keiwo Era (January 3rd,
1868 A.D.), an Imperial Edict was issued announcing the Restoration of the Imperial Regime. At the same time all the
offices of the Shogunate Administration were abolished and there was inaugurated three new offices known as the Sosai,
Gitei and Sanyo. H I.H. Prince Taruhito Shinno Arisugawa-no-Miya was appointed Sosai. To the office of Gitei were
appointed H.I.H. Prince Yoshiaki Shinno Ninnaji-no-Miya (later known as Akihito Shinno Komatsu-no-.Miya), and
H.I.H. Prince Akira Sliinno Yamashina-no-Miya, three Court nobles comprising Tadayasu Nakayama, Sanenaru Ogimachi
and Tsuneyuki Nakaraikado, and five Daimyo, Yoshikatsu Tokuguwa, Nagakoto Asano, Toyosliige Yamanouchi, Yoshinaga
Matsudaira, and Tadayoshi Shimadzu. Other Court nobles, including Tomomi Iwakura and Siiigenori Ohara, were
appointed Sanyo. The leaders of the five clans, including Takamori Saigo and Toshimichi Okubo, representing the Satsuma
Clan, Shojiro Goto and Takachika Fukuoka, representing the Tosa Clan, were also appointed Sanyo, i hus tlie new Meiji
Government was established.
The Boshin Campaign.— A number of " Daimyo," including Kataraori Matsudaira, of the Aidzu Clan, and
Sadanori Matsudaira, of the Kuwana Clan, with tlia backing of the hatamoto samurai and others siding with the Shogunate
Government, rose against the Imperial Court. For the organization of the new Imperial Government neither Yoshinobu
Tokugawa nor the " Daimyo " of the Aidzu, Kuwana and other clans were invited to Kyoto, and this fact greatly irritated
the Daimyo in opposition to the restoration of the Imperial regime. On January 3rd of the first year of the Meiji Era
(1868), a battle was fought at Toba and Fushimi, near Kyoto, between the Imperial and the Shogunate forces, the latter of
whom forced Yoshiraobu Tokugawa, who was then staying at Osaka, to lead the campaign against the Imperial Court.
After four days' fighting, the Shogunate force was defeated and Yoshinobu Tokugawa, together with Kataraori Matsudaira
and Sadanori Matsudairs, left Osaka f)r Yedo on a warship. For the purpose of crushing the remnants of the Shogunate
force the Imperial Court appointed Prince Taruhito Shinno Commander-in-chief of the Imperial armies. Taruhito Shinno,
with Takamori Saigo as Chief of the Staff, made a descent upon Yedo through the Tokai-do, Tosan-do and Hokuriku-do.
Yoshinobu took refuge at the Kanyei temple at Uyeno (now Uyeno Park), ia Yedo and sent Awa Katsu to the headquarters
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of the Imperial forces to tender an apology for his hostile action taken against the Imperial House while in Osaka. In
April of 1868 the Imperial forces entered Yedo and took possession of the Yedo castle (now Imperial Palace) and warships
belonging to the Shogunate gcvernment. Yoshinobu was then taken to, and detained at, Mito in Hitachi province. Under
the direction of the Imperial Court, lyesato Tokugawa (now President of the House of Peers) of Tayasu succeeded the main
house of tlie Tokugawa family and was granted 700,000 hoku of rice annually, raised in Suruga and Totomi provinces, for
the maintenance of the house. He then resided at Sliidzuoka. The remnants of the Shogunate force organized a party
called the Shogitai, stationed at Uyeno, Yedo. Kamajiro Enomoto, in command of eleven warships, including the Kaiyo
and Kaiten, belonging to the Shogunate force, fled to Hakodate from Yedo. Keisuke Otori in command of the remnants in
Yedo and elsewhere fled to Shimo«a province. Katamori Matsudaira of the Aidzu Clan, with the Wakamatsu castle as his
headquarters and with the backing of several other Daimyo in Sendai, Yonezawa, Morioka, Nagaoka and otlier district-,
opposed the Imperialists. On May 15th of 1868 the Imperialists attacked the Shogitai force at Uyeno, with the result that?
the latter was crushed and the Kanyei Temple burnt. The Imperialists then besieged the Wakamatsu castle, which was
occupied by the besiegers in September. Meanwhile Keisuke Otori and other remnants joined Kamajiro's naval force at
Hakodate. With Goryokaku as their headquarters the remnants made their last stand there against the Imperial force, but
were defeated. The whole of the battles are known as the Bosliin-no-yeki, or Boshin campaign.
The Meiji Administration. — Being desirous of informing the people of the Empire and the rest of the world as
to the basic principle for the Rtstoration, His Majesty the Emperor on March 14th, 1868, proceeded to the Shishiiden,
Kyoto, and took an oath before the gods and ancestors of the Imperial House for the exercise of the following Five Great
Principles : —
1. Public meetings shall be organized, and administrative aflfairs shall be decided by general deliberation.
2. Governors and governed alike shall devote themselves to the good of the nation.
3. All the civil and military officials shall endeavour to encourage individual industries in all classes, and to call
forth their active characteristics.
4. The defective customs hitherto prevailing shall be corrected.
5. Useful knowledge shall be introduced from the outside world, and thus the foundations of the Empire shall be
aggrandized.
On August 27th of the first year of the Meiji Era (October 12th, 1868, A.D.), the Enthronement was conducted at
the Shishiiden. On July 18th an announcement was made by the Imperial Court that the seat of the new Government
be removed from Kyoto to Tokyo. Jn September a new Era called the Meiji was inaugurated.
On October 13th the Emperor arrived in Tokyo and entered the Yedo castle, which was converted into the Palace
and re-named the Tokyo castle. In December, His Majesty left Tokyo for Kyoto, where an Imperial wedding ceremony was
performed between the Emperor and Princess Haru-ko, third daughter of Tadaka Ichijo, one of the Five Court Nobles.
In March, 1869, Their Majesties the Emperor and the Empress left Kyoto for Tokyo. In July of the same year, there were
inaugurated two offices, one named the Shinki-kan and the other Dajo-kan, while six Departments of State were also
established, comprising the Imperial Household, Foreign Affairs, Finance, War, Civil and Criminal. The Shinki-kan,
pertaining to the Gods and Imperial ancestors, was the highest of all, and the Dajo-kan controlled the six Departments of
State. In the Dajo-kan there were the offices of Sadaijin, Udaijin, Dainagon and Sangi. The office of Sadaijin was left
unoccupied and Sanetomi Sanjo, as the Udaijin, administered the affairs of State. Later the Civil and Criminal Departments
were converted into the Departments of Home Affairs and Justice. The War Department was divided into the Navy and
Army. The new Departments of Agriculture and Commerce, Education and Communications were established. In the 18th
year of the Meiji Era (1885, A.D.) the present system of the Cabinet was organized.
The Abolition of Feudalism. — In compliance with the suggestion made by Toshimichi 0-kubo and Ko-in Kido,
the Daimyo of the Satsuma and Choshu clans were the first to return their fiefs to the Imperial Court, and this was soon
followed by the Daimyo of all other clans in the Empire. In June of the same year the Imperial Court accepted the
surrender of tlie fiefs by all the Daimyo, who were appointed magistrates of the districts where they had formerly exercised
their autonomic power. The old system of fiefs was then changed to that of Fu (comprising Tokyo-fu, Kyoto-fu and
Osaka-fu) and Ken (Prefecture), all of which were placed under the direct control of the Imperial Court. The three
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distinguished classes of Old Japan, comprising Kugyo, Kuge and Daimyo, were aboliahed and converted into Peers. The
gamarai in Tarious clans were also abolished and converted into a class named "sbizoku." The quantity of rice raised in
the Empire at the time totalled 33,300,000 koku and there was a population of 33,600,000. On July 14th of the fourth
year of the Meiji Era (1871, A.D.) an Imperial Edict was issued abolishing the fiefs and inaugurating Ken or Prefecture,
with the result that the Daimyo who were appointed magistrates of the districts within tiieir jurisdiction, as stated above,
were released from the new office and replaced by local Governors. At the same time, three Fu comprising Tokyo-fu,
Kyoto-fu and Osaka-fu were formally inaugurated, while 72 Prefectures were also inaugurated. Thus the feudalism which
had been in existence for several hundred years was totally abolished. In the 22nd year of the Meiji Era (1889, A.D.), the
72 Prefectures were reduced to 43 Prefectures.
The Envoy to Europe.— In October of the fourth year of the Meiji Era (1871, A.D.) the Emperor sent Tomorai
Iwakura, First Assistant Premier, to Europe and America as an Envoy, for the purpose of studying the conditions in
tiiose civilized countries and revising the treaties signed with the various Powers during the Ansei Era. His suite com-
prised Koin Kido, Chancellor of the State, Toshimichi Okubo, Minister of Finance, and Hirobumi Ito, Vice-Minister of
Public Works. In the Ansei treaties it was provided that the treaties might be revised after the lapse of 171 months, and this
was one of the reasons why the Envoy was dispatched to the West. The Envoy was courteously received by the Governments
and people of the countries he visited, but the time was still premature for Japan to revise the treaties. Therefore, the
Envoy simply studied the organization of Governments and conditions in the Western countries and returned home in
September, 1873. The result was the introduction of Western civilization and matters concerning military science,
education, taxes and laws were remoulded on the Western lines. In the second year of the Meiji Era (1869, A.D.) the
telegraph service was first inaugurated between Tokyo and Yokohama, while the railway service was first opened between
the two cities in 1872. The postal service was inaugurated in 1871 and post-cards issued in 1873. All classes of the
people other than the samurai, wlio were accorded the title of " Shizoku," were called " heimin," or commoners. The
people belonging to the ex-samurai and other classes were prohibited from wearing the sword, as during the feudal days. In
November, of the fifth year of the Meiji Era (1872, A.D.) the old lunar calendar was abolished and the Western calendar
was adopted. In this connection an announcement was made that December 3rd of the same year. should be generally
regarded as January 1st of the sixth year of the Meiji Era in accordance with the Western calendar.
His Majesty the Emperor, as Grand Marshal, assumed the command of the naval and military forces which
were organized on AVestern lines. Four Military Divisions were established in Tokyo, Sendai, Osaka and Kumamoto.
Aritorao Yaraagata, Vice-Minister of War, and others, visited Europe and a conscription service system was adopted in
January, 1873. Two more Divisions were inaugurated in Nagoya and Hiroshima. Awa Katsu, a leading figure on the
side of the Shogunate before tiie Restoration of 1868, was appointed Vice-Minister of the Navy. In 1874, Naval Stations
were established in Yokosuka and Kagoshima.
In the last days of the Shogunate the Kingdom of Korea discontinued the custom of sending to Japan its Envoy at
regular intervals. After the Restoration of 1868, the Meiji Grovernment dispatched a special mission to Korea to renew the
old custom, hut this proposal was flatly rejected. The result was the starting of an agitation against Korea. General
Takamori Saigo was the first to advance a proposal to send an expedition to Korea in order to conquer the peninsula. This
proposal was endorsed by five Chancellors of State, namely Shojiro Goto, Taneomi Soyejima (Minister of Foreign Afiairs),
Shinpei Eto (Minister of Justice) and Taisuke Itagaki. On the other hand, two Chancellors of State, Shigenobu Okuma
and Takato Ogi, and Awa Katsu were opposed to tiie proposal. After a series of Ministerial Conferences a resolution
was finally passed in favour of the proposal, but it was agreed that until tiie return of Toraomi Iwakura, the Japanese Envoy,
from Europe the dispatch of an expedition to Korea be postponed. Meanwhile the Envoy returned home and urged the
necessity of adjusting internsl afTairs instead of sending an expedition to the peninsula. Thereupon Takamori Saigo resigned
office and returned to Kagoshima, his native country. This was in 1873. Shojiro Goto, Taneomi Soyejima, Shimpei Eto
and Taisuke Itagaki followed suit. Major-Generals Toshiaki Kirino and Kunimoto Shinowara also resigned office and re-
turned to Kagoshima. Hirobui Ito, Awa Katsu and Munenori Terashima were appointed Chancellors of State. Under the
guidance of Tomomi Iwakura, the three new Chancellors of State, together with Chancellors of State Toshimichi Okubo, Shige-
nobu Okuma and Takato Ogi, conducted Stateaffairs. The office of Dajo-Daijiu (Premier) was maintained by Sanetomi Sanjo.
Formosa and Saqhalien. — In 1871, a party of the people in theLoochoo archipelago was shipwrecked and landed
in Formosa, The party was massacred by the Formosans. In the early days of the Tokugawa administration the Loochoo
was subjugated by the fchimadzu family of Kyushu and has since remained a territory of Japan. In 1872, " King " Sho
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of the Loochoo was created a Japanese Peer and has since resided in Tokyo. The Loochoo Clan was abolished and converted
into Okinawa Prefecture. Several Japanese from Oda Prefecture were later massacred by the natives of Formosa. The
Japanese Government then referred the massacre affairs in Formosa to the Peking Government, when the latter replied
that the aborigines who massacred the Japanese shipwrecked-men were totally outside the sphere of China's influence.
In April, 1874, therefore, an expedition, under the command of Lieut.-General Tsukumichi Saigo (younger brother
of Takamori Saigo), was sent to Formosa. China raised objection against the sending of Japan's expedition to Formosa.
Toshimichi Okubo, Minister of Home Affairs, was dispatched to Peking as an Envoy to explain the reasons for the
sending of the Japanese expedition to Formosa. Tiie British Minister in Peking intervened, and the result was that
China yielded to Japan's contention for the dispatch of her expedition. In December of the same year the expedition
returned home. In sending the expedition the Japanese Government purchased from abroad 13 steamers which, after the
return of the expedition from Formosa, were placed at the disposal of the Mitsu Bishi & Co., the forerunner of the Nippon
Yusen Kaisha, in order to encourage navigation.
Since the days of the Shogunate no definite boundary had been established between Russia and Japan. In order to
settle this outstanding question, in May, 1875, Japan issued instructions to Takeaki (Kamajiro) Enomoto, Japanese
Minister in Russia, to discuss and solve this question with the Northern Power. Arrangements were then made to tiie
effect that the whole of the Kurile group be regarded as a territory of Japan, while Saglialien belonged to Russia.
The Civil War. — Prior to the outbreak cf the Satsuma Rebellion, or Civil War, in the tenth year of the Meiji
Era (1877, A.D.), there were in the districts many minor disturbances created by tliose who were antagonistic to the Meiji
Administration. In February, 1874, the malcontents of the Saga Clan in Kyushu revolted, with Shinpei Eto, ex-Chancellor
of State, as their leader, and took possession of the Prefectural Office building. An expedition was sent thither and the
uprising quelled, Shinpei Eto being taken prisoner and executed. In October, 1876, a party of samurai, called the Jinpu-
ren, belonging to the Kumamoto Clan in Kyushu, rose in tumult and killed the Commander of the Kumamoto Division, but
the uprising was soon suppressed.
In January, 1877, the War Office Intended to remove the plant for manufacturing shells from Kagoshima to Osaka.
To this, the samurai class under Toshiaki Kirino, Kunimoto Shinowara and other leaders objected. Takamori Saigo seems
to have been swept away by the tide of enthusiasm on the part of the samurai, who were anxious to have Takamori as their
chief leader in starting a rebellion. On February 15th of the same year a rebellion was actually started in Kagoshima, in
Satsuma province. His Majesty the Emperor, who was then in Kyoto, appointed H.I.H. Prince Taruhito Bhinno
Commander-in-Chief of the expeditionary forces against the rebellion. His Highness being assisted by Lieut.-General
Aritomo Yaraagata in the land campaign, and by Vice-Admiral Kawamura in the naval warfare. The expeditionary
forces numbered over 60,000 and the insurgents 40,000. The insurgents besieged the Kumamoto castle, the headquarters
of the Kumamoto Division, under the command of Major-General Tateki Tani, who withstood the siege until strong
reinforcements arrived and dispersed the besiegers. After seven months' fighting the insurgents retreated to Shiroyama in
Kagoshima, where they made their last stand. On September 24th the final battle was fought there between besiegers and
insurgents, with the result that Takamori Saigo and other leaders were either killed or died at their own hands. The
rebellion was thus brought to a close. The Government spent over ¥40,000,000 in suppressing the rebellion. After the
civil war decorations, ranging from the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum to the Eighth Class Imperial Order, were
accorded the officers and men who distinguished themselves during the campaign.
Takamori Saigo, Ko-in Kido and Toshimichi 0-kubo are regarded as the three great men of the Restoration period.
Ko-in Kido died during the Satsuma rebellion, while Toshimich 0-kubo was killed in 1878 by an assassin who was an
admirer of Takamori Saigo.
The Constitution. — In the seventh year of the Meiji Era (1874 A.D.), the opinion was advanced by several leaders
in Government circles in favour of inaugurating a National Assembly on Western lines. Among the advocates of this
system of administration were Taneomi Soyejima, Shojiro Goto, Taisuke Itagaki and Shimpei Eto. Ko-in Kido was the
first to propose the enactment of a fundamental law of administration, namely a Constitution. In 1875, a Gubernatorial
Conference was for the first time convened in Tokyo for the purpose of improving various lines of administration and
developing commerce and industries. Under the leadership of Taisuke Itagaki, those in favour of opening a National
Assembly memorialized the Government on the subject. On October 12th, 1881, an Imperial Edict was issued announcing
the opening of a National Assembly at no distant future. Another special announcement was later made that in the 23rd
I
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year of the Meiji Era (1890 A.D.) a National Assembly be actually opened. lu 1882, Hirobumi Ito was sent to European
countries to study the Constitution and systems of Government there. The following year he returned home and started the
work of drafting a Constitution. On July 20th of the same year Tomomi Iwakura, died. He was really the leading pillar
in building up the new Japan. In 1884, a Peerage embodying the five ranks of Prince, Marquis, Count, Viscount and
Baron was inaugurated.
In 1885, radical reforms were introduced in the oflScial organization of various Departments of State. The Dajo-kan
Office was abolished and replaced by a Cabinet. Tiie offices of Dajo-Daijin, Sadaijin, Udaijin, Sangi and other branches
of administration were abolished, and there were inaugurated the new offices of Premier and Ministers of State comprising
Foreign Affairs, Home Affairs, Finance, War, Navy, Justice, Education, Communications, and Agriculture and Commerce.
The Imperial Household Department was inaugurated at the same time. Upon the resignation of Prince Sanetomi Sanjo as the
Dajo-Daijin (Premier), Count Hirobumi Ito was appointed Premier of the new Cabinet. The Grand Keeper of the Imperial
Seals was also appointed and taken up by Prince Sanetomi Sanjo. In 1888, the Privy Council was inaugurated as the
Highest Board of Advisers to the Throne. Count Hirobumi Ito was appointed President of the Privy Council, being released
from his former office. Count Kiyotaka Kuroda was appointed Premier. Count Hirobumi Ito, with the iielp of Ki Inouye
and Miyoji Ito, then proceeded to Natsushima, Soshu, to draft a Constitution. Upon the compilation of the draft Constitution,
it was submitted to the Privy Council for discussion and approved. The Constitution of the Empire of Japan was thus enacted.
In ] 873, the Imperial Palace in the compound of the Yedo castle was destroyed by fire and Their Majesties removed
to the Akasaka Detached Palace, the grounds of which were formerly owned by the Tokugawa family of Kishu. In 1884,
a plan was drawn up for constructing new Palace buildings at Nishimaru in the compound of the Yedo castle, and the work
on the new Palace was completed in October, 1888. In January of the following year, Their Majesties removed to the new
Palace. On February 11th of the same year, the anniversary of the accession of the first Emperor Jimmu, the new
Constitution was promulgated. Their Majesties, on this auspicious occasion, received greetings from members of the
Imperial family, Ministers of State, Privy Councillors, the Corps Diplomatique in Tokyo, Peers, and a large number of high
officers and officials. A Military Review was held the same day at the Aoyama Parade-ground. Imperial messengers were
sent to the Great Shrine at Ise, and the Mausolea of the first Emperor Jimmu and Emperor Komei, the father of Meiji
Tenno, to report the great event. Amnesty was granted and posthumous honours were accorded leading loyalists and
patriots in the country.
With the promulgation of the Constitution the Imperial House Law whs drafted and enacted, thereby strengthening
the foundations of the Imperial House. On November 3rd of the same year Prince Yoshihito Shinno was officially proclaimed
as Heir Apparent. In 1890, the Diet was first convoked in Tokyo. On February, 19th, 1891, Prince Sanetomo Sanjo died.
He, together witli Tomomi Iwakura, constituted a pillar of the new Japan and during his life-time lie was accorded the
highest court rank of Jo-ichii.
The Tkeaty Revision. — In the 27th year of the Meiji Era (1894, A.D.), Viscount Munemitsu Mutsu, Minister of
Foreign Affairs, opened, through Viscount Shuzo Aoki, Japanese Minister in London, negotiations with the British Govern-
ment for revising the Treaty of Commerce and Navigation. The text of a revised Treaty was then exchanged between the two
countries on condition that the new agreement should become operative after the lapse of five years computed from the date
on which it was signed. The other countries followed the example set by Great Britain, and in 1897 the revision work was
completed. The result was the abolition of extraterritoriality in Japan, whose people came to enjoy the same right as
Europeans and Americans. The revision of the Treaties with the other Powers was not an easy task for Japan, because
her position among the Powers was not so well recognized as at the present time. After the re-organization of the
administrative machinery in 1885, Count Hirobumi Ito, who held the office of Premier at the time, with Count Kaoru
Inouye, Minister of Foreign Affairs, approached the various Powers with a proposal to revise the Treaties, but witliout
result. During the Kuroda Administration, Count Shigenobu Okuma, Minister of Foreign Affairs, made another attempt
for the same purpose but was unsuccessful.
The Sino-Japanese War. — The war with China in 1894-95 had its origin in political strife in Korea (later
Chosen), which had been the bone of contention between Japan and China.
In September, 1875, — after the proposal advanced by Elder Saigo to subjugate Korea had been disapproved by tiie
Tokyo Government — a Japanese warship was suddenly fired upon by a Korean garrison at the Koka Island in Korean
waters. Japan, therefore, sent an Envoy to Korea and demanded an explanation. The following year a treaty of
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friendship was signed between the two countries, and the Korean Government tendered an apology for the offence committed
against a Japanese man-of-war. Japan then recognized Korea as an independent country. At that time the Progressives
in Korea were eager to improve the system of administration under Japan's guidance, but the Conservatives in the
peninsula relied upon China for the purpose. In 1882, the conservatives attacked tlie Japanese Legation and concession in
Seoul. Yoshimoto Hanabusa, Japanese Minister in Seoul, barely escaped with his life and returned home. The Japanese
Government dispatched to Korea a naval and military force which escorted Yoshimoto Hanabusa as far as Chemulpo, or
Jinsen, where a conference was held between the Minister and the representatives of the Korean Government. A treaty was
signed between the two countries and is known as the Chemulpo treaty, according to which Korea paid Japan compensation
for losses of, and damage to, lives and property of the Japanese. In 1884, another collision occurred in Seoul between a
Japanese and Chinese force, the latter of which liad been specially invited by the conservatives in Korea from China in
order to suppress the influence of Japan in the peninsula. The Japanese Legation building in Seoul was burnt by the Chinese
force, who killed many Japanese. Shin-ichiro Takezoye, the Japanese Minister in Seoul, effected his esc»pe to Chemulpo.
In 1885, the Japanese Government sent to Korea Count Kaoru Inouye, Minister of Foreign Affairs, as an Envoy under a
strong guard of the navy and army. After a series of negotiations the Korean Government apologized for the offence and
paid compensation therefor. Yuan Shih-kai, who was stationed in Seoul as China's Representative, went so far as to
interfere with internal affairs in Korea. For the issue of the collision between the Japanese and Chinese forces in Seoul,
Japan was of the opinion that China should to a certain extent he held responsible, and in 1885 Count Hirobumi Ito, the
Minister of the Imperial Household, was dispatched to Cliina as an Envoy to hold negotiations on the subject At Tientsin a
conference was opened between the Envoy and the Li Fung-chang, at which an agreement was reached that neither Japan
nor China should in future station her troops in Korea, and that if necessity arose for either party to dispatch its force to
the peninsula each should communicate the matter to tiie other. This agreement is known as the Tientsin treaty.
In 1894, a disturbance was created by a party of Koreans called the Togaku-to. The Korean Government was power-
less to suppress the disturbance. Availing himself of this opportunity. Yuan Siiih-kai, Cliinese Minister in Seoul, induced
Korea to ask China to send her forces in order to quell the disturbance. In June of the same year a Chinese force, under the
command of the military Governor of Chihii Province, landed at Gazan, Korea. Thereupon Japan also sent a strong
force to Korea to guard the Japanese Legation and the Japanese residents in Seoul and elsewhere. Japan then approached
China with a suggestion to co-operate and introduce radical reforms in the peninsular administration. To this China
objected. Keisuke 0-tori, Japanese Minister in Seoul, advanced a suggestion to the Emperor of Korea to introduce
radical reforms in the administration. The Emperor gave consent to the suggestion and asked the Japanese Minister to
take prompt measures to drive the Chinese forces from the peninsula. Meanwhile the Peking Government sent a strong
force to Korea. En route Chinese forces, under the escort of Chinese warships, encountered a Japanese Squadron off the
Hoto Island and an engagement ensued, with the result that the Chinese suffered a defeat. This affair occurred on July
25th, 1894. Shortly afterwards a land battle was fought at Gazan, KoreH, between the Japanese and Chinese forces, in
which the latter were defeated. On August Ist Japan declared war against China, and in September His Majesty left
Tokyo for Hiroshima, where the headquarters were established and where the Emperor stayed during the war. The
General Staff Office, under charge of General H.I H. Prince Akihito Shinno, organized the First Corps under the command
of General Count Aritomo Yamagata, comprising tlie troops of the Fifth Division, under Lieut.-General Viscount Michitsura
Nodzu, and the Third Division, under Lieut.-General Taro Katsura, while the Second Corps, under the command of General
Count Iwao Oyama, was composed of the First Division under Lieut.-General Baron Motoharu Yamaji, the Second
Division under Lieut.-General Baron Samata Sakuma and the Sixth Division under Lieut.-General Taraemoto Kuroki.
Landing at Chemulpo, these forces advanced upon Peking, and by March, 1895, the whole of Korea and the Liaotung
peninsula were taken possession of by Japan. The United Japanese fleet, under the command of Vice- Admiral Yuko Ito,
had an engagement with the Chinese fleet in the Yellow Sea, the result being the crushing defeat of tlie latter. In
February, 1895, the Japanese navy, in co-operation with the army, attacked the Chinese naval base at Weihaiwei, which
was soon captured. The result was the destruction of the Chinese navy and Admiral Ting Ju-chang, in command of the
Chinese fleet, committed suicide. Japan then occupied the Pescadores and Formosa.
On March 16th, an Imperial Edict was issued announcing that a Special Staff Office, called theSeishiii-Dai-S;)toku-fu
(Grand Governor-General's Office for conquering China) be inaugurated at the front in order to take possession of Peking.
General H.I.H. Prince Akihito Shinno was appointed Governor-General of the new Office.
( 93 )
Seeing that further resistance against Japan in arms was useless, China proposed to sue for peace, and appointed Li
Fung-chang as an Envoy to conduct peace negotiations. Thereupon the Japanese Government notified China that the peace
conference be held at Shimonoseki. As the result of the conference, at which Japan was represented by Count Hirobumi
Ito, the Premier, and Viscount Muneraitsu Mutsu, Minister of Foreign Affairs, a peace treaty embodying eleven Articles
was signed on April 17th, 1895. China thus recognized the independence of Korea and agreed to concede to Japan
the Liaotung peninsula, Formosa and Pescadores, besides paying 200,000,000 taels as indemnity. This is known as the
Shimonoseki Treaty. Russia, France and Germany approached Japan with a proposal to return to China the Liaotung
peninsula, contending that the permanent possession by Japan of the peninsula would prove a menace to the peace of the
Far East. Japan asked Russia to re-consider the proposal and referred the matter to Great Britain and the United States,
but none of tiiese Powers made a favourable reply. Under the triple pressure, therefore, Japan returned the Liaotung
peninsula to China on May 10th of the same year, and received from China 30,000,000 taels as compensation therefor.
During the war Japan sent to Formosa an expedition, comprising the Imperial Body-guard under the command of Lieut.-
General H.I.H. Prince Yoshihisa Shinno Kitashirakawa-no-Miya and the Second Division under Lieut.-General Maresuke
Nogi, to take possession of the Island. In the midst of the sweeping operations Prince Yoshihisa Shinno contracted a
malady to which he finally succumbed. General H.I.H, Prince Taruhito Shinno also died at the headquarters at
Hiroshima during the oampaign. Upon tlie conclusion of the war, decorations, including the Orders of the Golden Kite
and the Peerage, were conferred on officers and privates as well as civilians who had rendered distinguished services to the
State during the operations.
In January, 1897, H.I.M. Empress Dowager Eisho died at the Aoyama Detached Palace and her remains were
buried at Nochino-tsukinowa, Kyoto. Her Majesty was a daughter of Lord Naotada Kujo, who held the oflBce of
" Kampaku " (Grand Chancellor of the Kraperor).
In May, 1900, the Crown Prince (Yosiiiliito Shinno) married Princess Sadako, the fourth daughter of Prince
Michitaka Kujo. The wedding ceremony was conducted at tiie Imperial Palace in the presence of Their Majesties the
Emperor and Empress, at which were present members of the Imperial family, Ministers of State, the Corps Diplomatique
in Tokyo and a large number of high officers and officials.
The interference of Russia, France and Germany, whereby Japan was obliged to return the Liaotung peninsula to
China, stimulated the minds of the Japanese so greatly that they recognized tiie necessity of enlarging the navy and army.
Under a ten-year programme, the navy was expanded from 1896, while the army was enlarged from seven to thirteen
Divisions. At the same time measures were taken to develop commerce and industries. With the vessels purchased from
abroad during the war with China, new lines of steamers were opened between Japan and Europe, America, Australia and
other quarters under charge of the Nippon Yusen Kaisha and Osaka Shosen Kaisha. The Toyo Kisen Kaisha was
established soon after the close of the war.
The Boxer Trouble. — The Sino-Japanese War disclosed the fact that China was in a helpless condition in arms
and other organizations. Taking advantage of this, Germany secured from China the lease of Kiaochow, Russia of Port
Arthur and Dairen (Daluy), Great Britain of Wei hai-wei and France of the Kwanchow Bay. The situation in China
was sucli that she might be partitioned among the Powers. In 1899, anti-foreign agitations were started in Chihli,
Shantung and other districts, with the result that many foreigners, including missionaries, were killed. The insurgents
then besieged the Legation quarters in Peking. A united force was, therefore, organized by Great Britain, Russia, France,
America, Germany, Italy, Japan, Austria-Hungary, Spain, Belgium and Holland. Japan dispatched to China the troops
of the Fifth Division under the command of Lieut.-General Baron Motoomi Yamaguchi. On August 14th the united force
reached Peking and saved the Legations. This anti-foreign agitation is known as the Boxer trouble. In September of
tlie following year agreements were reached to the effect that China shall pay the foreign countries concerned 450,000,000
taels as indemnity. In suppressing the Boxer uprising the efficiency of the Japanese soldiers was universally recognized
among the Powers.
The Anglo-Japanese Alliance and the Russo-Japanese War. — The Boxer trouble gave Russia an op-
portunity to carry into effect her Far Eastern policy. Having secured from China the lease of Port Arthur and Dairen,
Russia devised various plans in Manchuria for the realization of her end and stationed strong forces there. At the same
time, Russia tried to implant her influence in Korea and drive Japan from the peninsula, thereby menacing the peace of
the East. Japan, therefore, approached Russia with a proposal not to interfere with the internal affairs of Korea and the
two countries agreed to refrain from interfering with Korea.
( 94 )
In January 1902, an Alliance was established between Great Britain and Japan with a view to maintaining the
peace of the Far East and preserving the integrity of China and Korea. Thereupon Russia declared that the Franco-
Russian Alliance in force be applied to the Extreme East.
Russia continued to push forward her aggressive policy in the East to such an extent that the independence of Japan
was threatened. On February 6th, 1904, Japan severed diplomatic relations with Russia, when a united fleet under the
command of Vice- Admiral Heihachiro Togo left Sasebo Naval Station for Port Arthur to attack the Russian Squadron
stationed there, the battleship Mikasa being used as the flag-ship. A Russian Squadron then stationed in Chemulpo was
attacked and annihilated by a detachment of the Japanese united fleet.
Field Marshal Marquis Iwao Oyama was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese armies, with General
Baron Gentaro Kodama as Chief of Stafi". The first army corps under General Baron Tamemoto Kuroki won the initial
victory over the Russians on the Yalu and advanced westward. The second army corps under General Baron Yasukata
Oku landed at the Liaotung peninsula and after sweeping away the enemy from the peninsula, joined the Kuroki army.
The first and second armies then advanced northward. The third army corps, under General Baron Maresuke Nogi,
besieged Port Arthur. The fourth army corps, under General Count Michitsura Nodzu, constituted the main force.
Liaoyang was occupied by the combined Japanese forces in September and Shaho in October. General Kuropatkin,
Commander-in-Chief of the Russian forces, retreated to Mukden. The Russian Squadron in Port Arthur was bottled
up by Togo's fleet. In January, 1905, Port Arthur capitulated and General Stoessel, in command of the Russian
garrison in the stronghold, surrendered. The four Japanese armies then made a descent upon Mukden, where the Russian
forces comprised over eleven Divisions, 500,000 strong, with 1,300 guns. The Japanese armies consisted of thirteen
Divisions and other auxiliary forces of all arms, numbering altogether 350,000, with 1,100 guns. On February 27th the"
Japanese forces assumed the offensive and on March 10th Mukden was occupied. In this battle, the Japanese lost 40,000
in killed and wounded, while the losses sustained by the Russians numbered 100,000 in killed and wounded, 40,000 Russians
being taken prisoner.
Meanwhile the Baltic Squadron, comprising 38 vessels, under the command of Admiral Rozhdestvensky, was approach-
ing Japan, coming via the Cape. On May 27th a memorable battle was fought in the Japan Sea between the Japanese and
Baltic fleett, the latter of which was annihilated. Only two Russian warships efiected their escape and reached Vladivostock.
Admiral Rozhdestvensky and six thousand Russians were taken prisoner. In this engagement, not a single vessel was lost on
Japan's side. A Japanese force was later dispatched to Saghalien and the whole of the Island was occupied. In June,
1905, President Roosevelt of the United States advanced a proposal to Japan and Russia to conclude peace. This proposal
was accepted by the belligerents and Japan appointed Baron Jutaro Komura, Minister of Foreign AflTairs, Chief Com-
missioner to conduct peace negotiations with Russia. Kogoro Takahira, Japanese Minister in Washington, waa
appointed a Commissioner to assist Baron Komura in the negotiations. Russia appointed Count Witte Chief
Commissioner, Baron Rozen, the Russian Minister in Washington, being appointed a Commissioner. Peace negotiations
were conducted at Portsmouth and a peace treaty was signed in October. On the 14th of the same month the treaty was
ratified by the Emperor of Japan. It provides, among other things, that Russia shall recognize Japan's special right in
Korea and hand over the concessions at Port Arthur and Dairen, together with the southern half of Saghalien.
The Japanese naval and military forces then leturned home in triumph. In November, 1905, the Emperor visited
the Imperial Great Shrine at Ise and reported to the gods enshrined therein the brilliant victory won by Japan over Russia
in the war. This was followed by a naval review in Tokyo Bay and a military review at Aoyama Parade-ground to
celebrate the victory. The war funds spent by Japan amounted to ¥1,508,000,000.
The Post Bellum Administration.— Upon the conclusion of peace, Japan established at Port Arthur the
Governor-General's Office of Kwantung Province which comprises Port 'Arthur, Dairen and neighbouring districts. The
South Manchuria Railway Company was at the same time organized to work the railways and other enterprises south of
Changchung which were received from Russia. In Japanese Saghalien, or Karafuto, the Civil Administrative Office was
established. In view of the fact that the outbreak of the two wars with China and Russia had its origin in Korea, Japan
concluded in November, 1905, a special treaty with Korea, according to which Japan established in Seoul the Governor-
General's Office in order to deal with diplomatic affairs of Korea and maintain peace in the peninsula. Marquis Ito
was appointed the Governor-General of Korea. The Emperor of Korea schemed against Japan to free his country from
the Japanese administration, but the plot was disclosed. In July, 1907, the Emperor abdicated by way of repentance and
C 95 )
the Crown Prince ascended the Throne. Marquis Ito concluded another treaty with Korea and thus secured for japan tbe
right of controlling all internal aflairs in the peninsula. In October of the same year the Crown Prince (Yoshihito Shinno)
of Japan (present Emperor) visited the Court of Korea and as a result the Crown Prince of Korea (now Prince li) came to
Japan for the prosecution of his studies under the protection of the Japanese Imperial Court. In Japan, various commercial
and industrial enterprises were started and by the end of 1905 the total length of railways in Japan Proper reached 5,000
miles. After the Russo-Japanese War, the Japanese Government recognized the necessity of nationalizing railways in the
country, and thus nearly all the private railways were purchased by the authorities. The army was enlarged from six to
nineteen Divisions comprising 1,500,000 men, while the navy is represented by over 600,000 tons.
In August, 1905, the Anglo-Japanese Alliance was renewed for the second time and in June, 1907, au Agreement
was signed between France and Japan for the purpose of protecting mutual interests on the Asiatic Continent and
maintaining peace in the Orient. In August, 1907, a similar Agreement was concluded with Russia. In 1908 another
Agreement was effected with the United States for the preservation of peace.
The Annexation of Korea. — On October 26th, 1909, Prince Ito was assassinated at Harbin by a Korean who
was backed by many anti-Japanese elements. He was succeeded by Viscount Sone as Governor-General of Korea.
In May, 1910, Viscount Sone resigned office and was succeeded by General Viscount Masakata Terauchi, who on August
>22nd of the same year carried out the annexation of Korea to Japan. With the annexation of Korea, its name was altered
to that of Gliosen.
The Death of Empebok Meiji Tenno. — On July 30th, 1912, H.I.M. Emperor Meiji died in Tokyo at the age of
sixty-oue, having ruled the Empire for more than forty years. During his reign, Japan secured a position among the Powers
as a first class Power and several important Imperial Edicts were issued for encouraging science and industries. On October
13th, 1910, an Imperial Edict, known as the Boshin-Shosho, was made public, warning the people to exercise thrift and
strive hard for the promotion of the country's position. The funeral of Emperor Meiji was conducted at Aoyama, Tokyo on the
night of September 13th in accordance with ancient customs. His remains were buried at Momoyama, Kyoto, on the 15th of the
same month. His Majesty composed hundreds of thousands of poems, which are quite sufficient to indicate that the Emperor
was really an enlightened Sovereign. Among the Imperial poems is one which reads : — " Tokoshiye-ni tami yasukare-to
inoru-naru, waga yo-o mamore Ise-no 0-gami " (We always pray that Our subjects will enjoy peace and tranquillity for
ever. Oh, Our Great God of Ise ! May Our Empire be safe under Your protection).
While the Imperial hearse containing the remains of Emperor Meiji was leaving the Imperial Palace on the night of
September 13th, Count and Countess Nogi committed suicide at their residence in Tokyo to follow the spirit of the deceased
Emperor. General Count Maresuke Nogi was a great loyalist and patriot of modern Japan and he is universally regarded
as the hero of the Port Arthur siege.
Immediately upon the deatli of Emperor Meiji the Crown Prince Yoshihito ascended the Throne and the name
of the Meiji Era was changed to that of the TaisliS, An Imperial Edict was issued announcing that H.I.H. Prince
General Sadanaru Shinno Fushimi-no-Miya and H.I.H. Prince Admiral Takehito Siiinno Arisugawa-no-Miya should assist
the new Emperor in carrying on the administration. His Majesty also granted a similar message to the Genro, comprising
Field Marslial Prince Aritoino Yamagata, Field Marshal Prince Iwao Oyama, General Prince Taro Katsura, Marquis
Masayoshi Matsukata and Marquis Kaoru Inouye.
The Death of Empress Dowager Shoken. — On April 11th, 1914, H.I.M. Empress Dowager Sliokeu died in Tokyo
at the age of sixty-four. After the funeral of Her Majesty had been conducted at Aoyama in a manner similar to that of
Emperor Meiji, Her remains were taken to Kyoto and buried at Fushimi-no-Momoyama-no-Higashi, near the mausoleum of
Emperor Meiji.
The War with Germany. — In the summer of 1914, war broke out among European nations on account of
Germany's ambitions to conquer the whole of Europe. In strict accordance with obligations imposed on her by the terms of
tiie Anglo-Japanese Alliance, Japan declared war against Germany on August 23rd of that year. An expedition consisting
of the troops of the Eighteenth Division and other contingents drawn from various Divisions, under the command of
Lieut.-General Mitsuonii Kanno, was dispatched to Shantung Province, China, to capture Tsingtao, the German nival and
military stronghold in the Far East. The Second Squadron under Vice-Admiral Sadakichi Kato was at the same time
dispatched to Kiaochow to blockade the Bay, where several German warships, togetlier with an Austrian man-of-war,
( 96 )
were statione;!. In November, the stronghold was stormed and occupied by the Japanese forces. Admiral Waldeck, in
command of the German garrison there, with his staff, was taken prisoner. Japan then inaugurated a military administra-
tion in Kiaochow. ■ The Japanese navy, wliile engaging in sweeping operations in the Pacific and elsewhere, took
possession of the group of the Marshal and Caroline Islands in the South Pacific, which belonged to Germany.
New Treaty with China. — In May, 1915, there was signed between Japan and Ciiina a new treaty, according to
which China agreed to extend the lease of Port Arthur and Dairen to 99 years in Japan's favour, besides recognizing the
special rights and privileges of Japan in South Manchuria and East Mongolia. It was further arranged that China siiall
not permit other countries to either lease or secure the islands and the coast lines of Shantung and other Provinces, while
China shall not permit the other Powers to establish naval and military stations along the coast of Fukien Province. All
these agreements with China were effected during the Okuma Administration. In the autumn of 1915, the entiironement
of the present Emperor was conducted at Kyoto, at which Count Okuma, representing the whole of the Japanese people,
had the honour of tendering greetings to His Majesty on the great national event.
AFTERMATH OF THE ENTHRONEMENT CEREMONIES IN 1915. .
SpHE Enthronement and other festivities were originally arranged to be conducted in the Autumn of 1914, the period of
tS mourning for the death of H.I.M. Emperor Meiji Tenno having expired on July 30th, 1913. Owing to the death of
H.I.M. Empress Dowager Shoken on April 11th, 1914, the above programme had to be postponed for a period of one year
and thus the Enthronement ceremonies were performed in the Autumn of 1915.
The Commission of the Grand Ceremonies of the Enthronement comprised the following : —
H.I.H. Field Marshal Prince Sadanaru Shinno Fushimi-no-miya, Commissioner-in-Chief of Grand
Ceremonies.
Prince Hiromichi Takatsukasa, Grand Chamberlain to the Emperor, President of Commission.
Other members of Commission were : —
Baron Junjiro Hosokawa, Privy Councillor; Viscount Miyoji Ito, Privy Councillor; Dr. Tasuku Egi,
Chief Secretary of the Cabinet; and Mr. Kenzo Ishiwara, Vice-Minister of tlie Imperial Household.
Following are leading members of other departments inaugurated in regard to the festivities : —
Count Ujitaka Toda, Chief of the Department of Festivities. Prince Hirokuni Ito, Assistant Chief of the
same Department.
Mr. Saburo Baba, Chief of the Department of Supplies.
Mr. Tokuma Katayama, Chief of the Department of Construction.
Viscount Kototada Fujinami, Chief of the Department of Vehicles.
Dr. Hanjiro Furukawa, Chief of the Department of Railways.
Mr. Yuko Hamaguchi, Chief of the Department of Accounts.
The expenditure of the Enthronement and other festivities was ¥8,000,000.
In honour of the grand ceremonies of the Enthronement posthumous honours were bestowed upon a large number of
the deceased royalists and patriots.
The sum of a million yen was granted to all Prefectures in Japan Proper and over-sees territories for charitable
purposes.
An amnesty was granted and a number of prisoners released.
Decorations ranging from the highest to the seventh class order were presented to officers, officials, business men,
bankers, journalists, educationalists and others. Among the recipients were members of Embassies and Legations in
Tokyo. Aged persons above 80 years of age, numbering 374,698 in all, were granted certain sums of money and a sak6
cup bearing tlie Imperial Crest.
Several persons were created peers, with the title of Baron, in appreciation of services rendered to the State as
officials, scholars and business men.
C 97 )
ERAS OF THE REIQN* OF THE VARIOUS EMPERORS OF JAPAN.
je.D.
A.D,
A.D.
A.D.
1st Year
ofTaika
645
6th Year of Yoro
722
18th Year of Yenryaku ..
799
I8th Ye
ar of Jogan
876
2nd
» »»
646
7th
„ „
723
19th
800
1st
„ Gengyo
877
3rd
647
1st
„ Jinki
724
20th
801
2nd
878
4th
» )»
648
2nd
„ ,,
725
21st
802
3rd
879
5th
649
3rd
726
22nd
803
4th
880
l8t
, Hakuchi
650
4th
727
23rd
804
5th
881
2nd
» »)
651
5th
)t n
728
24th
805
6th
882
3rd
» i»
652
Ist
„ Tembyo
729
Ist „ Daido
806
7th
883
4th
653
2nd
,, J,
730
2nd
807
8th
884
5th
, „
654
3rd
»i »»
731
3rd
808
1st
„ Ninna
885
Ist
, Saimei Teniio
655
4th
732
4th „
809
2nd
886
2nd
, ,,
656
5th
,j ,,
733
1st „ Konin
810
3rd
887
3rd
t »»
657
6th
» »»
734
2nd „
811
4th
888
4th
658
7th
735
3rd
812
Ist
„ Kanbei
889
5th
, ^j
659
8th
»» i»
736
4th
813
2nd
890
6th
, ,,
660
9th
737
5th
814
3rd
891
7th
, j^
661
10th
738
6th
815
4th
892
Ist
, TenjiTenno...
662
ath
»i )i
739
7th
816
5th
893
2nd
^ ,,
663
I2th
740
8th
817
6th
894
3rd
664
I3th
741
9th
818
7th
895
4th
665
14th
„ ji
742
10th
819
8th
896
5th
666
15th
743
11th
820
9th
897
6th
667
16th
744
12th
821
1st
„ Shotai
898
7th
668
17th
745
13th
822
2nd
899
8th
669
18th
II i»
746
14th
823
3rd
900
9th
670
19th
747
1st „ Tenoho
824
Ist
„ Yengi
901
10th
671
■JOth
748
2nd „ „'
825
2nd
902
Ist
, Kobun Teiino
672
1st
„ Tembyo Shoho
749
3rd
826
3rd
903
Ist
, Temmu Tenno
673
2nd
750
4th
827
4th
904
2nd
, ,j
674
3rd
751
5th
828
5th
905
3rd
675
4th
752
6th
829
6th
906
4th
676
5th
t> i»
753
7th
830
7th
907
5th
677
6th
754
8th „
831
8th
908
6th
678
7th
755
9th
832
9th
jj
909
7th
679
8th
)i II
756
lOth
833
loth
910
8th
, ^,
680
Ist
„ Tembyo Hoji...
757
1st „ Jowa
834
nth
911
9th
681
2nd
758
2nd
835
12th
912
10th
682
3rd
759
3rd
836
I3th
913
11th
683
4th
„ ,,
760
4th
837
14th
914
12th
^ ,,
684
5th
ij J,
761
5th „ „
838
15th
915
13th
685
6th
,,
762
6th
839
16th
916
1st
, Shucho
686
7th
763
7th
840
17th
917
Ist
, Jito Tenno ...
687
8th
764
8th
841
I8th
918
2nd
688
1st
„ Tembyo Jingo
765
9th
842
I9th
919
3rd
689
2nd
,1 „
766
tOth
843
20th
920
4th
J ,,
690
1st
„ Jingo Keiun...
767
11th
844
21st
921
5th
691
2nd
768
I2th
845
22nd
922
6th
692
3rd
769
I3th
846
Ist
„ Yencho
923
7th
693
Ist
„ Hoki
770
I4th
847
2nd
J jj
924
8th
694
2nd
771
1st „ Kajo
848
3rd
925
9th
695
3rd
772
2nd
849
4th
926
10th
698
4th
„ 1,
773
3rd
850
th
927
1st
, Mommu Tenno
697
5th
774
1st „ Ninju
851
6th
928
2nd
J
698
6th
775
2nd
852
7th
929
3rd
, 1
699
7th
„ 1,
776
3rd
853
8th
930
4th
700
8th
777
1st „ Saiko
854
1st
„ Shohei
931
1st
, Daiho
701
9th
778
2nd
855
2nd
932
2nd
j_
702
lOth
779
3rd
856
3rd
933
3rd
703
nth
780
Ist „ Tennan
857
4th
934
1st
, Kyoun
704
Ist
„ Tenwo
781
2nd
858
5th
935
2nd
, ij
705
1st
„ Yenryaku ...
782
1st „ Jojan
859
6th
936
3rd
706
2nd
783
2nd
860
7th
937
4th
707
3rd
784
3rd „
861
Ist
„ Tengyo
938
1st
, Wado
708
4th
785
4th ,
862
2nd
^j ,,
939
2nd
, _,
709
5th
J,
786
5th
863
3rd
940
3rd
, ij
710
6th
787
6th „
861
4th
941
4th
711
7th
788
7th
865
5th
942
5th
712
8th
j^
789
8th
866
6th
943
6th
713
9th
790
9th
867
7th
944
7th
714
loth
791
lOth
868
8th
945
let
„ Reiki
715
11th
792
nth „
869
9th
946
2nd
, ^,
716
12th
„
793
12th
870
1st
„ Tenryaku
947
1st
„ Yoio
717
13th
794
13th
871
2nd
^,
948
2nd
, ,j
718
I4th
795
Uth
872
3rd
949
3rd
, ,1
719
15th
796
15th
873
4th
950
4th
J jj
720
16th
797
16th
874
5th
951
5th
, „
721.
17th
., ,.
798
I7th
875
6th
952
• The name was first ordered in the dynasty of the 36th Emperor Kotoku Tenno , A.D. 645.
C 98 )
ERAS OF THE REIGN OF THE VARIOUS EMPERORS OF JAPAN,
7th Year of Tenryaku
8th
9th
10th
Ist
2nd
Srd
4th
1st
2nd
3rd
Ist
2nd
3rd
4th
Ist
2nd
Ist
2nd
3rd
1st
2nd
3rd
1st
2nd
Ist
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
1st
2nd
1st
2nd
Ist
2nd
1st
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Ist
2nd
3rd
4th
1st
2nd
3rd
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Tentoku
Wowa
Koho
»t
Anwa
Tenroku .
Tenyen .
)»
Jogen
Tengen .
)»
»)
Yeikau .
»t
Kanwa
n
Yeiyen
Yeiso
Siioryaku.
n
»)
'»
»»
Chotoku .
Choho - '.
II
»)
»>
Kanko
Chowa
Kannln
Jian
Manju
Chogen
A.D.
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
99]
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
7th Year of
8th
9th
1st
2nd
3rd
Ist
2nd
3rd
4th
1st
2nd
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
1st
2nd
3rd
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Ist
2nd
3rd
1st
2nd
3rd
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
Ist
2nd
1st
1st
2nd
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
1st
2nd
Ist
2nd
1st
2nd
Ist
2nd
3rd
1st
2nd
Chogen ..
Choryaku..
>»
»»
Choky fi ,
»»
Kantoku .
Yeijo
Tengi
Kohei
Jiryaku
*i
Yenkyu
))
5»
H
Joho
Joryaku
1)
YeihS
t*
Wotoku
ti
Kanji
Kaho
Yoicho
Jotoku
»i
Kowa
Choji
Kajo
Tennin
Tenyei
n
It
Yeikyu
A.D.
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1972
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
3rd Year of Yeikyu
4th
5th
1st „ Genyei
2nd
1st „ Hoan
2nd
3rd
4th
1st „ Tenji
2nd
1st „ Taiji
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Ist „ Tenjo
1st „ Chojo
2nd
3rd
1st „ Hoyen
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Ist „ Yeijl
Ist „ Koji
2nd
1st „ Ten-yo
1st „ Kyiian
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Ist „ Nirabyo
2nd
3rd
Ist „ Kyuju
2nd
Ist „ Hogen
2nd
3rd „ „
1st „ Heiji
Ist „ Yeiryaku
1st „ Woho
2nd
1st ,, Chocan
2nd
1st „ Yeiman
1st „ Nin-an
2nd
3rd
1st „ Kawo
2nd
1st „ Joan
2nd
3rd
4th
Ist „ Angen
2nd
1st „ Jisho
2nd „
3rd
4th
1st „ Yowa
1st „ Juyei
2nd
3rd
1st „ Bunji
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
1st „ Kenkyu
2nd
3rd
4th „ „
5th
6th
A.D.
1
A.D.
1115
7th Year of Kenkyn |
1196
1116
8th
,1
1197
1117
9th
1198
1118
1st
„ Shoji
1199
1119
2nd
jj „
1200
1120
1st
„ Kennin
1201
1121
2nd
1202
1122
3rd
1203
1123
1st
„ Genkyfi
1204
1124
2nd
^_
1205
1125
1st
„ Kenyei
1206
1126
1st
„ Shogen
1207
1127
2nd
,^ ji
1208
1128
3rd
1209
1129
4th
1210
1130
1st
„ Kenryaku ...
1211
1131
2nd
1212
1132
1st
„ Kempo
1213
1133
2nd
1214
1134
3rd
1215
1135
4th
1216
1136
5th
1217
1137
6th
1218
1138
1st
„ Jokyu
1219
1139
2nd
1220
1140
3rd
1221
1141
1st
„ Jowo
1222
1142
2nd
1223
1143
1st
„ Gennin
1224
1144
1st
„ Karoku
1225
1145
2nd
1226
1146
1st
„ Antei
1227
1147
2nd
1228
1148
Ist
„ Kanki
1229
1149
2nd
1230
1150
3rd
_,
1231
1151
1st
„ Joyel
1232
1152
1st
„ Tempuku
1233
1153
1st
„ Bunryaku ...
1234
1154
1st
„ Katei
1235
1155
2nd
1236
1156
3rd
1237
1157
1st
„ Ryakunin ..
1238
1158
1st
„ Yenwo
1239
1159
1st
„ Ninji
1240
1160
2nd
1241
1161
3rd
1242
1162
1st
„ Kangen
1243
1163
2ud
^,
1244
1164
3rd
1,
1245
1165
4th
...
1246
1166
Ist
„ Hoji
1247
1167
2nd
1248
1168
1st
„ Kenoho
1249
1169
2nd
,^ ,j
1250
1170
3rd
1251
1171
4th
1252
1172
5th
^1 „
1253
1173
6th
1254
1174
7th
1255
1175
1st
„ Kojen
1256
1176
let
„ Shoka
1257
1177
2nd
1258
1178
Ist
„ Shogen
1259
1179
1st
„ Bunw6
1260
1180
1st
„ Kooho
1261
1181
2nd
^^ ,j
1262
1182
3rd
_j
1263
1183
Ist
„ Bunyei
1264
1184
2nd
jj J,
1265
1185
3rd
1266
1186
4th
1267
1187
5th
1268
1188
6th
1269
1189
7th
ti it
1270
1190
8th
1271
1191
9th
1272
1192
lOth
1273
1193
nth
1274
1194
1st
„ Kenji
1275
1195
2nd
It !•
nn
I
( 99 )
ERAS OF THE REIGN OF THE VARIOUS EMPERORS OF JAPAN.
'
. 1
A.D.
1
A.D.
A.D.
yu
1
A.D.
3rd Year of Kenji '. |
1277
1 3th Year of Shohei ... ...|
1358
Uth Year of Yeikyo |
1439
mhYearofYelsho 1
1520
Ist
„ Koan
1278
14th
1359
12th
1440
1st
„ Dalyei
1521
2nd
1279
I5th
1360
1st
„ Kakitsu
1441
2nd
1522
3rd
») i»
1280
t6th
1361
2nd
,j jj
1442
3rd
1523
4th
1281
I7th
1362
3rd
1443
4th
1524
5th
1282
18th
1363
Ist
„ Bunnan
1444
5th
1525
6th
1283
19th
1364
2nd
1445
6th
1526
7th
1284
■iOth
1365
3rd
1446
7th
1527
8th
»» 11
1285
21st
1366
4th
1447
Ist
„ Kyoroku
1528
9th
1286
22nd
1367
5th
1448
2nd
1529
10th
^, ,,
1287
23rd
1368
1st
„ Hotoku
1449
3rd
1530
Ist
„ fc-howo
1288
24th
1369
2nd
1450
4th
1531
2nd
1289
Ist
„ Kentoku
1370
3rd
1451
Ist
„ Tenbun
1532
3rd
»» )»
1290
2nd
1371
Ist
„ Kyotoku
1452
2nd
1533
4th
1291
1st
„ Bunchu
1372
2nd
^, ,j
1453
3rd
1534
5th
1292
2nd
1373
3rd
^^ ^^
1454
4th
1535
Ist
„ Yeinin
1293
3rd
1374
1st
„ Kosho
1455
5th
1536
2nd
1294
1st
„ Tenju
1375
2nd
1456
6th
1537
3rd
») »»
1295
2nd
J, ,^
1376
1st
„ Choroku
1457
7th
1538
4th
»» i»
1296
3rd
1377
2nd
1458
8th
1539
5th
1297
4th
1378
3rd
1459
9th
1540
6th
It )»
1298
5th
1379
Ist
„ Kansho
1460
10th
1541
1st
„ Shoan
1299
6th
1380
2nd
1461
Uth
1542
2nd
J, ,,
1300
1st
„ Kowa
1381
3rd
1462
12th
1543
3rd
»t )»
1301
2nd
,, ,,
1382
4th
1463
13th
1544
Ist
„ Kengen
1302
3rd
1383
5th
1464
Uth
1545
1st
„ Kagen
1303
1st
„ Genchu
1384
6th
1465
15th
1546
2nd
»» »»
1304
2nd
1385
1st
„ Bunsho
1466
16th
1547
3rd
1305
3rd
1.386
1st
„ Onin
1467
17th
1548
Ist
„ Tokuji
1306
4th
1387
2nd
1468
18th
1549
2nd
») t>
1307
5th
1388
Ist
„ Bummei
1469
19th
J ^,
1550
1st
„ Yengyo
1308
6th
1389
2nd
1470
20th
1551
2nd
i» »)
1309
7th
1390
3rd
1471
21st
1552
3rd
1310
8th
1391
4th
1472
22nd
1553
1st
„ Ocho
1311
9th
1392
5th
1473
23rd
1554
1st
„ Showa
1312
1st
„ Meitoku
1393
6th
1474
1st
„ Koji
1555
2nd
»» )»
1313
1st
,, Oyei
1394
7th
1475
2nd
1556
3rd
i» It
1314
2nd
1395
8th
1476
3rd
1557
4th
1315
3rd
1396
9th
1477
1st
„ Yeiroku
1558
5th
M 1»
1316
4th
1397
10th
1478
2nd
^^
1559
1st
„ Bumpo
1317
5th
1398
Uth
1479
3rd
1560
2nd
i» »»
1318
6th
1399
12th
1480
4th
1561
1st
„ Genno
1319
7th
1400
13th
1481
5th
1562
2nd
»» T»
1320
8th
1401
14th
1482
6th
1563
1st
„ Gengo
1321
9th
1402
15tn
1483
7th
1564
2nd
1322
10th
1403
16th
1484
8th
1565
3rd
1323
Uth
1404
17th
1485
9th
1566
1st
„ Shocbii
1324
12th
1405
18th
1486
10th
1567
2nd
1325
13th
1406
1st
„ Chokyo
1487
11th
1568
Ist
„ Karyaku
1326
Uth
1407
2nd
1488
12th
1569
2nd
*» t)
1327
15th
1408
1st
„ Yentoku
1489
1st
„ Genki
1570
3rd
1328
I6th
1409
2nd
1490
2nd
1571
1st
„ Gentoku
1329
17th
1410
3rd
1491
3rd
1572
2nd
1330
J 8th
1411
1st
„ Meiwo
1492
1st
„ Tensho
1573
1st
„ Genko
1331
19th
1412
2nd
1493
2nd
1574
2nd
t» t»
1332
20th
1413
3rd
1494
3rd
1575
3rd
1333
21st
1414
4th
1495
4th
1576
1st
„ Keramu
1334
22nd
1415
5th
1496
5th
1577
2nd
)» ft
1335
23rd
1416
6th
1497
6th
1578
1st
„ Yengen
1336
24th
1417
7th
1498
7th
1579
2nd
J, J,
1337
25th
1418
8th
1499
8th
1580
3rd
»» ))
1338
26th
1419
9th
1500
9th
1581
4th
1339
27th
1420
1st
„ Bunki
1501
10th
1582
Ist
„ Kokoku
1340
28th
1421
2nd
1502
Uth
1583
2nd
»i )»
1341
29th
1422
3rd
1503
12th
1584
3rd
1342
30th
1423
Ist
„ Yeisho
1504
Uth
1585
4th
»» »i
1343
31st
1424
2nd
1505
Uth
1586
5th
1344
32nd
1425
3rd
1506
15th
1587
6th
1345
33rd
1426
4th
1507
16th
1588
1st
„ Shohei
1346
34th
1427
5th
1508
17th
1589
2nd
,, j^
1347
1st
„ Shocho
1428
6th
1509
I8th
1590
3rd
•* »»
1348
1st
„ Yeikyo
1429
7th
1510
19th
1591
4th
»» »»
1349
2nd
1430
8th
1511
1st
„ Bunroku
1592
5th
»» »»
1350
3rd
1431
9th
1512
2nd
1593
6th
)» »»
1351
4th
1432
10th
1513
3rd
^
1594
7th
1352
5th
1433
Uth
1514
4th
1595
8th
„ ,,
1353
6th
1434
12th
1515
1st
„ Keicho
1596
9th
»» »»
1354
7th
1435
13th
1516
2nd
1597
10th
»» i»
1355
8th
1436
14th
1517
3rd
1598
11th
1356
9th
1437
I5th
1518
4th
1599
12th
ti »»
1357
LOth
It
1438
16th
tt tf
1519
5th
« »»
1600
( 100 )
ERAS OF THE REIGN OF THE VARIOUS EMPERORS OF JAPAN.
■
A.D.
1
A.D.
1
A.D.
II
A.D.
6th Year of Keicho
1601
2nd Year of Tenna |
1682
L3th Year of Horeki |
1763
1st Year of Koka ||
1844
7th
1602
3rd
1683
1st
„ Meiwa
1764
2nd
1845
8th
1603
1st
„ Jokyo
1684
2nd
1765
3rd
1846
9th „ „
1604
2nd
^j ,,
1685
3rd
1766
4th
1847
10th
1605
3rd
1686
4th
1767
Ist
„ Kayei
1848
11th „
1606
4th
1687
5th
1768
2nd
1849
12th
1607
1st
„ Genroku
1688
6th
1769
3rd
1850
13th
1608
2nd
1689
7tn
1770
4th
1851
14th „ „
1609
3rd
1690
8th
1771
5th
1852
15th
1610
4th
1691
Ist
„ Anyel
1772
6th
1853
16th „ „
1611
5th
1692
2nd
J, ,,
1773
1st
„ Ansei
1854
17th „ „
1612
6th
1693
3rd
1774
2nd
1855
18th
1613
7th
1694
4th
1775
3rd
1856
19th
1614
8th
1695
5th
1776
4th
1857
Ist „ Genua
1615
9th
1696
6th
1777
5th
1858
2nd
1616
lOth
1697
7th
1778
6th
I ,j
1859
3rd
1617
nth
1698
8th
1779
1st
„ Manyen
1860
4th
1618
12th
1699
9th
1780
1st
„ Buukyu
1861
5th „ „
1619
13th
1700
Ist
„ Temmei
1781
2nd
^j ^,
1862
6th
1620
I4th
1701
2nd
1782
3rd
^^ ,^
1863
7th „ „
1621
15th
1702
3rd
1783
1st
„ Genji
1864
8th
1622
I6th
1703
4th
1784
1st
„ Keiwo
1865
9th
1623
1st
„ Hoyei
1704
5th
1785
2nd
,, ,,
1866
1st „ Kanyei
1624
2nd
1705
6th
1786
3rd
^, ,,
1867
2nd
1625
3rd
1706
7th
ji
1787
1st
„ Meiji
1868
3rd
1626
4th
1707
8th
1788
2nd
1869
4th
1627
5th
,, „
1708
Ist
„ Kansei
1789
3rd
^, „
1870
5th
1628
6th
1709
2nd
^^ ^^
1790
4th
^^ j^
1871
6th
1629
7th
1710
3rd
1791
5th
1872
7th „ „
1630
Ist
„ Shotoku
1711
4th
1792
6th
1873
8th
1631
2nd
1712
5th
1793
7th
1874
9th
1632
3rd
1713
6th
1794
8th
1875
10th
1633
4th
1714
7th
1795
9th
1876
nth
1634
5th
1715
8th
1796
10th
j^
1877
12th
1635
1st
„ Kyoho
1716
9th
1797
nth
1878
13th
1636
2nd
1717
10th
1798
I2th
1879
14th „
1637
3rd
1718
nth
1799
13th
1880
15th
1638
4th
1719
12th
1800
14th
1881
16th
1639
5th
1720
1st
„ Kyowa
1801
15th
1882
17th
1640
6th
1721
2nd
1802
16th
j^ ^,
1883
18th „
1641
7th
1722
3rd
1803
I7th
^^ ^,
1884
19th
1642
8th
1723
1st
„ Bunka
1804
18th
1885
20th „
1643
9th
1724
2nd
1805
L9th
1886
Ist „ Shoho
1644
10th
1725
3rd
1806
20th
^^ ^j
1887
2nd
1645
Llth
1726
4th
1807
21st
1888
3rd
1646
I2th
1727
5th
...
1808
22nd
1889
4th
1647
I3th
1728
6th
1809
23rd
1890
1st , Eeian
1648
I4th
1729
7th
1810
24th
1891
2nd
1649
15th
1730
8th
1811
25th
1892
3rd
1650
16th
1731
9th
1812
26th
1893
4th ,
1651
I7th
1732
10th
1813
27th
1894
1st , Showo
1652
18th
1733
llth
1814
28th
1895
2nd
1653
I9th
1734
12th
1815
29th
1896
3rd
1654
20th
1735
13th
1816
30th
1897
1st , Meireki
1655
1st
„ Genbun
1736
14th
1817
31st
1898
2nd
1656
2nd
1737
Ist
„ Bunsei
1818
32nd
1899
3rd
1657
3rd
1738
2nd
1819
33rd
1900
Ist '„ Manji
1658
4th
1739
3rd
1820
34th
1901
2nd
1659
5th
1740
4th
1821
35th
1902
3rd
1660
1st
„ Kampo
1741
5th
1822
36th
L903
1st „ Kanbun
1661
2nd
1
1742
6th
1823
37th
1904
2nd „
1662
3rd
1743
7th
1824
38th
1905
3rd
1653
1st
„ Yenkyo
1744
8th
1825
39th
1906
4th „
1664
2nd
1745
9th
1826
40th
1907
5th „ „
1665
3rd
1746
LOth
1827
41st
»i »»
1908
6th „
1666
4th
1747
nth
1828
42nd
»i i»
1909
7th „
1667
Ist
„ Kanyen
1748
L2th
1829
43rd
u n
1910
8th „
1668
2nd
1749
1st
„ Tempo
1830
44th
1911
9th
1669
3rd
1750
2nd
1831
1st
„ Taisho
1912
10th
1670
1st
„ Horeki
1751
3rd
1832
2nd
1913
nth „
1671
2nd
^
1752
4th
1833
1 3rd
1914
12th „
1672
3rd
1753
5th
1834
4th
M II
1915
1st „ Yerapo
1673
4th
1754
6th
1835
; 5th
1916
2nd
1674
5th
1755
7th
1836
6th
1917
3rd
1675
6th
1756
8th
1837
7tb
II II
1918
4th
1676
7th
1757
9th
1838
8th
II II
1919
5th
1677
8th
1758
LOth
1839
9th
II II
1920
6th „
1678
-Jth
1759
llth
1840
10th
II »
1921
7th „ ;
1679
LOth
1760
I2th
1841
llth
1922
8th
1680
Llth
1761
13th
1842
12th
53th
»l »l
1923
Ist „ Tenna
1681
I2th
»» ti
1762
14th
»» »»
1843
»t »
1924
i
( 101 )
CELEBRATION IN THE EMPIRE.
CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS TO THE THRONE BY FOREIGN RESIDENTS
OF YOKOHAMA.
May It please Your Most Gracious Majesty.
E, British subjects residing iu Yokohama, most respeotfully venture to express to Your Majesty our sincere and
lieartfelt congratulations on the auspicious occasion of Your Majesty's formal accession to the Throne of the Empire.
We fervently hope that health anil prosperity may continue to be bestowed upon Your Majesty throughout Your reign, and
that tlie destiny of the Great Empire handed down to Your Majesty from times immemorial may, under Your wise and
gracious rule, continue to advance towards a great and glorious future.
Under the enlightened rule of Your Majesty's illustrious predecessor. His late Majesty the Emperor Meiji Tenno, the
Empire of Japan, till then an almost unknown land to the peoples of the West, was thrown open to the trade and commerce
of the world, and in a short space of time unparalleled in history rose to the position of one of the Great Powers of the world.
In His late Majesty's reign British merchants were first permitted to reside in Japan, and throughout the whole of that Era
were enabled to engage in trade and commerce in the country in tranquillity, peace and security. It is therefore with
abundant conBdence that we look to our future in Japan under Your Imperial Majesty's wise and beneficent rule, feeling
that, although we are strangers sojourning in a foreign land, the fullest protection will aways be accorded to us by Your
Imperial Majesty's Government in all our lawful undertakings.
At the present moment, when our country is engaged in a life-and-death struggle for its existence as a nation, we, as
British subjects, cannot but feel the liveliest sense of gratitude for the great assistance rendered by Your Majesty's forces on
land and sea in the protection of our commerce and. in the destruction of the enemy's strongholds in the Far East. The
memory of it will remain perpetually engraved upon the heart of the British nation, and we sincerely trust that witli the
conclusion of the present war -the bonds which now unite Japan and Great Britain as Allies against a common enemy may
be drawn still closer and lead the peoples of the two nations to advance together to greater prosperity with friendship,
harmony and mutual esteem.
On the present occasion of Your Imperial Majesty's Coronation, we once again with the deepest respect tender to
Your Imperial Majesty our sincerest wishes for the perpetual well-being of Your Majesty and for that of the Imperial
Family, trusting that peace, prosperity and honour may constantly attend upon Your Majesty throughout Your reign,
leading to the growth and progress of Your Realm and to the advancement and welfare of the people over whom Your
Majesty rules.
(Signed) F. H. BUGBIRD,
Chairman of the British Association of Japan.
Representing the British Community of Yokohama.
CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS TO THE THRONE BY FOREIGN RESIDENTS OF KOBE.
May it please Your Imperial Majesty.
The Foreign Residents of Kobe of nations allied and friendly to the Empire of Japan, on the auspicious occasion of
Your Imperial Majesty's Coronation in Kyoto, wish respectfully to convey their sincere felicitation, coupled with the earnest
hope that Your Imperial Majesty may live long to rule over the Empire in whicii so many foreigners have settled and made
their homes. The community represented by the signatories to this address, living under the Imperial protection, desire to
place on record their deep respect for Your Imperial Majesty's August Person, and to express their unanimous wish that
tiie era of Taisho, which began with Your Imperial Majesty's accession to the Throne, may, under the benevolent and
enlightened rule of Your Imperial Majesty, be marked by progress and prosperity in the same degree as the era of the
illustrious Meiji Tenno.
(Signed) ALF. WOOLLEY.
Chairman of the International Coronation Committee.
( 102 )
FOREIGN REPRESENTATIVES WHO ATTENDED THE CEREMONY
OF ENTHRONEMENT.
H.E. THE KT. HON SIR CONYNGHAM GKEENE
G.C.M.G., K.C.B., AMBASSADOR OF
GREAT BRITAIN.
I
H.E. GEO. W. GUTHRIE, AMBASSADOR EXTRA-
ORDINARY AND PLENIPOTENTIARY OF
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
LADY LILY, WIFE OF H.E. THE BRITISH AM-
BASSADOR, SIR CONYNGHAM GREENE.
MRS. GEO. GUTHRIE, WIFE OF H.E. THE
AMERICAN AMBASSADOR.
( 103 )
S. Exc. M. E. REGNAULT, AMBASSADOR EXTRA-
ORDINARY AND PLENIPOTENTIARY
OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC.
Mme. REGUAULT, WIFE OF. H.E. THE FRENCH
AMBASSADOR.
MARQUIS 6UICCI0LI, AMBASSADOR EXTRA-
ORDINARY AND PLENIPOTENTIARY
OF ITALY.
H.E. N. MALEWSKY MALEWITCH, AMBASSADOR
EXTRAORDINARY AND PLENIPOTEN-
TIARY OF RUSSIA.
( 104 )
H. Exc. G. O. WALLENBERG, ENVOY
EXTRAORDINARY AND MINISTER
PLENIPOTENTIARY OF SWEDEN.
H.E. F. DE SALIS, ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY AND
MINISTER PLENIPOTENTIARY OF
SWITZERLAND.
I
Mme. WALLENBERG, WIFK ui- ri.iii,
THE SWEDISH MINISTER.
Mme. DE SALIS, WIFE OF H.E.
THE SWISS MINISTER.
( 106 )
H.E. PHRA CHAMNONG DITHAKAR, ENVOY
EXTRAORDINARY AND MINISTER
PLENIPOTENTIARY OF 8IAM.
H.E. COMTE DELLA FAILLE DE LEVERGHEM,
ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY AND MINISTER
PLENIPOTENTIARY OF BELGIUM.
H.E. BARON D. D AsBECK, ENVOY EXTRA-
ORDINARY AND MINISTER PLENIPOTEN-
TIARY OF THE NETHERLANDS.
H.E. B. D'ANKER, CHARGE D'AFFAIRES
OF NORWAY.
( 106 )
HIS Exc. DON FRANCISCO J. HERBOSO, ENVOY
EXTRAORDINARY AND MINISTER
PLENIPOTENTIARY OF CHILE.
H.E. LOU TSUNG YU, ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY AND
MINISTER PLENIPOTENTIARY OF THE
REPUBLIC OF CHINA.
SEJ^ORA HERBOSO, WIFE OF H.E.
THE CHILEAN MINISTER.
Mmk. LOU TSUNG YU, WIFE OF H.E.
THE CHINESE MINISTER,
SECOND PART.
JAPAN OF TO-DAY.
THE CABINET.
t>HE Constitution of the Empire of Japan was promulgated on February 11th, 1889. (The provisions contained
therein are printed in the First Section.)
The Empire of Japan is ruled and governed by the Emperor, whose lineage, as recorded in history,
remains unbroken. His Majesty, in compliance with provisions of the Constitution, exercises the Sovereign right and
administers all affairs of the State. The Emperor is sacred and inviolable. Ministers of State are held responsible for
carrying on the administration of the country, and the Cabinet is composed of Ministers of State.
All affairs relating to the Imperial Court are dealt with by the Imperial Household Department, which is placed
under the control of the Minister of the Imperial Household. This Department has nothing to do with administrative
affairs. At the Court is the Office of Grand Keeper of the Privy Seal, and the Grand Keeper of the Privy Seal has charge
of Imperial Seals and attends to tlie business relating to Imperial Ordinances and other affairs at the Palace.
In addition, there is the Privy Council, which discusses all important affairs of the State, in compliance with Imperial
order, and which is in reality an organ for ratification. It is entirely independent of all other Departments of State.
Ministers of State assist the Emperor in currying on the administration. Among offices which are under the
direct control of His Majesty are the Governor-General of Chosen, Chief of General Staff, Chief of the Naval Staff,
Superintendent-General of Military Education, and Commander-in-Chief of the Tokyo Garrison. The Board of Auditors
is also under the direct control of the Emperor and is independent of Ministers of State.
THE OFFICIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE CABINET.
The Cabinet is composed of Ministers of State.
Tne Premier, as the head of the Cabinet, submits to the Throne reports on important State affairs, and acting under
the Imperial orders lie maintains harmony among all Departments of the ailministration.
The Premier reserves the riglit of suspending such administrative dispositions and orders as he deems necessary, and
of awaiting the Imperial sanction tlierefor.
By virtue of his office or by special trust the Premier can issue Cabinet Orders.
The Premier gives instructions to, and exercises control over, the Chief of the Metropolitan Police, the Governor
of the H>)kkaiiio-Clio and the prefectural Governors on matters under bis jurisdiction. If the Premier deems any orders
or dispositions of these officials illegal, inimical to the public interests, or in excess of the limits of their competence, he can
suspend or withdraw them.
The following matters must have the approval of the Cabinet Council:
Law and Budget Bills.
Treaties with foreign countries and important international matters.
Official Organization and the Imperial Ordinances relating to regulations and the execution of laws.
Differences between Departments regarding the limitation of their respective competence.
People's petitions, either submitted by the Emperor or forwarded by the Imperial Diet,
Disbursements not estimated in the Budget.
The appointment and resignation of the officials o{ ehokunin rank and of prefectural Governors.
In addition to the above, all important matters relating to higlier administration of Departments must have the
approval of the Cabinet Council.
Ministers of State may, if they deem it necessary, refer any affairs to the Premier, who will convene a Ministerial
Conference to discuss them.
Military orders and secrets must be reported to the Premier by either the Minister of the Navy or the Minister of
War, except those which, though submitted to the Throne, have been referred to the Cabinet by order of the Emperor.
The Premier, when unable to discharge his functions, shall ask other Ministers of State to carry on the business in
his place.
Ministers of State, when unable to attend to their duties, shall appoint acting Ministers of State to discharge their
functions.
In addition to Ministers of State, some officers or officials may, by special order of the Emperor, be allowed to join
the ranks of the Ministry.
( 2 )
• I— FIRST ITO CABINET.
Organized on Decembkk 22nd, 1885. — Resigned on April 30th, 1888.
Premier
*Mini8ter
Minister
Minister
Minister
Minister
Minister
Minister
Minister
*Minister
♦Minister
Minister
Minister
Portfolios.
of Foreign Affairs .
of Foreign Affairs ,
of Home Affairs
of Finance
of War
of the Navy ...
of Justice
of Education ...
of Agriculture and
of Agriculture and
of Agriculture and
of Communications
Names.
Count Hirobumi Ito /
Count Kaoru Inouye
Count Shigenobu Okuma
Count Aritomo Yamagata
Count Masayoshi Matsukata
Count Iwao Oyama
Count Tsukumichi Saigo
Count Akiyoslii Yamada
Viscouut Ariuori Mori
Commerce ... Viscount Tateki Tani
Commerce ... Viscount Hisamoto Hijikata
Commerce ... Count Kiyotaka Kuioda
Viscount Takeaki Enomoto
Chief Secretary of the Cabinet — Mr. Mitsuaki Tanaka.
Age.
Names of Prefectures
45
Yamaguchi.
51
Yamaguchi.
48
Saga
48
Yamnguchi.
51
Kagosliima.
44
Kagoshima.
43
Kagoshima.
42
Yamnguchi.
39
Kagoshima.
49
Kochi.
53
Kochi.
46
Kagoshima,
50
Tokyo.
2.— THE KURODA CABINET.
Organized on April 30th, 1888. — Resigned on December 24th, 1889.
Premier
Minister
Minister
Minister
Minister
Minister
♦Minister
Minister
♦Minister
Minister
Minister
♦Minister
Minister
Portfolios.
of Home Affairs ..
of Foreign Affairs,
of Finance
of War
of the Navy ...
of Communications
of Communications
of Agriculture and
of A griculture and
of Justice
of Education ...
of Education ...
Names.
Count Kiyotaka Kuroda
Count Aritomo Yamiigata ...
Count Shigenobu Okuma
Count Miisayoshi Mat.-iukata
Count Iwao Oyama'
Count Tsukumichi Saigo
Viscount Takeaki Enomoto ...
Count Shojiro Goto
Commerce ... Count Kaoru Inouye
Commerce ... Mr. Michitoshi Iwamura
Count Akiyoslii Yaraada
Viscount Arinori Mori
Viscount Takeaki Enomoto ...
Chief Secretary of the Cabinet — Mr. Masanari
Kge.
Names of Prefectures
49
Kagoshima.
51
Yamaguchi.
61
Saga.
54
Kagoshima.
47
Kagoshima.
46
Kagoshima.
53
Tokyo.
51
Kochi.
54
Yamaguchi.
49
Kochi.
45
Yamaguchi.
42
Kiigoshima.
53
Tokyo.
Komaki
3.— FIRST YAMAGATA CABINET.
Organized on December 24th, 1889. — Resigned on May 6th, 1891.
Portfolios.
Premier
Minister of Home Affairs .,
Minister of Foreign Affairs .
Minister of Finance
Minister of War
Minister of the Navy ...
Minister of Communications
Names.
Count Aritomo Yamagata ...
Count Tsukumichi Saigo
Viscount Shuzo Aoki
Count Masayoshi Matsukata
Count Iwao Oyama
Viscount Sukenori Kabayama
Count Shojiro Goto
Age.
Names of Prefect
52
Yamaguchi.
47
Kagosliima.
46
Yamnguchi.
55
Kagoshima.
48
Kagoshima.
53
Kagoshima.
52
Kochi.
Resigned.
( 3 )
Portfolios.
Minister of Agriculture and Commerce
Minister of Justice
Minister of Education
Names.
Mr. Munernitsu Mutsu ...
Count Akiyoslii Yamada
Mr. Akimasa Yoshikawa
^ge.
Names of Prefectures,
47
Wakayama.
4(5
Yainaguchi.
49
Tokusliima.
Ciiief Secretary of the Cabinet — Mr. Kohei Sufu.
4,— FIRST MATSUKATA CABINET.
Organized May 6th, 1891. — Resigned August 8th, 1892.
Portfolios.
Premier
♦Minister
Minister
Minister
Minister
Minister
Minister
Minister
^Minister
♦Minister
Minister
Minister
Minister
of Home Affairs
of Home Affairs
of Foreign Affairs
of Finance (Additional)
of War
of the Navy
of Communications
of Agriculture and Commerce
of Agriculture and Commerce
of Agriculture and Commerce
of Justice
of Education
Chief Secretary
Names.
Count Masajioshi Matsukate
Viscount Yajiro Shinagawa
Count Taneomi Soyejima ...
Viscount Takeaki Enomoto
Count Masayoshi Matsukata
Viscount Tomonosuke Takashiraa
Viscount Sukenori Kabayama
Count Shojiro Goto
Mr Munemitsu Mutsu
Mr. Togama Kono
Viscount Tsunetaini Sane
Viscount Fujimaro Tanaka
Count Takato Ogi
of the Cabinet — Mr. Shigenobu Hirayama.
4-ge.
Names of Prefectures.
57
Kagoshima.
49
Yamaguchi.
64
Saga.
56
Tokyo.
57
Kagoshima.
48
Kagoshima.
55
Kagoshima.
54
Kochi.
49
Wakayama.
48
Kochi.
71
Saga.
47
Aichi.
61
Saga.
5.— SECOND ITO CABINET.
Organized on August 8th,
Portfolios.
1892. — Resigned on September
Premier
♦Minister of Home A ffaiis
♦Minister of Home Affairs
Minister of Home Affairs
Minister of Foreign Affairs
♦Minister of Finance
Minister of Finance
Minister of War
♦Minister of the Navy
Minister of the Navy
♦Minister of Communications
♦Minister of Communications
Minister of Communications
♦Minister of Agriculture and Commerce
Minister of Agriculture and Commerce
♦Minister of Justice
Minister of Justice
♦Minister of Education
♦Minister of Education
Minister of Education
Minister of Colonization
* Resigned.
Names.
,. Count Hirobumi Ito
,. Count Kaoru Inouye
.. Viscount Yasushi Nomura
.. Count Taisuke Itagaki
,. Mr. Munemitsu Mutsu
,. Mr. Kuiiitake Watanabe
Count Masayosiii Matsukata
,. Count Iwao Oyama
.. Viscount Kagenori Nire
.. Count Tsukuinichi Saigo
Count Kiyotaka Kuroda
.. Viscount Kunitake Watanabe ...
Mr. Sen-ichi Shirane
Count Shojiro Goto
.. Viscount Takeaki Enomoto
Count Aritoino Yamagata
Mr. Akimasa Yosliikawa
Mr. Togama Kono
Mr. Ki Inouye
Marquis Kimmociii Saionji
Viscount Tomonosuke Takashima
Chief Secretary of the Cabinet — Mr. Miyoji Ito.
18th. 1896.
Age.
Names of Prefectures.
52
Yamaguchi.
58
Yamaguchi.
53
Yamaguchi.
60
Kochi.
50
Wakayama.
47
Nagano.
62
Kagoshima.
51
Kagoshima.
52
Kagoshima.
50
Kagoshima.
53
Kagoshima.
50
Nagano.
53
Yamaguchi.
55
Kochi.
57
Tukyo.
55
Yamaguchi.
52
Tokushima.
49
Kochi.
49
Kumamoto.
44
Kyoto.
53
Kagoshima.
( 4 )
6.— SECOND MATSUKATA CABINET.
Organized on September 18th, 1896. — Resigned on January 12th, 1898.
Premier
Minister
*Minister
Minister
Minister
Minister
Minister
Minister
♦Minister
Minister
Minister
Minister
Minister
, Names.
Count Masayoslii Matsukata ...
. Count Sukenori Kabayama
Count Shigenobu Okuma
Baron Tokujiro Nishi
Count Masayoslii Matsukata ...
Viscount Toraonosuke Takashima
Marquis Tsukumichi Saigo
Viscount Yasushi Nomuni
Viscount Takeaki Enomoto
Baron Noburaichi Yamiida
Mr. Keigo Kiyoura
Marquis Moohiaki Haciiisuka
Mr. Arata Hamao
*Ciiief Secretary of the Cabinet — Mr. Kenzo TnkMiiashi.
Chief Secretary of the Cabinet — Mr. Shigenobu Hirayama.
7. -THIRD ITO CABINET.
Organized on January 12th, 1898. — Resigned on June 30th, 1898.
Portfolios.
of Home Affairs
of Foreign Affairs
of Foreign Aflfairs
of Finance (Additional)
of War
of the Navy
of Communications
of Agriculture and Commerce
of Agriculture and Commerce
of Justice
of Education
of Education
Lge.
Names of Prefectures
62
Kagoshima.
60
Kagoshima.
59
Saga.
50
Kagoshima.
62
Kagoshima.
53
Kagoshima.
54
Kiigoshima.
55
Yamaguchi.
61
Tokyo.
64
Kumaraoto.
47
Kumamoto.
51
Tokushiraa.
48
Hyogo.
Premier
Minister
Minister
Minister
Minister
Minister
Minister
♦Minister
Minister
Minister
♦Minister
Minister
Portfolios.
of Home Affairs ...
of Foreign Afiairs
of Finance
of War
of the Navy
of Communications
of Agriculture and
of Agriculture and
of Justice
of Education
of Education
Names.
Marquis Hirobuini Ito
Viscount Akimasa Yoshikawa
Baron Tokujiro Nishi
Count Kaoru Inouye
Viscount Taro Katsura
Marquis Tsukumichi Saigo
Baron Kencho Suyeniatsu
Commerce ... Mr. Miyoji Ito
Commerce ... Mr. Kentaro Kaneko
Mr. Arasuke Soue
Marquis Kimraochi Saionji
Mr. Shoichi Toyama
Chief Secretary of the Cabinet — Mr. Takenosuke
A-ge.
Names of Prefectures
58
Yamaguchi.
58
Tokushima.
62
Kagoshima.
64
Yamaguchi.
52
Yamaguchi.
56
Kagoshima.
44
Fukuoka.
42
Nagasaki.
46
Fukuoka.
50
Yamaguchi.
50
Kyoto.
51
Tokyo.
Sameji
8.— FIRST OKUMA CABINET.
Organized June 30th, 1898. — Resigned November 8th, 1898,
PortfolioB.
Premier
Minister of Home Affairs
Minister of Foreign Affairs (additional)
Minister of Finance
Minister of War
Minister of the Navy
Minister of Communications
Minister of Agriculture aud Commerce
Names.
Count Shigenobu Okuma
Count Taisuke Itagaki ...
Count Shigenobu Okuma
Mr. Masahisa Matsuda ...
Viscount Taro Katsura ...
Marquis Tsukumichi Saigo
Mr. Yuzo Hayashi
Mr. Masami Oishi
Age.
Names of Prefectures
61
Saga.
62
Kochi.
61
Saga.
54
Saga.
52
Yamaguchi.
56
Kagoshima.
57
Kochi.
44
Kochi.
* Resigned.
( 5 )
Portfolios.
Minister of Justice
♦Minister of Education ...
Minister of EJucation ...
Names.
,. Mr. Gitetsu Ohigashi
,. Mr. Yukio Ozaki
.. Mr. Tsuyoslii Inukai
Cliief Secretary of tlie Cabinet — Mr. Tokitoshi Taketomi.
9.— SECOND YAMAGATA CABINET.
Organized on November 8th, 1898.— Resigned on October 19ih, 1900.
Names.
,. Marquis Aritomo Yaraagata
.. Marquis Tsukumiclii Saigo
Viscount Sliuzo Aoki
. Count Masayoslii Matsukata
Viscount Taro Katsura
Vice- Admiral Gombei Yamamoto
. Viscount Akimasa Yoshikawa
Mr. Arasuke Sone
. Mr. Keigo Kiyoura
. Count Sukenori Kabayaraa
Chief Secretary of the Cabinet — Mr. Ban-ichiro Yasuhiro.
10.— FOURTH ITO CABINET.
Organized on October 19th, 1900. — Resigned on June 2nd, 1901.
Age.
Names of Pref
67
Shiga.
40
Miye.
44
Okayama.
Portfolios.
Premier
Miu
ister of Home Affairs
Min
ister of Foreign Affairs
Min
ister of Finance
Min
ister of War
Min
ister of the Navy
Min
ster of Communications
Min
ister of Agriculture and Commerce
Min
ister of Justice
Min
ster of Education
Age.
Names of Prefectures
61
Yaraaguchi.
56
Kagoshiraa.
55
Yamaguclii,
64
Kagoshitna.
62
Yamaguchi.
47
Kagoshima.
68
Tokushima.
50
Yaraaguchi.
49
Kuraamoto.
62
Kagoshiraa.
Pren
Min
Min
Min
*Min
Min
Min
*Min
Min
Min
Min
Min
Portfolios.
lier
ster of Home Affairs
ster of Foreign Affairs
ster of Finance
ster of War
ster of War
ster of the Navy
ster of Communications
ster of Communications
ster of Agriculture and Commerce
ster of Justice
ster of Education
Chief Secretary
Names.
Marquis Hirobumi Ito ...
Baron Kencho Suyematsu
Mr. Takaaki Kato
Viscount Kuiiitake Watanabe
Viscount Taro Katsura
Baron Gentaro Kodama
Vice- Admiral Gombei Yamamoto
Mr. Torn Hoshi
Mr. Takaslii Hara
Mr. Yuzo Hiiyashi
Baron Kentaro Kaneko
Mr. Masahisa Matsuda
of the Cabinet — Mr. Takenosuke Samejima.
A.ge.
Names of Prefectures
60
Yamaguchi.
46
Fukuoka.
41
Aichi.
65
Nagano.
54
Yamaguchi.
49
Yamaguclii.
49
Kagoshima.
51
Wakayama.
45
Iwate.
59
Kochi.
48
Fukuoka.
56
Saga.
II.— FIRST KATSURA CABINET.
Organized on June 2nd, 1901. — Resigned on January 7rH, 1906.
Portfolios.
Premier
^Minister of Home Affairs
Minister of Home Affairs ...
Minister of Foreign Affairs ...
Minister of Finance
♦Minister of War
* Resigned.
Names.
Age.
Names of Prefect
Viscount Taro Katsura
55
Yamaguchi.
Baron Tadakatsu Utsumi
59
Yaraaguchi.
Viscount Aki'mnsa Yoshikawa
61
Tokushima.
Baron Jutaro IComura
47
Miyazaki,
Mr. Arasuke Sone
53
Yamaguclii.
Baron Gentaro Kodama
50
Yamaguchi.
Portfolios.
Minister of Wfir
Minister of tlie Navy
♦Minister of Communications
Minister of Communications
♦Minister of Agriculture and Commerce
Minister of Agriculture and Commerce
♦Minister of Justice
Minister of Justice
*JIinister of Education
Minister of Education
( 6 )
Names.
Lieut. -General Masakata Terauchi
Vice-Admiral Gombei Yaraamoto
Viscount Akimasa Yoshikawa
Mr. Kanetake Oura
Baron Tosuka Hirata
Baron Keigo Kiyoura
Baron Keigo Kiyoura
Mr. Yosliinao Hatano
Baron Dairoku Kikuclii
Mr. Yudzuiu Kubota
Age.
Names of Prefectures
50
Yaraaguchi.
50
Kagoshiraa.
61
Tokushima.
52
Kagosliinia.
53
Yaniagata.
52
Kumamoto.
52
Kumamoto.
52
Nagasaki.
47
Okayama.
65
Ilyogo.
Chief Secretary of the Cabinet — Mr. Kamon Shibata.
12.— FIRST SAIONJI CABINET.
Orgamzed on January 7th, 1906. — Resigned on July 14th, 1908.
Portfolios.
Premier
Minister of Home Affjiirs
♦Minister of Foreign Affiiirs
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Minister of Finance
Minister of War
Minister of the Navy
♦Minister of Communications
Minister of Communications
Minister of Agriculture and Commerce
♦Minister of Justice
Minister of Justice
Minister of Education
♦Chief Secretary
Chief Secretary
Names.
Marquis Kimraochi Saionji
Mr. Takashi Hara
Mr. Takaaki Kato
Count Tadasu Hayashi
Dr. Yoshiro Sakatani
Lieut-General Masakata Terauchi
Vice-Admiral Makoto Saito
Mr. Isaburo Yaniagata
Viscount Masayasu Hotta
Mr. Yasukowa Matsuoka
Mr. Masahisa Matsuda
Baron Takatomi Senge
Mr. Nobuaki Makino
of the Cabinet — Mr. Toshikadzu Ishiwiitari.
of the Cabinet — Mr. Hiroshi Minami.
i-ge.
Names of Prefectures
58
Kyoto.
51
Iwate.
47
Aichi.
57
Chiba.
44
Okayama.
55
Yanfiaguchi.
49
Iwate.
50
Yamaguchi.
59
Shiga.
61
Tokushima.
62
Saga.
62
Shiraane.
46
Kagoshima.
13.— SECOND KATSURA CABINET.
Organized on July 14th, 1908. — Resigned on August 30th, 1911.
Portfolios.
Premier
Minister of Home Affairs
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Minister of Finance (additio
Minister of War
Minister of the Navy ...
Miiiister of Communications
Minister of Agriculture and
Minister of Justice
Minister of Education ...
Names.
Marquis Taro Katsura
Baron Tosuke Hirata
Count Jutaro Komura
nal) Marquis Taro Katsura
Viscount Masakata Terauchi
Baron Makoto Saito
Baron Shimpei Goto
Commerce ... Baron Kanetake Oura
Viscount Nagamoto Okabe
Mr. Eitaro Komatsubara
Cliief Secretary of the Cabinet — Mr. Kamon Shibata.
^e.
Names of Prefectures
62
Yamaguchi.
60
Yamagata.
54
Miyazaki.
62
Yamaguchi.
57
Yamaguchi.
51
Iwate.
52
Iwate,.
59
Kagoshima.
55
Osaka.
57
Okayama.
• Resigned.
( 7 )
1 4-— SECOND SAIONJI CABINET.
Organized on August 30th, 1911. — Resigned on December 218t, 1912.
Premier
Minister
Minister
Minister
^Minister
Minister
Minister
Minister
Minister
Minister
Minister
Portfolios.
of Home Affairs
of Foreign Affaiis .
of Finance
of War
of War ,
of the Niivy ...
of Communications
of Agriculture and
of Justice
of Education ...
Names.
Marquis Kiroraochi Saiouji
Mr. Takashi Hara
Viscount Yasuya Uchida ... ..
Mr. Tatsuo Yamamoto
... Baron Shinroku Ishimoto
Biiron Yusaku Uyehara
Baron Makoto Saito
, Count Tadiisu Hayashi
Commerce ... Baron Nobuaki Makino
, Mr. Masaliisa Matsuda
, Mr. Sumitaka Haseba
Chief Secretary of the Cabinet — Mr. Hiroshi Minami.
Age,
Names of Prefectures.
63
Kyoto.
52
Iwate.
47
Kumamoto.
56
Oita.
58
Himeji.
56
Kagoshima.
54
Iwate.
62
Tokyo.
51
Kagoshima.
67
Saga.
58
Kagoshima.
15.— THIRD KATSURA CABINET.
Organized on December 218t, 1912. — Resigned on March 20th, 1913.
Portfolios.
Premier
Minister of Home Affairs
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Minister of Finance
Minister of War
Minister of tiie Navy
Minister of Cunmunications
Minister of Agriculture and Commerce
Minister of Justice
Minister of Education
Names.
Prince Tare Katsura
Viscount Kanetake Oura
Baron Takaaki Kato
Mr. Reij'ro Wakatsuki ...
Baron Yasutsuiia Kigoshi
Baron Makoto Saito
Baron Sliimpei Goto
Mr. Ren Nakaslioji
Mr. Itasu Matsumuro ...
Mr. Kamon Shibata
Chief Secretary of the Cabinet — Mr. Tasuku Egi.
16— THE YAMAMOTO CABINET.
kge.
Names of Prefectures.
66
Yamaguchi<
63
Kagoshima.
53
Aichi.
47
Shimane.
59
Ishikawa.
55
Iwate.
56
Iwate.
47
Yamaguchi.
61
Fukuoka.
51
Yamaguchi.
Organized on March 20th, 1913. — Resigned on April 16th, 1914.
Portfolios.
Premier
Minister of Home Affairs
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Minister of Finance
*Minister of War
Minister of War
Minister of the Navy
Minister of Communications
Minister of Agriculture and Commerce
Names.
Count Gombei Yamamoto
Mr. Takashi Hara
Baroii Nobuaki Makino
Baron Korekiyo Takahashi
Baron Yasutsuna Kigoshi
Lieut.-General Saehiliiko Kusuiiose
Baron Makoto Saito
Mr. Hajime Motoda
Mr. Tatsuo Yamamoto ... ... ...
Age.
Names of Prefectures.
62
Kagoshima.
58
Iwate.
53
Kagoshima.
60
Miyugi.
60
Ishikawa.
56
Kochi.
56
Iwate.
56
Oita.
58
Oita.
Besigned,
( 8 )
Portfolios.
*Minister of Justice
Minister of Justice
^Minister of Education ...
Minister of Education ...
Names.
Mr. Masahisa Matsuda
Dr Yoshito Okuda
Dr. Yoshito Okuda
Mr. Ikuzo Ooka
Cliief Secretary of the Cabinet — Mr. Ichiji Yamanouchi.
Age.
Names of Prefectures
69
Saga.
55
Tottori,
54
Tottori.
58
Yamaguchi.
17.— SECOND OKUMA CABINET.
Organized on April 16th, 1914. — Rksiqned on October 9th, 1916.
Portfolios.
Premier
*Miu
ister
of Home Affairs (additioi
al)
*Min
'ster
of Home Affairs
Min
ster
of Home Affairs
*Min
ster
of Foreign Affairs ...
Min
ster of Foreign Affairs
*Min
ster
of Finance
Min
ster
of Finance
*Min
ster
of War
Min
ster
of War
*Min
ster
of the Navy
Min
ster
of the Navy
*Min
ster
of Communications
Miu
sler
of Communications
*Min
.ster
of Agriculture and Commerce
Min
ster
of Agriculture and Commerce
Min
ister of Justice
■ ■•
*Min
ster of Education ..
. *■
Min
ister of Education
• i-.
Chief
Names.
... Count Shigenobu Oku ma
... Count Shigenobu Okuma
... Viscount Kanetake Oura
... Dr. Kitokuro Ikki
Baron Tnkaaki Kato
... Baron Kikujiro Ishii
Mr. Reijiro Wakatsuki
... Mr. Tokitoshi Taketomi
Lieut.-General Ichiaosuke Oka ...
Lieut.-General Ken-ichi Oshima...
Vice-Admiral Rokuro Yashiro
Vice-Admiral Tomosaburo Kato ...
Mr. Tokitoshi Taketomi
Mr. Katsundo Minoura
Viscount Kanetake Oura
Mr. Hironakii Kono
... Mr. Yukio Ozaki
... Dr. Kitokuro Ikki
Dr. Sanaye Takada
Secretary of the Cabinet — Mr. Tasuku Igi.
Age.
Names of Prefectures
77
Saga.
77
Saga.
66
Kagosliima.
48
Shidzuoka.
55
Aichi.
50
Chiba.
49
Shimane.
60
Saga.
55
Kyoto.
59
Gifu.
55
Aiclii.
55
Hiroshima.
60
Saga.
62
Oita.
65
Kagoshima.
67
Fukushima.
56
Miye.
48
Shidzuoka.
56
Saitama.
18— THE TERAUCHI CABINET.
Organized on October 9th, 1916.
Portfolios
Prem
*Miii
Mill
*Min
Min
Min
Min
Min
Min
Min
Miu
Miu
ler
ster
ster
ster
ster
ster
ster
ster
ster
ster
ster
ster
of Foreign Affairs (additional)
of Foreign Affairs
of Finance (additional)
of Finance
of Home Affairs
of the Navy
of War
of Justice
of Education
of Communications
of Agriculture and Commerce
Names.
Count Masakata Terauchi
Count Masakata Terauchi
Viscount Ichiro Motono
Count Masakata Terauchi ...
Mr. Kadzuye Shoda
Baron Shimpei Goto
Admiral Tomosaburo Kato ...
Lieut.-General Ken-ichi Oshima.
Mr. Itasu Matsumuro
Mr. Ryohei Okada
Baron Kenjiro Den
Mr. Ren Nakashoji
Age.
Names of Prefectures
65
Yamaguchi.
60
Yamaguchi.
55
Saga.
65
Yamaguchi.
48
Ehime.
60
Iwate.
06
Hirosiiima.
59
Gifu.
65
Fukuoka.
53
Shiilzuoka.
62
Kyoto.
51
Yamaguchi.
Chief Secretary of the Cabinet — Count Hideo Kodama.
Resigned.
( 9 )
PREMIERS OF JAPAN.
SINCE THE ORGANIZATION OF THE FIRST CABINET IN 1885.
COUKT KURODA.
PRINCE YAMAGATA.
MARQUIS MATSUKATA.
MARQUIS OKUMA.
MARQUIS SAIONJI.
PRINCE ITO.
PRINCE KATSURA.
COUNT YAMAMOTO.
COUNT TERAUCHI,
( 10 )
OFFICIAL ORGANIZATION OF VARIOUS BUREAUX ATTACHED TO THE CABINET.
In the Cabinet there is a Chief Secretary who, in accordance with instructions of the Premier, takes charge of important
and secret documents and controls the general afiairs of the Cabinet. He is further empowered with the authority of appoint-
ing or dismissing officials below the hannin rank. Besides the Chief Secretary are three Secretaries, aud several
subordinate officials. The Secretaries, acting under instructious from the Premier or the Chief Secretary, deal witli matters
relating to the issue of Imperial Ordinances and other laws and regulations, the preservation of original drafts of the
Constitution of the Empire of Japan and the laws and Imperial Ordinances, etc. Under the direct control of the Cabinet
are Bureaux of Legislation, Statistics, Decoration, Pensions and Printing. The Printing Bureau controls the printing
and sale of the Official Gazette, complete editions of laws and regulations, and lists of Government Officers and Officials,
besides the printing of postal and revenue stamps and Government bonds. Tiie other Bureaux deal with the respective
business indicated in their titles. In addition to these, commissioners are appointed for the examination of higher civil
services. National Defence Council and Imperial Government Railways, all of which are under the control of the Cabinet.
GENERAL RULES FOR THE OFFICIAL ORGANIZATION OF
ALL DEPARTMENTS.
fHE present Rules apply to all Departments of Foreign Affiiirs, Home Affairs, Finance, War, the Navy, Justice,
Education, Agriculture and Commerce, and Communications.
The Ministers of Departments, are responsible for the discharge of business under their respective charge.
As regards business which concerns more than two Departments, its jurisdiction is fixed by the Cabinet Council.
In case any necessity arises for the enactment of laws and Imperial Ordinances, or their abolition or amendment, the
Ministers concerned shall submit the matter to the Cabinet Council.
The Ministers of Departments can issue Departmental orders on matters under their jurisdiction by virtue of their
powers and special trust.
The Ministers of Departments can issue orders and instructions to the Chief of the Metropolitan Police, the Governor
of the Hokkaido-Cho, and Governors of various prefectures on the matters under their respective jurisdiction.
The Ministers of Departments control the Chief of the Metropolitan Police, the Governor of the Hokkaido-Cho and
Governors of all prefectures on business under their respective jurisdiction. When they deem the orders issued and
dispositions made by the Chief of the Metropolitan Police, the Governor of the Hokkaido-Cho, or Governors of prefectures
as illegal, detrimental to the public interests, or exceeding their powers, they can suspend or cancel such orders and
dispositions.
The Ministers of Departments control the officials over whom they are placed, but the appointment or dismissal of
officials o{ aonin rank is submitted to the Throne through the Premier; they can arbitrarily effect the appointment or
dismissal of officials of hannin rank.
The appoiptment or dismissal of officials of aoniii rank in the local Governments is submitted to the Throne by the
Minister of Home Affairs, tiirough the Premier.
The Ministers of Departments submit, through the Premier, to the Throne matters relating to the conferment of
rank on or decoration of officials under their orders.
The procedure specified in the foregoing paragraph is observed in the case of conferment of rank on and decoration
of local officials.
A Minister, when he is unable to discharge his official duties, can temporarily make the Vice-Minister act for him in
all matters except countersigning laws and Imperial Ordinances, attending the Cabinet Council, and issuing Departmental
Orders.
A Minister's Secretariat is provided in various Departments.
The Minister's Secretariat takes charge of the following business :
Secret matters.
The appointment and dismissal of officials.
The custody of the official seals of the Minister and the Department.
t 11 )
The receipt and despatch of official documents and draft measures.
The compilation of statistical reports.
The compilation of official documents and their presei VHtioii.
The Budget for the expenditure and revenue of the Department, and matters regarding settled and general accohnt^.
Audit of accounts.
. The official property and articles of the Department.
Matters provided in the official regulations of the Department as belonging to the Minister's Secretariat.
According to the convenience of the Departments, various Bureaux may be made to transact the business belonging to
the Minister's Secretariat.
The business to be transacted by special Bureaux shall be defined by the official Regulations of the Department,
The Minister's Secretaiiat and sections of various Bureaux are fixed by the Minister.
The Sections in the Departments of War and the Navy are defined by the Official Regulations of the Department.
All Departments have the following officials :
Vice- Minister, Councillors,
Sanseikan, Private Secretaries,
Vice-Sanseiican, Secretaries,
Chiefs of Bureaux, Subordinate Officials,
The Department has one Vice-Minister of chokunin rank.
The Vice-Minister assists the Minister in adjusting the Departmental business, and controls the business of various
Bureaux.
The Department lias one Sanseikan of chokunin rank.
The Sanseikan deals with matters relating to the Imperial Diet and assists the Minister in the Legislature.
The Department has one Vice-Sanseikan of chokunin rank, who transacts the business relating to the Imperial Diet,
acting under instructions of the Minister.
Every Bureau has one Director of chokunin rank, who takes charge of the business of his Bureau, acting under
instructions of the Minister, and who also directs and superintends the business of various sections in his Bureau.
The Councillors are officials of aonin rank, who deliberate on affairs and draw up bills under the Minister's instructions.
According to the convenience of the Department to which they belong, the Councillors, in addition to their offices,
discharge the duties of various Bureaux or Sections by order of the Minister.
The Private Secretaries are of sonin rank. They take charge of secret matters, and sometimes assist others in the
discharge of their duties by order of the Minister.
The Secretaries are of sonin rank. They take charge of the business of the Minister's Secretariat, by order of the
Minister, and assist in the discharge of business of various Bureaux.
Every Department has one special Private Secretary, but the Department of Foreign Affairs may have two
special Private Secretaries.
Every Department has special Counjillors and Secretaries, not exceeding nine in number, and their fixed number is
defined by the Official Organization of the Department.
The Departments of Foreign Affairs, Home Affairs, Finance, Agriculture and Commerce, and Communications may
have special Councillors and Secretaries, not exceeding 14 in number.
The Minister's Secretariat, or every Section in the Bureau, has one Chief of eitlier sonin or hannin rank. The Chief
takes charge of the business of his section by order of his superiors.
The Chief of sections in the Departments of War and the Navy are provided for in the Official Organization of the
Departments.
The zoku (subordinate officials) are of hannin rank ; they transact various business by order of their superiors.
The number of /ia»wim officials is fixed by the Official Organization of various Departments. When there arises a
necessity for more officials than provided for in the present Rules they are defined by the Official Organization of various
Departments,
< 12 )
THE OFFICIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE DEPARTMENT
OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
SpHE Minister of Foreign Affairs attends to administrative affairs relating to foreign countries, the protection of the
tS tommercial interests of the Empire in foreign countries, and matters relating to Japanese subjects resident in foreign
countries ; he also controls diplomatic and consular officials.
The Minister of Foreign Affairs superintends matters relating to Kwangtung province.
DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
The Minister's Secretariat takes charge, in addition to matters defined in the General Rules, of business relating to
diplomatic and consular oflacials of foreign Powers, the decoration of foreigners, the preservation of treaty documents, and
the tranilation of documents.
The fixed number of Councillors, Private Secretaries and Secretaries is two, two and nine respectively.
The Department of Foreign Affairs has three Secretary Translators oisonin rank, who attend to the translation of
documents. V
The fixed number otzoku, or subordinate officials of the Department of Foreign Affairs, is 63.
The Department of Foreign Affairs has five El^ve Translators of hannin rank, who attend to the translation of
documents and interpretation, by order of their superior officials.
The Department of Foreign Afiairs has four experts, who attend to the telegraph and repairing business, by order of
their superior officials.
There are two Bureaux in the Department of Foreign Affairs :
The Political Affairs Bureau. The Commercial Affairs Bureau.
The Political Affairs Bureau takes charge of business relating to diplomatic affairs and that relating to Kwangtung
province.
The Commercial Affairs Bureau takes charge of business relating to commerce, navigation and emigration.
The Commissioners for conducting the examinations for diplomatic and consular officials are appointed in the
Department of Foreign Affairs.
( 1» )
THE OFFICIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR SERVICES.
The term diplomatic official is applicable to an Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, Envoy Extra-
ordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, Councillor of Embassy, Minister Resident, First-class Secretary of Itmbassy,
Second-class Secretary of Embnssy, Third-class Secretary of Embassy, First-class Secretary of Legation, Second-class
Secretary of Legation, Third-class Secretary of Legation, and Attach^.
An Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary holds the shinnin rani?, and Envoy Extraordinary and
Minister Plenipotentiary, Councillor of the Embassy, and Minister Resident hold the chokunin rank, wliile other
diplomatic officials hold the sonin rank.
A Gonsul-General, Consul, Vice-Consul, and El^ve-Consul are called Consular officials.
A Consul-General, Consul, Vice-Consul, and ElSve-Consul hold the sonin rank.
The Minister of Foreign Affairs can appoint a Councillor of the Embassy in the Legation in China when he deems
it necessary.
Diplomatic Commissioners can be appointed to places where no diplomat is accredited.
Consular officials can hold the post of Diplomatic Commissioner in addition to their proper duties.
In a place where no Consular official is provided, a Commercial Commissioner, Honorary Consul-General, Honorary
Consul, or Honorary Vice-Consul can be appointed.
A Commercial Commissioner is an official of sonin rank, while the treatment accorded to an official of sonin rank is
accorded to an Honorary Consul and Honorary Vice-Consul.
Chancellors are appointed to the Embassy, Legation, Consulate and Commercial Commissioner's Office.
Chancellors are officials of hannin rank.
In Embassies and Legations, where interpreters of foreign languages, except English, French and German, are
required. First-class and Second-class Secretary Interpreters can be provided.
First-class and Second-class Secretary Interpreters of Embassy and Legation are officials of sonin rank.
In Embassies, Legations, Consulates, and Commercial Commissioners' Offices where interpreters of foreign languages,
except English, French, and German, are required, El^ve-Interpreters can be provided.
El^ve-Interpreters are officials of hannin rank.
Diplomatic or Consular Officials, who are temporarily released from their service abroad, are placed on the
waiting list.
Diplomatic and Consular officials on the waiting list can be made to temporarily engage in the business of the
Department of Foreign Affairs. In such cases, the regulations governing officials on the active list are applied.
Three years constitute the time-limit for Diplomatic and Consular officials being on the waiting list. At the expiration
of this time-limit they are relieved of their offices.
In the case of diplomatic officials on the waiting list, who additionally hold the post of Vice-Minister of
Foreign Affairs, Director of the Political Affair* Bureau, or Diiector of the Commercial Affairs Bureau the provisions in
the foregoing paragraph are not applied during the time such additional post is held.
Diplomatic and Consular officials on the waiting list cannot be ordered on the retired list.
The provisions specified in the foregoing clauses are applied to Commercial Commissioners, and First-class and
Second-class Secretary Interpreters of Embassy and Legation.
( 14 )
. THE OFFICIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE DEPARTMENT
OF HOME AFFAIRS.
f? HE Minister of Home Aflfairs takes charge of matters relating to the shrines, local administration, the election of
t members of various assemblies, police, engineering, sanitation, publication, copyright, geography, charity, relief, and
colonization, and controls the Chief of the Metropolitan Police, the Governor of the Hokkaido-Cho, and prefectural
Governors. The Minister of Home Affairs also superintends matters relating to Chosen, Formosa and Karafuto.
DEPARTMENT OF liuME AFFAIUS.
There are five Bureaux in tlie Department of Home Affairs : . ^
The Shrine Affairs Bureau. The Local Affairs Bureau.
The Police Affairs Bureau. The Engineering Affairs Bureau.
Tiie Sanitary Affairs Bureau.
The Shrine Affairs Bureau transacts the following : —
Matter? relating to the Imperial Shrines, State shrines. Government shrines, village shrines, the Shokonsha
(shrines for those killed in war) and other shrines.
Matters relating to the Shinto priests.
The Local Affairs Bureau transacts the following : —
Matters relating to the election of various Assemblies.
Matters relating to the Prefectural Assemblies, prefectural economics, and other prefectural administration.
Matters relating to the County Assemblies, county economics and other county administration.
Matters relating to economics of the City, Town and Village Assemblies, public guilds and associations and
administration of City, Town, Village Assemblies, public guilds and associations.
Matters relating to charity and relief.
Matters relating to Prefectural and public Alms-houses, Hospitals for the Blind and Deaf-mutes, Lunatic
Asylums, Orphanages, and other charitable institutions.
Matters relating to conscription and requisition.
Matters relating to the forestry and colonization of the Hokkaido and such items concerning the Hokkaido as
do not fall under the jurisdiction of any other Bureau.
Matters relating to Chosen, Formosa and Karafuto.
.
( 16 )
The Police Affairs Bureau transacts the following : —
Matters relating to police administration.
Matters relating to higher police affairs.
Matters relating to the publication of books, and copyright.
The Engineering Affairs Bureau transacts the following : —
Matters relating to tiie engineering works under tlie direct control of the Department.
Matters relating to the engineering works of prefectures and public engineering works.
Matters relating to investigations concerning the cost of engineering works under direct control of the Depart-
ment and the payment of subsidies for the engineering works of prefectures.
Matters relating to reclamation of foreshores.
Matters relating to the expropriation of land.
Matters relating to investigations of work connected with rivers, roads, harbours and embankments.
The Sanitary Affairs Bureau transacts the following : —
Matters relating to the prevention of infectious diseases, and endemic diseases, vaccination and all other public
sanitation.
Matters relating to quarantine and detention of ships.
Matters relating to the business of physicians, pharmaceutists, and to the control of drugs and patent medicines.
Matters relating to sanitary associations and local hospitals.
(f^
THE OFFICIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE FINANCIAL
DEPARTMENT.
t^ HE Minister of Finance superintends the financial affairs of tlie Government, controls the business relating to the
t'. accounts, receipts and disbursements, taxation, national bonds, coinage, deposits, articles in custody, trusts and banks
and superintends the financial affairs of prefectures, districts, cities, towns, villages, and other public organizations.
DEPARTMENT
FINANCE.
There are six Bureaux in the Financial Department :
The Accounts Bureau.
The Financial Bureau.
The Mint.
The Revenue Bureau.
The Banking Bureau.
The Monopoly Bureau.
( 16 )
THE ACCOUNTS BUREAU.
The Accounts Bureau takes cliarge of the following : —
Matters relating to the General Budget and General Settlement,
Matters relating to the Budget and Settlement of special accounts.
Matters relating to the Budget for disbursements.
Matters relating to the registration in the Accounts' Books.
Matters relating to the compilation of books for annual revenue and expenditure.
Matters relating to the provisional examination of various account books
Matters relating to the superintendence of the cashiers and their sureties.
Matters relating to tiie disbursement of reserve funds.
Matters relating to the carrying forward of fixed amounts and to the disbursement of funds before the fiscal
year commences.
Matters relating to items of revenue and disbursement.
Matters relating to the unification of accounts.
Matters relating to tlie annual budget of prefectures, districts, cities, towns, villagers, and other public
organizations.
THE REVENUE BUREAU.
The Revenue Bureau takes charge of the following : —
Matters relating to the levy and collection of national taxes.
Matters relating to the control and superintendence of taxation affairs.
Matters connected with alterations to private lands.
Matters relating to cadastres.
Matters relating to various revenues, except those under the jurisdiction of the Financial Department.
Matters relating to tlie revenues of prefectures, districts, cities, towns, villages and other public organizations.
Matters relating to the levy and collection of customs and tonnage dues, and various customs revenues.
Matters relating to the control and superintendence of Customs administration.
Matters relating to the control of vessels engaged in foreign trade, and export and import goods.
Matters relating to the control and superintendence of bonded warehouses, Customs' temporary dejwsitories, and
Customs warehouses.
Matters relating to the investigation of the conditions of foreign trade and the Customs tariff.
THE FINANCIAL BUREAU.
The Financial Bureau takes charge of the following : —
Matters relating to the employment, receipt and disbursement of National funds.
Matters relating to the receipts and disbursements of the National Treasury.
Matters relating to coinage.
Matters relating to the monetary circulation in general.
Matters relating to National Bonds,
Matters relating to sinking funds for the relief of sufferers from natural calamities.
Matters relating to deposits, articles in custody and lield in trust.
Matters relating to pensions.
Matters relating to public loans of prefectures, districts, cities, towns, villages and other public organizations,
THE BANKING BUREAU.
The Banking Bureau deals with the following : —
Matters relating to banks established by special orders and rules.
Matters relating to ordinary banks.
Matters relating to savings banks.
( 17 )
Matters relating to the business of credit tnobilier.
Matters relating to mujin (private credit and savings system).
Matters relating to bonds similar to paper money.
Matters relating to juridical persons having relations with banks.
Matters relating to bank debentures.
Matters concerning subsidies and special allowances granted to banks.
THE MINT.
The Mint is situated in Osaka and is placed under the direct control of the Minister of Finance. It undertakes the
coinage of gold and subsidiary coins, re-moulding of old coins, manufacture of medals and seals, refining of bullion and
analysis of various minerals and metals.
THE MONOPOLY BUREAU.
The Monopoly Bureau is under the control of the Finance Minister and deals with the following: —
Matters relating to the Cultivation, inspection, harvest, manufacture, sale, import, export, examination and
appraising and control of tobacco.
Matters relating to tiie Manufacture, sale, import, export, inspection, appraising and control of salt.
Matters relating to the Manufacture, sale, export, inspection, appraising and control of camphor and camphor oil.
THE OFFICIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE WAR DEPARTMENT.
^HE Minister of War superintends the military administration, controls military officers and men and civilians attached
J* to the Army, and attends to the afiairs of various departments under his jurisdiction.
DEPARTMENT OF WAR.
There are six Bureaux in the Department of War :
The Personal Affairs Bureau.
The Ordnance Bureau.
The Medical Bureau.
The Army Affairs Bureau.
The General Accounts and Supplies Bureau,
The Judicial Affairs Bureau.
( 18 )
The Personal Affairs Bureau, which is sub-divided into two sections of Appointment and Honours, manages the
appointment of officers, the keeping of rolls, and grant of lionours, furloughs and pensions.
The Army Affairs Bureau, which is also sub-divided into several sections, controls the organization of different units,
the disposition of troops, military etiquette, military education, mobilization, manoeuvres, requisitioning, and all other
matters relating to all departmeots of the Imperial Army.
The Ordnance Bureau undertakes the manufacture, examination, supply, and up-keep of ordnance and general
military requisites, and is also sub-divided into sections.
The General Accounts and Supplies Bureau, which is also sub-divided into sections, has under its charge all matters
relating to military revenue and expenditure, the supply of clothing and foodstuffs, and the construction and maintenance
of all Army buildings.
The Medical Bureau has also two sections and maintains general supervision over the health of the troops and the
medical treatment of the sick and wounded. The conscription examination of youtiis is also undertaken by the Bureau.
The Judicial Affair Bureau deals with matters relating to military legislation, to military management, records,
personnel in charge of prisons and other affairs relating thereto, prisons, amnesty and extradition.
In addition the following special establishments are placed under the charge of the Department of War: —
The Military Arsenals. The Ordnance Works.
The Board of Technical Affairs. The Gendarmerie Headquarters.
The Horse Supply Bureau. The Horse Administration Board.
The Board of Fort Construction. The Clothing Supply Works.
The Forage Supply Works.
The Army General Staff Office, the Board of Military Education, and the Office of the Commander-in-Chief of the
Tokyo Garrisons are also part of the military administration system, but they are independent of the Department of War
and under the direct control of the Emperor.
THE GENERAL STAFF OFFICE.
^HE General Staff Office deals with affairs relating to national defence and tactics. The Chief of Staff is appointed from
Oi among Generals or Lieut.-Generals, is placed under the direct control of the Emperor, and superintends all affairs of
the Bureau.
The Chief of Staff controls staff officers under him and superintends education pertaining to strategic science; the
Military Staff College and the Land Surveying Section are placed under his charge.
The sectional chiefs attached to the Staff Office, in compliance with instructions of the Chief of Staff, direct their
subordinate officers and discliarge other duties devolving on them.
The organization of the Staff Office is effected in accordance with special rules.
The present Chief of the Army General Staff is Baron General Uyehara. His predecessors were : —
Names.
General H.I.H. Prince Taruhito Shinno Arisugawa-no-Miya
General H.I.H. Prince Akihito Shinno Komatsu-no-Miya
General Viscount Soroku Kawakami
Field Marshal Marquis Iwao Oyama
Field Marshal Marquis Aritomo Yamagata
General Viscount Gentaro Kodama
General Baron Yasukata Oku
General Viscount Yoshimichi Hasegawa
Baron General Yusaku Uyehara ... .„ ...
Age.
Names of Prefectu-res.
Appointed
55
Kyoto
1889
50
Kyoto
1895
55
Kagoshima
1898
68
Kagoshima
1899
67
Yamaguchi
1904
55
Yamaguchi
1906
61
Fukuoka
1910
63
Yamaguchi
1912
60
Miyazaki
1915
( 19 )
CHIEFS OF THE ARMY GENERAL STAFF OFFICE.
GENERAL
VISCOUNT KAWAKAMI.
FIELD MARSHAL
PRINCE YAMAGATA.
GENERAL H.I.H.
PRINCE TARUHITO SHINNO.
FIELD MARSHAL
PRINCE OYAMA.
GENERAL
VISCOUNT KODAMA.
FIELD MARSHAL H.LH.
PRINCE AKIHITO SHINNO.
FIELD MARSHAL
COUNT OKU.
FIELD MARSHAL
COUNT HASEGAWA.
GENERAL
BARON UYEHARA.
( 20 )
THE OFFICIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE NAVY DEPARTMENT.
fHE Department of the Navy is controlled by the Minister of the Navy, whose duty it is to supervise naval administra-
tion, control all staffs of the Imperial Navy, and take charge of all bureaux and boards in the jurisdiction of the
Department.
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY.
There are seven Bureaux in the Department : —
The Military Affairs Bureau.
The Material Bureau.
The Medical Affairs Bureau.
The Personnel Bureau.
The Machinery Bureau.
The General Accounts and Supplies Bureau.
The Judicial Affairs Bureau.
The Military Affairs Bureau, which is sub-divided into two sections, takes charge of the organization of all branches
of the service, military discipline, education, martial law and requisitioning, naval etiquette, the supervision of forts,
communication, fleets, schools, flags, and defence zones, habours, watch towers, the maintenance of order on seas, and other
matters.
The Personnel Bureau manages all affairs relating to the appointment and dismissal of officers and men, decorations,
pensions, personal affairs, mobilization, manoeuvres, etc.
The Material Bureau, which is sub-divided into sections, has under its charge the manufacture and preservation
of arms and machinery, adjustment of arms and ammunition, matters relating to arsenals, steel works and building materials,
coal mines, oil wells, supply of other necessaries, expenditure thereof and relief organizations.
The Machinery Bureau takes charge of all matters concerning the use of machinery, Engineering Schools, etc.
The Medical Bureau controls the medical affairs of the Imperial Navy, including the maintenance of Naval Hospitals,
and the education or training of Naval Surgeons.
The General Accounts and Supplies Bureau supervises all matters relating to the revenue and expenditure, the
training of paymasters, provisions, materials for uniforms, purchase of all necessaries, and expenditure needed for the
construction of stations, etc.
The Judicial Affairs Bureau controls Naval Prisons, and Court-martials and ether matters pertaining thereto.
In addition there are the Council of Admirals, the Board of Naval Education, the Technical Department, the
Hydrographic Bureau, Arsenals and Naval Works. The Naval Staff Office is also a part of the Naval administration
system, but it is quite independent of the Department of the Navy and is under the direct control of the Emperor.
( 21 )
THE NAVAL STAFF BOARD.
The Naval Staff Board ia under the direct control of the Emperor and manages the defense of the country and direction
of units in war. All the decisions reached by the board are reported directly to the Throne by the Chief of the Board, and
when the Imperial sanction is obtained they are sent to the Minister of the Navy to be executed.
In war time, the Imperial Headquarters not being created for the direction of campaigns, the Chief of the Naval
Staff Board draws up plans of campaign and sends them to the fighting units.
The present Chief of the Naval Staff Board is Admiral Baron Hayao Shimamura. His predecessors were : —
Names.
Vice- Admiral Viscount Kuranosuke Nakamuda
Vice Admiral Viscount Sukenori Kabayama
Admiral Viscount Yuko Ito ,
Admiral Count Heihachiro Togo
Admiral Baron Goro Ijuin
Vice-Adrairal Hayao Shimamura
Age.
Names of Prefectures.
Appointed.
57
Saga.
1893
58
Kagoshimn.
1894
53
Kagoshiraa.
1895
60
KagoshimH.
1905
58
Kagosliima.
1909
57
Kochi.
1914
CHIEFS OF THE NAVAL STAFF BOARD.
VICE-ADMIRAL
VISCOUNT NAKAMUDA.
ADMIRAL
COUNT KABAYAMA.
ADMIRAL OF THE FLEET
COUNT ITO.
ADMIRAL OF THE FLEET
COUNT TOGO.
ADMIRAL
BARON IJUIN.
ADMIRAL
BARON SHIMAMURA.
t 22 )
OFFICIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE.
SPHE Minister of Justice controls the Law Courts and Procurators' Offices, directs tlie business of prosecution, and
ts superintends the civil, criminal, law of procedure in non-contentious matters, census registration, prisons, the protection
of ex-convicts and all other judicial administration.
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE.
The Minister's Secretariat takes charge of the social functions of officials attached to the law-courts, and barristers, in
addition to matters given in the General Rules.
There are two bureaux in the Department of Justice :
The Judicial Affairs Bureau.
The Prison Affairs Bureau.
The Judicial Affairs Bureau transacts the following : —
Matters relating to the establishment, abolition and districts under jurisdiction of law courts.
Matters relating to civil and criminal cases and the law of procedure in non-coutentious matters.
Matters relating to trials and prosecutions.
Mttters relating to amnesty and the execution of sentences.
Matters relating to extradition.
Matters relating to census registration.
Matters relating to notarial business.
Matters relating to barristers' associations.
The Prison Affairs Bureau transacts the following : —
Matters relating to prisons.
Matters relating to the release on bail and the protection of ex-convic's.
Matters relating to discrimination in the treatment of criminals.
The Commission is under the control of the Minister of Justice and drafts laws relating to civil and criminal
affairs in accordance with his instructions.
( 28 ) ,
THE OFFICIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE DEPARTMENT
OF EDUCATION.
IjrHE Minister of Education superintends matters relating lo Education, Sciences and Arts, and Religion.
^' The Minister's Secretariat takes charge of tiie following, in addition to business specified in the General
Rules : —
Matters relating to the faculty of Public Schools, construction and repairs, the sanitation of schools. Exhibitions,
rewards and prizes.
There are three Bureaux in the Department :
The Special School Affairs Bureau. The General School Affairs Bureau.
The Religious Affairs Bureau.
mm
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION.
The Special School Affairs Bureau takes charge of the following: —
Matters relating to the Imperial Universities and High Schools.
Matters relating to Special Schools and Industrial Schools.
Matters relating to Schools of various kinds corresponding to the above-mentioned institutions.
Matters relating to the despatch of students and teachers abroad for the prosecution of their studies or for
inspection.
Matters relating to the Infectious Diseases Laboratories.
Matters relating to the Astronomical Observatories, meteorological observatories and meteorological stations.
Matters relating to the encouragement and investigation of science^and arts.
Matters relating to the Geodesy Committee and the Committee for the investigation of means of protection
against earthquake.
Matters relating to the Imperial Academy (Gakushi-kai-in).
Matters relating to Scientific Associations.
Matters relating to degrees or titles.
Matters relating to the examination of medical practitioners, and examination of pharmaceutists.
( 24 )
The General School Affairs Bureau takes charge of the following : —
Matters relating to Normal School education.
Matters relating to Middle Schools.
Matters relating to Primary Schools and Kindergartens.
Matters relating to Higher Girls' Schools.
Matters relating to schools for the blind and dumb.
Mutters relating to schools similar to the above-mentioned institutions.
Matters relating to the compilation, publication and inspection of books.
Matters relating to Common Education and Educational Associations.
Matters relating to school attendance of Cliildren of School-age.
Matters relating to Libraries and Museums.
The Religious AfFnira Bureau takes charge of the following: —
Matters relating to various sects of Shintoism and Buddhism, temples and shrines and other religious affairs.
Matters relating to the preservation of old shrines and temples.
Matters relating to priests and preachers.
THE OFFICIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE DEPARTMENT
OF AGRICULTURE AND COMMERCE.
P HE Minister of Agriculture and Commerce controls the business relating to agriculture, commerce, industries, marine
3 products, forestry, mining, geology and the execution of the Factory Law.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND COMMERCE.
The Minister's Secretariat takes charge of the business relating to foreign and domestic exhibitions, in addition to
the matters specified in the General Rules.
There are the following five Bureaux in the Department of Agriculture and Commerce :
The Agricultural Affairs Bureau. The Commercial and Industrial Affairs Bureau.
The Forestry Affairs Bureau. The Mining Affairs Bureau.
Aquatic Products Affairs Bureau.
( 25 )
The Agricultural Affairs Bureau takes charge of the business relating to agriculture, sericulture, tea industry, live-
stock, cattle sanitation, hunting and shooting.
The Agricultural Affairs Bureau has the Cattle Disease Investigation Office, which takes charge of the business
relating to the investigations and examination of the diseases of cattle, and the manufacture and distribution of serum.
The Commercial and Industrial Affairs Bureau takes charge of the business relating to commercial and industrial
matters, the execution of the Factory Law, and weights and measures.
The Commercial and Industrial Affairs Bureau has the Commercial Museum, in which are collected and displayed
samples of foreign and home merchandise, and articles for reference for the inspection of the public. The Bureau also takes
charge of correspondence relating to foreign and domestic trade.
The Commercial and Industrial Affairs Bureau has the Central Weights and Measures Inspection OflSce, which takes
charge of the inspection of weights and measures.
The Forestry Affairs Bureau takes charge of tiie business relating to forests and lands.
The Forestry Affairs Bureau has the Forestry Experimental Station, which takes charge of the investigation and
experiments in matters relating to the development of forestry products.
The Mining Affairs Bureau takes charge of business relating to mining.
The Mining Affairs Bureau has the Geological Investigation Station, which takes charge of business connected with
investigations to ascertain the properties of soil.
The Aquatic Products Affairs Bureau takes charge of the business relating to aquatic products.
Under the control of the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce there are also the Patent Bureau, Steel Foundry,
Marine Products Institute, Technical Experimental Institute, Plants and Trees Inspection Stations, Silk and Habutae
Conditioning Houses and Fancy Mattings Inspection Bureau.
THE OFFICIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE DEPARTMENT
OF COMMUNICATIONS.
f*HE Minister of Communications controls the mails, parcels-post, telegraphs, telephones and lighthouses, takes charge of
i matters relating to generation of eletricity and hydraulic power, and superintends matters relating to electricity, ship-
building, transport on land and sea, and steamship lines, vessels iind seamen.
DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATIONS.
There are four Bureaux in the Department :
The Posts and Telegraphs Bureau.
The Marine Affairs Bureau.
The Electric Exploitations Bureau.
The Postal Money Order and Saving
Bureau.
( 26 )
The Posts and Telegraphs Bureau transacts the following : —
Matters relating to mails, parcels-post, telegraphs and telephones.
Matters relating to the control of land transportation.
The Electric Exploitations Bureau transacts the following : —
Matters relating to the control of electricity.
Matters relating to the inspection of scales for electricity.
Matters relating to the generation of electricity and hydraulic power.
In the Electric Bureau is established the Electric Experimental Office, which takes charge of business connected with
electrical experiments.
The Marine Affairs Bureau takes charge of the following: —
Matters relating to light houses.
Matters relating to steamship lines, vessels, seamen, transportation by water, and control over subsidized
shipping companies and institutions.
The Postal Money Order and Savings Bureau is under the control of the Minister of Communications and deals with
matters relating to postal money orders, savings, the granting of pensions, receipts collected by the various Departments of
State and the disbursement of annual expenditures. In addition, there are Marine Courts and Local Communication
Bureaux where mails, telephones and telegraphs are dealt with.
( 27 )
THE IMPERIAL HOUSEHOLD DEPARTMENT.
^HE Imperial Household Department is under the control of the Minister of the Imperial Household, who, in addition to
*S supervising all affairs relating to the Imperial Household, and controlling all officials in his department and the Peers
of the realm and of Chosen, has authority to recommend the revision or abolition of the Imperial Household Law, lay down
bye-laws relative to the enforcement of the Imperial Household Law, issue decrees relating to the affairs in his jurisdiction,
issue instructions or orders to local authorities, carry out Imperial commends relating to honours, gifts, or donations, take
charge of the appointment of the officials in the department, recommend to the Throne the grant of Court ranks to the
officials in the department and Peers of tlie realm and Chosen, create various commissions or boards in the department
for tlie deliberation of matters in his jurisdiction, sign all documents or announcements stipulated by the Imperial Household
Law, or report important affairs concerning the Imperial Household, and supervise the accounts of the Imperial Household.
In the Imperial Household Department the Vice-Minister is appointed as Lieutenant to the Minister of the House-
hold, In some matters he can act as deputy for the Minister of the Household. In addition to these high dignitaries
there are the following officials in the Department : —
Private Secretaries. Secretaries.
Translators. Clerks.
Chief Expert Experts.
Assistant Experts.
The divisions of the department are as follow : —
The Board of Chamberlains. The Board of Ceremonies.
Tiie Bureau of the Imperial Family and Nobles. The Bureau of Imperial Treasury.
The Bureau of Imperial Archives. The Bureau of Court Physicians.
The Bureau of Imperial Cookery. The Bureau of Imperial Tombs.
The Bureau of Imperial Palaces. The Bureau of Works.
The Bureau of Imperial Stables. The Bureau of the Hunt.
The Bureau of Supplies.
In the Secretariat Bureau under the direct control of the Minister of the Household the appointment of officials in
the department, the keeping of signatures, all affairs relative to the Imperial trips and outings, the grant of honours,
presents, and donations, all affairs relating to the council of the household, and various other matters are managed.
All affairs relative to His Majesty's chambers are controlled by the Board of Chamberlains, the members of which
daily attend or wait upon His Majesty. The Board is controlled by the Grand Chamberlain and the Vice-Grand
Chamberlain.
The Board of Ceremonies, which is controlled by the Grand Master of Ceremonies and the Vice-Grand Master of
Ceremonies, manage all ceremonial affairs of the Court. Under the control of the Board there are Boards of Ritualists and
of Music.
Tlie Bureau of the Imperial Family and Nobles is under the control of the Director of the Imperial Family and
Nobles, and manages all affairs relative to the different ramifications of the Imperial Family and Nobles. The Imperial
Treasury Bureau supervises the revenue and expenditure of the Household, and the property of the Imperial Household is
placed under its charge. '
The Bureau of Imperial Archives chronicles and safeguards the Imperial Genealogy, takes charge of all laws,
rescripts, edicts, and other records, compiles all histories of the Imperial Family and the old princely families of Chosen,
and has charge of the Imperial Library.
The Bureaux of Court Physicians and Cookery undertake the functions the names signify, while the Bureau of the
Imperial Tombs superintends the up-keep and inspection of the Imperial tombs. The Bureau of tlie Imperial Palaces is a
special establishment with the Imperial Police Force under its control. It has charge of the Imperial Palaces and guards
all the palace grounds.
The Bureau of Works takes charge of the construction of palaces and up-keep of gardens, together with gardening,
horticultural works, and the laying of electric cablej. Tha Bureau of the Imperial Stables supervises the Imperial Stables.
( 28 )
The Bureau of the Hunt has charge of the Imperial Preserves and hunting, while the Bureau of Supplies attends to
the purchase and supply of various requisites in the Imperial Household, together with the control of the Imperial Au-
tomobile Garage.
Ill addition there are the Household of H.I.M. the Empress, the Household of H.I.H. the Crown Prince, the Board
of Imperial Auditors, the Board of Imperial Forests and Estates, the Imperial Bureau of Poetry, the Peers' Schools, the
Imperial Museums, the Imperial Pastures, and the Household of Prince Yi of Clioseu under the control of the Minister of
the Imperial Household. The Present Minister is Baron Hatano. His Predecessors were : —
Names.
Age.
Names of Prefectures.
Appointed
Count Hirobumi Ito
45
Yamaguchi
1885
Viscount Hisamoto Hijikata
. ... 65
Kochi
1887
Viscount Mitsuaki Tanaka
56
Kochi
1898
Prince Tomosada Iwakura
. ... 59
Kyoto
1909
Viscount Chiaki Watanabe
. ... 68
Nagano
1910
Baron Yoshinao Hatano
. ... 64
Saga
1914
MINISTERS OF THE IMPERIAL HOUSEHOLD.
PRINCE ITO.
COUNT HIJIKATA.
COUNT TANAKA.
PRINCE IWAKQRA.
COUNT WATANABE.
BARON HATANO.
( 29 )
THE GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION OF JAPAN.
ipHE Japanese Empire is divided into the following parts according to the geographical situation of her
" territories : —
Japan Proper
Colonies
r The Main Land
■j Kyushu.
^ Loochoo.
Shikoku.
Hokkaido.
Chishiraa.
(■Taiwan or Formosa.
... < Karafuto or Japanese Saghalien.
V. Chosen. Pescadores.
All these divisions are of an insular character except Chosen. Particularly Chishima, Pescadores, and Loochoo are
only general names for groups of many small islands. The other parts are comparatively large islands, but they, too, have
a number of smaller islands along their coasts. The following are some of these : —
Sado.
Bonin Islands.
Oki.
Iki.
Awaji.
Tsushima.
Below are the official statistical returns showing the geographical situation of the Empire, the areas of its component
parts, the population, etc. : —
GEOGEAPHICAL SITUATION OF JAPAN.
( Extreme E. E. Longitude 153° 32' Extreme S. N. Latitude 21° 45'
Empire
...
Jl(
w.
Mainland
...
... j
ft
E.
W.
Shikoku
...
... j
ft
E.
W.
Kiushii
...
... 1
ft
If
E.
W.
Riukiu
...
... 1
E.
W.
Hokkaido ...
• ••
... 1
ft
E.
W.
Cliishima
...
...
*t
f>
E.
W.
Chosen (Korea)
...
... 1
ft
E.
W.
Taiwan (Formosa)
• ••
... 1
tt
It
E.
VV.
Hokoto (Pescadores)
...
... 1
i>
»t
E.
W.
Karafuto (Japanese Saghalien)
... •
• 1
W.
119° 18'
N.
50° 56'
142° 14'
130° 44'
S.
N.
ft
If
24° 14'
41° 33'
134° 49'
131° 59'
S.
N.
It
»f
32° 42'
34° 34'
132° 04'
128° 15'
S.
N.
f
ff
26° 59'
33° 58'
128° 15'
122° 45'
II
S.
N.
It
If
24° 06'
27° 04'
146° 07'
139° 11'
S.
N.
ti
ff*
41° 21'
45° 30'
156° 32'
145° 21'
f
S.
N.
It
ft
43° 38'
50° 56'
130° 54'
124° 18'
ft
S.
N.
ft
II
33° 12'
43° 02'
122° 06'
120° 02'
f»
If
S.
N.
fl
ft
21° 45'
25° 38'
119° 43'
119° 18'
If
ft
S.
N.
ft
If
23° 10'
23° 46'
144° 55'
141° 51'
fl
fi
8.
N.
fl
ff
45° 54'
60° 00'
( 80 )
EXTENT OF AREA.
Principal Islands.
Mainland
Sliikoku
Kiiishu ..
Hokkaido (excluding Chisliima)
Cliishima or Kurile Islands (31 islands)
8ado
Vyxkl ••• ••• ••• ■•• ••• •■■ ••■ ■•
Awaji
Xivl ••• •>■ ••• ••• •■• ••• ••• ••
Tsushima
Riukiii (55 islands)
Ogasawarajima or Bonin Islands (20
' XOtflfl ••• ■•• ••• (•> •••
Chosen (Korea)
Taiwan (Formosa)
HokotS (Pescadores)
Karafuto (Japanese Saghalien)
Grand Total
Number
of
Adjacent
Small
Islands.
167
74
150
13
Area.
412
7
12
Principal
Islands.
8q. Ri
14,492.21
1,151.24
2,311.86
5,056.78
1.011.49
56.33
21.88
36.55
8.65
43.95
156.91
4.50
Adjacent
Small
Islands.
Sq. Ri
78.91
29.43
305.68
27.09
0.01
0.14
0.08
0.77
24,352.25
2,318.51
4.17
442.11
5.60
3.82
Total.
Sq. Ri
14,571.12
1,180.67
2,617.54
5,083.87
1,011.49
56.33
21.89
36.69
8.63
44.72
156.91
4.50
24,794.36
14,123.00
2,324.11
7.99
2,208.92
Propor-
tion.
(Per cent.)
33.53
2.72
6.02
11.70
2.33
0.13
0.05
0.08
0.02
0.10
0.36
0.01
57.05
32.50
5.35
0.02
5.08
431
26,674 93
451.53
43,458.38
100.00
Note :
(1) Small islands with a coast-line of less than one Ri, unless inhabited or serving as sea-marks, are not included in
this table.
(2) The figures for Iwojima (Volcano Island) are not accessible.
i?i = 2.44030 Miles. Sq. i?t=5.95505 Square Miles.
POPULATION OF THE EMPIRE.
Year.
Japan Proper.
1907 (3l8t December)
1908 (
Do. )
1909 (
Do. )
1910 (
Do. )
1911 (
Do. )
1912 (
Do. )
1913 (
Do. )
1914 (
Do. )
1915 (
Do. )
1916 (
Do. )
Males.
Females.
Total.
Average In-
crease per 100
Inhabitants.
Population
Per Sq. Ri.
24,645,028
24,174,627
48,819,630
1.36
1,968
25,046,380
24,542,424
49,588,801
1.58
2,000
25,387,023
24,867,454
50,254,471
1.34
2,026
25,759,347
25,225,505
50,984,844
1.45
2,056
26,152,214
25,601,731
51,753,934
1.51
2,087
26,544,759
25,978,808
52,522,753
1.49
2,118
26,964,586
26,398,096
53,362,682
1.60
2,152
27,395,920
26,820,466
54,216,485
1.60
2,187
27,834,255
27,249,593
55,083,949
1.60
2,222
28,279,603
27,685,586
55,965,292
1.60
2,257
( 31 )
Year.
Chosen (Korea).
1907 (
'31st December)
1908 (
: Do. )
1909 (
: Do. )
1910
: Do. )
1911 (
: Do. )
1912 (
: Do. )
1913 (
: Do. )
1914 (
; Do. )
1915
; Do. )
1916 (
Do. )
Taiwan (]
''ormosa).
1907 (
'31st December)
1908 (
Do, )
1909 (
: Do. )
1910 (
: Do. )
1911
: Do. )
1912 (
: Do. )
1913 (
: Do. )
1914
; Do. )
1915
; Do. )
1916 (
: Do. )
Kaeafuto
(Japanese Sa
1907 (
[31st December)
1908 (
Do. )
1909 (
Do. )
1910 (
Do. )
1911 (
: Do. )
1912 (
: Do. )
1913
[ Do. )
1914 (
: Do. )
1915 (
; Do. )
1916 (
Do. )
lien).
Males.
Females.
Total.
Average In-
crease per 100
Inhabitants.
Population
Per Sq. Bi.
6,926,375
6,114.326
13,040,701
0.14
923
• •
6,942,836
6,128,341
13,071,177
0.23
925
..
6,952,269
6,138,587
13,090,856
0.15
927
..
7,057,458
6.255,559
13,313,017
1.70
943
..
7,397,994
6,657,875
14,055,869
5.58
995
..
7,732,404
7,094,697
14,827,101
5.49
1.049
.,
8.032,982
7,425,881
15,458,863
4.26
1,098
,,
8,375,187
7,742,224
16,117,411
4.26
1.141
• •
8,731,970
8,072.043
16,804.013
426
1.190
••
9,103,952
8,415,.913
17,519.864
4 26
1,240
1,706,172
1,517,796
3,223,968
•_ 0,95
1,382
• •*
1.718,620
1,533,969
3,252,589
0.89
1,394
• •
1,735,984
1,554,202
3,290,186
116
1,410
..
1,760.019
1,581,198
3,341,217
1.55
1,432
«•
1,794,052
1,616.786
3,410,838
2.08
1,462
,,
1,825,518
1,651,161
3,476,679
1.93
1,491
..
1,857,694
1,685.859
3,543.553
1.93
1,520
..
1,893,547
1,718,397
3,611.944
1.93
1,549
..
1,930,092
1,751.562
3,681,654
1.93
1,579
••
1,967,343
1.785,367
3,752,710
1.93
1,609
12,458
8,011
20,469
65.59
9
••
14,933
11.460
26,393
28.94
12
,,
14,723
11,513
26,236
(Dec.) 0.59
12
,,
17.693
13,324
31,017
18.21
14
..
20,741
15,984
36,725
18.40
16
,,
23,903
18,235
42,138
14.74
18
,,
24,573
19,783
44.356
5.26
20
.,
25,865
20,824
46,689
5.26
21
,,
27,226
21,919
49,145
5.26
22
,,
28,658
23,072
51.730
5.26
23
Note : —
(1) For 1912 and the years subsequent to 1914 inclusive in the case of Japan Proper and for the years subsequent to
1914 inclusive in the case of Taiwan, Chosen and Karafuto, the figures of the estimated population is given here
respectively.
(2) The figures for the population of ChOsen, Taiwan and Karafuto represent the number of persons actually domiciled
or resident there.
(3) The figures for the population of Chosen in 1909 represent the number of persons actually domiciled or resident
there on May 10th, 1910. The reliable figures prior to 1908 inclusive are not procurable.
( 32 )
LEGISLATION.
' HE power of legislation is vested in the Teikoku Gikai, or Imperial Diet, which consists of two Chambers, the House of
Peers and the House of Representatives.
IMPERIAL DIET.2(Temporary Building).
They are organized as follows : —
The House of Peers is organized of tiie following members : —
The Princes of the Blood (of age).
The Crown Prince is legally recognized as of age when he attains his 18th year, while the other members of
the Imperial Family reach maturity in their twentieth year.
The Princes and Marquises above the 25tli year.
The representatives of the Counts, Viscounts, and Barons.
The Peers of those grades above the 25th year are empowered either to elect their representatives or be
elected to a seat in the House. The representatives of the Counts are stipulated to be 17; the Viscounts are
represented by 70; while the Barons can send 63 representatives to the House. All of these representatives
must be selected from among themselves.
The members nominated by the Emperor from among learned persons or persons who have rendered
meritorious services to the State.
'Ihe number of the Imperial Nominees is limited by law to 125.
The representatives of the highest rate-payers in tlie realm.
Fifteen rate-payers who are above 30 years and, being the heads of their families, pay large direct taxes
form an electoral college in every prefecture and send a member to the House of Peers. The persons who form
the electoral colleges are called the " Higliest Rate Payers," and the Members they send to the House are
classed as " Highest Rate Paying Members." As the law does not recognize the formation of an electoral
college in the Hokkaido the number of the members of this class corresponds to the number of prefectures.
Law prohibits the number of the Imperial Nominees and the representatives of the Highest Rate-Payers to
exceed the number of the representatives of the Peers.
The representative members are elected for a term of seven years, but the other members are entitled to their seats
for life. The President and tlie Vice-President are appointed by the Emperor from among the candidates elected by
the House.
Tiie House of Representatives is composed of the representatives sent by the constituencies throughout the Empire.
The constituencies are of three kinds. Municipalities are made independent constituencies, along with islands, while the
rural parts of the prefectures form separate constituencies. As all municipalities incorporated up to the time the present
( 33 )
Electoral Law was laid down are raa'le independent constituences even very small cities can send their own representatives
to the House. Tiie three Wards in Hokkaido are also made independent constituencies, as semi-municipalities, in view of
their importance as towns. Thus the municipal constituencies at present number 56, and the total number of their represen-
tatives is 75.
The rural constituencies number 48, including Hokkaido. The number of their representatives is fixed in proportion
to their population. A deputy is elected by every 130,000 men, and the total number of the rural members is 202. The
insular constituencies num-
islands which have a po-
are lacking in the means
main laud are made such,
members of the House of
Franchise is given to
qualifications : —
Male subjects of
25 years.
Having domiciles
over a year
Paying direct na-
year. Land
twelve months,
uess taxes
years.
THRONE
HOUSE
ber only 4, as only those
pulation above 100,000 and
of communication with the
Thus the total number of
Representatives is 381.
males having the following
the Empire of Japan above
within a given constituency
and continuing to do so.
tional taxes above 10 yen a
taxes must be paid over
while the income and busi-
must be paid over two
All subjects of the Empire of Japan above thirty years can be elected to membership of the House of Representatives
provided that they are not legally recognized as unfit for the control of their own properties, or deprived of their civil
rights, and there are no restrictions whatever in way of tax payment on the present rights of Japanese subjects. The heads
of Noble families and military men on active service are proliibited either to vote for others or be elected themselves as
members of the House of Representatives. Among those who are forbidden to stand for membership of the House are also
Shinto priests, Buddliist priests, teachers of elementary schools, contractors to the Government, and officers of corporations
which make it tiieir main business to enter into contracts with the Government.
In the election of members of the House of Representatives the open ballot system is adopted, and all candidates who
obtain one fifth of the whole number of votes in a constituency are ofiicially recognized as returned, but when the candidates
thus returned are more than the stipulated number for a giveu constituency the men who have secured smaller votes are
rejected and given the right to fill vacancies in the House if vacancies occur within a year from the date of the election.
The tenure of office for members of the House of Representatives is four years. Tiie President and the Vice-
President of the House are appointed by the Crown from among the candidates elected by the House.
No laws of the realm can be framed by the Government without the approval of both Houses of the Imperial
Diet. The creation of new taxes or tiie increase of existing taxes is stipulated by law, and the Imperial Diet is authorised
either to approve or disapprove it. Tiie revenue and disbursements of the realm must be submitted to the Imperial Diet
every year in the form of a Budget. In case the scheme framed by the Government is not passed by the Imperial Diet,
and the Government has no legal Budget, the Government must carry on administration on the basis of the previous year's
Budget.
The Budget must be submitted to the House of Representatives first, but in other respects there is no difierence in the
functions of the Chambers. They can either frame laws or memorialize their views to the Government. An appeal to tiie
Throne can also be made by the two Chambers.
Any bill rejected by one of the Houses can not be taken up for discussion by tlie other during the same session.
When bills approved by either one of them are rejected or amended by the other they are referred to a joint conference of
botli Houses, and the joint conference is authorised to draw up an eclectic measure, which then is submitted to the two
House). When, however, one Chamber approves the decision of the other this proceeding can be eliminated.
( 34 )
SECRETARIAT BUREAU.
(The Offices in the House of Peers and in the House op Representatives).
(The Following Official Organization is Applied to the Offices of Both Houses).
^HE Office, the Chief of which is the Chief Secretary to the House, conducts all afTairs relative to the House. It is
ts divided into the Sections of Deliberation, General Affairs, Committee Meeting, and so forth, and every section is
managed by a Secretary,
The Chief Secretary to the House, who is the Head of the Office, is of the Chokunin rank, and, under the
direction of the President of the House, keeps general supervision over the affairs of the House, signing all papers the
House issues or retains.
Under the Chief Secretary there are three Secretaries, who are all of the Sonin rank. They, as the Heads of the
different Sections, attend to the preparation of all records of the House, the printing of the records of deliberation in the
House, accounts, and all other affairs under the general direction of the Chief Secretary.
There are in addition a number of petty officials in the office. Among others a staff" of stenographers is kept in the
bureau. They record the daily proceedings of the House and prepare them for the printers. Sergeants are always on duty
in all parts of the House to keep order in the sacred place of legislation.
HISTORY OF THE OFFICE OF THE HOUSE OF PEERS AND
OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
On October 14th, 1889, the Temporary Office of the Imperial Diet was established in the Cabinet for transacting
matters relating to various preparations, and Mr. Ki Inouye, President of the Legislation Bureau, was appointed Head
of the Office.
On July 10th of the following year, the offices of the House of Peers and of the House of Representatives were
established and the Temporary Office of the Imperial Diet was abolished on August 3rd of the same year.
Prior to this, Mr. Kentaro Kanko, a Secretary of Privy Council, was appointed Chief Secretary to the House of
Peers. On his transference to another post the late Mr. Juichi Nakane was appointed to the post. The tliird Chief
Secretary to the House was the late Mr. Mineaaburo Ota, who died after only a few years in office. The present Chief
Secretary, Mr. Kunio Yanagida, is the fourth of the line of Chief Secretaries.
The first Chief Secretary of the House of Representatives was Mr. Arasuke Sone, formerly Secretary of the Legisla-
tion Bureau, whose appointment to the post synchronized with that of Mr. Kentaro Kaneko. Since his resignation the post
has been held by Messrs. Jun Midzuno, Yoshito Okuda, Kinosuke Yamada, Kametaro Hayashida and Kuniorai Okazaki.
DOMESTIC ADMINISTRATIONS.
ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS.
W HE administration districts in Japan proper are, generally speaking, divided into Fu (urban prefectures) and prefectures.
tsS The Hokkaido and Japanese Saghalien (Karafuto) are called Cho. The following gives the details : —
Two Cho : — Hokkaido, Karafuto.
Tliree Fu : — Tokyo, Kyoto, Osaka.
Forty-three prefectures: — Kanagawa, Hyogo, Nagasaki, Niigata, Saitaraa, Gumma, Cliiba, Ibaraki, Tochigi,
Nara, Miye, Aiciii, Shidzuoka, Yamanashi, Shiga, Gifu, Nagano, Miyagi, Fukushima, Iwate, Aomori,
Yamagata, Akita, Fukui, Ishikawa, Toyama, Tottori, Shimane, Okayaraa, Hiroshima, Yamaguchi,
Wakayama, Tokushima, Kagawa, Ehime, Kochi, Fukuoka, Oita, Saga, Kumamoto, Miyazaki, Kagoshima,
Okinawa.
As regards the population of the Fu, Tokyo stands first on the list with 3,140,000, Osaka second with 2,460,000, and
Kyoto third with 1,280,000. As for prefectures, Hyogo has the largest population with 2,140,000 and Tottori the smallest
with 470,000. The other prefectures have populations ranging between 700,000 and 1,000,000. In the Hokkaido there
^re 1,810,000 inhabitants, while in Karafuto there are only 44,000 regular residents.
( 35 )
THE OFFICIAL ORGANIZATION FOR PROVINCIAL OFFICIALS.
The Chief of the prefectural officials is called the Governor, who is an official of Cliokunin rank. In each prefecture
there are, under the Governor, the Director of the Home Affairs Department, the Director of the Police Department,
rijikan (Councillors), Police Superintendents, Teciinieal experts, Educational Inspectors, zoku (subordinate officials),
Police-Inspectors. In Tokyo Fu alone the police affairs are conducted by the Metropolitan Police, which is under direct
control of the Minister of Home Affairs. In Tokyo Fu, therefore, no Director of the Police Department, Police
Superintendents, and Police Inspectors are appointed.
Tiie Governor, who is under the control of the Minister of Home Affairs, either executes tlie laws and orders or controls
the administrative affairs in the prefecture over which he is placed. Consequently he is empowered to issue prefectural orders
to the whole or a section of his prefecture in regard to the transaction of administrative affairs, by virtue of his official
function and by special trust. As regards the merits or demerits of the officials of sonin rank under his control, the Govenor
must report them to the Minister of Home Affairs, but he can appoint or dismiss the officials of hannin rank at his discretion.
In case of an emergency which requires the use of military force, or military protection, the Governor can refer tiie matter
to the Commander of the Army Division with a view to applying for the despatch of troops. In Tokyo Fu, however, the
powers in this connection are vested in the Chief of the Metropolitan Police.
The Chief of the Cho is not called the chiji or Governor, but is called chokan, or Chief official. The official functions
of the chokan are practically the same as those of the chiji. Tiie organization of the Cho is also almost the same as that of
the prefecture. In the Karafuto Cho, however, the railways are also placed witiiin the jurisdiction of the chokan, and a
Railway Affairs Office is specially provided.
The Local Assemblies. — In the Fu there is the Fu Assembly, and in the prefecture, the Prefectural Assembly. This
institution discusses the Budget for the annual expenditure and revenue, and matters relating to the collection of prefectural
taxes. The fixed number of a Fu or Prefectural Assembly is 30 for prefectures having a population of less than 700,000.
Ill prefectures having a population between 700,000 and 1,000,000, one member is added for every 50,000, and in
prefectures possessing a population of over 1,000,000 one member is added for every 70,000. The citizens who pay direct
national taxes amounting to over ¥10 have the right to be elected members of the Prefectural Assembly, while those
citizens paying direct national taxes amounting to ¥3 have the right of electing them. The term of office of the members
of the Prefectural Assembly is four years.
As Karafuto is a newly-acquired territory, it has neither Fu nor prefectural system. The Karafuto Government
lias no local Assembly.
In tlie Hokkaido, there is the Do Assembly, equivalent to a Prefectural Assembly. The rights for electing or of
being elected members of the Assembly are the same as tliose of a prefecture.
In Fu or prefectures, inclusive of tlie Hokkaido, a Prefectural Council is provided. The Prefectural Council consists
of the Governor, two high officials, and members of the Prefectural Assembly, who are elected from among the members of
tiiat body. The fixed number of the Council in the case of Fu is eight, and in the case of prefectures six. The functions
and limits of competence of the Prefectural Council are as follows : —
To discuss matters coming within the jurisdiction of the Prefectural Assembly, which are entrusted to the
Council.
To discuss matters coming within the jurisdiction of the Prefectural Assembly, which are deemed too urgent by
tlie Governor to admit of the delay necessary in convoking the Prefectural Assembly.
To lay their views before the Governor as to the Bills to be submitted to the Prefectural Assembly.
To discuss important matters concerning the administration of property and buildings within the scope fixed by
the Prefectunil Assembly.
To discuss the regulations Governing the execution of engineering work to be undertaken out of prefectural
expenditure, except those otherwise regulated in the Laws and orders.
To discuss matters relating to appeal?, complaints and mediation concerning the prefecture.
To discuss any other matters which belong, by virtue of the Laws and Orders, to the jurisdiction of the
Prefectural Council.
In addition to the above, the Prefectural Council can elect a committee from among its members to audit the
receipts and disbursements of the prefecture.
( 36 )
The Division of "Fu" (urban prefecture) and Prefectures. — Botk Fu and Prefecture are divided into Gun
(county or district), whicli consist of many towns and villages. In many Fu and prefectures, there are cities, besides Cfnn
(districts). The city, which is a large town, is under the direct control of the Fu or prefecture. The four cities of Tokyo,
Osaka, Kyoto and Nagoya are divided into Ku (wards) Gun, city, town, village and Ku are all judicial persons, but city,
town and village may be regarded as purely self governed bodies. Tlie chiefs of the city, town and village are elected by the
city, town and village assemblies respectively, but the chief of Gu7i or district is not elected by the district assembly; he is
appointed by the Cabinet, through the Minister of Home Affairs, on tlie recommendation of the Governor of the Fu or
prefecture concerned. Nor is the chief of Ku or ward elected by the ward assembly, but is nominated by the Mayor.
The islands, which are almost equal to a district in point of area and population, have the To Clio, or Island
Government OflSce, the chief of which is called Toji. These islands are the Bonin Islands, Hachijo-jima, and Oshima,
(Tokyo Fu), Oki (Shimane prefecture), Tsushima (Nagasaki prefecture), Oshima (Kagoshima prefecture). Among the above
islands, in Oki Island alone the town and village system is enforced ; in other islands, no such system is yet inaugurated.
Of all the prefectures, Okinawa prefecture alone has a system somewhat different from that enforced in the other
prefectures. Though the prefectural system is in force in Okinawa prefecture its Prefectaral Assembly has no Prefectural
Council. The cities in this prefecture are specially called Ku. Though the Ku Assembly is provided, the chief of the Ku
is not elected by the Ku Assembly, but is nominated by the Governor. In all the towns and villages, too, the town and
village systems differ from those enforced in towns and villages in other prefectures, and the chiefs of these towns and villages
are appointed by the Governor.
The local system in the Hokkaido is also different from that in other prefectures. Though the Do Assembly is
established it has no Do Council. The cities in the Hokkaido are called Ku, and though autonomy, pure and simple, is
enforced therein the districts, except Ku, are properly divided, and in every division is established a Branch Government
Office, the chief of which is appointed by the Cabinet, through the Minister of Home Affairs, on the recommendation of the
Governor of the Hokkaido. Karafuto is divided into several administrative districts, each of which is governed by the
officials of the Karafuto Government Office. No systems equivalent to the i^M or prefectural system, and city, town and
village systems are yet enforced.
The District, City, Town, and Village Assemblies. — Every district has a District Office, and is governed by
the chief of the district. A District Assembly is also established therein. The fixed number of the members is generally
between 15 and 30, but according to the conditions of the district concerned the number of members can be increased to
40 by permission of the Minister of Home Affairs. The residents of the town or village, who have citizenship and who have
paid direct national taxes amounting to over ¥3 for a year, have the right to elect members of the District Assembly,
while those who pay direct national taxes amounting to over ¥5 have the right to be elected members of the District
Assembly. The term of office of a member of the District Assembly is four years.
The city, town and village have their respective Offices, and Assemblies. The fixed number of members of these
Assemblies is not equal. It depends upon the populations of the city, town or village. In the case of cities, those having a
population of less than 50,000 have 30 members, and those having a larger population have a larger number of members in
proportion to their populations. In towns and villages the number of members composing the Assemblies is fixed at between
8 and 30. Those who possess the rights of electing or being elected members of these Assemblies are called citizens. The
qualifications of a citizen are as follow : —
Male subjects of the Empire of over 25 years of age, who have been resident in the city, town or village for
the past two years, and have helped to bear the burdens of the place, and who pay over two yen in land taxes or in other
direct national taxes are called citizens of these cities, towns and villages. Those persons who have received relief out of the
public funds within two years, those persons who have been declared incompetent or quasi-competent persons, or those who
have been sentenced to penal servitude for more than six years, or imprisonment, are denied citizenship. Even those who
have not lived in the place over two years can acquire citizenship on the vote of the City, District, or Village Assemblies.
According to the amount of taxes they pay, the citizens or electors are divided into three classes in the case of cities,
and into two classes in the case of towns and villages. In the former case, each class elects one-third of the members and
in the latter each class elects half the number of the members. The term of office of the members is four years. The term
of office of the chiefs of the city, town and village elected by these members is also four years.
( 37 )
The Number op Small Administrative Districts. — The number of the districts Gun, cities, towns and villages,
which form the small administrative districts and self-governing bodies in the Fu and prefectures, except Okinawa
prefecture, are : —
Gun (districts) 543 ; To Cho (Island Government Offices) 6 ; Cities 67 ; Towns 1,242 ; Villages 10,351.
In Tokyo there are fifteen wards, in Kyoto two wards, in Osaka four wards and in Nagoya four wards.
As aforementioned, the system enforced in Okinawa prefecture is somewhat diflfereut from that in other prefectures.
In the Hokkaido, there are 87 Gun or districts, but they do not constitute administrative districts. As administrative
districts, the Hokkaido is divided into Ku or Branch Governmental districts. We give below the number of various
administrative districts in the Hokkaido and Okinawa prefecture.
-t\.U •■• ••• ■•• •■• *•■ •■• •••
Shicho (Governmental Branch) ...
Districts
Towns
Villages
The districts of Okinawa prefecture include two Island Government Offices
The Karafuto Government is divided into four administrative districts.
Okinawa.
Hokkaido.
2
3
—
14
5
—
1
21
52
197
COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION.
SPHE administrationin the newly acquired territories or Colonies greatly differs from that in Japan proper.
tS The new territories, or colonies, of Japan are Formosa, Chosen and Karafuto (Japanese Saghalien). We will
here give particulars regarding Formosa, Chosen and Karafuto.
FORMOSA.
Powers of the Governor-General. — The Government-General of Formosa
The Governor-General is an official of Shin-nin rank, and a General or Lieut.-General
with prefectural Governors, he has
The Governor-General con-
powers vested in him. He con-
acting under instruction of the
The Governor-General is sub-
or the Naval Minister in regard to
personnel of military and naval
attached to the Army and Navy,
bilization programmes he is under
Army and Navy General Staffs, and
is under the Superintendent-General
The Governor - General can
virtue of his official functions or by
guity persons to penal servitude and
ing one year, and to detention or
The Governor-General takes
the regions under his jurisdiction.
The Governor-General can use
it necessary in order to maintain peace
jurisdiction.
In case such a step is taken,
to the Ministers of Home Affairs, GOVERNOR-GENERAL,
the Army and Navy General Staffs. GENERAL BARON TEIBI ANDO.
controls Formosa and the Pescadores,
is appointed to the post. Compared
far greater powers, namely : —
trols the Army and Navy — within the
ducts various administrative affairs,
Minister of Home Affairs,
ject to the control of either the War
the military administration and the
officers and men, and also civilians
In regard to the defence and mo-
the direction of the chiefs of the
in reference to military education he
of Military Education,
issue Government-General Orders by
special trust. He can also sentence
imprisonment for a period not exceed-
fines not exceeding ¥200.
charge of the defensive matters in
the military power in case he deems
and order in the regions under his
the fact must immediately be reported
War and the Navy, and the Chiefs of
( 38 )
In cnB8 of necessity the Governor-General can order the garrison troops, or military officers stationed in Formosa, to
attend to the civil administration in addition to their customary duties.
The powers vested in the Governor-General in connection with the control of the officials under liis orders are far
greater than those wielded by prefeetural Governors. Judicial affairs are also placed under the control of the Governor-
General. In short, tlie Governor-General may well be called the Viceroy in the colony.
The Organization of the Government-Generai,. — There are three Departments in the Formosa Government-
General, namely, the Civil Administration Department, the Military Affairs IJepartment and the Naval Affairs Department.
takes charge of all administrative and
Administration superintends the matters
Governor-Geueral. There are the follow-
Administration Department : —
The Communication Affairs Bureau. The
The Civil Administration Department
judicial matters. The Chief of the Civil
under his jurisdiction by assisting the
ing Bureaux and sections in the Civil
The Financial Affairs Bureau.
Colonial Affairs Bureau.
The Engineering Affairs Bureau,
Section, the Legal Affairs Section and the
The Military Affairs Department
the districts under the jurisdiction of the
composed of the following sections : —
The Staff Officers Section.
The Judicial Officers Section.
The Medical Section.
The Director of the Military Affairs
Staff, and a Major-General is appointed
the Governor-General and participates in
affairs. It is his duty to see that the
and tliat they are properly enforced. He
Department.
CHIEF OF THE CIVIL
ADMINISTRATION.
MR. HIROSHI SHIMOMURA.
the Police Headquarters, the Local Affairs
Educational Affairs Section.
takes charge of all Military matters in
Formosa Government-General, and is
The Adjutants Section.
The Accountants Section.
The Veterinary Surgeons Section.
Department is called the Chief of the
to the post. The Chief of the Staff assists
the discussion of important military
orders are conveyed to the proper quarters
also adjusts the geneial affairs in the
takes charge of the naval affairs of the
\
The Naval Affairs Department
Formosa Government-General, and is composed of the following : —
The Chief of the Staff. Staff Officers, Adjutants. The Chief of the Staff is under the control of the Governor-
General. He assists the Governor-General in regard to the naval administration and naval commands. He also controls
the affairs of the Department. A Captain is appointed to the post.
The Local Districts System. — The regions under the jurisdiction of the Formosa Government-General are divided
into the following twelve administrative Districts, called Cho : —
Taiwan, Giran, Toyen, Shinchiku, Taichu, Nanto, Kagi, Ako, Tainan, Taito, Karenko and Hoko.
The Chief of the Cho is appointed by the Cabinet on the recommendation of the Governor-General, and is an official
of sonin rank. Though he is lower than the prefeetural Governor in rank, his powers are practically the same. Every Cho
has some Branch Cho, equivalent in nature to the District Office and the Police Station in Japan proper combined.
The smaller administrative districts are called Ku. Formerly, there were Gai, Sho and Ska in Formosa. Gai
corresponded to the town in Japan proper, Sho, to the village and Sha was the name given to the aborigines' villages. On
the basis of these Gai, Sho and Sha, administration is enforced only in such villages where the natives have already
sworn allegiance and become completely submissive. The Chief and clerks of the Ku are appointed by the Chief of the Cho
from among the residents in the Ku.
Thougli autonomy is not yet applied in Formosa there is practical autonomy in regard to the police system. This
is ciilled the Hoko system. About ten houses form one Ko and about 10 Ko form one Ho. The Cliiefs of both the Ko and
the Ho are chosen by election but receive no remuneration. It is the duty of the Ho and Ko to maintain peace and order
in the region under their jurisdiction. They also attend to the business of taking the census and the adjustment of removal
of residents. They take upon themselves the task of keeping the youths in order.
( 39 )
Judicial system though the three-Courts system is adopted in Jnpan proper, the judicial system in Formosa comprises
only two Court, viz., the Local Court and the Appeal Court. The local Courts are established at Taihoku, Taichu and
Tainan, and are presided over by one judge; the Appeal Court is in Taihoku and is composed of three judges. ,
In regard to civil suits, the Civil and Commercial Laws of the Japanese Empire and other attached laws are put
in force in cases concerning Japanese and foreigners, while in the case of the Islanders and Chinese they are tried
according to the old usages. The Criminal Law and the Codes of Criminal or Civil Procedures are enforced equally in
all cases. As regards disputes concerning riglits to land, even the Japanese and foreigners are governed by the old usages.
Finances. — Formosa formerly received financial help from tlie Japanese Treasury in the shape of a large annual
subsidy, but after the lapse of ten years from tiie acquisition of tlie Island, that is in 1905, it became independent of the
Japanese Government, financially. The income from the Government enterprises and the Government properties forms
the greater part of tiie annual revenue of the Island, this reaching an annual sum of over ¥28,000,000, which means over
70 per cent, of the total annual income. In Formosa, tlie camphor and campiior oil business is monopolized by the
Government-General. Besides the above, the salt fields, the cutting of timber and other profitable enterprises are
undertaken by the Government-General,
CHOSEN.
Powers of the Governor-General. — The Governor-General of Chosen is of shin-nin rank and a General or
Admiral is appointed to the post. He is under the direct control of the Erajjeror, and superintends the Army and
GOVERNOR GENERAL.
COUNT YOSHIMICHI HASEGAWA.
INSPECTOR-GENERAL.
MR. ISABURO YAMAGATA.
Navy within the powers vested in him. He also takes charge of the defence of Chosen. Of course he controls various
administrative affairs and obtains the Imperial sanction for his measures through the Premier.
The Organization of the Government-General of Chosen.— Under the Governor-General is the Inspector-
-General of Political Afiairs, who is an oflacial of shin-nin rank. He assists the Governor-General in supervising
( 40 )
the affairs of the Government-General, and controls various affairs in different Ddpartments. The Governraent-General
has the following four Departments : —
The Internal Affairs Department. The Financial Affairs Department.
The Agricultural and Commercial Affairs Department. The Judicial Affairs Department.
Every Department is divided into Bureaux or Sections.
The Director of the Department or the Bureau is an official of the Chokunin rank.
Local Administrative Districts and System. — The Administrative districts of Chosen consist of the f )llowing
thirteen Do : —
Keiki-do. South Keisho-do,
North Chusei-do, Kokai-do.
South Chusei-do. South Heian-do.
North Zenla-do. North Heian-do.
South Zenla-do. Kogen-do.
North Keisho-do. South Kankyo-do.
North Kankyo-do.
The Chiefs of Provinces are for the most part of the chokunin rank and in some cases of the sonin rank. The sphere
of their authority is similar to that of local Governors in Japan Proper. The police affairs are placed under the direct
control of the Government-General in Seoul and in each Province there is the Director of Police Affairs, wiio is independent
of the local civil administration. Each Province is sub-divided into three sections, namely jPu (city), Gun (district) and
To (island). The number of jPm in the peninsular total 12 and 2b applies to large islands, of which there are only two.
There are various Provinces which do not possess Fu and To, but each Province has more than 20 districts. The total
number of districts in the peninsula are put at 618. In each Fu there is an administrator called Fuin, while Gun and To
have magistrates called Gunshu and TosM respectively. The latter two offices correspond to chiefs of districts in Japan
proper. In each Fu there is specially inaugurated an official organization pertaining thereto and it is of a juridical
person system. Fui7i, like Gunshu and Toshi, is appointed on recommendation by the Government-General and is in reality
an official appointed by the Cabinet. Gun and To are sub-divided into men, the number of which total 2,521 and their
administration corresponds to that of cities and villages in Japan Proper, no autonomy being granted. The chiefs of men
are generally appointed by the local Governors of the Provinces.
The Judicial System. — The court organization in Chosen is of the Three Courts System, viz., the Supreme Court,
the Appeal Court and the Local Court. The Local Court has some Branch Courts.
Trials in the local court are conducted by one Judge, but when the object of suit involves a sura of over ¥1,000 or the
defendent is liable to penal servitude or imprisonment for over one year such case is tried by three judges. Tlie number of
local courts is eight, and branches of local courts 55. Tiie Appeal Courts are in Seoul, Heijo and Taikyu. In the Appeal
Court both Criminal and Civil suits are tried by three judges. The Supreme Court is, of course, situated in Seoul, and all
suits coming into that court are tried by five judges.
The laws applied in these courts are, on the whole, those enforced in Japan proper. In regard to civil cases, however,
tlie laws relating to competence, relatives and inheritance are not applied to Koreans, but former conventions and usages are
put in force. As regards the kinds and efficiency of the rights in rem relating the immovable property, tlie former usages in
Chosen are applied in all cases except for the rights in 'lem provided for in the Civil Law. In regard to criminal suits, the
former Korean Criminal Law is enforced against Koreans in cases of murder and burglary alone, for the time being. For
the rest, the Criminal Law in Japan proper is applied.
Finances. — Needless to say, the finances of the Government-General of Chosen belong to the Special Accounts. The
annual revenue and expenditures concerning the Chosen railways and forestry are made independent of the Accounts of the
Government-General of Chosen.
In regard to the finances of the Government-General a colossal sum in subsidies has been annually defrayed out of
the National Treasury since the annexation of Chosen. la the financial year of 1916, these subsidies amounted to over
¥5,000,000, and the finances of the peninsular are thus not yet independent.
Besides the above subsidies, all the expenditures relating to the garrisons and Army Divisions in Chosen are provided
from the National Treasury.
( 41 )
KARAFUTO.
(See Domestic Administrations).
The island territory is administered by a Chokan, or Chief Official, who is authorized to control the administration of
the territory, issue decrees, which are law within the territory under his jurisdiction, and manage postal, telegraphic,
and telephonic services, as well as revenue affairs within the teiritory under his control, under the direct supervision of
the Ministers of State, particulnrly the Minister of Home Affairs.
Tlie Karnfuto Administration Office under him is divided into four departments of the Seretariat, the Internal
Administration, the Development, and the Police. The Internal Administration Department controls educational,
Station was established simultaneously
with the above institution, and under
the direct supervision of the Develop-
ment Department controls or directs
the line of industry in the island. The
cattle farming industry is in a fairly
well developed state; meadows, either
owned by private persons or possessed
in common, number 64, and according
to the census taken at the end of 1914
the number of animals reared amounts
to 2,500 in round figures.
The Development Department
has also a fishery experimental station
under its control, which conducts
investigations into the possibilities in
the Northern waters on behalf of the
fishing enterprise. Tlie whole coast of
the island, indeed, teems with many
kinds of fish, but the principal varieties
are herring, trout, and salmon. Even
during the Russian occupation this line
of industry was considerably developed in the island, but uuder the new regime it has been more systematized and many
fishing stations have been establislied along the coast, which, at tlie end of 1914, numbered 355 with 3,109 fishing vessels.
As auxiliary organs for industry and commerce railways, shipping, and other facilities are also maintained more or
less under the supervision of the Government. The railway, which is a steam light railway line, is maintained by the
Karafuto Administration Office and the total length amounts to 67.9 miles. The trunk line, with a total mileage of 32.9
miles, runs across the vast plains of Suzuya and Naibuchi, connecting Otomari with Toyohara, the capital of the island.
It has a branch line between Onuma, a station on the trunk line, and Kawakami, where a coal field is worked with
considerable success. The branch line has a total mileage of 7.7 miles.
commercial, meteorological, revenue,
communications, and other affairs. The
Development Department is actively
engaged in promoting different in-
dustries in the island territory, having
jurisdiction over the disposition of
uninhabited lands, mines, forests,
agriculture, cattle farming, and fisheries.
The activities of the department have
been most conspicuous since the in-
auguration of the Imperial regime
because of the brilliant results achieved.
Tiie Karafuto Agricultural Ex-
perimental Station was established in
September, 1908, and under the
supervision of the Development Depart-
ment actively directs the agricultural
enterprises in the island. Thanks to
the efforts of the station, the agricultural
population in the island had increased
at the end of 1914 to 16,474.
The Karafuto Cattle Farming
GOVERNOR AKIRA SAKAYA.
KWANTUNG PROVINCE.
Kwantung Province is not a Colony but a leased territory. As the territory is, however, under the jurisdiction
of the Residency-General specially established, we will give the gist of the systems enforced there.
Powers of the Resident-General. — The Resident-General is personally appointed by the Emperor, and a General or a
Lieut.-General is eligible for the post. He superintends the affairs in Kwantung province. He not only takes charge of the
protection and control of railways in South Manchuria, but also controls the troops uuder his jurisdiction. He also directs
various political affairs, by order of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and by special order negotiates with the provincial
authorities in China. He acts under the orders of the Minister of War in matters relating to the military administration
( 42 )
Riid tiie personnel of tlie Army, and of the Chief of the Army General Staff in matters relating to tactics and mobilization
schemes, and of the Inspector-General of Military Education in matters relating to the education of troops under his
jurisdiction. It belongs to the functions of the Resident-General to superintend the business of the South Manchuria
Railway Company.
The organization of the Residency-General. — The Residency-General is situated at Port Arthur, and under the
Resident-General serves the Chief of the Civil Administration, the Chief of Foreign Affairs, and the Chief of Police Affairs,
all of the chokunin rank. All the other officials are of the sonin rank and downward.
Administration and Jurisdiction. — In regard to administration. Civil administration offices are provided in Port
Arthur and Dniren, and police stations are established in important places. Port Artiiur and Dairen alone are made cities,
and autonomy is applied in them. The Mayors for these cities are elected by their respective Municipal Assemblies.
So far as jurisdiction is concerned, it is on the two-Courts' system, consisting of the Higher Court and Local Court.
However, the Civil Administration Office conducts the legal procedures of the First Instance in regard to Civil suits
involving sums not exceeding ¥200, and criminal cases involving detention and fines.
THE JUDICIAL ADMINISTRATION.
^APAN adopts the threefold system of judicature and her Courts consist of the following three grades : —
f Chiho Saibansho, or Local Court. 2nd grade... Kosoin, or Court of Appeal.
"" 1 Kusaibansho, or District Court. 3rd grade... Taishiii-in, or Court of Cassation.
The Kusaibansho, or District Courts, are auxiliary organs of judicature to the Chiho Saibansho, or Local Courts, and
handle petty cases, both criminal and civil. In the latter only claims for sums not exceeding ¥500, disputes regarding
boundaries, possessory cases, and non-judicial cases are tried ; in the former petty crimes which can be punished summarily
are alone handled.
In the District Courts all cases are tried by a single judge. Each Court is provided with a staff of Public
Procurators, whose duties are, however, in some cases discharged by police officers, forestry officers, or gendiirraes. At
present there are 242 District Courts throughout the country.
The Chiho Saibansho, or Local Courts, are the first grade courts in Japan and handle practically all kinds of civil
and criminal cases not coming under the purview of the Court of Cassation and the District Courts. Tiiey also hear appeals
from the District Courts. All cases of bankruptcy are placed under the jurisdiction of the Local Courts.
In the Local Courts all cases are heard by three judges, of whom one is appointed Presiding Judge. Judgments are
pronounced on all cases after consultation among the three judges.
Every Local Court has its own staff of Public Procurators. The Chief of tiie staff is called Kenjisei, or Chief Public
Procurator, and controls all affairs relative to the staff under him.
The Courts are established in every prefecture and have sometimes one or several branches. The total number of
Lociil Courts at present is 50, and their branches number 64.
The Koso-in, or Courts of Appeal, are the second of the three grades of Courts in Japan and hear appeals from the
Local Courts. The Court of Appeal in Tokyo deals in addition with all civil cases relative to the Princes and Princesses
of the Blood uader its charge.
( 43 )
The Courts of Appeal have civil and criminal departments, each one of which is organized with three judges,
including the Chief or Presiding Judge, and cases heard are decided upon after deliberation among them. In the Court of
Appeal in Tokyo a department of three judges deals with civil cases in wiiich the Imperial Household is involved, and when
an appeal is made against the judgment pronounced by the department a special department of five judges is created to hear
the appeal.
In each of the Courts of Appeal a staH of Public Procurators is established, and its head, called Keujicho, or Chief
Pul)lic Procurator, has control of the whole staff.
The Courts of Appeal are established in Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, and Hakodate. The country
is divided iuto five divisions which supervise tiie districts under the jurisdiction of the Local Courts, or Chiho Saibansho.
Tiie Taishin-in, or Court of Cassation, the supreme judicial court of the Imperial realm, is established in Tokyo and
hears appeals from the Courts of Appeal aud against the decisions on the appeal cases by the Local Courts. Its judgment
or verdict is final and has the highest and absolute authority as to the interpretation of law.
In addition the Court of Cassation has jurisdiction over all classes of crime against the Imperial Household, attempts
against the life of the Princes and Princesses of the Blood, riotous acts committed to overthrow the Government, usurpation
of part or all of the Imperial realm, disturbances, preliminary plots towards riots, or co-operation in such plots.
The Court of Cassation has departments, civil and criminal, composed of five Judges and all cases are heard by those
departments under a Presiding Judge. A staff of Public Procurators is also established in the Court of Cassation and the
Public Procurator-General takes charge of it.
Besides this ordinary system of Courts there is the Court of Litigation. Tiiis directly belongs to the Emperor and
tries aud gives verdicts on all cases relative to administrative affairs.
THE MILITARY AFFAIRS.
fHE Army and Navy ar^under the command of the Emperor, and the Ministers of War and of the Navy take charge
of their respective Departments. They control the military and naval personnel and civilians attached to the two
Services, and superintend various departments under their respective jurisdiction. They are members of the Cabinet, as
State Ministers, aud assist the Emperor, holding themselves responsible for the transaction of administrative affairs under,
their respective jurisdiction.
Besides the War and Naval Departments, there are the A rmy General Staff, and the Naval General Staff. These
are under the direct control of the Emperor and participate in the transaction of important affnirs. They take charge of
the programmes relating to national defence and tactics.
There exists the Board of Marshals and Admirals of the Fleet as the supreme Advisory Body to the Emperor on
military affairs. The Board consists of Generals and Admirals of supreme ability and experience, upon whom the title of
either Field-Marshal or Admiral of the Fleet is conferred. There is another advisory body, a little wider in scope, namely,
the Military Council. The Military Council is composed of Field Marshals, Fleet-Admirals, the Chiefs of the
Army and Naval General Staffs, the Ministers of War and the Navy, and the Generals and Admirals specially nominated
by the Emperor. The members of the Military Council are charged with the duty of submitting to the Emperor
replies to various questions put to the Council on important military affairs. This Council also tries to harmonize military
matters, from the view point of national defence and tactics. Besides the above two Advisory Bodies, another important
military organ was established in 1914. This is the National Defence Council. This Council is under tiie superintendence
of the Premier aud discusses important matters relating to military and naval schemes. The Ministers of War and the
Navy submit to the Premier reports on important military and naval schemes, and then the Premier submits them to the
Council for deliberation. The Premier is Chairman of the Council, which consists of tlie Ministers of Foreign Affairs,
Finance, War, and the Navy, and the Chiefs of the Army and Naval General Staffs.
In war-time, the Imperial Headquarters are established, being attended by the Chiefs of the Army and Naval
General Staffs. They take part in the discussion of tactics and military operations, aud effect co-operation between the
Army aud the Navy.
( 44 )
ARMY.
The Standing Army. — The Standing military strength in Japan is, generally speaking, represented by twenty-one
Army Divisions. They are the Imperial Bodyguard Division and the Army Divisions from the First to the Twentieth.
The Nineteenth and the Tweutietli Divisions were established with the approval of the session of the Diet last year to replace
the Garrisons iiitlierto despatched to Chosen, Though tlie Nineteenth Army Division has already been brought into
existence the Twentieth is not yet formed.
An Army Division is generally composed of two Brigades (four Regiments), a regiment of Cavalry, a regiment of
Artillery, a battalion of Engineering and a battalion of commissariat troops. In addition to the above, however, there are
four Brigades of Cavalry, two Brigades of Field Artillery, two Brigades of Heavy Artillery, and a Brigade of Communica-
tion Corps, including Telegraphy, Railway and Aviation. These are provided in some Array Divisions according to
convenience. In Tsushima a Garrison is specially provided. Garrisons are stationed in Colonies and in South
Manchuria, and these are despatched from the Army Division in Japan proper. In Formosa, there are stationed two
Garrison Corps, and in Chosen a Garrison Headquarters, in addition to the newly established Nineteenth Army Division.
In South Manchuria, there are the Manchurian Division and one Independent Garrison Corps, in Tsingtao one Garrison
Corps, and in North and Central China Garrison detachments.
The Coast Defence. — Besides the above-mentioned military equipments, there are fifteen fortifications to defend the
coasts of the Empire and leased territories. In Japan proper, there are fortifications at the following ten places, viz.,
Tokyo Bay, the Kitau Straits, the Shimonoseki Straits, Hiroshima Bay, the Geibi Straits, Maidzuru, Saseho, Nagasaki,
Tsushima and Hakodate. In Formosa, fortifications are provided at Keelung and the Pescadores, and in Chosen, at Chinkai
Bay and Yeiko Bay, There are also fortifications at Port Authur. The Independent Heavy Artillery Corps above referred
to are detailed to these fortifications.
The fortifications in Japan proper belong to the Army Divisions nearest to them. Those in Formosa belong to the
Government-General of Formosa, the one at Port Arthur to the Government-General of Kwantung province, and tiiose in
Chosen to the He&dquarters of the Chosen Garrisons.
War-time Organization. — The war-time Army is organized into the Field-Armies, who engage in field operations,
the Besieging Armies, and various other troops, on the basis of the Standing Military strength. As regards the Field-
Armies, several Divisions may be formed into one Army Corps, when necessity arises, and to each Army Corps are attached
Cavalry Corps, Artillery Corps, Communications troops. Besieging troops and special troops.
CONSCRIPTION SYSTEM.
After the Restoration, Japan enforced the conscription Law in 1872 for the first time in her history. The system
tlien put into force was, however, very limited in scope, and there were provided many exceptions. This was gradually
revised, until in 1889 the new Conscription Law covering all the male population of the country was enforced. Thus, it
became the duty of all able-bodied men to enlist in the Army or Navy. In other words, all the male subjects of Japan,
between 17 and 40 years of age, became liable to military service, except in cases where deformity or disease exempt them
from enlistment. These men are divided into four kinds, viz., the Standing Army (active service and first reserve), the
second reserve, the conscript reserve, and the militia. In the Standing Army the term of active service is three years, and
men of the age of 20, who are required for military service, are called upon to serve during that term. The term of the first
reserve is four years and four months, during which time those who have finished active service are required to serve. The
term of the second reserve is ten years, and those who have gone through the terra of the first reserve are regarded as being
in this service. The term of the Conscript reserve service is 12 years and four months, and this service is applied to those
wlio are exempted from active service. The militia are divided into two classes. The first militia consists of those who have
finished the second reserve service or those of the conscript reserve service who have finished their terms. The second
militia consists of those who do not fall under the above description and who are between 17 and 40 years of age. As is
above-iiientioned, the term of active service is, generally speaking, three years, but the term difiers in some cases. For
instance, the term for transport auxiliaries is only three months, and that of infantry is two years. Students of schools of
middle grade and above are exempted from military service until they finish the course in their schools. The graduates of
these schools are privileged to be one-year volunteers.
( 48 )
THE NAVY.
W AVAL STATIONS. — Yokoauka, Kure, Saseho, and Maidzuru are the four naval ports of Japan, and each port has a
&S) Naval Station. The Naval Station has charge of the preparations for the despatch of Armies, the programmes of
defence, and the Guard of the Naval districts, except those districts belonging to the Secondary Naval port, and controls the
troops attached to them. The Commander-in-Chief of tlie Naval Station is under the direct control of the Emperor, and
superintends the squadron under his command. He takes charge of tlie naval administration by order of the Naval Minister.
The headquarters of the Naval Station consist of the Commander-in-chief, Chief of the Staff, staff ofScers and other staff. The.
Naval Station is divided into various departments, such as Naval Personnel, Harbour Affairs, Naval Arsenal, Naval
Hospitals, Accounts, Court-Martial, Naval Division, Naval Prison, Vessels, Garrisons, Signal Station, and Naval Wireless
Telegraphy. Besides the above mentioned departments, the Saseho Naval Station has the Naval Colliery, the Kure
Naval Station the Briquette Manufactory, and the Yokosuka Naval Station the Naval Aerial Corps.
Secondary Naval Stations. — Besides the Naval Stations, there are the following Secondary Naval ports, which
have their respective Secondary Naval Stations
Ominato Secondary Naval Station (Aomori prefecture). Mako Secondary Naval Station (Pescadore Islands).
Takeshiki Secondary Naval Station (Tsushima in Nagasaki Port Arthur Secondary Naval Station (Port Arthur),
prefecture). Chinhaiwan Secondary Naval Station (Chosen).
Yeiko Secondary Naval Station (Chosen).
The Secondary Naval Station takes charge of its defence and tiie guard of the seas in its vicinity. It also has charge
of supplying munitions of war. The Commander-in-chief of the Secondary Naval Station is under the direct control of
the Emperor, superintends the Squadron under his command, and takes charge of the naval administration by order of the
Naval Minister. The apportionment of officers and non-commissioned officers needed in the Secondary Naval Station and
the troops belonging thereto, and the supply of required articles and materials fall within the jurisdiction of the Naval
districts wherein the Secondary Naval Station is situated. Each Secondary Naval Station has vessels, garrison troops, the
Naval Signal Station and the Naval Wireless Telegraphy. The Ominato, the Mako and the Port Arthur Secondary
Naval Stations each has a Repairing Factory.
FIK8T NAVAL DISTRICT.
Boundaries. — The surface of the seas from the boundaries of the Ugo and Mutsu provinces to the boundary of
Minami-muio district in Kii province along the eastern and southern coasts of Japan proper. The seas about the Bonin
Islands, the Hokkai-do, and Karafuto (Japanese Saghalien).
Jurisdiction. — This District is under the jurisdiction of the Yokosuka Naval Station, under whose jurisdiction
also falls the Ominato Secondary Naval Station.
SECOND NAVAL DISTRICT.
BouNiMRiES. — The seas between the boundaries of Minami-Muro and Higashi-muro districts of Kii province, and
tiie boundary of Toyoura district in Nagato province, and between the boundaries of Tooga and Munekata districts, in
Chikuzen province, and the boundaries of Hyuga and Osumi province along the coast of the eastern coast of Kyushu. The
seas about Shikoku and the Inland Sea.
Jurisdiction. — This District falls under the jurisdiction of the Kure Naval Station.
THIRD NAVAL DISTRICT.
The seas between the boundaries of Tooga and Munekata districts in Chikuzen province and the boundaries of Hyuga
and Osumi provinces along the western and southern coasts of Kyushu. The seas about Iki Island, the Loochow Islands, and
Formosa and the Pescadores.
Jurisdiction. — This District is under the jurisdiction of the Saseho Naval Station. The Mako Secondary Naval
Station is situated within this District.
C 4d )
FOURTH NAVAL DISTRICT.
BouNDABiES.^The seas between the boundaries of Otsu and Toyoura districts in Nagato province, and the
boundaries of Ugo and Rikuzen provinces along the western coast of Japan proper. The seas about Oki and Sado Islands.
Jurisdiction. — This District is under the jurisdiction of the Maidzuru Naval Station.
FIFTH NAVAL DISTRICT.
Boundaries. — The seas about Tsushima Island and Chosen.
Jurisdiction. — This District is under the jurisdiction of the Saseho Naval Station. The Chinhai and the Yeiko
Secondary Naval Stations are situated in this District.
KWANTUNG PROVINCE NAVAL DISTRICT.
Boundaries. — The seas of Kwantung province.
Jurisdiction. — This District is under the jurisdiction of the Saseho Naval Station. The Port Arthur Secondary
Naval Station is situated within this District.
THE SQUADRON.
The Squadron consists of two or more warships, and in case of necessity the fleets of destroyers, torpedo-boats and
submarines are added to it. Tiie Commander-in-Chief of the Squadron is under the direct control of the Emperor, and
commands the fleets under his orders. He takes charge of various matters relating to his Squadron. As regards the
Naval administration, he conducts, it acting under instruction of the Naval Minister. The Rules for allotting duties
governing the Commander of Independent Squadrons are similar to those above described.
THE
Battleships
Battleship-cruisers
Ist-Class Cruisers
2nd-Class Cruisers ...
Ist-Class Coast-Defence-ships
2nd-Class Coast-Defence-ships
Ist-Class-gun-boats
2nd-Cla8s-gun-boats
Total
Destroyers
Torpedo-bouts
The Personnel of the Navy and civilians attached thereto.
NAVAL MEN ON ACTIVE SERVICE.
Admirals, Vice-Admirals, Rear-Admirals and their ranking officers
Captains, Commanders, Lieut-Commanders and their ranking officers
Lieutenants, Sub-Lieutenants and Second Sub.-Lieutenants and their ranking officers
Cadets
Nou-Commissioned Officers.
Petty Officers
Bluejackets
Total
NUMBER OF WARSHIPS.
Number.
Tonnage.
Horse Power
12
231,707
264,014
8
166,700
343,500
9
81,783
144,388
12
51,415
172,349
3
38,839
44,678
13
52,053
52,462
3
3,863
20,500
5
1,961
5,480
65
628,321
1,047,371
60
27,666
444.371
26
3,317
70.000
99
1,261
3,080
173
1.257
11,333
40,532
57,735
( 47 )
CIVIL OFFICERS.
High officials ... 121
Officials of Aawiw rank 871
Total 992
Personnel. — The Naval non-commissioned officers and bluejackets are raised, on the whole, by the conscription
system, but a portion of them are volunteers.
The men who are raised is accordance with the conscription system are mostly those living in the provinces
contiguous to the sea and various islands. According to their avocations, they are classified into sailors, stokers, workmen,
etc ; and these are chosen by means of drawings.
The volunteers are chosen from among those not falling within the scope of the first and second reserves as follows : —
Sailors, and Engineers ... ... ... ... ... ... ... between 17 and 21
Artisans, Medical and Stewards ... between 17 and 26
Naval bands between 16 and 19
The non-commissioned officers and bluejackets, who are raised by the conscription system, are divided into the active
service, the first reserve and the second reserve. The term of both the active and second reserve services is four years each,
while that of the second reserve service is five years. In the case of volunteers, it is divided into the active service and the
first reserve service. The term of the active service in this case is six years, while that of the first reserve service is twelve
years, inclusive of the years of active service. After completing this service, they are regarded as militia until they attain
the age of forty. Irrespective of the conscripted sailors and volunteers they can serve in the Navy again after going
through their active service, the term of re-service being three years. Those who are over thirty-six years have no
capacity for active service.
DIPLOMATIC AFFAIRS.
fOWARD the middle of the 16th century the Tokugawa Shogunate closed all ports of Japan to foreign intercourse, and
this policy was strictly maintained, with tiie exception of the Chinese and Dutch permitted to trade at Nagasaki
under heavy restrictions. Thus Japan stood out of the comity of nations for nearly three centuries.
In 1854, however, the United States knocked at the closed door of Japan and was successful in inducing her to
throw it open to all nations of the world. A treaty was concluded with the United States, the Netherlands, Great Britain,
Russia, France, and other countries, as a provisional measure, and in 1858 formal treaties of commerce and navigation were
arranged to replaca it, thus establishing formal diplomatic relations with all nations of the world.
Japan entered the comity of nations only sixty years ago. The treaties of commerce and navigation then signed
were unfavourable to Japan, as those treaties provided for the extra-territoriality of all foreign residents within the Empire
of Japan, and the restriction of the import tarifi" at the ports of Japan to or under 5 per cent. To eliminate these
humiliating clauses in the treaties, Japan intensely endeavoured for over two decades with extremely scanty chances
of success.
In 1897 Great Britain consented to amend these clauses in the Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan
and herself, and the other countries followed suit during the following few years. The new treaties of commerce and navigation
thus arranged were on quite equal terms, and all the humiliating clauses providing for the extra-territoriality of foreigners
in this country and the restriction on the import tariff" were altogether eradicated. The treaties of commerce and navigation
now iu force have been almost all revised once or twice since.
At first Japan was only in communication with countries in Europe, the United States, China and a few other
countries, but later entered upon friendly intercourse with more and more countries in the West, and now even the republics
in South America stand in friendly relations with this country, treaties being in existence between them and Japan.
( 48 )
At present the States in the Balkan Peninsula, the countries in Central Asia and Asia Minor, and the republics in
Central America are all that have no treaties with Japan. Even in Africa the Congo Free State has had a treaty of
Commerce and Navigation with Japan for years. Germany and Austria have no treaties of Commerce and Navigation
now, but that is merely the result of the State of War existing between them and Japan.
At first Japan exchanged no Ambassador with the countries with which she opened communication, but her importance
was acknowledged by the world when she was victorious over Russia a decade ago, and Great Britain, the United States,
Russia, France, and Italy consented to exchange Ambassadors with Japan. Austria aud Germany also sent their
Ambassadors to Tokyo, and Japan sent hers to Berlin and Vienna. The other countries still send their Ministers to Tokyo,
and Japan despatches her Ministers to those countries.
Embassies are established by Japan in the following countries at present : —
The United States. France.
Great Britain. Italy.
Russia.
In the following countries Legations are established : —
Belgium. . Brazil.
Chili. China.
Spain. Mexico.
The Netherlands. Siam.
Sweden. Switzerland.
The Minister to Chili takes charge of Peru and Argentine, that to Spain of Portugal, tliat to the Netherlands of
Denmark, and that to Sweden of Norway.
Japan has eighteen Consulates-General overseas and some of them have branch offices within their jurisdiction. In
addition there are two Consulates-General taken charge of by Honorary Consul-Generals. Ordinary Consulates number
thirty-three. Besides there are thirty-eight honorary Consulates.
The Consulates-General are located as follows : —
Calcutta. Canton.
Chientao. Hankow.
Harbin. Hongkong.
Honolulu. London.
Moscow. Mukden.
New York. Ottawa.
Snu Francisco. San Paulo.
Shanghai. Sydney.
Tientsin. Wladivostok.
i Among others the Consulate-General at Mukden has one branch and that at Chientao three branches.
The Consulates-General taken charge of by Honorary Consuls-General are situated as follows : —
Genoa. Cliristiania.
Paris,
Ambassadors are of the Shinnin rank and are appointed by His Majesty the Emperor in person. Ministers,
Councillors in the Embassies, and Chargfi d'Affaires are of the CJwkunin rank and are appointed tiiiough the Imperial
nomination. The other diplomatic officers, including Consuls-General, Consuls, Vice-Consuls, and ElJve-Consuls are all
of the Sonin rank and are appointed by the recommendation of the Government.
There are no restrictions on the appointment of Ambassadors, but the other grades of diplomatic officers must first
pass the State examination for the service. An examining committee is established in the Foreign Office, and at an
interval of twelve mouths an examination is held. All who have passed the examination are first appointed El^ve-
Consuls or El^ve-Secretaries, and after a stipulated period of service, either at Consulates or Legations, they are
promoted by degrees.
( 49 )
FINANCE AND ECONOMICS.
fTATE REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE.— Judged from the results of the past ten years, Japan's annual expendi-
ture, including ordinary and extraordinary items, amounts to ¥600,000,000 in round figures. The annual
revenue is slightly more than tliat figure, and sometimes the excess reaches from ¥50,000,000 to ¥100,000,000. In the
general Budget for the year 1916/17 revenue is placed at ¥1,300,000 less than expenditure, but that is an
exceptional case brought about by ihe exigencies of the war. When compiling the present Budget the Government
expected to see a falling-off in revenue under tiie unfavourable influences of the war, at the same time over-estimating
expenditure in view of the war's expenditures.
Judged from the result of revenue obtained so far, various items of revenue are surpassing the Budget estimates, in
spite of the authorities' rather too pessimistic anticipations, and there is already good reason to believe that by the end of
the fiscal year the bnlance will become favourable, as usual, to revenue.
In the following tables the annual State revenue and expenditure for several years are shown on the basis of the
ofiicial report for the year 1916 : —
ANNUAL STATE REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE.
Revenue.
Expenditure.
Surplus.
Financial
Year.
Ordinary
Extra-
ordinary.
Total.
Ordinary.
Extra-
ordinary.
Total.
Deficit.
1912-13..
552,085,582
135,306,898
687,392,480
416,895,091
176,701,354
593,596,445
93.796,035
—
1913-14..
575,428,048
146,547,437
721,975,484
415,635,805
157,998,120
573,633,925
148,341,559
—
1914-15..
536,342,502
198,305,553
734,648,055
399,225,402
249,195,008
648,420,409
86,227,640
—
1915-16..
526,837,693
81,431,574
608,269,267
405,003,228
197,607,491
602,610,719
5,658,548
—
1916-17...
531,793,152
69,145,245
600,938,397
397,755,609
204,507,363
602,262,972
—
1,324,575
Note : —
(1) The figures for the financial years from 1912-13 and 1913-14 represent the settled accounts, those for the financial
year 1914-15 the actual account on October 3ist, 1915, and those for the financial years 1915-16 and 1916-17
the budget estimates.
(2) As a sum of ¥1,324,575 is to be left unused of the total expenditure for 1916-17 in consequence of the disbursement
of the special war expenditure, the net expenditure amounts to ¥600,938,397.
Sources of Revenue.
In the list of ordinary revenue accounts the leading positions are occupied by income
State properties. The second position is lield by the sake tax and the land tax. The revenue
income tax is large, but scarcely reaches half the income from the sah^ tax or land tax.
In the following the sources and amounts of revenue are listed on the basis of the
1916/17 :—
1916-17
(Estimated).
Yen.
312,993,160
72,592,350
33,438,186
20,090,877
2,853,302
4,869,954
... ■ ... ... 2,958,781
from official enterprises and
from customs duties and the
Ordinary : —
Taxes
Land Tax
Income Tax
Business Tax .
Succession Tiix .
Travelling Tax .
Mining Tax
Tax op the Issue of Bank Nofes
1,060,138
le basis of the
general Budget
for the year
1915-16
Comparison.
(Estimated).
Increase.
Decrease.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
316,454,735
—
3,461,575
73,268,169
—
675,819
35,266,116
—
1,827,930
18,644,602
1,446,275
—
2,299,186
554,116
—
4,789,326
80,628
—
2,606,957
351,824
—
1,107,322
-T^
47,184
( 50 )
Sources of Revenue.
Dedinaky : —
Tax on Liquors...
Tax on Soy
Sugar Excise
Consumption Tax on Textile Fabrics...
Consumption Tax on Kerosene Oil ...
Tax on Bourses
Customs Duties ...
Tonnage Dues ...
Other Taxes
Stamp Receipts
Receipts from Public Undertakings and State Property.
Postal, Telegraph and Telephone Services ...
Forests
Profits of Monopoly Salt
Profits of Monopoly Camphor ...
Profits of Monopoly Tobacco
Profits of the Steel Foundry ...
Other Receipts from Public Undertakings and State
Property
Transferred from Special Account for Deposits...
Transferred from Special Account for Government-
General of Ch5sen ... ...
Transferred from Special Account for Government-
General of Taiwan
Other Miscellaneous Receipts
j-Otai ... ... ... ... ,.«
Extraordinary : —
Proceeds of Sale of State Property
Chinese Indemnity Receipt
Receipts from the Issue of Public Loans
Forestry Fund transferred
Local Contributions to Expenses incurred by the State
for the Benefit of Certain Prefectures...
Surplus of the Preceding Year transferred
Fund belonging to Special Account transferred
Temporary Loans ...
Transferred from Warships and Torpedo-boats Re-
plenishment Fund
River Improvement Works Fund transferred ...
Other Extraordinary Receipts
Total
Totiil Revenue
1916-17
1915-16
(Estimated).
\^ompa
nson.
(Estimated).
Increase.
Decrease.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
91,719,091
90,553,953
1,165,138
—
4,908,432
4,933,264
—
24,832
25,339,357
23,836,997
1,502,360
—
15,144,115
13,910,304
1,233,811
—
1,457,021
1,433,492
23,529
—
3,716,483
2,998,907
717,576
—
32,024,415
39,987,961
—
7,963,546
572,919
553,474
19,445
—
247,739
264,705
—
16,966
28,991,699
30,431,307
—
1,439,608
165,702,494
154,280,213
11,422,281
—
63,775,300
61,095,862
2,679,438
—
10,659,246
10,675,773
—
16,527
8,951,336
10,773.575
—
1,822,239
49,248
72,308
—
23,060
58,802,746
60,167,986
—
1,365,240
10,830,981
3,002,413
7,828,568
—
12,633,637
8,492,296
4,141,341
—
11,926,859
10,396,641
1,530,218
—
5,011,606
6,401,340
1,389,734
4,071,399
3,095,935
5,716.921
3,156.536
—
1,645,522
60,601
531,793,152
526,837,693
4,955,459
—
3,740,201
2,633,177
1,550,000
2,692,113
11,705,129
2,537,839
1,550,000
2,495,985
95,338
196,128
7,964,928
2,346,390
24,437,759
7,000,000
1,000,000
0
15,791,660
0
3,000,000
2,346,390
8,646,099
7,000,000
2,000,000
0
0
23,745,605
12,000,000
8,748,310
23,602,651
142,954
12,000,000
8,748,310
69,145,245
81,431,574
—
12,286,329
600,938,397
608,269,267
—.
7,330,870
( 51 )
In the following table the classifications and amounts of expenditure are shown on the basis of the general Budget for
the year 1916/17 :—
Branches of Expenditure.
Ordinary : —
Imperial Household
Foreign Affairs
Department Proper
Embassies, Legations and Consulates abroad
Other Expenses.,.
Home Affairs
Department Proper
Prefectures (Do, Fu and Ken)
Other Expenses.,.
Finance
Department Proper
Interest on Deposits and Charges for its Payment ...
Cabinet and Privy Council
House of Peers and House of Representatives
Court of Administrative Litigation and Board of
Auditors
Custom-houses .,.
Expenses for the Collection of Inland Taxes.,.
Transferred to National Debt Consolidation Fund „.
Transferred to Warships and Torpedo-boats Replenish-
ment Fund ...
Other Expenses...
Army
Department Proper
Expenses for Military Affairs
Other Expenses..,
Navy
Department Proper
Expenses for Military Affairs...
Other Expenses...
Justice
Department Proper
Judicial Courts
Prisons ...
Other Expenses ...
Public Instruction. .-
Department Proper ...
Educational Institutions and Library...
Otlier Expenses...
Agriculture and Commerce
Department Proper
Forestry Expenses
Other Expenses...
Communications .,.
Department Proper
1916-17
1915-16
(Estimated).
\jom
)arison.
(Estimated).
Increase.
Decrease.
Yen.
Yen,
Yen.
Yen.
4,500,000
4,500,000
—
—
4.551,542
4.114,682
436,860
—
715,488
712,251
3,237
—
3,804.527
3,375,835
428,692
—
31,527
26,596
4.931
—
12,788.981
12.709,327
79,654 -
—
376,210
372.603
3,607
—
9,699,418
9,454.778
244,640
—
2,713,353
2.881.946
—
168,593
154.548,414
173,119.775
—
18,571,361
2,011,664
779,093
1,232,571
—
11,926,859
10.396,641
1,530,218
—
616,867
531,114
85,753
—
1,617,554
1.904,782
—
287,228
275,383
270,296
5,087
—
1,080,849
1,054,702
26,147
—
9,212,741
9,199,521 •
13.220
—
118.640,603
123,742,888
—
5,102,285
0
12,000,000
—
12,000,000
9,165,894
13,240,738
—
4,074,844
78,855,757
74.039,918
4.815,839
—
396.265
383,085
13,180
—
72,924,132
70,034,759
2,889,373
—
5.535,360
3,622,074
1,913,286
—
46,496,165
43,112,320
3,383,845
—
332,059
330,583
1,476
—
46,141,195
42,758,826
3,382.369
—
22,911
22,911
—
—
11,588,000
11,386,855
201,145
—
134,101
133,555
546
—
5,789,395
5,664,729
124,666
—
6,603,417
5,529,337
74,080
—
61,087
59,234
1,853
—
9,774,432
9,621,880
152,552
—
704,131
535,989
168,142
—
5,932.951
5,733,757
199,194
—
3,137,350
3,352,134
—
214,784
7.130,440
6,861,913
268,527
—
553,016
500,487
52,529
—
4,385,075
4,385,178
—
103
2,192.349
1.976.248
216.101
—
67,521.878
65,536,558
1,985,320
—
654,950
632.381
22,569
—
( 52 )
Branches of Expenditure.
1916-17
1915-16
(Estimated).
Comparison.
(Estimated).
Increase
Decrease.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
29,676,693
29,599,826
76,867
—
36,557,669
34,681,350
1,876,319
—
632,566
623,001
9,565
—
397,755,609
405,003,228
—
7,247,619
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
2,253,600
2,296,600
—
43,000
34,641,248
36,497,004
—
1,855,756
65,282,302
74,308,363
—
9,026,061
15,457,357
10,875,278
4,582,079
—
55,747,761
52,376,637
3,371.124
—
992,664
648,627
344,037
—
823,777
813,271
10,506
—
13,408,081
6,878,900
6,529,181
—
15,900,573
12,912,811
2,987,762
—
204,507,363
197,607,491
6,899,872
—
602,262,972
602,610,719
—
347,747
Ordinary : —
Communication Expenses
Pensions and Annuities
Otiier Expenses
Total
Extraordinary : —
Foreign Affairs
Home Affairs ... ... ...
Finance
Army ... ...
Navy ...
Justice
Publiclnstruction
Agriculture and Commerce
Communications ...
Total
Total Expenditure
Japan's National Indebtedness.— Previous to the Russo-Japanese war the obligations ot the Empire were
scarcely above ¥500,000,000, but during and after the war the total amount increased with great rapidity, because Japan
mainly depended on foreign and domestic loans for the financing of the expeditionary forces in Manchuria and the post-war
readjustment of administration. At the end of 1911 the total amount of indebtedness reached ¥2,650,000,000.
Since that period, however, the old obligations have been steadily refunded at the rate of ¥50,000,000 a year, and
there has been no flotation of new loans. At tiie beginning of the fiscal year 1916/17 the total was as low as ¥2,490,000,000.
In the course of the present fiscal year, moreover, it is planned by the Government to refund foreign obligations to the extent
of ¥150,000,000.
In the following table the classes and amounts of Japan's national indebtedness are shown in detail on the basis of
the official report published at the beginning of the fiscal year 1916/17 : —
Kinds of Loan.
Internal Loans : —
Old Public Loan ...
Five per cent. Loans ...
Five per cent. Loan (Mark Ko)
Five per cent. Loan (Special) ...
Five per cent. Loan (Onshi) ...
Four per cent. Loan ... ... ...
Chosen Public Works Exchequer Bonds
Railway Notes ...
Total ...
Foreign Loans : —
Four and half per cent. Sterling Loan of 1st Issue ...
Four and half per cent. Sterling Loan of 2ud Issue. .^
Four per cent. Sterling Loan of 2nd Issue ...
Five per cent. Sterling Loan ...
Four per cent. Loan (Issued in Paris)
Four per cent. Sterling Loan of 3rd Issue
i
1915.
1916.
Yen.
Yen.
1,509,379
1,293,753
51,697,550
58,729.050
460,267,350
460,245,600
148,137,500
148,131,200
30,000,000
30,000,000
269,919,800
269,692,050
30,000,000
30,000,000
—
30,000,000
991,581,578
1,028,091,653
275,782,295
263,578,645
275,796,744
263,592,994
244,070,900
244,070,900
224,544,509
224,544,314
174,146,711
174,146,711
107,392,805
107,392,805
( 53 )
Kinds of Loan.
)reign Loans : —
Exchequer Bonds (Issued in Paris)
Debentures of the Purchased Railway Companies ...
1915.
Yen.
77,400,000
13,668.200
1916.
Yen.
77,399,807
13,668.200
Total ...
Grand Total
1,485.550,664
2,477,082,242
1,461,142,774
2,489,234,427
The total indebtedness of the nation, if assigned to every individual citizen, is ¥32.50 per capita.
The national loans are classified according to the objects for which they have been floated as follows : —
REORGANIZATION OF PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS.
Feudal Government's Debts Consolidated.
Yen.
Old Public Loan 1,293,763
Total
1,293,753
Grand Total
ECONOMIC
Railway Construction.
Yen.
Five per cent. Loan 37,316,578
Five per cent. Loan (Mark ko) 460,245,600
Four per cent. Loan of 1st issue 21,208,700
Four per cent. Loan of 2nd issue 12,248,043
Railway Notes 28,480,054
4^ Sterling Loan of 1st issue 27,240,592
Debentures of the Purchased Railway
Companies 13,668,200
\% Loan (issued in Paris) ... 26,276,075
4^ Sterling Loan of 3rd issue 32,707,328
Exchequer Bonds (issued in Paris) 71,207,822
Total 730,598,992
Grand Total
Feudal Pensions Capitalized.
Five per cent. Loan
Four per cent. Loan of 1st issue
Four per cent. Loan of 2nd issue
^% Loan (issued in Paris)
^% Sterling Loan of 3rd issue
Total
97,875,754
UNDERTAKINGS.
Yen.
2,841,100
17,288,837
28,640,098
46,583,276
1,228,690
96,582,001
Harbour, Drainage, Road, Steel- Works,
Mining, Telephone, etc.
Yen.
Five per cent. Loan
7,001,578
Four per cent. Loan of 1st issue
2,049,217
Four per cent. Loan of 2nd issue
3,208,767
\% Sterling Loan of 1st issue
12,456,513
^% Loan (issued in Paris)
7,033,525
4^ Sterling Loan of 3rd issue
10,657,321
Total
773,005,913
Expansion of Armaments.
Four per cent. Loan of 1st issue
Four per cent. Loan of 2nd issue ... .
^% Sterling Loan of Ist issue
\% Loan (issued in Paris)
4_^ Sterling Loan of 3rd issue ... .
Total
Grand Total.
MILITARY AFFAIRS.
Yen.
5,839,258
3,029,957
51,136,544
l.S,252,883
7,861,427
81,120,069
War.
Five per cent. Loan
Five per cent. Loan (special)...
Four per cent. Loan of Ist issue
Four per cent. Loan of 2nd issue
^\% Sterling Loan of 1st issue
4i^ Sterling Loan of 2nd issue
^% Sterling Loan of 2nd issue
fi% Sterling Loan
4^ Loan (issued in Paris) ...
\% Sterling Loan of 3rd issue
Total
, 1,405,046,478
42,406,921
Yen.
7,644,650
148,131,200
104,275,481
27,587,761
263,578,545
263,592,994
212,271,699
212,045,669
40,776,012
44,022,398
1,323,926,409
( 54 )
Annual revenue and expenditure of municipal corporations : The annual revenue and expenditure of local
administrative divisions, or municipal corporations are as follows: —
Prefectures (Do, Fu & Ken).
Cities.
Revenue.
Expenditure.
Revenue.
Financial Year.
Rates.
Receipts from
Other Sources.
. Total.
Rates.
Receipts from
Other Sources.
Total.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
1915-16
, 63,217,889
17,999,552
81,217,441
81,202,225
21,217,159
65,095,763
86,312,922
1916-17
, 64,876,326
20,637,013
85,513,339
85,505,881
—
—
—
Towns and Villages.
Expenditure.
Revenue.
Expenditure.
Grand Total.
Financial Year.
Rates.
Receipts from
Other Sources.
Total.
Revenue.
Expenditure.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
1915-16
, 83,393.909
83,684,534
31,244,745
114,929,279
114,847,134
286,755,540
283,746,924
1916-17
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Note: — The figures for the financial years 1914-15, 1915-16, and 1916-17 in the case of prefectures and those for the
financial years 1914-15 and 1915-16 in the case of cities, towns and villages represent the budget estimates
respectively.
The following are the classifications and amounts of obligations borne by municipal corporations : —
AMOUNT OF LOCAL LOANS.
Loans, for the Raising of which the Approval of the Government is requird.
At the
End of:—
1915
Loans of
Prefectures.
Loans of
Districts.
Loans of
Cities.
Loans of
Towns.
Loans of Loans of Local
Villages. Associations.
4,366,866 6,286,569
54,275,038 1,907,622 256,557,104 4,341,036
Loans, for the Raising of which the Approval of the Government is not required.
At the Loans of Loans of
End of: — Prefectures. Districts.
1915 146,000 34,100
Loans of
Cities.
Loans of
Towns.
Total.
1,207,853 822,230
ECONOMICS.
Loans of Loans of Ldcal
Villages. Associations.
2,617,539 2,330,277 7,157,999
Total.
327,734,2-35
Grand
Total.
334,892,234
Foreign Trade. — The Foreign trade of Japan is on the increase, and the main feature previous to the war was a
great excess of imports over exports, but now the reverse is the rule as a result of the war in Europe.
In the following table the statistical returns of imports and exports during several years are given : —
Year
Exports.
1
Imports.
Total of Exports
& Imports.
Excess of
Exports over
Imports.
Excess of
Imports over
Exports.
Total Value. Per Head.
Total Value. P<
;r Head.
Total Value. :
Per Head.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
1913 ..
. 632,460,213
11.85
729,431,644
13.67
1,361,891,857
25.52
—
96,971,431
1914 ...
. 591,101,461
10.9
595,735,725
10.98
1,186,837,186
21.88
—
4,634,264
1915 ..
. 708,306,997
12.86
532,449,938
9.85
1,240,756,935
22.71
175.857,059
Note : —
(1) The figures of exports for 1906 and subsequent years do not include those of articles for ship's use.
(2) In this table are not included the figures for the foreign trade of Chosen and Taiwan. This explanation is
applicable to the following tables.
( 66 )
In the following table the values of commodities exported to various countries are shown : —
Countries.
Asia : —
China
Kwantang Province
British India
Hongkong ...
Straits Settlements
Asiatic Russia
French Iiido-China
Dutch Indies
Philippine Islands...
Siam
Other Countries ...
Total
Europe : —
Great Britain
France
Germany
Italy :
Belgium
Austria-Hungary
Switzerland
Netherlands
Russia ...
Norway ... ...
Sweden
Spain
Turkey
Denmark ...
Portugal ...
Other Countries ...
Total
America: —
United States of America
Argentine ...
British America
Mexico
Peru
Chili
Other Countries ...
Total
All Other : —
Australia
Cape Colony & Natal
Egypt
Hawaii
Total 15,476,822 18,075,569 26,178,311
1913.
1914.
1915.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
154,660,428
162,370,924
141,122,586
29,836,345
22,270,387
22,200,802
29,873,414
26,048,337
42,202,460
33,621,978
33.277,063
27,401,346
10,141.558
9,129,816
12,639,623
4,271,413
10,413,147
78,299,178
1,055,194
803,545
637,346
5,148,686
5,479,285
8,437,986
6,283,556
6.769,109
7,771,471
1,035,293
563,091
777,739
—
—
43,855
275,927,865
277,124,704
341,534,392
32,869,657
33,086,274
68,494,011
60,229,619
31,209,330
42,293,232
13,131,709
9.962,093
5
29,416,729
11,096,897
3,011,668
3,705,592
2,361.468
—
937,537
544.795
—
322,187
59.257
44,367
669,343
531,296
42,031
4,897,420
1,967.802
11,239,224
4,314
7,913
1,171
73,920
38,185
138,947
433,048
342,630
349,529
183,801
194,968
2,193
335,564
369,811
452,864
15,041
18,765
13,260
—
—
3,894
147,225,481
91,791,374
126,086,396
184,473,382
196,539,008
204,141,844
1,422,567
308,578
1,128,680
5,090,018
4.994.125
7,024,068
525.296
230,918
13,458
117,759
137,859
134,799
131,492
63,845
170,362
—
—
577,316
191,760.514
202,274,333
213,190,527
8,637,974
10,868,595
18,098,301
474,625
492,549
1,000.036
1,371,112
1,822,616
984,858
4.992,111
4,891,809
6,095,116
( 56 )
Countries.
Other Couutries ...
Unknown...
Total Exports
1913.
1915.
1915.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
1,655,891
1,541,852
936,527
414,640
293,629
380,844
682,460,213
591,101,461
708,306,997
1913.
1914.
1915.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
6,892,150
9,017,029
24,466,898
10,075,621
12,709,985
15,402,023
13,709,123
13,416,197
1 1,934,355
15,915,475
12,470,052
12,092,461
14,314,409
13,923,056
14,308,542
562,086
325,692
372,203
In the following the values and classes of exported and imported goods during the past tliree years are shown :-
Articles.
Exports : —
Grains, Flours, Starches and Seeds
Tea
Marine Products ...
Sugar, Confectioneries and Sweetmeats ...
Beverages and Comestibles
Tobacco
Skins, Hairs, Horns, Tusks and Manufactures
thereof 4,178,480 3,234,357 6,021,548
Drugs, Chemicals, Medicines, Pigments and
Coatings 25,578,985 23,819,711 32,825,053
Oils, Fats, Waxes and Manufactures thereof ... 8,531,789 - 8,397,506 10,146,513
Tissues, Yarns and Materials thereof: —
Of Silk 247,896,361 206,366,934 . 207,414,456
Of Cotton 108,878,520 117,528,716 108,968,247
Another 7,756,166 8,376,794 29,277,630
Clothing and Accessories ... 25,899,833 23,876,372 36,532,349
Paper and Manufactures thereof 5,434,984 4,705,724 6,351,536
Minerals and Manufactures thereof 24,998,992 25,765,379 22,191,233
Ores and Metals ... 31,455,256 31,649,178 64,719,377
Metal Manufactures 3,584,662 3,490,470 7,769,036
Earthenware, Porcelain, Glass and Glass Manu-
factures 10,068,149 8,914,886 12,857,089
Machinery 6,448,046 5,260,060 10,031,193
Miscellaneous 60,281,126 57,853,363 74,634,255
Total
Imports : —
Grains, Flours, Starches and Seeds
Sugar, Confectioneries and Sweetmeats ...
Beverages and Comestibles
Animal Products (skins, bones, &c.)
Drugs, Chemicals and Medicines
Dyes, Pigments and Paints ...
Oils and Waxes
Tissues, Yarns and Materials thereof: —
Of Cotton
or Wool
OfSilk
Of Flax, Hemp, Ac ...
All Other
Clothing and Accessories
632,460,213
79,225,896
36,967,538
7,491,469
8,968,208
39,603,318
11,342,542
20,210,687
244,528,541
38,644,849
2,119,943
8,698,981
3,587,521
1,365,646
591,101,461
53,717,067
21,833,483
7,039,033
8,165,062
37,372,761
8,080,797
17,077,725
224,754,039
29,261,656
2,494,318
9,253,452
2,616,468
897,938
708,306,997
24,802,559
14,912,886
5,204,255
12,622,144
30,596,116
7,373,468
17,276,336
222,369,433
34,764,123
4,476,245
9,148,398
2,530,888
. 369,285
( 57 )
Articles.
Imports : —
Paper and Stationery
Minerals and Manufactures tiiereof
Ores and Metals : —
Iron .,
All Other Metals
Metal Manufactures
Earthenware, Porcelain, Glass and" Glass Manu-
factures ...
Machines and Machinery...
Miscellaneous
Total
Total of Exports and Imports
There are five classes of banking establishments in Japan. The first is the central bank of the Empire, that is, the
Bank of Jjipan. The second consist of those special banks, including the Yokohama Specie Bank, which is a financial
organ for foreign trade ; the Hypothec Bank of Japan, which is an organ for industrial and agricultural workers of small
means and makes it a specialty to make loans on the security or immovable properties ; the Industrial Bank of Japan,
which undertakes the financing of industries and accepts and sells loans ; the local Credits Mobiliers, whicli are practically
local branches of the Hypothec Bank of Japan; the Hokkaido Colonization Bank, which finances the development of
Hokkaido; the Bank of Taiwan, which is the central banking organ in Taiwan ; and the Bank of Chosen, which is the
central jnonetary organ in Chosen. The third class comprises all ordinary banking establishments. The fourth class
consists of Savings Banks, which are stipulated by law to be joint stock companies. The last description are the lottery
clubs, which act an important part in the financing of the poor.
In the following table the positions of the banks are shown on the basis of the official returns published in 1914 : —
1913.
1914.
1915.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
13,038.452
10,445,891
9,786,359
14,312,364
15,369,933
9,321,564
58,349,094
41,662,950
36,232,296
14.313,787
12,136,539
22,437.421
15,345,669
8,468,400
4,118,158
4,008,358
2,894,584
1,252,006
51,042,092
34,404,150
14,707,887
56,266,789
47,789,479
48,148,111
729,431,644
595,735,725
532,449,938
1,361,891,857
1,186,837,186
1.240,756,935
Bank of Japan
Yokohama Specie Bank
Hypothec Bank of Japan
Industrial Bank of Japan ...
Agricultural and Industrial Bank
Hokkaido Colonial Bank
Ordinary Banks
Savings Banks
Capital.
Yen.
60,000,000
48,000,000
40,000,000
50,720,000
17,500,000
5,000,000
513,124,000
190,749,000
Paid up Capital.
Yen.
37,500,000
30,000,000
25.000,000
45.095,000
17,500,000 ■
4,988,000
357,685,000
119,065,000
Reserve.
Yen.
30,225,000
21,3i0,000
5,538,000
20,293,000
1,925,000
1,651,000
132,288,000
41,213,000
The number and capital funds of " mujin " (credit association) companies are not yet definitely known, because of
the fact that a law pertaining thereto was put into force from October, 1915.
Tlie various lines of industries are steadily expanding. In the following tiie number and position of industrial
companies are shown on the basis of the official report for 1914 : —
Agricultural. Industrial. Commercial.
1914.
Joint Stock Companies ...
Limited Partnerships . .
Ordinary Partnerships ...
No.
... 198
... 202
... 91
Paid-up
Capital.
Yen.
20,826,692
2,892,257
3,516,448
Paid-up
Reserves. No. Capital.
Yen. Yen.
1,401,884 1,929 750,255,427
70,561 2,267 49,602,405
316,(53 1,070 33,711,427
Reserves. No.
Yen.
94,758,193 4,367
10,852.344 3,787
4,965,848 1,769
Paid-up
Capital.
Yen.
771,302,237
65.704,991
137,013,431
Total
491 27,235,397 1,788,598 5,266 833,569,259 110,576,385 9,923 974,020,659
( S8 )
Transportation.
Total.
1
Reserves.
Yen.
364.204,515
30,208.470
40,538,272
No.
559
494
125
Paid-up
Capital. Reserves.
Yen. Yen.
227,998,588 59,267,760
4.194,548 781,994
1,768.022 138,515
No.
7,053
6,750
3,055
Paid-up
Capital.
Yen.
1,770,382,944
122,394,201
176,009.328
Reserves.
Yen.
519,632,352
41,913,369
45,958.788
1914.
Joint Btock Companies ...
Limited Partnerships
Ordinary Partnerships ...
Total 434,951,257 1,178 233,961,158 60,188,269 16,858 2,068,786,473 607,504,509
CURRENCY SYSTEM.
Coinage.
The present coiimge system is based on the Coinage Law, issued in 1897, which established the gold monometallic
system. Its principal points rany be summarised as follows : —
1. The coinage unit is 2 fun (0.75 grammes) of pure gold, tiiat is. one-half of the former gold unit.
2. The standard gold coins are of three denominations, namely, five yen. ten yen, and twenty yen ; the former gold
coins pass for double their nominal value.
3. The subsidiary silver coins are of tiiree denominations, namely, ten sen. twenty sen. and fifty sen ; the former five
sen. ten sen, twenty sen, and fifty sen silver pieces are allowed to circulate.
4. Tiie other subsidiary coins are the nickel five sen pieces and the brorze one sen and five riu pieces ; the former two
sen, one sen. five rin, and one rin copper pieces are allowed to circulate.
Coins in Circulation.
At the
end of: —
i^io ..^ ... ...
CONVERTIBLE BANK-NOTES.
In May. 1884. the Convertible Bank-notes Law was issued, which provided for the issue by the Bank of Japan of
bank-notes which were to be convertible into silver; but upon the adoption of the gold standard in 1897. the existing bank-
notes became convertible into gold. The principal points may be summarised as follows : —
1. Tiie Bank of Japan is required to hold as conversion reserve against the issue of notes, gold and silver coins and
bullion to the same amount as that of the notes issued ; and the total value of silver coin and bullion must not
exceed one-fourth of the entire conversion reserve.
The Bank of Japan may. in addition to the notes specified in the preceding paragraph, specially issue
bank-notes to an amount not exceeding ¥120.000,000 (£12,291,304) on security of Government loan bonds,
treasury bills, and other reliable securities or commercial bills.
Should it be deemed necessary, on account of the condition of the market, to increase the amount of money
in circulation, bank-notes may, in addition to those specified in the preceding two paragraphs, be issued with the
permission of the Minister of Finance on security of Government loan bjnds, treasury bills, and other reliable
securities or commercial bills ; in such case an issue tax must be paid at the rate of not less than five per cent, per
annum of the amount so issued.
2. The bank-notes are of seven denominations, namely, one yen, five yen, ten yen, twenty yen, fifty yen, one hundred
yen, and two hundred yen.
The following table shows the amount of notes in circulation during the past ten years: — 1906, ¥341,766,164;
1907, ¥369,984,111; 1908, ¥352,734.272; 19(t9, ¥352,763,201; 1910, ¥401,624.928; 1911, ¥433,399,116; 1912,
¥448.921,708; 1913, ¥426,388.708; 1914. ¥385,589,096; 1915, ¥430,138,010.
Gold.
Silver.
Nickel.
Bronze.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
37,112,103
1 14,232,513
9,084,710
9,011,398
( 8& )
COMMUNICATIONS: LAND TRANSPORTATION.
^ AILWAYS :— It was in 1869 (second year of Meiji) that Japan laid her first railway between Tokyo and Yokoliama.
eJj) As the nation was still a stranger to the facilities railways afford, no private capital could be utilized in building
the first line in this country, and the Government financed the novel undertaking. Daring the first years of Meiji
the Government followed the same policy of nationalizing the undertaking, and additional lines were laid.
After a decade the first private undertaking was promoted, and the Government was induced to partially give
up the nationalization policy. Since that time a number of private lines have been constructed in various parts of
the Empire, but in 1892 the Government promulgated the Railway Construction Act, with a view to building all trunk
lines at the expense of the Government, though the Government could not raise the required funds unless loans
were floated.
The business boom after the Sino-Japanese War proved a great fillip to this line of undertaking, as it placed
cheap money at the disposal of business enterprises. A large number of new lines were constructed one after another in
all parts of the country, and the total mileage of private lines almost doubled the Government lines.
A new epoch was marked for the railways in Japan in 1906 when the Government, apparently on the strength
of the experience obtained in the Russo-Japanese war, effected the wholesale nationalization of railways in Japan,
except only a few insignificant lines connecting provincial towns.
Thus only a small mileage of unimportant lines is now controlled by private concerns, the greater part of the
railways in the Empire being in the hands of the Government. In the following table the mileage of railways open to
traffic is shown : —
Miles.
State Railways 5,686.26
Private Railways 1,44 L45
Total 7,130.71
When the first line was laid between Tokyo and Yokoliama the narrow gauge of 3.6 feet waa adopted as
standard in this country, and this has since been followed except in some lines in tlie colonies. In view of the limited
carrying capacity of tlie railways in the country, it has been argued as desirable to adopt the standard gauge of
4.8i feet on all trunk lines — this often forming a bone of contention in the Imperial Diet — but no final decision has yet
been reached on the problem, mainly for financial reasons.
On the private railways the same gauge as the State railways has been mainly adopted, but now on many local
lines a narrower standard is adopted, in accordance with the provisions of the Light Railway Law the Government
promulgated in 1910. In the following year another law was adopted, in which the grant of bounties was provided for
lines which yield a rate of profit insufficient to distribute dividends at 5 per cent, per annum to the proprietors. Thanks
to this encouragement, the construction of light railways is steadily carried out in local districts.
In the following table the financial condition of State and private railways in this country are shown on the basis of
the official returns for 1916 : —
Financial
Year.
1905-06
1906-07
1907-08
1908-09
Receipts.
State.
Yen.
24,056,140
35,478,317
69,775,161
79,821,583
Private.
Yen.
44,977,025
2,446,380
f 43,192,598
I* 3,215,407
J 11,819,182
{ * 138,441
3,866,992
31.934
(.
{■
Total.
Yen.
69.033,165
2,446,380
78,670.915
3,215,407
81,594,343
138.441
83,688,575
31,934
( 60 )
Receipts.
Financial
Year.
r
State.
Private.
Total.
Yen.
Yen.
Y
en.
1909-10 ...
82,236,436
[ 4,180.227
* 32.015
86,416,663
* 32,015
1910-11
89,336,592
4,473 317
, * 68.5B2
93,809,909
* 68,582
1911-12 ...
100,179,818 •
4,921,973
. * 265,424
105.101,791
* 265,424
1912-13 ...
...
108,025,638 ■
5,729.606
* 760,365
113.755,244
* 760,365
1913-14 ...
1 13,477,055 •
■ 7,135,516
* 927,279
120,612,^71
* 927.279
,
-
1914-15 ...
112,169,616 -
8,582,319
.* 1,254,483
120.751,935
* 1,254,483
u^i r\ttw\m a 1
Expenditure.
Net Profit.
Working Expenses
for Every ¥100 of
Receipts.
A
V inauciai
Year.
State.
Private.
Total.
State.
Private.
Total.
State.
Private.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
1905-06 ..
.... 11,129,154
24,078,076
35,207,230
12,926,986
23,345,329
36,272,315
46.30
46.75
1906-07 ..
.... 18,247,601
25,202,968
43,450,569
17,230,716
21,205,037
38,435,753
51.43
50.99
1907-08 ..
.... 35,751,943
7,507,286
43,259,229
34,023,218
'4,450,337
38,473,555
51.24
52.34
1908-09 ..
.... 44,708,436
2,298,517
47,006.953
35,113,147
1,600,409
36,713,556
53.69
51.91
1909-10 ..
.... 72,202,382
2,484,613
74,686,995
10,034,054
1,727,629
11,761,683
51.15
51.25
1910-11 ..
.... 76,509,849
2,672,201
79,182,050
12,826,743
1.869,698
14,696,441
48.41
47.91
1911-12 ..
.... 79,927,654
2,947,412
82.875,066
20,252,164
2,239,985
22,492,149
45.69
48.80
1912-13 ..
.... 88,393,579
3,835,035
92,228,614
19,632.059
2,626,066
22,258,125
46.30
53.43
1913-14 ..
... 93,682,740
4,624.805
98,307,545
19,794,315
3,367,035
23,161,350
48.07
53.37
1914-15 ..
.... 97,927,049
5,934,061
103,861,110
14,252,667
3,736,395
17,990,062
50.97
55.67
Electric Tramways : — Steam railways are all controlled by the Imperial Railway Board, including private
lines, but electric tramways are placed under the charge of the Home and Communications Departments, in accordance
with the provisions of the Tramway Act. Tlie first electric tramway in Japan was constructed in Kyoto soon after
the country went to war witii China, to give facilities to visitors to the Domestic Industrial Exhibition then held in
the city. This example was followed by Tokyo and Nagoya, and on the strength of the success achieved in those
cities tramways have been laid in many other cities and towns. At present over seventy municipalities and companies
run electric tramways, the mileage of lines being as follows : —
Miles.
Mileage of lines completed ... ... ... 914.22
Mileage of lines under construction ... ... ... ... .,. ... 286.76
The financial side of the undertakings is shown in the following : —
Gross amount of capital invested
Paid up capital
Reserve funds ... ...
Yen. •
307,593,165
273,696,062
7,126,702
MARINK TRANSPORTATION.
Mercantile Marine: — Previously to the Imperial Restoration of Meiji the coast-wise trade only was carried on
with sailing boats, and it was only when the Meiji Government gave encouragement in various ways to this line of business —
to wrest the trnde from foreign shipowners— that Japan had her own mercantile marine and began her career as a sea-
faring nation.
( 61 )
Shortly after the Satsuma Rebellion, shipbuilders began their activities and built or imported many steamships.
Thus Japan could at least carry on her coast-wise trade with her own ships alone, and when the Sino-Japanese war broke
out, Japan had enough ships to carry out her ambitious scheme of military transportation with her own ships.
The war marked a turning point for Japan's mercantile marine, for shortly after the war the Government pro-
mulgated the Shipping Encouragement Law and stimulated the ocean trade with more energy and determination. Thanks
to the past efforts of the Government and private siiipping companies, Japan now has regular services established almost
all over the world, and everywhere in the world ships are seen under the flag of the rising sun.
In the following table the strength of Japan's mercantile marine is shown in detail on the basis of the official
report for 1916 : —
Steamers.
.... *
I-
Tonnage
Sailing Vessels.
' Capacity.
„ A _....
Average Capacity of Vessels.
Capacity.
" Koku '
1 ■
Steamers.
Sailing '
. *
CT-.__-l-,
At the
End of:—
Number.
Gross
Tonnage.
Number.
Gross
Tonnage.
Number.
" Koku."
Tonnage.
" Koku."
Tons.
Tons.
Koku.
Tons.
Tons.
Koku.
1906
... 2,103
1,041,569
4,547
354,356
22,632
2,695,832
495
78
119
1907
... 2,223
1,116,945
4.811
366,950
20.635
2,561,088
502
76
124
1908
... 2,304
1,160,440
5,379
384,481
21,707
2,817,230
504
71
130
1909
... 2,866
1,198,194
5,937
404.089
22,734
3,013,494
506
68
133
1910
... 2,545
1,233.909
6,392
413,720
22.643
3,141.371
485
66
1.39
1911
... 2,844
1,386,534
8,192
451,520
21,817
2,994.219
488
55
137
1912
... 3,064
1,442,884
10,601
500,042
21,014
2,795,501
471
47
133
1913
... 3,286
l,5z'8,264
13,169
570,319
19,358
2,577,817
465
43
133
1914
... 3,487
1,593,404
14,552
609,160
19,028
2,434,282
457
42
128
1915
... 3,487
1,621,205
17,498
671,273
17,429
2,255,408
465
38
129
Note : — Exclusive of figures for sailing vessels under 5 tons and 50 koku.
The different shipping companies which have contributed to the progress of the trade have been more or less under
official protection. At present protection is given in the form of subsidies to regular mail seivices. In the following table
the position of those companies and the official mail services are shown in detail on the basis of the official report
for 1916 :—
STEAMSHIP COMPANIES.
Vessels.
Year.
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1916
No. of
Authorised
m panics.
Capital.
Yen.
13
50,569,000
16
59,969.000
18
66,669,000
20
67.319,000
20
67,399,000
20
67.664,000
18
67,064,000
23
70,484.000
24
80,234,000
24
78,234,000
Paid-up Reserve
Capital. Fund.
Yen. Yen.
43,167,000 19,702,760
57,135,170 20,480,230
59,271,500 22,019,382
60,050,188 24,225.084
61,442,577 26,504,488
61,636,302 30,653,675
60,651,016 37,771,365
62.484,000 45,196.012
65,258,000 51.650,386
66,796,500 41,742.901
No.
344
537
543
538
535
454
419
582
578
608
Gross
Tonnage.
Tons.
491,258
527,766
561,179
575,872
600,042
648.866
702.738
785,190
841,931
895,615
( 62 )
REGULAR MAIL SERVICES.
Vessels on the Line and their Departure.
European Service.— Antwerp Line :—
11 vessels employed ; 7,500 to 12,000 tons gross each ; speed, 1.5-16 knots ;
service, once every fortnight
North American Service.— Puget Sound Line :—
6 vessels employed ; 5,500 to 9,700 tons gross each ; speed, 14-16 knots ;
service, once every fortnight
North American Service.— San Francisco Line :—
3 vessels employed ; 12,500 to 13,500 tons gross each ; speed, 18-20 knots ; regular
Periods during which the
Government Order
takes effect.
Recipients of
Order.
regular \ Commencing with January, 1916 f Nippon Yusen
I and ending in December, 1917. 1 Kaisha.
regular '
service, once or more every four weeks
:'i
South American Service.— West Coast Line :—
3 vessels employed ; 6,000 to 9,700 tons gross each ; speed, 13-15 knots ; regular \
service, once in two months J
Australian Service.— Melbourne Line :—
3 vessels employed ; 5,000 to 7,500 tons gross each ; speed, 15-17 knots ; regular "I
service, once a month J
Java Line :—
4 vessels employed ; over 3,000 tons gross each ; maximum speed, over 11 knots ; ) Commencing
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
■ N.y.K. and
O.S.K.
{Toyo Kisen
Kaisha.
Do.
{Nippon Yusen
Kaisha.
regular service, once or more every four weeks
with April, 1916 f Nanyo Yusen
J and ending in March, 1918. \ Kaisha.
China Service.— Shanghai-Hankow Line :—
6 steel steamers employed ; over 2,000 tons gross each ; maximum speed, over 11 1
knots ; regular service, four times or more a week from March to December >•
and six times or more every fortnight in January and February J
10)
nd[
China Service.— Hankow-Ichang Line :—
2 steel steamers employed ; over 1,500 tons gross each ; maximum speed, over
knots ; regular service, six times or more a month from April to September and
five times or more a month from October to March of the following year
China Service.— Hankow-Siangtan Line :—
2 steel steamers employed ; over 800 tons gross each ; maximum speed, over 7 "j
knots ; regular service, eight times or more a month, except in the period during [•
which the water of the river is diminished in volume )
China Service.— Hankow-Changtu Line :—
1 steel steamer employed ; over 800 tons gross ; maximums peed, over 7 knots ;|
regular service, twice or more a month, except in the period during whibh the
water of the river is diminished in volume
'!i
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
{Niishin Kisen
Kaisha.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Shanghai Line : —
Kobe-Shanghai line ; 2 vessels employed ; over 3,000 tons gross each ; maximum 1 Commencing with October, 1915 f Nippon Yusen
speed, over 14 knots ; regular service, once or more a week J and ending in March, 1918. ( Kaisha.
Yokohama-Shanghai line; 2 vessels of over 2,500 tons gross each, having the"|
maximum speed of over 14 knots, and additional ships are employed on a 1-
regular service twice or more a week J
North China Line :—
Kobe-Newchwang line ; 4 vessels employed ; over 1,500 tons gross each ; maximum 1
speed, over 12 knots ; regular service, once or more a week >
Yokohama-Newchwang line ; additional to the above line ; 3 additional ships are \
employed on a regular service once or more every fortnight
Line connecting Hokkai-do with Mainland : —
2 vessels employed ; over 700 tons gross each ;
regular service, once or more every day
Dairen Line : —
maximum speed, over 10 knots ;
•:}
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Dd.
f Kita Nippon
\ Kisen Kaisha.
vessels employed; over 2,000 tons gross each; maximum speed, over 14 knots;! Commencing with April, 1916 /Osaka Shosen
regular service, twice more a week
Sea of Japan Service.— Karafuto Line :—
2 vessels employed ; over 700 tons gross each ; maximum speed, over 10 kftots ;■)
regular service, thrice or more in April, five times or more a month from May [■
to November and twice or more in December j
... i and ending in March, 1918. \ Kaisha.
Do.
j Nippon Yusen
I Kaisha.
( 63 )
Vessels on the Line and their Departure.
Sea of Japan Service.— Tsuruga-Vladivostock Line :—
Periods during which the
Government Order
takes effect.
Recipients of
Order.
1 vessel employed; over 2,000 tons gross; maximum speed, over 14 knots ; I Commeneing with April, 1916 f Osaka Shosen
regular service, once or more a week J and ending in March, 1918. \ Kaisha.
Sea of Japan Service.— Otaru-Vladivostock Line:—
Direct line ; 1 vessel employed ; over 1,400 tons gross ; maximum speed, over 11 \
knots ; regular service, once or more a month, January being excepted /
Circuitous line ; the same vessel is employed on a regular service once or more a
month from March to August ...
The services of the above two lines are to be carried on alternately ... .
Line connecting Naha with Kagoshima : —
1 vessel employed ; over 1,000 tons gross ; maximum speed, over 10 knots ; 1
regular service, six times or more a month J
•}
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
TELEGRAPH, POST, AND TELEPHONE SERVICES.
Japan had a primitive method of postal comraunications previous to the Imperial Restoration of Meiji. In 1871 the
old system was replaced by a new institution based on the European system. The telegraphic service was also inaugurated
in the same year between Yokohama and Tokyo. Since that time the new system has developed with wonderful vitality,
and now almost in every town, village, and city there are offices handling postal and telegraphic services.
Tlie telephone service was inaugurated nearly two decades later in Tokyo, but its development has not been less
vigorous than that of the other two services. At present there are telephone offices almost all over the country, numbering
more than 2,400.
In addition the wireless telegraph service has been lately inaugurated, and at some important points there are
wireless offices handling international messages.
All these services are carried on by the Government, and the actual control is placed in the hands of the Department
of Communications.
In the following tables the development of these services during recent years is shown in detail on the basis of the
official report for 1916 : —
Posts
Ordinary Posts
Parcel Posts.
At the
End of :—
Number of
Offices open to
the Public.
Postal
Routes.
Ri.
24,458
* Number
of
Messages.
Number of
Offices open
the Public.
to P°»'*^
^ Routes.
Ri.
25,077
* Number
of
Parcels.
1905-06
6,237
1.256.691,581
6.234
13,795,163
1906-07
6,449
24,051
1,244,810.913
6,448
24,629
15,145,215
1907-08
6,709
24,862
1,391,489,861
6,708
24,906
17,868,463
1908-09
6,878
24,297
1,475,763,973
6,877
24,925
19,646,380
1909-10
6,946
23,682
1,493,807.070
6,945
23,659
20.476,666
1910-11
7,086
23,655
1.526.121,284
7,085
23,744
22,445,448
191112
7,166
23,407
1.654,238.537
7,165
23,412
23,442,540
1912-13
7,268
22,683
1.652,942,779
7,267
22,597
24.702,039
1913-14.
7,268
22,282
1,816,544,603
7,267
22.169
25,717,509
1914-15... ... .,
7,266
21,726
1,816,144,272
7.265
21,666
25,473,020
C 64 )
Telegraphs.
, ,,^—.^—^— >
At the Number of Length Length
End of: — OflBces open to of of
the Public. Lines. Wires.
Ri. Ri.
1905-06 2,600 7.901 37,144
1906-07 2,815 8,690 38,245
1907-08 3,183 9,030 39,973
1908-09 3,571 9,186 40,852
1909-10 3,951 9,373 41,598
1910-11 4,268 9,669 42,849
1911-12 4,657 9,950 44,122
1912-13 4,779 10,222 45,445
1913-14 4,806 10,243 45,651
1914-15 4,936 10,502 47,047
Telephones.
«
23,772,950
24,413,965
27,761,798
f 27,766,449
1 1 4,480
(■28,185,955
U 7,817
f 29.887,533
It 15,343
f 32,450,664
It 27,701
I 33,724.154
It 34,147
f 3.3,688,?
It 35,.^
( 33,750.4^
I I 36,0^
341
546
481
0.57
1,949 )
t659|
2,256 )
t 654 I
2,.321 I
t676J
2.404 I
t 679 )
Wires.
Ri.
* Number Number of Length Length
of OflSces open to of of
Messages. the Public. Lines.
f 2621
ltl59|
( 45n
11219 I
7231
t274|
1.1411
t382|
l,5i9)
t463[
1,314
51,023
1,526
66,176
1,956
71,940
2,272
86,118
2,359
107,695
2,578
128.275
2,740
159,388
3.032
187,794
2,851
201,137
2,978
215,997
* Number
of
Messages.
150,171,687
164,815,291
265,341,880
324,867.546
423,339,467
558,352,969
766.205,606
857,385,960
927,637.826
THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM.
xiv LL affairs relating to education are placed under the control of the Department of Education. There are two bureaux
■*is in the department and one has under its control all universities, high schools, technological schools, and collegiate
schools, along with the astronomical observatory, meteorological observatories, and other scientific institutions, while the
other exercises general supervision over elementary schools, middle schools, higher female schools, normal schools and
all other schools of intermediate grades, together with libraries, museums, and other educational institutions.
All educational institutions founded by the Government are placed under the direct control of the Depaitment of
E-iucation, and all important affairs are managed with the sanction of the Department. Institutions established by
municipal or prefectural authorities and those founded and maintained by private individuals or corporations, are only
indirectly controlled by the Department through the prefectural Governors, with the exception of collegiate schools,
which are directly controlled by the Department.
A Board of School Inspectors is attached to the Bureau of Common Education, and all grades of educational
institutions are regularly inspected ; but schools established by municipal or prefectural authorities are mostly placed under
the control of school inspectors attached to the local governments, and no direct inspection is made by the School
Inspectors in the Department of Education.
The scholastic system of Japan is as follows : — •
COMMON EDUCATION.
Ordinary Elementary Schools
Higher Elementary Schools ...
f Middle Schools — Higher Normal Schools.
" l High Schools for Girls — Higher Normal Schools.
f High Schools for Girls — Higher Normal Schools.
■■■ I No
formal Schools — Higher Normal Schools.
Normal schools include those for both boys and girls, and sometimes also separate institutions for boys and girls
respectively. i .. — -^i ...... '..-i . ..
( 65 )
LIBERAL EDUCATION.
High Schools — Imperial Universities.
Collegiate Schools. Lower grade technological schools.
The lowest class educational institutions are divided into higher grade technological schools, lower grade technological
schools, and artizans' or apprentices' schools.
Outside of this general system there are a number of special educational institutions. For the dumb, deaf, and blind
there are two Government institutions in Tokyo and several in the provinces. Tiie Peers' Sciiool in Tokyo, which is divided
into the Boys' and the Girls' Departments, is an educational institution for the Princes and Princesses of the Blood and
sons and daughters of noblemen, and is quite independent of the general educational system.
In Tokyo, also, there are the Tokyo Mercantile Marine School and the Government P'ishery Institute. Both of these
are of the collegiate grade, but they are not placed under the control of the Department of Education. The former belongs
to the Department of Communications and the latter to the Department of Agriculture and Commerce.
All educational aflFairs relating to the Army and Navy are controlled by the Boards of Military and Naval
Education, and have no connection with the general educational system of the country.
Tlie Elementary Schools are of two grades, Ordinary and Higlier. The course of study at the ordinary elementary
schools is compulsory and covers six years. All children must go to one of these schools as soon as they reach full six
years, except the lunatic, idiotic, or disabled. The higher elementary schools are institutions auxiliary to the ordinary
elementary schools, and their course of study covers two years, which can be extended to three years at the option of local
authorities.
Every city, town, and village is required to establish ordinary elementary schools by law, because the compulsory
system is adopted, and the number of the schools within the same administrative district is determined in proportion to the
number of children of school age in such district. Private elementary schools are also in existence, but their number is
quite limited, and fully 94 per cent, of the whole is maintained by local administration.
Tiie number of Elementary Schools in 1913 was as follows : —
Ordinary Elementary Schools ... 11,379
Ordinary and Higher Elementary Schools ... ... ... ... ... ... 9,367
Higher Elementary Schools ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ••- 403
X0l8ii ■•■ ••• ••■ ••• ••• ••• •■• ••• ••• ••• ^i|LTt!7
Of this total, 148 were private institutions, 67 in Tokyo, 12 in Osaka and the remainder in other districts.
The total number of children of school age throughout the Empire is 7,400,000 in round figures. Nearly 99 percent,
of this number attend schools in some prefectures, and the average percentage does not fall below 95 per cent.
The Middle Schools are established for the education of boys who desire to prosecute their studies after graduation
from Ordinary Elementary Schools, and the course of study provided is higher than that of Higher Elementary Schools.
The whole course of study covers 5 years. In some schools a course of a year is provided for boys desiring to prosecute their
studies further after graduation from the regular course.
Middle Schools are mostly established by local governments. Of the whole number of 318, private institutions
number only 74. The total number of students in the middle schools is 139,000, and every year nearly 20,000 graduates
are turned out.
Girls' Higii Schools correspond to middle Schools for boys, and the regular course ranges between 4 and 5 years.
They can also provide post-graduate courses of 2 or 3 years for their graduates. A special course of domestic economy is
also provided in some schools.
( 66 )
la addition there are Girls' High Schools giving lessons in domestic economy, commercial science, or some other
practical art or science. Their regular course covers 4 years, but the term is shortened for graduates from Higher
Elementary Schools.
This class of school is also maintained by local governments, but there are also a number of private institutions where
special courses are mostly provided. Throughout the Empire there are 213 Girls' High Schools, and according to statistical
returns at the end of 1913 the total number of students was 68,000. They turn out nearly 1,200 graduates every year.
Normal Schools are a special class of educational institution established for the training of teachers, and are divided
into the two classes of Ordinary Normal Schools and Higher Normal Schools. The former trains teachers for elementary
schools and the latter teachers for middle schools and girls' high schools.
Boys and girls who have graduated either from higher elementary schools or middle schools and girls' high schools
are admitted into ordinary normal schools, and after training for a period of from 2 to 4 years they are qualified as
elementary school teachers.
Ordinary normal schools number 86, and according to statistical returns at the end of 1913 the total number of
students was 27,000. Every year these schools turn out nearly 7,300 teachers for elementary schools.
Higher Normal Schools are established and maintained by the Government and there is one each for boys at Tokyo
and Hiroshima and one each for girls at Nara and Tokyo. Graduates from middle schools and girls' high schools are
admitted, and after 4 years' training they are turned out as qualified teachers for middle schools, ordinary normal schools,
and girls' high schools. According to the statistical returns at the end of 1912 the whole number of students at tlie higher
normal schools for men was 1,000, in round figures, while the total number of students at the institutions for women was
nearly 700.
High Schools are established and maintained by the State for the twofold purposes of training middle school
graduates in technical or literary pursuits and of preparing men for education in universities. Practically, however, the
schools serve only as preparatory schools for universities at present, the former function being mostly carried out by
collegiate schools.
Middle school graduates are admitted into the High Schools after competitive examination, and according to the
branches of learning they are desirous of pursuing they are assigned to the different courses. In three years the regular
courses are finished and the graduates are sent to universities.
These number eight, and according to the statistical returns for 1913 the total number of students was 6,300, and
every year 1,700 graduates are turned out.
Universities are maintained by the Government and private corporations, but those founded and controlled by the
Government are alone recognized by law as such, all the like institutions founded and maintained by private individuals
and corporations being only collegiate schools in the eyes of the law. The universities controlled by the Government are
termed Imperial Universities and consist of seminaries and colleges. In the case of the most complete they are composed
of the Colleges of Law, Medicine, Technology, Literature, Science, and Agriculture, but in some cases the Colleges of
Science and Technology are united into a college of science and technology.
At present Imperial Universities are situated in Tokyo, Kyoto, Fukuoka, and Sendai. The Tokyo Imperial
University is a complete institution, but the Kyoto Imperial University is still far from completely organized, for it does
not have a college of agriculture and its college of technology is still attached to the College of Science.
The University at Fukuoka, which is styled the Kyushu Imperial University, is not yet completely organized, and
is lacking in the Colleges of Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Law. The University at Sendai is, too, far from being
complete, having only Colleges of Medicine, Science, Agriculture, and Technology.
Every college is divided into courses, and in the College of Agriculture in the Tokyo Imperial University a special
course is provided in addition for the training of teachers in local agricultural schools. Graduates from high schools are
admitted into tlie colleges, and after three years' tuition they are turned out as graduates, or " Gakushi," except in the case
of the College of Medicine, where the courses are to be finished in four years.
Munici
pal.
Private.
Total.
2
9
16
—
11
11
—
12
13
—
23
23
1
—
2
1
1
- ,,
1
—
1
8
—
— ■
9
( 67 )
In every university the " Daigakuin " is kept for the guidance of graduates trying to prosecute their studies further.
According to the statistical returns made up at the end of 1912 the total number of students in the different
universities was 9,572.
Collegiate schools, or " Semmon Gakko," train graduates from middle schools and girls high schools, or those boys
and girls who are recognized to have the same amount of knowledge as the graduates from those schools in science or
technical arts. They provide usually preparatory courses for fresh students. The regular courses cover three years, and
only those who have finished the preparatory courses are admitted. Post-graduate courses are also maintained by some
schools. Some of these schools are maintained by the Government, but the majority is maintained by private corporations
or local administration.
In the following the classes and number of collegiate schools are shown in detail on tlie basis of the statistical
returns at the end of 1912 : —
Government.
Medical 5
J-J** VV •■■ ••• w« ■■■ ••• ••■ "^^
Literature ... ... ... 1
Eeligion —
Fine arts • ... 1
Music ... 1
Athletic ... ... ... ... ... —
Technology 7
Fishery ... ... ... ... ... 9
Lower grade commercial and technological schools which provide three years' courses in agriculture, commerce, or
technology admit graduates from ordinary elementary schools and turn out competent assistants for industrial and
commercial workers. Their number is slightly over 200.
Artisans' schools are established throughout the country for the training of young boys graduated from ordinary
elementary schools in technical arts. The courses at the schools are easy and cover from 6 months to 4 years. At present
there are 113 of these, of which one is maintained by the Government and 108 by corporations and four by private
individuals.
Apprentices' schools are organized to give lessons in various lines of technical knowledge to young apprentices, or
boys graduated from ordinary elementary schools at odd hours. They are mostly attached to elementary schools, but
sometimes are independently maintained. No limitations are legally set down as to the age of pupils or terms of study.
The classes and number of this lower grade of educational institutions are as follows : —
Industrial
Agricultural
Commercial
Fisheries
Others
«
Special privileges are granted to the students and graduates ot higher grade schools. All the students in schools
above middle schools are exempted from conscription till they have graduated, even if they reach age. After graduation
they can apply for one year's service if they bear all the expenses during their service. Especially the graduates from
normal schools are privileged to serve only during six weeks.
Law also gives privilege to the graduates from universities and collegiate schools to apply for State examination for
civil service, medical practice, apothecaries' business, the bench, and the bar. Particularly, graduates from the Colleges of
Law iu the Imperial Universities can obtain certificates without examination for legal practice and be appointed Judges and
Public Procurators. Graduates from the Medical Colleges in the Imperial Universities can also practice witliout
examination. Graduates from collegiate and medical schools specially sanctioned by the Education Department participate.
rnment.
Public.
Private.
Total.
3
155
16
174
—
5,813
219
6,032
1
180
22
203
—
122
5
127
—
1,431
. 46
1,477
( 68 )
Opinion now obtains in Japan that the present system of education should be modified and made more practical and
workable. In the Imperial Diet, also, the question has been frequently discussed and the results have been memorialized to
the Government. In view of this tendency of public opinion, the Government appointed a special commission some time
ago in the Department of Education and has since been endeavouring to draw up a better system.
The nation apparently desires not only to improve the methods of teaching, and nature of lessons, but to shorten the
terms of education, at the same time raising the position of private colleges to the same level as the Imperial Universities
without regard to division of the institutions into colleges according to the number of colleges they have. The commission
has not yet succeeded in drawing up a plan which will satisfy all, but sooner or later some scheme will be devised and
carried out.
RELIGION.
fN Japan there are at present three religious systems, viz., Shintoism, Euddhism, and Christianity, and each of these has
a large body of believers. Each of them also has many sub-divisions or sects.
Shintoism is, briefly speaking, a system of ethical precepts based on ancestor-worship. It worships as deities the
pioneers of the Empire and their followers, and teaches men to follow the precepts handed down from them. Some of the
sects retain the traditions of the olden times, and their tenets are reflective of the ideas of the world and humanity conceived
by the ancestors of the nation, but the others were founded in the middle ages. A few have even been created during the
past few decades. The sects inaugurated in the later ages are not genuinely Japanese, but distinctly show the influence of
foreign religions, particularly Buddhism.
In the following the sects of Shintoism and the number of tiieir temples are shown : —
Sects.
Shinto
Sect
Kurozumi
Shusei
Taisei
Shinshu
On take
Misogi
Shinri
Fuso
Taisei
Jikko
Konko
Tenri
Total
Temples or Chapels
512
. 482
347
183
281
544
31
180
234
269
159
460
2,826
6,508
No census is obtainable as vto the number of believers, but the respective influences of the different sects can be
gathered from the number of their temples or chapels.
Among others the Shinto Sect is lacking in religious colour as it only teaches men to follow the traditional ethical
precepts handed down from the founders of the Empire, and its tenets have no element of religious belief. Therefore, its
believers sometimes believe in other sects of Shintoism or Buddhism and its teachers look upon this with toleration.
Buddhism is an exotic religion brought from China through Chosen during the 5th century. At first it was rejected
by the influential families in the country, but when it obtained the support of some members of the Imperial family its
influence was firmly established in this country, and after a few centuries even Emperors and Empresses were among its
believers. Thus Buddhism became almost the State religion of Japan, but still could not overthrow Shintoism, and
Buddhist priests tried to avert its opposition by adopting some traditions of Shintoism as main items of their tenets.
( 69 )
During the first few centuries there was no division among believers and their teachers, but later some sects
belonging to the Mahayana division were introduced from China, and they obtained strong support among the learned
classes or the Court nobles. In the 12th century new sects were also inaugurated by some Japanese priests and replaced
all former divisions. Thus the Buddhistic sects in Japan at present are all the modified forms of the Mahayana divisions
of Buddhism imported from China.
In the following the different sects of Buddhism and their temples are shown : —
Sects. Temples,
Tendai Sect ,„ 4,570
Shingon Sect 12,836
Jodo Sect 8,352
SodoSect 14,226
Rinzai Sect 6,082
Ohbaku Sect 525
Shinshu Sect 19,642
Nichiren Sect 5,022
Ji Sect 495
Yuztinembutsu Sect ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 361
Hosso Sect 43
Kegon Sect 32
All these sects are sub-divided and every one of them has many temples of its own, in addition to lecture or preaching
halls, which number 5,355. Though Buddhist temples are so many, and almost all the nation are their followers, not all of
them are believers of Buddhism. Rather they only subscribe their names as followers of one or the other sect because they
have the tombs of their ancestors in the grounds of Buddhist temples. Accordingly the priests belonging to these sects are
not necessarily the propagandists of Buddhism, but only the warders of cemeteries.
Christianity was first introduced into Japan during the 16th century by Portuguese Jesuits. Owing to their jealous
propaganda Catholicism gained a firm footing in Kyushu, and even some daimyos believed in the religion, but as it was
known by the authorities in the Shogunate Government that these Jesuit priests were only working in Japan to gain
territories it was exterminated, and in the 17th century there waa not a single Christian believer in the whole Empire.
In 1860 the country was opened to foreign intercourse again, but the freedom of belief was not openly granted. Only
after the restoration of the Imperial regime the propagation of the new religion was tolerated by the Government, and a host
of foreign missionaries began their activities.
At present, thanks to the jealous propaganda of able missionaries during the past fifty years, Christianity has gained
a firm footing in Japan and, as shown in the following table, there are many churches or chapels belonging to a number of
denominations : —
Denominations. Churches or Chapels.
Roman Catholicism ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 191
Orthodox Church of Russia 132
Japan Presbyterian Church ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 243
Japan Episcopal Metiiodist Church ... ... ... ... ... ... 187
Methodist Protestant Mission ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 18
Evangelical Association of North America ... ... ... ... ... 23
Evangelical Lutheran Church ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 9
Scandivanian Japan Alliance ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 9
Christian and Missionary Alliance ... ... ... ... ... ... 5
Scandinavian Alliance Mission ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 15
Japan Universalist ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4
Congregational Church ... ... ••• ... ... »• 132
( 70 )
Denominations.
Japan Episcopal Church..
Baptist Church
Friends ...
Church of Christ
Hepzibah
Seventh Day Adventist ..
Salvation Army
Others
Independents
Churches or Chapels.
213
68
5
13
4
3
38
37
32
The freedom of belief is granted by the Imperial Constitution, and all denominations of religion can preach or
propagate their teuets without any constraint so far as they do not disturb order.
The official control of religion was at first undertaken by the Department of Home Affairs, but now the Department
of Education has general supervision over religious sects or divisions. Practically no direct official intervention is made in
the internal administration of any sect, and the management of their affairs is placed in the hands of the iieads elected by
the sects themselves.
Shinto shrines are apparently places of worship, but they are not treated officially as religious establishments. In the
eyes of the law they are the sanctuaries dedicated to national heroes, and they should be respected as objects of national
veneration. They are placed under the charge of the Department of Home Affairs.
. > -.n :.: . -.U.,)
( 71 )
BAMKIMO SECTION.
NIPPON GINKO.
(THE BANK OF JAPAN.)
I.— BANKING SYSTEM PRIOR TO THE FOUNDA-
TION OF THE BANK.
FROM the outset of its organization, the Government
of the Meiji Era deemed it so urgently necessary to
utilize the radical changes that had tiikeii place in the
national polity by introducing various institutions from
Occidental countries, that it could find no leisure to essay
any extensive scrutiny into the different methods and
these National Banks of issue having been established all
over the country under the auspices of the Government.
But since the trade silver dollar was minted together
with the standard gold coin, and subsequently the former
was permitted to circulate in the interior, a change had
been brought about in the monetary system, in which silver
now was to be the actual standard, while the gold standard
remained only nominal. As to paper money, both an in-
BANK OF JAPAN.
systems pursued by the most civilized nations with a view
to determining their adaptability to the conditions existing
in this country. Monetary and banking systems were no
exceptions. They were directly copied from the systems of
the United States of America ; a money standard was fixed
—one yen in gold — that is, nearly equal to one dollar ; and
the Government not only issued paper money, but also
authorized each National Bank to issue its own bank notes.
crease of the Government issues, consequent upon the
pressing needs of the State, and an increase of the notes,
issued by the National Banks, had accelerated inflation to
such an enormous amount as to bring about a not incon-
siderable premium as between silver and paper. This at
once affected and greatly disturbed economic circles. And
yet none of the National Banks was capable to do the work
of re-adju8tment, for they had established themselves in
( 72 )
various parts of the country and each had only a very
small capital. Accordingly monetary transactions were
far from being smooth, and the ruling rate of interest was
very high.
II.— FOUNDATION OF THE BANK OF JAPAN.
At this juncture, Marquis Matsukata, the then Minister
of Finance, devised the establishment of a central bank after
the fashion of tlie banking system in Europe with a view of
facilitating monetary transactions in all parts of the country
and lowering the rate of interest of the benefit of productive
industries, of consolidating the privileges of note issue for
the strengthening of credit, and of transferring the Treasury
business from the Government in order to prevent the
State's finances from being thrown into a chaotic state.
The plan finally took shape in 1882 and the Bank of Japan
was founded. But just at the time of its establishment
convertible bank notes could not be issued, there being a
shortage in the supply of hard cash throughout the country.
Later on, however, with the progress of financial adjustment
the amount of specie was gradually augmented to such an
extent as to allow sufiicient to be kept in reserve against
note-issues, and at the same time, with the enactment of
the Convertible Bank Note Regulations in May, 1884, the
issue of such bank-notes was inaugurated.
III.— RELATION OF THE BANK TO THE
GOVERNMENT.
Soon after the Bank had been organized in accordance
with the intent and purposes of its establishment, the
Government entrusted to it the business of handling part of
the State funds, a privilege which was followed by the
concession to employ the funds belonging to the Treasury
Deposit Bureau, and since July, 1886, the business in
connection with the National Debt. After the Rules of
the Treasury had been enacted in 1890, and ever since, the
Bank has been authorized by the Government to transact
the business of receiving and disbursing State funds in
general, and is now in a position to conduct all transactions
in connection with State funds together with their distribu-
tion, and the issue and redemption of National Loans.
IV.— RELATION OF THE BANK TO THE
YOKOHAMA SPECIE BANK.
The Yokohama Specie Bank was originally established
as an organ of our overseas trade and has many branches
abroad, so that the discounting of Foreign Bills as part of
the Bank's business can be done not only through this bank,
but also through the Yokohama Specie Bank, whose
branches in foreign countries are recognized as Foreign
Agencies for the Bank of Japan.
v.— WORK AND SERVICES DONE
BY THE BANK.
Of the work and services done by the Bank a few facts
may be mentioned. At the time of the organization of the
Bank, it accomplished not a little in establishing the
convertible note system and also rendered many services
for the work of Currency Reform in 1897. Again, at the
time of the wars both with China and Russia, the Bank
rendered valuable service to the State by assuming the
function of receiving and disbursing the War Expenses,
transactions which were regulated so as not to prejudice
the money market. Especially during the war with Russia,
the Bank itself not merely financed the operations very
substantially but also undertook all business connected
with the supply and distribution of the funds under its
own management. The Bank's management in this matter
having been so satisfactorily carried out, the convertible
note system was kept intact without any injurious distur-
bance of the money market.
VI.— DEVELOPMENT OF THE BA.NK.
Since the foundation of the Bank, it has made rapid
strides in the growth of business. The Bank, for instance,
was organized with a capital of ¥10,000,000, but within a
few years the insuflSciency of its resources was so felt, tiiat,
in 1887, its capital was increased to ¥20,000,000. This
was followed by another increase in 1895 to ¥30,000,000.
Still another increase was made in 1910 in order to meet
the needs of the times, the capital now standing at
¥60,000,000. Tlie expansion of business transacted by the
Bank is further illustrated by a comparison of the figures
shown in the following tables : —
1. — The Amount of Note Issues and Specie Reserve
ON Hand at the Close of Each Year.
Note
Specie
Note
Specie
Year.
Issue.
Reserve.
Year.
Issue.
Beserve.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
1885.
.. 3,956,161
3,311,461
1901 .
..214,096,766
71,358,371
1886 .
.. 39,549,815
23,855,237
1902.
..232,094,376
109,178,817
1887 .
.. 53,454,803
31,579,904
1903.
..232,920,563
116,962,182
1888 .
.. 65,770,580
45,022,871
1904.
..286,625,752
83,581,226
1889 .
.. 79,108,652
57,409,299
1905.
..312,790,819
115,595,026
1890.
..102,931,766
44,622,413
1906.
..341,766,164
147,202,125
1891 .
..115,734,545
63,178,333
1907.
..369,984,110
161,742,131
1892
..125,843,363
81,158,265
1908.
..352,734,271
169,504,513
1893 .
..148,663,128
85,928,516
1909 .
..352,763,201
217,843,275
1894 .
..149,813,700
81,718,291
1910
..401,624,928
222,382,465
1895 .
..180,.336,815
60,370,797
1911 .
..433,399,116
229,154,220
1896 .
..198,313,896
132,730,192
1912 .
..448,921,708
247,023,380
1897
..226,229,058
98,261,473
1913 .
..426,388,708
224,365,880
1898 .
..197,399,901
89,570,239
1914 .
...385,589,096
218,237,000
1899,
..250,562,040
110,142,169
1915 .
..430,138,011
248,417,800
1900.
..228,670,032
67,349,129
( 73 )
1. — The Total Transactions of the Bank.
Year.
Yen.
Year.
Yen.
1882 (for 83 days
1898 ... .
. ... 9,019,330,231
from Oct. lOtl.
1899 ... .
9,313,930,754
to Dec. 31.) ...
5,762,270
1900 ... .
. ... 9,748,987,192
1883
157,639,150
1901 ... .
. ... 10,576,036,318
1884
585,558,379
1902 ... .
. ... 14,092,646,956
1885
882,315,837
1903 ... .
. ... 12,698,858,693
1886
1,637,955,188
1904 ... .
17,668,041,283
1887
2,657,655,063
1905 ... .
. ... 29,156,254,123
1888
2,791,391,454
1906 ... .
. ... 35,798,678,906
1889
2,767,516,603
1907 ... .
. ... 38,592,499,868
1890
1,213,369,812
1908 ... .
. ... 26,729,214.687
1891
1,944,126,218
1909 ... .
. ... 28,836,481,539
1892
1,888,088,536
1910 ... .
. ... 38,702,112,955
1893
1,811,666,901
1911 ... .
. ... 35,631,308,366
1894
2,393,387,072
1912 ... .
. ... 35,025,97,3,331
1895
3,013,921,2.33
1913 ... .
. ... 38,528,907,804
1896
5,320,534,186
1914 ... .
. ... 31,185,493,075
1897
9,015,139,833
1915
. ... 34,074,112,431
VII.— PRESENT CONDITION OF THE BANK.
The Bank, as pointed out before, is now the only bank
of issue in the country, and transacts the business in con-
nection with State funds and National Debts in addition
to ordinary banking business. The administration of the
Bank is in the hands of the Administrative Board which
consists of one Governor, one Vice-Governor and four
Directors. The Governor presides over the Administrative
Board and executes the resolutions passed at the meetings
of the Board. At present, the Governor is Viscount Yataro
Mishima and the Vice-Governor Kesaroku Mizumachi,
Esq , Hogakuliakushi.
The business at tiie Head Office of the Bank is at
present conducted through the following divisions under the
management of a Chief Officer at each division : —
1. Inspector's Bureau, 5. Secretary's Department,
2. Banking Department, 6. Security Department,
3. Cash Department, 7. Accountant Department,
4._ Treasury Department, 8. Economic Research Department,
9. Private Secretary's Bureau.
The Bank lias eleven Branches which are respectively
located at Osaka, Saibu (Moji), Kyoto, Nagoya, Otaru,
Hakodate, Fukushima, Hiroshima, Kannzawa, Niigata and
Matsnmoto.
VIII.— THE BANK'S REPORTS.
The Bank publishes a half-yearly balance sheet in
February and August in every year, when the General
Meetings of Shareholders aro to be held, and at the General
Meetings of February it also publishes a Business Report
for the preceding year. In addition to these reports the
Bank publishes on every Wednesday a weekly balance
sheet. The balance sheet at the close of last year is shown
as follows : —
BALANCE SHEET, DECEMBER SIst, 1915.
LIABILITIES.
Yen.
Notes Issued 4,30,138,010.500
Government Deposits 168,656,966.372
Government Railways Deposits 4,810,809.576
Deposits for Payment of Principal and Interest of
National Debts ' 58,481,846.590
Funds for Payment of Mint Certificates 1,442,246.354
Current Accounts 8,978,862.130
Deposits Receipts 2,602,500.000
Bills Payable 213.110
Due to Other Banks 31,619.910
Suspense Receipts 2,328,426.550
Authorized Capital 60,000,000.000
Reserve Fund 29,890,000.000
Reserve for Depreciation of Bank Premises 335,000.000
Profit brought forward from Last Half- Year 1,905,022.808
Net Profit for the Current Half- Ye.ar 2,743,979.093
Total 772,345,502.993
ASSETS.
Yen.
Statutory Advances to Government 22,000,000.000
Loans 1,950,000.000
Advances on Foreign Bills 20,787,358.870
Advances on Current Accounts 837,132.680
Bills Discounted 34,913,700.000
Deposits 42,469,780.520
Government Bonds 4.3,951,131.920
Bullion 161,896,076.760
Due from other Banks 45,931.100
Foreign Agencies Accounts 267,678,168.112
Agencies Accounts for Government Railways ... 4,810,809.576
Agencies Accounts for National Debts 55,507,989.885
Sub- Agencies Accounts 437,088.911
Suspense Payments 1,708,941.241
Office Grounds and Buildings 2,568,005.339
Uncalled Capital 22,500,000.000
Cash on Hand 88,283,378.079
Total 772,345,502.993
C 74 )
NIPPON KWANGYO GINKO.
(THE HYPOTHEC BANK OF JAPAN, LIMITED.)
THE Bank was established by virtue of Law No. 82,
1896, with the object of advancing capital for the
development and improvement of Agriculture and Industry.
The Head Office of the Bank is situated at No. 1, Uchiyama-
shita-cho Itchome, Kojimachi-ku, Tokyo. The Bank has
a capital of Forty Million yen (£4,000,000) divided into
200,000 shares of ¥200 (£20) each. This amount, however,
may, subject to the approval of the Government, be increased
by the decision of a general meeting of shareholders. It is
incorporated for a period of one hundred years from the
date of its establishment, 1897, but the term may, subject to
the sanction of the Minister of Finance, be extended by the
decision of a general meeting of shareholders.
The Governor
of the Bank is
G, Shimura, Esq.,
the Vice-Governor
U. Yauagiya, Esq.,
and the Directors
Messrs. N. Kawa-
kami, J. Kawa-
mura and K. Kato.
The Auditors are
Messrs. K. Matsuo,
K. Otani, and K.
Mizuno. The
Governor and Vice-
Governor are ap-
pointed by tlie
Government for a
term of five years
from among those
shareholders holding at least one hundred shares. The
Directors are also appointed by the Government for a term
of five years from among the candidates elected at a
general meeting of shareholders from among shareholders
holding at least fifty shares. The Auditors are elected at
ai general meeting of shareholders for a term of three years
from among shareholders holding at least thirty shares.
The Governor, Vice-Governor and Directors are not
allowed to engage in any other profession or business
under any circumstances whatsoever, although exceptions
may be made by special permission from the Minister of
Finance.
THE HYPOTHEC BANK
The business of the Bank is as follows : —
1. To make loans, on the security of immovable
property, redeemable in annual instalments within a
period of 50 years.
2. To make loans, on the security of immovable
property, or fishery rights, redeemable at a fixed time
within a period of 5 years.
3. To make loans, redeemable in annual instalments,
on the security of loans redeemable in annual instalments
made by Agricultural and Industrial Banks together
with the mortgages connected therewith.
4. To make loans without security to prefectures,
counties, cities, towns, villages and other public
bodies organized by
law.
5. To take up
Agricultural and
Industrial Deben-
tures.
6. To make loans
without security to
Arable Land Read-
justment Asso-
ciations con-
forming with the
law for the Read-
justment of Arable
Lands, or to per-
sons carrying out
such readjustment
on their joint re-
sponsibility, Indus-
trial Associations, Fishery Associations, Forestry Associa-
tions, Livestock Associations or Unions thereof.
7. To receive deposits and to accept for safe deposit
gold and silver bullion and negotiable instruments;
provided, however, that the total amount of the former
deposits may not exceed the paid-up capital.
8. To make loans, on the security of " the mass of
property " belonging to factories or light railways, redeem-
able in annual instalments within a period of 50 years, or
redeemable at a fixed time within a period of 5 years.
9. To engage in other business prescribed for this
Bank by law.
JAPAN.
( 76 )
The rate of interest ou all loans is determined by the
officers of the Bank within limits approved by the Minister
of Finance. The Bank is not permitted to engage in any
business not prescribed by the law according to which it
was established.
In order to meet the demand, the Bank is authorized
by the said law to issue special Debentures (Kwangyo-
Saiken), with or without premiums, up to >\n amount not
exceeding tea times its paid up capital, and these are
redeemed by means ofsemi-annual drawings within a period
of 50 years. The Debentures with premiums, this being
the exclusive privilege of the Bank, are at present of the
value of Ten yen (£1) each and carry five per cent, interest,
while those without premiums are issued in denominations
of ¥50 (£5), ¥100 (£10), ¥500 (£50), ¥1,000 (£100),
¥5,000 (£500), ¥10,000 (£1,000) each, and carry interest
at the rate of from 5 to 7 per cent, per annum.
The premiums are divided into several classes, the highest
being ¥2,000 (£200) and tiie lowest Five yen (10/-). The
sanction of the Minister of Finance is a necessary prelimi-
nary to the issue of Debentures, the amount of the premium
and tiie manner of their payment. During the 1904-5 war
the Bank issued Savings Debentures, redeemable within
twenty years by means of drawings, subject to the " Law
relating to Savings Debentures " of 1904. The Savings
Debentures are of Five yen each and carry three per cent,
interest. The premiums are divided into five classes, the
highest being ¥500 (£50) and the lowest Two yen (4/-).
Tlie Minister of Finance exercises a general control
over the business operations of the Bank, and can suspend
sueli operations as he may deem to be contrary to the law,
the orders or the Articles of Association of the Bank, or
injurious to the public interest. The Bank must obtain the
sanction of the Minister of Finance, should it desire to make
any alteration or amendment in its Articles of Association,
and when it fixes the rate of dividend to be distributed
among it shareholders. The Government specially appoints
officials to supervise the business operations of tiie Bank.
The statement of accounts of the Bank for the half year
ending December 31st, 1915, is as follows : —
BALANCE SHEET.
December 31st, 1915. 37th Report.
Liabilities.
Yen.
Capital 40,000,000.000
Loss, Equalization and Special Reserve... 5,538,400.000
Dividends unclaimed
Total Issue of Debentures
Total Issue of Savings Debentures
Deposits and Current Accounts
Due to Other Banks
Unclaimed Interest and Premiums of
Debentures
Unclaimed Interest and Premiums of
Savings Debentures
Fund for the Payment of Premiums of
Debentures
Fund for the Redemption of Savings
Debentures
Provisional Receipts
Amount brought forward from the Last
Account
± ronts ••. ••• ... ,,, ... .,., ,,_
Total
AeSETTS.
Capital unpaid
Loans redeemable in Annual Instalments
Loans guaranteed by Agricultural and
Industrial Banks redeemable in An-
nual Instalments or at fixed time ...
Loans redeemable at a fixed time
Agricultural and Industrial Bank Deben-
111(63 ••• ••• •,« ■«« ••« ••• ••■
Short Term Loans
Bills discounted
Deposits at the Deposit Bureau of the
Department of Finance
Deposits at other Banks and Postal
Savings Offices
National Bonds
Difierence between face and issue value
of Debentures
Agencies Accounts
Bank Building and Fixtures
Immovable Properties
Provisional Payments
Cash on hand
Yen,
10,840.610
202,915,150.000
17,287,960,000
5,336,205.097
75,279.290
3,374,124.480
675,917.160
831,417.080
124,959.000
146,698.290
109,525.552
1,794,545.904
278,221,022.463
Yen.
15,000.000.000
72,944,485.199
148,773,356.790
2,965,773.120
526,199.000
3,000.000
2,824,006.000
20,936,980.000
9,137,034.572
2,347,173.000
669,265.000
1.603.820.196
62,163.000
200,201.360
116,310.108
111,255.118
Total ...
278,221,022.463
( 76 )
NIPPON KOGYO GINKO.
OHE
INDUSTRIAL BANK OF JAPAN, LIMITED)
THE Bank was promulgated by law No. 70, on the
22nd of March, the 33rd year of Meiji (1910), being
a joint stock company having its Chief Office in Tokyo.
The capital is seventeen million five hundred thousand yen,
whicl) amount may be increased with the sanction of the
Government. The amount of each share is fifty yen, and
the term fifty years, which may be extended.
There is a Governor, one Vice-Governor, three or more
Directors, and Auditors.
The Governor and Vice-Governor are appointed by
the Government from among shareholders owning at least
two hundred shares, for a term of five years, also the
Directors are ap-
pointed by the
Government from ;
among candidates
elected at a Ge-
neral Meeting of
Shareholders,
being owners of
at least one hun-
dred shares.
The term of
office of a Direc-
tor is three years.
Auditors are ap-
pointed by elec-
tion at a general
meeting from
among share-
holders owning at
least sixty shares,
for a term of two years.
The Governor, Vice-Governor and Directors may not
engage under any circumstances whatsoever in any other
profession or business. An exception may be made,
however, by special ptrmission of the Minister of Finance.
The Governor, Vice-Governor and Directors during
their respective terms of office shall be required to deposit
with the Auditors shares of the Bank owned by them, — two
hundred shares in the case of the Governor and Vice-
Governor respectively, and one hundred shares iu the case
of each Director, the shares thus deposited not being
INDUSTRIAL BANK OF JAPAN.
returned to their owners even on the latter's retirement
from office until all the documents mentioned in Article 190
of the Commercial Code shall have been presented to a
General Meeting of Shareholders and accepted.
Tlie business of the Bank is as follows: —
1. To make loans on the security of National
loan-bonds, prefectiiral and municipal loan-bonds, or
debentures and shares of Companies.
2. To subscribe for, or take over by transfer, National
loan-bonds, prefectural and municipal loan bonds, or
debentures of Companies.
3. To receive deposits of money and undertake the
custody of goods
^^fr^?^" ' entrusted to it
for safe keeping.
4. To under-
take trust busi-
ness, to discount
bills and to make
loans on the se-
curity of estates
created by virtue
of special laws.
5. To buy and
sell bills of ex-
change and docu-
mentary bills of
exchange.
The Bank may
make loans on the
security of land
and buildings be-
longing to factories as well as on the security of
land and buildings in cities and in towns assigned by
imperial Ordinance, provided tiie total sum of these loans
should in no case exceed half the amount of its paid up
capital, and the bank may devote its unemployed funds to
the purchase of National loan-bonds, prefectural or
municipal loan-bonds or the debentures and shares of
companies or gold and silver bullion.
The Bank may issue debentures subject to the restric-
tions of the law.
At the end of each business year, the Bank shall set
( 77 )
aside eight per cent, or more of the net profit as a reserve
for making up any deficit in its capital, and two per cent,
or more of the net profit for maintaining an even rate of
dividend.
The Minister of Finance may suspend any act of the
Bank should such act be regarded by him as either Cv)ntrary
to Laws, Ordinances or By-Laws, or injurious to the public
interest.
The trust business comprises : —
1. Undertaking duties of administration, settlement
etc., with reference to money, securities, moveable and
immoveable properties.
2. Managing matters with reference to public loans
and loans or shares of companies ; such as issuing bonds
or debentures, paying principal, interest, dividends, etc.
3. Managing matters with reference to mortgaging
debentures or to giving guarantees on behalf of debtors.
The officers are as follow : —
Tetsujiro Shidachi, Esq Governor.
Yeijiro Ono, Esq Vice-Governor.
BALANCE SHEET.
For the term Ending December Slst, 1915.
Liabilities. Yen.
Capital Subscribed 17,500,000.000
Reserve Account ... 1,783,000.000
Reserve for Equalizing Dividends 142,000 000
Dividend 85,104.850
Amount of Debentures Issued 64,208,500.000
Fixed Deposits 14,423,124.890
Current Deposits 1,947,860.732
Special Current Deposits 406,539.663
Special Deposits
Drafting Deposits
Trust Currency
Due to other Banks
Provisional Receipts
Semi-Annual net profit
Total
Assets.
Fixed Loans ,
Temporary Loans
Loans on Property
Discount Bills
Current Deposits
Corresponding Deposits
Special Deposits
Advanced Loans
Differential Rnte of Debentures...
National Bonds
Local Bonds
Companies Bonds and Sliares
Due from other Banks
Reserve Fund for Various Payments
Properties and Buildings
Safe and Fixtures
Various Properties
Provisional Pnyraeuts
Postage Drafts
Subvention
Convertible Notes
Total
Yen.
. 1,556,299.410
39,610.100
. 11,240,222.773
10,090.670
862,755.700
. 621,673.504
.114,826,782.292
Yen.
. 27,827.113.640
5,692.240
. 1,292,800.000
. 29,310,446.990
497,207.307
. 11,493,300.000
1,463.260
6.950
. 2,023,158.020
. 14,616,570.650
. 9,559,862.987
. 5,330,729.289
79,780.760
. 12,102,710.921
96,636.200
2,091.-525
366,229.360
3,477.480
50,617.750
3,622.963
163,264.000
,.114,826,782.292
YOKOHAMA SHOKIN GINKO.
(THE YOKOHAMA SPECIE BANK, LIMITED.)
IN November 1879, Mr. Michita Nakamura and twenty-
three gentlemen acting as promoters made application
to the Government to be allowed to organize a bank under
the name of the Yokohama Specie Bank with a capital of
Silver ¥3,000,000 in accordance with the National Bank
Law, its object being to start a foreign exchange business
and also to devote its work solely to the facilitating of the
provision of money for foreign trade. The promoters
received official sanction to their application in December
of the same year, the Government at the same time sub-
scribing one-third of the Bank's capital. The Bank was
accordingly first opened for business on the 28th February
of the next year, 1880. n
The original capital of the Bank was ¥3,000,000,
and in conformity with the subsequent expansion of business
the capital was successively increased on four occasions,
and on September, 1911, it stood at ¥48,000,000, of ■.vliieii
¥30,000,000 was paid up, with a reserve fund amounting
to ¥20,400,000.
( 78 )
BRANCH OFFICES AND AGENCIES.
The first branch office of the Yokohama Specie Baiik
was opened in Kobe in June 1880, the base of business
operations being thereby strengthened, and at the same
time Bank representatives were sent out to various places
of importance in Europe, America and other foreign coun-
tries to look after the interests of the Bank ; but with the
opening of a branch office in London in September 1884,
other branches and agencies were gradually established in
Lyons, New York, San Francisco, etc., and, later on, in the
various Oriental countries.
The following is a complete list showing the places
where the Bank has Branches and Agencies, viz : —
Bkanch Offices in
Japan: — Tokyo,
Osaka, Kobe and
Nagasaki.
Branch Offices
Abboad : — London,
Lyons, San Fran-
cisco, Hawaii, Bom-
bay, Hongkong,
Shanghai, Hankow,
Tientsin, Peking,
Newchwang, Dairen
(Dalny), Fengtien
(Mukden).
Bank's own Agen-
cies : — New York,
Ryojun (Port Ar-
thur), Liaoyang,
Tiehling, Antung-
hsien and Chang-
chun, Calcutta,
Tsingtau, Sydney, Harbin,
The officers are as follow : —
J. Inouye, Esq ,
Y. Yamakawa, Esq. ... ,
THE ENACTMENT OF A SPECIAL LAW.
The Yohohama Specie Bank was first established in
accordance with the National Banks' Act, but as there
were many features differing in the nature and scope of
the business handled by the Bank from those of the
ordinary national banks, and as the laws framed for
the regulation of the latter could not be satisfactorily
extended to govern the former, a special Act called the
Yokohama Specie Bank Regulations was newly passed in
July, 1887, whereby the nature and the scope of business
to be conducted by the Bank were for the first time made
clear and definite, and, subsequently, following the example
YOKOHAMA SPECIE BANK
President.
Vice-President.
set in the case of the Bank of Japan, the Government
appointed an official overseer for the supervision of the
Bank's management.
ISSUE OF BANK NOTES AND REDEMPTION
OF WAR NOTES.
With the gradual growth and expansion of the business
of the Bank, permission^was obtained from the Government
for the issuance of the Bank's Demand Notes in various
places in China, and commencing with the issue of such
Notes in Tientsin in November, 1902, was followed by other
issues of the Bank's Dollar Notes and Tael Notes in
Shanghai, Newchwang and other places in China ; and,
on the breaking-out of the war witli Russia in 1904,
these Demand Notes,
along with the war
notes, were used and
circulated everywhere
in Manchuria, and
notably gained the
favour and confidence
of the Chinese trading
communities. On the
conclusion of tlie war,
theGovernment trans-
ferred to the Bank
unredeemed War
Notes to the amount
of ¥15,250,000, and
appointed the Bank
to undertake the work
of redeeming these
notes, while, at the
same time, the name
of the Bank's Demand
Notes was altered to that of Bank Notes. An Imperial
Ordinance was issued in September, 1906, promulgating the
laws regulating the issuance of these Notes, which have since
been circulating in Manchuria, as a sequel to the War
Notes, and have now acquired a solid standing in the
local currency.
It is now thirty-seven years since the Bank was first
opened, during which time it has not only acted as a
national financial agency under the direction of the Govern-
ment, but has also made every effort to promote the
interests of commercial communities by providing funds
necessary for foreign exchange business. Thus its busi-
ness has gradually expanded, and as an Exchange Bank
the Yokohama Specie Bank now holds a world-wide
reputation, and its banking business is still unceasingly
developing.
( 79 )
TAIWAN GINKO.
(THE BANK OF TAIWAN, LIMITED.)
THE Bank is a joint-stock company, promulgated by
Law No. 38 on the 30th March, 1897, and opened
to business in March, 1899, its head office being at Taiwan.
The business of the Bank includes : —
1. Discounting bills of exchange and other mer-
cantile bills.
2. Collecting bills for companies, banks and mer-
chants.
3. Making loans on securities of a reliable
nature.
4. Receiving deposits and advancing money on
current account.
candidates, holding at least fifty shares, elected at a general
meeting.
The Bank annually sets aside, as a reserve fund, at
least eight per cent, of its profit, for the purpose of making
good any loss of capital, and at least two per cent, for the
equalization of dividends.
The capital of the Bank is ¥20,000,000, divided into
200,000 shares of ¥100 each.
The ofiicers are as follow : —
Tetsutaro Sakukai, Esq President.
KojURo Nakagawa, Esq Vice-Pre«ident.
BANK OF TAIWAN.
5. Undertaking the safe custody of gold and silver
coins, precious metals and negotiable securities.
6. Buying and selling gold and silver bullion.
7. Undertaking trust business.
8. Acting as business agents for other banks.
Ihe Bank may also purchase national and local bonds.
Hypothec debentures. Agricultural and Industrial deben-
tures, etc.
The President and Vice-President are appointed by
the Government for a term of five years from among share-
holders holding at least one hundred shares. Directors are
appointed by the Government for a term of four years from
BALANCE SHEET, 3l8T DECEMBER, 1915.
Liabilities. Yen.
Capital Subscribed 20,000,000.000
Reserve Fund 4,150,000.000
Notes in Circulation ,. ... 17,611,315.000
Current Accounts, Fixed Deposits, Etc. ... 74,580,180.055
Bills Payable, Acceptances and other Sums
due by the Bank 56,338,753.580
Premium on new shares offered for public
subscription 333,443.000
Balance brought forward from Last Account. 250,509.460
( 80 )
Net Profit for the past Half-year
Total
Assets.
Cash in hand
Cash at Bankers ...
Loans to Government
Yen.
861,819.840
...174,126,020.925
Yen.
... 8,640,133.665
... 3,919,210.000
... 6,148,467.000
Bills Discounted, Loans, Advances and other
Sums Due to the Bank
Government Bonds, Etc
Bullion and Foreign Money
Capital Uncalled
Banks Premises, Properties, Furniture, Etc
.134,930,348.360
. 8,332,013.760
. 2,462,519.130
. 7,500,000.000
2,193,329.010
Total
...174,126,020.925
CHOSEN GINKO.
(THE BANK OF CHOSEN, LIMITED.)
THE Bank of Chosen is the outgrowth of the Bank
of Korea, the central banking organ for the Korean
Government before Korea's annexation to Japan.
In October, 1909, the Bank of Korea came into
existence and in November of the same year actual opera-
tions were commenced. Under the control of the ofScers
appointed by the Japanese and Korean Governments the
bank's business thrived, and even under the administration
of the Govern-
ment-Gen er a 1
after Korea's
annexation to
Japan in 1910
the bank main-
tained its old
name and orga-
nization for some
time.
The bank as-
sumed the pre-
sent style in
August, 1911, in
accordance with
the Bank of Cho-
sen Act prom-
ulgated by the
Government in
March the same year, and as the successor of the Bank
ol Korea took over its rights and obligations.
The authorised capital of the Bank of Chosen is
¥10,000,000, divided into 100,000 shares, of which 30,000
are taken up by the Government. The whole amount of
the capital Sias already been paid iu, calls having been
made several times since its organization, as with the pro-
gress in Chosen's commerce and industry demands upon the
bank have strikingly increased.
The Bank is authorised to issue notes on the security
of gold coin, bullion, and the Bank of Japan notes, and also
to issue notes to an extent not exceeding ¥30,000,000 on
the security of national loan bonds, gilt-edged securities,
and commercial bills. The Bank is also authorised to issue
notes beyond the prescribed amount, with the sanction of
the Chosen Gov-
ernment-General,
on the security of
national loan
bonds, gilt-edged
securities, and
mercantile bills,
when the Bank
is required to pay
an issue tax to
the Government
at the rate of 5
per cent, per
annum of the
excess issue. The
bank's notes are
passed as legal
tender in Chosen.
BANK OF CHOSEN.
In Manchuria
Especially since
Daireu, Mukden,
also the Bank's notes are in circulation
the bank's branches were opened in
Chanchung, and elsewhere the circulation of the Bank's
notes has been extended and, with the notes issueil by the
Yokohama Specie Bank and the Bank of Japan, facilitate
commercial dealings there.
The Bank is also authorised to act as the National
( 81 )
Treasury in Chosen for the Government, At present the
Bank has the Main Treasury in Seoul and Branch Trea-
suries at 23 important towns. There are also twelve
agencies to transact business at more remote provincial
towns. The disposition of old Korean currency was
entrusted to the Bank, which function was successfully con-
cluded in March, 1911.
The lines of business undertaken by the Bank, in addi-
tion to those enumerated above, are as follows : —
1. Discounting bills of exchange and other mer-
cantile bills.
2. Collecting bills for companies, banks, and firms
with whom the Bank has accounts.
3. Remittances.
4. Making loans on aecuritiee of a reliable nature.
5. Receiving deposits and advancing money on cur-
rent account.
6. Undertaking the safe custody of gold and silver
coins, precious metals, and negotiable securities.
7. Buying or selling bullion and exchanging coins.
8. Buying national loan bonds, provincial loan bonds,
and otiier gilt-edged securities, subject to the sanction of
the Government,
The Bank may advance money to public bodies with-
out security or act us agent for other banks, subject to the
sanction of the Government.
The Bank lias a staff of inspectors, who are authorised
to investigate tiie financial and other conditions of the
peninsula, together with the economic situation in Man-
churia, Siberia, and elsewhere. The results of those investi-
gations are published every montli in magazine form.
The Bank's affairs are controlled by the officers
appointed by the Government, comprising a Governor and
three or more Directors, and the results of their working
are examined by two inspectors selected by the meeting of
shareholders from among the holders of over fifty shares.
At present the Courts of Directors and Inspectors are
composed of the following gentlemen : —
Shunkichi Minobe, Esq Governor.
Taro Mishima, Esq Director.
YUJI KiMURA, Esq „
Saburo Ota, Esq „
Chojiro Ito, Esq Inspector,
KiNTARO Hattori, Esq „
The Bank has its head office in Seoul and over twenty
branch offices in Chosen, Japan, Manchuria, and elsewhere.
The following figures of the Bank's earnings and dis-
bursements since tiie foundation show the rapidity with
which the Bank's business has expanded : —
Gross Gross Balance
Year. receipts. disbursements.
Yen. Yen. Yen.
2nd half, 1909... 61,502.45 153,805.41 92,-302.96
1st half, 1910... 597,806.90 571,566.82 26,240.08
2nd half, 1910... 695,611.04 655,753.52 39,857.52
1st half, 1911... 772,849.93 699,020.32 73,829.61
2nd half, 1911... 785,491.51 650,320.54 135,170 97
1st half, 1912... 976,787.36 816.259.99 160,527.37
2nd half, 1912... 1,504,566.84 1,299,162.02 205,404.82
1st half, 1913... 1,643.155.86 1,420,071.88 223,083.98
2nd half, 1913... 1.942,296.96 1,691,903.99 247.392.97
1st half, 1914... 1,983,014.64 1,583.686.30 399,328.34
2nd half, 1914.., 2,120,198.03 1,706,885.58 413,312.45
HOKKAIDO TAKUSHOKU GINKO.
(THE HOKKAIDO COLONIZATION BANK, LIMITED.)
THE Hokkaido Colonization Bank, is a joint stock
company, established in iiccordance with Law No.
76 in 1899, for tiie purpose of lending out capital for
the benefit of colonization industries in the Hokkaido.
The Bank has its head office at No. 7, Nishi Sanchorae, Odori
Sapporo, and branches at Hakodate, Otaru, Asaliigawa,
Kushiro, Tokyo, and also one branch and two agencies in
Saghalien, besides correspondents in various places at home
and abroad. The authorised capital of the Bank is five
million yen, divided into 100,000 shares of fifty yen each, of
which 4,500,000 yen is paid up.
The Bank transacts the following business : —
1. To advance loans on the security of immovable
properties.
2. To advance loans on mortgage of shares and
debentures of joint-stock companies organised for the
purpose of colonising the Hokkaido, and undertake the
issue of debentures on behalf of such companies.
3. To advance loans on the security of Bills of
Exchange, drafts and products of the Hokkaido.
4. General and trust deposits.
5. To discount Bills under proper security.
( 82 )
The Bank may advance loans without security to cities,
towns, villages and other public corporations organised by
law ill the Hokkaido. It also makes advances without
security to any reliable association of not less than twenty
agriculturists or manufacturers, and to industrial guilds.
The Bank is authorised to issue debentures under
certain restrictions and with the consent of the Minister of
Finance. TheGovernment supervises the business operations
of the Bank, and the sanction of the Minister of Finance is
necessary before making any amendment to the Articles of
Association, or declaring the rate of dividend.
The President of the bank is Masatsune Midzukoshi,
Esq. -....- ':r ■ ,;
Reserves against various payments of
Agencies .„ ...
Due from other Banks ...
Compound property and Buildings ... ^ ...
Utensils ...
Loaned to Agencies
Property
Provisional payments
Cash in hand
lotal ... ... ... .«• ,,, ... ...
Liabilities.
Subscribed Capital
Reserve against Losses
Dividend Equalization Reserve
HOKKAI-DO COLONIZATION BANK.
BALANCE SHEET SHOWING SEMI-ANNUAL
TERM OF 1915.
Assets. Yen.
Uncalled Capital 500,000.000
Installment Loans 22,404,787.500
Specially Mortgaged Loans 115,750.000
Fixed Loans 1,217,473.800
Discount Bills 1,759,702.260
Bills of Exchange on goods ■ 264,526.880
Forwarded Current Deposits ... 515,110.460
Current Deposits ... 2,687,258.770
Fixed Deposits 681,675.950
Special Deposits 2,039,619.389
National Bonds 629,759.250
Certificates and Company's Debentures ... 80,000.000
Difference in Debenture rate 760,600.000
Yen.
57,854.965
187,618.730
604,471.360
54,542.070
268,214.150
385,317.340
6,501.870
654,741.213
36,290,059.957
Yen.
5,000,000.000
992,000.000
294,700.000
Special Reserve
183,000.000
Dividend
12,134.420
Amount of issued Debentures
19,344,180.000
Current Deposits
1,051,083.180
Special Current Deposits
1,950,580.920
Fixed Deposits ... ...
5,814,229.520
Special Deposits
407,695.557
Money Orders Payal)le
44,162.260
Due to other Banks
249,092.410
Securities of Agencies Loans
268,214.150
Accounts of tiie Hypothec Bank of Japan ...
1,025.365
Accounts of the Industrial Bank of Japan...
312.980
Provisional Receipts
343,340.130
Brought from last Account
65,242.855
Net profit for the Current Term
269,066.210
Total
36,290,059.967
( 83 )
BISAN]lNOKO GINKO.
(THE BISAN AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL BANK.)
THE Bisan Agricultural and Industrial Bank, Nagoya.in
Aichi prefecture, came into existence in 1898 and has
a capital of ¥4,000,000 and reserve funds of over ¥720,000.
The bank accommodates both short and long term loans for
the development of agriculture and industry ia the
THE BISAN AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL BANK,
NAQOYA, AND ITS PRESIDENT.
perfecture. The Bank has on twenty-two occasions issued
debentures, amounting to ¥8,117,000, each issue being a
signal success. Loans advanced, including those negotiated
for the Hypothec Bank of Japan, have amounted to
¥16,837,000.
Profit and Loss Account for Half-Ykar
Ending June 30th, 1916.
Credit.
Sundry interests
Fee for an Opinion
Commissions
Commission for the Advancement of Loans ...
Literest on negotiable instruments and
Dividend
Sundry profits
Profits from Negotiable Instruments
Yen.
4,677.534
17,072.470
Total ... ... ... 845,985.986
Brought forward from the previous half year.. 44,306.093
Total
... 890,292.079
Debit. Yen.
Sundry interests 323,427.776
Salaries, remunerations and allowances 14,882.660
Various taxes 37,387.850
Various commissions 9,760.350
Travelling expenses 1,456.370
Expenditure for the issue of Debentures ... 9,580.162
Sundry expenses 12,546.236
Interest on Agricultural and Industrial
Debentures 246,076.980
Fee for an Opinion Refunded 108.250
Redemption for the value of the Debentures... 3,200.000
Total
Profit for tiie half year
Total
The officers are as follows : —
•lEAR
Gi
HEi Ito, E^q.
S.
MiYATA, Esq. ...
Yen.
c.
Takeda, Esq. ...
751,524.466
s.
Amano, Esq. ...
1,719.000
K.
Takahashi, Esq.
13,836.296
A.
ISHIKAWA, Esq.
29,085.180
Y.
Ito, E-q
T.
YosHiDA, Esq....
28,071.040
R.
Hayakawa, Esq.
661.426.634
228.865.445
890,292.079
Director and
President.
Director.
Auditor.
( 84 )
GUMMA-KEN NOKO GINKO.
(THE GUMMA PREFECTURAL AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL BANK.)
THE bank was floated in March, 1898, in accordance
with the provisions of Law No. 83 of the year 1896,
at Hou-cho, Mayebashi, Gumma prefecture, and its object was
laid down in the bank's articles of association as supplying
capital at the lowest possible rate of interest to farmers and
artizaus in the prefecture of Gumma.
The bank's capital was originally ¥500,000, but was
increased later by the issue of new shares and now it stands
at ¥1,000,000 of which ¥625,000 is paid up.
THE GUMMA AGRICULTURAL AND
INDUSTRIAL BANK.
The actual operations were started by the bank in May,
1898. They are generally the same as those of the
Hypothec Bank of Japan. In consonance with the Lnw
governing the bank's organiziition and working the bank is
authorised to issue long-teimed bonds or debentures to the
amount of five times the paid-up capital and not exceeding
the sum total advanced on the condition of annual
liquidation. At present the bank's total obligation stands
at ¥2,389,030.
The bank's advances to farmers and artizans are made
against the security of immovable property and to be
liquidated by means of yearly installments within thirty
years. But when borrowers are civic bodies, industrial
guilds, forestry guilds, fishing guilds, or a party of more
than twenty persons the bank is bound by the law govern-
ing its working to make loans without security. The bank
also receives deposits part of which can be employed in
discounting bills and notes or making short-term loans on
the security of marine or industrial products.
The bank also acts as Central Treasury for the Gumma
Prefectural Oflice and manages the receipt and custody of
the prefectural revenue. In all lines of business the bank
is autliorized to conduct, th6 result so far achieved has been
fairly good and encouraging. At the end of June, 1916,
the bank held deposits to the amount of ¥602,618 in
round figures and the total amount of advances stood at
¥5,064,339.403, including loans made as agent for the
Hypothec Bank of Japan.
Tlie officers are iis follows : —
Ryohei Sato, Esq ,
Keizabuko Ehaea, Esq
Chiyokichi Homma, Esq.
Fdkutaro Ozawa, Esq
JuNZABURO Takahashi, Esq...
KiKUJiRO Machida, Esq.
JlTSUHEI MiNAGUMO, Esq.
SoHEi Ozawa, Esq ..
KiiCHiRo Wakatabi, Esq. ..
Kyuyemon Otsuka, Esq
President.
Director.
Auditor.
( 85 )
SHIDZUOKA NOKO GINKO.
(THE SHIDZUOKA AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL BANK)
THE Bank was established in 1896 in accordance with
Act No. 83 of the law at Shidzuoka City, Shidzuoka
Prefecture and was opened to business on January 9th, 1897.
Its object was laid down in the bank's articles of associa-
tion as supplying capital at the lowest possible rate of
interest to farmers and artizans in the prefecture of
Shidzuoka.
The bank also acts as Central Treasury for the Shidzuoka
Prefectural Office and manages the receipt and custody of
the prefectural revenue.
The condition of the Bank as it stood on September
1st, 1916, is shown in the following table : —
Liabilities.
Capital (paid up)
Reserve
Deposits
Debentures issued
Assets.
Loans
Deposits
The latest dividend on shares
The bank's officers are as follows : —
En-ichiro Nakamura, Esq
Yasuhiko Matsunaga, Esq
Yen.
1,000,000.000
504,150.000
851,901.796
1,640,700.000
Yen,
5,000,288.914
910,547.724
• 8t1j%' p.a.
f Director and
( President.
Director.
THE SHIDZUOKA AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL
BANK AND ITS PRESIDENT.
Naosaku Wakatsitki, Esq.
EiiTSU KoGA, Esq.
Seiichi Nakayama, Esq.
JiNsHiRO Sasano, Esq. ...
Ihei Ozaki, Esq
Shokichi Tomita, Esq.
Dentaro Wada, Esq. ...
Ju-BEi Kuroda, Esq. ...
Director.
Auditor.
A I CHI GINKO.
(THE AICHI BANK.)
THE Bank was organised in April, 1896, and has a
capital of ¥2,000,000 paid up, with reserve funds
amounting to ¥1,030,000. Deposits at the end of June
last amounted to over ¥22,804,825, and loans totalled over
¥31,061,342. The Bank has its head office in Tamaya-cho
Nishi-ku, Nagoya City, and branches in Temma-cho,
Habashita, and other districts in the city, and also in
Handa, Toyohashi, Okazaki, Tsushima, Ichinomiya, Tsu,
Yokkaichi and Tokyo.
Profit and Loss Account for the Half- Year
TO June 30th, 1916.
Profit for the Term
Brought over from tiie Previous Term
Total
Loss for the Term
NetProfite
Yen.
1,082,087.605
48,206.822
1,130,294.427
954,329.673
175,964.754
To be distributed as follows : — Yen.
Legal Reserve Fund 20,000.000
Special Reserve Fund 30,000.000
Dividend on Siiares at over 9-nr per cent.
per annum 66,800.000
Carried forward to the next term 49,164.754
The officers are as follows : —
YosHiRO Watanabe, Esq President.
SosuKE Okaya, Esq Director.
MoRiHiKO Sekido, Esq, ...
Yoshitaro Ito, Esq.
KUROSABURO FUKIHARA, Esq
Jibozayemon Ito, Esq Auditor.
Ryoyemon Okaua, Esq. ...
Sukesaku Katagiri, Esq.
( 86 )
DAI HYAKU GINKO.
(THE ONE HUNDREDTH BANK. LIMITED.)
^T~'HE bank carae into existence in September, 1878,
I under the style of the 100th National Bank as one
of many national banks then established in accordance with
the National Bunk Act.
At first the bank had a capital of ¥200,000, which was
subscribed by Marquis Ikeda, the Daimyo of Tottori, and
his retainers, who at the same time founded a similar
banking institution at Tottori, and issued bank notes to the
extent of ¥160,000 against the security of public bonds
deposited with the National Treasury.
In May, 1883, the National Bank Act was amended
and the bank notes
issued by the bank
had to be redeemed.
In August, 1898, when
the redemption of all
the notes issued was
completed and the busi-
ness terra of the bank
expired, the institution
was coverted into an
ordinary commercial
bank. Since then the
business principle has
been the facilitation of
commercial capitaliza-
tion and the furtherance
of foreign trade.
Wiih the progress
of the bank's business
the capital has been
enlarged by degrees
and at present it stands
at ¥10,000,000, the dates and extent of the enlargements
effected in the past being as follows : —
Date. Increase. Result.
August, 1878 — 200,000
April, 1887 ... 200,000 400,000
February, 1903 100,000 500,000
July, 1903 100,000 600,000
February, 1907 1,400,000 2,000,000
August, 1912 8,000,000 10,000,000
At present th« bank has the head office at No. li
THE O^E
1. Main Bank.
3. Branch at Kyoto.
Yorozu-cho, Nihombashi-ku, Tokyo, and branch offices
at Yokohama, Tottori, Kyoto, Osaka, and Ginza,
Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo, and Torihatago-cho, Nihombashi-
ku, Tokyo. There are also a large number of agencies
both at home and abroad. Therefore, clients can avail
themselves of the bank's services almost anywhere in
the world.
The bank's business policy is known to be conserva-
tive with careful attention to the requirements of its
clients. Its head and branch offices onduet general
banking and foreign exchange business in addition
to trust company
business, and issue
travellers' letters of
credit, available in all
parts of the world, open
commercial credits, sell
drafts, and deal in
cable transfers. At the
Yokohama office the
safe deposit institution
is also opened to affi)rd
safe custody for all
kinds of valuables.
The stability of
the bank's position and
the success so steadily
won may be seen from
the statistical returns
of its affiiirs made up
at the end of December,
1915.
Summary of Business Transaoxed for the Half
Year ended December 31st, 1915.
Yen.
Total Sum Cashed
Deposits : Current, Fixed, and Sundry.
Loans and Overdrafts
Drafts Drawn
Drafts Paid
Bills Discounted
Bills Collected
Letters of Credit Issued
HUNDREDTH BANK, TOKYO.
2. Branch at Yokohama
4. Branch at Osaka.
1,898,147,358.67
394,573,508.84
64,011,148.83
9,772,168.93
22,765,638.45
104,774,688.20
38,819,875.35
3,224,073.18
( 87 )
BALANCE SHEET, DECEMBER '61st, 1915.
Liabilities. Yen.
Capital 10,000,000.00
Reserve Fund 4,000,000.00
Deposits 44,348,704.28
Due to Correspoudents 1,263,742.39
Profits for the Half Year 227,475.03
Dividend Unpaid 230.00
Due to the Bank of Japan 3,860,000.00
Balance brought Forward from the Pre-
vious Half Year 74,956.37
Total 63,775,108.07
Assets. Yen.
Capital Unpaid 6,000,000.00
CashonHand 4,750,116.26
Government Bonds, Shares, and Deben-
tures 3,772,327.50
Loans and Overdrafts 6,905,922.90
Bills Discounted 39,059,642.99
Charges to Correspondents 1,783,036.63
Deposits with the Bank of Japan
Land, Buildings, and Furniture of the
Head Office and Branches
Total
Yen.
527,981.59
976,080.20
63,775,108.07
Statement of Profits tor the
Second Half of 1915. Yen.
Net Profit for the Half Year 279,731.40
To Reserve .30,000 00
Dividends Ht 10 per cent, per annum 200,000.00
Carried to Next Account 49,731.40
The responsible officers of the Bank are as follows : —
Kenzo Ik EDA, Etq ...President.
H. Choh, E^q Managing Director.
8. Okubo, Ei^q MaiiHger, Yokohama Branch.
S. Yamanaka, Esq... „ Tottori Brunch.
K. Okamoto, Esq. ...
S. Hayashi, Esq. ...
Y. Shiratori, Esq....
T. Matsumoto, Esq...
Tori-Hatago-cho Branch.
Kyoto Branch.
Kyobashi Branch,
Osaka Branch.
DAI-IGHI GINKO.
(THE FIRST BANK, LIMITED.)
THE history of the Din-Ichi Ginko is, in the main, the
rise and development of the banking institutions of
Japan, for ever since its establisliraent it has taken the
initiative in every movement of banking interests.
The National Bank Act was put into force on the 15th
of November, 1872. By the Act, four National banks were
incorporated in that year, namely, the First National Bunk
(Tokyo), the Second National Bank (Yokohama), the
Fourth National Bank (Niigata) and the Fifth National
Bank (Kagoshima).
When the National Bank Act was framed the Govern-
ment urged the prominent merchants of Tokyo, Osaka, and
elsewhere to organize the banks in accordance with the
same.
The original National Bank Act was not successful,
for, owing to fluctuation in the price of gold and silver,
redemption was demanded to sucli an extent that tlie
national banks could not keep notes in circulation ; as fast
as they were issued they were returned.
By the revised Act of August, 1876, the establisliing of
the National banks was made very much easier. From the
time the revision was announced, in fact, the number of
these increased to 153 in four years', and tiie First National
Blink, with its Capital of ¥1,500,000 was entitled to issue
bank-notes to the amount of ¥1,200,000 «nd consequently
able to extend iis business. It began now to perform real
banking business, discounting bills and causing bills of
exchange to be used more extensively. For the first time
it introduced the system of letters of credit and circular
notes. By these means the Bank secured the confidence of
the peiple and the business was greatly enlarged, branches
being opened in the North-Eastern part of the country,
which is especially productive in rice and silk.
Seeing the number of banks continually increasing, the
First National Bank proposed in 1877 to form a Bankers'
Association, to meet once a month in the building of the
First National Bank with the object of becoming better
acquainted with each other and exchanging views. This
proposition met with general approval and was adopted, the
Association becoming a very important and influential body
among bankers. Thus the present Bankers' Association of
Tokyo originated. , _.
( 88 )
In 1882, the Government established the Bank of
Japan for the Management of the paper money and the
unification of the monetary system. The National Bank
Act was again revised. According to the revised act a
national bank could not continue as such longer than 20
years from its establishment ; after the expiration of this
term it could only exist as a private bank.
As the business of the First National Bank became
more extensive, it was necessary to increase the capital and
place the bank on a firmer basis. Accordingly, in 1887, it
was decided at the shareholders' general meeting to increase
the capital by ¥1,500,000, to make a total of ¥3,000,000 ;
but of this just ¥750,000 was actually added, the capital
thus becoming ¥2,250,000.
The revised National Bank Act of 1876 had authorized
the Bank to transact banking business for twenty years.
The Bank having increased its capital to ¥5,000,000,
it was unanimously resolved to add to the capital
¥5,000,000 so as to make the total capital ¥10,000,000.
The capital was ir.creased to ¥22,700,000 on December
19th, 1916.
The relation between this Bauk and Korea has
existed from quite early times. In 1878, the First National
Bank petitioned the Japanese Government to establish a
branch oflSce at the port of Fusan, wiiich permission was
immediately granted. Since then, the First NatioDal Bank
lias rendered valuable services as the chief financial organ
of the Japanese-Korean trade.
BALANCE SHEET ON THE 3Ist DECEMBER, 1915.
Liabilities. Yen.
Fixed Deposits 41,661,492.97
Current Deposits 47,885,306,66
THE FIRST BANK, TOKYO.
which term would expire on the 19th of May, 1896, and a
general meeting was convened to consider the question of
continuing business as a private bauk, and resolutions
were: — 1. That we make changes in our By-Laws and
continue our business under the name of Kabushiki-
Kaisha Dai-Ichi Ginko (the First Bank, Limited). 2. That
we take ¥2,250,000 out of several kinds of reserve fund
and apply that amount to the payment of new capital, so
as to make the total capital ¥4,500,000. 3. That after
deducting ¥2,250,000 for the additional capital and clearing
off doubtful debts out of the reserves, the remainder,
¥140,130, be held as the reserve fund of the Bank. Thus
the First National Bank was dissolved and the Dai-Ichi
Ginko incorporated under the new Bank Act.
Various Deposits 4,174,309.18
Bills Payable 157,835.41
Redemption Funds for Bank Notes 5,516,000.00
Suspense Accounts of the Main Office and
Branches ;. 1,427,458.89
Due to other Banks ... 2,162,752.41
Authorized Capital 21,500,000.00
Reserve Funds 9,200,000.00
Reserve Funds for New Branches 50,000.00
Suspense Dividend 11,158.78
Profit brought forward from last term ... 757,243.42
Net profit for the current half-year 781,236.48
Total 135,284,794.20
( 89 )
Assets. Yen,
Loans 11,509,059.79
Overdrafts 6,737,330.32
Discounting Bills 67,883.996.13
Documentary Bills 1,439,979.89
National and Local Bonds 21,036,347.42
Share-certificates and Debentures of Com-
panies 3,530,049.17
Due from other Banks 1,916,080.58
Uncalled Capital 8,062,500.00
Bank's premises, property, and Furniture... 2,361,284.30
Expenditure for new building 18,621.85
Deposits 1,069,305.69
Cash in hand 9.720,239.06
Total 135,284,794.20
PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT.
For half-yearly period ending the 31st December, 1915.
Ceedit.
Discounting Commissions 1,803,083.87
Commissions 71,750.54
Interest on public and Companies Bonds ... 441,429.62
Redemption of interest on public and Com-
panies Bonds 1,296.00
Miscellaneous Interests 22,690.74
Balance brought forward from last term ... 757,243.42
Total 3,097,494.19
Debit. Yen.
Interest 1,086,394.76
Salaries 141,399.63
Travelling Expenses 14,246.57
Various Taxes 97,307.01
Repairing Expenditures 15,362.34
Miscellaneous Expenses 200,297.15
Loss, Miscellaneous 4,006.83
Profit for the current half-year 1,538,479.90
Total ...• 3,097,494.19
Gross Profit and Loss for Half Year
Ending 318t December, 1915.
Profit. Yen.
Main Office 1,082,652.50
Branch Offices 1,264,588.12
Total
Main Office ...
Branch Offices
Loss.
Total
Distribution of Profit.
Net profit for the current half-year
Balance brought forward from last Account.
Total ...
••• •••
Distribution.
■"vIlVlH ■«« •«» a«* ••• ••* ••* ■«■ ••«
Pension and remuneration of Officers
Eeserve Fund
Dividend for the old shares (¥2.50 per
share, 10^ per year)
Dividend for the New shares (¥0.625 per
share, 10^ per annum)
Balance brought forward from last current
wCrill ••• aaa ••• ••• ••« ••• ••• •••
2,347,240.62
Yen.
676,550.12
889,454.02
1,566,004.14
Yen,
781,236.48
757,243.42
1,538,479.90
Yen.
39,060.00
15.620.00
100,000.00
537,500.00
134,375.00
711,924.90
Total
The Officers are as follows : —
Y. Sasaki Esq
Baron H. Mitsui
T. KuMAGAi Esq
Y. KusAKA Esq
S. Sasaki Esq
Prince Y. Tokuqawa
T. DoGi Esq
J. Odaea Esq
1,538,479.90
President.
Director.
Auditor.
( 90 )
DAI-SAN GINKO.
(THE THIRD BANK. LTD.)
THE Bank 18 the outgrowth of the Third National Bank
established in December, 1876, in accordance with
the provisions of the National Bank Act, and at first a
capital of ¥200,000 was subscribed. Asa National Bank
the house was authorized to issue bank notes on the security
of negotiable securities deposited with the National
Treasury. The capital was increased to ¥300,000 in June,
1878, and the scope of business was much enlarged. In
July, 1882, the bank amalgamated the 44th National Bank
and with it the capital was enlarged to' ¥1,000,000.
In November, 1896, simultaneously with the expiry of
the business term as a National Bank, the house was
converted into a joint stock concern and assumed the present
style, when the capital was doubled to ¥2,000,000. Again,
in June, 1902, the 82nd Bank, Ltd., was amalgamated and
amounted to ¥53,056,135.869 at the end of May,
1916, while the general loans advanced amounted to
¥40,973,322.39 at the same date.
The bank has its head office at Sanchome, Kobuna-cho,
Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo, and thirteen branches at important
cities in the country.
The following are the bank's officers : —
Director and
Zenshiro Yasuda, Esq.
Zenhachiro Yasuda, Esq.
Zennosuke Yasuda, Esq.
RiYEMON Nagai, Esq. ...
Kyubei Ogura, Esq. ...
Torataro Harada, Esq.
Tamejiro Oqawa, Esq.
f Direc
■■■ ( President.
... Managing Director.
Director.
THE THIRD BANK, TOKYO.
the capital was augmented to ¥2,400,000. At present
the bank has an authorised capital of ¥5,000,000, as the
proprietary passed a decision in September, 1910, to
increase it to that figure in view of the ever-growing
dimensions of the bank's business.
The bank is practically under the control of the
Yasuda family, one of the greatest financial houses in the
country, and follows the business principle of that house in
every dealing.
At present, of the authorised capital ¥4,350,000 is paid
up and against it reserves of ¥3,400,000 are hehi. The
splendid confidence the public places in the house is
testified to by the fact that the deposits at the bank
Shinkichi Miyajima, Esq
Tadanao Akiyama, Esq.
Zenzaburo Yasuda, Esq.
Auditor.
... Superintendent.
Profit and Loss Account, June 30tii, 1916.
Net profit for the term 291,597.57
Brought over from last account 43,553.05
Total 335,150.62
To be distributed as follows : —
Dividend on shares at 12^ per annum 261,000.00
Bonuses for officers 25,000.00
Carried forward to next account 49,160.62
( 91 )
DAZAI GHOZO GINKO.
(THE DAZAI SAVINGS BANK.)
'T^HE Bank, with a capital of ¥500,000, carries on
*- ordinary savings bank transactions at tlie head oflSce
at No. 3, Shinyemon-cho, Nihorabashi-ku, Tokyo, and the
MR. B. DAZAI.
city branch at No. 76, Higashi-Kata-machi, Hongo-ku,
Tokyo. The former was opened on April Ist, 1912, and the
latter on December 1st, 1915.
The Bank is of a comparatively recent origin, but enjoys
a high degree of confidence and its business progresses with
wonderful rapidity. This singularly rapid success won by
the bank may be traced to the personal influence of the
President and the business ability of the General Manager.
The President, Mr. Bunzo Dazai, is a millionaire in
Fukushima prefecture and, besides controlling the Bank in
Tokyo, manages the Gomeikaisha Dazai Bank in his native
prefecture. He is also connected with a number of business
establishments in various capacities, the following being
only a few of them : —
The 107th Bank, Fukushima Prefecture; The Chiyoda
Life Insurance Company, Tokyo; The Federated Co-
operative Societies of Fukushima Prefecture.
Mr. Hirosiii Kuga, the Director and General Manager,
is a graduate of Meiji University and in banking business
his ability is generally recognised.
JUGO GINKO.
(THE FIFTEENTH BANK, LIMITED).
■"pHE Bank is often called the " Peers' Bank." Ori-
ginally, indeed, the bank was organized by Peera of
the Realm and controlled by their representatives.
In 1876, when the Kinroku public bonds were issued
and the lords of clans and Court nobles were given new
bonds in exchange for their fiefs, it was proposed by the late
Prince Iwakura, who was then a Minister of State, that a
banking house should be established with capital contributed
by those nobles who obtained a vast amount of public bonds,
and his proposal was carried out.
When the bank was established next year it was styled
the 15th National Bank, as one of the semi-official banking
houses initiated under official protection on the American
model. According to the National Bank Act the Bank was
enabled to issue bank notes to the extent of 80 per cent, of
the bank's capital against the security of public bonds
deposited with the Government. As specie reserve against
the issue of notes, currency to the extent of 20 percent, of
the capital was also to be kept, Government inconvertible
notes inclusive.
Immediately after the establishment of the house the
Satsuma rebellion broke out and military operations on a vast
scale was necessitated. The bank advanced ¥15,000,000
to the Government to assist in financing the large Army.
In 1881, again, the bank served the State by financing the
Japan Railway Company, which was then organized to lay
railways in the North-Eastern Provinces and develop the
great area of land under the auspices of Prince Iwakura.
When the Japan-China war broke out and necessitated
the Government floating a loan to the extent of ¥150,000,000
( 92 )
at home, the bank took the lead to assist the success of the
loan by taking up ¥17,000,000. The same patriotic tradi-
tion was observed when the country went to war with Russia
in 1904, the national loan then floated being subscribed to
by the bank to the amount of ¥50,000,000. Then the
shares of the bank were given the special privilege of being
counted with the entailed properties of noble families on the
same level as real estate.
The original amount of the bank's capital was
¥17,826,190, but when the National Bank Act was abolished
the bank was renamed the Fifteenth Bank and the
capital was increased to ¥18,000,000. However, in 1913
the capital was further increased to ¥40,000,000.
BALANCE SHEET, 31st DECEMBER, 1915.
Debit. Yen.
Capital 40,000,000.000
Reserve Fund 5,240,000.000
Account with Bank of Japan and other Yen.
Banks ... 2,241,214.170
Government Bonds (face value
¥33,037,550.000) 21,148,422.500
Other Securities 4,648,474.510 ;
Credit Account (per contra) 2,760,150.080
Due from other Banks and Agents 316,850.980
Bank Premises, etc 445,^10.360
Cash 4,879,995.130
TotHl 83,973,934.590
The latest profit and loss account is as follows : —
Yen.
Gross receipts for the term 2,461,638.040
Gross disbursements for term ... 1,300,778.090
Balance (net profit)
Brought over from last account
1,160,859.950
952,558.220
THE FIFTEENTH BANK, TOKYO.
Deposits, Current Accounts, etc.
Bills Payable
Acceptances
Due to other Banks and Agents
Dividends Unpaid
JrrOIlt ••• ... , „
Total
Credit.
Capital Unpaid
Loans on Securities and Bills Discounted... 31,033,916.860
Yen.
33,409,984.270
20,827.190
2,760,150.080
368,059.700
1,495.180
2,173,418.170
83,973,934.590
Yen.
16,500,000.000
Dividend equalization fund...
Total
60,000.000
2,173,418.170
This last amount is to be distributed as follows : —
Reserve 100,000.000
Fees for Directors and Auditors 58,000.000
Dividend at 9 per cent, per annum 1,057,500.000
Carried forward to next term 957,918.170
The oflScers of the bank are as follows : —
Hon. Iwao Matsukata President.
Masayasu Naruse, Esq Vice-President.
( 93 )
KAJIMA GINKO.
(KAJIMA BANK.)
UNDER the business style of the Kajima-ya the bank
began its operations three hundred years ago in
Osaka as financiers. While financing the Shogunate and
different clans the house conducted the conversion of old
coins and the dealings in coins and bullion in the old feudal
times. After tlie Imperial Restoration the house made it
its speciality to act as money changers.
MR. Y. HOSHINO.
It was in December, 1887, that the house was
registered as a bank under the new banking act. While
transacting general banking business the bank was ordered
by the Government to act as agent for the National
Treasury and managed the State Treasury business in
Osaka.
The bank i\as originally started as a private concern,
but in June, 1893, it was converted into a limited partner-
ship in accordance with the provisions of the old Com-
mercial Code. In 1913 the bank enlarged its business
scope by starting trust company business.
Tlie bank has its head ofiice at Itchome Tosabori,
Osaka, and branqhes at the following localities : —
Minami Branch Osaka.
Fukushima Branch
Dotombori Branch
Matsuyacho Branch
Kawaguchi Branch
Taishobashi Branch
Takatsuki Branch
Tokyo Branch
Kyoto Branch
Kobe Branch
Okayama Branch
Fukuyama Branch
Tokuyaraa Branch
The officers are as follows ;
Keizo Hirooka, Esq
YuKiNORi HosHiNO, Esq. ,
Seijiro Gion, Esq. ... .
Osaka.
Tokyo.
Kyoto.
Kobe.
Okayama.
Fukuyama.
Tokuyama.
President.
Managing Director.
Director.
The financial standing of the house stood at the end of
June, 1915, as follows : —
Yen.
Capital 1,000,000
Reserve 1,400,000
Deposits 42,847,182
Loans 31,039,178
Public bonds, debentures, and shares owned ... 9,18,0669
Mr. Yukinori Hoshino, Managing Director of the bank,
was born in Nagasaki prefecture in 1871, second son of
Yukiyoshi Hoshino, a samurai of Shimabara Clan.
When young he went to America, and gained much
commercial experience. After iiis return home, he entered
the Hirooka & Co. ; subsequently lie joined the Kajima
Bank, where he maintains tlie present office.
He wrote several books, among them a book called " The
"Various Courses of the Development of Financial Resources
in Germany " is widely read by the public.
He is now interested in the Daido Life Insurance Co.
and tlie Osaka Electric Lamp Co. in addition to the bank.
( 94 )
KiSHIMOTO GINKO.
(THE KISHIMOTO BANK.)
a'^HE bank was founded by the late Mr. Toyotaro
Kishimoto, M.P., in 1894 and was at first his private
enterprise. Owing to the rapid increase in its business it
was in 1913 converted "into a
joint stock concern, however, and
its capital was increased to
¥1,000,000.
According to the latest
report, deposits with the house
amount to ¥9,338,185, which
represents more than nine times
the capital of the bank and shows
how great is the public trust
in the house. The reserve, how-
ever, is comparatively small, be-
cause only three years have
elapsed since its conversion into
a joint stock concern.
The bank has its head office
at No. 14, 2-chome Minato-cho,
Kobe, with branches in various
localities.
MR. S. KISHIMOTO.
Kobe Branch
Minato Higashi Branch ,
Fukiai Branch ,
Minami Branch
Nishi Branch
Okayama Branch ... ,
Kobe.
Okayama.
The bank also has a large number of correspondents
throughout the country and in Chosen.
The bank's management, which consists of the following
well-known business men in Kobe, has quite successfully
conducted its afiaiis and its business ability is generally
thought to be of an uncommon order.
The Officers are as follows : —
Shintaro Kishimoto, Esq.
KoTARO Kishimoto, Esq.
JiNSUKE Kishimoto, Esq.
KiSABUEO Tanaka, Esq
Buhei Kinoshita, Esq
Eikichi Hibaho, Esq
President.
Director.
Auditor.
Profit and Loss Account for the Six Months
Ending 31st December, 1915.
Yen.
Gross receipts for the terra 307,981.510
Gross disbursements for the term 263,574.920
Balance (net profit) 54,406.590
Brought over from last account 3,975.170
Total
58,381.760
THE KISHIMOTO BANK, KOBE.
To be distributed as follows : —
Reserve fund
Keserve for depreciation of Bank Premises ...
Dividend on Shares
Pension fund for Officials
Carried forward to the next term
Yen.
30,000.000
2,000.000
20,000.000
2,000.000
4,381.760
( 95 )
KYOTO SHOKO GINKO.
(THE KYOTO COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL BANK.)
THIS Bank, which carries on general banking transac-
tions on a very large scale in the old capital of the
Empire, exercises great influence over the business circles
THE KYOTO COMMERCIAL AND
INDUSTRIAL BANK.
in that city. It is also one of the oldest establishments in
that city, for it was founded there in October, 1886, and
has since enjoyed an unbroken record of prosperity and
expansion.
At present the bank has an authorized capital of
¥3,000,000, of which ¥1,800,000 is paid up. Against
this amount the bank keeps a reserve of ¥535,000 in
round figures.
The bank has its head office at Rokkaku Minamiiru,
Higashinotoin, Kyoto, and branches in various localities : —
Nishijin Branch
Matsubara Branch
Osaka Branch ...
... Kyoto.
.. Osaka.
This banking establishment is managed by the
following business-men, widely known as representative
commercial men in the city : —
Gentaro Tanaka, Esq. ...
JiNZABORO Naiki, Esq. ...
RisuKK Inoue, Esq
Inosuke Watanabe, Esq.
Shoshichi Matsui, Esq....
JlHEI NiSHIMUKA, Esq. ...
Shozaemon Kubota, Esq.
Kazuha Tanaka, Esq. ..
President.
Director.
Auditor.
MEIJI GINKO.
(THE MEIjI BANK.)
THE Meiji Bank of Nagoya was established in Decem-
ber, 1896, by prominent business men of the city
including Messrs. M. Okuda, S. Suzuki and T. Kondo. In
THE MEIJI BANK, NAGOYA.
January, 1908, Mr. Kinnosuke Kanno assumed the pre-
sidency which post he has held up to the present time. The
bank was organized with a capital of ¥3,000,000; with an
amHlgaraation with the Atsuta Bank the capital was in-
creased to ¥3,600,000, of which ¥2,340,000 was paid up.
BALANCE SHEET, JUNE 30th, 1916.
Assets. Yen.
Loans 374,639.210
Overdrafts 1,944,840.025
Bills Discounted 12,958,500.130
Documentary Drafts 285,077.310
Foreign Bills 13,452.460
Deposits 20,280.479
Current Deposits in the Bank of Japan ... 31,880.030
Loans Due from Other Banks 2,692,562.210
National Loan Bonds 3,247,769.900
( 96 )
Local Loan Bonds
Debentures
Share Certificates
Capital Unpaid ...
Land and Buildings
Specie
Convertible Notes
Cheques and Bills
Total
Fixed Deposits ...
Current Deposits
Special Deposits...
Bank Bills
Liabilities.
Yen.
127,400.000
293,800.000
483,500.000
1,260,000.000
398,238.000
12,340.777
709,837.000
268,284.900
25,122,402.431
Yen.
5,867,542.820
9,996,430.595
644,805.153
34,435.560
Yen.
Bills Payable 1,600,000.000
Due to Correspondents 2,708,679.810
Discount Received and Interest Unpaid ... 100,136.690
Capital 3,600,000.000
Legal Reserve Fund 414,000.000
Special Reserve Fund 20,000.000
Reserve Fund for Pensions 1,000.000
Dividend Unpaid 1,480.000
Profits for the Half Year 133,891.333
Total 25,122,402.431
The following are the bank's officers : —
KiNNOSUKE Kanno, Esq President.
Narataro Omiwa, Esq Vice-President.
MITSUBISHI GOSHIKWAISHA GINKOBU.
(THE MITSUBISHI GOSHIKWAISHA BANKING DEPARTMENT.)
THE department is the outgrowth of the 119th National
Bank, which was founded in the early days of the
Meiji Era in accordance with the National Bank Act. The
Mitsu Bishi Company purchased the whole establishment in
May, 1885, but the concern was maintained under the old
ment's capital has been ¥1,000,000 since its creation, but
its reserve now amounts to ¥8,800,000.
The department's head office is situated at No. 1,
Itcliome Yayesu-clio, Kojimachi-ku, Tokyo, branch offices
being located in other Cities".
THE MITSUBISHI BANKING DEPARTMENT, TOKYO.
style up to October, 1895, when it was converted into a
department of the Mitsu Bishi Company.
The department transacts general banking business,
foreign exchange business and trust dealings. The depart-
Fukagawa Branch Tokyo.
Osaka Branch and Nakanoshima Branch. Osaka.
Kobe Branch Kobe.
Kyoto Branch Kyoto.
( 97 )
The partners in the company are Barons Koyata
Iwasaki and Hisaya Iwasaki, but the department's affairs
are managed by the following officers : —
Manzo Kushida, Esq Manager.
KiKUO AoKi, Esq Sub-Manager.
ToRU Otobe, Esq
KiYOMA Kawazoye, Esq.
SoBUN Yamamuro, Esq. ...
The position of the department which is most sound, as
is clearly seen in its recent statements of accounts, whicli
are fully reproduced under : —
BALANCE SHEET, SIst DECEMBER, 1915.
Interest on Bonds and Securities
Sundry Profits
215,420.88
13,366.47
Liabilities.
v/apitai ... ... ..( ... ... ... ... ...
Deposits
Bills Payable
Due to other Banks
Bills re-DiscouDted
Brought forward from Last Profit and Loss
Account
Net Profit for the Half- Year
Total
Assets.
Advances
Overdrafts
Bills Discounted
Government Bonds
Other Bonds and Securities
Due from other Banks
Cash on Hand and in Banks
Yen.
1,000,000.00
65,819,251.04
21,907.24
167,047.74
1,500,000.00
8,271,074.47
321,175,23
77,100,455.72
Yen.
14,998,736.77
4,674,196.73
46,272,411.50
2,739,011.27
3,679,012.85
158,293.20
4,578,973.40
Total 77,100,455.72
Profit and Loss Account for the Half- Year
Ending 31st December, 1915.
Interest
Commission
Discount
Current Expenses including Salaries, Taxes
and other Charges
Sundry Losses
Transferred to the General Account of the
Company as Profit for the Half Year at
the rate of 10 per cent, per annum
Balance carried forward to next Account...
Yen.
1,611,676.69
677.37
113,360.38
200,778.68
56.94
50,000.00
8,542,249.70
Total
Balance brought
Account ,
Interest
Commission
Discount
forward from Last
10,518,799.76
Yen.
8,271,074.47
731,661.51
32,963.38
1,254,310.05
Total 10,518,799.76
BALANCE SHEET, 30th JUNE, 1916.
Liabilities. Yen.
Capital r. 1,000,000.00
Deposits 78,614,032.53
Bills Payable 31,760.63
Due to other Banks 354,672.11
Bills re-Discounted 1,500,000.00
Interest Accrued on Deposits 285,990.49
Rebate on Bills Discounted not yet due ... 263,620.52
Brought forward from Last Profit and Loss
Account 8,542,249.70
Net Profit for the Half- Year 391,241.18
J.Ul'H'l ••• ••• ••• ••• ■•■
Assets.
Advances
Overdrafts
Bills Discounted
Government Bonds
Other Bonds and Securities
New Building
Due from other Banks
Cash on Hand and in Banks
90,983,567.06
Yen.
7,975,048.37
8,616,281.32
59,693,130.61
4,733,421.76
3,745,651,65
85,000.00
2,054,149.05
4,080,884,30
J.01H1 a** ••• ••• ••• ••• ••* •••
Profit and Loss Account for the
Ending 30th June, 1916,
Interest
Commission
Discount
Current Expenses including Salaries, Taxes
and other Charges
Sundry Losses
Transferred to tlie General Account of the
Company as Profit for the Half- Year at
the late of 10 per cent, per annum
Balance carried forward to next Account...
90,983,667.06
Half- Year
Yen.
1,997,583.84
40,477.44
366,098.37
183,970.12
13,228.93
50,000,00
8,883,490,88
Total 11,534,849.58
Balance brought forward from Last Yen,
Account 8,542,249.70
Interest ,.. 919,960.93
Commission 77,879.07
Discount 1,474,833.24
Interest on Bonds and Securities 353,218.58
Profit from the Sale of Bonds and Securities. 156,858.86
Sundry Profite 9,849.20
Total
11.534,849.58
( 98 )
MITSUI GINKO.
(THE MITSUI BANK, LIMITED.)
rriHE Mitsui Bank, reconstituted as a Joint Slock
JL Company, is one of the oldest and largest institu-
tions in the Empire of Japan. It has grown out of
the Mitsui Exchange House founded at Kyoto, Osaka and
Yedo (now Tokyo) by Takatoshi Mitsui over two centuries
ago. The celebrated financier invented and organised for
the first time in Japan a special banking system^ and this,
be it remembered, was done when the knowledge of banking
or bills of exchange was entirely lacking in this country,
and wiien in England the business of modern banking was
first introduced by the New Fashioned Goldsmiths or
Bankers in London, It is to be noted that the Bank of
England, which has been the principal bank not only in
authorised by the Government to issue convertible notes
amounting to three million yen, and subsequently the
Hokkaido notes for two and a half million yen. At
that time, the Mitsui Exchange House had already been
projecting the transformation of its institution into a central
bank of Japan, but in the meanwhile, the Government
adopting the American banking system, the National Bank
Act was promulgated. In 1872, the First National Bank
was established at Tokyo, and the Mitsuis became its
principal shareholders. Thus although the Mitsuis had to
abandon their project, they never ceased to be a prominent
power in the financial dominion of the country. In 1876,
the Mitsui Bank was organized upon a joint stock system,
THE MITSUI BANK, TOKYO.
England but in the whole world, was projected by William
Paterson and incorporated in England just three years after
the appointment of Takahira, the eldest son of Takayoshi,
by the Tokugawa Shogunate as its Exchange Controller in
1691. With the Restoration of 186S an important epoch
was opened in the history of the firm. While the govern-
ment under the direct control of the Crown was in process
of consolidation, the Mitsuis acted as its principal financial
agents, and it was in a great measure due to this that the
country was enabled to bridge over a great crisis with which
it was then threatened from within and without. In 1871,
three years after the Meiji Bestoratiou, the firm was
having revised and enlarged not only the oriental business
of the Exchange House, but also its general banking
transactions, which were increased to a vast extent. In
1893, by the enactment of the Commercial Code, it was
remodelled as an unlimited liability concern.
RECENT DEVELOPMENT.
The financial development of late years has necessitated
the reconstitution of this partnership as a joint stock
company to meet the requirements of the present situation.
Thus, from November 1st, 1909, it waa transformed into a
joint stock bank under the style of The Mitsui Bank,
( 99 )
Limited, in the same place of business and under the same
management as before, with a fully paid-up capital of
Twenty Million yen. The great improvements made of
late in the management of the Bank have more and more
strengthened its foundation, aud have given it a distinct
position and unrivalled credit, and it stands foremost
amongst Japanese banks in the magnitude of its business.
By means of an ample reserve of liquid assets the bank
is enabled at all times to meet the demands of depositors and
to protect its own safety in case of emergencies. The
striking growth of deposits since 1904 is an ample evidence
of its credit and fame.
Always bearing in mind the possible requirements of
its clients, the Bank decided in 1913 to inaugurate a
Foreign Department to provide facilities for its over-sea
clients. This was done after a careful investigation of
foreign trade relations, and the scheme has proved to be a
complete success. The Department has an adequate world-
wide system of foreign agents and correspondents, among
whom will be found leading Banks in London, New York,
Paris, etc., and the service has been brought up to the
highest standard consistent with modern banking.
BUSINESS TRANSACTED.
The bank conducts not only every kind of general
domestic banking business, but foreign exchange operations,
and other international business, of which the more important
items are as follows : —
1. Receiving Deposits.
2. Discounting Bills.
3. Making Loans and Advances.
4. Operating in home and foreign exchange business.
5. Safe Deposit, Collection.
6. Floating, or underwriting National Loan Bonds,
Debentures, and the Shares of Companies.
7. Making acceptances of Bills and giving guarantees
on Securities.
8. Undertaking Trust Business with reference to
Mortgage debentures.
The bank is now controlled by the following gentlemen
who are universally recognized as among the ablest bankers
in Japan : —
Baron Taeayasu Mitsui ...
Senkichiro Hayakawa, Esq.
Seihin Ikeda, Esq
Umekichi Yoneyama, Esq...
MoRiNOsuKE Mitsui, Esq. ...
Takuma Dan, Esq
Senjiro Watanabe, Esq. ...
ToKUEMON Mitsui, Esq.
Shogoro Hatano, Esq.
Ken Hayashi, Esq
f President and
( Director.
Managing Director.
Director.
The following accounts show the latest condition of the
bank's affairs : —
BALANCE SHEET.
(Ending June 30tb, 1916).
Liabilities.
Capital
Reserve Fund
Deposits
Time 66,421,269.09
Demand 57,372,895.08
Due to other Bunks
Due to Foreign Correspondents
Miscellaneous Accounts
Balance Brought Forward
Net Profit for the Half-year
Yen.
20,000,000.00
7,800,000.00
123,794,164.17
496,770.55
4,419,020.71
54,791.19
353,133.40
1,274,886.15
Auditor.
Total
•*• .**
168,192,766.17
Assets.
Yen.
Cash in hand and with other Banks
*■• ...
12.800,115.98
Loans and Advances
.•• ...
118,114,188.79
Loans & Overdrafts 46,259,951.34
Bills Discounted 57,536,246.13
Foreign Bills 14,317,991.32
vjrovernraent Bonds
14,669,974.65
Consols
••• •••
2,822,564,10
Shares and Debentures
4,581,150.00
Due from other Banks
106,713.15
Due from Foreign Correspondents
353,172.73
Miscellaneous Accounts
••• ...
10,347.47
Landed Property & Bank Premises
••• •••
4,734,539.35
X0(8>1 «•• ••• ••• ••• ••«
158,192,766.17
PROFIT AND LOSS
ACCOUNT.
Yen.
By Net Profit for the Half-year...
■•• •■•
1,274,886.15
By Balance Brought Forward ...
*•• •••
35^133.40
Total
1,628,019.55
Distributed as Follows :
Yen.
To Reserve Fund
600,000.00
„ Bonuses and Allowances
.•• ...
127,400.00
„ Dividend
500,000.00
Balance Carried Forward
400,619.55
Total
1,628,019.55
C i«o )
NAGOYA GINKO.
(THE NAGOYA BANK.)
rriHE Nagoya Bank is vpell known as one of the three
-*- great banks in Nagoya. It came into existence as
far back as 1889. The bank has a capital of ¥3,000,000
MR. K. TSUNEKAWA.
(¥2,280,000 paid up) and reserve funds amounting to
¥1,500,000. Deposits at the end of June last amounted to
over ¥23,973,281 and loans over ¥20,804,165. The bank's
officers are a| follows:—
Tf.isukb Taki, Esq
JoYEMON Kasugai, Esq. ...
HEIYEMON/rAKI, Esq.
HiKOBEi Kato, Esq
Zenshichi Morimoto, Esq.
KOSABURO TsUNEKAWA, Esq.
Shobei Koide, Esq
KiHEi Watanabe, Esq. ...
President.
Director.
Auditor.
BALANCE SHEET, JUNE 30th, 1916.
Assets. Yen.
Loans 593,200.160
Overdrafts 2,398,069.466
Bills discounted 17,524,460.620
Documentary drafts 278,436.120
Deposits 1,603,275.587
Current deposits 259,267.070
Due from 1848 correspondents 1,382,738.050
National and Local loan bonds 3,402,015.890
Foreign loan bonds 351,500.000
Debenture stocks and share certificates ... 862,320.200
Land and buildings 572,805.287
Furniture 8,681.630
Expenditure for the establishment of branch
offices 18,662,140
Capital to be paid up 720,000.000
Cash on hand 1,638,178.843
Total
Liabilities.
The bank has the head office in Temma-cho, Nishiku
and branches in various localities.
Public deposits
Fixed „
Current „
Petty current deposits
Special deposits
Bank bills
Bills payable
Interest unpaid
Unexpired discount
Due to 1580 correspondents ...
Capital
Reserve found
Special reserve fund
Profit for the half year
Total
.31,613,611.063
Yen.
. 511,548.070
. 9,194,041.546
. 8,060,460.158
. 5,709,061.163
. 495,590.888
2,581.260
. 100,000.000
. 109,158.500
80,803.390
. 2,661,950.485
; 3,000,000.000
. 1,260,000,000
. 190,000.000
. 238,415.603
.31,613,611.063
( 101 )
NANIWA GINKO.
(THE NANIWA BANK, LIMITED.)
THE Naoiwa Bank is one of the greatest banking
establishments, not only in Osaka, where it has
its headquarters, but tliroughout the country. It was
established in December, 1877, as the 32nd National Bank
in accordance with tiie
National Bank Act,
and had its head ofBce
in Osaka and brancli
offices in Tokyo and
Sakai. The actual
operations were, how-
ever, opened in the
early part of the
following year with a
capital of ¥360,000.
Simultaneously
with the conversion
of tlie concern into a
private corporation in
January, 1898, tlie
bank changed its style
to the Naniwa Bank,
Ltd., at the same
time incorporating the
5th National Bank. The capital of the bank was in-
creased as the result of these changes to ¥1,800,000, and
the offices of the incorporated bank were converted into
branch offices.
Soon the bank's capital grew to ¥2,400,000. Another
extension was effected in February, 1899, to ¥2,700,000,
when the Osaka Meiji Bank was amalgamated, and its
offices in Osaka were made branch offices. In March of the
same year the Kobe branch office was created. In July,
1901, the Osaka Kyoritsu Bank was incorporated and the
capital was again increased to ¥3,700,000, and in June,
1902, it rose to ¥4,000,000, as the Osaka Commercial and
Industrial Bank was amalgamated.
During the following few years branch offices were
established in Hyogo and Kagoshima prefectures. In
Wakayama, too, the bank extended its business by incor-
porating the Wakayama Bank and converting it into a
branch office in 1909, when the bank further increased its
capital to ¥7,000,000. In July, 1914, another extension
was effected in the bank's scope of business by the incor-
MR. M. MATSUKATA
poration of the Tennoji Bank. Now the bank has an
authorised capital of ¥14,000,000, and according to the
report made at the close of the first half of 1916 deposits
amounted to ¥53,410,000, while reserve funds readied a
total of ¥2,800,000. General loans totalled ¥45,560,000
and the half year's net income ¥500,000, enabling the
bank to distribute a dividend at 9 per cent, per annum.
The Board of officers consists of the following business
President.
Managing Director.
Director.
Masao Matsukata, Esq. ...
Kanesato Aiko, Esq ,
RiNNosuKE Yamanaka, Elsq
TOKUHEI Taku, Esq „
Naoteru Kataoka, Esq „
Chikaakira Takasaki, Esq ... „
Tatsurokuro Yamamoto, Esq. ... „
Masayuki Hirata, Esq Auditors.
Keizo Ukita, Esq „
The head office is situated at Nichome Awaji-cho,
Higashi-ku, Osaka, and the bank has seven branch offices
in Osaka, two branch offices in Tokyo, one at Sakai, one at
Wakayama, two in Kobe, one at Fukuoka, and tiiree in
Kagoshima prefecture.
Mr. KhuesHto
the bank, wiis
born in Kagoshima
in November, 1862,
a son of a samurai
of the Kagoshima
Clan. From his
early days he has
always been con-
nected with Banking
and other lines of
business. He is now
interested in the
Kagoshima Electric
Tramway Company,
the Kagoshima
Steamship and Fish-
ing Company, and
other companies, in
addition to the bank.
Aiko, Managing Director of
MR. K. AIKO.
( 102 )
0 - M I G I N K 0 .
(THE O-MI BANK.)
THE bank was founcJed iu March, 1894, by a group of
influential business men hailing from Omi Province
with an authorized capital of ¥500,000. The head office
was established at 2-chorae Bingo-machi, Higashi-ku
Osaka, in spite of its business style, and in Omi Province
only a branch office was opened at Echigawa. The
bank's affairs were fairly favourable and in July, 1895,
another branch office was established in Kyoto.
THE OMI BANK, OSAKA.
In 1896 when Mr. Shinsuke Koizumi was the President
of the house tiie bank's authorized capital was increased to
¥1,000,000 and everything seemed to go on quite well with
the house, but then a serious reaction set in to the boom
after the war and the bank was involved in it.
The bank had to reduce its capital fund and introduce
a thorough reform in its management, thereby endeavouring
to tide over its financial difficulties. Thus the bank was
able to adjust its business.
After the thorough reform the branch office at
Notogawa, Omi Province, was established and business
operations at all offices were conducted on more active and
business-like lines.
In 1901, another reform was carried out with success
and the public confidence in the house steadily in-
creased. Deposits began to come in iu increasing amounts
and the concern was entirely restored to its former healthy
condition in 1905 when the Nagahama Bank at Nagahama,
Omi Province, was incorporated and converted into a local
branch of the bank.
In June, 1906, the Koto Bank at Takamiya, Omi
Province, was amalgamated and converted into a branch
office, and the bank's authorized capital was increased
to ¥2,000,000, another branch being inaugurated at
Yokaichi.
Later the Hino and tHe Otsu Banks, local banking
houses in Omi Province, were incorporated and when
Mr. K. Ikeda became the President in July, 1910, the house
became one of the leading banking establishments in Osaka
and districts. By degrees branch offices in Osaka were
increased and in 1915 another was inaugurated in Tokyo.
Now the bank's capital stands at ¥4,000,000 and in
every respect it compares favourably with any of the first
rate banking houses in the Empire. The bank now holds
deposits to the amount of ¥45,000,000 in round figures.
OSAKA CHOCHIKU GINKO.
(THE OSAKA SAVINGS BANK.)
ryHE Bank is one of the foremost savings banks in the
JL country, its operations extending over a period of
twenty-six years.
The bank lias a reerve of ¥1,750,000 against
its capital of ¥500,000. Tlie deposits amount to
¥24,618,545.448.
The highest degree of prudence is shown by the bank's
management in the investment of deposits, ¥16,135,856
being pliiced in public bonds, according to the latest report
of the bank, which figure represents nearly 80 per cent, of
the whole liabilities. In discounted bills ¥3,767,873.31 is
invested, while in less liquid debentures and shares only
¥1,301,000 is placed.
The bank has its head office at 3-chorae Fushimi-cho,
( 103 )
Higashi-ku, Osaka, and its management consists of the
following well-known business leaders in Osaka : —
KicHiROBEi Yamaquohi, Esq.
MiNAO HiRASE, Esq
Kasuke Koshino, Esq.
SUTEZO TOYAMA, Esq.
ToKUHEi Taku, Esq
JUNZASaRO ASHIDA, Esq. ...
President.
Managing Director.
Director.
ft
Auditor.
Profit and Loss Account for the Half- Year
TO June 30th, 1916.
Yen.
Profit for the Term 916,478.601
Brought over from the Previous Term ... 158,184.883
THE OSAKA SAVINGS BANK.
Total
Loss for the Term
Net profits
To be distributed as follows : —
Legal Reserve Fund ...
Special Reserve Fund
Pension fund for officials
Bonuses and allowances to officials
Dividend on Shares
Carried forward to the next term
1,074,663.484
840,601.816
234,061.668
20,000.000
80,000.000
10,000.000
9,800.000
14,680.000
99,581.668
SANJU-SHI GINKO.
(THE 3 4TH BANK.)
THE bank was founded in March, 1878, as a national
bank in accordance with the National Bank Act
then promulgated. In September, 1897, it was decided to
convert it into a private bank and the authorized capital of
the bank was increased from ¥375,000 to ¥1,500,000.
Immediately after its conversion into a private banking
house it amalgamated the 12l8t Bank, Ltd. and at the same
time increased its capital to ¥2,100,000. Again in April,
1899, the Nippon Churitsu Bank, Ltd., and the Nippon
Kyodo Bank, Ltd. were amalgamated and in December,
1901, the Yugyo Bank, Ltd. was bought up, wiien the
bank's capital was augmented to ¥5,000,000. Further,
in March, 1912, the bank's capital was increased to
¥10,000,000, which was fully paid up in July, 1914, thus
making the house one of the greatest banking houses in
Japan.
The bank transacts ordinary banking business, at the
same time carrying on trust business. Foreign exchange
business is also conducted. A new feature worth special
mention is the Industrial Capitalization Department the
bank has lately created for the purpose of financing various
industries in need of help.
The bank's head office is situated at Shichome Korai-
bashi, Higashi-ku, Osaka, and it has the following branch
ofiices : —
Minami Branch and Terama Branch
Zakoba Branch and Horie Branch
Nipponbashi Branch
Tokyo Branch
Kyoto Branch
Kobe Branch and Hyogo Branch...
Hiroshima Branch
Tokushima Branch
Nara Branch
Taihoku Branch and Tainan Branch
The management of the bank is conducted under the
able control of Mr. Kenzo Koyama.
Following is a summary from latest accounts: —
Deposits
General Loans
Negotiable Securities (mostly Government
Bonds)
Cash on Hand including Deposits with the
Bank of Japan ...
Capital '
XbcScFvc ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• *••
Osaka.
,1
<■,
Tokyo.
Kyoto.
Kobe.
Hiroshima.
Tokushima.
Nara.
Taiwan.
47,410.000
42,000,000
13,310,000
6,590,000
10,000.000
4,000,000
( 104 )
SHNU GINKO.
(THE 40TH BANK.)
THE Bank was organized in November, 1878, in
Tatebayashi, Gumma Prefecture in accordance
withjthe National Bank Act, branches being subse-
quently' established in various localities. The capital of
¥150,000 was gra-
dually increased until
in 1913 it reached
¥2,000,000. In July
of 1898 the term of
business of the na-
tional banks expired
when the bank was
reorganized into
a joint stock com-
pany in accordance
with the special act
providing for the dis-
posal of these banks.
Simultaneously with
this the bank removed
its head office to
Kiryumachi, chang-
ing the office in
Tatebayashi into a
branch. The capital at the reorganization of the bank
was ¥840,000. But in March, 1906, it was decreased by
¥160,080. In the ensuing month it was increased by
¥120,080, amounting thus to ¥800,000 in all. In August,
1909, the capital was increased by ¥400,000, and in February
1913 by ¥800,000, totalling ¥2,000,000.
The bank's officers are as follows : —
MR. S. MORI.
S. Mori, Esq.
F. OSAWA, Esq.
E.AoKf, Esq.
President and Director.
Managing Director.
Assistant Managing
Director.
Director.
S. Ayuba, Esq
R. KoMURO, Esq „
S. Chiba, Esq „
K. KoBOTA, Esq „
Z. Takahashi, Esq „
BALANCE SHEET.
For the period January Ist, 1916, to June 30th, 1916.
Assets. Yen.
Fixed Loans 639,371.590
Overdrafts 1,089,684.730
Yen.
Bills Discounted 5,691,032.050
Documentary Drafts ... 5,499.520
Deposits 167.179.370
Sundry Accounts 5,091.190
National Loan Bonds 165,807.470
Various debentures 26,580.000
Various Shares 13,300.000
Due from 156 Correspondents 99,577.950
Capital to be Paid Up 400,000.000
Land and Buildings for Business Purposes.. ] 55,431.600
Furniture 6,770.000
Land and Buildings 37,560.530
Forfeited Pawned Articles 15,454.270
Cash on Hand 11,467.710
Paper Money 242,827.000
Bills and Cheques 66,130.330
Total 8,838,765.310
THE FORTIETH BANK, KIRYU.
Yen.
Liabilities.
Deposit of the Principal of and Interest on
the National Loans 38.320
Public Deposits 17,680.509
Fixed Deposits 2,331,940.110
( 105 )
Current Deposits
Petty Current Deposits
Special Current Deposits
Special Deposits
Bills Payable
Fixed Loans
Bills Rediscounted ... .
Due to 239 correspondents
Interest Unpaid
Yen.
1,578,205.177 Unexpired Interest
908,556.350 Capital
46,518.920 Reserve Fund
1,119,163.784 Special reserve fund
20,348.390 Fund for Retiring Allowances
100,000.000 Dividend on Shares Unpaid ,
9,900.000 Brought forward from the Previous Period.
168,730.630 Net Profits for the Period
6,979.150 Total
Yen.
32,569.360
2,000,000.000
245,000.000
105,000.000
10,000.000
312.130
84,903.630
53.018.850
8,838,765.310
SODA GINKO.
(THE SODA BANK AND THE SODA SAVINGS BANK.)
THE SOila Bank is a partnership founded with an
authorised capital of ¥300,000 in September, 1895.
Under the able management of the late Mr. Kinsaku Soda,
the founder and Pre-
sident, the bank's busi-
ness thrived and public
deposits increased so
much that in 1915 its
capital was increased to
¥1,000,000.
The Soila Savings
Bank was founded as
a joint stock concern
in January, 1900, with
an authorised capital
of ¥50,000. This esta-
blishment also met with
a ready support in
January, 1915, and the
authorised capital was
increased to ¥500,000.
The rapidity of the
banks* expansion is shown in the following table, showing
the public deposits : —
sOda.
End of June, 1901
End of June, 1906
End of June, 1911
End of June, 1916
August 10th, 1916
Soda
Bank.
Yen.
1,148,850
5.059,383
6,718,642
11,113,651
12,265,047
Soda
Savings Bank.
Yen.
172,343
1,650,206
3,225,937
5,750,304
6,128.856
The founder of these banks, the late Mr. Kinsaku SOda,
was born at Oniishi, Gumma prefecture, in the last years of
the Shogunate regime, and in his thirteenth year came up
to Yokohamn.
In 1895 he established the Soda Bank, and on the
strength of its success he inaugurated the SOda Savings
Bank, in 1900. His prudent yet enterprising management
made the banks under his control a signal success and in
1915 the capital of the establishments was increased enor-
mously. He was all the time interested in public afiairs,
and in 1906 was recommended for membership in the
House of Peers by the largest ratepayers of Kanagawa pre-
fecture ; while in office he was decorated with the Fourth Class
Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure. He died in March,
1915, prior to which he was granted the Court rank of Ju-
Rokui in recognition of his public services.
On the death of his father Dr. Eiichiro Soda assumed
the Presidency of the banks and is still in office. After his
graduation from the Tokyo Higher Commercial School in
1904 he went to Europe via America to prosecute his
studies. After a tour he settled down at Cambridge,
England, and studied Economics. In 1905 he went to
Germany and stayed there till the Spring of 1912, studying
economics, law, and philosophy. He also studied in
France. Before he returned home in 1913 he received the
degree of doctor in Germany. At home just before he
assumed the presidency of the banks he received the degree
of Hogaku Hakushi.
Dr. ^ oda is assisted in the management of the bauks
by Messrs. Toichi Ssda and Shinzaburo Soda. The former
is his brother-in-law and his present capacity in the banks
is Active Member and Manager of the Soda Bank and
Director of the S5da Savings Bank.
The Soda family conducts another enterprises besides
the banks. The Yokohama Merchandise Warehouse Com-
pany, Ltd. was originally organized as a partnership, but
recently it has been converted into a joint stock company
with an authorised capital of ¥1,000,000.
C 106 )
TANAKA GINKO.
(THE TANAKA BANK.)
THE Tanaka Bank was establised in 1883 with the
capital of ¥300,000. When tlie capital of the bank
was increased to ¥500,000 in 1893 the bank was changed
to a limited partnership from a joint stock company.
Mr. Heihachi Tanaka is the President of the bank.
The bank's head office is situated at No. 7, Sakamoto-
cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo, branches being established in
Yokohama and Otaru, Hokkaido.
BALANCE SHEET, ON 30th
Liabilities.
Various Deposits
Due to Other Banks
Authorized Capital
Various Reserve Funds
Brought over from last Account...
Net Profit for the Term
Total
JUNE. 1916.
Yen.
... 3,586,467.160
6,859.710
500,000.000
825,894.650
30,504.120
39,380.330
4,989,105.970
Assets. Yen.
Loans and Overdrafts 1,447,658.720
Bills Discounted 2,777,936.410
Government Bonds 446,000.000
Due from Other Banks 611.020
Land, Building, and Furniture of the Bank.. 28,999.640
Casli on Hand and Deposits 287,900.180
Total 4,989,105.970
Profit and Loss Account fob the Half Year
ENDING 30th June 1916.
Net Profit for the Term and Brought over Yen.
from Last Account 69,884.450
To be distributed as follows : —
Legal Reserve Fund 12,000.000
Bonus for Officials 4,000.000
Dividend on Shares 8 per cent, per Annum. 20,000.000
Carried forward to tlie Next Term 33,884.450
YASUDA GINKO.
(THE YASUDA BANK.)
THE Yasuda Bank wns founded in January, 1880, as a
private concern by Mr. Zenjiro Yasuda. To tiike
over and modernize the business he inaugurated and
managed it under the style of the Yasuda Shoten. At first
^^^^^^/V
THE VASbDA BANK, TOKYO.
the authorised capital of the house was only ¥200,000, but
it is now ¥10,000,000, and is a joint stock company with its
capital fully paid up.
The bank is still controlled by Mr. Zenjiro Yasuda as
General Superviser and the business is
conducted in a manner characteristic of
tliat financial magnate. Soundness and
conservative solidarity are the two pro-
minent features of the business method the
bank pursues.
The bank's head ofiice is situated
at Kobuna-cho, Nihombashi-ku, Tokyo,
branches being established in Fuku-
shima, Utsunomiya, Akita, Aomori,
Sendai, Wakamatsu, Morioka, Nakamura,
Koriyama, Yokote, Honjo, Yonezawa,
Sakata.
The bank conducts ordinary banking
transactions, foreign exchange business,
and trust business, and the result has
■••••■ been very good, thanks to the prudent
and sound management of all transac-
( 107 )
tions, aa shown in tlie latest statement of accounts
given below : —
BALANCE SHEET.
Assets.
Advances and overdrafts
Bills discounted and documentary bills
Due from other banks
Negotiable securities and bullion
Real estate
Office grounds, buildings, and furniture
Cash on hand and deposits
Total
Liabilities.
Capital ..
Reserve ..
Yen.
17,696,682.960
24,918,297.960
1,293,040,640
22,190,963.600
30,977.700
224,530.840
7,944,894.528
74,299,378.228
Yen.
10,000,000.000
2,400,000.000
Deposits
Remittance bills
Due to other banks
Net profit for the term
Brought over from last account
Total ...
Tlie following are the bank's oflBcers :-
Yen.
57,296.514.618
577,117.630
3,423,741.130
549,797.550
62,207.300
74,299,378.228
Zennosuke Yasuda, Esq.
Zenshieo Yasuda, Esq...
Zenqoro Yasuda, Esq....
YosHio Yasuda, Esq. ...
Zenzaburo Yasuda, Esq.
Zenjiro Yasuda, Esq. ...
... President.
... Director.
... ,,
... Auditor.
... Superintendent.
... Adviser.
YUSHiN GINKO.
(THE YUSHIN BANK.)
THE Yushin Bank was established in July, 1895, at
Yanagi-cho, Kofu, Yamannshi Prefecture, with a
capital of f 30,000, as a Favini;s Bank. The business has
steadily developed, with the result that the capital is now
¥1,200,000, the reserve fund being ¥123,000 and deposits
over ¥1,800.000. Since April, 1911, the bank has trans-
acted all kinds of banking business. It has four branches
in the provinces and two agencies in the city, with many
correspondents in various places.
Tanimura Branch Yamannshi Prefecture.
Ichikawa Branch „
Otsuki Branch „
Yoshida Branch „
THE YUSHIN BANK, KOFU.
The list of oflScials is as follows ;
Kyomei Oki, Esq
Zennosuke Kawaguchi, Esq.-
Uhei Naito, Esq
Chuzaburo Terada, Esq. ...
KiHEiJi Terada, Esq
Hachiyemon Kobayashi, Esq.
SkWAJiRO Watanabe, Esq. ...
Masatomo Maki, Esq
President.
Director.
Auditor.
Manager.
( 108 )
TOKYO GINKO SHUKAUO
(THE TOKYO BANKERS' ASSOCIATION.)
THE origin of the Tokyo Bankers' Association dates
back to 1877, when Mr. (now Baron) Eiichi
Shibusawa, the then President of the First National Bank,
established an association called " the Takuzen Kwai "
with a view to effecting co-operation among banks in the
President,
MR. S. HAYAKAWA.
Vice-President,
MR. Y. SASAKI.
Vice-President,
MR. I. MATSUKATA.
city. The Association was composed of national and
private banks, eleven in number, the First National Bank,
the Fifteenth Bank and the Mitsui Bank being Directors.
These banks held a conference once a month in the office of
the Association established in the First National Bank.
The number of members gradually increased to 30, when
the Takuzen Kwai was dissolved and the Tokyo Bankers'
Association was organized by a committee previously
appointed, consisting of the Third, Sixth, Twentieth, Thirty-
third, and One Hundredth National Banks. That was in
September 1880. In December, 1886, the Association
commenced the publication of a monthly called the Ginko
Tsushin-roku (Bankers' Reports) for the mutual benefit of
the members, giving in it valuable reports contributed
by them. The monthly published by the Association was
highly welcomed by business men in general. Owing to
the gradual increase in tiie number of members the Associa-
tion later established the Bankers' Club for the recreation of
the members. Some time afterwards the Association
appointed Baron Eiichi Shibusawa President, and Messrs.
Ryohei Toyokawa and Kokichi Sonoda Vice-Presidents,
when the members numbered 144, representing 54 banks.
In December, 1910, the Association was reorganized into a
corporate juridical person, and at the same time articles of
association were drawn up. The total amount of the funds
is fixed at ¥150,000. Directors are composed of one
President and two Vice-Presidents, who are to be elected
from among the members. An ordinary general meeting
is called in January and July each year, and an extra
general meeting may be convened whenever deemed
necessary by the Directors. Only those banks having head
or branch offices either in the Capital or Yokohama are
qualified for membership.
In order to meet the increasing expansion of the
business, a site was chosen at No. 5, Nichome Yurakucho,
Kojimachi in October, 1913, for the construction of a new
and larger building. The office was completed in Septem-
ber of the following year and opened on September 26th,
1916. At present the Association is affiliated with 67 banks.
The monthly published by the Association, referred to above,
was at first intended for circulation among bankers only,
but constant eflTorts to improve it and keep in line with the
best magazines of the world, won for it such popularity that
it was welcomed by all business men throughout the land.
In 1897, at a meeting of the Tokyo Bankers' Association a
THE TOKYO BANKERS' ASSO;'! ATIO.N.
resolution was passed to further improve the magazine both
in its style and contents. Since then, wiiile giving full
records of all domestic topics of material interest to bankers
it has devoted a large share of its space to the economic and
financial outlook of the world at large.
( 109 )
BCVCRAGCS AND PROVISiOMS.
DAI-NIPPON BEER KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE DAI-NIPPJN BREWERY CO, LTD.)
THERE was not a single beer brewery in Japan until
about 18T3, when Mr. Copland, an American, opened
a brewery at Yokohama in the name of the Spring Valley
Co. The demand for beer in Japan gradually grew and
the importation of beer from abroad increased year after
year. Hence the rise of beer-brewing in Japan was a
foregone conclusion. In time various Japanese brewery
companies were organized, and their future development
is hopeful. The brewing of beer now occupies an
important place in the
industrial activity of
Japan. It is especially
noticeable that the
Dai - Nippon Brewery
Co., Ltd., as referred
to in these pages,
stands at tiie head of
all the various Japan-
ese beer breweries in
respect to lis large
scale of operations and
its principle of con-
stantly endeavouring to
improve its products.
A HISTORY OF
THE COMPANY.
The Dai-Nippon
Brewery Co., Ltd.,
whose head office is
located at Meguro-mura in the suburbs of Tokyo, Was
established in April, 1906. The Company under the present
title is a new concern, but its organization was effected by
the combine of three big Companies, the Nippon, Sapporo
and Osaka Brewery Cos. The history of these old Com-
panies is described below : —
The Nippjn Brewery Co,, Ltd. — This Company was
established in Tokyo in 1887 with a capital of ¥150,000
(£15,000). The amount of capital was increased to
¥450,000 (£45,000) in 1889 and the brewery enlarged, but
THE MEGURO BREWERY, TOKYO.
owing to the commercial depression of the next year the
capital was reduced to ¥300,000 (£30,000). Mr. Kyohei
Makoshi assumed the Presidentship of the Company, and
under his management the market was extended. Again,
after the 1894-5 war, the demand for beer increased very
much, and the business of the Company was still further
improved. The amount of capital was increased several
times up to 1897, when it reached ¥1,300,000 (£130,000).
The Company erected additional works and built a malt-
house, while sending
experts to Europe and
America to study and
investigate the busi-
ness. As its business
operations developed,
the Company was able
to declare a 20 or 30
per cent, dividend per
annum from 1897, and
the annual output ex-
ceeded 40,000 koku,
(1 koku = 39.7033
gallons). The name of
"Yebisu" Beer,
brewed by this Com-
pany, became very
popular both at home
and abroad. In 1906,
the Company was
amrtigamated with the Sapporo and Osaka Brewery Cos.
under the name of the Dai-Nijipon Brewery Co., Ltd.
The Sappoho Brewery Co , Ltd. — This was the first
l)rewery opened by Japanese in this country. In 1876, the
Hokkaido Colonization Boart), finding that Hokkaido was
suitable for the cultivation of the barley and hops necessary
fur the brewing of beer, established a brewery at Sapporo,
while encouraging tiie production of ihfse materials. 'Ihis
Government brewery, the origin of the Sapporo Brewery
Co., was transferred to Messrs. Okura & Co., upon the
-m.^
( 110 )
closing of the Colonization Board. In 1888, Mr. K, Okura,
in co-operation with Baron E. Shibusawa, ISfr. S. Asaiio and
others, organized the Sapporo Brewery Co., Ltd., with a
capital of ¥70,000 (£7,000), Baron Shibusawa having been
recommended as President of the Company. In 1894, Mr.
S. Uyemura entered the Company as Managing Director
and endeavoured to extend the market. In consequence of
the increased demand for beer after the 1894-5 war, the
scope of the Company's business was further extended. In
1896, the Company increased its capital to ¥300,000
(£30,000). At that time the output of the Company not
only met the increased demand at home but was also ex-
ported to Korsakoff, Vladivostock, Fusan, Port Arthur,
Dalny, Newchwaug, Tientsin, Shanghai, Manila, Singapore,
etc. In 1899, the capital was increased to ¥600,000
(£60,000) according to another expansion programme.
The Company then established a bottle factory and erected
an additional building in the malt-house at Sapporo. In
1903, a brancii brewery was constructed in Tokyo, and in
the next year the capital was finally increased to one
million yen (£100,000) for a still further extension of the
business. The Company had always been exerting the
utmost care to improve the quality of its product, the
" Sapporo " lager-beer gaining a specially favourable
reputation. The Company was combined with the Nippon
and Osaka Brewery Cos. in 1906 to form the Dai-Nippon
Brewery Co., Ltd,
The Osaka Brewery Co., Ltd, — The establishment
of this company was formed in Osaka with a capitrtl of
¥150,000 (£15,000) in 1887, one month later than the
Nippon Brewery Co., Messrs. K. Torii and S. Toyama of
Osaka acting as promoters. On account of the inactivity in
economic circles in Japan at that time, the Company was
unable to open business until towards the end of 1891, when
it commenced brewing beer as well as manufacturing malt.
The next year, the Company began selling the " Asahi "
Beer, which was favourably received by consumers, who
voted its quality excellent. In view of the great success of
its sales the Company increased the amount of its capital to
¥2.50,000 (£25,000) in 1893. A bottle factory was erected
in the same year. In 1895, the capital was again increased
to ¥400,000 (£40,000), while additional works were con-
structed and new plants installed. On account of the
activity of commerce after tlio 1894-5 war and in con-
sequence of tiie position of the Company being convenient
for the exportation of its product to China, Korea and other
foreign countries the market was steadily extended. The
Company's capital was increased to one million yen
(£100,000) in 1896 and further to li million yen (£150,000)
in 1905. While the Company was preparing to meet the
increasing demand after the 1904-5 war, the combine with
the Nippon and Sapporo Brewery Co. was effected — in 1906
— leading to the organization of the Dai-Nippon Brewery
Co., Ltd.
The three big brewery companies in Japan, hitherto
engaged in strong competition, were thus harmoniously
combined under conditions that promised a great develop-
ment of their business. As already stated, the beer brewing
industry in Japan was started only recently, and though its
progress has made comparatively great strides, this industry
is yet far behind the industry in Europe and America, so
that the existence of minor companies and the subsequent
competition between them are detrimental to the develop-
ment of their respective businesses, as to the progress of the
general industry in Japan. This is the reason why the said
three big companies were amalgamated and, therefore, the
beer-brewing industry in Japan may be said to have been
nearly monopolized by the Dai-Nippon Brewery Co.
DEVELOPMENT AFTER THE COMBINE.
The combination of the three companies having been
effected in 1906, the Dai-Nippon Brewery Co., Ltd.,
purchased the whole property and business right of the
Tokyo Beer Brewery Co. in January of the next year and
installed a new plant in that brewery. In 1908, the capital
was increased to twelve million yen (£1,200,000). The
Company possesses works at Meguro, Azuraabashi, Suita,
Sapporo and Hodogaya. The arrangements in the different
works may be briefly described as follows : —
MEGURO WORKS.
The Meguro Works, located in the village of Meguro,
about four miles from Tokyo City, covering over AfiOO Uubo,
were the property of the late Nippon Brewery Co. which
here brewed the famous "Yebisu" Beer. The annual
output is 50,000 koku (1 koku='69.70S8 gallons). The malt-
house attached to the present works uses germinating pots
according to tlie " Galland " system instead of the ordinary
"floor" system. Barley steeped in water is put into large
cylindrical pots, each of about 20 koku capacity. In
these pots the barley is artificially germinated by moisture
and heat properly arranged by a speciHl process. The
operations under this system are free from dirt, which is
inevitable in the " floor " process, and produce malt of the
best quality. In the brewery compound is the Yebisu
Garden, covering 3,000 Uubo, which can accommodate large
parties of visitors. The Yebisu railway station is near the
brewery, afibrding facilities for visitors, who, as a matter of
fact, are attracted to the garden in large numbers,
AZUMABASHI WORKS,
Located at Mukojima, Tokyo, along the famous river
of Sumida, these works command a fine view. During the
( in )
cherry season in the spring, crowds visit the locality. The
present works, the branch brewery of the late Sapporo
Brewery Co., are engaged in brewing " Sapporo " Beer,
etc. This brewery is now able to produce 50,000 hoku a
year. The location of tlie brewery was formerly the site of
Lord Satake's mansion and comprises a picturesque land-
scape garden, called Koyo-en. This garden is known
among foreigners under the name of the Satake Garden.
It is constantly used for the reception of distinguished
foreign visitors, being an ideal place for garden parties.
SUITA WORKS.
The works are erected along the trunk line of the
Tokaido Railway to the north of Suita Station, seven miles
from Osaka, many trains passing the brewery daily. This
brewery, owned by the late Osaka Brewery Co., brews,
exclusively, " Asahi " beer, A bottle-factory is attached
to the brewery.
SAPPORO WORKS.
This brewery, located at Sapporo, Hokkaido, was
originally established by the Hokkaido Colonization Board
and later transferred to private management. The works
became the property of the late Sapporo Brewery Co. in
1888 and now possess a bottle-factory, a malt-house and a
hop plantation.
HODOGAYA WORKS.
The works at Hodogaya, three miles west of Yokohama,
were the property of the late Tokyo Brewery Co., the
brewers of " Tokyo " Beer, but are at present manufacturing
" Citron," a refreshing beverage, as a factory of the Dai-
Nippon Brewery Co.
OUTPUT OF THE BREWERIES.
The total area of the above five works is about 160,000
Uuho (1 <8m6o = 3.9538 square yards) and the buildings cover
about 27,000 tsuho. Tlie aggregate annual output of beer
is over 270,000 koku (1 Ao/fcM= 39.7033 gallons). The
following are the manufactures of the Company : —
" Yebisu " Beer ; " Asalii " Beer ; " Sapporo " Beer ;
" Sapporo " Lager-Beer ; " Peace " Beer ; " Miinchen "
Beer; "Asahi Special Light;" and "Citron," a new
temperance drink.
MARKETS.
The Company's markets are in Taiwan, China, Chosen,
the Philippines, Java, the Straits Settlements, Bangkok,
Saigon, Australia, New Zealand and India as well as through-
out Japan. The total value of beer exported from Japan
during the year 1908 was about ¥1,200,000 (£120,000), of
which about one million yen (£100,000) was exported by the
Dai-Nippon Brewery Co., representing a little more than 70
per cent, of the whole exports. In the domestic market the
Company's manufactures represent 74 per cent, of the total
consumption.
HONOURS WON BY THE COMPANY.
Tlie Company is patronized by the Imperial Household
and by the Imperial Army and Navy. On the occasion of
Prince Heinrich's visit to Japan, the Company liad the
honour of presenting samples of its beer at his table and
received an autograph letter of appreciation from His
Highness. The Company is not only favoured with eulogies
from the British and American Far Eastern Squadrons
whenever they visit Japan, but has also been awarded
medals of merit at various Exhibitions, both at home and
abroad. The principal prizes received by the Company
are :— Gold Medal at the World's Fair, Paris, 1900 ; Gold
Medal at the Hanoi Exhibition, 1902 ; Grand Prix at the
Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, 190 i, and Grand
Prize at the Anglo-Japanese Alliance Exhibition, 1910, the
Tokyo Taisho Exhibition, 1914, the Colonial Exp. Semarang,
1914, and Panama-Pacific International Exposition, 1915.
Many testimonials have been granted to the Company
by warships and others, appreciating the excellence of
quality of its beer or certifying that the Company's
manufactures have never been affected by tropical heat.
FINANCES.
Returns for 1900 show the Company's financial con-
dition as follows : —
Yen.
Capital subscribed 12,000,000
7,520,000
675,000
800,000
14^
PERSONNEL.
Now that the past and present of the Dai-Nippon
Brewery Co., Ltd., have been given, the personnel of the
foremost brewery in Japan may be introduced as follows : —
BOARD OF DIRECTORS.
K. Mako8HI, Esq Chairman Director.
Capital paid up...
Legal reserves
Special reserves
Dividend
S. Uyemura, Esq.
K. Okawa, Esq.
M. Doi, Esq. ...
S. Ohashi, Esq.
T. Taku, Esq. ...
S. Takasugi, Esq.
W. Otsuka, Esq.
J. Katsuka, Esq.
H. Okawa, Esq.
Managing Director.
Director.
Auditors.
( 112 )
KABUTO BEER KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE KABUTO BREWERY CO., LTD.)
THE Kabuto Brewery Co., Ltd. is one of the most
active and enterprising companies of the isind in this
country. The company is situated at Ginza, Tokyo. It
was originally floated under the style of the Maru San
: JltTlON OF THE HANDA BREWERY.
Beer Brewery in 1886 by the Nakauo family, which is
one of the largest and wealthiest brewers in Handa,
Aichi prefecture, where the particular line of business has
been maintained for many years on a great scale because of
the excellence of the water produced there. The enterprise,
which was then a private concern, was taken over just after
the China-Japanese war by a group of business men in that
district from the Nakano family and was organized as a
joint stock company with a capital of ¥600,000. But still
the name of " Maru San " was retained.
The new company installed many up-to-date German
machines in its factory at Handa, which was also rebuilt on
a large scale, and when the remodelling of the plant and
factory was effected both the brewing department and the
engine department were placed under the control of able
German experts. In 1899 the manufactures of the new
company were for the first time placed on the market with
the mark of " Kabuto," or helmet.
Though it was of comparatively recent origin, it stood
competition from the older establishments, and when the
business boom came after the Russo-Japanese campaign the
company increased its capital from ¥600,000 to ¥3,000,000.
At the same time the company's head office was moved to
Tokyo and branch ofiices were established in Osaka and
Nagoya, the head office at Handa being converted into a
factory.
After the enlargement of the business scope the control
of the company was placed in the hands of Mr. Kaichiro
Nezu, and the whole energy of the company's staff, some of
whom were in America to study the business, was concent-
rated on the improvement of the manufactures. As the
result the sales strikingly increased and another extension
was necessitated.
The factory at Handa covers an area of ground esti-
mated at 12,000 tsubo and is equipped with five boilers,
three engines, three motors, and many other machines of
the latest types. A railway siding is laid between Handa
Station and the company's grounds for the transportation
of manufactures and raw materials.
" Kabuto " beer is one of the best produced in Japan
and its reputation at home is quite established. Overseas
it has secured a market in Chosen, China, British India,
Persia, Africa, Siam, the South Sea Islands, Australia, and
otiier countries. In view of the ever-increasing demand,
the company is despatching its employees to these countries
and completing its connection with agents.
The company has been
granted many medals and
prizes by industrial exhibi-
tions, the following being
a few of the most pro-
minent : — Gold Medal, In-
ternational Fair, Paris ;
Ist Class Medal, 2nd Do-
mestic Industrial Exhibi-
tion ; Prize of Honour,
Japano-Korean Mer-
chandise Exhibition, Fusan;
Gold Medal of Honour,
Competitive Exhibition of
Japanese Products ; Grand
Prize of Honour, Nagoya
Competitive Exhibition in
commemoration of the Imperial Enthronement.
The following are the officers of the company : —
Kaichiro Nezu, Esq President.
Ryokichi Nakano, Esq Director.
Seiichi Iida, Esq „
Manjiro Suzuki, Esq „
ToRAJiRo Nakane, Esq. „
Ihei Nakajima, Esq „
Sen Suda, Esq „
Sadamu Murakami, Esq Auditor.
Genzo Satake, Esq „
NEZU.
( 113 )
KIRIN BEER KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE KIRIN BREWERY CO., LTD.)
TO the newcomer who has only heard of Yokohama as a
Japanese port, the spectacle of the extensive and
flourishing works on the Bluff of the Kirin Brewery
Co., Ltd., cannot fail to afford an agreeable surprise, and on
hearing that Kirin Beer represents the recognised standard
of beer in the East, and bids fair to contend with the best
beers brewed in Germany or Austrin, one will not hesitate
to admit that beer-brewing is now one of the most successful
industries implanted in tliis country. It is not too much
now to say that the brewery is carried on on the largest
scale in the East, but it was some considerable time before
it won its present prestige. Credit is due, in the first place,
to the few far-sighted men who realised what may be called
a few statistics : — The Company was originally registered in
Hongkong in 1885 under the style of the Japan Brewery
Company ; its capital amounted to some £5,000, and its
possible output was limited to 75,000 gallons annually,
which is even less than the output for one month of the
present operations. Before that time two or three breweries
had been started on a small scale, but their products having
been much below the proper standard, they were driven out
by beers imported from abroad, and in 1888 the total
import amounted to some £46,000. But once the excellent
quality of Kirin Beer btcame known among consumers, the
importation vastly retrograded, and the road was paved for
the successive establishment of the Yebisu and Asabi
THE BREWERY, YOKOHAMA.
tlie possibilities of beer in Japan, and the Far East generally ;
and who had the courage to inaugurate the brewing industry
in Yokohama on its present site ; and secondly, to the
members of the business public, both foreign and domestic,
who made possible the continual development by acquiring
shares in the new undertaking.
It may be well doubted, nevertheless, whether the
original promoters of the brewery actually anticipated the
extraordinary popularity soon to be attained by beer as a
national beverage in Japan, almost superseding " sake " in
the favour of the thirsty public. Nothing can better
illustrate the astonishing strides made by this concern than
Breweries in Tokyo and Osaka respectively. It is the privi-
lege of this company to liave Kirin Beer consumed in the
Imperial Household and among the upper classes of Japan in
general. In 1899, the Company was registered in Japan
under the name of the Japan Brewery Co., Ltd. ; its capital
was increased to some £60,000, which amount was doubled
later on, in 1906. In January, 1907, a technical change was
made in the style of the Company, which became the Kirin
Brewery Company, Ltd. Its capital amounts to about
£250,000, which is fifty times the original amount, while
the works are capable of producing 4,000,000 gallons
annually, which is about fifty-three times the original output.
( 114 )
lu view of these striking figures, bearing eloquent
testimony to the energy and ability of the Directors and
shareholders, it would be idle to set bounds to the future
ramification of the Brewery's activity, or to the consumption
of the celebrated Kirin Beer.
The local and domestic trade of early days has now
begun to conquer foreign markets. Kirin Beer finds
buyers in China, Hongkong, Manila and Korea, on a scale
which may seem rather limited to the European, American,
and Japanese residents of these places, but still not to be
despised. It is significant that the Chinese, unlike the
Japanese, have not yet become totally converted to beer-
drinking ; but should such a consummation ever be realised,
as there is every indication to believe that it will, it is
unquestionable that the business of this concern would
receive a mighty impetus. A few years ago, a brewery was
started in Tsing-tao, China, and another brewery is organised
in Hongkong, and ere long the time will come when the
Brewery must face heavy competition. What the future
will be is a closed book, but it looks as if the Company
which produces the best beer would hold the winning hand.
The Company mostly owes its remarkable expansion to
the ability of its sole-agents, Gomel Kaisha Meidi-ya,
impor-ters and exporters, who iiave from the beginning done
their utmost to push the sale of the beer throughout the
country and China, under strenuous conditions.
The business of the Company is conducted by a board
of Directors, of which Mr. G. Youei is Managing Director
and is assisted by Mr. S. Ida, Director and General
Manager.
MORINAGA SEIKA KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE MORINAGA CONFECTIONERY CO., LTD.)
THIS Company is the largest of all confectionery con-
cerns in the Orient and lias a capital of ¥500,000
fully paid up. It is now managed on a joint stock basis,
but was originally started as a private concern in 1899 by Mr.
Taichiro Morinaga, the present President of the company,
Mr. Morinaga went to America in 1888. At first he
learnt his business at a San Francisco bakery, but after a
stay of over four years he moved to a concern in New
Orleans where he learnt how to manufacture many sorts of
candy. Believing that he was well posted in the arts of
American confectionery he returned to Japan in 1899 and
started a small factory at No. 3, Tameike, Akasaka-ku,
Tokyo.
Thus the beginning of the colossal business was made,
and in February, 1902, he was able to enlarge his works.
The new factory, too, was found too small to handle the ever-
increasing business in 1907, and the erection of the present
factory at No. 12, 1-chome Tamachi, Shiba-ku, Tokyo, was
necessitated.
In 1910 the concern was converted into a joint stock
company by Mr. Morinaga, with the support of many of his
friends, in view of the necessity of further enlarging the
business, and a branch was erected at 5-chome Koraibashi,
Higashi-ku, Osaka,
The company has two factories at present. One is
situated at No. 12, 1-ohome Tamachi, Shiba-ku, Tokyo, and
the other at Kitasliinagawa, a suburb of Tokyo. The area
of land covered by these two factories amounts to over 4,000
tsubo. At the factories 40 employees conduct business
affairs and 20 experts manufacture many kinds of confec-
tionery, the hands numbering over 3,000.
At present the factories turn out all kinds of candy,
bonbons, biscuits, and chocolates, besides the famous " Milk
Caramel." The goods for the domestic market are produced
to the extent of 25,000,000 pounds a year, while the
products for the foreign market amount to 5,000,000 pounds
a year.
In Japan the company's manufactures are seen almost
everywhere. Overseas also the market is steadily extending
in Chosen, Manchuria, China, British India, Australia,
Siam, and the South Sea Islands.
The excellence of quality and the extensive sale of the
company's manufactures are now very well appreciated, not
only at home but overseas as well, the proof thereof being
the number of medals the company has been awarded by
more than twenty industrial exhibitions. The following
are a few arranged in the order of date : — Grand medal of
honour, Anglo-Japanese Alliance Exhibition, London ;
Silver medal of honour, Tokyo-fu Industrial Exhibition,
Tokyo; Grand medal of honour, Tokyo Taisho Industrial
Exhibition, Tokyo ; Grand medal of honour, Samarang
Industrial Exhibition, Java.
( 116 )
TEfKOKU BEER KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE TEIKOKU BREWERY CO.,
'~r~*HIS company was started in 1910. On May 26tli,
■^ 1912, the general meeting of organization was held
in Moji and the company was legally brouglit into being on
the 7th of the following month. The construction of the
works was started on the 18th of the same month and
completed in April 1913, and the brewing was operated on
the 16th idem. The beer was first put on the market in
July, 1913, under the name of " Sakura Beer." It was
THE SAKURA BREWERY.
soon in great demand and in view of the favourable situation,
the company effected the first extension. As a result, the
productive capacity increased from 15,000 to 51,000 koku
(1 A;oiM= 39.7033 gallons). On October 30th the second
instalment of shares was paid up, bringing the paid-up
capital to ¥1,000,000.
Following the outbreak of war in 1914, trade was
dull, but with the advent of 1915, the market recovered
its activity and with it the demand abroad increased. In
President.
I Managing
\ Director,
Director.
Auditor.
LTD.)
order to meet the growing demand, the company effected
the third extension in August, 1916. The present pro-
ductive capacity is represented by 72,000 koku.
The board of directors consists of the following : —
Retsu Oka, Esq
Iqahiko Sumida, Esq
Masajiro Miyamoto, Esq
ToRATAEo Udaka, Esq
FuFDTARO Sekiya, Esq
KOZABUEO KiSHI, Esq
JlEO FUKUNAGA, Esq
YosHio Kawai, Esq ... „
Kameichi IsHinA, Esq „
SOZABURO HiRANO, Esq „
The Company's markets are Taiwan, Chosen, Hong-
kong, Straits Settlements, South India, Australia, etc., in
addition to Japan.
Tlie company is patronized by the Imperial House-
hold and by the Imperial Army and Navy. The com-
pany is not only popular among consumers in the
above mentioned districts but has also been awarded
Silver Medals and certificate of merit from the Tokyo
Taisho Exhibition, 1914 ; two First Class Honourable
Medals from the Okinawa Industrial Competitive Exhibi-
tion of Kyushu, 1915 ; Gold Medal at the Panama Pacific
International Exhibition, 1915. The company had the
honour of receiving gracious Messages from the Throne for
the encouragement of the National industry in November,
1916, when grand military mauuoeuvres took place in
Kyushu.
( 116 )
TEIKOKU KOSEN XABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE IMPERIAL MINERAL WATER CO, LTD.)
THE above Company, whose principal stores are located
in Tokyo and Osaka, are the owners of the spring
of "Mitsuya" and "Peacock" brand Hirano Water.
They were awarded a Gold Medal at the Louisiana
Purchase Exposition, 1904, a Commemoration Medal at the
International Sanitary Exhibition, Dresden, a Prize of
Honour at the International Exhibition, Milan, a Gold
Medal of Honour at the Panama Pacific Exhibition, San
Francisco, and a Gold Medal at the Tokyo Taisho Exhibi-
tion, Tokyo.
Mitsuya and Peacock brands of Hirano Water, being
the first brands called Hirano Water, are prepared from a
pure mineral water which flows from a spring in the valley
of Hirano-mura, Kawabe-gun, Hyogo Prefecture, about two
miles from Ikeda station on the Hankaku railway line, at
PORTION OF THii MITSUYA CIDER FACTORY.
the rate of over 600,000 gallons per day, while 28,000
cubic feet of natural carbonic-acid gas is given ofi" daily.
HISTORY OF THE SPRING.
Tiie spring was first discovered by Miuamoto-no-
Mitsunaka, a descendant of Emperor Seiwa, in the first
year of the Tenroku Era, 939 years ago, and it was then
proved to have great virtue. It is related that Raiko, a
son of Minamoto-no-Mitsunaka, recovered from a serious
illness on bathing in this spring, and that the Great Taiko
once paid a visit to this district and was highly impressed
by its wonders. Above all, in modern times the spring's
" fortune," so to speak, was made by a favourable report by
Prof. Gurlan, in the year 1873, be certifying that the
water from the spring is a most appropriate beverage for
table use. This imparted a great impetus to the bottling
business of this spring, and since then the mineral water
has grown in public favour as a beverage both at home and
abroad.
SUPERIORITY OF THE MITSUYA AND PEACOCK
BRANDS OF HIRANO WATER.
These brands of Hirano Water only contain natural
carbonic-acid gas produced from the spring bottled according
to a special method invented by the company, whilst other
brands often contain artificial carbonic-acid gas. So the
former produce a most refreshing effect, while the latter
impart merely a fictitious stimulation, wiien served.
EFFICACY OF THE MITSUYA AND PEACOCK
BRANDS OF HIRANO WATER.
It may be worth mentioning that there are three kinds
of mineral water, namely, Alkaline, Saline and Chalybeate,
each qualified as an excellent beverage. Now, the water,
according to the analytical certificate made by Dr. C. Enoch,
belongs to the class of Alkaline water, yet possesses a trace
of both Saline and Chalybeate, so it is beneficial in cases of
several diseases such as : —
Catarrh, Nephritis, Constipation, Scrofula, Anfcraia,
Laryngitis, Bronchitis, etc.
Another analysis made by W. Lee Lewis, A. B.,
Instructor in Ciiemistry, University of Washington, Seattle,
Wn., shows as under : —
Seattle, Oct. 20th, 1903.
The analysis of the sample of Mitsuya Hirano water
submitted to the chemistry department of the University of
Washington, October 11th, 1903, shows it to be a very pure
water highly charged with carbon dioxide, making it a
refreshing and wholesome drink. It also contains medicinal
salts in solution, which rank it with the best natural mineral
waters on the American market.
Parts per M.
684.994
... ... 194.100
15.220
324.010
737
87.715
320
90.156
080
65.333
1,283.734
Solids dried at 125 degrees C.
Loss on ignition
Silicic acid
Sodium chloride
Potassium sulphate
Potassium carbonate
Ferric and aluminium oxides
Calcium carbonate
Magnesium carbonate
Semi-combined carbon-dioxide
Free carbon-dioxide
( 117 )
THE GLIFFORD-WILKINSOH TANSAN MINERAL
WATER GO. LTD.
TANSAN is a palatable, effervescing drink and blends
with spirits, wines, stout or milk.
It has recently been proved that " Tansan " contains a
higher percentage of " Radium " than any known mineral
water. The Japan Advertiser, a Journal printed in Tokyo,
recently contained the following article, which speaks for
itself:
HIGH RADIO ACTIVITY OF WILKIN-
SON'S TANSAN.
Interesting Discovery Made by Dr. Hattori of
Imperial University.
" Dr. Hattori, professor of pharmacology in the medical
department of the Im-
perial University re-
cently visited the
springs of the Clifford-
Wilkinson Tansan
Mineral Water Co., at
Takaradzuka and has
made a very interesting
discovery of the high
radio activity of Tansan.
The examination of
the water was made by
means of an electroscope
and the method of cir-
culating air currents.
On comparing the result
with the standard
(Curie's bottle) Tansan
was found to contain
a radium emanation of
1147 X 109 Curie's (31
macho) per litre at 17C.
Most of the famous mineral table waters of the world
have been subjected to a similar test and no water of this
kind has been found to contain an emanation of more than
17 mache. In the opinion of scientists an emanation of 28
mache of radium is the minimum necessary for the radium
in the water to be of benefit to health, the Tansan emana-
tion being well above this minimum. In view of the well
known properties of radium and its growing use in medical
science, it is gratifying to know that a water of such high
content should be found in Japan,"
American medical men know the value of " Tansan,"
BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE MOUNTAIN FROM THE DEPTH
OF WHICH TANSAN FLOWS.
THE BOTTLING WORKS COVER NEARLY 4 ACRES.
for as long ago as 1909 (before the discovery of Radium) it
was found so useful in the Hospitals specialising in intestinal
troubles that Congress considered an extraordinary petition
from the foremost American Medical Authorities (some two
hundred in number), requesting remission of duty upon
"Tansan" on account of its great value to the general
public health. The Memorial was printed as Senate Docu-
ment No. 124, and a copy of it, with the signatures attached,
is framed in the Company's offices at Kobe.
In view of all that has recently been said and written
concerning " Tansan," a representative of the Kobe Herald
made it his business to visit Takaradzuka, and see for him-
self liow a modern and
a model bottling works
is conducted.
Entering the works
my first impression was
of spaciousness, my next
of all pervading ac-
tivity.
Tlie question of
what to see first was
settled by the manager,
who conducted me
through the bottle shed,
with the remark that
there were something
over a million bottles,
and led me thence to the
bottle washing depart-
ment. . . From the
bottle washing depart-
ment a little tramway
runs'} to the bottling
machinery, wliere the bottles are filled and corked by the
most modern and approved machinery, and thence are
carried to shelves where they lie till they are labelled,
examined, and packed for export to one of the many ports
between Vladivostock and Melbourne, Port Said and New
York where Tansan finds favour.
" Now come and see the Spring." ..." The great
advantage we enjoy," said my guide, "is that the Spring is
high above the level of the works. Consequently the water
flows down to the machines, and no pumping, baling or
handling is required. From first to last it is never touched
( 118 )
by humau hand, and there is no possibility of contamination ;
it flows from the Spring right into the bottles." ....
Higher up the Hill, above the Spring, we looked down on
the buildings below, across the river at the Tansan Siding,
where no fewer that nine large trucks were being loaded,
and down the river to the village where so many
convalescents come to find fresh health and strength in tlie
wonderful Niwo Baths. And as I looked, and remembered
that Tansan was the delight not only of thousands of exiles,
in China, in Singapore, in India, in the Philippines and in
other more or less unhealthy climes, but was equally
appreciated by the people of Australia, Canada and the
United States, I felt what a debt of gratitude the World, or
at any rate one half the world owed, and continues to owe
to Mr, J. Clifford Wilkinson who discovered this wonderful
water. To his foresight, to his determination in the face of
manifest difficulties, to his unwearying labour, we are
indebted for that greatest of all boons — an excellent water ;
or as the Americans with their gift for felicitous phrases
have it, for the choicest of all choice waters.
Tansan has won the higliest awards at the Japan-
British Exhibition, 1910; Liege, 1911; Cebu, 1914;
Iloilo, 1914; Samarang, 1914; Taisho, Tokyo, 1914;
Panama-Pacific Exhibition, 1915.
YUSHUTSU SHOKUHIN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE EXPORT FOODSTUFF CO., LTD.)
T'HE seas around the island empire abound in finnish
tribes, which number considerably more than 700.
Seaweeds are also found to the number of over 400. From
time immemorial these ricli natural resources in the seas
MR. T. NABESHIMA.
have been exploited by the people of the island empire.
Japan has nearly always depended on foreign countries for
part of her supply of foodstuffs but the people have never
been in need of a foreign supply of marine products. Even
in the time of the Tokugawa Shogunate marine industries
were much developed and under Government protection the
export to China was maintained.
A^t present the annual output of marine products
amounts to between ¥80,000,000 and ¥100,000,000. The
export of marine products and manufactures thereof also
comes up to over ¥10,000,000, in spite of the comparatively
undeveloped state of the manufacturing department of the
industry.
The Export Foodstufi' Company was founded in 1912
with an authorised capital of ¥250,000 with a view to
improving the manufacture of foodstuffs, marine products in
particular, and building up an overseas trade in this de-
partment. The company now owns four fishing stations in
Kamchatka, Russia, and produces canned red salmon and
crabs. The products of the company are being taken in
increasing quantities by London, Liverpool, and other
European markets, as well as the South Sea islands. Thus
in only a few years the company has already attained its
aim and object.
At present the company works with a paid-up capital
of ¥187,500, and during the past terms dividends between
10 and 20 per cent, have been distributed, with the result
that it has attained a very stable reputation. The Com-
pany is situated at No. 9 4-chome Hon-cho, Nihonbashi-ku,
Tokyo, and the business of the concern is managed by
Mr. Kinroku Ono, President and Mr. Taido Nabesbima,
Managing Director.
( 119 )
GCMCNT SCOTIOIN.
AICHI CEMENT KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE AICHI CEMENT CO., LTD)
THE Aiehi Cement Co., Ltd., stands at No. 184
Higashiniaehi, Atsuta, Minarai-ku, Nagoya, over
six cho from Atsuta Station on the T5kaid5 line.
About thirty years ago Mr, Hansaku Tamura,
THE ATSUTA WORKS, NAGOYA.
established cement works at Atsuta. This concern, called
the Kyogi Shokai, was the origin of the present Aichi
Cement Company. Afterwards the Company was sold to
Mr. K. Takashima, Yokohama; Mr. Y. Hattori, Nagoya;
and Mr. H. Sakata, Tokyo ; who were fully convinced of the
promising nature of tiie cement industry, and the business
of cement manufacture was begun in April, 1888 and
reorganized into a joint stock concern with a capital of
¥120,000 in May, 1890. In 1897 the capital of the
company was again increased to ¥500,000. At present the
site of the works covers on area of over 25,000 tmiho. The
subscribed capital is ¥1,200,000, of which ¥920,000 is paid
up. The annual output amounts to 500,000 barrels.
Specialities of the Aichi cement are the beautiful colour
and fineness of quality. The works employ 800 hands.
As for the materials, they are all produced in the districts
not far from the works. Limestone abounds in the regions
of Akasaka, Gifu prefecture, and clay in Chita-gun in
Aichi prefecture. The cement is marketed in Japan,
China, Southern isjands and Australia.
The company's officers are as follows : —
Kahei Takashima, Esq. ...
KoJUKo Hattori, Esq. ...
IsAO OiWA, Esq
Koz5 FuJii, Esq
Seisuke Kataoka, Esq. ...
f President and
[ Director.
Director.
If
[ Director and
[ Chief Manager.
Auditor.
ASANO CEMENT KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE ASANO CEMENT CO., LTD.)
^P'HE Manufacture of Portland Cement was for the first
-*- time started in Japan by the Asano Cement Manu-
facturing Co , Ltd. The Restoration of Meiji brought about
surprising changes in everything in Japan, and, along with
the advancement of commerce and industry, all descriptions
of foreign made articles were imported in huge bulk year
tendency in foreign trade and to establish on a sound basis
the national industrial independence, the authorities set
about the manufacture of those articles which promised to be
in great demand in Japan. Portland cement was included in
the list of these articles, and, in 1871, the Government
commenced its manufacture at Kiyosumi-eho, Fukagawa-ku,
after year. Being desirous to do away with this unfavourable Tokyo. Owing to lack of proper experience, however, the
( 120 )
running of the works incurred losses every year, and at last
it was wound up.
Subsequently, Mr. Asano, recognising the profitable
nature of the industry, which at the same time conferred
a good deal of benefit upon the nation, applied to and was
granted from the Government the right of operating the
works in April, 1881. In 1883, he purchased the whole
1i
\t\ I i B
WTT lit mr t ' >^Tf»r"
r-T-^Tr^» III I M n".
r.'-if t r'
. , THE FUKAGAWA WORKS, TOKYO.
of the works and continued to carry on the industry. When
two years had passed, the business condition of the works
was very much improved as was also the quality of the
produce.
In order to meet the ever-growing demand for cement a
further notable extension of the works was effected in 1885
and a number of engineers were sent to V urope and America
to investigate the condition of the cement manufacture there,
or to prosecute studies on applied mechanics. In 1883, when
the engineers returned from Europe and America, various
effective alterations were introduced in the plant. These
improvements were at once attended with success, and 60,000
casks or thereabouts were constantly delivered to markets,
the manufactured article being favourably comparable with
the foreign make in quality and its popularity quickly
increased. To meet the increasing volume of orders, the
works established a branch in the city in 1888, and a
branch at Moji in the course of the same year. The port of
Moji produces materials for the manufacture of cement, such
as lime-stone and sand, in plenty.
As an outcome of the Chino- Japanese war, all industries
were expanded in 1897, and the supply by all the cement
manufacturing concerns fell far short of the demand. Just
then Mr. Asano, who was on a tour of observation in Europe
and America, obtained a plan by which a company could
turn out several hundred casks of cement a day, and on
returning to Japan, consulted with Baron Shibusawa and
Messrs. Yasunishi, Okawa and Otaka, and transformed the
system of the works into a limited partnership with a capital
of ¥800,000 under the style of the Asano Cement Manu-
facturing Co., Mr. Asano supervising the business of the
company as managing director.
Simultaneously with the completion of the extension of
two other branch works, further improvements in the method
of manufacture and more attentive selection of materials
were instituted. Furthermore, machine tube mills were
additionally provided.
The conclusion of the Russo-Japanese war further
accentuated the demand for cement, and in May of the same
year, tlie capital was augmented to ¥5,000,000, and at the
same time the branch works were enlarged to a considerable
extent.
The adoption of the latest machinery and the assiduity
of the engineers and operatives of the company made its
business more and more prosperous, and gradually the fame
of Asano Cement was known far and wide, and it was
exported abroad in ever increasing quantities. Thereupon,
the company was changed into a joint stock concern and,
with a paid-up capital of ¥5,000,000 at its disposal, the
consolidation of its foundation was completed. Furthermore,
the company erected a great factory at Oshima-Shinden,
Tajiraa-mura, Tachibanaki-gori, Kanagawa prefecture. The
site of the factory is situated on the sea-beach facing Tokyo
Bay at a distance of some two miles from the town of
Kawasaki and covers an area of 104,000 tsnbo. Besides the
present area of land available, reclamation work to the
extent of 2,500,000 tsubo is now being steadly pushed on.
TRADE
MARK.
As a result of the amalgamation with the Hokkaido
Cement Manufacturing Company the capital of the company
has been enlarged to ¥7,180,000 and the annual output
to 3,000,000 casks.
The factories run by the company at present number
five in all, viz., Tokyo, Moji, Hakodate, Kawasaki, and
Takao (in Taiwan).
( 121 )
SAKURA CEMENT KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE SAKURA PORTLAND CEMENT CO., LTD.) •
THIS company easily ranks among the foremost
Portland cement mills in Japan, though it is com-
pMrativeiy of recent origin ; it enjoys a very prosperous
overseas triule.
It was establislied iu Osaka with a capital of ¥800,000
in April, 1907, when
the Portland cement
market in this coun-
try was booming after
the great earthquake
in San Francisco. At
first twenty shaft
kilns were installed
witli the intention of
producing 10,000
barrels a month. At
the same time the
factory was equipped
with a plant for the
production of cokes.
In February the
following year the
factory was cora-
MR. M. SAKAMOTO. P^**®^. ^^^ ''^'""l
operations viqtp com-
menced ; limestone was taken from
Shirosaki-mura, Hidaka-gun, Waka-
yaraa Prefecture and Sekimae-mura,
Ochi-gun, Ehime Prefecture, while
clay was obtained at Akashi, Hyogo
Prefecture and Tsushi-mura, Awaji
province. Tlie manufactures of the
company were soon acknowledged
by the public as among the best in
the market.
In 1914 the company effected a radical reform in the
company's mill ; the old shaft kilns were abolished and new
rotary kilns, which are the largest in this country, and
their accessories, coal pulverizers and electric automatic
thermometers, were installed in their stead. Thus the
purely mechanical processes of working were introduced
instead of the rather out-of-date system of working adopted
before. In the colour of the manufactures a great improve-
ment was made at the same time, acting on the advice of
buyers overseas.
Accordingly the company's manufactures are best
suited for the requirements of overseas buyers, which fact
is well acknowledged by the consumers in British India and
the South Seas islands. At present the company main-
tains the constant supply of its goods to Bombay, Colombo,
Calcutta, Rangoon, Madras, Singapore, Manila, Sourabaya,
Batavia, Samarang, etc.
The operations at the company's mill, which are on the
most advanced line, were once inspected by His Majesty the
Emperor, in November, 1914, while His Majesty was on a
visit to the city. As a result of the adoption of the most
up-to-date working system, the company can now produce
200,000 barrels a year.
The company is controlled by the following Well-known
business men : —
In 1912 a branch office was
opened in Osaka and there the
Export and the Retail Departments were inaugurated in
the following year. At the same lime a show room was
established to show how portland cement could be used for
building purposes, and there has since been displayed
artificial building stone. Another brancii office was also
opened in Tokyo as a sales department, handling business
in Tokyo and district.
THE SAKURA CEMENT WORKS, OSAKA.
Bin Hiraga, Esq
MiNOMATsu Sakamoto, Esq.
Teikichi Tanabe, Esq
Dr. Kaichi Watanabe
Keizo Hirooka, Esq
KoiCHiBO Kagami, Esq
President.
f Managing
\ Director.
. Director.
Auditor.
( 122 )
DRY GOODS SCGTIOM.
C H I K I R I - Y A .
(THE CHIKIRI-YA DRAPERY STORE)
THE Cbikiri-ya Drapery Store is one of the greatest
and oldest establishments of the kind in Kyoto and
has many ramifications among which are the fiimous dry
goods stores called Nishimura.
During the last quarter of the I6tli century the
store was inaugurated by the
ancestor of the Nishimura family
at Muromachi-dori, Kyoto, when
the manufacture of priests'
robes and Court nobles' robes
was made its speciality. Later
the operations were enlarged and
" Nishijin " silk tissues, dyed
silk crapes, and various other
costly textiles were handled.
At present the store handles
principally "Nishijin" silk
tissues, " Yuzen " crepes, em-
broidered goods, and other costly
silk goods, as the manufacture
of priests' and Court nobles'
robes was stopped shortly after
the Imperial Restoration.
The position of the store in
the line of business has been of
great importance since its in-
auguration. Before the Imperial
Restoration the store was the
manufacturer of drapery to the Imperial Court, and when
the capital was removed to Tokyo the store was ordered to
open a brancli in Tokyo and continue tlie supply of
drapery to the Court.
The proprietors of the store have accordingly been
highly respected by the citizens of the old Imperial capital
and had a great influence in public affairs there. The pre-
sent proprietor, Mr. Jihei Nishimura, is still young, having
MR. J. NISHIMURA.
been born in February, 1888, but occupies a leading position
in the business community of Kyoto. Besides controlling
his dry goods store he has a seat on the boards of the Shoko
Savings Bank and Kyoto Shoko Bank.
The father of the present proprietor, the late Mr. Jihei
Nishimura, was one of the greatest business men the present
day Kyoto had produced. He undertook travels in Europe
and America several times and studied the textile industry
over tiiere. The fruits of these tours were applied to the
conduct of textile mills in Kyoto, and a grent development
of Nishijin goods was brought about.
Mr. Nishimura also worked hard to promote business
in the capital and was instrumental in inaugurating
many business enterprises there, among which were such
important companies and banks as the Kyoto Shoko Bank,
the Kansai Railway Company, the Kyoto Weaving Com-
pany, the Oriental Colonization Company, aud others. He
was also interested in almost all the educational or other
public institutions in the city and many of them owed much
of their usefulness to Mr. Nishimura's disinterested en-
deavours.
The citizens of the city appreciated his meritorious
services in their cause and sent him several times as their
representative to the House of Representatives. The busi-
ness community, too, elected him the President of the
Chamber of Commerce and generally followed his lead. He
was often despatched by the Government as one of the elder
business men of tiie country to represent the country in
international afiairs. In 1916 he was decorated with the
Fifth Class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
He died in December, 1911, previously to which he
was granted by the Court the rank of Jurokui. He was
also granted years before his death the Order of the Yellow
Ribbon in recognition of his public spirited endeavours.
Many honours were bestowed on him by public institutions
which profitted by his useful work.
( 123 )
D Al CH U.
(WHOLESALE DRAPERY.)
THE Dai Chu is the trade uame under which Mr,
Tsuji Churobei carries on his extensive wholesale
business in general drapery, and its head ofBce is situated at
Kami-Suwa-cho, Gojo-minatni-e-iru, Suwa-cho-dori, Shimo-
kyo-ku, Kyoto. The Dai Ciui is well-known all over the
country as one of the wealthiest drapery concerns in Kyoto,
and was founded by Mr. Churobei Tsuji, an employee of
the Inouye Dai Maru, one of the largest drapery stores in
Kyoto, in 1807.
Tlie founder of the Dai Chu firm was apprenticed to Mr.
Shichiyeraon Inouye (proprietor of the Inouye Dai Maru)
just after the latter's inauguration of his business. With
characteristic honesty and industry he assisted his
master to develop the business and was appointed the
Manager.
In 1807 he retired from the management of his
master's business and started as a wholesale cotton goods
dealer in Shinmachi-dori. At first the concern was con-
ducted on quite a small scale, but by dint of indefatigable
application he soon won the confidence of his buyers and
weavers, and in 1812 he moved his office to a larger build-
ing at Gojo, Muromachi, Kyoto.
With this extension his business further expanded and
in 1823 he again removed to his present quarters.
The founder's business methods and principles are em-
bodied in his four works handed down to his successors. One
is his autobiography and another the collection of his
rhymed precepts. Still another contains the exposition of
commercial methods based on his life-long experience, while
in the last work he explains his own moral teaching.
DAIKOKU-YA.
T
(MR. S.
HE Daikoku-ya is the trade uame under which Mr.
Saburobei Sngiura carries on his business.
MR. S. SUGIURA.
SUGIURA, WHOLESALE DRAPERY.)
The firm is one of the leading wliolesale drapers in
this country, and specially interested in " Nishijin "
drapery crapes, plain and dyed ; diflferent descriptions of
silk piece goods produced l>y Kwanto weavers; striped
cotton cloths ; sheetings ; shirtings ; printed cotton cloths ;
cotton flannel ; and other kinds of tissues.
The firm was founded nearly two hundred and thirty
yeafs ago as brokers of Kyoto textiles. Because of the
firm's sound business principles, the excellence of the goods,
the cheapness of price, the straightforwardness of dealings
wliich are closely followed, it made its way rapidly to the
prominent position it has so long occupied in the drapery
trade.
At first the firm had an office only at Nakano-cho,
Yanaginobaba-higashi-e-iru, Sanjo-dori, Kyoto, but soon
opened a branch at No. 23, Shichome Honkoku-cho, NihoB-
bashi-ku, Tokyo, both of which are maintained at present.
The firm has many good connections in Tokyo and
district, and at the same time carries on an extensive
overseas trade with Manchuria and Chosen, which was
started in 1911.
( 12< )
DAIMARU 60FUKUTEN.
(THE DAIMARU DEPARTMENT STORE.)
r I "'HIS Department store is known all over the country
--*- for its honest and straight forward dealings, and is
also one of the oldest establishments of the kind in the
country, having been founded more than two centuries ago
by Mr. Hikoyemon Shimoraura, of Fushimi.
MR. S. SHIMOMURA.
Mr. Hikozayemou Shimoraura, the founder of the store,
was a man of learning and amazing energy. When he
started business at the close of the 17th century he adopted
the motto " Righteousness above gain."
In view of the increasing trade from Osaka, he opened
a branch there in 1726, and a few years later, in 1728,
another in Nagoya. In Yedo ("now Tokyo), the seat of the
Tokugawa Shogunate, a large branch store was opened in
1743. Thus his business influence was practically extended
all over the country within half a century.
Since the founder's time more than two centuries have
elapsed and the store has witnessed the passing of eleven
generations of proprietors, but the motto laid down by the
ancestor has always been observed, while the methods of
management have been constantly modified and adapted to
the needs of the times. At present the store enjoys the highest
degree of prosperity as the result of the strict observance
of the business principle " Righteousness above gain " over
two centuries, a good example of the victory of honesty
over unfair dealings.
The present proprietor, Mr. Shotaro Shimomura,
effected a complete reform soon after his assumption of
proprietorship in succession to his father in 1889.
Branches were either abolished of enlarged, and at the
stores retained every modern appliance was introduced.
Again, in 1911, he remodelled the main store in Kyoto
on the modern department store system, as the result of
his extensive travel overseas. The rebuilt store, which is
situated at the corner of Takakura, Shijodori, Kyoto, is one
of the finest specimens of Saracenic architecture in Japan,
and Kyoto people are justly proud of it as one of the many
sights in the old Imperial capital.
The main building has three storeys, being 82 feet high
from the base to the tower which is modelled after the
tower of Taj Mahal, Agra, India, while it covers an area of
1,076 tsubo. As additional attractions the store provides
art galleries, dining-room, roof garden, photographic studio,
and tea-room. The dyeing department is famous for the
well-known " Dairaaru Dyed Goods."
At the branches at Itchome Shinsaibashi, Osaka, and
Shichome Motomachi, Kobe, similar modern appliances are
adopted, while practically all the features so eminently
maintained at the main store in Kyoto are provided.
BIRD'S-EYE VIEW UF CITY OF KYOTO (THE
DAIMARU STORE STANDS IN THE
HEART OF THE CITY).
By these radical reforms and changes, which have
nearly been completed, Mr. Shotaro Shimomura, the pro-
prietor, has succeeded in enlisting a large buying public
in favour of his stores and on this point, too, his stores
can successfully rival the Mitsukoshi Department store in
Tokyo.
( 126 )
E I R A K U - Y A.
(GENERAL WHOLESALE DRAPERY.)
rpHE Eiraku-ya is the trade name in which Mr. Ihei
-*- Hosotsuji carries on his business.
The firm, which
is situated at Uniechu-
niachi, Karasumaru-
higashi-e-iru, Sanjo-
dori, Kyoto, is well-
known in the old
imperial city, being,
according to old chro-
nicles, founded in the
9th century.
In the early part
of the 17th century
the ancestor of Mr.
Iliei Hosotsuji laid
the corner stone of
tiie present vast busi-
ness by opening trade
between the old im-
perial city and dif-
ferent provinces.
MR. I. HOSOTSUJI.
At first the firm traded in all kinds of drapery, bat
ill the early part of the 19th century the then proprietor
decided to make a specialty in cotton goods only, and this
line has been followed to the present day.
Once, just before the Imperial Restoration, a panic
threatened in the Kyoto business circles and many well-
known firms came to grief, and the firm also was on the
verge of ruin, but this historic firm was saved from
downfall by the present proprietor, Mr. Ihei Hosotsuji, who
was then a young man of twenty. With the assistance of
his many employees he energetically readjusted the finances
of the firm and within a few years it was again placed on a
working basis.
The firm, thanks to the prudent management of the
pre.sent proprietor, Mr. Ihei Hosotsuji, is now on a sound
working basis and his two sons conduct the management of
the business, which is increasing in its proportions. At
present the firm pays the best attention to linings and
muslin tissues, importing raw materials from England to
maintain the highest standard of excellence.
The firm makes it a point to be always ready to fill
its clients' orders with promptitude.
MR. FUJII ZENSHICHI.
(DRAPERY WHOLESALE DEALER.)
MK. FUJII, ZENSHICHI, carries on an extensive
wholesale business in drapery under the trade name
of'Maru Ike" at Takoyakushi Sagaru, Muroraaehi-d iri,
Kyoto.
He is a self-made man in the truest sense of the term.
While a boy he was apprenticed to a wholesale draper at
Muroinachi-dori, Kyoto, and served his master industriously
for over twenty-five years. After his long apprenticeship
he set himself up in his thirty-eighth year.
Being honest and industrious he overcame all difficulties,
and in the management of his business brought his com-
mercial genius into full play. Soon his store enjoyed a
large patronage. He, however, was not contented with
what was then achieved and quite neatly followed up the
success won till his store has become one of the leading
houses in Kyoto.
During the past few decades Japan has seen many
fluctuations in her fortunes and each time the business com-
munity has been badly affected, but he adroitly avoided all
of them and the stability of his firm is quite well known.
At present he
manages not only his
store in Kyoto, but
successfully runs a
branch ofiice at 4-
chome Kitakyu-taro-
cho, Osaka, with the
co-operation of his em-
ployees, numbering
over a hundred. Mr.
Fujii is a man of a
philanthropic turn of
mind, and has done
many acts of benevo-
lence toward the poor
FUJII. and needy.
( 126 )
H A S S A K U.
(WHOLESALE DEALER IN CRAPES, PLAIN SILK CLOTH, RAW
SILK AND SPUN SILK.)
ri'^HE Hassaku is the tiade name in which Mr, Sakuhei
J- Nobashi carries on his business.
The firm wliich is 8ituate(l at Sanjo-kita-e-iru, Ryogai-
machi, Kyoto, was founded during the last quarter of the 18tli
century as importers of Chinese silk tissues. Fifty years
MR. S. NOBASHI.
ago the late Sakuyemou Nobashi, the father of the present
proprietor, Mr. Sakuhei Nobashi, adopted the present lines
of business, at the same time dropping the old line and
strenuously endeavoured to improve the business. He also
made strong efforts to develope the silk weaving industry
in this country and founded the silk spinning line here.
He also devised the process of producing variegated designs
on crapes, gauze, and other tissues.
Tiie present proprietor took over the management
of the firm from his father in 1889 and started the overseas
trade, which has proved a splendid success. At present he
almost monopolizes the export of variegated eilk tissues and
" kabe" crapes, and the annual trade in these goods is said
to run into a huge figure.
He founded a weaving mill in Tango province some
time ago to produce good tissues to work on, and this has
also proved a signal success, for he has been thus enabled
to produce various lines of textiles of a very superior quality
and of novel designs.
As the wholesale dealer in spun silk he acts as agent
for the Fuji Spinning Company and the Kanegafuchi
Cotton Spinning Company, the greatest of all spinning
mills in this country, and the goods he handles are the best
in the market.
Mr. Nobashi is also known as a public-spirited man
and has often been elected Member of the Kyoto Chamber
of Commerce, the Kyoto Municipal Assembly, and other
public institutions. At present he assumes the presidency
of the Association of Crape Wiiolesale Dealers, at the same
time sharing in the Marumine Transportation Company
as Director.
HOSODA GOMEI KAISHA.
(HOSODA PARTNERSHIP COMPANY, MANUFACTURERS OF
LADIES CLOTHING.)
ri^HlS firm, situated at Oike Agaru Tominokoji, Kyoto,
1
carries on an extensive business in Japanese ladies
clothing, " han-eri " in particular. The manufacture of
these articles is conducted at Kyoto, and they are sold at
the branch offices in Tokyo, Yokohama, Nagoya and Osaka.
The firm is a partnership composed of members of the
Hosoda family, with Mr. Zenbei Hosoda as the President,
but originally it was managed by the father of the present
president, the late Mr. Zensuke Hosoda, as a private
concern. The late Mr. Zensuke Hosoda was a son of a
cotton dealer at Hino, Shiga Prefecture. In his sixteenth
year he lost his father and had only ¥10 in his purse, but
( 127 )
with this scanty means he started his itinerary business in
millinery in his seventeenth year. His steadfastness and
diligence were remarkable. This boy peddler with a small
assortment of clothing made a round of many neighbouring
provinces and in spite of many hardships secured a large
circle of customers. Soon, however, he started a wholesale
business in " han-eri " on the itinerary system.
In this line his business expanded with wonderful
rapidity, and in 1868 he opened his store in Kyoto. He
then further developed his business and in 1884 opened a
branch in Tokyo.
In 1891 he handed over this prospering concern to his
eldest son, Mr. Zenbei Hosoda, and retired from active life.
The present head of the concern is a business man at once
enterprising and prudent. In May, 1910, he converted the
private business handed down from his father into a
partnership into which he admitted five members of his
family.
MR. Z. HOSODA.
ICHIDA BUNJIRO SHOTEN.
(MR. B. ICHIDA, WHOLESALE DEALER IN NISHIJIN
DRAPERY AND DYED SILK.)
THIS firm, wliioh extensively deals in Nishijin drapery,
dyed silk, and other kinds of textile goods, was
founded in the beginning of the 19th century in Kyoto,
MR. B. ICHIDA.
It at first made a specialty of Kyoto drapery in Kwanto
(Yedo and vicinity), but half a century ago the wholesale
business in Kwanto drapery was started.
At first only an agency was established iu Yedo (now
Tokyo) to handle the business, but in 1885 a branch oflfice
was founded at Shin-norimono-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo,
when the wholesale business in Kwanto drapery was abolished
and the whole energy devoted to the sale of Kyoto goods.
In conjunction with the model weaving mill officially
controlled years ago in Kyoto, the firm endeavoured to
check the import of Chinese satin, and alieady in the early
years of Meiji this object was partially attained. Designers
and dyers in Kyoto were also encouraged by the firms in
those days to produce new and improved goods.
As the result of these endeavours the goods handled by
the firm are now ranked among the best in the market.
The proprietor, Mr. Bunjiro Ichida, was born in March,
1887, in Kyoto, being the fourth son of the late Mr. Bun-
jiro Ichida, On the death of his father he succeeded in the
maKagement of the firm and assumed tlie hereditary name
of Bunjiro Ichida in April, 1908. The firm's head office is
situated at Sakaimaohi-dori, Oike-Minami, Kyoto.
( 1281)
iCHIDA SHOTEN.
(ICHIDA & CO., WHOLESALE MERCHANT IN KYOTO DRAPERY.)
ri'^HE firm has its head office at Saiijo Agaru, Higashi-
J- no-toin, Kyoto. Its office building is a unique one
in that quarter, where most conservative business firms are
THE LATE MR. Y. ICHIDA IN HIS GARDEN.
concentrated, being a solid fire-proof edifice. It looks as if
it symbolized the business principle of progress and stead-
fastnes.s the firm follows. It is, indeed, this principle now
followed that has made the firm wliat it is.
The firm was originally founded as a private concern
by the late Mr. Yaichiro Ichida, who was adopted by Mr.
Yasoyemon Ichida of Kyoto, while a young man, because of
his business ability. He was a broker in drapery produced
by Kyoto weavers and often came up to Tokyo to negotiate
directly with Tokyo buyers.
In 1873, when he was in Tokyo on business, he
resolved, in view of the ruling tendency in the business
community, to found a firm in Tokyo, which resolve was
soon realized. At first the new firm thus opened at
Yokoyama-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, was confronted with many
difliculties, but by his indefatigable application and
diligence these were soon overcome and the firm became
one of the leading wholesale drapers in Tokyo and Kyoto.
In 1897 the business was handed over to his sou, tiie
late Mr. Yaichiro Ichida, and under the new proprietor's
management the prosperous course was still followe(i, but
he also^died in 1913, leaving only a young daughter.
In January the following year the firm was converted
into a partnership, with a capital of ¥500,000, and under
the joint management of the Ichida family began its
prosperous career anew.
At present the firm has its head office in Kyoto and
branch offices at Tadokoro-cho, Niiionbashi-ku, Tokyo, and
Sanchome Minami-Hou-cho, Higashi-ku, Osaka.
IIDA & CO.-TAKASHIMAYA.
rriHIS firm is one of the greatest dry goods stores in
J- Japan mid conducts an extensive export trade, its
headquarters and branches being as follows : —
Head Office, Karasumaru, Takatsuji, Kyoto ; Kyoto
Branch, Karasumaru, Takatsuji, Kyoto — Japanese
drapery. Embroideries and velvets, Kimonos, etc. etc.
Osaka Branch, 2-chome Shingaibashi, Osaka — Japanese
drapery. Kobe Branch, 2-chome Moto-machi, Kobe —
Japanese drapery. Tokyo Branch, 1, Nishikouya-cho,
Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo — Japanese drapery, Export and
Import departments. Yokohama Branch, 81, Yamashita-
cho, Yokohama — Export and Import departments,
Retail departments. All silk goods, embroideries, velvets.
Kimonos, etc. etc. Overseas Branches in London, Lyon,
and Tientsin.
The firm was established in 1837 by the late Mr. Shiu-
shichi lida, under whose enterprising and diligent manage-
ment the business flourished and its credit increased. His
( 129 )
grandson, Mr. Shinshichi lida, now conducts the colossal
business as President. In view of the radical cliange the
country lias been undergoing the present head inaugurated
a policy of progress and expansion and the business is now
carried on on the most advanced lines. With a view to
establishing tiiis principle of business Mr. Shinshichi lida
sailed to France in 1889 and inspected not only the world's
fair then opened in Paris but the particular lines of business
at nearly all important centres in Europe and America.
The knowledge and experience obtained during liis travels
were all made use of in improving the business methods of
the firm.
About this time a separate department was established
in Kyoto to conduct the export of silk goods, embroideries.
" Nishijin " silk tissues, velvets, " Yuzen," and other
artistic products of Kyoto weaving mills to foreign countries.
The originality and excellence of designs, the exquisite
workmanship, and richness of colouring evidenced in the
articles supplied by tlie firm have accordingly been
acknowledged both by Japanese and foreigners, the marks
of their appreciation being given in large numbers of awards
by industrial and other exhibitions.
The following list comprises only a few of the most
prominent : —
Silver medal by the International Exhibition at
Barcelona, 1889 ; Two gold medals by the World's Fair
at Paris, 1889 ; Gold medal by the Universal Exposition,
Antwerp, 1894 ; Five medals by the Colombus Inter-
THE TAKASHIMA-YA, KYOTO.
drapery, and other articles. It soon proved a splendid
success. The Osaka and Kobe Branches were then opened.
It was on the strength of the success won by these branch
establishments that other branches at Tokyo, Yokohama,
London, Lyons, Tientsin, Sydney, and elsewhere were
opened in succession.
At present the enterprises of the firm are many and
diverse, including the wholesale and retail business in
drapery for domestic consumption, the export of dry goods,
etc. Branches and departments are also numerous. But
the firm is mainly interested in drapery and other kindred
articles. Particularly as the representative supplier of
Kyoto silk tissues the firm makes it its specialty to market
the best possible silk goods at home and export embroideries.
national Exposition, Chicago, 1894 ; Grand prize by the
World's Fair at Paris, 1900; Grand prize by the Inter-
national Exposition, Hawaii, 1902; Gold medal of
honour by tlie Fifth Domestic Industrial Exhibition,
Osaka, 1903 ; Three grand prizes and two gold medals
by the International Exposition, St. Louis, 1904 ; Two
gold medals and Diplome d'Honneur by the World's
Fair, Liege, )905; Grand prize by the Alaska Yukon
Exhibition, 1909 ; Grand prize by the A nglo- Japanese
Alliance Exhibition, London, 1910; Grand prize and
gold medal by the International Exhibition, Torino,
1911; Grand prize by the Semaraug Exhibition, Java,
1914 ; Grand prize and two medals of honour by the
World's Fair, San Francisco, 1915.
( 130 )
The firm has been appointed makers to the Imperial
Household, the Imperial Army, the Imperial Navy, the
Imperial Decoration Bureau, the Imperial Railway Board,
and other Government offices. The Kyoto Chamber of
Commerce has also recognised the important position of the
firm as exporters and elected a special member of the
institution.
The eminent services Mr. Shinshichi lida, the head of
tlie firm, has rendered to the cause of industry in this
country have also been acknowledged by the State. In
1888 the " Yellow Ribbon " medal was granted, and in
1893 the " Blue Ribbon " was added to it. In February,
1902, liis eminent services were recognised with the 6tli
Class Imperial Order of Merit.
Takashimaya, lida & Company, is a partnership of the
lida family, the representative of which is Mr. Shinshichi
lida. He succeeded his father while still young and
devoted all his energy to the conduct and extension of his
business. The present prosperity of the firm is in a great
measure due to his foresight and strenuous activity, though
the smooth co-operation and untiring diligence of the other
partners have also counted much in the steady enhancement
of the firm's prosperity.
The representative members of the partnership are as
follows : —
Shinshichi Iida, Esq.
Masanosuke Iida, Esq.
ToJiRO Iida, Esq.
Tasaburo Iida, Esq. ..
Chuzaburo Iida, Esq.
Naojiro Iida, Esq. ...
President.
Partner,
INOUYE DAIMARU GOFUKUTEN.
(THE INOUYE DAIMARU DRY GOODS STORE.)
TFIHE Inouye Daimaru Gofukuten is the trade name in
-*- which Mr. Shichiyemou Inouye carries on his here-
ditary business.
TIIK INorVK
DAIMARU STORE,
KYOTO.
This dry goods store, situated at Gojo Minami-e-iru,
Shinmachi-dori, Shimokyo-ku, Kyoto, is one of the many
ramifications of that giant dry goods store in Kyoto, the
Dai Maru Dry Goods Store, and was founded more than
a century ago by an old employee, Mr. Shichiyemou
Inouye.
The founder of this firm was allowed to have a store
under the same trade name as his master's on account of
faithful services rendered by him for many years. He
strictly maintained the principle of the old Daimaru Goods
Store and has thus been successful in business.
The present proprietor is the seventh of the line of
Inouyes, and underwent a severe training in the line of
business at the wholesale drapery store kept by Mr. Cliurobei
Tsuji. The business policy of his ancestor is closely
followed in accordance with the injunction of the founder,
though the store was rebuilt and the management was
reformed some time ago to cope with the changes in the
public taste and the general trend of aflfairs, and the store
now enjoys a high degree of prosperity.
C 181 )
ITO CHOBEI SHOTEN.
(MR. C. ITO, DEALER IN
KYOTO is known not only for its beauty spots but as
the centre in Japan of tlie artistic tissue weaving
industry. The best of what is produced at the old Imperial
city is the tapestry presented by the Imperial Japanese
Government to the Peace Palace at The Hague. Tiiat is the
kind known as " tsuzure-no-nishiki " and uotliing surpasses
its beauty and exquisite workmansiiip.
The famous damask cloth in the East, and France's
pride, Goberin, are only comparable with the pride of Kyoto,
the old capital of the Mikado, but in exquisite design and
lifelike imitation of nature the last is the greatest and none
can rival it.
The sumptuous cloth can best be used as window hang-
ings, wall hangings, table cloths, or other ornamental articles
in parlours, salons, and palaces, and for those purposes no
other tissue can equal it.
" Tsuzure-no-nishiki " ia sold at the store kept by
Mr. Chobei Ito at the corner of Ayanokoji, Muro-machi,
Kyoto, who make it their specialty to deal in artistic
' TSUZURE-NO-NISHIKI.")
tissues or cloths. Their articles are known as the best in
the market and are marked with a " Butterfly."
^.>0!^ -^.-l*
:^^ A
"^a^ ^
The Picture
shows the
the Imperial
Court at the
lining for
" haori "
BK^
^mr
Enthronement
Exhibition
(Jap&nese
which was
Over-coat)
purchased by
held in
Kyoto, 1915.
^ -^^^^
^^^^^^^Hk 3^^^
^^^ ^^
HIkaHr
ITO MAN SHOTEN.
(MR. M. ITO, ITS EXPORT DEPARTMENT, I HE USHU YOKO.)
ri^HE proprietor of the fiim, Mr. Mansuke Ito,
_L- born in Osaka in 1852 as t!ie third son of the
M r . Nakayemon
Ito, a wholesale
merchant. Wliile
a boy he was ap-
prenticed to his
elder brother, Mr.
Kuhei Ito, who
then kept a woollen
piece goods store at
K a r a m 0 u o-niachi,
Osaka. In January,
1883, he set himself
up at Minami Hon-
inachi, Osaka, and
carried on a woollen
piece goods trade
under the trade name
of the Ushu-ya, or
the Ito Man Shoteu, MR
was
late
Owing to the expansion of business he effected an
enlargement of his office several times. In August, 1913,
he built a new office at the present site, Shichome Azuchi-
machi, Higashi-ku, Osaka. On the outbreak of the war in
Europe he opened an overseas trade department under the
conviction that, owing to the shutting oflF of the Germans
and Americans from the world market, a chance, very rare
and priceless, was offered to Japanese merchants and
manufacturers for the extension of their commercial
interests overseas.
By the foresight and wisdom thus shown he took full
advantage of the opportunity the war presented. Under
the trade name of the Ushu Yoko he opened direct dealings
with Shanghai, Hankow, Tientsin, and Manchuria.
The firm is principally interested in cotton flannel,
printed calico, and other woollen and cotton piece goods.
The export department ia now under the management
of Mr. Usaburo Ito, the eldest son of tlie proprietor,
Mr. Mansuke Ito.
( 132 )
MR. KAMIKAWA GENYEMON.
(WHOLESALE DEALER IN PIECE GOODS AND DRAPERY.)
MR. KAMIKAWA, GENYEMON, carries on an ex-
tensive wholesale business in piece goods and
general drapery. He has his head office at Sanjomiuami,
Goiio-raacbi, Kyoto,
which deals principally
witli Kyusiiu pro-
vinces, and a branch
office at Enokizu-
machi, Nagasaki, which
conducts au extensive
trade with Manchuria,
Chosen, and Taiwan.
Mr. Kamikawa's
firm is one of the oldest
of the kind in Kyoto,
having been founded in
1657 by his ancestor,
who hailed from Omi
province. Mr. Kami-
kawn, who is the
THE KAMIKAWA STORE, KYOTO.
twelfth of the line of Kamikawa, is a very enterprising
business man, and under his management the firm's busi-
ness has been steadfastly enlarged, for he keeps closely to
his ancestor's business
principle and tries to
cope with the changes
in the public taste and
the general tendency of
affairs. The branch at
Nagasaki, which con-
ducts foreign trade,
was established by him
in the early days of the
Meiji Era. After the
Restoration of 1868, he
thought it necessary to
develope the country's
foreign trade, and es-
pecially with the
Asiatic Continent.
MITSUKOSHI GOFUKUTEN.
(THE MITSUKOSHI DEPARTMENT STORE.)
THE Mitsukoshi Gofukuten, or Mitsukoshi Department
Store, Ltd., is the pioneer department store in
Japan, having set an example to others in introducing
modern improvements in business methods. It is also the
largest and finest not only in Japan but in the whole East.
The store was originated as a private concern by the
Mitsui Family, one of the wealthiest and largest families in
this country, over two centuries ago at Suruga-cho, Nihon-
baslii-ku, Tokyo, the present site of the store. Then it was
known as the Echigoya Dry Goods Store. In 1893 it
assumed the style of the Mitsui Dry Goods Store, being
converted into a partnership. Tlie last metamorphosis was
undergone by the store in 1904, when it was converted into
a joint stock company and assumed the present style.
The building of the store is modelled after the most
fashionable department store in the West, and it is a veri-
table palace of pleasure and comfort. It was completed in
November, 1914, after many years' work. At the base it
covers an area of something like 1,000 tsubo, and each of
its seven floors comprise 650 tsubo.
At tlie store almost everything a liome requires can be
obtained in addition to dry goods. A mere list of depart-
ments into which the store is divided is extraordinarily
long, including Dry Goods, Tailoring, Toilet Articles,
Travelling Necessaries, Hosiery, Millinery, Precious
Articles, Shoes and Boots, Umbrellas, Clogs, and Sticks,
Toys and Other Articles for Children, Stationery, Japanese
Furniture, Foreign Furniture, Pliotographic Apparatus,
Art Treasures, Provisions, Japanese Kitchen Utensils,
Foreign Kitchen Utensils, Tea, Dried Bonito, Sea AVeeds,
Flowers, All Kinds of Presents and Gifts.
All these departments are made to work harmoniously,
( 133 )
and every modern office appliance is in evidence at the
store. Visitors are carried from tlie base to tlie top floor
by a number of elevators. Ventilation in Summer and
warming of rooms in Winter are also efiected with the most
up-to-date machines worked with electricity. The building
itself is also made proof against fires or earthquakes.
r-: if .c:™Ji^jr«"ws;7
THE MITSUKOSHI DEPARTMENT STORE, TOKYO.
At the Mitsukoshi visitors can buy anything with per-
fect ease and without any trouble, because every effort is
made by the management to supply the best possible goods
at the lowest prices, and give every possible assistance to the
visitors in their selection of required goods. At every nook
or corner of the store guides are stationed to direct visitors
to the department to which they desire to go, and the depart-
ments themselves are so arranged as to meet every
requirement.
Also the store deals with orders from all classes of
people from every locality in the world. The store faith-
fully and promptly attends to orders from the provinces.
For distinguislied visitors the store has a set of rooms. In
■ the past many distinguished foreign guests have been
received in the rooms, among them being H.H. Prince
Arthur of Connaught, H.H. Carl Anton Hohenzollern of
Germany, H.H. the Crown Prince of Siam, Miss Roosevelt,
Mr. Bryan, late Secretary of State ot the United States,
and General Kuropatkin. All of them showed their satis-
faction at the up-to-date and complete provision made by
the management.
The Mitsukoshi hold a number of exhibitions or special
sales all through the year, and at every sale special attrac-
■ tions are offered.
The Store also has branches at Osaka, Kyoto, Seoul,
Dairen, and Kiryu where every facility the main store
offers is given, though on a somewhat smaller scale.
The officers of the company are as follows : —
HiRATA WozAKi, Esq President.
TsuNEKiCHi AsABUKi, Esq Director,
RiKiTARO Nakamura, Esq I,
NISHIO SOSHICHI SHOTEN.
(MR. S. NISHIO, TRADER IN COTTON TEXTILES.)
'nn*HIS firm, owned and controlled by Mr. Nishio,
■*■ Soshichi, one of the most experienced and enter-
prising men in the cotton textile trade, is situated at
Shichome, Minami-Hon-machi, Higashi-ku, Osaka.
Being prompt and reliable in all business dealings, the
firm has won the confidence of the public as one of the most
trustworthy in this line of business and enjoys an ever-
increasing trade at home. Of late export business has also
been initiated, and already good connections have been
secured in China and other countries where Japanese cotton
goods are known.
The firm principally handles cotton flannel, cotton
crepes, and all other cotton textile goods, and the volume of
its annual trade in these goods is said to run into a huge
figure. In overseas transactions the firm uses " Marusho
Osaka " as its telegraphic address.
( IS* )
MATSUMURA JINYEMON SHOTEN.
(MR. J. MATSUMURA, MANUFACTURliR OF COTTON
PRINTED COTTON CLOTH)
FLANNEL AND
MR MATSUMURA, JINYEMON, is one of the
greatest manufacturers and wholesale dealers of
cotton flHnnel and printed cotton textiles in Kyoto, and is
especially known as the producer of the "Nikoniko" chop
printed cotton tissues.
MA.TSUMURA.
His main office is at Muro-raachi Higns!n-iru Nishiki-
no-koji, Shimokyo-ku, Kyoto, and a branch at No. 5, 2-chome
Horidome-cho, Niliombashi-ku, Tokyo, which latter carries
on business under the style of the Kanaya Shpten.
The cotton flannel and printed cotton tissues the firm
produces and sells have a large market not only in this
country but overseas as well. China, Manchuria, Mongolia,
and other parts in Northern Asia patronized Mr.
Matsumura's firm even before the outbreak of the present
war in Europe. Now, Manchester goods being scarce in
British India, the South Sea islands, and Australia, those
Southern countries have also come to buy tlie excellent
articles Mr. Matsumura's firm supplies.
Mr. Matsuraura, Jinyemon, the proprietor of this
flourishing firm, was born in June, 1860, in Gifu, and in
his early days moved to Kyoto, where he started the present
enterprise. He is recognized as one of the representative
business men in Kyoto and has been appointed to many
public offices, the following being only a few of the most
prominent :^
Member of the Kyoto Ciiaraber of Commerce, Ex-
aminer of the Business Tax Assessment, member of
the Income Tax Assessment Committee, member of the
Business Tax Assessment Committee, member of the
Committee reporting on the Natural Resource?.
He was also despatched by the Government to China,
Manchuria, and Mongolia to investigate the industrial
possibilities in those parts, as a member of tiie Committee
reporting on the Natural Resources.
MIYAMOTO GISUKE SHOTEN.
(MR. G. MIYAMOTO, WHOLESALE DEALER IN KYOTO SILK
TISSUES AND CLOTHS.)
THIS firm deals in all kinds of " han-eri," or women's
neck cloth, fine " Nishijin " sash cloths, all grades
of figured crepe, dyed crepe, "omeshi" crepe, plain silk
tissues, and other qualities of fine silk tissues and cloths
produced especially in Kyoto, and as such the firm is very
widely known both at home and abroad.
At present the firm has its main oSice at the corner of
Akezunomon, Matsubara-dori, Shimokyo-ku, Kyoto, and a
branch office at No. 17, Torinbura-cho, Nihonbashi-ku,
Tokyo, where an extensive wholesale business is conducted.
The firm was founded by the father of the present
head of the firm, Mr. Glhei Miyamoto, at the site of the pre-
sent head office in Kyoto nearly seven decades ago as whole-
sale dealers in " han-eri." The founder was a man of broad
views and many-sided tastes. He devised many new designs
for his manufactures and always led the fashion. Accord*
( 185 )
ingly soon after his initiation of business he attained the
highest degree of prosperity in his line, and in his latter
days his firm ranked among the foremost of Kyoto silk
tissue wholesale dealers.
A striking trait in his character was progressiveness.
As soon as he saw the needs of the times he at once met
them. It is one of the many proofs of his trait that he
enlarged the scope of his business so as to include all
descriptions of silk tissues produced in Kyoto. By
this courageous move a strong impetus was given
to the firm's affairs, which then expanded at a rapid
rate.
In 1889 a branch oflice was opened to deal with Tokyo
and vicinity, and the firm also exports to Chosen,
Manchuria, South Ciiina, Hawaii, South Sea Islands,
Asiatic Bussia, and other foreign countries. The secret of
this success lies in the excellence of the articles produced
by the firm.
The sumptuousness or excellence of the firm's manu-
factures are deeply appreciated both at home and abroad,
which fact is well demonstrated by the number of medals
awarded by exhibitions, industrial or otherwise, during
past years, the following being only a few of the most
prominent : — Medal ot improvement by the Kyoto In-
dustrial Exhibition, 1877 ; Medals of merit by the Internal
Industrial Exhibition, 1881 to 1907 ; 2nd prize medals by
the Federated Industrial Competitive Exhibitions of
Kwansai Prefectures, 1886 to 1907 ; Ist prize gold medal
by the Federated Foreign Trade Exhibition, 1900 ; Medal
of honour by the Colombus Memorial Industrial Exliibi-
tion, 1892; Gold medal by the Anglo-Japanese Alliance
Exiiibition, 1910.
MR. NISHIMURA SOZAYEMON.
(MANUFACTURER OF EMBROIDERIES, FANCV^ , GOODS, FANCY
CUTVELVETS, AND OTHER SILK GOODS.)
MR. NISHIMURA, SOZAYEMON, is the owner of
the greatest and oldest dry goods stores in Japan,
and not only carries on a large retail trade but an immense
wholesale and export business in embroideries, fancy cut-
velvets, and all other descriptions of silk goods.
Tiie Nishimura family is known as one of the v
oldest iti the old Imperial capital. According to the
history of the frtmily, the ancestor of the family
moved to the place when the great Emperor Kwammu
fixed his capital
there in the 8th cen-
tury, but the firm
was not founded
until 1604, a few
years after the
Shogunate Govern-
ment was inaugurat-
ed by Tokugawa
lyeyasa in Yedo.
Ever since it has
been known as one
of the greatest dry goods stores in Kyoto under the trade
name of " Chikiriya " or " Chiso."
During the Shogunate regime the firm supplied silk
goods to the princely^families, Buddhist temples, and noble
DRY GOODS STORE, KYOTO.
families, while^selliug costly Kyoto drapery wholesale to
Yedo and Osaka. With the Imperial Restoration this
business policy had to be changed, and the firm began the
retail and wholesale trade in " Yuzen " dyed silk and
crapes. Later an overseas trade was inaugurated when
that was made pos-
sible under the new
Imperial rule.
At present the
firm has the main
oflice at Sanjo-Dori,
Karasumaru, Kyoto,
and a branch office
at No. 10, Yama-
shita-cho, Kyobashi-
ku, Tokyo.
The firm supplies the Household Department as
purveyor to the^.Imperial Household, at the same
time undertaking Government commissions for decora-
tive works. Almost all the decorations at the Im-
perial Palaces have been supplied by the firm, and the
gold brocade banners and other decorations at the
Enthronement in 1915 were also manufactured by the firm.
The firm has never failed to exhibit its manufactures
at industrial exhibitions at home and abroad, and every
EXPORT DEPARTMENT.
( 136 )
time they Iiave won the highest honours, the following
being the list of some of the foreign medals and prizes won
in the past : —
A Medal — luternatioual Exhibition in Philadelphia,
1876 ; Silver Medal — Universal Exhibition in Paris,
1878 ; A Medal — International Exhibition in Sydney,
1879; Gold Medal — Universal Exhibition in Barcelona,
1883 ; Grand Prix— Universal Exhibition in Paris, 1889 ;
A Medal— World's Fair in Chicago, 1893 ; Grand Prix-
Universal Exhibition in Paris, 1900 ; Grand Prize —
World's Fair in St. Louis, 1904 ; Grand Prix — Universal
Exhibition in Liege, 1905; Grand Prize — International
Exhibition in St. Petersburg, 1908 ; Grand Prize —
World's Fair in Seattle, 1909 ; Medal of Honour — Japan-
British Exhibition in London, 1910.
The Proprietor of the firm was decorated by the
Imperial Government in 1893 with the Medal of the Green
Ribbon. In 1902, he was decorated by H. M. the Emperor
with the Sixth Class Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure.
MR. S. NISHIMURA.
OKAMOTO SENSUKE SHOTEN.
(MR. S. OKAMOTO, WHOLESALE
MR. OKAMOTO, SENSUKPD, is one of the leading
silk tissue wholesale dealers in Kyoto having his
own dyeing yard. He handles almost all varieties of silk
MR. S. OKAMOTO.
tissues and drapery, but is especially interested in habutai,
crapes, " yuzen " crapes, "kinsha" crapes, silk gauze, and
other kinds of silk textiles.
DEALER IN "YUZEN" CRAPES.)
His main office is situated at Akuoji-machi, Gojo-agaru,
Karasumaru-dori, Kyoto, branches being located at 3-chome,
Hon-machi, Osaka and 2-chonie Odemma-cho, Nihombashi-
ku, Tokyo and the dyeing yard, Shijo, Bojo-dori, Kyoto.
Mr. Okamoto began his career as an apprentice at the
drapery store kept by Mr. Hirooka at Muromachi-dori,
Kyoto, and in 1872 set himself up as a wholesale dealer in
dyed silk ; in 1884 he started the present wliolesale business.
Mr. Okamoto is known as a most enterprising and resource-
ful business man. He never missed any opportunity to
extend his business and even a national war was for him a
chance to put his business genius into full play. When the
Chino-Japanese and the Russo-Japanese wars broke out he
at once produced warlike designs in his crapes or " yuzen "
goods and reaped a splendid result.
Especially in the colouring of his goods Mr. Okamoto
displays his genius, and in the past many new colours and
dyestuffs have been discovered by him. Thus at present he
is known as the foremost of " yuzen " wholesale dealers and
his firm enjoys the patronage of a large buying public.
As an exporter of crapes and habutai he has many good
connections in Chosen, Manchuria, Hawaii, and elsewhere,
and liis annual trade runs up into a very large figure. He
is recognised as an upright man of enterprise and strenuous
endeavour.
( 137 )
MR. TANAKA RISHICHI.
(EXPORTER OF EMBROIDERY AND WALL HANGINGS.)
TV ,T R. TANAKA, RISHICHI'S, ancestors engaged in
■'- -*■ manufacturing embroidered goods for temples and
shrines, together with religious robes, and were known as the
foremost manufacturers of these goods. As early as 1854
MR. S. TANAKA.
the late Riyemon Tanaka, the grandfather of Mr. Rishichi
Taiiaka, made the first attempt at opening direct dealings
with foreign merchants in embroidered screens, wlien lie
went down to Nagasaki and succeeded in obtaining foreigners'
views on the possibility of his new attempt.
He endeavoured to improve embroidery on silk screens
so as to attract foreigners' attention, and in 1864 a certain
Englishman undertook for him the tentative export of his
manufactures to England. This experiment turned out to
be a success, for soon a large order was received from
England and elsewhere in Europe, and the family could
devote all attention to the new undertaking. Thus the late
Mr. Riyemon Tanaka was the pioneer in the line of business
which now figures in Japan's foreign trade, which fact was
acknowledged by the Government in his life time and he
was granted a " Blue Ribbon Badge" in 1896.
While perfecting embroidery screens Mr. Tanaka taxed
his brain to manufacture rich gold brocade and goberiue as
wall hangings, table cloths, and other parlour ornamente.
He also remodelled looms and produced wider cloths.
The present head of the firm, Mr. Rishichi Tanaka,
several times visited Europe and America and studied the
requirements of foreign buy«rs, and many improvements
have been introduced by him in embroidery for export. His
overseas trade in embroidered goods and gold brocade has
expanded strikingly, and the public has recognized his
services by appointing him to various high official positions.
The medals and honourable mentions Mr. Tanaka has
secured at industrial or art exhibitions both at home and
abroad number more than a hundred, the following being
a few of the most important : — Silver medal, Industrial
Exhibition, Germany, 1885 ; 2nd gold medal. World Fair,
Paris, 1887; Silver Badge, Exhibition, Barcelona, 1888;
Copper Medal, Colorabus Exhibition, Chicago, 1893 ; Silver
Medal, International Exposition, Paris, 1899 ; Grand Prize
THE TANAKA STORE, KYOTO.
of Honour & Gold Medal, Internationial Exposition, St.
Louis, 1904 ; Grand prize of honour, International Exhibi-
tion, Liege, 1905; Gold Medal, International Exhibition,
Portland, 1905.
( 138 )
R. TSUDA TSUNESHICHI.
(DEALER IN SILK PIECE GOODS.)
A 8 a wholesale dealer in silk piece goods Mr. Tsuda
■^^ ranks among the foremost. This success ii) business
has been achieved by Mr. Tsuda by foresight and constant
endeavour. In the early years of the Meijl era dyed crapes,
MR. J-. TSUDA.
printed crapes, and dyed silk piece goods, in which his firm
principally dealt, went out of favour with the public, and
his confreres all gave up their trade, but he firmly believed
in the future of his trade and adhered to it, at the same
time constantly endeavouring to improve his manufactures
or introducing novel designs. He was right in his belief,
and after a decade or so the public fashion again changed
and his trade flourished once more, wiien he enlarged the
scope of his business so as to handle all kinds of silk goods.
Besides his Kyoto head office he now maintains a
branch office at Wakamatsu-cho, Nihombashi-ku, Tokyo,
which was opened in 1909. His firm now publishes a
periodical, styled " Heian," which is devoted to the study of
the silk market and is sent out to the firm's customers.
The circulation of the periodical has constantly increased
since its first appearance, thus marking the progress of the
firm's business.
Mr. Tsuda, who is a very progressive and enterprising
business man, is very public-spirited and has done much
service to the cause of his city and philanthropic under-
takings. He not only has exhibited his manufactures but
often rendered signal services at the industrial exhibitions,
thus acquiring many marks of honour and acknowledge-
ment. He has also been a member of the Chamber of
Commerce and other public institutions.
YASUMORI SHOTEN.
(YASUMORI & CO., WHOLESALE DEALERS IN COTTON TISSUES.)
' I "HE firm is one of the biggest cotton tissue wholesale
dealers and exporters in this country, the volume of
business amounting to ¥2,000,000 every year, while many
promiRent business men in China, British India, and the
South Sea islands are in constant communication with thefirm.
The firm was established by the father of the present
head, Mr. Zembei Yasumori, nearly a century ago, to deal
in all kinds of cotton tissues. At first a variety of difficul-
ties had to be encountered, but the founder well endured
them and to his last days followed his principle of
honesty and strenuous activity, thus securing the good will
of all who had dealings with him. All the time his business
was extended and stabilized, and his place in the cotton
trade became one of importance.
( 189 )
When the present head, Mr. Zembei Yasumori, took
over the flourishing business from his father he found the
firm to be one of the biggest in the line, with a colossal
capital and a stafi" of able men. In view of the trend of
the business situation, the new head converted his private
concern into a partnership, into which all his family
were admitted in 1902. The new partnership, financed by
the Yasuiuori family to the amount of ¥200,000, assunaed
the style of Yasumori & Company. It has the main oflSce
at No. 458, Matsubara-Minami-e-iru, Akezumon-dori,
Shimokyo-ku, Kyoto, and deals in cotton tissues, domestic
and foreign, printed cotton tissues, dyed cotton tissues,
striped cotton tissues, mixed tissues, etc.
The volume of business has been brought up to over
¥2,000,000 a year, and the margin netted is very large,
but the major part of tlie profit is added every year to the
reserve funds for the purpose of further stabilizing the
financial position of the firm. The export business has also
been steadily enlarged and at present the firm has
a large number of constant buyers in China, British
India, and South Sea islands. A prominent feature
of the business the firm conducts is its constant ex-
pansion and progress.
MR. Z. YASUMORI.
THE firm, situated at Funaya-machi, Oike-kita-e-iru,
Higasliinotoin, Kamikyo-ku, Kyoto, is widely
known as one of the leading wholesale dealers in dyed silk
and Kwanto drapery. It was founded by Mr. Seibei Naiki
ill 1784. At first the firm was managed on a small scale, but
Z E N I S E I.
(MR. S. NAIKI, WHOLESALE DEALER IN DYED SILK AND GENERAL DRAPERY.)
method is still seen in a big signboard over the doorway of
the firm, which bears four big Chinese characters signifying
" Low Prices always maintained."
His successors have followed the same enterprising
methods a d the business scope of the firm has continued to
expand.
Even when the market was thrown into disorder in the
last days of the Tokugawa Shogunate on account of the
political disturbances, the firm not only escaped the bad
efllect of the panic but expanded its scope by adapting its
method to the requirements of the times, at the same time
commencing the wholesale business in Kwanto drapery.
The present proprietor, Mr. Seibei Naiki, took over
the management of the firm from his father, Mr. Jinzaburo
Naiki, because the latter devoted himself to the public
interests, and as one of the elders of Kyoto has done
unparalleled service to the muicipality and the country.
The firm deals in silk piece goods, hemp or linen cloth,
and other kinds of drapery, particularly all kinds of textiles
produced at Kiryu, Ashikaga, Hachioji, Echigo, and other
weaving centres in the Eastern provinces of the country.
"Nishijin" drapery is also dealt in extensively, and the
firm has special connections with leading weavers in the dis-
tricts. Crejies are also handled by the firm on a large
scale.
.lliiiliiiil
'mum
THE ZENI SEI STORE, KYOTO.
soon it began to expand rapidly because the management
of the firm by the founder wiia at once enterprising and
steadfast, close attention being paid to the requirements of
bis customers. The evidence of the founder's wise business
C 140 )
DYIING AND DYC-STUrPS,
AOKI SENKOJO.
(THE AOKI DYE WORKS.)
THIS concern, which ranks among the foremost dye
houses in Tokyo, was founded by Mr. Naoji Aoki
in 1887 and is still owned by him. It is situated
at
PORTION OF THE AOKI WORKS, TOKYO.
MR. M. TANAKA, CHIEF EXPERT, MANAGER.
Yanagishima-Yokokawa-cho, Honjo-ku, Tokyo, and covers
a large area of ground, being divided into many departments.
This was the first dye house in Japan to use Indian
indigo and indigo pure in printing and dyeing textiles. The
result of this pioneer work whs a splendid success, and
brought a high degree of prosperity. In 1904 again the
works started a new departure ahead of all others by
initiating the mercerising of cotton tissues and silket and
the sclireiner finish of all kinds of textiles. In these lines
the works still stand foremost.
Mr. Aoki, the enterprising proprietor, then inaugurated
the printing department and the manufacture of cotton
pongee, which was soon followed by another ambitious
scheme of manufacturing and dyeing Italian cloth, Venetian
cloth, and other kindred textiles. In all these new ventures
he was the pioneer and his success has been a great fillip to
all in his line.
The Aoki Dye Works at present make it its specialty
to produce dyed and printed cotton textiles, bleached cotton
cloth, Italian cloth, pongee, and other descriptions of
mercerised goods, its annual production amounting to
24,002,000 yards.
HANANOYA ENOGU SEIZOSHO.
(THE HANANOYA COLOURS FACTORY, LTD.)
THE factory was erected as a private enterprise in
1885 at No. 23, 2-chome Midori-cho, Honjo-ku,
Tokyo. It covers an area of 200 tsubo. By dint of years'
incessant experiments and earnest eflTorts toward the perfec-
tion of manufaclures, the factory has succeeded in bringing
up the line of industry in this country to the present
standard of excellence and eflSciency, and its products
enjoy a very high reputation.
With the perfection of its manufactures there was a
gradual increase in the sale of all kinds of goods the factory
produced, and the enterprise was converted into a joint
stock concern, with a capital of ¥120,000 fully kinds up, in
October, 1914. The factory now stands first among the
colours manufacturers in JapHn.
Not only are moist water colours and different kinds of
pigment and lake produced, but coloured pencils and chalk
as well. All of these are manufactured with most up-to-date
machines and under the supervision of able and competent
experts and, therefore, they can be used by draughtsmen
and artists with perfect satisfaction. The factory can turn
out something like 125,000 pounds a year, which is valued at
¥180,000 or upwards. The market for the manufactures
( 141 )
of the factory was limited to Japan before the war, but now
they are taken in iocreasing quantities by Chosen, Man-
churia, China, British India, Australia, Russia, and the
South Sea islands.
(1). INTERIOR OF THE WORK.
INTERIOR OF THE WORK.
Various honours have been conferred on the goods
turned out by the factory at the different industrial and
educational exhibitions at home and in some of Japan's
possessions. The following are only a few of the principal
honours obtained : — Letter of eulogy, Tokyo Prefectural
Industrial Exhibition, July, 1907; 3rd cla« medal of
honour, let Japan Stationery and School Equipments Ex-
INTERIOR OF THE WORK.
hibition. May, 1911 ; Gold medal of honour, Tokyo Taisho
Industrial Exhibition, July, 1914 ; Silver medal of honour,
Taiwan Industrial Competitive Exhibition, May, 1916.
INABATA SENKOJO.
(THE INABATA & CO.)
THE INABATA & CO. is situated at Nichorae
Junkei-machi, Minaroi-ku, Osaka, Mr. Katsutaro
Inabata being President. Mr. Inabata spent many years
in France studying the dyeing business, and established a
dyeing factory in October, 1896. By dint of his efforts the
business steadily developed and before many months had
elapsed his factory produced various kinds of dyeing
which had been considered beyond reach of domestic
works. Foremost amongst these is the dyeing of various
kinds of figured raousseline for the manufacture of girls'
hakama. The manufacture of black cloth for covers of
export umbellas is another achievement worthy of mention.
After hard study and many experiments Mr. Inabata
succeeded in producing the khaki colour, and in the Russo-
Japanese War of 1904-5 the factory rendered valuable
services to the army in dyeing uniforms.
With a view to extending the scope of business the firm
was reorganized in March, 1905, into a Goshi Kaisha,
INTERIOR OF THE INABATA WORKS, OSAKA.
( 142 )
the limited partnersliip consisting of Messrs. KatsutarS
luabata Kokinji Takashima and KihachirS Okura. Tlie
present partnership consists of Mr. K. Inabata investing
¥96,000, Mr. N. Onaka and Mr. S. Inabata each ¥2,000.
In order to meet the ever-increasing demand, it is
intended to extend the works and equip them with new
machines by trebling the amount of the existing capital.
Since 1911 Mr. Inabata, President of the firm, has been the
chief of the Osaka Guild of Djers, and since 1914 he has
held the post of Vice-President of the Osaka Chamber of
Commerce. Besides he holds such important ports as the
Presidency of the Mousseline Kabushiki Kaisha and
auditorship of the Japan Dye-Stuff Manufacturing Co , Ltd.
The company has been awarded medals by many exhibi-
tions both at home and abroad.
There are two branch offices, one in 1-chome Horidome
Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo and the other in tlie Japanese Con-
cession, Tientsin.
ITO SENKOJO.
(THE ITO
THE Ito Dye Works stands at Azuma-machi, Minami
Katsushika-gun, near Tokyo and is under the
management of Mr. Kotozo Ito. The site covers an area of
about 83 acres. The mill employs over 300 operatives, and
enjoys a world-wide fame for perfection in the art of dying,
thus figuring prominently among the works of the kind in
Japan.
The works are chiefly engaged in Dying, bleaciiing and
finishing cotton and linen fabrics. It boasts, among other
things, of its excellent finishing machines.
Meritorious services rendered and being rendered by
the mill in the cause of the country, during her war witli
Russia in 1904-5 and of the Allies now fighting the
DYE WORKS.)
Teutonic powers testify to its inexhaustible manufactnring
capacity and the world-wide credit that it has won. In the
case of the Ru^so-Japanese war the works met more than
half of the demand for khaki uniforms and 90 per cent, of
the demand for tents. Since then the mill has constantly
been favoured with large orders for uniforms and other war
supplies from the army and navy of Japan and other coun-
tries. The factory is now working to its fullest capacity
on contracts for uniforms, tents, etc., which are in demand.
The works' supplies are not confined to military
articles. They are ready at all times to respond to orders
for dyeing, bleaching and water-proofing linen and cotton
cloths of all degrees of thickness.
NIPPON KATAZOME KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE JAPAN COTTON PRINTING & DYEING WORKS, LTD.)
THE Japan Cotton Printing and Dyeing Works, Ltd.
is a big dye house near Hamamatsu, which prints
JAPAN COTTON PRINTING AND DYEING
WORKS, HAMAMATSU.
and dyes cotton tissues and exports them to China, British
India, Australia, and other countries, besides supplying
fresh and novel descriptions of printed or dyed cotton
tissues to the domestic market, tlie annual production of all
kinds of cotton goods amounting to over ¥2,000,000. Tlie
company was floated in 1900 by a number of Hamamatsu
business men with a capital of ¥125,000, when it was
styled the Cotton Printing Company, Ltd. As it was a
splendid success it was moved to a bigger factory in the
suburbs of the city toward the close of the same year and
renamed the Japan Cotton Printing and Dyeing Works,
Ltd.
After repeated extensions the company's capital now
stands at ¥1,525,000. After the Russo-Japanese war the
plant was further enlarged with the addition of several
printing presses, and designs of figures were made fresh and
novel. At the same time several of the company's officers
( 143 )
were despatched to Manchuria to study the requirements of
the Chinese in the Northern provinces, and as the result of
their investigations the manufacture of special export
goods was initiated.
When the cotton trade with Manchuria was visited
with a reactionary deprtssion for after several years the war
most of cotton goods exporters gave up their market
there, but the company alone maintained the trade
built up thus far and even adopted a positive policy
of stationing one or other of the Directors there to control
or supervise the whole operations of the company there.
As the result of this policy the company now
occupies a stable position in the cotton trade with Man-
churia and China, and always has big orders from there in
hand.
In the domestic market changes in public taste are
always attended to, and fashionable designs and styles are
turned out. Often the company has been commissioned to
manufacture specially-designed goods by the Imperial
Household Department. Because of the excellence of its
goods a large number of prizes and medals have been re-
ceived at industrial exhibitions.
The company's officers are as follows : —
JiNSHiCHi Miyamoto, Esq President.
RoKUNoeuKE KoTAKE, Esq I ^i'^ulr^
KiiCHiKO Kamo, Esq Manager.
NISSHIN SEMPU GOSHI KAISHA.
(THE NISSHIN DYE WORKS.)
'■ I ^HE Nisshin Dye Works is a limited partnership
■*- situated at Yanagishima, Yokokawa-cho, Honjo-ku,
Tokyo, and one of the oldest dye works managed on modern
lines in Japan. In 1884 the late Mr. Gentaro Izumi
installed a complete set of dyeing and mercerising
machines, which were then of the latest and most improved
types, and this factory was then known as the only house
which could produce perfect goods in Tokyo and district,
and in 1903 the Silver Medal of Honour was granted at the
Fifth Domestic Industrial Exhibition.
In January, 1907, Mr. Izumi's firm was converted into
a joint stock company with a capital of ¥1,500,000. The
works were then styled the Nisshin Dyeing Company and
Mr. Sojiro Okada became its President and Mr. Izumi the
Managing' Director.
Within five years both the President and the
Managing Director were dead and the company was wound
up in 1913, just when Mr. Shigeru Hamano had returned
from a trip to Europe and America and proposed to take
over the business. In April, 1913, the company was
transferred to Mr. Hamano's ownership and assumed the
present style. Now Mr. Shigeru Hamano personally con-
trols the works as President and Mr. Mansuke Hamano
assists him as Manager. At first the works concentrated
its operations on market goods, but now the dyeing and
mercerising of export goods are also undertaken. Water-
proof dyeing is also conducted by the works for the Imperial
Army.
The last-named operations are conducted in the
patented processes. All sorts of cotton fabrics are made
water-proof without being coated with paint. The works
are also contractors to the Imperial Government Railways
and the Department of Communications.
Manager,
MR. M. HAMANO.
President,
MR. S. HAMANO.
THE NISSHIN DYE WORKS, TOKYO.
The works dyes and mercerises export cotton goods for
China, British India, the Dutch East Indies, and other
countries in the East, and on account of the excellent finish
of the goods supplied the public demand on the works is
daily increasing.
( 1« )
SHIBATA SENRYO SHOTEN.
(THE SHIBATA DYE-STUFF STORE.)
THE Shibata Dye-Stuff Store was first opened by
Mr. Tobei Shibata, father of the present proprietor,
in 1869. The business stsadily developed until the firm
MR. S. SHIBATA.
reorganized itself into a partnership in 1887 and opened
branches in Kyoto and Osaka. Mr. Seinosuke Shibata has
represented the firm since 1882, in whicli year he became an
adopted son of Mr, Tobei Shibata.
Formerly the store dealt in dye-stuffs and chemicals
under the firm name of Katsuraya. To Mr. Seinosuke
Shibata's strenuous efforts the store largely owes its present
prosperity. Being a man of great ability and inexhaustible
energy he is connected with many large establishments, and
is a director of the Tokyo Sulphuric Acid Works Ltd., Daid5
Indigo Co., Ltd., Nippon Rubber Co., Ltd., Nippon Dye
Works Ltd., Osaka Acetic Acid Co., Ltd., etc. Besides he
is a Director of the Dai Nippon Textile Association and
member of the Tokyo Chamber of Commerce. At this time,
when the nation is suffering heavily from the scarcity of
dye-stuffs and various other chemicals consequent on the
check of their import since the outbreak of hostilities, the
efforts of a man of Mr. Shibata's ablity and renown will
no doubt prove highly serviceable in properly meeting the
situation.
YAMADA GOMEI KAISHA.
(THE YAMADA DYE-STUFF CO.)
^ I ^HE Yamada Gomel Kaisba is situated at No. 9,
Nichome Kyutaro-raachi, Higashi-ku, Oiaka and is
presided over by Mr. Ichirobei Yamada. Established in
1854, the company chiefly does wholesale business, dealing
in paints, dye-stuffs, chemicals etc. The business is not
confined to the domestic market, but is extended to Chosen
and China. There are branches in Tokyo, Kyoto, Chosen,
etc. Mr. Yamada, proprietor of the firm, was born in
May of 1851 in DSmyoji Village, of Kawachi Province, as
the third son of Mr. Yajihei Nakano. In 1876 he was
adopted into the family of Mr. Yamada, a dealer in the
above-mentioned articles, and succeeded to the business.
In 1915 the firm was reorganized into a Gomei Kaisha
(Partnership). In 1880 Mr, Yamada opened trade with
tlie Southern Islands, and his strenuous efforts as manager,
extending over many years, have brought the Yamada
MR. I. YAMADA'S GARDEN.
( 145
Gomei Kaisha to its present iminent position. In 1900 he
organized in co-operation with a few interested men an
indigo company under the title of the Goshi Kaisha Tohan
Seiran-Gumi and was appointed a Director. Thus he
practically brought under his control the business of
artificial Indigo in Japan. In 1906 he opened up an outlet
in China and Chosen for dye-stuffs and chemicals for use
in industries. In 1900 he dissolved the Tohan Seiran-
Gumi and at the same time established the Daido Indigo
Co., Ltd., and was appointed a Director. In 1912 he
organized the Higashinari Land and Building Co., Ltd.,
being himself President. Prior to this, in 1900, he was
elected member of the Ward Council of Higashi-ku and
General Director of the Guild of the Dealers in Paints and
Dye Stuffs of Osaka. Both posts he has held up to the
present. In 1913 he was elected member of the Osaka
Chamber of Commerce. In the same year he was appointed
to the Committee on the Business Tax Investigation
representing Higashi-ku. Besides he has established the
Osaka Boyeki Gogakko (Osaka Trade Language School)
which has proved of great service in the cause of trade.
It will thus be seen that besides making the best possible
)
efforts for the promotion of his own business Mr. Yamada
has never been behind others in zeal for the advance-
MR. I. YAMADA.
ment of public interests. His meritorious services have
been many times recognized by the Authorities.
( 146 )
CbCOTRIGAl^ SCCTIOIN.
CHICHIBU DENSEN SEIZOSHO.
(THE CHICHIBU ELECTRICAL WIRE MANUFACTORY, LTD.)
TT TITB the expansion of electric enterprises, wire
• * manufacturers have increased apace of late in
Japan, and in the market a large number of different
INTERIOR OF THE CHICHIBU ELECTRICAL WIRE
WORKS, TOKYO.
brands are offered for sale. Among the best are those
branded with Maxwell's cork screw rule. They are turned
out by the Chichibu Electrical Wire Manufactory at Shimo-
shibuya, a suburban town of Tokyo.
The manufactory was founded at Aoyama, Akasaka-ku,
Tokyo, in 1906, by Mr. Sadaiiaru Chichibu as a private
concern for the purpose of making special classes of electrical
wires, for wliich he took out patents, and these were manu-
tured on a large scale. The enterprise soon proved to be a
success, as the public learnt to appreciate the fine quality
of the goods supplied by the manufactory.
In 1911 the manufactory was moved to the present
site, and its plant was at once enlarged and improved. The
output was also increased enormously, and besides supply-
ing Goveriimt'nt offices, electric companies, mines, and
various manufacturing companies the goods were exported.
Especially since the outbreak of the present war in Europe
the market for the manufactory's goods has steadily in-
creased. On the strength of this success the manufactory
was converted into a joint stock company in 1915 and the
plant was further enlarged and improved. Dr. Ohsuke
Asano, an eminent authority on electricity, has been
engaged by the company as its Adviser.
At present the company manufactures the following
lines of goods : —
Magnet wires, Signal wires, Telephone wires, Mili-
tary wires. Power wires, Cables, Cords, Insulating
compounds, Insulating paints. Cable boxes, etc.
Some of these goods are manufactured by the company
with special processes for which the company has patent
rights. Especially the wires known as " Chichibu wires "
are coated with compounds instead of rubber, and the
compounds are again protected with compressed Japanese
paper bands and certain other materials. Thus they are
proof against the action of acids, dampness, salts, and
gases. In addition the manufactory's supplies have many
features which are universally acknowledged. They are
also very cheap, because almost all materials used are
produced in this country.
( 1" )
DAI-KIPPON DENKYU KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE DAI-NIPPON ELECTRIC BULB CO.. LTD.)
THE Company is situated at Hiramatsu, Sugamo near
Tokyo. It was organized in August, 1915, with a
sliare capital of ¥1,000,000. The company is engaged in
the manufacture and sale of sumera bulbs (tungsten) and
filament. Besides tungstenic bulbs it also manufactures
carbon filament bulbs. The works consists of three sections,
company aims at becoming a leader in the world of this line
of industry in Japan, by using home made materials as much
as possible, while keeping close touch with the situation of
the industry in the countries of the west. It is sparing no
effort for the accomplishment of this noble ambition. This
is certainly a matter for congratulation not only for the
THE DAI-NIPPON ELECTRIC BULB CO., TOKYO.
viz.. Kiln, Filament, and Bulbs. The annual production
amounts to about 3,000,000 bull)S, at 10,000 per day. Tlie
market covers the homeland, Chosen and China.
The sumera bulb is of the company's own invention
and is registered by the Imperial Government as the
patented article No. 26,704. It stands unrivalled in every
sake of the company but also for the sake of this industry
in Japan. The Company's future development therefore
is full of interest.
The board of directors consists of the following : —
Shintaro Ohashi, Esq President.
WORKSHOP IN OPERATION.
respect. It consumes only one third of the quantity of
electricity required by the carbon filament, but is effective
for 1,000 hours. It, gives a white and clear light.
Though only about a year has elapsed since its establish-
ment, the company lias already attained to prosperity and
the works are in full swing executing large orders. The
THE COMPANY'S WORKSHOP,
Tetsunosuke Yoshimura, Esq,
TOMOYE H ATA NO, Esq
Shimichiro Tanabe, Esq. ...
Sadaji Madarame, Esq Ciiief Expert.
Managing Director.
(Chief of the
\ Business Section.
( 148 )
DENKI KAGAKU KOGYO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE ELECTRO-CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CO., LTD.)
THE company was floated in May, 1915, to manufacture
various chemicals by the patented processes dis-
covered by Mr. Tsuneichi Fujiyama, who manages the
company as Managing Director. It has an authorized
capital of ¥5,000,000, of which ¥2,000,000 is paid up.
Mr. Fujiyama is a recognized authority in this branch
of industry, having identified himself with the production of
carbide ever since his graduation from the Polytechnic
College of the Tokyo Imperial University. On his learning
that in Germany a new process of manufacturing nitro-
genous fertilizers from carbide was being successfully devised
he went over to Europe and prosecuted his study of the
particular branch of industry both in Germany and Italy.
THE HOKKAI CARBIDE WORKS, HOKKAIDO.
On his return he organized a company called the Japan
Nitrogenous Fertilizer Company and began to manufacture
nitrogenous fertilizers and other chemical products, but there
was a defect in the method. Mr. Fujiyama's energy was
then devoted to the elimination of this defect. He began
his experiments and after a year and a half succeeded in dis-
covering a method by which the manufacture of calcium
nitrate could be made a continuous process. The result, of
course, w;is beneficial and the company could both enlarge
its capital and increase its dividend rate.
But in January, 1912, Mr. Fujiyama withdrew from
the company owing to a difference of opinion with another
director, and witli the support of the Mitsui Company
esuiblishtd a factory in Hokkaido which has been transferred
to the company now under review. At present the company
owns eight patent rights, all of which have been taken out
by Mr, Fujiyama. Particularly his invention of making
nitrogenous compounds out of carbide is protected by patent
in Great Britain, the United States, France, Italy, Austria,
Switzerland, and Canada, besides Japan. By these patented
processes the company now manufactures calcium carbide,
calcium Cyanide, sulphate of ammonia and other chemical
products, but the main product is sulphate of ammonia.
At present the company manages three factories at
Tomakomaki, Hokkaido ; Omuda, Fukuoka prefecture ; and
Fushun, Manchuria. The first-named factory produces
yearly 8,000 tons of the main product with 3,500 kilowatts
of power.
The factory at Omuda produces 20,000 tons of the
same annually with over 10,000 kilowatts of power.
The Fushun works run the manufacture of sulphate of
ammonia by a special arrangement with the Sonth Manchuria
Railway Company. The yearly production at the mill is
over 16,000 tons.
Owing to the gradual decline in the import of these
goods the company's manufactures are steadily gaining a
market both at home and abroad, and the company's finan-
cial position is improving apace.
Accordingly a dividend at 15 per cent, per annum was
recommended by the Board at the meeting for the term,
after providing amply fir all reserve funds.
The officers of the company are as follows : —
KyoHEi Magoshi, Esq.
JuGORO Otaguro Esq
Tsuneichi Fujiyama, Esq ...
Shintaro Ohashi, Esq.
Chozaburo Umemura, Esq.
Tamaki Makita, Esq
GiNjiRO Fujiwara, Esq. ...
Kamenosuke Fujino, Esq ...
YoKi Majima, Esq
JiROKiCHi Nakamigawa, Esq.
••■{
President.
{Managing
Director.
Managing
Director.
Director.
Auditor.
( 149 )
FUJIKURA DENSEN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE FUJIKURA ELECTRICAL WIRE CO., LTD.)
f"! "'HE Company was started as far back as 1884,
Although the electrical industry in Japan was then
in the elementary stage, the founder of the Company, the
late Mr. Zenhachi Fujikura, was already manufacturing
the cotton covered and silk covered copper wires. In the
year 1888 the works were developed and extended, and
commenced to manufacture paraffined wires, weather-proof
wires and flexible cords, in addition to the above wires.
In order to meet the ever increasing demands for the goods,
it was found necessary to make a fuither extension of busi-
cambric, vulcanised bitumen, asbesto?, the patent okerite
and minerite, etc. ; lead encaged cables, dry core telephone
cables, paper cables for electric light and power, weather-
proof wires and all other classes of electric cables. These
have been supplied for many years to the largest consumers
both at home and abroad, to an annual value which exceeds
six million yen.
For some years the company has endeavoured to
manufacture insulated paper at a separate works, and can
now produce the best Manila paper suitable for use as the
dielectric of cables.
THE FUJIKURA ELECTRICAL WIRE CO., TOKYO.
ness, and the present joint stock Company was formed in
the year 1889, under the title of The Fujikura Densen
Kabushiki Kaisha, with Mr. Tomekichi Matsumoto as
President. Thus the Company was placed on a sound
footing, and by painstaking effort and careful study, the
Company gradually and steadily developed until at last it
has attained the present prosperity. High grade rubber
wires and every kind of electric wires and cables have been
added to the list of its manufactures. Specialities com-
prise cables and wires insulated with rubber varnished
The works are chosen as regular suppliers by the
Departments of Communications, of War, and of the Navy,
the Imperial Government Railways and other Government
ofBces and principal electrical works in Tokyo, Osaka and
other cities.
A few years ago the works started the export of its
manufactures to China, Russia, Straits Settlements, British
India and Australia, and they are very highly spoken of
both at home and abroad, and command a large sale on
account of the superiority of their quality and finish.
( 160 )
FUJI SUIDEN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE FUJI HYDROELECTRIC POWER CO., LTD.)
rriHE Fuji Hydro-Electric Power Company is one of the
JL leading companies of the kind in Japan and is
conspicuous for its sound business condition and well-
regulated management. It was established in 1909 by a
number of business men connected with Shizuoka prefecture.
The company utilizes the river Shiba, a tributary of the
great river Fuji, for the generation of power. At the foot
of Mount Fuji there are three fountain heads, which form
a river called the Shiba. Along its course also there
are many similar fountain heads which flow into the river
Sliiba. According to the latest investigation the fountain
heads make over five hundred heads along the river until it
joins the great river Fuji.
THE INOKASHIRA POWER STATION.
The river Shiba is, it is true, only a small stream with
a length of 6 miles, but its head measures above 2,000 feet
in all, with large water falls which can be utilized for the
generation of power. The river, moreover, shows no
fluctuation in the volume of water all the year round
because the real fountain head is found in Mount Fuji.
Another feature of the river is quite valuable, viz., it is
quite free from landslides or other similar troubles. This
ideal stream is fully utilized by the Fuji Hydro-Electric
Power Company by establishing many power stations along
the whole course of the stream. Above the Shiraito fall
there are three power stations which generate 11,000 horse
power when fully built. Below the fall there are two power
stations which are rather smaller but can generate 1,400
horse power.
The company has established three transformer stations
at Yoshiwara, Ejiri, and Kambara for the purpose of
regultiting the supply of power to the general public. The
two other transformer stations at Iriyamase and Kajima are
maintained for the purpose of regulating the supply of
power to the Fuji Paper Manufacturing Company. These
latter stations are built on the latest German models, and
their plants are of the finest of the kind in this country.
Besides supplying power to the Fuji Paper Manu-
facturing Company and several other companies in Shizuoka
prefecture and vicinity the company supplies light to
eight important towns and thirty villages in the prefecture.
The company supplies power and light at very low
rates, but its financial condition is sound and strong, as
nsay be seen in the following account for the latter half of
1916:—
Yen.
Total profit 631,548.788
Redemption of fixed capital 12,000.000
Extraordinary redemption of fixed capital ... 362,000.000
Balance (net profit) 257,548.788
Balance brought over 8,989.173
xuiai ... ... ... ... ..«
Legal reserve ,
Loss reserve
Dividend at 12^ per annum
Special dividend at 8^ per annum
Bonuses for oflicers
Carried forward
266,537.961
13,000.000
13,000.000
131,700.000
87,800.000
11,000.000
10,037.961
The receipts of the compiiny are steadily increasing, and
the rate of dividend at 12% per annum has been steadily
maintained. Besides the company has often distributed
special dividends. Though the chemical works have been
handed over to a new company the company's business out-
look has been little impaired, because by the amalgamation
of the Suuzu Electric Railway Company it has enlarged
its sphere of influence into Kanagawa prefecture. The plant
and business bought up are very promising, and the area
of supply comprises three towns and thirty-seven villages.
The oflScers of the company are as follows : —
KiNROKU Ono, Esq President.
Managing
Shintaro Shibai, Esq.
Director.
( 161 )
ISHIWATARI DENKI SEISAKUSHO.
(THE ISHIWATARI ELECTRICAL VyORKS.)
THE ISHIWATARI ELECTRICAL WORKS stand
at No. 6, Fujimi-cho, Azabu, Tokyo, and is engaged
in the manufacture and sale of the Ishiwatari safety sockets
and other electrical apparatus. Mr. Konosuke Ishiwatari,
the founder and proprietor of the Works, was born in
August, 1865, in Matsumine, Yamagata Prefecture. In
1888 he came up to the capital and entered the Kokugakuin
(College of Japanese Literature), and after finishing school he
entered the Mining School of Sado. On graduating there-
from in 1893 lie obtained a position in the Mining Bureau
in the Agricultural, Commercial and Industrial Department
of Korea. After the assassination of the Korean Princess
he resigned the ofSce and came back to Japan. Returning
to his native province of Yamagata, he tried for a time the
digging of alluvial gold and then went to the island of
Sado to work in the silver mines, as a member of the staff of
the Mining Department of the Mitsubishi Co. ; not remaining,
however, long in the service, he devoted himself to inventive
works. Among many things invented and patented by him
are artificial grindstone, artificial granite, paper shades,
Ishiwatari Safety Sockets, etc. Articles patented and
registered as utility models number 55 in all. He has now
been engaged for many years in the manufacture of electrical
apparatus, and is held in high respect as a magnate in this
line of industry. The manufactures all siiow novel designs
made by this inventive genius. Mr. Ishiwatari is also
engaged in the manufacture of coal-tar, cokes and dye-stufis.
The equipments of the electrical works at Tokyo leave
nothing to be desired. The works turn out yearly as many
as 3,800,000 apparatus and produces, as a by work, electrical
MR. K. ISHIWATARI.
apparatus made of artificial granite which are not only
supplied to the home market but also exported to Great
Britain, Ciiina, India, Russia and other countries.
K 0 K 0 S H A.
(MR. K. ITAMI AND HIS BUSINESS.)
r I ^HE Kokosha is engaged in designing, supervising
-'- and contracting electrical works and the sale of
electrical machines and apparatus. The firm is situated at
No. 18, Hachikan-ch5, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo and is under the
management of Mr. Kichijiro Itarai. Soon after graduat-
ing from the College of Engineering in the Tokyo Imperial
University in 1893, Mr, Itami was engaged by the Tokyo
Electrical Works as Chief Expert, whose duties consisted in
designing and manufacturing various electrical machines.
From 1894 to 1896, Mr. Itami, as the expert of the works,
completed the power houses and wire works for the Seudai
Electrical Light Co., Ltd., the Tsu Electrical Light Co.,
Ltd., and Takamatsu Electrical Light Co., Ltd. In 1898,
he organized with interested men a joint stock company
for the establishment of the Daishi Electric Railway in
Kanagawa Prefecture, thus setting the first example of this
line of work in the K wan to districts. This is the origin of
the present Keihin Electric Railway Co., Ltd. In 1898,
he entered into the service of the Daishi Electric Railway
Co. as chief expert. On the completion of the railway in
( 162 )
1900, he resigned and took the position of supervising
expert of the working section of the Tokyo Electric Light
MR. K. ITAMI.
Co, Ltd. In 1901, he supervised the equipment of the
increased power house of the Bakan Electric Light Co., Ltd.
On the completion of the work, he resigned his office and in
September of the same year he opened an industrial office
styled Kokosha at Nishi-Konya-ch5, Kyobashi-ku, for de-
signing, supervising and contracting electrical works and for
the sale of electrical machines and apparatus. Later the
office was removed to the present address. In 1902, he was
entrusted with the designing of works of the Tamagawa
Electric Railway Co., Ltd. In 1905, he was appointed
chief expert of the same company. On opening the busi-
ness of the company in March, 1907, he resigned his office.
Since then he has devoted himself to the development of
the business of his own office, the Kokosha. Mr. Itami de-
votes himself heart and soul to the cause of the develop-
ment of this line of industry for the sake of the nation, as
is amply testified by the sincerity and steadiness which
marks the business of the KSkosha.
KUROSAKI DENKI SEISAKUSHO.
(THE KUKOSAKI ELECTRICAL APPARATUS WORKS.)
THE Kurosaki Electrical Apparatus Works stand at
No. 9, Sato-cho, Kitano, Kita-ku, Osaka. Tlie
store is located by Shinauo Bridge, Nishi-ku, Osaka. The
factory came into being in 1897 in Kinokuni-machi,
Higashi-ku, Osaka, for the manufacture of electrical
apparatus.
With the growing development of electrical business
tlie factory proved too narrow, and was removed to the pre-
sent address in 1907. The new factory is doing its utmost
for the improvement in quality of the articles. The
European war has given a great stimulus to Japan's manu-
facturing industries, especially the electrical industry. It
has brought home to those concerned the necessity of
independence. Encouragement of the manufacture of
national products is voiced by intelligent men. Fully
realizi'-g this situation, the Kurosaki factory is devoting
itself he;irt and soul to the development of this important
industry. As the result of many years' experience and by
the best possible attention in selecting materials, the works
are now able to manufacture articles of perfection. Before
being placed on the market all the apparatus are put to
strict test, so that their reliability is well warranted. They
claim the following characteristics: small development of
MOTOR GENERATOR SET MADE BY THE FIRM.
heat, substantial structure of every part of the apparatus,
superiority in nature peculiar to electricity, and cheapness
in cost. The works are punctual in the execution of orders.
( 153 )
KYORITSU DENKI DENSEN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE KYORITSU ELECTRICAL MACHINE AND ELECTRICAL WIRE CO., LTD.)
' I ^HE Company is an amalgamated concern of the
-*- Electrical Machine Company called Sekisansha
and the Abe Electrical Wire Company which were
established about thirty years ago. The Company is
situated No. 39, Fujimi-cho, Azabu-ku, Tokyo and the
store, No. 24, Uneme-cho, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo. At first,
the Company ran on a capital of ¥250,000, but in
October, 1913, the capital was increased to ¥500,000
and efforts were made to complete the equipments
of the factory and to turn out goods of superior
quality. In view of the infancy of the electrical machine
manufacturing industry in this country, the company has
made very effort to secure its development for the purpose
not only of checking the importation of the goods from
abroad but of contributing to the advance of the national
economics. It is to the credit of the Company that it has
received orders from the Department of War, the Depart-
ment of the Navy, and the Department of Communications
for electrical maciiiues and various kinds of electrical
wires. Since the outbreak of the war, the importation of
European goods has stopped and there is a growing
demand for home-made goods. The Company is, there-
fore, redoubling its efforts to turn out the highest-class
goods. The factory is provided with six kinds of motor
machines, numbering 18, and other machines, numbering
over 400 in all. Fourteen experts, over twenty clerks and
over 540 workmen are employed.
THE KYORITSU ELECTRICAL MACHINE AND
ELECTRICAL WIRE CO., TOKYO.
The Directorate of the Company : —
Keizaburo Ishiguro, Esq
Takichi Motoyama, Esq
ToRAzo KiDA, Esq ...
KoKiCHi Ohashi, Esq. ... '
Shin Kurosaki, Esq
Tetsunosuke Yoshimuka, Esq. ...
RoKURO AoYAMA, Esq
Tomoyemon Sato, Esq
r Managing
I Director.
Director.
Auditor.
Advisor.
MEIJI DENKI KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE MEIJI ELECTRICAL CO., LTD.)
THE Meiji Electrical Co., Ltd. is located at No. 10,
1-chome Ta-maohi, 8liiba-ku, Tokyo. The company
was organized in March, 1910, with a capital of
¥100,000 by taking over the whole business of the
Ishida Electrical Works (Partnership). It is engaged
switches and many other electrical machines. The principal
customers are the Department of Communications, the
Department of War and Department of the Navy and
Electric Light Companies and Electric Railway Companies
in various localities. The articles are also exported to a
in the manufacture of generators, motors, switchboards, considerable amount to Chosen, Taiwan and China. The
( Managing
\ Director.
( 154
excellent quality of its manufactures has earned for the
Company a good reputation, and the business is steadily
developing. The Company's officials are as follows : —
Seitaro Yamaguchi, Esq President.
Kyuji Kobayashi, Esq....
Eenji Nishiwaki, Esq Director.
They are all able business men to whom is due the
present prosperity of the Company.
Specialities. — Motor generator set for railway
service, Motor generator set for Electrical-chemical pur-
pose. Belt driven 3 phase alternating current generator,
direct coupled with exciter, direct current interpole
motor with starter, Type MW 3 phase induction motor,
direct coupled motor pump set, Meiji Denki single phase
induction motor. Motor-generator set and switchboard,
Belt driven direct current generators. Type MW 3 phase
induction motors and starters, single phase oil trans-
formers, Switchboards for motor-generators set, low
tension alternating current switchboards, 3-pole high
tension switch, 66,000 volts 3 pole line switch outdoor
)
type, 115,000 volts single pole line switch indoor and
outdoor type, controller for direct current motor, direct
current vertical motois, switchboard for alternating
KOBAYASHI.
current generator, electric heater, alternating current
drill motor, direct coupled motor-pump set.
NAGOYA DENTO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE NAGOYA ELECTRIC LIGHT CO., LTD.)
''ipHE Nagoya Electric Light Co., Ltd. is located at
■*■ Shiuyanagi-machi, Naka-ku, Nagoya in the Prefec-
ture of Aiciii. The company was organized in August,
1888, with a capital of ¥78,800, and opened business in
December of the following year. In March of 1896 the
company combined with the Aichi Electric Light Co., Ltd.
with a capital of ¥75,000, and at the same time increased the
capital to ¥300,000. In order to cope with enormous
activities following the termination of the war with China
the company again increased the capital in October of the
same year to ¥500,000. In April of the following year
the capital was again increased to ¥1,000,000. In October
of 1904 the company inaugurated the supply of day power
to be used in factories. In January, 1907, the company
purchased tiie Tokai Hydro Electric Light Co., Ltd. with a
capital of ¥250,000 and as a result the capital was in-
creased to ¥1,250,000. Thus the company opened the
hydro-electrical business by operating electric-motor power
houses at the rivers Tonioe and Tashiro, formerly owned by
the Tokai Hydro-electric Light Co., Ltd. Soon afterwards
the capital was increased to ¥5,250,000. Simultaneously
the company decided to establish two hydro-electric power
houses, one at the river Kiso and tlie other at the river
Nagara. The latter was completed in February, 1910.
About this time there came into being the Nagoya Electric
Power Co., Ltd. witii a capital of ¥5,000,000 generating
electricity by means of the river Kiso. Finding it unwise
to compete with this new rival concern the company com-
( 155 )
bined with it in October, 1910, and at the same time in-
creased the capital to ¥7,500,000. As a result of the
stf ady development of business the company increased the
capital to ¥16,000,000 in April, 1911. In May of 1912
the present office was completed.
Of the capital of ¥16,000,000 the sum of ¥10,537,500
is paid up. Besides the supply of lighting and electric
power the company is preparing for the inauguration of the
chemical industry. It is also preparing for the transmis-
sion of electricity as far as Osaka.
The company's oflBcials are as follows : —
f President and
( Director.
MOMOSUKE FUKUZAWA, Esq.
Tamiyoshi Shimode, Esq.
(M
"(Di
Managing
I rector.
Distribution of profit for the first half of 1916 is as
THE NAGOYA ELECTRIC LIGHT CO.
under : —
Yen,
Net Profit for the Term
•••
545,289.648
Brought over from the Previous Term
••
20,372.743
Total
...
565,662.391
To be distributed as follows : —
Yen.
Legal Reserve fund
28,000.000
Bonus for officials ...
...
13,000.000
Dividend on Shares 9 per cent, per Anni
am.
497,250.000
Carried forward to the Next Term ...
...
27,412.391
OANA SEISAKUSHO.
(THE OANA WORKS.)
''T^HE Oaua Works are situated at Tamahime-cho,
1 Asakusa-ku, Tokyo. It is one of the leading
factories manufacturing electric machines. It is particu-
larly known among
industrial workers as
the manufacturer of
excellent generators,
motors, transformers,
switchboards, radio
telegrapli apparatus,
X ray apparatus,
railway signals, high
frequency generators,
potential detectors,
air-tight transformers,
and other kinds of
machinery which re-
MR. OANA AND HIS WORKS, TOKYO.
giaduate of the Technological College in the Tokyo
Imperial University. He has ample experience in electric
works as he obtained a position in the Tokyo Electric
Power Company aa
soon as he graduated
from the College and
undertook the con-
struction of the com-
pany's water power
plant. When the
company combined
with the Tokyo Elec-
tric Light Company
he joined the stafi of
the Asano Portland
Cement Company and
undertook conversion
quire high technical skill and ample experience.
The proprietor of this works is Mr. Hideichi Oana, a
of the power from steam to electric.
Next he had experience in the construction of electric
( 156 )
tramways, as he was engaged by the Fukuhaku Electric
Tramway Company to supervise the construction of its lines
as Chief Expert and Manager. In December, 1910, he
went to Germany for the purpose of prosecuting his studies
of electric science, under Prof. E. Arnold, of the Technische
Hochoshule, Carlsruhe, Baden. During his stay in Europe
he also travelled extensively in Austria, Sweden, France,
Switzerland, Norway, Russia, Italy, and other countries,
and inspected machine-shops, power-plants, electric tram-
ways, electric chemical manufactories, and other lines of
electrical industry.
After two years' stay in Europe he went to America
and for over six months worked at the machine shops of the
General Electric Company, the Westinghouse Electric
Manufacturing Company, and other well-known electric
machine works there, in order to gain practical knowledge
of the subjects he had studied in Germany.
On his return home he inaugurated the present works
at Asakusa-machi, Asakusa-ku, Tokyo, and besides turning
out the most advanced types of electric machines he has
devised or perfected many electric apparatus, for which he
has taken out patents. In January, 1917, he moved his
shops to the present site and at the same time effected a
great extension.
In addition to the control cf the present works he
teaches in the Technological College in Waseda Univer-
sity, where his technical knowledge and skill are highly
appreciated.
ODA DENKI KOJO.
(THE od;a el'ectrical machine works.)
rp^HE Oda Electrical Machine Works, under the man-
agement of Mr. Sokichi Oda, stand at No. 11, 10-
chome Higashi-Nakadori, Tsukijima, Kyobaslii-ku, Tokyo.
The shop is situated at Minarai-Iida-machi, Kyobashi-ku.
The works were established in 1904. Mr. Oda threw himself
into the manufacture of electrical machines as far back as
1884, when this line of industry in Japan was in its infancy.
In 1897 he went over to America, where he stayed many
years studying the designing of electrical machines at the
Westinghouse Electrical Manufacturing Co. in Pittsburg.
After returning home, he served first in the Hioshima
Electric Light Company as chief expert, and then in the
electrical car section of the Kobu Railway Company. In
1904 he established his own factory. Owing to his strenuous
efforts and rare ability, the business gradually expanded
and the works were enlarged many times. The present
works at Tsukijima are among the most prominent electrical
works in the land, measuring over 2,000 tsubo in the area of
the site and above 500 tsuho in the building area. As for
the accommodations, they leave nothing to be desired ; work-
men in the service number over 100. The sales amount
yearly to ¥500,000. The superiority of the manufactures
are generally acknowledged, and the prosperity attained
is solely due to the indomitable energy and ability dis-
played by Mr. Oda. The outbreak of the European war
has caused great activity in various branches of industry
in this country, and Mr. Oda's works are in full swing ex-
ecuting large orders. (Note. — 1 <aM6o = 3.9538 square yards.)
( 157 )
OKUMURA DENKI SHOKAI.
(THE OKUMURA ELECTRIC ENGINEERING CO.)
r M HE company, at Okazaki-machi, Kamikyo-ku, Kyoto,
is one of the oldest electric engineering firms in
Kwansai, having been founded in Osaka as a partnership
in 1885 by Mr. Takeshi Okumura, who controls the com-
pany's affairs as President at present, and Mr. Torajiro
Okumura, who now assists as Director in the control of the
big business.
At first the manufacture of electric machines and
apparatus was conducted by the company, but in 1895,
when the main oflBce was moved to the present site in Kyoto,
Generators, motors, transformers, switchboards, water
mills, various descriptions of pumps, ventilators, cranes,
elevators, chimneys, iron tubes and pipes, iron bridges, iron
towers, etc.
The fine quality of the company's manufactures is well
acknowledged by the public, who place profound confidence
in the company. Already the company has been appointed
makers to the diflerentn aval works, army arsenals, and
many water power companies, and these have testified that
the machines supplied by the company have worked
THE OKUMURA ELECTRIC ENGINEERING CO., KYOTO.
the scope of the company's works was much enlarged so as
to turn out many other kindred articles. In January, 1912,
again the company had to enlarge its working scope owing
to the rapidly increasing demands, when several partners
were admitted and it became a much larger concern.
At present the company has branches at Tokyo, Osaka,
Kobe, Kanazawa, Toyaraa, Fukui and Hakata, and the
working staflt" at tliese ofiices and factories comprises more
than a thousand men, including several professors at the
Kyoto Imperial University, who act as Advisers to the
company. After the repented extensions effected the
company's working scope has been much extended and
includes the following articles among its manufactures : —
admirably. Theycompany can turn out motors to the
capacity of 2,500 horse power.
PORTION OF THE OKUMURA WORKS
FOR MOTORS.
( IS8 )
OSAKA DENKYU KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE OSAKA ELECTRIC LAMP CO., LTD.)
rpiHE company was floated in February, 1907, with a
-I- capital of ¥300,000 for the purpose of manufactur-
ing electric lamps and their accessories. The actual opera-
tions were first begun by incorporating private concerns in
Osaka and district. A patent right was at the same time
taken out by the company for the invention made by the
company's experts for the repair of oldi bulbs.
THE OSAKA ELECTRIC LAMP CO.
The present factory at Daini, Sagisu, Nishinari-gori,
Osaka prefecture, was then erected and a plant of the
latest type was installed. In January, 1910, the company
acquired patent rights for the manufacture of S.I. system,
bulbs, and with the assistance of a foreign expert engaged
a few years ago began to enlarge its operations. The
annual production of the company has already reached
5,000,000 bulbs and lamps of various descriptions, and the
quality of the goods produced is universally acknowledged
as the highest, having the following prominent features: —
brightness of light, durability of illumination, beauty of
shape and outline, great economy of power, and strength
shown in resisting all kinds of shock.
The company's capital has been enlarged during these
years to ¥1,000,000, of which ¥650,000 is paid up. It
has been necessary to extend its factories owing to the ever-
increasing demand for the company's goods, not only from
domestic electric companies, but from Manchuria, Chosen,
and other foreign countries. A standing agreement exists
between the company and the Osaka Electric Light Com-
pany for the sale of bulbs and lamps.
The business results have been improving year after
year since its flotation, and at the end of 1913 the rate of
dividend was increased to 15 per cent, per annum. At the
close of last half year the rate was again raised to 20 per
cent, per annum, and all indications point to the possibility
of the figure being enhanced further at no distant date,
when the company's proposed new factory is completed and
the annual production is expected to rise to 12,000,000
bulbs.
The present controller of the company is Mr. Shu
Watanabe, and Mr. Kinji Uchimura is the Manager.
OSAKA DENTO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE OSAKA ELECTRIC LIGHT CO., LTD.)
THE Osaka Electric Light Company, Ltd., was
established in 1887 with a capital of ¥200,000. The
company commenced its operations two years after the
foundation in 1899, but at first did not meet the apprecia-
tion of the public it deserved, because the use of electric
power was little known among the people and many
difficulties had to be overcome by the management.
However, the company was able to pursue its original
plan owing to the plentiful supply of cheap coal from
Kyushu and the use of alternate current generators. The
rapid progress of industries in Osiika also helped the com-
pany to steadily augment the scope of its business, and at
present ¥21,600,000 is the total amount of capital paid up.
The position of the company has been strikingly im-
proved, and it now ranks among the foremost electrical
concerns in the East. According to the returns made up at
the close of 1915, the number of lights, which were not
more than 500 when operations were commenced, amounted
( 159 )
to more than 890,000, and the supply of power amounted
to considerably more than G.OOO^liorse power.
The company has its headquarters at Nakanoshima,
Osaka, and branches at Temtna, Kodzu, Saiwai-oho, Sakai,
Hirano, Tengajaya, Maidzuru, and Saseho, while power
stations are established at Honden, Saiwai-cho, Nishi-Doton-
bori, and Ajikawa with transformers at Sakai, Kasumi-cho,
Horikawa, Noninbashi, Itachibori, Kitahama, Kodzu, and
Saiwai-cho.
cables amounted to 217 ri in round figures in Osaka, and
12 ri in round figures in the provincial business quarters.
Besides, the company had 0.3 mile of underground cables
and over 30 miles of high pressure overhead cables.
The company also owns a machine shop at Nishinoda,
Osaka, where generators of various types, transformers, and
all other kinds of electric appliances are manufactured, the
following being the principal articles made at the work-
shops : —
Alternate and direct current generators and motors,
transformers, switchboards and switch board panels with
all their accessories, extra high tension testing transformers,
ceiling and desk fans, arc lamps, electric sign flashers.
The company's machine shops also turn out all appli-
ances and tools required for electic light and power, the
total value of the production being ¥63,804 in round
figures, exclusive of the production at the branch shop at
Sakai, which amounted to ¥5,704 in round figures at the
end of 1915. The production at the branch shop is princi-
pally cables and wires.
In the following tables the business condition of the
company at the end of 1915 are shown in detail : —
Assets Accounts for thk Latter Hai.p of 1915.
Yen.
Proceeds from the Company's Property ... 4,017.570
Sale of Houses 66.070
Profit from Securities Held 3,951.600
Losses in the Company's Property 330,000.000
Redemption of Plants 119,297.101
Depreciation in Cables 102,509.696
Depreciation in'Indoor Appliances ... 81,736.108
AJIKAWA POWER HOUSE OF THE OSAKA ELECTRIC LIGHT CO.
The total area of the compounds, including both the
main and branch offices, is about 130 acres, which are
appraised at ¥1,310,314 in round figures. According to the
returns made up at the end of 1915 the company's overhead
Depreciation in Buildings
Depreciation in Furniture
Depreciation in Warehoused Materials..
Balance in Favour of Losses
12,645.472
4,430.458
9,381.165
325,982.430
( 160 :)
Business Account. Yen.
Business receipts 2,937,866.491
Receipts from Light Supply 2,278,772.747
Receipts from Power Supply 303,010.420
Receipts from Electric Fans 110,163.702
Receipts from Miscellaneous Sources and
Interest on Deposits 176,410.261
Receipts from Workshops 63,804.673
Receipts from Sakai Shops 5,704.688
Business Expenses ... , 1,278,169.583
Balance (Business Profit) 1,659,696.908
Final Accounts. Yen.
Gross Receipts 2,981,114.517
Gross Disbursements 1,608,169.583
Balance (Net Profit) 1,372,944.934
This last amount was very prudently distributed, and at
the end of the business term of 1915 the company had
reserves as follows ; —
Yen.
Legal Reserve 1,134,000.000
Special Reserve 70,000.000
Secondary Reserve 190,000.000
The Court of Directors is composed of the following : —
MiCHio Doi, Esq President.
Tetsujiro Sakano, Esq { oYrecfor ^
JiNYOMO Terada, Esq Director.
Bin Hiraqa, Esq „
ToKuzo Shima, Esq Auditor.
TOKUJIRO FujiTA, Esq „
NiSUKE Naqata, Esq „
OSAKA DENTO KABUSHIKI KAISHA SEISAKUSHO.
(THE OSAKA ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY'S ENGINEERING WORKS.)
T I iHESE works, situated at Kaneiiira-machi, Nishinoda,
-*- Kita-ku, Osaka, manufacture and sell electric
machinery, and are practically an auxiliary establishment to
the Osaka Electric Light Company, having been founded
by the company with its own capital.
Just after the Sino- Japanese war, the Osaka Electric
Light Company founded a repair works at Tamaye-cho,
Osaka, for tlie purpose of carrying on the repairs to its plant.
Later tlie management of the works was entrusted to
Mr. N. Kajime, when they were renamed the Kajima
Electric Engineering Works and assumed the appearance of
an independent concern. In 1897 it was placed under the
direct control of the company, when it once more assumed
the present title.
With the heavy increase in demand for electric
machinery in Japan after the Russo-Japanese war the works
were much enlarged and moved to the present site. At
present a branch is erected at Ryujinbashi-dori, Sakai, and
its working capital is estimated at ¥5,000,000, which
the management of the company intends increasing by
¥3,000,000 shortly. The factories turn out ¥3,000,000
worth of goods annually.
The specialities : —
Rotary Electric Machinery, Slatic transformers,
automatic and hand operated oil air break switches, switch-
boards and their attachments, measuring instruments and
electric heaters and domestic appliances, electric-driven
hoist pumps, blowers, cranes, elevators and apparatus for
wireless telegraphs, etc.
The works are placed under the control of Mr. Sennosuke
Hashimoto, Chief Expert of the Osaka Electric Light
Company, who is assisted by the following officers : —
Mr. Zensuke Ozawa, Esq. ...
Mr. Takizo Matsuzawa, Esq.
Mr. Usaku Mori, Esq
( Business Manager
... ■< and Deputy
(_ Director.
... Cliief Expert.
f Manager of the
••• \ Sakai Branch.
( 161 )
SAWAFUJI DENKI KOGYOSHO.
(THE SAWAFUJI ELECTRIC ENGINEERING WORKS.)
' I ""HESE works manufacture telephone apparatus, induc-
-*■ tion coils, insulators, electric light appliances,
automatic gas burning appliances, high tension magnet
MR. C. SAWAFUJI.
generators, and so forth, and are managed by Mr. Chuzo
Sawafuji, at No. 52 Nishi-Goken-cho, Ushigome-ku,
Tokyo.
Mr. Sawafuji is an electric engineer of great ability
and has invented a large number of useful electric
apparatus, including telephone receivers for long distance
and " Sawafuji's high tension magnet igniters."
He was born on January Ist, 1878, at Fukuoka,
Niuohe-gun, Iwata prefecture. While a boy he studied
science in Tokyo and devoted himself to educational works.
He held the post of instructor at various middle sciiools, and
when the Russo-Japanese war broke out, and he was called
out to active service, he was an instructor of science at the
Tochigi Prefeetural Agricultural School.
He was with the late General Nogi's Army all through
the campaign in Manchuria, and several times distinguished
himself. On the conclusion of the war he was granted a
pension and a decoration. The experience he obtained
during the campaign in Manchuria induced him on his
release from military service to study electricity.
In 1912 the present works were established by
Mr. Sawafuji to produce his inventions, which numbered over
ten up to that date, under his own supervision. He was at
once the manager and the chief expert to the new works,
and his extraordinary genius as an engineer and business
organizer was fully displayed in the rapid development of
the enterprise.
In view of the fact that motors for automobiles and
flying machines were not made in this country, while they
are indispensable for military operations in the future, his
study was directed to the completion of important
THE SAWAFUJI ELECTRIC ENGINEERING
WORKS, TOKYO.
mechanical appliances. Already his study has produced
that important device known as "Sawafuji's high-tensiou
magnet igniter.''
( 162 1)
SHIBAURA SEISAKUSHO.
(THE SHIBAURA ENGINEERING WORKS, LTD.)
THE Shibaura Engineering Works are located on the
shores of Shibaura, Kanasugi Shinhama-cho, Shiba-
ku, Tokyo. The locality is a celebrated " moonviewing "
resort, named Shibaura. The works were estabablished in
1875, being the oldest establishment of the kind in Japan.
The arrangements were on a very small scale at the outset,
but have been gradually enlarged since November, 1893,
when the works came into possession of the Mitsui family,
representative millionaires of Japan. At present the works
are known at home and abroad as the largest in the Orient.
At the time when the Mitsui family took over the works,
Mr. R. Fujiyama was the Manager of the works. He was
tlien attached to the Industrial Department of the Mitsui
family. He was succeeded by Mr. T. Ono as Manager in
May, 1896, and the latter was replaced by Mr. S. Wakayama
and the organization was changed to a joint-stock company,
in which members of the Mitsui family became shareliolders.
The Company immediately started the building of a large
iron-framed workshop, several other shops, warehouses and
offices, in addition to the old premises. It also installed
various plants of the latest pattern. The construction work
was effected by December, 1909, after which the manufactur-
ing capacity remarkably increased.
In 1909, the capital was again increased to two million
yen. At the same time the works entered into an agreement
with the General Electric Company, the largest electrical
factory in the world, and thus obtained the exclusive right
to manufacture all the patent goods of that company.
In July, 1911, Mr. Otaguro, managing director, was
replaced by Messrs. K. Kishi and S. Kobayashi. Progress
THE SHIBAURA ENGINEERING WORKS, TOKYO.
in 1897. Upon the closing of the Mitsui Industrial Depart-
ment in November, 1897, the works were put under the
control of the Mitsui Mining Co. as a branch of the
Company. In January, 1899, Mr. Wakayama died and
Mr. T. Nishimatsu was appointed Acting Manager, In
May of the same year, when Mr. Nishimatsu was transferred
to anotiier post, the post of Manager was abolished and the
works were brought under the direction of Mr. J. Otaguro.
Mr. Otaguro, soon after the assumption of his post, carried
out reforms and endeavoured to employ able men, while
extending the market of the articles manufactured by the
works, in consideration of the situation. It consequence of
his readjustments, business has been steadily developed. In
order to meet tiie increasing demand tiie capital of the works
was increased to one million yen (£100,000) in July, 1904,
has been steadily made, and in 1913 the capital was again
increased to iive million yen in order to extend the factory.
The works have become purely electrical mai:ufactures. In
August, 1913, the Ginza store was established for the purpose
of introducing the company's manufactures to the public.
In the next year, the extension works were completed, and
with the increased manufacturing capacity, the works have
made great strides.
The present organization is as follows : — Secretary,
General Affairs Section, Accounts Section, Cash Section,
Engineering and Manufacturing Department, Commercial
Department.
The principal articles now being manufactured are : —
Generators, Motors, Transformers, Switchboards and their
accessories.
( 163 )
SHIMOHA DE
(THE SHIMOHA
THE Head Office of the Shimoha Electric Co. is
located at No. 1, Sliinbori-cho, Shiba-ku, Tokyo.
A branch office stands at Hojo-maclii, Awa-gun, Chiba
prefecture and the works at No. 85, Kuruma-cho, Taka-
nawa Shiba-ku,
Tokyo. The Company
also has the Porcelain
Works, at Gojo-Nishi-
gawa, Higashiyama-
sen Shimokyo-ku,
Kyoto.
The company is
under the manage-
ment of Mr. Tora-
kichi Siiimoha and is
chiefly engaged in
the manufacture and
sale of electrical ap-
paratus. At the age
of 14, Mr. Shimoha,
the present proprietor,
came up to Tokyo
and entered the ser- MR. T. SHIMOHA.
vice of the Tateoka Electrical Works, as an ordinary
workman.
NKI SHOKAi.
ELECTRIC CO.)
In addition to working in the factory he found time to
attend the electrical class in the Industrial Supplementary
School established by the Tokyo City. After finishing wiih
the school he established a factory for himself, and at the age
of 20 he manufactured an electrical foot-warmer and had it
registered as a utility model. Two years later lie invented
sockets for two and three lights and had tliera registered as
utility models. Later he named them the Shimoha Improved
Sockets and had them patented. As soon as they were put
on the market there was a large demand for them. The
works are kept constantly busy executing orders from
electric light companies in China and Chosen as well as at
home. Later he invented a plug called the perpendicular
cluster for two lights. Besides these, he has made six other
inventions for the patent rights for which he will shortly
apply to the Patent Bureau. This amply testifies to his
inventive fuculty. In February of 1913, Mr. Shimoha
made a tour of inspection of the electrical business in
Vladivostock, Manciiuria, Peking, Tientsin and Cliosen.
He greatly benefited by this trip and secured large orders
besides establishing many new connections. He now
contemplates promoting the Tokyo Electric Apparatus
Manufacturing Company Ltd. with a view to largely
manufacturing special and refined articles by means of the
patent rights obtainable.
TEIKOKU DENKYU KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE IMPERIAL ELECTRIC-LAMP BULB
THE Company was established in December, 1909, and
has for its object the manufacture and sale of bulbs
for electric-lamps. In 1903, the late Mr. Kawakatsu started
this business independently, and when it showed signs of
development he organized a company in partnership with
Mr. Zengo li, in May 1907. The business witnessed a steady
development, until in 1909 the present company was
established with a capital of ¥200,000. Every arrangement
was made to meet the requirements of the times by extending
the business, with Mr. Zengo li as Managing Director,
Messrs. Tomekichi Matsumoto, Eokuro Aoyama, Yujiro
Tachikawa, Yoshio Sliinjo, J. R. Geary and C. E. Randall
as Directors, and Messrs. Bunnosuke Fukuuaga and Kanji
Nakamura as Auditors. Recently, great improvements were
introduced in the factory and consequently tiie quality of
the goods produced has been much improved, to the high
approval of the general public.
CO.)
The company manufactures
tungsten and carbon bulbs, and
both are of very superior quality,
and have met with a warm recep-
MR. Z. II, THE IMPERIAL ELECTRIC BULB CO.
( 164 )
tion from the general consumers, an extended market
being opened for the goods. The annual output is
some 2,000,000 pieces, the total value aggregating over
¥700,000. In 1913, the company conceived the idea of
making tlie tungsten, the patent goods of the General
Electric company, largest electrical factory in America,
and as the necessary agreement was entered into in
February, the same year, the goods are manufactured at
present in large quantities. The dividend of the company
at every business term is not less than 20 per cent. The
Head Office is at No. 53, Fujimi-cho, Azabu-ku,
Tokyo.
TOKYO DENKi KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE TOKYO ELECTRIC CO., LTD.)
THE past history of the Tokyo Electric Company,
manufacturers of Mazda lamps in Japan, may be
said to typify the process of the development of this
industry in the country. In the year 188i Prof. I. Fujioka,
now President of the concern, was despatched by the
Government to the United States, where he paid a visit to
the World's Fair, Chicago. There it was that his attention
was attracted by certain inventions of the famous Edison.
The idea of starting an electric industry must have flashed
upon him when he was scrutinising them, mingled in a
honour of being the pioneer of the industry in Japan.
Later, in 1890, the business was turned into a limited
partnership by enlisting the late Mr. Shoichi Miyoshi in
the enterprise. It was known by the name of the
Hakunetsu-sha. But owing to the rudimentary technique
and the smalluess of demand on the part of the public, their
concern was far from successful in the beginning. By
April 1896, however, it was reorganized into a joint-stock
company, with a capital of ¥150,000. In order, therefore,
to cope with ths situation more effectively, its management
THE TOKYO ELECTRIC CO., KAWASAKI.
crowd of curious visitors. Upon returning home, this
idea materialized. In 1888 he established a work -shop and
began the manufacture of electric utensils on a small scale.
In the same year, when the Imperial Household found it
advisable to g' t the Palace served with electricity. Prof.
Fujioka went over to England to study such matters at the
Swan Eltciric Lamp Works, After several months he
came buck to Japan ThereupDn he started the making of
iucandesotnt lamps at Minarai-Nabe-cho, Kyobashi-ku,
Tokyo, where he established a aiuall plant ; he deserves the
decided to introduce some improvements into the system of
their business. The change of its name to the present one,
in February, 1899, marked an epoch in tiie history of its
evolution. Still, its producing power was not sufficiently
large to drive away the German goods.
At present the Tokyo Electric Company maintains
three factories in and near Tokyo. Their sites and building
areas are as follows : —
Ohi factory (9,118 isubo), 48,538 sq. ft. ; Fukugawa fac-
tory (748 tsiAo) 27,266 sq. ft. and Kawasaki factory (28,363
( 165 )
tmho) 179,442 sq. ft. Altogether 113 engineers and 1,745
hands are employed. Tlie chief products are the G.E.
Mflzda lamps, the G.E. carbon filament lamps, the Mazda
nitrogen lamps, sockets and shades, attaching plugs X-niy
tubes, glass for lens, etc. Especially the "G.E. Mazda"
and the "G.E. Nitrogen" are reputed to represent the
non plus ultra in lamp-making in Japan. The "G.E.
Nitrogen " lamp, which is the latest invention of the
American Conipany, in especially adapted for lighting
parks, theatres, depots, stations and other public places,
where electric lamps of very high candle power are
preferably installed. Also, it is very suitable for use at
moving-picture theatres and photographic studios which are
open at night.
The Tokyo Electric company is now able to turn out in
a day 35,000 " Mazda Lamps " and 15,000 " Carbon
Lamps" and 75 per cent, of the total lamp business in
Japan is handled by this Company. In passing, it may be
added that Japan annually demands from 15 to 16 million
lamps, of which only 10 per cent, comes from abroad.
As for tlie marketing system, the Company has its own
stores at Owari-cho, Kyobashi, Tokyo, Awabori, Osaka and
Isezaki-cho, Yokohama. Messrs. Bagnall & Hilles, of
Yokohama, are its agents, and there are others at Tokyo,
Shizuoka, Nagoya, Kyoto and Osaka, Moji, Dairen and
Otaru. At the last named place the Mitsui Bussan Kaisha
has its own branch office and works tlie whole Hokkaido as
sales-agents for the Tokyo Electric Company.
The present directorate is composed of the following : —
L FujtOKA, Esq.
J. R. Geary, Esq
Auditors.
A. L. Bagnall, Esq.
C. E. Randall, Esq.
Y. Shin JO, Esq. ...
y. Kawasaki, Esq.
N. Nagatomi, Esq
Y. Tachikawa, Esq.
Mr,. Y. Shinjo controls the engineering and sales
department, and the remarkable success of the Company
must be partly attributed to this gentleman's untiring efibrts
President and
Managing Director.
Vice-President.
Director.
TOKYO DENTO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE TOKYO ELECTRIC LIGHT CO.. LTD.)
'T^HE c(»mpany was established in 1873 with a capital
-*- of ¥200,000. By amalgamating other companies
the capital was increased to ¥1,000,000 in July, 1879, and
n January, 1880 amalgamation with the Nippon Electric
Electric Light Co. and established the Shiba Electric
Power House. Again in September, 1905, the company
amalgamated the Fukagawa Electro-Light Co., the capital
being increased to ¥7,150 000. In January, 1906, the
THE KOMABASHI POWER STATION.
Light Co. brought the capital to ¥1,300,000. In March,
1885, further increase was effected, bringing the capital to
¥2,000,000. The company then bought the Shinagawa
Hachioji Electric Light Co., Ltd., was purchased and tlu'
company obtained a monopoly of the electric lighting busi-
ness for the entire city of Tokyo and suburbs.
( 166 )
The company then determined to construct hydro-
electric plants, and the capital was increased to
¥18,000,000. Various investigations were carried out, and
use was made of the river Katsura-gawa, in Yamanashi
Prefecture to generate 22,500 brake horse-power and the
company was enabled to entirely dispense with its former
steam power. Owing to the rapidly increasing demand for
electric lighting, the company has found even its present
large liydro-electric plant insufficient, and it has been
decided to secure a second source of hydro-electric power.
In consequence the company has again increased its capital
to ¥24,000,000. The additional work required three years
for completion, and the result yielded a further generating
capacity of 50,000 brake horse-power.
The officers of the company are : —
Tamizo Wakao, Esq President.
Kyoichi Kanbe, Esq | Di3r".^
IwASABURO Nakahara, Esq Director.
Taohisaburo Koshiyama, Esq „
Shohachi Wakao, Esq „
The present subscribed capital of the company is
¥50,000,000, the amount paid up being ¥42.200,000.
TOKYO TANAKA SHOKAI.
(H. , S. TAN^
HS. TANAKA & CO. engage in the direct import,
. manufacture and sale of electric and various
machines. The works are located at No. 12, 4-chome Ginza,
Kyobashi, Tokyo.
Tlie company is pre-
sided over by Mr.
Tsunesaburo Horiye.
It is one of the oldest
establishments of its
kind in Japan. Men-
tion must be made of
its founders, the late
Messrs. Hisashige
Tanaka and his son.
Mr. Tanaka (Senior)
was gifted with me-
chanical skill, and
his genius was first
manifested when he
rendered great ser-
vices by fulfilling the
task of manufacturing
arms for the Lord of
Saga, MarquisNabeshima, atthetimeof the visit of the Ame-
rican vessels to Uniga some seven decades ago, which gave
rise to a loud outcry throughout the nation on the pressing
necessity of providing for national defence. Guns then
placed in the fortresses at Shinagawa were of his production.
In 1873, Mr. Tanaka, accompanied by his eldest son, came
up to the Capital. There the father and son jointly manu-
factured the Morse telegraph instruments in response to the
order of the Government. The articles were admirable in
every way. This was the first record of the manufacture
MR. T. HORIYE.
KA & CO.)
of electric machines for practical use in this country. By
this the authorities were convinced of the fact that what was
possible for westerners was equally possible to the Japanese.
This also eventually led to the establishment of the Shibaura
Engineering Works, the largest manufacturers of electric
machinery in the Orient, and of H. S. Tanaka & Go. The
first electric light was seen in Japan when the company
placed some lights in its shop window in 1878. When the
Government decided, at the first conference of national
defence, to manufacture in the home land all the submarine
mines and fish torpedoes required the company undertook
this onerous task.
Since the death of the late Mr, Hisashige Tanaka
(Junior), the company has been presided over by Mr.
Tsunesaburo Horiye, who had been the Managing Director.
MR. H. TANAKA. MR. H. TANAKA.
(Senior). (Junior).
The company acts as'an agent by special contract for
the Shibaura Engineering Works referred to above.
C 167 )
TONE HATSUDEN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE TONE HYDRO-ELECTRIC CO., LTD.)
THE Tone Hydro-Electric Company, situated at No.
65, Horikawa-cho, Maebsshi, Gumma prefecture,
was founded in May, 1909, for the purpose of supplying
electric light and electric power, running electric tramways,
and supplying gas.
THE POWER HOUSE OF THE COMPANY,
GUMMA PREFECTURE.
At present the company hns an authorized capital of
¥6,100,000 and is steadily increasing its business scope.
The supply of power and light is not only maintained in
Gumma prefecture, but in Tokyo, Saitama, Tochigi,
Ibaraki, and Chiba prefectures as well, and the maximum
capacity of generating power at the different power stations
is brought up to 15,250 kilowatts.
The company has four power stations, the first of which
is situated at Iwamuro, Shirasawa-mura, Tone-gori, Gumma
prefecture, and can supply the maximum amount of power
at 2,400 kilowatts. The second station, which also has the
capacity of producing 2,400 kilowatts, is situated at
Kamikuya, Tone-gori, Gumma prefecture The third station
is the smallest of all, producing only 350 kiloWMtts. It is
situated at Takatsudo, Kawuuchi-mura, Yaraada-gori,
Gumma prefecture. Tiie last one is situated at Fukuoka-
mura, Yamada-gori, Gumma prefecture, and generates 500
kilowatts of power.
The position of the company's transmission line is
almost ideal, being free from wind and water damages, and
there is practically no break-off in the supply of power
which is quite common in some electric undertakings. The
underground electric wire system has been adopted in a
large measure, and special provisions are made for cases of
emergency. Special telephone lines have also been con-
structed along the transmission line to add to the com-
munication facilities.
The company has established sub-branch oflSces, the
following being only a few of them : —
Numata Office, Numata, Gumma Prefecture; Ise-
zaki Office, Isezaki, Gumma Prefecture ; Ota Office, Ota,
Gumma Profecture; Tatebayashi Office, Tatebayashi,
Gumma Prefecture; Kiryu Office, Kiryu, Gumma
Prefecture, Ashikaga Office, Ashikaga, Tochigi Prefec-
ture ; Sano Office, Siino, Tochigi Prefecture ; Tochigi
Office, Tochigi, Tociiigi Prefecture; Oyama Office,
Oyama, Tochigi Prefecture ; Satte Office, Satte, Saitama
Prefecture ; Oji Office, Oji, Tokyo Prefecture.
The company is controlled by the following: —
Rizo Hazomi, Esq President.
SuoTARO KoBAYASHi, Esq Managing Director.
Sozo OsAWA, Esq „ „
TOYO DENKI SEISAKUSHO.
(THE TOYO ELECTRICAL WORKS.)
WITH the growth of electrical business in Japan the
manufacture of electrical machines is greatly
developing. But the manufacture of insulators has been
neglected, the imports amounting yearly to over
¥1,000,000. It was for the purpose of meeting this
lamentable situation and supplying the best possible
articles at the cheapest price that the Toyo Electrical
Works was established in December, 1912, by Mr. Tokuma
Tanaka The works were originally built at Sekigaliara
Oi-machi, Ebara-gun, near Tokyo, chiefly for the mHiiu-
facture of mica insulators. In January of the following
year the works applied to the Department of Communica-
tions for the examination of the manufactures. The result
was that the articles were proved far superior to the imports.
( 168 )
As soon as they were put on sale the articles won a very
favourable opinion, and the demand steadily increased. In
order to meet a rapidly increasing demand, Mr. Tanaka
reorganized the company into of limited partnership in
November, 1914. Simultaneously with this a far larger
workshop was established at No. 161, Moto-machi,
Yanagishima Honjo-ku, Tokyo, to take the place of the old
one in the suburbs, and many new machines were installed
in addition to the old ones. Thanks to unsparing efforts
to improve the manufactures, the works are now favoured
with orders by army and naval arsenals, the Imperial
Government Railways, and such prominent private
establishments as the Mitsubishi Dockyani, Kawasaki
Dockyard, Siiibaura Engineering Works, etc. The business
is daily growing in prosperity.
The Company's partners are as follows : —
T. Tanaka, E?q Representative.
Viscount K. NrRE Partner.
8. Kawakami, Esq „
T. Sasaki, Esq „
UJIGAWA DENKI KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE UJIGAWA ELECTRIC CO., LTD.)
RECENTLY hydro-electric enterprises have been started
in many places throughout the Empire, with the
progress of the lines of industry requiring electricity as
driving power. The Ujigawa Electric Company is one of
the most important of these. It was promoted by a group
of Osaka business men, with a capital of ¥4,500,000, with
the object of generating electric power by utilizing the water
of Lake Biwa, the largest of all lakes in Japan, and manu-
facturing and selling electric apparatus. At the same time
THE UJIGAWA POWER HOUSE OF THE COMPANY.
two other companies were promoted in Tokyo and Shiga
prefecture. After prolonged negotiations the latter were
fused in the first-named concern, and the capital of the
company was increased to ¥12,500,000.
Tlie whole enterprise was divided into several stages,
and immediately after the foundation the realization of the
first pait was commenced. It was completed in July, 1913,
and the supply of power to Osaka and Kyoto was inaugurated.
At Ishiyama, Shiga prefecture, running water was drawn
from Lake Biwa at the rate of 2,000 cubic feet per second
and was conveyed to Ujimachi, eight miles from Kyoto, by
means of open canals or tunnels, which liave a total length
of 36,486 feet with an incline of 1 in 2,000. At Uji-machi
a head of 205 feet is thus maintained, and at the power
station erected there it is employed to generate 48,600 horse
power, which is distributed to Kyoto and Osaka, the latter
of which is 22 miles from the station.
At the Uji power house a mill, having a capacity of
8,100 iiorse power, and six motors, each with a capacity of
5,400 kilowat amperes, are installed, and power thus
generated is distributed to Osaka and Kyoto by overhead
cables. The power conveyed to Osaka is transformed first
by the Noe Transformer and supplied to factories in the
vicinity, and then the remnant is conveyed to the Ebie and
the Dotombori Transformers underground, where it is
supplied to customers in the city. The power conveyed to
Kyoto is directly sent to the Transformer of the Kyoto
Electric Light Company, Higashi Kujo, a suburb of Kyoto,
and thence it is supplied to customers in the city.
Since the inauguration of business the public demands
on the company have increased with striking rapidity, and
according to the report made up at the end of March, 1916,
the supply of driving power has increased at the average
rate of 1064. 75 H.P. per month. With the increase tiius
achieved in the sale of power the total length of cables laid
has also increased. In the vicinity of Osaka there are
trunk lines to the number of six, and they reach even
Sakai, Amagasaki, and cities in Osaka Prefecture. At
present the mileage of the cables laid totals 776,972 miles.
The company lias its main office at 2-chome Sonezaki,
Kita-ku, Osaka, and a branch office at 2-chome Nishi-
Dotorabori-dori, Nishi-ku, Osaka. The affairs of the
company are controlled by Mr. Tokugoro Nakahaslii, ex-
President of the Osaka Shosen Kaisha, who is now the
president of the company.
( 169 )
MR. YAI SAKIZO.
(INVENTOR AND MANUFACTURER.)
MR. YAI, SAKIZO, was born in 1863 in Nagaoka,
Ecliigo Province. He came up to the capital
when 22 years of age, and stulied for some time in the
School of Physics: English, mathematics and Chinese
Classics. In 1891 he succeeded iu inventing a dry battery,
but failed to take out a patent therefor until three years
later, or he might have achieved world-wide fame as the
originator of the dry battery. This battery proved of great
service to the Imperial army in the China-Japan war, and
from that time the fame of the " Yai Dry Battery " spread
and the demand for it increased. In 1910 Mr. Yai built
the present shop at 1-chome Nishiki-cho, Kanda, and
established a large factory at Kamiyoshi-cho, Asakusa-ku.
Mr. Yai's own productions now enjoy a high reputation.
Not satisfied with this, however, he has long bent his
energies upon the invention of an air-tight dry battery.
Recently this was successfully accomplished, and he has
applied to the Governments of European countries and
America for patent rights. Mr. Yai has already patented
many articles of his own invention, the principal ones
being: dry battery, continuous electric light, electric
exchange connection, electric resistor, small size portable
electric light, induction coil, electric connector, electrical
measuring instrument, wireless telegraphy, battery terminal,
mechanical automatic machinery control, etc. The works
at Asakusa turn out annually over 500,000 dry batteries
and many other electrical apparatus. Chiefly owiug to the
war in Europe, the export of batteries and electric bulbs
has shown marked activity, large quantities of batteries
MR. SAKIZO YAI. MR. SABURO YAI.
THE OFFICE.
being sent to Russia, the bulbs going chiefly to Great
Britain. Tiiese goods are also exportcl to America, China
and other countries.
YOKOHAMA DENSEN SEIZO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE YOKOHAMA ELECTRIC WIRE WORKS.)
CABLE-MAKING in Japan is one of the industries
in the country which have undergone a most
remarkable development and reached their present state
of perfection within a comparatively short period, a fact
which is explained by the existence in the country of an
abundant supply of water power, due to the natural
configuration, wliicii confers upon the island empire
peculiar advantages for electrical industries rarely met
with elsewhere.
Foremost among the cable makers of Japan stands the
Yokohama Electric Wire AVorks. It is established on a
strong financial basis, the management being placed under
the direct control of the Furukawa family, the copper King
of Japan. The factories of the Yokohama Electric Wire
Works have received almost yearly extensions since their
inception, comprising now the Main Works at Yokohama,
the Branch Works at Osaka, and the Paper Cable Works
at Yokohama, which last is equipped with the latest and
most advanced type of machinery.
The Yokohama Electric Wire Works counts among its
customers the Imperial Household Department, the Depart-
ments of Communications, the Imperial Army and Navy,
and the Board of Railways, and is supplying nearly the
whole of the light, traction, and power cables used in the
( 170 )
interior. Its products are now fast finding their way to
foreign markets. Paper cables for power and telephone
services, insulated cables for light, power and telephone
services, lead tubing and India rubber goods are among the
principal items of manufacture. Expert foreign service
has hitherto been freely availed of, and the Works' staff of
engineers is kept in close touch with the progress of the
industry in Europe and America by dispatching them
abroad. Cables of special construction made here have
The offices and factories of the Yokohama Electric
Wire Works are located as follows : — Head Office : No. 6,
Nichome Takashima-cho, Yokohama. Main Works ; Ura-
Takashima-cho, Yokohama. Cable Works : Nishi-
Hiranuma-cho, Yokohama. Osaka Branch Works :
Araagasaki, Hyogo Prefecture,
The Management comprises : —
Baron Kumakichi Nakashima, Esq.... President.
THE MAIN OFFICE,
YOKOHAMA.
THE CABLE WORKS.
OSAKA WORKS.
always attained most excellent results, a recent instance
being a submarine cable of great length which has con-
clusively established the Works' superiority in this class of
work. Until a short time ago Japan had to import annually
a considerable quantity of cables of all descriptions, and for
those of special construction was entirely dependent upon
foreign supply, but her wants are now filled by the
domestic industry — a matter for congratulation, for which
the Yokohama Electric Wire Works may justly claim a
very large measure of credit.
SuEKiCHi Nakagawa, Esq.
Kahei Otani, Esq
RiKisABURO KoNDo, Esq., Kogaku-Hakushi
KoKiCHi Sakurai, Esq
YuTAKA Kawai, Esq
Takayo.shi Nakata, Esq
RYOJiO HlRANUBfA, Esq
f Managing
"■ I Director.
Director.
Auditor.
( 171 )
CXOIiAINQCS AND BROKERS.
TOKYO KABUSHIKI TORIHIKIJO.
(THE TOKYO STOCK EXCHANGE.)
THE Tokyo Stock Exchange is the oldest of all the
stock exchanges in Japan and its scope of business
is by far the largest. The list of the House made up at
the close of May, 1915, indeed, includes 9 public bonds, 1
foreign security, 14 provincial bonds, 105 debentures, and
227 shares, the brokers exclusively belonging to the
exchange numbering 78.
The establishment was officially organized in May,
1878, and on June 1st the same year actual dealings were
opened. At first only the old and new bonds, inheritance
bonds, the shares of the
Tnkyo Exchange, and a few
otiier descriptions of shares
were open to transactions,
but in October, 1879, deal-
ings in gold and silver coins
were inaugurated and added
much to the prosperity of
the market.
This prosperity, how-
ever, was destined to soon
die away, for in the latter
half of 1881 a depression
commenced which lasted far
into the Winter of ]885,
and the House had a
THE TOKYO STOCK EXCHANGE.
very bad time of it. In the early part of 1886, how-
ever, the first signs of the return of activity were observable
in the market with the complete redemption of inconvertible
notes. In May, 1887, a new exchange regulation was
promulgated, wiien the famous controversy over the bourse
system arose, and the regulation newly formulated was very
much affected by the question at issue. It had a baneful
influence upon the stock market. However, the unfavour-
able efiects of the bourse controversy were soon eliminated
and the stock market regained its stability when the Stock
Exchange Act was thoroughly amended in March, 1893.
At first the Exchange had a capital of only ¥200,000.
Soon after the promulgation of the amended Stock Exchange
Act the enlargement of the capital was decided upon, but
the total amount after the increase was only ¥300,000. In
March, 1896, a more ambitious scheme was launched in
view of the wonderful development in business circles,
under the beneficial influences of the Chino-Japanese
campaign, and the capital was doubled to ¥600,000.
Ill June, 1897, again the capital was enlarged and the
total amount reached ¥1,250,000. But then a heavy blow
was dealt to the Exchange by the promulgation of an
Imperial Ordinance providing for the limitation of time
bargains. It was called
by jobbers the Exchange
destruction regulations.
When it came into efiect on
July 1st it created a panic
on the stock market and a
sustained depression ensued.
It was only in August
of the following year that
the market recovered from
the shock. The Govern-
ment, too, then became
alive to the injustice of the
regulations, and the ob-
noxious regulations were
abolished.
During the Russo-Japanese war sharp fluctuations were
witnessed on 'Change, and often there were spectacular
fluctuations of gambling enthusiasm, but the trouble usually
attending such sharp variations was averted owing to the
quiet tone maintained throughout by the money market,
and the settlement of accounts was smoothly carried out
each month.
The end of the war was a signal for speculators to
gamble more actively, and tliere was another remarkable
boom on 'Change, which necessitated a further increase in
capital. Then the total capital reached ¥4,000,000. The
same reason caused the House to increase the capital to
¥12,000.000 in March, 1907.
( 172 )
At the close of the same year " jiki " brokers were
created, in addition to ordinary licensed brokers, for the
purpose of extending the scope in that kind of dealings, but
in May, 1911, this special group of brokers was abolished,
because the Government policy changed and the "jiki"
dealings were either stopped or restricted.
In March, 1914, the Exchange Law and its supple-
ment, the Exchange Tax Law, were amended, and both
were brought into effect in September the same year. As a
result the House was compelled to modify its Articles of
Association and by-laws, and in July, 1915, the Exchange
opened dealings under the new regime.
The officers of the Exchange at present are as
follows : —
Baron Seinosuke Go
Shimpei Tsunoda, Esq. ...
KoMANOSUKE Eguchi, Esq.
Unosuke Yamaguchi, Esq.
Tahei Maekawa, Esq. ...
Raita Fujiyama, Esq. ...
MoRiTOMi Saegusa, Esq...
Naozo Uchida, Esq.
Hyosuke Sekiya, Esq. ...
President.
Director.
Auditor.
FUKUSHIMA SHOKAI.
(F U K U S H I M A & CO.)
MR. FUKUSHIMA, NAMIZO, was president of
Messrs. Fukushima & Co., and received a broker's
license in 1891 from the Department of Agriculture and
Commerce. Two years later he was appointed a member of
the Committee of the
Tokyo Stock Ex-
change. In 1899, the
Tokyo Stock Ex-
change instituted the
custom of awarding
silver cups annually
to the brokers who
had transacted the
largest volume of
business on the
market, and since
then Mr. Fukushima
has never failed to
win one of the prizes.
In 1905, Mr. Fuku-
shima introduced for
the first time nearly
fifty million yen of
First Exchequer
Bonds on foreign markets. It is noticeable that the number
of foreign investors in railway and industrial shares have
of late remarkably increased, and most of them placed their
orders with Mr. Fukushima. The firm of Fukushima &
Co. was organized with a branch in Yokohama, and with
a view to improving their business management the Com-
MR. N. FUKUSHIMA.
pany sent a representative abroiid some time ago to be
trained in the offices of brokers in New York, London and
Paris.
Tlie Company undertake to furnish on application
detailed and reliable information concerning the business
conditions and standing of various leading companies and
corporations in Japan.
The Head Office of the Company is situated at No. 24,
Aomono-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo, in the business centre
of the capital.
The Company's business comprises : —
Bond Department. — Domestic and foreign Govern-
ment Loans, municipal bonds, debentures, stocks, shares
and other securities, bought and sold. Daily and weekly
quotation list and reports issued both in English and
Japanese.
Financial Department. — Makes loans on collateral,
on mortgages and other securities. Act as financial agents
for individuals and corporations.
Trust Department. — Underwrite and guarantee the
issue of loans, municipal bonds, debentures and other
securities ; and act as agents in charge of the business
connected therewith. Assume entire charge of real and
personal estates. Make investments in behalf of estates,
trust funds and corporations. Act as executors, ad-
ministrators, trustees, assignees and receivers. Act, by
request, as patent agents between the Japanese Government
and foreign applicants, and as agents for foreign insurance
companies and mercantile houses.
( 173 )
MR. HOSONO DENJIRO.
(DEALER IN SHARES AND LOAN BONDS.)
T\ /r R. HOSONO, DENJIRO, is a self-made man. His
father was a lantern maker in Nagoya, and when
his son started for the capital a 50 sen piece was all that he
could give him for travelling expenses. Mr. Hosouo arrived
in Tokyo in 1904 and picked up his living at Kabuto-eho,
Japan's Wall Street, by serving as an errand boy for this
or that broker. His life in the Exchange quarter was then
a miserable one. Sometimes he had nothing to eat for a
whole day. However, he was not discouraged and tried to
learn business on 'Change. His endurance and courage
were at last rewarded, and in 1908, when the stock market
was plunged into a vortex of mad bulling and bearing, his
brilliant manoeuvres secured for him a fortune of ¥600,000.
With the success of his enterprise he turned his
attention to the sugar industry, but that produced no
tangible result and he decided to remain in the Exchange
quarter. He now manages a big oflSce at Kabuto-cho,
dealing in loan bonds and shares on a gigantic scale.
KOBUSE SHOTEN.
(BROKERS ON THE TOKYO STOCK EXCHANGE.)
THE firm is one of the oldest and most flourishing
brokers on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. The
proprietor, Mr. Shinzaburo Kobuse, was born in Takanaslii-
mura, Kamitakai-gun, Nagano prefecture, in December,
1845, the second son of Tamizo Kobuse. In his tenth year
he came up to Yedo (now Tokyo) and served as an oflice boy
at a wholesale paper store. Soon after the Imperial Restora-
tion he moved to Yokohama and obtained employment in
a Chinese firm, where he was quickly promoted and soon
appointed Manager of the overseas trade department.
In 1878 he left the Chinese firm and set up as a broker
in old coins, in which line he was well versed as he managed
the trade in Japanese coins with the Chinese firm. Several
years after he moved to Tokyo and obtained a license as
broker on the Tokyo Stock Exchange.
As Mr. Kobuse was very conscientious and honest in
his dealings with his clients he obtained the confidence of
the speculating public and his business witnessed a rapid
expansion. His popularity among his confreres on 'Change
rapidly grew, and not many years after tiie inauguration of
his business lie was appointed their Head. Mr. Kobuse
was invited to share in the management of the House as
Auditor, and later as Advisor to the Board. He was also
elected a Member of the Tokyo Chamber of Commerce in
1889.
He has two oflices separately managed at Kabuto-cho,
both of which conduct a very extensive business. In June,
1913, Mr. Kobuse was presented by the Tokyo Stock
MR. S. KOBQSE.
Exchange with a vase in lecognition of his conscientious
and active contribution to the prosperity of the Exchange
for over thirty years.
( 174 )
MR. KOIKE KUNIZO.
(PRESIDENT OF KOIKE & CO.)
MR, KOIKE, KUNIZO, was born the fifth son of
Mr. Tomohachi Asakawa, on April 10th, 1866, in
Yanagi-machi, in tlie city of Kofu, Yamanashi prefecture.
In 1884 he was adopted into the late Mr. Shinsuke Koike's
family.
After studying the rudiments of reading, writing and
arithmetic with a local teacher, he apprenticed himself at
the age of 13 to the
house of the famous
Wakao Ippei, silk
magnate and native
of the same prefec-
ture. The boy was
honest and intelligent
and soon won the
confidence of the
master and respect of
his fellow - workers.
When he grew older
he often accompanied
his master to the
neighbouring pro-
vinces for the purchase
of silk thread. These
frequent business trips
gave him opportuni-
,. ^ , f^. MR. K. KOIKE,
ties to show his rare
business ability. When Mr. Wakao started mining in the
Kokeizan gold mines he left the entire business in charge of
the worthy employee. Thanks to his strenuous efforts, the
business showed splendid results, which in turn formed a
solid foundation for his present brilliant success. When
later the Wakao Bank was established he also rendered
valuable assistance in the promotion of the business.
He had long wished to make a figure in the business
centre of the metropolis. Record activity in the financial
world following the close of the Japan-China War provided
an opportunity for him to realize his plan. So he went to
his master and told him all about his desire when the master
highly admired his noble ambition and accepted his re-
signation, granting uncommon rewards for his meritorious
services.
On coming up to the capital he entered into the service
of a certain stock broker's office. After serving there for
three years he established himself in the business of a stock-
broker for the Tokyo Stock Exchange, in April, 1897.
Unlike many dealers in this line of business, who only aim
at their own profit, he followed strictly tlie line of promoting
i)is clients' interests. This, coupled with his farsightedness
and rare ability, soon won for him a great reputation and
also brought him vast wealth. In April, 1907, he organized
the Koike Goshi Kaisha (Limited Partnership) with a
capital of ¥1,000,000, to engage in the sale of negotiable
instruments, trust business and also in direct transactions
with Great Britain, America, France and other countries.
Up to about this time the Government had not allowed bill
brokers to take up the flotation of public loans, entrusting
this business exclusively to the banks. Deeply regretting
this discrimination, Mr. Koike availed himself of the
occasion of the issue of 4 per cent, loan bonds to raise a
loud outcry against the partiality of the Government in
granting the exclusive favour to banks. The authorities at
last saw the reason in his argument, and allowed the brokers
to participate in the business. The result produced a great
improvement in the social position of the brokers, for the
amount of loans subscribed through them far exceeded that
done through the bankers. Later he purchased the Shoyei
Bank Ltd. and inaugurated banking, with himself as
President. He has managed and developed the new business
with admirable success without the least pecuniary assistance
from others. In August, 1909, he joined the party of
Japanese representative businessmen and made a tour in
the U.S.A. While making the best possible efforts for the
strengthening of the bonds of friendship between thebusiness-
raen of the two nations he made a minute inspection of the
economic and financial conditions of the States. He is now
a member of the Tokyo Chamber of Commerce and chairman
of the committee of the guild of stock brokers.
In November, 1915, he organized the Nippon Chemical
Paper Materials Company, Limited, in Ochiai, Karafuto,
with a capital of ¥3,000,000. The factory is expected to
be completed in time to turn out the materials early next
year. Thus he is making his efforts, side by side with those
of the Government, to turn to account to the best possible
extent the occupation of this northern territory.
( 175 )
MR. NAMBA REIKIGHI.
(BROKER ON THE TOKYO STOCK EXCHANGE.)
MR, NAMBA, REIKICHI, is one of the most
prominent brokers ou the Tokyo Stock Exchange,
having been Chairman of the Committee of the guild of
stock brokers for many years. He was born in Nagoya in
May, 1873, as the elilest son of the late Mr. Dennai
Namba, a samurai of the Nagoya Clan. His ambition in
youth was to succeed as a business man.
He came up to Tokyo after finishing his preliminary
education in his native city and entered Keio University to
study political economy. After his graduation from that
institution he apprenticed himself to a broker on the Tokyo
Stock Exchange to gain experience in dealings on 'Change.
Having been equipped with a full knowledge of modern
science, he soon acquainted himself witli the dealings in the
stock market, and was known as a mnst resourceful and
alert man.
He started business on 'Change in conjunction with
Mr. Mankichi Imai, another rising star on the market, and
soon made their brokerage one of the greatest by dint of
strenuous endeavours. In 1903 he seceded from the part-
nership and started his own firm, under the style of the
Kanemau Shoten.
Mr. Namba is a gentleman of culture and his business
methods are characterised by sincerity, steadfastness, and
faithfulness. His clients are dealt with most loyally and
sincerely. They trust him accordingly, and his firm is
always patronized by investors and capitalists of the first
water.
MR. R. NAMBA.
Besides controlling his own firm he is interested in the
Meisho Printing Company.
MR. ODA SHOJIRO.
(BROKER ON THE TOKYO STOCK EXCHANGE.)
]\ /r R. ODA, SHOJIRO, Broker on the Tokyo Stock Ex-
■^^ ^ change, was born in Wakayama in March, 1855, a
son of the late Mr. Shobei Oda. In his twenty-first year he
came up to Tokyo for the purpose of starting his career as
a business man, but he had no means with which to begin.
He picked up his living for a time either by serving as an
office boy or by seeking a position as a sort of private
secretary to some business magnates. Mr, Oda was too
ambitious to be satisfied with such humble positions, and
determined to get rich quickly by gambling in rice, and with
his scanty means started gambling on the Tokyo Rice and
Product Exchange. The system of the exchange was then
( 176 )
too conservative and complex for a man of such poor means
to deal to advantage there, but he overcame all incon-
MR
veniences and difficulties to attain his purpose in life, v\i.,
succeeding as a business man.
When his resources became thus sufficiently large he
started as a broker on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, and the
masterful strokes he carried out with wonderful ingenuity
won for him a great reputation among his confreres and
clients as one of the greatest operators on 'Change.
Now Mr. Oda ranks among the foremost of brokers and
his firm enjoys a high degree of prosperity. His important
position in the particular circle is such that he is elected
Auditor of the Tokyo Stock Exchange each term. He is a
philanthropic man, and there are not a few instances of his
generosity recorded in the papers. During the Chino-
Japanese and the Russo-Japanese Wars he donated money
several times toward the funds for the relief of the poor and
suffering, for which act he was rewarded by the Imperial
Court with the grant of a set of cups.
SONO SAKUTARO SHOTEN.
(BROKERS IN PUBLIC LOAN BONDS AND SHARES, KYOTO.)
'"P'HE firm owned and managed by Mr. Sakutaro Sono
is one of the largest of the kind in Kyoto, and is
situated at Shijo-Minaraieiru, Tera-machi, Kyoto.
Mr. Sakutaro Sono was born in Hyogo prefecture, a
son of the late Mr. Kahei Hirouchi, in November, 1876,
While still a young man he was adopted into the Sono
family. Since the foundation of the Kyoto Stock Exchange
he had been a licensed broker on the exchange, but now he
conducts only spot transactions in public bonds and shares.
The extent and importance of his business is well demon-
strated by the fact that the direct tax lie pays annually on
account of his business in public bonds and shares amounts
to over ¥2,200.
Mr. Sono is at present an Auditor of the Kyoto Stock
Excliauge.
MR. SUZUKI TSUNESUKE.
(BROKER ON THE TOKYO STOCK EXCHANGE.)
R. SUZUKI, TSUNESUKE, an eminent broker on He was born in January, 1876, at Utsumi, Chita-gori,
the Tokyo Stock Exchange, is a man of self-reliance Aichi prefecture. While still a small boy he lost his parents,
and unusual strength. He started his business without any He was brought up by his uncle and received only an
assistance beyond that of his own strong character and elementary education at his native town. At the age of
ability, and yet he has achieved an amazing success. eleven he was apprenticed to a sak6 retailer in Nagoya, but
M
( 177 )
he had no desire to learn the trade, and after five years admire hiui.
came up to Tokyo and sought employment. After some
trials he obtained employment and [worked hard to save
money wherewith to »tart his own business. At the age of
twenty-one he started his career on the Tokyo Stock
Exchange.
He began to gamble through Mr. Seibei Kambe, a
licentiate on 'Change, who eventually asked him to join his
own firm as partner in recognition of his client's foresight
and wonderful ability. Mr. iSuzuki accepted his offer. He
began to accumulate experience in the line of business which,
coupled with his natural ability, enabled him to push to the
front. In May, 1909, he had a chance to set up for himself
as broker on 'Change when Mr. Kambe retired from the
business. He started his brokerage in June the same year,
and with his brilliant manoeuvring won a success, which
startled even veterans on 'Change.
He is full of courage and of a gallant spirit, and in
many instances he helped distressed persons out of difficulty
at his own cost. All who know him can not help but
He is a self-made man in the truest sense^of
the terra, and his future is full of promise.
MR. T. SUZUKI.
MR. TAMATSUKA EIJIRO,
(BROKER ON THE TOKYO STOCK EXCHANGE.)
MK. TAMATSUKA, EIJIRO, who is now ranked
among the foremost licensed brokers on the Tokyo
Stock Exchange, is a self-made man who has risen from
TAMATSUKA.
the humblest position in life by dint of self-reliance and
steadfast economy.
While a boy he was apprenticed to a wholesale sugar
dealer at Sakai-cho, Nihombashi-ku, Yedo. When he
attained his eighteenth year his master failed in business
and he was forced to pick up his living by selling old fans
at the road-side. His past economy and thrift then proved
helpful to him, for his odd savings became his capital in
business. When Summer was gone and no one cared to
buy old fans he began to sell any other odd things his small
means could secure. This small enterprise of his was
successful, and in a few years he secured a fairly large
amount of money to start a more honourable and remunera-
tive business.
Since then all he has undertaken has proved successful,
as he planned carefully before executing every scheme, and
WHS ever steadfast and thrifty. Thus he has built up the
colossal business lie now carries on in the Exchange quarter.
Recently Mr. Tamatsuka founded a society called the
Temposenkai, to encourage thrift and economy among
young men and women.
C 178 )
OSAKA DOJIMA BEIKOKU TORIHIKIJO.
(THE OSAKA DOJIMA
'T~^HE Osaka Dojima Rice Exchange is located at
-*- No. 39, 1-chome Hama-dori Dojima, Kita-ku,
Osaka. Having been opened for above 280 years the
rice market at Dojima is the oldest market of the kind
in Japan. When it was organized in 1871 the father
institution of the present rice exchange was called the
" Beikaisho " (Rice Meeting Place). In the succeeding
year it was reorganized in accordance with the regulations
for the " Beishokaisho " (Rice Dealers' Meeting Place) then
promulgated. Succeeding to the business of tlie former, tlie
RICE EXCHANGE.)
for the steady development made by the exchange. The
total amount of the cereal handled at the exchange in 1914
reached over 25,580,000 koku. The Osaka Dojima Exchange
represents the Western districts of the country precisely as
does the Tokyo Exchange the Eastern districts. It is
expected that the former will surpass the latter in the
scope of business at no distant date. According to the
latest returns of the exchange, the paid-up capital amounts
to ¥1,600,000, and reserve funds ¥307,000, and tlie rate
THE OSAKA DOJIMA RICE EXCHANGE.
new institution was opened to business under the title of the
Beishokaisho with a capital ¥75,000.
With the promulgation of the law on excliange, the
Beish5kaisho was reorganized and at the same time changed
its name to the present title. At the time of its inaugura-
tion the exchange had a capital of only ¥150,000, but this
was increased for the fourth time in 1913, when it reached
¥2,000,000. This yearly increase of capital speaks volumes
of dividend per annum is over 14 per cent. The list of
officials is appended : —
ToHEi Takakura, Esq.
Masatoshi Fujino, Esq.
Yasutaro Motode, Esq.
Yahei Uyeda, Esq.
Seijiro Gion, Esq
Terumichi Hamazaki, Esq.
Keisuke Miy^azaki, Esq.
Chief- Manager.
Manager.
Auditor.
( 179 )
NIMO SHOTEH.
(BROKERS ON THE OSAKA DOJIMA RICE EXCHANGE.)
nn HE Nimo Shoten is one of the oldest brokerage concerns
on the Exchange, having been founded more than a
century ago. The proprietor, Mr. Mosuke Futakawa, is
known as a business man of strong cliaracter and rectitude,
and the business method of his firm is impressed deeply with
the stamp of his personality. His firm never opens dealings
with a client unless he comes with a letter of introduction
from one of the many friends of the firm, but once business
is opened every attention is given to the interests of the new
client. Thus the firm enjoys the greatest confidence, and
among its clients are many well-known business men, both
Japanese and foreign.
Mr. Futakawa is a leading figure among the licensed
brokers on the exchange, and has occupied the post of
the Chairman of the Committee of tlie Guild of Rice
Exchange Brokers for many years. He is also on the
Executive Committee of the Federated Associations of
Rice Exchange Brokers. A very commendable feature
in his personality is his public-spiritedness. He has
founded a commercial school at Dojima and has himself
endeavoured to train many employees. Thus in every
respect Mr. Futakawa's firm is deservedly called the
leading brokers on the Dojima Rice Exchange.
THE NIMO SHOTEN, OSAKA.
( 180 )
HOSIERY SDOTIOIN
DAITOKU GOSHI XAISHA.
(DAITOKU&CO.)
THE Daitoku Co., Limited Partnership, is one of the
largest suppliers of knitted cloth and hosiery goods in
Osaka. Its factory, where excellent knitted cloth and
hosiery goods are produced in large quantities, is situated
at Urae, Sagisu, a town in the suburb of Osaka, the
business office being situated at I-chome Tosabori-dori,
Nishi-ku, Osaka.
For many years the manufacture of hosiery goods was
conducted by workers of small means, and in many respects
their products were unsatisfactory. However, while they
were made only for the domestic market it did not greatly
matter. But now that they are turned out for the interna-
tional market the troublesome irregularity in Japanese
hosiery goods is no insignificant blot on the country's
business honour.
The Daitoku Co. was founded some years ago to
eradicate this drawback in the line of industry by supply-
ing knitted cloth to small manufacturers. The manufacture
of hosiery goods was only started a few years ago, in the
hope that witli the constant improvement in the quality the
company would be able to outrival American, German, or
English made goods in foreign markets.
At present the Daitoku Co. exports its manufactures
to Great Britain, British India, Australia, the Netherlands
Indies, and other countries, and everywhere the company is
securing a good footing.
MR. HIRANO FUSAKIGHI.
(MANUFACTURER OF HOSIERY.)
M
R. HIRANO, FUSAKICHI'S firm, manufacturers
of worsted knitted goods, is located at No. 4,
MR. F. HIRANO.
Kamei-clio Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo. The company was
originally opened in Fukuda-cho, Kanda-ku, in 1886 for
the manufacture of worsted mittens. In 1892 the firm
removed to the present address. Simultaneously it started
the manufacture of improved worsted jackets which were
the firm's invention. This proved a great success,
and the articles soon became the fashion throughout the
land. In the Japan-China and Russo-Japanese Wars the
firm rendered great services in the cause of the State
by supplying the Army and Navy with a large amount
of jackets. In 1906 the firm made waistcoats for
practical use and registered them as utility model articles.
Since 1907, Mr. Hirano, head of the firm, has been twice
appointed councillor of the guild of dealers in knitted goods
of Tokyo. From October, 1912 to December, 1913 he held
the post of Vice-President of the same guild. The firm
has been awarded honours by many exhibitions. It is
now chiefly engaged in the manufacture of knitted gloves
and jackets for protection from cold. These are exported
through foreign firms in Yokohama to London, Africa,
Australia and other countries.
( 181 )
HOJO KIMO SEIKOBU.
(THE HOJO NAPPING WORKS)
THE napping industry is one of the most important,
and at the same time most difficult, of all auxiliary
works in the woollen and knitting mill line. The line must
be conducted on a large scale, but its profits are limited. The
greatest care also must be taken in preventing accidents,
because the slightest negligence of handling will set the
whole factory on fire.
Accordingly the line was little developed here up to
the time when Mr. Eishichi Hojo, the proprietor of the
Hojo Napping "Works, No. 477, Minami-doshin-machi,
Nitaku, Osaka, started his business with a view to finishing
the work, to check the import of foreign knitted goods,
begun some time ago by Osaka Manufacturers.
When he opened his works the Osaka manufacturers of
knitted goods and hosiery received it with gratitude and were
ready to back up his enterprise with large orders. Since
then his undertaking has gone on increasing in scope and
importance.
At present his works are equipped with four napping
machines. His two other branch factories are also equipped
with four napping machines each. Thus Mr. Hojo can well
afford to undertake the napping and polishing of knitted
goods for almost all manufacturers of knitted goods and
hosiery in Osaka.
Especially because of his careful and prompt conduct
of business his works are regarded as quite indispensable as
an auxiliary^ force to the trade now conducted by Osaka,
and has a great share in tiie general prosperity enjoyed by
knitted goods manufacturers under the war's influences.
MR. E. HOJO.
HORIKAWA CHOBEI-"KYOCHO SHOTEN."
(EXPORT AND IMPORT OF HOSIERY GOODS).
" TV'YOCHO SHOTEN" is the trade name under
J- V. which Mr. Chobei Horikawa carries on his
extensive export and import trade in hosiery and sundry
other goods. Mr. Horikawa started his business as
a miscellaneous wholesale dealer in 1882 at the present
office at No. 10, 2-chome Hon-cho, Nihombashi-ku, Tokyo.
After several years he initiated the manufacture of hosiery
goods.
Though his import department has been almost entirely
paralysed on account of the European war, his export de-
partment is steadily and rapidly enlarging its business
scope, because the war has turned out to be a powerful fillip
to Japan's overseas trade, and Mr. Horikawa is sufficiently
alert to take advantage of this splendid opportunity. At
present he operates a knitting factory at Oji-machi, a
suburb of Tokyo and a sewing factory at Yokoami-cho,
Honjo-ku, Tokyo. Tlie former occupies an area of ground
estimated at 1,500 tsubo and the latter covers an area of
500 tsubo, where a total of 1,200 hands are employed.
The manufactures, which are excellent, are exported
to Russia, Great Britain, Australia, and other countries in
increasing quantities. At home the firm is also recognized
as one of the best producers of hosiery goods and has been
appointed for some time past Makers to the Imperial
Household Department, the Imperial Army, and the
Imperial Navy.
C 182 )
■ TO SHO SHOTEN.
T
(S. ITO & CO.)
HIS firm, situated at No. 11, 4-cliome ERrano-machi,
Higashi-ku, Osaka, carries on the manufacture and
export of knitted goods, crepe hosiery, and net work under-
wear on a fairly large scale.
It was founded in 1874 by the present proprietor,
Mr. S. Ito, who is the inventor of a knitting machine
best suited for Japanese operatives and is respected by his
confreres on that account and for his earnest efforts to
bring about the organization of the Association of Knitted
Goods Merchants in Osaka.
Mr. Ito once started with his friends a company styled
the Osaka Knitted Hosiery Company and himself controlled
the company's affairs as Managing Director, but the concern
proved a failure after a few years, and he resumed the
management of his own firm.
At present his goods are accorded a market not only
at home but in China, British India, and other countries,
principally on account of their durability and cheapness.
WAHASHI SHIGEO SHOTEN.
MANUFACTURERS OF HOSIERY.)
T'
HIS firm, situated at 2-chome, Nishi-Dotonbori,
Nishiku, Osaka, is well known as manufacturers of
all shades of hosiery and crepe goods and carries on an
extensive export trade.
An outstanding feature of the Izuoka & Co., which
was the forerunners of the Iwahaslii Shigeo Shoten was the
production of woollen and mixed goods. Crepe shirts were
also manufactured by the company for the first time in
this country.
At present not a few hosiery manufacturers in this
country supply crepe goods, but none of them can rival
this firm in respect of excellence of manufacture.
The " Shake Hand Brand " crepe shirts the firm produce.
therefore, are universally received as the best in the market.
At first tlie present proprietor, Mr, Shigeo Iwahashi,
managed the affairs of the firm as partner, but on the
retirement of Mr. Izuoka, Active Member, he took over the
management of the business and changed the trade name
as Iwahashi Shigeo Shoten (S. Iwahashi & Co.).
Since the outbreak of the war in Europe the firm has
expanded its export trade rapidly and at present nearly
80 per cent, of the whole products of tlie firm is shipped
overseas. At first orders came only from Australia, China,
and other countries, but now England and Russia also place
large orders with the firm, quite well appreciating the
excellence of the firm's products.
( 188 )
IWAI WAKiCHI SHOTEH.
(W. IWAI
ri^HE firm, situated at No. 4, Genzo-cho, Kita-ku,
-*- Osaka, manufactures and exports the best qualities
of woollen underwear and hosiery goods, also knitted gloves,
stockings, and towelling on an extensive scale.
In July, 1901, the firm was started by Mr. Wakichi
Iwai at the present site for the purpose of manufacturing
and supplying woollen underwear and general hosiery goods
to the domestic market. During the Russo-Japanese war,
however, the enlargement of the business was planned.
At first business was conducted through Chinese and
Iiulian buying agents here, bnt in 1914 direct trade with
overseas buyers was started. Of late the market has
extended further, and now tlie fir(n'8 goods go to China,
British India, Great Britain, Russia, and the Dutch East
Indies.
At the firm's factories, which have been enlarged
lately to cope witii the evei-iiicreasing demand from over-
seas, a complete set of most up-to-date machines is installed,
and over a million yen worth of goods is produced annually.
& CO.)
The firm handles no goods other than the manufacture of
its own factories and, therefore, a uniformity of quality is
maintained,
MR. W. IWAI.
K0SU6I GOMEI KAISHA.
(KOSUGI & CO.)
nHE Company has its Head Office at Hasegawa-cho,
'■^ Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo, and brnnches in Nichome
TRADE MARK FOR.COTTON
CLOTH AND FLANNEL.
TRADE MARK FOR
JAPANESE SOCKS.
Kyutaro-machi Higashi-ku, Osaka, Suyehiro-cho Hakodate-
ku, Hokkaido and Irifune-cho Otaru-ku, Hokkaido. The
partnership consists of Messrs. Gorozaemon Kosugi, Saemon
Kosugi, Keitaro Kosugi and Yohei Nishi-mura. The origin
of the Company was the dry goods business carried on as far
back as the era of Genroku (1688-1703). In October of
1915, the Company established an inspection department
for the export of hosiery goods with a view to improving
tlie qualities of the articles. The staff is composed of over
120 members. Specialities: knitted underwear of all kinds,
gloves and stockings, cotton cloth and cotton flannel. The
market abroad covers Great Britain, Cliina, India, the
South Sea Islands and Australia.
( 184 )
MR. KURIYAMA YASUHEI.
rpiHE firm is presided over by Mr. Yasuhei Kuriyama.
JL He established himself in the dry goods business as
(MANUFACTURER AND DEALER IN HOSIERY.)
early as 1873. In 1881 he took up the hosiery business,
and in 1884 settled at Shichome Tachibana-cho, Nihonbashi-
ku, Tokyo, and at the same time opened connections with
the dealers concerned in Osaka and extended the market to
the North Eastern Districts. During the China-Japan war
lie manufactured underwear, stockings and gloves to the order
of the Army and Navy Departments. In 1896 he succeeded
in constructing machines for the manufacture of towels, and
in 1902 manufactured short pants acceptable to cyclists. In
May of the same year he was chosen by the guild of dealers
in hosiery goods of Tokyo to represent exhibitors of hosiery
goods in the Fifth Domestic Industrial Exhibition, The
following year he has appointed an assistant judge for the
same exhibition. In 1904 he was elected as Vice-President
of the guild. From 1912 to 1913 he held the post of
President. In 1914 he was appointed a judge for the TaishS
Exhibition. He was awarded a medal of the first class by
the Fifth Domestic Industrial Exhibition and silver medal
KURIYAMA. by the Hanoi Exhibition in French Indo-China.
MR. MAKINO TERUSABURO.
(MANUFACTURER OF KNITTED GOODS.)
MR. MAKING, TERUSABURO, 1-chome Min.imi-
ityutaro-machi, Higashi-ku, Osnka, is one of the
leading hosiery manufacturers in Osaka and has his own
factories at 6-chome Tenjinbashisuji, Kita-ku, Osaka, and
Daini-Shinmichi, Kita-ku, Osaka, where all kinds of cotton
knitted goods, gloves, and other cotton goods are manu-
factured on a large scale.
Mr. Makino started his business at the present site in
1906, since when he has strenuously endeavoured to develope
his undertaking, and as a result the firm has attained the
present stage of development.
The principle of Mr. Makino's business is producing the
best possible goods at the smallest possible cost. His
principle is fully carried out and the goods he turns out are
known as the best and cheapest in the market.
His goods are now principally shipped to Oceania,
China, South Africa, Great Britain, Russia, and other
countries, besides being supplied to the domestic market. MR. T. MAKINO.
( 185 )
KAGAWA ISAKU SHOTEN.
(MANUFACTURERS AND
MR. NA KAGAWA, ISAKU, is a self-made man who
lias built up his fortune by dint of his own
endeavours and indefatigable application. From the small
beginning which was made by him just before the outbreak
of the Russo-Japanese war he has during these eighteen
years built up a big manufacturing and export business,
whicii may be said to rank among the foremost of the
hosiery firms. He now directs his colossal business at his
head ofiice at Shinsaibashisuji, Minamihon-machi, Osaka,
while his brother directs the factory at Kitawatanabe-cho,
Osaka. His manufactures have a special feature, which
may be said to be the impress of his personality. They are
manufactured of the best obtainable materials and witii the
utmost care, and are therefore regarded by the trade as of
excellence and durability. Mr. Nakagawa has succeeded in
extending his market, and his manufactures are widely dealt
in not only in Japan but China and also iu Russia.
Below are a few of the most prominent public acknow-
ledgments he has received : — 2nd class silver medal, Domestic
Products Exhibition, 1904; 2nd class medal. Victory Com-
memoration Exhibition, 1906 ; 2nd class copper medal.
Design and Utility Model Exhibition, 1906 ; Silver medal,
second Patented Goods Exhibition, 1908; 1st class gold
DEALERS IN HOSIERY.)
medal, Domestic Products Exhibition, 1910 ; Ist class
gold medal, Osaka Staple Goods Exhibition, 1912; Ist
class gold medal, 7tli Japan Industrial Exhibition, 1915.
NAKAGAWA.
NISHIfiUiA SHIN YOKO.
(S . N I S H I M U R A & CO.)
THIS firm makes it a speciality to manufacture and
export hosiery goods and does not cater for the domes-
tic market. Its manufactures are of peculiar pattern and
qualities, Particularly underwear with vertical stripes are
manufactured only by this firm and the process of manu-
facturing is patented. Many bold designs are also woven
At first the firm exported its goods to China, British
India, the Netherlands East Indies, and other parts of Asia,
but now, owing to the withdrawal of European goods from
the world market, they are sent also to Russia, Africa, and
other parts. Of late England, too, has taken the firm's
goods.
MR. NISHIMURA, HIS
iu some of the goods the firm supplies. The general ofiice
is situated at 2-chome Kawachi-machi, Kita-ku, Osaka, and
the factory at Kaminakano, Honjo, Toyosaki-cho, Nishinari-
gun, Osaka prefecture, both of which were establisiied
in 1897.
OJ^FICE
Mr
AND WDKKS,
S. Nishimura,
the proprietor of the firm, is
experienced in the line of business, having been connected
witli it over twenty-six years, and particularly devotes his
attention to the maintenance of his own standard of excel-
lence in view of the up-keep of the national honour overseas.
( 186 )
JIRO SHOTEN.
ri'^HE firm, situated at No. 31, 2-chome Minamikyutaio-
machi, Higaslii-ku, Osaka, is owned and controlled by
MR. B. NISHIZAWA.
(NISHIZAWA & CO.)
Mr. Bunjiro Nishizawa, hailing from Shiga prefecture. It
was started in 1897 at Nagasaki as wholesale dealers in
drapery, but in May, 1907, a branch office was opened at
Shinsaibashi-dori, Osaka, and as a side line the export of
knitted goods, piece goods, and notions was inaugurated.
The head office in Nagasaki was later abolished and the
Osaka office, which was then moved to Kitakyutaro-machi,
was converted into the head office. Since 1910 the firm's
business has continued to be favourable and a fairly large
return on its capital has been reaped. With the extension
of business the office was moved to the present site in the
early part of 1916.
Now the firm's goods, bearing the trade mark of an
infantry man charging, are seen not only in the domestic
market but in China and the Straits Settlements, and
everywhere they are received with satisfaction.
NIWA SHOTE
(MANUFACTURER AND EXPORTER OF HOSIERY GOODS.)
At present the firm has its business office at 3-chome,
Oimatsu-cho, Osaka, and factories at Wakayama and
Osaka, where tiers, children's underwear, knitted socks, and
THE firm was founded by the late Mr. Shoiclii Niwa,
tiie father of the present proprietor, Mr. Shojiro
Niwii, in 1883, when he made it iiis speciality to manufac-
ture knitted gloves. Thus Mr. Niwa's firm is one of the
oldest in tlie hosiery trade in Japan. After a few years the
late Mr. Shoichi Niwa started the manufacture of stockings
and knitting machines. Both machines and manufactured
goods were then exhibited at many exhibitions and every
time Mr. Niwa obtained marks of appreciation.
After his death the present proprietor stopped the
manufacture of knitting machines and devoted his whole
energy and capital to the manufacture and improvement of
hosiery goods. In 1906, he started tlie manufacture of
knitted " tabi " or Japanese socks, which are known as
" Yamani Tabi " tliroughout tlie country. He took out
a patent for the process of knitting the socks.
The manufacture of tiers which are known as " Yamani
Tiera " was also started by a process for which he has a
patent right in 1912. Now the goods are sold almost every-
where in this country and since 1916 tiiey have been ex-
ported extensively to British India, China, the Dutch East
Indies, and other countries.
other goods are manu-
factured, the annual
production amounting
to a total of over
¥200,000.
Thefirm'sexportde-
partmenthandk s only
tiers and children's
underwear, and makes
it a point to supply the
best possible goods to
the market. The firm
also handles only its
own manufactures for
the purpose of prevent-
ing the possibility of
inferior goods being
included in its supply
MR. S. NIWA. to the market.
( 187 )
OSAKA BOYEKiHIN MERIYASU KAIRYO OOSHI KAISHA.
(THE OSAKA HOSIERY IMPROVEMENT CO.)
THE Company is situated at No. 375, Sanchome
Fukushima, Kita-ku, Osaka. It was established in
November of 1914 aud is presided over by Mr. Tasaburo
Fukui, who has many years' experience in the hosiery busi-
ness. The cause of the establishment of the Company was
the work on a policy of the development in South China
and Southern Islands published by the Bank of Taiwan.
This timely volume so deeply impressed Mr. Fukui, who had
already established himself as a dealer in hosiery goods for
a number of years, that he resolved to extend the market to
those quarters. For tlie accomplishment of the purpose he
joined bauds with the dealers concerned closely connected
with him and established the present Company by the
support of the principals of the Bank of Taiwan. That
was, as stated above, in November of 1914, wheu the
Imperial troops reduced the Tsingtao fortress. For the
comparatively brief space of time since its organization the
Company has shown a marked development in opening
up markets in South China and the Southern Islands.
Since last year the Company has opened connections with
great success. Besides exporting underwear, stockings and
all kinds of knitted goods, the Company responds to orders
for various kinds of miscellaneous goods. In compliance
with the desires of exporters abroad, and in view of
a principle of mutual benefit, tlie Company is also
engaged in the importation of tallon and drugs
from South China, dye-stuffs aud copra from the
Soutiiern Islands and bristles from Russia. At pre-
sent the imports are so active that they far exceed
the exports.
MR. OZAKI KUNIZO.
(KNITTED HOSIERY GOODS MANUFACTURER AND EXPORTER)
MR. OZAKI, KUNIZO, who carries on an extensive
trade in knitted hosiery goods with China and
other countries, has his head office at Kotoura, Kojima-
gori, Okayania prefecture, and a branch oflBce at No. 53,
2-chome Azuchi-niachi, Higashi-ku, Osaka. At the head
office in Okayama prefecture he manufactures, sells, and
exports cotton yarns, cotton piece goods, and "tuitaitze"
(a kind of garter for Chinese), while at the branch office at
Osaka he manufactures and sells cotton piece goods and
knitted hosiery goods on an extensive scale. His factory
is situated at No. 6, 2-chome Oimatsu-cho, Kita-ku,
Osaka, where excellent knitted goods are produced, including
underwear, stockings, tuitaitze, etc. These manufactures
are supplied to the market both at home and abroad with
the following registered trade marks : — Miyoshi woman
brand ; Bow and arrow brand ; Bow and arrow boy brand ;
Pheasant brand ; Two swords bearing men brand ; Woman
brand.
Since the outbreak of the present war the export trade
has especially been expanded and not only has the direct
export been increased, but the volume of business with
export firms at Osaka and Kobe has witnessed an enormous
increase. The firm's affairs at the head office are
controlled by Mr. Kunizo Oznki, but the branch office at
Osaka is under the management of his younger brother,
Mr. Katsuji Ozaki.
MR. K. OZAKI.
( 188 )
MR. SHIMIDZU HIKOSABURO.
(MANUFACTURER AND EXPORTER OF HOSIERY GOODS.)
MR. SHIMIDZU, HIKOSABURO, who is recognized
by Ills associates as one of the leading hosiery
goods manufacturers in Tokyo, only started his business in
1884 and at first managed
a big factory at Iriya-
machi, Shitaya-ku, city,
which was equipped witli
not only knitting ma-
chines but spinning ap-
pliances and a complete
set of machine tool manu-
facturing machines. On
the conversion of the
plant into a limited
partnership he started
another on a bigger scale
at Midori-cho and Kame-
zawa-cho, Honjo-ku,
Tokyo, which was later
moved to the present
site, Yokokawa-cho,
Honjo-ku, Tokyo, MR. H. SHIMIDZU.
His head office is now at No. 18, 1-chome Yokoya ma-
cho, Nihombaslii-ku, Tokyo, where he conducts a big export
business with China, the Netherlands Indies, British India,
Australia, England, and America, the latest estimate of his
business being over a million yen.
Mr. Shimidzu has contributed much to the progress of
the industry in this country by inventing many new devices
for the knitting of hosiery goods. Soon after his inaugura-
tion of business he invented a machine for the weaving of
rims. The perfection of the machines for knitting seamless
stockings was also due to the inventive genius of Mr.
Shimidzu. By this invention he saved much labour and
expense for hosiery goods manufacturers.
A new thread frame was invented by him in 1896, at
the same time a power-driven knitting machine being
made. The starching of knitted goods was perfected by
him about this time in imitation of habutai weavers'
starching processes.
Naturally his manufactures are of the best quality and
second to none in the market. Therefore, he has so far
received over a hundred medals and prizes at exhibitions at
home and abroad. For many years he has been the
President of the Association of the Hosiery Goods Manu-
facturers in Tokyo.
MR. TAKIMOTO TAMEO.
(MANUFACTURER OF WORSTED KNITTED GOODS.)
rriHE firm, owned and managed by Mr. Tanimoto,
Tameo, stands at No. 26, Shichome Temmabashisuji,
Kita-ku, Osaka. The firm came into existence in 1896
chiefly for the purpose of manufacturing worsted knitted
goods. Prior to this, Mr. Tanimoto had had ten years'
practical experience in this line of business. In order to
meet the increasing demand in recent years the firm
has inaugurated in addition the manufacture of cotton
hosiery goods. The undershirts, which are the results of
the proprietor's own invention, are acceptable to every
customer, as they meet every requirement, especially
practical purposes. Characteristic features of the business
consists in the best possible care, honesty, and promptness
with which orders are executed.
TRADE
MARK.
Specialities. — Worsted and cotton knitted stocking?,
knitted waistcoats, underwear, sweaters. These goods are
exported to Russia, South Sea Islands, North and South
America, South Africa, China, and India.
( 189 )
SHIROKANE MERIYASU SEIZOSHO.
THE works are located at Kami Osaki, Osaki-machi,
Ebara-guii, near Tokyo. Tlie Compnny was ori-
ginally estHblislied in 1906 by the Iwai Company, Ltd. for
(THE SHIROKANE HOSIERY WORKS. LTD.)
tory of over 1,500 tsubo on a site covering an area of above
2,300 tsubo in Totsuka-mura. There is a plan for a further
extension of the business by increasing the capital from
¥200,000 to ¥1,000.000. The works have hitherto directed
their energies chiefly towar.i the manufacture of articles for
home consumption, but they are now making efforts to
export. Tlie goods are sent chiefly to the South Sea Islands
and Australia, through the firm of Iwai Company. In
TRADE
y^
M4.RK.
THE SHIROKANE HOISERY WORKS, TOKYO,
the roanufucture of hosiery goods. To meet the growing
development of the business the company later built a fac-
December. 1916, the firm became independent of the
mother institution, or the Iwai Company. Simultaneously
with this Mr. Yuzuru Yasuno was appointed President and
Mr. Saburo Nagata, Managtr. These able directors are bend-
ing their energies for the improvement of the articles and
the development of the business. The annual production
is valued at about ¥350,000. After the increase of
capital is effected the output will reach more than
¥1,000,000,
TOKYO YUSHUTSU SHOKAr.
EXPORTS & CO.)
(TOKYO
rilHE manufacture and export of hosiery in this country
JL have witnessed a striking expansion lately, but so
far only cheap goods have been handled by Japanese
manufacturers and, therefore, the demand for better goods
in the East has been filled by European manufacturers.
This, however, does not signify that Japanese manufacturers
are unable to produce high grade goods. Mr. Taiichi
Okuda, one of the leading hosiery manufacturers in Tokyo,
has recently pursuaded six of his friends to combine into a
corporation whose specialty it is to export high grade goods
to foreign countries and demonstrate the fact that Japanese
manufacturers can compete with Europeans in the excellence
of their goods. The Tokyo Export Company is controlled
by Mr. Okuda as Manager. Since the foundation of the
firm the business has steadily expanded and already
necessitated the company enlarging its factories.
The head oflSce is at No. 3, Matsui-cho, 1-chome,
Honjo-ku, Tokyo, and there are eight factories in various
localities.
The manufactures of the company include practically
all grades of hosiery goods, pants, stockings, gloves, under-
wear, and Burmas.
Because of their excellent quality they are received
favourably in Australia, British India. Africa, China,
MR. T. OKUD-A.
Russia, the United States, Canada, South America, and
other countries.
( 190 )
UYEMURA KINUMERIYASU KOJO.
(THE UYEMURA SILK HOSIERY WORKS.)
THE Uyemura Silk Hosiery Works, owned by Mr.
Jundo Uyemura, are located at No. 352, Ryusenji-
mnclii, 8hitaya-ku, Tokyo. Organized in November, 1884,
MR. J. UYEMURA.
the works have been noted as the pioneer manufacturer of this
line of goods in the Orient. From 1890 to 1912 the works
were gradually equipped with many machines representing
the choicest English, American and German makes.
Specialities comprise silk knitted underwear of various
descriptions, stockings and gloves.
In 1898, the works had the honour of manufacturing
undershirts and stockings to the order of the Department of
the Imperial Household, In 1903, they manufactured for
for the first time jackets and hoods for the use of soldiers in
cold weather. These proved very useful in the war witii
Russia. The annual production is estimated at about
¥200,000. The market abroad covers the South Sea
Islands, India, China, Australia, Russia and Africa.
Mr. Uyemura, the proprietor, is a leading figure in
the hosiery industry in Japan. In 1904 he was appointed
Chairman of the Organization Committee of the guild of
dealers in knitted goods in Tokyo. In the following year
he was elected its President.
( 191 )
HOTCl> SEGTIOIN.
FUJIYA HOTEL.
THE Fujiya Hotel stands at Mijauoshita, in the
Hakone mountains. Hakone is one of the famous
pleasure resorts in Japan on account of its invigorating
mountain air, salubrious thermal-springs, and delightful
scenery. In the mountains these are what have been com-
monly called " Seven
hot-springs at
Hakone ": viz. Yu-
moto, T o n o s a w a
Dogashimn, Miyano-
shita, So k ok urn,
Kiga and Ashino-
yu. And to these
five new ones : Ko-
wakidani, Yuno-
hanazawa, Sengoku-
bara, Gora and
Ubako. Of these the
most popular pleasure
resort is Miyanoshita,
1,377 feet above sea level.
The place is easily reached from Yokohama by the
TSkaido Railway to Kozu (IJ hrs.); thence by motor (50
mins.) to Fujiya Hotel. Or, from Kozu an electric tram-
car can be taken to Yumoto (1 hr.); thence by jinrikisiia
(2 coolies necessary) 4 miles up the valley of the Hayakawa
FUJIYA HOTEL, MIYANOSHITA.
accommodations, and natural hot-springs. Hotel porters in
uniform meet all trains at Kozu and Trams at Yumoto.
The Hotel is taken charge of by Mr. S. I. Yamaguchi,
President and Mr. H. S. K. Yamaguchi, Managing Director.
Principal places of Interest : —
Sengenyama,
about 2,150feet above
sea level ; Kiga Hot-
spring, 15 minutes
from Miyanoshita.
DOgashima Hot-
spring, 15 minutes'
walk below Miyano-
shita. Miyagino, a
delightful IJ hours'
walk. Kowakidani
Hot-spring, 1^ liours'
walk. Gora Hot-
spring, 2,300 feet
above sea level, 4
hours' walk. Ojigoku, or Big Hell, 3,478 feet above sea level;
5 miles. The whole gorge reeks with sulphurous furats. The
Cascade of Yumoto, 4 miles along the road to Yumoto from
Miyanoshita. Ashinoyu, 2,870 feet above sea level, 4 miles
uphill from Miyanoshita. Hakone, 2,378 feet, above sea level,
6J miles via Ashinoyu. It is a pleasant village, situated
PANORAMIC VIEW FROM KUKAKAKE.-DISTANCE m MILES FROM THE FUJIYA HOTEL.
to Miyanoshita (1 hr. and 20 n)ins.) and by motor (20
mins.). Or, one can go direct from Yokohama to Miyano-
shita by motor in about 2 hours and a half. From Gotem-
ba on the Tokaido line it can be reached by motor in 1
hour and a quarter. The Hotel is equipped with excellent
in a dip of the most famous pass on the TSkaido, at the head
of a beautiful lake, «ith a summer palace of the Emperor
at one end, and the glorious summit of Mt. Fuji at the
other, towering over the Hakone mountains. Otome-toge, or
'.' Maiden's Pass," 3,276 feet above the sea level, 7i miles.
( 192 )
HASHIMOTO HOTEL.
THE Hashimoto Hotel is one of the finest buildings in
the •watering place of Ikaho standing at the foot of
the mountains. Ikaho is reached in less than six hours
HASHIMOTO HOTEL, IKAHO.
from Uyeno Station Tokyo, via Takasiiki or Mayebashi.
The place is noted not only for its salubrious thermal springs
but for beautiful scenery and climate which attract to it
vast numbers of visitors. It is an ideal resort all through
the year. In the autumn the mountains surrounding the
town are adorned with deep crimson tints. Besides, visitors
can feast their eyes upon many sights lying near by the
town, such as Haruna Lake, Haruna Shrine, Benten fall,
Miharashiyama, etc. The hotel is provided with European
accommodiition and the cuisine is highly spoken of by every
visitor. Charges are moderate and there are special rates
for families and long stay. If the visitor sends a note
beforehand the Hotel will send a porter either to Mayebashi
or to Takasaki to meet him.
The master of the hotel twice visited England. The
first visit was made when he was appointed to take charge
of the cooking for a party of officers and men of the
Imperial Navy ordered to proceed to England to bring
home the Kashima and Jfa^ori constructed there in England.
His second visit was made when he was ordered to join the
crew on board the squadron dispatched to attend the corona-
tion of King George V. of Great Britain.
IKAHO HOTEL.
VIEW
FROM
THE
HOTEL.
THE Ikaho Hotel, owned by Mr. S. Kogure, has been
established for more than thirty years. Standing
on a spot about 2,700 feet above the sea level in the
middle of Mt. Haruna
the Hotel commands
excellent views of
mountains, valleys and
streams far and near.
It is no exaggeration
to say that it occupies
the best place in
Ikaho. The Hotel has
thirty rooms with
every accommodation
acceptable to the
guests. Ikaho is
reached in only five
hours and a half from
Tokyo by rail via
Takasaki from which
the passengers can
take electric car if
they please. It is one of the distinguished watering places
in this country. The mineral water found in abundance
DINING ROOM OF THE
IICAHO HOTEL.
is excellent for the health, as is attested by many specialists.
To add to tiie attractions of the place, visitors can feast
their eyes on beautiful mountain scenery all around,
rarely enjoyed in
other places of thermal
springs throughout
Japan. Moreover, the
air is pure and cli-
matic conditions ex-
ceedingly pleasant.
Even in midsummer
the thermometer never
rises beyond 85°. On
an average the tem-
perature in the hot
season is 10 degrees
lower than in the
capital. It is warm
in winter, partly be-
cause of the hot springs
and volcanic veins,
and partly because the
ranges of mountains behind protect the place from cutting
winds. Ikaho is a veritable paradise in the Far East.
"W *-^tf^E*r^•■^^
WMC
mm
Iff'
...,i..»«*,-»^
1
Ai
1^
".-1 aL
9
m
( 193 )
TOKYO STATION HOTEL.
'~I~'HE Tokyo Station Hotel is a branch of the Seiyoken
Hotel, an hotel of the first standing in Japan situated
in Tsukiji, Tokyo. It is under the direct supervision of the
Imperial Government Railways, is of the most modern con-
struction and is luxuriously furnished. It occupies the first
and second floors of the Tokyo Station Building ; the most
convenient place for commercial and residential sojourn.
The Hotel commands a very beautiful view facing the
famous Nijubashi (Double Bridge) at the front gate of the
Imperial Palace. The arrangements are unique for comfort,
and it is one of the most commodious hotels in the
Orient, with every modern convenience, being equipped
throughout with electric light, good ventilation, cold and hot
water supply, elevators, electric fans in summer and steam-
heating in winter, etc. On the first floor many of the first
class shops in the city display their merchandise for tlie
convenience of guests. The Bar, Billiard-room, Barber,
etc., are also on the same floor. Rooms are single, double,
or en suite, with or without bath-room. Excellent cuisine.
Long experienced chef always endeavours to give every
possible satisfaction to guests. Service a la carte or table
d'Hote obtainable in the hotel dining room.
Meals can be obtained at any time from 6 a.m. to 11
p.m. in the hotel restaurant situated on the ground floor of
the north end of the building. Both American and Euro-
pean plans are adopted.
ENTRANCE TO TOKYO STATION HOTEL AND
SITTING ROOM.
Rates are moderate, and can be obtained by hour, half
day and whole day. Automobile garage, carriages an<l
Rikishas are attached to the hotel.
YuKicHi Sen'o, Esq ,
ToMisABURO Sawano. Esq.
Managt-T.
Sub-Manager.
THE TOKYO STATION.
( 194 )
THREE HOTELS AT NIKKO.
^T^HERE is a Japanese proverb which says : — " Do not
-*~ say ' kekko ' (magnificent) till you have seen Nikko."
Those who have visited Nikko all testify to the truth of this
saying. For Nikko and its vicinity are truly superb in
mountain scenery, to which are added the dazzling beauty of
the mausoleum of the first Shogun lyeyasu, the founder of
the Tokugawa dynasty, and tliat of the third Shogun lye-
be reached from Tokyo in 4 or 4i hours, and from Yoko-
hama in 6 hours, changing cars at Shinagawa and Akabane ;
but as these connections often fail, time and trouble may
be saved by going on to Tokyo Central, and driving thence
across Tokyo to Uyeno Station. The cryptomeria avenue
leading to Nikko along the railway line afl'ords an inter-
esting and pleasant ride by rikisha.
SACRED BRIDGE AT NIKKO.
mitsu. Its temples are the most beautiful in Japan and it
lies 2,000 feet above the sea level. It is a delightful resort
in spring, summer and especially in autumn, when the
whole hills and mountains are ablaze with glorious tints.
No less delightful is it to visit Nikko in the hot season.
For, besides lying high above the sea there are no less than
25 to 30 cascades within a radius of 15 miles. Nikko can
GREAT AUENUE OF CRYPTOMERIA TREES,
EXTENDING 25 MILES.
PRINCIPAL PLACES OF INTEREST.
Nikko Temples, 1 mile from the station, either by
rikisha or by tram car.
Sacred Red Bridge, on the approach to the temples over
the Daiya river. This bridge is not for use. Should the
Emperor visit the shrines, liis sacred feet might tread its
scarlet arch — his, but no others. He would have to walk
ENTRANCE TO THE THIRD
SHOGUN'S TOMB.
YOMEI GATE,
ENTRANCE TO THE FIRST
SHOGUN TEMPLE.
( 196 )
alone, as of old the Shoguus walked; for the bridge is too
lioly for unanointed feet. The bridge which was erected in
1636 was washed away in the great flood of 1902 and was
restored in 1907.
Public Garden. A large and beautiful garden in
landscape style by the side of the Nikko Hotel.
Five Storied Pagoda, richly decorated in harmonious
colours, rises to a height of 104 feet at the left side of the
Torii, or stone gate.
Mausoleum of the first Shogun, five minutes' walk from
the Kanaya Hotel and ten minutes' walk from the Nikko
Hotel. The splendid gate-ways, shrines, store-houses, bell-
KIRIFURI WATERFALL, NIKKO.
The Sambutsudo, or the Hall of the three Buddhas,
three minutes walk from the Nikko Hotel. On tlie left of
the Sambutsudo is the Bell Turret, on wliich the hours are
struck daily. Hard by is a pillar called Sorinto, a lofty
copper column of a black colour.
GAMMAN-GA-FUCHI, NIKKO.
towers and other structures are all decorated with the most
intricate wood carvings of flowers, birds, beasts and other
objects, many relics of the Shoguns and presents received by
them from Daimyos and sovereigns of foreign countries are
preserved here.
KEGON WATERFALL, 250 FEET
HIGH, CHUZENJI.
LAKE CHUZENJI.
i L'TAARA TEMPLE,
CHUZENJI
( 196 )
Mausoleum of the third Shogun. 15 minutes' walk from
the Kanaya Hotel. The oratory and chapel are less elaborate
than those of the first Shogun, but are still extremely beauti-
ful. The two red lacquered buildings on the left, standing
NIKKO HOTEL.
together and connected by a covered gallery are called
Futatsu-do. Passing under the gallery ascending the
avenue, one arrives at the resting-place of Jigen-Daishi,
Abbot of Nikko, who lived in the days of the first Shogun.
Water-falls : Of many falls Urami and Kegon and Kiri-
furi are most distinguished. Urami-ga-laki, or back fall,
is 4 miles from the Kanaya Hotel and can be reached in an
hour on foot or by rikisha from the Nikko Hotel. The
KANAYA HOTEL AND SACRED
BRIDGE, NIKKO.
fall is 50 feet high and so named because formerly one was
able to pass behind and under the fall. This is no longer
possible, as the overhanging rock from which the waters fall
were demolished by the great inundation of 1902. Kegon
Fall, near lake Chuzenji, is 250 feet high. It is the iiighest
of all the falls in Nikko and presents the most beautiful
view. Kirifuri-no-taki, mist falling cascade, is 3} miles
from the Kanaya Hotel. A tea-house are the hill above
commands a picturesque view of the fall.
Lake Chuzenji, 7i miles from Nikko, rikisha, chairs
or horses available and tramway part way. Being 4375
feet above tlie sea, the lake is one of the principal objects of
interest for visitors to Nikko. It is about eight miles in cir-
cumference and abounds in salmon, trout, iwana and other
fish. The lake lies at the foot of Mt. Nantaisan, being
surrounded on the other sides by comparatively low hills
covered with trees to their summit. Several small temples
visited by pilgrims add to the picturesqueness of its shore.
On the side of the lake stands the Like Side Hotel.
LAKE SIDE HOTEL, CHUZENJL
Yumoto Hot-spring, 6i miles from Chuzenji Lake.
Ti.e village of Ynmoto Hot spring is 5,000 feet above the
sea level. The hot sulphur baths available to visitors are
well-known for their curative properties in rheumatic and
gouty affections. There is a lake called Yumoto lake.
Hotels. There are three large and famous foreign style
hotels in Nikko, viz. Nikko Hotel, Kanaya Hotel and Lake
Side Hotel. All of them provide excellent accommodation.
The Nikko Hotel is twenty minutes from the Station and
adjoins the ground of the celebrated temples. The pro-
prietor is Mr. H. Arai. The Kanaya Hotel is situated in
the middle of the town and is only 15 minutes' walk from
the Station, 100 feet above the famous Sacred Bridge, and
commands a magnificent view of the celebrated temples and
of the Chuzenji mountains. The Lake Side Hotel is situated
by the side of lake Chuzenji. The addition of the Bund has
made this delightful spot still more popular as a hot-weather
rendezvous.
( 197 )
IINSURANGE SCGTIOIN.
AIKOKU SEIMEI HOKEN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THK AIKOKU LIFE INSURANCE CO., LTD)
THERE is a three-storied brick buildiug with the mark
of a golden mirror over the gate- way near Ilibiya
Park. It is the main office of the Aikokii Life Insurance
Company, Ltd. The company is managed by Dr. Manjiro
Suzuki, M.P. for Tokyo,
and supported by the
guilds of confectioners.
This rather strange com-
bination of a doctor and
confectioners has been
formed by an incident
which must be narrated
in tracing the company's
origin.
On July 1st, 1885,
a new tax, principally
affecting confectioners,
was promulgated by the
Government which pro-
duced a severe effect on DR. M. SUZUKI.
the trade, many being driven out of business. The
leaders of the trade several times petitioned the Govern-
ment to abolish this legislation, but their voices
were not heeded up to the Autumn of 1890, when
the Imperial Diet was first convened in Tokyo. The
confectioners' guilds filed a petition with the House of
Representatives for the abolition of the legislation and when
this petition was brought up for discussion in the House it
secured a most earnest supporter in the person of Dr.
Manjiro Suzuki, who then represented Fukushima prefecture,
iiis native place, in the house. Thanks (o Dr. Suzuki's
endeavours the legislation was discontinued in 1896,
and confectioners breathed freely. At a dinner they held
to celebrate this event they did not forget to invite their
benefactor. Dr. Suzuki, to the function and express their
gratitude. Thus friendly relations were first established
between the doctor and confectioners, and since the doctor
has been called " Confectioners' Suzuki.''
Later tliis event was commemorated by the doctor and
the confectioners by establishing this company for their
mutual aid. The company's authorised capital was first
fixed at ¥300,000, which was all subscribed by doctors and
confectioners. Thus on February 11th, 1895, the company
was formally organized. Dr. Suzuki was to be the first
President of the company, but he declined the offer made by
the majority of shareholders and recoramendeii Dr. Bunkai
Totsuka, one of the elder members of his profession, who
was then given tlie presidency. Dr. Suzuki himself
controlled the company's affairs as Managing Director,
Messrs. Shimidzu and Nakano, representatives of the con-
fectioners, were appointed his associates as Directors.
Years after the company opened a branch in Osaka and
Dr. Suzuki himself assumed the presidency, while Mr.
Nakano was appointed his successor as Managing Director.
The company now runs the following lines of assurance : —
THE AIKOKU LIFE INSURANCE CO., TOKYO.
Ordinary life insurance ; Life insurance with instalments
within a certain period ; Old age pension ; Old age pension
with instalments within a short period; Old age pension
with dividend ; Insurance for education, marriage, etc., etc
( 198 )
The company is now in its 20th business term and the
value of policies issued amounts to over ¥45,000,000, while
reserves for payment of claims, dividend, etc., reach
¥9,050,000. It is especially worthy of notice that the
annual payment of claims amounts to ¥435,000 while
the premium receipts total ¥1,850,000.
The company is now controlled by the following: —
Manjiro Suzuki, Esq President.
MiNORu Nakano, Esq. ...
HiKOJiRO Shimidzu, Esq.
Ryu Koedzuka, Esq.
GiROKU ASAYAMA, Esq. ...
Chu Miyamoto, Esq.
Shintaro Tamamidzu, Esq.
Saburo Shim ADA, Esq. ...
Yoshinori Hyodo, Esq. ...
I Managing
\ Director.
Director.
Auditor.
DAIDO SEIMEI HOKEN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE DAIDO LIFE
THE Daido Life Insurance Co., Ltd. is situated at
No. 9, Itchome Edobori-dori, Nishi-ku, Osaka.
The company was organized in July, 1902, by tlie
amalgamation of tliree life insurance companies, the
Asahi, Hokkai and Gokoku. The company is under the
management of the house of Hirooka, whose firm name
" Kajimaya " has been identified with the merchant prince
of Osaka from the days of the Tokugawa Shogunate.
Mr. Kyuemon Hirooka, the first President, died in June,
irrr
wz
"^■' ^ fls- .
Mi iMiW
THE DAIDO LIFE INSURANCE CO., OSAKA.
1909, and was succeeded by Mr. KeizS Hirooka, the
present President, who had been adopted into the family
from the house of Viscount Hitotsuyanagi.
In carrying on the business the company follows
strictly the following three rules : (1) That the premium
should be kept as low as possible in conformity with the
security of the business ; (2) That the company should make
profits only by honest and strenuous efforts ; (3) That the
company should try to give the greatest possible benefit
to the insured and the least possible benefit to the share-
holders.
As to its organization, the company is of the most
advanced type adopted by insurance houses, namely, a
INSURANCE CO., LTD.)
blending of the joint stock company and mutual concern.
At the time of the organization, the company chiefly
devoted itself to the reform and readjustment of the
business. In the meantime a rare opportunity offered
when the restoration of peace after the war with Russia
brought a record boom to tlie market in general, and the
company made every effort to develop the business. The
result was instantaneous, for new contracts were concluded
to the amount of ¥50,000,000. From that time on the
company gradually prospered until it became one of the
strongest insurance companies in Japan.
Profit for the term from July 1st, 1915 to Yen.
June 30th, 1916 430,344.617
To be distributed as follows : —
Reserve 25,000.000
Special Reserve 360,000.000
Bonus for the Staff. 10,000.000
Dividend on Shares at 8 per cent, per
annum 10,800.000
Reserve for Provision for old age of
employees 10,000.000
Carried forward to the next term 14,544.617
Contracts at the end of the last business year amounted
to over ¥57,320,000, and those concluded during the same
year over ¥10,180,000.
The company has branches in Osaka, Kobe, Tokyo,
Fukuoka-keu, Sendai, Kyoto, Hiroshima, Nagoya, Kana-
zawa, Seoul and Sapporo, and agencies in 1,150 different*
places.
The officers of the company are as follow : —
„ Tj T^ ( President and
Keizo Hirooka, Esq | Director.
f Managing
1 Director.
Seijiro Gion, Esq.
Chiaki Hirota, Esq. ...
YosHi NiSHiDA, Esq. ...
KosHiCHi IwATA, Esq.
Yukinori Hoshino, Esq.
Director.
Auditor.
( 199 )
DAIICHI SEIMEI HOKEN SOGO KAISHA.
(THE FIRST MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO.)
rriHE Company is the first mutual life assurance concern
J- ever established in Japan. Being projected by
Mr. Tsuiieta Yano, the president, the Company inaugurated
its business in October, 1902.
The Company has many characteristic features, of
which the following are of importance : —
(a) The Company does not entertain any life insurance
contract below ¥1,000.
(6) The company does not propose to have agencies or
branches established.
(c) As is the nature of a mutual life insurance institu-
tion, the Company gives the policy-liolders the
right to participate in the management and entitles
them to a due share of its profits.
There are now no less than 38 life insurance companies,
of which 6 are of mutual character. Even in case of limited
companies, they liave now raised their standard of the
minium contract to ¥300 or ¥500 and declare a certain
dividend to its contractors. The Company is, however, the
only concern that has neither agencies nor branches
established anywhere.
The premium of the Company is based upon the
national mortality table and the assumed interest of 3.5
per cent. ; and the premium reserve is of the net premium
method. The dividend is paid out to the members every
year, commencing at the time they pay in their respective
fifth annual premium, in proportion to the total amount of
premiums already paid up, and the Company undertakes to
pay tiie dividend continually for four years even after their
death, so each member receives his dividend exactly as
many times as he pays in his premium. Tiie Company
has been paying a dividend at the rate of 33^ per annum.
and consequently one who has been a member from the
very beginning receives dividend equivalent to 33_^ of hig
annual premium. In the year to follow, the Company
proposes a dividend of 36^. In short, the Company is an
ideal mutual life insurance establishment, striving to do its
utmost to give its members the slightest possible pecuniary
burdens. Accordingly the rate both of expenditure and of
surrenders of contract is smaller than that of any other
companies.
THE FIRST MUTUAL Lll-'K INSURANCE CO., TOKYO.
The offictrs of the company are as follow : —
T. Yano, E=q President.
S. Ohashi, Esq. Director.
K. Hattoki, Esq
H. HiBiYA, Esq.
T. Kakinuma, Esq Auditor.
K. Hamaguchi, Esq.
FUKUJU KASAI HOKEN KABUSHIXI KAISHA.
(THE FUKUJU FIRE INSURANCE CO., LTD.)
THE Fukuju Fire Insurance Company is a sister estab-
lishment to the Fukuju Life Insurance Co. The two
have been related to each other in the personnel of the
board of directors, details of the business policy and in all
things. The company exercises the strongest influence
in the field of fire insurance. The company came into
existence in 1911 and has a capital of ¥2,000,000 and re-
serve funds to the amount of over ¥117,000. Insurance
underwritten by the company during last year amounted to
over ¥71,292,000, showing a gain of ¥9,300,000 on the
preceding year. The company has its head office in Hom-
machi, Nishi-ku, Nagoya, and branches in Tokyo, Osaka,
Kyoto, Fukuoka, and agencies in all important places
throughout the country.
( 200 )
Mr. Kanno, the President, is a millionaire and busi-
ness magnate of Nagoya. The company owes its present
prosperity largely to the efforts of these wealthy and able
directors.
MK. S. TOWOKi.
Mr. Saburo Tonoki, Director and Manager, is a native
of Tokyo, and a graduate of the Keiwo University. He is
an open-minded and affable man, and withal a man of the
world and "of a rare ability. Formerly he was a banker.
It was chiefly through his efforts that the Gifu branch of
the Nagoya bank came into being in 1906. He was the
liead of the branch from its organization till 1909. Later
he greatly added to his reputation by rendering valuable
assistance to the reform in the business of the Japan Vehicle
Company and Tokai Godown Company. In the meantime
his wonderful ability and sincerity attracted the attention
of Mr. Kanno, President of the Fukuju Fire Insurance
Company, who found in him just the man he wanted.
Since he joined the board of directors of the company the
business has steadily improved.
The company's officers are as follow : —
KiNNOsuKE Kanno, Esq.
YosHiTARO Ito, Esq. ...
JusUKE ToMiTA, Esq. ...
Sadasuke Taki, Esq. ...
NuiYEMON Kasuya, Esq.
KOTARO AOYAMA, Esq....
Saburo Tonoki, Esq. ...
SosuKE Okaya, Esq. ...
JOYEMON Kasugai, Esq.
SoBEi Suzuki, Esq.
President.
Director.
I Director and
'" \ Manager.
... Auditor.
FUKUJU SEIMEI HOKEN KABUSHIKI KAISHA,
(THE FUKUJU LIFE INSURANCE CO., LTD.)
THE Fukuju Life Insurance Company is one of the
strongest establishments in the city. All its or-
ganizers are men of the first standing in the financial world
of Nagoya.
The company was established in October, 1908, with a
capital of ¥5,000,000. Its specialities are: (1) liberal rate
of dividend on shares ; (2) law premium ; (3) long period of
grace for payment of premium ; (4) no limitation as to
residence of the insured ; and (5) no limitation to profes-
sions of the insured. The company is engaged in two kinds
of insurance, viz., whole term insurance and endowment
insurance. The insured are entitled to a share of profits.
Besides the head office in Miiiarai Otsu-machi, Naka-ku in
the city, the company has branches in Tokyo, Osaka, Hiro-
shima, the Tohoku, the Hokuriku and Kyushu,
The company works upon the principle of integrity
and safety, and refrains from speculative measures.
It need hardly be mentioned that Mr. Kinnosuke
Kanno is prominent in financial circles of Nagoya. Mr.
Jusuke Tomita, Managing Director, is the son-in-law of
Mr. Kanno and in addition to his post in tlie company, is
Mil. T. KUXDO. MR. K. KANNO.
THE FUKUJU LIFE INSURANCE CO., NAGOYA.
( 201 )
President of the Nagoya Electric Railway Company and
one of the millionaires of the city. Mr, Tokujiro Kondo,
Director and Manager is a graduate of the Keiwo University.
The following is the profit and loss account for 1915 : —
Yen.
Total revenue for the term 1,373,895.702
Total outlay for the term 1.350,717.916
Net profit 23,177.786
Distributed as follows : —
Legal reserve fund 1,200.000
Special reserve fund 2,500.000
Reserve fund for the insured 10,079.000
Bonus for the staff" 1,000.000
Dividend on shares at 6 per cent, per annum. 7,500.000
Carried forward to the next period 898.786
Tlie company's officers are as follow :-
KiNNOSDKE Kanbto, Esq
JUSUKE TOMITA, Esq
Denshichi Ito, Esq
YosHiTARO Ito, Esq
Kahei Watanabe, Esq
NuiYEMON Kasuya, Esq ..
Sadasuke Taki, Esq
Tokujiro Kondo, Esq
SosuKE Okaya, Esq
JoYEMON Kasugai, Esq
TOKOYEMON HiKAKO, Esq
President.
I Managing
( Director,
Director.
f Director and
I Manager.
Auditor.
JINJU SEIMEI HOKEN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE JINJU LIFE INSURANCE CO., LTD.)
ryiHE Company is situated at No, 3, 1-chome Uchisaiwai-
-L cho, Kojimachi-ku, Tokyo. It was organized with a
capital of ¥100,000 in the form of a limited partnership on
September 28th, 1894, by Count N. Matsudaira, Viscount
Y, Toda, Messrs.
T. Nishimura, R.
Minomura, S.
Imamura, I, Tojo,
R. Fujiki, Baron
S. Tsuji and other
promoters, and
opened to busi-
ness on the 5th of
the following
month under the
Presidency of
Baron S. Tsuji.
In September,
1910, the Com-
pany was taken
over by Mr.
D, Shimogo, a
wealthy mer-
chant. In Dec.
of 1915 it was re-
organized into a
joint stock com-
pany and the capital was increased to ¥1,000,000.
In view of the occupations of its promoters, the com-
pany has chiefly directed its efforts for the spread of its
influence among the circles of bankers and educationalists.
Tlianks to the soundness that characterizes the business
policy and the energy of the managers, the company has
steadily increased in credit and scope of the business. At
the end of the 21st business term, 1915, the various reserve
funds stood at over ¥7,029,891. Contracts concluded
amounted to ¥37,798,217. The amount paid out since the
organization of the company was reckoned at over
¥5,193,898. The minimum amount of a policy is fixed at
¥300 and the maximum ¥20,000. The company charges
the lowest possible premium. In 1909 the company
established a system whereby anyone holding a policy for
an amount of over ¥500 for over five years is entitled to
share the profit of the company in every five years.
Moreover the company has been lowering the premium year
by year, and settlements are promptly made in full. The
policy holders may borrow money from the company on
their policies, and every effort is made to give as many
advantages as possible to the insured.
The following are the settled accounts for the twenty-
second term of the business year (ending December, 19 16) : —
Yen,
SHIMOGO.
V>'&P>L'&i ••• ••• ••• ••• •■• ••• ••• •••
1,000,000.000
Various Revenues
7.944,521.000
Amount of Contracts
41,334,367.000
Number of Contracts
84,749,000
BALANCE SHEET,
Assets.
Yen,
Capital not yet paid
500,000.000
Cash in Hand
972,220
Deposits on Post Office Transfer Account
and in Banks
J^iOclDS ••• ••• ■•• ••• ■■• •• ••• •••
Negotiable Bonds
Immovable Property and Office Furniture.
Agents' Balance -.
Deposits, Securities, etc
Outstanding premiums
xOt/ctJl ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••«
Liabilities.
Capital
Special Reserve
Legal Reserve
Premium Reserve Fund
Reserve for Claims
Allocation to the Insured Amount
Reserve for Dividend
Loans on Personal Securities
Due to Agents
Net Profit
X OC&X ••• ••• ••• ■•• ••• ••• •••
( 202
Yen.
1,904,195.755
2,073,714.670
3,807,540.400
630,658.820
61,453.872
27,021.770
84,516.840
9,080,074.347
Yen.
1,000,000.000
5,000.000
10,000.000
7,441,307.758
87,405.710
40,000.000
35,000.000
21,983,184
4,891.000
434,558.346
9,080,074.347
)
Profit and Loss Account. Yen.
Total Receipts 9,638,458.211
Total Expenditure 9,203,899.865
Net Profit 434,558.346
Legal Reserve 25,000.000
Special Reserve 60,000.000
Allocation to the Insured Amount 35,000.000
Reserve for Dividend 35,000.000
Pension Fund 30,000.000
Dividend 93,750.000
Bonus to Officials 15,000.000
Carried to Next Term 140,808.346
The company's officials are as follow : —
Denbei Shimogo, Esq President.
Hanzabueo Yoshizawa, Esq Director.
Heizaburo Okawa, Esq „
Torataro Shimogo, Esq „
Mitsumasa Hirose, Esq Auditor.
Yasutaro Kadono, Esq „
Dr. Shu Miyake | ^^^;°jj_
Viscount Naohira Matsudaira, Esq... Councillor.
EiHACHiRO Tanaka, Esq „
Tamesaburo Tamaki, Esq Manager.
KYODO KASAI HOKEN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE KYODO FIRE INSURANCE CO., LTD.)
rriHE Kyod5 Fire Insurance Co., Ltd. stands at Moto
J- Kawaya-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo. The company
was originally established on the mutual insurance plan
with a capital of ¥2,000,000 in December, 1905, but it was
reorganized into a joint stock concern on a larger scale,
increasing the capital by ¥3,000,000 and the new company
was opened to business in June, 1906, at Shinyemon-cho,
Nihonbashi-ku. Simultaneously two branches were opened.
In July of the same year the Head Office and Kwanto
Business Department were removed to Himono-cho, Nihon-
bashi-ku, and agencies were opened in various localities.
Later the company engaged, in addition to the principal
business, in marine and transportation insurances and at the
same time changed the title to the KyOdo Fire, Marine and
Transportation Co., Ltd.
Ill January of 1913 the firm name was changed to the
KyodO Fire Insurance Co., Lt'd. In December of the same
year the company opened the business of accident insurance.
The present officials are as follow ;
Cheuji Machida, Esq ,
Seibei Morimoto, Esq
Masao Kurachi, Esq
Sadakichi Tanabe, Esq
Teinosuke Murai, Esq
CniYOSABURO Watanabe, Esq.
Masao Matsckata, Esq
Nisaburo HiROMi, Esq
Umeshieo Suzuki, Esq
Gendo Yamaguchi, Esq
Keizo Ukita, Esq
Kyo Suqiyama, Esq
Kanemiohi Sakano, Esq. ... .
President.
f Managing
I Director.
Director.
.. Auditor.
( 203 )
KYOSAI SEIMEI HOKEN KABUSHIKI KArSHA.
(THE KYOSAI LIFE INSURANCE CO., LTD.)
THE Kyosai Life Insurance Co., Ltd. stands at
Kobuna-cho Nihoubashi-ku, Tokyo. The origin of
YASUDA.
the company is to be traced to the organization of the
Kyosai Gohyakumei Association in 1880.
In April, 1900, the company was reorganized into a
joint stock company. Simultaneously the capital was
increased to ¥300,000. The company distributes profits to
all the insured.
According to the report on the settlement of accounts
for the 22nd term from January 1st to December 2l8t,
1915, various reserves amounted to ¥12,152,983.349,
contracts ¥57,086,400.000 and contracts concluded during
the term numbered 97,431.
The net profit and its distribution was as follows : —
Yen.
Net Profit 173.829.570
To Ordinary Reserve 25,000.000
Dividend on Shares at 6 per cent, per
annum 4,500.000
Allocation to the Insured Amount 144,329,570
Its officers are as follow :-
Zenjiro Yasuda, E^q. .
Zenzabueo Yasuda, Esq.
Zennosuke Yasuda, Esq.
Zenshieo Yasuda, Esq. .,
YosHio Yasuda, Esq.
Advisor.
Director.
Auditor.
MEIJI SEIMEI HOKEN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE MEIJI LIFE IN
THE Meiji Life Insurance Co., Ltd. is in the first rank
in the insurance world of this country. The various
reserve funds amount to ¥19,230,000. The number of the
insured is over 166,000 and the amount of contracts is put
at ¥110,700,000. The company has branches and agencies
both at home and abroad, numbering over 900 in all.
The company cannot be too proud of the success it
has attained. To briefly state the origin of the company,
Mr. Taizo Abe, the present Managing Director, made a
tour in America in 1876, accompanying the late Mr.
Fujimaro Tanaka, then the highest Government official
for educational siflfairs. His inspection of insurance busi-
ness in America during this tour deeply impressed him
with the necessity of operating the same business in Japan.
On returning home Mr. Abe devoted himself to a further
study of this important business for some years and at last
started an insurance company in 1881 by the help of Mr.
Kiyohisa Mozurae.
SURANCE CO., LTD.)
The business was opened in a small office rented at
¥20.00 a month, the whole staflT consisting of Mr. Abe,
President, Mr. Mozume, manager, one clerk, one book-keeper,
and one physician. To this the present imposing building of
the company is indeed more than a striking contrast.
The company deals in three kinds of insurance, namely,
ordinary life insurance, life insurance by the payment of
premium for a limited period, and endowment insurance.
The company offers very liberal terras. The Board of
officers consists of the following prominent business men : —
Taizo Abe, Esq
Heiqoro Shoda, Esq.
DosEi Suenobu, Esq.
HiKOICHI MOTOYAMA, Esq.
KuMPEi MiURA, Esq
Yuzuru Fusita, Esq.
Seishieo Sogo, Esq
Chikanobu Tonami, Esq.
Managing Director.
Director.
Auditor.
( 204 )
NIPPON SEIMEI HOKEN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE NIPPON LIFE ASSURANCE CO., LTD.)
THIS line of business was inaugurated in Japan in 1881,
when the Meiji Life Assurance Company was estab-
lished in Tokyo by Mr. Taizo Abe and several other busi-
ness men. Several years after the Teikoku Life Assurance
Company was floated in Tokyo also. But the people did
not understand the value of assurance and the business did
not thrive. This fact may be known from tlie record of the
THE NIPPON LIFE ASSURANCE CO., OSAKA.
Meiji Life Assurance Company eight years after its founda-
tion. The total value of assurance policies in force at the end
of the eighth year was only ¥2,500,000 in round figures.
Though the people in Japan were then so indifferent
toward the line of business the leading business men in
Osaka saw the great future before it and made an arrange-
ment for the flotation of an assurance company in Osaka.
Mr. Naoharu Kataoka, who is now president of the com-
pany, was engaged as General Manager of the new under-
taking and all affairs relative to the promotion of the new
concern were placed under his control. In July, 1889, tiie
Nippon Life Assurance Company, Limited, was officially
organized at Imabashi, Osaka, and Mr. Zenyemon Kouoike
(now Baron) was appointed President of the company, Mr.
Kataoka being nominated as Vice-President.
In January, 1891, the company slightly modified its
Japanese name, in accordance with tlie new Commercial
Code then promulgated, and a few months after moved the
head office to a new building at Kitaharaa, Osaka. In
1896, however, another building was erected as the result of
a resolution passed at a meeting of shareholders, at 4-chome
Imabashi, Osaka, which is the present office building. The
new building was completed in March, 1902, and all depart-
ments of the company were moved there at the end of tlie
month, when Mr. Konoike retiied from his position and Mr.
Kataoka assumed the Presidency.
At present the company has a subscribed capital of
¥1,500,000 and an extensive business is conducted not only
in Osaka but in Tokyo, Kyoto, Nagoya, Fukuoka, Kana-
zawa, and Sendai, where brancii offices are maintained.
The business policy of the company is peculiarly favour-
able to the insured and the company's policies are known to
be valuable as an investment. The company's premium
rates are lower than those of any of the offices which enjoy a
similar reputation. At the end of every fifth year the com-
pany balances all accounts and distributes over 50 per cent,
of the total amount of net profit among the company's policy
holders, after providing sufficiently for various reserve
funds. At the end of 1913, indeed, the company distributed
¥1,200,000 among its policy holders as dividends.
As to the investment of funds, the company pays the
greatest possible attention to its distribution and safety.
Thus all the funds the company has invested are safe and at
the same time yield the best possible returns. It is there-
fore with good reason that the public has placed so much
confidence in the company, which has, according to its latest
report, reserves amounting to ¥29,440,383 against a capital
of ¥1,500,000, while the total value of policies in force is
¥161,844,827.
The following tables show how the company's business
has expanded during the past ten years.
( 205 )
Assurance Business.
New
Business.
Assurances
Terminated
by Death.
Assurances in
Force at the End
of Each Year.
Year.
1906 ...
1907...
1908 ...
1909 ...
1910...
1911...
1912...
1913...
1914...
1915...
Year.
Lives.
20,355
21,231
29,177
27,288
29,183
30,797
38,5.38
43,822
82,489
24,724
Amount.
9,750,173
11,032,119
15,607,953
16,301,091
18,072,230
20,208,931
26,416,056
31,884,435
25,380,197
20,086,091
Lives.
1,576
1,714
1,955
2,176
2,191
2,322
2,618
2,680
3,086
2,855
Amount.
491,241
557,523
672,432
759,938
829,701
887,403
1,11,3,842
1,169,728
1,356,926
1,530,929
Lives.
125,885
137,322
154,390
165,321
177,512
198,032
219,661
242,247
246,671
244,969
Amount.
46,806,778
54,158,680
64,570,625
73,382,284
83,073,202
95,094,743
112,596,710
132,192,539
141,586,146
143,244,742
Financial Condition.
Premium
Income.
Total
Income.
Assets.
1906 2,031,253 2,479,950 7,934,310
1907 2,004,438 2,709,859 9,258,423
1908 2,363,089 3,041,654 10,772,387
1909 2,738,311 3,513,376 12,526,310
1910 3,060,570 3,826,880 14,596,294
1911 3,530,213 4,491,079 17,016,809
1912 4,132,5.33 5,456,734 19,822,635
1913 4,869,915 6,512,553 2.3,332,516
1914 6,315,580 8,386,471 27,369,536
1915 ... ... 5,409,170 7,396,371 31,254,804
In the following tables the latest condition of the com
pany is shown in detail.
Revenue Account for the Year Ending
3l8T December, 1915.
Total Eeserves
exclusive of
Capital.
7,521,815
8,797,050
10,286,529
12,073,494
14,029,971
16,249,993
19,326,477
20,479,840
25,307,492
29,440,383
Premium Reserve Fund
Ht the beginning of the
Year
Sundry Reserves
Premiums brought over
from 1914
Premiums
Interest and Dividends...
Profits from Disposition
of Assets
Fees
Sundry Profits and Re-
ceipts
Death Claims
Endowments Matured ...
Surrenders
Expenses of Managtment.
Losses from Disposition
and Depreciation in
value of Assets
Sundry Disbursements ...
Premium Reserve Fund...
Premiums carried over to
Next Year
Yen.
20,258,164.664
884,483.138
1,794,844.549
5,409,169.974
1,876,828.276
108,604.500
104.200
2,164.435
Yen.
1,490,032 000
273,529.000
365,572.617
1,126,916.645
152,748.115
31,798.527
22,600,354.169
1,802,992.951
Reserve for Claims not yet
Yen.
settled
69,269.405
Balance :
Legal Reserve
85,000.000
Special Reserve
500,000.000
Dividends to Shareholders.
189,000.000
Carried over to 1916 ...
1.646,650.307
30,333,863.736
30,333.863.736
Balance Sheet on '.
CHE 31sT December 1915.
Specification.
Assets.
Yen.
Liabilities.
Cash in Hand
484.085
Deposits on Current Ac-
counts
226,873.960
Fixed Deposits
3,211,030.350
Deposits on Post Office
Transfer Account
53,325.352
Government Bonds
3,111,549.900
Local Public Bonds
1,006,321.500
Sundry Debentures
4,495,727.280
Railway and Other Shares.
4,325,321.250
Loans on Mortgages
8,306,565.110
Loans on Collateral Secu-
rities
1.788,600.000
Loans on Municipal Secu-
rities
842,027.785
Loans on Personal Secu-
rities
921,900.000
Loans on Policies
1,112,222.300
Outstanding Premiums...
651,668.123
Agents' Balance
124,584.429
Temporary Payments ...
1,643.085
Real Properties
1,029,950.000
Hokuriku Branch Office
New Building Account.
32,359.170
Office Furniture and
Other Sundry Assets-
12,650.609
Yen.
Capital Stock
1,500,000.000
Legal Reserve
150,000.000
Special Reserve
2,220,000.000
Premium Reserve Fund...
22,600,354.169
Premiums carried over to
Next Year
1,802,992.951
Reserves for Claims not
yet settled
69,269.405
Officers' Pension Fund ...
366,115.700
Dividends to Shareholders
Unpaid
3.750
Sundry Deposits
126,418.006
Balance from Revenue
Account
2,420,650.307
31,254,804.28S 31,254,804.288
( 206 )
OSAKA KAIJO KASAI HOKEN KABUSHIKI KAiSHA.
(THE OSAKA MARINE AND HRE INSURANCE CO., LTD.)
'"T~*HIS companj was formerly controlled by the late Mr.
A Gonzayemoa Ukon, one of leading business men in
Osaka, and is one of the oldest concerns in the line, but its
affairs were not very sound. In the early part of 1916,
when Mr. Ukon died, the company was confronted with
almost insurmountable difficulty and the proprietary was
anxious to sell the concern. A group of business men in
Osaka connected with the Kuhara Mining Company, the
Osaka Shosen Kaisha, the Japan Raw Cotton Company, the
Osaka Iron Works, and other companies then planned the
flotation of a marine insurance office, in view of the state of
afiUirs in the shipping trade, and in March, 1916, an
agreement was arranged for the transference of the com-
pany, and it was at once carried out by the purchase of
19,275 shares by the new proprietary. On March 28th,
when the purchase of shares was completed, the board of
directors was reorganized and the finances of the company
were thoroughly readjusted.
The authorized capital then stood at ¥1,000,000 and
of this figure ¥400,000 was paid in, according to the
balance sheet then made up, but after the thorough read-
justment of all accounts it was discovered that there was a
net loss of ¥260,000. On March 29th, the whole amount
of the loss was made good by the new proprietary. On
April 13th, the payment of ¥7.50 per share was called up
and the finances of the company were made completely sound.
With the completion of the reform work the company
began marine insurance business in addition to fire insur-
ance operations. On April 28th a meeting of new share-
holders was called in the office of the company. No. 13,
2-chome Edobori-Minami-dori, Nishi-ku, Osaka, when tlie
enlargement of the company's capital to ¥5,000,000 was
decided upon. A month after the payment of a quarter of
the increased capital stock was called up and the company
had ¥1,000,000 more at its disposal.
The company's principal officers after the reorganiza-
tion are as follow : —
Ryutako Hanta, Esq
President.
GENZABaEO Tarao, Esq.
f Managing
\ Director
Shigetaka Suzuki, Esq.
Director.
Matazo Kita, Esq
i»
KlYOSHI KiMURA, Esq
»
YosHicHiKA AsAi, Esq.
Manager.
Toshio Inoue, Esq.
Auditor.
Etsutaro Nakayama, Esq...
> ••• ••• ,,
Samuro Nango, Esq
>»
Keijiro Hori, Esq
Adviser.
JUNTARO YaMAOKA, Esq. ..
... t,
TEIKOKU KAIJO UNSO KASAI HOKEN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE IMPERIAL MARINE, TRANSIT, AND FIRE
INSURANCE CO., LTD.)
THIS company, situated at Kitasaya-cho, Nihonbashi-
ku, Tokyo, is one of the largest and most influential
marine insurance companies in this country and is
conspicuous for its solidarity and financial strength.
It was founded in September, 1893, by the Yasuda
family, which is one of the wealthiest and most influential
in business circles. At first the company's afiairs were
controlled by Baron Morimasa Takei, as President, but now
the chair is taken by Mr. Zengoro Yasuda. The actual
management of the concern, however, has been undertaken
by Dr. Haruo Murase.
During the past ten years or more the company has
had to meet severe losses on account of disastrous fires in
various provinces, or frequent shipwrecks in home waters,
but always these losses have beeu made good by Dr.
Murase's wise distribution of risks, and the return on the
capital has continued to increase, thus sending up the rate
of dividend from 10 per cent, to 15 per cent, per annum.
( 207 )
The financial condition of the company, too, is quite
strong because the board has been prudent in retaining the
best part of the profit as reserve. The reserve funds
thus retained have also been invested most prudently. The
last balance sheet published by the company shows : —
Liabilities.
Stock capital
Legal reserve
Secondary reserve
Emergency reserve ...
Reserve against risks
Reserve against the payment of claims
Suspense receipts
Claims in arrears
Security ,
irronc ... ••( ... ... ... ... ... ■•«
lOtaia*. ... ... ... ... ... ..I
Assets.
Stock capital uncalled
Cash on liand
Transfer savings account
Bank deposits
Loans
Negotiable securities
xveai estate .•• ... ... ... ... ... ..<
Office furniture
Premiums due to the company
Branch accounts
Agency accounts
Suspense payment
Reinsurance premiums due to the company.,
Total
Yen.
3,000,000.000
275,000.000
1,270,000.000
150,000.000
394,111.775
120,000.000
11,704.060
9,462.410
9,474.569
493,284.709
5,733,037.523
Yen.
2,250,000.000
70.630
8,321.828
1,375,061.729
366,800.000
1,422,830.957
136,644.915
5.806.340
79,676.430
16,643.430
54,710.319
8,025.000
8,445.950
5,733,037.523
The company's officers are as follow : —
Zenqoro Yasuda, Esq President.
Haruo Mdrase, Esq Vice-President.
Baron Morimasa Takei Director.
Shinkiohi Miyajima, Esq „
THE IMPERIAL MARINE, TRANSIT AND
FIRE INSURANCE CO., TOKYO.
Zennosuke Yasuda, Esq.
Zenzaboro Yasuda, Esq.
Kahei Otani, Esq
Seizo Naeamura, Esq. ...
Director.
Auditor.
TEIKOKU SEIMEI HOKEN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE TEIKOKU LIFE INSURANCE CO., LTD.)
r I iHE Teikoku Life Insurance Co., Ltd., is one of
tlie three largest life insurance companies in
Japan. It was estiiblished on March Ist, 1888. Its capital
was originally ¥300,000 (£30,000), representing 6,000
shares of ¥50 each. The original head office of the Com-
pany was situated in Horidome-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo.
The Company is the oldest establishment of the kind in
Japan.
The idea of insurance was extremely rudimentary in
this country at the time of the establishment of the
Company, and the task of procuring subscriptions to
Insurance Company shares was extraordinarily difficult, as
well as that of inducing the public to insure their lives.
Indeed this difficulty continued for some time after the
opening of the business. Later, however, the number of
applicants steadily increased, and the business became so
brisk that the Company soon found its office inadequate and
removed it to a large building in Himono-oho in the same
( 208
Ward in Tokyo, on October 1st, 1888. Since then the
Company has extended its business to Yokohama, Osaka,
etc. Mr. Fukuhara, the present President of the Company,
occupied the Managing Directorship in January, 1891.
Upon the assumption of that post, Mr. Fukuhara took
various steps to improve and develop the Company's business
operations. In the way of business readjustment, he
abolished the medical department attached to the Company
and arranged to employ physicians as required. The sphere
of the business was extended as far as Manchuria and
Chosen, as well as throughout Japan. The number of
branches and agencies was greatly increased. As an
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THE TEIKOKU LIFE INSURANCE CO., TOKYO.
indication of the marked progress made by the Company it
may be noted that the sum assured, which was inconsider-
able when the Company started, amounted to no less than
¥10,375,300 at the end of 1894.
The 1894-5 war was followed by various post-helium
enterprises in Japan's economic circles, which forced the
Company to increase its capital to one million yen (£100,000)
in November, 1896, thereby further enlarging its scale of
business, in order to take advantage of the new national
activity and enterprise. As a result the amount represented
by its policies reached ¥20,952,300 at the end of 1898.
Mr. Fukuhara, President, leaving Japan in June,
1900, studied the insurance business in Europe and America.
After his return home the President carried out further
decided improvements in the business of the Company.
Prior to this, or in March, 1900, the Insurance Law was
)
promulgated in Japan. In accordance with the said law,
the Company revised the provisions of its ordinary insurance
policy, the revised terms being put in operation on Novem-
ber loth, 1901. The Company also improved the method
of calculating premiums and reserves and of investing
its capital. As the first undertaking after Mr. Fukuhara's
return from abroad, the Company commenced a new branch
of insurance, whereby insurers became entitled to a
"dividend," on January 1st, 1902. This system was
favourably received by tlie public. The Company adopted
the card system in book-keeping, and employed female
clerks ahead of all other Jnpanese insurance companies.
As the business constantly developed, the Company's offices
were again found inadequate, and were removed to the
present premises, newly built at No. 16, Gofuku-cho,
Nihonbashi-ku, on October 1st, 1902.
In May, 1903, the Company established rules relating
to pensions for employees.. In August, the system of office's
physicians was revived. In October, the first monthly
report of the Company's business operations was published.
These improvements caused a still further development
of the business, and by the end of 1903 the amount of
policies had reached ¥35,243,500.
But the Russo-Japanese War broke out in 1904, and
the Company was compelled to decline applications from
those destined to take the field, while deaths and cancella-
tions of policies increased in consequence of the war. The
rate of increase of the amount was very unsatisfactory
during the war, but after the restoration of peace in 1906
the tone of business circles improved for a time. Taking
this opportunity, the Company carried out a great develop-
ment of its business, and the number of new policies
materially increased up to 1907. As a reaction to the
post-bellum feverish enthusiasm, commercial, depression set
in at this time, but did not particularly affect the insurance
business. The condition of the Company's business in 1908
was also satisfactory, but less than in the previous year.
Nevertlieless, the business has been steadily increasing
latterly, its operations extending to China and Chosen,
besides all parts of Japan. There are thirty branches and
1,030 agencies. The number of policies is over 180,770 and
the amount insured exceeds 110 million yen (£11,000,000.)
( 209 )
YOKOHAMA
KASAI KAIJO UNSO SHINYO
KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
HOKEN
(THE YOKOHAMA FIRE, MARINE, TRANSIT & FIDELITY INS. CO., LTD.)
U
TP to the close of the last century, all the silk mer-
chants of Yokohama, not to speak of their confreres
and manufacturers in the remoter parts of the country, had
to content themselves without any protection whatever in
the way of insurance against fire upon the millions of yen
worth of expensive merchandise, piled up in their " dozos "
or go-downs, as there were no means at that time to
safeguard their stocks. It was to give this much-needed
protection to the silk trade that the company was founded
in 1897 by the millionaire dealers and prominent captains
of the trade of Yokohama and other silk centres, with an
authorized capital of ¥5,000,000, one quarter of which was
paid up.
The first directorate consisted of the late Mr. T.
Tomita, ex-President of the Bank of Japan, President;
Mr. K. Tsuchiko, Vice-President and Managing Director ;
and Mr. Z. Hara, Mr. M. Ono, Mr. I. Wakao, Mr, Y.
Mogi and Mr. S. Shibusawa, all prominent in business and
financial circles.
In spite of divers difficulties lying in the way of tlie
Japanese fire ofiices, such as the general flimsy construction
of nine-tenths of their risks, highly combustible nature of
the building materials, insuflacient or primitive fire-figliting
equipments and utterly inadequate or no waterworks in
most cities and towns, the liistory of this company is most
conspicuous for its unbroken line of steady progress, now
ranking foremost among the leading fire companies, thanks
to the unflinchingly conservative yet very successful under-
writing policy of its directors.
Some companies have been very seriously and in a few
instances almost fatally affected by the great conflagrations
of Tokyo, Osaka, Hakodate, Aomori, &c , but the losses of
this company have always been very moderate, or slight, in
proportion to its income and resources, showing tliat the
conflagration hazard has been very carefully observed and
guarded against. While always paying substantial and
steadily increasing dividends to its shareliolders, the com-
pany have also been augmenting its reserve funds, even
the great Osaka conflagration not affecting its dividend rate
and only slightly reflected on the amount of its reserves,
though the loss of the company in that year amounted to
more than a million yen. In fact, the average loss ratio of
the company for the last 20 years is marvellously small,
being 42^ of the premium incomes, while its expense ratio
is slightly over 26^, including rates and taxes.
Its loss-paying record is excellent both under ordinary
conditions and in settling claims arising through conflagra-
tions. In addition to its autiiorized capital of ¥5,000,000,
the company now has over ¥2,600,000 as reserves.
THE YOKOHAMA FIRE, MARINE, TRANSIT
AND FIDELITY INS. CO.
Besides fire, it writes insurances for marine, transit
and fidelity, which latter line is another chief feature of the
company.
The officers of the company are as follow : —
M. Ono, Esq President.
T. IsAKA, Esq. ...
C. Ohama, Esq Director.
I. Wakao, Esq. ...
T. Hara, Esq. ...
G. Shibusawa, Esq.
S. Mogi, Esq. ...
T. IsHiKAWA, Esq Auditor.
B. Watanabe, Esq.
U. NisHiKiDO, Esq { ^ Tunager.
( Managing
1 Director.
( 210 )
IRON WOR KS.
MR. ADACHI TAIJI.
(PRESIDENT OF THE ADACHI ENGINEERING WORKS.)
MR. ADACHI, TAIJI, is a mechanical engineer and
owns the Adachi Engineering Works at Ukeji,
Azuraa-cho, Minami-Katsusliika-gori, Tokyo prefecture.
He was born in Hyogo prefecture in May, 1870, and after
having finished his preliminary education in his native pre-
fecture he came up to Tokyo and studied mechanical engi-
neering at the Tokyo Higher Polyteclinic School. On his
graduation from the school he chose education as his life
work and taught engineering at various schools. When he
was in charge of the Course of Dyeing and Weaving in his
alma mater he gave up the life work he once embraced
witli such eagerness and established the Adachi Engineer-
ing Works. He himself undertook the control and worked
hard, with the result that business thrived and soon the
works assumed a very important position in the particular
line of industry. Now the works turn out dyeing yarn
equipments, weaving mill equipments, woollen yarn spin-
dles, mercerising machines, throwing machines, engines,
boilers, chimneys, and their accessories, and their quality is
generally acknowledged as the best. Mr. Adachi hopes
that his works will expand gradually and some day be able
to check the import in these lines of machinery. His friends
believe he will attain his object because he is a man of strong
conviction and forceful will.
ADACHI TEKKOSHO.
(THE ADACHI IRON WORKS.)
THE works, situated at No. 67, 2-chome Honden-cho-
dori, Osaka, are conducted by Mr. Gorokichi Adachi,
with the assistance of Mr. Ryozaburo Seike, an eminent
expert who has much ex-
perience in the manufacture
of machines and machine
tools. The works were
founded in 1894. Because
MR. G. ADACHI. MANUFACTURES BY
of the excellence of the manufactures the works won
the strong confidence of the public, and during past
years several extensions were necessitated by the in-
creased demand for the manufactures. The last reform and
extension was efiect in the Spring of 1914, and the present
expert was invited to take charge of the works. Since the
last reform was effected attention has been paid especially
to the improvement of different machines and machine tools
on the model of the most up-to-date types in Europe and
America, and now the works' own types are adopted in
every machine and tool the works produce. At present the
works manu-
facture planing
machines, turn-
ing lathes,
moulding ma-
chines, drills,
windlasses,
automatic ma-
chines, and
THE ADACHI IRON WORKS. other machines
and tools, and the annual production is said to amount to
over 500 sets. Some latest-type turning lathes have been ex-
ported to Russia, where they elicited high appreciation.
( 211 )
AJIKAWA TEKKOSHO.
(THE AJIKAWA IRON WORKS.)
rpHIS firm was founded in December, 1914, by a group
of engineering experts, including Mr. Takeo Taki-
mura, who is now its President, and Mr. Kokichi Shimizu,
who is now its Manager and Chief Expert, for the purpose of
contributing to the progress of the machine making industry
in Japan by the production of superior machines and tools,
and is a limited partnership. Both the President and Mana-
ger are men of ability and experience and lead their em-
ployees with tact and consideration. A very high standard of
efficiency is maintained at the works owing to the willingness
of the employees to obey their employers' injunctions. It is
a well-known fact that the machines and tools the firm
markets are of the best quality. The works, situated at
1-chome Kita Ajikawa-dori, Kita-ku, Osaka, cover an area
of 1,800 tsubo and are equipped with over forty turning
lathes of the latest type and twenty other machines, which
are handled by over four hundred workmen. The principal
products of the works are boilers, engine^, motors, all kinds
of auxiliary machines for ships' use, pumps, hydraulic
machines, air compressors, cranes, bleaching and dyeing
machines, furnaces, chimneys, bridges, and other iron goods.
Particularly the works are noted for the manufacture of
smelting works' equipments. They are the best in the
market, and all who have given them a trial speak of them
in the highest terms. Of late the firm has increased its
MR. T. TAKIMURA.
capital and extended its plant for the purpose of coping
successfully with the ever-increasing demand on the works.
FUJIMURA KIKAI KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE FUJIMURA MACHINE CO., LTD.)
THIS company, situated at Enari-cho, Nishinoda, Kita-
ku, Osaka, is one of the most prominent machine
tool manufacturing companies in Osaka and turns out the
following descriptions of goods : — Centrifugal and turbine
pumps. Patent gas engines with suction gas producing
plants. High pressure oil engines. Lathes, Bolt cutters,
" Fuji " chucks. Bolts, Nuts, Rivets, etc. The company
was floated in 1908 as successors to the Fujimura Engineer-
ing Works, owned and managed by Mr. Tadami Fujimura,
an eminent engineering expert, with a capital of ¥300,000.
The whole premises cover an area of 1,300 tmho. The
factories are divided into two sections : the Bolt Manufactur-
ing Department and the Machine Tool Department. The
former is further divided into forging, screwing, cutting, and
storing rooms and manufactures rivets, bolts, nuts, and other
kindred goods. The latter, which turns out diflerent classes
of machine tools and engines, is divided into moulding,
constructing, turning, testing, etc., and each room is equipped
with machines of the latest type.
Since the outbreak of the war in Europe the import of
( 212 )
macliinery lias decreased, and in spite of the rapid expansion
in all lines of industry the supply of good machines and tools
a^
1
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31" SWIxNG, BACK
a
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GEARED ENGINE
s^M
lAs
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LATHE, MADE BY
1
^m
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THE WORKS.
Hr
GAS
ENGINE MADK BY
THE WORKS.
in this country has fallen off. In view of this tendency,
the Fujimura Machine Company has of late enlarged its
plant and engaged more trained experts and workmen to
increase the production. Efforts have also been made to
improve the quality in order to make its manufactures equal
in every respect to the best tools and machines formerly
obtained from Europe. Great attention is paid to the
materials used, for the efficiency and durability of the
machines and tools made entirely depends upon the choice
of the materials. Particularly in the most dedicate parts
or sections of machines and tools hardened steel is used, for
the purpose of preventing friction and waste, while every
part is made interchangeable.
Mr. Fujimura now controls the company as President,
with Dr. Hakutaro Nishida and Bansuke Ogose as his
colleagues on the board of directors, while Mr. Setsusuke
Fukuhara as auditor supervises the finances of the concern.
FUSHITA TEKKOSHO.
(THE
^T^HE Fushida Iron Work, Kita 2-chome, Karai-Fuku-
X shiraa, Kita-ku, Osaka, is a private concern owned
and managed by Mr. Seizaburo Fushida, who is an experi-
enced engineering worker and a pioneer in the manufacture
of engines. Mr. Fushida started the works in 1890 for the
purpose of manufacturing spinning mill equipments. Six
years later he initiated the manufacture of oil engines as an
additional undertaking. When the cotton trade was visited
with a panic in 1898, and the demand for spinning mill
equipments declined, it was decided by Mr. Fushida to drop
this line of business, since when his works have made it a
speciality to turn out engines. When, however, Mr.
Fushida carried out his decision tiie Japanese industrial
circles were not yet ripe for the extensive use of oil engines,
and in consequence Mr. Fushida had a bad time of it for a
while in maintaining his new undertaking. At the Fifth
Internal Industrial Exhibition, held in Osaka in 1903, the
first public recognition of the excellence of his engines was
given in the form of the 1st Prize, since when his engines
have been used more and more, and now many factories
and mines give their orders constantly to the Fushida Iron
Works, which have thus won a reputation as the first en-
gine makers in the Orient. In 1910, Mr. Fushida travelled
in Europe and America to study the latest types of engines
manufactured there, and on his return started the manu-
facture of suction gas engines. He later made many im-
provements on the foreign models, and now in this depart-
ment of engineering, too, his works rank among the foremost
FUSHIDA IRON WORKS.)
in Japan. Now Mr. Fushida has a branch works at Dai-
ren, where similar machines are manufactured for Man-
churia and Chosen. The various descriptions of engines
for which the works have patent rights by virtue of Mr.
Fushida's latest improvements, are very extensively used
at liome besides being exported to Taiwan and South China.
A large number of medals and prizes have been obtained
MR. S. FUSHITA AND HIS MANUFACTURES.
by Mr. Fushida for the superiority of his engines, the latest
being as under : — Gold medal of honour. Coronation Ex-
hibition, Osaka ; Silver medal, Samarang Exhibition, Java ;
Silver medal, Tokyo Taisho Exhibition, Tokyo ; Gold medal
of Honour, 7th Japan Industrial Exhibition, Osaka ; Gold
medal, Export Goods Exhibition, Kobe.
( 213 )
HIRAO TEKKOSHO-TOYO KIKAI SEISAKUSHO.
(THE HIRAO IRON WORKS AND THE ORIENTAL ENGINEERING WORKS.)
THE Hirao Iron Works, situated at No. 4, Juiiiken-
machi, Higaslii-ku, Osaka, are one of the few
manufacturers' of match manufacturing machines in this
country. It has ample experience in tliis department of
industry and the match manufacturing machines built by
the works are equipped with many improved devices, for
HIRAO.
which the works hold patent riglits. The excellent quality
of the works' raanufactures and the services rendered to the
match manufacturing industry in this country by the
innovation of the machines are very well appreciated by the
match manufacturers not only in tiiis country but abroad
as well, and the demand for these improved machines
from the trade at home and overseas is increasing with
astonishing rapidity. At the industrial exhibitions these
facts were fully recognized, and marks of high honour were
awarded to the manufacturers. The works are controlled
by Mr. Inokiciii Hirao, the Active Partner, and Mr.
T. Sato, tlie Manager, who
are known as among the
best controllers of engineer-
ing enterprises. Under the
management of these able mana-
gers the works' business has
expanded rapidly and at pre*
sent the highest pitch of
prosperity is attained. The
Oriental Engineering Works,
situated at Tsuruhashi-raacbi,
Higashinari-guu, Ositka pre-
fecture, iiave been established l)y the group of business
men interested in the Hirao Iron Works in view of the
increasing importance of the maciiine tool manufacturing
industry. Tliese works produce excellent castings, machine
tools for workers in wood, machines for metal forgers, and
various other descriptions of machines and tools, all of
which are known all over the country for tiieir excellent
quality. The proprietors iipparently hope that the works
may attain that high pitch of efficiency and prosperity that
has already been reached by the sister works, the Hirao
Iron Works, very soon, as constant efforts are made by the
managers to enlarge the plant and increase the skill and
efficiency of the hands employed.
MR. T. SATO.
HIRATO KOJO.
OOME thirty years ago a small machine tool shop was
'^ founded at Nagasaki-cho, Honjo-ku, Tokyo, by a
young man who had just come up from Nagoya. This young
man was Mr, Kenjiro Hirato, and that small shop wag the
beginning of the present big works he manages. Mr.
Hirato is a man of strong character and steadfast per-
(THE HIRATO IRON WORKS.)
sonality. At first he manufactured shovels and scoops, and
in manufacturing them the usual processes were followed.
He soon discovered, however, that that was not the way to
succeed, and introduced great improvements in the processes.
As the result he could not only produce the best goods in
the market, but the cheapest as well. The name of the
( 214 )
Hirato Works then became familiar to all, and every engi-
neering worker bought the tools Mr. Hirato made. Thus
MR. K. HIRATO.
Mr. Hirato's constant and indefatigable effort was fully re-
warded and the foundation of his business became quite stable.
In 1897, he enlarged the scopeofliis undertaking and initiated
the manufacture of bolts and rivets on a large scale. In
this new undertaking also his strong personality was re-
flected. Many difficulties that usually beset enterprises in
their first stage of development were readily encountered
and overcome by Mr. Hirato, and the undertaking was soon
made a highly flourishing one. Because of the promptness
of delivery and the excellence of their manufactures tlie
Hirato Works are now regarded as one of the foremost pro-
ducers of these lines of goods, and enjoy the patronage of
many Government and private works. At present the
works are equipped with a complete set of most up-to-date
machines and tools for the manufacture of the lines of
goods in which they specialize, including bolt and nut
machines, shearing machines, turning lathes, and several
other machines of the latest types.
IKEGAI TEKKOSHO.
(THE IKEGAI IRON WORKS, LTD.)
THE Ikegai Iron Works, Ltd., one of the greatest
machine tool makers in this country, were originally
started by Mr. Shotaro Ikegai, the President of the esta-
blishment, as his own private concern, in August, 1890, for
the purpose of manufacturing machine tools on modern
lines. Several years later the construction of oil and gas
engines was inaugurated and a new epoch was marked for
the development of the works. Again, nearly ten years
later, in 1906, the works were converted into a limited
partnership, when Mr. Matsubei Chiba was admitted into
the partnership and the capital was increased to ¥300,000.
The present organization of the works as a joint stock com-
pany was completed in 1913, when the establishment had
to enlarge its plant on account of the public demands on it.
The capital was then enlarged to the present figure of
¥2,000,000. The company has its head office and main
works at Shikoku-machi, Mita, Shiba-ku, Tokyo, which
occupies a very convenient position at a short distance
from railway stations. The branch works are also
situated very favourably at 4-chome Honshiba, Shiba-ku,
Tokyo. The sales office is at 1-chome Ginza. The com-
pany's premises cover an area of 4,000 tsubo, of which
2,500 tsubo are occupied by factory buildings. The
factories are equipped with a large number of machines
THE IKEGAI IRON WORKS, TOKYO.
of the latest and most perfect types, including 95 lathes,
14 planing machines, 16 shaping machines, 27 drilling
( 216 )
machines, 13 screw machines, 31 grinding machines, 19
milling and gear-cutting machines, and 210 other kinds of
machinery, and over six hundred trained men are employed.
The Ikegai Iron Works are well-known as paying great
attention to the choice of materials. Castings are manu-
and trial operations in a perfectly-equipped testing room.
The annual production amounts to over six hundred
machine tools and five hundred engines. Over twenty
years the company has now carried on business, and during
the period effected many improvements in machine tools
factured under the direct supervision of the company at a
factory the company has under its own control. Steel is
bought from many well-known foundries after strict testing.
The machine tools and engines thus manufactured from the
materials so well chosen are delivered to buyers after testing
and engines, for some of which the company has patents.
The efiSciency in this branch of business has been well
appreciated by the Imperial Army and Navy, and orders
are constantly given for the company's specialities. China,
British India, and Russia also give orders.
IZUMI ENKAN SEIZOSHO.
(THE IZUMI LEAD PIPE WORKS.)
' I ""HE Izumi Lead Pipe Works are owned by and are
under the management of Mr. Kichijiro Izurai.
The Business Office is situated at No. 167, Sanban-cho,
Awaza, Nishiku, Osaka. There are two factories. One
stands at Nos. 286, 287 and 288 Sliikanjima-machi,
Nishiku and the other at Akasu, Hiyejima-machi, Nishinari-
gun, near Osaka. Having been engaged in the business since
July, 1892, Mr. Izumi is tlie oldest manufacturer of tin's
line of articles in Japan. The pipes are supplied throughout
the country for the use of gas and water works. They are
also exported to China, Russia, India, Chosen and Man-
churia. Mr. Izumi's Works are the only suppliers of lead
plate in Japan, meeting tlie demands of all the manu-
facturers of sulphuric acid, chemicals and electro-copper-
refiners throughout the country. They are also actively
exported to Russia.
Specialities : — Lead pipes, lead plates, tin pipes, tin
lined pipes, lead wires. Annual production : Lead pipes
6,000 tons ; lead plates 7,000 tons ; tin pipes and tin-lined
pipes and others 500 tons.
( 216 )
KANEKO KOJO.
(THE KANEKO IRON FOUNDRY.)
THE Kaneko Iron Foundry stands at No. 105, Honraura-
cho, Fukagawa-ku, Tokyo. Mr. Yoshiro Kaneko,
Proprietor of the Works, was born on May 14th, 1865.
The foundry was started by hira at the present site in 1896,
a year after the termination of the China-Japan war, which
was marked by the growth of various business enterprises.
three casting furnaces, 23 lathes, 4 cranes and 40 gas and
electric engines. The productive capacity is represented by
15 tons per day. Specialities are chilled cast iron, semi-
chilled cast iron, gunmetal, cast iron. The foundry is always
in full swing executing large orders sent from various
quarters, foreshadowing even greater prosperity in the fuj;ure.
MR. Y. KANKKO AND HIS MANUKACTI I! i:s.
As tile result of unsparing efforts, the foundry has attained
its present brilliant prosperity. It now stands unrivalled
among foundries under individual management. The site
covers an area of 1,500 isubo. The works, consisting of 11
buildings, measure 760 taubo in building area. The work-
men employed number 175. The works are equipped with
Mr. Kaneko is a native of Tokyo. When young he
anprenticed himself to the Kawaguchi Iron Foundry.
Later lie served in tlie Hiraoka Iron Foundry. At the
comparatively early age of 32 he became the master of his
own factory, and raised himself to the present distinction
by indomitable will and indefatigable industry.
KISHA SEIZO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE LOCOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING CO.)
THIS company was floated in 1896 in Tokyo, with a
capital of ¥640,000, by Viscount Masaru Inoue,
who is one of the pioneers of the railways in Japan, and
his iissociates, in view of the rapid development of the
railways and the increasing demand for rolling stock. The
actual operations were, however, commenced only in 1899,
in Osaka, wliere the main office and factories were con-
structed. Mr. Hiroshi Hiraoka was appointed Vice-
President to assist Viscount Inoue, the President, in the
management of the business, and the capital was increased
to ¥900,000. In the following year a branch office and
factory were established in Taiwan, to construct cars, vans,
and engines for the Taiwan Government Railways, and
when the demand for rolling stock from there further
increased the company's capital was again enlarged to
¥ 1 ,050,000. Later the Taiwan Brancii office and factory
were closed and a branch was opened in Tokyo to under-
take the execution of orders from the Government Railways
and various tramway companies in Tokyo and vicinity.
After the death of Viscount Inoue, in 1909, the company
was reorganized into a joint stock concern, and at the same
time the authorized capital was increased to ¥2,700,000.
( 217 )
The Board of Directors was also reorganized and Dr. Shogo
Hasegawa was appointed Managing Director and Mr.
Hiraoka Adviser.
In 1912 Dr. Hasegawa travelled extensively in
Europe and America and studied the rolling stock works
there, and on the strength of his observations the company
effected a thorough reform in all departments of its activi-
ties. The plants at the different works were enlarged and
old machines were replaced by new ones of the most up-to-
date types. The company now not only constructs railway
engines, cars, vans, and various descriptions of castings,
but various descriptions of metal and wooden machine tools,
and the annual production has rapidly increased.
The main office and factory in Osaka are situated at
Shimaya-machi, Nishi-ku, and the Tokyo branch at
Kinshi-cho, Honjo-ku.
The goods produced at these factories are principally
supplied to the Government and private railways in Japan,
Against the paid-ap capital of ¥1,724,700 the company
has accumulated a reserve by ¥404,400. According to the
latest report, the net profit for a half year amounts to
LOCOMOTIVE MADE t>\ iHn. uuMj-aiN i.
but overseas orders are also acceptable to the_|corapany,5and
an active move for the acquirement of a market overseas is
being made.
ARTICLES MADE BY THE COMPANY.
¥299,000, enabling the Board to maintain a dividend rate
at 8 per cent, per annum.
The actual control of the company is undertaken by
Dr. Shogo Hasegawa, who has ample experience, and his
colleagues on the Board of Directors are : —
Shin Uryu, Esq. Shigezo Imamura, Esq.
Haruo Kuzuno, Esq. Kishichiro Okura, Esq.
The Board of Auditors is composed of the following : —
Tomoaki Hano, Esq. Teikichi Tanabe, Esq.
Mr. Hiroshi Hiraoka, who personally controlled the
company during the early years of its history as Vice-
President, acts as Adviser to the Board of Directors.
KISHIMOTO SHOTEN.
(KISH IMOTO & CO.)
r I iHE firm owned and managed by Mr. Kichiyemon
Kishiraoto is situated at No. 8, 6-chome Nakano-
shima, Kita-kti, Osaka, and carries on an extensile import
trade in iron and steel materials, in addition to the manu-
facture and sale of galvanized iron wires and wire nails.
Nearly a century ago the firm was founded at the present
site. At present the manufacture of wire nails and gal-
vanized iron wires is conducted by the Kishimoto Nail
Manufactory at Araagasaki, which is managed as a separate
establishment, though owned by Mr. Kishimoto. The wire
nails the firm sells as agents for the manufactory are excel-
lently made and show no irregularity in size or shape.
( 218 )
Galvanized iron wires also show many comnaendable charac-
teristics and can most favourably compare with any of the
THE KlSHiMOTU i^AlL FACTOKY.
foreign goods in the market. Both are taken not only in
Japan and Chosen, but in China, British India, Oceania,
and other parts of the East in increasing quantities. Parti-
cularly since the outbreak of the war the export to these
foreign countries has increased, and everywhere they are
received with gratification. Iron and steel materials are
imported from Great Britain, America, and British India.
Particularly with the last-named country the firm has a
very close connection, being the sole agents in Japan for the
Bengal Iron and Steel Co., Calcutta. Of late the firm has
also commenced to handle the products of the Japanese iron
and steel works. Prior to the war the firm carried on
an extensive trade with Germany and Belgium, but now
trade connections with these countries are discontinued.
KUNITOMO TEKKOSHO.
(THE KUNITOMO IRON WORKS.)
THE Kunitomo Iron Works, situated at Minami-Taka-
gishi-machi, Minami-ku, Osaka, is a well-known
establishment, owned and managed by Mr. Yoshitaro
Kunitomo, who has ample experience in the line of business,
having for many years been the foreman at the Military
Arsenal at Osaka. He established the present works in
1902, when he resigned from the Military Arsenal, and at
fiist manufactured harness for the Imperial Array, but later
started the manufacture of cigarette manufacturing machines
with the support of the Monopoly Bureau. He has two
factories, equipped with a gas engine, automatic gear bobbing
machines, automatic gear cutting machines, universal milling
machines, electric grinders, and several other descriptions of
machine tools, and besides cigarette manufacturing machines
manufactures gears, cutters, and other kinds of machine
tools. The annual production is now over ¥200,000 worth,
but the works are prepared to enlarge considerably. Now
the machine tools marked with the name of the works are
accepted by the market with confidence, because of the
strenuous efibrts on the part of Mr. Kunitomo in the past
to maintain the best standard of excellence in all his works
produces. Gears are supplied to Government factories and
the general market through Takata & Company, and cutters
and other machine tools are sold through Yamatake &
Co. Almost all the manufactures are not only supplied to
the domestic market but are exported to China, India, and
Chosen. Particularly cigarette manufacturing machines
are exported, and have met with approval, and the volume
PORTION OF THE MILLING FACTORY.
of sale is yearly increasing. Mr. Kunitomo is assisted by his
expert assistants in the management of the works, among
these experts being Messrs. Z. Hozumi, T. Yoshikawa,
N. Watanabe, and M, Iwamoto.
( 219 )
MATSUHARA TEKKOSHO.
(THE MATSUHARA BOLT AND NUT WORKS.)
THE works, situated at Sangenya-Kami-no cho, Nishi-
ku, Osnka, are one of the leaders in this country,
making it their speciality to turn out nuts, bolts, galvanized
bolts, rivets, screws, armtie bolts, insulator pins, pole steps,
turnbuckles, and other goods. They are also one of the
oldest of the kind in the country, being founded in January,
1886, since when they have been successively enlarged and
the lines of goods turned out have been increased and
improved. The works are equipped with a most complete
set of up-to-date machines and appliances, and manu-
factures goods from the best, carefully selected materials.
They also make a point of maintaining strict economy in
the management and the highest standard of efficiency in
men and plant. Thus the works are able to supply the
market with the best goods at the lowest possible prices.
Especially the works are patronized by the Communications
Department and leading electric and water power com-
panies, because, being experienced in the production of
metal ware for the use of electric companies, they can turn
out the goods most suited for the purposes for which they
are required.
ARTICLES MADE BY THE WORKS.
MATSUO TEKKOSHO.
(THE MATSUO IRON WORKS.)
THE Matsuo Iron Works, Osaka, are one of the leading
factories of the kind in Osaka, and are owned and
controlled by Mr.
Masataro Matsuo. Mr.
Masataro Matsuo, the
proprietor, was born
in NagasHki in 1863.
While still a boy he
sought employment in
tlie boiler works be-
longing to the Public
Works Bureau at
Nagasaki and under-
went excellent train-
ing in engineering.
After seven years'
training he left the
works and joined the
Kawasaki Dockyard
of Kobe, where he soon
mastered all depart-
ments of shipbuilding
c:33?SB!ftfe».
and astonished his elders. He then moved to the
Osaka Iron Works and undertook an important line of
MR. M. MATSUO.
WATER TANK FOR THli K\ l:
IMPERIAL UNIVERSITY.
( 220 )
work. In 1888 he was engaged by the Oi Iron Works and
took charge of contracts with Kyushu coal mines. Thanks
to his activity in Kyushu almost all the Kyushu coal mines
adopted boilers manufactured by the works, and among
Kyushu miners the Oi Iron Works won a steadfast reputa-
tion as the best suppliers of boilers. In 1894, however, he
left the Oi Iron Works and inaugurated his own works at
Nishikujo-Shimono-machi, Nishi-ku, Osaka. His esta-
blished reputation as an experienced engineer made his
works at once one of the most prosperous in Osaka, and
soon he had to establish the second at Dembo, Nishinari-
gori, Osaka prefecture. At present the works turn out
marine and land engines and boilers and their accessories,
reinforcements, sections of bridges, earthquake - proof
chimneys, water pipes, all kinds of tanks, and other goods.
Particularly the vertical water tube boilers the works
supply are the best of the kind, with improvements
introduced by Mr, Matsuo himself. The works have a
patent right for the boilers. According to the latest report
of the works, tlie goods turned out are used by many
important electric companies, dockyards, smelting works,
manufacturing companies and gun-cotton manufactories.
MIMURA KOJO.
'T~*HIS firm of Railway Signal Engineers and Manufac-
■*■ turers, situated at Tsukishima, Tokyo, was established
in 1898 by S. Mimura, C.E., as his own private concern. The
Mimura Works were pioneers in Signalling and Inter-
locking in Japan, and have always remained the leader.
LAYOUT SHOWING
THE DEFLECTION
BAR LEAD-OUT.
(THE MIMURA WORKS,)
growing demand for safety appliances on railways. The
departments devoted to the various types of apparatus are
maintained at the Works, thus the several lines are under
constant observation, and improvements from abroad are
made from time to time to meet the changing conditions
136 LEVERS IN ONE
CONTINUOUS
FRAME.
SIGNAL BRIDGE.
I.G.R. KYOTO NEW
STATION.
MADE BY THE MIMURA WORKS.
A large amount of work has been performed in the inter-
locking and signalling field. A few statistics illustrating
the scope of the business may prove of interest, and will
certainljr be instructive as showing the widespread and
and to increase their efficiency. The firm considers its
patrons as clients, as well as customers, takes their interests
into its professional care, and its engineers are always at
the service of patrons for consultation and designs.
( 221 )
MINAMISENJU KIKAI SEISAKUSHO.
(THE MINAMI SENJU ENGINEERING WORKS.)
THE Minatni Senju Engineering Works are located at
No. 466, Minami Senju near Tokyo. The works
were started in 1903 by the late Mr. Ikuzo Arao, former
expert of the Tokyo Paste Board Mfg. Co., Ltd. At its
organization the works were chiefly engaged in the manu-
facture of paper making machines. The termination of
the Russo-Japanese war was followed by a marked boom
father's business, the management was taken up by Mr.
Zennojo Okamoto, who had been Mr. Arao's co-worker ever
since its organization. Simultaneously, Mr. Okamoto en-
gaged two able advisers, Mr. Densaku Kuroita, a graduate
of the Polytechinc College of the Imperial University,
President of the Taukijima Engineering Works, Tokyo,
and Mr. Sansho Ikejima. Thanks to the unsparing eflforts
PAPER MANUFACTURING MACHINE. ELECTRIC WIRE MAKING MACHINE.
MADE BY THE COMPANY.
throughout the Empire, including the growth of the paper
industry in various localities. This in turn brought a
great prosperity to the works. Taking this favourable op-
portunity, Mr. Arao extended the scope of his works and
inaugurated tiie manufacture of machines for the manufac-
ture of electric wires and steel. But Mr. Arao died in
March, 1909. His son being still too young to succeed to
of Mr. Okamoto, the works steadily developed, and they are
now known as one of the most reliable works of the kind
in the land. With the spreading of its fame, the manu-
factures have been extensively exported to China. Also
all the principal works engaged in the manufacture of
paper, steel and electric wires place orders with the Works
for the machines they require.
NAKASHIMA SANKOSHO.
(THE NAKASHIMA IRON WORKS,)
THE Nakashima Sankosho is an engineering works
owned and controlled by Mr. Ichiji Nakashima, who
has ample experience in the line of business, having managed
the undertaking for over twenty-five years. It is situated
at 2-chome, Kujo-dori, Nishi-ku, Osaka, and when it was
founded it undertook the manufacture of cotton ropes, the
building of ships, and the manufacture of machines. In
view of the inadvisability of dividing capital and energy,
the works gave up the first two undertakings after a few
years and devoted its whole attention to the engineering
line. The works have been enlarged several times since to
cope successfully with the change in the times. The manu-
factures have also been improved steadily, and their excel-
lence is highly appreciated. Students are often despatched
by universities to the works to study engineering, because
they are equipped with the best plant obtainable, and the
( 222 )
staff, which consists of selected and competent men, works
harmoniously and displays the highest degree of efficiency.
The hydraulic presses the works supplied to the Army
Arsenals some ten years ago still work very well with the
highest degree of precision, and some time ago testimonials
were given of this fact. The works have improved high
steam boilers, oil extractors and presses, cranes, and other
lines of machinery are also turned out. Casting is also one
of the specialities of the works. After many years' experi-
ments the works now turn out excellent goods, in which
even the most fastidious judges can discover no drawbacks.
This is in some degree the reason why the works' manufac-
MACHINES MADE BY THE NAKASHIMA SANKOJO.
pressure hydraulic presses and in various sections special
innovations have been introduced. In February, 1916, the
presses thus completely remodelled were patented. Besides
peculiar skill is displayed by the works in the manufacture
of spinning, weaving, gunpowder, and chemical mill equip-
MACHINES MADE BY THE WORKS.
ments, and the shortage in the supply of these after the
outbreak of the present war iu Europe has been made good
largely by the works. Laud and marine steam engines.
tu res are so strong and durable. In view of the increasing
confidence of the public and the resulting increase in demand
for the works' manufactures an ambitious plan has of late
been launched. The four factories owned are being combined
into one, and the whole extended. The plant will then also
be replaced with a new set imported from abroad. Mr. M.
Murata, the Manager, is equipped with an ample knowledge
of engineering, as he was for many years in charge of plants
at cotton mills. He is assisted in the control of business
affairs by Mr. T. Hemmi, whose proficiency in accounting
business is well-known. The expert staff is headed by Mr. I.
Kuwabara, who is a graduate of the Polytechnic College of
the Tokyo Imperial University and a master in the line of
trade. Under his guidance over thirty trained experts and
five hundred workmen are at work. Among the works'
clients are the Osaka Army Arsenals, the Naval Works,
the Government Monopoly Bureau, the Imperial Mint,
different municipal offices, cotton mills, various iron works,
gas companies, and a large number of other industrial
companies.
( 223 )
NAKAMURA TEKKOSHO.
(THE NAKAMURA IRON WORKS.)
THE Nakamura Iron Works, situated at No. 145,
Wakamiya-clio, Honjo-ku, Tokyo, were established
over thirty years ago. Though it was a small affair at
the time of its establishment it has made gradual develop-
ment. Seeing that there was no concern engaged in the
manufacture of printing machines, the Works started
their manufacture, Mr. Hamada taking charge of the work.
In 1903, the Works completed the manufacture of a
lithographic printing machine, which proved of much value.
In 1906, the Works took in hand the manufacture of the
aluminium machine, which was successfully produced in
1911 after years of unremitting efforts. This machine was
also proved free from all drawbacks, and gained much
credit among printers. Encouraged by these successes, the
Works started the manufacture of rotary offset printing
machines in 1908, and in 1914 completed same for the first
time in Japan. At the same time the automatic feeding,
and other machines were also manufactured. These
compared favourably with similar machines imported from
foreign countries, and the Works have come into great
favour with printing circles in this country. A daily
increase in the demand for these machines has necessitated
the establishment of six^branch fHctories, and Mr. Hamada
MR. H. HAMADA AND THE ROTARY OFF-SET
MACHINE MADE BY HIM.
holds many patent rights for various printing and
lithographic machines.
NIPPON ENKAN SEIZOSHO.
(THE JAPAN LEAD PIPE MANUFACTORY.)
IN view of the trouble attending the dependence upon
foreign suppliers this manufactory was started in 1896
by the late Engineering Real-Admiral Genkichi Waka-
THE JAPAN LEAD PIPE MANUFACTORY, TOKYO.
yama in conjunction with Mr. Taku Oye. At first the
originators of the enterprise were confronted with many
troubles and difficulties, but in a few months' time these
were surmounted and very excellent goods, made entirely
by Japanese hands, were placed on the market. Osaka
was the first municipality to use the goods turned out, and
their superiority being acknowledged Tokyo, Yokohama,
Nagasaki, Kobe, Hakodate, and other cities all purchased
pipes for their water works from the manufactory. The
Army also buys the pipes it requires for explosives manu-
factories from this works. In April, 1899, the manufactory
was converted into a joint stock concern with a view to
enlarging the plant to more successfully cope with the large
increase in the demand for the goods at home and abroad.
Under the new system of management the producing
capacity witnessed a rapid increase and the quality of the
goods was also greatly improved. The Osaka Branch
factory was also then erected. In 1906, however, the
( 224 )
concern was transferred to the ownership of Baron Seinosuke
Go, who was the President of the Company from the time of
its foundation. By that time the original plan of the
proprietors was fully realized and the import from abroad
was completely checked. Baron Go, the proprietor, again
converted the manufactory into a partnership iu 1909 and
started another enlargement of the factories. As the result
of the new extension Baron Go could realize his scheme of
exporting his manufactures, but then he had to meet another
demand from the industrial circles. With the rapid
progress of the artificial manure industry, coupled with the
development of soda and other chemical industries, sheet
lead had to be imported from abroad, for this was not made
in this country at that time. Tin and lead leaves used iu
wrapping tea and tobacco also were not made here in spite
of the demand for them increasing with wonderful rapidity.
Baron Go initiated the production of these articles, and
soon succeeded in turning out goods of a superior quality.
The following are the articles now produced by the manu-
factory as the result of repeated extensions : — Lead pipes.
Tin pipes, Tin-coated lead pipes, Lead sheets, Tea lead, Tin
leaves. Lead wires, Lead wool, Alminium pipes or tubes.
In producing these articles the manufactory takes every
possible care to avoid the use of impure lead, for the mixture
of any chemical substance or any other metal will not only
accelerate the corrosion of pipes but make impure either
water or chemical fluids passing through them. The manu-
factory has its main office and factory at No. 2, Shikoku-
machi, Shiba-ku, Tokyo, and the branch office and factory
at No. 49, Minamimori-machi, Kita-ku, Osaka. The sole
agents in the provinces and foreign countries are the Mitsui
Bqssan Kaisha,
NIPPON KOKAN KABUSHIKi KAISHA.
(THE NIPPON STEEL TUBE CO., LTD.)
WITH the foundation of the Nippon Steel Tube Co.,
Ltd., situated at Kawasaki-machi, Kauagawa
prefecture, in 1912, Japan embarked upon a new iron
industry that is expected to relieve her of the hitherto
insuperable burden of imports in iron and steel piping.
The names that stand out most conspicuously in the
THE NIPPON STEEL TUBE CO.
new enterprise are those of Mr. Motojiro Shiraishi, one of
the directors of the Toyo Kisen Kaisha, and Dr. Kaichiro
Imaizumi, formerly Chief Engineer of the Government
Steel Works, at Yawata, together with such sympathizers
as Baron Shibusawa, Mr. Asano, Mr. Okawa, and Mr.
Ohashi, who together put up a capital of ¥2,000,000 to
start with. The capital was increased to ¥5,000,000 at the
end of 1915. Mr. Shiraishi is the President of the com-
pany, and other directors are Messrs. S. Ohashi, K. Kishi-
moto, H. Okawa, K. Okura, S. Ota, Dr. K. Imaizumi, K.
Ito, with Messrs. K. Abe;, H. Morioka and T. Aral as
auditors. Mr. Shiraishi, the Director and the President of
the company, has done much toward the shipping of Japan
since 1896, as a director and the General Manager of the
Toyo Kisen Kaisha (Oriental S.S. Co.). He is, as a direc-
tor or auditor, connected with several other companies,
such as the Asano Cement Works, Asano Slate Co., Iwaki
Mining Co., New Nippon Oil Co., Tsurumi Reclamation
Co., Rising Sun Life Insurance Co., etc., and is also the
President of Asano & Co. The director and chief engineer.
Dr. Imaizumi, is a graduate of 1892 of the Engineering
Department of the Imperial University, Tokyo. He had
had a long course of post graduate study in England and
Germany, where he has also had valuable experience iu the
best iron and steel works. After returning to Japan in
1896, he worked for fourteen years as a Director and Engi-
neer in the Government Steel Works at Yawata. In 1912,
he went on a tour through Europe in order to frame up liis
scheme of pipe making for this company. In 19l6 he went
to Sweden, specially for the purpose of investigating the
process of sponge iron. In fact he has been five times to
Europe and America during the past twenty years to keep
( 226 )
in touch with the latest development in iron manufactures,
and may be looked upon as a veteran in the business. The
new works cover some 2,400,000 sq. metres of land at
Kawasaki near Tokyo, a place within easy reach of the port
of Yokohama. The company manufactures steel ingots
for piping as well as piping itself. There are two methods
of pipe manufacture, seamless and joined. As the latter is
now generally regarded as an obsolete process, the new
company has adopted the newest process, to manufacture
seamless pipes, which are in every way better than welded
tubes. The company can produce pipes of all dimensions
of from 1 inch to 6 inches in diameter, meeting the imme-
diate demands of all engineering departments. It has a
capacity to turn out pipes at the rate of about 15,000 tons
a year, in addition to 40,000 tons of angles and bars. Tlie
company has recently started bar mills which can produce
various kinds of bars up to 4 inches, flat iron, angles, chan-
nels, light rails, etc. These mills have altogether a capa-
city for manufacturing about 40,000 tons of iron and steel
materials in a year. The latest addition to the company's
works is an iron foundry where sponge iron is manufactured
to the extent of 20,000 tons a year. The process of manu-
facture is the most up-to-date and patented one, the rigiit
to which Dr. Imaizumi acquired during his stay in Sweden.
NIPPON SEIKOSHO.
(THE JAPAN STEEL WORKS, LTD.)
n^^HESE works, at Muroran, Hokkaido, are one of ^he
-*- greatest of the kind in Japan and play a very
important part in the particular line of business here side
by side with the Government Iron Works at Yawata,
Kyushu.
It was floated in November, 1907, as the result of
repeated consultations among the Hokkaido Colliery and
Steamship Company, Sir W. G. Armstrong, Whitworth &
Co., and Vickers, Maxim, & Co. with a capital of
¥15,000,000 and com-
menced actual opera-
tions in May, 1909,
when the factory
buildings were par-
tially completed.
The company ap-
propriated land to the
extent of 349,000 <st«Jo
besides the right to
use 340,000 tsubo, and
there the factory build-
ings were built. All
of them were com-
pleted in 1911, when
a private water works
was laid on. The water thus used is taken from the upper
stream of the river Wasliibetsu, situated at a distance of 7
miles from the works. It is drawn into a reservoir in the
compounds of the works and then distributed to different
parts of the factories and offices. The supply of water is
plentiful and very good.
From a corner of the factories a pier 1,300 feet long
BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE JAPAN STEEL WORKS, HOKKAIDO.
and 60 feet wide projects into the sea. There is a crane
lifting 100 tons weight together with its accessories.
Between the pier and Misaki several railway tracks are
laid which also connect with the factories. For the purpose
of carrying fuel they are also connected with the main line
of the Government Railway at Misaki. The company
conducts engineering operations at the Muroran Offices, but
carries on business aflairs at a general office at Shinsaiwai-
cho, Shiba-ku, Tokyo.
The following are
the lines of goods
manufactured by the
works : —
1. Guns (up to 14"
calibre) of various
patterns for Army and
Navy.
2. Various Types of
Gun-Mountings.
3. Projectiles of
various descriptions
and calibres.
Equipments for
Turrets, Shell Room
and Magazine.
Ammunition Hoists of various descriptions.
4. Steel Casting of various shapes and dimensions up to
100 tons.
5. Steel Forging of various shapes and dimensions up to
80 tons.
6. Iron Casting of various shapes and dimensions up to
100 tons.
(
7. Bronze and Brass Casting of all compositions and
dimensions up to 30 tons.
8. Tool Steel of various descriptions.
9. Torpedo Tube, above water and submerged.
10. Shafting of all kinds (speeiallji for larger ships).
11. Finishing work of all kinds of Cast iron and Steel
forgings and Construction of Railway bridges, Girders,
etc.
12. Hydraulic Priss of all dimensions. Hydraulic lift,
Crane, Pumping engine and Machines, etc.
13. Railway Wheels and Axles, Buffer?, Springs, etc.
14. Roiling Mills.
226 )
16. Tools for Turners and Fitters.
16. Gauges, Measuring Apparatus.
17. Testing Machines.
18. Machine Tools of every description.
19. Locomotive and Locomotive Crane.
20. Dredger and Dock Machinery.
The company is controlled by the following : —
President; — C. Takasaki, Esq. ; Directors : — Y. Midzu-
tani, Esq., A. Kabayama, Esq., T. Isoraura, Esq., Douglas
Vickers, Esq., John Henry Bluenel Noble, Esq., Sir Arthur
Trevole Dowson, Freeman B. Teitreberian, Esq., W. Ame-
miya, Esq.
NIPPON SHARYO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE JAPAN WHEEL AND VEHICLE WORKS, LTD.)
''T^HE Japan Vehicle Works are situated in Higashi-
•*■ machi, Atsuta, Minami-ku, Nagoya. The company
was originally established in September, 1896, with a capital
of ¥600,000. On the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese war
MR. K. HARADA. MR. Z. MORIMOTO.
THE JAPAN WHEEL AND VEHICLE WORKS, NAGOYA.
(1904-5), to meet large demands for vehicles by the Army,
the company enjoyed a very active business. Following the
war, the growth of railway business in tlie homeland and
the organization of the South Manchurian Railway brought
about a large demand for rolling stock, which in turn caused
a record-beating prosperity to the company. As a result of
this the capital was doubled to ¥1,200,000 in October 1907,
and additional workshops were equipped. In the autumn
of 1909 the company entered into an agreement with the
Railway Carriage Manufacturing Factory of Osaka, and the
Kawasaki Shipbuilding Company of Kobe for the joint
export of its productions, and also was appointed to manu-
facture articles to the order of the Government Railways.
From that time on the company's business steadily developed.
In October, 1912, the company purchased land of over
5,000 tsubo and established workshops and other buildings.
The following are the company's officers : —
Z. MoRiMOTO, Esq. ..
... President.
K. Hakada, Esq.
... Managing Director.
K. MiWA, Esq
Director.
Y. MiKAME, Esq.
... „
K. Goto, Esq
... Auditor.
R. Yabasui, Esq.
... „
S. ToNOKi, Esq.
... ,,
( 227 )
NITTO SEIKO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE NITTO STEEL MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.)
THE company, situated at Tsukijiraa, Kyobashi-ku,
Tokyo, was floated in September, 1915, by Messrs. Y.
Wakaizumi, M. Nakajima, T. Nemoto, and other prominent
business men for the purpose of manufacturing steel mate-
THE NITTO STEEL MANUFACTURING CO., TOKYO.
rials, castings, and steel and iron compounds. The company
has an authorized capital of ¥200,000 of wliich ¥100,000 was
paid in simultaneously with the actual organization of the
concern. The construction of factories and tiie business office
were at once commenced and the plant was installed, which
then consisted ot a furnace with a capacity of 4 tons, a crane
with a capacity of 5 tons, five forging furnaces, and their
accessories. In December, 1915, actual operations were
commenced. The result was splendid, and in spite of the
factories and plant being still incomplete at the close of
the first business term dividends at fully 6 per cent were
distributed. With the increase in demand for the com-
pany's manufactures, which soon began, the company
commenced enlarging the plant. The extension to the
plant consists of a steam hammer, a gas engine, a furnace,
an ore crushing macliine, and their accessories. More
motors have of late been installed and also cranes.
The company's ofiicers are : —
Masakata Nakajima, Esq.
KoGO AoTA, Esq
Tatsushiro Nemoto, Esq
TOTARO YOSHIDA, Esq ...
Chiji Saito, Esq
Nuio AoYAGi, Esq
Kan Saimaru, Esq
( Managing
\ Director.
Director.
Auditor.
OSAKA DENKI BUNDG KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
iTHE OSAKA ELECTRIC COPPER REFINING CO., LTD.)
^ I ""HIS company producing the best grades of electrolytic
-^ copper, is the oldest of the kind in this country,
having been floated in 1893 with a capital of ¥300,000 at
Nishi 2-chome Temraabashi-suji, Osaka. When the com-
pany undertook the refining of copper by electricity for the
first time it was a novel enterprise in this country, but the
result was excellent, for the goods thus produced were far
better than the products of other refinins; works. Not only
were they purer and finer but they were discovered to be
more elastic than any other qualities obtainable in the
market. Accordingly the demand for the company's goods
expanded apace and soon necessitated the company enlarg-
ing its capital wherewith to extend the plant. However,
this extension soon proved inadequate, and in 1907 another
extension plan was carried out by amalgamating the Japan
Brass Company, Ltd., which carried on the production of
brass with a capital of ¥200,000. The company's capital
was then enlarged to ¥2,500,000, and the wliole area of the
company's premises became 7,600 tsvAo. At present the
company produces electrolytic copper, gold, silver, copper
THE OSAKA ELECTRIC COPPER REFINING CO.
( 228 )
slabs, copper wires, bar copper, sheet copper, copper pipes,
copper plates, phosphate of copper, wires, copper sulphate,
brass, zinc, alminium, slab lead, tin, and a large number of
other kindred goods, and their annual production reaches
the following figures : — Electrolytic copper, 10,000,000 kin;
Gold, 40 kwan ; Silver, 2,400 kwan ; Plates, sheets, and
slabs, 10,000,000 kin; Manufactured copper, 5,000,000 kin;
Blue Vitriol, 1,080,000 kin.
Electrolytic copper is, among others, universally ac-
knowledged as superior to all other goods in the market as
tlie degree of purity is fixed at 99.9 per cent. It is era-
ployed in the manufacture of delicate machines, the con-
struction of ships, and the manufacture of diflTerent artistic
works. It can also be used in the coinage of small coins
and for various building purposes. On account of its
superiority many high honours have been granted at differ-
ent industrial exhibitions. All other goods the company
manufactures are also universally acknowledged as excel-
lent, because every possible care is exercised in the produc-
tion of these lines and their materials are choice and care-
fully selected. They have also obtained many honours at
industrial exhibitions and together with electrolytic copper
are not only supplied to the domestic market, but exported
to foreign countries in increasing quantities.
The ofiicers of the company are as follows : —
Shuzo Matsuoka, Esq President.
Kasuke Koshino, Esq Director.
Sadashichi Yoshida, Esq „
Shigeo Suzuki, Esq „
Seizo Kodeka, Esq „
Shojiro Kitamura, Esq Auditor.
ToYOJiRO KoNO, Esq „
Shinkichi Noda, Esq „
OSAKA SEISASHO.
(THE OSAKA CHAIN MANUFACTORY, LTD.)
THE Osaka Cliain Manufactory, owned and managed
by Mr. Yoshinori Furuta, was one of the few chain
manufactories that have gained ofiBcial certificates as manu-
THE TESTING OF CHAINS.
facturers of first class goods in Japan. It was founded by
Mr. Furuta in May, 1904, with a view to keeping in
check tlie import of chains from overseas. Mr. Furuta
drew up the plan for the inauguration of the line of
business in 1903. In 1915, the present factory was
erected at No. 23, Kasugade-machi, Nishi-ku, Osaka, and
on November 1st, 1916, the business system was converted
into a joint-stock concern with a capital of ¥1,000,000.
Iron chains of all descriptions are manufactured strictly
in accordance with the requirements of the Imperial
Navy from steel materials from British suppliers after
strict examination by Lloyds' surveyors. Mr. Furuta
is assisted in the control of the works by Mr. Michio
Takaoka, who acts as Chief Expert and Manager. The
annual production amounts to 4,000 tons in round figures.
The goods made to the order of the Imperial Navy are
delivered after strict examination by Naval experts, while
those supplied to general buyers are examined by Govern-
ment surveyors in accordance with the requirements of
Lloyds. The Department of Communications granted a
certificate that the goods manufactured by the Osaka Chain
Manufactory are equal in every respect to the best goods in
Europe. The Imperial Navy recently appointed the
manufactory as Makers to the Navy. Among the regular
buyers of the manufactory are now the leading shipbuilding
yards, shipping companies, mining companies, and water
power plants in this country.
( 229 )
OTSUKA KOJO.
(THE OTSUKA IRON WORKS. MINING MACHINERV MANUFACTURERS.)
rilHE Otsuka Iron works standing at Mita Toyooka-
JL cho, Shiba-ku, Tokyo, was started by Mr. Eikichi
Otauka, the present proprietor, in 1901, to succeed the
Matsui Iron Works, which hud been run for ten years by
Mr. Hyojiro Matsui, who gave up the business on account
of illness. The Otsuka Iron Works was a very small affair,
covering only 100 tsubo, at first, but by dint of close applica-
tion on the part of the management, it has been brought to
the present prosperous condition. The principal factory
now covers an area of 1,180 tsubo, and is regarded as the
biggest factory of the kind in this country (1 fow6o = 3.958
square yards).
Under Mr. Eikichi Otsuka, the proprietor, serves Mr.
Kijiro Hayashi, the Manager, wlio superintends the busi-
ness. Designs and Manufacture Departments. Mr. Hiro-
kichi Kondo, the Chief Engineer, takes charge of the
Engineering Department,
The feature of the Otsuka Iron Works is to exclusively
manufacture mining machinery, a line of business very rare
in Japan. It holds patents for a dozen inventions. Not
only in this country but in America and Canada, the
Otsuka Iron Works holds patents for certain manufactures.
The popularity of the machinery manufactured by the works
is testified by the fact that they are used in all the repre-
MR. E. OTSUKA AND HIS WORKS. TOKYO,
sentative mines in Japan, such as those owned by the Mitsu
Bishi, the Mitsui, the Furukawa, and the Fujita Gurai.
SONOIKE K06U SEISAKUSHO.
(THE SONOIKE TOOL WORKS, LTD.)
THE Sonoike Tool Works, which were established in
February, 1913, stands at Osaki-machi, near Tokyo.
The works may be roughly dividend into two parts, namely.
THE SONOIKE TOOL WORKS, TOKYO.
*^5«>*^
Machinery Department and Small Tool Department. The
former manufactures Lathes, Universal Milling Machines,
Gear Hobbing Machines, Grinding Machines, etc., and the
latter Cutters, Drills, Taps, Dies, Standard Guages,
Micrometers, etc. Ingenuity of manufacture has won for
the company an excellent reputation. In respect of varieties
of manufactures and their qualities the company is equal
to foreign works. Mr. Takehiko Sonoda, the President,
has studied many years the factory management in England,
and Mr. Yasushi Ikeda, Managing Director, had many
years' experience with Pratt & Whitney Co., in America.
They are assisted by able experts, some of whom have also
studied in England or America. Thougli it has existed
only for a few years, the company has already attained
perfection in organization and equipment. In view of t!iis,
the day is not far distant when the company will have the
reputation of being the leading tool manufacturers in the
Orieut.
( 230 )
MR. SUGI KEITARO.
(PRESIDENT OF K. SUGI & CO.)
rriHE firm owned and managed by Mr. Keitaro, Sugi,
stands at No. 215, Sanban-cho, Honden, Osaka.
MR. K. SUGI.
The firm was established in 1897 for the direct importation
of gas pipes, steel pipes and teak. The goods thus im-
ported were chiefly supplied to army and naval arsenals,
various companies and to retail dealers. About 1907 the
company imported folding steel pipes, bicycles and steel
plates, etc. Later it acted as sole agents for bicycle tubes
manufactured by the Sumitomo Copper Works. On the
organization of the Tokyo Steel Pipe Works the firm
was also the first among those who took up the sale of the
articles. In 1914 it started the manufacture of folding
steel pipes. Owing to tlie European war the firm
has been given large orders by the Osaka Army Arsenal for
the manufacture of folding steel pipes. Under the manage-
ment of Mr. Keitaro Sugi, the business has steadily
prospered. Recently the scope of the works was enlarged in
order to meet an evei -increasing demand, and efforts are now
being directed toward opening up markets abroad, especially
in India and other oriental countrit-s. The firm has an
ample stock in hand and is at all times ready to respond
to any orders.
Specialities: — Pipes for the use of steam, hydraulic
press, boilers, and the assembling of bicycles, iron and steel
plates, Coloured copper plates, etc.
TOKYO KEIKI SEISAKUSHO.
(THE TOKYO METER MANUFACTURING WORKS.)
''P'HE manufacture of instruments and scales come
under tlie scientific industry, and the goods made at
this Factory include such instruments as metre guages,
testers, and indicators. By dint of indefatigable efforts,
the Works have been enabled to turn out various goods is
no wise inferior in quality to any of the foreign-made
instruments. These efforts have been duly appreciated by
the Naval Office, which habitually places orders with it.
The Company was first started by Mr. Yoshihira Wada,
the present President, at the time of the Sino-Japanese
War, when there were no Japanese firms engaged in this
line of business, the goods being exclusively imported from
abroad. After preliminary arrangements for the establish-
ment of the Works the Factory was started at Hara-
machi, Koishikawa-ku, Tokyo, in May, 1896, Mr. Wada
acting as expert as well as Manager. When the business
witnessed gradual development in 1898, the manufacture
of various kinds of instruments was taken in hand, and the
goods manufactured by the Works have won universal
approval. A certain firm in England approached it with a
( 231 )
proposal to undertake their sole agency. In the following
year, various instruments measuring the degrees of tem-
perature were first manufactured, among thera being the
MR. Y. WADA.
gas barometer, the metallic expansion barometer, and the
electric radio barometer. These instruments stand the heat
over 1,000 degrees Cent. In 1900 and 1901, by the
encouragement and guidance of the Imperial Navy, various
kinds of compasses and instruments for measuring the
depth of water were manufactured, and patents have been
obtained for several kinds of these. In 1902, the concern
was converted into a juridical person (partnership), the name
of the Tokyo Keiki Seisakusho being adopted. In 1904,
electric industry was added to the business of the Works and
the Electric Department was newly created. In 1906, the
optical industry was taken in hand, and the manufacture of
observation instruments was commenced. In 1907 and
1908 the Factory was re-built and the number of machines
employed increased. In the following year, the factory
still being too small to carry on the business it was again
expanded. In 1910, the Laboratory was built in order to
devise means for introducing improvements in the instru-
ments made at the Factory. In 1914, the Second Factory
was built, and in 1915 the Tiiird Factory was erected.
Ever since these factories have been expanded to cope with
the ever increasing business. Again, the Onagigawa
Branch Factory, covering an area of 5,200 tsubo, was
provided by purchasing the Iron Foundry formerly run by
the late Mr. Tozaburo Sudzuki. With the outl)reak of the
European War the importation of the large-sized instru-
ments was suspended, and therefore it is a matter of
DISTANCE-MEASURING APPARATUS FACTORY.
satisfaction that the present Works have been enabled to
manufacture these as well as the small-sized instruments at
the Branch Factory.
TOKYO SPRING SEISAKUSHO-TOKYO KOZAI
SEISAKUSHO.
(THE TOKYO SPRING WORKS AND THE TOKYO STEEL
MATERIALS WORKS)
THE Tokyo Spring Works, which are engaged in the
manufacture of various kinds of springs, were orga-
nized in 1904. The works are under the management of
Mr. Kiyoshi To. The articles, which are manufactured by
the latest methods and by skilled hands, and which then
undergo strict inspection, are in no way inferior to the
Western goods. For this reason they have successfully
driven the latter out of the domestic market. The materials
are manufactured in their own works. They are of superior
quality, as they are subjected to strict inspections, including
chemical and electrical analysis. The works are located at
No. 685 Nichome Oshima-machi, near Tokyo. For the
manufacture of steel materials Mr. To keeps the Tokyo
Steel Material Works.
( 232 )
(The Tokyo Steel Materials Works.)
The works stand at No. 50, Rokuchome Oshima-maclii,
near Tokyo. The articles manufactured are as follows : —
Electic furnace steel and crucible steels with the brand of
spring (iiigh speed steel, tool steel, special steel, spring
steel, etc.)
Open Hearth Steel (tool steel, mining tool steel, spring
steel, mild steel). Besides these are bars, rods, flat bars,
angle channels, rails. There are two sub-branches repre-
senting both Spring and Steel Material Works. One of
them is situated at No. 30, gochome Nakanoshiraa, Kita-ku,
Osaka and tlie other at Nichome Eiraku-cho, Seoul, Chosen.
Both works have been selected hy the Imperial Navy and
Imperial Government Railways to manufacture articles to
their regular order.
MANUFACTURES OF THE TOKYO
SPRING WORKS.
ANALYTIC ROOM AND INTERIORS OF THE TOKYO STEEL WORKS.
T
TOYODASHIKI SHOKKI KABUSHIKi KArSHA.
(THE TOYODA LOOM WORKS. LTD.)
HE Toyoda Loom Works Ltd., is situated in Shima-
zaki-machi, Nishi-ku, Nagoya. The Toyoda Loom is
MR. F. TANIGUCHL
an invention by Mr. Sakichi Toyoda, one of the directors of
the Works. He is quite a genius in mechanics, and from
his early years applied himself to the manufacture of
machines, and succeeded in inventing a loom which was
patented in 1901. Prior to this he had been engaged in the
manufacture and sale of looms in the name of the Toyoda
Firm. In March, 1907, this was reorganized into the
Toyoda Loom Works, Ltd., with a capital of ¥1,000,000.
The business greatly prospered, and the annual output
reached over 7,000 looms, which were supplied not only to
meet home demands, but also to Shanghai, Canton,
Hongkong, Mukden, etc. But in 1910 the Works
experienced a time of serious depression, which lasted a
few years. Since, however, the inauguration of cloth manu-
facture, by purchasing the Nagoya Cloth factory in Atsuta
Nishi-machi in July, 1913, the business of the Works has
steadily improved.
( 233 )
The board of officers consist of the following : —
President.
f Managing
\ Director.
Director.
FusAzo Taniquchi, Esq
Tassu Sunaga, Esq
Sakichi Toyoda, Esq
Seishiohi Shikata, Esq „
ICHIGO K0D\MA, Esq „
JoFU Yamabe, E-q Auditor.
TsuNEZo Saito, Esq „
Kamenosukk Fujino, Esq „
Principal customers comprise tiie Kialiiwada Spinning,
Toyo Spinning, Sensiiu Weaving, Osaka Godo Spinning,
Kauegafuchi Spinning, Kurashiki Spinning, Fuji Gas
Spinning, etc. The annual output reaches over ¥2,000,000,
and a dividend of 20 per cent, is declared at the close of
each term.
PATENT CALICO LOOM, MADE BY
THE COMPANY.
TSUKUDAJIMA SEISAKUSHO.
(THE TSUKUDAJIMA MACHINE WORK.S.)
' I "HE Tsukudajiraa Machine Works were established in got supplies of machines from the Company's Hidachi Works.
-*- 1907 by the Kuhara Mining Company, one of the The manufacture of articles of superior quality soon won
THE PRINCIPAL
BUILDINGS IN THE
PREMISES COVER
OVER 2,000 TSUBO.
(1 tsubo=3.95H8 square
yards).
THE MACHINERY
WORKSHOP MEA-
SURES 300 FEET BY
60 FEET AND IS
BUILT OF IRON,
BEING 60 FEET
HIGH.
THE TSUKUDAJIMA MACHINE WORKS. TOKYO.
largest of the kind in Japan, for the manufacture of
machines to be used in their own mines, which had already
MR. K. TAHARA. INTERIOR OF THE FACTORY.
for the works an excellent reputation far and wide. The
business has in consequence rapidly developed, so much so
that orders are daily received not alone from the Kuhara
Mines and others through the length and breadth of Japan,
but also from those in various provinces of China. The
annual output now reaches over a million yen. In order to
meet the growing expansion of the business a new and
larger works were started at Kamedo-machi, near Tokyo, in
April, 1915, and were completed in March, 1916. The
former works at Tsukudajima almost dwindle into insigni-
ficance beside the new, which stand on a site covering an
area of over 8,000 tsubo.
The works are controlled by Mr. Kyukichi Tahara,
( 234 )
L.AIND TRAINSPORTATIOIN.
JAPAN'S INTERNATIONAL THROUGH TRAFFIC.
The world is rapidly becoming smaller on account of
the development of far-reaching routes of travel and traffic,
and it is essential to-day to introduce Japan to the outside
world, by way of promoting a better understanding between
SPECIAL EXPRESS TRAIN.
her and other nations and bringing about more intimate
international relations. Also the Japanese Empire is
comparatively small in area and her development owes
much to the expansion of her activities over the seas. One
of the many questions for Japan after the present War is
how to utilize the international through traffic arrangements
with the railways on the Asiatic Continent to and from
China, Russia, and Europe, at the same time planning her
trade activities by means of the ever-growing shipping
industry.
We give a brief history of Japan's international
railway through traffic. The through traffic between Japan
and Russian North Manchuria under Russian influence
originated immediately after the Russo-Japanese War. Its
corner-stone was laid by the Portsmouth Treaty in 1906,
when Marquis Koraura and Count de Witte advocated the
closer relations of Japanese and Russian railways. Two
years later the scheme assumed a definite shape when a
provisional treaty was concluded at Petrograd. Another
effort with a view to its realisation was made in 1908, which
facilitated the matter and paved an easy path fur the
consummation of the railway through traffic arrangements
on the basis of common advantages.
The subsequent efforts on both sides moulded the
scheme by degrees into actual shape and now there are in
operation the following through passenger arrangements : —
Manchurian-Japanese Througli Traffic, between
Japan and North Manchuria or Maritime Province.
Russo-Japanese Through Traffic, between Japan and
Russia.
International Trans-Siberian Through Traffic,
between Japan and West Europe.
Now what do these arrangements mean to the travelling
public? To cite an example, a traveller from Tokyo to
London, unless booking by these arrangements, has to re-
book and re-register luggage at each frontier and at every
junction. This out-of-date method of travelling is well nigh
an impossibility, even if he can speak every tongue and is
well versed in manners and customs everywhere, and much
more so with ordinary tourists. On the other hand, by these
arrangements he pays the whole fare at Tokyo and can
travel on one ticket through to London without buying a
ticket again or troubling with the choice of routes. In
addition it is a great boon to tourists that their impedimenta
:sasR%7as£u-*r
DINING CAR.
are registered direct to London, leaving them almost entirely
free.
The through goods arrangements between the Japanese
and Russian railways have been in existence only for a short
( 235 )
period and the territoriei covered by them are not so wide
at present as those for passengers. Now there are two
arrangements in operation, viz., the Manchurian-Japanese
Goods Through Traffic between Japan and North Manchuria
1st class sleeping car.
and Maritime Province, and the through transportation of
Japanese silk by means of the coiinectinn of tlie above
arrangements with the goods through traffic between the
1st class sleeping car.
Extreme East and European Russia. Altiiough these ar-
rangements are of recent inauguration, the results of the
through conveyance of cotton tissue, cotton yarns, and other
important goods show very favourable tendencies and pro-
mise future possibilities.
The relations between Japan and China are traditional,
and the mutual trade is destined to become closer and more
prosperous. A few years ago the Japan-China railway
through traffic arrangements approached the stage of reali-
sation, being stimulated by the completion of the railway
through Chosen Peninsula, reconstruction of the Antung-
Mukden Line, building of the Yalu bridge in 1907, and
subsequent inauguration of the through express service be-
tween Chosen and Manchuria. The North-Japan passenger
through traffic arrangements were opened in October, 1913,
and the next year saw the arrangements extend beyond
North China, to-day the principal five trunk lines of the
Chinese Government Railway (tiie Peking-Mukden, Peking-
Hankow, Peking- Kalgan, Tientsin-Pukow, and Shanghai-
Nanking Lines) being all under contract witli the Japanese
Government, Chosen, and South Manchuria Railways for
OBSERVATION CAR.
the through conveyance of passengers and their luggage.
Passengers from Tokyo and eight other important Japanese
cities to Peking, Tientsin, Hankow, Shanghai, and seven
other principal stations, are enabled to travel on a single
ticket-book overland, except the sea passage between Shimo-
noseki and Fusan, and the whole journey can be performed
as easily as by one railway. Last year the Japan-China
Circular Tours and the Japan-China Overland Tour were
inaugurated for the convenience of tourists between the two
countries.
The next question soon to follow is the Japan-China
Goods Through Traffic arrangements. Tliese are yet
unborn, but it is reported the authorities are contemplating
how to realise the scheme at on distant future and make the
arrangements as practical as possible. We trust their
efiurts in tliis direction will bear fruit and prove beneficial
for both countries.
( 236 )
MINAMI MANSHU TETSUDO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE SOUTH MANCHURIA RAILWAY CO.)
THE South Manchuria Railway Company came into
existence in 1906, when by virtue of the Portsmouth
Treaty signed between Russia and Japan on September 5th,
1905, Japan was ceded by Russia the railway between Chan-
chung and Port Arthur with all its branch lines, coal mines
attached, and all rights and privileges the Chinese Eastern
Railway Company enjoyed in connection with the railway
in South Manchuria. At first the company had an
authorised capital of ¥200,000,000 and was authorized in
accordance with the principle of Japanese jurisdiction in
LIEUT.-GENERAL BARON Y. NAKAMURA.
Manchuria to manage the railway between Chanchung and
Dairen and all its branch lines, the coal mines at Fushun
and elsewhere, and several adjunct lines of business, besides
administering the land included in the railway zone ; but
later the scope of the company's business was enlarged by
degrees and now the principal lines of business undertaken
are railways, sliipping, harbour administration, mining,
electricity, gas, hotel keeping, local administration, and
laboratory work. At the same time the working capital of
the company was increased.
On June 7th, 1906, an Imperial Ordinance was
issued, which provided for the organization of the company,
General Viscount Kodama being appointed the chairman
of the Promotion Committee, which comprised some eighty
prominent men. On the death of the Viscount, which
occurred in the same year. General Viscount Terauchi, tlien
Minister of War, was appointed as his successor, and in the
course of the same year formal official sanction was granted
for the articles of association. 1'he flotation of shares and
tlie conveyance of the railways, and other properties were
also completed at the close of the same year. On April Ist
the following year the company commenced actual opera-
tions, with the head office at Dairen and a brancii office at
Tokyo.
The management of the company consists of the
President, a Vice-President, four Directors, and three or
five Auditors. The heads of the Board are appointed by
the Government under Imperial sanction, but Directors are
appointed from among shareholders by the Government,
auditors being chosen from among shareholders at their
meetings and sanctioned by the Emperor. The first
President of the company was Baron Shirapei Goto. The
Vice-President under him was Mr. Zeko Nakamura. In
1908 Baron Goto being appointed Minister of Communica-
tions Mr. Nakamura, the Vice-President, was promoted to
the Presidency and his place in its turn was filled by
Mr. Shimbei Kunizawa, one of the Directors. They retired
in 1913 and were succeeded by Mr. Ryutaro Nomura and
Mr. Daihachi Ito. After a year, however, they were
relieved of their posts and the present officera were
appointed by the Government. The following are the
present Boards of Directors and Auditors : —
Baron Yujiro Nakamura
Dr. Shimbei Kunizawa
President,
f Vice- _
I President.
Director.
»>
Auditor.
TosHiHiKO Kawakami, Esq
IcHiYO TsuKUDA, Esq
TORARIKI FUJITA, Esq
Kozo Kaino, Esq
SuKEHiDE Kabayama, Esq
TOKUGORO Nakahashi, Esq
KiN-iCHi Kawakami, Esq „
Kyohei Magoshi, Esq „
Shintaro Ohashi, Esq „
Under the general control of the President, the Vice-
President and Directors manage the different departments
into which the company's aflfaira are divided, namely,
( 237 )
the General Affairs Department, the Transportation
Department, the Accountant Department, the Mining
Department, the Local Administration Department, the
Secretarial Bureau, the Foreign Affairs Bureau, and the
Technical Affairs Bureau. Besides there are a number of
bureau and offices dealing with different undertakings of
the company.
The company employs 4,724 experts and clerks, and
18,119 Japanese and Chinese office assistants.
The authorised capital of the company is ¥200,000,000
divided into 1,000,000 shares of the denomination of
¥200. The Government's share in the capital amounts to
¥100,000,000, which is the appraised value of the railway
and other properties delivered by the Government to the
company on the formal organization of the concern. Half
was called up. Accordingly the whole number of shares
issued is 800,000, of which 500,000 are to the credit of the
Government while 300,000 are held by private owners.
Thus the shares still to be issued number 200,000,
representing ¥40,000,000, while the capital uncalled for
amounts to ¥36,000,000. The denomination of shares was
changed into ¥100 at the close of 1915, instead of ¥200 as
before.
According to the general policy formulated by the
company immediately after the flotation, the company floated
three loans in London during the first three years, guarantee
being made by the Government as to the payment of the
principal and interest. The total amount of these loans
was £8,000,000. In 1911 the regulations pertaining to the
maximum limit of the company's capitalization was effected,
THE SOUTH MANCHURIA RAILWAY CO., DAIREN.
the capital was to be offered for subscription to both
Japanese and Chinese, the Government guaranteeing the
distribution of dividends at 6 per cent per annum on the
shares owned by private proprietors. In view, however, of
the economic situation in this country the promotion
committee decided to offer only 100,000 shares, representing
¥20,000,000, for public subscription in September, 1906.
The result of the flotation was splendid, subscriptions received
amounting to 1,066 times the whole value offered. The call
on stock capital was limited to the first instalment, that is,
¥2,000,000, and during the first period foreign capital was
introduced by tlie company for various enterprises. But
the rapid progress of the company's affairs later necessitated
call being made on the remainder of the stock capital.
In 1913 tlie second issue of shares to the extent of
¥200,000 was floated and the payment of ¥20 per share
however, because with the progress of the company's
business enterprises the requirement of capital was increased.
Under the revised regulations the fourth foreign loan was
floated in London to the amount of £6,000,000 and out of
the proceeds the second loan, worth £2^000,000, was
refunded.
The total outstanding debt of the company amounts to
£12,000,000, that is, ¥117,156,000. This, however, is the
face value and the net receipts from the loans are far below
that figure. Against this loss, inevitably sustained, tiie
company has set aside a large amount of money at the end
of each business term, under the item of special reserve.
At the end of 1914 this reserve stood at ¥13,400,000, the
legal reserve then being ¥1,868,300 in round figures.
The first lines of business undertaken on the formal
organization of the concern were railways and mines. The
( 238 )
railways which the company were conceded from the
Government on April 1st, 1907, comprise the following
lines : —
Main line between Dairen and Chanchung
Port Arthur branch line
Ryujutan branch line
Newchang branch line
Entai branch line
Fushun branch line
Miles.
437.5
28.8
3.6
13.4
9.7
38.9
Antung-Mukden line 188 9
The last of the lines thus transferred to the company's
management was then a light railway with a 2.6 feet gauge,
while all other lines were of 3.6 feet gauge. The line
between Mukden and Shinmintung was also delivered to the
company, but a little later it was conveyed to the Chinese
Government in accordance with a convention arranged
between Japan and China in the same year.
Immediately after the transference of these lines the
company began to remodel all except the Antung-Mukden
line on a broad gauge system and completed all the works
in October, 1909. The conversion of the line, 238.3 miles
in length, between Dairen and Suchiatun into double tracks,
which was planned for at the same time, was also completed
in the Autumn of the same year. The company spent
¥16,000,000 on these works. Later the Entai and the
Ryujutan branch lines also were converted into broad guage
lines and the Newchang branch was extended into the new
town, where a station was erected.
The Antung-Mukden Railway was first constructed by
the Japanese Army for the purpose of carrying troops and
munitions through Chosen to the heart of Manchuria.
Therefore, it was a light railway of 2.6 feet gauge. When it
was taken over by the South Manchuria Railway Company it
was provided in the agreement with the Government that it
would be reconstructed into a broad gauge line of 4.8i feet
within three years from the date of transference. In 1909,
however, the reconstruction work was started owing to
technical and other difficulties. From both termini the
work was started simultaneously, and in order to avoid
interfering with the working of the original light railway
new rails were laid side by side parallel to the old rails.
In spite of many technical difficulties that had to be
overcome the entire work was finished in the early Autumn,
and on November 1st, 1911, a brilliant ceremony was held
by the company to celebrate the opening of the recon-
structed line to traffic. The whole cost of this undertaking
was roughly ¥23,000,000.
Since the completion of the broad gauge lines the pas-
sengers and cargo on all lines of the company have in-
creased apace and necessitated a large increase to be made
in rolling stock. At the end of 1914 the rolling stock
owned by the company was so as follows : —
Engines, 267 ; Passenger cars, 196 ; Freight cars,
3,044 ; Conductors' cars, 119 ; Tank cars, 18 ; Refrigerating
cars, 5.
In the passenger cars two special Pullman cars and
other superior cars are included.
When the broad gauge lines were completed express
trains were run three times a week, principally for the sake
of travellers from Europe between Chanchung and Dairen.
These trains are connected with the Imperial Russian Rail-
way at Chanchung and the trains of the International
Sleeping Car Company. At Dairen, moreover, the express
service is connected with the company's Shanghai service
liners. Since September, 1914, sleeping cars have also
been connected with ordinary trains between the same
termini.
Ou the Antung-Mukden Railway not only has the
ordinary service been improved, but as the result of an
understanding reached between the company and the Chosen
Government Railway an express through service has been
started, and at present three times a week through express
trains ply between Chanchung and Fusan. This excellent
idea has been later improved on by connecting tlie trains
with the Imperial Russian Railway at Chanchung and at
Fusan through the medium of the ferry boat service with
the Imperial Japanese home railways.
In accordance with the general policy of the company
to give the utmost facilities to either travellers by the com-
pany's trains or merchants forwarding their cargo through
Manchuria to Northern parts the company has entered
upon a number of contracts with Japanese or foreign lines
for the through services. As to the transportation of pas-
sengers and their luggage the connection with" all organs of
transportation in Japan, Manchuria, and Chosen is, there-
fore, almost complete.
In 1909, a permanent contract was signed between the
company and the Osaka Shosen Kaislia and the Imperial
Government Railways for tiie transportation of passengers
and their luggage from Dairen to Japan. Two years later
this service was further extended by arranging an agree-
ment with the Chosen Railway, the Osaka Shosen Kaislia,
and the Imperial Government Railways for the transporta-
tion of passengers and their luggage from Dairen to Che-
mulpo and thence to the interior of Chosen, or from Man-
churia to Japan through the Chosen Railway. This service
is still maintained with success.
The connecting service between the company's line and
Chinese Government lines was established in October, 1913.
The connection with the Russian lines was also established
in 1911 in accordance with the provisional Railway Con-
( 239 )
vention concluded in June, 1907. The through service The company's marine transportation service was
between the South Manchuria Railway and the Chinese initiated in 1908 for the purpose of facilitating communica-
Eastern Railway and the Usuri Railway was first completed tions between Europe and Asia. At present the Dairen-
and another was completed with all other railway and Tsingtao services are maintained regularly once a week
shipping lines carrying on operations in the East in 19 II. witli the Kobe Maru and Sahahi Maru, which are chartered
Thus since 1910 a circular service has been maintained and from the Nippon Yusen Kaishaand the Japanese Volunteer
travellers can take a round the world trip with one ticket. Fleet respectively. These lines being the shortest routes
As to the freight service, there is a more complete sys- between Europe and those important points in the East, all
tem of through transportation maintained by the company mail matter, luggage, and passengers are carried by the
in co-operation with the Osaka Shosen Kaisha, the Imperial lines in increasing volume.
Government Railways, the Chosen Government Railway, the ^ regular service is also maintained between Dairen
Chinese Eastern Railway, and the Nippon Yusen Kaisha. ^nd Hongkong and Canton for the purpose of attracting
As the result of the completion of these facilities the cargo for Europe and Asiatic Russia to Dairen and carrying
receipts from passenger and freight services have been in- Fushun coal to Canton and other Southern ports. At first
creasing at a strikingly rapid pace, with the exception only four boats were employed and some of them were ordered to
of 1914, when bar silver slumps and the outbreak of war in call at Chefoo and Tsingtao, but now, in view of the ruling
Europe interfered much with the internal traffic on the situation in the shipping trade, only two of them are
lines maintained by the company. In the following the re- maintained on the line.
suits of the railway business for the last three years are ^he company has also constructed four low-draught
sliown in detail :— ^ . vessels to carry on a coastwise trade between Dairen and
Running
„ T, n • u^ r> • i T?! ports in the vicinity. All of them are lent to the Dairen
Years. Passengers. Freight. Receipts, liixpenses. ^ ■'
™ y -y- Steamship Company organized for the purpose of carrying
1912 3.905,822 4,681698 19.907'456 7,846,"923 on a regular service between Dairen and Tientsin, Antung,
1913 4.143,687 5,782.161 ii2,275,132 7.913,948 *"'* °'*'"'" P"""*' ^° ^^^ ^''^'"''y- '^^'^ «"'°"«' "^ ^^^
1914 3,617,547 5,705.948 23,216,722 8,345,286 company's service is well testified by the recent increase in
the volume of cargo and the number of passengers carried.
A number of enterprises are conducted by the company
as auxiliary organs of transportation. The most important Harbour works is another enterprise the company
are warehousing and rolling stock and machine shops. <Jevotes much money and labour to, complete schemes being
After careful preparations the warehousing business was 'a^^^n over from Russia. Already the Eastern breakwater,
started at Dairen and at 25 other principal towns along the ^he Western wall, the base of the walls completed before,
company's railway lines in September, 1911. For the '^"'^ ^he reclamation of low-lying ground have been
convenience of clients the warehousing department has completed, together with a wharf for junks. The works
provided for the insurance of cargo held in trust at the ""W conducted consist of the construction of the wall of the
company's own cost, at the same discounting warehousing ^'^^ wharf, the construction of the North-western break-
charges on all descriptions of cargo forwarded to the interior water, the dredging of the harbour, the reclamation of
of Manchuria. This line of business has proved a great gro^ind along the first wharf where accommodation,
success, the volume of cargo handled in 1914 amounting to including coal depots, is to be constructed, and the construc-
2,171,530 tons received, and 1,856,659 tons taken out. t^o" of "'« ^'^'^^ wharf At Port Arthur and Newchang
The con.pany owns a gigantic workshop at Shahokou, «>«° *•>« """"P^^y ^"'^ constructed wharfs,
which is equipped with most up-to-date plants for the With the completion of the harbours, wharf accom-
construction of rolling stock and various descriptions of modation has also been improved. The results of the past
machines. The workshop consists of twenty-four large efibrts toward the completion of wharf accommodation
brick buildings, covering an area of ground estimattd at consist of 34 warehouses, bean oil tanks, 15 steam launches,
considerably more than 12,000 tmibo, and has its own water 26 lighters, a dredger, water supply ships, and a rat
works. The magnitude of the plants at the shop may be catching boat. In 1907 the company took an important
realized when the fact is presented that besides either step to facilitate loading and unloading at the wharves, the
making or repairing machines and various accessories the handling ot cargo, so far entirely entrusted to carrying
shop can accommodate at one time 26 engines, 36 passenger agents, being taken over by the company. The company
cars, and 130 freight cars. A branch shop is maintained further intends completing the loading system by installing
at Liaoyang, but its operations are quite limited. cranes and wharf outfits.
( 240 )
The Russian docks at Daireii also were ceded to the
company immediatly after the foundation, but in 1908 they
were transferred to the management of the Kawasaki Dock-
yard Company. At first the docks could only accommodate
intermediate-sized vessels, but in 1914 they were ail
enlarged so as to accommodate larger vessels. At pre.-ent
even ships of 6,000 tons can be constructed or repaired.
Several mines were taken over from the Government
and Russia immediately after its foundation, but the com-
pany works the mines at Fushun and Eiitai only, the rest
being leased to private persons or left unworked. The
Fushun Mine is situated nine miles to the east of Mukden
and the veins run along the river Hun to the extent of 5
miles. The strata containing coal are from 175 feet to 80
feet deep, of which about 20 feet contain mixed and impure
coal. Therefore, it is reported that the coal contained is
more than 800,000,000 tons. At first the mine was worked
on a small scale and the daily output was no more than 360
tons, but now more than 4,000 tons are produced daily,
three pits being bored.
Besides the company has opened new adits, named the
Togo and the Oyama Mines, which, on the completion of all
accommodation, will produce 2,500 tons per diem each.
With two new provisional mines opened all these adits will,
it is hoped, yield a total of 7,000 tons a day.
The Entai Mine is situated 10 miles to the North-
east of Liaoyang Station, being connected with Entai by a
branch railway line. The coal fields, extending 50 cho, are
believed to contain considerably more than 20,000,000 tons
of best coal. At present the daily yield amounts to 300 tons.
The market for Fushun and Entai coal is ever ex-
tending, tlianks to the efibrts on the part of the company to
make known their good quality. At the end of 1914 it whs
reported that at all points in Manchuria 1,148,000 tons
were sold, while exports amounted to 1,005,000 tons.
Among the rest Japan, Chosen, Vladivostok, Harbin,
Chefoo, Tientsin, Shanghai, Hankow, Canton, Taiwan,
Hongkong, Singapore, Saigon, Java, and Manila have all
taken these descriptions of coal and acknowledged their
good quality.
As auxiliary works to the Fushun Mine a Mond gas
work is maintained, where sulphurous ammonia is produced
at the rate of 10 tons a day, besides generating power,
which is used in running electric cars carrying coal. Also
a new town has been laid out at Fushun for the company's
employees at the mine and gas and water works, and other
facilities have been provided.
Electricity undertakings are run by the company at
Dairen, Mukden, Ciianchung, and Antung, while gas under-
takings only are run at Dairen. At Dairen not only is the
supply of power and light carried ou but a tramway is
managed. At the end of 1914 the total mileage of the
tramway stood at 17 miles in round figures.
At Antung, Mukden, and Chanchung the supply of
power and light only is managed. The gas works at Dairen
produces 83,482,100 cubic feet of gas as the result of the
successive extensions carried out. As side products coal-tar
and cokes are yielded to the extent of 100,294 gallons and
4,954 tons respectively.
Under the direct management of the company, hotels
are kept at Dairen, Port Arthur, Chanchung, and Mukden.
At Dairen especially attention lias been paid by the com-
pany to cater to the visitors for the Summer montlis. A
seaside hotel and a number of villas are erected for the
purpose, being much taken advantage of by foreigners
recently. A palace hotel also has been erected, besides the
hotels 80 far kept, to accommodate Japanese and foreign
visitors of prominence. It is equipped witii many modern
appliances and can give every satisfaction to the guests.
In the railway zone the company is authorized to collect
dues or assign administration charges, while it has to pro-
vide for the education, sanitation, and other conveniences
of the people. The local administration is carried on by the
local works superintendence offices established at different
towns, and where these offices are not established the masters
of stations are authorized to take charge of local affairs.
For the purpose of developing the railway zone the
company planned as soon as the grounds were taken over
from the Government to construct new towns and cities
with all modern outfits. At Liaoyang, Chanchung, Tehling,
Mukden, and several other places already plans have been
realized with more or less success. In most of these water
works, parks, market places, butcheries, crematories, cen)e-
teries, hospitals, and other public conveniences contributing
to the public welfare are provided under the direct super-
vision of the company. The education of the rising genera-
tion is also paid much attention to. At present many
elementary schools are established not only for Japanese
boys but for Chinese as well. For grown-up Chinese also
schools are erected and Japanese is taught. Libraries, and
playgrounds for little children are being erected every-
where, and to each of them higher grade schools for girls
are attached to train girls in practical knowledge and arts.
Besides, a medical college is kept at Mukden and a technical
school at Dairen,
To study the possibilities of Manchuria and assist the
company in exploiting the natural resources of the country
in its charge three laboratories, the Central Laboratory,
the Industrial Laboratory, and the Geological Investiga-
tion Office, are managed in Manchuria by the company.
The first-named institution was taken over from the
Kwantung Government-General in 1910 and has since been
( 241 )
extended. It is now divided into nine departments of
General Affairs, Analytic Cliemistry, Applied Chemistry,
Weaving and Dyeing, Ceramics, Brewing, Sanitation,
Electric Chemistry, and Bean Oil Extraction, and to every
department its own workshop is attaciied to manufacture
articles in accordance with new processes devised by those
departments. Among the rest the bean oil extraction works
has already succeeded and its products have been placed on
the market.
The Industrial Laboratory chiefly deals with agricul-
tural enterprises including sericulture, forestry, farming,
cattle farming, and otiier lines, with a number of branches.
The usefulness of tiie institution is being conclusively
proved every year. The Geological Investigation OflBce is
also proceeding with the investigation of geological, mineral
and other aspects of Manchuria and Mongolia.
The capital invested in the enterprises above enume-
rated, the Government share exclusive, is as follows: —
Yen. Yen.
Railwiiys ... 73,500,000 Gas 1,380,000
Yen.
Yen.
Shipping
... 4,970,000
Hotels
2,020,000
Factories
... 6,260,000
Land
10,620,000
Harbour
Local
Works
... 12.590,000
Works ...
4,740,000
Mines ...
... 15,040,000
Buildings ...
11.540,000
Electricity
... 4,920,000
Total
147.580,000
In the
following a summary of the compaii
ly's accounts
since its foundation is shown : —
Gross
Gross
Net
Years.
Receipts.
Disbursements.
Profit,
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
1907
. ... 12,543,116
10,526,531
2.016,585
1908
. ... 17,615,663
15,502.101
2,113.582
1909
. ... 23,113,933
17,342.234
5 771,699
1910
. ... 24,777,684
21,069,368
3,708,316
1911
. ... 28,155,080
24,487.652
3,667.428
1912
. ... 33,546,477
28,620.432
4,962.045
1913
. ... 42,417,123
35,249,844
7,167,279
1914
. ... 44,670,61H
37.129,525
7,541,091
CHOSEN TETSUDO.
(CHOSEN RAILWAYS.)
THE railway business in Chosen dates back to 1896,
when Mr. J. R. Morse, an American, obtained a
concession from the Korean Government for the laying of
railways between Seoul and Jinsen. When the work was
in progress it was taken over, in May, 1897, by a corpora-
tion organized by the Japanese for tiie purpose. In May of
the lines between Roryoshin and Seidaimon were completed,
thus connecting Seoul and Jinsen. As for the Keifu line
(Seoul-Fusan line) the construction was started in August,
1901, by the Keifu Tetsudo Kabushiki Kaisha (Seoul-
Fusan Railway Co., Ltd.) in accordance with the provisions
of the temporary treaty concluded in August, 1894, between
RAILWAY BRIDGE OVER THE YALU RIVER.
1899 this corporation reorganiaed and assumed the title of
the Keijin Tetsudo Goshi Kaisha (Seoul-Jinsen Railway
Company). In September of the same year the section
between Jinsen and Roryoshin covering a distance of 20
miles was opened to traffic. In July of the ensuing year
Japanese and former Korean Governments and of the Keifu
Railway Treaty of September, 1898. The total line,
measuring over 267 miles, was put in operation in January,
1905. While constructing the Keifu line the company
purchased the Keijin Railway, in October, 1903. The
• ( 242 )
Keizi and Bazan lines were both started soon after the
outbreak of the Russo-Japanese war, in February, 1904, by
the Special Military Railway Bureau. The former was
completed in March, 1906, and the latter in May, 1905.
Both lines were opened to general traffic in April, 1908.
On the nationalization of railways the Imperial Govern-
ment purchased, in July, 1906, the Keifu and Keijin lines,
covering a distance of 293.6 miles, and at the same time
established the Railway Superintendent Bureau in the
Government of the Resident-General. In September of the
same year the bureau took over the control of the Keizi
line (322.9 miles) and the Bazan line (25 miles). In
December, 1909, these railways were brought under the
control of the Imperial Government Railways. But since
October of 1910 they have been under the control of the
Railway Bureau of the Government-General of the peninsula.
Japan's railway enterprise in Chosen was first started for
the purpose of extending trade interests in the peninsula.
Later urgent military requirements rapidly extended the
lines as far as the border line of the country, and also
brought into being a few branch lines leading to sea-ports.
Improvements were afterwards made on these lines. In the
meantime the iron bridge over the Yalu and the reconstruc-
tion of tlie Antung line were completed, securing a through
connection with the Eastern-China Railway via the Soutii
Manchuria Railway. Thus the Chosen Railways have been
raised to «n important position, forming a connecting link
between Europe and Japan. Three local lines of the
Konan, Keizeu and Heinan, covering a distance of 348.3
miles, have already been completed. The Rankyo line of
above 373 miles is now under construction. The total length
of lines in the peninsula in 1915 reached over 1,000 miles.
HANSHIN DENKI TETSUDO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE HANSHIN ELECTRIC RAILWAY CO., LTD.)
THE company, which is well known in Japan as one of
the best organized and controlled tramway companies,
is situHted at Amagasaki, Hyogo prefecture, and owns a
double track between Osaka and Kobe. Tlie former city
is the largest commercial and industrial centre in Japan,
and the latter one of the largest and most flourishing ports.
The company was founded in June, 1893, when the
plan was to lay a light electric tramway between the two
In April, 1905, the line, 20 miles in length, was com-
pleted, together with power houses and car sheds at
Amagasaki and Mikage, and it was opened to traffic in the
middle of the same month. It was, indeed, the first broad
gauge and high speed electric railway in Japan.
In 1911, again, the company amalgamated the North
Osaka Electric Tramway Company and took over its charter
to lay an urban track, 2 miles 52 cliains, between Chayen-
WHOLE VIEW OF THE KURAKU-YEN GARDEN
cities at the cost of only ¥600,000, but when the charter
for the construction of the line was granted by the Govern-
ment in June, 1897, the original plan was modified and the
company's capital was increased ; but then the fast develop-
ment of the two cities which the line was to connect
rendered it still insufficient, and the third plan was drafted,
when the company's capital was increased to ¥3,000,000.
cho, Noda, and Tenjinbashi, Kita-ku. This new line was
completed in August, 1914, and was at once opened to
public traffic. At present an extension plan is being
realized to construct a branch line between Amagasaki and
the western districts of Osaka via Dembo-cho, for which
the Imperial Government Railways have already granted a
charter.
( 243 )
Thanks to the openiug of the suburban line, the vast
plain between the two cities has been fast developed, and
everywhere new towns are springing up. The company has
also assisted in the development of the districts by
affording every facility to the inhabitants of the new towns
thus brought into existence. Among other things the
company began the supply of electric power for light.
Factories also have been erected along the company's lines,
and tliey are supplied with electric power at low rates by
tiie company.
KEIHAN DENKI TETSUDO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE KEIHAN ELECTRIC RAILWAY CO., LTD.)
THE company was floated in 1906 to undertake a
general carrying business, water works, the supply of
electric power, and sale of electric apparatus in and around
Kyoto and Osaka, with a capital of ¥10,500,000 fully
paid up.
HO-O-DO IN THK PREMISES OF
BYODO-IN, UJI.
The company now manages the longest inter-urban
tramway in this country between Kyoto, the old Imperial
capital, and Osaka, the industrial centre of the Empire.
The main line of the company connects Osaka and Kyoto,
SHRINE OF FUSHIMI-INARI.
covering 29 miles 69 chains. The Osaka terminus of the
line is situated at Temmabashi, while in Kyoto the final
stop is situated at Sanjo-Oliasiii. The Uji branch line,
covering 4 miles 74 cliaius, runs between Uji and Chujojima.
A very important feature of the company's service
between Osaka and Kyoto is the running of express trains,
which cover the whole distance in an hour in the case of
special express trains and in an hour and ten minutes in
the case of ordinary express trains. Another feature of
this line is the fact that it gives travellers access to a great
number of beautiful resorts and historical places in which
the urban and suburban districts abound. Among others
the grand Shinto shrine of Inari, Fushimi ; the Grand
Mausolea of the late Emperor Meiji and Empress Dowager
Shoken, Momoyama; Uji and its historical bridges and
temples, and the Yawata Shrine, Otokoyama.
«HK1NE OK O'JOKOYAMA
HACHIMAN-GU.
For generating driving power the company has a
power station, and three sub-stations along the lines, which
are equipped with eight 500 kilowat rotary converters for
railway services and seven 100 kilowat transformers for
lighting and power.
The company has called up ¥2,000,000, which has
been raised by the flotation of loans, besides the capital
paid up.
The management is controlled by the following
officers : —
MiCHio Doi, Esq ... President.
MiTSUSHiRO Ota, Esq Managing Director.
( 2« )
KOKURA TETSUDO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE KOKURA RAILWAY CO.. LTD.)
'' pHE Kokura Railway Co., Ltd., was organized in June,
-*- 1907, to complete the connection of the vast coal
fields in Fukuoka prefecture with one of the principal coal
exporting ports in the country, Kokura. The company has
constructed very extensive coal depot, at the port of Kokura
besides constructing a railway line, 24.6 miles in length,
between Soeda, the centre of the coal industry district in
Kyushu, and the Eastern end of Kokura. The line is tlie
ocean going ships passing through the strait. The wharf,
which is 1,800 feet long, is constructed so as to allow ships
to take coal alongside. The railway line is extended to the
fiarthest point of the wharf, there being double tracks. The
coal depot at the terminus covers an area of 15,000 Uubo.
For touring purposes the line is of much service, for it
has placed many noted beauty spots in the prefecture within
easy reach of the travelling public. Among others, Mount
RAILWAY BRIDGE OF THE KOKURA RAILWAY CO.
shortest cut from the Fukuoka coal districts to the ports on
the Shimonoseki strait.
At the Kokura terminus, a wharf is mHintained by the
company for the convenience of coal merchants availing
themselves of the company's service. AVithin the break-
waters a special berth is provided for the ships taking in
coal at tlie port. It is wide enough to accommodate any
Eliiko, where the Hikosan Shrine (Hikosan Gongen), one
ot the most popular shrines in Kyushu, is situated can
be reached most easily from a station on the com-
pany's line.
The company's authorized capital is ¥3,500,000. The
liead office is at Shinsakurada-cho, Shiba-ku, Tokyo, and at
Kokura tliere is a branch office to manage the business.
TOBU TETSUDO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE TOBU RAILWAY CO., LTD.)
rriHE Tobu Railway is an important line linking Tokyo
-1- with some of the most important weaving centres in
Saitama and Gumma prefectures and has a number of side
lines. The main line runs from Koume Kawara-machi,
Honjo-ku, Tokyo, and reaches Isezaki via Senju, Hanyu,
Tatebayashi, Ashikaga, and Ota, which are comparatively
important towns and commercial or industrial centres in
Saitama and Gumma prefectures. The line is connected
with the Government Tobu Line by a side line running
from Hikifune Station to Karaeido Station on the Govern-
ment Railway. Another side line of importance runs from
Tatebayashi Station to Kanuma Station on the Government
Railway, via Inubuse, Tanuma, Sano, and Kanuma, com-
paratively important commercial centres in Tochigi prefec-
( 245 )
ture. Still another line runs from the main line at Inubushi
and reaches Koshinagashi. Kuzuu, Tochigi prefecture,
which is a thriving town in the heart of the prefecture, is
also connected by another side line with the main Tobu
ASAKUSA STATION OF THE TOBU RAILWAY CO.
Railway line. At Ota Station, on the main line, another
line runs to Aioi Station on tlie Ashio Railway via
Yabutsukamoto, Kasakake, and Aioi.
The important railway net work is controlled by the
Tobu Railway Company, which was founded with a capital
of ¥2,650,000 in September, 1897. With tiie actual
organization the first section of the main line between
Tokyo and Kuki was constructed, and after two years was
opened to public traffic. The other sections and side lines
were then started and now they are all open to traffic, witli
the total length of 101 miles.
The company's capital has also been successively
increased and now stands at ¥9,000,000. Docks have been
constructed at Asakusa Station, and all cargo unloaded at
the station can be carried to its destination in Tokyo by
lighters.
The company's officers are : —
Kaichiro Nezu, Esq
Denji Yoshino, Esq
RoKURO Hara, Esq
MiCHINARI SUYENOBU, Esq
Kozo AoTA, Esq
Count Kinjiro Hirosawa Esq. ...
Shinobu Tajima, Esq. ...
MoTOHiRo Onoda, Esq
President,
f Managing
I. Director.
Director.
Auditor.
( 246 )
AMD SilOC MAKERS.
CHOSEN HIKAKU KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE CHOSEN LEATHER MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.)
THE Head Office and Works are located at Eitobo,
Chosen. The shop stand:* at Itchome Nandaimon-
dori, Se3ul. Besides, there are two agencies, the Fuknshima
GSraei Kaisha, Marunouchi, Tokyo, and the Seiki Yoko,
Kotobiiki-machi in the Japanese concession, Tientsin. The
company was established in September, 1911, with a capital
of ¥1,000,000 in Eitoho. The Head Office was completed
in January of the following year. Simultaneously the
works were put in operation. Cow hides exported to the
homeland and foreign countries are valued at ¥1,300,000
yearly. In tliese circumstances, the organization of the
company was quite a timely undertaking. Soon after its in-
into contract with the Chinese Military Clothing Department
for an annual supply of hides and leathers. Since the out-
break of hostilities the company has manufactured several
hundred thousand ammunition pouches, belts and boots for
Russia. As for the productive capacity, the factory is
equipped with machines of tiie latest pattern and is able to
turn out yearly about 300,000 pieces of leatlier and about
800,000 pairs of shoes. The result of business for the latter
lialf of 1916 shows that various reserve funds amount to
over ¥100,000, net profits over ¥240,000 and the dividend
on shares 13 per cent, per annum. The company is in a very
favourable position to increase its activities in South and
PREMISES OF THE CHOSEN LEATHER MANUFACTURING CO.
auguration, the company monopolized the entire market of
Chosen, and in August, 1912, established a shop at Itchome
Nandnimon-dori, Seoul, and agencies in Tokyo and Tientsin.
In September, 19] 2, the company was ordered by the Govern-
ment to manufacture hoots and knapsacks for the garrisons
in Chosen and Manchuria. In the following November the
company started the manufacture of shoes and other leatlier
goods for the general public, and a large demand resulted.
In February, 1913, the company built a factory for the
manufacture of shoes by machinery, and at the same time
established another works for the manufacture of leather
goods. In August of the same year the company entered
North China, Manclmria and Mongolia, where there appears
to be almost no limit to the demand for leather goods.
A list of officials is as follows : —
President and
Keisuke Kaneko, Esq. ...
AT8UHIKO Ugatsu, Esq. ...
NoBUMiCHi Takehiro, Esq.
HiDEMiTsu Sato, Esq.
KoRYO Minagawa, Esq. ...
Kyuichi Kusakari, Esq.
KiNZO Iwatate, Esq.
Shujiro Hara, Esq.
Managing Director.
Director.
Auditor.
( 247 )
MEIJI SEIKAKU KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE MEIJI LEATHER MANUFACTURING CO, LTD.)
THE supply of shoes and boots to the Imperial Army
and Navy is fairly well maintained by the domestic
shoe-makers, but the goods in the market are only to some
extent supplied by these makers. Leathers for soles, called
sole-leathers, are almost entirely imported from abroad, and
sometimes the annual trade value amounts to several million
yen.
The Meiji Leather Manufacturing Company was
founded in October, 1912, by Mr. Jofu Urabe and other
business men witli a view to checking the import of all sorts
of leather used in shoe-making, and in time capturing the
market for the goods in the whole East.
Soon after the flotation of the company a number of
experts and workmen were despatched to tlie United States
to study the manufacture of shoe leathers. An American
expert was also engaged to train men at the new factory of
the company in manufacturing different descriptions of shoe
leather.
Already part of the original plan drawn up before the
flotation of the company has been attained, for the import
of sole-leather lias been almost entirely stopped, while the
increasing demand from Russia and other foreign countries
is filled with ease. At present the company manufactures
sole-leather and other kinds of leather, and its annual out-
put is valued at over ¥10,000,000. It has its head oflSce
at No. 1, 1-chome Yayesu-cho, Kojimachi-ku, Tokyo, and
its factory at Azuma-cho, Minami-katsushika-gori, Tokyo
prefecture, which is the model tannery in the Orient, with a
complete set of machines.
THE FACTORY OF THE MEIJI LEATHER
MANUFACTURING CO., TOKYO.
The company's ofiicials are as follows : —
JoFD Urabe, Esq { Secfor.^
JUTAKO Sekido, Esq Director.
Naozo Uchida, Esq „
GOROZO UCHINO, Esq „
Chuji Sato, Esq „
ToRU Watanabe, E-q Auditor.
HiKosuKE Ishizuka, Esq „
JiNKURO Sato, Esq. „
NIPPON HIKAKU KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE JAPAN LEATHER CO., LTD.)
THE Japan Leather Co., Ltd. was brouglit into
existence in April, 1907, as the result of the
amalgamation of the Sakuragumi, Ltd , the Leather Works
of Okura & Co., and the Tokyo Tannery Co., which were
all founded in tlie early years of Meiji to systematize the
line of industry so far carried on by minor capitalists on a
small scale.
When the company was founded the principal line of
business undertaken was the manufacture of leather goods for
the use of the Imperial Army. Therefore, the Army's
requirements were assiduously studied by the company and
sometimes experts were sent abroad solely for that purpose.
The Imperial Army already in the early days of the Meiji
era highly appreciated the company's earnest efforts to meet
its requirements, and has continued to patronize the com-
pany up to the present. Now over 80 per cent, of the
Imperial Army's requirements are supplied by the company.
Soon afler the inauguration of business, hosvevsr, the
( 248 )
corapiiny was forced to enlarge its scope of operations and
undertake the manufacture of soles for general use, on
account of the growing demand for shoes and boots in this
TOKYO FACTORY OF THE COMPANY.
country. Several experts were sent abroad to study the art
of marking the goods and on their return the new line was
inaugurated.
This new venture has proved a splendid success, and at
present every shoe maker in Japan exclusively uses the
company's products, marked with a Phoenix, and the import
from America, which at one time amounted to a total value
of ¥2,000,000, has been entirely checked.
The production of kid has also been inaugurated by
the company lately, with a view to minimizing the import
of foreign-made goods. The Litest products of the company
are in no way inferior to the imported goods, whicii fact
encourages the company to hope that at no distant date it
will completely check the import of foreign goods.
Leatlier belting was at first produced merely as a side
work, but the striking progress of industries in this country
has lately compelled the company to devote much more
capital and labour to the production of the goods. Experts
have been several times sent abroad to study the art of pro-
ducing the goods, which wear long and meet every require-
ment. Tiie plant has also been improved and at present
the company ranks among the foremost of the belting pro-
ducers in this country.
The company has the main oflBce and factory at Senju-
machi, a suburb of Tokyo, and branches at Funade-machi,
Minami-ku, Osaka, and Nanchuchiahui, Siianghai, having
b^-sides a manufactory of tannic acid at Ikedti, Nakagawa-
gun, Tokachi province, Hokkaido.
The company's capital has been raised to ¥2,500,000
(fully paid up), and iit the end of tlie first half of 1915 the
reserve amounted to ¥1,110,000, both figures being ex-
pected to rise further at no distant date.
OSAKA FACTORY OF THE COMPANY.
Tiie officers of the company are as follow : —
Baron Kihachiro Okura.
Seizo Osawa, Esq
Takuma Ito, Esq
KiNZABURO Kata, Esq. ..,
KoKiNji Takashima, Esq.
ToYOCHiYO Machida, Esq.
TOKUNORI A SAD A, Esq.
Chikanori Yasojima, Esq.
Chairman.
Vice-Chairman.
Managing
Director.
Director.
Auditor.
MR. OTA TOKUJIRO.
(MAKER AND DEALER IN SHOES AND BOOTS.)
MR. OTA TOKUJIRO, No. 16, 4-chome Kongo,
Hongo-ku, Tokyo, is a well known maker of and
dealer in shoes and boots and has a large factory at Jikata
Hashiba, MiuHmi Senju, a suburban town, where the owner
claims to produce more than ¥300,000 worth of every
description of foot gear each year. He hails from Ibaraki
prefecture. While a boy he came up to Tokyo and went
tiirough a severe training in business as apprentice at
various retail and wholesale stores. At the end of his
apprenticeship his master gave over his business to Mr. Ota
as a reward for his meritorious services. Thus under the
style of the master, Muto, shoe-maker, he carried on his
( 249 )
business for some years when he moved his store to Sendai.
He joined the Sakura-Gumi, one of the greatest leather
works in Tokyo, several years after, and on behalf of the
company he undertook dealings with the Imperial Army in
Manchuria when Japan fought China. After the war he
organized a shoe making company with some of his
associates and he himself became the President of the new
concern, but he severed his connection with the firm in
1909, and started the present business. He was then
appointed contractor for shoes and boots for the Imperial
Army, and to meet the increasing demand for his goods,
which were highly appreciated, the present factory was
established at Jikata Hashiba.
Mr. Ota has contributed much to the promotion of the
business generally by organizing an association of shoe-
makers in Tokyo and publishing a monthly magazine
dealing with the particular line of business, styled the
" Japan Shoe-Makers' Magazine." He is now the Vice-
President of tlie Association of Tokyo Shoe-Makers. He
has been granted many marks of honour by exhibitions,
both at home and abroad, where his goods have been
exhibited, ihe latest and most prominent of them being: —
Gold Medal, Merchandize Improvement Exhibition of the
Department of Agriculture and Commerce ; Silver Medal,
Tokyo Taisho Industrial Exhibition ; Silver Medal, Third
MK. T. Or A.
Domestic Product Exhibition ; Silver Medal, First Export
Goods Exhibition.
SAKURA-GUMI.
(THE SAKURA-GUMI CO.)
THE Sakura-Gumi Co. is one of the oldest and largest
shoe-makers, and its manufactures are known as
standard goods in this country. The leatlier industry was
formerly despised by the people, and no one but the outcast
with the support of his friends started the Sakura-Gumi in
1871. At first Mr. K. Nishimura was confronted with
many difficulties, technical and otherwise, but he overcame
them one after another. He employed a number of foreign
^ ^^ 1i
INTERIORS OK THE FACTORIES.
classes would be employed in it before tlie Imperial Restora-
tion. The late Mr. Katsuz') Nishimura, a samurai of the
Sakura Clan, regretted this prejudice among the people, aud
experts in his factory, to train apprentices in the trade,
while sending out young men abroad to acquire practical
knowledge of the line of industry. When the training of
other leather goods in this country became greater and
( 260 )
these men was nearly finished the demand for shoes and and Navy, and during the Sino-Japanese and the Russo-
Japanese wars supplied almost entirely the requirements of
the services.
When, however, the unification of the line of industry
in this country was efffected by Baron Okura and other busi-
ness men in 1907, the old firm was fused in the unified
concern called the Japan Leather Company, Ltd. The
present Sakura-Gumi is a limited partnership floated by a
section of the shareholders in the old firm, headed by Mr.
Jofu Urabe, to perpetuate the old and almost historic name
of the pioneer company.
The new Sakura-Gumi has its head office at No. 1,
1-chome Yayesu-cho, Kojimachi-ku, Tokyo, and its factory
at Okubo-machi, Toyotama-gun, Tokyo prefecture, and
conducts the manufacture and export of shoes, leather
goods, electric machines, and other kindred goods. Since
the present war in Europe commenced, the firm has con-
tinued to maintain great activity to keep up the regular
THE LATE MR. K. NISHIMURA. supply of shoes, boots, and other leather goods to the Rus-
FO UNDER OF THE SAKURA-GUMI CO. 3i^„ ^,„y ^t the front. The present Head of the firm is
greater, and his strenuous endeavours were fully rewarded. Mr. Jofu Urabe, who is regarded by all in the line as one
The firm was appointed Contractors to the Imperial Army of the greatest figures in the country's leather industry.
( 251 )
MARIME PRODUCTS.
MR. HIDAKA EIZABURO.
(MR. HIDAKA AND H4S FISHING ENTERPRISE.)
MR. HIDAKA, EIZABURO, resides at No. 762,
Shimo-shibuya Shibuya-machi, Toyotama-gun,
near Tokyo. He is a native of Miyazaki Prefecture, and
was born in December, 1869. He is a member of the
House of Peers and
widely known as
"Yellow-tail mag-
nate" in the fishing
world of Japan. The
house of Hidaka made
fishery its business in
the days of his grand-
father, Mr. Kiyemon
Hidaka. The waters
along the coast of
Hyuga are visited by
shoals of yellow tails,
but fishermen in his
days still resorted to
the t i m e-honoured
custom of angling.
Mr. Kiyemon Hidaka
devoted himself to MR. E. HIDAKA.
the study of finding a more profitable means of fishing.
At last, in 1866, he devised a special net. He tried
fishing with this net, but owing to lack of skill, it was
a total failure. Without accomplishing his object, he died
in 1874. His son, Mr. Karaeichi Hidaka, made every
efibrt toward the realization of the wish of his father, and
at last succeeded in catching 3,000 fish by one drawing of
the net, in February, 1876. A week's catch at that time
amounted to as many as 50,000. In 1890 he established the
Yellow-Tail Fisliing Co., of which he became president.
On returning home from the capital after graduating at
the Fishery Institute in the following year, his eldest son,
Eizaburo Hidaka, invented a net for catching the yellow-
tails, which was the first successful net of the kind made in
this country. This net proved so efiective that the catches
for one fishing period by one net amounted yearly to about
200,000. Since 1907, Mr. Hidaka's Company has had
eighteen fishiug grounds in various quarters, including
those in the Japan Sea. The annual yield of fish amounts
to 600,000, valued at over ¥1,000,000. The great success
attained by the Hidakas is almost unparalleled in our
marine industry. The company has been awarded the
medal of the first honour by every domestic exhibition, and
a similar honour was granted to the company by the
Anglo-Japanese Exposition held in London in August,
1909. On March 12th, 1910, the Bureau of Decorations
conferred on Mr. Kameichi Hidaka the Medal of the Green
Ribbon in appreciation of his meritorious services in the
cause of marine industry. In 1912 he was decorated by
the same Bureau with the Medal of the Blue Ribbon.
Mr. Eizabuio Hidaka, the present head of the distinguished
family, was elected in September, 1899, a member of the
Prefectural Assembly of Miyazaki. In 1901 he was
elected a member of the House of Peers from among the
local highest tax payers. Since then he has been elected
twice in succession. Immediately after the close of the
Russo-Japanese War, he was decorated with the Fourth
Order of Merit of the Rising Sun in appreciation of his
services as a member of the House of Peers. Again last
year he was awarded the Third Order of Merit of the
Sacred Treasure in acknowledgement of his services in the
THE CATCH OF " BURI '
FISH.
same capacity in the cause of the late Tsingtao expedition.
In view of his past achievements, a great deal more is to be
reasonably expected of him, who is still in the prime of
manhood.
( 262 )
INOUYE SAKUJIRO SHOTEN.
(S. INOUYE & CO.)
S INOUYE & CO. is owned by Mr. Sakujiro Inouye.
. The Head Office stands at Harimaya-machi in the
city of Kochi, KOchi prefecture and tliere are two branches,
one situated at Imagawa-bashi, Kanda-ku, Tokyo, and the
other at 4-chome, Nakayamate-dori, Kobe. The company
also has a nursery of mother-of-pearl in Uranouchi Bay,
Tosa.
CORAL WORKS.
The company was organized in 1868, and started the
sale of corals in 1892. Italy leads the world in the produc-
tion of corals. Japan also produces quantities of corals, but
formerly this line of industry was in such an embryo state
that she was little known to the world as a coral producing
country. But corals in the Mediterranean having been ex-
hausted, Italy has in recent years been obliged to look to Japan
for the supply of materials. The coral trees have been largely
exported, amounting to as much aa ¥2,000,000 yearly, and
have been reimported from Italy in the shape of refined
articles at far higher prices. The company has endeavoured
to improve and develop the art of manufacture of this
important national product, and has at last succeeded in
offering to the world articles of superior quality. They
now enjoy an excellent and wide reputation and have been
accorded many honours. In the Taisho Exhibition of 1914,
the articles were purchased by the Imperial Household,
and in the marine Industrial Exhibition held in 1916 they
were purchased for the use of the Empress. On the latter
occasion, the company also presented some articles to her
Mnjesty, who was pleased to accept them. The company
was awarded a silver medal by the Anglo-Japanese Exhibi-
tion and a gold medal by the International Panama Exhibi-
tion held in Saii Francisco. With a view to developing
the export of the articles, especially those carved, the
company has established a branch at Tokyo, and for the
purpose of maintaining the quotations of coral trees it has
opened another branch at Kobe. By gradually checking
exports of the materials, the company expects Japan to
take the place of Italy in the production of coral articles.
Owing to the outbreak of war an embargo has been placed
on the import of luxuries by the belligerents, but in spite
of this, the prices of exported corals to Italy and China
have remained firm. This is undoubtedly due to the efforts
made by the company for the maintenance of quotations.
The amount of production of corals varies, being
subject to weather conditions. Corals produced by the
company for 1915 amounted to about ¥200,000. It is
expected that last year's output reached over ¥200,000.
The company owns two special vessels for the gathering of
coral trees, and is directing its efforts for the improvement
of the manufacture of works of art with a view to extending
their market abroad, especially in Italy and China.
OMURA-WAN SHINJU KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE OMURA-BAY PEARL CO
A VISIT to the pearl-fishery in the Bay of Omura, near
Nagasaki, in Kyushu, will convince anyone tiiat it
is the most ideal fishery not .>nly in Japan, but in the whole
world. Surrounded with mountains on every side, and the
mouth of the Bay being very narrow, the sea is calm.
LTD.)
The evenly-bottomed shoal is another advantage which
constitutes the ideal fishery. It is also entirely free from
the so-called " Red Current " which is fatal to pearl-oysters.
There is absolutely no danger of the pearl-oysters being
washed away by waves. Nor is there any possibility of
( 253 ^
their being covered with mud, aa is the case with other less
favoured fisheries in the world. These are some of the
geographical advantages with which the Bay of Omura is
richly endowed. The pearl-culture in the Bay of Omura
dates back to the time of the Shogunate Government, but,
MR. S. OTA.
of course, in those days it was in a primitive condition.
Some years ago, however, Mr. Toraichiro Yokoyama, M.P.,
recognized the promising future of the enterprise, and
subsquently he and a few other enterprising business men
LEFT VALVE OF A PEARL-OYSTER, WITH
CULTURE PEARL.
HEAD OFFICE AND FACTORY AT OMURA.
floated a joint stock company under the name and style of
The Omura-wan Shinju Kabusiiiki Kaisha, with a capital
of ¥500,000.
It is a noteworthy fact that during the past few years
the company has secured satisfactory results in turning out
a great many pearls, which are highly spoken of by every
lover of these shining gems. They meet ready sales
wherever they are introduced. As a matter of fact, in the
opinion of scientists of international reputation, the culture-
pearls produced in the Bay of Omura are even superior to
those that are procured from the Persian Gulf in lustre and
some other points which make them so precious as objects of
personal adornment.
The company, the Head Office of which is situated at
Omura, has two branches, one in Tokyo and the other in
Kobe. At the present time the area of fishing grounds
DIVERS AND FISHERMEN WITH SCISSOR-TONGS
FISHING FOR PEARL-OYSTERS.
covers about 23,200 acres, while the number of pearl-oysters
is ever on the increase. Great credit is due to Mr. T.
Yokoyama and several others for what the company has so
far achieved, but it would be unfair not to mention the
name of Mr. Shigemi Ota, General Manager of the
Company. He is still a young man of 34, but young as he
is, Mr. Ota has had much business experience, having held,
before he joined the company, responsible positions in well-
known business establishments in Tokyo and elsewhere.
The company should justly be proud of having such an able
man as Mr. Ota, to whom it is indebted in a large measure,
if not entirely, for placing efiectively its product on foreign
markets. Kobe Branch : 127, 4-chome, Shimoyamate-dori,
Kobe.
( 254 )
TEIKOKU SUISAN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(IMPERIAL MARINE PRODUCTS CO., LTD.)
T
HE Imperial Marine iProducts Co., Ltd., stands at
6-ctioine, Shimoyamate-dori, Kobe. The com-
FISHING STATION AT KOURA, NOTO PROVINCE.
pany was established in 1907 with a capital of ¥2,000,000,
for whale fishing, which at this time proved a very pro-
mising industry. In 1909 the company made over all the
assets of the whaling Department to the Toyo Whale Fishing
Co., newly established, and at the same time decreased the
capital to ¥1,000,000. In 1914, the capital was again
decreased to ¥500,000, fully paid up. At first the company
was chiefly engaged in whale fishing, but later went in for
fishing trout and salmon in Kamchatka and also the fishing
of yellow tails. The way in which the fishing is carried on
by the company is looked upon as a model of perfection by
other fishing companies. The company is also engaged in
trawl fishing, with three trawl steamers, which make
Shimonoseki their base.
The company's officers are as follows : —
KlICHIKO KosoNE, Esq.
Chubei Sone, Esq
Yatabo It ami, Esq
Benzo Takigawa, Esq.
Seiichi Yamaguchi, Esq. ..
Seibei Kawanishi, Esq.
Shintaeo Kishimoto, Esq.
President.
Managing Director.
Director.
Auditor.
TOYO H06EI KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE ORIENTAL WHALING CO., LTD.)
THE Oriental Whaling Co., Ltd., the king of whaling
industry in Japan, was organized in May, 1909 with
a capital of ¥7,000,000 by the combination of six com-
panies, viz., Toy5 Fishing, Nagasaki Whaling, Dai Nippon
Whaling, Teikoku Marine Industry, Tokai Fishing and
Pacific Fishing. The Head Office stands at No. 18, 2-chome
Kitasuji Utsubo, Nishiku, Osaka, and there are two
branches, one in Tokyo and the other in Shimonoseki.
The former is also called the Kwanto Business Department
and the latter the Kwansai Business Department. Besides,
there are an agency in Hakata and working places in 29
different localities. In the 1st period from May to August
1909 17 boats were employed and as many as 253 whales
were caught in five places. From October to April of the
following year, 20 ships were employed together with four
whaling boats, and as a result of the fishing in Japan and
Korea, as many as 644 whales were caught, making a total
of 897 besides 8 yellow tails. Proceeds from these whales
amounted to ¥1,404,090, the average price per head being
¥1,565, those in summer ¥580 per head, and those in
winter ¥1,960 per head. There is a dividend of 15_^.
A WHALER AND CAPTURED WHALE.
The work of the second period from May 1910 to
April 1911 was much better than that of the first period.
( 255 )
The total number of whales captured was 898, valued at
¥1,444,976, that is to say the average proceeds from one
whale amounts to ¥1,609. When these figures are classified
according to the seasons it will be found that in Summer
the average proceeds from one whale is ¥641, and in
Winter ¥1,155. Compared with the first there is an
increase of 15^. During tiie term the demand for the
meat of the whale was increased, thereby appreciating the
price to the extent of 20_^. Now the company owns whaling
steamers and boats of the latest Norwegian type numbering
over 20 in all. These are engaged in fishing on a large
scale in Oriental waters. The catches for the summer and
winter of 1915 amounted to 1,083, exclusive of 25 of mixed
breed. The proceeds of sale for the same period amounted
to over ¥1,337,500. Whales thus caught are disposed of
in the respective working places the principal things pro-
duced therefrom being meat, oil and bones. The whale
bone is of much value, many works of art being manufac-
tured with it, such as, for instance, cigarette cases, pocket-
books, etc., which are exported. The meat is very nutritious,
even superior to the best grade of beef, while its price is
moderate. Not satisfied with the prosperity attained, great
as it is, the company is reported to be planning to further
develop its business by finding a new field of activity. The
Directors of the company are all experienced in whale-
fishing, and are eager to contribute to the cause of this
important industry. Japan occupies one of the most favour-
able situations in the world in so far as whale-fishing is
concerned. Tlie fishing area is of vast dimensions, covering
the grounds from Boso peninsula to the northern extremity
of the Hondo, those off the southern coasts of Kishu penin-
sula and of Shikoku and off the south eastern coast of
Kyushu and along the north eastern coasts of Chosen,
each section measuring a few hundred miles in length.
Besides these, the vast stretch of waters from the western
coast of Kyushu to the island of Sado in the Japan Sea oflTer
a good fishing ground. Before these vast Japanese grounds,
those of Norway dwindle into insignificance. With a view
to protecting the whale tribes, the Department of Agricul-
ture and Commerce has limited the number of whale-
schooners throughout Japan to 30. This means a great
advantage to the company, which owns two-thirds of this
number. In 1915 the company decreased the capital from
¥7,000,000 to ¥2,330,000 ; but this by no means signifies
the reduction of the business. The measure was taken
simply for the purpose of fixing the capital according to the
paid-up funds. The company is at all times conducting
necessary investigations in order to meet any turn of the
situation.
The whale bone goods manufactured by the company
are not only popular among consumers but have also been
awarded Silver Medals or certificates of merit from the
Dai-Nippon Marine Products Exhibition ; Tokyo In-
dustrial Competitive Exhibition ; Honourable Gold Medal
from the Anglo-Japanese Exhibition ; Gold Medal from
St. Louis Exhibition and Panama Pacific International
Exposition.
LIONS' STANDS PRESENTED TO THE EMPEROR
BY THE ORIENTAL WHALING CO.
A list of officials is appended : —
JuRO Oka, Esq
Shin-ichi Haba, Esq.
Ippei Yokoyama, Esq.
Chubei Sone, Esq. ...
Rentaro Funaki, Esq.
KlICHIRO KosONE, Esq.
Shinjiro Moriwaki, Esq.
Kanzo Matsho, Esq.
NoRizo Fukobhima, Esq,
President.
Director.
Auditor.
( 256 Y)
MEDICAL, AND SANITARY SBOTION.
DENSENBYO KENKYUJO.
(INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF INFECTIOUS
THE Institute for the Study of Infectious Diseases is an
institution for the purpose of studying etiology,
prophylaxis, and the medical treatment of various infectious
as well as parasitic diseases, for experiments with disiufect-
PREMISES OF THE INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY
OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES, TOKYO. (1).
ing prophylatic and curative agents, and also for taking
charge of the work of manufacturing and testing lymphs,
seras, and other bacteriological materials, both prophylactic
and curative.
This institute was originally established in November,
1892, by the Private Health Association of Japan. In 1899,
when the Government established a State Institute for the
study of infectious diseases, the said Association abolished
its institute and donated to the Government the whole of
its buildings and property. In 1905, the lymph manufac-
turing laboratory and the Serum institution which were
under Government management were annexed by the
institute. Accordingly the Institute was removed and
rebuilt at its present site in Shirokane, Shiba-ku, Tokyo.
This Institute had been under the control of the Minister
of Home Affairs until it was brought under the control of
the Education Minister in October, 1914. In March,
1916, the former system of administration relating to the
Institute was abolished by Imperial Ordinance, No. 47 and
the institute was attached to the Imperial University.
In October, 1915, the regulations relating to official
DISEASES.)
approval were promulgated by the Home Department
ordinance, as a result of which the sale of diphtheria and
tetanus sera was permitted in Japan only after the
examination and approval of the examining committee of
this Institute. The Institute has also established rules for
taking orders from the public, for the examination of
prophylactic, disinfecting, curative or diagnostic materials,
and also for bacteriological examination of excreta, secreta,
and blood. In order to spread and develop scientific
knowledge concerning bacteriology and infectious diseases
a special three months' lecture course, given twice a year, for
outside physicians and veterinarians has been instituted.
In order to meet purposes of practical study of infectious
and other parasitic diseases, there was established a hospital
where treatment is given to sufferers from these diseases.
The patients are of two kinds, out-patients and in-
patients. They are sub-divided into two, free and paying.
A separate building is devoted to the prophylactic injection
for hydrophobia. Provision is also made for training
nurses, and those desiring to^become nurses are received as
PREMISES OF THE INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY
OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES. (2).
apprentices and necessary education is given them for three
years.
The Institute is controlled by Dr. Haruo Hayashi
(Igakuhakushi).
( 257 )
AKIKUSA SHOTEN.
(THE AKIKUSA CO.)
ri^HE firm, situated at No. 10, Shimo-Heiyemon-cho,
Asakusa-ku, Tokyo, started its business at No. 17,
Yanagiwara-cho, 1-chome, in Asakusa, in March, 1891.
Though medical science in Japan was already in an
advanced state at that time, the manufacturing of bandages
was still in its infancy. Tlie proprietor of tiie present firm
(Mr. Shogoro Akikusa), conceived a scheme to secure the
development of this business at that time, and as the result
of much effort turned out special kinds of lint and bandages.
Through the endeavours of this firm this line of business
was greatly encouraged, and the gradual expansion of the
business rendered the former premises too small and it was
removed to tiie present premises in June, 1899. While
introducing various reforms in manufactured goods, most
complete machinery has been fitted up in order to produce
articles of unique quality. Thus, over a dozen articles
produced by this firm has obtained patent rights or rights
for new designs from the Patent Bureau of the Department
of Agriculture and Commerce. Since 1899, they have been
making bandages, etc., by special order of the Medical
College of the Tokyo Imperial University, and habitual
customers number over 1,500, including the Red Cross
Hospitals, the Saiseikai Hospital and various Prefectural
Hospitals. The goods aie also exported to Manchuria,
Chosen, South China, and the South Seas. The articles
were exhibited in the Tokyo Industrial Exhibition held in
1913, and were awarded a silver medal. When the Japan
Red Cross Sick Nurse corps were despatched to Great Britain,
France and Russia, in connection with the European
hostilities, the firm supplied them with bandages, etc., of
good quality, and established a good reputation abroad.
Since September, 1914, several contracts have been
concluded with the Russian Government for tlie supply of
articles, valued at several million yen.
DAI NIPPON SEIYAKU KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE DAI NIPPON PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD.)
THIS company, which has its head-
quarters in Kitahama, Osaka,
and a branch office at Odemma-cho,
Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo, is one of the
oldest and largest companies manu-
facturing chemicals and drugs in this
country. In May, 1883, the model plant of the Govern-
ment was taken on lease by a group of business men and
the manufacture of drugs was started with a view to check-
ing import of drugs from the West. This was the beginning
of the company.
Dr. Nagayoshi Nagai, who was then one of the leading
authorities on chemistry and pharmacology, was engaged
by the company as Chief Expert, and under his personal
supervision operations were started at the new factory at
Kobiki-cho, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo, in May, 1885. After a
couple of decades tlie company was fused in the Osaka
Seiyaku Kabushiki Kaisha in Osaka and the combined
company assumed the present style in October, 1898. The
new establishment opened the head office in Osaka and a
branch in Tokyo, and with the increased financial resources
at its command started a greater business activity. The
business boom after the Russo-Japanese War was taken
advautange of by the company to increase its financial
resources and a fuller and more perfect plant was installed.
The manufacture of alcohol, which occupies an important
place in the company's business at present, was then
inaugurated. The amalgamation of the Osaka Drug
Laboratory Company was also effected, which enabled the
company to start a complete laboratory work. Since the
outbreak of tht war in Europe the company has devoted
much energy to the production of new drugs and the
( 258 )
enlargement of its productive capacity with a view to
contributing to the relief of the shortage in drugs and
chemicals from which the company has suffered very much.
At present the company owns a complete laboratory at
Kitahama, Osaka, a drug mill at Sagisu, Osaka, and a
market should be produced to drive out foreign drugs and
chemicals, the company has been able to manufacture
excellent materials which every expert recognises as
standard goods. At various exhibitions at home also the
excellence of the company's manufactures have been
appreciated and the highest medals have been granted to
the company. The company has a capital of ¥400,000
TRADE
MARK.
MR. Y. KOISO.
pounding mill at Kuryu, a suburb of Osaka, and produces
over two hundred kinds of drugs and chemicals. Having
followed the principle established by the founders over
thirty years ago that the best goods obtainable in the
against which a reserve by ¥73,000 is kept. Business
operations are taken charge of by a board composed of such
able business men as Messrs. Y, Koiso, Y. Shiono, C.
Uyemura, C. Takeda, C. Tanabe, K. Konishi, I. Taniyama,
and others, while factories are placed under such competent
experts as Messrs. I. Takino and D. Okura. Drs. K. Tamba
and N. Nagai assist them as Advisers.
(THE
E N J U D 0 B Y 0-1 N.
ENJUDO HOSPITAL AND DR. SHINTARO MIWA.)
'' I " HE Enjudo Hospital, situated at No. 2, Urasarugaku
THE ENJUDO HOSPITAL, TOKYO.
cho, Kanda-ku, Tokyo, is a well-known establish-
ment for children's diseases. The whole premises cover an
area of 1,600 tsubo, of which 312 Uuho are occupied by
buildings. The main building, isolation rooms, separate
rooms, and the principal's office are all equipped with the
latest and most complete appliances and thorough care is
paid to their inspection and sanitation. In these buildings
55 beds are provided, and in and out patients are treated
by a staff of forty well-trained medical men, controlled by
Dr. Shintaro Miwa, the principal and proprietor. Dr.
( 259 )
Miwa hails from Kanazawa, Ishikawa prefecture. On his
graduation from the Medical College of the Tokyo Imperial
DR. S. MIWA.
(Igakuhakushl).
University in December, 1894, he went to Germany and
studied children's diseases at Berlin University. After
three years' laboratory work under Prof. Hoibner lie re-
turned home in November, 1898, when he was appointed
Lecturer at his alma mater. In December, 1900, he passed
the Doctor's examination and received the degree of Igaku-
hakushi, or Doctor of Medicine, and in the following year
was appointed Assistant Professor at the college. Up to
1913, when he resigned from the college, he lectured on his
speciality. Particularly from March, 1906, to March,
1907, he took charge of the Chair of Children's diseases.
In September, 1913, he founded his own hospital in Kanda,
Tokyo, since when he has devoted his whole energy to the
management of the establishment. He has published a
valuable treatise on children's diseases. He has the Court
rank of Ju-Goi and the Fifth Class Imperial Order.
FU-UNDO GOTO 60SHI KAISHA.
(THE FU-UNDO GOTO CO.)
'TT'HE Fu-undo was organized in the year 1886 by the
-*■ late Goto Setsuzo for the purpose of engaging in
the import, manufacture and sale
of medical instruments and
drugs. In the year 1906 he
reconstructed the present stone-
building of three storeys ; in the
year 1910 the firm was re-
organized into the Goshi Kaisha.
The market for the manufactures
of the Fu-Undo has been ex-
tended to China, the coast district MR. S. NISHIMURA.
of Siberia and America. On account of the present
war the company is exerting itself iu meeting the great
demand for glass syringes, clinical thermometers and
surgical instruments in America and Russia. The company
has also opened the sale of Japanese Sarvalsan (Ehramisol
and Neoehramisol), which is prepared by Dr. Iwatare,
The business is rapidly increasing in prosperity. Mrs.
Yasu Goto, the relict of tlie late Goto, is now the pro-
prietress and Mr. K. Nishimura is manager.
THE FU-UNDO SURGICAL INSTRUMENT
DEPARTMENT, TOKYO.
( 260 )
I GH 0 B Y 0-1 N.
(THE ICHO BYO-IN OR ALIMENTARY ORGAN HOSPITAL.)
'HP HIS hospital was founded by the late Dr. Baron Sho-
■*■ kichi Nagayo in October, 1896, and now ranks
among the foremost of tlie private hospitals in Japan, as its
accommodation is complete and of the latest style. The
present President, Dr. Kinzo Hirayama, graduated from
the Medical College of the Tokyo Imperial University in
1903, and before he became the Vice-President of the
hospital in 1905 be was assistant to Dr. Irisawa in his
laboratory. In July, 1907, he went to Germany and
studied medical chemistry, the functions of the digestive
organs, and internal diseases generally at Berlin, Heidelburg,
and other university towns in that country. On his return
lie resumed work at the hospital and in September, 1910,
when Dr. Baron Nagayo died, he became the President of
the establishment. Now he is assisted by the staff of able
specialists, including Dr. Kotaro Jimbo. Dr. Hirayama
received the degree of Igakuhakushi, or Doctor of Medicine,
^ ^ ' ' DR. K. HIRAYAMA.
soon after his return from Germany. (Igakuhakushi).
INOUYE GANKA BYO-IN.
(THE INOUYE
T'
DR. T. iNuUVK
(Igakuhakushi).
OPHTHALMIC HOSPITAL.)
'HE hospital was founded at Surugadai, Kanda-ku,
Tokyo, by the late Dr. Tatsuya Inouye, in 1881,
and when the founder died it was controlled by the late
Dr. Tatsushichiro Inouye. Tl)e institution enjoyed great
prosperity and soon became the greatest institution of the
kind in Tokyo. On the death of the second proprietor. Dr.
Masao Inouye, the adopted son of the late Dr. Tatsushichiro
Inouye, controlled it up to November, 1909, when the
present proprietor. Dr. Tatsuji Inouye, returned from his
studies abroad and assumed the Presidency of the hospital.
The hospital is one of tiie most perfect and up-to-date
hospitals in Tokyo, its buildings in brick and wood being
divided into bedrooms, surgical rooms, consulting rooms,
dark rooms, optical examination rooms, bacteriological
laboratories, general laboratories, epidemic disease rooms,
steam bath rooms, etc.
(
The present President of the institution, Dr. Tatsuji
Inouye, is the second son of the founder, the late Dr.
Tatsuya Inouye, and was born in February, 1881, at
Surugadai, Kanda-ku, Tokyo. His early education was
received in the elementary and intermediate schools attacEPed
to the Higher Normal School in Tokyo. In 1900 he
matriculated at the Medical College of the Tokyo Imperial
University and graduated in December, 1904, with honour.
After his graduation he remained at the college and
prosecuted his studies. In 1906 he went to Europe and for
a time studied ophthalmology at the Leipzig University.
Later he moved to the Berlin University for further study.
He stayed also at Paris and London for a time, wliere he
continued his study of particular branches of medicine under
the guidance of Profs. Jessop, Collins, and Coates. On his
return from Europe he assumed the Presidency of the
hospital in November, 1909. Immediately after he received
tlie degree of Doctor of Medicine from the Tokyo Imperial
261 )
University. He has produced many works besides devising
many useful instruments.
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HAKENFORMIGE UND BILDERTAFEL FUR
SEHSCHARFEPRUFUNG.
MR. IWAMOTO TOKIGHI-IWASHIYA.
(MANUFACTURER, EXPORTER AND IMPORTER OF SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS.)
rpiHIS firm was founded immediately after the Imperial
-I- Restoration of Meiji and is one of the oldest surgical
instrument manufacturers on modern lines in the country.
from the Tokyo Higher Commercial Sciiool in 1894, he
succeeded his adopted father and took over the business in
1901. Tlie firm made it its speciality previously to import
MR. T. IWAMOiO.
SYRINGE RECORD MADE BY THE FIRM.
The present proprietor, Mr. Tokichi Iwamoto, is an adopted
eon of the late Mr. Tokichi Iwamoto. After his graduation
surgical instruments from Europe and America, but the
present proprietor started the manufacture of different
( 262 )
descriptions of instruments, and now the firm's manufac-
tures, which are marked "Japan Weiae," compare quite
favourably with imported goods of the recognized marks.
While he has thus endeavoured to improve the manufac-
tures of his firm he has never lost sight of the necessity of
securing his market overseas. He has constantly studied
the conditions of particular markets all over the world and
made use of his observations. Immediately after the out-
break of the war in Europe he sent several trusted em-
ployees to Petrograd for the purpose of capturing the trade
monopolized by the Germans, while at tlie same time
despatching others to America to study the result of
America's endeavours on the same lines. As a result he
has since the outbreak of the war been able to extend his
market to Europe, America, China, British India, Australia,
and many other countries. He is widely known as the
manufacturer of " Record " syringe, which is most durable
and best suited for the purpose for which it is made. The
goods thus perfected are branded with the " Sun." Because
of their excellence in quality and durability they are now
taken in increasing quantities, and the name of " Iwashiya,"
or Tokichi Iwamoto, is becoming famous in medical circles
almost all over the world.
IWASHI-YA MATSUMOTO KIKAITEN.
( G . M A T S U M
'npHE firm of G. Matsumoto & Co. (Limited Partner-
ship) was founded in 1883, when the demand for
foreign surgical and medical instruments sprang up in
Japan. As the managers were men of experience, and
the firm could cater to every requirement of its customers,
it soon obtained the patronage of public and private
hospitals, medical institutions, and others, and the instru-
ments handled by the firm underwent a striking improve-
ment. During the wars the country has fought the firm
supplied medical requirements to the Army and Navy, and
has since been contractors to the War and Navy OflBces.
The firm has since its foundation followed the business
principle of supplying the best possible goods at the lowest
possible prices, and at present all the goods it supplies are
made at its owa factory under the supervision of competent
O T O & CO.)
experts, its manufactures including : — Steel surgical instru-
ments. Glass injectors, Thermometers, Microscopes, Rub-
ber, Celluloid, and Glass goods can also be supplied by
the firm, as it has close connections with many competent
manufacturers. Since its foundation the firm has carried
on overseas trade on a considerable scale, and now that
owing to the war the demand from Europe and America
has markedly increased the firm's devotion to this depart-
ment of its business has been especially enhanced, its
production being steadily increased to cope with the
demand. The firm has its head office at No. 12, Hon-cho,
Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo, and its factory at No. 6, Taihei-cho,
2-chome, Honjo-ku, Tokyo, both of which are controlled by
Mr. Fukumatsu Matsumoto, Active Member of the partner-
ship.
K A N N 0 B Y 0-1 N.
(THE KANNO HOSPITAL.)
THE Kanno Hospital is in the city of Utsunomiya,
Tochigi prefecture, and is presided over by Dr.
Yuzaburo Kanno. Dr. Kanno was born in December,
1867. He began his course as a doctor in June, 1887,
when be joined the staff of the Kanazawa Hospital iu
Ishikawa prefecture after graduating from the Kanazawa
Medical School. In the following month he obtained a
license for the practice of medicine. In July of the
following year he left this hospital and entered into the
service of the Utsunomiya Hospital under the control of
( 263 )
Toehigi Prefecture. In January, 1890, he was chosen by
the local Governor and sent to the Medical College of the
Tokyo Imperial University to take a special course named
"National Medical
Science," comprising in
its curriculum medical
jurisprudence, hy-
gienics, pathology,
science of disease of the
mind, the Japanese
medical system, etc. On
March 19th of the
same year he finished
the course and ob-
tained a certificate in
the succeeding month.
In April of 1893 he
was appointed manager
of the Toehigi Prefecture National Medical Association,
and in April, 1894, was appointed to the committee of
the Toehigi Prefecture Medical Association. On the
outbreak of the China- Japan war in July of the same year
he was ordered to join the Relief Corps of the Japan
Red Cross Society, With the termination of the war in
June of the following
year he returned to
Utsunomiya. In Aug.,
1897,' he was pro-
moted to be Vice-Pre-
sident of the Utsuno-
miya Hospital. It was
on October 15th of the
following year that he
opened the present hos-
pital at Ikegami-macbi
in Utsunomiya. His
rare ability and un-
tiring efforts are
testified to not only
by the excellent reputation his hospital enjoys but by
numerous important duties, both public and private, en-
trusted to him.
KANNO AND HIS HOSPITAL, UTSUNOMIYA.
KOS E IK A N B Y 0-1 N.
(THE KOSEIKAN HOSPITAL.)
Dr. Nobuyuki Yokoi, Deputy Surgeon-General, as far back
as 1879. In 1891, Dr. Otojiro Kitagawa, the present
In the scale and perfection of President, and Dr. Kinya Sato, Vice-President, took over
nriHE Koseikan Hospital stands at Hinokuchi-machi,
-*• Nishi-ku, Nagoya, and is under the management of
Dr. OtojirO Kitagawa.
DR. O. KITAGAWA.
(Igakuhakushi).
DR. K. SATO.
(Igakuhakushi).
accommodations the hospital stands unrivalled among the
private institutions in Japan. It was organized by the late
THE KOSEIKAN HOSPITAL, NAGOYA.
(
the management of the hospital to engage in operations
and in the treatment of internal diseases, special diseases of
women and obstetrics. With the return home from study
abroad of Dr. Fumio Kitagawa in 1907, the hospital
inaugurated the treatment of akin and venereal diseases.
The hospital gradually became prosperous, and it was
found necessary to enlarge the building. The new hospital
was capable of taking in over 200 patients. The principal
hall contained entertainment rooms, furnished with news-
papers, magazines, chess boards, phonographs, billiards and
so forth for the benefit of convalescents. Three years ago
264 )
there was established an operating room of the latest
fashion, and in the year following the X ray, radium and
other accommodations of the latest pattern were completed.
The hospital is situated in the northern extremity of the
city, a distance of about a mile from Sasajima Station.
The chief doctors on the staff are as follows : —
Dr. Otojiro Kitagawa President.
Dr. Kinya Sato Vice-President.
Fumio Kitagawa, Esq „
ToRUU YoKoi, Esq ,,
MR. KUBOTA SHOZAYEMON.
(PATENT MEDICINE
MR. KUBOTA, SHOZAYEMON, manages a large
patent medicine business at his office at Koyanagi-
cbo, Gojo-minami-e-iru, Nishinotoin, Kyoto, and is the
MK. S. KUBOl'A.
President of the Association of Kyoto Patent Medicine
Dealers. His is one of the oldest fumilies in Kyoto and
district and originally specialized in tlie manufacture of
mica powder, but nearly two and a half centuries ago
stalled the present patent medicine business, and has been
known widely as tiie manufacturer of the "Sokkosau,"
which is a sort of panacea, being known as a sure remedy for
beriberi, ascites, women's diseases, rheumatism, neuralgia,
bruises, and a thousand other diseases. Mr. Sozayemon
Kuhota succeeded his father while still young. Being pru-
dent and industrious, lie followed his father's business
methods mist conscientiously, and strikingly enlianced the
prosperity of the business, at the same time effecting
MANUFACTURER.)
thorougii reform in the manufactures to cope successfully
with the change of the times. Tims his manufactures liave
acquired a wider and wider market, not only in this country
but in Chosen and Manchuria, and now liis firm is ranked
among the foremost patent medicine manufacturers in
Kyoto. Mr. Kubota is a well-known business figure in
Kyoto. He lias at present a share in the management of a
large number of business corporations in the old Imperial
capital, the following being only a few of the most pro-
minent : — The Kyoto Commercial and Industrial Bank,
Kyoto Commercial and Industrial Savings Bank, Kyoto
Commercial and Industrial Company and Hinode Real Es-
tate Company.
THr. KUHOTA bOKKOSAN MAIN STOkE, KYOTO.
As a publicist Mr. Kubota has also rendered many ser-
vices to his city. He at present holds a post on the Educa-
tion Committee of Kyoto, being a member ot the Kyoto
Municipal Assembly.
( 265 )
K Y 0-U N D 0 B Y 0-1 N.
(THE KYO-UNDO HOSPITAL.)
'"T^HE Kyo-undo Hospital, situated at Nos. 2, 3, and 7,
-*' Nishi-Kobai-cho, Surugadai, Kanda-ku, Toicyo, is
one of the most prominent in Tokyo. It is also one of the
oldest, for it was founded by Dr. Toyo Sasaki, the present
President, in June, 1882. Dr. Toyo Sasaki is one of the
pioneers of modern medicine in Japan. His active manage-
ment of the institution quickly made it famous, and at the
end of the tenth year the hospital was obliged to enlarge its
premises and provide more beds to accommodate the ever-
increasing number of clients. The charity establishment
was also erected as an adjunct of the hospital, and continues
to do no small amount of good. Dr. Masakichi Sasaki,
who now controls the establishment as virtual President, is
the adopted son of Dr. Toyo Sasaki. He graduated from
the Medical College in the Tokyo Imperial University with
honour in March, 1878, and went over to Germany to
prosecute his studies. After five years' stay at Berlin he
returned home in 1887. In 1889 he was appointed Professor
at the Medical College in the Tokyo Imperial University and
next year received the degree of Igakuhakushi, or Doctor
of Medicine. In 1891, when a committee was organized for
the study of Dr. Koch's new remedy for consumption, he
was given a seat on the committee and despatched to
Germany to investigate personally the great scientist's new
discovery. In September, 1895, Dr. Sasaki resigned from
the Imperial University and devoted his whole time to the
management of the Kyo-undo Hospital, of which he soon
became the virtual head. On his assumption of the pre-
sidency of the institution he established a home for con-
sumptives at Hiratsuka. In the main establishment new
departments were also founded, with the following specialists
as their heads : — Respiratory Organ Dept., Dr. Hideichi
Sasaki ; Trachea and Respiratory Organ Dept,, Dr. Shige
Koike; Digestive Organ Dept., Dr. Shaku Kikkoji ; Heart
and Urinary Organ Dept., Dr. Bempei Sasa.
Dr. Takaoki Sasaki, the adopted son of Dr. Masakichi
Sasaki, who now shares in the control of the hospital as third
president, graduated from the Medical College of the Tokyo
Imperial University with honour in 1902 and went over to
Berlin, Germany, where he stayed five years to finish hii
study of internal diseases. After his return he conducted
experimental works at the hospital's laboratory, and in
1912 received the degree of Igakuhakushi, or Doctor of
DR. M. SASAKI.
(Igakuhakushi).
Medicine. In 1913 he was appointed Professor at the
Medical College of the Kyoto Imperial University and
took charge of a chair of internal diseases. In September,
1916, he resigned from the university and assumed the
control of the hospital. He is now conducting researches
in his laboratory, which is an independent establishment
styled the Sasaki Laboratory, besides managing the Kyo-
undo Hospitnl.
( 266 )
DR. MAKING CHIYOZO.
DR. MAKING, CHIYOZO, started his researches in
the constitution and function of lymphatic glands
over a decade ago at the suggestion of one of his friends,
and after years' of study discovered a few years ago that
man's health was largely maintained by the activities of
those glands, in which iodine played an important part.
soon attracted public attention, and a large number of
those who suffered from chronic and almost incurable
diseases swarmed to his office. According to his own report
many of them were cured of all their sufferings. In July,
1915, he moved his office and laboratory to Hikawa-cho,
Akasaka-ku, Tokyo, at the same time founding an iodine
DR. C. MAKING.
He then carried out careful experiments and conclusively
proved tliat by injecting iodine or iodine preparations into
lymphatic glands almost all chronic diseases, even including
consumption, could be remedied. On the strength of this
discovery he founded his laboratory and consulting office at
Kioi-cho, Kojimachi-ku, Tokyo, in 1914. His novel theory
'-Aay'ijt
ENTRANCE TO RESIDENCE AND INSTITUTE
FOR IODINE STUDY.
manufactory, a lecture hall, a charity hospital, and a
business office. And the whole establishment was then
styled the Japan Makino Iodine Institute. He now not
only dispenses his invented iodine preparations to the
patients asking for his help, but sells, through his agents,
all kinds of preparations for the use of medical men.
MATSUMURA SHOTEN.
(MATSUMURA & CO.)
MATSUMURA & CO., a partnership organized by
Messrs. Seiichi Matsumura, Tsuneji Matsumura,
and Terukiyo Matsumura, carries on the export and import
of chemicals on a large scale. The head office of the firm
is at No. 6, 1-chome, Ota-machi, Yokohama, with a branch
office at No. 1, 2-chome, Kobuna-cho, Nihonbashi-ku,
Tokyo ; and auxiliary branch at No. 30, 2-chome Imabashi,
Higashi-ku, Osaka.
The firm's import department is principally interested
in different kinds of acids, many descriptions of alkaline
substances, bleaching powder, mordants, raw materials for
the manufacture of matches, soaps, paper, explosives, and
( 267 )
artificial fertilizers, disinfectants, vegetable or animal oils,
paints, dyestufifs, raw materials for dyestuffs and paints,
glues, gelatine, lacquer, various descriptions of resin, slieet
glass, lead pipes, sheet lead, and other chemicals.
The export department chiefly deals in bleaching
powder, nitric acid, chloral acid, sulphurous acid, potassium
chloride, phosphorous, iodine, potassium iodide, sulphate of
copper, carbon bisulphide, artificial fertilizers, glass bottles,
etc. The firm specializes in the best of the articles just
enumerated, acting as agents for the following manufac-
turers:— The United Alkali Company, England; The Brun-
ner Mond Company, England ; The Kwanto Acid and Soda
Manufacturing Company, Toijyo ; The Nippon Chemicals
Company, Tokyo; The Nippon Chemical Industry Company,
Tokyo ; The Nippon Paint Manufacturing Company, Tokyo ;
The Acetic Acid Manufacturing Company, Tokyo ; The
Tokyo Sulphurous Acid Company, Tokyo ; The Mitsu Bishi
Company's Refinery, Osaka; The Kuhara Mining Company,
Osaka.
The firm was organized as a partnership in February,
1910, but the history of the business dates back to tiie early
years of Meiji. The late Mr. Seikichi Matsumura, the
father of Mr. Seiichi Matsumura, the managing director of
the firm, who was a samurai of a certain clan in Harima
province, came up to Yokohama immediately after the Im-
perial Restoration and founded an export and import firm,
specializing in chemicals, being convinced that the future
of the country largely depended upon the development of
industry. The founder of the firm was among the origina-
tors of chemical industries in this country. He was actively
interested in the organization of the Kwanto Acid and Soda
Manufacturing Company, and a number of other similar
manufacturing companies. Before his death the late Mr.
Seikichi Matsumura converted his business into a partner-
ship under the leadership of his son and heir, Mr. Seiichi
Matsumura. The present head of the firm is a graduate of
the Yokohama Commercial School and known in business
circles as one of the ablest young business men. He is
assisted in the conduct of the colossal business by his two
MR. S. MATSUMURA.
younger brothers, Tsuneji and Terukiyo Matsumura, who
are also known as very competent business men. Under
these young and enterprising heads the firm lias very vigor-
ously pursued the course of progress, and at present the
value of the annual business is estimated at considerably
over ¥4,000,000.
MORISHITA HIROSHI YAKUBO.
(MANUFACTURERS
' I "HE " Jintan " are pills prepared by the Morishita
Hiroshi Yakubo, Kita-Kyutaro-machi, Higashi-ku,
Osaka, in accordance with a recipe made by Drs. Miwa and
Inouye. They are known widely, not only at home but in
China, the Netherlands East Indies, British India, and
some other parts of Asia. According to the manufacturers'
statement, they are a great appetizer, as they strengthen
the stomach ; they also improve memory ; bad breath and
OF THE "JINTAN.")
bad voice are remedied ; and they refresh the spirits. They
are also useful as a preventive of epidemics. In short, the
" -Hutan " are a sort of panacea, as the manufacturers say.
The " Jintan " are manufactured at factories at Tamabori-
cho, Higashi-ku, Osaka, and Mikanohara, Kyoto-fu, where
over a thousand men and women are employed in manu-
facturing and packing the pills. The goods thus prepared
are sold through the agencies scattered all over the Empire
( 268 )
of Japan and the firm's own branch offices at Tientsin,
Hankow, Bombay, Samarang, and Nishiki-cho, Kanda-ku,
THE MORISHITA CO., OSAKA.
Tokyo, the headquarters of the firm being situated at Kita
Kyutaro-machi, Higashi-ku, Osaka. The total amount sold
annually is said to reach ¥4,000,000, of which the greatest
part goes to China, British India, the Netherlands East
Indies, Manila, and elsewhere. The progress in the exports
is quite astonishing: according to the statement of the
manufacturers during the past ten years the total annual
sale has incrensed by 2,400 per cent.
Tiie "Jintan" has several times been bought by the
Imperial Household Department, which fact well testifies
to the quality and efficacy of the pills.
NARUKE SHOTEN.
(THE MANUFACTURERS OF "NEKO IRAZU.")
''HHE Naruke Shoten manufactures and sells rat-
*- poison, called " Neko Irazu " (no need of cat).
The firm is situated at 3-chome, Hongoku-cho, Nihonbashi-
ku, Tokyo. The office, an imposing four-storied building,
was completed the end of last year. Previously the com-
pany was situated at 4-chome of the same street.
Mr. Einosuke Naruke, the proprietor, was born in
1874, the son of a merchant in Omigawa-machi, Katori-
gun, Chiba prefecture. Whilst serving his apprenticeship,
he studied chemistry whenever he had an opportunity.
After twenty-four years' service, he established himself as a
druggist. While pursuing tlie study of chemistry and
pharmacy he conceived the idea of inventing rat-poison.
After hard study and repeated experiments, Mr. Naruke at
last succeeded in discovering an ideal drug. Once this
poison was put on the market, the demand was very great.
The miraculous effect of this drug was shown to the public
last year when it helped to stamp out the black death that
prevailed in Miye and Aichi prefectures. The amount of
" Neko Irazu " sent to these two districts was valued at tens
of thousands of yen. Since bacilli-laden rats were found in
Osaka and Handa at the end of last year, the demand
for the drug in those quarters has greatly increased.
If this poison were kept in every house the tribes of the
noxious animal would eventually be annihilated, saving
an enormous loss of ¥10,000,000 for the nation. Add to
thb amount the loss to be saved by the use of the
drug for the prevention of the black plague and for
protection of farm products and the total will certainly
make an appalling figure. Mr, Naruke's service in the
MR. E. NARUKE, AND HIS STORE, TOKYO.
invention of this drug of national importance cannot, there-
fore, be too much exaggerated.
( 269 )
OGATA FUJINKA BYO-IK.
(THE OGATA HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN'S DISEASES.)
THE Hospital under the management of Dr. Masakiyo
Ogata stands at Imabashi, Osaka. Established in
July, 1902, the liospital is the most perfectly equipped
institution for women in the Kansai Districts. Dr. Ogata
was born in July, 1864, the second son of Mr. Tsunezo
Nakamura in the Province of lyo. In 1893, he was
adopted into the family of the late Sessai Ogata. At the
age of 16 he was sent to a medical school at Takamatsu.
Later he came up to the capital for further study. After
finishing the German Language School he went to the
Imperial University, where he took a special course in the
Tokyo Medical College. While thus prosecuting studies in
the college his genuis was noticed by Dr. Sessai Ogata, who
subsequently adopted him as his son. Prior to this, in 1888,
he went to Germany, chiefly for the study of obstetrics and
the cure of diseases peculiar to women. He stayed in
Europe until 1892, during which period he visited Medical
Universities in France, Switzerland, Italy and Austria,
On returning home he entered the service of the Ogata
Hospital, Osaka, as chief of the department for obstetrics
and women's diseases, which post he held till July, 1902,
when he opened the Ogata Hospital for Women. In June,
1904, he inaugurated a hospital for obstetrics. In the follow-
ing year he received the degree of Igakuhakushi. Recognizing
his meritorious services, the Government conferred on him
the first grade of the seventh class rank in 1903, and in
1912 raised it to the second grade of the sixth class. For
over twenty years he has rendered valuable services to the
Government as a member of the examination committee of
medical candidates. Besides, he has been on the committee
of the Local Health Association, Vice-President of the
Osaka Private Health Association, etc. He has also been
the President and lecturer of the Osaka Jikei Medical
School. He has written many books on the results of his
study, which have proved of great service to the cause of
medicine in this country. The sphere of his activities is not
confined to medical matters. He has long been a member
of the Municipal Council of Osaka and his services in the
cause of the improvement and promotion of municipal
DE. M. OGATA.
(Igakuhakushi).
administration are widely known. In recognition of his
services the Government granted him in 1910 a set of silver
cups with the Imperial badge, through the Bureau of
Decorations.
DR. OKAZAKI KEIICHrRO.
DR. OKAZAKI, KEIICHIRO, was born in Septem-
ber, 1863, in Kanazawa prefecture. His father
was also a physician. He received his early schooling
at a private institution at his native town. When he
was a student at the Kanazawa Medical School, which
he entered in 1876, he enjoyed the honour of lecturing be-
fore the late Emperor Meiji, who was then on a tour of
inspection in the Northern provinces. In 1882, he gra-
duated from the school with honour, and at the same time
passed the examination for practice. In 1884, he was ap-
pointed an Assistant at the Kanazawa Prefectural Hospital,
but soon came up to the capital and obtained an appoint-
( 270 )
ment under Prof. Yutaka Harada, of the Medical College
of the Tokyo Imperial University, when he was given the first
opportunity to put his scientific genius into full play. He
was ordered to report on the new glycogenic principle then
discovered, called
" Maltin," and the
report he eventually
submitted to the
faculty of the college
was received with ad-
miration.
Later he opened
his own consulting
oflice at Ogawa-machi,
Kanda-ku, Tokyo, at
the same time taking
charge of the Tokyo
Kaihin Hospital at
Fukagawa, but his
scientific researches
were not aflPected by
his busy practice, and
his mature experience
as a practitioner has
helped him in conducting his researches. In 1903, he
finished his experiments in the new processes of distilling
alcohol and took out a patent.
These scientific discoveries and researches were, how-
ever, only the beginning of that great achievement with
which his name is so closely identified. In June, 1906, he
finished his great scientific achievement and formally an-
DR. K. OKAZAKI.
nounced to the public that a new bacteria strong enough to
digest starch and albumen, which he named the "Aspergillus
Okazaki," was discovered.
He perfected two medicines for digestive organs, called
" Digestin " and " Spaltoze," utilizing the new bacteria he
had discovered, and took out patents for the processes of
manufacture not only in Japan, but also in Great Britain.
He founded a laboratory at Somei, a suburban town, the
following year to study bacteriology, with a view to going
farther with his discoveries in that department of science.
He has another patent right for the processes of extracting
glycogenous principles from vegetables.
As bye-products of these scientific researches he has
discovered many useful recipes for manufacturers, including
a new sauce-making process and a new process for extract-
ing oil from larva, for which he has taken out patents in
Japan and the United States.
His name is also identified with the modern researches
into the causes of " kakke," or beriberi, in Japan. He
wrote an essay on the cause of this endemic disease and
filed it with the Extraordinary Committee in the War
Ofiice reporting on the causes for " kakke." This led to
the War Office's request to investigate into the relation of
this endemic diseases with the national custom of making
rice its principal foodstuff. The result of these researches
is embodied in his Treatise on the subject.
Besides many medical works and essays, he has pro-
duced a number of literary works, including a History of
Military Institutions in Japan, Essays on Modern Japitnese
History, and other controversial essays.
OSAKA KESSEI YAKU-IN.
(THE OSAKA SERUM HOSPITAL.)
'' I ^HE Osaka Serum Hospital, situated at Naka 2-
chome, Kami Fukushima, Kita-ku, Osaka, was
established in October, 1907, when it obtained the
Government permission to sell the whole of the officially
manufactured serums and vaccine except for a few kinds.
In September, 1913, the Government sanction was obtained
for the manufacture and sale of gonococcen vaccine and
other vaccines. In view of the advance in the vaccine
treatment, various vaccines, including those for the large
intestines bacilli, the typhoid, whooping cough and
pneumonia bacilli were manufactured and sold at the
request of physicians. With the development of tht
business, the laboratory at Uraye, in the town of Sagisu,
suburb of Osaka, was found to be inadequate and the new
laboratory was established at the present place, the former
site being use as a meadow. With the removal of the
laboratory, the Government sanction was obtained for the
manufacture of diphtheria, tetanus, and myelitis serums,
( 271 )
which had been exclusively made by the Government. modate them, arrangements have been made to
The preventive medicines for vaccination against dysentery, establish a new meadow at Kaehima, Utashima-mura,
typhoid fever and cholera were also made and sold very Nishinari district, Osaka-fu. The Hospital is con-
'k
£^£^
^■,?"-«asv
-'f:\fi*IS',
THE OSAKA SERUM HOSPITAL AND THE STABLES
ATTACHED TO THE INSTITUTION.
widely. As the number of horses has greatly increased, trolled by Mr. W. Yoshidzu with Dr. Sata (Igakuhakushi)
and the Uraye meadow is found too small to accom- as adviser.
SATO B Y 0-1 N.
(THE SATO HOSPITAL.)
T'
I HE Sato Hospital is situated at No. 14, Kami-machi,
Fukushima, Fukushima prefecture. Dr. Taku Sato,
President, was born on December 13th, 1868, in Watari-
machi, Miyagi prefecture. He studied medicine at the
Medical Department of the Second High School, at
Sendai, and graduated from the college in 1891 ; in 1896 he
opened the hospital in the city of Fukushima. The hospital
has steadily increased in credit and fame. He himself treats
internal diseases and diseases of infants, and has on the
staff able specialists for the treatment of diseases of the eyes,
ears and nose. The Hospital has an excellent reputation
throughout the prefecture for skill in treatment. Dr. Sato
in always eager to acquire the latest knowledge of medical
science. He practically leads the medical world of these
districts. Besides being engaged by all the principal schools
of the city lie has a seat in the Chamber of the Municipal
Council. Being of gentle nature and full of sympathy Dr.
Sato takes care of a number of students and is always a
friend of the poor and afflicted.
DR. T. SATO.
( 272 )
SANKYO KABUSHIKI KAiSHA.
(SANKYO& COMPANY.)
THIS company is situated at 3-chome, Muro-machi,
Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo, and acts as manufacturers,
importers and exporters of chemicals, [drugs and surgical
SANKYO
CO., TOKYO.
instruments ; also manufactures various articles of
" Bakelite," " Satowlite " and " Gummon." It has a capital
of ¥2,300,000. The officerst are :— President and Director :
Dr. Jokichi Takamine, Dr. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Dr. of Engineering; Managing Director: Mr. Matasaku
Shiohara.
Upon the request of Dr. Jokichi Takamine, the
renowned chemist and discoverer of Taka- Diastase and
Adrenalin, Mr. M. Shiohara, now managing director of
Saukyo Kabushiki Kaisha, started at Yokohama in 1899
the importation and sale of these articles in Japan. In
1901 he removed his office to Tokyo, where his business
rapidly developed, and he began to deal in all kinds of
drugs and chemicals for medical and industrial use. In
1907, Mr. M. Shiohara, in order to import a firmer basis to
his business, incorporated his firm into a partnership, with
a capital of ¥600,000. Since that time, the business of the
firm made rapid development, so that in 1913 he was again
enabled to reorganize the firm into a joint stock company,
with a capital of ¥2,000,000. In 1916, The Tokyo Seiyaku
Kabushiki Kaisha (Tokyo Pharmaceutical Co.) was
amalgamated with Sankyo & Co. and the capital increased
to ¥2,300,000.
PHARMACEUTICAL FACTORY.
SHIRAIMATSU KIKAIHO.
(M. SHIRAI & CO.)
MSHIRAI & CO., Osaka, is one of the greatest
• manufacturers of surgical instruments, chemical
and medical apparatus, medicines, bandages, scales, and
measures in Osaka, the centre of Japan's manufacturing
industry. It was started just when the country was troubled
with the Satsuma rebellion by the late Mr. M. Shirai, iu
view of the scarcity of home-made surgical instruments
hampering the activities of the Army Medical Corps. At
first the new business was maintained by importing foreign-
made goods, but soon the manufacture of these goods was
started on the model of the goods imported. The first
success won was the production of filters, two years after the
( 273 )
inauguration of the new business. Since this useful
invention was completed the new enterprise of Mr. Shirai
progressed satisfactorily, and in 1885, when an association
was organized by the manufacturers of medical and surgical
instruments and apparatus in Osaka, he was elected by his
confreres President of the Association.
In 1892 syringes were manufactured by Mr. Shirai.
Because of the excellence of the goods they were adopted by
TRADE
®
MARK.
MADE BY THE COMPANY.
many well-known hospitals and institutes, both official and
private. About this time Mr. Shirai inaugurated the
manufacture of scales and measures for tlie use of the
profession, in view of the scarcity of good qualities in this
country. In 1892 Mr. Shirai inaugurated his overseas
operations by sending his manufactures to China. In
Vladivostock, Amoy, and Singapore, too, Mr. Shirai's
goods were aoon well-known and many big orders have been
constantly received by him from those quarters since. In
the following year he exhibited his goods at the Inter-
national Exhibition at Chicago, where he obtained a Grand
Prize of Honour. Later at the International Fair at Paris
a Gold Medal of Honour was also received and a way was
paved for Mr. Shirai's export of his manufactures to Europe
and America.
SHOW ROOM.
At present the firm is owned and controlled by the son
of the founder. At the factories, which are divided into
many sections, most up-to-date machines and apparatus
are installed, and trained hands are at work under expert
supervision. The firm has its head ofiice at No. 23, Dosiiu-
macbi, 2-chome, Osaka, and it is represented by Right &
Co., Ahmad Building Corner F. & S. Road, Bombay.
MR. TAKEDA GHOBEI.
(MANUFACTURING CHEMIST, WHOLESALE AND EXPORT DRUGGIST.)
rpHE firm of Mr. Takeda, Chobei, stands at No. 27, 2-
chome, Doshu-niachi, Higashi-ku, Osaka. The house
is of about 100 years' standing. Since the inauguration of the
direct import of chemicals over two decades ago the business
has steadily developed. It now has agencies in Great
Britain, America and Switzerland (and in Germany before
the outbreak of hostilities) and acts as an agency for
European and American houses. It has correspondents all
over the Empire and its colonies, the principal ones being
in the Kwansai districts. Chosen and Manchuria. Besides,
there are many correspondents among western firms in
China, India and Southern islands, and drugs and otlier
druggists' sundries are exported to these quarters to a large
extent. In addition to the laboratory already existing at
Nakatsu-machi in the outskirts of Osaka the firm established
after the opening of the present war a large manufactory at
c
Kamitsu-raura in the suburb and inaugurated the manu-
facture of Acetanilidum, Acidum Acetsalicylicum, Acid
Benzoicum, Acidum Salicylicum, Bismutum Salts, Bromide,
etc. The firm has among its employees seventeen able and
experienced experts, including many university men. Some
of the products are exported to a considerable extent to
Great Britain and America. Specialities of the firm are as
follows : — Acetanilidum, Acidum Acetsalicylicum, Acidum
Benzoicum, Acidum Camphoricum, Acidum Oxalicum,
274 )
Acidum Salicylicum, Albuminum Tannicum, Bismutum
Subgallicum, Bismutum Subsalicylicum, Camphora Mono-
bromata, Chininum Aethylcarbonicum, Ferium Citiricum
Ammoniatum, Guaiacolum Carbonicum, Hydrargyrum
Bichloratum, Hydrargyrum Chloratum (Calomelas), Jodo-
formium, Jodum, Kalium Bromatura, Kalium Ferri-
cyanatum, Tech, Kalium Ferri-cyanatum, Tech, Kalium
Jodatum, Natrium Benzoicum, Natrium Bromatum, Natrium
Jodatum, Natrium Salicylicum, Shenylum Salicylicum.
TOKI ASATARO SHOTEN.
TV /r R. TOKI, ASATARO'S, STORE, wholesale dealer
in bandages, stands at 2-chome Doshu-machi,
Higashi-ku, Osaka. The store has been open for a quarter
(WHOLESALE DEALER IN BANDAGES.)
Toki was appointed Vice-President. He has proved more
than equal to the post. The outbreak of war has naturally
caused a great increase in the demand for bandages and
large orders have been received in this country. In execut-
ing the orders in too much haste some of the makers re-
sorted to scamping, without realizing that their action
would inevitably discredit Japanese goods in general. With
a view to preventing this practice Mr. Toki organized the
league of allied exporters and was appointed the manager.
It is solely due to his efibrts that the dealers concerned are
successfully making bandages to large orders from Russia.
Prior to this, he established the Osaka Bandages Manu-
factory under the organization of a partnership for the pur-
pose of manufacturing bandages by means of machines.
The bandages turned out by the company, which are cheap
in cost and superior in quality, are now meeting demands
in China, India, Southern islands, Russia, France, Eng-
land and America. Mr. Yoshitake Toki, head of the firm,
commands respect both at home and abroad.
MR. V. TOKI.
of a century. At the organization of the league of manu-
facturers of and dealers in bandages of Osaka in 1910, Mr.
( 276 )
TOKYO BY 0-1 N
{THE TOKYO HOSPITAL.)
r
us^sr.
,lg^,
iSSiSi,-
THE Tokyo Hospital, Atago-clio, Shiba-ku, Tokyo, is
an up-to-date and complete infirmary controlled by
Dr. Baron Kanehiro Takagi. It was founded in February,
1891, when, under the general supervision of Dr. Baron
Takagi, the internal
disease department p*^"
was managed by Dr.
Hisao Sewaki and the
8 u r gery departmen t
by Dr. Takashi
Hidaka. A few
mouths later a se-
parate department for
the diseases of the
ears, nose, and throat
was created and
placed under the
supervision of Dr.
Eigoro Kanasugi.
This was the first
attempt in this coun-
try to establish in-
dependent depart-
ments for these
particular diseases.
In June, 1895, another department for obstetrics was
founded in the hospital, with Dr. Junjiro Sakaki as its
Head. Next year the department for skin diseases, syphilis,
and urinary organs was created and Dr. Miozo Sasagawa was
appointed its Head. This was also the first attempt in this
country to establish a separate department for these classes
of diseases. In 1902 Dr. Yoshihiro Takagi returned home
from England and as Vice-President of the Hospital
assumed the general control of the department for surgery,
and again in 1908 Dr. Kenji Takagi, who was also in
England for the prosecution of his studies, came back and
assumed the general supervision of the department for
internal diseases, also, as Vice-President, of the whole
establishment. In May, 1903, Dr. Shigeji Higuchi's
services were secured for the hospital, He is an authority
on obstetrics, and assumed the general control over the
department for midwifery. Thus, having been developed
and perfected the hospital is now one of the most complete
and best-equipped establishments in Tokyo.
Dr. Baron Kanehiro Takagi, the President, is one of
the elders in the profession. He served in the Imperial
DR Y. TAKAGI.
(M.R.C.S., L.E.C.P.)
Navy and attained the highest rank in the medical service,
and after his retirement has occupied a seat in the House of
Peers by Imperial nomination. He was create<J a baron by
the late Emperor Meiji in recognition of his meritorious
services while on aclive service. He has also continued his
services toward humanity generally as Director of tlie
Tokyo Charity Society, President of the Hospital of the
Tokyo Charity Society, and the Medical College of the
Tokyo Charity Society.
Dr. Yoshihiro Takagi, one of the Vice-Presidents ot
the hospital, is the eldest son of Dr. Baron Kanehiro
Takagi. After having finished his preliminary education
in this country he went over to England and received a
liberal education at King's College. On his graduation
from the college he studied medical science at St. Thomas'
Medical College, and after his graduation from tliere with
honours he undertook an extensive tour in Germany and
France. He is now in charge of the surgical department of
the Tokyo Hospital.
Dr. Kenji Takagi, another Vice-President of the Tokyo
Hospital, is the second son of Dr. Baron Kanehiro Takagi.
He followed the
same course of study
as Jiis elder brother.
After having finished
his preliminary educa-
tion in this country
lie went over to Eng-
land and completed
hiseducationat King's
College. At St.
Thomas' Medical Col-
lege he studied in-
ternal diseases, and
after his graduation
served in the same
college as Assistant.
He went over to
the Continent. Par-
ticularly in Germany
he stayed at various
universities and
studied his speciality. On iiis return home he had
cliaige of the internal disease department in the Tokyo
Hospital. He holds the degree of Igakuhakushi, or Doctor
of Medicine.
DR. K. TAKAGI.
(Igakuhakushi).
( 276 )
TOMODA GOSHI KAISHA.
(TOMODA & CO.)
THE Head Office of the firm of the Tomoda Goshi
Kaisba (partnership) direct exporters and importers
of chemicals in Japan, stands at 4-chome, Hon-cho, Nihon-
bashi-ku, Tokyo. Tliere are three brandies, one manu-
factory and one labora-
tory. One of the
branches is iit 2-
choine, Sakai-cho,
Yokohama, another at
2-chome, Doshu-
raachi, Higashiku,
Osaka, and another
at No. 133, Yama-
gata-dori, Dairen,
China. The factory
is located at 2-chome,
Hiranuma- machi,
Yokohama, and the
laboratory at Yayesu-
cho, M arunouchi,
Tokyo. The com-
pany was started in
the year 1871 in
Yokohama by Mr.
Kahei Tomoda, the present President. The firm was re-
organized into a partnership in 1900, styled Goshi Kaisba
Tomoda Shoten. In July, 1916, the firm was changed
to the Tomoda Goshi Kaisba, and the Head Office was
TOMODA.
removed to the present site in Tokyo, and agencies at
Ytjkohama, Osaka and Dairen were reorganized into
branches.
Mr. Tomoda lias rendered and is rendering meritorious
services in the cause of exports and imports of chemicals.
In 1890, he opened agencies in Minneapolis, Minnesota
and Colorado. Two years later, lie started the Nishin Co,
at Hongkong jointly with interested persons for the purpose
of re-exporting chemicals. In tiie same year he concluded
contracts with the Government of Manila for the supply to
the latter of drugs, etc. In tiie following year, 1893, he
promoted the Osaka Kogyo Kaisha for the manufacture of
iodine. In the same year, he jointly with others started a
partnership for the manufacture of soda by purcliasing the
manufactory from ihe Household Department. This is the
origin of the Kwanto Soda Co., Ltd. In 1897, he estab-
lished a laboratory for the examination of chemicals. In
1905, he heciime the agent of companies for the manufac-
ture of chimicals in Great Britain, Switzerland, Germany
and America. In 1906, he exported iodine and other
chemicals to Germany, Switzerland and France. This was
the first export of Japanese chemicals to Europe.
The outbreak of hostilities was followed by a shortage
of chemicals In order to meet this situation and also the
growing development of the company's exports, Mr. Tomoda
reconstructed on a larger scale the laboratory at tlie present
site. The articles are chiefly exported to Great Britain,
America, Russia, South Sea Islands, China, etc.
DR. TSUZUKI JINNOSUKE.
" TV'AKKE," or beriberi, is not endemic in Japan, but
X v^ its prevalence since its introduction from India is
remarkable. At first it attacked only townspeople, but later
it invaded the country-side and now almost all classes of
people suffer from it. According to latest returns every
year considerably more than 340,000 men and women are
attacked by the disease and 3 per cent, of the patients
eventually die. Lately, however, the Government has
organized a committee to investigate the causes and to
suggest remedies for the disease, and this committee has
published many valuable reports, urging the profession to
more intense efforts to save tlie people from the disease.
Already a number of discoveries have been reported in
medical circles. One of the most prominent is that reported
by Dr. Jinnosuke Tsuzuki, No. 3, Funa-machi, Yotsuya-ku,
Tokyo. He has prepared a medicine called " Anti-
Beriberine " on the basis of his discoveries, which has been
proved almost infallible, as the result of many experiments,
in curing the disease radically and without any after effect.
Dr. Tsuzuki is an Army Surgeon on the reserved list.
While in active service he noticed that the disease must be
traced to some peculiar customs or foodstuffs followed or
taken by Oriental peoples, and conducted his investigations
on this line.
( 277 )
His earnest study was noticed by the Government, and
when the Extraordinary Committee for the Investigation of
the Prevention of " kakke " was organized in the War
Office tlie doctor was included in the committee. After
exhaustive studies
and experiments, the
doctor discovered that
the endemic was al-
most entirely traceable
to the liabit of taking
cleaned rice and that
the use of uncleaned
rice formed one of
the most effective
antidotes to the
disease.
A clue to the
secret of the disease
being thus discovered,
the doctor proceeded
to search for the reason
why cleaned rice
caused the disease and
uncleaned rice either
prevented or remedied it, and experiments were made.
While these studies were conducted he was despatched
to the Dutch Indies by the War Office to investigate the
prevalence of the disease among tlie natives tliere. This
study in the tropics, however, not only did not change his
conviction as to the cause of the disease but confirmed it.
TSUZUKI.
However, the direction his investigations took was not
agreeable to his superiors, and when the doctor actually
announced to the public that in the waste rice cleaners
throw away there is one thing needful to the maintenance of
human health, and the lack of it causes the disease, he was
forced to resign from the military service by his colleagues,
as misleading the public with an unreliable opinion. He,
however, continued his researches. He sailed to Germany
and there under the guidance of eminent meilical men
completed his discoveries. He succeeded in extracting out
of bran a powerful antidote to beriberi by a process for which
he took out a patent. Dr. Tsuzuki is now on the reserved
list and free to make use of liis discoveries in treating his
clients. His headquarters are situated at No. 3, Funa-
machi, Yotsuya-ku, Tokyo, and there the doctor dispenses
the benefits of his discoveries to those who need his help.
He also has a hospital and laboratory at Ogikubo, a suburb
of Tokyo, where patients who need constant attention or
change of airare^ccommodated. With a view to extending
the benefit of the discovery to the poor, who can not afford
to pay for his treatment, he organized some time ago an
association, with the co-operation of many men of pro-
minence, for the relief of poor suffering people.
The association, well endowed with funds, has afforded
free medical treatment to the poor people affected with the
disease in increiising numbers since its organization, and
according to the latest report the average number of people
cured of the disease reaches 222 a year.
UTSUNOMIYA BY 0-1
(THE UTSUNOMIYA HOSPITAL.)
'"TpHE Utsunomiya Hospital, a prefectural institution, is
■*- in the city of Utsunomiya in Tochigi prefecture. It
was opened in 1872. Before attaining the present pros-
perity this hospital experienced many ups and downs, until
in 1909 the authorities succeeded in obtaining a very able
President in the person of Dr. Kametaro Matsuura, former
President of the Aom ri Hospital in Aomori prefecture.
On assuming the post Dr. Matsuura made a close investiga-
tion, and effected necessary reforms by the help of the pre-
fectural authorities, and the local medical practitioners.
Hardly eight years had passed before the hospital was
raised to the present standing. Every department is now
in charge of a competent specialist. All this speaks
eloquently of the services rendered by President Matsuura.
Dr. Matsuura was born in 1874, as the fifth son of Mr.
Gihei Watanabe, a native of VarnHgata prefecture. Later he
: ^^
,' ft-
1 Ifen^^^^H^HMKJ ^S^^^B^^^^^^K
DR. K. MATSUURA AND UTSUNOMIYA HOSPITAL.
(
was adopted into the family of Mr, Matsuura, his uncle and
succeeded to his house. On graduation from the Medical
Department of the Tokyo Imperial University in 1901, he
became an assistant of the First Hospital belonging to the
University. Serving under such great authorities on Medi-
cine Hs Drs. Belize, Miwa and Irizawa, he obtained invalu-
able experience. After serving there for some years he
278 )
was appointed President of the Goto Hospital in Nagasaki
prefecture and afterwards transferred to the Professorship of
the Kanazawa Medical College in Isbikawa prefecture, hold-
ing in addition the duties of Chief of the Section for internal
diseases of the Kanazawa Hospital. The next position he
held was the Presidency of the Aomori Hospital, which post
be held until he was transferred to the present position.
WATANABE BY 0-1 N.
(THE WATANABE HOSPITAL.)
■^T^HE Watanabe Hospital is located at Asahi-machi,
Utsunomiya, Tochigi prefecture, and is presided
over by Dr. Tsunenari Watanabe. The hospital was start-
ed in November, 190.3, in Asuhi-machi for the treatment
DR. T. WATANABE.
of internal diseases by Dr. Watanabe, who commenced the
practice of medicine at the same place in February of the
preceding year. From about February of 1907 the hospital
began to develop and increase in fame and credit. In May,
1908, it established a ward for the sufferers from infectious
diseases. In July, 1913, it purchased radium and the Pre-
sident made its demonstration by a chemical experiment at
a conference of the Utsunomiya Physicians' Association.
The hospital is specially noted for its unerring discovery
of the early stage of tuberculosis and effective treatment
thereof. It is one of the most distinguished hospitals in the
prefecture, enjoying an excellent reputation.
Born in July, 1871, President Watanabe entered the
Medical Department of the Fourth High College in April,
1889, and began his career as a medical practitioner
THE WATANABE HOSPITAL, UTSUNOMIYA.
in May, 1894. He has often been appointed to important
committees and once held the Vice-Presidency of the Muni-
cipal Council of Utsunomiya.
( 279 )
W A T A N U K I B Y 0-1 N.
(THE WATANUKI HOSPITAL.)
^T^HE hospital is situated at Kata-machi, Takasaki,
Gumma prefecture, and is managed by Dr. Watanuki,
one of the most prominent medical men iu the city. The
hospital was practically founded during the last quarter of
the 17th century by Taishin Watanuki, who settled at
Yokomuro, Kozuke province, and opened a consulting oflSce.
His strong point was surgery. Taikon Watanuki, his
direct descendant, moved to Mayebashi, as he was appoint-
ed Physician in ordinary to the Daimyo of Mayebashi,
Keukitsu Watanuki, the father of the present proprietor,
moved to Takasaki in the early years of Meiji and opened
the present infirmary on modern lines. He learned modern
medical science and was a very good surgeon. He was
also a public-spirited man and devoted much of his time to
the town's weal. When the late Emperor Meiji travelled
in the North- Eastern Provinces in the 11th year of the
Meiji Era he stayed at Takasaki and granted audience
to this noted surgeon. He died in August, 1913, but
his eldest son. Dr. Genko Watanuki, succeeded him as
Director of the establishment and maintains his father's
fame and reputation. Dr. Genko Watanuki studied
surgery at the Saisei Gakusha, one of the most inilueutial
private medical schools tlie country has ever seen, though it
is now extinct, and finished the whole course in April, 1895.
Under his direction the hospital has been rebuilt, and it
now has three operating rooms with a complete steam
disinfection plant attached. All rooms are well ventilated
and thirty beds are provided. Dr. Watanuki has the
assistance of three medical men, a dispenser, and more than
DR. G. WATANUKI.
ten trained nurses ; every day over a hundred out patients
are treated in addition to the patients accommodated iu the
establishment. Dr. Watanuki holds the Presidency of the
Takasaki Medical Society and the Vice-Presidency of the
Gumma Prefectural Society of Medical Men.
( 280 )
MIINIING SEGTIOIN.
MR. ASO TAKICHI.
(MR. ASO AND HIS MINING ENTERPRISES.)
TV /T R. ASO, TAKICHI, one of the greatest mine owners
in Kyushu, is a son of the late Mr. Aso, Garo of
Kashiwano-mori, lizuka, Kaho-gun, Fukuoka prefecture.
His family is one of the wealthiest in the district. Mr.
Takichi Aso started his career in a neighbouring coal mine.
When he was equipped with sufficient knowledge and skill
he started prospecting the Namazuda Coal Mine on his own
THE MAM EDA COLLIERY, FUKUOKA.
account, which, however, ended in a failure. He was
sufficiently resourceful, however, to start again at the
Yamanouchi Mine by disposing of his old mine. This time
he was quite successful and soon he was able to buy another
coal mine in his district, known as the Tadakuma Coal
Mine. At first the Tadakuma Mine was managed as a joint
concern, but when his partners withdrew their capital
Mr. Aso managed it as his own private concern. For
more than two years he endeavoured to place the mine on a
more workable basis, and then the Sino-Japanese War broke
out and the coal market began to boom. As the result he
made a big fortune, and wlien the country fought the next
great war with Russia he was fully prepared to improve it.
Thus when the war was brought to an end he found himself
one of the greatest mining kings in Japan. Though the
Tadakuma Mine was later disposed of he bought more and
more mines in Fukuoka prefecture, and at present his
concessions number more than fifty, including those which
have just been prospected, such as the Tsunawake, the
ShimouBui, the Nakakuraa, the Kuhara and other mines.
Among others the Shimousui Mine is known by its pro-
duction of anthracite. Mr. Aso also maintains a big
machine shop at Yoshio, where various kinds of machine
tools and cokes are turned out. The power house attached
to the shop is also planned on such a large scale as to supply
power and light to the neighbouring districts. The Kalio
Bank in his district is also conducted with the assistance of
Mr. Aso. Many charitable works have been undertaken
by Mr. Aso in Fukuoka prefecture, and his popularity
is great. The speedy completion of the improvement
in the waterways of the river Oga is attributed to his
contribution of funds. Some time ago he was elected by his
prefecture to the House of Representatives, but soon retired
from active political life, though he now holds a seat in
the House of Peers as the representative of the Highest
Ratepayers in Fukuoka prefecture.
( 281 )
DAITO KOGYO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE DAITO MINING CO., LTD.)
T
HE Daito Mining Go. stands at No. 5, Sanchome
Yuraku-cho, I^ojimachi-ku, Tokyo. The capital is
THE SHIKI COAL DEPOT.
¥2,200,000. It has its mining office in Shiki-village, Ama-
kusa-gun in Kuinaraoto prefecture. Coal fields there
belonging to the company measure 4,049,883 Uvio (1
isM{c>=3.9538 square yards) in area, and yield anthracite
of the most superior quality found in the Orient, being
on the same level with the Cardiff. The company came
into being in November, 1912, with a view to meeting
the demand for anthracite which was increasing with the
growth of manufacturing industries. The above men-
tioned coal fields boast of the oldest record in the mining
world of Japan.
The list of officers is appended : —
Kageyuki Hida, Esq.
Saburo Sukigara, P^sq. .
Gen-ichiro Komori, Esq.
Ko Abe, Esq
Imahiko Takano, Esq.
BiNzo TsujiKAWA, Esq.
UsHiji Koizumi, Esq.
HiEOTO ToMizu, Esq
President.
Managing Director.
{Managing Director
and Auditor.
Director.
Auditor.
FUJITA-GUMI.
(THE FUJITA CO.)
THE Fujita-Gurai is one of the largest private com-
panies in Japan, and is engaged in various branches
of industry :iuil com-
merce, the principnl
being Mining nnd Re-
fining, Land Recliiniii-
tion, Farming, and
Forestry. The busi-
ness WHS started at
Osaka in 1869, being
founded liy tlie late
Baron Denzaburo
Fujita, who acted as
president of the com-
pany up to tlie time
of his death in 1912,
when he was succeeded I
by his eldest son. Baron
Heitaro Fujita, tli ■
present president of the
Fujita-Gumi. In Sept.,
THE FUJirA-GLMl, OaAaA.
1908, an unprecedented honour was accorded to the company
by the visit of H.I.H. the Crown Prince, now tlie Emperor,
to the Kosaka Mine
during His Imperial
Highness' tour of in-
spection in Akita pre-
fecture. This was the
first occasion on which
the Crown Prince had
visited any mine, and
the proprietors value
most highly the great
honour tiius conferred
upon the Fujita-Gurai.
The Mining enter-
prises of the Fujita-
Gumi were first began
in 1880. When metallic
mining whs started in
Japan the Fujita-Gumi
was among the first to
( 282 )
take an active interest in it, and the company led the way
in adopting the latest and most modern appliances then used
in the West. Among the thirty mines or more possessed by
the company, some of them are now in course of exploitation
while five are at present being successfully worked. Of all
these mines, the Kosaka Copper Mine stands pre-eminent,
principally because of the successful experiments carried
out there. What is known as the Black Ore (Complex
practically applied in 1908 — all these innovations having
been effectually carried out at the Kosaka Mine for the
first time in Japan. It is mainly on account of these cir-
cumstances that the name of the Kosaka Mine is now so
well-known, and the Fujita-Gumi regard its reputation as
an honour. The mining capacity of the company is steadily
increasing, and the ratio of the output of their mines to tlie
total output of the country is very high. Of silver they
VIEW OF THE KOSAKA MINE.
Sulphide Ore), — the contents of valuable metal in which
are very poor, it being at one time regarded as practically
useless— has been made to yield a satisfactory return. Up
to the time of these experiments, mining circles generally
had failed to find a means of treating this ore economically ;
but the smelting operations — consequent upon thorough
and minute investigation of its self-fluxing nature together
with the co-existing siliceous ore — resulted in the utilization
produce 22 per cent, of the total yield of Japan ; of copper,
14 per cent.; and gold, 11 per cent. The four most pro-
fitable mines are the Kosaka Copper Mine, the Omori
Copper Mine, the Matsuoka Gold and Silver Mine and the
Obiye Copper Mine.
The company is engaged in land reclamation works at
the Kojima Bay, Okayama prefecture, on the Inland Sea.
The proposed area of the tidewater land to be reclaimed is
THE KOSAKA COPPER REFINERY.
of so-called waste products. The experiments at Kosaka,
therefore, have contributed not a little to modern discovery
in the mining world and also in developing and increasing
the national wealth. In addition to this, mention should
be made of the construction of a large blast furnace, 60 ft.
in length, for the treatment of the Black Ore ; of the early
addition of the extra high voltage transmission system, now
generating 4,800 H.P,; and of the system of "Ore Works"
about 17,000 acres, of which about 3,200 acres have already
been brought under cultivation within the last six years
since the work was started in 1899, and are now producing
large quantities of rice, wheat, etc.
The company operates a large rubber plantation in
Johore, Malay Peninsula, some 7,000 acres now being
planted. This plantation is known as the Nam-Heng Rub-
ber Estate, and it is estimated to give an annual yield of
( 283 )
1,200,000 lbs. of rubber beginning from 1916. For the
lumber trade, the &)mpany owns two up-to-date Saw-Mills ;
one situated at Nagakisawa, Akita prefecture, near the
Kosaka Mine, and the other at Osaka. The former is a
cedar Mill and is supplied entirely with the famous cedar
logs of the Nagakisawa Forest, one of the three greatest
forests ill Japan. The enormous supply of the raw mate-
rial, combined with the use of the Kosaka Mine Railway
for transport, which line the company owns, reduces the
producing cost of the lumber to a minimum. It is being
marketed all oyer Japan. The capacity of the mill is
26,000,000 ft. B.M. per annum. The latter Saw-Mill,
situated at Osaka, is a hardwood Mill and is engaged
principally in cutting Oak lumber. The logs are mostly
brought from Hokkaido, although it is also proposed to use
the Oak logs produced on the main-land. Many large
orders have been siiipped to the U.S.A., Canada, and to
European markets. The annual production of the Oak
Mill is about 12,000,000 ft. B.M.
FURUKAWA GOMEI KAISHA.
(FURUK A WA & CO.)
FURUKAWA & CO., one of the greatest mining
interests in Japan, is a partnership with an
authorised capital of ¥5,000,000 and its head office is
situated at No. 1, 1-chome Yayesu-cho, Kojimachi-ku,
Tokyo.
The lines of business undertaken by the company are
as follows . — The working of copper, coal, gold, silver, and
other mines and the refining of the mftals worked ; the
manufacture and sale of copper wires, copper cables, copper
plates, bar copper, brass plates, and brass bars; the sale of
manufactures of the Yokohama Electric Wire Works as the
Hankow Sub-branch Office, Paris Road, French Settle-
ment, Hankow ; Hongkong Sub-bran(^h Office, Hongkong ;
Dairen Sub-brancii Office, Yamagata Street, Dairen ;
Kobe Shipping Department, 4-chome Sakae-cho, Kobe.
The mines wcrked by the company and the refineries
intended f )r the manufacturing of the metals sent by the
mines are over twenty and are situated as follows: —
Nikko Electric Copper Refinery, Kiyotaki, Nikko, Tociiigi
prefecture ; Amagasaki Refinery, Amagasaki, Hyogo pre-
fecture; Ashio Copper Mine, Ashio, Tochigi prefecture;
KuneCopperMine, Sakuma, Iwata-gori, Shizuokaprefecture;
THE ASHIO COPPER REFINERY.
company's sole agents; the sale of the coal supplied by the
Taisho Mining Company and the Takata Coal Mine as
their sole agents.
For the conduct of these lines of business the company
maintains branch offices and suh-braiich offices as follows : —
Osaka Branch Office, Edobori Minami-dori, Osaka ; Moji
Branch Office, Hama-cho, Moji ; Wakamatsu Sub-branch
Office, Kaigan-dori, Wakamatsu ; Hakata Sub-branch
Office, Ebisu-machi, Hakata, Fukuoka ; Shanghai Branch
Office, Peking Road, British Settlement, Shanghai ;
Ani Copper Mine, Aniai, Kitaakita-gori, Akita prefecture;
Furokura Copper Mine, Oyu-raura, Kadzuno-gori, Akita
prefecture; Nagamatsu Copper Mine, Shiraiwa-mura,
Nishiraurayama-gori, Yamagata prefecture; Mizusawa
Copper Mine, Iwasaki-mura, Waka-gori, Iwate prefecture;
Otori Copper Mine, Oizumi-mura, Higashitagawa-gori,
Yamagata prefecture ; Kusakura Copper Mine, Ryokanose-
mura, Higashikambara-gori, Niigata prefecture ; Komaki-
zawa Copper Mine, Hinokinai-mura, Senhoku-gori, Akita
prefecture ; Oyama Copper Mine, Nishikawa-mura, Higashi-
( 284 )
kambara-gori, Niigata prefecture ; Eiki Copper Mine,
Yamaguchi-raura, Hikawa-gori, Shiraane prefecture; Innai
Silver Mine, Innai, Akita prefecture ; Taira Lead Mine,
Fujikoto-mura, Yamamoto-gori, A.kita prefecture; Ani-
mukoyama Gold Mine, Aniai, Akita prefecture ; Kijo Gold
Mine, Kijo, Heianhoku-do, Chosen ; Kawaiyama Mine, Yama-
guchi prefecture ; Murayama Mine, Yamagata prefecture ;
Siiakanoo Coal Mine, Otani-mura, Kaho-gori, Fukuoka
prefecture; Shakauoo Coal Mine No. 2, Katsuno-mura,
Kurate-gori, Fukuoka prefecture ; Shiokashira Coal Mine,
Katsuno-mura, Kurate-gori, Fukuoka prefecture ; Shimo-
yamada Coal Mine, Kumada-mura, Kaho-gori, Fukuoka
prefecture; Shinshakanoo Coal Mine, Nishikawa-muia,
Kurate-gori, Fukuoka prefecture; Yoshiina Coal Mine,
Yoshima-mura, Iwaki-gori, Fukushinia prefecture.
The company was founded by the late Mr. Ichibei
Furukawa in 1876, when he started the working of the
power to the company's Ashio Mine, but in riew of the
greatness of the head at the river Daiya another was built
at Hosoo in 1906 and the power generated by the new house
WHS utilized in driving the plant at the new refinery at
Kiyotaki.
Immediately after the completion of this new enter-
prise Mr. Juukichi Furukawa died and Mr. Toranosuke
Furukawa, the present President, took over the governance
of the colossal enterprise. Two years later the company
assumed the present business style and amalgamated the
Honjo Copper Refinery to that at Kiyotaki, Nikko.
As soon as the annexation of Korea was effected in
1910, the company despatched a party of able experts to
Chosen and started the prospecting of different districts in
the peninsula. As the result an apparently rich gold mine
was discovered at Kijo, Heiauhokudo, Chosen, and the pro-
specting of the whole district was started in 1912, The
THE NIKKO ELECTRIC COPPER KKiiisEKY.
Kusakura Mine in Niigata prefecture. The next year he
bought the Ashio Copper Mine and the company's business
greatly increased in importance. Several years after, the
mines at Ani, Innai, and Taira were purchased from the
Government. During the next few years, too, many mines
of importance were taken over by the late Mr, Ichibei
Furukawa, and by 1903, when Mr. Ichibei Furukawa died,
the list of mines owned by him included nearly twenty big
mines.
The late Mr. Juukichi Furukawa, who succeeded the
founder on the latter's death, converted the private concern
his father built up into a partnership under the style of the
Furukawa Mining Company in 1905, and the next year
built a big electric refinery at Kiyotaki, Nikko.
In 1905 the company constructed a water power-
station at Kiyotaki, Nikko, for the purpose of supplying
following year another copper refinery was established at
Amagasaki. The wire manufactory also was extended to
manufacture copper wires.
In June, 1915, the Yoshiraa Coal Mine was purchased
from the Yoshima Coal Mining Company. Next January
another addition was made to the company's mines in the
form of the Eiki Mine in Shimane prefecture. At present
the company is planning the enlargement and purchase of
the Mizushima Refinery at Mizushima, Okayama piefecture,
and when that plan is fully realized tiie annual manufacture
of the company ot various metals will increase enormously.
The establishment of a lead refinery is also under con-
templation.
Thus the annual yield of the company's mines, which
are all of the foremost of the kind, runs into a stupendous
amount, the following being the annual output of the
( 285 )
Kiyotaki and the Amagasaki Refineries, which will only
imperfectly show the magnitude of the company's work-
ing:—
Annual OuTPax at the Kiyotaki Refinery.
Kwan.
Gold 30
Silver 4,000
Kin.
Refined copper 15,000,000
Copper bars 100,000
Copper wires 12,000,000
Brass goods 350,000
Annual Output op the Amagasaki Refinery,
Kin.
Refined copper 10,000,000
Copper wires 300,000
The volume of business handled by the company
during the past three years is as follows : —
Figures Figures Figures
for 1913. for 1914. for 1915.
(in thousand yen.)
Gold and silver 520 590 620
Copper 5,800 5,880 9,700
Ores and miscellaneous
minerals 1,900 2,100 2,700
Copper wires 10,500 7,700 5,900
Electric cables 8,200 6,300 4,400
Plats and rods — 100 210
Coal 4,600 6,500 5,600
Total 31,520 29,090 29,030
The board of oflScers consist of the following
gentlemen : —
Baron Toranosuke Furukawa ... President.
Dr. Rikusaburo Kondo Chief Director.
Dr. Matayuki OdAgawa Director.
Koji Inoue, Esq „
BuNJiRO KoNDA, Esq „
HODEN SEKIYU KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE HODEN
THE Hoden Sekiyu Kabushiki Kaisha is one of the
largest concerns in this country, having an authorized
capital of ¥20,000,000, of which ¥ 16,250,000 is paid up.
Tlie company was
established in Naga-
oka, Niigata prefec-
ture, in 1893 with a
small capital of
¥15,000. At that
time the line of in-
dustry in this country
was still undeveloped
and mostly conducted
by speculative enter-
prisers. T h e r e f 0 re,
the future of the in-
dustry was thought to
be fraught with many
dangers. The origina-
tors of the Hoden Oil
Company shared in
this view and attempt-
ed to combine all the
small concerns started by adventurous capitalists. This
attempt was carried out with success, and by the amalgama-
MR. K. HASHIMOTO.
OIL CO.. LTD.)
tion of smaller concerns the company grew. When
the way was thus paved for the healthy development of
the industry the company started on its way of further
development, and has effected the enlargement of its capital
several times, and now its prosperity and the scope of its
activity are quite striking.
At present the affairs of the company are divided into
the five departments of Working of oil fields ; Refining of
oil ; Sale of the products; Cashier; General Affairs.
Particularly in the working of fields the most up-to-date
appliances are employed and every method science has
devised for the particular branch of industry is adopted.
The activity of the first department is strikingly demonstrated
by the area of the concessions obtained. The company has
constantly carried on investigations into the geological
features of every nook and corner of the Empire to find oil
veins. Even now the company's able experts are at work
in different districts thought likely to produce oil. The area
of the concessions the company owns in the main islands of
the Empire and Taiwan amounts to over 586,000,000 square
yards.
At oil fields actually worked, namely, Higashiyama,
Nishiyama, Niitsu, Maki, Sagara, and Taiwan, branch
offices are established, and under their charge sixteen works
are erected. For the actual working of fields over 200
C 286 ^
boilers, over 700 engines, and over 300 pumps are operated
to the fullest capacity.
For the sinking of wells the company principally
adopts the American mechanical boring system, though at
some fields the old-fashioned methods are still resorted to.
At present over 1,500 wells are sunk and at the end of
last year the total output for the year was estimated at
1,100,000 barrels in round figures.
The second department owns refineries at Nagaoka,
Niitsu, Nuttari, Niigata, Kashiwazaki, Takata and Taiwan,
their producing capacity being so large as to turn out
300,000 gallons a day. At all these refineries the most
up-to-date plant is installed, and under the most competent
supervision the best possible goods are turned out.
every respect to the imported goods. The receptacles for
the goods thus perfected are also turned out by the company
itself with every possible care and precaution at its factories
at Kashiwazaki and Nagaoka. The average monthly pro-
duction at these factories is 400,000 cans.
The principal of the company's products are as follows : —
Volatile oil Gasoline; Illuminating oil Kerosine; Vistral
oil ; Lubricating oil ; Heavy oils Residue ; Anti-insect oil ;
Paraffin ; Pitch.
The company's sales department has offices at Tokyo,
Osaka, Shimonoseki, and Otaru.
Thanks to their effijrts the superior quality of the
company's products has been quite well advertised to the
public, and now their reputation is well established. At
NISHIYAMA OIL-FIELD OF THE HODEN OIL CO.
In the following the locality and extent of these con-
cessions are shown in detail : —
Being prospected. Being worked,
(in square yards).
present not only the Imperial Army, the Imperial Navy,
and other Government offices but a large number of private
concerns are numbered among the company's buyers.
The officers of the company are as follows : —
Niigata
179,009,143
58,459,959
Yamagata
96,826,107
—
Akita
86,996,307
1,247,957
Aomori
6,957,818
1,197.769
Nagano ... .,
1,109,089
—
Shizuoka ...
13.031,790
262,992
Hokkaido
. ... 93,876,591
22,405,420
Taiwan
• •!• ^"~
1.078.971
Total
. ... 477,806,845
108,137,459
In the market the company's out-turns are received
with favour, and it is generally said that they are equal in
Keizazuro Hashimoio, Esq..
KiNEZo FuKUSHiMA, Esq.
ToKiCHi Watanabe, Esq.
KwAN-iCHi Nakano, Esq.
Satako Kawakami, Esq.
ToKUjiHO Kaqitomi, Esq.
Shintaro Ohashi, Esq ,
Viscount Tadaatsu Making
KlCHIBEI MUBAI, Esq
Zensaku Shibuya, Esq
President.
j Managing
I Director.
Director.
Auditor.
( 287 )
The latest result of the company's working, made up
to April, 1916, is as follows : —
Yen.
The surplus profit for the business term... 1,968,002.00
Depreciation in the company's property... 400,778.75
Gifts to the retired officers 100,000.00
Income tax and sur-tax on the profit for
the term 103,849.62
Balance , 1,363,373.63
Balance brought over from last account... 178,571.13
Total 1,541,944.76
Yen.
Legal reserve 85,000.00
Secondary reserve 100,000.00
Ordinary dividends at 12 per cent, per
annum 900,000.00
Special dividends at 2 per cent, per annum 150,000.00
Bonuses for officers, employees, and
workmen 85,000.00
Fund for the relief of employees and
workmen 15,000.00
Carried forward to next account 206,944.76
HOKKAIDO TANXO KISEN KABOSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE HOKKAIDO COLLIERY AND STEAMSHIP CO., LTD.)
THE Head Office of the Company is situated at No. 5,
Hon-Kawaya-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo, and the
BranchatNo. o.Shikanotani, Noborikawa-mura, Yubari-gun,
THi". VuBARI MINE, HOKKAIDO.
Ishikari Province, Hokkaido. The company was organized
in November, 1889, for the purpose of carrying on two
forms of business, viz.. Coal mining and railway traffic.
The share capital first invested amounted to ¥6,500,000.
With, however, the steady increase of the business the
capital gradually increased until it reached ¥27,000,000 in
1905. In October of the following year the company made
over its railway to the Government and at the same time
changed its title to the Hokkaido Colliery and Steamship
Co., Ltd. Since then the company has directed its energies
chiefly to coal mining. The mining lot now owned stretches
from the province of Ishikari to the province of Teshio,
covering an area of about 88,000,000 tsubo. When the
improvements on the methods of mining and the extension
of the various equipments have been completed in a few
years, the annual production of coal will reach over
2,500,000 tons. Besides the coal mining the company is
engaged in various forms of business, such as shipping, the
manufacture of cast iron, cokes, and bricks, the supply of
electric light and electric power and forestry. The company
also indirectly helps the business of the Japan Steel Works,
under the joint management of Japanese and English, by
taking up a portion of the shares. But, as mentioned above,
the company's chief business is coal mining. Thanks to
strenuous efibrts, the coals produced from the various mines
has been constantly increasing, and enjoys an excellent
reputation both at home and abroad. The company owns
altogether six mines. There are the Yubari, Manji,
THE MANJI MINE, HOKKAIDO.
Mayachi, Sorachi, Horonai and Ikushunbetsu. The coals
produced are noted for superior quality. The market covers
the homeland, the coasting districts of Siberia, the various
( 288
ports of China, the South Sea Islands and North America,
and the demand is yearly increasing. For the convenience
of transportation the company provides many steamers,
launches and over 110 lighters. The company was awarded
gold medals of honour by the International Exposition at
Paris, 1910; the Fifth Domestic Industrial Exhibition of
1903 ; the International Exposition at St. Louis, 1904 ; and
the Hokkaido Products Competitive Exhibition of 1906 ;
the medal of high honour by the Anglo-Japanese Exhibition
at London, 1910; and a gold medal by the Taisho Exhibi-
tion at Tokyo, 1914.
)
The Board of OflScers is as follows ;
Takuma Dan, Esq
TOYOTARO ISOMURA, Esq
Tsuruta Uno, Esq
C. Ikeqami, Esq
N. Yamada, Esq
W. Amemiya, Esq
K. Takagi, Esq
T. Ono, Esq
Y. Sakurauchi, Esq
f Director and
( President.
f Managing
i. Director.
Director.
IBARAKI SAITAN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE IBARAKI COAL
'T^HE Company's Head Office is located at No. 11,
Akashi-cho, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo. Besides the Head
Office there are the Mining Office and Agency. The former
jg^is situated^at No.|2386, Ot8uka,'jKita-nakanogo-mura,Taga-
gun, Ibaraki prefecture, and the latter at No. 236, Hashi-
THE IBARAKI COLLIERY,
ba, Jikata, Minami-senju-machi, Kita-tosliima-gun, near
Tokyo. In September, 1901, the company was organized
by Baron Eiichi Shibusawa, Mr. Soichiro Asano, Mr.
Goiehi Abe and five others. It has a capital of ¥700,000,
and two mining lots under operation cover an area of over
DIGGING CO., LTD.)
2,100,000 tsubo. The first lot lies in the boundaries of Kita-
nakanogo-mura and Hanakawa-mura, Taga-gun, Ibaraki
prefecture, and the second in the districts of Minami-
nakanogo-mura and Matsuoka-mura of the same gun. The
coals produced are divided into the following classes : —
First Class, New First Class, Second Class. The total
amount of the annual production reaches 180,000,000 kin.
The number of workmen in the service is over 1,200. The
coal produced in this district goes by the name of Ibaraki
Muyen-tan (Ibaraki Anthracite). True to its name it pro-
duces very little smoke, while its heat is strong and lasting.
Preparations are now in progress for the operation of
the second lot. It is expected that about June, 1917, when
the preparations have been completed the annual produc-
tive capacity of the company will reach 800,000,000 kin.
The officials of the company are as follows : —
GoiCHi Abe, Esq.
Kakuzo Matoba, Esq.
f Director and
"• I President.
f Managing
"■ I Director.
Kamekichi Kurata, Esq Director.
MoNJiRO Suzuki, Esq Auditor,
( 289 )
ISHIKARI SEKITAN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE ISHIKARI COAL MINING CO., LTD.)
THE Shinyubari mine, owned and worked by the com-
pany, lies in Wakanabe, Shikanotani, Noborikawa-
mura, Yubari-gun in the province of Ishikari, Hokkaido.
The mining lot covers an area of 6,981,127 tsubo. The
SHINYUBARI COLLIERY AND
ENVIRONS, HOKKAIDO.
ITS
business office is located at Shikanotani, Noborikawa-mura,
Yubari-gun in the province of Ishikari.
The mine was discovered in 1876, by Mr. B. S. Lyman,
American, but practically no work was done before 1897,
when the mine came into the possession of Mr. T. Ochiai,
who at once started operations. After changing hands
several times, the management of business was taken up by
the Ishikari Coal Mining Co., Ltd., in October, 1906.
In June, 1910, the mining right CHme into the possession
of the Tokyo Ghs Co., Ltd., but the business was left under
the management of the Ishikari Coal Mining Company.
The output of coal for tlie last six years is appended : —
Tons. Tons.
1911 191,249 1914 326.663
1912 278,518 1915 223,600
1913 313 900 1916 350,000
The coal is glossy and jet black, and being rich in
sticky elements is suitable for the ma
It also contains much gas.
The details of elements contained
following analytical table: —
Seams.
6 ft.
Moisture 1.40
Volatile Matter 45.08
Fixed Carbon 49.46
Ash 3.96
6 ft.
8 ft.
10 ft
0.21
0.15
0.18
1.20
1,26
1.28
7.810
7.920
7.480
Sulphur
Specific Gravity
Heat
Shafts: Mine I has five shafts, Mine II five, and
Mine III three.
Equipments ; Transportation — Inside the shaft men,
horses, steam, gas and electricity are employed, while out-
side the shaft electric and gas locomotives are chiefly used.
Drainage. — Electric and steam pumps are in use for
this purpose.
For the ventilation electric fans are provided, while for
lighting only safety lamps are permitted.
The coal is classified into two kinds, lump and small.
The mines are connected by the Government Railways with
the shipping ports of Muroran, Otaru and Hakodate.
The distances are 87 miles to Muroran, 95 miles to Otaru
and 252 miles to Hakodate. The lines lead from these
ports as far as Shikanotani on the Yubari line near the
mines. There is an extensive coal station in each of these
ports.
SHINYUBARI MINING OFFICE AND ITS
ENVIRONS, . HOKKAIDO.
ufacture of cokes.
The officers of the company are as
follow? : —
are shown in the
K. Okamoto, Esq.
( Representative
"* \ Director.
T. Makita, Esq ...
... ,*
N. Yamada, Esq. ..
... Director.
8 ft. 10 ft.
T. leoMUBA, Esq. ..
... ... ...
... ,,
1.55 1.22
T. UNO, Esq
... j»
45.17 44.21
K Takagi, Esq. ...
... ... •*.
»
50.09 47.87
K. Ito, Esq
... Auditor.
3.19 6.69
H. Nanaumi, Esq.
•a. «•• •••
.•• tt
( 290 )
IWAKI TANKO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE IWAKI COAL MINING CO., LTD.)
THE Head Office of the Company stands at No. 20,
Miuato-ga8hi,'Kyoba8hi-ku, Tokyo. The company
came into existence in February, 1894. Tlie capital
amounts to ¥1,200,000. The board of directors consists of
MACHIDA SHAFT AT UCHIGO MINE.
Mr. Soichiro Aauno, President ; Mr. Kamekichi Kurata,
Managing Director and Chief of the Mining Business
Department ; Mr. Rokuzo Watanabe, Director ; and
Messrs. KSgoro Odaka and Motojiro Shiraishi, Auditors. The
company owns the two collieries of Onoda and Uchigo, and
the annual production of coal is estimated at over 700,000
kin. The completion of the JOban line in March 1900
opened a way for sending the coal direct to the capital.
The Uchigo mine was first operated in 1896, and the trial
boring of the Uchigo shaft was made in 1896. In May,
1901, the Macliida shaft was completed. With the connec-
tion of the two pits in 1902 the production of coal began to
greatly increase. In November 1908 electrical equipments
were installed. The boring of the Nagakura pit was started
in July, 1908, and mining was commenced in the following
year. In September, 1915, the Company purchased Mitsu-
boshitsuzuri Colliery, and all necessary equipments for
the operation of the mines have been completed. The coal
produced enjoys an excellent reputation owing to its superior
quality. The Mining Office is located at Yumoto and
business is conducted at the Head Office in Tokyo. Tiie
principal customer is the Imperial Government Railways.
The market stretches from Awomori in tlie north to Hama-
matsu in the west. In Yumoto an iron plant has been
established for the manufacture and repairing of various
kinds of machines.
KAIJIMA KOGYO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE KAIJIMA MINING CO., LTD.)
'"T^HE Kaijima Mining Co., Ltd., stands at Nogata-
-i- machi, Kurate-gun, Fukuoka prefecture. It is one
of the well-known coal mining companies in Kyushu.
Established in 1909, the company has a capital of
¥2,600,000, mining lots to theextent of over 17,000,000 tewfto,
and employs over 12,000 men. Tlie annual output of coal
amounts to over 1,000,000 tons. For the mining and
transportation of coal machines of the most superior pattern
ai-e put in operation by steam and electric power.
Mr. Tasuke Kaijima, the organizer of the company,
who died on the Ist November, 1916, was recognized as a
coal magnate of Japan. His career is one of strenuous
effort and perseverance. He was born in Nogata-machi,
Kurate-gun in Fukuoka prefecture in 1844, a son of a poor
miner. From boyhood he worked in the fields as a miner
helping his father. But how could a man of rare ability,
strong will and with a burning ambition rest contented
with such a humble station of life. Early deciding to be-
come a mine owner lie struggled ever onward towards the
goal. After overcoming difficulties and hardships to which
men of ordinary calibre must have succumbed, tlie great
Kaijima at last succeeded in opening coal mining by him-
self. Adverse fortune befell him many times, sometimes
by the floods and at other times by a great falling off in
the price of coal. Nothing could, however, discourage him.
On the contrary, he turned every failure and misfortune
into a stepping stone toward success. He was at last
noticed by the late Marquis Inouye, the genro, wiio extend-
( 291 )
ed a helping hand to him in his business. This coupled
with the growing activity of the coal market began to
steadily develop his business. In 1898, he organized the
Kaijima Mining Gomei Kaisha which was later reorganized
into the present company. Besides hia own company he
THE LATE MR. T. KAIJIMA.
was connected with a few other concerns, and was promi-
nent in public worlis. It was he who established a school
for the education of children of miners. It was neither
scholarship nor mere cleverness, but the spirit of inde-
pendence and perseverance that raised him from an obscure
miner to a great mine owner of the country.
The following are the principal coal fields under opera-
tion by the company : —
Otsuji coal fields, area of mining lot ,
Output of coal for 1914 ...
Output of coal for 1915 ...
Employees
Male and female miners
Onoura fields mining lot ...
Output of coal for 1914
Output of coal for 1915
Employees
Male and female miners
Iwaya fields mining lot ...
Output of coal for 1914
Output of coal for 1915
Employees ^
Male and female miners
Tsubo.
1,214,435
Tons.
260,800
244,200
Men.
133
Hands.
2,216
Tsubo.
6,387,982
Tons.
748.505
639,923
Men.
469
Hands.
6,152
Tsubo.
2.09.%704
Tons.
1 18,000
141,100
Men.
90
Hands.
1,788
KIDOGASAWA KOZAN KABUSHIKI KAISHA-YAXUXI
KOZAN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE KIDOGASAWA MINING CO., LTD. AND THE YAKUKI
MINING CO., LTD.)
n^HE Kidogasawa Mining Co., Ltd., stands at No. 4,
-*- 1-chome, Yuraku-cho, Kojimachi-ku, Tokyo. The
company was originally established by the Tunaka Gomei
Kaisha in December, 1904, with a capital of ¥100,000, and
was represented by Mr. Keiichiro Tanaka and Mr. Isaburo
Tanaka. In August, 1913, the company was reorganized
into a joint stock corporation and assumed the present title.
At the same time the capital was increased to ¥500,000.
The mine, covering an area of 67,270 tmbo, lies in Fuji-
wara-mura, Shioya-gun, Tochigi prefecture. The output of
copper for 1915 readied over 941,800 kin. The copper is
of excellent quality and the nietiiod of the operation leaves
nothing to be desired, so that a bright future is in store for
the company.
The list of ofiScials is as follows : —
Yaichiro Ito, Esq Managing Director.
K KKjiRO Sato, Esq „ „
Keiichiro Tanaka, Esq Director.
Kennosuke Kimura, Esq. ... „
( 292 )
YAKUKI MINING CO., LTD.
The Yakuki Mining Co , Ltd., is situated at No. 4,
1-chome, Yuraku-cho, Kojimachi-ku, Tokyo. The company
was organized in December, 1906, with a capital of
¥100,000 in the form of a limited partnership. In
November, 1914, it was reorganized into a joint stock
company, and the capital was increased to ¥750,000 fully
paid up. The mining lot lies in Yakuki, Ono-mura, Iwaki-
gun, Fukushima prefecture, covering an area of 594,360 tsubo,
the annual production of copper amounting to 125,199 kin.
The company also purchases copper ores from various
mines and sells them to the Kuhara and Furukawa Mining
Companies after refining them.
The board of directors consists of the following leading
business men : —
Kennosuke Kimura, Esq.
Kenjibo Sato, Esq
Shigema Tamura, Esq. ..
Yaichiro Ito, Esq
Managing Director.
Director.
KAMAISHI KOZAN.
"^ [ ^HE Kamaishi mine owned by Mr. Chobei Tanaka —
whose head office is at No, 12, Kita-konya-cho, Kyo-
bashi-ku, Tokyo— is siiuated in Iwate prefecture, about
fifteen miles west of the port of Kamaishi, in mount Kataha,
.Mx^^
THE EIGHTH SMELTING FURNACE OF THE
KAMAISHI IRON MINE.
4,000 feet above sea-level. The mine is located at a height
of between 1,600 feet and 3,300 feet above sea-level. It
was discovered in 1823, and was transferred from private
property to the Government, and then the late proprietor of
the mine, father of Mr. Chobei Tanaka, purchased it from
(THE KAMAISHI MINE.)
the Government. At first pig-iron was manufactured and
then cokes. By degrees, the raining business was extended,
and in 1903 a big smelting-furnace was provided. Two
years later, two smaller smelting-furnaces were added. In
1907 a project was mooted to commence the manufacture of
copper, and when all arrangements were completed in
August, the same year, refining was successfully started.
From that time various improvements have been introduced
to improve the quality. The refining business includes tlie
manufacture of pig-iron, copper, steel, and casting iron by
the most up-to-date machinery, and metals manufactured
are popular on account of their superior quality. Magnetite
is the chief product of the mine. The total area covered by
the Ohashi mining district is 1,380,624 Unbo, and that of
the Hashino mining district 514,322, making a total of
1,894,946 tsubo. The annual output of ore is as follows : —
Iron, about 80,701,550 kan ; Copper 31,478,452 kan ;
Lime-stone 18,002,530 yfcan ; Pig-iron 23,102,722 kan;
Manganese 1,235,088 kan; Steel 7,197,466 kan; Inferior
copper 3,899,744 kan; Gold 13 kan 186 momme; and
Silver 770 kan 550 momme. (I Aan=8.28 pounds).
( 293 )
KUHARA KOGYO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE KUHARA MINING CO.)
f I ""HE Kuhara Mining Company was founded in
*- September, 1912, as a successor to the Kuhara
Mining Office managed by Mr. Fusanosuke Kuhara. The
Kuhara Mining Office was inaugurated in December, 1905,
when Mr. Kuhara purchased the Hitachi Mining Con-
cession and commenced operations. When the Hitachi
Mine was taken over by Mr. Kuhara it was of very little
importance, but directly Mr. Kuhara took it over money
and energy were freely spent on it. Mr. Kuhara's success
after some years strenuous endeavour was enormous. The
new vein he immediately struck was rich and of a large
magnitude.
Mr. Kuhara followed up the success with the com-
pletion of smelting and transportation accommodation at
the Hitaciii Mine, and the purchase of several new mines,
such as the Higashiyama, the Minenosawa, the Nishi-
Name of Mine. Site. • Purchased in.
Nishiraikawa Sado-gun, Niigata prefecture Nov., 1910
Takaura Nishiuwa-gun, Yehime „ Nov., 1912
Takeno Kinosaki-gun, Hyogo „ Apr., 1912
Oyama Nishimurayama-gun,
Yamagata „ Mar., 1914
Kawadzu Kamo-gun, Shidzuoka „ May, 1912
Tashiro Onuma-gun, Fukushima,, July, 1906
Besides the foregoing, mines under exploration at
present, and the working out of ore to be commenced
shortly, are as described below : —
Purchased in.
Satsuma Hegi-gun, Kagoshima prefecture May, 1914
Toyohira Sapporo-gun, Hokkaido Dec, 1912
Oe Yoichi-gun, Hokkaido July, 1914
VIEW OF THE HITACHI MINE.
mikiiwa, and the Takeno Mines. Mining machines were The following table gives the annual output of the
tlien manufactured by Mr. Kuhara at his own works. company and its predecessor. Periiaps this will give
As these operations developed and the firm's business readers some idea of the development of the work,
and financial foundation were solidified, Mr. Kuhani Gold. Silver
converted his private concern into a company in September, ■ Amount Value Amount V.ilue
1912, since when the administration of the concern hHS been (kg.) (S) (kg) (6)
steadily improving and the number of his mining conces- 1906 — — — —
sions has increased enormously. 1907 .518 345.5 15 578 270.0
The principal mines possessed by the company are as 1908 48.701 31,2925 966.109 17,016.0
follows:— 1909 229.804 143,606.5 6.3.52.680 101,643.0
Name of Mine. Site. Purchased in. ^^^^ 395.179 259,606.0 8,410.065 144,092 5
Hitachi Taga-gun, Ibaraki prefecture Dec, 1905 l^^' 592.421 392.578,0 10,687.125 186,953.5
Higashiyama Oegun, Tokushima „ Nov.. 1910 1^12 839.528 556,645.5 10,236.098 204,374 0
Minenosawa Iwata-gun. Shidzuoka „ June, 1908 '^13 1.508.659 999,417.0 14,913.338 291.248.0
Ose Kita-gun, Yehime „ Nov., 1913 Total... 3,614.810 2,388.491.0 51,580.993 945,597.0
( 294 )
Copper.
1906...
1907...
1908 ...
1909 ...
1910...
1911 ...
1912...
1913...
Total
The
belonging
Taga-gun,
facilities.
Amount
Tmetric ton.)
264.4
800.2
1,901.6
. 3,900.6
. 4,907.3
. 6,353.0
. 9,038.8
, 11.106.2
Value
($)
10,605.0
338,208.5
609.622.5
991.408.5
1,211,743.5
1,576,417.5
3,036,094.5
3,580,385.0
Value Total
($)
10,605.0
338,823.5
557,981.0
1,241,658.0
1,615,442.0
2,155,949.0
3,797,114.0
4,871.050.0
... 38,272.0 11,254,485.0 14,588,572.0
Hitachi Mine, one of the leading copper mines
to this company, is situated at Hitachi-mura,
Ibaraki prefecture, and has great transportation
An electric tramway has been laid by the
THE SMELTING WORKS OF THE HITACHI MINE.
compHuy between the mine and Sukegawa Station on the
Joban Railway Line and the smelting plant is directly
connected with the line.
The geohigical forniatiun of the mine belongs to the
" Chichibu " paleozoic strata and consists of several layers
of amphibole shist, phyllite, tnlc shist, and lime rock. The
Hmphibole shist is most extensively developed. The general
strike is roughly 50 degrees und the dip is 60 degrees N.W.
The ore deposit is embedded in the amphibole shist, there
being five li>rge lenticular masses called Chusei, Honko,
Kammine, Akasawa, and Takasuzu. The extension of the
ore deposit at present is about 500 feet wide and 5,000 feet
long. The strike is about 45 degrees and the dip 70 degrees
N.W.
The principal slmfts are as follows : —
Name of shaft. Depth. Use.
No. 1 vertical 1,115 ft. below ground for winding ore
surface
Name of shafib.
No. 2 inclined
No. 3 inclined
No. 4 vertical
No. 5 vertical
Depth.
500 ft. below zero-ft.-
level of Kammine mass.
500 ft. below 200 ft.-
level of Honko mass.
500 ft. below zero-ft.
level of Chusei mass.
200 ft. below zero-ft.
level of Honko mass.
Use.
for packing
material.
do.
for winding ore
do.
The ores produced consist principally of cupriferous
pyrite containing a slight amount of gold and silver. To
remove the rubbish contained in them, hand picking as
well as a simple mechanical dressing plant is adopted at the
mine. The latter has the capacity of producing something
like 900 short tons a day.
Tlie smelting plant is located 2.4 miles downward in
the mine and intermediate with the railway station.
Communication and water supply is very convenient here.
Mining office, water-house, hospital, residences, primary
school, and post-office are all erected near by.
The smelting charge is composed of ore from the
Hitachi mine as well as from Minenosawa, Nishimikawa,
Takeno, Oyama and Kawadzu, all belonging to the company
and also from several other mines in the vicinity of the
smeltery as well as remote districts in Japan and Korea.
Lump ore, sinter-roasted product from the powder ore and
fluxes are subjected to the semi-pyrite smelting to produce
first matte.
The matte after concentration-smelting is blown into
blister copper in the acid converter.
The ore put through amounts to some 1,700 short tons
per day. Recently the smelting ore has been made up of
62.9^ of Hitachi ore, 5.7^ of other copper ore of the
company, \&.Q% of purchased copper ore, 7.4^ of gold and
silver ore of the company and 8.0^ of purchased gold and
silver ore.
The electrolytic copper refining plant is situated between
the smeltery works and the railway station. It has 350
electrolytic vats and crude ore is here electrolysed by the
multiple system, anode slime being refined in an English
cupellation furnace. Impurities accumulated in the electro-
lyte are removed by the copper-vitriol process. The
electrolytic copper produced here has an average tenor in
copper of 99.96^.
The mineral output of the Hitachi mine from 1909 to
1913 is given below.
Gold (kg).
Silver (kg).
Copper (M.t.)
1909
. ... 229.804
6,352.680
3,900.6
1910... .
. ... 395.179
8,410.065
4,835.3
1911
. ... 592.421
10,687.1-^5
5,673.9
1912... ,
. ... 839.528
10,236.098
7,834.4
1913... .
. ... 1,480.620
14,657.348
9,805.1
( 295 )
Remake. — These numbers comprise the products from
Hitachi ore proper together with those of other mines.
At the mine the following auxiliary undertakings are
carried on : —
Sulphuric acid manufacture : — To supply sulphuric acid
for the electrolytic plant and some other minute consump-
tion, the acid is made by the single chamber system from
powder ore from the mine. Sulphuric acid produced
amounts to some 200,000 lbs. per month.
Carbon-bisulphide manufacture : — Free sulphur in the
furnace flue dust is being converted into carbon bisulphide
in an electric furnace, the output amounting to some 30,000
lbs. per montli.
The product is colourless and is very pure chemically.
Copper vitriol manufacture : — A percentage of impure
electrolyte is daily extracted and manufactured into vitriol
of copper, the output of which is nearly 176,000 lbs. per
month.
The Higashiyiima Mine is another important concession
owned by the company. It is situated at Higashiyama-
mura, Oye-gun, Tokushima prefecture, and has fairly good
communication facilities, being only 3.7 miles from Zingo
Station on the Tokushima Railway. Its geological formation
belongs to the crystalline shist system and is composed of
chlorite shist, graphite shist, and piedmonite shiSt. The
general strike is about 90 degrees and the dip 40-80 degrees.
The ores produced are cupriferous pyrite containing
3.2^ of copper and some A2% of sulphur.
The amount of ore produced since 1910 is given below : —
Y" Amount of Tenor in Content in
^^*''- OreM.T. Cu ^. Copper M.T.
1910 16,707.2 2.63 440.1
1911 21,262 3 3.40 722 9
1912 40,904.7 3.20 1,308.9
1913 40,738.9 3.18 1,295.4
The Minenosawa Mine is situated at Tatsuyama-mura,
Iwada-gun, Shizuoka prefecture, and its geological formation
belongs to the Archean strata. The strike runs 20 degrees
and the dip is 45 degrees E, The ores produced are
classified into kinds of massive cupriferous pyrite and
phyllitic ore. They are imbedded in the chlorite shist,
single in number, and the total length of the outcrop
reaches 6,000 feet.
Ore produced since 1912 is as follows.
■y- Amount of dressed Tenor ill Content in
'*"■ Ore in M.T. Copper^. Copper M.T.
1912 23.124.1 3.74 864.8
1913 27,613.8 4.54 1,253.7
The ore is sent to the Hitachi smeltery and subjected
to the metallurgical treatment there.
The Ose Mine is situated at Ose-mura, Eita-gun,
Yehime prefecture, and is 3.5 miles distant on the south-
east side from Nakayama town, the latter being situated
between Ozu and Gunchu towns.
Its geology belongs to the Archean strata and is com-
posed of chlorite shist, mica shist and graphite shist whose
strike is about 90° dipping some 10°-20° into the south.
Ore deposits are imbedded in the chlorite shist, two In
number, parallel to each other, one above another, the
strike and dig being both about the same as the country
rock.
The distance of the ore bodies is about 50 feet
vertically and the total explored length of the deposit
reaches about 4,600 ft. along the strike.
THE ELECTRIC REFINERY OP THE HITACHI MINE.
The ores produced are cupriferous pyrite containing
A% of copper and 47^ of sulphur. Their annual pro-
duction is as follows : —
Amount of Tenor in Content in
OreM.T. Copper^. Copper M.T.
5,291.2 4.08 215.9
16,592.4 2.75 456 3
Year.
1911...
1912...
1913 ...
2.87
642.8
22,39'^.7
The ore is sold to the sulphuric acid and artificial
manure works and the local metallurgical plants under the
administration of others.
The Nishikawa Mine is situated near on the western
coast of Sado island and its geological formation belongs to
the Tertiary tuff with augite an<lesite, the former developing
on the western side and the latter on the eastern side of the
concession. Near the deposit, the country rock, much
influenced by the formation of the deposit, turns into clay
or propyrite.
Ore deposit is the true fissure-filling quartz vein, lying
in the andesite. So far as the exploration reaches, there
( 296 )
are three principal veins whose lengths vary from 300 ft. to
1,100 ft. with the striije SC-OO" and the dip 40°-80'' S.
The ore is of the auriferous and argentiferous quartz
with average content in
oz./s.t.
Gold .3500
Silver 10 times of gold
Ore produced since 1911 is as follows : —
Amount of
Ore M.T.
Content in
._A
1911.
1912.
Au oz./s.t. Agoz/s.t. Gold kg. Silver kg.
.. 782.0 .5570 6.8555 14.936 183.851
..3,264.5 .4782 5.2546 53.539 588.274
1913 ...2,756.8 .3499 3.4350 33.083 324.750
The ore is sent to the Hitachi smeltery and subjected
to the Metallurgical treatment there.
Besides these mines the Kuhara Mining Company own
and conduct many subsidiary undertakings. Among others
being :
The Hitachi engineering works which were erected in
1909 at Hitachi-mura, Taga-guii, Ibnraki prefecture as the
subsidiary works to the Hitachi mine. They are distant by
I mile or so from the Sukekawa station on the Joban
railway line. Though the works were originally intended
to supply the mine and smeltery with electrical machineries
newly built or repaired, they proceeded to expand and receive
orders from the general public, enthused by the current
electrical enterprises here and in the country. The works
were opened for the public in July 191 1.
The Tsukudajima machine works were founded in
October, 1907, at No. 16, 3-chome, Nishi-cho, Shintsukuda-
jima, Tokyo. After a while a branch was established at
Shinbori-cho, Shiba-ku of that city. Both the works were
intended to supply the Hitachi mine as well as other public
demands with mining and milling machineries.
A big smeltery works has recently been erected by the
company at Saganoseki, Oita prefecture, for the purpose of
smelting the ores produced at the company's mines in the
Western provinces of the Empire. In Chosen also a big
smelting house is being established by the company, the re-
sult of the company purcliasing a copper mine at ICozan in
Northern Chosen.
MITSUBISHI GOSHI KAISHA KOZAMBU.
(THE MINING DEPARTMENT OF THE MITSUBISHI CO.)
ri^lIlH company's activities in mining were initiated in
-L 1873, wiieu the company acquired the Yoshioka
iMiiie, and a little later purchased theTakashima Coal Mine,
hut very little expunsion in this branch was contemplated
■'"^^m^'
VIEW OF THE IK.UNO MINE.
until the shipping business was taken over by the Nippon
Yusen Kaislia. The list of the company's concessions has
siuce steadily increased, the company ranking now amongst
the largest mine owners in Japan, possessing over twenty
large mines. The following figures show the average total
output : —
Gold 700 kilograms.
Silver 16,000
Copper 6,000 tons.
Coal 2,000,000 „
The production is annually increasing and the prospect
is quite satisfactory. Before the company attained success
in this line of business much difficulty had to be overcome.
Some of the concessions acquired were almost abandoned as
useless, when purchased, while the othera were still in an
embryo state though they had bright prospects, so that taking
over and working them involved much risk. Great efforts
were also required to make them into a paying concern.
The Gold Mine of Sado was known to form the
principal mineral assets of the country, along with the
Silver Mine of Ikuno and the Copper Mine of Besshi, but
when they were handed over to the company tliey were
almost drained of their deposits, owing to many years'
careless working, but when the company took over the
working of the mines there were great improvements in-
( 297 )
troduced in the methods of working the plant so that their
annual output is now steadily increasing.
A great innovation was effected in the company's mining
enterprise in 1896 with the Osaka Metallurgical Works, for
no mining concern can be complete without provision for
tlie treatment of its output. The works are, indeed, one of
tiie largest and best-equipped of their kind in Japan. Here
the company has brought the process of electrolysis to such
perfection that the goods turned out by the works are well-
known in the market, also the " Arakawa " slabs have a
similar reputation, the buyers being botli domestic and
foreign.
In the coal mining line the company's activities are
very conspicuous. The Takasliima and the Hashiraa Mines,
for example, rank among the richest in seams, and produce
first grade goods. The shafts are mostly under the sea beds
and sometimes workers are troubled by the in rusli of sea
water. Tlie company is overcoming this disadvantage by
boring new shafts and constantly prospecting new seams.
Thus the output at these well-known mines is actually in-
creasing apace.
The coal produced at tliose and other mines possessed
by the company is held in high esteem by the market and
commands a large sale in the domestic market, China,
Chosen, Hongkong, Manila, Saigon, and other parts of the
Far East. Above all the output at the Takashima and
the Yoshima Coal Mines, which are known inclusively as
Takashima coal, is deemed indispensable by the Government
Iron Foundry at Yawata, the Osaka Military Arsenal, and
other iron and steel smelting works as it is best suited fur
those uses.
The sliipping of coal is mainly conducted by the branch
offices at Moji, Wakamatsu, Nagasaki, and Karatsu and all
other agencies and branches are supplied from them.
For the mining achievements of the company, numerous
medals and prizes have been awarded at various exhibitions
or expositione, both domestic and foreign, of which tlie most
notable are : —
Gold medal of honour, 5th National Exhibition, 1903
Gold medal of honour, Tokyo Industrial Exhibition, 1907
Grand Prize, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis
Grand Prize, Universal Exposition, Liege.
THE OSARUZAWA MINE.
The following are the principal mines owned by the
department : —
Osaruzawa Mine, and Arakawa Mine, Copper;
Hisaichi Mine, Copper, Silver, and Gold; Takara Mine,
Copper ; Sado Mine, Gold ; Omodani Mine, Copper and
Silver ; Ikuno Mine, Silver and Copper ; Kanayama Mine,
Copper and Sulphur ; Yoshioka Mine, Copper and Silver ;
Makimine Mine, Gold, Copper, and Silver ; Togi Mine, Gold
and Silver ; and Namazuta Mine, Coal ; Kamiyamada,
Shinnew, Hojo, Kanada, Ochi, Mutabe, Yoshinotani, Taka-
shima, Coal.
MITSUI KOZAN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE MITSUI MINING CO., LTD.)
THE Head Office of this company is situated at Suruga-
cho Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo, and was called the
Mitsui Mining Department until recently. The name given
upon the re- organization was The Mitsui Mining Co., and
was established in 1892. The company own eleven mines,
Miike, Tagawa, Yaraano, Hondo, a sulphur mine in Iwao
Nobori, a metallic mine in Kamioka, Coal, Gold and other
mining concessions in Furutakei, Noborikawa, Kushikino,
Kongo, and the Kaisen Iron mine in Chosen.
The Mitsui Bussan Kaisha attends to the disposal of
all Minerals derived from the mines owned by the company.
The output of the coal from The Mitsui mines amounts to
one-sixtii of the total of the country.
The Miike Colliery is situated on the north-east shore
of Ariake Bay in Kyushu. The mining concession extends
over the province of Chikugo and Higo. The total area is
39,200 acres. The output for 1909 was 1,539,030 tons.
Its quality is fine and uniform and it gives great heat. The
( 298 )
Miike coal is regmded as the stnndard coal in the Asiatic
market. In llie mines motive power is used for haulage,
Hnd drainiige. Ventilation mid lighting is mainly electrical
and steam.
The Tagawa Colliery — is in Tagawa county in Buzen.
The area is 6.377 acre?, the output in 1909 was 565,000
tons. Mostly used in railway locomotives and manufacturing.
The Yamano Colliery — situated in Kaho county,
Ciiikuzen, six miles West of the Tagawa collieiy. The
raining concession lias an area of 3,854 acres and the 1910
output was 295,557 tons. The coal is black and highly
bituminous, has strong combustible strength and being
free from admixtures is used in boilers and various manu-
factories.
The Hondo Colliery — The concession extends ovef the
two provinces of Chikuzen and Buzen, The area is 2,541
acres. The output for 1909 was 261,08 1 tons. i
The Iwaoiiobori Sulphur Mine — is in Shiribeshi, Hok-
kaido. Under management of the Mitsui since 1886, it
covers 460 acres and the latest annual output was 17,074
tons of which 3,000 tons was refined. This quality is the
best, it contains 60-70_^ of pure sulphur.
The Karaioka Mine — This mining concession extends
from Hida to Itchu province, the offices are situsited about
35 miles from Toyama station. It covers an area of 9,804
acres. The ore is principally silver. The output for 1908
was : — gold 246 ounces, silver 169,529 ounces, copper 38
tons, lead 2,129 tons, zinc 8,676 tons.
The Furutakei Mine — This mine is situated in Oshima
province, Hokkaido. The area is 115,097 acres, the output
for 1912 amounted to 418.63 tons.
The Nobori Kawa Mine — This mine has an area of
6,445.98 acres and is located in the Ishikari prefecture,
Hokkaido. The output for 1913 was 100,678 tons.
The Kushikino Mine — is situated in Kagoshima
prefecture, Kyushu. The area is 1,489.47 acres. The
Mitsui Co. owns also the Kongo mine, Kaisen Iron mine at
Ciiosen.
The following table shows the 8th annual report, ending
the 30th November, 1915.
Assets. Yen.
Uncalled Capital 5,000,000.000
Enterprise Funds 22,509,244,185
Negotiable Instruments 2,177,500.000
Goods in storage 1,397,318.832
Produced goods 859,419.667
Suspense accounts 1,043,224.102
Matsushima Colliery Company, Ltd 441.845.620
Cash in hand 13,386.972
Total
Liabilities.
Paid-up capital
Reserve for Insurance
Reserve Fund
Deposits
Bonus ,
Bills payable
Mitsui Gomel Kaisha
Mitsui Bussan Kaislia, Ltd.
Bank accounts
Brought from last account
Net profit for the current term ...
.. 33,441,939.378
Yen.
.. 20,000,000.000
.. 1,280,886.591
.. 3,500,000.000
.. 1,612,792.211
183,132.000
.. 1,630,000.000
.. 1,260,000.000
18,702.870
194,220.220
.. 1,524,203.639
.. 2,253,001.847
Total 33,441,939.378
The principal officials of the company are : —
MoTONOsuKE Mitsui, Esq,
Genyemon Mitsui, Esq.
Naoya Yamada, Esq.
Kan-ichi Okamoto, Esq.
Tamaki Makita, Esq.
Takuma Dan, Esq. ...
JuTARO Mitsui, E?q. ...
T. Mitsui, Esq
S. Hatano, Esq
President & Director,
Director.
Auditor.
NSPPON SEKIYU KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE NIPPON OIL CO., LID.)
THE Nipp.m Oil Co., Ltd., one of the largest oil com-
jianies in Japan, was established in 1888, in Amase,
on the coast of the Japan Sea, in Niigata prefecture, by the
joint efforts of Mr. Hisahiro Nnito, the President, the late
Mr. Guiizaburo Yiininguchi and IMr. Siioz iburo Makiguchi,
t'lniir Directors, Mr. Shinsaku Honima, President Dirtctor
and others. The capital was fixed at ¥150,000 divided
into 150 shares. With the growth of tlie Nishiyama oil
fields the Head Office was removed in 1899 to Kashiwa-
zaki, and in 1914 was again removed to the present site.
No. 1, 1-chome, Yui:iku-cho, K>jimaclii-ku, Tokyo. The
company started operations by digging several wells on one
C 299 )
of the holdings secured in Amase. Though these wells
gave a paying production, placing the company on a good
footing from the start, the first move by which it was able
to lay a secure foundiition for future success was the use of
the American method of drilling.
In the year following the establish-
ment of the company, the late
Mr. Yamaguchi made an inspec-
tion-tour abroad, and on his
return ordered from New York a
complete drilling outfit. The
macliines arrived at Amase in the
fall of 1890, a derrick was rigged
over one of the old holes, and
the well was completed in April
of the following year to a depth
of 1,000 feet. Thus encouraged,
the company drilled several wells
in succession and struck oil in all of them at depths ranging
from 1,200 to 1,500 feet, each producing from 80 to 180 koku
of oil a day. This decided success opened a new era in the
history of the Japanese oil industry, and led to the subsequeiit
rapid development of Amase, and other fields as well, not
only by the Nippon Oil Co., but also by other concerns.
MR. H. NAITO.
KASHIWAZAKI OIL REFINERY OF THE CO.
In 1895, the company established an iron foundry at Nii-
gata for the manufacture of machines for drilling wells and
for manufacturing oil. With the progress of years the
works so much developed that they could turn out all the
necessary machines. Then the company gave up the
management, and this work* formed the origin of the pre-^
sent Niigata Iron Works, Ltd., capitalized at ¥2,000,000.
In March, 1907, the company started another factory in
Nuttari, near Niigata, for the manufacture of sulphate of
god:i, necessary for tlie refining of oil. This factory was
also subsequently made independent.
In respect of quality of oil, output and future pros-
pects, Nishiyama is the best of all the oil fields in Niigata
prefecture. The drilling was commenced iu November,
1896, and the well, which was completed in January of the
following year to a depth of over 594 feet, produced about
100 kohl of oil per day. Then followed the operation in
Kamada, Miyagawa, Takiya, Ige, and other places in the
same fields.
In December, 1911, Mr. Kazutaka Ito, Chief of the
Department of Genera'. Aflairs and Mr. Teisuke Watanabe,
expert, were sent to America to investigate the situation of
the oil industry. In the California oil fields they saw the
newly completed rotary drilling machine. They brought
home with them some of these machines, and put them in
use in March, 1912. The result was splendid, and a depth
of about 3,000 feet was reached in only a few months.
This opened another new era in the history of the Japanese
oil industry. The company takes every care for the well-
being of its employes, and in January, 1908, established a
system of pensions ; also a relief system for sufferers from
various causes among the employes, and their families.
THE OUTFLOW OF OIL FROM No. 5 WELL
AT KUROKAWA, AKITA.
Areas of oil fields in various districts owned by the
company at the end of November, 1916, are as follows : —
' Tsubo.
Hokkaido 45.608,236
Aomori preftctun' ... 10,153,570
Akita ,. 65,168,577
Yamagata 31,607,992
Niigata , 112,269.960
Shizuoka 5.072,227
Taiwan and other places... ... 20,084,813
Total
... 289,965,475
( 300 )
For the sale of the articles there are six agents,
viz. The Selling Section in ; the Head Office of Tokyo,
Selling Department, Osaka, Selling Department, Shimono-
B seki, the Kashiwazaki Agent, Akita Refinery and Hokkaido
THE OUTFLOW OF OIL THROUGH TUBES FROM
No. 5 WELL AT KUROKAWA.
Refinery. Each agent has its own districts assigned for
sale.
Specialities: — Naphtha, kerosene, crude petroleum,
lubricating oil, liquid paraffin, transformer oil, paraffin, pitch.
All these articles are distinguishable from those of other
companies by the trade-mark of a bat they bear.
According to the settlement of accounts for the period
from July to Deceml)er, 1916, the company's net profit is
¥2,957,105.296. The revenue for the period under review
is put at ¥7,142,651.*i61, of which ¥6,893,023.293 is for the
proceeds of sale of crude oil and various manufactures.
The pre.»ent capital is ¥20,000,000, of which
¥16,500,000 is paid up.
The company's officials are as follows: —
r XT T.^ _ C President and
■" \ Director.
Tatsuiaro Yamaquchi, Esq.
Shinsaku Homma, Esq. ...
HiDESABURO KusuMi, Esq.
OroHiKO Matsukata, Esq.
Tep.'ei Nakano, Esq.
Kan-ichi Nakano, Esq. ...
Vaichiro Iizuka, Esq.
Masaharu Yamaguchi, Esq.
Director.
Mauager
Auditor.
NISHIZAWA KINZAN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE NISHIZAWA GOLD MINING CO., LTD.)
After strenuous prospecting and working for a half
year, the company could net ¥69,000, and <listribute 40
per cent, per annum as dividend, for the first time. The
'T~'HIS company which works the gold mine at Nishi-
zawa, Shioya-gori, Tochigi prefecture, was floated
with a capital of ¥250,000 in July, 1906, by Messrs. Taijiro
Nozawfl, Sanyemon Uyetake, and fourteen other business
men when the mine was almost abandoned as hopeless.
At first ¥50,000 was paid in and the payment to the
old owner was made in fully paid up shares. In August,
1906, the abandoned pit was dug further.
Later the prospecting works were resumed under the
direction of the new expert, and success was apparently in
sight, but this time the company was hard hit by the re-
actionary depression after the Russo-Japanese war. In the
financial circles the shortage of capital was keenly felt. In
September, 1907, however, the miners at work in the Asahi
pit discovered a rich deposit of gold ore, which contained
gold to the extent of 1/1000 and silver to the extent of
1/100, along with tungstei).
^^^^^«RPPiHIHH[^H^^^^^^HPRI
■% ^.-':-< 9il^^^^4fHP^lM[^^^^H|^W''" M
— — «► r<" _^ ■■'. ■T^'V'i-""
.-
.\^^ *■-''*
S ..»-^e- ••' • ^Ja
— y \»>
^f^V^i^
^it ^^k <Hi^-. ■ -*
. \\ \ -A J^.%-
^^J^i^ii,,^^ I "VM-
.-•-v^^^^SBI^UKli^''^^'' V. /"■ -'-^
THE NISHIZAWA GOLD MINE.
successful career of the company thus began in 1907, as
the result of years' unrequited labour.
( 301 )
Immediately after this success, the company completed
all necessary accommodation at Nisliizawa, and also pro-
vided for the welfare of the mine labourers employed. The
prospecting of the other pits was also commenced at this
time with more hope than when the Asahi pit was first
prospected.
At present the prospecting of these old pits and the
digging out of new pits is carried on with indications of
success. The completion of electric plants, which drive
different machines at the pits, and refining mills, and the
laying of cables is also being carried out.
Financially the company has strengthened its position
lately as the operations at the mine have proved successful.
After the repeated enlargements the capital stands now at
¥3,500,000,
President.
Managing Director.
Director.
The company's head office is at present situated at No.
3, 2-chome, Shintomi-cho, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo, where the
general afiairs of the company are controlled by the
following officers : —
Sanyemon Uyetake, Esq....
Genjiro Oqawa, Esq
NoBUHiRO YoKOO, Esq.
Genzaburo Takahashi, Esq.
HiDESHiRO Murakami, Esq.
Takeshi Yaita, Esq
Shoichiro Kato, Esq.
KiNiCHiRO Fujihira, Esq.
Suketaro Kawasaki, Esq.
HiKOJi MiTSUGi, Esq
Ts0NEJiRo Takahashi, Esq.
Auditor.
YOKOYAMA K06Y0BU.
(THE YOKOYAMA MINING DEPARTMENT.)
ONE of the foremost of the mining interests in Northern
Japan is tlie Yokohama Mining Department, of
Kanazawa. The actual controller of this large business is
Mr. Akira YoVoyama, a man of strong personality. He,
besides managing this
flourishing business,
directs the affairs of the
Kariaziiwa Chamber of
Commerce as its Pre-
sident. He is the eldest
sou of Mr. Takaoki
Yokoyama, who was the
youngest son of the late
Ciiief Retainer of the
Lord of Kaga, Taka-
akira Yokoyama, and in
his youth founded a
family of his own at
Kanazawa. He whs born
ill 1874 and was educat-
ed at elementary and
middle grade schools at Kanazawa. In 1892, he entered
the Tokyo Butsuri Gakko and studied physical sciences.
Four years later he graduated from the school with honour.
His father managed tlie affairs of the Ogoya Mine on
behalf of his elder brother, the late Baron Takahira Yoko-
MR. A. YOKOYAMA.
yama, from 1881. Later, in 1884 he took over the
managership of the Hirakane Mine at Nibu-mura, Ono-
gun, Hida province, and later achieved a brilliant success
as a mining operator.
Mr. Akira Yokoyama devoted himself of the manage-
ment of the Ogoya Mine, immediately he graduated from
the school. A big smelting furnace was installed at the
mine on his own plan, which proved a step to success.
Immediately after the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese
war the mining enterprises of the Yokoyama families were
amalgamated, and the present mining department was
founded. Mr. Yokoyama, in conjunction with Baron
Takatoshi Yokoyama, being responsible for the control of
the big concern thus initiated.
A new era was opened for the enterprise of the Yoko-
yama family; the Okura Mine at Mogami-gun, Uzen
province, being purchased, together with many new mines
ill Ugo, Kaga, Echizen, and other Northern provinces. In
1910, tlie scope of the enterprise was so much .enlarged that
the mining department had to be reorganized, with Baron
Takatoshi Yokoyama, Mr. Takaoki Yokoyama, Mr. Akira
Yokoyama, and Mr. Takayoshi Yokoyama as partners.
The contiol of the new firm was entirely placed in the
hands of Mr. Akira Yokoyama.
This firm has been enlarged year by year and at pre-
sent comprises 15 of the best mines and gives employment
( 302 )
tc 130 emi>Ioyee8 and 3,500 miners. Tlie annual output of At present lie has a share in the management of the Saisei-
copper at these mines, worked by this family, runs into Kai, the Dojin-Kai, and the Ono Charity Institution as
4,600,000 kin. Councillor.
Mr. Yokoyama also has an interest in the following: — Many public institutions in other lines enjoy his
THE BUSINESS OFFICE OF THE YCKOYAMA MINING DEPARTMENT.
The Onsen Electric Railway Co., Ltd.; The Knshu
Bank, Ltd.; The Konazuwa Klectricity and Gas Co., Ltd.;
The Nippon Hard Pottery Co., Ltd. ; The Kanaziwa Street
Electric Railway Co., Ltd. ; The Brazilian Dcvtlopraent
support, and so;u() oi them are peisinally conlrolied
by him.
Tlie following is a partial list of the piil)lic institutions
he manages either as President or as nn a^'livc member: —
SMELTING PLACE AND
EEFINERY OF THE
OGOYA MINE.
Co, Ltd.; The Ki^nazawa Warehousing and Habutai
Finishing Co., Ltd
Mr. Akira Yokoyama is also a liberal patron of all
philanthropic works. The Red Cross Society and the Saisei-
Kai have secured his hearty support during the many years.
The Kanazawa Chamber of Commerce, The Ishikawa-
ken Forestry Association, The Central Council of the Pro-
ductive Societies, The Kanazawa Association cf Industry
and Commerce, Tiie Ishikawa-ken Commercial Museum and
The Ishikawa-ken Exhibition Association.
( 303 )
INBWSPAPERS AMD PRINTERS.
THE GHUGAI SH06Y0 SHIMPO.
THE Chugai Shogyo Shirnpo is one of the most
influential commercial paj,ers, not only in Japan
but in tlie wliole Jiast, and it is_'one of the oldest. It WiS
THE CHUGAI SHOGYO SHIMPO OFFICE, TOKYO.
founded on December 2Md, 1876, after the style of the
Bukka Shimpo, or Market News, and principally dealt with
market new.", and reports on kindred subjects.
The object the founders of the paper liad in view was
the development of commerce and industry, which were
then in tiieir stnge of growth. To supply every possible
variety of information to the workers in the different Hues
of commerce and industry, who had tlien no adequate means
of information written in their own language.
At first the paper was a weekly publication, but
gradually increased its publication and on July Ist, 1885,
it became a daily paper. The present style of the Ciiugai
Shogyo Shimpo or International Commercial News, was
assumed in .January, 1889. It tiien commenced to report
on international and domestic affairs, concerning economy,
finance and politics.
The paper has one of the largest circululions among
business circle?.
At first the paper was owned by a partnership, but in
1901 it was transferred to Mr. Hirota Nozaki, the President
of the Mitsukoshi Dry Goods Store, Ltd, who was then tlie
General Manager of the Journal. The second metamor-
phosis was undergone in 1911 when it was taken over by a
joint stock company.
The paper is now under the control of the following:—
I- \r T-i f Manajiini; Director
IvYUJino Yanada, Eki ] Fv"? ,
' ' { and Editor.
Sabuiio Sato, Esq Managing Editor.
KoiiEi Murakami, Etq Foreign Editor.
Seibi Nagata, Esq Business Manager.
THE DOBUNKAN.
rriHE Dobuukan, Ltd., one of the largest publishing
-*~ houses of Japan, stands at No. L', Omote-Jimbocho,
Kanda-ku, Tokyo. Mr. Slionojo Moriyama, the founder and
Managing Director of the Company, is a native of Matsuye,
Shimaue prefecture.
Mr. Moriyama opcneil the jirestiiit Conijiany on Aptil
3rd, 1896, chittiy for the purpose of publisliing books
relating to commerce. The company stea<]i!y dt:vtloj)ei!,
and in 1900 Mr. Moriyama went t') Europe to inspect the
publishing business and visited the Intematioiiai Exposition
( 304 )
lield at Paris. He also spent much of his time in Germany,
where he made acquaintances of noted publishers of en-
MK. S. MORIYAMA.
cyclopedias from whom he learned a great deal. He was
above all deeply impressed with the fact that en-
cyclopaedias greatly contribute toward the promotion of
various knowledge and common sense of the nation at large.
On his return home he made up his mind to undertake the
important and yet heavy task of the publication of en-
cyclopaedic works. After much study and consideration he
at last set himself to the work in 1901, when he decided
to publish encyclopaedic works on different subjects
separately instead of in complete sets, which, he
thought, would be above the purchasing power of the
generality of the public. In 1901 he commenced
the publication of a commercial cyclopaedia, which was
completed in May, 1908. It consists of three volumes
containing 3,000 pages. This was followed by six different
works dealing with Medicine, Education, Jurisprudence,
Philosophy, Industry, and Political Economy.
In general points they are similar to western publica-
tions. But in one particular respect they are decidedly
superior. That is, the fullest explanations imaginable are
given tiierein concerning things Oriental.
MR. DOI KUMAICHI.
TV /r R. DOI'S Office is situated at No. 2, Omote-
Sarugaku-cho, Kanda-ku, Tokyo. He was born
in April, 1880, in Hamada-machi, in the province of Iwami.
He devoted himself to the study of collotype printing from
July, 1900, to July, 1905, when he opened the present
office. His business speciality lies in printing all kinds of
real objects by means of collotype. The process is the
result of Mr. Doi's zealous study, and the productions
are excellent in every way, and liave secured tlie wonder
and admiration of the public at large. Among many kinds
of printed papers produced by the factory is one used
for diverse purposes, but specially devised for packing,
for which it is widely in favour. In short, they are all
unique in the printing world of Japan, and demands are
steadily increasing. Mr. Doi is making every effort to fur-
ther improve the productions with a view to contributing to
the cause of this line of industry.
MR. K. DOI.
( 305 )
THE FUZAMBO.
'np^HE Fuzambo is located at No. 9, Urajirabo-cho,
Kanda-ku, Tokyo. The company was organized as
far back as 1886 by Mr. Kajiraa Sakamoto, a native of
Sukumo, in the province of Tosa, who since that time has
devoted himself to the publishing business, and has pub-
lished 3,000 different books. Notable among the books
published are the Japanese Gazetteer by Dr. Togo Yoshida
and Japanese Household Encyclopaedia by Dr. Yaichi
Haga and Mr. Jiro Shimoda.
In 1897 the company published text books of Japanese
Language by Dr. Tsubouchi, and has also published many
text books for the use of Middle Schools.
With the ever-growing prosperity of the business, tlie
company is directing its efforts more than ever to the
publication of the best and most acceptable works. The
following are the representative works so far published :
The whole History of Western Countries by Dr. Segawa,
Complete Works of Chinese Classics, Japanese Philosophy
of Chutze School, Japanese Philosophy of Yangming
School and Japanese Philosophy of Old School by Dr. T.
Inouye, Complete Works of Plato by Mr. Kimura,
Lectures on the Latest Botany by Dr. Miyoshi, Faust
by Dr. Mori, Complete Works of Shakespeare, by Dr.
Tsubouchi, Schumolar's Principle of Political Economy by
Mr. Yamada, Physics and Chemistry by Dr. Osaka,
Japanese Historical Atlas, and Oriental Historical Atlas
by Dr. Yoshida, Historical Atlas of the World, Detailed
Atlas of China, etc.
Principal recent publications are the Japanese
Language Dictionary, Cyclopaedia oti Buddhism, Typical
Household Literature and Detailed Sino-Japanese Dic-
tionary, etc.
In describing the business of this distinguished pub-
lishing house mention must not be omitted at the late Mr.
MR. K. SAKAMOTO AND THE FUZAMBO, TOKYO.
Azusa Ono, former President of tlie defunct Toyoshs, who
used to say that the object of a true publisher should be not
so much profit-making as being instrumental in diffusing
knowledge of things old as well as new. To tlie faithful
endorsement of tliis noble principle by Mr. Siika'raoto, the
present President, is largely due the prosperit) of the
company.
( 306 )
THE HAKUBUNKAN.
ri~lHE Hakubunkan ia situated at Hon-cho, 3-clioine,
Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo, and is presided over by
Mr. Sliintaro Ohashi. The House wiis started by the late
Mr. Sahei Ohashi, father of the present proprietor. In
Marcli, 1890, the house published the complete Japanese
Literature, revised by Messrs. N. Ochiai, Y. Ogino
MR. S. OHASHI.
and Y. Konakamura. When these were publislied there
followed complete volumes of the lectures on Politics,
Economics, and Jurisprudence, works on Orientnl Literature
and Art, Biograpliies of the Hundred Heroes of the World,
the Japanese History, tiie Chinese Literature, Eucyclopedia
of Japan and numerous other books.
Having established the foundation of the House, Mr.
Sahei Ohashi made a tour in the U.S.A. in 1893, to visit
the Word's Fair in Chicago and made an inspection of the
publishing business of America. After a year's sojourn he
returned, having gained much additionnl knowledge. In
January, 1895, the House publisheii a monthly called
"Taiyo." Mr. Sahei Ohashi died on November 3rd, 1901.
Before his death Mr. Ohashi established the Ohashi Library,
contributing the sura of ¥125,000. The library was opened
to the public in June, 1902.
THE HAKUBUNKAN, TO ■ YO.
On tiie outbreak of tlie Russo-Japaiie.^e war the House
published an illustrated magazine and a monthly photo-
album showing the scenes of battles. In 1908, Mr. S.
Ohashi, the present President, accompanied by Mr. Hada,
Manager, made a tour around the world. The liouse now
publishes seventeen periodicals, and a few years ago issued
seven mammoth publications in commemoration of the 2oth
anniversary of its organization.
( 307 )
HAKUBUNKAN
(THE HAKUBUNKAN
rpHE Hakulmnkan Printing Office stands at No. 108,
-*- Hisalsata-niachi, Koisliikawa-ku, Tokyo. It is one
of tiie largest printing establislimcnts in Japan. It was
originally stiirled on a liumble scale in 1896 by the late
MR. K. OHASHI.
Mr. Saliei Oliaslii, former President and founder of the
Ilakuhunkan. In December, 1904, the factory was burnt
down by fire. But in three months a new and larger one
was completed at the pame ])lace. In April the factory was
INSATSUSHO.
PRINTING OFFICE.)
Europe and America there were installed in the factory
many machines of the latest pattern, including those for six
colour process, engraving and relief methods, etc. Recently
a new factory covering an area of 900 tsubo was established.
Both in tlie scope of business and perfection of equipment
the Hakubunkan Printing Works are now generally recog-
nized as a model of the kind in Japan.
The Hakubunkan Printing Office may be judged by
the title as existing chiefly for the service of the Hakubun-
kan Publishing House, but this is not so. The office is
open for the service of the general public, giving no special
favour to the Publishing House, which is merely one of the
principal customers. Besides executing printing of all
kinds, the works make types of all size-", printing machines,
inks, and indeed everything relating to printing. Some
details of the business are given under : —
Area of the Site
Building area
Rails laid in the premises
over
Tsubo.
8,720
3,553
Feet.
1,200
WHOLE VIEW OF THE HAKUBUNKAN PRINTING OFFICE, TOKYO
renamed the Hakubunkan Printing Office, the present title,
and«t the same time was open to the public.
In 1908, Mr. Shintaro Oliashi, President of the Printing
Office and of the Hakubunkan Publishing House, made a
tour around the world. As a result of his inspection in
Hands.
Members of the Staff both male and female.. 1,500
Horse-power.
Motive power (gas and electricity) 350
(1 Uvho=3.%38 square yards.)
( 308 )
CHIDA OFFSET INSATSU GOSHI KAISHA.
(THE ICHIDA OFFSET PRINTING CO.)
TT^HIS company, situated at No. 361, Umeda-maclii,
-*- Kita-ku, Osaka, is a limited partnership carrjing
on oflf'set, photographic, lithographic, and other general
printing business, and the manufacture of paper ware. The
company also designs catalogues, and labels, with printing,
and book-binding.
It was founded in 1870, at Kobe, by Mr. Koshiro
Ichid.i, who now repreienta the purtnersliip in conjunction
witii Mr. Fukusftbiiro Kaibara, as Active Partners. In
1912, the business was converted into a gomeikaisha or
In 1915 it was enlarged and made a limited partner-
ship, and a new factory was erected, when the present busi-
ness style was assumed.
The present office of the company is situated near the
central railway station in Osaka. Tlie premises cover an
area of 500 Uubo, and its building is planned on the model
of a most up-to-date and complete printing office in Europe.
It is well ventilated, and at the same time kept always
warmed, Several rotary offset presses with automatic sheet
feeders are installed in the office.
THE ICHIDA OFFSET
partnership, and beside printing business it conducted ex-
tensive operations as an advertising agent.
In 1914, the whole concern was moved to Osaka and
at Tokyo and Kobe branch offices were established, their
addresses being as follows : —
Tokyo Branch ... Kita-Konya-cho, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo.
Kobe Branch ... 2-chome, Moto-machi, Kobe.
Taihoku Branch.. 2-chome, Budai Street, Taihoku, Taiwan.
At Shanghai, the Takaiwa Yoko, Kianghsi Road, acts
an agents for the company in China.
PRINTING CO., OSAKA.
There are over fifty rotary litho presses, plate printing
presses, and letter-press printing machines installed in the
office. Every day over 200,000 large sheets are printed.
The company has good connections in Shanghai and
Hankow, besides many important towns at home. In view
of the increasing orders from all these places, according to
the latest report, the company is contemplating another
extension to the plant.
( 309 )
ISSHIKI KAPPANSHO.
(THE ISSHIKI JOB PRINTER.)
n^HE Isshiki Job Printer, situated at No. 5, 1-cliorae, for ten years, and on his return to Japan ban made many
Yuraku-cbo. Rlarunoucbi. Tokyo, is well-known as improvements in his works The present office was built
one of the earliest establishments of printers in Tokyo City. . ,. „ -.,.,,. ,,„ . . ,.
SIX yeiirs iigo, and IS famous for Its building. Ihe specmlity
MR. T. ISSHIKI.
Mr. Tadao Isshiki, the director, has been the manager for
the last thirty-four years. He studied printing in America
THE I!^SHIKI PRINTERS, TOKYO.
of this printing works is jobbing of all kinds and the printing
of European letters
THE JIJI SHiMPO.
THE Jiji Shimpo is one of the most itifluentinl dailies
in Japan. It was inaugurated in Marcii, 1882, by
tiie late Mr. Yukichi Fukuzawa, one of the greatest
educHtional workers of
Japan. The public
deeply appreciated
the new endeavours of
the Sage of Mita and
the journal at once
occupied the leading
place among the daily
papers in Japan.
During the early
da3's the late Mr.
Hikojiro Nakakami-
gawu superintended
the work under the
general supervision
mostly penned by M
of the journal then
MR. S. TOBA.RI.
MR. S. YAMAMOTO.
of Mr. Fukuzawa, but editoriuls were
r. Fuknzawa himself. The watchword
was independenoe and liberalism. As
the public WHS tiien
not sufficiently ripe to
appreciate the teach-
ings of the Sage of
Mita the paper was
suspendeil for some
tiiii« by the order of
the Government, as
favouring the un-
patriotic and uuloyal.
When Mr. Nwka-
kamigawa retired,
Mr. Ivinsuke Jto
assumed the supervi-
MK. K. ISHIKAWA.
(
ajon of the editorial work until he also retired fiom the
position. The political influence of the paper increased
apace, and when it pointed out the needs of the times
the public listened. Political parties at thiit time con-
centrated their attention on the retrenchment of admini-
THE JIJI SHIMPO OFFICE, TOKYO.
strative expenses and tlie lifting of the people's burdens,
and quite ignored the defence of the realm. The journal
saw the danger of this abnormal tendency in politics,
and pointed out several times in its editorials the im-
portance of strengthening the Imperial Navy. It was
listened to by the public and the Naval strength was
increased so as to stand the attack of the Chinese fleet.
310 )
wlien the country went to war witli that country a few
years later.
After Mr. Ito's retirement Mr. Sutejiro Fukuzawa
superintended the editorial woik, under the general control
of Mr. Fukuzawa. By this time the Jiji Shimpo had
become the largest daily in Tokyo. It printed all
Reuter's telegrams and circulated the most up-to-date news
by extras. International peace was adopted as one of its
watchwords, and for the attainment of tlie theory the
journal emphasized the importance of the Anglo-Japanese
Alliance.
After the death of Mr. Fukuzawa in 1902, Mr. Sute-
jiro Fukuzawa, iiis second son, became the President, and
Mr. Kammei Ishikawa supervised the editorial work as
Editor. Tlie traditional policy of the Sage of Mita has
ever since been well preserved by the new editor, and the
journal stands for liberalism, peace, and independence.
The oflicers of the publishing house and the principal
members of the editorial staff" are as follows : —
SuTEjiRO Fukuzawa, Esq President.
Shichinosuke Tobari, Esq Director.
Shoichi Yamamoto, Esq ,,
Kammei Ishikawa, Esq Editor.
Ryozo Uyematsu, Esq News Editor.
THE "JAPAN GAZETTE.
19
npHE "Japan Gazette," at No. 10, Yamashita-cho,
Yokohama, is the oldest daily newspaper printed in
English in Japan. It was established in Yokohama as
early as the third year of the Keio Era (1867). A remark-
able feature of the "Japan Gazette" is that it is absolutely
independent, and it is scarcely necessary to point out that
all news items published in the paper are perfectly free
from prejudice, and always based on facts, thereby enjoying
the full confidence of the public not only in Japan but
abroad. Prompt as is the publication of important foreign
telegrams and domestic news, the shipping information is
very accurate and trustworthy. In fact, the " Japan
Gazette " is an authority on politics, economics, commerce,
and other affairs at home and abroad.
Ti>e " Japan Gazette " carries on a printing business
which is of unrivalled excellence. In addition to the news-
paper, it has undertaken many valuable publications witii
a view to promoting the relations of Japan and her people
with the rest of the world.
( sii )
KOJIMA KOJO.
(THE KOJIMA WORKS.)
THE Kqjima Works nie locnterl at No. 21, Sliimmei-
clio, Sliiba-kii, Tokyo. Mr. Chozo Kojiina, the
proprietor, is the second son of the late Mr. Gondiiyu
Yoshioka. He was born in March, 1865, in Nagasaki
wiiile his father was in oflice as high commissioner there.
At the time of the restoration of Meiji, his family was dis-
persed. Mr. Chozo Kojima came up to tlie capital and se-
cured employment with the Sliuyei-sha Printing Company.
Due to his faitiiful service he was raised to the position of
chief of the Lithographic Section of the company. After
twenty years' service with a printing company in Tokyo he
established the Kojima Works. At this time the business
of printing on tin plates was still undeveloped. Mr. Kojima
can therefore be called the originator of this branch of
printing in Japan. Since the printing began to be applied
to metal toys, in about 1903, and then to cigarette tins,
medicines, provisions, and toilet goods the works have
gradually developed, until the present prosperity has been
attained.
With a view to extending the market Mr. Kojima
made a tour of inspection in China some years ago. After
his return home war broke out in Europe. As the result of
the check of imports from Germany into Cliina, India, and
the South Sea Islands, the works secured large orders from
these quarters. Owing to this, coupled with tiie booking of
large orders from Russia, the works are kept constantly
busy.
MR. C. KOJIMA.
Besides tin plate printing, the works are engaged in
litliograph printing.
THE KOKUMIN SHIMBUN.
THE Kokumin Shimbun is one of the most popular
dailies in Tokyo, and very conspicuous among them
on account of tlie editorials and essays penned by its pro-
prietor and eiiito!-, Mr. lichiro Tokutonii, M P.
It was founded by Mr. Tokutonii, will; its sister weekly,
the Kokumin-no-Tomo, in February, 1890, when the Im-
perial Diet was first convened in Tokyo, and as its style
signifies it stood for democracy and liberalism. The in-
fluence of the journal increased rapidly, as its circulation
also increased amongst the younger members of society, and
when an extraordinarily quick and accurate supply of war
news was maintained by the paper during the Sino-
Japanese war, its place among the leading dailies in Japan
was acknowledged by all.
After the war Mr. Tokutomi embraced imperialism as
bis leading principle, and tiirough the paper he encouraged
the nation's overse.is activities. In domestic politics he
attacked the evils of party jwlitics though he still kept to
democratic ideas. As the result of this change in the ideas
of its editor the paper began to concentrate its efforts in the
rapid and accurate supply of internnticual news. 'I he
Kokumin Shimbun was ilie first paper in Japan which
reported the signing of the Anglo- Japanese Alliance. The
public will also remember that the paper's reports from
( 312 )
Portsmouth were the best regarding the famous peace
conference there.
In domestic politics the paper also followed the editor's
principle and bravely attacked the Liberal Party when it
sold its friends by assisting the Government. It was also a
MR. I. TOKUTOMI.
supporter of the Matsukata Ministry who endeavoured to
readjust the post-war finance in the face of the joint attack
of the parties in the House of Representatives. In main-
taining its policy the paper endured many hardships.
When the Portsmouth tready was published and it was
known that its nature was not up to the nation's expectations,
the public indignation against the Government was so great
tliat bloody demonstrations were organized, not only in
Toicyo but in all the cities of the Empire, The Kokumin
Shimbun whieli held that the treaty was sound, and that
peace was better than the continuation of tiie suicidal war,
courageously supported the cause of the Government, and in
the face of the popular tlireats of destruction the paper
maintained its peace advice to tlie nation.
Since the last war a notable change has been introduced
in the make-up of the paper, and its treatment of news has
become more popular. A notable feature is its illustrations,
which are drawn by eminent artists such as Messrs. Beisen
Kubuta >uid Hyakusui Hirafuku. Local editions have also
been inaugurated by the paper, and its editions for provincial
towns are the best in the field.
Tlie influence of the journal at present is so potent and
powerful that when it celebrated the 25th anniversary of its
foundation, its guests numbered more than seven thousand,
including nearly all the prominent men in politics, business,
learning, and art. The great support given by the business
and learned circles to its commemoration exhibition at Uyeno
Park also endorses it.
The Minyusha is an adjunct to the pap -rand maintains
a printing and publishing business. It published the
Kokumin-no-Tomo, undertakes the publication of the
Kokumin Year Book, and other works prepared by the
Kokumin Shimbun, while undertaking job printing.
Under Mr. Tokutomi, who is the proprietor and editor,
over two hundred men are employed in editorial work, and
over five hundred men are engaged in the printing works.
THE KOKUMIN SHIMBUN OFFICE, TOKYO.
The principal officers in the editorial and business
offices are as follows : —
IrcHiRO Tokutomi, Esq.
M1T.SUIYE Abe, Esq
RYUSUKii Dan, Esq
Zuizo Yamakawa, Esq.
Akira Oma, Esq
Saneyuki Miyajima, Esq. ...
President.
Vice-President.
Director.
Business Manager.
Managing Editor.
( 313 )
MITSUMA INSATSUSHO.
(THE MITSUMA PRINTING HOUSE.)
labels, packages, paper boxes, advertisements, illustrated
THE Mitsutna Printing House, under the manage-
ment of Mr, Takatsugu Mitsuma, is situated at
3-chome Ginza, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo. The house was
organized in 1878. In 1914 Mr. Mitsuma made a tour
in Europe and America inspecting the printing business.
On his return he installed several presses of the latest and
largest pattern and also established a photographic section
in the second works, and inaugurated photogravure and
three-colour printing. The works are now perfectly
equipped and can execute orders for all kinds of printing,
to the entire satisfaction of their customers. The first
works are in Tsukiji and the Second in Ginza. The
Business Office is at Ginza and its agency at Marunouchi.
The house is distinguished among the printing establish-
ments in the city for its ample stock of materials, skillful
work, perfect accommodation and the cheap rates at which
orders are executed. For the improvement of the art the
house engages foreign experts, and sometimes sends these
men to Europe and America. The type section is
furnished with types of the latest western pattern. The
photographic section is noted for the ingenuity of its plates,
and gracefulness of its prints. Promptly on receipt ot
orders the photographic section sends experts anywhere in
the city. The house prints the following : — Share cer-
tificates, bills, cheques, receipts, deposit receipts, insurance
policies, warehouse receipts, certificates of merit, diplomas,
signboards, calendars, pictoral cards, blotting paper, note-
books, circulars, celluloid articles, books, magazines, covers.
MR. T. MITSUMA.
frontispieces, supplements, maps, albums pictures, letter
papers, envelopes, reports, account-books, advice slips,
written orders, invitations, name cards, etc.
THE MSYAKO SHIMBUN.
THIS journal has one of the largest circulations
amongst the lower classes generally. It has a
THE MIYAKO SHIMBUN OFFICE, TOKYO.
powerful influence over the masses and holds a unique posi-
tion in the fourth estate.
It was founded by the Maiyusha, Yazayemon-cho,
Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo, in September, 1884, and then called
the Konnichi Shimbun or the To-day's News. The follow-
ing year the publishing house was moved to Yamashiro-cho,
Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo ; after this the paper increased much
in importance.
The present style was assumed in November, 1889,
when the publishing house was situated at 2-chome, Tsukiji,
Tokyo. The present oflice building at Uchisaiwai-cho,
Kojimachi-ku, Tokyo, was built in 1890. The paper then
had more subscribers and became a six-page paper.
New types were cast by the publishers in 1902 to save
spHce and since the bulk of news printed has remarkably
increased, though the iiize and pages of the paper have
( 314 )
remained the same all the time. In point, indeed, of
the quality of reading matter the journal can com-
pare quite favourably even with ordinary eight page
papers.
The salient features of the paper lue the popular
serials it always gives its readers.
At present the paper is owned by Baron Masatoshi
Kusumoto, the successor of the founder, the late Baron
Masataka Kusumoto, and the affairs are controlled by him
as President.
The following are the principal members of the staff: —
Baron Masatoshi Kusumoto ... President.
M. Otani, Esq
N. Yamamoto, Esq
S. Hara, Esq
T. Ihara, Esq
Political Editor.
General News Editor.
THE NAGOYA SHIMBUN.
THE Nagoya Shimbun, an influential daily in Nagoya,
is one of the oldest established dailies in Japan,
having been founded in this city in 1871. At first the
MR. S. KOYA.MA.
paper was published three times a month, by the Bunmei-
Sha, Honmachi-dori, Nagoya, and sold at one and a half
momme silver. Later the paper was printed off from wood
blocks and consisted of six small leaves.
After many changes were made, it was known as the
Chukyo Shimpo, till 1906, when Mr. Shoju Koyama
bought it, and rechristened it the Nagoya Shimbun.
It is now published by the Nagoya Shimbun Publishing
House, at Hariya-machi, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, which is
under the direct and personal control of Mr. Koyama.
When the paper came under the control of Mr.
Koyama, branch offices were established at Gifu, Toyobashi,
and Matsumoto, at the same time making it an eight-page
paper, instead of a four-page journal as before. Types were
itiso recast and the general get-up was greatly improved.
As the result of this radical reform, the popularity of
the journal increased remarkably, and now, in spite of the
fact that its subscription rates are higher than those for
any of the other dailies in Nagoya, its circulation is in-
creasing apace.
In 1914, the head office in Nagoya was destroyed by
fire, but the publication was not discontinued even for a
day, and the present office was at once constructed. The
new office thus built is one of the finest buildings in the
city, being of three storeys.
^*L
I
M::^Mii
^f
II II II !
li II ir "
THE NAGOYA SHIMBUN OFFICE.
The staff of the paper consists of tlie following
j mrnalists : —
Shoju Koyama, Esq., ex M.P. ... President.
K. KoBAYASHi, Esq Editor-in-Chief.
M. Yora, Esq Manager.
R. Takata, Esq Managing Editor.
( 315 )
NAKAYA INSATSUSHO.
(THE NAKAYA IRINTING HOUSE.)
T'
*HE Head Office and Works of the house are located at
2-chorae, Kobiki-eho, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo. The
house lias a branch factory at 1-chome, Kobiki-cho, Kyo-
bashi and a shop at 1-cliome, Ginza, Kyobashi. The house
is engaged in lithography, type and others kinds of printing,
MK. S. SUDZUKI.
a speciality being foreign style account-books. The house
WHS organized as far back as 1876. In 1886, the business
was taken over by Mr. Meizen Kanahara and continued in
the name of his son Mr. Kiichi Kanahara. lu 1899, the
ownership was transferred to Mr. Misabuio Kanahara. In
January, 1916, the business was made over to Mr. Shohei
Suzuki, who had served in the house for 26 years as Manager
of the Head Office.
The firm's works are provided with the latest
machine?, which are driven by electric motors. They are
operated by experienced workmen under expert supervision,
and the house enjoys a wide and excellent reputation for
clearness in printing and novelty in designs. The house is
THE NAKAYA PRINTING HOUSE, TOKYO.
especially noted for its skill in job-printing, and account
books manufactured by the house are widely used by
the public. They are of strong binding, superior paper, and
therefore wear long, and above all are very moderate in
price. In the amount of tiie output of books the house is
unrivalled in tiie city.
( 316 )
THE N A N K 0-D 0.
THE Nanko-do is located at No. 8, Kiridoshizaka-
machi Yushima, Hongo-ku, Tokyo. The firm
THE LATE MR. S. KODACHI.
was originated in 1879 by the late Mr. Shoshiro Kodachi,
father of the preseut proprietor. He was the son of a
samurai of the clan ofOdawarain the province ofSagami.
He took part in the civil war of 1877 as a member of the
Imperial Army. Later he came up to Tokyo with a small
capital and opened a book store in the ward of Hongo,
chiefly for the purpose of siipplying medical books to
students. At first he handled Japanese works only, but
later imported books from Germany. He also took up the
publication of works by native authorities on medicine and
introduced many foreign books of fame into the medicine
world of Japan. Thuu he steadily developed his business,
extended the store, establishing in it a show room and
department for musical instruments, and opened a branch
in Kyoto. But amidst the growing prosperity of business,
he died in 1909, at the age of 54, 30 years after he opened
the store. Mr. Shoshiro Kodachi, his successor, is also a
native of Odawara. He is making every effort for the
further development of the business. The firm has already
been placed on a solid foundation and maintains a steady
business.
NIPPON SEIHAN INSATSU KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE NIPPON SEIHAN PRINTING CO., LTD.)
of the work, in the equipments, in the productive capacity
and indeed in every respect the company truly deserves
THE Nippon Seihan Printing Co., Ltd. is situated at
Bakuro-machi, 1-chome Higashi-ku, Osaka. The
company was established under the limited
partnership, in April, 1905. It was in
July, 1916, that the company was con-
verted into the present organization, or
joint stock company, capitalized at
¥500,000, by combining with the Arumo
Printing Company, that came into ex-
istence in May, 1906. Principal plates
employed in the factory are relief plates,
aluminium plates, oflTset plates, lithograph
plates, two colour plates and three colour
plates, photogravure plates, etc.
Principal articles printed are packages
for cigarettes, for the Tobacco Monopoly
Bureau, and also for firms in China and
Chosen, national text books, tramway
ticktts, and trade marks for beers and
soft drinks, illustrated sign boards and
various kinds of negotiable bonds, and
maav other things. lu the art, in the scops
the name of the model priming
establishment, as it is generally
called.
THE OFFICE AND WOHKS OF THE NIPPON SEIHAN PRINTING CO.
( 317 )
NISSHIN INSATSU KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE NISSHIN PRINTING CO., LTD.)
^T^HE company stands at No. 7, Enoki-cho, Ushigome-
ku, Tokyo. The company was established a decade
ago under the auspices of Marquis Shigenobu Okuma,
Superintendent of Waseda University, Dr. Takata, then
President, and other prominent men concerned in the
institution, for the purpose of meeting increasing demands
for printed matters, which could not be adequately
developing in so marked a manner that students and regular
subscribers to books published by the university number
no less than 30,000 in all. This in turn has been causing
a great increase in the demand for printed matters and
the development of the book stores concerned. Tiiis favour-
able situation, coupled with its special influence in China,
explains the present prosperity of the company.
Capital ¥500,000
Directors.
S. K OKU YE, Esq.
H. Watanabe, Ksq.
M. Kobayashi, Esq.
\V. Mayeshima. Esq
G. Masuda, Esq
Area 2,000 Tsubo
Building Area 1,000 „
Auditors.
K. Sakamoto, Esq.
T. Tana K a, Esq.
T. Yamasawa, Esq.
THE NISSHIN PRINTING CO., TOKYO.
supplied by printing houses in the city. Born under such
favourable circumstances the company grew so rapidly in
prosperity that only a few years had passed when it declared
a dividend on shares at 10 per cent, per annum, which rate
has continued up to the present. The university has been
All the members of the staff are diligent in
their efforts for the improvement and develop-
ment of the company, which is recognized as
a printing house of the first standing in the
city.
C 318 )
THE OSAKA MAINICHI SHIMBUN AND THE
TOKYO NICHINIGHI SHIMBUN.
MR. H. MOTOYAMA.
THE Osaka Mainiclii Shimbun-Sha, or Osaka Daily
News Publishing Co., situated at Okawa-cho,
Higaslii-ku, Osaka, controls two influential newspapers
in Tokyo and Odaka. Tlie company was established
in 1881, taking over 'the
Osaka Nippo or Osaka
Daily Press, one of the
oldest papers in the Man-
chester of Jjipnn. At that
time the paper was an organ
for Liberals, being called
the Kikken Seito Shimbuii,
or the Friend of the Con-
stitutional Political Parties.
'llie company changed
the name of the paper in
1893, also the style of the
company itself, the present
being the style then
adopted. The editor at that
time was Mr. Shiro Sliiba,
now the Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Foreign AfTairs.
In the following year the company again changed hands
when it was converted into a limited partnership, with
the consolidated capital of seveial prominent business men
in Osaka.
With this change in the management, the paper con-
trolled by the company lost much of its political colouring,
but its social influence was very much augmented, because
it then embraced the cause of industrial progress and com-
mercial development. Since then the motto of the paper
has been always Japan's riglitful development on the indus-
trial and commercial lines, and the paper's influence and
reputation are solid and stable.
Once Mr. Takashi Hara, the Leader of the Seiyu-Kni
Party, and Mr. Komiitsubara, Privy Councillor, assumed
the Presidency of the paper and under the leadership of
these prominent jjublic men, tiie importance of tlie Osaka
Mainichi Shirabun as a public organ was very much en-
hanced. On their retirement in 1903, the present Presi-
dent, Mr. Hikoichi Motoyama, took the whole responsibility
of the management.
During the Russo-Japanese war, a complete system of
foreign correspondence was established, and readers were
always kept in close touch with the main current of politics.
literature, etc., all over the world. Even after the war the
organization was retained and at present permanent corre-
spondents are stationed not only in Japan and China, but
almost all over the world. How devoted the Osaka Mai-
nichi Shimbun-Sha is to the improvement of its organs of
communication, is assured from the fact that the company
send out student correspondents every year to Europe and
America, to train competent men for exclusively serving
the readers of the twin papers.
The company's enterprise in Tokyo was commenced in
December, 1906, in the shape of the Mainichi Dempo-Sha,
publishing a daily newspaper called the Mainichi Dempo
or Daily Telegraph. When the Tokyo Nichinichi Shimbun
or Tokyo Daily News was purchased by the Osaka Mainichi
Shimbun-Sha, however, the new paper was merged in the
paper purchased, and since 1911 the Tokyo Nichinichi
Shimbun has represented the enterprise in Tokyo.
Soon after the extension of business in Tokyo, in Octo-
ber, 1915, the company enlarged its Osaka paper by pub-
lishing an^evening edition, in addition to the old morning
edition. Thus the circulation of the paper was very much
increased, and with it its influence was enhanced. This
fact was fully appreciated and the representative of the
paper, Mr. Motoyama, was decorated with the Tiiird Order
of Merit during tlie Coronation montli in 1915.
THE OSAKA MAINICHI SHIMHLN OKKICE.
The Osaka Mainichi Shimbun-Sha is a limited part-
nership, with a capital of ¥500,000. Its business is con-
trolled by Mr. Motoyama, while its editorial work is super-
vised by Mr. Minojiro Watanabe. Under Mr. Watanabe
( 319
every department of editorial work is managed by a sepa-
rnte head. Besides the newspaper, the company manages a
hospital in Osaka with a capital of ¥15,000, which was
contributed by the proprietors.
Tlie Tokyo Nichinichi Shimbun-Sha, located at
Yuraku-cho, Kojimachi-ku, Tokyo, which forms the back-
bone of the company's enterprise in Tokyo, was originally
founded by the late Mr. Gen-ichiro Fukuchi, one of the
)
pioneer politicians of the constitutional school, only a few
years after the Imperial Restoration. Tims it ranks among
the oldest newspapers in Japan.
After many vicissitudes the paper was taken over by the
company, and at present it is run under the same enterprising
and independent management. It is served by the same organ
of correspondence as the Osaka Mainiclii Shimbun, and its
reports are the most accurate and quickest in this Empire.
THE S A N S H U-S H A.
(THE SANSHU-SHA PRINTING HOUSE.)
r¥"^HE Saushu-sha Printing House owned by Mr. Rentaro
ShimH, is situated at No. 1, 2-chome, Mitoshiro-cho
Kanda-ku, Tokyo. The works were established on March
1st, 1901, chiefly for printing European letters, which work
at this time was quite in its infancy in Japan, but which
Mr. Shima thought would gradually be developed with the
progress of civilization. Later he took up the printing of
Japanese idiographs and Chinese Characters. At the time
of organization the works had only two machines and
employed 15 workmen. There are now 25 cylinder presses,
and ever 300 workmen. In 1915, the firm purchased the
Hoei-sha, litliographers, whose plant is now in operation,
with five cylinder presses and over 100 hands.
The principal work executed by the firm consists of
type printing, lithographing, and documents requiring
special accuracy and clearness, for the Imperial University
of Tokyo and academic associations and for above 90
different periodicals published in Hokkaido, Taiwan,
Chosen, Hawaii, San Francisco, and other quarters. The
house is noted for the perfectness in accommodation and
exquisiteness in skill rarely seen among printing works run
by individuals in the capital. The house was awarded a
MR. R. SHIMA.
bronze medal by the Tokyo Taisho Exhibition of 191 i, and
a silver medal of honour, by the Taiwan Industrial Com-
petitive Exhibition of 1916.
( 320 )
THE SEIUN-DO.
THE Seiun-dS Printing Factory is located at No. 15,
Minami Norimono-cho, Kanda-ku, Tokyo, and is
under tlie management of Mr. Torajiro Kasai.
Tlie firm was established in 1894. For ten years it
was chiefly engaged in the publication of albums, picture
cards and other artistic productions. But the general trend
MR. T. KASAI.
of the times after the Eusso- Japanese war made Mr. Kasai
efiect a change in his business, when he took up printing as
the chief business, continuing pictorial publication only as
a secondary undertaking. In order to achieve the business
he built a factory for printing and plate manufacture.
The firm had already stood unrivalled in the production of
pictorial cards. The firm is divided into three parts, viz.,
business section, photo studio and works. The photo studio
is under the charge of five experts, and a representative is
ready to respond to a call from any distance. Tlie works
consist of five sections, viz., collotype, lithograph, three-
colour process, type printing and book binding. The chief
customers are the various government offices, public and
private schools, banks and companies. Foremost among
these are the Imperial Universities and Government-
General of Chosen. The company also exports landscape
THE SEIUN-DO, TOKYO.
pictures and photo-albums to the value of from ¥50,000 to
¥60,000 yearly.
Characteristics : — Characteristics of the firm consist
in the unparalleled dexterity in the printing of works of
art and cheapness of prices offered. Most of the printed
matters of works of art presented to the Imperial Court are
the firm's production.
THE SENRY U-D 0.
(THE FIRM OF MR. M. KOBAYASHI.)
r
''fHE Senryu-do is under the management of Mr.
Matashichi Kobayashi. The Head Office is at
No. 4, Hayabusa-cho, Kojimachi-ku, Tokyo, the works at
No. 21, Hayabusa-cho, Eojimachi, and Branch at Oyama-
dOri, Dairen, China. There are also two agencies, one in
the premises of the Department of War and the other in
Kanko-dori, Ryuzan, Chosen. The firm was established in
the year 1872, since wiien it has chiefly been engaged
( 321 )
in printing and publishing for the Department of War and
other public offices. It has acted as an agent by special
contract for all the maps of Japan, Chosen, China, Manchuria
published by the Land Survey Department and as a sole
agent for charts published by the Naval Hydrographical
Department. The house is thus the largest seller of
maps and stands unrivalled in the amount of the sale of
maps. Especially it is noted for tlie largest sale of books
and maps concerning military affairs. Besides the publica-
tion and sale of military boolss in Japan the house is engaged
in the printing and publication of various things for other
public offices and the general public. Printing business is
also conducted on a large scale. The present business of the
house consists in letterpress, lithographing and various
other kinds of printing, the publication of military text
books and other books.
The house is also purveyor to the Depiirtments of War,
the Navy and of Communications and other Government
offices.
I" UK SKi\K\l-IH). T()K\i).
THE LITHOGRAPHIC WORKS.
THE PRINl'I^JG WORKS.
THE SHOSAN-DO.
'"I^HE firm of Shosan-do whs t-stablished in 1902. The
works stand at No. 103, Ohban-cho, Yotsuya-ku,
Tokyo. The house is engiiged in lithographing and printing
by relief methods, and general printing. Its speciality lies
in the printing of name cards, invitations, menus and
embossing works, etc., by copper plate, also cases, round
paste board boxes, bills, etc., etc.
The principal customers are : tlie Dai Nippon Beer Co.,
Meidi-ya, Kameya, Mitsukoshi Department Store, Nippon
Yusen Kaisha, Toyo Kisen Kaisha, the Lion Tooth Powder,
Kao Soap Manufacturing Co., Lait Face-Paint Manu-
facturing Co., etc.
The house was awarded a medal of merit l)y the
Tokyo Exhibition of 1907 aid by the Tokyo Taisho
Exhibition of 1914. In 1915 the house opened the
Business Department at 3-chome Giuza, Kyobashi-ku, and
an Agency at Shanghai to receive orders.
( 322 )
THE SHIMBI SHOIH.
(PRINTERS OF FINE ART WORKS, WOOD-ENGRAVERS AND
PUBLISHERS OF WORKS ON CENTRAL ARTS.)
rpHE Sliimbi Slioin, Ltd., situated at No. 13, Shin-
Sakana-cho, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo, originally a
private enterprise but reorganized into its present form in
January, 1906, is justly re-
cognized as one of the finest
art publisiiers in tbe whole
Oiient. The greater portion
of its capital, ¥250,000, is
subscribed by Counts Tanaka
and Watanabe, and Barons
Mitsui, Iwasaki and Taka-
hashi, and other wealthy
art-lovers in Japan.
The art works published
by the Shimbi Shoin, Ltd.,
include Toyo Bijutsu Tai-
kwan, or Masterpieces select-
ed from the Fine Arts of the
Far East (in 15 vols., price
¥660), Korin-ha Gwashu,
or Masterpieces selected from
tlie Korin School (in 5 vols.,
price ¥175), Toyei Shuko,
or An Illustrated Catalogue of the Imperial Treasury,
Shosoin, at Nara (in 3 vols., price ¥150), Ukiyoye-ha
Gwashu, or Masterpieces selected from the Ukiyoye School
(in 5 vols., price ¥250), Kokuho Gajo, or Japanese Temples
and Their Treasures, including Pictures of Buildings under
SPECIMEN OF THE WORK
OF THE SHIMBI
SHOIN.
Special Protection (in 3 vols., price ¥100), and upwards of
thirty other publications.
The Catalogues of the Educational Department's An-
nual Fine Arts Exhibitions, consisting of reproductions of
present-day art works, are published by the Shimbi-Shoin,
Ltd.
The management of this company consists of Messrs.
Kubota Kaiiroku, Kuiachi Masao and Wada Mikio ;
Messrs. Ueno Eizaburo and Nakata Keiji officiating as
Auditors.
The compilers and advisers to the Shimbi-Shoin in-
clude Baron Kuki, Mr. Matano, Director of the Imperial
Museum, Drs. Ito and Tsukamoto, Mr, Masaki, Director of
the Fine Arts School, Professor Oraura and Mr. Nakagawa,
Bungakushi.
The Shimbi Shoin, Ltd., counts among its special
agents abroad, Mr. Bernard Quaritch, of London, Monsieur
Lucien Dorbon, of Paris, and Messrs. Marshall Field &
Co., of Chicago, and is well represented in the principal
cities of the world.
Those who would study or investigate the ancient
Oriental arts, ought to consult the publications of the
Shimbi Shoin, Ltd., to their great advantage, as they are
rightly regarded as the greatest works of the kind, produced
in the East, on account of the richness and authenticity of
the materials collected, and the excellent workmanship dis-
played therein. Above all the wood-cut prints executed by
the Shimbi Shoin are of unrivalled excellence.
( 323 )
SHUYEI-SHA.
(THE SHUYEI-SHA PRINTING CO., LTD.)
ri'^HE company was established in October, 1874, at
Nishi-Konya-cl)o, Kyobaahi-ku, Tokyo, with a
capital of only ¥1,000. In November, 1877, the company
MR. Y SUGIYAMA.
MR. N. AIKAWA.
Ex-President.
was entrusted with the pointing of the Mainichi Shimbun.
In the same month the company opened a branch in
Yokohama. In 1879 the capital was increased to ¥10,000,
and at the same time a type casting department was
established at Yamashita-cho, Kyobashi-ku under the name
of the Bunsei-do. In 1883 a lithograph department was
opened under the title of the Taikin-do. In 1884 the first
works were established on a site of over 4,900 tsubo at
1-chome, Kaya-eho, Ichigaya, Ushigonie-ku. In April, 1888,
tlie company was reorganized and called Yugensekinin
Shyuyei-sha, and at the same time increased the capital to
¥100,000. In 1896 the c.ipital was raised to ¥200,000,
and in 1903 was again increased to ¥300,000. In April of
the same year the company established a photogravure
dejiartment in the first works. In 1906 the company's iron
foundry manufactured a thirty-two page printing machine
of the English pattern. In April, 1910, the works were
destroyed by fire, but the new building near Sukiyabashi,
Kyobashi-ku was completed in November, 1911. Provided
with machines of the latest pattern the company does business
in letter-press printing, lithography, wood engraving, electro-
type, photogravure, embossing, type casting, engravings
and building.
The company's officers are as follows : —
YosHio SuziYAMA, Esq.
Ryosuke Suzuki, Esq.
( Managing
I Director.
Director.
Shimpei Tsunoda, Esq.
KoDO HiROSHi, Esq....
Ryo Koezuka, Esq Auditor.
KoKu Tanaka, Esq....
The company has been awarded the following honours : —
A medal of merit of the second class by the third
Domestic Industrial Exhibition of 1890, medal for merit of -
the second class for the movable type printing, section
THE SHUYEISHA PRINTING CO., TOKYO.
certificate of merit for the lithographic section and medal
for merit of the second class for the casting section, a silver
medal by the Tokyo Exliibition of 1907 and a gold medal
by the Taislio Exhibition of 1914.
( 324 )
THE TOKYO ASAHI SHIMBUN.
'n^HE Tokjo Asahi Shimbun is one of the most in-
flueDtial dailies in Japan, as is also its sister paper,
the Osiika Asahi Shimbun, and is published by the Asahi
Shimbun Publishing Company, of which Mr. Ryuhei
Murayama and Mr. Riichi Uyeno, prominent business men
in Osaka, become alternately President.
Tiie daily was commenced by Mr. Murayama, in May,
1888, as successor to the Mezamashi Shimbun, awned and
MR. K. SUGIMURA.
e<iited by the late Mr. Toru Hoshi, who was one of the most
virile politicians the Meiji era produced, and who figured
most prominently in the political circles as leader of the
Opposition.
Mr. Murayama renamed the paper the Tokyo Asahi
Shimbun, and began its management on the most advanced
lines. Shortly after he assumed the management, Mount
Bandai exploded. Mr. Murayama at ouce sent one of his
trusted editors to the scene of disaster, and cabled the
details of the explosion. This was practically the first
attempt in Japan to obtain news from special correspondents.
The Tokyo Asahi Shimbun was also one of the first
dailies in Japan to make use of the Marinoni press, which
was invented by a Frenchman of that name. It was a
rotary press, and besides this paper only the Government
Printing Ofiice possessed them.
In 1908 the publishing partnership was once more
reorganized, and became a limited partnership, witii a
capital of ¥600,000, when it assumed the name of the Asahi
Shimbun Goshi Kaislia.
For news gathering purposes the Tokyo Asahi Shimbun
has organized a very elaborate reporting and investigating
staff. Whenever any event of importance occurs the paper
despatches a number of special correspondents to t lie scene
of events.
When the Boxer rebellion took place, the Tokyo
Asahi Siiimbun's correspondents were among those besieged
in Peking, and as soon as the rebels were driven back
long and detailed cables were sent by them.
Nine young princes of the blood visited the Tokyo
Asahi Shimbun Publishing Office in June, 1914, to study
how paper was made.
The editor of the paper at present is Mr. Chujiro
Matsuyama, and the chief of the Intelligence Department is
Mr. Kotaro Sugimura.
The latter, Mr. Sugimura, was born in Wakayama in
1872. Graduating from the Chuwo (central) Law College
and the Unitarian College, he became the chief Editor of
the Wakayama Shimpo, a local newspaper in Wakayama,
in 1892. In 1903, he entered the Translation Department
in the United States Legation in Tokyo and in 1904 he
jointed the Tokyo Asahi Shimbun as an editor. Soon after
the opening of the European war in 1914, he went to
Europe, where he had an audience with the King and Queen
of Belgium and returned home in the spring of the following
year.
( 326 )
TOKYO INSATSU KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE TOKYO PRINTING CO.. LTD.)
THE Tokyo Priuting Co., Ltd., is situated at No. 2,
Kabutocho, Nihnnbashi-ku, Tokyo, and the Pre-
sident is Mr. Seki Hoshino. The company was originally
established under tlie title iif the Tokyo PHper Mill Branch
MR. S. HOSHINO.
(Branch of the Oji Paper Mill near Tokyo), in 1875. It
was in June, 1896, that the Braiicii was made into a joint
stock corporation, and assumed the present title. The
company lias a capital of ¥500,000, of which ¥237,500 has
been paid up. The reserve fund amounts to over ¥150,000
a dividend on shares of 12 per cent, is yearly declared.
The factory is located at Nos. 48 and 49, Higashi-Daiku-
cho, Fukagawa-ku, Tokyo. The employees number about
600. There is a brancli factory at No. 94, 6-chome,
Ota-machi, Yokohama. Articles printed are account
books, share certificates, bills, various kinds of tables and
lists, trade marks, maps, books, magazines, sign boards,
advertisements, etc. Plates in use comprise photo plates,
three-colour platts, pliotolithograph plates, photo-copper
plates, paper phitts, lead plates, relief plates, zinc plates,
electro-plates. Movable and lithographic types of all
kinds are also employed.
The list of officers is appended.
Seki Hoshino, Esq
Raita Fujiyama, Esq.
' President
and Director.
Director,
Director.
Auditor.
Saburobei Nakai, Esq
Kyozaburo Hoshino, Ksq.
Mr. Hoshino has presided over the company since it
was organiied in 1875. When young he went to Kyoto
and there commenced his business career. In 1887 he
make a toui; in the U.S.A. to inspect the printing business.
On his return he established the Oji Paper Mill with
other promoters. In 1889 he converted the Tokyo Paper
Mill Branch into the Tokyo Printing Co., Ltd., and
became its Managing Director. Later lie a!;sumed the
Presidency. • He at one time held the Vice-Presidency
of the Tokyo Chamber of Commerce. In 1898 he was
appointed Vice-President of the Tokyo Industriiil Ex-
hibition. In May of 1899 he organized the Tokyo
Printing Guild, and was chosen as its President. He was
also Manager of the Nippon Industrial Association, Man-
ager of the Nippon Art Association, President of the
Manchu-Mongolia Trading Association and Councillor of
the Nippon Invention Society, etc.
: THE TOKYO PRINTING CO.
He has once been returned to the Diet, and in 1915
went to America to attend the conference of the luter-
oational Printers' Association.
( 326 )
THE TOKYO KOKOBUN-SHA.
'T^HE origin of the Tokyo Kokubun-sha was the Keim5-
*■ sha opened in 1871. In May of the following year
it changed its name to the Kokubun-sha and occupied large
premises at Awaji-cho, Kanda-ku, Tokyo. In March, 1881,
MR. T. UMEHARA.
the company purchased the ChCkoku-sha (Engraving Co.)
at 3-chome,Ginza, and inaugurated lithograph work. The
Kokubun-sha engaged two foreign experts with the purchnse
of the Chokoku-sha, and improved artistic printing in
Japan. In February, 1883, the company chose a site for a
new works at the present address, Nos. 15, 16, 17, 18, and
19, Sojur5-cho, Kyobashi-ku and removed there in July of
the same year. In August, 1889, the business was taken
over by Mr. (jlentaro Tamnki, who directed every effort for
the improvement of all branches of industry under his
management, namely, letterpress printing, lithography,
printing by relief plates, copper engraving, photogravure,
type casting, book-binding, etc. In September, 1900, the
company was reorganized into a limited partnership and at
the same time the firm name was changed to Goshi Kaisha
Tokyo Kokubun-sha. In June, 1916, Mr. Tamaki resigned
and was succeeded by Mr. Takusaburo Uraehara, who had
been connected with the company since 1891.
The company has been awarded medals of various kinds
and certificates of merit by many exhibitions.
The greatest possible care is taken in handling debenture
stocks and share certificates and other valuable matter?,
besides those relating to the Imperial Court.
The complete equipment and credit of the company are
well testified by the large orders received constantly from
public offices, banks and companies.
THE TOKYO KOKUBUN-SHA.
( 327 )
TOKYO SEIHON GOSHI KAISHA.
I^HE Tokyo Seilion Gcslii Kaisha is located at Nos. 6
and 7, Takiyama-eho, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo. The
company was established in 1899, with a capital of ¥-0,000
under the organization of a limited partnership, for the publi-
cation of books, letter-press printing, lithographing and book-
binding. The chief business is binding of account-books
efibrts of Mr. Kunitaka Ogawa, the present superintendent.
He was born in 1865. lu 1881, he came to the capital for
study, and established liimself as a book-binder. After
some difiBculty he established the present company with Mr.
Kazuma Mori, his elder brother, as the president, and Mr.
Maitaro Okawara, as manager.
OGAWA.
MORI.
and printing statistical tables. When the company was first
organized it had in its employ only 50 workmen. But at
present there are 180 hands; there is also a branch factory
at Minami-Saegi-cho, Kyobashi-ku. The capital amounts
to ¥200,000. The company is now being extended. The
present prosperity of the firm is mainly due to strenuous
THE TOKYO SEIHON GOSHI KAISHA.
On^the enforcement of the factory law in September
of 1916, the company established new measures of consola-
tion and encouragement for the sake of the workmen.
Thus, while trying to enhance productive efficiency the
company is using every effort for the development of the
business.
TOKYO TSUKIJI KAPPAN SErZOSHO.
(THE TOKYO TSUKIJI TYPE FOUNDRY, LTD.)
THE Tokyo Tsukiji Type Foundry, Ltd., is situated
in No. 17, Tsukiji, Tokyo. The foundry was origi-
nally started by Mr. Shozo Motogi in the port of Nagasaki
more than half a century ago. In 1873, the Tokyo esta-
blishment was named the Tokyo Tsukiji Type Foundry,
Ltd., wiiicli name has remained unchanged until the pre-
sent day. Shortly after tiiis Mr. Motogi entered into
partnership with Mr. Tomiji Hirano, and appointed hira
managing partner of the Tokyo Branch. Thanks to his
rich experience the foundry soon showed a marked improve-
ment. Orders for printing text books, official documents
and newspapers increased, and the gradual spread of educa-
tion on western lines created active demands for types and
machines. This induced the Tokyo Tsukiji Type Fouadry,
Ltd., to undertake the manufacture of printing presse?,
type casting machines and indeed a full line of machinery
needed for the equipment of printing factories. Mr, Motogi
passed away in September, 1875. Mr. Hirano held the
( 328 )
post of managing director until 1889, when he was succeed-
ed by Mr. Shigeru Magata. Later the foundry was reorga-
nized into a joint-stock corporation.
In 1894 Mr. Magata died, and Mr. Taizo Naraura
MR S. NOMURA.
succeeded to tiie post of managing director. On the death
of Mr. Namura in September, 1907, Mr. Sojuro Nomura
was appointed managing director, which post he has held
to this day. In 1908 the capital stock was increased to
¥300,000 to extend the scope of the business ; simultane-
ously a branch factory was established in Tsukishima,
Tokyo, for the construction of printing machines, and for
the casting of types. The foundry is ready at all times to
respond to orders for the manufacture of type, printing
presses, type casting and other machines and for litho-
graphic printing of all kinds. Besides the branch factory
at Tsukishima, there is an agency at No. 31, 2-chome,
Tosabori, Nishi-ku, Osaka. The foundry has been awarded
medals by many exhibitions both at home and abroad, in-
cluding the Anglo- Japanese Exhibition at London, 1910,
and the Taisho Exhibition at Tokyo, 1914.
THE TOKYO TSUKIJI TYPE FOUNDRY.
The board of directors is appended :-
SojUKO Nomura, Esq.
Seiichi Matsuda, E-q. ...
TORAICHIRO YoKOYAMA, Esq.
Masakata Ishibashi, Esq
Saburo Ito, Esq
Eizo Matsuda, Esq
Seki Hoshi, Esq
Tadasuke Nishikawa, Esq.
President.
Director.
Auditor.
TOPPAN INSATSU KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE TOPPAN PRINTING CO.. LTD.)
npHE Head Office of the Toppan Printing Co., Ltd., is
-*- situated at No. 1, Nich5-niachi, Shilaya-ku, Tokyo.
There is a branch printery at No. 4, Tamba-cho, Honj5-ku,
Tokyo and Riwansa Agency, No. 278, Moto-machi, Nichome,
Kobe. The Company was established in 1900 and lias a
capital of ¥500,000. The Company does general printing
of all kinds by the fi)llowing methods: —
1. The Plate Methods (intaglio), comprising steel
plate, steel die, copper plate, photogravure, etc.
2. The Relief Methods,'eomprising copper engraving,
wood engraving, half-tone process, three-colour process,
zinc-etching, typography, electro-type, etc.
3. The Surface Methods, which includes lithograph,
alumograph, and photo methods in general.
Besides the above the company does type founding and
art designing of all kinds.
Special processes are used in printing important docu-
ments in order to prevent counterfeiting.
( 329 )
The late Messrs. Ginjiro Furuya, Nobukichi Kimura
and Tadasu Honda, the former experts of the Toppan
Printing Company and Mr. Kishi Ito, the present Vice-
President were long in the service of the Government
Printing Bureau, during which period they had the benefit
of being instructed in the art of printing by an Italian and
MR. T. KAWAI.
German experts. These men organized a company called
the Toppan Printing Company, Ltd., in January, 1900,
together with Mr. Tatsutaro Kawai, the present President.
As the name indicates the company was opened chiefly for
the printing by " Toppan " or relief methods. But they
were also engaged in other kinds of printing, such as
lithography, photo-mechanical processes and ordinary
printing with letter press types.
The business so rapidly gained in reputation that in
spite of the constant increase of the capital, and erection of
new buildings the output fell far short of the demand. In
order to meet this ever increasing demand the Company
established a branch office in Hankow, China, in 1907, and
at the same increased the capital to ¥400,000. In
September of 1908 the Company purchase! the Naigwai
Printing Co., Ltd., and made it a branch factory. The
Company increased again the capital to ¥500,000 and issued
debentures for the amount of ¥170,000 which was soon fully
subscribed.
The Company closed the branch office in Hankow in
January, 1910, owing to lack of business. In March of the
same year, they opened an agency in Kobe called theKwansai
Agency, represented by Mr. K. Ichida.
THE TOPPAN PJUMIXG CO., TOKYO.
The company's officers are as follows
Tatsutaro Kawai, Esq. ...
Kishi Ito, Esq
Gennojo Inouyk, Esq. ...
Tadashi Miwa, Esq
GoKOZO UcHiNO, Esq.
Kyozaburo Hosaka, Esq.
Tamejiro Hosogai, Esq. ...
Shinji Kikdchi, Esq.
Tadahide Yamamoto, Esq.
Yasuzo Sato, Esq
President.
Vice-President.
f Director and
I Manager.
j Managing
I Director.
Auditor.
TOYO INSATSU KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE TOYO PRINTING CO., LTD.)
THE Toyo Printing Co., Ltd. was organized in 1906,
with a share capital of ¥500,000. The establish-
ment of the company was effected by Mr. Takemasa Tezuka,
the present President, by tlie purchase of the factories and
business of the Shinyo-do, then widely known as the best
lithographer, the Yuko-sha, pioneer of photogravure in
Japan, and the Katsubun-do, a famous type foundry. In
1907 the company purchased the Teikoku Printing Co.,
( 330 )
Ltd , increasing tlie Ciipital at the same time to ¥650.000.
Under the necessity of unifying tiie business the company
MR. T. TEDZUKA.
established the present niiigiificent works, covering an area
of over 2,000 tsubo, at No. 2, 3-chome Atago-cho, Shiba-ku,
Tokyo, and equipped tliem with cylinder presses, five-colour
and other printing machines of the latest pattern purchased
from abroad. The company gradually increased in fame
and credit until it now occupies a superior position among
printing establishments in Japan. Orders are received
from the Department of Communications, the Imperial
Government Railways and other public offices, banks and
companies, firms, publishing houses, and news paper offices.
The company has been awarded honours by many exhibi-
tions held in various places. The business of the company
includes letterpress printing, embossing and binding.
A list of officers is appended : —
Takemasa Tezuka, Esq. ...
Takeshiro Okamura, E«q.
Kenkichi Hori, Esq.
Ryoichiro Hara, Esq.
FujiMATSU Ono, Esq
Shusuke Komatsu, Esq. ...
Umeshiro Suzuki, Esq. ...
Komaji Kato, E?q
President & Director.
Director.
Director & Manager.
Auditor.
THE TOYO PRINTING CO, TOKYO.
( 331 )
PAPER Mll>l>S
FUJI SEISHI KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE FUJI PAPER MILL CO., LTD.)
THE Fuji Paper Mill Co., Ltd., which has its
headquarters at No. 1, I-chome, Sanjukken-bori,
Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo, was promoted in August, 1887, by
Messrs. Z. Yasuda, R. Hara, I. Moriniura, I. Murata,
J. Suginiura, H. Kawase, and several other business nion
as the result of investigations made by Mr. I. Murata, in
America, Official sanction for promotion was granted in
November of the same year, and the company was formally
organized with an authorized capital of ¥250,000.
advantage of the company's mechanical pulp plant. It thus
escaped the dire effects of this dismal depression.
In 1893, the extension of the company's plant was
completed, when the company's capital was enlarged to
¥1,000,000. As the result of these efforts, the company
could in 1895 initiate tiie export of its products to China,
and other Asiatic countries. In January, 1896, the com-
pany's capital was enlarged to ¥1,500,000. The company's
second and third mills were erected out of the funds raised.
THE FUJI PAPER MILL CO. AND MOUNT FUJI.
In May 1889, the authorized capital was increased
£0 ¥500,000, because the original amount subscribed
was found to be insufficient. In January, 1890, the
first mill was completed and the actual operations were
commenced.
In March, 1891, the paper market was depressed and
every mill in the country suffered except the Fuji Paper
Mill, which initiated the production of newsprint which took
Immediately before the completion of these new mills,
the company was once more obliged to enlarge its capital
from ¥1,500,000 to ¥2,300,000. In 1899, as the result of
these successive enlargements the company was able to
extend its export trade in China, Hongkong, and other
Asiatic countries. In 1901, the second mill of the company
was enlarged, and a roll newsprint plant wa-s installed, with a
view to capturing that market for the kind of paper in China.
( 332 ^
la November, 1901, the company organized the Kyodo
Yoshi Kaisha, in conjunction with other paper mills. The
following year the company obtained a share in the business
of the Shiryo Seizo Goshi Kaisha, managed by Mr. Maeda,
and other business men for the production of paper pulp,
which was converted into a joint stock company, under the
name of Hokkai Shiryo Kabushiki Kaisha. Tiie Fuji Paper
Mill Co. later purchased this company and converted it
into a branch mill.
In May, 1904, the company opened a branch oflSce at
Tientsin. Two years later another was erected at Hankow.
Thus the company's position in China was consolidated.
In the same year the company once more increased the stock
capital to ¥4,600,000, and 10,000 of the new shares issued
were subscribed by the Imperial Household Department.
After the Russo-Japanese war the price of paper both
at home and abroad rose considerably so that the company
was obliged to establish three new mills, and the extension
of the paper pulp plant. In March, 1907, the company
was further enlarged by the amalgamation of the Nippon
Paper Mill Company, Osaka, which is now the seventh mill,
when the company's capital was increased to ¥10,000,000.
In April, 1908, the fifth, sixth and eighth mills were
completed. A reaction set in about this time and the paper
market was depressed. The company was hard hit by the
visit of the depression and was forced to close the fourth
mill in August. In 1910, however, the reactionary depression
was shaken off by the market, and the mill was again able
to plan for the extension of business. A branch was erected
at Shanghai while the fourth mill resumed the production of
pulp.
In January, 1911, the wood pulp mill at Shimada was
completed, and in full operation. The mill belongs to the
Tokai Shiryo Kabushiki Kaisha which was organized by
the Fuji Paper Mill Company, in conjunction with Baron
Kihachiro Okura, for the purpose of enlarging the company's
resources of raw materials. In October the same year the
company finished the installation of a plant for the produc-
tion of sulphurus ammonia, from coal-tar, turned out at
the company's fifth mill, in the course of generating gas.
MILLS OWNED BY THE COMPANY.
The No. 1, mill is situated at Takaoka, Fuji-gun,
Shidzuoka prefecture, and produces extra grades of printing
paper, ordinary grade of printing paper, newsprinting, and
coloured paper. Having three paper machines, seven
digesters, three grinders, and a big water turbin.
The No. 2 mill is situated at Fujine, Fuji-gun, Shidzuoka
prefecture, and produces printing paper, roll newsprint, and
other grades and qualities of paper. Having four paper
machines, one digester, and a big water turbin.
The No. 3 mill, which is situated at Omiya, Shidzuoka
prefecture, produces wood pulp, having seven grinders
and a large water turbin.
The No. 4 mill at Kushiro, Hokkaido, is now closed
as the plant was destroyed by fire some time ago.
The No. 5 mill, which is situated in the vicinity of
Sapporo, turns out newsprint and wrappers, having three
paper machines, four digesters, and three wood grinders.
The No. 6 mill is intended for the manufacture of
wood pulp, being situated at Sorachi, Hokkaido.
The No. 7 mill is in Osaka and it produces ordinary
grades of printing paper, roll newsprint, Japanese paper,
and wrappers.
The No. 8 mill is the largest and is situated at Kajima,
Fuji-gun, Shidzuoka prefecture. The plant is very large,
comprising four paper machines, seven digesters, and a
large motor. Here are produced all high grade goods,
including thick ivory paper, Japanese paper, book covers,
etc., etc.
The company enjoys prosperity as is seen from the
profit and loss account submitted by the Board to the
general meeting of shareholders which was held in
November, 1915. The following is a summary : —
Yen.
Gross profit for the term
Redemption of the plant, buildings, etc.
Net profit
Legal reserve
Second reserve
Fees for ofiScers and social expenses
Pension and relief fund
Balance
Brought over from last term ...
Total
Dividends at 9 per cent, per annum
Special Dividends at 1 per cent, per annum
Carried forward to next term
The company
following : —
ROKUKO Hara, Esq
Shiro Kubota, Esq
Teizaburo Takahashi, Esq.
YOSHINOSUKE HiROSE, Esq.
YoosHiCHi Anamidzu, Esq.
Naozumi Kohyama, Esq.
Seihachi Yanai, Esq. ...
Hakuai Sato, Esq
Heizabubo Ishida, Eaq. ...
825,767.73
325,000.00
500,767.73
25,039.00
25,039.00
35,000.00
10.015.00
405,674.73
69,989.31
475,664,04
351,450.00
39,050.00
85,164.04
now under the control of the
President.
{Managing
Director.
f Managing
\ Director.
Director.
It
Auditor.
( 333 )
OJI SEISHI KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE OJI PAPER MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.)
THE Oji Seishi Kabushiki Kaisha was founded in
1872, and is one of the oldest modern companies in
Japan. It is the pioneer Manufacturer of European paper
in Japan. In the following article is a brief review of the
history of the companj.
The introduction of occidental ideas and institutions
into Japan, in 1868, opened up the demand for European
paper, which had not been used under the former regime.
At first the entire supply had to be imported from abroad,
no European paper having been produced in this country in
these days. The establishment of the Government Printing
Office at about the same time, was considered one of the
THE OJI PAPER MANUFACTURING WORK
AND MR. G. FUJIWARA.
indications of the growing demand for European paper. The
Mitsui-Gumi the Ouo-Gumi and the Shimada-Gumi, were
induced to jointly start the paper industry. In November,
1872, a formal application signed by Messrs. Jiroemon Mitsui,
BaisaburoShibusawa, Zeuemon Ono, Hachiroemou, Shimada,
Junzo Saito, Risuke Minomura and Ichibei Furukawa was
filed at the Paper-Money Bureau. Their application for
engaging in the manufacture of paper, with a capital of
¥150,000 was granted in February of the following year,
and the company called the Shoshi Kaisha, later known as
the Seishi Kaisha, both meaning Paper Manufacturing Co.,
was organized. In September, 1874, the site of the plant
was selected at Oji, a suburban district of Tokyo, where the
construction work was immediately commenced under the
supervision of an English mechanical engineer, and an
American paper-making expert. The capital of the com-
pany was increased to ¥250,000 in December of the same
year. The mill was completed in that month, and was put
into operation two months later.
In those days, the publishing business in Japan was
still in its infancy, for European paper was little used out-
side of Government offices. Though the demand for Euro-
pean paper was increasing gradually with the advance of
civilization, yet for several years the mill experienced great
difficulties in marketing its output. Journalism and other
branches of literature, which began to flourish in 1885, in-
creased the demand for European paper to such an extent
that in March, 1887, the Oji Seishi Kaisha increased the
capital to ¥500,000, and a separate machine room was
built.
In 1887, a new mill was erected at Keta, Shizuoka
prefecture, where wood pulp was produced for the first time
in Japan. Thus the company succeeded in manufacturing
paper at a low cost. In 1893, the name of the company
was changed to the Oji Seishi Kabushiki Kaisha (Oji Pnper
Manufacturing Co., Ltd.) to comply with the requirements
of the new commercial code enforced in that year.
In March, 1896, the Oji company decided to erect one
more plant. In order to carry out this plan, ¥600,000 was
added to the company's capital, bringing the total to
¥1,100,000. The site of the new plant was selected at
Nakabe, Shizuoka prefecture, and a communal forest rich
in pulp wood in Nagano prefecture was purchased by the
company. The cnpital was further increased to the sum of
¥1,650,000 in 1897, owing to the increased cost of con-
struction. The Nakabe mill began to turn out news print
paper in January, 1899, and the capital was again increased
to ¥2,000,000 in November of the same year.
In 1905, the capital was increased from ¥2,000,000
to ¥6,000,000 and the up-to-date Tomakomai mill of the
Oji company was built. Since September, 1910, when the
plant was put into operation, news print paper has ceased
to be imported, — about 70 per cent, of the paper used in
this country being supplied by the Oji company.
In January of 1916 the company took over the entire
interests of the Teikoku Seishi Kaisha, whose mill equipped
with two machines of up-to-date designs is known as the
Osaka Mill. It turns out about 10,800,000 lbs. per year.
( 334 )
The directors and auditors of this company are as
follows : —
ToKUEMON Mitsui, Esq.
GiNjiRO FujiHARA, Esq.
Shintaeo Ohasbi, Esq.
Nagabumi Ariga, Esq.
j Chairman, Board
I of Directors.
Managing Director.
Director.
KiKUJIRO Takashima, Esq.
Naoki Takata, Esq
KiKUjiRO Ogasawara, Esq.
Ken Hayashi, Esq
Saburobei Nakai, Esq.
HiDEzo Nishimura, Esq. .
Yasabueo Hirose, Esq.
Director.
Auditor.
TAKEFU SEISHIJO.
(THE TAKEFU
THE Mill is situated at the northern end of the town of
Takefu in Ecliizen Province and is under the
management of Mr. Kokutaro Kato whose house has been
enagaged in the paper industry for many generations. The
hosho had been tlieir only
speciality until tliey com-
menced the manufacture for
the torinoko; since that time
they began to make the
torinoko in addition to the
hosho. After the restora-
tion of Meiji they had the
honour of making paper
money for the Government.
But the abolition of the clan
governments in favour of
those of prefectures was
followed by the abolition
of the issue of the notes of
this kind which caused a
decrease in the demand for this paper. To make the
situation worse the cost of the materials greatly advanced.
Mr. Kato, the present head of the factory, did his best to
regain the former prosperity of the business. Finding,
however, that it would better meet the purpose by introducing
modern ideas, Mr. Kato, installed a gasoline motor in his
factory and inaugurated the making of tlie kairyo bmshi
MR. K. KATO.
PAPER MILL.)
and Obanshi. He also strongly advocated the cultivation
(f Milsumata, one of the useful n^aterials for paper
making in Japan. The present prosperity of the business
is entirely due to Mr. Kato's untiring efforts. He built a
new mill at the present place in October of 1906. The site
covers area of 9,000 tsuho and the mills consists of 13 build-
ings covering an area of 860 tsuho and are equipped with
65 horse-power steam engine. The new mill was put into
operation in January of the following year. There is a
special place for the refining of the Milsumata. The machine
turns out 45 feet of paper a minute, paper made by hand
amounting to 40 kan a day.
Amongst the specialities is the hand-made torinoko,
extensively exported. The Bureau of the Official Gazette
of Tientsin is one of the premier consumers of this. At
home it is much in demand for making maps, published
by the Army General Staff Office, industrial debenture
stocks, negotiable instruments, share certificates and school
diplomas.
In 1809 the factory was honoured by a visit of the Crown
Prince, now the Emperor, while making a tour around the
Hokuriku districts. He gave orders for the manufacture of
some specimens of paper and graciously accepted some pre-
sented to him. Ever since the inauguration of the manu-
facture of tiie kairyo bamhi (Japanese paper of fine quality)
in 1885 the factory has been awarded medals of merit over
fifty times by various exhibitions both at home and abroad.
THE TAKEFU PAPER MILL, FUKUI PREFECTURE.
( 335 )
TOKYO ITAGAMI KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE TOKYO CARDBOARD CO, LTD.)
rriHIS company, which is one of the oldest and largest
JL card-board manufacturers in Japan, is situated at
Minami-Senju-raachi, Minami-Adachi-gori, Tokyo pre-
fecture. It was founded in October, 1886, with a capital of
¥500,000. At first the company enjoyed a high degree of
prosperity and could pay dividends of 10 per cent, per
annum.
In 1897 a new factory was erected and the output was
largely increased. Further, in 1907, another factory wns
built and the compnny's capital was increased to ¥1,500,000.
5,886,946 lbs. of printing paper, and 3,175 lbs. of card-board
and wrapping. If the present activity in the paper market
continues, the company will l)e able to net a substantial
profit each term.
At tiie end of May, 1916, the company declared
ordinary dividends at 10 per cent, per annum, special
dividends at 3 per cent, per annum, and dividends in com-
memoration of the 30tli anniversary of the company's
foundation, of 1 per cent , after having set aside substantial
sums for various reserves.
THE TOKYO CARD BOARD CO., TOKYO.
Several years after the last extension the compai.y
experienced difficulty owing to the market being low.
When the war broke out in Europe the company was saved
from the difficult situation and reaped a very large amount
of profit, as then tlie import of all paper was stopped, and
the price of domestic goods began to rise.
According to the latest report of the company, the out-
put of the factories, during tiie half year amounted to
The company's officers at present are as follows : —
SoicniRo AsANO, Esq.
RiNNOsuKE Yamanaka, Esq.
Tadashi Miyama, Esq. ...
Ryosuke Suzuki, Esq.
ToKio Otani, Esq
SoiCHIKO SUDO, E«q
President.
Director.
{Managing
Director.
... Auditor.
( 336 )
RAW « I I> K.
I S H I K A W A-G U M I S E I S H I J 0.
(THE ISHIKAWA-GUMI FILATURE WORKS.)
'npHE Head OflSce of the Ishikawa-Gumi Filature Works
-*- is located at Toyooka-machi, Iruma-gori, Saitama
prefecture. The works were started in May, 1893, with
only 20 pans. In 1902 the second factory was established
in the same town, and in 1908 the third factory was opened
in Kawagoye, Again in 1913, another factory was built
MR. I. ISHIKAWA.
in Irumagawa-machi. In the following year, a branch
factory was established in Hara-machi, Fukushiraa pre-
fecture. The total number of pans used in these filatures
is 1436. It is expected that the number will be increased
to about 2,000 in March, 1917. Besides there is a factory
specially devoted to the refining at wastes.
The works were represented solely by Mr. Ikutaro
Ishikawa until May, 1912, when the organization was
transformed into a partnership consisting exclusively of the
members of the Ishikawa family, styled the GOmei Kaisha
Ishikawa-Gumi. The annual output of raw silk amounts
to 220,000 kin, valued at ¥2,800,000 ; Waste Silk and
Cotton amount to 50,000 kin, valued at ¥75,000. The
articles are exported chiefly to America through foreign
firms and Japanese direct exporting agents at Yokohama.
The company was awarded a certificate of merit by the
Fifth Domestic Exhibition of 1903, and the Japan Silk
Exhibition of 1907. Honour of the first class by the
Exhibition representing one municipality and nine pre-
fectures held 1908 and Silk Exhibition of 1909, a gold
medal by the Anglo-Japanese Exposition at London of
1910. Honour of the first class by the Exhibition
representing one municipality and fourteen prefectures and
a gold medal of Honour by the Exhibition of 1911 in Italy.
Mr. Ikutaro Ishikawa, founder of the works, has made
every eSbrt not only for the development of tlie silk
industry but also for the promotion of industry education
in his province. In December, 1881, he was decorated with
the Medal of Green Ribbon in appreciation of his
meritorious services. On October 5th, 1909, he was
awarded a testimonial by the Governor of Saitama pre-
fecture for his valuable services in the cause of the industry.
On the occasion of the Grand Military Manoeuvres held in
Saitama prefecture, in 1912, H.I.M. the Emperor was
pleased to send an Imp(rial Messenger to his company to
convey a gracious message appreciating its past services
and encouraging it to make further efforts.
( 337 )
THE KATAKUR A-G U Ml.
FOREMOST among the silk producing districts ia
Nagano prefecture which gives about one third of
the produce of raw sills. Its annual output amounts to
120,000 bales, as against 360,000 bales for the total export
of the Empire. The largest of the sills manufacturers in
the prefecture is the famous Katakura-Gumi, situated in
Kawagishi-mura, Suwa-gori. The company owns over 20
works, scattered both in and out of the prefecture, producing
yearly as many as 25,000 bales of raw silk. The company
was started as far back as 1878, under the joint manage-
ment of six partners, namely: Messrs. Kanetaro Katakura,
chief partner ; Shuntaro Katakura, Koji Katakura, Gosuke
Imiii, Kisaburo Hayashi and Saichi Katakura.
At its organization the company's assets consisted of
only 32 iron pans. Thanks, however, to the painstaking
efforts of the partners tiie company has been raised to its
present prosperity. It has now factories in Kawagishi-
mura, Hisano-mura and Shimo-Suwa-machi in Suwa-gori,
the city of Matsumoto and lida-machi in Ina-gori. Besides
there are mills outside the prefecture, namely, in Hachioji,
Kumagaya, Oraiya in Musashi province, the city of Sendai
in Rikuzen province, Koriyama in the province of Iwashiro,
Takashima in Uzen, Ichino-niiya in Owari, the city of
Kochi in Tosa, Tosu in Higen, Kita-Umnki-mura in Buzen,
and other places. Pans now in use by tiiese establishments
reach upwards of 7,000. The superior quality of the silk
supplied by the company is known all the world over.
Besides exporting to a large extent, the company meets a
great deal of the demands of textile mills in tlie homeland.
For this purpose it has branches open in Tokyo and other
important places, including those in Taiwan, Hokkaido,
and Chosen. On October 4th, 1908, the mill in Sendai was
favoured with a visit by tiie Imperial Heir-Appareiit, the
present Emperor, then making a tour through the North
Eastern districts.
It must be added that the company has rendered
inestimable services in the cause of the promotion of
native industries which has engaged the attention of
the whole nation ever since the outbreak of the Euro-
pean war.
THE K 0 S Ul-S H A.
rriHE Kosui-sha is a credit and sale co-operative society
JL in accordance with the Law for the Governance of
Industrial co-operative societies and its membership com-
prises many well-known silk reelers in the Northern part of
Mayebashi, Gumma prefecture.
It was at first established for the purpose of giving
employment to the families of the samurai of the Mayebashi
Clan, who lost their fiefs on account of the restoration of
the Imperial rule, and managed as the common property
of the samurai family. Just before the Sino-Japanese
war the estblishment was registered as a partnership,
and later it was again reorganized as a joint stock com-
pany. In June, 1903, when the Law for the Governance
of Industrial co-operative Societies was promulgated, it
was for the third time converted into its present form.
The members of the society at present number 65, and
their filatures within the city are slightly over 20, where
2,100 pans are provided. The annual production at the
members' filatures is steadily increased each year.
The principal member filatures are as follows : —
Maruko, Maru Ni, Okabe, Tanaka, Ishiwara, Takeuchi,
Kamiyama, Machida, Suda, Aoki, Kyodo Gumi, Tamura,
Arai, Chikacomi, Yamamoto, Fukaya, Otani, Toda, Kondo,
Baba.
The most important of these is the Maruko-gumi
filature, which was organized in 1908 by taking over the
model filature owned by the society itself. It had only 120
pans at first, but as the result of the successive enlargements
THE KOSUI-SHA FILATURES, GUMMA PREFECTURE.
eflected its pans number over 500, the annual production
amounting to 1,600 boxes. The yarns produced are also
much better than ordinary Joshu goods, and in the market
( 338 )
fetch a figure nearly VlOO above the ordinary Joshu
filature. At present the filature is controlled by Mr. Kei-
zaburo Suzuki, Mr. Hisakichi Tsunoda and Mr. Akijiro
Koyama.
At first the society not only undertook the sale of silk
produced by the members, but managed its own filature ;
but later gave up the filature, and now the society under-
takes the following lines of business: — Advancing money
to members; Receiving deposits from members ; Selling the
products of the member filatures on consignment ; Condi-
tioning tiie goods produced by the member filatures, etc.
For the purpose of attaining tliese ends the society has
not only a business office but several mills of its own,
godowns, and show room, and under the supervision of the
following officers its usefulness is more and more demon-
strated:—
NOBUKICHI KiMURA, Esq.
Dempei Okabe, E?q.
Hisakichi Tsunoda, Esq.
Keizaburo Umezawa, Esq.
Sakutaro Tamura, Esq....
Kentaro Hirata, Esq. ...
Kahei Mamiyama, Esq. ...
Sempei 'I'akasu, Esq.
KojURO Suzuki, Esq.
GOICHI MiYAZAKI, Esq. ..
President.
Director.
Auditor.
Adviser.
MARUDAI-6UMI SEiSHIJ
('I'HE MARUDAI-GUMl FILATURE WORKS.)
THIS filature, which is situated at Kokuryo-cho, Maye-
bashi, Gumma prefecture, produces various well-
MR. S. HIGUCHI AND THE MARUDAI-GUMI
FILATURES, GUMMA PREFECTURE.
known chops of douppion silk, and is controlled by the
followinj: : —
Shigetaro HiGuuui, Ksq
JUSABURO KURIHARA, Esq ...
Chusaku Kaizu, Esq
Zensaku Suzuki, Esq
The filature was founded in July, 1914, at the present
site, when it had 380 pans. In August, 1915, the number
of pans was increased to 500. It was also increased in
Proprietor.
Filature Manager.
Sales Manager.
Cashier.
1916, and at present the filature has 700 pans in all. The
whole establishment is divided into more than twenty
separate buildings and has an engine room, five reeling
rooms, a cocoon testing room, a machine room, two store
houses, and dormitories, which are attached, with a hospital
and a big bath-room.
At the filature more than 900 men and women are
employed and over 2,000 bales of douppion silk is produced
a year. Principally Japanese douppion cocoons are used,
but some times Chinese are imported. Both are well selected
and tested before they are reeled. In accordance with the
methods of reeling the silk produced is divided into two
classes, of " Migaki " and " Hashitsuke."
The following are the grades produced by the filature : —
"Migaki."
" Kinasahi " .
"Kin-Fuji"
" Kin-Daikoku "
" Hashitsuke."
"Ginasalii"
"Ginfuji" .
"Gindaikoku"
" Migaki " classes are the best the filature can produce,
and are principally supplied to the weavers of crepes in
Kyoto and elsewhere, but " hashitsuke " classes are not
only supplied to domestic weavers at diflTerent centres but
also exported to Europe and America.
Den.
22 medium.
21 „
30 ,.
30 medium.
40 „
50 „
( 339 )
TAISHOKAN SEISHIJO.
(THP: TAISHOKAN FILATURE WORKS.)
'T^HE Taishokan Filature Works stand at No. 491,
Mitsumata, near Mayebashi, Gumma prefecture,
and are presided over by Mr. Zentaro Matsumoto. For-
merly he kept a store for tiie sale of cocoons and raw silk
under the title of the Toyo Siiokai. Thinking, however,
that filature, the greatest of the national industries, had a
very bright future before it Mr. Matsumoto closed his store
and started the present mill, in August, 1912, and had it
completed in December of the same year. Provided with
160 pans, the mill was put iu working order in January,
1913, under the name of the Taisho Filature Works. In
January of the following year pans were increased by 80.
Ever since their organization the works have directed their
efforts for the manufacture of an article of superior quality.
The result is that the article turned out by the works com-
mands a price from ¥100 to ¥200 higher than Shinshu
Joichi. A considerable amount of the stock is sold to the
Mitsui Bussan Kaisha, and the Foreign Mercantile House
No. 95 through the hands of Messrs. Yajima & Co. of
Yokohama.
THE TAISHOKAN FILATURE WORKS,
GUMMA PREFECTURE.
YAJIMA SEISHi KABUSHIKi KAISHA
(THE YAJIMA RAW SILK MFG. CO., LTD.)
THE origin of the Yiijiraa Raw Silk Mfg. Co., Ltd.
was a filature started in 1878 in Kofu, Yamnnashi
prefecture by Mr. Eisuke
Yajima, the father of Mr.
Eisuke Yajima, the present
head of the company, with
200 pans. In 189 J these were
increased to 375. In 1903
another filature was esta-
blished in Isezaki-cho with
169 pans. In 1908 still
Huother mill with 400 pans
was built iu Fujimi-cho.
In February of the same
year the firm was organized
into a partnership, under
the title of the Yajima
Seishi Gomel Kaisha. In
April, 1912, the house was again changed into the Yajima
Seishi Co., Ltd. The company always works for the im-
provement of the manufacture. A new workshop, with
100 pans, is now being constructed close by the third
YAJIMA
THE YAJIMA RAW SILK MANCFACTURING
CO., YAMANASHI PREFECTURE.
( 340 )
mill. While making a trip in the prefecture in June,
1880, the late Emperor Meiji was pleased to grant a
gracious message to the company by sending H.I.H. Prince
Fushimi. In April, 1912, the present Sovereign, the then
Crown Prince, honoured the mills of the company with a
personal visit.
As to the packing and sale of the goods the late Mr.
Eisuke Yajima established in 1889 a common reeling house
under the title of the Yajima-Gumi with seven partners
including himself. The trade marks identifying the
Yajima-Gumi are " Kinyaguruma " for tiie spring yarn
and " Kin Sakura " for the autumn. The guild owns
1,670 pans and turns out yearly 3,000 bales of raw silk,
worth about ¥2,000,000.
The late Mr. Eiauke Yajima was granted a medal of
the green ribbon in September, 1899, in recognition of his
meritorious services in the cause of sericulture. In January,
1905, he passed away, to be succeeded by his son, Mr. Eisuke
Yajima, the present head of the company. In March of the
same year the new President was elected chief of the Yajima-
Gumi. In October, 1908, he was elected chief of the guild
of deal* rs in raw silk in Yamanashi prefecture. Besides,
he holds the membership of the Central Council of guilds of
dealers in raw silk. Presidency of the K5fu Gas Co., Ltd.,
Directorship of the Dai Ju Bank, Auditorship of the Taito
Sugar Mfg. Co , Ltd., membership of tlie Kofu Municipal
Council iiud Standing Membership of the Kofu Chamber of
Commerce.
Several years ago he was elected a member of tlie
House of Peers. In November, 1908, lie was awardeil a
certificate of merit and silver cup by the Minister of
Agriculture and Commerce, and on April Ist, 1916, was
decorated with the Fifth Class Imperial Order of the Sacred
Treasure.
YOKOHAMA KIITO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE YOKOHAMA RAW SILK CO., LTD.)
THE Yokohama Kaw Silk Co. is the out-growth
of the Boeki Shokai, or Yokohama Trading Co.,
';■:•. ,-,^ -THE YOKOHAMA RAW SILK CO.
established in 1879. In 1893, the Boeki Shokai was
converted into a partnership, styled the Yokohama Kiito
Gomei Kaisha, and ihe company's capital was increased to
¥1,000,000. In September, 1915, the company was again
converted into a joint-stock company bearing the pre-
sent style. The company's capital also was increased to
¥5,000,000. •
The main lines of business undertaken are the direct
export of raw silk and waste silk and the direct import of
raw cotton.
The company's business has gone on quite prosperously
since its establisliment, and the ever-extending business
has necessitated the opening of branches and agencies at
New York, Osaka, Bombay, Oklalioma, Galveston, Alexan-
dria, and other important cities and towns. The branch
at New York, which conducts business under tlie style of
Morimura, Aral & Co., at No. 19, Matheson Avenue, is the
most important. It enjoys a high reputation in American
silk trade circles.
Some idea of the scope of the business conducted by
the company may be obtained from the following figures,
which show the volume of raw silk and raw cotton handled
by the company since its foundation : —
Raw Silk Exported.
Seasons. To America. To Europe. Total.
Bales. Bales. Bales.
1892/1893 2,675 343 3,018
1893/1894 5,179 384 5,563
( 341 )
Seasons.
To America.
To Europe.
Total.
Bales.
Bales.
Bales.
1894/1895... .
. 6,185
569
6,754
1895/1896 .. .
. 4,766
685
5,451
1896/1897... .
. 6,472
495
6.967
1897/1898... .
. 6,703
51
6,754
1898/1899... .
.. 8,240
102
8,342
1899/1900... .
. 8,682
238
8,920
1900/1901... .
. 9,676
294
9,970
1901/1902... .
.. 12,246
177
12,423
1902/1903... .
. 11.333
308
11.641
1903/1904... .
. 17,167
477
17,644
1904/1905... .
. 16,566
551
17,117
1905/1906... .
. 21,491
326
21,816
1906/1907... .
. 18,337
632
18,969
19i7/l908... .
. 21,574
212
21,786
1908/1909... .
. 21.347
290
21.637
1909/1910... .
. 25,455
256
'25,711
1910/1911... .
. 24,331
300
21.631
1911/1912... .
. 28,384
550
28,951
1912/1913... .
. 28,781
820
29,601
1913/1914... .
. 32,530
35
32,565
Raw Cotton Imported.
Seasoiis.
Bales.
Seasons.
Bales.
1902/1903
... 2,600
1908/1909
... 38,967
1913/1904
... 33,157
1909/1910
... 40,308
1904/1905
... 18,783
1910/1911
... 132,330
1905/1906
... 35,250
1911/1912
... 95,865
1906/1907
... 16,900
1912/1913
.. 80,393
1907/1908
... 52,050
1913/1914
... 86,141
The Court of Directors of the company is composed of
the following : —
Kyoichiro Arai, Ksq
Matsusxbuko Yamada, Esq.
Shinjuro Arakawa, Esq. ,.
Nagataka Sato, Esq
Yasutomo Murai, Esq.
SoBEiiMoGi, Esq
Kaisaku Morimura, Esq. ..
KoZAEMON Ito, Esq
GiiCHi Shibusawa, Esq.
Chairman.
Managing D rector.
Director.
Auditor.
( 342 )
aCiiOObS AND UIBRARICS.
GAKUSHU-IN.
(THE PEERS' SCHOOL)
THE Peers' School, which is under the control ot tlie
Household Department, is a special institution for
the education of Peers of tiie Realm and is divided into two
departments for boys and girls. The Boys' Department
is further divided into the Elementary, Intermediiite, and
Higher Courses. The first of tiiese courses corresponds to
the ordinary Elementary School and is finished in six
years. The Intermediate Course also corresponds to the
ordinary Middle School and is sub-divided into six forms.
The last is covered in four years and practically corresponds
to the ordinary High School.
dormitories and gymn;isiunis. In principle all boys should
be kept in the dormitories and receive stiict physical train-
ing, for wiiich the school appoints several military officers
and masters of warlike arts. Discipline is strictly main-
tained during and after school hours by an independent
staff of officers, who nre assisted by a medical corps. All
branches of learning are each taken charge of by the
Professors in Charge and under them staffs of highly-
trained instructors are engaged in the training of boys.
The Girls' Department is controlled by the Director,
and its school buildings are situated at Nagata-cho, Koji-
KMRAXC'E TO TlIK I'EEliS' SCJiOOI
TOK VO.
The Girls' Department has also the Elementary, Inter-
mediate, and Higher Courses, The first correspondends to
the ordinary Elementary School and is divided into six
forms. The Intermediate Course is divided into five grades
and can be finished in five years. The Higher Course gives
liberal education to the graduates of the Intermediate
Courses, being divided into two grades. This Department
has also a kindergarten as one of its adjuncts and under-
takes the preliminary education of infants. .
The Boys' Department, wliich is controlled by the
President in person, is situated at Mejiro, a suburb of
Tokyo. The premises are very large, including perfect
machi-ku. The department is equipped with the best pos-
sible accommodation, but has no dormitories. All Courses
have their separate Directors, or Managers, and under them
stafl^s of professors, of an Imperial Command. Several
years after its scale was extended and a new school building
was constructed at Nishiki-ciio, Kanda-ku, when the style
of the Peers' School was adoped. H.I.M. the Emperor and
Empress honoured the new institution with visits and
granted bounties.
In 1884 the school, which had till then been managed
by the Peers' Club, was converted into a Government
institution and controlled by the Household Department,
( 343 )
Several years after a collegiate course was created, and
while the late Prince Konoye was the President several of
i(s graduates were sent abroad to prosecute their studies.
However, it was abolished soon after the death of the prince
and now the graduates of the school are sent to the Imperial
Universities for the study of higher branches of learning.
The present school buildings were completed in 1908,
when the late General Nogi wns President, and the present
system of training was adopted. At present the Boys'
Department accommodates the following number of boys : —
Elementary Course 303
Intermediate Course 244
Higher Course 106
Post-graduiite Course 17
The Girls' Department was originally a separate
institution, called the Peeresses' School. lu March, 1906,
the Peeresses' School wns abolished and amalgamated in the
Peers Schools as its Girls' Department. The Department,
which admits not only members of noble families but
children of commoners as well, as is the case with the Boys'
Department, now accommodates tlie following number of
pupils : —
Kindergarten 96
Elementary Course
Intermediate Course
Higher Course
211
288
25
The followiug are the principal officers of the school : —
Viscount Genebal N. Osako ... President.
Y. Matsui, Esq.
G. Matsumoto, Esq.
S. Kobayashi, Esq.
f Manager, Boys'
X Department.
Director, Girls'
fDi
"■ ( Department.
Mil
Department.
f Manager, Girls'
KAUUN DAI GAKKO.
(THE IMPERIAL NAVAL S 1^ A F F COLLEGE.)
"T^HIS institution was inaugurated in 1888, and under-
A takes the training of nav«l officers in the higher
branches of naval tactics and technical arts.
The college provides five courses, of which the A Course
otiier arts, and trains expert officers. Tiie Special Course
gives lessons in special branches of the knowledge, and
aims at perfecting the knowledge of expert officers. The
Engineering Course trains commanding officers in engineer-
THE IMPERIAL NAVAL STAFF COLLEaE, TOKYO.
is organized for the training of staff officers, which gives
lessons in naval tactics and other technical arts, while the
B Course gives lessons in gunnery, sailing, torpedoing and
ing. The last and Eclectic Course is taken up by those
officers who are instructed to prosecute some branch of naval
science by tlie Minister of the Navy.
( 344 )
Student officers are selected from among promising
young men through the graded examinations, by a special
CDmmittee, and every branch or course they are instructed
to take up, is to be finished in the terms given below : —
VICE-AUMIKAL
SATO.
The A Course, Two years ; The B Course, 6 months ; The
Special Course, 6 months for the sailing course, 1 year for
engineering courses; The Engineering Course, 1 year and
6 months ; The Eclectic Course, 1 year ; The Eclectic
Course (foreign language), 2 years 6 months.
The college is situated at Tsukiji, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo.
The present President is Vice-Admiral Tetsutaro Sato.
Vice-Admiral Sato was born in July, 1866, in Yama-
gata prefecture. After graduating from the Naval Acndemy
in 1887 he was appointed 2nd Sub.-Lieutenant in the
Imperial Navy and rose by successive promotion to the
THE NAVAL REFERENCE HALL, TSUKIJL
present rank of Vice- Admiral in December, 1916. He was
twice sent to Europe and America, and took part in the
Sino- Japanese and Russo-Japanese Wars. He was decorated
with the Second Class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun and
the Third Class Military Order of the Golden Kite.
SUISAN KOSHUSHO.
(THE FISHERIES INSTITUTE UNDER
OF AGRICULTURE
'"P^HE Fisheries Institute was established in March, 1897,
-*■ for the exclusive purpose of giving lessons in and
conducting experiments of aquatic products. At the time
of its establishment, only those students who completed the
course of the third-year of the middle-grade schools were
admitted, and these students made a speciality of one of
the three courses — Fishery, the Manufacture and Nursery.
In 1900, the regulations of the Institute were revised so as to
make the graduates of the middle-grade schools eligible for
admittance, and again some modifications were introduced
later in the regulations, a special course for actually
engaging in the business being inaugurated. Again, the
Institute undertook the training of teachers of aquatic
products, experts of salt-manufacture, and other experts.
In 1907, the Department of Communications provided that
THE CONTROL OF THE MINISTER
AND COMMERCE.)
the graduates of the Fisheries Course, who served on board
certain kinds of vessels for over three years, were eligible
for the examination of Ko-shu (A-class) Second-class
Engineers, and that the graduates of the Deep-seas Fisheries
Course, who served on board certain kinds of vessels for two
years, were eligible for the examination of Otsu-shu (B-class)
or Hei'Shu (C-class) Engineers or Olsu-shu Second-class
Engineers. As regards experimental business, various
experimental departments were provided to make investiga-
tions into fishery, chemical and other matters. Tiie Institute
is situated at Etchu-jima, Fukagawa-ku, and the Experi-
mental stations are at Fuyuki-cho, Fukagawa-ku, Odawara
and Tateyama. The Institute owns the Unyo Maru and
the Hayabusa Maru. The number of graduates from the In-
stitute reach 1,130, while that of the present students is 209.
( 346 )
TEIKOKU DZUSHOKAN.
(THE IMPERIAL LIBRARY.)
nnHE Imperial Library, situated at Uyeno Park,
-^ Tokyo, was founded in April, 1872, by the Depart-
ment of Education, and called the Tokyo Library. The
library had no building of its own and its collection of
books, mostly taken over from the then extinct Government
schools, was stored in a lecture room of the old (Seido)
university. Reading rooms also were provided in the
buildings of the old university.
At first the collection of books was very small, but
when the Department of Education promulgated regulations
that every new publication must be sent to the Government
along with applications for publication, and tiiat one of the
books thus sent in
would be given over
to the library, the
collection commenced
to grow. Since the law
of copy -right for
publication has under-
gone many change?,
but for the grant of
one copy of every
new publication to the
library has never been
ciianged.
In February,
1877, the library was
placed under the con-
trol of the Tokyo Pre-
ffctural Office, and
lost for a time the
status of a national library, but in July, 1880, it was
restored to the Education Department and again it became
a national institution. In June, 1885, it was moved to
Uyeno Park and had an independent building of its own,
with a new godown.
In April, 1897, the library became a national library
both in fact and name, as tiien the Government laid down
a new regulation governing the library and renamed it the
Imperial Library. A new and more solid building was
also built in the same park.
The present building, which is still incomplete, is four-
storeyed, underground rooms inclusive, and covers an area ot
THE IMPERIAL LIBRARY, TOKYO.
147 tmibo. On the first floor there are parlours, newspaper
reading rooms, and catalogue compilers' rooms, while on
the second floor are catalogue rooms, women's reading
rooms, and special readers' rooms, on the top floor there
being a spacious room for ordinary readers.
Libraries containing book collections are built in con-
nection with the main building and are eight-storeyed, the
underground floor exclusive. The whole plan of the build-
ing is drawn on a mixed stack and compartment system,
and the renaissance style is adopted in every detail. In
the libraries the hydraulic elevators made by the Otis
Elevator Company are adopted for the carrying of books,
and ill the main
building every mo-
dern appliance is used
for the comfort of
readers.
The collection
of books was estimated
at 72,473 volumes
immediately after its
foundation, but now,
according to the last
report of the institu-
tion, it consists of
242,581 volumes of
Japanese and Chinese
books, and 74,582
volumes of foreign
books, thus making
up the total of
317,163 volumes.
Since the foundation the number of readers at the
institution has increased with striking rapidity. In 1884
it was 116,000 and the books read were 479,000 volumes.
According to the latest report the readers during 1915
numbered 229,838 men and women, and the books read
came up to 915,784 volumes. Thus the average number
of readers per day was 701 men and women, the average
number of books read being 2,792 volumes per day.
The institution is now controlled by Mr. Inaki Tanaka,
Director, who has been in charge of the institution prac-
tically ever since its foundation as a national library.
TOKYO JOSHI KOTO SHIHAN GAKKO.
(THE TOKYO FEMALE HIGHER NORMAL SCHOOL.)
''PHE highest grade of official educational iiistitutioiis for
women in this country is the Female Higher Normal
Schools, and though they are primarily intended for
organs to train women as teachers of the Girls' Normal
Schools and Girls' High Schools they are not infrequently
entered by women who are desirous of receiving liberal
education, and by many they are regarded as the cradle for
Japan's women leaders.
The Tokyo Female Higher Normal School is the oldest
educational institution, being founded in ]874 on tlie present
an Elementary School, and a kindergarten. The school
itself is divided into three regular courses of Literature,
Science, and Domestic Science, Post-graduute Course,
Elective Course, Eic
At present the school's faculty consists of a Director,
and eighty instructors, 34 women instructors inclusive. In
the past the school has turned out 1,927 graduates, the most
of whom are engaged in education works. At present the
school has 422 students, including 9 Chinese.
The Girls' High School is divided into three courses of
VIEW OF THE TOKYO FEMALE HIGHER NORMAL SCHOOL.
site. The Court specially patronized the institution, and
when the school moved to a newly-built edifice in 1875 the
late Empress Shoken was pleased to grant a poem, which
has since been sung by the students as the school song.
At graduation exercises Her Majesty was pleased to honour
the occasions with her august presence, in order to encourage
the liberal education of women.
During the succeeding years the school has undergone
many trials, but from every change the school has undergone
it has emerged as a better and larger institution. At
present it has many adjuncts, such as a Girls' High School,
Regular, Practical, and Post Graduate, and at present
accommodates 561 pupils, tiie graduates in the past
numbering 1,445. At the Elementary School there are
ordinary and complex classes, provided to test different
methods of teaching, and at present 600 girls and boys
are taught.
The Kindergarten attached to the school is the oldest
in Japan, being founded in 1876. There are different
systems tried, four classes being organized. At present
93 boys and 89 girls are accommodated.
The Director of the school is Mr. Kenjiro Nakagawa.
( 347 )
TOKYO TEIKOKU DAIGAKU.
(THE IMPERIAL UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO.)
THE Imperial Uiiiyersity of Tokyo (Tokyo Teikoku
Daigaku), consists of six colleges of Law, Medicine,
Engineering, Literature, Science, and Agriculture. The
buildings of the first five of these colleges stand within the
grounds of Kaga Yashiki, the former residence of the
Diiimyo of Kaga, on the northern slope of the Hongo
plateau, while the College of Agriculture is situated in the
suburb of Komaba, some six miles distant.
As at present organized, the Tokyo Teikoku Daigaku
is of no very great age ; for it practically came into exist-
ence on March 1st, 18S6, when an Imperial Ordinance
(No. 3) amalgamated two independent institutions, the
Tokyo Daigaku and tiie Kobu Daigakko, into one, with the
function of those institutions which ultimately coalesced
and developed into the present Imperial University of
Tokyo.
Tiiese institutions, as already indicated, were three in
number. One of the three, the Tokyo Dwigaku, at the
amalgamation of 1886, supplied four of the five colleges in-
to which the new Imperial University was then subdivided
— those of Law, Science, Medicine, and Literature; while
even before the amalgamation, a department of Technology
had been begun in it. This Tokyo DHigaku was itself a
composite institution ; for in April, 1877, (i.e. nine years
before the organization of the Imperial Universit)') it had
been formed by a union of the Kaisei Gakko (which had
SIDE ENTRANCE TO THE IMPERIAL UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO.
name of Teikoku Daigaku, or Imperial University. At
that time five colleges were organized, viz., those of Law,
Medicine, Engineering, Literature, and Science, that of
Agriculture not having been established until June 11th,
1890, when tiie College of Agriculture and Dendrology was
incorporated into the University. Since 1886, the history
of the Imperial University — or as it has been called since
June 18th, 1897, the Tokyo Teikoku Daigaku (Imperial
University of Tokyo) to distinguish it from the sister insti-
tution tiien founded in Kyoto — is comparatively easy to
follow. Previous to that date (1886), it is somewhat com-
plicated and confusing. This is fully accounted for by the
circumstance that in the early years of Meiji changes in the
organization of most branches of the public service were ex-
ceedingly frequent, and not least so in the organization and
departments of Law, Science, and Literature) with the
Tokyo Igakko or Medical College.
Both the Kaisei Gakko and the Tokyo Igakko were of
considerable age, dating from the Tokugawa period. The
former had been originally established as the Bansho-
sliirabejo (soon afterwards called the Yoshosliirahejo) and
later on was known as the Kaiseijo. After the Restoration
of 1868, this institution was revived by the Imperial Gov-
ernment, and in the following year, under the name of the
Daigaku Nanko, was put under the direction of the Dai-
gaku (Board of Education) then established at Yushima.
Two years after this (in 1871), the Department of Educa-
tion was instituted and the Daigaku Nanko passed under
its direct control (the word Daigaku being dropped) : and
on the country being mapped out into educational districts.
( 348 )
the Nanko became known as the First Middle School of the
First Grand Educational District. In 1873, both name
and site were changed, and the First Middle School, under
the name of the Kaisei Gakko, was transferred to the new
buildings just completed at Nishiki-cho 3-chorae, Kanda.
In the following year, the word Tokyo was oflScially pre-
fixed to its designation, and so down to its amalgamation
with the Tokyo Igakko, in April, 1877, it was known as the
Tokyo Kaisei Gakko.
Like the Tokyo Kaisei Gakko, the Tokyo Igakko, with
which it was amalgamated to form the Tokyo Daigakii
(Tokyo University), had originally been established by the
Tokugawa Government. At the Restoration of 1868, the
Imperial Government revived the Seiyo Igakuj'>, as it was
called in pre-Meiji days, and uniting it in the following
year with a lately established hospital in Todo Yashiki,
soon afterwards assigned it, under the name of the Daigaku
Toko, to the charge of the Daigaku. Like the Daigaku
Nanko, tiie Daigaku Toko came under the direct control of
the newly established Department of Education in 1871,
when its designation became simply Toko. In 1872, the
Toko became the Igakko, or Medical College in the First
Grand Educational District, and continued to be known as
such until 1874, when the word Tokyo was prefixed to its
name. In 1876, it was transferred from Shitaya to its new
buildings in Hongo, and in April of the following year it
was combined with the Tokyo Kaisei Gakko to form the
Tokyo Daigaku.
The new University as then organized had four depart-
ments,— those of Law, Science, and Literature, which had
been the courses in the Tokyo Kaisei Gakko, and that of
Medicine, which had hitherto been the speciality of the
Tokyo Igakko. At first there were two presidents in the
Tokyo Daigaku — one for the Medical department, and the
other for the remaining three departments combined — but
in June, 1881, one president was appointed for the control
of all four departments as well as of the preparatory school.
In August, 1886, however, this connection was dissolved
and the preparatory school became an independent institu-
tion. Meanwhile, in August, 1884, the central office of the
University and the departments of Law and Literature had
been transferred from Kanda to tiie buildings in Hongo,
and in October of that year, the office of Vice-President of
the Tokyo University was established. Twelve months
later (September, 1885), the College of Science was also
removed to the same site.
Only two points remain to be noted in the history of
the Tokyo Daigaku (Tokyo University) previous to its
amalgamation with the Kobu Daigakko to form the Teikoku
Daigaku (Imperial University) in 1886. One was the ab-
sorption in September, 1885, of the Tokyo Hogakko (Law
School) by the Law department of the University, the scope
of which was still further extended by the transference to
it (a little later in the same year) of the course of Politics
in the Literature department, a change which caused the
Law department to be thenceforward known as the depart-
ment of Law and Politics. As regards the Tokyo Hogakko,
it should be explained that it had its origin in 1872, when
legal instruction began to be given to a certain number of
students at the Meihorio, a bureau of the Department of
Justice. It was then known as the Hogakko Seisokukwa,
but in December, 1884, it passed under the control of the
Department of Education, which first changed its name to
the Tokyo Hogakko, and afterwards, as lias been said, in-
corporated it into the Tokyo University.
The second point to be noted is the establishment of a
department of Technology in December, 1885, and the
transference to it from the Science department of courses in
Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Mining and Metal-
lurgy, Applied Chemistry, Naval Architecture, and kindred
subjects.
The history of the Kobu Daigakko (Imperial College
of Engineering), the second component factor in the Im-
perial University of Tokyo, is much shorter and much less
complicated than that of the Tokyo Daigaku (Tokyo
University). Originally known as the Kogakko, it was
established at Torauomon-uchi in connection with the
Bureau of Engineering in the Public Works Department of
the Imperial Government. In 1872, it was divided into
the college proper and the preparatory school, (which latter
was opened in Yamato Yasiiiki, Tameike, in 1874) ; and in
1876, an art school was established in connection witli the
college. [This art school was discontinued in 1887]. In
1877, the Bureau of Engineering was abolished, and the
college, now established in its new buildings at Toranomon,
was officially named the Kobu Daigakko (Imperial College
of Engineering). Tlie abolition of the Department of Pub-
lic Works in 1885, caused the Kobu Daigakko to be trans-
ferred to the control of the Department of Education, and
on March 1st, 1886, Imperial Ordinance No. 3 was promul-
gated for the orgauization of the Teikoku Daigaku or Im-
perial University, and the Kobu Daigakko and the Tokyo
Daigaku were merged in the new institution. Two years
later (July, 1888), the College of Engineering was removed
from Toranomon to the new brick building then completed
for it in the Kaga Yashiki grounds at Hongo.
Some little time before this, the Imperial University
had the scope of its work still further extended. In June,
1888, the Tokyo Observatory (formed by amalgamating
with the University Observatory both the Astronomical
Section of the Home Department and the Astronomical
Observatory of the Imperial Navy) was placed under the
( 349 )
control of the University, which consequently became
responsible for the compilation of the Almanac.
Two years later (June 11th, 1890), a sixth college —
that of Agriculture — was added to the Imperial Univer-
sity, in pursuance of two Imperial Ordinances (Nos. 92
and 93). As has been stated, the buildings of this college
do not stand within the grounds of Kaga Yashiki, but in
the suburb of Komaba, some six miles distant. There, in
July, J 886, (by Imperial Ordinance No. 56) the College of
Agriculture and Dendrology had been formed by the
amalgamation of the Komaba Agricultural College and the
Tokyo Dendrological College. The former institution sprang
from the establishment of the Nojishugakujo (Place for
Studying Agriculture) opened in 1874 at Naito Shinjiku on
land belonging to the Industrial Board of the Home
Department. In October, 1877, this institution was styled
the Nogakko (Agricultural College) and in the following
December it was removed to the building erected for it at
Komaba. In April, 1881, the college was placed under
the management of the Agricultural Bureau of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture and Commerce. As regards the
Dendrological College (amalgamated with the Nogakko in
1886), it originated in the Jumoku-Shikenjo (Place for
Experiments on Plants and Trees), established at Nishiga-
hara, Kitatoshima-gori, in 1887, by the Geographical
Bureau of the Home Department. In April, 1881, this
Jumoku-Shikenjo was transferred to the control of the
Bureau of Forestry in the Department of Agriculture and
Commerce, and after having its name changed (November,
1882) to the Tokyo Sanrin Gakko (Tokyo Dendrological
College) it together with the Agricultural College was
placed under the direct control of the Department of
Agriculture and Commerce in April, 1886. Three months
later (July, 1886) the two colleges were amalgamated, as has
been said, and the college so formed became the sixth college
of the Imperial University on June 11th, 1890. In Novem-
ber, 1899, the buildings of the Institutes of Agricultural
Chemistry and Agricultural Physics were completed. The
Institute for the Training of Teachers in Agriculture was
put under the control of the College of Agriculture on April
Ist, 1902.
The present College of Science was opened in De-
cember, 1888, and the Library buildings were completed in
1892 ; while, in March, 1893, the departments of Zoology
and Geology were removed to the building, now occupied
by the seminaries of the Colleges of Law and Literature
which was designed a part of the building for an Institute
of Natural History, attached to the College of Science. In
June, 1896, the new hospital buildings of the Medical
College, containing the departments of Ophthalmology,
Gynaecology, Obstetrics, Paediatrics, and Dermatology, to-
gether with the wards, lecture-rooms, and laboratories were
completed, as were, about the same time, the new buildings
of the Engineering College for the housing of the depart-
ments of Applied Chemistry, and of Mining and Metallurgy.
In the Teikoku Daikaku (Imperial University) as
organized in accordance with the Imperial Ordinance of
March Ist, 1886, curricula for the several colleges of the
University were established in the following April. Each
course was to extend over three years, excepting the course
in Medicine, which was to extend over four. In August,
1892, the courses in the College of Law were also extended
to four years, in September, 1907, the course of Geology
in the College of Science was divided into two courses, viz.,
those of Geology and of Mineralogy. In the College
of Law, the course of Politics was divided into two
courses of Politics and Political Economy in July, 1908.
On April 5th, 1909, the course of Mining and Metallurgy
in the College of Engineering was divided into the two
courses. Mining and Metallurgy, and in the College of
Law a new course of Commerce was established in June of
the same year. In April of the same year, the new
course in Fishery was established in the College of Agricul-
ture. On July 2nd, 1914, the regulations for courses of
instruction and subjects of study in the College of Law
were changed so that each course was shortened to three
years.
In May, 1886, Imperial Ordinance No. 13 was pro-
mulgated, establishing regulations for the conferring of
degrees for proficiency in study in the various departments
of the Imperial University. These regulations (then first
established) were amended by Imperial Ordinance No. 344,
which was promulgated in 1898.
In July, 1887, it was decided that graduates of the
several colleges should be entitled to call themselves
Hogahushi, Jgakmhi, Yakugahushi, KogakxuM, Bungakmhi,
or Ringakushi according to the respective course which they
had severally pursued ; while in November, 1890, the
graduates of the College of Agriculture were similarly
accorded permission to style themselves Nogaktishi, Rin-
gakrishi, or Juigakushi, according to their respective courses
of study. In June, 1913 the title of Suwangakushi was
added to the foregoing list.
On September 7th, 1893, Imperial Ordinance No, 93
established chairs for the various subjects taught in the
Imperial University and fixed their number, viz., twenty-
two chairs in the College of Law, twenty-three in the
College of Medicine, twenty-one in the College of Engi-
neering, twenty in the College of Literature, seventeen in
the College of Science, and twenty in the College of Agri-
culture. Since that date the number of chairs has been
increased to one hundred and ninety-fire in all.
( 350 )
TOKYO TEIKOKU DAIGAKU DZUSHOKAN.
(THE TOKYO IMPERIAL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY.)
THE library has developed with the university itself
and, therefore, the history of the university must be
outlined in tracing down tlie history of the library to its
origin. The university was originally calUd the Imperial
Uuiveroity and came into existence when the Tokyo
College, the Polytechnic College, and the Tokyo Agri-
cultural School were amalgamated. The origin of tlie
institution, however, must be sought in an older institution
maintained by the Tokuguwa Shogunate. The Bansho
Torisiiirabejo, or the Institute for the Study of Foreign
Learning, kept by the Shogunate Government, was tiiken
over by the Meiji Imperial Government and converted into
a collegiate school, calledthe Daigaku^Nanko. Later it
THE TOKYO IMPERIAL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY.
was renamed the Kaisei Gakko. In 1877, however, it was
* again reorganized and assumed the proportions of a uni-
, versity. It was then called the Tokyo Daigaku, or Tokyo
University, and divided into the three Colleges of Jurispru-
dence, Science, and Literature. This remodelled institu-
tion was soon magnified by the amalgamation of the Tokyo
Jurisprudence School and the Tokyo Medical Scliool.
The University Library was founded by taking over
all the collections of books from the amalgamated sciiools.
When the University was founded with the name of the
Tokyo University the library also assumed drfinite shape as
a library and obtained a large collection of books.
In 1884, when the Colleges of Jurisprudence and
Literature moved to the present site of the University, the
library also moved to the present site and provided a
reading room and book shelves in a part of the colleginte
buildings. It was only in 1892 (hat an independent library
was constructed at the present site on the most up-to-date
plan. On the completion of its building the library had
the honour of an Imperial visit.
The library has developed rapidly with the ag-
grandizement of the university itself and the collection of
books also has witnessed an enormous increase. Though in
1906 the reading rooms and book shelves were enlarged,
the present building has already become too small to ac-
commodate the increasing tomes and now another enlarge-
ment is planned by the university authorities.
At present the library is taken charge of by Mr. Man-
kichi Wada, who is the first Director who has ever devoted
his whole time to the management of tiie Library. All
former Directors were Professors at the different Colleges
and their Directorship was only nominal. Mr. Wada has
an able deputy Librarian in Mr. Yasushi Uyematsu, who
has been many years in charge of the institution.
The library is divided into libraries, student reading
rooms, special reading rooms, and Professors' reading rooms.
Libraries are tiirown open to Professors, graduates, students
of the post-graduate course, and the graduating class
students.
According to the report published at the close of 1914
the library has 318,130 volumes of Japanese and Chinese
books, and 256,242 volumes of Western books, a total of
574,y72 volumes. Among tiiese volumes are many famous
collections deposited or donated, such as the Max Muller
Library, the Engel Collection, the Derunbruck Collection,
tlie Manuscripts kept by the Tokugawa Shogunate
Governors of Temples and Shrines, the Home Office Collec-
tion of Local Histories and Geographies, the Shidankai
Collection of the Imperial Restoration Documents, the
Jesuit Mission Books, the Mongolian and the Tibetan
Collection of Buddhist Books, and others.
The library adopts the card system in the compilation
of catalogues, but there are a number of printed catalogues
which contain older collections. Besides the library
publishes a monthly bulletin giving the books collected
during the month in alphabetical or " iroha " order.
( 351 )
AZABU JUI CHIKUSAN 6AKK0.
(THE AZABU VETERINARY SURGERY AND STOCK BREEDING SCHOOL.)
THE gchool is the oldest school of the kind in Japan,
having been founded by Dr. 'loryu Yokura in
September, 1890. It has already turned out 1662
graduates. The school is situated at Shiubori-cho,
THE AZABU VETERINARY SURGERY AND
STOCK BREEDING SCHOOL AND
DR. YOKURA, TOKYO.
Azabu-ku, Tokyo, and accommodates 400 students.
Eighteen instructors are fully engaged in the training of
students, and the courses are divided into Veterinary
Surgery and Slioeing. Tlie firmer course is finished in
three years, the following lines of instruction being
given : — Zoology, botany, chemistry, physics, anatomy,
physiology, histology, shoeing, breeding, zootechnic,
operative surgery, pathology, pathologic anatomy, veteri-
nary medicine, surgery, infectious diseases, bacteriology,
hygenie, obstetrics, opthalmology, veterinary police, elemen-
tary farming, and foreign languages. The latter course is
to be completed in a year. In this course practice is made
most of and lessons are only given as auxiliary to practice.
The school has laboratories and stock yards on the most
advanced lines together with a veterinary hospital, where
students are trained most carefully so as to make them
competent for the work for which they are intended. The
Government has appreciated the completeness of the
school's laboratories and hospital and the training there
given, and consented to issue licenses for practice to the
graduates of the school without the usual examination by
the Government examining body.
The school was founded by Dr. TSryu Yokura, ex-
Professor in the Agricultural College of the Tokyo Imperial
University, in September, 1890. At first it was called the
Tokyo Jui Kosliujo, and within a short period turned out
many graduates.
In 1891 Dr. Yokura resigned from the Agricultural
College and took up the control of the school, when it was
renamed the Azabu Veterinary School and the courses
were improved. Later it was again renamed the Azabu
Veterinary and Breeding School, since when the school lias
increased in importance and usefulness. Dr. Yokura,
founder, is one of the pioneers of modern veterinary science
in this country. He graduated from the Komaba Agricul-
tural School, which was the beginning of the present
Agricultural College of the Tokyo Imperial University,
in 1882 and went to America to complete his study of
veterinary science. He graduated from the American
Veterinary College of the University of the State of New
Yoik with honour in 1885 and obtained tl'.e degree of
Doctor of Veterinary Surgery. He was the first to obtain
the silver medal lor his thesis at the college. In America
THE STOCK BREEDING YARDS.
his knowledge of the line of science was so much
appreciated that he was given membership by the associa-
tions of veterinary surgeons. The home Government also
granted him honours for his success at the college.
( 352 )
D 0 SH I- S H A.
(THE DOSHI-SHA UNIVERSITY.)
T. HARADA, LL.D.
DOSHI-SHA was founded in 1875, in Kyoto, Japan, as
an institution for " advancement of Christianity,
Literature and Science and the furtherance of all educa-
tion. . . . that through these, men may be trained up
for the service of true free-
dom and their country."
For more than forty years it
has stood as a centre of
Occidental learning and
Christian influence in the
Empire.
Being founded by
Joseph Hardy Neesima,
LL.D., in co-operation with
the missionaries of the Ame-
rican Board, Doshi-sha has
had an eventful history and
accomplished great work.
Since 1899 the aid of the
American Board has con-
sisted chiefly in the pro-
vision of a considerable staff" of foreign teachers. In addi-
tion to the aid by the American Board during these many
years, large and small gifts have been made by American
and British friends as well as Japanese.
Doshi-sha consists of four separate schools. Academy,
College, Theological school and Girls* school. But before
his death. Dr. Neesima formulated plans for the develop-
ment of his beloved institution into a fully equipped
university ; and something of an endowment for this purpose
was raised, ¥63,000 being contributed by Japanese non-
Christian statesmen and businessmen. But his early death
together with radical changes in the policy of the Japanese
government, and the antipathetic temper of the times
prevented his successors from carrying out his project.
In 1910 the graduates of the Doshi-sha, who now
number over 2,000, made a pledge for over ¥300,000. In
view of this pledge, the Trustees resolved, in November,
1911, to take the necessary preliminary steps to organise
the University proper. Government sanction was promptly
secured and the official opening of the Doshi-sha University
was held on May 20th, 1912.
In the same year the Collegiate Department was
established in the Girls' School. The women graduates are
also raising an endowment for tlieir School.
The position occupied by Doshi-sha in the educational
life of Japan is recognised and assured, not only in
Christian circles but by secular educators and governmental
officials.
On the twentieth of July, 1915, the following letter
announcing the Imperial gift was received : —
" His Imperial Majesty hears with satisfaction of the
eflibrts of the Doshi-sha since its foundation in the eighth
year of Meiji (1875), and as an expression of His gratifica-
tion in its conspicuous contribution to the development of
education is pleased to make a grant of three thousand yen
to the institution."
The Doshi-sha had in 1914-1915 a total enrollment of
1549 students in the several departments, viz., the University
557 (Theological 63, Politics and Economics 364, and
English Literature 103), Academy 727 and Girls' School
292 (Academy 226, College 66).
The value of the plant, land (about 30 acres) and
buildings is about ¥630,000 while the invested endowment
THE DOSHI-SHA UNIVERSITY, KYOTO.
amounts to ¥570,000, besides the more than ¥200,000
pledged but not paid up. The larger part of the last men-
tioned sum is for an endowment for the Department of Law
and Letters. The present President is Dr. Taauku Harada.
( 353 )
FUKUOKA KENRITSU DZUSHOKAN.
(THE FUKUOKA PREFECTURAL LIBRARY.)
'"THHE Fukuoka Prefecturnl Library situated at Fukuoka
X was founded by the prefecture of Fukuoka in 1915
in comraemoration of the Imperial Accession to the Throne.
It is still in the making and will be completed in 1917.
institution is to be erected at the cost of ¥116,740 on a
spacious plot of ground estimated at 1,800 tmho.
Though the building is still being built the library
has already commenced activity, organizing fifty circulation
libraries. They are doing much good to the local people.
MR. O. ITO.
According to the plan drafted by the prefectural
authorities and sactioued by the Prefeclural Assembly the
(.'I KC t LAI i-\ U LiBK Ai{ V .
The library is controlled by Mr. Oshiro Ito, the Director,
who, being a graduate of the Tokyo Imperial University,
was once the Director of the Koktira Middle School,
Fukuoka prefecture.
FUKUOKA SHOGYO GAKKO.
(THE FUKUOKA MUNICIPAL
THE school was founded in April, 1899, by the City of
Fukuoka, but its actual history began in April the
following year when
it was formally opened
at a provisional school
building in the com-
pounds of the Shorinji
temple, Zaimoku-cho,
Fukuoka.
The present school
house was erected in
November, 1900, and
when it was completed
in November, 1902,
the formal inaugura-
tion ceremony was
held and official re-
cognition was granted
by the Department of
Education,
THE FUKUOKA MUNICIPAL COMMERCIAL SCHOOL.
COMMERCIAL SCHOOL.)
In 1908 a change was introduced in the school's
curriculum with the sanction of the Department of Education
and the whole was
divided into the Preli-
minary Course, finish-
ed within a year, and
the Main Course,
finished within four
years. The school
also decided to accom-
modate the maximum
number of 450
students.
The object and
aim of the institution
is to give training tc
young boys intended
for business. The
moulding of charac-
ter is also aimed at
( 354 )
and four moral precepts are ordered to be always born
in mind.
The school has since its foundation turned out 697
graduates.
The institution is under the charge of Mr. TokujirS Ota,
Director and Instructor, and twenty instructors. There are
also two foreign teachers and two fencing and jujitsu teachers
in charge of their respective branches of studies.
JISSEN JO-GAKKO.
(THE JISSEN GIRLS' SCHOOL.)
THIS school was founded by Madame Utaijo Shimoda
at Motozono-cho, Kojimaclii-ku, Tokyo, in 1899
togetiier with the Girls' Technical iSchool, for the pur-
pose of attaining the aims and objects of the Teikuku
Association of Ladies, which was then organized by
Madame Shimoda and her association. It was laid down
in tlie rules of the schools tliat the principal aim of educa-
tion was to train women in practical affairs, at the same
time retaining the old moral standards of Japan for
wumen.
The two schools were later amalgamated, forming the
Teikoku Fujiu Kyokai Jissen Girls' School, and provided
GRADUATES OF JISSEN GIKI-S' SCHOOL.
four courses of Post-graduate, Intermediate, Technical, and
Chinese. The first-named course was sub-divided into the
Technical and the Domestic Economy Courses. The former
was provided for the graduates of the Technical Course,
while the latter was organized for the graduates of the
Intermediate Course, both being finished within two years.
The Intermediate Course was finished within five years
and is the same as the girls' ordinary high school. Tiie
Technical Course was c< mpleted within three years, and
trained girls in various lines of arts and industry. The
last course was organized for Chinese women and gave
intermediate education.
At the commencement the school had but a small
number of students, and the management was by no means
a success, but after the turning nut of the first graduates the
school's work was better appreciated and the number of
students increased rapidly, until the management was
obliged, in 1903, to move to a new and larger building on
the present site, Shimoshibuya, a suburb of Tokyo. A
kindergarten vvas also established in the school at Shimo-
shibuya.
At present the school provides the Intermediate
Course, the Technical or Practical Course, and the Higher
Teciiiiical Course only, two of them being conducted in
accordance with the Decree of the Education Minister
regarding intermediate education for women.
The number of pupils in 1915 was 1,150. Since the
foundation 1,700 graduates have been turned out, including
some Chinese women, who have done much good to their
fellow country women. Madame Shimoda is assisted by Mr.
Daizo Aoki in the management of the school.
MADAME UTAKO SHIMODA.
Madame Shimoda was born in Mino Province in 1856,
a daugliter of a samurai of the Iwaniura Clan. When
still young she was married to Mr. Takao Shimoila, but
soon after marriage her husband died and she was left a
young widow.
In October, 1872, she was appointed Court Lady on
account of her great learning, but she resigned from the
honourable position to devote herself to educational work,
and in 1884 she was appointed Attache to the Household
Department.
Her connection with the Peeresses' School began in
September next year in February, 1886, she was promoted
to the rank of General Manager of the School.
In the meanwhile her position at the Peeresses' School
was advanced and in 1906 she was appointed Professor and
Director, but the next year she was relieved of her post,
when the Court rewarded her with the Fourth Class Im-
perial Order of the Crown. The following year she
amalgamated the two schools and styled it the Jissen Girls'
School, of which she is now the Director.
Madame Shimoda is the holder of the Court rank of
Ju-sammi.
( 365 )
THE KANSEI GAKUIN.
r I iHE Kansei Gakuin is one of the largest and most
-* important institutions of learning in West Japan-
It is situated at tlie foot of the beautiful Mt. Maya over-
looking Kobe harbour and the headwaters of the Inland Sea.
It is conducted by the Japan Methodist Church, the Methodist
Episcopal Church South, and the Metliodist Church, Canada.
It was founded twenty-eight years ago, and two men have
been connected with it from the beginning. Tliey are Rev.
J. C. C. Newton, D.D., now its President, and Rev. Y.
Yoshioka, D.D., for twenty-four years its President and now
President-Emeritus.
students ; a Theological Seminary of College grade with fifty
students, which for twenty-eight years has trained young
men for the Christian ministry, and which is now the second
largest Divinity School in Japan ; and a College of Literature
and Commerce.
The purpose of the Literary Course of the College is
to provide a cultural training in Japanese and English
languages, and literature, philosophy and sociology, for those
who wish to become teachers, or journalists, social workers,
etc., or to study abroad.
The purpose of the Commercial Course is to provide a
KAMiSEI GAKQIN, KOBE.
From the beginning three principles have characterized
the institution. They are: — 1. Loyalty to the Imperial
House ; 2. Close personal relation between teachers and
students ; and 3. Earnest evangelical Christian faith.
The growth of the institution has been most satisfactory.
Beginning with nineteen students it now has an enrollment
of almost one thousand. Its teaching staff consists of about
sixty teachers, of whom five are from Canada and five from
the United States of America. There are three departments,
an Academy of Middle School grade enjoying full govern-
ment privileges, with an enrollment of six hundred and fifty
scientific and practical training for young men wiio expect
to engage in business. The Course is of equal grade and is
similar in character to that provided by the Tokyo and Kobe
Higher Commercial Schools. Special emphasis is laid upon
the study of English and the development of character.
The fundamental educational priuciples of the College are : —
Tiie development of the individuality of the students, the
encouragement of the spirit of self-help, and the establisliing
of a firm foundation for moial character in personal Christian
experience. The College motto is " Mastery for Service "
and its watch words " Character " and " EflScieiicy."
( 356 )
KOBE JO-GAKUIN.
(THE KOBE COLLEGE.)
THIS school for girls, founded in 1875 or just forty
years before the coronation of the Taisho Emperor,
is situated on the hillside below Suwayama Park, overlook-
ing Kobe harb)ur. The site is noteworthy for its combina-
THE FORTIETH ANNVERSARY MEETING
OF THE JO-GAKUIN.
tion of healthfulness, beauty, and convenience. The equip-
ment of the college includts among its ten buildings a
music hall, a science hall, a household economic building.
school at the age of twelve or thirteen, and the college, for
which the five years of academy work furnish preparation.
In addition there are two music courses, one intended to
develop the musical faculties in general, the other to prepare
music teachers for girls' high schools. Tlie college course
aims to impart a liberal education and a general culture ;
but so large an emphasis has been laid on English in this
course that a number of its graduates have become teachers
of English in girls' high schools. There is further a
Special English Course of two years to prepare students
coming from other girls' schools for the college work in
English. The present number of pupils is three hundred,
of whom by fur the larger number are in the academy
department. The faculty consists of twenty-four Japanese
and seven Americans. The institution is on a Christian
basis, its support beyond students' fees and incidental gifts
being supplied from the Congregational Woman's Board of
Missions of Chicago. Its budget for 1915 was ¥19,191.10,
exclusive of the salaries of the missionary teachers. It
received in 1909 government recognition for its academy
department as a shitei school, and for its college department
as a semmon school. Of its five liundred alumnae, sixty-two
are graduates of tlie college department. Graduates or
former pupils may be found in every continent except
THE LECTURE HALL IN THE SCHOOL GARDEN.
etc., the plant amounting in value to approximately
¥20(),000. Tlie nine years' course of study is divided
bclwetiu tlie academy, entered from the government primary
Africa, and in all parts of Japan, where many are filling
important places in educational, social service, or religious
work.
( 357 )
KYOTO DZUSHOKAN.
(THE KYOTO PREFECTURAL LIBRARY.)
A S the outgrowth of tlie Sbusho Kaisha, or Book
Collection Corporation, erected by a group of book
Sellers, and public men in 1872, at the instance of the late
Mr. Yukichi Fukuzawa, the founder of the Keiwo Gijuku,
the library is one of the oldest modern libraries in Japan.
The Shusho Kaislia had a large collection of books arid
attracted many visitors and demonstrated its usefulness, but
it was soon discontinued, for the Prefectural Office erected
an official library called the Shusho Shoin. The official in-
stitution, however, turned out to be a failure, and it was
abolished in March, 1882. There was a gap in the history
after the foundation in succession to Mr. Kwan-ichi Naka-
michi, the institution fast developed, and in 1903 a circu-
lating library was founded as an auxiliary institution.
Two years after a room for children was created.
Immediately after the Russo-Japanese war it was pro-
posed by Governor Omori, now Baron and Lord Steward to
H I.H. the Empress, to erect a new building commemora-
tive of the great victory, and this was approved by the
Prefectural Assembly. The new building thus built in the
Okazaki Park was completed in February, 1909, and two
months after opened to the public. It covers an area of
THE KYOTO PRKFEOTUKAL LIBRARY.
of the Kyoto Prefectural Library of more than seven years,
for it was only in 1890 that it was revived by the Kyoto
Prefectural Education Association at its office at Anega-
koji, Aino-machi, Kyoto. In 1897, when its usefulness was
fully demonstrated to the public, the Education Association
petitioned the Prefectural Office for the conversion of tiie
library into ^n official institution, which was formally ac-
cepted the next year.
Thus the present institution was formally established
in April, 1898, and all the collection of tlie former institu-
tion was taken over. Under the management of Dr.
Kichiro Yuasa, who was appointed Director a few years
334 tsvho with a garden around, which covers an area of
over 700 tsubo. The main building is constructed with brick
and granite and lias three stories with four-storied godowns,
which cover an area of more than 36 isubo, attached.
Reading rooms are provided on the first floor. There
are also dining rooms, smoking rooms, and children's rooms.
On the second floor there are ladies' rooms, special reading
rooms, etc. There is an exhibition room on the top floor.
The institution is managed by Mr. Junzaburo Mori,
Deputy Director, Dr. Kichiro Yuasa, Director, having
resigned from the office he bad so admirably filled so long
on May 27th, 1916.
( 358 )
THE MEIJI SEMMON GAKKO.
THE Meiji Semtnon Gakko is situated at Tobata-machi,
Onga-gori, Fukuoka prefecture. The school was
established in 1909 for the purpose of training men in higher
technical arts and sciences by the endowment of ¥3,300,000
and a site covering an area of 78,716 tsubo by Messrs.
Keiichiro Yasukawa and Kenjir5 Matsumoto, both mining
magnates of Kyushu.
In scope and perfect-
ness of accommoda-
tions the school stands
unrivalled among the
private technical in-
stitutions in this coun-
try. The organiza-
tion and management
of the school is en-
trusted to Dr. Kenjiro
Yaraakawe, President
of the Tokyo Im-
perial University, the
work of fitting up ac-
commodations to four
doctors, viz , Drs. GitarO Yamakawa, Yoshisato Kawakita,
Baron CliMzaburO Shiba and Chu Matoba, and the designing
of the C'instruciion to Dr. Kingo Tatsuno. The school was
given permission for the establishment in July, 1907
and opened on April Ist, 1909. Opening an office at
Wakamatsu-machi, Onga-gori the organization started
CHEMICAL TEST LABORATORY.
appointedJDirector. In September, 1910, a primary school
was started, called the Private Meiji Elementary School.
In April, 1911, two new courses were opened, namely,
applied chemistry and electrical engineering. In 1913 the
Government recognized the graduates of the schools as
having the same scholarship as those of the National
Colleges in connec-
tion with adraisssion
to the university. In
March of the same
year the Emperor was
pleased to cause the
Household Depart-
ment to grant the sura
of ¥3,000 to the
school in recognition
of its steady progress.
In the same month
the school sent out
the first graduates,
and the students of
honour were awarded
each a silver watch as a gift commemorating tiie Imperial
grant. At the same time a rule whs established for award-
ing the same memorial prize to students of honour each
year in future. It was also decided that the title of
" Meiji Semraon Gakko Kagakushi " be granted the
graduates. In 1913 the school regulations were revised
METALLURGICAL
DEPARTMENT.
THE MEIJI SEMMON GAKKO, FUKUOKA PREFECTURE.
business with Mr. Yasukawa as Manager, assisted by the
board of councillors, consisting of Drs. Yamakawa, Tatsuno,
and Hiraya and Mr. KenjirS Matsumoto. Later Dr.
Yamakawa was appointed President, and the school opened
with tlirce courses, viz., mine engineering, metallurgy and
mechanics. In September of the same year Dr. Matoba was
and the study of gun-powder was included in the
course of mine engineering. In May, 1915, the Depart-
ment of E<lucation issued an ordinance recognizing the
graduates of technical schools of academical grades as having
the same scholarship as those of middle schools in connection
with admission to the Me^i Semmou Gakko.
( 359
The school has five courses of four years each, namely,
mine engineering, metallurgy, mechanics, applied chemistry
and electrical engineering.
Tobrieflydescribethecareerof Mr. KeiichirO Yasukawa,
organizer of tiie school and coal mHgnate in Kyushu, he is
the fourth son of Mr. Sadashichi Kurodrt, samurai serving
the quondam Lord Kuroda. When young he succeeded
to the House of Yasukawa. In his boyhood lie was noted
for tile love of study, and his briglitiiess was noticed by his
Lord, who took him into the service of tie administrative
Bureau of tlie clan government. Later he was ordered by
his Lord to visit various clans for a further prosecution of
studies. Coming up to the capital he entered Mr. Fukuzawa's
private institution (now Keio University) and studied
Englisli for some years. Prior to this, .Messrs. Matsumoto
and Ikujima operated the coal mines in Kyushu. After
returning to his native province, Mr. Yasukawa joined with
)
these men in the prosecution of the work. He also com-
menced tiie operation of the Aida mines. In 1885 he
opened an export firm in Robe, and in 1888 obtained a
concession to work the Akaike mines conjointly with Mr.
Hiraoka. After experiencing ups and downs bis business
hns now been plnced on a sound basis, and is getting
more prosperous year by year.
He also holds the post of director in many companies.
Mr. KenjirS Matsumoto is the eldest son of Mr.
Yasukawa. Born in October, 1870, he succeeded to the
House of his uncle Mr. Sen Matsumoto. He is proving a
valuable assistant to his great fxther. Besides playing nn
important part in the mining world he is rendering great
services toward the development of the Meiji Spinning
Company, as its representative. He also holds the Vice-
Presidency of the Meiji Mining Co., Ltd. and Directorship
of the Wakamatsu Savings Bank, Ltd.
NilGATA KENRITSU DZUSHOKAN,
(THE NIIGATA PREFECTURAL LIBRARY.)
ri^lHIS library was founded in 1913, in the City of
Niigata, for the purpose of commemorating the great
achievements of the Empire, under the great Emperor Meiji
in pnrsuance of the decision arrived at by the Prefectnral
Assembly.
The building was completed in November, 1916, and
forms one of the principal ornaments of the City of Niigata.
It is situated in the heart of this thriving town, and covers
an area of 1,250 tsvjbo. The main building, divided into
reading rooms for children, women, and men, lecture rooms,
dining rooms, business ofilces, and other rooms, covers an
area of 160 Uuho, and can easily accommodate three hundred
readers at once. Tiie library is a three-storeyed brick
building covering an area of 30 tsvbo and can easily provide
space for 100,000 volumes.
Readers are admitted free of charge. The institution
provides every modern convenience for their comfort and
ease. Circulating libraries are also organized by the
institution, for the purpose of giving book lovers in villages
or hamlets access to new books. With this auxiliary organ
the library is made the centre of all similar institutions in
the prefecture.
( 360 )
OSAKA FURITSU DZUSHOKAN.
n^'HIS institution, which is one of Osaka's attractions, is
a donation made by Baron Kichizayeraon Sumitomo,
(THE OSAKA PREFECTU.RAL LIBRARY.)
a corner of Nakanoshiraa Park, Osaka, in 1900, and covers
an area of 288 tsubo, with a garden attached, to the extent
of over 900 tsubo. A new extension to the godown was
later erected in 1916.
Tlie library was completed in January, 1904, but a
year previously it was opened to the public, with a suitable
f-i^^^^^^^^^^^^^m^^ ceremony, as the reading rooms were then ready for use.
^^^^THk^B^^H^^r The readers' rooms are divided into four sections: the
Ordinary Section, Special Room, Ladies' Room and Chil-
dren's quarter. The godowns attached are sufficiently spacious
to accommodate over 250,000 tomes.
Since the foundation the institution has been managed
by Mr. Kwan-ichi Imai, a graduate of the Imperial Uni-
versity, the striking progress it has achieved being in a
large measure due to his prudent and progressive manage-
ment.
At the close of 1915 the library had a collection of
119,445 volumes, and the average was 504 visitors per day.
. 1 i 1 L
THE OSAKA PREFBCTURAL LIBRARY.
one of the greatest bankers and mining operators in Japan.
This fine building was erected at the cost of ¥204,000, in
OSAKA IKA DAIGAKU.
(THE OSAKA PREFECTURAL MEDICAL COLLEGE.)
^'^HIS is a unique educational institution in Japan,
-*- being the only medical college maintained by a pre-
fecture. It is also one of the oldest modern medical
schools, it being founded in February, 1869.
A Buddhist temple at Uyehon-machi, Higashi-ku,
Osaka, was converted into a hospital by the new Imperial
Government, and a Dutch medical man named Baldwin
was hired to dispense medical treatment. Medical educa-
tion was also coinmenced there under the management of
the late Dr. Ijun Ogata, and the Dutch physician. This
was the beginning of the institution of which the citizens
of Osaka are justly proud.
The following year the hospital and scliool was trans-
ferred to the charge of the Osaka Prefectural Office, but
soon after it was again placed under the management of the
Education Department. In 1872, however, it was abolished
with the thorough reorganization of the educational system
generally.
This step, taken by the Government, was thought to be
a great pity by the leading citizens of Osaka, and they
petitioned the prefectural office to revive it under the
management of their own office, the hospital promising
to donate the funds required. The new hospital and school
were opened in February, 1873, and at the end of the same
year more than 300 students were registered there.
The year 1889 was the turning point for the school and
hospital, for in that year the German method of instruction
and treatment was adopted, in place of the English or
Dutch method so far followed. Some of the graduates were
sent abroad to prosecute their studies.
( 361 )
Another change in the career of the school came in
1902, when Dr, Naruhiko Sata was appointed Director,
Soon after his appointment he established a policy
of progress, and thoroughly reformed the institution. Thus
in September, 1903, its status as a "Semmon Gakko," or a
collegiate scliool, was recognized by the Education Depart-
ment.
The improvement of the hospital accommodation and
the training of professors were also carried out by the new
Director, and the reform was thorouglily effected after the
Russo-Japanese war. However, the Education Depart-
ment refused to give the same treatment to the graduates of
the school as to the graduates of universities, in spite of the
earnest desires of the citizens of Osaka, who so far gave
material support to the institution.
A strenuous endeavour was made by the school faculty
to win this honour by further improving the course of
study, and increasing the foundation, with the support of
the citizens of Osaka. In the meanwhile the donation of
¥500,000 was made by Mr. JitHro Takeo, a millionaire in
Osaka, toward the funds, for the study of cancer. The
school was thus equipped with a complete laboratory for
the study of that problem for medical students.
Tlie institution complete in every way, the desire of
the Osaka citizens was fulfilled in October, 1914, when Dr.
Sanae Takata, Minister of Education, issued a notification
that the Osaka Higher Medical School would henceforth be
treated as a college. The institution was renamed the
Osaka Medical College.
The college provides three courses of Preparatory,
Principal, and Post-graduate. The preparatory course can
be finished in three years and its curriculum consists of the
same subjects as those taught in the Government High
Schools. The principal course is finished in four years, the
first two of which are spent in the study of fundamental
branches of medical science, while the last two years are
spent in clinics. The post-graduate course can be completed
in two years. The graduates from the principal course are
awarded the title of the Osaka Medical College "Gakushi."
The collegiate hospital, which covers an area of 3,300
tsubo, is equipped with every modern appliance and has the
departments for Internal, Surgical, Optical, Nervous
Disease, Pneumatic, etc., etc. The staff consists of the
professors, instrctors, and their assistants at the College,
and they dispense medical help to both in and out
patients.
Dr. Naruhiko Sata is the President of the College and
the Director of the Collegiate Hospital.
RIKKYO DAIGAKU.
/^^ BANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, the pioneer of the
^-^ Protestant mission work in Japan and the first
(ST. PAUL'S COLLEGE.)
the number of students reached thirty-five. In the autumn
of 1877 Rev. D. H. Quinby was appointed principal and
bishop of Yedo, was the founder of St. Paul's College,
Tokyo. When he came to Japan in 1858, Christian religion
was still strictly proliibited in the land, and the tablets
bearing tiie inscription of the Edict were seen in the chief
thoroughfares of the larger towns all over the country.
The obnoxious law was repealed in 1871, a year ever
memorable to the native Christians. Being thoroughly
prepared for the work, he eagerly entered upon it, and one
of the first things he did was the founding of a school for
boys which was known as St. Timothy's School, Osaka.
In February, 1873, St. Paul's School, Tokyo, came
into existence. Its first principal was Rev. C. T. Blanchet.
The main subject taught in the school was, of course,
English, the key to unlock the treasury of the New Learn-
ing then in great demand. By the end of the next year
1
HOLY TRINITY CHURCH, TSUKIJI TOKYO.
Mr. Nuki registrar of the school and it was reopened under
this new management and with improved courses. It sooa
( 362
began to attract many students and a larger building '
became necessary for the accommodation of day students
and boarders.
In 1879 Mr. J. M. Gardiner was appointed principal
to succeed Rev. Mr. Quinby. The next year a site was
procured in the foreign settlement and a brick building was
erected upon it. With the removal of the school to its new
quarters in 1882, the course of instruction was remodelled
after that of a collegiate school in America and the appella-
tion was altered to St. Paul's College. Since the Restoration
of the Ancient Regime ii> 1867 the attitude of the natives to-
wards Western civilization had been rapidly changing. For-
merly people disliked it, simply because they were ignorant
of its nature. But when they came into contiict with its
)
twelve years before, the College building needed complete
reconstruction, owing to the damage done to the founda-
tions by the great earthquake of 1890. Another shock
and the building would have collapsed. A plan was
made to raise a fund for a new site and new buildings.
But before it was realised the apprehension became real ;
the building was destroyed by the earthquake of 1893.
The College was temporarily accommodated in the Parish
House of Holy Trinity Church and not only the instruction
was kept up, but the teaching force was increased and an
attempt was made to add a three-year postgraduate course
in order to carry out the idea that St. Paul's College should
be a centre of learning both for the Church in Japan and
for the country at large. In 1895 the main section of a
.y5[ca<(emic*Qiiarfraij€jrc •
'3aii)t'|Biau(a-Bo'%''
PAUL'S COLLEGE,
culture, learning and religion, they were fascinated by its
brilliancy. Dislike changed into admiration. The enroll-
ment in St. Paul's College numbered more than one
hundred in 1885. But reaction soon set in and Christianity,
misunderstood as being incompatible with and detrimental
to the national spirit, was violently opposed. Christian
schools as well as Christian churches suffered from the
effects of the reactionary movements. In 1886 St.
Timothy's School in Osaka was amalgamated with St.
Paul's College. In 1889 Mr. T. Saotome was appointed
headmaster of the College. The next year Mr. Gardiner
resigned after eleven years of faithful service and was
succeeded by Rev. T- S. Tyng. Although built only
IKEBUKURO, NEAR TOKYO.
new College building and a dormitory were erected upon
the present site.
Although there was a great demand for secondary
education, the time was not ripe for tlie development of
private colleges. So the scheme of a high grade college had
to be laid aside. And in 1895 the College was remodelled ;
a part of it was made a middle school which conformed to
the Government Regulations and the other part a collegiate
department. In 1896 Rev. Mr. Tyng resigned after six years
of most eflScient service and Rev. Arthur Lloyd succeeded him.
In 1897 the middle school received the recognition of the
Educational Department of the Government and in order
to devote St. Paul's entire resources to its development, the
(
collegiate section was closed. In 1897 Dr. J. S. Motoda
succeeded Mr. Saotome and assumed the principalship of
the School, And under the management of Pres. Lloyd
and Dr. Motoda the midde school had a phenomenal growth.
In 1902 Rev. Mr. Lloyd resigned and Rev. H. St. G.
Tucker became president of the School. In the course of
two years the number of students grew to about six hundred
and the School was recognized as one of the best middle
schools in Tokyo.
Now that the middle school had attained a position
of high efficiency and reputation, the natural step was
to take up the scheme for a Church college which had been
363 )
temporarily laid aside. And the time was now favourable
for such a scheme ; for the growth of private schools had
been so great that the Government saw fit to permit the
establishment of private ' daigaku ' (universities). So in
1905 a new College Hall and a dormitory were erected in
the school compound and in April 1906 Rikkyo Daigaku
(St. Paul's College) was opened under Government regula-
tions a-.d recognition, with Rt. Rev. John Mckim, D.D., as
its founder. In 1912 Rev. H. St. G. Tucker was elected
and consecrated Bishop, of Kyoto and Dr. C. S. Reifsnider
succeeded him as President of St. Paul's. The College is
now on the eve of a further development.
TOKYO FURITSU SHOKKO GAKKO.
(THE ARTISANS' SCHOOL OF TOKYO PREFECTURE.)
I
THE Artisans' School of Tokyo prefecture was founded
in February, 1900, by the prefecture with a view to
assisting the progress of industry by supplying able and
trained artisans. Mr. Kagehiko Kon was appointed the
first Director of the school and in April pupils were
admitted, but the rtgular instruction was commenced in
June, because the school buildings were only then com-
pleted. In May, 1902, the institution was extended and its
usefulness enhanced. The Attached Supplementary Night
School of Industry thus founded on the premises of the
school proved a success before many scholastic terms had
passed, producing a large number of trained apprentices.
In March, 1902, the main school produced the first
batch of graduates, all of whom were at once taken up by
well-known factories in the prefecture. The skill and
knowledge of these graduates were well appreciated and
each time the school turned out graduates tliey have been
eagerly employed by industrial men. Being encouraged by
the success attained the school founded a class of appren-
tices in November, 1905, and thus the institution became
the training organ for industrial circles in the prefecture.
The Supplementary Night School of Industry was enlarged
in 1909 and many more classes organized. In November,
1910, the enlargement of the institution was again decided
upon by the prefecture. A lot of ground was purchased in
the ward and a new school building was built. After these
changes the school became quite a large and important
educational institution. It is situated in Honjo-ku, one of
the industrial quarters, and the pupils live always in an
industrial atmosphere. The regular course is divided into
two departments of mechanical engineering and architecture
and each department trains 60 pupils. The special course
for apprentices sent by factory owners gives lessons in
mechanical engineering only. The Supplementary Night
School is divided into eight courses, admitting as many
pupils as possible.
AKIHO.
Special care is taken by the school authorities in the
moral, training of the pupils.
The present Director of the school, Mr. Yasuharu
Akiho, who has been principally instrumental in winning
such as brilliant success, is a man of learning and much
experience.
( 364 )
WASEDA DAIGAKU.
(THE WASEDA UNIVERSITY.)
TT TASEDA University is situated at Waseda, near
'' * Tokyo. Tlie University has been developed from
the Tokyo Semmon Gakko. In organizing the school,
Marquis Okuma had very worthy assistants in the persons
of Mr. Azusa Ono, Dr. Sanaye Takata and Dr. Tameyuki
Amano and others. The institution was opened in October,
1882, with three courses of political science, jurisprudence
and science. In 1889 the course of literature was es-
tablished. In September, 1902, the school was renamed
the work of education for the benefit of the general
public, the publication of books and chemical analysis
respectively. There are three daughter institutions, viz.,
Waseda Middle School, Waseda Commercial School and
Wiaseda Technical School. The University has a large
museum and library, both of which leave nothing to be
desired in equipment. Dr. Tameyuki Araano is the Pre-
sent President and Dr. Sanaye Takflta, ex- Minister of
Education, President-Emeritus. The University enrolls
THE WASEDA UNIVERSITY, TOKYO.
Waseda University, In April, 1907, it was reorganized
into a juridical person. Simultaneouly Marquis (then
Count) Okuma was appointed superintendent and Dr.
Takata President. The University consists of five depart-
ments, viz.. Politics, Economy, Jurisprudence, Literature,
Commerce and Science and Engineering (the last two are
combined). There are the Higher Preparatory course and
the Special Section and Higher Normal Section. The
University is also provided with three departments for
over 10,000 students and has more than 12,000
alumni, many of whom occupy prominent positions
both at home and abroad and are contributing to
the cause of the country in various ways. In January,
1908, the late Emperor Meiji was pleased to grant a
sum of ¥30,000 in aid of the second extension of the
institution then under contemplation. In 1912, H.I.H.
the Crown Prince honoured the University with a personal
visit.
( 366 )
SniPBUIUDIINQ.
ASANO ZOSENSHO.
(THE ASANO SHIPBUILDING CO.. LTD.)
THE promoter of the Asano Shipbuilding Co., Mr.
Soichiro Asano, the president of the Toyo Kisen
Kaisha, who had keenly felt for some years the necessity of
establisliing a shipyard for the development of this class of
industry in Japan, decided to put his cherished scheme into
effect at the outbreak of tlie great European War.
Early in the spring of 1916 he proceeded with his great
undertaking with a handful of men. There was much to do ;
to select a suitable site and plan out tiie yard on one han<l,
and on the other to design the hulls and order materials
for new boats. In July, 1916, a site at Tsurumi, near
July. This part of the shore being exposed to sea and wind
coming from Yokohama Bay, there is a necessity of making
some sort of breakwater to protect the boats moored at the
fitting-out wharf, which projects out to sea about 3,200 feet,
forming one side of the fitting-out basin ; this confined water
surface will liave about 372 acres to accommodate boats
during fitting.
Building Berths :~Six of 600 feet, 2 of 800 feet
long, all of them being re-enforced concrete berths, are to
be constructed and two more of 400 feet are in contempla-
tion. All to be finished by next July.
FIG. II.
Yokohama, was selected. The place selected was a reclaimed
sand beach with as yet nothing on it. (See Fig. I.). In
the last part of July the work of pumping up sand from
the bay to about 6 feet high was started, as shown on
Fig. II. At the end of 1916, most of the shop buildings
and the erection of the greater part of the heavy machinery
were in position, enabling the laying of the first keel on the
11th Feb., 1917, and by the 5th of April four keels were
laid for steamers of 1 1,000 tons.
Extent of the Yard : — Ground now occupied by
shops and building berths amount to about 66 acreo, and
this is to be extended to 240 acres when completed by next
Transportation of Materials : — The feeding of
materials to the building berths is efifected by means of
electrically-driven revolving tower cranes placed between
each two alternate berths, having arras of 105 to 115 feet
at a height of 110 to 120 feet above the ground, and it is
80 arranged that three of these in a row cover every part of
hull during construction on both sides. (See Fig. III.).
Transportation of materials in the yard and shops are
managed by ten 3-tou locomotive cranes, five 6-ton
travelling cranes with 80 feet arms sweeping over the stock,
as well as fabricating yards in the open air, where are keel
bender, flanging machine, heavy plate rollers, joggling
( 366 )
machine and hydraulic man-hole punches, etc. Besides the
above, iu iron workers shops there are provided three 3-ton
overhead electric travelling cranes to bring in materials
from outside or to shift from one place to another inside
the shop.
Capacity of Produciion : — As stated elsewhere,
since 11th Feb. last up to April 5th four keels are laid for
Machinery in Shop : — One special feature of the yard
is the fact that the machines, with the exception of one or
two, are all Japanese make.
Still Uncompleted Part of the Programme: —
Among the unfinished portion of the work, the following
may be mentioned, viz., marine engine and boiler works,
dry-dock of sufficient size to accommodate the largest mail
FIG. III.
steamers of 11,000 tons, and from next July the launchings
will succeed one anothor each month for the present,
and this will be increased to two boats per building berth
a year. The type of boats building now in the yard are
mostly standardized freighters of 11,000 and 8,500 tons
D. W. Capacity, but the equipments of the yard are capable
of handling vessels up to over 30,000 tons.
THE ASANO SHIPBUILDING YARD AT TSURUMI,
NEAR YOKOHAMA.
boat and battle-ship of modern type afloat. To keep up
with the demand and progress of the age, there is also in
contemplation such undertakings as motors and flying
machines, submarines, motor-cars and gun factories ; for
such works the place is eminently adapted, having wide
water frontage.
KAWASAKI ZOSENSHO.
(THE KAWASAKI DOCKYARD CO., LTD.)
MODERN Japan finds the field of her most potent
activities in commerce and industry, and the full
development of her shipping and shipbuilding is of most
vital interest. This fact was well realized in the early days
of the Meiji Era by a small group of men hailing from
Kanazawa, including Messrs. Yasutaro Sekizawa, Tomojiro
Endo, and Akira Ishikawa. They founded a shipyard,
called the Kashu Seitetsujo, in 1870, at Kawasaki-Hama,
near the mouth of the river Minato. This was practically
the first shipyard in this country run on modern lines, and
the beginning of the present gigantic shipbuilding plant.
In 1871, when the feudal clans were abolished and all
clan enterprises were transferred to the Imperial Govern-
ment, this yard was also placed under the control of the
Imperial Government by the Kaga Clan. The Department
of Public Works, which was then authorized to look after
the yard, carried on the enterprise with success, and in
1873 enlarged the plant, at the same time renaming the
establishment the Hyogo Seisakuryo. After being trans-
ferred to the charge of the Department of Agriculture and
Commerce the yard was in May, 1886, leased to the late
Mr. Shozo Kawasaki, father of the present Vice-President
of the Kawasaki Dockyard Co. He founded, even before
he took the Government yard on lease, a shipyard called
the Kawasaki Dockyard at Tsukiji, Tokyo, in May, 1878.
The success won at the new yard was energetically followed
( 367 )
up by Mr. Kawasaki, in 1880, with a scheme to build
another, called tlie Hyogo Kawasaki Dockyard at Higashide-
machi, Hyogo.
The Government yard was finally purchased by the
enterprising shipbuilder in July, 1887, and with it all the
UJIKAWA BRIDGE FOR THE KEIHAN ELECTRIC
TRAMWAY MADE BY THE KAWASAKI
DOCK YARD CO.
yards under his control were amalgamated into one big con-
cern, and the position of the business was further stabilized,
thus paving the way for the birth of the present huge busi-
ness enterprise.
In October, 1896, still another epoch was marked for
the yard when the increasing prosperity of the business
compelled the proprietors to enlarge the scope of the enter-
prise. Mr. Kawasaki then took the final step to convert
the private business into a joint stock company, while at the
same time carrying out the necessary extension schemes.
Tlie company thus organized liad a capital of ¥2,000,000.
The company, with Mr. Kojiro Matsukata (President)
and Mr. Yoshitaro Kawasaki (Vice-President) at the head
of the Board of Directors, then began a career of progress
and active enterprise. At present the company's affairs
are controlled by the following : —
Kojiro Matsukata, Esq. ..,
Yoshitaro Kawasaki, Esq.
Gyo Momoto, Esq
f Managing Director
■■ I and President.
j Managing Director
■* \ and Vice-President.
Director.
>»
Auditor.
MiTSUMASA HiROSE, Esq. .„
TsuNENORi Tanaka, Esq. ...
The development achieved, by the company under these
gentlemen is clearly seen in the gigantic scale on which the
company's workshops and offices are built. The company
has its head office at Higashi-Kawasaki-cho, Kobe, and the
main works at HigHshi-Shiriike-eho, Kobe. Branch offices
and works are established at Tokyo, Dairen, and Shanghai.
The company has increased its capital several times
since its incorporation as a joint stock company, and at
present it amounts to ¥10,000,000, divided into 200,000
siiares, all of which is paid up. The reserve account
amounted to ¥2,662,000 at the end of March, 1915.
Originally the company undertook the building and
repairs of all kinds of ships and machinery, iron and bronze
castings, and repairs of all descriptions, but later the scope
of work has been enlarged and now embraces a huge number
of lines.
At the main office the company's operations are divided
into four departments. In the first department the con-
struction and repairs of diflTerent types of warships, passenger
ships, cargo boats, dredgers, fishing boats, floating docks,
and other descriptions of ships are undertaken, while the
second department makes it its specialty to construct or
repair boilers, locomotives, engines, motors, and other
varieties of machinery and tools. In the third department
steel, iron, and bronze castings, ordnance, and other kindred
articles are produced, the fourth department conducting
salvage and towing operations.
The Hyogo Branch Works were inaugurated in July,
1 907, and their business operations comprise the manufacture
of steel, steel castings, iron castings, the manufacture of
water pipes and gas tubes, the production of mining equip-
ments, the manufacture of locomotives, passenger cars, vans,
electric tramway cars, and all otlier railway equipments.
Recently it is reported that the construction of bridges, gas
tanks, and building materials has been added to the list of
the Branch's production, also the sawing of timber.
The Dairen Branch was opened in July, 1908, when
the company took it on lease from the South Manchuria
Railway Company to undertake the construction and repair
of ships, machines, etc. There is a graving dock, SSl'-O' in
length, capable of accommodating a vessel up to 8,000 tons.
The Kawasaki Dockyard Company having purchased
S.S. "YASAKA MARU" (12,000 TONS)
FOR THE N.Y.K.
the following patent rights, possesses the sole privilege to
construct and sell those articles in Japan, and in some cases
in China and Siam as well : —
Curtis Steam Turbines, both aerial and marine. West-
inghouse-Leblanc's Refrigerators, Condensers, Air Pumps,
( 368 )
and Motors. Weir's Uniflux Condensers, direct acting
pumps, evaporating feed heating and distilling plant for ma-
rine use. Cantilever framed steamships. Maschineufabiik
Augsburg-Nuernberg A.G.'s Diesel engines of "Constant"
pressure system. Schmidt's superheaters (marine and loco-
motive). Yarrow's marine superheaters. General Electric
Co.'s electrical locomotive equipment and fittings. Miya-
bara's water tube boilers. Aetonia process of casting.
At the main office the company operates two graving
docks and two patent slipways, their dimensions being as
follows : —
No. 1. Graving Dock.
Extreme length
Length on blocks
Width of entrance on top
Water on blocks at spring tide
425'-0"
377'-0"
63'-6'
24'-6'
CONSOLIDATION LOCOMOTIVK FOR THE I.G.K.
Copper Robson & Co.'s stock oil converter. Monel metal.
Allen's pistons, piston and pistonrod packings. Copeland
metallic packings. Sturrock fire bridges for boilers, etc.
The company owns ideal plants for the conduct of the
lines of business nbove enumerated. At the main office
BATTLE CRUISER " HARUNA " (28,000 TONS)
FOR THE I.J N.
No. 2. Graving Dock.
Length 381'-1"
Width of entrance ou top 49'-2"
Width of entrance at bottom 42-0"
Depth over sill 23'-3'
BRIDGE VIEW OF THL KAWASAKI DOCK YARD CO., KOBE.
alone there are 1,722 machines. At the Hyogo Works 325
machines are at work, while at the Dairen Branch 87
machines are employed to the fullest capacity, all these
machines being working with electric, steam, compressed
air, and hydraulic power.
Two patent slipways are 280 feet to 180 fact in length.
At the Dairen Branch, as already !>tated, a graving dock,
381 feet in length, is owned.
At present five shipbuilding stocks are employeii at the
main office, the biggest of them being capable of aooom-
( 369 )
modating a warship of 40,000 tons, and a merchantman of
50,000 tons.
The maximum capacity of these stocks is as follows : —
No. 1 is for vessels up to 4,000 tons, being 500' T.L. x 22' ;
No. 2 is for boats up to 6,000 tons, being 600' T.L. x 30' ;
No. 3 is for ships up to 20,000 tons, being 750' T.L. x 42' ;
No. 4 is for ships up to 30,000 tons, being 650' x 44'.
This stock is fitted with a giant gantry crane, 165 feet high.
No. 5 is a temporary structure, on which vessels up to
30,000 tons can be built. All of them are fitted with five
3-ton, seven 5-ton, and four 8-ton derrick posts with electric
winches. In addition to these permanent stocks there are a
number of temporary stocks available for smaller craft.
On the water there are three floating cranes ; the
largest of which, being the greatest of the kind in tlie Far
East, will lift 200 tons weight, while the next largest will
lift 50 tons, the smallest having a capacity of 20 tons.
Besides, there are many over-head travelling cranes, the
capacity of which ranges between 125 tons and 2 tons,
togetlier with a large number of wharf cranes, shear legs,
locomotive cranes, hand cranes, some of which can lift
60 tons.
There are many miles of railway tracks in tlie main
works to facilitate the transportation of materials, and
locomotive cranes and hand cranes above referred to are
mostly employed on the tracks. In the Hyogo Works also
there are miles of tracks, which are connected with the
iState Railway at Hyogo Station.
The company has received big orders for warships,
merchantmen, and other vessels, engines, vans, cars,
bridges, girders, pipes, and a thousand other articles not
only from the Imperial Japanese Navy, the Imperial Gov-
ernment Railway, and other Japanese public and private
bodies but from foreign Governments as well. This fact
has been a great encouragement to the company to turn out
the best possible articles and so maintain the reputation
established.
The total number of warships, passenger boats, cargo
vessels, and other bottoms built to the order of tlie Imperial
Japanese Navy, tlie Royal Siamese Navy, the Chinese
Republican Navy, the Nippon Yusen Kaisha, the Osaka
Shoseu Kaishii, and other clients by the company iu past
years are considerably over 370.
According to the report presented by the company at
the end of March, 1915, the company has under construc-
tion a battleship, a battle-cruiser, two cargo boats of 7,600
tons each, a cargo vessel of 9,600 tons, two torpedo boat
destroyers of 600 tons each, a dredger, and seven merchant-
men, the tonnage of which ranges between 2,500 and 7,500
tons.
This colossal business is run with 884 employees and
12,000 workmen.
OSAKA TEKKOSHO.
(THE OSAKA IRON WORKS, LTD.)
'nr^HE Osaka Iron Works has an authorised capital of
1
¥12,000,000 as the result of the recent decision
passed by the proprietary, and manages large yards at
can build ocean-going steamers of from 500 tons to 10,000
tons. The works are the outgrowth of the Osaka Tekkojo,
managed by Mr. Ryotaro Hanta as a private concern since
SAKURAJIMA DOCKYARD, OSAKA.
Sakurajima, Osaka; Innoshima, Hiroshima prefecture;
Ajikftwa, Osaka ; Tempozau, Osaka ; and Keelung, which
1881. In February, 1883, boilers and engines for the
Chinzei Maru. 460 tons, were constructed at the Ajikawa
(
Factory, these being the first boilers made in Japan, The
Works also were the first in Japan to make a steel steamer,
for as early as April, 1890, the Kumahavm Maru, a steel
boat, was built at the same factory.
In April, 1914, the works were converted into a joint
stock company under the old style and its capital was fixed
at ¥6,000,00(t. With this reorganization the concern's
business scope was much enlarged and old plants were
entirely repaired. In July, 1916, the company's capital
was doubled into ¥12,000,000, because the company had to
further enlarge its plants at the difierent yards owing to big
INNOSHIMA WORKS OF THE OSAKA
IRON WORKS.
contracts entered into with the Osaka Shosen Raisha and
the Nippon Steamship Company for the regular supply of
large ocean-going steamships during five years from 1916
at the rate of between 50,000 to 60,000 tons deadweight and
between 20,000 and 27,500 tons a year respectively.
At present the company conducts the following lines of
business : — The construction and repair of warships,
steamers, dredgers, fishing boats, shallow bottomed boats,
motors, engines, boilers, electric machines, and motor cars.
The manufacture of cast iron pipes and tubes, iron bridges,
iron wharfs, and iron and steel building materials. At the
Ajikawa Works, situated at 4-chome Kitaajikawa-dori,
370 )
Osaka, are the mould factory, the casting works, the steel
works, and nine other factories where the construction of
engines, boilers, and kindred articles is conducted. At the
Sakurajima Works, situated at No. 7, Sakurajima, Osaka,
there are six stocks for large steamers up to 10,000 tons, a
number of slipways, etc. The Innoshima Yards were taken
over from the Innoshima Dockyard Company in 1911 and
have a complete shipbuilding plant. There are three docks,
which can accommodate large ships up to 10,000 tons.
The Tempozan and other works also have smaller stocks
and docks and can turn out handy steamers for the coasting
trade. Though recently the Keelung works were closed
and the Amagasaki Works were disposed of the works can
turn out large ocean-going steamers to more than 200,000
tons a year.
According to a report dated December 31st, 1915,
seven ships were finished and delivered tc owners during the
latter half of 1915 alone, and 121 steamers, with an
aggregate of 188,363 tons, were repaired.
During the first six months of 1916 tlie works com-
pleted for sea ten steamers between 1,200 and 3,000 tons.
With the expansion of the business the company's
finances have witnessed much improvement, and at the end
of the first business term of 1916 the total value of the
company's assets amounted to ¥14,052,049 and the gross
earnings to ¥1,537,059.
The afiairs of this prosperous establishment are con-
trolled by : —
JuNTARO Yamaoka, Esq President.
TsuTOMU Yamaguchi, Esq Managing Director.
Kyonosuke Kimura, Esq „ ,,
Ryutaro Hanta, Esq Director.
Masanori Mukaki, Esq „
Ukichi Koga, Esq Auditor.
YoTARO Takagi, Ei-q „
( 371 )
TOKYO ISHIKAWAJIMA ZOSENSHO.
(THE ISHIKAWAJIMA SHIPBUILDING AND ENGINEERING CO., LTD.)
'np HE Tokyo Ishikawajima Shipbuilding and Engineering
■*■ Co., Ltd., is one of the oldest shipbuilding plants in
Japan, its history dating from 1855, when the Asahi Maru,
a small wooden steamer, was built by the Clan of Mito at
the islet. After the Restoration of the Imperial Rule in
1867 the dockyard was controlled by the Imperial Govern-
ment and was called the Shipping Bureau Yard. Later it
was converted into a shipbuilding bureau, but its im-
portance as a Navy Yard was then lost, as the Govern-
ment enlarged the yard Yatokosuka and conducted the
construction and repair of warships there.
In 1876 the plant was all transferred to the control of
the Tsukiji Arsenal, and the Government plant at]l8hikawa-
company with a capital of ¥175,000, which whs later
increased to ¥250,000 with the enforcement of a new
Commercial Code. The outbreak of the Sino- Japanese war
caused the yard to extend its plant further, but Ishikawa-
jima was too small to build another factory. Accordingly
in August, 1869, the company built another yard at Draga,
Kanagawa prefecture. When it was completed the plant
was equipped with every appliance required for the
construction and repair of big steamers. Thus the com-
pany became one of the largest shipbuilding concerns iu
Kwanto, and had a capital of ¥1,500,000.
The plan thus lauuclied for the purpose of enhancing
the prosperity of the company, however, proved a mistake.
THE TOKYO ISHIKAWAJIMA SHIPBUILDING AND ENGINERIKG CO.
jima was completely abolished. However, the yard was
soon revived by the late Mr. Tomiji Hirano. He built a
new factory and yard at the site of the old Government
plant, and under the style of the Ishikawajima Hirano
Dockyard commenced operations in 1876. Several years
after Mr. Hirano took on lease the Naval Iron Works at
Ishikawaguchi, Yokohama, and with the support of Britisli
experts initiated the manufacture of engines, boilers, and
other machines. In 1884 he moved the iron works at
Yokohama to Ishikawajima and at the same time effected a
great extension iu the yard at Ishikawajima. In August,
1887, the yard launched the warship Chokai, 614 tons. In
January, 1889, the yard was converted into a joint stock
for it started a severe rivalry with the Uraga Dockyard
Company, floated at the port slightly before, and both
companies were faced with financial difficulties. After
prolonged negotiations the Ishikawajima Dockyard Com-
pany consented to withdraw from Uraga by selling all its
property there to the Uraga Dockyard Company. As the
result of this the company reduced its capital to ¥350,000
and remodelled its plant so as to make it possible to
concentrate its energy in the manufacture of bridges, rails,
iron frames, boilers, and other machines, besides small
ships.
With this readjustment the company soon recovered
its sound fiuaucial position, aud when the manufacture of
( 372
electric machines was inaugurated its capital was again
increased to ¥1,020,000. The company secured the
assistance of well-known electric engineering companies in
England and soon undertook the manufacture of iron
frames, cranes, bridges, building materials, electric machines,
etc. The outbreak of tiie European wnr, however, com-
pelled the company to resume the construction of steamers,
and already orders for several large cargo boats have been
accepted. In March, 1914, the company enlarged its
capita! to ¥2,040,000 for the purpose of building stocks,
docks, and other accessory accommodation. In June, 1913,
a branch yard was built at Satoziiki-machi, Fukuoka
prefecture, and there the manufacture of bridge building
materials, chimneya, iron pipes, and other iron materials
was commenced.
At present the company manufactures ships, boilers,
)
engines, patented Woodson's water pipe boilers, pumps,
water mills, chimneys, iron pipes, iron bridges, zinc-plated
iron towers, reinforced concrete buildings, cranes, elevators,
motors and their accessories, railway appliances, gas tanks
and their accessories, and hydraulic machines.
The following are the company officers: —
f President and
Dr. Kaichi Watanabe
Teikichi Shimizu, Esq.
Kazuo Sato, Esq.
Shigeru Tanaka, Esq.
TOKUJIKO YOKOYAMA, Esq
Tokuro Uchida, Esq.
Naqamasa Tanaka, Esq.
Masaqoro Sato, Esq, ...
Shuzo Tomioka, Esq. ...
\ Managing Director.
Director,
( Director, Manager,
I and Chief Expert.
Auditor.
( 373 )
S Ml I P P I M O.
HARADA KISEN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE HARADA STEAMSHIP CO.)
I 'HE Harada Steamship Co. situated at 4-choine,
Nakanoshiraa, Kita-ku, Osaka is a joint-stock com-
pany, floated by Mr. Rokuro Harada, and others, in April,
MR. K. HARADA.
1916, as successor to the Harada Steamship Co., a partner-
ship, and it is wellknown as one of the greatest steamship
owners in Japan. It also owns a shipbuilding plant at
3-chome, Kizugawa, Minanii-ku, Osaka.
The company's fleet consists of the following boats : —
The Byqjun Maru, the Tsuru Maru, the Matsu Maru, the
Kagoshima Maru, tlie Neisei Maru, the SaUutna Maru.
All of them are fine cargo boats and are either run by
the company itself, or chartered.
The company at present is controlled by the follow-
ing:—
Rokuro Harada, Esq President.
Matazo Asami, Esq Director.
Sataro Nagasaki, Esq „
JujiRO Harawa, Esq Auditor.
KITA NIPPON KiSEN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE NORTH JAPAN STEAMSHIP CO., LTD.)
' I 'HIS company carries on a very important regular
service in the Northern sea, with a number of fine
steamers. It was organized shortly after the cession by
Russia to Japan of the Southern half of Saghalien. It
has a capital of ¥1,000,000 to maintain the communica-
tions between the new colony and the mother country.
The scope of working has been repeatedly enlarged by the
company, and now the following services are run by the
company : —
The Karafuto Mail Service, the East Coast Line,
the West Coast Line ; the Fushiki-Karafuto Service, the
Aomori-Muroran Service.
(
Hakodate is the terminus for the East Coast Line of
the Karafuto Mail Service. From May to October this
line was maintained with the steamer Futami Maru, on a
fortnightly basis. The ship calls at Otaru, Otomari,
Ikebesan, Tominai, Nosamu, Sakaehama, Higashishiroura,
Motodomari, Tomakushi, Shikuka, and Chirie on her way
to Hakodate.
The Steamer Sumidagawa Maru is also run on the
same line, but she touches at Lopen Island, in addition to
the ports just mentioned, on her way from Hakodate to the
last destination.
1
S»B«
ylH^ ..
THE "TAIREI
MARU."
MU. I. SU YEN AG A.
THE "CHIKUGOGAWA MARU.'
The West Coast Line is maintained, with three
steamers, the Tairei Maru, the Tenyu Maru, and the Kosei
Maru. The first of these liners leaves Otaru, and sails for
Tomarii via Otomari, Maoka, Nodasamu, and Honto three
times a month. On her first voyage she extends her trip
further to Kushunnai. The Tairei Maru is a unique ship
in this country, being equipped with an ice-crusher for the
purpose of maintaining the communications between Kara-
iuto and the mother country during the winter months.
The Tenyu Maru is despatched from Hakodate twice a
month, during the warm months of the year to Ambetsu
374 )
via Otaru, Lopen Island, Honto, Maoka, Rantomari,
Nodasamu, Tomarii, Nayori, Kushunnai, Ushike, Moebishi,
Endo, Ushiro, Esutori, Kitanayoshi, and other ports.
From June to September the Kosei Maru is despatched
on the same line, twice a month from Hakodate to Kina-
yoshi via Otaru, Lopen Island, Muidomari, Honto, Maoka,
Randomari, Nodasamu, Otte, Tomarii, Nayori, Kushunnai,
Ushike, Moebishi, Rukushi, Endo, Usiiiro, and Esutori.
The company's Fushiki-Karafuto service is almost the
only direct service regularly maintained between Karafuto
and the ports on the Sea of Japan, and it is of great
advantage to fishing operators in the Nortli. From April
to October the Swatow Maru, and the Nisshin Maru, make
the journey three times a month on this line. They sail
from Fushiki to Kushunnai via Namerikawa, lotsu, Otaru,
Otomari, Honto, Maoka, Randomari, Nodasamu, Tomarii,
and other ports.
The company's Aomori-Muroran service is run under
a mail contract with the Department of Communications,
to maintain the connection between the railway in Hok-
kaido and that in the main land. It is the best and
quickest way to travel from the main land to any part of
Hokkaido, for the service is arranged so as to secure the
quickest connection with the railway. Any traveller
leaving Uyeno at 9 in the evening can arrive at Sapporo at
10 in the morning, of the third day after his departure.
At present the Keijo Maru, and the Chikugogawa
Maru, are used on this line. They leave Aomori each
afternoon at 4, being due at Muroran at 3 next morning,
and on their return voyage they leave Muroran at 5 each
afternoon and arrive at Aomori at 4 next morning.
Tickets are sold at every station in Hokkaido and on the
main land at stations on the following lines : —
The Tokaido Main Line (Shinagawa, Yokohama, and
Yokosuka only), the Tohoku Line, the Ou Line, the
Ganyetsu Line, the Sakata Line.
The company has its head ofiice at Sakaye-cho, Otomari,
Karafuto, and a branch office at Minami-Hama-cho, Otaru,
Hokkaido. It also has its agencies and inquiry offices
where travellers and shippers can obtain every possible
facility wherever the steamers call.
( 375 )
NANYO YUSEN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE SOUTH SEA MAIL
' I "HIS company came into existence in October, 1912,
■*■ when the Government induced Messrs. Keizo Oaki,
Jujiro Harada, and Miyakichi Itaya, prominent owners of
tramp steamers, to organize a partnership, for the opening
of a regular mail service between this country, and the
Netherlands Indies, with a view to developing Japan's
trade in those par(s. It was generally considered to be a
big trade opening, in spite of the powerful influence held
by the Germans and Chinese.
At first the service was run with the Ityojun Mara,
4,804 tons, tlie Banri Maru, 3,231 tons, and the Hokuto
Maru, 3,283 tons, between Kobe and important ports in
the Dutch Indies. Twelve voyages were made a year,
the Government granting bounties to the extent of ¥150,000
a year as subsidies.
A rival line started, named tiie Java-China-Japan
Lijn, which runs a regular service between the Netherlands
Indies, and some important ports in China and Japan,
under the protection of the Netherlands Government. It
was soon eliminated, however, by arranging a convention
on freight rates and other matters, and since this the busi-
ness has been developing peacefully.
The foundation of the business liaving been stabilized,
Messrs. Ryotaro Matsumoto, Shuntaro Saeki, and other
shipowners were admitted into partnership, and the scope of
business was enlarged. Eventually, the whole affair was
transferred to the South Sea Mail Steamsiiip Co., Ltd., then
floated with a capital of ¥1,500,000, for the purpose of
taking over. the business.
With the conversion of the business into a joint-stock
company, improvements to both the management and the
service run were completed in April, 1915, when the mail
contract with the Government was revised and the annual
subsidiep were increased to ¥220,000.
Under the improved management an addition has been
STEAMSHIP CO., LTD.)
made to the company's fleet in the shape of the Borneo
Maiu, which displaces 3,914 tons. The liners are de-
spatched at an interval of 23 days from Kobe, thus 16 trips
are made annually. On their outward voyage they call at
Moji, Hongkong, Batavia, Seraarang, and Sourabaya, and
on their homeward trip the voyage is commenced from
Semarang, and Macassar in the Celebes, Balikpapan in
Horneo, Hongkong, Moji, and Yokohama are touched.
Formerly the liners called at Singapore on their way from
Hongkong to Java, but in April, 1915, it was eliminated
from the list of ports of call and now they sail direct from
Hongkong to Batavia direct.
The company's liners are all manned with competent
Japanese, wiio can speak either English, Malayan, or
Dutch. The company has established agencies or inquiry
offices at every port where the company's liners call.
The company head office is situated at 10-chome,
Kobiki-cho, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo, and a branch at 3-chome,
Kaigan-dori, Kobe.
In the following the agencies are listed : —
Branch of Oguri & Co., 2-chome, Higashi-Hon-cho,
Moji ; Branch of the N.Y.K., Keelung, Taiwan ; Yama-
gataya Shoten, Yokohama ; Dodwell & Co., Ltd., Hong-
kong ; Maclaine, Watson & Co., Batavia ; MacNeill & Co.,
Semarang ; Eraser Eaton & Co., Sourabaya ; Michael
Stephens & Co., Macassar ; Bataafsche Petroleum Maat-
schappij, Balikpapan.
This line is now controlled by the following : —
Keizo Oaki, Esq
Ryotaro Matsumoto, Esq
Shuntako Saeki, Esq.
MiYAKiciir Itaya, Esq.
Jujiro Harada, Esq.
RoKURO Harada, Esq.
Jdnsuke Itaya, Esq.
President.
Managing Director.
f Director and Manager
\ of the Kobe Brancli.
Director.
Auditor.
( 376 )
NIPPON YUSEN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE JAPAN MAIL STEAMSHIP CO., LTD.)
DURING this age of intense effort and energetic enter-
prise nothing has been raore remarkable than the
wonderful development the country's shipping has achieved,
the best part of which is to the credit of the Nippon Yusen
Kabushiki Kaisha.
This shipping company came into existence in 1885 as
the result of the two rival lines, the Kyodo Unyukaisha,
which was under the control of the Government and the
Mitsu Bishi S.S. Company being amalgamated. The fleet
of the company when it made its appearance comprised 58
steamers of intermediitte sizes with a combined tonnage of
64,365 tons, whicli must have been a very large figure at
that time. But now the company works considerably more
than 100 vessels with a combined tonnage of upwards of
600,000 tons.
iS.S. "SUWA MAKU," N.Y.K.
Since its foundation the company has been granted
heavy official bounties, in return carrying mails, maintain-
ing certain regular services between this country and
principal ports of the world, and equipping ships so that
they may be ready for military service at a moment's
notice. Three times the company has been called upon to
render services to the State and given splendid response to
the call.
First during the Chino- Japanese war the company's
fleet was placed at the disposal of the country as far as
possible, the main part of the expeditionary forces being
carried by its ships. Secondly during the Russo-Japanese
campaign the transportation of that huge army, a million
strong, with its stores and equipments was undertaken by
the company. Indeed, without the company's efficient
services the maintenance of so large an army on the
continent would have been very difficult. Lastly the com-
pany placed part of its fleet at the disposal of the country
when war with Germany was declared in 1914 and
helped the Army and Navy to achieve the fall of Tsingtao.
Thus the passengers by the company's ships have the
peculiar advantage of travelling in vessels which are
associated with tiie most thrilling events in tlie history of
the world. Particularly when it is remembered that all
through its career tiie company has been able to boast that
not one vessel has been lost owing to any error on the part
of its navigators or incompetence of its crew, it is not too
much to say that no better ships to travel by can be found
than theN. Y. K. boats.
In the freight services the efficiency of the company's
officers and men and the sea-going quality of its fleet are
pronouncedly shown. In every water the flag of the com-
pany is seen, being respected by its rivals for its ubiquity,
while it is viewed by shippers with admiration because it is
the mark of extraordinary enterprise. For the coastwise
trade in home waters comparatively small low-draught boats
are employed, but for the ocean trade larger and speedier
ships are used. The extra cargo boats run on the European
and the trans-Pacific routes are, indeed, the finest ever
launched by Japan's shipping yards.
The regular services now maintained by the company's
steamers between Japan and foreign ports are as follows :
There are two services maintained between Japan and
Europe, one being under official protection while the other
is run by the company independent of outside help. The
mail service is carried on with 11 big liners on a weekly
basis. The home terminus for the service is Yokohama and
on the outward trips Kobe, Moji or Nagasaki, Shanghai,
Hongkong, Singapore, Malacca, Colombo, Durban, Cape
Town, Madeira, and other ports are toucl)ed before Loudon,
which is the temporary terminus for the service. On the
homeward voyages the liners, leaving London, sail straight
to Singapore via Madeira, Cape Town, and Durban, and
thence make for Yokohama via intermediate ports.
The independent service is run with something like 10
liners on a monthly basis. The home terminus is Yoko-
hama. On the outward voyages the liners touch at Kobe,
Moji or Nagasaki, Colombo, Durban, Cape Town, and
Madeira before they reach London, the foreign terminus of
( 377 )
the service. Four of the ships touch at Singapore instead
of Colombo, while three of them sail through the Strait of
Gibraltar to Marseilles. On the homeward trips the ships
sail across the Atlantic to New York and thence through
the Panama Canal to the Far East, Vladivostock inclusive.
The Trans-Pacific service is also maintained on an
official and private basis. The terminus for the official
mail service is Hongkong and two liners run once in six
weeks from Hongkong and Tacoma, wliich are the foreign
termini for the service. Oi: the homeward and outgoing
trips Shanghai, Moji, Kobe, Yokkaichi, Yokohatna, Vic-
toria, and Seattle are touched at. During the tea season
Keelung and Shiraidzu are also included in the ports of
call.
The private service on the Pacific is carried on with
four liners. The ships are run once in three weeks both
from Hongkong and Seattle, calling at Shanghai, Moji,
Kobe, Yokkaichi, Yokohama, and Victoria. During the
tea season Shimidzu and Keelung are also touched. All
the company's Trans-Pacific lines exchange cargo and
passengers at Seattle with the Great Northern, the North
Pacific, and the Milwaukee Railways with which the com-
pany's Trans- Pacific services are connected.
The Yokohama-Melbourne service is maintained with
three liners on a monthly system, tiie termini being Yoko-
hama and Melbourne. The ships are bound by the mail
contract with the Government to call at Kobe, Nagasaki,
Hongkong, Manila, Samboanga, Thursday Island, Towns-
ville, Brisbane, and Sydney both on the outgoing and
homeward voyages.
The Yokohama-Shanghai service is carried on with
five big liners twice a week. Calls are made both on the
outgoing and homeward trips at Kobe, Moji, and Nagasaki.
The Yokohama-North China service is maintained
with three sliips sailing three times a month from Yoko-
hama and Newchwang. On the outgoing voyages the ships
call at Nagoya, Yokkaichi, Kobe, Moji, Chemulpo, Dairen,
Tientsin, and Taku, while on the homeward trips Dairen,
Moji and Kobe are called at. During the winter season
tlie service is subject to changes.
Two ships are run once a week between Kol)e and
Shanghai via Osaka and Moji, which is called the Kobe-
Shanghai service.
Tiie Kobe-North China service is maintained with four
ships sailing once in six days both from Newchwang and
Kobe, via Moji, Nagasaki, and Tientsin; Osaka is also
called at sometimes. During the winter season this service
is suspended.
The Bombay service is carried on with six ships sailing
once in two weeks from Kobe and Bombay, via Moji,
Hongkong, Singapore, Malacca, and Colombo. On the
homeward trips Colombo, Shanghai, and Yokkaichi are
also touched at.
The Ca'cutta service is maintained on the same basis
between Yokohama and Calcutta, via Kobe, Moji, Shang-
hai, Hongkong, Singapore, Penang, and Rangoon.
The Kobe- Vladivostock service is maintained with the
liners sailing between the two ports twice in three weeks,
via Moji, Fusan, Wonsan, Joshin, Seishin, and Osaka.
The Ojaka-Tientsin service is maintained with a vessel
sailing twice, a month between Osaka and Tientsin via
Kobe and Moji. During the winter season the service ia
suspended as is the case with all other North China services.
The Osaka-Tsingtao service is maintained also with a
boat on a fortnightly service system. The steamer calls at
Kobe and Moji both on its outgoing and homeward trips.
The company has its headquarters at Yuraku-cho,
THE DINING ROOM S S. " FUSHIMI MARU," N.Y.K.
Kojimachi-ku, Tokyo, and many branches and agencies at
principal ports of the world, including Osaka, Yokohama,
Kobe, Moji, Nagasaki, Shanghai, Hongkong, Bombay,
London, Calcutta, Seattle, Tientsin, Hankow, Vladivostock,
Victoria, New York, Honolulu, Manila, Saigon, Singapore,
Rangoon, Penang, Colombo, etc.
The company's business has been thriving since its
foundation, and in June, 1915, when the thirtieth year was
attained by the company, an enormous amount of reserves
was distributed among shareholders and employees as
bonuses ; but still there was a large amount remaining
which was partly added to the authorised capital, this being
increased by ¥22,000,000. At the end of the business term
ended March 81st, 1916, the surplus profit was seen to
exceed ten million yen. After setting aside enormous
amounts for different items the balance of this vast figure
wa» distributed as set forth in the following profit and loss
( 378 )
account, which is here reproduced to show how prosperous
the cotnpanj's affairs are : —
Yen.
Net profit for the term 9,614,231.206
Balance brought over from the previous term 946,618,209
Total 10,560,849.414
Loss reserve 480,711.560
Fees to Directors and Auditors 165,000.000
Ordinary dividend at 8 per cent, per annum 1,054,240.000
Special dividend at 2 per cent, per annum,. 263,560.000
Extraordinary special dividend at 10 per
cent, per annum 1,317,800.000
War allowances to employees 250,000.000
Balance carried forward to next term ... 7,029,537.855
The company's affairs are controlled by some of the
ablest brains in shipping circles in Japan, as is shown in
the following : —
Court of Directors.
f Managing Director
\ and President.
f Managing Director
I and Vice-President.
Baron Rempei Kondo
Dr. Toshinobu Suda ..
Tamio Hayashi, Esq
YoMEjiRo Ito, Esq
KiNNOSUKE Harada, Esq
Tamotsu Yatsui, Esq „
Tatsu Hori, Esq „
Rentaro Negishi, Esq „
Board of Auditors.
Takeshi Arfshima, Esq Auditor.
Tatsumi Iida, Esq „
Managing Director.
V
Director.
OSAKA SHOSEN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE OSAKA MERCANTILE STEAMSHIP CO., LTD.)
THE Osaka Shosen Kaisha is one of the largest and
oldest sliipping companies in Japan and maintains
over forty regular services all over the world, besides a
number of extra services being carried on on many im-
portant trade routes.
and the combined tonnage of the ships run was only 17,000
tons.
During the early years of the company the steamers
owned were all of the old type and every year a large
amount of capital was inevitably expended on their repair.
S.S. "HARBIN MAKU," O.S.K.
The compat.y was floated in Osaka in May, 1884, with
a capital of ¥1,200,000 for the purpose of combining all
shipping lines operating coasting steamers in the inland
sea. Therefore, the company was merely a small local line
In 1887, however, the Government consented to grant a
bounty of ¥50,000 per annum towards the expenses of
improving the company's fleet.
This work was energetically pushed on and in 1894,
( 379 )
when the capital was increased to ¥1,800,000, it was nearly
completed, almost all old ships having been replaced by
new ones of greater tonnage, and during the war with
China the company very eflSciently assisted the military
authorities in transporting troops and munitions.
Immediately after the war the capital was increased to
¥2,500,000 and the company opened a regular service
between this country and Taiwan, and later several coast-
wise services in the newly-acquired colony. In South
China, too, several regular services were maintained. The
company's capital was also enlarged several times in the
meanwhile and in 1897 it stood at ¥10,000,000. According
to the company's report made up two years later the services
and fleet were as follows : —
ines.
Ships run.
Tons.
14
10,766
12
28,750
Coastwise services
Ocean services
These figures steadily increased during the following
year and according to the company's report made up in
1903, the services and ships were as follows : —
ines.
Ships run
Tons.
20
10,106
22
47,625
Coastwise services
Ocean services
The Russo-Japanese war marked a new epoch for the
company, for while a large amount of tonnage was placed
at the disposal of the country trade was carried on as usual
by enlarging the fleet, and thus a way for another extension
was paved. On the restoration of peace the company in-
creased its capital to ¥16,500,000, at the same time raising
capital by the issue of debentures. All the proceeds were
employed in inaugurating a North American line, and a
Bombay service, and in improving or enlarging trade at
home, and in the Far East. Though the Yangtze River
services were incorporated with the newly-organized Nisshin
Kisen Kaisha the company's services in the different parts
of the world, thanks to these energetic measures, steadily in-
creased during the following years, and at the end of 1913,
the company's fleet and services stood as follows : —
Lines.
Ships run.
Tons.
34,172
95,072
50,65)
Coastwise services 26
Par Eastern services 20
Ocean services 2
The Osaka Shosen Kaisha has a subscribed capital of
¥24,750,000, divided into 495,000 shares, which the com-
pany intends increasing at no distant date in view of the
necessity of enlarging its operations after the European war.
According to the latest report the company owns 108
steamers, with a gross tonnage of 209,132.58 tons.
At present the company maintains over forty regular
services almost all over tiie world as shown below : —
Trans-Pacific Services : — Tacoma Service, Fortnightly ;
San Francisco, Monthly. Indian Services :— Yokkaichi-
Bombay service. Twice a month. South Seas Services : —
A Service, Once in two months ; B Service, Once in two
months. Taiwan Service :—Kobe-Keelung Line, Six or
seven times a month ; Yokohama-Takao Line, Six times a
month ; Coastwise A Line, Six times a month ; Coastwise B
Line, Twice a month. Chosen Services : — Osaka-Chemulpo
Line, Nine times a month ; Osaka-Antung Line, Twice a
MR. K. HORI.
month ; Osaka-Seishiu Line, Twice a month ; Nagasaki-
Dairen Line, Two or four times a month. China
Services : — Yokohama- Dairen Line, Once in twenty-two
days ; Osaka-Dairen Line, Twice in a week ; Osaka-Tsingtao
Line, Twice a month ; Osaka-Tientsin Line, Six times a month;
Hongkong-Keelung Line, Weekly ; Takao-Canton Line,
Fortnightly ; Takao-Tientsin Line, Three times a month ;
Hongkong-Haihong Line, Suspended. Vladivostock Ser-
vices :—T8uruga-Vladivostock Line (direct), Weekly;
Otaru-Vladivostock Line, Once or twice a month. Coast-
wise Services: — Yokohama- Keelung Line, Monthly;
Osaka-Keelung Line, Fortnightly ; Osaka-Okinawa Line,
Eight times a month ; Kagoshima-Naha Line, Six times a
month ; Oshima Line, Six times a mouth ; Osaka-Kago-
shima Line, Every other day; Osaka-Okawa Line, Six
( 380 )
times a month ; Osaka-Sanin Line, Ten times a month ;
Osaka-Shimonoseki Line, Daily; Osaka-Moji Line, Every
other day ; Osaka-Beppu Line, Once in four days ; Osaka-
Inland Sea Line, Daily ; Osaka-Shikoku Line, Daily ;
Osaka-Kochi Line, Daily ; Ujina-Takahama Line, Three
times a day ; Tamashima-Tadotsu Line, Twice a day ;
Osaka-Beppu Line, Once in two days; Hinode-Uwajima
Line, Daily ; Osaka-Tokushima Line, Three times a day ;
Osaka-Tanabe Line, Daily ; Osaka- Katsuura Line, Daily ;
Osaka-Nagoya Line, Daily ; Kochi-Kannoura Line, Daily ;
Kochi-Sukumo Line, Daily ; Tokushima-Wakanoura Line,
Daily.
Besides several extra lines in Europe and Australia
are maintained and almost everywhere in the world the
company's ships are seen.
Though the war in Europe may have been partially
responsible for the recent striking increase in receipts it is,
according to the report of the company, largely the result
of the expansion of the company's operations.
While the income has thus been steadily increased its
running expenses have been kept down as far as possible,
thanks to the prudent management of the board. The re-
sult is a striking increase in the net profit for the past
decade.
The company has its headquarters in Osaka There
are over thirty branch ofiSces both at home and abroad to
undertake local business affairs, which are also placed
under the charge of very able business men. Over a
hundred agencies are also scattered all over the world
where the company's flag is seen.
Especially during the last decade there has been a
steady increase in the company's receipts, which has in its
turn enabled the Board to increase dividend rates. The
reserves and balances have also increased enormously and
their total reached in 1913, 38 per cent, of the paid up
capital.
In the following the receipts and disbursements for the
past five business terms are given to demonstrate how pro-
gressive is the company's business : —
Receipts.
Yen.
Ist half, 1914 9,723,226
2nd half, 1914 9,622,929
1st half, 1915 11,107,593
2nd half, 1915 12,496,033
1st half, 1916 19,230,570
The officials are as follows : —
K. HoRi Esq
J. Yamaoka, Esq
R. Kafuku, Esq
Z. ToYODA, Esq
S. Teranishi, Esq „
R. Tanaka, Esq „
H. Abe, Esq „
T. NoMoro, Esq Auditor.
R. Hanta, Esq „
G. Taro, Esq. ... ,,
Disbursements.
Yen.
6,958,187
6,812,698
7,668,726
8,127,148
10,737,861
President.
Vice-President.
Managing Director.
Director.
TOMISHIMA-GUMI.
(THE TOMISHIMA-GUMI, LTD.)
THE Tomishima-Gumi, one of the greatest ligiitermen
and carrying agents in Osaka, was founded in May,
1884, along with the organization of tl>e Osaka Shosen
Kaisha, for the purpose of handling cargo carried by the
Osaka Shosen Kaisha liners. With the progress of
Japanese shipping, the operations of the Tomishima-Gumi
expanded, and in 1896 a number of branch offices were
founded in Chosen lud along the Inland Sea of Seto.
Immediately before the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese
war, it was converted into a limited partnership, with Mr.
Kamezo Okazaki of the Osaka Shosen Kaisha, as its
President, and its business scope was very much enlarged.
During the following years, the Osaka Shosen Kaisha
incorporated several steamship companies carrying on the
coastwise trade, and expanded its coastwise trade while
steadily enlarging its foreign services. The Tomishima-
Gumi was greatly benefited by this wholesale expansion of
the Osaka Shosen Kaisha's services, and its business scope
was further enlarged, though its organization was modified
several times during that period.
In March, 1908, the Tomishima-Gumi opened a new
departure in business by creating a railway department.
The new section principally handled freight at Osaka
Station. In July of the same year, the lighter service for
the Osaka Shosen Kaisha was monopolized by the company
as the result of a new contract arranged with the Osaka
Shosen Kaisha.
As the company's affairs were enlarged .another reform
( 381 )
was carried out in June, 1916, in the organization of the
company, when it was converted into a joint stock com-
pany with an authorized capital of ¥1,000,000, of which
¥500,000 ia paid up.
the Uwajima Steamship Co., the Awa Kyodo Steamship
Co., the Imperial Army Transportation Corps, the Osaka
Branch of the Accountant Section of the Communications
Department, the Osaka Arsenals, the Osaka military stores,
Lever Brothers of Kobe, the Niitaka Sugar Manufacturing
Co., and other Government offices and private companies,
while handling cargo of all kinds at Osaka and Kobe
wharves.
The following men are employed by the company to
handle this business : —
Office Staff 350
Stevedores 1,200
Lightermen 500
Carriers 250
Tiie company owns 8 launches and 420 lighters in
addition.
The company's head office is situated at No. 60,
Tomijima-cho, Kita-ku, Osaka, branches being opened at
Umeda Station, Osaka; Amagasaki ; Okitsu; the Osaka
Piers, Kobe ; and Hyogo.
Tlie following are the company's officers : —
MR. T. INOUYE.
At present the company acts as carrying, forwarding,
lighter service agents for the Osaka Shosen Kaisha, the
Kagoshima Mail Steamship Co., the Okinawa Koun Co.,
ToRAji Inouye, Esq
KiCHITARO KONO, Esq.
SuYEKiCHi KiDA, Esq,
Matsunosuke Suzuki, Esq.
Itaro Sakai, Esq
Shigeto Nishikaze, Esq. ..
President.
Managing Director.
Director.
Auditor.
TOYO KISEN KAISHA.
(THE ORIENTAL STEAMSHIP CO., LTD.)
PREVIOUSLY to the formation of the Toyo Kisen and sent Mr. Soichiro Asano, to America and England to
Raisha, the San Francisco-Japan service was form a triangular alliance with the P.M.S.S. Co. and the
almost entirely carried on by foreign shipping, but the O. & O. 8 8. Co.
L
S.S. "SHINYO MARU," T.K.K.
promoters of tiiis company recognized the importance of In December, 1898, the Toyo Kisen Kaisha thus
establishing a line under the Japanese flag on the route, organized, succeeded iu placing their two new steamers
( 382 )
Nippon Maru and America Maru, together with tlie Hong-
hong Maru, on the San Francisco-Hongkong route, which
was formerly operated under the mutual management of
the above-mentioned two foreign companies.
DINING SALOON S.S.
'SHINYO MARU," T.K.K.
4
These three steamers were all built in England,
specially for this service and were at that time
superior in speed, size, and accommodation to any vessel
on the Pacific.
The opening of this service by the Toyo Kisen Kaisha
was greatly appreciated by tlie Japanese travelling across
the Pacific, and the Japanese Government soon decided to
grant bounties to the company, to aid the maintenance of
this useful service. Thus the new enterprise proved a
success.
In 1901 an additional line between Hongkong and
Manila was opened with two passenger boats, and then
carried 0.80 per cent, of the travellers between the two
ports.
In 1904 when the Russo-Japanese war broke out, the
company's San Francisco liners were requisitioned by the
Government and converted into auxiliary cruisers, which
participated in many engagements and proved very useful
to the Imperial Navy. The two passenger boats running
on the Hongkong- Manila route were utilized as hospital
ships during the war.
On the conclusion of the war, the company established
a South American regular service between Hongkong,
Kobe, Yokohama, Callao, and Iquique to meet the require-
ments of trade between the East and the Latin republics,
which were then steadily expanding.
While planning for the extension of its service the
company placed an order with the Mitsubishi Dockyard
and Engine Works at Nagasaki, to build three sister ships.
After two years two of them, the Tenyo and the Chiyo,
were ready for service on the Pacific. These two magni-
ficent floating palaces of 21,000 tons each, steaming at the
rate of 21 knots an hour, were then regarded as the finest
bottoms ever seen on the Pacific. The third of them, the
Shinyo Maru, was launched in 1910.
The company also built several tank boats to carry
petroleum from South America. Of these the Buyo Maru
and the Soya Maru are now chartered to oil companies, and
according to tlie latest statement of Mr. Asano, the Pre-
sident, they make a substantial addition to the company's
income.
Recently a new regular service between Hongkong
and Valparaiso via Moji, Kobe, Yokohama, Honolulu,
Manzanillo, Saliua Cruz, Callao, and Iquique has been
opened, under the protection of the Japanese Government.
Since the outbreak of the present European war, the
company has had an extraordinary amount of pros-
perity, owing to all foreign lines being withdrawn from
the San Francisco-Japan route. A disaster befell the finest
of the company's liners, the Chiyo Maru, off Hongkong in
March, 1916. The loss thus suffered, however, has been
speedily made good by the purchase of American bottoms,
thus the company's fleet stands as follows : —
Gross tonnage.
Speed.
Tenyo Maru
13,398.26
20.36
Shinyo Maru
13,039.48
20.23
Anyo Maru
9,256.52
15.50
Kiyo Maiu
9,057.88
14.21
Seyo Maru
6,547.19
13.36
Nippon Maru
5,919.11
17.46
Persia Maru
4,380.84
15.01
Buyo Maru
5,238.15
13.29
Soyo Maiu
4,716.03
12.57
Siberia Maru
18,000.00
19.00
Korea Maru
18,000.00
19.00
MUSIC ROOM S.S. "SHINYO MARU," T.K.K.
The original amount of the company's capital was
¥6,600,000, but with the extension of the business it was
increased, in June, 1908, to ¥13,000,000. In June,
( 383 )
1916, the capital was again enlarged, with the consent of
the shareholders to ¥32,500,000. The company now con-
ducts its business on a much grander scale, having agents and
branch offices at many ports and cities in the East and
West, while it keeps in constant connection with the prin-
cipal steamship companies and railways in Europe and
America.
The company's officers are as follows : —
SoiCHiRO AsANO, Esq President
Heizaburo Okawa, Esq. ...
Baron Kihachiro Okura
MoTOJiRo Shiraishi, Esq.
SuKETADA Ito, Esq
KiYosHiQE Nakajima, Esq.
Ryozo Asano, Esq
RiNNOsuKE Yamanaka, Esq.
Yasubei Konishi, Esq. ...
Shuzo Tsukahaba, Esq. ...
Director
Auditor
UCHIDA KISEN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE UCHIDA STEAMSHIP CO.. LTD.)
ME. UCHIDA 8HINYA. after his graduation from
the Tokyo Higher Commercial School, in 1905
joined the Mitsui Bussan Kaisha, and held a responsible
MR. S. UCHIDA.
position in the firm up to the outbreak of the present war
in Europe. He left this firm as soon as the war broke out,
and commenced a shipping business of his own.
The new undertaking was a great success. The Uchida
Steamship Co., which vias organized by him declared a divi-
dend of 60 per cent, at the end of the first business term.
The Uchida Steamship Co. has its head office at No.
14, Maye-machi, Kobe, and either runs its ships for its own
use or charters them to other steamship companies. Among
its regular charterers are the Mitsui Bussan Kaisha, the
Mitsubishi Co., Furukawa & Co., the Masudaya, the
Hokkaido Tanko Kisen Kaisha, the Nippon Yuseu Kaisha,
the Osaka Shosen Kaisha, Waterhouse & Co., and other
leading shipping concerns.
The fleet of the Uchida Steamship Co. is as follows : —
Tons.
Unkai Maru, II.
... 6,300
Europe Maru, II.
... 4.750
Aikoku Maru
... 4,700
Taisho Maru
... 4,500
Urusan Maru
... 3,500
Kyodo Maru, XIII.
.. 2,700
Sorachi Maru
... 2.100
The company has a new boat, of 8,000 tons, completed
in 1916, and another of 7,000 tons will be ready by the end
of 1917.
Mr. Uchida has also started the Sanyu Shokai for the
purpose of carrying on the export and import trade.
The officers are as follows : —
S. Uchida, Esq President.
T. IsHiNO, Esq Director.
T. Kasahara, Esq „
H. Kurasawa, Esq Auditor.
S. KuBOTA, Esq Adviser.
( 384 )
SPIMMING AND TEXTIL.ES SBOTIOIN.
SENJU SEUUSHO.
(THE SENJU ARMY WOOLLEN CLOTH FACTORY.)
THIS is one of the oldest woollen cloth factories in
Japan. It was organized in March, 1876. In
June of the following year, a large plot of ground was
purchflsed, now the site of the mill, in Senju, a suburb of
PAYMASTER MAJOR-GENERAL
T. KATO.
Tokyo. In July the same year the construction of the
workshops was inaugurated. It was in September, 1879,
however, that the mill commenced operations under the
control of the Ministry of Home Affairs.
Two years after the commencement of operations,
the mill was transferred to the charge of the Department of
Agriculture and Commerce, and served as a model foi
similar enterprises among business men. In July, 1888,
when the woollen industry began to spring up in this
country, the mill was once more transferred to the charge
of the War OfSce, since when the production of army goods
has been its speciality.
Under the control of the War Office the mill made a
large extension immediately after the Chino-Japanese war,
as then the Army was much enlarged and its requirement
of woollen clothing was greatly increase. A large plot of
ground adjacent to the mill was purchased, and a number
of large factories were built. It was in March, 1901, that
the extensions thus beguu were completed.
The following year a dyeing mill was erected, to dye
the wool before it was woven.
The mill has a capital of ¥1,000,000 and is managed
by a Director, a Commissioner, three Experts, two Army
Surgeons, an Attache, thirteen assistant Experts, and a
number of lower grade employees. The whole premises
cover an area of 32,406 tsubo.
The plant is worked by steam, electricity, and gas.
For the purpose of generating power, five steam engines,
twenty-five electric motors, and a gas engine are used.
These machines combined have a capacity of over two
thousand horse power.
The manufactured articles include all qualities and
grades required for the clothing of officers and men, such
as brown blankets, brown or khaki clothing for officers
and soldiers, black clothing, khaki thin cloth, red cloth,
and cloth for the manufacture of gaiters.
The raw materials are principally purchased in
Australia through Japanese buying agents.
Domestic wool is also used by tiie mill, but the total
volume used does not amount to a large figure, not being
more than 16,215 Ibs.^ China and i Mongolian^ wool isTlso"
THE SENJU ARMY WOOLLEN CLOTH
FACTORY TOKYO.
used, it being purchased principally at Tientsin through the
Mitsui Bussan Kaijha, Okura & Co., and Takeuchi & Co.
Mongolian wool is also purchased at Newchwaug through
Mr. Denzo Kataya, who has an office there.
( 380 )
ASHIKAGA ORIMONO DOGYO KUMIAI.
(THE ASHIKAGA TEXTILE FABRICS AND TEXTILE GUILD.)
ASHIKAGA is renowned in the industrial history of
Japan. In the reign of the Emperor Kimraei, over
1370 years ago, there was produced a kind of woollen fabric
named " Keraushiro" or "Shimotsuke no Karaoshika-ori."
On the entry into Japan of the western yarn in the Ausei
Era (1854-1859) the factories in these districts used it for
tlie weaving of cloths. In the era of Manyen (1860) the
dealers concerned opened the way for the export of silk
crapes of wide width, taffeta, etc., through foreign mer-
chants in Yokohama. The export of textiles, which came
to a standstill in the time of the restoration, was success-
fully restored, and since then textiles of Ashikaga gradunliy
increased both in production and exports until they have
become one of the staple exports of the nation. The exports
for 1915 amounted to as many as 1,000,000 pieces valued
at over ¥5,000,000.
In 1875, there came into existence in Ashikaga an
organ called the Asliikaga Kogyo Association. Later it
was called tlie Commercial and Industrial Association, and
then the Textile Industry Guild. The details of the mem-
bers of the guild at the end of 1915 are as follows : —
Dealers in export silk fabrics 20
Dealers in export cotton fabric 30
Manufacturers of textile fabrics for home consumption 767
Purchasing firms 17
Dealers in filature 37
Dealers in cotton yarn 10
Dealers in dye-stuffs 12
Dyeing houses 328
Readjusting firms 193
Commission merchants 88
Total 150
The guild has been developing year by year, using
every effort for the promotion of local industries. The
principal woiks of the guild are:— (1) The inspection of
mercliandise ; (2) To control and educate operatives and
other employees, and to encourage them in their works, and
care for their health ; (3) Removal of evils in the business ;
(4) Extension of the market ; (5) Investigation and inspec-
tion of affairs regarding the business ; (6) Protection and
promotion of the riglits and interests of the members ; (7)
Development and spread of knowledge concerning the busi-
ness ; (8) Business in connection with exhibitions both at
home and abroad. The inspection of goods, especially those
to be exported, which is of supreme importance, receives
strict attention by the guild.
TOCHIGI PREFECTURE EXPORT SILK
INSPECTION BUREAU.
This bureau carries out the inspection of export silks
in accordance with the ordinance issued by the Department
of Agriculture and Commerce. The inspection is conducted
according to the warps and woofs, weights being fixed by
taking strands from among the export fabrics, taffeta,
" kaiki," " kobaikaiki," " hirakohaku," etc. The articles
are divided into many classes according to the points above
THE ASHIKAGA TKXTILE FABRICS AJsD TEXTILE
GUILD OFFICE AND MR. K. SEKITA.
mentioned. There are also regulations to be observed in
the ins])ection of other kinds of fabrics strictly proiiibitirig
an artificial increase ol weights.
Inspection is also made of the readjusted fabrics.
Those passing this last inspection are stamped with the
names of the cloths and weights. The same metliod is ap-
plied to those not included in the standard fabrics All
fabrics passing the inspection are stamped "Passed Silk."
According to the latest returns the result of a year's in-
spection shows that out of the total of 36,012 pieces only
2,744 passed. This speaks volumes for the strictness of the
inspection.
( 386 )
ASHIKAGA ORIMONO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE ASHIKAGA TEXTILE CO., LTD.)
'T^HE Ashikaga Textile Co. is situated at No. 1157,
Fukui, Mikuri-mura, Ashikaga-gori, in Tochigi
prefecture. The company was organized in May, 1913,
with a capital of ¥250,000.
The company consists of tliree departments, namely.
The annual output amounts to about 200,000
shaku (one piece 2 ehaku x 20 yards) valued at
¥500,000.
Formerly the market abroad had been limited to
Australia and the South Sea Islands. Since, however, the
'<^l£:^itfC~'
iH^
FACTORY OF THE ASHIKAGA TEXTILE CO.
Weaving Department, Preparing Department and Warping outbreak of the European war large orders have come from
Department. The first is equipped with 120 sets of Toyoda the U.S.A., which is now the principal destination, holding
looms, the second with six sets of machines for twisting yarn out a favourable prospect for the future,
with 2140 spindles and two sets of spooling machines, and The goods are divided into six classes, viz: Special
THE WEAVING DEPARTMENT.
the third witii one sizing machine, three warping machines,
five winding machines and five other machines.
Besides, the works are provided with two steam engines
and one electric motor of 70 horse-power.
THE THROWING DEPARTMENT.
superiority. Improved first class. Improved third class,
second class. New fourth class and Fourth class. Besides
these, the works are ready at all times to manufacture
special cloths according to orders.
( 387 )
ASHIKAGA YORIITO KABUSHIXI KAISHA.
(MOHAN KOJO.)
(ASHIKAGA THROWN SILK CO, LTD.)
' I 'HE works are situated at Asbikaga-machi, Ashikaga-
gori, Tochi prefecture. The companj was organized
in 1903 with machines leased by the Department of Agri-
culture and Commerce, taking the form of a partnership.
Later the company was transformed into a joint stock
woof for crepe, thrown silks, cotton and hair, fancy yarn, etc.
Besides these, the company is always ready to manu-
facture any kinds of articles according to requirements of
local weavers or orders sent from other districts.
The market covers, first, Kotsuke and Shimotsuke
If**:
THE ASHIKAGA THROWN SILK CO.
company capitalized at ¥150,000. Macliines representing
10,000 spindles are now in operation.
Specialities : — Thrown silks of various descriptions for
the use of warp and woof, kabe thrown silks, thrown silks for
provinces, followed by prefectures of Ishikawa, Fukui,
Toyama, Yamagata and Niigata.
The articles have of late years found a market abroad,
and the demand is steadily increasing.
MR. IWAIDA GENZO.
A /r R. IWAIDA'S STORE is at AshikHga-raachi,
Ashikaga-gori, Tochigi prefecture. Perceiving
that the export of cotton fabrics was full of promise Mr.
Iwaida in 1880 opened a market abroad. The present
prosperity of the export of textiles produced in these
districts is largely due to his efiTorts. Having many con-
nections with works in the neigiibouring districts he is in a
position to gather and supply articles of superior quality to a
considerable extent.
He handles all kinds of export cotton cloths produced
in these districts, amounting to ¥800,000 yearly. The
principal destinations are India, Australia, the Southern
Islands, America, Great Britain, China and South America.
He has a branch office at No. 12, 1-chome, Sakaicho,
Yokohama.
With a view to extending tlie market abroad he
dispatched representatives to British India and to the
Southern Islands and Australia. As a result, he has not
only largely extended the market but also greatly enhanced
the reputation of the goods.
( 388 )
MR. KATSUKURA MOKICHT.
M
R. KATSUKURA'S firm is situated at Ashikaga-
machi, Ashikaga-gori, Tocliigi prefecture, and
MR. M. KATSUKURA.
is chiefly engaged in tlie manufacture, sale and export of
cotton corrugated cloths. The business was inaugurated in
1885. The firm consists of two sections, namely: Manu-
facturing Department and Commission Department. The
business of the latter consists in gathering and dispersing
goods of superior quality by having connections with the
producers of corrugated cloths all over the land. The
Branch Office at Sakai-cho, Yokohama deals in the export
articles.
Principal goods handled by tlie firm are cotton
corrugated cloths, cloths miide from a mixture of cotton
and silk, mogusa, yvzen, figured, striped and plain cloths,
etc., and Mmono, shirts, vests and other underwear.
Goods handled, inclusive of the firm's own manu-
factures amount yearly to ¥600,000. Leading destinations
are Great Britain, America, the Southern Islands, Aust-
ralia, India, Russia and China.
MR. KAWASHIMA KYUBEI.
^ I "'HIS firm is located at Ashikaga-machi, Ashikaga-gori,
Tochigi prefecture. It was organized in 1886 by
the late Mr. Kawashima for tlie manufacture of cotton
corrugated cloths, the export of which promised a very
bright future. The present progress of the cotton industry
in these districts is largely attributable to his efiorts, in
acknowledgement of which the Government conferred post-
humous honour upon him.
Under the management of the present principal, many
improvements have been efl^ected until now the articles
enjoy an excellent reputation on the world's market. The
firm has been awarded medals of high honour from many
exhibitions both at home and abroad. Since the reign of
the late Emperor Meiji it has had commands by the
Department of the Imperial Household. When Prince
Arthur of Connaught visited Japan his Royal Highness
lionoureii the firm with large orders. The firm liad also
MUSUME 5 FAN BRAND
EXTRA QUALITY
TRADE MARK.
then the honour of presenting samples to the court of Great
Britain.
( 389 )
KIMURA ASASHICHI ORIMONO KOJO.
(A. KIMURA & GO.)
' I 'HE fame of A. Kimura & Co. is widely known
throughout the world and the goods turned out
enjoy an excellent reputation abroad. This wide-spread fame
HEAD OFFICE OF KIMURA & CO.
is associated with the late Mr. Asashichi Kimura, father of
the present Director of the company, who organized the
factories. He was a pioueer exporter of cotton piece goods
in the country. When the present Emperor (then Crown
Prince) made a tour in these districts His Royal Highness
honoured the works with a personal inspection. Already
half a century lias elapsed since tlie works started the
manufacture of silk goods in addition to cotton piece goods.
The business is steadily developing under the able manage-
ment of Messrs. Asashichi Kimura and Yahiko Kimura, who
have both inherited a rare ability. Being large in scope
and perfect in accommodation the works are looked upon as
model factories and the manufactures are renowned for their
exquisite quality.
Silk goods turned out by the works comprise taffeta,
crepe de chine, satin, kailci.
The Yokohama Branch handles, besides these goods,
habutaye, cotton corrugated cloths, etc.
They are extensively exported to Europe, America,
Australia, India and other countries, enjoying a good reputa-
tion in every market and tlie demands are greatly increasing.
The managers have often made a tour of inspection abroad
to keep abreast of the times. The works have been awarded
medals of the higliest honour for their products by many
exhibitions both iit home and abrniid.
Establislied : — 1835. Head Office and Factories: —
Ashikaga-machi, Tocliigi prefecture. Branch (Export
Departii ent): — No. 79, Tokiwa-cho, Gochome, Yokohama.
Asashichi Kimuka, Ecq .Managing Director.
Yahiko Kimura, Esq „
INTERIOR OF THE SECOND FACTORY.
Banking Correspondents: — Mitsui Bank, Specie Bank
(both in Yokohama), Ashikaga Bank, Shijti Bank (Both
in Ashikaga).
Annual transaction of goods over ¥1,000,000
( 390 )
MR. MASUZAWA SAGENJI.
A /TR. MASUZAWA'S STORE is situated at Ashi-
kaga-machi, Ashikaga-gori, Tochigi prefecture.
The store was established in 1903 by the present principal,
who is a graduate of the Commercial Department of the
Waseda University. Having connections with many
factories he handles goods of superior quality. They com-
prise cotton corrugated cloths, fabrics made from a mixture
of cotton and silk and various other kinds of cloth, shirts,
kimonos, and other manufactured articles. These goods
amount yearly to ¥500,000. Their destinations are Great
Britain, the United States, Australia, the Southern Islands,
India and other places. There are two branch ofiSces, one
located at 5-chome, Yawata-dori, Kobe, and the other at
6-chome, Hon-cho, Yokohama.
MRS. OKAJIMA KOTO.
M
RS. OKAJIMA'S FACTORY is located at Yama-
saki Villagp, Ashikaga-gori, Tochigi prefecture.
MRS. OKAJIMA'S FACTORY.
It was opened in September, 1890, chiefly for the manu-
facture of habutaye. In 1894 the manufacture of habutaye
was given up in favour of gloss silks of superior quality for
exportation. Since the death of Mr. Tadasuke Okajima, in
1896, the business has been carried on by Mrs. Okajima.
The workshops are chiefly engaged in manufacturing figured
satin, figured taffeta, etc., the annual production amounting
to 5,500 pieces, valued at ¥126,000. The articles are
exported chiefly to Europe, America, British India through
the house of Sowa & Co., Tokyo and Yokohama.
The firm has been awarded medals of high honour by
many exhibitions both at home and abroad.
RYOYA SENSHOKU SEIRI KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE RYOYA DYEING AND READJUSTING CO., LTD.)
THE Ryoya Dyeing and Readjusting Co., Ltd., is
situated at No. 1,115, Yamashita Yamasaki-
mura, Ashikaga-gori, Tochigi prefecture. The company
was organized in March, 1900, with a capital of ¥35,000
under the form of a limited partnership. The capital
was increased to ¥100,000 in May, 1907, and on
January 31st, 1913, the company was reorganized into a
joint stock company. The business of the company consists
in the dyeing and readjusting of cloths and the manufacture
of various fabrics.
The company declares a dividend on shares at 10 per
cent, per annum.
THE RYOYA DYEING AND READJUSTING CO.
( 391 )
MR. SAKURAI SHINROKU.
MR. SAKURAI'S firm, established in 1896, is
situated at Ashikaga-machi, Ashikaga-gori,
Tochigi prefecture. The works are situated at 2-chome
Ashikaga-machi. The manufactures comprise cotton
corrugated cloths, cotton cloths, cloths woven with a
mixture of cotton and silk, printed cotton, yuzen (kind of
silk crape) and underwear. The total production amounts
to ¥1,000,000 yearly.
Connections : — The Masuda Gomel Kaisha and Mogi
Gomel Kaisha, both of Yokohama, and leading foreign
houses at Kobe and Yokohama.
Destinations : — U.S.A., Great Britain, Australia, the
Southern Islands, India, China, South America, etc.
Mr. Sakurai is indefatigable in his efforts to improve
and develop his business, and is pushing his manufactures
not only on the home market, but also in foreign countries.
MR. S. SAKURAI.
MR. SHINDO YUJI.
TV /r R. SHINDO'S factory is located at AshikHga-machi,
■'■-*■ Ashikaga-gori, Tochigi prefecture. Though es-
tablished in 1913, it has already won for itself a good
reputation in tiie cotton corrugated cloth industry by the
THROWING DEPARTMENT.
manufacture of goods of superior quality. Specialities
comprise cotton corrugated cloths, cloths made of a mixture
of cotton and silk, figured cloths and various kinds of
underwear, The annual output is ¥300,000. Thanks to
the efforts made for the improvement of the article the firm
has been awarded medals of merit by many exhibitions held
in recent years. Moreover it is every year given orders by
the Department of the Imperial Household.
WEAVING DEPARTMENT.
The princif^l agent of the factory is the Ezoye Co.,
Tokyo. Mr. Shindo recently dispatciied one of his relatives
to Manchester for the purpose of acquiring technical
knowledge in order to improve the lines of his business.
( 392 )
FUJI GASU BOSEKI KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE FUJIGASU SPINNING CO., LTD.)
THE company was founded in 1896, and originally
called the Fuji Cotton Spinning Co., Ltd. Its first
mill was erected at Oyama on tiie Tokaido Railway, with
28,256 cotton yarn spindles, and 5,940 silk yarn spindles.
Oyama was then a small villnge in the Hakone Mountains,
but it was singularly suited for the site of the mill. It
afforded every transportation facility for the company,
being very close to the Tokaido main line, while the
company was able to utilize the water power which was
abundant at the base of Mount Fuji. ;
As stated by Mr. Toyoji Wada, the President of the
company, in his recent speech, the company was confronted
with many difficult problems at first, as in n-action to the
post-war boom, the cotton trade experienced depression, and
a fearful glut was felt in the market. Owing to Mr. Wada's
has been especially rapid and remarkable. At Oyama the
company's mills have increased to five, and at Kawasaki
and Hodogaya three mills have been completed. The
company also has mills at Onagigawa, Oshima-machi and
Osiiiage in Tokyo, which were all previously owned by the
amalgamated companies.
Steadily developing its scope of business the company
has now become one of the largest concerns of its kind in
Japan. At these various mills 292,168 cotton yarn spindles,
71,028 cotton throwing spindles, 62,040 silk spinning
spindles, and 1,774 looms are at work day and night. When
the present plan of extension is carried out the number of
spindles will be largely increased. During these years the com-
pany has endeavoured to develope its hydro-electric business
step by step, either by enlarging the company's own plant or
PART OF THE OYAMA WORKS OF THE FUJIGASU SPINNING CO.
indefatigable endeavours, these problems were solved and
in the latter months of 1902 the whole business losses
previously incurred were made good, and for the first time
since the foundation of the company the shareholders were
given a return on their investment.
The company then began its steady expansion, both by
amalgamating existing companies and enlarging its plants.
In 1902, the plant of the Oyama Mill was enlarged by the
installation of 11,600 more spindles. The following year
the Onagigawa Cotton Textile Company, and the Japan
Silk and Cotton Spinning Company were amalgamated.
After three years the amalgamation of the Tokyo Gased
Yarn Spinning Company was carried out, and the present
title of the company was adopted.
During the past few years the expansion of the company
by amalgamating other companies. In 1907 the Urushida
Power House was completed and after two years the Mine
Power House was built. In 1911 the Sugawa Power Station
and the Tokyo Transmission Line were all completed, and
the company's electric business witnessed a remarkable
extension. 1914 saw another extension in the company's
electric plant, for then the company amalgamated the Sagami
Water Power Co., and set about erecting two power stations
at Yamakita. All these plants at present can generate
27,700 horse power, of which 7,000 horse power is used by
the company itself, while the remainder is sold to a number
of industrial companies.
The company has an authorised capital of ¥18,000,000
of which figure ¥13,000,000 is paid up. The financial
position of the company is very sound and stable. At the
( 393 )
end of June, 1916, the company's reserves stood at ¥5,330,000
and the fixed capital was redeemed to the extent of
¥3,240,000. The ratio of net profit to the paid up capital
is also steadily rising, and at the end of the same term a
substantial sum was left after distributing dividends at 16
per cent, per annum.
lu the following the latest balance sheet of the company
is reproduced for the purpose of better illustrating the
financial position of the concern : —
BALANCE SHEET.
Liabilities.
Yen.
Capital Subscribed 18,000,000.000
f 160,000 Shares of ¥50.00 fully paid. 1
1200,000 „ „ 25.00 paid. \
Yen.
General Reserves 1,983,522.090
Special Reserves 1,160,000.000 3,148,522.090
Dividends unclaimed 6,657.356
Debentures 3,000,000.000
Due to Banks on a/c. of
acceptances 2,121,111.430 5,121,111.430
Bills Payable 909,21)9.100
Open Accounts for Raw
Materials, and Purchases
outstanding 772,039.701
Sundry Balances 163,300.310
Deposits of Employees and
Openitives 257,743.721 2,102,292.835
Guarantee Funds of Em-
ployees and Operatives ... 203,384.330
Funds for promoting Em-
ployees and Operatives'
Welfare 150,589.660
Mutual Benefit Funds ... 86,966.390
Hibiya Donation in aid of
the bereaved families of
Employees and Operatives. 100,000.000 540,940.380
Balance brought forward
from last accouut 1,299,529.000
Net Profit 2,268,636693
Total... 32,482,689.784
Yen.
Yen.
5,939.870
Assets.
Yen.
5.000,000.000
Capital uncalled
Land, AVaterways, Roads, Yen.
Bridges etc 4,452,411.481
Buildings 3,801,322.395
Machinery 12,814,278.325
Tools and Furniture 204,461.745 21,272,473.946
Patents
Account for Extension of
Mills and other Plants ... 1,091,362.992
Raw Materials 3,444,942.301
Goods in process 408,532.187
Manufactured Goods, Waste,
etc 62,204.470
Coal and Stores 194,041.588 4,109,720.546
Sundry Debtors 144,059.041
Advance to Operatives on a/c
of Wages, Retail Shops etc. 96,576.329
Sundry Balances 151,509.550
Bills Receivable 30,410.120
Government Bonds and other
Securities 224.984.750 647,539.790
Cash at Bankers 354,953.920
Cash in hand 698 720 355.652.640
Total 32.482,689.784
The company's future greatness is well assured. Its
principal features are : No. 1. That it utilizes cheap hydro-
electric power as motive power at its mills, while ofisetting
the possible fluctuations in the spinning business with the
stability of power supplying enterprises. No. 2. That the
spinning of waste silk its conducted at its Hodogaya Mill
for the purpose of capturing the market for manufactured
silk in India, Europe, and America. No. 3. That the
bleaching of yarns and textiles is effected with electricity.
No. 4. That a combing plant is worked to produce the
finest yarns in the market and imports are checked. No. 5.
That the enterprises of the company are systematiaed, and
even extensions are planned on a fixed line. No. 6. That
the plants of the company consist of machines of the latest
patterns and are ideally complete, and No. 7. That the
company distributes a portion of its profit among its
employees.
The company's head office is situated at Oshima-machi,
Minami-Katsushika-gori, Tokyo-fu, where the general
affairs of the concern are supervised.
The board officers now consist of the following business
men : —
ToYOJi Wada, Esq President.
Shigezumi Takahashi, Esq. ... Managing Director.
Dr. Tatsumi Mochida „ „
EisuKE Kawasaki, Esq Director.
RiHEi Inanobe, Esq „
Kaisaku Morimura, Esq. „
KUMPEI MiMURA, Esq ,
Koreteru Fujii, Esq Auditor.
Yozo Ito, Esq
JusuKE Yuyama, Esq „
( 394 )
FUKUSHIMA HABUTAI
(THE FUKUSHIMA
"T^HE Fukushima Habutai Co. is situated at No. 3,
■*■ Siiimokama, Fukushima prefecture. The company
is engaged in the manufacture and adjusting of export silks,
comprising habutai, silk crepes, kabe crepes, taffela, etc.
For the manufacture of habutai, the company's works are
unrivalled in Japan. For perfection in equipment, for the
r
KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
HABUTAI CO., LTD.)
the machines are of the latest pattern, and skilled hands are
provided for the purpose, so that the finished habutai is
pure silk and perfect in every respect, including the dyeing.
The company is not surpassed in the superior quality of the
finished article. The above given trade mark is widely
known both at home and abroad. The company has many
agents in Yokohama, including Yui & Co. at No. 72,
Shichome, Ota-machi, and all direct exporters.
Honours : — In September of 1907, the company was
honoured by H.I.H. the Crown Prince, now the Emperor,
with his visit, and in August of 1908 by H.I.H. Prince
Arisugawa-no-Miya. In September, 1910 the company was
awarded a gold medal by tlie Anglo-Japanese Exhibition,
and in 1914 the gold medal by the Panama Pacific Inter-
national Exposition. In October, 1915 the Company had
the honour of a visit from H.I.H. Prince Kan-in-no-Miya.
NIHONMATSU BRANCH FACTORY.
adjustment and finishing of the cloth, the company makes it
a principle to meet every requirement of the customers.
The works are provided with about 600 sets of the latest
type of machines which turn out, yearly, 168,000 pieces of
cloth measuring 3,000,000 yards in length. They are
divided according to widths and weights, as 20", 23", 27",
36" and 45" and from 3 to 10 momme. The company is at
any time ready to excecute orders for all kinds of habutai,
such as Kawamata, Kaga, Echizen, etc.
In manufacturing the silks every care is taken in the
selection of the best of materials, and no effort is spared
t;I)rough the rest of the process. As for the finished article
FUKUSHIMA HABUTAI CO.
PORTION OF THE WEAVING DEPARTMENT.
( 395 )
ISEZAKI ORIMONO DOGYO KUMIAI.
(THE ISEZAKI TEXTILE FABRICS AND TEXTILE GUILD.)
AT Isezaki, Gumma prefecture, where the famous
Isezaki textile goods are produced, the weaving
industry was inaugurated two centuries ago, when it was
conducted by farmers as their side business. Wild silk
and douppion silk, which were produced in the district, in
fairly large quantities, and for dyestuffs, only juices of
some grasses and plants were employed. Tlie piece goods
thus produced were veritable hoaie-spun tissues which
were most durable and at the same time quaintly-tinted.
During the first quarter of the 19th century the de-
mand for Isezaki piece goods developed in Yedo, and this
encouraged farmer- weavers to devote themselves entirely to
this line of business Thus the industry in the district
began to assume a definitive system, and great improve-
ments were introduced in the designs, printing, dyeing, and
weaving of Isezaki goods. Brokers and wholesale dealers
also opened up business in this district, and in their turu
helped tlie line to develop.
The tradition of the early days was still maintained,
and the tissues were mostly woven of douppion or, wild
silk, thus retaining the appearance or characteristics of
home-spun goods. Only during the last quarter of tlie 19th
century, spun silk was adopted as warps, to give an even
surface to tissues, though objections were raised by some
conservative weavers.
A sign of deterioration was evidenced in Isezaki goods
as the result of imported aniline dyes and the leaders of the
industry in the district were greatly distressed to find the
demand for Isezaki goods falling off. Solely for the purpose
of preventing the production of inferior goods, a corpora-
tion was started by them in 1881, which was the beginning
of the Isezaki Textile Fabrics and Textile Guild and it has
done much good to the industry in the district.
The corporation founded a kind of school in order to
teach the use of chemical dyestuffs, at the same time
enforcing a strict regulation, which restricted the use of
inferior silk. Encouraging the production of newly-
devised tissues and designs, the association also exercised
rigid supervision over weavers and prevented the produc-
tion of inferior articles.
After many fluctuations the scope of the guild
and its activity has gradually increased, and not only
weavers but silk suppliers, dyestuff merchants, brokers, and
others who are more or less connected with the industry,
are all included in the guild, and the number of its
members amounts to more than 30,000. The guild
exercises supervision over the supply of silk, dyestuffs,
and other raw materials used by local, weavers, and prevents
the use of inferior goods, also enforces strict conditioning,
and unless the severe tests are gone through, no goods are
allowed to be supplied to the market. Accordingly a
uniform standard of excellence is maintained in all kinds
of tissues produced in the district.
THE ISEZAKI TEXTILE FABLiCS AND TEXTILE GUILD.
MR. E. YADA. MR. I. TAGAYA.
(President). (Director and
Expert).
The descriptions of tissues produced in this district are
fixed by the guild and no one in the district can turn
out goods of a different quality. The production of better
goods are, however, not discouraged, but every year a
competitive exhibition is held, and as a result new additions
are made to the local production, which at present includes
many descriptions of silk piece goods, and some kinds of
mixed good^,
The Isezaki goods are not only supplied to the domestic
market, but exported largely to Qliosen, China, Manchuria,
and the South Seas,
( 896 )
JOMO MOSURIN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE JOMO MUSLIN CO., LTD.)
T'
*HIS company is one of the leading muslin mills, and
known as one of the most progre.ssive concerns in
this country. It was founded on quite a small scale in
June, 1893, by some business men in Tatebayashi, Gumma
prefecture, where the company is still situated. At first it
was called the Mousselaine de Laine Weaving Co., and its
capital was not more than ¥10,000.
In 1900 the company was reorganized and made a
joint stock company, with a capital of ¥20,000, and for the
first time it assumed the style of the Jomo Muslin Co., Ltd.
Five years later the business had grown so much, that the
capital was doubled, and new looms were installed. However,
the scope of the business was still small, tlie annual produc-
tion being slightly over 500,000 yards.
After the Russo-Japanese war everything was favour-
able for this line of business. Among other things the
import tarifi" was remodelled, and great protection was
accorded to muslin weavers in this country. The manage-
ment of the company took advantage of the situation, and
increased the company's capital to ¥1,000,000, planning to
undertake woollen spinning and muslin weaving. This
plan proved a success, and a further extension of the
concern was necessary in 1912. The Woollen Yarn and
Muslin Co. was then amalgamated, and the capital reached
a point of ¥4,000,000.
The mill was originally situated at Saya-cho, Tate-
bayashi, Gumma prefecture, but later it was moved to the
old castle ground in the town, and the plant was completely
remodelled, being driven with gag. The branch mill at
Gifu, Gifu prefecture, was completed in 1914, where a new
and powerful plant has been installed.
According to the latest report the plants of the two
mills consist of 38,400 spindles and 1,020 weaving looms.
Accordingly tho annual production of these mills is
20,000,000 yards of muslin, and 3,000.000 kin of woollen
spun yarns.
During the recent years muslin weavers liave been
distressed by the instability of the raw material supply,
and the sharp fluctuations in prices. The Jomo Muslin Co.
lias been no exception to the general rule, but owing to tlie
timely attempt on the part of the board to adopt the weav-
ing of mixed goods, which are in great demand in tliis
country, the company has been able to make a very good
showing in business.
The company has its head oflice at Tatebayashi,
Gumma prefecture, but its sales departments are kept at
No. 17, Sumiyoshi-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo, and No. 3,
4-chome Bingo-machi, Higashi-ku, Osaka, where every-
thing relating to the sale of products is managed.
The company has the following Directors : —
Kaichiro Nezu, Esq President.
HisAO Matsuo, Esq Managing Director.
KuMASABURO SuGiMUKA, Esq. ... Director.
KiiCHiRO Chiqira, Esq „
Ihei Nakajima, Esq „
RiiCHiRO Kagami, Esq „
Yazayemon Saito, Esq Auditor.
JuNKiCHi Tamuba, Esq. Manager.
( 397 )
KANEGAFUCHI BOSEKI KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE KANEGAFUCHI SPINNING CO., LTD.)
THE Kanagafuchi Spinning Co., Ltd., was organized in
May, 1887, (the present first mill attached to the
head office in Tokyo) with a capital of ¥1,000,000 and
29,000 spindles. In 1893 the second mill was established.
In June of 1895, a branch (the present first mill), was
opened in Hyogo. In September, 1899, tlie company
purchased the Shanghai Spinning Co., Ltd., (the present
second works in Hyogo). The second month the company
amalgamated with the Kashu Spinning Co., Ltd., (now tiie
Suminodo Branch). The following month the company
purchased the Shibajima Spinning Co., Ltd., (now the
Nakajima Branch) and in December of the same year, the
Awaji Spinning Co., Ltd., (now the first works of Sumoto).
FRONT GATE OF THE KANEGAFUCHI bPliNiNiiNG
FACTORY, TOKYO.
In October, 1902, the company purchased the Kyushu
Spinning Co., Ltd., (now the Miike, Kurume and Kumamoto
Branches), and the Nakatsu Spinning Co., Ltd., 'now the
Nakatsu Branch). The succeeding month the company
amalgamated with the Hakata Silk and Cotton Spinning Co.,
Ltd., (now the Hakata Branch). As the result of these
extentions to the business, the capital and spindles amounted
to ¥6,803,400 and 218,080 respectively.
An August, 1905, the company established a textile test
house, in the premises of the Hyogo Branch. In January
of 1907, the capital was doubled. In October of the same
year, it was again increased by ¥2,400,000 for the purchase
of the Japan Silk and Cotton Spinning Co., Ltd. In June
of 1908, the company built the third works (gas-yarn mill)
in the premises of the Tokyo Office, and the first branch of
the Kyoto works. In March of 1909, the second mill of the
Kyoto Branch was opened, and in May of the same year the
second works of the Sumoto Branch. Both branches were
formerly owned by the Nippon Silk and Cotton Spinning Co.,
Ltd. The cloths mill at Nakatsu and cotton yarn spinning
mill at Takasago were inaugurated in July, 1909, and
October of the same year respectively. In May and Septem-
ber, 1910, the third works at Hyogo and at Hakata were
put into operation. In March, 1911, the company combined
with the Silk Yarn Spinning Co., Ltd. In April, 1912, the
textile test house (gas calico weaving mill) at Tokyo was put
in operation. On the 10th December, 1913, the company
bought the Asahi Spinning and Weaving Co., Ltd., (now the
Osaka Branch), which has been put in working order.
The following is an outline of the latest returns of the
company : —
Yen.
Capital subscribed 17,427,650.00
Capital unpaid 2,461,020.00
Reserves 8,370,940.00
Rate of dividend on shares 12 per cent.
Special dividend 4 „
Cotton yarn spindles 447,564
Looms (for both silk and cotton) ... 6,979
Silk thread spindles 62,032
Specialities : — Cotton yarn of various descriptions,
silk thread, cotton cloths, silk cloths.
The company has the following Directors : —
u ly w ( President and
Heizaemon Hibiya, Esq. ...
Sanji Muto, Esq
Masazdmi Fuji, Esq
Ryokichi Naqao, Esq.
Takeshi Yamaguchi, Esq....
Jdnichi Nagae, Esq
HiSAKiCHi Mayeyama, Esq.
Yaso Yamaguchi, Esq.
Bin Hiraya, Esq
HiROTA Nozaki, Esq
KUNINOSUKE, KlYOOKA, Esq.
Zbnzaburo Yasuda, Esq. ...
YosHiBUMi Murota, Esq. ...
( Director.
Managing Director.
Director.
Auditor.
( 398 )
KIRYU ORIMONO DOGYO KUMIAI.
(THE KIRYU TEXTILE FABRICS AND TEXTILE GUILD.)
" T,^ IRYU " drapery is the general name for all classes
-^^ and grades of goods produced at " Kiryu " and
suburbs, Yamada-gori, Gumma prefecture. The line of
industry was initiated in the district in the middle ages, but
it was toward the close of the 17th century that it commenced
to develop more definitively.
The district began to manufacture export silk goods in
1853, immediately after Yokohama was opened to foreign
trade, for the purpose of supplying foreign residents at the
port. Part of the goods thus produced was also exported
through the intermediary of foreign merchants at Yoko-
hama. Both attempts were carried out with success, and
now " Kiryu " occupies an important place in this depart-
ment of foreign trade.
Practically " Kiryu " is the pioneer of trade in silk
fabrics. " Kiryu " weavers have improved their art year
by year and can now manufacture every descriptions of
goods. At present "Kiryu" drapery is exported to the
United States, British India, the Dutch East Indies, China,
and other parts of the world, and everywhere they are
received with satisfaction. The following is the statistical
summary of the trade results for the past few years : —
Classifica-
1913.
1914.
]915.
tions. Materials.
Yen.
Yen.
Yen.
Crapes pure silk...
354,065
414,162
915,462
Taffeta
2,051,996
1,816,364
2,167,056
"Kohaku" „ ...
42,880
23,487
551,590
" Kaiki "
81,098
69,456
427,996
Figured satin „ ...
68,012
49,181
32,596
Figured gauze
119,085
69,346
249,470
Figured "kabe" „ ...
12,008
17.996
39,330
Qased Clothing „
41.920
22,977
103,892
Shirtings „ ...
247,800
Tent en piece mixed ...
132,341
88,294
244,050
Cotton shirtings cotton.
78,520
Other
157.800
198,308
694,980
" Kiryu " weavers have strenuously endeavoured to
improve and unify the quality of their manufactures. As
a first step toward the improvement of quality they perfected
the process of throwing silk some twelve years ago by
establishing the " Kiryu Silk Throwing Co. The manu-
facture of weaving mill equipments was also started in the
district about the same time. Now there are three large
machine shops in the district, called the " Kiryu " Engin-
eering Co., the Murata Weaving Mill Equipment Manu-
factory, and the Shimbashi Machine Manufactory, and their
manufactures are excellent. With the perfection of silk
throwing and machine making, the art of weaving witnessed
great progress in the district and the producing capacity of
weavers generally was also remarkably increased. Then
" Kiryu" weavers directed their eflTorts toward the perfec-
tion of dyeing and mercerising. In 1906 they floated the
Ryomo Weaving and Mercerising Co. Weaving and
mercerising mills owned by individual weavers have also
been systematized and enlarged, and now almost every
description of silk goods is produced in the district.
"Kiryu" has inaugurated the conditioning of export
goods at the Prefectural Conditioning House in accordance
with the Decree of the Department of Agriculture and
Commerce respecting the Conditioning of Export Goods for
the purpose of maintaining a uniform and excellent quality
to the foreign market. " Kiryu " weavers export their goods
either through local brokers or direct to foreign buyers at
Yokohama. All gooils are manufactured to order and by
the Kiryu Textile Fabrics and Textile Guild it is strictly
prohibited to canvass for orders by the presentation of
samples. This rigorous measure has been devised for the
prevention of dumping, the production of shoddy goods,
and other evils.
It is in large measure due to the activity of the
Kiryu Textile Fabrics and Textile Guild, that Kiryu has
been able to develop and systematize its principal industry.
The corporation was initiated years ago by leading weavers
of the district for the purpose of remedying evils and
developing tlie line of business systematically.
The oflSce of the Kiryu Textile Fabrics and Textile
Guild is situated at " Kiryu," Yamada-gori, Gumma pre-
fecture, and is ready to give any information regarding
" Kiryu " textiles on application.
( 399 )
EBARA TEISUKE ORIMONO KOJO.
(THE T. EBARA'S
TV /TR. EBARA TEISUKE'S weaving factory is one
of the oldest in the " Kiryu " weaving centre,
being founded in the middle of the 18th century. As
weavers of export goods it is also one of the oldest, iis the
factory commenced the production of some kinds of export
goods as early 'as in 1859.
WEAVING FACTORY.)
are the best in the market. Nearly all descriptionft of the
factory's goods have been exhibited at many foreign ex-
hibitions and every time the highest grades of honour have
been obtained.
The sale overseas is increasing year by year, and
according to the latest report of the factory South and
North America, Europe, British India, French Indo-China,
the Dutch Indies, Australia, and China are among the
buyers of the factory's goods.
The head office is situated at Shinjuku, Kiryu,
Gumma prefecture, but all overseas dealings are con-
INTERIORS OF THE FACTORY
At first the production of export goods was conducted
on a small scale, but by degrees this has been enlarged and
at present it ranks among the foremost of the weaving
mills producing export goods. The first factory is situated
at Shinjuku, Kiryu, Gumma prefecture, and the second at
Ataka, Nomi-gori, Ishikawa prefecture. At these mills
tafiieta, " Kaiki," Satin, gauge, tent en piece, crapes,
and other kinds of silk piece goods, mixed textiles, and
cotton textiles are produced to the extent of ¥1,000,000
a year.
ducted at the branch office at 5-chome, Benten-dori,
Yokohama.
As the factory is one of the oldest, its stafi has a very
long experience in the line of business and its manufactures
INTERIOR OF THE FACTORY.
( 400 )
IIDZUKA KEITEI ORIMONO KOJO.
(THE IIDZUKA BROTHERS' WEAVING MILL.)
'' I "'HIS mill is on the bank of the river Watarase, Gumma
L
prefecture, and on the back it is surrounded by woody
hills. It can be reached in thirty minutes from Kiryu, one
of the greatest textile producing centres in Japan, and in
something like 6 hours from Yokohama. The place is ideal
for weaving mills because the temperature is mild and tiie
air is not very humid.
thing the best standard must be maintained is observed to
the letter. This, in conjunction with the strict observance
of contracts, has made the mill one of the greatest and most
popular of all weaving plants in the district. This fact has
been well acknowledged by the public, and at every public
exhibition at whicli the mill's goods have been exhibited
medals of honour have been granted. The annual production
I'' ' 1 T' W Si
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VIEW oe THE IIDZUKA BROTHER'S WEAVING MILL.
INTERIOR OF THE FACTORY.
The mill was founded in 1893 on a very small scale, but
gradually both the building and the plant have been
enlarged and modernized. At present over three hundred
power looms are operated. Taffeta, satin, crapes, shirtings,
neck-tie cloths, and other export tissues and piece goods are
made, and the business principle of the mill that in every-
at the mill is rapidly increasing, and reaches a total value
of over ¥800,000. The market for the mill, too, is steadily
increasing, and almost all parts of the world send orders to
the mill for the better qualities of textiles. They are
always indefatigable in their efforts for the purpose of acquir-
ing technical knowledge in order to improve their goods.
( 401 )
KAKIAGE BUNZAEMON ORIMONO SHOTEN.
(THE KAKIAGE'S TEXTILE STORE.)
A /f R. KAKIAGE'S textile mill and store are ranked
"^ among the foremost of the kind in this country.
In the closing jears of the 17th century they were founded
KAKIAGE.
at Kiryu for the production of textile goods for the dotiiestic
market and the main purpose of its establishment whs
fi)llowed up to 1887, when a fresh departure was taken to
extend the market abroad.
The store's head office is situated at Kiryushin-maclii,
Kiryu, Gumma prefecture with branch and sub-branch
offices at the following localities : —
Yokohama Branch Sumiyoshi-cho, Yokohama.
Shanghai Branch Hunan Head, Shanghai.
I^ezaki Sub-branch, Tatebayashi Sub-brunch, Ashikuga
Sub-branch, Sano Sub-branch.
Simultaneously with the opening of tlie Yokohama
branch office the store started trade in textiles with China,
and with the striking progress in the volume of business
with that country a branch was establisiied at Shanghai in
1907. The store, as brokers of textiles, handles every
description of textile produced in Tochigi, Gumma, and
neighbouring prefectures, and in respect of its business
volume nnd thorough and methodical dealings it is un-
rivalled in the market. Taffeta, kaiki, satin, gauze, tent
en piece, cotton crepes, and other descriptions of export
textile goods are handled, and nearly ail have been exhibited
at foreign exhibitions, including those at Paris, Chicago,
San Francisco, and elsewhere. At every one of these the
store has received various degrees of honour.
The firm has connections not only with every textile
wholesale dealer in this country but actively trades with
South and North America, Europe, British India, Aust-
ralia, French ludo-China, the Dutch Indies, China, and
other countries. The annual trade result thus amounts to
MR. KAKIAGE'S TEXTILE STORE, KIRYU.
from ¥7,000,000 to ¥8,000,000. The total value of
pierced cocoons and other goods handled by the Shanghai
Branch Office also runs into ¥2,000,000 to ¥3,000,000.
( 402 )
KIRYU YORIITO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(MOHAN KOJO.)
(THE KIRYU SILK THROWING CO., LTD.)
npHIS company was founded as a model throwing
mill at Kiryu, Yamada-gori, Gumma prefecture,
in 1904. In May the same year it commenced actual
operations, and has since made it a specialty to turn out
organzie and several other descriptions of thrown silk for
the local weaving^mills. The company has devised several
The company's annual production amounts to over
50,000 kvMmme and covers almost all descriptions of thrown
silk the local weavers require for their production of silk
textiles for export and home consumption. The goods
the company produce are acknowledged by the public to be
the best in the market, because special attention is paid to
MR. MAYEHARA.
THE KIRYU SILK WEAVING
CO., AND INTERIOR OF ;
THE FACTORY.
new processes of throwing silk, for which patents have
been taken out.
The patents comprise No. 11,321 for new Konami
system of throwing silk, No. 15,899 for the Shirataki method
of throwing silk and No. 16,379 for reeling tissues. The
kinds of throwing silk consist of all materials for fabrics
both for domestic consumption and export purposes, ippon-
moroyori, nihon-moroyori, sanbon-moroyori, etc.
the maintenance of the highest standard of excellence.
Accordingly, not only the weavers in Kiryu but the pro-
minent weaving centres in Gumma, Tochigi, Ishikawa,
Fukui, and other prefectures as well depend upon the com-
pany for their raw materials. This useful concern is
controlled by Mr. Yujiro Mayehara, Director and President,
with great skill and foresight, and is ready to give any
information regarding its articles on application. .
( 403 )
RYOMO SEISHOKU KABUSHIKI KAiSHA.
(THE RYOMO WEAVING AND MERCERIZING CO., LTD.)
'nr^HE company was floated by weavers in Gumma and
-*- Tochigi prefectures in 1907 to improve the mer-
cerizing of export textile goods by taking on lease the
mercerizing machines imported by the Department of
Agriculture and Commerce. The actual operations were
commenced in October, 1908, since when the company's busi-
its plant is of the latest type. The plants are operated with
electric and steam power, which the company's engine room
can furnish to the extent of 75 horse power. The company
can thus produce the best possible goods for export, and
"kabe" and other descriptions of crapes are exported to
America, British India, andjAustralia." Tent en piece satin
THE RYOMO WEAVING AND
ness management and plant have both been steadily improved.
The company's capital, too, has been twice enlarged aud
now stands at ¥500,000. The factories, which are situated
at Kiryu, Gumma prefecture, consist of four departments,
viz., dyeing, mercerizing, weaving and the machine shop. At
the dyeing department every equipment for the dyeing and
MERCERIZING CO., KIRYU.
is turned out principally for China and Australia, while
taffeta is manufactured for consumption in British India, the
Dutch East Indies, and other countries in the South. As
the result of gradual improvement of quality in all goods
turned out the company has won a great reputation as
producers of best goods not only at home but overseas. At
WEAVING DEPARTMENT.
DYEING DEPARTMENT. MERCERIZING DEPARTMENT.
finishing of silk, wool, cotton, and their manufactures is
installed. Tlie mercerizing department is fully equipped
with most up-to-date machines and not only silk textiles
but mixed goods as well can be mercerized. The weaving
department turns out silk and mixed goods for export and
industrial exhibitions many medals and prizes of high order
have been obtained. Among others at the Anglo-Japanese
Alliance Exhibition and the Panama Pacific Exposition
the Gold Medal of honour was awarded the company's
exhibits.
( 404 )
KURASHIKI BOSEKI KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE KURASHIKI COTTON SPINNING CO., LTD.)
'T'^HIS company, situated at Kurashiki, Okayama pre-
fecture, is one of the foremost cotton spinning
companies in Japan, and in spite of its being in a little
provincial town, it occupies an important position in
THE KURASHIKI FACTORY OF TH£ KURASHIKI
COTTON SPINNING CO., OKAYAMA
PREFECTURE.
Japan's business community, as one of the best-organized,
and soundest business corporations.
It was floated by a small group of business men, at
Kurashiki, a little town on the Kobe-Shimonoseki Kail-
way, in October, 1889, with a capital of ¥114,430, when
only 4,473 spindles were operated, and the concern was of
little importance. The management, which was composed
of enterprising men of business, increased the capital the
following year lo ¥150,000, fully paid up.
The steady progress had been well maintained and at
the end of 1916 the company's capital stood at ¥1,500,000,
and 88,984 spindles were operated. Against this amount
of the paid up capital the company had reserves, estimated
at ¥700,000 at that time, and the funds against deprecia-
tion in the fixed capital stood at ¥1,550,000. These facts
show how the company has been managed.
In August, 1916, the company made another extension
to its plant by enlarging its capital by ¥700,000 to
¥2,200,000, in view of the bright future predicted for the
cotton spinners in Japan.
It is one of tlie largest cotton mills in Japan, the only
large cotton mill in the prefectures along the Kobe-Shimo-
noseki Railway. " Three Horses " brand yarns which the
company turns out are classed in tlie market as the
standard of medium grades in this country, and in China
they are very extensively used.
Besides the main works at Kurashiki, the company has
mills at Takaraatsu, Kagawa prefecture; and Masu,
Okayama prefecture, where the spinning mill and throwing
plants are installed. There were roughly 130,000 spindles
THE BOaRDING-HOUSE FOR WOMEN OF
THE KURASHIKI WORKS.
after the completion of the last extension. These mills are
situated favourably and completely equipped with dormi-
tories and family residences for the company's operatives
and employees.
( 405 )
KURIHARA BOSH OKU KOJO.
(THE KURIHARA SPINNING AND WEAVING MILL.)
'T^HIS mil], which is known as one of the foremost muslin
mills managed by private owners, was commenced on
quite a small scale by Mr. Kohachi Kurihara in September,
1888, at Yanagishima Yokokawa-cho, Honjo-ku, Tokyo.
By dint of indefatigable application and strenuous endea-
vour Mr. Kurihara has succeeded in extending his mill
during these years, and at present his mill is equipped with
7,440 spindles for wool spinning, and 250 power looms for
muslin weaving, with all their accessories, the annual
production amounting to 750,000 lbs. of woollen tops, and
5,000,000 yards of muslin.
The capital originally placed in the enterprise by Mr.
Kurihara was only ¥300, but at present his capital is
estimated at more than ¥800,000, with signs of steadily
increasing.
The mills are situated at Nos. 137 and 138, Yanagi-
shima-Moto-machi, Honjo-ku, Tokyo, and Nos. 10, 11, and
12, Yanagishima- Yokokawa-cho, Honjo-ku, Tokyo. Owing
to the prudence and progressive management of Mr. Kuri-
hara the efficiency of operatives at these mills is well main-
INTERIOR OF THE KURIHARA SPINNINGJ AND]
WEAVING MILL, TOKYO.
tained, and their products are excellent. Many medals of
honour have been conferred on the mills.
KYOTO ORIMONO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE KYOTO WEAVING CO.. LTD.)
rriHlS company, which is one of the greatest silk weaving
-*- concerns in this country, was founded in May, 1887,
by taking over the affairs of the Oridono, a textile manu-
facturing concern controlled by the Kyoto prefectural
Office, with a capital of ¥500,000. As the concern was
backed up by many influential business men, such as
Baron Eiichi Shibusawa, Baron Kihachiro Okura, and
others, it prospered, and in 1895 the company's capital was
increased to ¥900,000. In 1904, the Murasakino Weaving
Co. was fused in the company, and with this the concern
became a much larger institution with a capital of
¥1,050,000 In 1907 the increase of the capital to
¥2,500,000 was necessitated by the increasing prosperity of
the business, and this amount is maintained up to the
present.
The factories of the company are situated at Yoshida-
machi, Kamikyo-ku, and Omiya-mura, Otagi-gori, Kyoto-fu.
At both factories 100 hand looms, and 850 power looms are
installed, together with a complete set of reserve looms and
accessories and more than 2,300 workmen and workwomen
are employed to operate them.
The company also has a complete plant for dyeing and
( 406 )
finishing, and almost all descriptions of silk tissues and
mixed textiles are produced. As everything produced by
the company is of the best possible quality, it is bought in
increasing quantities not only by domestic buyers but by
Late Empresses Eisho and Shoken visited the com-
pany's factories in 1890 and 1891 and spoke words of
appreciation of the factories. H.I.M. the Emperor also
honoured the company with a personal visit in 1910.
THE KYOTO WEAVING CO.
every foreign country. According to the latest returns The company is now controlled by the following busi-
published by the company the annual production of the ness men : —
company's factories amounts to a total value of over Gentaro Tanaka, Esq President.
¥3,000,000. Hachiro Funasaka, E-'q Managing Director.
MOSURIN BOSHOKU KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE MUSLIN SPINNING AND WEAVING CO., LTD.)
rriHIS company which occupies an important position in
-L the muslin weaving industry of Japan was floated in
December, 1895, by Mr. KutsutarS luabata, and a number
of prominent business
men in Osaka, with
an authorised capital
of ¥1,000,000, with a
view to keeping in
check the import from
France of mousseliue-
de-laine, which was
then increasing with
striking rapidity.
Mr. Inabata
studied dyeing and
weaving in France,
and he was almost THE MUSLIN SPINNING
the only authority in Japan on this particular art. He
had a share iu various weavingjcompauies in Kyoto, while
».a77^r»»-'
carrying on a large trade in dyestuffs, when the importance
of keeping in check the import of French mousseline-de-
laine occurred to him.
On the flotation
of the new company
Mr. Inabata again
visited France and
there completed all
preparations for the
actual commencement
of operations, either
engaging experts or
buying muchines. In
1898 he bought all the
necessary machines
and appliances, en-
AND WEAVING CO., OSAKA. gaged his experts, and
commenced operations in a new mill, erected on the present
site at Koryuji, Nakatsu, Nishinari-gori, Osaka prefecture.
( 407 )
After several years Mr. Takeo Takimura undertook the
actual control of the company as Managing Director, and
under his management the company has achieved a striking
development. He now has no share in the concern, having
resigned the post he held many years. Mr. Inabata is
once more the President of the company, and under his
control the company follows the same course of steady
development.
After several extensions in the past the company now
has a capital of ¥3,000,000, of which ¥2,250,000 is paid up,
and operates 30,260 spindles and 1,100 looms, with their
accessories, all of which are either of French or American
make. The mills have dormitories, hospitals, schools,
libraries, clubs, lecture halls, parks, and a dairy attached,
and the welfare of operatives and employees are well
provided for.
The mills produce all kinds of mousseline-de-laine,
Cashmere cloth, serges, and other kinds of woollen cloth, to
the extent of ¥6,500,000 worth a year. Owing to the
excellence of the goods produced, the company has been
awarded medals and prizes at industrial exhibitions. At
the Anglo-Japanese Alliance Exhibition in London, the
company was granted the Grand Prize of Honour. At the
Tokyo Taisho Industrial Exhibition, the company was
awarded the Grand Prize of Honour and the company's
exhibits were bought by the Imperial Household.
NIPPON BOSHOKU KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE NIPPON SPINNING AND WEAVING CO., LTD.)
''T^HIS company is the outgrowth of the Furukawa
T
Hosiery Co. maintained by Mr. Sadajiro Furukawa
as a partnership. Mr. Sadajiro Furukawa founded the
business in 1906 for the purpose of manufacturing hosiery
goods for export, and for the development of the business
he several times travelled in the Philippines, Java, the
countries but South America, Australia, Europe, South
Africa, included among the company's buyers. The com-
pany has its office and factory at 1-chome Kami-Fuku-
shima, Kita-ku, Osaka. Its factory is equipped with most
up-to-date machines and appliances, being divided into
the Spinning, Weaving, Cutting, Sewing, Finishing, and
THE NIPPON SPINNING AND
WEAVING CO., OSAKA.
INTERIOR OF THE FACTORY.
the Straits Settlements, British India, South China, other
parts of Asia and inspected the market conditions and
requirements of the buying public there. The plant is now
mainly employed in manufacturing cotton underwear and
other hosiery goods, but sometimes mixed goods are pro-
duced for colder climes. Thus not only are Asiatic
Shipping Departments. The policy followed in all
branches is promptness of delivery, reasonableness in price,
excellence of quality, and strict unification of goods, and the
observance of these principles is supervised by experience i
officers. All this results in the maintenance of the highest
standard of excellence in all goods the company supplies.
( «» )
NIPPON KEORI KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE NIPPON WOOLLEN CLOTH CO., LTD.)
rriHE Woollen industry has achieved a wonderful
-'- development and the import of foreign goods has
been much curtailed. The Nippon Woollen Cloth Co.,
Nishide-machi, Kobe, has contributed much to the develop-
ment and preparedness of the woollen milling industry in
this country by its constant endeavours to enlarge and
systematize the line of business.
The company was founded in 1896 with a capital of
only ¥500,000 and the original scale of business was quite
small, but thanks to tiie efforts of the Board to enhance the
mill's efficiency and improve the quality of the goods, the
^^•J^SN^fcE
i,i*-j.'"
THE NIPPON WOOLLEN CLOTH
AT KAKOGAWA.
CO. FACTORY
business thrived, and up to 1910 the company had to
enlarge the capital Biid tlie mill three times, at the same
time inaugurating the production of tops.
In 1912 the Tokyo branch mill was established at
Oi-machi, a suburb of the city, and the company's produc-
ing capacity was greatly increased. Thus having prepared
for emergencies, the company was able to meet with ease
the increased demand from overseas when the outbreak of
the war caused some of the European countries to turn to
Japan for the supply of woollen cloths for their armies.
The company now has a capital of ¥5,000,000, with
¥3,500,000 paid up and a reserve of ¥919,437, the fund
against depreciation in properties amounting to ¥522,035.
Besides the office in Kobe, the company has branches at
No. 20, Kamimaki-cho, Nihombashi-ku, Tokyo, and
Tientsin, China.
The first mill is situated at Kakogawa-machi, Hyogo
prefecture, and covers an area of 43,371 tsubo, being
equipped with the most up-to-date machines and appliances.
The second mill is situated at Oi-machi, a suburb of Tokyo,
covers an area of 4,898 tsubo, and is equipped with a most
perfect plant with additional establishments. At these
mills seventy experts and over three thousand operatives
are employed.
The manufactures of the mills cover almost all kinds
of woollen goods, but especial attention is paid to woollen
cloths, felt, serges, muslin, blankets, flannel, shawls, flag
cloth, window curtains, rugs, tops, woollen yarns, and a
number of other woollen piece goods. Many medals and
prizes have been granted the company by exhibitions.
The following are a few of the most prominent: — Gold
medal, Japan Textile Exhibition, 1900; Silver medal of
honour, 5th Domestic Industrial Exhibition, 1903 ; Ist
medal of gold, Kwansai Prefectural Competitive Exhibi-
tion, 1907 ; Grand prize of honour, Kobe Export Goods
Competitive Exhibition, 1911 ; Grand prize of honour,
Panama Pacific Exhibition, 1915.
The company's officers are as follows : —
Seibei Kawakishi, Esq
IcHiTARO Akima, Esq
KiiCHiRO KosoNE, Esq
Seibei Sawada, Esq
KiCHiJiRO KiDANi, Esq
Tadanao Akiyama, Esq
KuMPEi Eqawa, Esq
President.
Director.
Auditor.
( 409 )
NIPPON MENKA KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE JAPAN RAW
THE development of the cotton industry in Japan has
greatly increased and according to the returns made
at the close of the first half of 1915, there were, ia this
country, over forty milU with a combined capital of
MR. S. SHIKA.TA
MR. M. KITA.
¥110,000,000. This line is at the head of the list of
iniinstries although almost nil raw materials are imported.
India is the iarge.st supplier of raw cotton to Jap:in,
then America and China. In minor qiianlities raw cotton
is also imported from Egy[)t, Burma, Aunain, Chosen, etc.,
and their annual import amounts to ¥200,000,000.
The Japan Raw Cotton Co. make a specialty of
handling this department of the import trade, also export-
ing; goods such as cotton yarns, cotton textiles, hosiery, spun
yarns, etc., to Cliina, British India, Australia and other
countries.
This company was inaugurated in November, 1892,
with a capital of ¥2,000,000. Recently the capital was
increased to ¥5,000,000. The amount of trade carried
COTTON CO., LTD.)
on through the intermediary of the company is over
¥100,000,000 worth a year.
With this business the company converted its branch
in Texas, America, into an independent company, in the
early part of 1916. The new company, styled the Japan
Cotton Trading Co. of Texas has been financed to the extent
of $100,000 and is under the United States law. The
company now enjoys evtry facility for handling American
cotton.
The company lieadquarters are at No. 10, 2-chome
Nakanoshima, Osaka, with the following branches : — Semba,
Osaka ; Shanghai ; Hankow ; Bombay ; Tientsin ; Dairen ;
Tsingtao ; Hongkong ; Harbin ; Changchun ; Tiehling ;
Newchang ; New York ; Calcutta ; Tokyo ; and Kobe.
THE JAPAN RAW COTTON CO., OSAKA.
The management of the company consists of the
following :^
SEisnicm Shikata, Esq. ...
Matazo Kita, Esq
Atsuspi Yamada, Esq,
YosHioKi Baba, Esq
Saburo Nanqo, Esq
Kanshiro Suyeyoshi, Esq.
President.
Vice-President.
Managing Director.
Director.
Auditor.
NIPPON SEIFU KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(IHE JAPAN TEXTILE MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.)
T
HE Japan Textile Manufacturing Co., which is
situateil at Fiishimi, a suburi) of Kyoto, was
originally floate<l under the style of the Gonikwai Kyoto
Cotton Flannel Weaving Co., in November, 1896, at
Tanaka-machi, Kamikyo-kii, Kyoto. It was one of the
many enterprises opened, on the strength of the post-war
boom in 1895, and at first had a capital of ¥500,000.
Unlike other enterprises launched in that year the com-
pany thrived.
In 1899, the manufactuies of the company were able
to compare favourably with the imported goods.
At present the company carries on the cotton printing
( 410 )
business at its Fushimi factory only, with a very en-
couraging result. The factory was completed at a cost of
¥2,000,000 when the company was prosperous, and is equip-
ped with eleven printing machines, made by Mather
& Piatt, England, which are worked with electricity,
generated by electric motors, which the company own.
While the consumption of bleached cotton textiles in
these countries is very great, this industry is carried on
by only two companies, of which the present company is
one.
The printed calico and other cotton textiles the coiu-
{)any turns out are mainly exported through domestic
.^
.. >< S B
NIPPON ^KIlX IvaIsH
iiiA.Kal?*^Tyi
THE JAPAN TEXTILE MANUFACTURING CO., FUSHIMI.
Each printing machine has a capacity of turning
out between 300 and 500 rolls of printed tissues a day,
and at present the total annual output amounts to over
1,500,000 rolls. In addition, the bleaching of sheetings
and other cotton textiles is conducted, the total monthly
output being over 50,000 rolls. All these bleached cotton
textiles are exported to China and British India.
and foreign agents in Osaka and Kobe to China,
British India, the Netherland Indies, the Philippines,
Australia, and other parts. The volume of business
with outside countries is steadily increasing, though the
overseas operations have been quite recently initiated.
In 1915 the result of the whole year was brought up to
a high figure.
NISHIJIN ORIMONO DOGYO KUMIAI.
(THE NISHIJIN WEAVERS'
XT ISHIJIN, situated at the North-west of Kyoto, is
-^ ^ a well-known centre of the artistic silk tissue
industry. The quarter is
mostly occupied by weavers
and produces more than
¥20,000,000 worth of silk
each year.
Here the industry was
initiated in the 7th century,
and through the time of
anarchy in the 16th century
it was maintained. When
Toyotomi Hideyoshi took
over the reins of State the
weavers in the quarter were
well protected, and the
prosperity of the place
reached its height.
MR. Y. IKEDA.
ASSOCIATION.)
According to old chronicles, the quarter could then
produce damask, " donsu," crepe, satin, figured habutae,
gauze, and other extra grades of silk tissues.
The weaving industry in Nishijin developed steadily
and all operators were organized into a whole. After the
Imperial Restoration the old tradition of the district was in
a large measure recognized by the new Government, and
under the official supervision the weavers were organized
into eighteen groups, over which a chamber was created
to control the affairs. This is the origin of the present
Nishijin Weavers' Association.
As the Western type of civilization has been introduced,
the industry has undergone many vicissitudes. Old manual
labour has given place to mechanical working, and the lines
of product also have been greatly increased. At present
some operators are solely engaged in producing wall hang-
ings, drapery, ribbons, rich table cloths, etc., etc., for export,
and add much to the Nishijin's prosperity.
( 411 )
The association itself has undergone similar vicissitudes,
the last metamorphosis being experienced in 1898, when it
was converted into a legal person, under the provisions of
the Law relating to the Guilds of Export Staple Product
Manufacturers. It now has an auxiliary organ in the shape
of the Nishijin Textile Merchants-Guild, which is organized
by brokers handling the products of Nishijin weavers as
intermediary between weavers and wholesale dealers.
At present the association is under the control of the
following : —
Yuzo Ikeda, Esq.
Masajiro Ono, Esq. ..
President.
Vice-President.
Owing to the activities of the association, the scope of
the district's work has been enlarged, and it now produces
tlie following varieties : — Tapestry, satin, figured satin,
" atsuita," gold brocade, silk damask, " omeshi," crepe.
velvet, "kiaka," " hakata," "shioze," "kohaku," linings,
ribbons, serge, cotton flannel, and other silk stufis.
THE NISHI.IliN WEAV^ERS' ASSOCIATION, KYOTO.
ORA ORIMONO DOGYO KUMIAI.
(THE ORA TEXTILE FABRICS AND TEXTILE GUILD.)
ORA-GORI is a district in Gumma prefecture, its
centre being Tatebayashi, an old castle town. The
weaving industry in this district was inaugurated at the
commencement of the IStli century, when a kind of cotton
THE ORA TEXTILE FABRICS AND TEXTILE GUILD.
MR. T. KAWASHIMA.
textile, called tlie " Uzura-ori " was said to have been
produced on a fairly large scale. Toward the end of the
18th century, the industry here witnessed a remarkable
development, but only cotton textiles were produced, and
their varieties were somewhat limited.
A new era was marked for the industry of the district
when weavers at Nakano, a village in this district, began
to produce " kasuri " piece goods, during the early part of
the Meiji era. The goods produced went under the name
of "Nakano Kasuri," and their sale rapidly increased.
Tlie weavers were tempted by this success to produce
shoddy goods, and the established reputation was almost
lost.
In 1894 the weavers of Nakano and district, who saw
the necessity of checking this unadvised method of busi-
ness, organized an association, and by the name of this
guild they enforced the conditioning of the piece goods
produced. The lost reputation was thus quickly recovered,
mixed as well as cotton piece goods being manufactured.
In 1897 this guild, which was organized by the
weavers, was enlarged by the Government in accordance
with the provisions of the Eaw governing Industrial
Guilds, thus all weavers at Nakano and three other villages
were included in the guild.
They formed the Nakano Weavers' Guild, soon after
the Russo-Japanese war, and thus the present Ora weavers
not only turn out cotton piece goods, mixed goods, and
pongee, but some excellent patterns of pure silk goods which
can stand the rivalry of Ashikaga, Kiryu, and other well-
known centres. Their central market is established at
Tatebayashi, where the District OflSce is situated, though
the office of the association is still at Nakano,
( 4-1 2-- )
The Association while developing the line of industry
in the district, by keeping up tlie unity and standard of
quality in all classes of goods, and constantly endeavouring
to improve every opportunity for the enhancement of the
prosperity of the district's enterprises, is controlled by the
following wellk-iiown public men in the district : —
Taichiro Kawashima, Esq President.
Tamijiro Mogi, Esq Vice-President.
OKAHASHI KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(OKAHASHI & CO., LTD.)
THIS company is one of the chief manufacturers and
exporters of cotton fabrics and towels in Oiaka and
district. The latest annual report of exported goods is shown
iu the following : —
Towels 518,840 dozen.
Cotton fabrics 195,390 hiki.
The importance of this company is due to its constant
improvement in products and progress in its overseas trade.
These figures, given above, arc tliis year being surpassed.
1. FACTORY OF OKAHASHI & CO.
This company was established in March, 1911, by the
union of theOkahasIii Cottoji Weaving Works, and Oknhashi
& Co., and now carries on the manufacture and export of
towels and cotton fabrics.
This union was a success, giving a strong impetus to
the undertaking. In 1913 the enlargement of the plant
was necessitated by tiie increased demands for goods from
overseas. Tliere were 170 weaving looms newly installed,
also bleaching, starching, finishing, and other factories
erected, with the most up-to-iJate appliances.
At these factories over five hundred workmen and
women are employed.
The production is being constantly increased, and often
the demand is greater than the supply. Goods are exported
to the following countries : —
Manchuria, Mongolia, China, Russian Littoral Pio-
vinces, South Sea Islands, the Philippines, British India,
Australia, South Africa, North America, etc., etc.
The company is contemplating extending its fac-
2. FACTORY OV OKAHASHI & CO.
tories : — The No. 1 factory is situated at Enomoto-mura,
Higashinari-gori, Osaka; The No. 2 factory at Imafuku,
Higashinari-gori, Osaka.
This enter()rise, the headquarters of which are
situated at 2-chome Funakoshi, Higashiku, Osaka, has
a capital of ¥500,000 and is controlled by the following
business men : —
JisuKE Okahashi, Esq. ...
Masakichi Fukki, Esq....
President.
Managing Director.
( 413 )
OSAKA MERIYASU BOSHOKU KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE OSAKA HOSIERY SPINNING AND WEAVING WORKS, LTD.)
nnHESE works are situated at Mitsuya, Kamitsu-mura,
-"• Nishinari-gori, near Osaka. The company was
organized ia May, 1912, with a capital of ¥1,200,000.
The works, which are provided with spinning mills for
the production of materials used by the company, are the
most perfectly equipped in the Orient. They consist of
three departments, namely, Spinning, Hosiery and Finish-
ing. The Spinning and Hosiery Departments are operated
by 420 horse-power of hydro-electricity generated by the
Uji river. Equipped with 24 American, 70 German and
60 Japanese sets of machines, the hosiery department is
always in full swing. American machines chiefly produce
winter goods exported to Ciiina and Russia, German
machines articles of superior quality going chiefly to Great
Britain, and Japanese machines those for home con-
sumption. Tiie fabrics thus manufactured are sent up to
the Finishing Department where they are bleached, pressed
aiid dried. Then they are passed on to the Napping factory,
which is provided with four sets of Napping machines,
and finally they are polished. Superior articles have
always won for the company an excellent reputation both
at home and abroad.
The Board of Directors comprises : —
Saburo Nango, Esq. ...
BUMPEI HoRi, Esq. ...
Shimbei Koizumi, Esq.
Chozo Kamon, Esq. ...
Shishun Shibotani, Esq.
YosHizo KoNDAiBO, Esq.
KiNDo Go, Esq
President.
Managing Director,
Director.
Auditor.
OSAKA ORIMONO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE OSAKA WEAVING CO., LTD.)
THIS company, situated at Yamatogawa, Sakai, Osaka
prefecture, is the outcome of the Osaka Weaving
Company (a semi-partnership concern), floated in
November, 1906, with a capital of ¥300,000, by Mr.
Keiichiro Yasukawa, Dr. Yosliitorai Hiraga, Mr. Kenjiro
Matsumoto, and Mr. Seizaburo Yasukawa in order to turn
out cotton crape with the patent power looms, perfected by
Mr. Tada.
In 1911 the business had grown so much that the
conversion of the company into a joint stock concern, and
the enlargement of its capital were necessitated. With the
consent of nil partners the concern was renamed iu June,
the Osaka AVeaving Co., Ltd. and the capital was increased
to ¥700,000, it now being changed into a joint stock
business.
Looms were increased and in addition a cotton spinning
plant was installed, for the purpose of producing all yarns
the company required for weaving. This extension was
found inadequate a few years later, and in October, 1913,
a decision was made by the proprietary, to increase the
company's capital to ¥1,400,000, wherewith to enlarge the
company's weaving and spinning plants.
In June of the following year, the manufncture and
sale of gauze were initiated by the company, with a view to
checking the large importation of this article. This was the
first time gauze was produced in this country. It has proved
a splendid success, the importation having almost ceased.
In the Autumn of 1914, the weaving of shirtings was
also inaugurated by the company, in order to assist the
progress of importing the article. This additional branch
of operations has also turned out a success, the market being
steadily increased both at home and abroad.
At present the company ranks among the foremost of
kindred concerns, having a capital of ¥1,400,000 fully paid
up, against which the company has maintained dividends at
12 per cent, per annum, for the past few tern s. Reserve
funds amounted to ¥237,000 at the end of June, 1916.
( 414 )
The annual production of the factory amounts to
¥3,000,000, the details being as follows :—
Yen.
Cotton yarns 1,200,000
Cotton textiles 1,800,000
The latter item comprises cotton crapes of different
qualities and grades, gauze, and bleached shirtings, of all
grades and qualities.
The yarns produced at the mill are consumed in weaving
different textiles. All cotton textiles produced are placed
on the market. The home market disposes of about half
the total production, while the remaining lialf is exported to
Chosen, the Philippines, China, British India, Australia,
North America, and Europe.
The officers of the company are as follows : —
Db. Yoshitomi Hibaqa
Keiichiro Yasukawa, Esq.
Naoteeu Kataoka, Esq. ..
KiN-iCHi Kawakami, Esq.
Ta^eo Yamabe, Esq
( Director and
■■ I President.
Director.
Auditor.
OSAKA TAORU GOSHI KAISHA.
(THE OSAKA TOWEL MANUFACTURING CO.)
"* I "HIS company is a limited partnership, represented by
Mr. Zensuke Maekawa, who is Active Partner.
Its business office is situated at No. 22, Funadaiku-machi,
Dojima, Kita-ku, Osaka.
THE OSAKA TOWEL MANUFACTURING CO.
The company was founded in December, 1906, and in
May, 1908, the factory buildings were completed together
with the installation of the plant. To commence with
towelling only was woven at the factory. At first the
management of the concern was very difficult, and each term
saw the accumulation of business losses. Accordingly some
partners withdrew and since 1915 the looms have gradually
been converted for the production of ordinary cotton piece
goods.
The company's looms and other equipments were
supplied by Robert Hall & Co., England, and are of the
latest type. Excellent goods have always been turned out
though the company has been overladen with debts. At
various exhibitions, at home and abroad, tlie company has
obtained various prizes, on account of its excellent manu-
factures, which include the Gold Medal awarded at the
Anglo- Japanese Alliance Exhibition in London.
Owing to the recent reorganization of the management
the company now reaps a good profit. The term ending
June 30th, 1916, showed a remarkable increase.
( 416 )
SANO ORIMQNO D06Y0 KUMIAI.
(THE SANO TEXTILE FABRICS AND TEXTILE GUILD.)
''TP^HIS guild was organized by the weavers, operat-
■*■ ing at Sano, Tochigi prefecture, and its suburbs,
and its oflBee is situated at Sano, Tochigi prefecture.
The annual output of various textiles at Sano amounts
to a total value of ¥6,000,000. Cotton crepes are largely
exported in this district, their quality is the best, and the
price is low. The most prominent feature is the durability
of the colour.
Besides cotton crepes, the Sano weavers produce mixed
serges, genuine " omeshi " crepes, " fushiito," mixed textiles,
etc. All goods are strictly conditioned by a staff of officers
specially appointed by the guild, who are instructed to
examine all the goods produced by the members of the
guild, in accordance with the by-laws.
The goods thus conditioned are specially stamped by
the guild, for the purpose of maintaining the reputation
secured by the Sano textiles.
THE WEAVING DE- THE ADJUSTING DE-
PARTMENT. PARTMENT.
THE THROWING DEPARTMENT.
MR. SHIMADA ISABURO.
TV /TR. SHIMADA, ISABURO, owns the Head Office
at Tajima, Sano, Tochigi prefecture and an agency
at Kanai-machi in the same town. The business was
started by his great-grandfather, some 130 years ago.
Since about four decades ago the firm has manufactured
cotton cloths for foreign consumption, in addition to home
supplies, the business steadily prospering, and the manu-
factures enjoy an excellent reputation both at home and
abroad for their superior quality. This is testified to
by the honours received from various domestic and
foreign exhibitions, and also by the fact that articles
put on exhibit at domestic exhibitions were on two
occasions purchased by the Department of the Imperial
Household.
Exports for the year are 200,000 pieces of cotton cloth
and 10,000 pieces of yoryu crape silk. These are sent
abroad chiefly through foreign firms in Yokohama and
Kobe.
( 416 )
TEIKOKU SEIMA KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE TEIKOKU HEMP MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.)
THE Teikoku Seima Kaislia, Ltd. (Hemp ManufHctur-
ing Co.) is situated at Uragashi, Nihonb«slu-ku,
Tokyo, and was established in 1885. Hemp is one of the
oldest products of this country, and the rapid increase in
the demand for this fibre in recent years caused a marked
activity.
THE TEIKOKU HEMP MANUFACTURING
CO., TOKYO.
No factory with modern machines was in existence
before the Omi Hemp Tliread Spinning Co., Ltd. was
established in 188.5, in the province of Omi. Equipped
with machines purchased from France, the factory was put
in operation in the following year. This is the origin of the
present Teikoku Seima Kaisha. In 1887 there came into
existence the Hokkaido Seima KiiishH, which made every
effort for the development of the cultivation of flax iu the
Hokkaido. It is largely due to the efforts of this company
that flax is now one of the staple products of the Hokkaido.
In tiie same year another hemp manufacturing company
was established in the province of Shimotsuke, under the
style of the Shimotsuke Seima Kaisha. In 1896 still
another hemp manufacturing company was started in Osaka
under the name of the Osaka Seima Kaisha. In 1904, the
three companies of the Omi, Shimotsuke and Osaka formed
tiiemselves into the Nihon Seima Kabushiki Kaisha, In
1907, this company and the Hokkaido Seima Kaisha were
combined, with the result that there came into being the
Teikoku Seima Kabushiki Kai.-^ha.
Having thus practically monopolized the market, the
company exerted its efforts for the improvement of the
qualities of the articles, and now enjoys an excellent reputa-
tion both at home and abroad.
The nominal capital amounts to ¥6,-100,0()0 of which
¥5,600,000 is paid up. Besides the Head Office in Tokyo,
these are branches in Osaka and Sapporo and factories in
Osaka, Kanuma, Nikko, Otsu and Sapporo.
A full list of officials is appended : —
f Director and
■" ( President.
Managing Director.
ZEN7.ABURO Yasuda, Esq. .
Takeshi Doki, Esq
Ryozaburo Saiga, Esq.
Baron Kihachiro Okura
Gentaro Tanaka, Esq.
Shintaro Ohashi, Esq.
Yasutaro Uno, Esq
SinciUBEi Ozawa, Esq.
Zennosuke Yasuda, ICsq. ..
Director.
Auditor.
TEIKOKU YORIITO ORIMONO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE TEIKOKU THROWN SILK AND FABRICS CO. LTD.)
THE Teikoku Thrown Silk and Fabrics Co., Ltd. is
situated in Kamiuagoya, Kinjo-mura, Nishi Kasu-
gai-gori in Aichi prefecture. The company was organized
in February, 1896, with a capital of ¥500,000 by Messrs.
Hyoyeraon Taki, Sadasuke Taki and nine others for the
purpose of manufacturing thrown silk. The factory was
provided with 7,000 spindles and sets of necessary
machinery specially purchased from France. In 1916 it
( 417 )
increased the spindles by 9,000, making 16,000 in all.
Later these were again increased by 3,932. Branches were
opened in various places and entered into special contracts
with many firms. Shirtly after the termination of tlie war
with Russia, it was of the first importance fur the nation to
try to develop exports and check imports. With this end
in view the factory in 1910 started to manufacture silk
fabrics, increasing the capital to ¥1,500,000^ and in 1912
ciianged its firm name to the present title. In February,
1912, it established two workshops for dying and readjust-
ing purposes, and at the same time inaugurated the refining
business. From 1915 to 1916 it increased its spindles to
11 total of over 26,000.
The factory turns out, besides various descriptions of
yarn, Aoi satin for home consumption, lining cloth botli for
home and abroad, Monpi damask silk to be exported to
China, and other cloths exported to Europe, America. India,
Australia. The factory is also engaged in the dyeing and
readjustment of cloths.
The board of directors consists of the following : —
( President and
Sadasuke Taki, Esq.
Hyoyemon Taki, Esq.
JoYEMON Kasugai, Esq. ...
SOBEI MoGi, Esq
Zenkichi Sakurai, Esq. ...
Zenshichi Morimoto, Esq.
HiKOBEi Kato, Esq
Director.
Director.
r Managing
'" \ Director.
... Auditor.
TOKYO KYARIKO SEISHOKU KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE TOKYO CALICO WORKS, LTD.)
THE Tokyo Calico Works, Ltd., situated at No.
127, Kamedo, Azumaniaciii, Minami-Katsushiiia-
gori, Tokyo prefecture, was organized in September,
1906, with a capital of ¥1,000,000. The mill was
capital was doubled to ¥2,000,000, and 7,730 spindles and
130 sets of looms were added. In the same year the com-
pany inaugurated the manufacture of cotton satin and the
sale of cotton yarn. Since tiie outbreak of hostilities the
THE TOKVO CALICO WOHKS.
opened in July, 1908, with 12,136 spindles, 300 sets
of looms, and bleaching, dyeing ami a'ljiisting miicliines,
thus setting the first
example of the manu-
facture of calico in
Japan. In 1910 the
first extension of thebusi-
ness was effected, when
8,692 spindles and 300
sets of looms were
added. In 1913 the INTERIOR OF THE WORKS.
foreign market for Japanese goods has steadily expanded,
and the demand for the manufactures cf the company lias
greatly increased. In order to meet this demand the
capital was again increased to ¥5,000,000 and at the same
time provision was made for 20,000 new spindles and 200
sets of looms. The company's latest condition of business
is outlined as foUoxYs : —
Yen.
Capital 5,000,000
Spindles 43,500
Looms 1,000
( 418 )
Annual production : —
Cotton cloths
Cotton yarn
Yards.
12.000,000
Bales.
12,000
The Officers of the Company are as follows ;
JlNBEI SUGIMUEA, Esq.
Kanji Horikoshi, Esq.
GoHEi AoKi, Esq.
JiNBEi Shibaishi, Esq.
ARTICLES MADE BY THE CO.
Products : — Calico, grey cambrics, cotton satin and
various varieties of cotton yarn.
Market: — Homeland, Chosen, Taiwan, China, India,
and Southern Islands.
Kakichi Saito, Esq
Katsusaburo Yamazaki, Esq.
KiNNosuKE Sakamoto, Esq.
TsuNESHiCHi Yajima, Esq.
President.
Managing Director.
Director.
Director.
Auditor.
TOKYO KEORIMONO KABUSHIKI KArSHA.
(THE TOKYO WOOLLEN MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.)
ryiHE Tokyo Woollen Manufacturing Co., Ltd., is the
JL newest of all the woollen mills in Japan, being
floated by iuflueiitial business men, such as Baron Sliibu-
Hashiba, Minami-Senju, a suburb of Tokyo, and produce
clothing for the consumption of provincial Government offices,
melton clothing for the use of the Imperial Railway Board,
THE TOKYO WOOLLEN MANUFACTURING CO.
sawa, Mr. Tsunehei Moroi and Mr. Shokichi Shibuya, in
November, 1906.
The company have their office and factory at Jikata-
army drills and blankets for the army, army drills for the
Chinese Government, and melton clothing, serges, blankets,
flannel, and other woollen goods for the domestic market.
( 419 )
The company is one of the latest, having the advantage
of being equipped with the most up-to-date plants, which
enables it to maintain a high degree of efficiency under all
circumstances, in respect to the amount of its production,
and the quality of its manufactures. The management is
progressive and steady, and tlie utmost economy is observed.
The products are sold at a minimum figure.
The management of the company is conducted by the
following : —
Heizayemon Hibiya, Esq j Director,* *°
{Managing
Director.
Tbttnehei Moroi, Esq.
KIOHXHEX KUSAKA, Esq { M-jing
RiNNOsuKE Yamanaka, Esq Director.
ToYOCHiYO Machioa, Esq „
QoRO TsuDA, Esq „
Shintaro Ohashi, Esq Auditor.
ToKUNOSUKE Machida, Esq „
BuN-iCHiRO Igarashi, Esq „
The company has an authorised capital of ¥2,000,000,
of which ¥1,200,000 is paid up. During the past years
dividends ranging between 10 per cent, and 8 per cent, per
annum against the paid up capital have been distributed.
TOKYO MOSURIN BOSHOKU KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE TOKYO MUSLIN SPINNING AND WEAVING CO., LTD.)
T'HIS company is one of the oldest and as well as one
of the largest muslin manufacturers in Japan,
having been founded as a joint stock company in 1895,
underlj^the auspices of the Mitsui family, and Mr. Jimbei
Sugimura, when the company's capital^was but a million
THE TOKYO MUSLIN SPINNING AND WEAVING 00.
yen. The company now has a capital of ¥4,000,000, of
which ¥3,500,000 has been paid up.
The main office and factory are situated at Ukechi,
Azuma-machi, Minami-Katsushika-gori, Tokyo prefiecture.
Owing to its central position, it enjoys every facility for
transportation and communication. According to the
latest report made up at the end of June, 1916, the factory
is divided into preliminary spinning rooms, warping rooms,
weaving rooms, and finisliing rooms, each of which are
equipped with machines of the latest and universally
approved types manufactured in England and Germany.
In addition top manufacturing machines have lately been
installed and the goods required by the diflTerent depart-
ments are well supplied by the company itself.
INTERIOR
THE WORKS.
The same report says that the annual production ot
spun yarns at the factory amounts to 1,136,487 kin, and
that of muslin to 7,231,856 yards. During the last few
years, all muslin manufacturers have been distressed by the
unstable supply of tops, and the prohibitory restriction on
( 420 )
esporte, but tlie company has happily been an exception,
becfiuse the board has been far-sighted enough to start tiie
manufacture of tops, and has been able to present a good
showing in business.
As to the treatment of operatives the company is a
model for all other textile mills. Their welfare is looked
after by the company in the following manner: — Schooling
is given by well-qualified teachers with supplementary
lessons in sewing and other femenine arts. For the sick
there is a hospital whicli is quite well equipped. The
dormitory house which is erected for operutives of all
ages has a recreation ground, a dining room, club rooms.
supply departments, reception tooms, and entertainment
rooms.
The following is a list of the officers : —
JlMBEI SOGIMURA, Esq. ... .
GoHEi AoKr, Esq
JiNZABORO SUGIMURA, Esq.
Katsusabueo Yamazaki, Esq.
ASAJIRO NiSHIMURA, Esq....
iMOHACHr FUJIMORA. Esq....
Ryokichi Kaneko, Esq. ...
Tasaburo Tomizawa, Esq.
HiDETosHi Kawamura, Esq.
President.
Maniiging Diiector.
Director.
Auditor.
TOKYO SEIJU KABUSHIKi KAISHA.
(THE TOKYO WOOLLEN CLOTH MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.)
T
^HE Tokyo Woollen Cloth Manufacturing Co., Ltd., is
one of the oldest of its kind in this country, being
organized in August, 1887, with the object of developing
domestic industry and checking the import of foreign goods.
MR. K. TSUKAGUCHI.
Immediately after the inauguration, the company sent
several experts to Europe and America, to investigate the
line of business there, and to purchase a complete set
of mill equipments. In July, 1890, the installation of the
plant was completed and the actual operations were com-
menced.
At first the company encountered much difficulty, both
technical and otherwise, but improvements have been
introduced, in dyeing and other departments and the
difficulties have now been eliminated, and a stable reputa-
tion has been established.
The company in the early days was patronized by the
Imperial Army and Navy, the Imperial Railway Board,
the Metropolitan Police Board, the Prefectural Office.", and
other Government offices as well as by many private institu-
tions. The output of the mill was regarded as the best
produced in Japan. The two Services have granted special
orders for woollen cloth since 1897.
Coupled with the steady increase in the demand for
woollen cloth, it was largely due to the outbreak of the
Russo-Japanese War that the mill attained this develop-
ment.
During the war the company worked to the fullest
THE TOKYO WOOLLEN CLOTH MANUFACTURING CO.
running capacity to meet the increasing demands from the
two Services. The extension of the plant on a large scale
was effected in 1906, when the company commenced the
improvement of the old plant. Complete preparations were
( 421 )
made for the execution of large orders from Russia, when
she turned toward Japan for the clothing for her army on
the outbreak of the European campaign.
At first the company made a specialty of black clothing,
striped patterns, flannel, serges, felt, blankets, shawls, rugs,
and other descriptions of woollen goods, but in 1896 the
mill was extended and a plant was installed for the produc-
tion of worsted woollen yarn, and felt for paper milling
purposes. In 1907 the company's mill and its producing
capacity were enlarged by the amalgamation of the Shina-
gawa Woollen Fabric Co.
At present the company has an authorized capital of
¥2,000,000, of whicii ¥1,250,000 is paid up and at the end
of the past terra the reserve fund was ¥564,200. The
main office and mill of the company are situated at Oji, a
suburb of Tokyo, and the branch mill is situated at Shina-
gawa, another suburb of Tokyo, both being thus in very
favourable positions. The company has been presented
with many gold medals.
Baron Kihachiro Okura
■■•{
Keizaburo Tsukaquchi, Esq. ... ]
President and
Director.
Managing
Director.
TOYO BOSEKI KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE ORIENTAL COTTON SPINNING CO., LTD.)
THE Oriental Cotton Spinning Co., which has its
headquarters at Yokkaiehi, Miye prefecture, is one
of the greatest cotton mills in Japan. It was established
as the result of the combining of the Miye Cotton Spinning
Co., and the Osaka Cotton Spinning Co., in Japan, 1914.
[t has a subscribed capital of ¥25,000,000, of which
¥17,475,000 is paid up.
The Osaka Cotton Spinning Co., was the first cotton
mill established in this country, on a joint stock system,
and when it was fused in the Miye Cotton Spinning Co.,
and formed a part of the new company, the firm had a
capital of ¥5,000,000, with fifteen big mills, equipped with
158,976 spindles, 7,752 throwing machines, and 4,796
looms.
. The Miye Cotton Spinning Co. was also one of the
oldest establishments of its kind in Japan. It whs esta-
blished in 1886, at Yokkaiehi, by Mr. Denshichi Ito and
several other business men of that city, with a capital of
¥220,000. After the company was amalgamated with the
Osaka Cotton Spinning Co., and new company had a
subscribed capital of ¥10,250,000, and its cotton mills
numbered 11 with 21,000 operatives.
The Oriental Cotton Spinning Co. tiius formed had a
capital of ¥14,250,000, with a reserve of ¥7,750,000.
The company's mills numbered 16 with 462,840 spindles,
22,184 throwing machines and 11,368 looms.
After the formation of the new company, the enlarge-
ment and reorganization of the management were steadily
conducted and at the end of July, 1916, when the last
enlargement of the company's capital was effected, the
total subscribed capital was ¥25,000,000, and the paid up
capital ¥17,475,000. The plant was then enlarged and
according to the company's report of July, 1916, the total
number of spindles was 536,000.
The yarns produced are mostly of 10 to 32 counts, but
some descriptions of thrown yarns are of 42 to 43 counts.
Among the textiles manufactured by the company are
T-cloti), shirtings, drills, jeans, sheetings, etc., etc., army
cloths included. Part of the yarns produced are consumed
OSAKA MILL OF THE TOYO COTTON SPINNING CO.
by the company itself, as raw materials for weaving plants.
Particularly in Chosen, Manchuria, Mongolia, China,
British India, and South Seas the cotton cloths of the com-
pany are sold in increasing quantities, and at Tientsin
nearly 60 per cent, of the whole textile supply from Japan
consists of this company's manufactures.
As the result of the careful management by the board
( 422 )
the company's business is a success and its finances are in
a sound condition. According to the latest report of tlie
company the reserve fund stands at ¥9,100,000, against
¥17,475,000 paid-up capital, and for the redemption of
the fixed capital ¥10,593,766 has already been set
aside.
The following is the list of the company's officers : —
Denshichi Ito, Esq President.
Dr. Tsunezo Saito Managing Director.
FusATARO Abe, Esq „ „
Dr. Shun-iohi Hattori, Esq.
TsuNEO Oka, Esq
AiZABURO Mano, Esq.
MoNSHiCHi KuKi, Esq.
Shirobki Kawakita, Esq.
KiNNOsuKE Kanno, Esq. ...
Tatsutaro Kumagai, Esq.
KiHEi Seo, Esq.
HiKOTARO Abe, Esq
Director.
Auditor.
TOYO KEORI KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE TOYO TEXTILE MANUFACTURING CO, LTD.)
THIS company is the outgrowth of the Goto Textile
Mfg. Co., one of the oldest woollen mills in this
country, founded by Mr. Hirosaku Goto, in 1880. For
many years Mr. Goto managed this business, as his own
private enterprise, but in April, 1907, he was induced by
his associates to convert it into a joint stock concern, and
further develope the operations, when the company assumed
the style of the Goto Woollen Fabric Co., Ltd. Later the
Sanae Okuda, E-q. ...
GoHEi Ihara, Esq.
Shiqeji Usami, Etq. ...
KlYOHIDE IsHii, Esq. ...
Seki Goto, Esq
Matakichi Ida, Esq. ...
TsuNEGO Inouye, Esq.
Naokichi Kaneko, Esq.
Director.
Director.
Auditor.
'*&-*44^
THE TOYO TEXTILE MANUFACTURING CO., OI-MACHI NEAR TOKYO.
concern experienced another change, when it came under
the business influence of Suzuki & Co., of Kobe, when
Mr. Goto retired from the company and it was placed
under new management.
In October, 1915, the reorganization was completed,
and the company assumed the present name. The following
are directing the company : —
Ken-ichi Fujita, Esq Managing Director.
TsUYO Doi, Esq Auditor.
The company's head office and chief mill are situated
at Oi-machi, Ebara-gori, Tokyo prefecture, with a branch
office and mill at Ogaki, Gifu prefecture.
To commence with the company had a capital of
¥1,200,000, but in September, 1913, the enlargement of
the capital to ¥3,000,000 was decided upon, with a view to
extending the scope of operations.
( 423 )
TOYO MOSURIN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE TOYO MUSLIN CO., LTD.)
THIS company was founded in 1905 with an authorised
capital of ¥2,000,000, but its operations were com-
menced in 1908 wlien the instHllation of the plant at the
newly-completed mills was finished. It was enlarged in
1912 by the amalgamation of the Matsui Muslin Mill, wlien
the production of muslin was almost doubled. With the
complete operation of the mills the company's business
Its head office is at Kameido, a suburb of Tokyo, with
the two mills close at hand in the same town. The mills
are divided into five departments: Motor, Spinninar, Weav-
ing, Finishing, and Repair, all being equipped with
machines of the most up-to-date and improved types. The
annual production amounts to 937,000 yards of muslin and
160,000 lbs. of spun yarns.
iumaim &•-■ w
"-T'''iiiiiif I iiiirf^
TOYO MUSLIN CO., KAMEDO, NEAR TOKYO.
greatly improved, and up to the end of 1912 dividend rates
ranged between 12 and 18 per cent, per annum. With the
advent of the Taislio Era the muslin market was depressed,
and muslin weavers generally were much distressed, but
since the war in Europe began a degree of prosperity has
been enjoyed. In September, 1916, the company enlarged
its capital to ¥4,000,000 with a view to initiating the cotton
satin weaving business.
INTERIOR OF THE WORKS.
The company is controlled by the following business
men : —
E^q.
Tahei Mayekawa, Esq .
Yasunao Owaki, Esq.
Ikuzo Wakao, Esq
FUKUSABURO WaTANABE,
Kyoiohi Kambe, Esq
Choshiro Kikuchi, Esq
ToKUTAEO Yamaboshi, Esq. ...
Tanjiro Yoshida, Esq
Genzo Yasuda, Esq
Katsusaburo Watanabe, Ei-q.
President.
Director.
Auditor.
UZEN QRIMONO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE UZEN TEXTILES
THIS company is capitalized at ¥300,000, of which
¥75,000 is paid up. The principal manufactures
comprise satin, figured satin, figured habutaye, kabe silk
crapes, etc. The company's report for the first half of
1916 states that the export at the beginning of the term
was inactive with Europe, owing to an advance in exchange
rates, freights and insurance. But the export to the
U.S.A. showed an unprecedented briskness, largely due to
the active tone of the raw silk market. Later the export
to Europe became more active.
MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.)
The company's officers are as follows : —
KoYEMOM Kazama, Esq
KiCH[RO HiRATA, Esq
Sanyemon Kamada, Esq
Kyubei Saito, Esq
Magoichiro Kaneko, Esq
ToYOKiCHi Yamaguchi, Esq
Sadaji Sasahara, Esq
President.
Director.
Auditor.
( 424 )
TOYO SHOKUFU KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE ORIENTAL WEAVING CO., LTD.)
T
HE Oriental Weaving Company was founded in
February, 1915, by taking over an old weaving mill
KIRYU FACTORY OF THE ORIENTAL WEAVING CO.
in Kiryu, one of the greatest textile industry centres in
Japan.
Tiie Officials of the Company
are as fol]( ws : — Eisaku Okaraoto,
Esq., Managing Director; Count
Masanosuke Hayashi, Director ;
Genjiro Nozawa, Esq., Director ;
Sliigezo Iraamura, Esq, Director;
Kiyoma Kawazoye, Auditor.
The company's head office is situated at No. 1, 1-chorae,
Yuraku-cho, Kojiraachi-ku, Tokyo, and all business is
conducted by the Board of Directors there. The weaving
factory is situated at Shinjuku, Kiryu, Gumma prefecture.
The site of the factory is an ideal place, as it is on a hill,
and free from dampness, though only 5 cho distant from
Kiryu Station, thus enjoying every transportation facility.
At the Kiryu factory, looms are driven with hydro-
electric power, and the generator has a minimum capacity
of producing 300 horse power. The looms number 300, but
the company is installing 200 additional looms. The goods
manufactured are principally umbrella cloths, figured
linings, etc. The tiirowing of silk is also conducted though
the spinning of cotton and silk, which lias been decided
upon by the Board of the Directors, has not actually
commenced 6,000 spindles are at work both day and night
throwing silk.
INTERIOR OF THE KIRYU WORKS.
Y. YAG! SHOTE
(Y. YAGI SHOTEN AND THE NANIWA SPINNING AND WEAVING CO., LTD.)
'TpHE Y. Yagi Shoten, popularly called " Maru Su "
■*• is a large firm dealing in cotton yarns and textiles.
It was established in 1893, by Mr. Yosaburo Yagi, the
proprietor, at 2-chome Minami-Kyutaro-machi, Higashi-ku,
Osaka, where the office still stands.
The firm is principally interested in cotton yarns,
gased and mercerised yarns ; sheetings, drills, jeans, shirt-
ings, T-cloth, and Turkish towels (any length under 18'
width). At home the firm sells these goods wholesale, and
has good connections almost everywhere. Overseas the firm
(
trades with many well-known importers in Manchuria, China,
British India, Soutli Seas and other parts of tiie Far East.
The Naniwa Spinning and Weaving Co. hus its selling
agency established in Hie office of the firm. The company
has its main office and mills at Hamadera, Idzuuami-gori,
Osaka prefecture, and a brar.cli mill at Sakai. At present
the company produces principiilly 'I'-cloths and towels.
The latter goods can be woven at the rate of 90,000 dozen
per month. They are supplied in any length under 18
inches wide. In the market they are received with sati?-
426 )
faction because of their excellent bleaching and dyeing and
not only in Japan, but in China, Hritish India, South Sen.",
Australia, Canada, and the United States their sale is
increasing.
Tlie company now contemplates producing yarns by
itself for its own weaving plant. Already part of the
spinning plant is said to have been secured. The manu-
facture of drills and sheetings is also being planned by
the company, according to the latest report of the company's
agents.
TSUJI BOSHOKUSHO.
(THE TSUJI SPINNING AND WEAVING MILL.)
THIS firm, a partnership, with a capital of ¥300,000,
fully paid up, and carries on an extensive business
in cotton clothing. It was established in June, 1916, by
Messrs. Churobei Tsuji, Teikichi Tsuji, and other members
The mill runs 21,552 spindles and 585 weaving looms,
with a force of 1,-130 operatives, and produces intermediate
and coarse sized yarns, shirting?, cotton flannel, and coarse
cotton clothing.
THE TSUJI SPINNING AND WEAVING MILL, KYOTO.
of tlie Tsuji family. Tiiis family is known in Kyoto as one
of the wealthiest and most influential in the cotton trade.
The factory is situated at Sembon Nishi-e-irn, Shijo-dori,
Kyoto,
The establishment is managed by Mr. Teikichi Tsuji,
the Active Partner, with the assistance of Messrs.
Toyoji Wada, Kotetsu Hamaoka, and Chushiro Tsuji,
Advisers. • .
( 426 )
^UQAR MANUrAOTURIMG SCOTIOIN.
GHUTAI TAKUSHOKU SEITO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE CHUTAI DEVELOPMENT AND
'T^HIS company, situated at Toyomigushiku, Shimajiri-
*■ gori, Okinawa prefecture, is a corporation, started
in 1910 and its present capital is ¥5,000,000. A quarter
of this lias since been called up, to systematize and develope
the sugar industry, iu Loochoo Islands, where, except
Taiwan, sugar can only be produced within the Empire of
Japnn.
MR. K. YANO.
Seven sugar mills are maintained by the company in
Loochoo islands, and the total output of sugar there
amounted to 76,000 barrels at the end of the season 1915/16.
The mill at Katena is situated in Yuntanza Valley, and
can turn out 400 tons of centrifugal goods, being equipped
with 1 six-rolled mill, 7 filter presses, 1 triple effect, 2 juice
heaters, 6 crystallizers, 6 centrifugal machines, and their
accessories.
The Nishibaru Mill is situated on the East coast of
Shimajiri-gori and was originally owned by the Prefectural
SUGAR MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.
Government. At present the mill has a capacity of 100
tons, but the company is extending it with the intention of
increasing the capacity to 350 tons.
The Toyomigushiku Mills are the newest, and equipped
witii 1 triple roller, 2 boilers, 6 centrifugal macliines, 2
juice heaters, 8 sap-ciders 5 crystalizers, 2 filter presses,
and their accessories. As centrifugal mills they are well
planned and their products are most superior in quality.
The company has its own large cane plantations ; 220 chobu
of new plantations have recently been laid out. The result
is said to be excellent. The company also buys up all canes
produced by native farmers.
In Taiwan, the company undertakes sugar manufactur-
ing and camphor milling, in addition to its operations in
Okinawa. Though the sugar manufacturing is on a com-
paratively small scale, tlie annual production amounts to
21,000 barrels. The mills iu Taiwan have a maximum
capacity of 260 tons.
The camphor concessions have a vast area of 54 square
ri, the annual production of crude camphor, and oil of
camphor amounts to 1,300,000 kin.
The general business affairs are controlled at the office
at Shio-cho, Osaka, by the following:
KoNOSUKE Abe, Esq
Keitaeo Yano, Esq
Shobei Kono, Esq
TOSHIEO YoKOi, Esq
KoGORO NiSHio, Esq
Hatsutaro Akashi, Esq. ...
MiCHIHITO K03A, Esq.
TsuNEJiKO Ito, Esq
KuNiTARO Yamanouchi, Esq.
JuNTARO Yamaoka, Esq. ...
Babon Shiqeru Narabara, Esq,
GuNNOSUKE Sakurai, Esq.
President.
Managing Director.
Director.
Auditor.
Adviser.
( 427 )
DAI NIPPON SEITO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE JAPAN SUGAR MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.)
IN January, 1896, this company was established, under
the style of the Nippon Seito Knbushiki Kaisha, or
Japan Sugar Refining Co., with an authorised capital of
¥300,000, and is situated on the banks of the river Onagi,
MR. R. FUJIYAMA.
Fukagawa-ku, Tokyo, for the purpose of manufacturing
refined sugar and rock candies.
This was one of the first companies founded in Japan
on these particular lines. Before the Sino-Japanese War,
this line of industry was little developed, only a small
quantity of unrefined sugar being produced in the Looclioo
islands, and Oshima, by a rudimentary process. The greater
part of the home consumption was imported from Java, the
United States, Germany, Hongkong, and other countries,
the total amount of trade amounting to four million pieuls
every year. When Taiwan, which was suitable for cane
growing, was ceded by China to Japan this country could
hope to keep in check the growing trade in sugar, by the
initiation of industry on modern lines in her own territories.
This establishment was planned.
The growth of business was very great, and within six
months after the commencemeut of operations the capital
had be doubled, amounting to ¥600,000. In June, 1899,
the capital was enlarged to ¥2,000,000, when operations
were extended and its products were supplied to the domestic
market and exported to China and Cliosen.
In 1906, the company bought the small rival concerns
and renamed the firm the Japan Sugar Manufacturing
Company. Tlie amalgamation of the Dairi Refinery was
eflFected in 1907, the total capital then being ¥12,000,000.
A large raw sugar mill was completed at the close of
1907, at Gokenseki, Kagi-cho, and the manufacture of raw
sugar was commenced, with a large supply of raw materials
from its own raw sugar mill, instead of importing it from
foreign countries as before.
Mr. F'aita Fujiyama was entrusted with the direction of
the company's affairs. He at once began his work of
readjustment, with the help of Messrs. Nagayuki Takayama,
Yoshitatsu Izawa, and others.
The extension of the market in China, Chosen, and
India was also eflfected.
THE HEAD OFFICE OF THE JAPAN SUGAR
MANUFACTURING CO., TOKYO.
The following table, which gives the list of the company's
net profits since its organization, will fully show how the
company has been saved from ruin, and placed on lines of
prosperity : —
Business Tekms.
Nov., 1909- April, 1910,
May, 1910-Oct., 1910 .
Net profit.
Yen.
933,113.88
911,877.33
( 428 )
Nov., 1910-April, 1911...
May, 191 1-Oct., 1911 ...
Nov., 1911-May, 1912 ...
May, 1912-Nov., 1912 ...
Nov., 1912-April, 1913...
May, 1913-Oct., 1913 ...
Nov., 1913-April, 1914...
May, 1914-Oct., 1914 ...
Nov.. 1914-April, 1915 ..
May, 1915-Nov., 1915 ...
Nov., 1915-April, 1916...
With two large raw sugar mills
well-situated refineries io Japan, the
unique position iti this line of industry,
mills and refineries are perfect and com
Net profit.
Yen.
749.285.68
814,741.04
853,060.23
967.892.27
... 1,239.498.17
.. 1,114,812.33
... 1,140,138.98
... 1,224.857.47
... 1,464,084.28
... 1,413,526.06
... 1,749,836.55
in Taiwan, and four
company occupies a
. The plants at those
plete in every respect,
THE DAIRI REFINERY.
and the products are known as superior. In Japan, Chosen,
British India, and China the goods are taken in increasing
quantities. In 1911 nearly 80 per cent, of the whole con-
sumption of refined goods at home was supplied by the
company, and 1,000,000 piculs exported to China, Chosen,
and other countries.
The company's business is now prosperous, and it can
distribute dividends of 12 per cent, per annum. At the end
of the first half of 1916, it was decided to increase the
capital to ¥18,000,000, for the purpose of coping with the
increasing demand from China.
The Tokyo Refinery is situated at Fukagawa, Tokyo.
The plants 'were supplied by Messrs. Blair Campbell &
McLean, Scotland, James Buchanan & Son, Caledonian
Foundry and Engine Works, Liverpool, Houston,
Greenock & Watson, Laidlaw & Co., Glasgow, and are up-
to-date in ever respect. The maximum producing capacity
of the mill is 300 tons of refined sugar, and a considerable
amount of rock candies.
This large refinery is situated at Johoku-mura,
Higashinari-gori, Osaka prefecure. It was originally built
for the Nippon Sugar Manufacturing Co., in January, 1896.
The plant was supplied by Messrs. Blake, Barclay & Co.,
Greenock, and can turn out 150 tons of refined sugar per
day. A new set of machinery has recently been installed for
the manufacture of cube sugar. It was made by Messrs.
Harsey & Co., U.S.A.
The Dairi Refinery was originally built for the Dairi
Sugar Refinery, and is well equipped with machines made
by Messrs. Babcock & Wilcox, Harvey & Co^., Watson
Laidlaw & Co., and James Buchanan & Son. Its daily
production amounts to 300 tons. One of the notable features
of the refinery is that it has a high degree of elasticity ; when
required its daily turn-out can be increased to 350 tons. The
refinery has many excellently built storehouses, and iron
foundry, and a dock, while a siding laid by the company
connects the refinery with the Kyushu Main Line of the
Government Railway. As Dairi is situated on the sea shore
near to Moji, the refinery occupies a unique position for
exporting to China, Chosen, and other countries.
The company's raw sugar mill at Gokenseki, Kagi-cho,
Taiwan, was the first raw sugar mill in Taiwan. The plant
at the mill was made by Braunsweigsche .Maschiner Bau
Anhalt, Brunschweig. Germany, and can crush 1,299 tons
of sugar cane daily. As this district is close to the torrid
zone, and very fertile, ihe sugar cane grown there is noted
for its richness. There the company has an extensive
plantation of about 7,100 acres, where the cane is grown,
with up-to-date machines, under the company's own super-
vision. The company monopolizes the canes grown on an
extensive cane plantation, under the control of the Taiwan
Government-General. A network of narrow gauge railways
traverses the district and the transportation of canes and
passengers is conducted.
The second raw sugar mill in Taiwan was built in the
same district in 191 1. The plant was furnished by Maschin-
enfabrick, Grevenbroicli, Germany, and has a niaxiraum
capacity of crushing 1,000 tons of canes daily.
The Board of Officers consists of the following : —
Raixa Fujiyawa, Esq President.
NaqAYUKI Takayama, Esq. ... Managing Director.
YOSHITATSU IZAWA, Esq „
Seizo Nakamuka, Esq Director.
Seki Hoshino, Esq „
YosHiAKi Hamamoto, Esq. ... ,.
YosHio Sashida, Esq Auditor.
Naoyoshi Omihara, Esq. ... „
( 429 )
ENSUlKd SEITO TAKUSHOKU KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE ENSUIKO SUGAR MANUFACTURING AND DEVELOPMENT CO., LTD.)
THIS company, situated at Shinyei-sho, Kagi-cho,
Formosa, was established in February, 1904, in
accordance with the regulation issued by the Formosau
Government, for the encouragement of tiie sugar industry.
The promoters were influential men of Formosa. The
President of the Board of Directors is Mr. Taiji Arai, the
Managing Directors Mr. Tetsu Maki, Mr. Saburosuke
Fujizaki, Mr. Sadao Hashimoto. Directors: — Messrs. Tatsuji
Ando, Ivoretaka Takahashi, Yuji Okada, Kanzaburo Sasaki,
Terutaro Kazuta. The Auditors : — Messrs. Kobei Abe,
pany amalgamated the Dnito Takushoku Seito Kabushiki
Kaisha and renamed the company the Ensuiko Seito Taku-
shoku Kabushiki Kaisha.
Tlie company has new machinery which is under the
superintendence of expert engineers, constractetl with The
Harhay & Co., Ltd., of England, These machines have
pressing capacity of 66,000 kin (1 Hn=li lb.) per day of
24 hours with full speed, full power of pressing capacity is
3950 tons, and producing capacity about 7300 bags.
The company possesses a railway line extending over 91
MILL No. 1 OF THE COMPANY
AND ITS RAILWAY FOR
THE TRANSPORTATION
OF SUGAR-CANE.
MILL No. 2 OF THE COMPANY.
Sojuro Iwazaki, Shujiro Harn, Genzaburo Aochi and
Ryu-Shen-Yu.
At the outset, the company's capital was ¥300,0000, of
which ¥150,000 was paid up, the machinery was of 350
tons capacity per day. One of the sugar-cane pressers and
one of the crystallizing plants were supplied by an English
firm, the rest being old machinery used by the late Sapporo
Sugar Co.
In March, 1907, the Co. was reorganized with an
increased capital of ¥5,000,000, and in November, 1910,
amalgamated with the Takasago Sugar Co. The capital
then amounting to ¥7,500,000. In July, 1914, the
authorized capital amounted to ¥11,250,000 and the corn-
miles for transportation of sugar. The area of the com-
pany's plantations is 2,935 ko (1 io=9 ten- 7 sebu) and
is yearly increasing. The company also has a camphor
business, raising 500,000 kin (1 kin=li lb.) for crystal,
1,000,000 kin for the spirit camphor; the mining area is
4,262,980 tsubo (over 3541 acres).
The area of the main and brancli plantation is
46,900 ko.
Profit andiLoss Account.
(June 30th, 1916). Yen.
Gross Profit 11,793,862.237
Expenditure ... 8,696,414.332
Balance 3,097,447.905
( «o )
MEIJI SEITO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE MEIJI SUGAR MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.)
THIS company situated at Matoho, Tainan-cho, Formosa
was established in December, 1906. The capital is
authorized at ¥12,000,000, and the various reserve funds
and net profit amount to ¥4,900,000.
The company was organized by Mr. Senkichi Ogawa,
the Ex-President of the Board of Directors, and by Mr.
Hanji Soma, the present President of the Company and
THE MEIJI SUGAR MANUFACTURING
CO., TAIWAN.
the following Officials : Messrs. Sumisaburo Uyemura,
Yoshihisa Usui, Naoyoshi Yamamoto, the late Mr. Masa-
bumi Asada, and Barons Morimasa Takei, Eiichi
Shibusawa, Ichizayemon Morimura, and over twenty others
who own all the shares.
The first organization capital was ¥5,000,000 ; in view
of producing raw-sugar in Formosa. In December, 1908,
was established the Shoro factory in Tainan prefecture, with
a pressing capacity of 150 tons. In November, 1910, it was
increased to 1,000 tons capacity at the Santo factory in
Kagi province.
In January, 1912, the company established an-
other sugar manufactory of 1,100 tons capacity of the
Soya factory in Tainan-cho, in order to increase the
generating capacity of raw-sugar production. In the
same year the amalgamation of the Yokohama Refining
Co., Ltd. was made and the capital raised to ¥10,000,000,
and an establishment built near Tokyo, called the Kawa-
saki Kefinery with 200 tons capacity.
In June, 1913, the company decided to amalgamate
the Chuo Seito Kabushiki Kaisha (raw-sugar mill), adding
the 750 tons capacity of the Nanto Factory, when capital
amounted to ¥12,000,000.
At present, the annual production of the company
for raw-sugar is 3,600 tons ; i.e. 70,000,000 piculs, refined
sugar, 300 tons ; i.e. 1,200,000 piculs and 60 koku alcohol.
The officers of the company are as follows : —
Hanji Soma, Esq
Tetsuo Takagi, Esq
Kensuke Akishima, Esq....
Senkichi Ogawa, Esq.
Sumisaburo Qyemura, Esq.
Yoshihisa Usui, Esq.
Bakon Morimasa Takei ...
Heijiro Chiba, Esq
Senjiro Tanii, Esq
Naoyoshi Yamamoto, Esq.
YosHiTARO Kawahara, Esq.
Kaisaku Morimura, Esq.
President.
Managing Director.
Director.
Auditor.
MINAMI NIPPON SEITO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE MINAMI NIPPON SUGAR
'n^'HIS company was founded in 1911, in the middle
districts of Taiwan, with large mills at Shinchiku
and Chuko. Both mills have been gradually enlarged, and
their total producing capacity was now 660 tons. The cane
plantations have also been enlarged and improved, and at
the end of July, 1916, it was reported that 3,605 kobu
was the total area, with a yield of 197,297,639 kin of
canes.
MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.)
To commence with the company was unable to obtain
enough canes to feed its mills and every term saw the busi-
ness accumulating losses. The Board of the company has
endeavoured to improve the position. Railways and trucks
were laid sometime ago, between the mills and the nearest
stations on the Government Railway, with the intention of
improving transportation facilities. At the end of July,
1916, steam railways had a total length of 12.19 miles,
( 431
while cargo trucks had a total mileage of 60.63 miles. The
improvements of the sugar plantations have been steadily
pushed, and the supply of canes to the mills has been fairly
well maintained.
During the first months of 1916, negotiations were
carried on with the Imperial Sugar Manufacturing Co., for
amalgamation, as it will benefit both by offsetting the
drawbacks existing in the plants of both companies. This
)
was satisfactorily concluded in March, and tlie provisional
agreement was approved by the meeting of shareholders in
April. In July, 1916, the amalgamation was duly carried
out, and the plants of the company were banded over to the
Imperial Sugar Manufacturing Co.
Mr. Tahei Maekawa was the President, and Mr. Tora-
taro Hara was the Managing Director when the fusion was
carried out.
NIITAKA SEITO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(NIITAKA SUGAR PRODUCING CO., LTD.)
THIS company was started in 1909, the first factory
being completed in November, 1910, and the Kagi
factory in 1913. The main office is situated at Sentoho,
Taichu-cho, Formosa, the manufactories being at Shoka
and Taihorin, Kagi-clio, Formosa, and an agency at No. 2,
Kotohira-cho, Shiba-ku, Tokyo. In addition to pressing
large quantities of sugar canes, the company has an alcohol
producing manufactory which is in perfect working order.
Net profit for the current term
Profit brought forward from last account.
Total
Legal reserve fund
Reserve fund for macliinery and build-
ings
5S^^?S?3
THE SHOKA MANUFACTORY OF THE NIITAKA SUGAR PRODUCING CO., TAIWAN
Profit and Loss Account. Dividend reserve fiind
(30th June, 1915). Dividend (10^)
Special dividend (.2^)
Pension fund
Officers bonus and social expense...
Carried to next term
Cb.
Yen.
Amount of receipt
...
!••
3,904,169.63
Receipt for sugar-cane seeds ...
...
• ••
37,871.77
Farm receipts
• ••
12.540.38
Miscellaneous
...
"■_
899.05
Total
3,955,480.83
Dr.
Yen.
Expenditure for production, selling
and
taxes
...
...
2,669,864.96
Expenditure for railways
...
•••
49,862.77
Redemption of improved machinery
...
100,000.00
Interest
...
...
40,247.61
Business expenses
...
...
194,930.54
Total
• ••
• ••
3.054,905.88
Total
The company's officers are as follow : —
KoEiNji Takashima, Esq....
Yen.
900,574.95
93,224.75
993,799 70
Yen.
5 1,000.00
250,000.00
100,000.00
350,000.00
70.000.00
10,000.00
70,000.00
93,799.70
993,799.70
KuMAJiRO Makitama, Esq.
Baron Kihachiro Okora...
TOMOSADA ASADA, Esq.
Shuji Kawase, Esq
Masatsune Kadota, Esq. ..
President.
Managing Director.
Director.
If
Auditor.
( 482 )
TAITO SEITO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE TAITO SUGAR
'' I HE climate of the island of Formosa witli its severe
heat all the year throughout the country, the
Southern jmrt being in the torrid zme, is an especially
favourable locality for the cultivating of sugar cane.
Large concerns are established each year. Tiiere are more
than 17 companies, and these concerns liave a capital of
¥89,400,000, with a capacity of 11,790 tons. The yearly
productions amount to more than 299,862,603 kin (1 kin
= Ulh8.)
THE MANUFACTOKY OF TAlTO SUGAR
PRODUCING CO., TAIWAN.
The Taito Sugar Producing Co. wiis eslablished in 1909
with new production machinery.
Taito prefecture is situated at tiie soutli-eiist of the
Island, with numbers of convenient rivers and streams from
the mountains.
In Taito prefecture, at Pinan, the main office, called
Pinan First Sugar Manufactory, was established, the
Second Factory was at Riryli with a branch office at
Shinkai-YenshS.
Pinan factory had but 60 tons capacity ; at present it
has 120 tons capacity, besides 100 tons at Shinkal-yen
factory, and 40 tons capacity at Riryii.
PRODUCING CO., LTD.)
Tiie company's telephone line extends 5 ri 17 oho
30 ken, at Pinan factory, 2 ri 18 cho at Riryu, and railways
have been laid between Pinan and Shiremoto, 8 miles 80
chains (1 n=36 cho) (1 mi!e=14f cho).
The new factories at Pinan and Riryu, recently built,
number 10 at Pinan, and 18 buildings at Siiinkai-yen.
Before June 1914 the First Factory consisted of 35 build-
ings. Tiie Second Factory had 24 buildings.
Tiie Taito Sugar Producing Co., Ltd. is situated at
Nangai, Taito-cho, Formosa, with an autliorized capital of
¥3,500,000.
The company's obligations are to lay out a light
railway, to produce ice, to brew wine from mollasses,
etc., etc.
The amount of the shares of the company are 70,000
¥50 per siiare and the first chH o( the capital was ¥12.50.
The company elects nine directors and five auditors, these
elections being made at the meeting of shareholders holding
more than 200 shares, and their official term is three years
for directors and two years for the auditors. Tiie President
is elected by vote of the directors, and two of the nine
direclois elected the same way, to take charge of the duties
at the office.
The officers are as follows: —
Baron Suyeki Yasuba
Shutaro Yoshino, Esq
Katsusaburo Watanabe, Esq.
Shohachi Wakao, Esq
Sanjuro Ikeuchi, Esq
Shigehide Matsubara, Esq....
Yeisuke Yajima, Esq
President & Director.
Director.
Auditor.
( m )
TAIWAN SEITO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE FORMOSA SUGAR MANUFACTURING CO., LTD)
rriHIS company held its inaugural meeting in Tokyo on
December 10th, 1900, the original cnpital being
one million yen. Mr. Tosaburo Suzuki, the first President,
and Mr. Teijiro Yaraamoto, Director, visited Formosa and
selected the site fur the company's works at Kyoshito, in
Tainan prefecture. Early in 1901 the capital was increased
by half a million yen, one million being paid up by 1903,
the factory having been opened to business in January the
previous year. In 1906 the capital was again increased to
¥27,500,000. The company occupies extensive and fertile
tracts of land in Tainan, Ako and Nan to prefectures, the
most productive part of Southern Formosa.
The company's main office is situated at Takao,
Forniosa, with a branch office at No. 22, Honkoku-cho
1-chorae, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo. The sole agents are the
Mitsui Bussan Kaisha, Ltd.
The officers of the company are : —
Shiro Fujita, Esq President.
THE FORMOSA SUGAR CO.'S KYOSHITO WORKS No. 1. TAIWAN.
¥5,000,000 with a view to extending the productive
capacity, and a factory for producing alcohol from molasses
was put into operation. The company also planned the
laying of a private railway to save time and expense in
transportation. Another sugar manufacturing company, the
Taito Seito Co , Ltd., was inaugurated with ¥5,000,000,
and amalgamated with the Formosa Sugar Manufacturing
Co. In 1910 the capital was increased to ¥24,000,000,
and by amalgamating other companies was brought up to
Teijiro Yamamoto, Esq.
Tadamichi Takechi, Esq.
Taro Masuda, Esq. ...
Tamiyoshi Zushi, Esq.
JiTARO Marcta, Esq....
KlCHIBEI MURAI, Esq.
KiNSABURO Kada, Esq.
Takashi Masuda, Esq.
I Senior Managing
I Director.
Managing Director.
Director.
Auditor.
Adviser.
( 434 )
TEIKOKU SEITO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE IMPERIAL SUGAR MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.)
THIS company is one of the newest and most ably-
managed sugar manufacturers in Taiwan, and its
future is most promising.
It was floated by Messrs. Hidezane Yamashita, Kobei
Abe, Tomio Matsuoka, and other business men, in 1910,
with an authorised capital of ¥5,000,000. The mills were
quickly completed, and in the following year the milling of
centrifugal sugar was commenced. The result was com-
paratively good, in spite of heavy damages, done by
typhoons. This encouraged the management ; more money
and labour were to be devoted to the growing of canes.
THE 1st factory OF THE IMPERIAL SUGAR
MANUFACTURING CO., TAIWAN, AND
MR. H. YAMASHITA.
during the ensuing years, but the plant was too small, to
mill the ever-increasing crop of canes and the company was
confronted with difficulties.
This trouble was eliminated in July, 1916, by amal-
gamating the Minauii Nippon Sugar Manufacturing Co.,
and enlarging its plant. With this extension it increased its
authorised capital by ¥2,500,000, to ¥7,500,000, divided
into 150,000 shares.
The cane plantations of the company are situated in
the central part of Taiwan, and surrounded by mountain
ranges on the East and West. Thus typhoons lightly
pass over and the plantations are not seriously affected.
According to the latest report the area of the cane fields is
estimated at 7,563 kobu.
Before the Minami Nippon Sugar Manufacturing Co.
was amalgamated, the daily output was 1,050 tons, but
since the plant of the Minami Nippon Sugar Manufacturing
Co. was taken over it is 1,665 tons. The machines were all
supplied by the leading engineering companies in Great
Britain and America, and their types are the newest.
Lately the company, has devoted its labour and
capital to the manufacture of centrifugal sugar only, and
has erected a refining plant at Kobe. The machines are
conveniently installed and were originally designed to turn
out 100 tons of refined sugar every day, but the daily out-
put is said to amount to more than 130 tons.
The company has laid steam railways, which connect
different cane plantations with the mills, and their total
mileage amounts to over two hundred miles. Besides
carrying canes and manufactured sugar for the company
itself, the railways carry general cargo and passengers, thus
furnishing great travelling and carrying facilities to the
people.
According to the latest estimates published in Taiwan
the output of sugar in 1916 was roughly 450,000 piculs.
Part of this figure is refined at the Kobe refining mill, and
the remainder is sold as centrifugal. The latter is supplied
to the market and sold to the Japan Sugar Refining Co. as
raw material. The former is exported to China and other
foreign countries, and also sold in the domestic market.
The company's head office is at Taichu, Taiwan, where
the main mills are situated ; in Tokyo only a business office
is established.
The company's affairs
following : —
Hidezane Yamashita Esq.
Masakuma Matsukata, Esq.
KoNOSUKE Abe, Esq
Seitaeo Yamaguchi, Esq.
RiNNOSUKE Yamanaka, Esq.
Tomio Matsuoka, Esq.
GuNNOSUKE Sakurai, Esq.
Seisua Makiyama, Esq. ...
Yasumasa Matsumoto, Esq.
Zensuke Tanaka, Esq. ...
Shunsuke Kawakami, Esq.
Rexsudo Lin, Esq
are conducted by the
President,
Managing Director.
Director.
Auditor.
( 435 )
TOYO SEITO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE ORIENTAL SUGAR PRODUCING CO., LTD.)
r I "iHE formation of this company was handicapped by the
Busso-Japanese War, which was taking place at that
time. Everyone was anxious, and did not feel inclined to
invest in a new enterprise. The company needed a man of
experience and practical ablity, and such a man was found
in the person of Mr. Tokuhisa Tsunenori.
He was greatly interested in the cause of national
industry and eager to make the company a success. In
August, 1914, they amalgamated with The Toroku Sugar
Producing Co , and also in Mwy, 1915, with 'I'he Hokuko
Seito Kabushiki Kaisha. Tlie capital was authorized at
¥10,000,000, with a view of commencing business in Formosa,
and tlie company became one of the greatest among tlie
Sugar Producing Companies. It was proposed to manage
the business with ¥5,000,000 of the paid-up capital with
the pressing capacity of 3,550 tons. The company was
not satisfied with this and amalgamated the Taiwan
Red Sugar Producing Co., Ltd. also taking over the
department of the Tamaoki Co.'s Sugur Producing
Manufactory, at Nanhoku-Daito Island in Okinawa
prefecture.
The company has kept its average dividend of 12 per
cent, and The liCgal Reserve Fund is ¥324,500, Reserve
Fund for the Redemption of ¥4,888,500 and the Special
Reserve Fund ¥420,000.
The president of tlie company is Mr. Totaro Shimosaka.
( 436 )
TOIL.DT ARTIGUCS SCOTIOIN.
HIRAO SAMPEI SHOTEN.
(S. HIRAO & CO.)
"T^HE firm of 8. Hirao & Co. the " Lait Toilet Article "
Store is situated at Bakuro-cho, Nihonbashi-ku,
Tokyo. Mr. S. Hirao, the proprietor of the firm, was borii
in Tokyo on August 8th, 1874. His father, iSainpei Hirao,
was distinguished as a dealer in patent medicines and fancy
goods. He wa^i associated with " Koinachi-sui " (liquid
MR. S. HIRAO.
cosmetic) and " Diamond tooth powder " which he invented
when a hoy. Mr. Sampei Hirao graduated in 1893 from
the Keio University. On the deatii of his father, in
January, 1897, he succeeded to the business. At this time,
things were rapidly progressing, it being immediately after
the war with China. Mr. Hirao saw the time was coming
when toilet articles would no longer be regarded as luxuries
but daily necessaries. He tiierefore started for Europe in
February, 1900, to inspect the manufacture, and uses of
toilet goods. He exhibited articles of his own production in
the International Fair then open at Paris. For these he
was awarded honours. He crossed the Atlantic to America
where he also made viiliiable inspections. He was the first
Japanese to go abroad for the study of toilet accessories.
On returning home he established a large factory at Honjo,
and equipped it with machines of the latest pattern, brouglit
from abroad. In 1907, Mr. Hirao proposed that a large
guild called " Guild of wholesale Dealers iu fancy and
toilet goods of Tokyo'' be organized. At the general
meeting of the organization Mr. Hirao was cliosen as
councillor, wiiich post lie has held continually up to the
present day. In 1904 he established a branch store at
Osaka, in order to extend the market in the Kansai,
Chugoku, Shikoku and Kyushu districts and in various
quarters abroad. In 1905 he made a tour of inspection in
China, Manchuria, Chosen and the South Sea Islands.
On returning home he exported his goods to these quarters,
with the result that exports are now flourishing. Among
many of his exported articles, the Diamond tooth powder
heads the list of exported tooth powders from Japan. In
] 906 he manufactured the " Lait Liquid Cosmetics," which
soon became a favourite, also the Lait powder, Lait washing
powder, Lait food, Lait perfumed oil, etc., etc., which are all
well known and very popular.
( 437 )
THE IMURA SEIKO-SHA.
' I ""HE Iinura Seiko-slm is situated at Umemori-cho,
Yiuiagishiinn, Hoiijo-ku, Tokyo, and is presided
over by Mr. Masakatsu Imura, ns.-isted by his son Mr.
Masakatsu Imnra.
Mr. Imtira (Senior) was born in Umemori-cho, Ynnagi-
shimn, Honjo-ku, Tokyo.
Being ambitious to start some industry, Mr. Imura
was induced as a result of a conversation with an intimate
foreign friend to start the manufacture of soap. After
many difficulties and disappointments, he at 1. st succeeded
in making an article near perfection which he put on the
market under the name of " Fuji Soap." The goods were
well received by the public at large and soon enjoyed a
wide and excellent reputation. Not satisfied, however, by the
success, brilliant as it was, he made every possible effort for
the improvement of the quality, with the valuable assist-
ance of his son. Of many kinds of soap of superior quality,
Mr. Imura invented the following brands :— " Fuji Sekken,"
" Kinchoji Sekken," " Ninin Kodomo."
The superiority of the goods chiefly lies in the selec-
tion of the choicest of material comprising : —
Cocoanut oil of the Southern islands, and caustic soda
of Great Britain, etc.
Since the outbreak of the European war the company
has steadily extended the market abroad by enlarging the fae»
tory, and by engaging over one hundred experienced experts,
MR. M. IMURA.
male and female operatives. The deftinalion for the goods
abroad lire China, Southern Iiilands, Persia, North and
South America ami Europe.
THE ITO KOCHO-YEN.
'nn'HE Head Office of the firm of Ito Kocho-yen is located
at No. 9, Shiba Park, Tokyo. The works are at
Hommura-cho, Azabu-kii, Tokyo. The firm is under the
management of Mr. Sakaye IiO. For several years Misono
toilet articles have been unrivalled in amount of production,
quality and fame. The firm was organized by Mr. Sakaye
IlO, the father of the present proprietor. Since the death of
Mr. Il6, the firm has steadily developed under the able
management of the two sons, Mr. Sakaye Its, the present
head, and Mr. TeijirO It5. The former chiefly takes charge
of business and the latter of the manufacture. Foremost
among many iMisono toilet goods is the Misono face ])ow(ler.
l'>er since its establishment, the firm has directed every
effort to the manufacture of a variety of articles best suited
to the requirements of tiie times. For this purpose the firm
lias employed first class experts by whom the latest sciences
are applied in the manufacture. Besides Misono powder,
the firm turns out cosmetics in the form of powder, liquid
and kneaded powder, hair oils, etc. numbering 47 in all.
The demand for these articles is enormous, aud the market
C 438 ^
MR. S. ITO AND HIS FACTORY, TOKYO.
covers the homeland, the colonies, China, India, Hawaii,
North America and Europe.
The company is also engaged in the manufacture and
sale of " Kinatetsu " wine, which ranks first among the home
made medicinal wines. Its superior quality has been testified
to by Prof. Dr. Juntaro Takahushi of the Tokyo Imperial
University.
The firm also runs a publishing business under the
title of the Genbunsha, issuing two monthly periodicals.
One is the Shin Katei (New Home) and the other the Shin
Engei (New Performance). The magazines enjoy a very
wide'circulation.
THE KANEKO-GO.
ri^HE Kaneko-go, situated at No. 9, 2-chotne, Bingo-
maclii, Hignsiii-ku, Osaka, trades on a large scale
with the Dutch East Indies, the Philippines, Siam, Singa-
pore, British India, and other countries, in perfumes and
toilet goods, which the firm manufactures at its own
factories.
Over a decade ago, the firm was founded by the fatlier
of the present proprietor, Mr. Taraejiro Kaneko, for the
purpose of exclusively conducting an export trade in
perfumes and toilet goods, with Southern countries. In
1910 the founder travelled extensively in these countries,
and studied the requirements of the people there.
The present proprietor strictly maintains the traditions
of his father, and the firm is known as one of the soundest
and most progressive in this line of business.
The firm's trade marks and designs are registered at
Japan's patent office and also in the Dutch East Indies,
Hongkong, and Siam they are protected.
THE LATE MR. T. KANEKO.
( 439 )
MR. KOBAYASHI TOMIJIRO.
R. KOBAYASHI'S firm, Manufacturer of " Lion
Tooth Powder," stands at Sotode-machi, Honjo-ku,
Tokyo. It was organized in July, 1894. Tlie development
of dental health in this country is a matter of only recent
years. Having regard to the fact that the care of teeth
has a serious bearing on the health of the human body,
the late Mr. Tomijiro KobayBslii, founder of this firm, and
father of the present President, made up his mind to manu-
facture tooth powder of an excellent quality, on an equal
with foreign articles, and to put them on the market at the
cheapest possible price and thereby contribute toward the
improvement of public health of the nation. With this
end in view Mr. Kobayashi made untiring efforts and many
experiments with the latest science, until at last he suc-
ceeded in making a powder of fine quality, which he called
the " Lion Tooth Powder." He put the articles on sale
with the trade mark of a lion. The goods soon earned an
excellent reputation throughout the land.
While making efforts for the extension of the market,
he never neglected to improve the qualities of the article.
At first only manual work was employed, but the tactory
was afterwards equipped with a gas engine of the latest
pattern. Thus no stone was left unturned to ii. crease the
productive capacity, and therefore lower the price of the
article. Efforts are still being made for the production of
articles better and more uniform in quality, also to prolong
the sweet odour. The company stands unrivalled in the
amount of production and the extension of the market, both
at home and abroad.
MR. T. KOBAYASHI AND THE BUSINESS OFFICE
OF THE LION TOOTH POWDER, TOKYO.
Specialities are as follows : —
Lion powder. Lion tooth-wash. Lion kneaded tooth
powder, Lion tooth powder for children. Lion soaps (toilet
aoap, washing soap, and soap for the use of the army).
THE MARUMIYA SHOTEN.
rriHE Maruraiya Shoten is a private concern, manu-
J- facturing and dealing in soaps, toilet goods,
chemicals, wines, and drugs, situated at No. 15, 4-chome
Tachibana-cho, Nihombaslii-ku, Tokyo. The firm has its
laboratory, one of the finest in this country, at Nishi-machi,
Shitaya-ku, Tokyo, and everything the firm produces and
sells is closely examined (and proves as the best in the
market), by the staff of the laboratory, which is composed
of good men, turned out by the Tokyo Imperial University
and the Tokyo Higher Polytechnic School.
The head of this establishment, which ranks among the
foremost of the toilet and chemicals manufacturers in Japan,
is Mr. Zenbei Miwa, the eldest son of the late Mr. Zeubei
Miwa, who founded the firm at the present site. He
succeeded to his father in the early years of Meiji, and since
has steadily enlarged the business.
When the Tokyo Guild of Wholesale Toilet Goods whs
established, iu 1893 he was elected Vice-President, and was
entrusted with the control of the guild up to 1906.
In March, 1906, Mr. Miwa was requested by the
Government to investigate trade and commerce in Man-
churia, and made an extensive tour in Chosen, Kwantung
Province, and Manchuria.
The manufacturing department of this business is of
comparatively recent origin. It was established a score of
years after Mr. Miwa's succession to his father, as the head
C 440 )
of the Marumiya Slioten. In 1904 lie accepted the proposal
made by Mr. N. Hasebe, to act as sole agent to the
" Misono " toilet goods.
MR. Z. MIWa.
Ill 1910 the Marumiya Shoten commenced to produce
toilet soaps, which were named " Mitsuwa Soiip," after the
trade mark used by Mr. Miwa. This line has since proved
a splendid success, together with the enterprise in conjunction
with Mr. Hasebe. More than a million yen's worth of these
two lines of soap are sold a year, with signs of increasing.
The production of perfumes and perfumed oil was the
next enterprise undertaken by Mr. Miwa. Immediately after
the inauguration Mr. Miwa's new department succeeded in
extracting valuable perfumes and essences out of plants and
flowers grown in Japan and other countries in the East,
and is prepared to meet all demands from home. The
department is now engaged in the experimental growing of
lavender, French roses, and lemon grasses and the extrac-
tion of their essences
In 1913 the production of glycerine was also initiated
by the Marumiya Shoten, as a side line of the Soap Manu-
facturing Department. At present the firm produces Crude
Glycerine in large quantities, which is principally supplied to
the Arsenals as a raw material for explosives manufacturing.
The firm is now engaged in the installation of refining plants
for the crude goods now produced.
A new laboratory was completed on the present site
in the early part of 1915, and formally openec* on the
occasion of the Imperial ceremony of ascension to the
Throne. It covers an area of 1,600 tsnbo and is divided
into offices, laboratories, distillation works, drying rooms,
dark rooms, engine rooms, godowns, meeting room?,
libraries, etc.
NAGASE SHOKAI.
(THE NAGASE CO.)
IN cheapness of price, superiority of quality and wide-
spread fame the Kao Sonp is unrivalled among many
kinds of soaps manufactured in this country. The Nagase
Shokai (limited partnership), manufacturer of Ka5 Soap, is
situated at 2-chome, Bakuro-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo.
Following the introduction of the ait of manufacture of
.soap into Japan in tlie latter part of the last century, there
appeared on the market many imitations of foreign article.',
but all were made to appear like foreign articles. The
Kno Soap manufactured by the Nagase Shokai was the first
Japtn made soap with a Japanese name. Tlie present
prosperity of the firm is due in the main to strenuous efforts
made by the late Mr. Tomiro Nagase, the founder of the
Company.
In 1890 the Industrial Exhibition was opened which
■bowed that Japanese soap manufacturers were all absorbed
in the production of foreign imitations. Deeply regrett-
ing this situation, Mr. Nagase resolved to manufacture
a purely Japan soap. With a small capital, and little
or no experience in this line of industry he started the
THE
SOAP
( 441 )
business. Many difficulties and troubles stood in his way,
but he bent every energy for the production of the finest
possible article. He at last succeeded in making a good
soap which won the admir«tion of Dr. Jokichi Takainiue,
then Chief of the Analytical Section of the Department of
Agriculture and Commerce. He thereupon put it on the
market under tlie Japanese name of the " Kao Sekken,"
and with the trade mark of a Young Moon. That whs in
the year 1890, Mr. Nagase's articles were noticed by
the Imperial University Hospital, the Department
of War and of the Navy and other public offices and
companies, and then gradually by the public, until tliey
now not only meet demands throughout the land but are
largely exported. Though he passed away at the prime
age of 49 his name will be forever associated with
the well merited title of soap magnate of Japan. Since
his death the firm has been steadily prospering under
the able management of his two brothers, Messrs. Yusaburo
Nagase and Tsunichi Nagase. The former is Manager
and the latter has supervision of the Works. The steady
way in which the firm is running its business is patent to
the public. The goods are exported to a considerable ex-
tent to China, India, South Seas, Russia and other
countries. The annual output amounts to 2,000,000
dozens. It is needless to add that no other Japanese soap
can approach the " Kao Sekken," in fame and credit.
Besides the " Kao Sekken " the firm turns out many
kinds of toilet, washing and other soaps, with marks of
moon and stars, all of which enjoy a wide and excellent
reputation.
THE NAKAYAMA TAIYO-DO.
THE Nakayama Taiyo-Do is situated at 2-chorae, Hon-
machi, Higashi-ku, Osaka, the factory at Minarai-
dori, 2-chome, Yedobori, in Osaka, and a branch store in
Tokyo. Agencies are also established in Chosen, China
and Manchuria as well as througli Japan, and recently
agencies were established in Russia, South America,
Australia and the United States of America.
The company is specially noted for its toilet productions,
named " Club," including washing, face and tooth powders,
face cream, etc. Tliese products enjoy an excellent reputa-
tion, and command a very wide sale, as do also the hair
tonic, quinine and other perfumes, massage cream, all pro-
duced in large quantities by this firm, which employs an
English graduate of the Medical College of London.
The annual output of the Club bathing powder (araiko)
amounts to 8,500,OUO cases, valued at ¥600,000, that of the
Club toilet powder to 2,000,000 cases, valued at ¥400,000,
that of the Club tooth powder to 4,800,000 cases, valued at
¥300,000 and that of the Club toilet cream and the Club
perfumery to ¥100,000.
For the purpose of enlarging business abroad, the firm
stations its representative in London and has lately opened
brandies in Russia, the United States, Australia and South
America. For many years past the firm has been patro-
nized by the Imperial Court and in 1914 it was specially
ordered by the Empress ' Houseliold to supply its articles,
which are also patronized by T. I. H. Princesses Fushimi,
Kan-in, Takeda, Higaslii-Fushimi, Kaeho and other mem-
bers of the Imperial Family.
Mr. Nakayama Taichi was born in 1881 in Yamaguchi
prefecture, and has enjoyed a wonderfully successful
MR. T. NAKAYAMA.
career, brought about by his earnest application to busines?
and straightforward dealings.
( 442 )
TRADIINQ SCOTIOIN.
ABE ICHITARO SHOTEN.
(I. ABE & CO., OR ABE ICHI YOKO).
THIS firm, known as the Abe Ichi Yoko, is managed
and owned by Mr. A be, Ichitar5, an experienced buai-
ness man, who has his headquarters at 2-chome, Minami-
Kjutaro-machi, Higashi-ku, Osaka.
In China, the Abe Ichi YokS, has its overseas head-
quarters in the French Concession, Shanghai, founded in
1915; in Chosen, the firm owns a large farm, producing raw
materials, in Kinrahoku-do.
The firm's factories iu Japan are situated at Osaka
and Tannowa, Izumi, where woollen piece goods and um-
brellas are manufactured on a large scale.
This large business, now conducted by Mr. Abe, was
founded by his grand-father in the early part of the 19th
century, when hemp cloth was principally traded in. Later
the founder of the firm enlarged his business and handled
hemps and flaxes, as well as their manufactures.
With the expansion ef the business the firm was con-
verted into a partnership, in tlie early years of Meiji, and
in addition to the wholesale business in hemp, flax, and
their manufactures, fertilizers were imported from Hokkai-
do, and sold at the new branch then established in Osaka.
Several ships also were purchased, and a service was con-
ducted between Osaka and Hokkaido.
In 1884, the partnership was dissolved, and Mr.
Ichitaro Abe, who succetded his fatiier, then resumed an
independent i)usiness in fertilizers, hemp, flax, and other
lines of goods, but still maintaining the carrying trade be-
tween Osaka and Hokkaido.
Several years later, Mr. Abe turned his attention to
foreign trade, and chose the manufacture and sale of
umbrellas as his specialty, at this time giving up his
carrying trade. His new enterprise proved a splendid
success, and necessitated iiis giving up the business iu
fertilizers, etc.
The Abe Ichi Yoko now handles a vast trade in um-
brellas and cotton piece goods, also lines of miscellaneous
goods, the annual value of which runs into a high figure.
Tlie woollen piece goods turned out at the Osaka factory
are principally intended for domestic consumption, being
mainly serges.
MR. ABE KOBE l-M A S U D A Y A
" 1\ /TASUDAYA" is the trade name under which
Mr. Abe, Kobei, one of the best known business
men of Yokohama, conducts his extensive overseas trade. He
has his headquarters at 3-chome, Minaminaka-dori, Yoko-
hama, and branch offices at the following places : — Tokyo
sub-Branch Oflice, 1-chome Koami-cho, Nihonbashi-ku,
Tokyo; Nagoya sub-Branch Office, Kotori-machi, Nishi-ku,
Nagoya ; Osaka Branch Office, Sakaisuji, Suyeyoshibashi-
dori, Nishi-ku, Osaka; Shimonoseki sub- Branch Office,
Kwanonzaki-machi, Shimonoseki ; Okinawa sub-Branch
Office, No. 85, Higashi, Naha, Okinawa; Taiwan Branch
Office, Taiito Street, Tainan, Taiwan ; Abe Yoko, Kiangsi
Road, British Settlement, Shanghai ; Tientsin sub-
Branch Office, Kotobuki Street, Japanese Settlement,
Tientsin ; Hankow sub-Branch Office, British Settleinent,
Hankow; Manila sub-Branch Office, Manila, the Philip-,
pines.
At these offices the uniform cable address of " Abeko "
and the cable code of A. B. C. 5th edition is used.
Mr. Abe, Kobei, founded this business about the time
(
Yokohama was opened to foreign trade, and his head-
quarters have always been at 3-chome, Minaminaka-dori,
Yokohama.
He is principally interested in sugar, wheat, wheat
flour, raw cotton, fertilizers, rice, paddy, miscellaneous
cereals, Manila hemp, etc., etc. Trade in sugar is most
extensively carried on by Mr. Abe, being known as the
sugar magnate, both at home and abroad. Java sugar he
imports on an extensive scale and supplies the Japanese
sugar refining mills, and imports Manila sugar for the
domestic market. The products of the Japanese sugar
refining companies are also handled by Mr. Abe and he also
supplies China, British India, and other Eastern countries
with Japanese refined sugar.
Mr. Abe's fertilizer business is very extensive. He has
a factory at Tientsin, where animal bones are crushed, and
mixed goods are manufactured. His wheat flour business
consists principally in importing wheat from America and
supplying it to the difierent flour mills in this country.
Soon after the annexation of Taiwan, Mr. Abe
perceived the advantages in the island, and commenced to
invest money there. Naturally the sugar industry attacted
most of his attention, and he has placed much money in
these enterprises. He is at present on the board of the
Ensuiko Sugar Manufacturing Co., and several other sugar
manufacturing companies in Taiwan. In the development
of the island, he has had a large share and is known as the
443 )
foremost investor. Mr. Abe is the President of The Taiwan
Tea Manufacturing Co.
Mr. Abe is also on the board of the Manchuria Flour
Co., and the Sino-Japanese Cotton Spinning Co., in Man-
churia.
MR. K. ABE.
He has been a member of the Yokohama Chamber of
Commerce since its foundation in 1895, and at present is
one of the Standing Excecutive Committee. He has also
been the Honorary President of the Association of Sugar
Exporters and Importers since its inauguration.
THE AICHI BUSSAN-GUMI.
THE Aichi Bussan-Gumi has its head office at No. 128,
Takaoka-machi, Higashi-ku, Nagoya and its work-
shops at Chi-
gusa-cho, Aichi-
gori, near the
city. The com-
pany was ori-
ginally opened for
the manufacture
and sale of
textile fabrics in
January, 1878,
by Messrs. Gen-
jiro Sobuye,
MR. J. SOBUYE.
Hanzaburo Yokoi, and others. In 1887 the company removed
to the present address, and in 1893 was reorganized into a
limited partner-
ship. It has
now a capital of
¥80,000 and the
board of direc-
tors comprise Mr.
Jubei Sobuye,
President, Mr.
Hanzaburo Yo-
koi, Director, and
Mr. Bunshichi
Ishida, Manager.
THE FACTORY OF; ,THE AICHI BUSSAN-GUMI.
( 444 )
In 1912 the company erected adjusting and dyeing
works at Chigusa-cho, and by June, 1916, all the work-
shops at TakHoka-machi were removed to the same place,
the business office alone being kept at the old place. The
works cover an area of 4,300 Uubo, the building area being
2,800 tsubo. The chief products consist of superior serges,
cloths made from a mixture of cotton and silk, and black
hachijo. In addition the company has manufiactured in
recent years poplin, hair cloth, mohair, etc., for the export
trade, which is being extended from Manchuria and Chosen
to India aud Southern Islands. The output for 1915
amounted to ¥250,000.
The adjusting and dyeing, which are the principal
lines of the company, are carried on by means of the most
up-to-date machinery under the direction of experienced
experts.
The company was granted a great nonour when,
during his sojourn in the city in November, 19J0, H.I.H.
the Crown Prince (the present Emperor), paid a visit to the
works. In his next visit to the city, in 1913, on the
occasion of the grand military review, his Majesty the
Emperor again honoured the company with a visit from a
Chamberlain.
AKITA SHOKAI.
(AKIT A & CO.)
THE A k ita Shokai is situated at Higashi-Nabe-machi,
Shimonoseki, in Yamaguchi prefecture. The firm
is engaged in the timber business, shipping, foreign trade,
trawl fishing, mining, forestry, manufacture and sale of
dust fire extinguisiiers — ex-
tinguisher holding dust in-
stead of water invented by
Mr. Akita aud acts as an
agency for marine, fire and
liie insurance companies.
It has branches in Dairen
and Port Arthur and
agencies in Osaka, Tientsin
and Tsingtao. It also has
a lumber works in Dairen.
The career of Mr. Torano-
suke Akita, head of the
firm, tells the history of
the concern. He was born
in 18 75 in Fujiyama,
Asa-gori, in Yamaguchi prefecture. After experiencing
various ups and dowi>s in business he visited Formosa,
where he opened up business connections and returned with
large orders for supplying the timber industry. Early in
1904 lie " got in " on the lumber market in Moji, Shimono-
seki and Kokura and made a princely profit. In May in
the following year he chartered a foreign vessel and sent
daily necessaries, timber, fuel, charcoal, etc., to Yingkow in
China, where he opened a branch with splendid success.
In the same year he organized the Akita firm. In 1906 he
purchased a steamer and put her in the Inland Sea service,
AKITA.
thus inaugurating shipping. Later he purchased several
vessels and put them on Chinese lines for the promotion of
direct trade with China. When tlie town of Chinkai Bay
AKITA & CO.
was organized as a municipality in 1910 he leased land aud
built a number of houses. In the following year he con«
( 445 )
verted his firm into a limited partnership with a capital of
¥300,000 with himself as president. In 1913 he secured
various mines in Korea. Now he owns gold mines, black-
lead mines, and iron mines in six different places in Meiau
Province measuring about 1,890,000 taubo in aroi. In
November, 1914, he purchased of the South Manchurian
Railway a lumber works in Dairen. In tiie same year he
opened an agency in Tientsin, and soon afterwards esta-
blished the Tientsin Warehouse Co., Ltd., of which Mr.
Sadakichi Akita, his brother, is managing director. In
February, 1915, lie inaugurated the Taishu steamship
service. He is also known as an inventor of the dust fire
extinguisher. The life of such a man as Mr. Akita will
surely make a brilliant record in a biography.
ARAI KENJIRO SHOTEN.
{ K
ARAI
^ I "HIS firm owned and managed by Mr. Arai, Kenjiro, is
situated at No. 5, 3-chome, Awaji-machi, Osaka, and
manufactures and exports cotton hosiery, gloves, and socks,
either direct or through foreign firms in Kobe to Ciiina,
South America, the Netherlands Indies, British India and
Australia.
The firm was founded some thirty years ago, and to
commence witii the goods were principally manufactured for
& CO.)
the domestic market, but its specialty at the present time is
mostly exporting.
A special feature of the firm's business policy is to
ascertain that the goods are carefully manufactured and that
delivery is prompt. There has been no trouble between
the firm and its buyers in connection with the goods
supplied or delivered, according to a statement made by
the firm.
HARII SHOTEN.
( H A RII
THE leather bag industry in Japan has gone through
various vicissitudes, but generally speaking it made
a remarkable progress after the Sino-Japanese war in
1894-1895, and since the outbreak of the present war the
iniiustry has witnessed a rapid devel"pment. Japanese
leather goods are now exported to foreign countries to
compete with foreign-made goods on European and American
markets. These articles are chiefly produced in Tokyo,
Osaka, Aichi and Hyogo prefectures. The Tokyo goods are
made of excellent materials and are of artistic design, which
compare favourably with foreign-made goods. Those pro-
duced in Aichi prefecture are moderate in price and special
attention is paid to their practical use. Osaka and Hyogo
prefectures produce goods at cheap prices in large quantity,
and a great deal of these have been exported to China and
Chosen of late years.
Harii & Co., situated at No. 3, Yokoyama-cho, Nihoii-
bashi-ku, Tokyo, are one of the greatest exporters and
wholesale dealers in leather bags, manufacturers and
wliolesale dealers in Fancy Silk and Leather Bags, Pocket-
books, Purses, Wallets, and also Trunks, Shoes, etc., in
Tokyo. The business of the company was started by the
ancestors of the present proprietor some 150 years ago and
it has been handed down to five successive generations.
& CO.)
The business has considerably expanded, and the company
has several branches at present, exporting goods to Europe,
America, India and Australia. The present proprietor,
Mr. I. Sato, succeeded to the business in 1874, and has
^F^M
Z/h^^
MR. I. SATO AND HIS MANUFACTURES.
developed it by his diligence and skill. Special care has
been taken not to turn out inferior goods, and the company
has been able to maintain an excellent reputation abroad
as well as at home.
( 446 )
MR. T. H A S EG A W A.
MR. HASEGAWA, TAKEJIRO'S, office is situated
at No, 17, Kami-Negishi, Shitaya-ku, Tokyo.
For over thirty years Mr. Hasegawa has been engaged in
the export of Japanese prints from coloured woodcuts and
MR. T. HASEGAWA'S RESIDENCE.
crape paper pictures. The first attempt was made in 1885
. when he published an illustrated English translation of
Japanese fairy tales. This was followed by the publication
of several hundred kinds, notable among them being
English, German, French and Spanish translations of
Japanese and Chinese mythologies, legends, poems, plays,
etc., all with illustrations of Japanese prints from coloured
woodcuts, reproductions in coloured woodcuts of works of the
famous old Japanese artists such as Haiunobu, Utamaro,
Hiroshige, Hokusai, etc., and also prints from the coloured
woodcuts of works of the present leading artists. Mr. Hase-
gawa has also published calendars decorated with pictures
from coloured woodcuts. Owing to his long years' untiring
efforts his publications are now seen throughout the world.
On application, anyone interested may obtain a beautiful
catalogue showing his publications. He has been awarded
many grand medals and gold medals by expositions held in
various countries.
Calendars decorated with pictures from coloured wood-
cuts were first manufactured by him in 1896 chiefly for
exportation. But they have become popular articles in the
REPRODUCTION OF OLD MASTER-PIECES AND
CALENDAR BY MR. HASEGAWA.
home market in recent years. Many imitations have been
made for decorating shop windows at the new year's
season. We reproduce here a few specimens of his prints
from the coloured woodcuts and calendars.
HIRAMATSU SHOTEN.
THIS firm, situated at 4-chome, Koraibashi, Higashi-
ku, Osaka, is principally interested in woollen and
worsted yarns, coloured woollen yarns, woollen cloths,
flannels, serges, underwear, stockings, socks, gloves, shirt-
ings, sheetings, cotton crepes, cotton drills, etc.
(H. HIRAMATSU & CO.)
The firm was founded twenty years ago by Mr. H.
Hiramatsu as exporters and importers of woollen and
worsted yarns, and year after year its affairs have increased
in soundness and dimensions. Soon after its inauguration
the export and import of woollen cloths was started with
( 447 )
success. A few years ago the manufacture and export of
knitted cotton hosiery was also inaugurated, when a big
factory was established in the suburbs of Osaka. As the
knitted goods thus manufactured are excellently finished
and fitted for practical use they are taken by foreign
buyers, together with cotton fabrics, and give entire
satisfaction.
Woollen yarns and cloths are not produced by the
firm itself, but as selling agents for the Japan Woollen
Cloth Co. and the Japan Woollen Yarn Spinning Co. the
firm can supply the best goods available on the market.
Since the war broke out in Europe the firm has con-
tinued intense activity in the Oriental market and neaily
replaced Foreign yarns, which were formerly supplied
principally by Germany and Austria. Knitted goods and
woollen cloths are also exported by the firm in increasing
quantities, together with cotton fabrics, to China, Russia,
British India, the Straits Settlements, Australia, and all
countries in Oceania.
MR. H. HIRAMATSU.
HOTTA SHOKAI.
( M . HOTTA & CO. )
H
OTTA SHOKAI, which is widely known abroad as
M. Hotta & Co., was established in 1895. To
MR. M. HOTTA.
commence with the firm, of which Mr, MotojirO Hotta is
the sole proprietor, was doing business in a comparatively
small way, but on a firm and satisfactory basis. By his
close application and industry, assisted by Mr. Shiro Nishi-
zawa, who has a great future before him, Mr. Hotta ha»-
gradually extended the scope of his business, until his firm
is now entitled to take precedence as one of the leading con-
cerns in Osaka.
Mr. Shiro Nishizawa has recently come back from his
commercial trip in Russia, through which country he has
travelled more than half a year, investigating the oppor-
tunities which are offered for Japan's trade with Russia.
While there, having decided to proceed to England, he
went as far as Bergen in Norway, but owing to the German
submarine warljire, he was obliged to give up the idea of
going to Lonclon. At any rate, his knowledge and experi-
ence of the Russo-Japanese trade must be said to be a great
asset to the firm of M. Hotta & Co.
Besides the export and import trade in which M. Hotta
& Co. are chiefly engaged, they also manufacture Port-
laud cement, and conduct a navigation service between
Toba and Gama-gori, across the Bay of Ise, which connects
with the Government railway lines on the Tokaido.
Among the lines or articles which M. Hotta & Co. exports
are machinery, all kinds of metallic material, chemicals;
sundry and fancy goods are specialities. The firm is
( 448 )
also engaged in the import of a large variety of merchan-
dise, sucii as raw and semi-raw material, for industrial and
MR. S. NISHIZAWA.
engineering purpose?, having branches and agencies in all
commercial centres of the world.
Mr. Hotta is a Member of the Osaka Chamber of
Commerce, and Vice-President of the Osaka Foreign
Traders' Association, as well as Director of the Osaka
Russo-Japanese Trade Association. Also an Auditor of the
Ise Electric Railway Co.
Mr. Hotta was born on April 27th, in the 2nd year of
Meiji, at Izumi, near Osaka prefecture, the son of Mr.
Hichihyoe Hotta. After graduating from the Civil Engi-
neering Department, and also the Department of Mathema-
tics of the Kogyoku-sha in Tokyo, he further prosecuted his
studies at the College of Engineering in the Tokyo Imperial
University. Mr. Hotta retired from educational circles to
enter the Civil Engineering Department of the Home
OflSce as an engineer, and remained in the post for a period
of five years, during which time he proved himself com-
petent in his profession. After quitting his position in the
Government service, he was engaged by the Hankaku Rail-
way Co. in the capacity of Chief Engineer. Later, he
joined the Osaka Chemical Industry Co., and afterwards
established the present firm, situated at Tosabori, Nishi-ku,
Osaka.
I B U K I Y 0 K 0.
(M. IB UK I & CO.)
THE firm of Ibuki Yoko was established in 1907 and
is managed by Mr. Manjiro Ibuki. It is chiefly
articles, the firm has succeeded in greatly increasing the
demand. The market is not confined to the homeland but
is extended to the South Sea Islands, Australia, Manila,
Java, China and India. The goods enjoy an excellent
MR. M. IBUKI.
engaged in the manufacture of knitted underwear. By
dint of painstaking efibrts for the improvement of the
INTERIOR OF THE FACTORY.
reputation everywhere, as they are in no way inferior to the
Western articles. The factory is in full swing. Tlie firm is
situated at 3-chome, Edobori-Kita-duri, Nishi-ku, Osaka.
( 449 )
IKEDA SHOTEN.
(IKED A & CO.)
MR. IKEDA conceived the idea of manufacturing
and exporting stained glass paper, as a substitute
for stained glass, tlie demand for which has been ever on
the increase. By dint of patient research, he has overcome
many difficulties and has succeeded in producing very good
articles, which have met with universal approval. He has
also paid particular attention to the establishment of his
credit and reputation among his customers. What is most
noteworthy is that he uses the same care and attention in
fulfilling orders for a small quantity as he does in the
execution of large orders. The stained glass paper is 20
inches in width and 8 yards in length, and is much prized
on account of its decorative and practical value. Semi-
transparent rain-coats l)ave been manufactured by Ikeda &
Co. as the result of years of patient study. These are made
by applying the glass paper to silk and habutae, and are
quite different from the ordinary rain-coats. They are
semi-transparent and an efficient protection against rain.
Other goods manufactured by Ikeda & Co. are artificial
flowers, bonnets, crepe ribbon, crepe paper, and other
decoratives. The head office of Ikeda & Co. is situated
at Omori, Ebara-gori, Tokyo prefecture, and its export
Department, 4-cliome, Benfen-dori, Yokohama, with branch
offices at 3-chome, Kojimachi, Kojimachi-ku, Tokyo, and
No. .502, Terayama-machi, Higashi-ku, Osaka.
MR. E. IKEDA.
ITOHGHU GOMEI KAIS HA.
(C. ITO H & CO.)
/'~* ITOH & CO. had its origin in a wholesale store of
^-^' textile fabrics opened in Osaka in 1855 by Mr.
Chyubei Itoh, the late head of the family. The firm
gradually extended the field of business, first inaugurating
the importation of woollen cloths and then the sale of
cotton yarn. In 1882 it opened a branch in Kyoto and
afterwards established branches in Tokyo, Kobe, Shanghai,
Hankow, Tientsin, and the Philippines. With the gradual
development of business Mr. Itoh saw tiie necessity of
unifying the business and also of consolidating the
foundation of the house. For this purpose he reorganized
the firm in 1908 into a partnership. Again in December,
1914, tlie company was transformed into a partnership with
a capital of ¥2,000,000. Mention must be specially made
of an invention made and patented by the company for the
dyeing of silk crape by the use of olizarine. This has
grewtly added to the fame of the company and proved of
considerable value to the dyeing industry of Japan.
The officers are as follows : —
Chyubei Itoh, Esq Representative Partner.
Chyuzo Itoh, Esq Managing Partner
Takenosuke Itoh, Esq. ... „ „
Head Office, — Hon-machi, Osaka, Japan.
Branches in Japan.
General Import and Export Departments : — Naniwa-
machi, Kobe, and Kaigan-dori, Yokohama.
Cotton Yarn and Textile Departments : — Adzachi-
machi, Osaka, and Horiye-cho, Tokyo.
General Textile Departments : — Hon-machi, Osaka,
and Muro-machi, Kyoto.
( 450 )
Branches in China. Branch in Korea.
General Import and Export Departments: — Szechuen General Import and Export Department: —
Road, Shanghai ; Foo-cheng Road, Hankow ; Asahi-gai, Kyoyeki-sha, Ltd. (capital ¥500,000), Nandaimou,
Tientsin ; and Tsingtao. Seoul.
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Ililil!
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Branches in Philippines.
General Import and Export Departments : — P.O. Box
No. 888, Manila, and P.O. Box A, Davao.
ITOHCHU & CO., OSAKA.
Factory.
Nippon Spinning, Weaving and Hosiery Manufactur-
ing Co., Ltd. (capital ¥1,000,000), Fukushima, Osaka.
IMANAGA SHOKAI.
MR. K. IMANAGA.
IMANAGA & CO.)
T MANAGA & CO., 2-chome, Fushimi-raachi, Osaka, turns
out bandage materials, surgical instruments, and
rubber goods on an extensive scale. The first-named goods
are especially made by skilled hands and most up-to-date
machines. Their excellence is acknowledged by the public.
They are marked with a " Flag." The last-named goods
are also manufactured by a staflTof able experts and marked
with a " Horse-head."
The firm's Foreign Trade Department imports and
exports not only the goods above mentioned but also many
other notions and chemicals. As the department is
especially interested in Russia it has branch offices at
Vladivostock and Moscow.
The firm's telegraphic address is " Imanaga Osaka,"
and it uses the 5th edition of tiie A. B. C. Telegraphic Code.
( 451 )
IWAI SHOTEN.
(IWAI & CO., LTD.)
' I 'HIS company, which is generally viewed as one of the
■*■ leading exporters and importers in Japan, was
originally a private concern, owned and controlled by Mr.
Katsujiro Iwai. With the remarkable enlargement of its
business it was converted into a joint stock company, in
1912, ill which the majority of shares are still held by the
Iwai family.
The company has a capital of ¥2,000,000, the business
being import trade, principally in hardware, foreign paper.
Business is improving each year, and according to the latest
report tlie net profit for a half year amounts to ¥236,000.
The company also controls steel-rolling and galvanizing
mills, which turn out good work.
The officers are as follows : —
Katsujieo Iwai, Esq
YuzuRU Yasuno, Esq. ... ...
ToYOJi Iwai, Esq
Umetaro Iwai, E>q
... President.
( Ms
- 1 Di
anaging
rector.
Director.
Auditor.
tl
?^:.?arT
:t_f^T;-
IWAI & CO., OSAKA.
TOKYO BRANCH.
KOBE BRANCH.
glass, textiles, chemicals, dye-stuifs, paints, worsted yarns,
wool, fertilizers, etc., etc. Export trade is in habutai,
braids, marine and agricultural produce, matches, knitted
goods, towelling, cottonyarns, textiles and other lines of goods.
The company owns a large hosiery factory at Shirokane,
Tokyo, where various kinds of hosiery are produced, to the
value of ¥200,000 annually.
The company has many agencies and branches abroad,
trade being most systematically and extensively carried on.
Offices.
Head Office : — No. 4o, KitaliHrnii, 4-cliome, Higsishi-ku,
Osaka, Mannger Mr. Yaichiro Fukazawn.
Tokyo Branch :— No. 3, Yanagi-cho, Kyobashi-ku,
Tokyo, Manager Mr. Tsurukichi Yoiieda.
Kobe Brancii : — No. 44, Naka-machi, Kobe, Manager
Mr. Tametaro Inioto.
Yokohama Branch: — No. 180, Yaraasliita-cho, Yoko-
hama, Manager Mr. Yoshisaburo Araki.
( 452 )
MR. IWATSUBO GOHEI.
TT^HE firm of Mr. Iwatsubo, Gohei, situated at
JL Matsubara-dori, Talsaisura-Nislii-e-iru, Sliimokyo-
ku, Kyoto, transacts, among other things, the following
lines of business : —
1. — Manufactures and Exports :
a. Gold, Silver, Aluminium and Imitation Gold, Leaf
b. Aluminium and Bronze Powder for Lithographers
and Decorators ; c. Tin Foils ; d. Patent Blocking Colour
Printers and Bronze Foils ; e. Screens ; /. Gold and Silver
Paper; g. Gold and Silver Threads ; h. Patent Transfer (or
Chromo) Paper, for Lithograph Printers ; i. Gold Enamel ;
/. Bronze Ware.
2. — Export — Export Sundries Department :
a. Dry Colours ; b. Toys ; c. Bruslies ; d. Towels and
Handkerchiefs ; e. Shell and Metal Buttons ; /. Blankets ;
g. Bronzes ; h. Silver Goods ; i. Cotton Blankets ; j. Safety
Razors; k. All kinds of Fancy Goods ; /. Chemical Products.
3. — Import:
General Goods.
Since the European war broke out most of the Euro-
pean manufactures have been completely closed out of the
MR. IWATSUBO'S STORE, KYOTO.
market, and as the result a great want of daily necessities
has been keenly felt in every market of the world.
KAKIUGHI SHOTEN.
( T. KAKIUCHI & CO. )
-y KAKIUCHI SHOTEN, is situated at No, 13,
* • Shinsakana-cho, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo, and is under
the management of Mr. Tokusaburo Kakiuchi, wlio was
born on the I4th July, 1856. Tlie origin of the present
company was a dry goods store opened in 1876 at Shim-
bori, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo. In 1887 Mr. Kakiuchi
removed to tiie present address and opened the woollen cloth
business in anticipation of an increase in the demand for
woollen and other western fabrics. He purchased the
articles from foreign firms in Yokohama until about the
year 1902, since when he has gradually opened direct con-
nections with British, German, French and other foreign
merchants. The company also imports paper, small
machinery, soap and other toilet articles and fancy goods.
In recent years the company inaugurated the export trade,
handling such goods as a tinned crabs and other provisions,
figured mattings, silk goods. Taking advantage of a great
increase in exports, caused by the outbreak of the war, the
company has opened business in Australia. In March,
1915, it sent its representative to England to open new
connections with exporters and importers. As a result, the
business is showing a steady development. The exports
amount yearly from ¥700,000 to ¥1,000,000 and imports
from ¥500,000 to ¥600,000.
Imports : — Woollen cloths, worsted yarns, paper, small
machinery, perfumes, chemicals.
Exports : — Tinned crabs, other tinned foods, etc.
Italian cloths, cotton corrugated cloth, artificial leather, silk
goods, knitted goods, figured matting, papers including
poste board, copy paper, toys, glassware, bags, stationery
and miscellaneous goods.
The company has branch offices in Kobe and
Yokohama, an agency in Sydney and a representative
iu London.
( 453 )
KANNO SHOKAI.
( K A N N O
THE Kanno Shokai, situated at No. 16, Icliijo-machi,
Utsunomiya, Tochigi prefecture, manufactures and
exports chip braids, Manila hemp braids, chip tissues, Manila
hemp tissues, etc., etc., the annual production amounting
to more than 1,800,000 rolls.
The firm is owned and managed by Mr. Masatake
Kanno, and is of twelve years' standing. Mr. Kanno is a
mHn of self-reliance and indefatigable energy. Asa youth
he invented a pedal for sewing machines.
With a small income he established a hat business in
Tokyo, in 1890, and sold his pedals to hatters, who used
sewing maciiines.
In 1896, he retired from the hat manufacturing busi-
ness, and devoted himself entirely to the manufacturing of
chip braids, with machines he himself invented. With this
new machine Mr. Kanno could weave figured tissues, which
were also bleached, by a new process. The machine and
the process of bleaciiing were patented. The new process
for weaving open work tissues was also invented with a
simple weaving machine, both of whicli Mr, Kanno
patented.
Several factories were erected at Utsunomiya, where at
present over a thousand men and women are employed
& CO. )
manufacturing braids and tissues to the extent of 1,800,000
roils a year.
At the Panama-Pacific Exhibition in 1915, Mr. Kanno
MR. M. KANNO, AND INTERIOR OP THE FACTORY.
was awarded a Silver medal, and at the Kwansai Exhibi-
tion of Export Goods a Gold medal was awarded him.
KATO SEIJU SHOT EN.
(S. KATO & CO.)
MR. S. KATO.
MR. KATO, SEIJU, the proprietor of the firm
situated at No. 31, 2-chome, Kitanaka-dori, Yoko-
iiama, was a samurai, and started the present business some
thirty years ago. The goods chiefly dealt in are rice,
cereals, soy, provisions, tinned food, marine products, silk,
and miscellaneous goods. These are principally exported to
America, Hawaii, the East Indies, the South Seas and
North and S luth China.
Mr. Seiju Koto was born on November 16th, 1844.
After the Restoration he came to Yokohama and served as
a Customs official under the late Mr. Toru Hosbi, and later
became Manager of the Yokohama Branch of the Mitsui
Bussan Kaisha. In 1873 he started the trade in marine
products on his own account at No. 37, Minami, Naka-dori,
3-chon)e, Yokohama. He had remarkable foresiglit, aud
gradually widened his scope of business to Formosa and
South America. The firm removed to the present address
in December, 1911.
( 454 )
KOBAYASHI SHOTEN.
(Z. KOBAYASHI & CO.)
MR. Z. KOBAYASHI, Proprietor of the firm situated
at No. 78, Tori-Shio-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo,
started the present business in December, 1879. At first,
accessories for watches and rings were made, and then the
MANUFACTURES BY Z. KOBAYASHI & CO.
manufacture of watch cases was started. In these manu-
factures, a rare taste, characteristic of Japan, was
manifested, and by introducing reforms in the manufacture
of compasses, these were exported in great numbers. Much
pains were also bestowed on the manufacture of antimony
wares, and this line of business was personally inspected by
Mr. Kobayasbi during two tours in Europe and America.
Tiie necessary machinery was imported and by overcoming
various difficulties he at length succeeded, and the market
for these goods from about 1887 was gradually enlarged.
In recognition of these meritorious services, the father of
Mr. Kobayashi, who was responsible for the development
of the business, received a medal of the green ribbon on
June 26th, 1911. Over a hundred medals, gold, silver
and copper, and certificates, have been won at various
Exhibitions at home and abroad, from the International
Exhibition held at Chicago in 1893 to tbe Panama Exhibi-
tion at San Francisco in 1915. The number of articles
which have been registered as a new design, or a new design
for practical use, amounts to over a hundred.
The market for these goods has year by year expanded
and the annual exports is value at ¥500,000. Special care
is paid to the improvement of the manufactures, and in
novelty of design and durability they are unrivalled.
These goods are exported to all the European countries.
North and South America, Australia, Africa, the South
Seas, India and China. Communications are carried on in
English, French and Spanish.
The goods manufactured include: — Antimony waie —
Pin trays, ash trays, photo-frames, flower-vases, inkstands,
boxes, writing sets, etc. Chains — Gold, silver, nickel and
gold filled chains, cigarettes and cigar cases made of brass,
or silver or tin. Pocket knives of all kinds, match cases.
KOMADA SHOTEN.
(KOMADA & CO.)
MR. KOMADA, TSUNESABURO, the representative
of Komiida & Co , was born in Isshi district, Miye
prefecture, in 1863. In 1889 he proceeded to America
and gained much knowledge during his tour in that country.
In 1901 he opened n provi-ion and Japanese grocery store
in Dupont Street, San Francisco. With the development
of business, the firm was converted into a joint-stock com-
pany in 1903, and branches were established in the city of
Ogden, Utah, and other places.
Later, the export of miscellaneous goods was started.
Mr. Komada is Director of tiie North American Mercantile
Co., established in 1.906, and President of Komada & Co.,
situated at No. 53, Choja-machi, Yokohama, He is now
with the Yokohama firm, engaged in the export of Provi-
sions, chiefly Canned Crab, Canned Salmon, Beans and
Seeds, etc. ; and the import of Manufactures of Iron,
mainly Tin Plates, Iron Nails, etc., and chemicals and
drugs.
( 456 )
KOYAMASADA-GO.
(KOYAMASADA & CO.)
THIS firm, situated at 1-chome, Minami-Kyutaro-machi,
Osaka, is engaged on imports, exports, and tlie manu-
facture of celluloid goods, peppermint, and pyrethrum.
In these lines tlie firm carries on an extensive trade with
British India, South Africa, Australia, Great Britain, South
America, China, and the Netlierlands East Indies.
MR. S. KOYAMA.
The firm was establisiied by Mr. Sadasuke Koyama,
twenty years ago, for the purpose of inaugurating the manu-
facture of celluloid goods, which was then quite undeveloped
in Japan, on account of the difficulty of obtaining a market
for the goods in tliis country.
Mr. Koyama encouraged by success commenced export-
ing the goods to China, Chosen, and the South Seas. This
was also a success, and enabled Mr. Koyama to erect
factories at Abeno and Noda, suburbs of Osaka.
Over three hundred trained men are now employed at
these factories, which are branded with " Twine Deer,"
" A horse on a bicycle," and " Two faces " ; peppermint
cones, oil, and crystal ; also insect powder and joss-sticks.
.S.K
>iy//////////////////////////////////^^^^
TRADE MARKS.
Lately tlie business has been converted into a partner-
ship, by admitting the brother of Mr. Katsunosuke Koyama.
Mr. Sadasuke Koyama undertakes the control of the
factories, and Mr. Katsunosuke Koyama manages the
afl^airs of the export department. Both have been abroad
and secured a knowledge of conditions.
The manufactures of the firm have been exhibited at
industrial exhibitions both at home and abroad. At the
Panama-Pacific International Exposition and the Samarang
Exhibition, gold medals were awarded for celluloid goods
the firm exhibited.
KYOSHINSHA.
(THE KYOSHINSHA CO.)
THIS firm was establisiied in Tokyo, in 1909, as
general exporters and importers. This organization
is a partnership with Mr. Y. J. Omoto as president, and
Mr. Ryo S. Omoto as managing partner.
The firm is specially interested in the following
exports : —
Wooden manufactures in general ; Stationery, includ-
ing pencils, slates, penholders, pencil boxes, etc. ; Furniture
and household sundries, including carpet beaters, brushes,
carved tables and stools, bentwood chairs, cloth hangers,
etc. ; Papers and paper manufactures, including bags, enve-
lopes, lanterns, fans, etc. ; Bamboo manufactures, including
cigarette tubes, basket-trunks, walking sticks, meat skewers,
napkin rings, etc. ; Musical Instruments, including harmo-
( 456 )
nicas, organs, violins, silk-gut string?, toy accordeons, etc. ;
Lacquer wares and porcelain makes in general ; Games,
including tennis rackets, dominos, ciiess, etc. ; Scientific
Implements, including those for surveying, chemistry,
physics, etc. ; Lily bulbs ; Lumbers and planks ; Building
Materials, including asbestos-cement sheets, compressed cork
Motor cycles and motor fans ; Lumbers and canes ; Raw
Materials, in general for chemical industries ; Cork bark
and manufactures thereof; Steel ; Musical Instruments and
parts tliereof, including pianos, organ reeds, etc.
Also raw materials for various industries, irrespective
of the categories to which tliey belong.
m
1
\ . ;. J
^|*«
MR. Y. J. OMOTO.
slabs, battens, etc. ; Brush blocks ; Metal foils and powders.
As far as import business is concerned, this house
handles the following articles : —
Papers in general including imitation parchment,
printing, art printing, wrapping, bond, etc. ; Pulps; Fibres;
MR. RYO S. OMOTO.
The premises of the firm are situated at No. 4, 1-chome,
Yuraku-cho, Tokyo, with warehousing and packing store at
Yaraashita-cbo, Marunouchi, Tokyo. The firm possesses ii
wooden works mill, in Shizuoka prefecture, where speciali-
ties are manufactured for export.
MR. MASUDA MASUZO.
M
R MASUDA, MASUZO carries on an extensive
business, under the style of Masuda-ya, at No. 68,
4chorae, Hon-cho, Yokohama, where his father, Kahei
Masuda, laid the foundation, by initiating import trade,
immediately after the opening of Yokohama to foreign
trade.
In 1884, tlie present head of the house undertook the
supervision of the establisliment, since when the scope of
the business has been extended yearly, and with branches
at Tokyo, Osaka, Kobe, Nagoya, Otaru, Taiwan, and
Okinawa. The firm's foreign department imports sugar and
flour.
At present tlie Masuda-ya acts as one of the principal
sales agents for the Meiji Sugar Manufacturing Co. In
conjunction with his relatives and friends, Mr. Masuda
organized the Yokohama Sugar Refining Co., with a capital
of ¥1,500,000, and had a share in the management of the
company's afiairs as Director. In 1912 when the company
amalgamated witii the Meiji Sugar Manufacturing Co.,
Mr. Masuda retained the rigiit to manage the sale of the
mill's output.
In 1906, tlie Masuda Flour Mill was erected by Mr.
Masuda, in conjunction with American capitalists. la
1909 the concern was converted into a joint stock company
with a capital of ¥500,000, when the shares formerly
owned by the American capitalists were taken over by
Mr. Masuda. Tiie Masuda Flour Mill, Ltd., turns out
5,000 sacks a day, which means the yearly production of
1,800,000 sacks. Owing to the irregular supply of
American flour, under the influences of the war, Southern
Islands are forced to buy from the Japanese mill. London
has also placed orders with the mill. Mr. Masuda, as a
< 457 )
Director now controls the establishment, while his brother,
Mr. Fusataro Nalcaraura, is the President.
The Masuda Gomei Kaislia, or Masuda & Co., is the
outcome of the Foreign Trade Department of the Masuda-
ya. In 1912, the department was created an independent
organization, with a capital of ¥500,000, for the purpose of
conducting general export and import trade. At present
Mr. Masuda supervises the affairs of the concern, the actual
operations being directed by Messrs. Fusajiro Nakaraura
and MasutarS Masuda. The company's head office is at
Yokohama, with branches at Tokyo, Kobe, Osiika, Shimono-
seki, Shanghai, Dairen, Hankow, Tientsin, and Sydney.
London also has an agent, while employees iire often
despatched to British India, South America, the United
States, and other parts cf the world to investigate the
market situations in these parts.
The import department of tiie company handles raw
sugar, wheat, sulpliurous ammonia, paper pulp, Chilian
nitrate, iron materials, tin, lead, indigo, various dyestuffs,
wool, tops, ores, bean cakes, caustic soda, tallow, raw cotton,
bonemeal, resin, fertilizers, rubber, etc., etc.
Principal exports handled by the company are raw and
refiued sugar, superphosphates, timber and lumber, sulphur,
agricultural products in Hokkaido, Manchurian farm pro-
ducts, bean cakes, beau oil, fish oil, light oil, menthol, tinned
food, glass ware, pottery, habutai, silk goods, cotton goods,
hemp braids, copper wires, clocks, wooden ware, stationery,
matches, ekctriciil machinery and instruments, gas fittings,
toy?, and other miscellaneous goods.
The company has first-rate business houses in England,
Norway, France, Egypt, Australia, India, Java, the Philip-
pines, Hongkong, China, Manchuria, Canada, the United
States, Singapore, South America, etc., etc., in constant
communication.
Mr. Masuzo Masuda, the Head of this establisliraent,
is the eldest son of the late Mr. Knhei Masuda. He was born
MASUDA.
at Yokohanja August 9th, 1868. Last year he was granted
the Court rank of Jo-Rokui, on the occasion of the Grand
Ceremony of Accession to the Throne.
For many years past he has been a member of the
Yokohama Chamber of Commerce, and at pretent holds the
post of Vice-President.
MITSUI BUSSAN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(MITSUI & CO., LTD.)
rpHE "MITSUI" firm, one of the largest financial
organizations of the realm, can also claim to be one
of the oldest establishments in the world.
The trading department, which is known as Mitsui
Bussan Kaisha, Ltd., in the East, and Mitsui & Co., Ltd.,
in Europe and America, is a distinct body, separated from
the other two undertakings, which are the Mitsui Ginko
(Banking Department), and the Mitsui Kozan Kaisha
(Mining Department), each with a capital of ¥20,000,000.
This concern was organized in 1876, and the power
and resources of the firm were put forth to make it one of
the most stupendous enterprises known within or without
of Japan.
Since that year the Company's business has reached
such a flourishing condition, both in domestic and foreign
trade, that twenty-five per centum of the entire foreign
trade of Japan is now conducted through them,
and altiiough they are equipped with a fleet of twenty
C 458
modern steamers, all 100 Al., for their exclusive use, tliey
find it entirely inadequate to cope with their vast shipments,
and it Is a well-known fact that tliey are one of the largest
-cliartefers in London and the East.
The total quantity of coal handled by this firm exceeds
8,500,000 toi^^i<jr^40.ppr qept. of,.tlMiftot%t;attiput of Japan,
indicating ^^ly %e magnitude of this business. The
coals handle'(l-,|Mr them are the Miike, Tagawn, Matsushima,
Ohnoura, et«^^ 'and having recently acquired the control of
the Yubari and Ishikari, the Company will be able to cater
for any bunker coal requirements of the American and
European lines trading in Pacific waters.
The Mitsui firm is tlie largest exporters of raw silk in
the world, supplying one-third of the Japanese silk shipped
to America, besides doing a large business in Cliinasilk and
shipping, also supplying the European markets. They are
the pioneers in the export of Japanese rice, and do an inter-
national business in this stapL;. They were also the first
exporters of Manchurian beans to Europe, and Hokkaido
lumbers to America and Europe. Among many articles
included in their export business are coal, cotton yarn,
cotton cloth, copper, silver, coral, cement, timber, railways
ties, sulphur, matches, beans, vegetable oils, etc.
Tiie Mitsui import business fs conducted on an equally
large scale. The stability and the important position
the Company is assuming in the world-market can also be
gauged by the fact that they are representing in the East
the interests of the largest manufacturers of Europe and
America. The list of their imports include steameri>,
ordnance, locomotives, steel bridges, rails, electric machines,
pig iron, wires, nails, lea<], tin, zinc, machinery of all kinds
and materials for railway equipment, wiieat, flour, rice,
meat and other produce, sulphate of ammonia, nitrate of
soda, phosphate rocks, etc., etc.
The firm claims to be one of the pioneers in introducing
American and Indian Cotton into the Japanese market.
)
and through the vast experience and large volume of
business they transact, they are recognised as the largest
buyers of this staple, in both countries, also in China.
Their close connections with several leading mills of the
country, coupled with the superior equipment they possess on
account of having their branch offices located in the principal
Chinese markets, enables them to have a big share of the
export of cotton yarn from Japan.
They are running a cotton mill at Shanghai, in co-
operation with influential Chinese capitalists.
President.
f Managing
\ Director.
Auditor.
Genyemon Mitsui, Es^q. ...
YoNOSOKE Mitsui, Esq. ...
Dr. Takum4 Dan
Senkichiro Havakawa, Esq.
KiKUSABURO FUKUI, Esq.
Masajiro Fujise, Esq. ...
SuTEJiRO Odagaki, Esq....
Takakiyo Mitsui, Esq. ...
Sankichi Komuro, Esq. ...
ToMOYOSHi Mashima, Esq.
HEAD AND BRANCH OFFICES.
Head Office: — Tokyo.
Branch Offices : — (a) Osaka, Yokohama, Kobe, Otaru,
Nagoya, Moji, Miike, Nagasaki, Seoul, Taipeh, Tainan,
Tairen, Tientsin, Shanghai, Hankow, Hongkong, Singapore,
Bombay, London, and New York.
(b) Wakamatsu, Karatsu, Kuchinotsu, Chemulpo,
Antungshien, Newchwang, Mukden, Tiehling, Changchun,
Harbin, Cliefoo, Tsingtau, Canton, Foochow, Amoy, Manila,
Sydney, and San Francisco.
(o) Niigata, Muroran, Hakodate, Fiisan, Vladivostock,
Bangkok, Sourabaya, Rangoon, Calcutta, Lyons, Portland
(Oregon), Vancouver, and Petrograd.
( 469 )
MATSUMOT 0-GO.
(MATSUMOTO & CO.)
THE Matsumoto-Go, of Osaka, was founded thirty-eight
years ago by Mr. Takejiro Matsuraoto, a prominent
figure in the toilet goods trade of that city, and is rightly
called one of the largest and oldest in this line of trade.
The head office is situated at No. 60, 2-chonie, Junkei-
machi, Minanii-ku, Osaka. The export business being
conducted at tiie Export Department at No. 48, 1-chome,
Minamihoriye-shimo-dori, Nishi-ku, Osaka, where a work-
shop is attached, for producing a variety of export goods,
including " Rolling Cream," " Konohana Perfumed Oil,"
and many other toilet goods, especially manufactured for
China, British India, the Philippines, Dutch East Indies,
•and other Asiatic countries.
The firm has metal works at 1-chorae, Sakuragawa-cho,
Namba, Osaka, where cases for toilet goods and other metal
ware, is manufactured on an extensive scale. Ordinary
hard ware is also being turned out at the factory in
increasing quantities. The annual production at these
factories amounts to over ¥500,000.
MATSUMOTO
KYOTO.
MATSUMOT 0-G U M I.
(Y. MATSUMOTO-GUMI & CO.)
THIS firm lias its head oflBce at Dosho-maclii, Yodoya-
bashi-suji, Osaka, and branch offices at Kyoto,
Tairen and Tsingtao. It is also represented at Harbin and
Vladivostock by well-known firms, as agents.
TRADE
mt
MARK.
Mr. Yoshizumi Matsuraoto, the proprietor of this esta-
blishment, was a very prominent figure in the local business
community, as a merchant tailor. Twice he has travelled
in Europe and America, to investigate his line of business,
on behalf of the Government. In China and the Russian
Littoral Provinces he has travelled several times for similar
purposes.
He has supplied uniforms to the Imperial Army and
Navy, under a semi-permanent contract. At difierent
domestic industrial exhibitions he has been a judge for cloth-
ing and clothes. His manufactures have been exhibited at
MK. Y. MATSUMOTO.
( 460 )
several international exhibitions, and some higli honours
hnve been awarded, whicli include the International Ex-
positions at St. Louis and Portland, and the Anglo-Japanese
Alliance Exhibition in London, where he was given the
Gold Medals of Honour.
He has been elected a Member of the Osaka Chamber
of Commerce and Adviser to the Association of Osaka
Merchant Tailors.
The Matsumoto-Gumi, general exporters and importers,
and commission merchants, was founded by Mr. Mntsunioto,
several years ago, as an extension to his overseas department.
In the export line, the firm is principally interested in
rubber goods, tyres, drapery, laces, clothes, underwear, cot-
ton blankets, etc., etc., and in the import line its special-
ties are Russian flax, cow's bones, peanuts, minerals, hairs,
skins, and furs, bean oil, wild silk, and other goods.
Mr. Matsumoto has travelled in Russia, China, and
Mongolia and establiblied connections with leading business
men there. In Manchuria, the firm is a contractor (o the
South Manchuria Railway Co., and a supplier to the Rus-
sian Government; the firm also trades witli America, Africa,
Cliosen, Britisii India, Australia, etc.
MR. MIYATA RIKITARO.
MR, MIYATA, RIKITARO, No. 14, Higashi 3-chome
Kumano-macbi, Sakai, Osaka prefecture, conducts
an extensive business with British India, which he in-
augurated in May, 1902.
Mr. Miyata commenced to eliminate the troubles
arising by doing business through a tliird party with firms
in British India and to compete with British and German
goods in that country. He erected his own factory at
Sakai, and manufactured metal cases, which Germans had
supplied to the Indian market.
Mr. Miyata's goods were excellent in quality, and
cheap in price. They met with a good reception in tiiat
country, thus the German goods are steadily being out-
rivalled. The annual production of cases at this factory is
valued at ¥63,370, of wliich ¥60,000 worth is exported to
British India.
Tlie factory is controlled by Mr. Miyata, with the
assistance of his brotliers, and special attention is
paid to the training of liands whicli is essential to the
up-keep of the high standard of excellence in the goods
produced.
After the outbreak of the European war, Mr. Miyata's
factory was steadily enlarged, for the purpose of replacing
tiie Germans in the Indian market, and everything
points to the success of Mr. Miyata's plan, the production
at the factory being now doubled.
NAKAMURA GOSHI KAISHA.
(N AK AM UR A & CO.)
' I ''HE Nakamura Goshi Kaisha is a limited partnership,
with Mr. Kenjiro Nakamura as Representative
Partner, and lias its head office at 3-chome, Imahashi,
Higashi-ku, 0;saka. Up to the outbreak of war in Europe,
TRADE
<^
MARK.
the company had a branch office at Constantinople, Turkey,
and carried on an extensive trade in raw materials and manu-
factured goods. It had tliirty years' experience in the
Turco-Japanese trade, and contributed a great deal to tiie
promotion of trade between the two nations.
Now it conducts a large trade, in raw materials and
manufactured goods, witii Great Britain, Greece, and other
parts of Europe, Persia, British India, China, and Asiatic
Russia.
It is principally interested in opium, tobacco, rice,
resin, nagacantli gum, raw cotton, tea and minerals, also
cigarette paper in bobbins, sheets, and booklets, cotton
yarns, cotton textiles, vegetable oils, etc., etc.
The company for many years supplied the cigarette paper
and tobacco to the Imperial Government Monopoly Bureau,
( 461 )
NAKASHIMA YASUNOSUKE SHOTEN.
(Y. NAKASHIMA.)
THE firm of Y. Nakashima, commission merchant, is
located at No. 37, 2-chome, Sakaye-machi, Kobe.
Telephone Honkyoku Nos. 18 and 823 ; Cable address :
" Carnegie " Kobe. The firm came into being as early as
1878, and is now engaged in direct export and import and
also wholesale business. It has a branch office at Suye-
yoshibashi-dori, 4-chome, Minami-ku, Osaka, telephone
numbers being Minami 24 and 2025.
An outline of imports and exports is as under : —
Imports : — Iron materials, iron ware, rails, window
glass, machineries and instruments, etc.
Exports: — Artificial flowers; bamboo ware; baskets
(wickers, willow, bamboo, etc.) ; blinds (bead or bamboo);
brass ware ; bronze ware ; brushes (liair, clothes, nail, tooth,
etc.); candles; carpets; celluloid articles; cotton goods
(piece goods, shirts, towels, rugs, blankets, cotton yarn, etc.) ;
embroidered goods ; fans (paper, silk, satin, wood, etc.) ;
feather and stuffed birds; figured mattings; glass ware;
lacquer ware; lawn tennis racquets, nets, etc.; mats and
mattings; matches, match sticks and boxes: paper goods
(copying and wall paper, lanterns, note paper and envelopes,
paper bags, napkins and handkerchiefs) ; porcelain wares of
every description; rubber goods; screens (paper, cotton,
silk) ; straw and chip braid ; silk goods (piece goods, hand-
kercliiefs, kimonos, doilies, etc.)
Produce: — Bees wax; camphor; chilies; ginger; isin-
glass; menthol crystal; oil (fish and seed) ; pea nuts, pep-
permint oil ; vegetable wax.
The representntives of the firm are as follows : —
J. N. Yamaguchi, Esq. ; T. Nakamura, Esq. ;
S. Inden, Esq., K. Uchimura, Esq. and K. Umetani,
Esq.
N 0 S A W A-GU M I.
I
(N O S A W A & C O .)
THIS firm, established iu 1869, are leading exporters Lima, imd London and agencies in all parts of the world,
and importers, having ^their own offices at Voko- They import and export almost any article for which there
hama, Tokyo, Kobe, Nagoya, Taipeh (Formosa), Shanghai, is a demand. Amongst exports may be mentioned Refined
Antimony, flemp. Straw, and
Chip Braids, Silk Goods, Pea-
nuts, Chillits and Capsicums,
Beans and Peas, Camphor,
Menthol, Loofahs, Isinglass,
Cotton Goods, Paper Manu-
factures, Drawn Work, Glass-
ware, Formosa Oolong and For-
mosa Black Teas, etc. ; and Im-
ports : Lumber, Manure, Metal
Ores, Hardware, Dyestuffs, Che-
micals, Railway and Mining
Supplies, Machinery and Ap-
paratus, Agricultural and Dairy
Implements, Leather, Hides, Live
Stock, Paper, etc. Their busi-
ness for both exports and imports
is generally transacted in the
Vokohama Office, No. 67, Main
Street, to which all correspon-
dence should be addressed.
YOKOHAMA BKANCH
NOSAWA & CO.
( 462 )
NOZAKI SHOT EN.
(NOZAKI BROS. & CO.)
THIS firm has its Head Office in Yokohama and
Branches at Tokyo, Kobe, Osaka, San Francisco,
and New York. It has a paid-up capital of ¥250,000
and a surplus of ¥250,000. The firm exports leathers,
shoe accessories, tanning materials, etc., and acts as sole
MR. SADATOSHI NOZAKI. -
agents for McNeely & Price, Philadelphia, and the Nippon
Hikaku Kabushiki Kaisha (J^pan Leather Co., Ltd.),
Tokyo.
Exports : — Geisha Brand Crabmeat, XXX Brand
Hemp Braid, and Peacock Brand Peanuts, also natural
products and manufactures in general. This firm was
founded a quarter of a century ago by Mr. Sadatoshi
Nozaki, the present President of the firm, as a private
concern. In 1915 it was formed into a cornpsny embodying
NOZAKI BROS. & CO., YOKOHAMA.
ten members, including his brother, Mr. Suyeo Nozaki.
Mr. Sadatoshi Nozaki is highly spoken of among Japanese
merchants as an able man, and is regarded by the general
public as a man of generosity and high character. The
amount of the firm's annual trade is estimated approximately
at ¥3,000,000 in leathers and ¥5,000,000 in exports.
MR.06AWA RIHACHIRO.
TV /r E. OGAWA, RIHACHIRO is one of the most
■^^ -^ successful Japanese merchants in the Southern
Islands. Having a head ofiice in Samarang and six branches
in important parts of the island of Java he almost
monopolizes the market for medicines, toilet articles and.
all kinds of Japanese miscellaneous goods in the Dutch
East Indies. Mr. Ogawa was born in April, 1872, the
eldest son of a Samurai, in the small village of Toyooka-
mura, Sambu-gori, Chiba prefecture. At the age of 13
he studied the rudiments of English, Mathematics and
Chinese classics, and at 16 started out for Yokohama. There
he became the pupil of an old artist named Hayashi.
After three years' study he entered the Meiji School of Art
to study the drawing of human figures. He graduated from
the school at the age of 21 and devoted three years to the
study of landscnpe drawing. In 1899 be left Yokohama for
( 463 )
France for further study. But without proceeding to his
destination the young artist left the vessel at Singapore,
where he advertised in the papers, and beconaing very
popular unexpectedly made a good fortune. In this way he
spent three years in Singapore and then crossed to Samarang
in the island of Java. Here his fame as a good Japanese
artist soon spread far and wide. Three years' hard work
brought him handsome profits. He now began to think of
going to France, but about this time Japan was getting
known all over the world because of her victory in the war
with Eussia, and demands for Japanese goods were swiftly
increasing. But in Java tliey were mostly supplied through
Chinese and Indians at absurd prices, showing little prospects
of any development of the market for Japanese goods. This
situation strongly appealed to Mr. Ogawa, so that he decided
to sacrifice his life-long plan for the promotion of Japan's
trade with the Southern Islands. Accordingly he inaugu-
rated a store for patent medicines. He first got supplies
from Japanese dealers in Singapore and then direct from the
homeland. Thanks to his unsparing efibrts and perseverance
real qualities of Japanese goods soon became known among
the natives tiiroughout the island. With the growing
popularity of the business he put on the market miscellaneous
MR. R. OGAWA.
goods with much success. Thus the business
developed until it has attained the present growth.
steadily
OGURI TOMIGORO SHOTEN.
(T. OGURI & CO.)
T
"^HIS firm, owned by Mr. Tomigor5 Oguri, is
located at No. 37, 5-chome, Midori-cho, Honjo-ku,
MR. T. OGURI.
Tokyo. The firm was organized in 1887 for manufac-
turing and selling air-cushions. Mr. Oguri directed
every effort to product the best articles. As a result he has
many patents. While improving tlie articles, he has made
every effort to extend the market abroad. The workshop
has been enlarged. In 1897, the firm commenced to manu-
facture knitted goods, dividing the shop into two sections,
air-cushions and knitted goods, chiefly for wholesale and
exportation. In 1904, Mr. Oguri, the proprietor of the
firm, undertook a tour of inspection in Europe and America.
During this time war broke out between Japan and Russia.
Turning his steps to China, he proceeded to British India
and to South Sea Islands. He returned home after four
years.
The outbreak of the European war created a great de-
mand for knitted goods in Europe, etc. The company's
workshop was working double time executing enormous
( 464 )
ordere for war supplies from Russia and Great Britain.
Th;s growing expansion of business met witii a serious blow
by the announcement of prohibited imports, inclusive of
hosiery goods, by the Bussian Government. This was fol-
lowed by tlie British veto on the import of knitted goods.
Later, the Russian Government gave permission that im-
ports in the form of parcels would be accepted. Since then
the firm has been sending the goods to Russia by par-
cel post. In October, the British embargo Was announced
but later lifted on Japanese hosiery goods.
Specialities : — Knitted goods of all descriptions, air-
cushions of various kinds.
Correspondents : — Yokohama — Nozawa & Co.; Hara
Exporting Co. ; Witkowski Co., Ltd. ; A. Cameron & Co. ;
Kobe — Abdoola Co. ; Davis, Summers & Co.
OKA SHIGEZO SHOTEN.
(S. OKA & CO.)
npHIS firm, owned and controlled by Mr. Oka, Shigezo,
manufactures and exports thrown silk, threads,
tassels, braids, tapes, shoe laces, elastic webs, etc., etc.
The general office is situated at Awaji-machi, Higashi-
ku, Osaka, and the branch office at Chaya-machi, Kita-ku,
Osaka. When first established tiie firm manufactured and
sold threads and tassels for the domestic market. In the
early days of Meiji Era, Mr. Shigezo Oka, the proprietor,
commenced the experimental manufacture of braids, in view
of the rapidly increasing import of the braids and other
kindred goods and the increasing demand for them in this
country, and owing to tiie success of his experiments, lie
inaugurated the present undertaking.
His own manufactory is at Shijouawate, Osaka pre-
fecture, where braids, tassels, tapes, etc., are manufactured
on a large scale. Part of the production is supplied to the
domestic market, but the greater part goes to China, India,
Russia, and other countries.
After tlie outbreak of tlie present war in Europe the
overseas operations of the firm expanded rapidly, and a
MR. S. OKA.
firm footing was secured in Moscow, dlessa, Petrograd,
and other commercial centres of Russia.
( 465 )
R. OKATANI SOSUKE.
MR. OKATANI, SOSUKE, is a well known business
man of Nagoya. The family live in the city of
Nagoya and are in the steel business under the name of
Sasaya, which has been popularly called Sasaso. This name
is associated with tiie oldest steel dealer in the city. Mr.
Sosuke Okatani was born in 1851, and succeeded to the house
at the age of sixteen. In tlie early years of Meiji he
established the Cloisonne Works. He took advantage of
the 1877 American Exposition, to introduce the cloisonne
or shippo wares to the world. In 1878 when the spinning
industry was in its infancy he purchased spindles from
France, thus contributing largely toward the development
of this line of industry. In 1877 he organized the lltii
National Bank. And from that time on, has rendered
inestimable service to many banks and companies,
notable among them being the 34th Bank, the Nagoya
Spinning Mill, the Commercial Bank, the Aichi Bank and
the Japan Industrial Bank. He holds numerous important
posts, including Vice-Presidency of tiie Nagoya Chamber of
Commerce, Presidency of the Aichi Bank and directorship
af many banks and companies. In 1894 he was granted
the medal of the Green Ribbon. In 1906 he was
elected a member of the House of Peers and decorated
with the Fourth Order of the Sacred Treasure. In 191J
he was favoured with orders by the Household Department
MR. S. OKATANI.
for the manufacture of metal ornaments for
Hall in the Imperial Palace.
the HOmei
0 K U R A-6 U M I.
(OKURA & CO., LTD.)
rriHE firm of Okura & Co. is the oldest Japanese
-*- Company engaged in foreign trade, and occupies
first rank among tstablishments of its kind, under
the presidency of Baron Kihachiro Okura, one of
the most important figures in Japanese commercial
circles, under the new regime. The organization of the
company of limited liability, comprises : — Mr. Chokuro
Kadono, Vice-President, Messrs. Kokinji Takashiraa,
Kumema Okura, Kishichiro Okura, Hatsumi Okura and
Muniajiro Yasuda, Directors.
The Import Department of the company supplies the
Government and Commercial corporations with rolling-
stock, vessels, arras, steel, electrical machinery and parts
thereof, as well as provisions, woollen and cotton stuff and
materials, hides, fertilizers, etc. The amount of imports
in this department, represents a large part of Japan's total
import trade. The Import Department acts as agents for
well-known manufacturers in Europe and America.
The Export Department has branches in all the
principal ports of the Orient, and annually transacts a
large amount of trade. Though the export trade with
Europe and America was only recently opened, the Depart-
ment is now exporting soya-beans, bean-oil, copper, paper,
black-lead, timber, sulphur, furs, rice, etc., in large quantities.
( 466 )
The Mining Department owns and operates mines of
iron, coal, and various minerals in Japan and China, among
them being the Penchihu Iron and Coal Co. at Penchihu,
South Manchuria, producing pig iron of the highest quality,
and the best coal in the Orient.
In connection with the Japan-British Exhibition,
Messrs. Okura & Co. established the " Okura Building "
in the Exhibition compound to exhibit export articles.
The firm deems it a pleasure to contribute to the develop-
ment of foreign trade between Great^Britain and Japan.
OKURA & CO., TOKYO.
The company's Head Office is situated at No. 7, Ginza
2-chorae, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo. The location of branch
offices are : —
Osaka Branch : — Tsurigane-cho, Higashi-ku, Osaka.
Shanghai Branch : — Kiukiang Road, Shanghai, China.
Tientsin Branch : — Japanese Settlement, Tientsin,
China.
London Branch : — No. 53, New Broad St., London, E.C.
New York Branch :— No. 30, Ch)irch St., New York,
U.S.A.
Australian Branch : — No. 60-a, Pitt St., Sydney,
Australia.
There are sub-branches at Hon-cho 2-chome, Yoko-
hama ; Kaigan-dori 6-chome, Kobe ; and also at Moji,
Dairen, Hankow, Yokosuka, Kure, Maizuru, Saseho,
Takao, Taipeh, Taichu, and Seoul.
The company owns a timber mill in the upper village
of Kawazu, Karao-gori, Izu Province, and a wood depot in
the town of Numazu, Shizuoka, Shizuoka prefecture.
Baron Kihachiro Okura, President of Messrs. Okura
& Co., was born in Echigo province in 1837. When he
was eighteen years old. Baron Okura came to Yedb, now
Tokyo, full of ambition. He laid tlie foundation of his
present fortune in the Restoration War, when he imported
rifles from India and Hongkong, and sold them to the
Federal Clans, which were ready to pay any price for them
at that time. By this means he got in touch with the
political and military power, a connection he was careful to
cultivate and strengthen. A few years after the Restora-
tion he was recognized as the greatest business man in
Japan. In 1872, he accompanied the Ambassador to
Europe and America, and was thus the first business man
to start on a tour of inspection abroad. In 1874, he
organized what is called tlie Okura-Gumi, the origin of the
present firm of Okura & Co., Ltd.
He has taken part in the inauguration of almost all
the principal enterprises in Japan, such as manufacturing,
spinning, engineering, mining, electrical, railway, shipping,
banking, forestry, colonization, etc.
Baron Okura is also known as an educationalist. In
1898, he devoted half a million yen to the construction of
the Okura Commercial School, Tokyo.
In 1907, Mr. Okura built two commercial schools, one
in Osaka and one in Seoul, Korea.
He was created Baron in recognition of his services on
the occasion of the Coronation of the present Emperor in
tiie winter of 1915.
( 467 )
MR. S A K A B E J I R 0.
(PROPRIETOR OF SAKABE & CO.)
TAPANESE brumes are now .found in every store in
America and Europe side by side with French goods
and their annual export amounts to over ¥4,000,000. But
only thHee decade haVe elapsed since the goods were first
mentioned in Japan's export returns, and intense efibrti! on
the par3bi(>#^.manufn,cturer8 have alone brought about such a
lurge trade as is carried on at present.
In the American market, however, the Japanese product
was considered inferior to the French, and Mr. Sakabe
realised that the only chance for Japanese goods was in
their low price.
Just after the Russo-Japanese war he returned home
and started a brush factory in Osaka. Thanks to his constant
efforts, Japanese goods have steadily improved in quality and
Among others, Mr. Jiro Sakabe^ the proprietor of
Sakabe & Co. of Osaka who now trades in brushes on a
large scale, was instrumental in initiating the line. Just
before, the- Si no- Japanese war he went over to the United
States 'and started business in notions, when he noticed
the bright future for brushes in the United States and
began to import Japanese brushes. '
SAKABE BRUSH FACTORY.
his manufactures now rank as equal to the best French goods.
Mr. Sakabe's products were the first Japanese goods
of their class to receive foreign honours, having been
awarded the Gojd Medal at the Panama-Pacific Inter-
national Exposition at San Francisco in 1915. The
factory of the company is situated at Kawasaki, Toyosaki-
machi, Nishinari-gori, Osaka prefecture.
( 468 )
MR. SASANO JINSHIRO.
MR. SASANO, JINSHIRO, of Shidzuoka, has au
extensive business in the manufacturing of
comestibles, particularly tinned food, cleaned rice, and
cleaned and compressed barley, having ample experience in
this line of business.
MR.
SASANO.
The business is carried on under the style of " Maru-
kome," and has offices in most of the important cities of the
Empire, the following being the chief: —
Maru-kome Head Office : — No. 15, Higashimoto-machi,
Fukagawa-ku, Tokyo.
Sasano Branch Store : — No. 36, Otaki, Yokosuka.
Hiroshima Branch Factory: — Danbara-machi, Hiro-
shima.
Sasano Warehouse : — Naka-dori, Kure.
Sasano Branch Office : — Miura-machi, Saseho.
Sasano Cattle Farm : — Chinkai, Chosen.
At the head office the cleaning of rice and other cereals
was commenced in 1891, also the experimental manufacture
of tinned food was initiated. During the Sino-Japanese
war, Mr. Sasano was ordered by the Government to supply
food-stufis to the Army and Navy. The result was entirely
satisfactory and after the war the services continued to
place orders with the firm.
Tinned food, corned beef, roast beef, and boiled beef in
particular, could not be manufactured in J^pan before the
war, and all requirements of the Navy were'imported from
abroad. Mr. Sasano saw this drawback in Japan's comestible
trade, and himself initiated the business at his branch office
at Hiroshima. The Navy now exclusively uses Mr. Sasano's
goods.
Mr. Sasano's compressed barley and wheat figure pro-
niiuently as foodstuffs for the Navy. With the use of the
machines he has invented, he produces the goods in large
quantities, and at little cost.
Mr. Sasano is also either President or Director of
the following companies : —
The Shidzuoka Agricultural and Industrial Bank.
The Fujimatsu Railway Company.
The Shida Electric Company.
The Kyosei Bank.
SHIBAKAWA SHOTEN.
(SHIBAKAWA & CO.)
THIS firm was established in 1903, for the purpose of
taking over the business of the Shibakawa Shoten,
which successfully carried on an import and export business
since 1866, and had secured many important connections in
Europe, America, and other parts of tlie world.
The company (a limited partnership) has its head
office at No. 10, Koraibashi, 3-chome, Osaka, and originally
all business was managed from there, but in 1905 a branch
was opened at No. 8, Sanai-cho, Nihoiibashi-ku, Tokyo,
owing to expansion of the business.
In 1911, another branch office was established in
Hamburg, Germany, to cope with the increase of trade with
Europe. It was removed to London on the outbreak of
the war in Europe, and most of the transactions in England
are managed at this office, which is situated at No. 110,
Fenchurch Street, London, E.G.
For the purpose of further extending the export trade,
a sub-branch office was established at Kobe in 1913. It
was converted into a branch office in January, 1916, as
the business it handles greatly increased. A sub-branch
( 469 )
office was also established in Yokohama to handle the
increasing export business at this port.
At present the export business is principally under-
taken by the brandies iit Kobe and Yokohama and the
head office in Osaka manages import business. Tlie London
branch office acts as buying agent for the Osaka and the
Tokyo offices, and as selling agent for the Kobe and the
Yokohama offices.
SHIBAKAWA & CO., O.SAKA.
As exporters the company is principally interested in
woollen and cotton good?, linen goods, habiitae and other
silk goods, hosiery, yarns, oils, buttons, minerals, agricultural
and marine products, etc., etc., while as importers it is mainly
interested in woollen and cotton goods, yarns, wool, tops,
metals, paper, paper pulp, chemicals, drugs, machinery,
etc., etc.
The goods handled by the company comprise almost all
of the important articles on Japan's trade returns. It is in
close conntction witii many leading cotton and woollen mills
in this country, such as the Osaka Woollen Manufacturing
Company, the Nippon Woollen Manufacturing Company,
the Tokyo Woollen Manufacturing Company, the Tokyo
Woollen Cloth ManufacturingCompany, the Tokyo Weaving
Company, the Teikoku Hemp Manufacturing Company, the
Nippon Worsted Spinning Company, and others, and can
secure tiieir very best service.", as well as supplying them
witli raw materials.
Mr. EisukeShibakawa is the President of the company.
THE TOKYO BKANCH.
The company's offices are as follows : —
The Head Office : — No. 10, Koraibashi, .^-chorae, Osaka,
Manager Mr. Y. Yuasa.
The Tokyo Branch : — No. 8, Sanai-cho, 3-chome, Nihon-
bashi-ku, Tokyo, Manager Mr. Y. Shiota.
The Kobe Branch : — No. 48, Akashi-machi, Kobe,
Manager Mr. Y. Tono.
The Yokohama Office : — No. 50, Yamashita-cho, Yoko-
hama, Manager Mr. Y. Shiota.
The London Branch: — No. 110, Fenchurch Street,
London, E.G., Manager Mr. Y. Suga.
THE SHOSHO YOKO.
THE firm Siiosho Yoko is presided over|by Mr. Tadii-
saburo Yamamoto. The Head Office is situated at
3-ehome, Ginza, Tokyo. Tiiere are branches in 3-chome
Bund, Kobe, and the Japanese Concession, Tientsin, sub-
branches in Karafuto, Osaka, Shinkoto, China, Yonago in
Tottori prefecture, and the port of same in Aomori pre-
fecture, and agencies in Naoet-u, Tsuruga, Wakamatsu,
Moji, Yokohama, Kamaishi, Otaru, Fusan, Jinsen, Shang-
hai, Hongkong, Singapore, Canada, Java, Marseilles and
Seattle. The company consists of three departments.
namely. Coal, Timber and Shipping. The company has
the monopoly in Japan for tiie supply of Kaipyong coal.
This coal is of excellent quality, and the amount imported
reaches yearly about 300,000 tons.
In Karafuto, the company is carrying on the timber
business on an extensive scale. Timbers produced sie sent
to China and the homeland in the form of sleepers and
stakes, amounting to from 150,000 kohu to 160,000 koku
and trom 30,000 to 40,000 kolcv, respectivelv. Besides
Karafuto, the company is cutting timbers in vast forests
( 470 )
stratching from Ominato, in Aomori prefecture, to Ofuna- The details of the tonnage are as follows : —
wataslii, in Iwate prefecture, and also in Yonago and its The Company's Possessions.
neiglibourhood. The trade in coal and timber amounts Tonnage. Routes.
yearly to over ¥3,000,000. Taiten Maru 5,800 Italy— North America.
When the war broke out in Europe, Mr. Yamamoto Taki Maru 4,400 Britain — Italy.
was quick to see the probability of a shortage in steamers, Tansan Maru 3,800 Britain— North America.
Tsingtao Maru. 3,550 Australia — South Seas.
Ikutama Maru 900 Adjacent Seas.
Taisai Maru 4.800 Adjacent Seas.
Total '23,250
MR. T. YAMAMOTO.
and purchased and chartered vessels to a great
amount, which subsequently netted an enormous profit.
He is now recognized as a shipping magnate of Japan.
Cliarterages amount to about ¥4,000,000 yearly. As for
vessels chartered by the company, there are fourteen in
number, all serving in the adjacent sea routes.
THE SHOSHO YOKO, TOKYO.
The capital of the company is ¥250,000, and tftough
this amount is rather small other resources of the company
have been steadily increasing. The assets of the shipping
Department alone amount to over ¥6,000,000. Add to
this the value of the Coal and Timber Departmen,ts and
the total reaches ¥10,000,000.
;5i-j
SUZUKA SHOTEN.
(SUZUKA & CO. )
THIS company are importers, exporters, and general
commission merchants, and have their main office at
Sanjo, Ryogae-machi, Kyoto, and a branch office in C^aka.
Tlie firm is especially interested in bicycles and their
accessories, all kinds of rubber goods, celluloid, artificial
silk, and tussore silk. The first-named line is very exten-
sively carried on by the firm, who act as sole agents for
Okamoto Brothers, Nagoya, who turn out very excellent
bicycles, and their accessories, styled " the Empire,"
These goods are supplied to the domestic market, and also
exported, by the firm, to all countries in the East,
Synthetic rubber and celluloid are handled at the
Osaka branch. The former is mainly imported from Bor-
neo, Java, Singapore. The latter is purchased from the
Sakai Celluloid Manufacturing Co., under a special con-
tract, and worked by the firm at their own factories. The
celluloid goods the firm turn out are acknowledged as the
best by all who have used them. They are now exported to
all Asiatic countries, England, and America.
Rubber goods are handled very extensively. They are
taken from leading manufacturers, not manufactured by
the firm itself. They are supplied to the domestic market,
( 471 )
and exported to different foreign countries, in increasing
quantities.
Artificial silk is imported from Europe and America
for the purpose of meeting a strong demand from Japan.
Tussore silk, too, is imported by the firm for the pur-
pose of supplying the domestic market. It is mainly ship-
ped from China.
Mr. Sadajiro Suzuka, the head of the firm, is a man of
ability and wide experience. After his graduation from
tlie Kobe Commercial School, in 1907, he joined the staff
of Iwai & Co., of Osaka, who carry on a large business
on these lines, and he underwent severe training. Thus be-
ing fully equipped with learning and experience, lie esta-
blished his own firm in Kyoto, in 1913. Though of a
comparatively recent origin, his firm has achieved a won-
derful expansion, and in this particular line it is widely
known as one of the best and most reliable firms.
MR. S. SUZUKA.
THE SHINKIU-6UMI.
' I "HE Shinkiu-Gumi is a partnership, organized in 1890
and managed by Messrs. Yoshitaro Yagiri and
Ikutaro Tanaka, Active Members, having its head office at
No. 26, Sanno-miya-cho, 1-chome, Kobe.
pyrethruni flowers, chip tissues, habutae, cotton goods,
fishing lines, musical instrument strings, boot laces, cotton
tapes, brushes, toys, fish oil, isinglass, chemicals, porcelain
ware, etc., etc.
THE SHINKIU-GUMI, KOBE.
As manufacturers and exporters the firm is chiefly The firm has many good connections abroad, and the
interested in straw braids, chip braids, hemp braids, volume of business handled amounts to over ¥3,000,000
Japanese panama hats, refined camphor, peppermint oil, worth a year.
( 472 )
SUZUKI SHOTEN.
(SUZUKI & CO.)
'T~'HIS firm is at Sakaye-maclii 3-chorae, Kobe. In
-*■ 1877 the late Mr. Iwajiro Suzuki opened a store in
Kobe where he dealt in sugar and silver coins. Later
Mr. Suzuki engaged only in the sugar trade. In 1885, the
house coraraenced to export Japanese camphor to Europe.
In 1900, a branch office was established iu London, for the
purchase of sugar and sale of Japanese products. Iu
October, 1908, the house of Suzuki was made a Gomeikaisha
(partnership). In 1902, the iirm established a peppermint
factory at Fukiai, Kobe, and started the manufacture of
peppermint products. In 1903, a sugar refinery was
established at Diiiri, Moji, Kyushu. In the same year, the
firm purchased a camphor refinery at Fukiai, Kobe, and
commenced the manufacture of refined camphor, and also
purchased the Kobe Steel Works, and began the manu-
facture of steel. In 1906, the Dairi Sugar Refinery Works
was converted into a joint stock company, and the managers
of Suzuki & Co. became directors of the new company. In
the same year, the firm established fish oil works at Fukiai,
Kobe, and began the manufacture of fish oil. In 1907,
Dairi Sugar Refinery was amalgamated with the Dai
Nippon Sugar Refining Co. In 1909, the firm purchased a
flour mill at Sapporo, Hokkaido, and forming a joint stock
company commenced the manufacture of flour.
Members of Suzuki & Co. are : — Mrs. Yone Suzuki
(representative of the firm). Mr. Fushimatsu Yanagida
and Mr. Naokichi Kaneko.
Branches and Sub-Branches : — Shanghai Branch, 40,
North Suchow-Road, Shanghai, China; Moji Branch,
Sanbashi-dori, Moji Fukuoka-Ken ; Tokyo Sub-Branch,
Premises of Tokyo Warehouse Co., Echizen-bori, Kyobashi,
Tokyo ; Osaka Sub- Branch, Andozibashi-dori, Minami-ku,
Osaka; Nogoya Sub-Branch, Premises of Nagoya Ware-
house Co., Hijiye-machi, Nagoya ; Otaru Sub- Branch,
Sakai-machi, Otaru ; Hakodate Sub-Branch, 1-chome
0-machi, Hakodate ; Naha, Okinawa (Loo-chu Is.) ; Tainan
Sub-Branch, Nankagai, Tainan, Formosa ; Foochow Sub-
Branch, Nantai, Foochow, Fukien, China.
The firm has agencies and correspondents in the follow-
ing places: — London, Hamburg, New York, Glasgow,
Middlesborough, Seattle, Portland (Oregon), Bombay,
Madras, Manila, Ba*avia, Hongkong, Tientsin and Hankow.
Tiie history of Suzuki & Co. is as above, and except
the sale and purchase of silver, and the business of the
Daiii Sugar Refinery Works, which were discontinued or
sold, all other .businesses are continued.
The firm owns three camphor works in Kobe, the crude
cjmphor works at Fukiai-Yakumo-dori 1-chome, and
Asashi-dori 4-chome, and a refining works at Fukiai
Kumoi-dori 5-chome. According to statistics, 90^ of the
whole consumption of camphor in the world is supplied by
Japan, and the rest, vis. 10_^, by China.
The firm has a peppermint manufactory at Fukiai-
Isogami-dori 4-chome, Kobe. Peppermint is one of the
important articles of export, chiefly to Hongkong, United
States, and Germany.
The fish oil works of the firm are at Fukiai-Kitahon-
cho 1-chome, Kobe. The products are exported to England,
Belgium, France and other countries.
The Steel Works are in Fukiai- Wakinohama 2-chome,
Kobe. With the development of industries, the demand fur
steel consumed by the Military and Naval Departments alone
reaches a surprisingly great amount.
The Sapporo Flour Mill Co. which has no legal connec-
tion with Suzuki & Co., but which is under the superin-
tendence and control of the latter, is at Sapporo, Hokkaido.
The firm of Suzuki & Co. has a very wide influence in
the business world, and it is well known that this firm has
reached its present prosperity under the most able manage-
ment of Mr. Naokichi Kaneko.
( "» )
TANAKA 60MEI KArSHA.
nnHE Tanaka Gomei Kaisha, situated at No. 1, Yaesu-
-'- cho, 1-chome, Marunouchi, Tokyo, was established
in 1903 and chiefly deals in chemical machinery, including
those for chemical experiments, analysis, mining and brew-
Chemical Laboratory. Each ^factory employs technical
experts to superintend the manufacture of the goods.
Every effort is being made to execute orders with skill and
despatch.
ENUINEEHING DEPT. AND SHOW ROOM OF THE TANAKA
GOMEI KAISHA, TOKYO.
ing. The company also manufactures and deals in drugs.
Several factories have been established : the Hard-Glass
Factory, the Tanaka Machinery Factory and the Tanaka
The President of the Tanaka Gomei Kaisha (a limited
partnership) is Mr. Mokujiro Tanaka, and the Vice- President
is Mr. Mokubei Tanaka.
TOKUNAGA SHOTEN.
(TOKUNAGA & CO.)
r I iHE firm Tokunaga & Co., is situated at 1-chome,
-^ Yokoyama-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo. Mr. Yasu-
nosuke Tokunaga, the proprietor of the firm, was born in
November, 1864, in Kawadori-mura, Minami-Saitama-gori,
Saitama prefecture, and was the second son of Mr. Kunitaro
Nanushi. In 1880 he came to Tokyo, At this time, the
brushes on the market were of foreign make. Regretting
this situation, Mr. Tokunaga decided to devote himself to
the manufacture of brushes, with the object of checking the
import of this article. Thus he opened business, creating
the first record of the inauguration of this line of industry
in Japan. By overcoming every difficulty and making
strenuous efforts he at last succeeded in producing superior
articles, which are widely in demand. In 1903, the com-
pany established the Exporting Department, to extend the
market abroad. Many honours have been received by the
company from exhibitions, both at home and abroad. Be*
sides the two works, the company has two factories for
adjusting hairs.
MR. Y. TOKUNAGA.
( 474 )
MR. WATANABE SHOZABURO.
TV T R. WATANABE'S mill for the manufacture of
■'■ peppermint is situated at No. 535, Hatago-cho,
Yainagata, Yamagata prefecture, noted for the production
of peppermint. Born in November, 1868, Mr. Watanabe
has devoted himself since 18^7 to the improvement of the
MR. S. WATANABE.
manufacture of peppermint. It is chiefly due to his efforts
that Japanese peppermint, one of the principal exports,
enjoys an excellent reputation abroad.
In 1899 he established an experimental farm at Miya-
machi, Yamagata, and cultivated various kinds of pepper
plants. Further pursuing his study with this farm he
succeeded in selecting very profitable and superior plants.
In 1906 he obtained superior crude oils from Germany
and Great Britain. With these as standard oils he made
every effort for the manufacture of superior articles. His
efforts were at last crowned with success in the Spring of
1914, when a perfect and very simple refining was invented.
The peppermint manufacture by this method has not the
least offensive smell, but gives a very sweet flavour, having
as little bitterness as the foreign articles. It also contains
a large proportion of menthol crystals. Not the least
service rendered by the Watanabes in the course of this
line of industry is the manufacture of peppermint cakes.
Returning from a tour of inspection in Java in 1906, a
Mr. Kazuye Tsutsumibayashi said that the manufacture of
peppermint cakes would prove very profitable. On hearing
this, Mr. Shozaburo Watanabe started the manufacture at
once and exported the articles. Later Mr. Tsutsumi-
bayashi went to Java again and opened business there.
Thanks to his efforts the export of peppermint cakes to that
market greatly increased. In 1914 Mr. Shozaburo Wata-
nabe made a tour of inspection in South China and Southern
Islands. Since that time the export has steadily developed
until the Watanabe peppermints now monopolize the
market of the Southern Islands. The firm has been
awarded medals of merit by many exhibitions both at
home and abroad.
Mr. Shozaburo Watanabe holds the posts of President
of the Yamagata Municipal Council and President of the
Yamagata Chamber of Commerce.
YAMAGUCHI KAZO SHOTEN.
(K. YAMAGUCHI & CO.)
rriHIS firm, situated at No. 62, 4-chome, Awaji-
-*- machi, Higashi-ku, Osaka, is one of the leading
business houses in Osaka, carrying on general export and
import trade. It was founded at the present site by Mr.
Kazo Yamaguchi, the present proprietor, who understands
foreign trade, having served many years as manager at Mr.
Gendo Yamaguchi's firm in Osaka.
Mr. Kaz5 Yamaguchi was born at Kurayoshi, Tottori
prefecture, in 1865, and finished his education in Osaka.
He established his business when the Sino-Japauese war
(
broke out. It was an excellent opportunity to begin busi-
ness, and he was successful in his undertaking.
He arranged a contract as sole agent for the Oriental
Muslin Co., the Nippon Woollen Cloth Co., the Osaka
AVeaving Co., the Matsuoka Spinning and Weaving Mill,
and John Dickinson & Co. of London, in Japan. Shortly
after his success in the first undertaking, and for the pur-
pose of acquiring a new market for these companies' goods,
he opened branch oflSces at Tokyo, Vladivostock, and
Tsingtao. The contract is still good, and his business as
sole agent for these concerns is thriving.
For many years lie has contemplated the plan of
undertaking the manufacture of arms and munitions, as
he is convinced that the present system of the Government
monopolization of this line of business is very dangerous.
The present war in Europe has presented a good chance for
him to realize his long-cherished plan, as Russia has
476 )
placed a large order for ¥20,000,000 worth of cartridges,
shoes, and other war requisites with him.
Mr. Yamaguchi has just founded the Japan Machine
Manufacturing Co., in Tokyo, with the support of many
business men and capitalists, in which he owns a large num-
ber of shares and is a director. This is practically the first
undertaking in Japan to manufacture arms and munitions
by private capitalists. He has shares in the Takaoka Iron
Works, the Matsuda Works, the Osaka Seikojo, and other
companies, which undertake the manufacture of munitions.
He is also interested in the Japan Woollen Spinning
Co., the Yellow Sea Fishing Co., and in various other busi-
ness undertakings he is either director or auditor.
His firm is principally interested in raw cotton, cotton
textiles, cotton yarns, wool, muslin, woollen cloth, and other
sundry goods, it having large business connections in
European countries, America and China.
YAMAMOTO SHOTEN OSAKA SHITEN.
(H. YAMAMOTO, OSAKA BRANCH.)
'nr^HIS branch at Osaka, which is managed by Mr. K.
Yamaraoto, is situated at No. 69, 2-chome, Azuchi-
machi, Osaka, and is principally interested in the export of
grey and white drills ; grey and white sheeting ; grey and
white shirting ; grey and white jeans ; twilled flannel ;
calico ; sack cloth and bleached sack cloth ; flour bags ;
ta-chi-fu ; grey ta-chi-fu ; cotton yarn and dyed yarn ;
dyed cotton cloth; red sliirting and turkey red cloth;
bleached calico and fancy piece goods.
These cotton goods, the firm handles, are supplied by
the leading cotton spinning and weaving mills in this
country, (for whicii this firm act as agents), which includes
the Toyo Cotton Spinning Co., the Amagasaki Cotton
Spinning Co., the Settsu Cotton Spinning Co., the Naigai
Cotton Co., the Kanegafuchi Spinning Co., and the Kishi-
wada Cotton Spinning Co.
The branch firm deals with practically all countries in
Asia, and throughout the continent the firm has agents
and correspondents. Particularly in Taiwan, Chosen,
Manchuria, Russia, the Dutch Indies, China, and British
India, the firm has very large business connections, and
the annual export to these countries amounts to over
¥4,000,000. At the same time the firm handles more than
¥5,000,000 worth of business at home.
The branch was inaugurated in May, 1913, as the
result of the huge expansion of the main business office,
which is situated at No. 20, Harima-cho, Kobe. The head
office, with the trade name of Yamamoto & Co., handles
knitted goods, matches, porcelain ware, cotton piece goods,
cotton goods, toys, glass ware, cotton wire, and other mis-
cellaneous goods, and principally deals with British India,
the Dutch Indies and Africa. The annual amount of trade
done by the main office is estimated at roughly ¥4,000,000.
It was founded in 1911 with a capital of ¥400,000.
( 476 )
YAMATAKE SHOKAI.
(YAMATAKE & CO.)
THIS firm was established nine years ago, and is
managed by Mr. Takehiko Yamaguclii. The
Yamatake Shokai is acknowledged as one of the leading
importers of machine tools in Tokyo.
MR. T. YAMAGUCHI.
Mr. Yamaguchi is a graduate of the Tokyo Higher
Technological School, and for some years was in the
Government service. When Mr. Zenjiro Yasuda in-
augurated the Yasuda Nails Manufactory, Mr. Yamaguchi
retired from the official position and assisted in establishing
the new industry.
Later he undertook an extensive tour in America and
Europe for the purpose of studying this line of industry,
also buying factory equipments for the Yasuda Manu-
factory. The business, however, was soon brought to a
standstill on account of an abnormal advance in raw
materials and Mr. Yamaguchi bad to leave the manu-
factory.
He went over to Hokkaido and held important
positions in the Hokkaido Railway Co., and the Hokkaido
Dockyard Co., but from these positions he retired in May,
1906, and returning to Tokyo established the Yamatake
Shokai, at Gorobei-cho, Kyobashi-ku, for the purpose of
importing machine tools from Europe and America.
Owing to Mr. Yamaguchi's strenuous endeavours, his
business rapidly expanded, and in a few years became ooe
of the leading firms in this line of business. In 1909 he
arranged contracts with European and American manu-
facturers of machines and machine tools for the sale of
their goods. With this expansion in business the firm had
to remove to a new building, which after a few years was
again found too small and all business was removed in June,
1915 to the present office at No. 1, 1-chome, Yuraku-cho,
Kojimachi-ku, Tokyo.
Mr. Yamaguchi was the first in Japan to import the
machine which welded and cut metals by melting with
acetylene and oxygenous gas. He also inaugurated the
Japan Oxygen Manufacturing Co., which supplies oxygen
gas at a small cost.
In October, 1913, he promoted the Nippon Seiko Goshi
Kaisha at Osaki, with a capital of Y60,000 to manufacture
screws, ball-bearings and spindle rings for cotton mills,
etc., etc.
YEZOYE SHOTEN.
( R. YEZOYE, SONS & CO. )
THE present firm, situated at No. 3, Izumo-cho, Kyo-
bashi-ku, Tokyo, which has lately been incorporated
into a partnership, was founded by Mr. Renzo Yezoye in
1884, and is known as one of the leading tobacconists in
Japan. 'Shree years ago, Mr. Yezoye took into partnership
his four sons and Mr. T.
extend the business.
The incorporated
¥200,000, and has
besides tobaooo.
Akiyama, his manager, in order to
firm has a paid-up capital of
established other lines of business
( 477 )
The firm has a good connection of long standing with
the Tobacco Monopoly Bureau, and consequently has an
advantage over its competitors engaged in the tabacco
business, both in export and import.
The firm lias the following departments :-
1. Manufactured Tobacco Department.
2. Leaf Tobacco Department.
3. Machinery Department.
THE PACKING DEPARTMENT OH' R. YEZOYE SONS & CO., TOKYO.
Under good management, all orders are given
prompt and efiicieiit attention, and the firm's success is
ensured.
4. Sundry Goods and Piece Goods Department.
The firm also has Sulphur Dyestufl!" factories and
produces Gas Mantles of all descriptions.
YOSHIDA SHIKANOSUKE SHOTEN.
(S. YO.SHIDA & CO.)
THIS company is situated at No. 25, 4-chome, Hirano-
machi, Higashi-ku, Osaka, and is owned by Mr.
Shikanosuke Yoshida. The company was established in 1890.
Besides doing import and export business it has engaged
ever since its organization in the manufacture of cotton
carpets (special products in the neighbourliood of Osaka
called " dantsu "), and cloths. The superiority of the
manufactures is testified by the award of silver and gold
medals by 27 exhibitions at home and abroad.
Mr. Shikanosuke Yoshida, proprietor of the company,
is an able business man devoting liimself to the cause of the
business. Once he made an extensive trip abroad covering
Europe, A merica, China and other places. He is highly
respected and is a member of the board of councillors of the
guild of this particular line of business. Tlie latest honours
conferred upon the company were from the International
Panama Pacific Exposition, Samarang Exposition and the
Anglo- Japanese Exposition at London.
The company has correspondents chiefly in China,
Great Britain, America, Australia and Africa.
Exports : — Towels, blankets, sheets, " dantsu," carpets
and furniture cloths, etc.
Imports : — Linoleum, carpets, woollen and cotton cloths.
etc.
RRPf/*«'--'i{-*^-.r.:
MR. S. YOSHIDA.
( 478 )
YOSHIDZUMI TAKETARO SHOTEN.
(TAKETARO
1% /T R. YOSHIDZUMI, TAKETARO, has his head office
"^ at Nos. 36 and 37, 3-chome, Imabashi, Higashi-ku,
Osaka, and his Tokyo branch at No. 7, Yagenbori, Nihon-
bashi-ku, Tokyo. He imports and sells all kinds of textile
YOSHIDZUMI.)
correspondents in American are : — Union Special Machine
Co. ; Scott and Williams ; Tomkins Bros. Co. ; Ed. Bubied
Co.; Haga Knitting Machine Co.; Rhoad & Son; Union
Oil Co. of California.
Mr. Yoshidzumi has had ample experience in the manu-
facture of hosiery, for he was despatched by the Imperial
Japanese Government to the United States to study this
line of trade, and spent three years at different large
establishments. Not only has he studied the latest improve-
ment in hosiery machines, but investigated the market
conditions in foreign countries and tried to secure a market
for Japanese hosiery abroad. In the past he travelled five
times to Europe, America, and Asia for the sole purpose of
studying the possibilities of those countries as a market for
Japanese hosiery.
Mr. Yoshidzumi considers all machines he sells from the
standpoint of the manufacturer and not from the viewpoint
of machine importers only, and, therefore, his machines are
best suited to the purpose his buyers have in view. The
MR. T. YOSHIDZUMI.
machinery, but it is his specialty to import on behalf of
knitted goods manufacturers the following machines : —
winders, bleaching machines, dye machines, drying machines,
napping machines, card clothing and knitting machines,
Tomkin's system circular machines, Scowell system rib web
circular machines, Flat and other system hosiery machines,
electric cutter. Union special seaming, trimming, and
finisliing machines, pressing machines, embroidery machines,
and all their accessories.
Over twenty years Mr. Yoshidiumi has carried on the
line of business and established close connections with nearly
all Japan's hosiery and textile manufacturers, not only in
Osaka, the greatest centre of the hosiery trade, but in
Tokyo, Nagoya, Wakayama, and other places.
His connection with the leading machine makers in
Europe and America is also very close. The principal
MR. YOSHIDZUMI'S STORE.
hosiery goods manufactured with the machines he sells are
disposed of abroad through his intermediary, as Mr.
Yoshidzumi has many connections in Europe, America, and
Asia.
( 479 )
YOSHIKAWA KYUSHICHI SHOTEN.
(K. YOSHIKAWA & CO.)
npHIS firm, situated at Nos. 6 and 7, 5-chome Kita-
■*■ hama, Higashi-ku, Osaka, undertakes the export
and import of the following goods : — Raw cotton, Cotton
yarns and textiles. Fertilizers, Iron and steel materials.
Wool and Sundry notions.
It was founded in September, 1910, and already good
connections have been secured in Europe, America, and
India, and business continues to thrive.
The proprietor of the firm, Mr. Kyusliichi Yoshikawa,
is numbered among the foremost business men in Osaka, and
has large connections with the first business undertakings
in Japan. He studied political economy and commercial
science at Keio University, while young, and is fully
equipped with modern knowledge.
Some time ago he founded the Yoshikawa Portland
Cement Works, and the Yoshikawa Coal Store, and in both
lines he occupies an eminent position. At present he is
engaged in promoting the Japan Electric Chemical Industry
Co., at Matsuraoto, Nagano prefecture, with his associates,
for the purpose of manufacturing caustic soda, chrysalis oil,
glycerine, bleaching powder, fertilizers, and other goods.
He is also interested in the following companies, as
Director or Auditor : — The Japan Salt Industry Co. ;
The Kobe Sugar Refining Co. ; The lyo Railway Co.
MR. YUASA SHICHIZAYEMON.
MR. YUASA, SHICHIZAYEMON, is one of the most
prominent exporters and importers of steel and
iron materials, machine tools, hardware, and other kindred
goods in this country and has his headquarters at Sakai-
cho, Higashi-e-iru, Gojo-dori, Kyoto.
Immediately after the inauguration of the Kyoto head-
quarters a branch was opened in Yedo (now Tokyo),
cutlery being principally handled.
The scope of business has since been steadily enlarged
as the requirements of tlie times have changed. Soon after
MR. S. YUASA.
He is the eleventh of the line of Yuasa. Two and a
half centuries ago the business firm of Yuasa was in-
augurated at tiie present site of the firm and an uninter-
rupted course of prosperity and expansion has followed.
THE YUASA ELECTRIC BATTERY FACTORY.
the Imperial Restoration the wholesale business in iron and
steel materials was initiated. Not only were these materials
imported from overseas but the manufacture or import of
European hardware and machine tools was started. Then
( 480 )
another branch was opened at Osaka to handle these
articles.
In 1910 an iron works was established on a large scale
in
M, ^.■:.*.»TTi
ill ', toSi'Kti ,**••,■
'■ **" ■ It
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■Bi
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i ''"iiW;,!.!
'J5
i^
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SCIENTIFIC LABORATORY AilAUilb.U
TO THE FACTORY.
in the suburbs of Sakai, Osaka prefecture, and the manu-
facture of building materials, tools, and machines was
commenced. The following year Mr. Yuasa started direct
THE OSAKA BRANCH.
The great possibilities of China as a market for
electrical apparatus has recently induced Mr. Yuasa to
inaugurate another manufactory in the suburbs of Sakai,
where electric batteries are now produced in large
numbers.
He has at present the following factories and ofBces,
with many departments or divisions : —
Headquarters, Sakai-machi, Higashi-e-iru, Gojo-dori,
Kyoto.
Tokyo Head Office, No. 10, Abura-cho, Nihonbashi-ku,
Tokyo.
dealings with China, being thus equipped with every
facility in overseas trade.
IRON FACTORY AT SAKAI.
IRON AND STEEL DEPT.
Hardware Dept.
Osaka Branch Office, Kitazurae, Nagaboribashi,
Minami-ku, Osaka.
FOREIGN TRADE DEPT.
Hardware Deft.
Iron Works, Hanadaguchi, Sakai, Osaka prefecture.
Electric Battery Manufactory, Hanadaguchi, Sakai,
Osaka prefecture.
Hankow Branch Office, Railway Road, Russian Con-
cession, Hankow.
Tientsin Branch Office, Kotobuki-cho, Japanese Con-
cession, Tientsin.
( 481 )
MISODl^bAINEOUS OOMMEROC SCGTIOM.
MR. AKIYAMA KICHIGORO.
(EXPORTER OF JAPANESE GOLD FISH.)
f^ OLD fish are found in many countries besides Japan,
but the Japanese gold fish excel in breed and
beauty. From time immemorial gold fish have been highly
prized by the people in this country, and many fancy
breeds have been turned out by " fanciers." The beauty
MR. K. AKIYAMA.
of the Japanese gold fisii is, in a large measure, due to the
efforts on the part of " fanciers."
Westeruers have recently taken an interest in gold
fish, and each year a large number are taken from Japan.
The main part of this trade is handled by Mr. Akiyama,
Kichigoro, who is universally recognized as the greatest
authority on Japanese gold fish.
Mr. Akiyama was born in Tokyo, in 1868, and esta-
blished the present business when still a lad of eighteen.
For over thirty years he lias carried on this trade and has
had great experience. His aquarium covers an area of
over seven thousand Uuho, and is divided into a large
number of well-constructed ponds, and a completely-
equipped laboratory.
The annual output of fish from the aquarium amounts-
to over two million. Mr. Akiyama is, however not satisfied
GOLD FISH.
with the result, and experiments at the laboratory, with
the expert assistance of Drs. Toyama, Ishikawa, and others.
The export trade was initiated in 1906, since when it
has steadily expanded and the annual trade now runs into
a large figure. At the Anglo-Japanese Alliance Exhibi-
tion in London, Mr. Akiyama's breeds were exhibited, and
won the admiration of foreign lovers of gold fish. At the
Panama-Pacific Exhibition, at San Francisco, his exhibits
won the Gold Medal and the Grand Medal of Honour.
( 482 )
ANSHIN-DO YABUUGHI TOKEIHO.
(THE ANSHIN-DO
THE firm of Mr. Masashichi Yabuuchi, is situated at
2-cliome, Shinsaibashi-suji, Minami-ku, Osaka. It
deals extensivelj in watches, clocks and works of precious
MR. M. YABUUCHi AND HIS STORE.
metals. Mr, Yabuuchi, the head of the firm, was
born in January, 1855, in Tawarahon-maciii, Shiki-gori,
YABUUCHI CO.)
Nara prefecture. In 1876 he opened a store in his native
town. Finding, however, that the place was too small, Mr.
Yabuuchi moved to Osaka in 1895, and opened business at
Suwo-machi, Sakai-suji, but in April, 1908, removed to the
present address. Mr. Yabuuchi's success is due to his up-
rightness and honesty, and he is held in high respect even
by his competitors. The firm, which chiefly deals in the
manufacture of various works in precious metals, pays the
strictest possible attention to quality, workmanship, designs,
weight and punctuality in execution of orders. Superiority
in designs or workmanship can be judged by every one at a
glance, but to rightly judge of quality is possible only to
experienced eyes. This often tempts the dealers concerned
to gain unlawful profit. But Mr. Yabuuchi's store never
cheats customers in this respect, or in others.
Specialities of the firm are as follows : — Gold rings,
armlets, pins, spectacles, brooches, chains, hair pins ; combs,
and various other hair ornaments, sash bands, various kinds
of watches and clocks, precious metals, silver flower vases,
cigarette cases, incense burners, tea-sets, gold and silver
cups, wine bottles, silver ware, etc.
ARAI SHOKAI.
''"T^HE firm of E. Arai & Co. is located at 4-chome,
Kita-dori, Edobori, Nishi-ku, Osaka, and is presided
( E. ARAI & CO.)
now being pushed on with the utmost despatch to equip the
works with a 500 horse-power machine. On the other
over by Mr. Eikichi Arai, The company is engaged in the
manufacture, direct import and sale of electrical and gas
apparatus, machinery connected with electric railway, steam
railways and aerial ropeways, also acting as designers and
contractors. The company's works stand at 3-chome
Minami-dori, Kujo, Nishi-ku.
The company was opened to business in September,
1906, by Mr. Eikichi Arai, the present proprietor, who is
an expert with long years' experience in this line of business.
Since the outbreak of hostilities various industries have
shown marked progress, and the demand for goods manu-
factured and dealt in by Mr. Aral's company has increased
with great rapidity. In order to meet these demands the
company enlarged the works last summer. The work is
MR. E. ARAI.
( 483 )
hand the company has never neglected to improve the
manufacture and increase the resources. The goods are
not only in demand throughout the home land but are
extensively exported to China, Chosen, Manchuria and
Taiwan. Besides, quite recently the firm opened a market
in the Southern Islands, with good prospects of develop-
ment. It will thus be seen that a very bright future lies
before the company, which has already attained marked
progress. One of the principal causes for the credit the
company enjoys is the personality of the proprietor,
characterized by sincerity and the spirit of ever pushing
forward.
ASANUMA SHOKAI.
(T. ASANUMA & CO.)
"" I "HIS company is a partnership organized by Mr. Tokichi
■*- Asauuma and his family, and has its head office at
Honkoku-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo, and branch offices in
Kyoto, Osaka, etc., etc. As manufacturers of photographic
apparatus and their accessories, the company is known
as one of the best in the East, and the manufactures are
acknowledged as the best in the market, comparing favour-
ably with the products of the West. The company enjoys a
vast market at home, and carries on a large trade with
China, Asiatic Russia, Brisish India, and the South Sea
islands.
The founder, and the present president of the company,
Mr. Tokichi Asanuma, studied pharmacy before the Imperial
Restoration, and when, during the new Imperial rule, Euro-
pean ideas were introduced into different brandies of social
activities, he was raised from a clerk at a pharmacy to the
position of Director of the Pharmacy, in the Kumamoto
Army Hospital. He resigned the position, however, and
went to Nagasaki, and under a European expert studied
photography, and the preparation of various chemicals used
in photography.
Mr. Asanuma sent his brothers and sons to Europe and
America, to study the art which was then quite new in
Japan. Later, he himself made an extensive tour in
Europe and America, and added to his knowledge of this
art. As a result the present company was founded, and has
since been a splendid success.
In the early years of Meiji, Mr. Asanuma floated the
Awa Railway Co., to furnish the people of his native
province with better means of communication. He also
T. ASANUMA & (JO., TOKYO.
contributed a large sum of money toward the funds for the
construction of telegraphic lines between Kisarazu and
Hojo.
( m* )
GHOYA SHOKAI.
(CHOYA & CO., LTD.)
'T^HE Head Office of Choya & Co., Ltd., is located at
"*" Tachibana-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo. There are
branches in Osaka, Soerabaya, Semarang, Java, and
Singapore. The company was established in 1886. After
years of honest and consistent efforts for the improvement
of the manufactures and the development of business, the
company succeeded in becoming one of the principal makers
of shirts in this country, enjoying a good reputation both
at home and abroad. For quality and amount of pro-
duction the company has scarcely an equal in this country.
Tile company always tsikestheleadinmanufacturingshirts
and collars on the latest fashions in Europe and America. The
company strictly observes theprinciple of the division of labour
and each part of the factory is operated by well experienced
workmen and experts with the record of many years'
service. The manufactures leave nothing to be desired, and
recently there were installed in the factory American machines
of the latest pattern for washing, bleaching, cutting, sewing
and other purposes. The factory, being fully equipped, is
ready at all times to execute large orders, and an export
trade has been carried on for a number of years, reaching a
considerable amount yearly. The markets are closely
watched for fashions and tastes in different destinations and
goods sent accordingly, Tliere are one branch in Osaka,
two in Java and one in Singapore which are all exerting
their efforts for introducing into the world market the
goods, with a trade mark of a butterfly with an arrow
crossing through the body, which have already become
pretty widely associated with oriental countries and the
Southern Islands, and also Europe and America.
FUKUDA JUSUKE SHOTEN
(J. FUKUDA & CO.)
r I iHIS firm, which is one of the oldest and largest
manufacturers of gold, silver, bronze, tin-foils and
J. FUKUDA & CO., KYOTO.
powder, was founded during the latter part of the 17th cen-
tury, at Muro-maohi<uiahi<e-iru, Matsubara-dori, Kyoto,
where the firm's head office is still situated. It was
established by Shigenojo Fukuda, whose seventh successor
is Mr. Jusuke Fukuda, the present proprietor of the firm.
Kyoto has been the principal centre of this line of
business in Japan. In the international market the Kyoto
goods could not compete with the German, when the Japan-
ese manufacturers carried on their trade in the old-fashioned
manner. The first attempt at introducing innovations in
this line of business was made by Mr. Jusuke Fukuda.
He imported German-made machines, and at his Yama-
shina factory commenced to manufacture foils and powder
on the most up-to-date lines.
The results were most satisfactory, and his goods were
acknowledged by all as equal in every way to the German-
make. At home the firm was appointed makers to the
Household Department and the Home Office. In decorat-
ing the Imperial Palaces, the Grand Imperial Shriae of Ise,
(
and the shrine at Nikko, the firm's foils and powder were
used almost exclusively, and the result has been most satis-
factory, as is well-known by the public.
The gold screen used for the Coronation Shrines and
Palaces in the Autumn of 1915 were all made by this firm,
using foils and powder of its own manufacture.
The export trade was initiated in the early years of
Meiji, the buyer being China. As the firm's goods have
improved, the buyers have increased, and now Cliina,
485 )
British India, Russia, Australia, Great Britain, America,
and other countries are buying from the firm. Of late some
buyers have wished to contract on a yearly basis.
The firm manufactures and exports the following goods: —
Gold, silver, copper, bronze, tin-foils and powder, gold
and silver enamel, goldsereens, and golden threads.
The firm has five factories, at Yamashina, Okazaki,
Mimuro, and Fushimi all within easy reach of the head
office.
FUKUDA USABURO SHOTEN.
(FUKU D A
PUKUDA & COMPANY, No. 41, l-chome, Andoji-
bashi-dori, Minami-ku, Osaka, is one of the leading
exporters of metals, and is principally interested in copper,
lead, zinc, tin, copper wires, brass wires, copper plates, brass
plates, bar copper, bar brass, copper tubes, brass pipes,
antimony, aluminium, nails, tacks, and miscellaneous hard
ware.
TRADE
MARK.
The firm was established in January, 1903, by tlie late
Mr. Unosuke Fukuda, the father of the present proprietor,
Mr. Usaburo Fukuda, when domestic business was wlone
handled, and only a small trade was conducted with Ciiosen,
Manchuria, and a few cities in South China.
Strenuously the business expansion has been planned
and carried out by Mr. Fukuda and the splendid opportunity
offered by the present war in Europe has been taken
advantage of by extending its overseas operations. Mr.
& CO . )
Fukuda was alive to the danger of collecting and exporting
the products of smnll factories, so established his own works,
in the suburbs of Osaka, the products of which can be
supplied to foreign buyers, without the danger of injuring
his own reputation on account of irregular or shoddy goods
being sold.
Mr. Fukuda arranged contracts with works whose
efficiency can be trusted, namely, the Osaka Electric
Copper Smelting Company, the Mikuui Works, the Nose
Works, and the Hiraoka Works, which manufactures various
goods the firm requires, with uniform sets of machines, and
with materials supplied by tlie firm. At present the produc-
tion of metals amounts to 250,0^0 kin a month, and the
manufacture of miscellaneous hardware runs up into a large
sum.
Mr. Usaburo Fukuda himself supervises the factories,
and the business department is placed under the manage-
ment of Mr. Senzo Fukuda, his younger brother, who has
liad ample experience in overseas trade, being many years in
the foreign business department of the Mitsui Bussan Kaisha.
The firm now conducts business with China, British
India, Australia, the Dutch East Indies, and many otlier
countries.
( 486 )
HAKUSHIN-SHA.
(THE HAKUSHIN-SHA, LTD.)
AMONGST a great number of paper merchants and
several importers of paper in Japan, the Hakushin-
aha. Ltd , occupies the proud position of the greatest paper
merchant and an important direct importer. The Haku-
shin-sha yearly conducts transactions of about ¥6,500,000
wortii of foreign paper and a certain amount of native
paper, of whicli ¥3,000,000 worth consist of home manu-
facture and ¥3,500,000 of foreign imported paper. Tiie
firm actually supply 40 per cent, of the total amount of
foreign paper consumed in tiie interior.
MR. T, YAMAMOTO.
The Hakushin-sha has its head office at 1-chome,
Nisiiiki-cho, Kanda-ku, Tokyo, while its branch office is
situated at Kawara-machi, Higashi-ku, Osaka. With these
two main offices, the Hakushin-sha is conducting transac-
tions very extensively in the interior, the total amount of
daily transactions reaching about ¥20,000.
Among publishers of books and magazines, the Haku-
bun-kan Publishing Co., of Tokyo, stands almost unrivalled
in its sphere of activity throughout the Empire. Mr.
Tomeji Yamamoto, the founder and director of the Haku-
shin-sha, was the founder of the Hakubun-kan. Mr.
Yamamoto is a nephew of the late Mr. Sahei Ohashi ; and
at the age of sixteen lie, with the help and co-operation of
his uncle and Mr. Shintaro Ohashi, his son (the present
proprietor of the Hakubun-kan) started the famous Haku-
bun-kan Publisliing Co. On tiie occasion of the tenth
anniversary of the establishment of the Hakubun-kan, held
in 1886, he was the recipient of many sincere expressions
of warm thanks from his uncle and also of unstinted ad-
miration from the general public,— a proper and well-
deserved appreciation. At that time he consulted his uncle
and Mr. ShintaiS Ohashi about his project of establishing a
foreign paper store ; and as the result of this he, together
with these two persons, formed a joint-stock paper company.
This was the origin of the present H»kubun-sha, and June,
1886, was the dute of its formal organization. At first the
concern was, of course, only an insignificant one, but with
his energy and indefatigable diligence as well as his uiifiail-
ing integrity, he managed to develop and expand the busi-
ness of the company till it now stands as the greatest and
most important paper store in Japan. It was at first a
partnership with a capital of ¥300,000, but, in April,
1911, it was reorganized into a joint stock company with an
authorized capital by ¥1,000,000.
The company's management at present consists of the
following business men : —
{Managing.
Director.
... Director.
Tomeji Yamamoto, Esq.
KoKicHi Nakamuea, Esq. ...
Tsunejiro Naqanuma, Esq „
BuEi Nakano, Esq „
Shintaro Ohashi, Esq Auditor.
THE BUN-UNDO, STATIONERS.
MANUFACTURERS OF STATIONERY ARTICLES
AND DIRECT IMPORTERS.
The Hakubun-kan and the Hakushin-sha, combined
tiieir powers and effijrts and started, several years ago, a
stationery store called the Bun-undo as an adjunct to the
Hakushin-sha. This establishment has for its aim the
manufacture and sale, on an extensive scale, of stationery
articles. It also imports from various foreign countries all
kinds of stationery in Western style, besides the sale and
making of books and other requisites for book-keeping. It
may be added that the Hakubun-kan printing factory is
equipped with macliinery of most up-to-date type especially
imported from England or Germany.
The articles turned out are sold extensively not only at
the Head and Branch Stores of the Hakubun-kan and the
Hakushin-sha, but at the Mitsukoshi department store and
its branches, the greatest establishments of the kind in
Japan.
( 487 )
HAYASHI OTOKIGHI SHOTEN.
(,0 . H'A Y A S H I & CO.)
' I ""HIS comp«iiy manufactures and sells machine tools,
•*" their sections, and several other kinds of goods, also
imports these goods from overseas, and acts as brokers for
various articles.
The company imports steel materials, machines, metal-
lurgical works, machine tools, and factory equipments, for
various lines of industry, such as mining, shipbuilding,
railway, cotton spinning, electricity, etc., etc.
As exporters, the company is specially interested in
metal goods, machine tools, silk and cotton textiles, shell
buttons, hosiery, paints, drugs and chemicals. It has many
connections in China, British India, Chosen, Australia,
Russia, Mancliuria, and other foreign countries.
The company carries on an extensive business at home
in these goods, being in communication with all the leading
firms in the towns and cities. The company has commercial
travellers at work in various towns and districts.
The head office of the company (partnership) is
situated at No. 16, 2-chome, Dojiraa-hama-dori, Kita-ku,
Osaka, and a branch at No. 14, Kodemma-kami-cho,
Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo. The head office is controlled by
Mr. Otokichi Hayashi and the Tokyo branch is managed
by Mr. Torazo Hayashi.
The firm was organized in 1846, for the purpose of
furnishing domestic industrial workers with machines and
tools, but in 1876 the overseas department was initiated
owing to the changes wrought in the industrial circles in
this country by the political reformation then effected. At
O. HAYASHI & CO, OSAKA.
present the company's overseas trade includes practically all
the country's staple products, and each department is a
success.
MR. HOSHINO FUXUJIRO.
(MANUFACTURER OF RUBBER STAMPS AND TYPES.)
MR. HOSHINO, FUKUJIRO, is known through- stamp specialities. The process is now used by all stamp
out the Empire as the maker of " Rubber Stamps firms in this country, and plays a most important part in
and Types." the manufacture of rubber stamps.
In 1891 he invented the famous " Process of hand cut From 1895, rubber stamps were introduced into all
rubber stamps " which are among the marvels of the hand businesses, from the small business offices to the National
( 488 )
Government Departments. The extensive use revolu-
tionized the stamping devices, which did away with the old
wooden stamps.
Mr. Hoshino has devoted the best part of his life to
the study and advancement of the new stamp, and added
greatly to the improvement of its manufacture by inventing
and discovering many useful and valuable processes. He
has always kept in touch with the foreign market, and as
soon as new goods were introduced, he imported the same
with as little delay as possible. It has been his endeavour
to be always abreast with the foreign trade.
Among Mr. Hoshino's manufactures are the Standard
Rubber Types, in Outfits and Fonts, Boys' Printing Sets,
Dating and Numbering Stamps, Stamp Pads, etc., etc.
His address is at No. 17, 2-chorae, Horidome-cbo,
Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo.
MR. HOSHINO'S STORE.
MR. HOSONUMA ASASHIRO.
(MANUFACTURER OF THE "S.S.S." FOUNTAIN PEN.)
'T^HE " S.S.S." fountain pen, manufactured by Hoso-
-'- numa & Co., 4-chome, Bakuro-cho, Nihonbashi-ku,
MR. A. HOSONUMA.
Tokyo, is known as one of the best produced in Japan, and
it has a large market at home.
Mr. Hosonuma, Asashiro, the proprietor of the firm.
has been a manufacturer of precious metal wares for over
forty years, and is known as one of the veterans in this line
of business. He has exhibited his manufactures at fairs,
and received honours. His works have been purchased by
the Imperial Household.
Six years ago he, with the assistance of Prof. Suyehiro,
of the Tokyo Imperial University, inaugurated the manu-
facture of gold pens. A process of completely melting
illisium was discovered, shortly after the inauguration of
the new enterprise, and his pens, the nibs of which were
coated with illisium by the new process, became the best in
Japan.
Mr. Hosonuma has succeeded in producing the best
and cheapest pens in this country, which can favourably
compare with the best makes in the West. The factory is
almost the only fountain pen manufactory managed on
modern lines ; all parts of fountain pens are manufactured
most extensively, and at the lowest possible price, and the
annual production is enormous.
Mr. Hosonuma is the Vice-President of the Association
of Precious Metal Ware Manufacturers. The " S.S.S."
Fountain Pen has been purchased by the Imperial House-
hold, the Princes and Princesses of the Blood using them
constantly.
S.S.S. FOUNTAIN PEN.
( 489 )
ICHIMARU SHOKAI-0. A. SHOKAI.
(ICHIMARU & CO. AND O. A. & CO.)
'~I~^HE Ichiinaru Shokai, situated at No. 29, Motoyanagi-
"*■ cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo, was formerly the
whale-bone works Department of the Orient Whal-
ing Co., and engaged in the manufacture of whale-bone
works. Among the articles manufactured with whale-bone
are various kinds of net work, handbags, cigarette cases,
cigar cases, purses, bags and name-cards. Among cloths
which are made are table cloths, vests, summer cushions,
etc. These goods are in good demand not only in the home
market but in foreign countries, where they are exported.
The goods were awarded various medals at the follow-
ing exhibitions : —
First-class medal, Japan Maritime Products Com-
memorative Competitive Exhibition ; Third-class medal,
Tokyo Industrial Exiiibition ; Gold medal, U.S. Grand £x-
liibition ; Gold medal. Second Children's Exhibition ; Silver
medal, First Export Goods Exhibition ; Honorary gold
medal, Anglo-Japanese Exhibition ; Silver medal, Maritime
Affairs Exhibition.
At the First Export Goods Exhibition, the goods had
the honour of being purchased by the Imperial Household
Department. Mr. S. Kono is manager of the Ichimaru
Shokai.
THE O. A. SHOKAI.
The O. A. Shokai, situated at No. 3, 1-chome, Uchi-
saiwai-cho, Kojimachi-ku, Tokyo, is chiefly engaged in the
export business, and is under the management of Mr. Aki-
suke Oka, son of Mr. Juro Nagaoka, President of the
Oriental Whaling Co., and Mr. Tsunesuke Fakuda.
The whale-oil is supplied by the O. A. Shokai to the
Army and Naval Departments, while ihe refined whale-oil
I^IS^
ARTICLES MADE OF WHALE BONES.
is exported to various foreign countries. The whale-bone
works made by Ichimaru Shokai are also exported by the
O. A. Shokai. At present, materials for corsets are con-
siderably exported to Russia. Artificial pearls are also
manufactured and sold.
MR. ICHINOHE ZENSHIRO.
(MANUFACTURER OF ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS.)
MR. ICHINOHE, ZENSHIRO, has his store at No. 3,
Minagawa-cho, Kanda-ku, Tokyo. He opened the
business in 1893. Mr. Ichinohe decided to go abroad for
the purposes of inspection and study, and left Japan in
February, 1906, for America. But unfortunately he lost
all the materials he had taken with him from Japan in the
great earthquake in San Francisco. Early in the following
year he proceeded to the east. While investigating the
situation in New York, he manufactured and sold artificial
flowers there. About this time an exhibition was held ii)
( 490 )
Norfolk Jamestown, Virginia. In response to an invitation,
Mr. Icliinohe went there and manufactured flowers for sale.
He participated in the competition for mailing ornaments
MANUFACTURER
OF
ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS
TOKYO.
with artificial flowers held on " flower day " and secured
the second prize. For two years after returning to New
York he studied the colouring and inaiiufacture of flowers.
Brussels the International Exposition. In response to an
invitation from the Japanese section for works of art
in the Exposition, he went over to Belgium and
manufactured flowers for the Spot Sale. In the follow-
ing spring, he returned to New York. After concluding
special contracts with many flower manufacturers in New
York and Chicago he returned to Japan in June, 1911.
Since then he has exerted every efibrt for the develop-
ment of the export of artificial flowers, taking fiiU advantage
of the experience and knowledge he had gained during
his stay abroad. The business is steadily prospering.
In October 1915, he invented the floating pond lily and
got it patented. Once they were put on the market a great
demand sprang up, tlie quantity manufactured for six
MR. Z. ICHINOHE.
In 1908 he accepted a position in the Kondo Art Store in
Atlantic City, New Jersey, where he remained for two
years. In June, 1910, he proceeded to England to see the
Anglo-Japanese Exposition. There was then open in
ARTIFICIAL FLOWER IN DISH.
months amounting to 5,000 gross. The firm owns several
manufactories, in several places, which are all in full swing
executing large orders, so that all orders are promptly
executed.
IKEDA BUMPO-DO.
(J. I. BUMPODO.)
J I. BUMPO-DO, stationer, is located at No. 2,
. Omote-Jimbo-cho, Kanda-ku, Tokyo. The firm was
established on June 6th, 1887, by Mr. Jirokichi Ikeda,
father of the present proprietor, Mr. Jirokichi Ikeda.
In February 1906 the store whs removed to the present
place in order to meet the growing expansion of business.
The stationery business was in such an infantine
stage that stationers were commonly regarded as small
dealers in articles for the use of school boys and girls. How
to develop this business was constantly in the mind of Mr.
Ikeda, and he directed every energy for this end. Such
articles as note books, pocket note books, musical notes, etc.,
he early manufactured in his own workshop. With the
growth of business, he opened the direct importation and
manufacture of materials for the use of artists, to whose
favours is due not to a small extent the present prosperity
of the business. The firm may well be called a forerunner
in the business of materials of utility.
Mr. Jirokichi Ikeda retired from the business in July,
1912, to be succeeded by Mr. Jirokichi Ikeda, the present
head of the firm. The former was born in 1850 and the
latter in 1881,
( 491 )
Specialities: — Colours and other materials for the
use of artists, such as oil and water colours, sketching
boxes, easels, sketching stools, and seats, brushes, canvas,
pastel crayons, etc., note books, accounts books, envelopes,
musical- notes, mathematical instruments and all otiier
kinds of stationery.
Direct correspondents abroad are as follows : —
Winsor & Newton, Ltd., London.
James Newman, London.
Aerograph Co., Ltd., London.
Madderton Co., Ltd., Essex.
Lefranc & Co., Paris.
Bourgeois Ain6, Paris.
E. Blanchet & Fils, Paris.
E. Bianchet Fils, Paris.
G. B. Moewes, Berlin.
MR. J. IKEDA.
(JUKIOK).
J. I. BUMPO-DO, TOKYO.
MR. J. IKEDA.
(Senior).
I M A T S U - Y A.
(IMATSUYA OR MORIOKA & CO.)
' I "HIS firm, situated at No. 76, Honzaimokugashi,
Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo, is one of the oldest whole-
sale dealers and importers of iron and steel materials,
MR. H. MORIOKA.
having been founded in the era of Genroku, more than two
centuries ago.
As a wholesale dealer, the firm has always conducted
the sale of building materials, bridge and shipbuilding
materials, rails, nails, wires, sheet zinc, pig iron, and other
kindred articles. The import department directly imports
all kinds of iron and steel material.
Both departments of business are organized on a large
scale, and each has a warehouse attached, at Tomishima-
cho, Fukagawa-ku, and Botan-cho, Fukagawa-ku, respec-
tively, where a large stock of metals is always kept.
The proprietor of the firm is Mr. Heiyemon Morioka,
who was born in December, 1871, and who is known
as an able and enterprising business man. He was at one
time elected member of the Nihorabashi Ward Assembly.
At present he is on the Committee for the Appraisement of
Property for Taxation Purposes.
Besides conducting his private business, Mr. Morioka
is interested in a number of business enterprises. The
following are a few in which he is interested, as either
Director, President, or Auditor : —
The Toraikura Savings Bank, Ltd.
The Tokyo Zinc Galvanizing Co., Ltd.
The Tokyo Metal Co., Ltd.
The Nippon Steel Tube Co., Ltd.
( 492 )
INOUYE TADASUKE SHOTEN.
(T. INOUYE & CO)
■" I 'HIS firm, owned and controlled by Mr. Inouye, Tada-
'*' sake, conducts the manufacture and sale of knitted
MR. T. INOUYE.
goods, aprons, stays, etc., etc., at 3-chorae, Minamihon-
raachi, Higashi-ku, Osaka.
It was founded twenty years ago, on a small scale,
manufacturing only aprons, pants, shirts, etc. The firm
had then only a few sewing machines, and Mr. Inouye
himself worked a machine day and night. But he was a
shrewed man, and when the Russo-Japanese war broke out
he manufactured uniforms and shirts for the troops at the
front, and reaped a good profit, wherewith to extend his
business after the war.
When peace was restored he opened the present busi-
ness office, and commenced to sell wholesale hosiery goods,
aprons, stays, etc., manufactured by his men. His goods
being sound and well-made, the market rapidly increased,
and at present every prefecture in Japan has one or two
agents for Mr. Inouye's goods.
The export business was established a few years ago,
on the strength of his success in the domestic market, by
first extending his factory, and tlien establishing connec-
tions with foreign buyers. The goods have greatly im-
proved, and now reach the standard of the West.
Since the war broke out in Europe, the business has
rapidly increased, and large orders are in hand. Mr.
Inouye has decided to enlarge this department and hopes
that the result will be appreciated by buyers in Europe.
ISHIDA MANBEI SHOTEN.
(M. ISHIDA & CO.)
'THHE Ishida Manbei Shoten, situated at No. 21, Tori-
abura-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo, was established
in 1882, transacting business in umbrellas and accessory
goods. Later a branch was established in Osaka. In
1884 the firm obtained cotton flannel direct from Kishu
province, and disposed of it in Tokyo. At that time, only
5,000 tan was transacted, but in proportion to the increase
of the output in the producing districts, about 1889 or 1890,
the goods were sold in greater quantity, and the quantity
handled in a year increased to 20,000 tan. At the time of
( 493
the Sino-Japaiiese war in 1894-1895, the business showed
great activity and the quantity of goods sold consequently
increased with the increase in cotton flannel ; various kinds
of iisachines were imported, and the Kyoto Cotton Flannel
Co. was established. In 1902, the quantity of goods an-
nually handled reached 100,000 tan. During the Russo-
Japanese war the demand for cotton flannel steadily in-
creased, and as a result, in 1907, the firm established the
Ishida Cotton Flannel Factory in Kita-Adachi-gori, Sai-
tanna prefecture, and the market has been considerably
extended. The goods manufactured by the factory were
exhibited at the Tokyo Industrial Exhibition held in 1907,
and were awarded the second-class medal. In 1912, the
quantity of goods handled amounted to 160,000 tan, and at
present 1,400,000 tan, amounting in value to ¥12,000,000,
is annually produced. Since the outbreak of the European
war an increasing quantity of the goods are being exported, •
chiefly to Ciiina, South Seas, Australia, and North and
South America. (1 tan=l piece).
MR. M. ISHIDA.
THE I TO KOICHI-DO.
(EXPORTER AND IMPORTER OF STATIONERY.)
''T^HE firm of Ito Koiclii-do is situated at No. 23, 3-chorae,
i
Yokoyama-ciio, Nihoubashi-ku, Tokyo. P^stablished
president of the company, is a native of Miye prefecture.
In 1879, he came up to the capital and entered into the
service of the I wade Firm owned by one of his relatives.
After about five years he established himself in business and
for the first three years worked as a pedler, then opened
his own store chiefly for the sale of pens, pen-holders, ink,
TRADE
MARK.
MR. T. ITO.
in April, 1884, the company is one of the oldest wholesale
dealers in stationery in Japan. Mr. Tsunejiro ItO, the
paper, lead pencils, erasers, etc. In 1889, he invented
special post cards for the practise of letter writing. These
were highly favoured by the public and soon adopted by
common schools throughout the laud. On the outbreak of
the China-Japan war in 1894, he manufactured lead pencils
and note-books for the use of the array, and made a good
( 494
profit. In 1898, he manufactured purple ink with great
success. The demand for stationery steadily increased and
the company's business expanded until it enjoys the present
prosperity.
Mr. Ito is so much respected that he has been chosen
president of many guilds. When the national exhibition of
stationery was held he was elected chairman of committee.
On the occasion of the Kyoto, Japanese-Korean Annexa-
tion, Tokyo and other exhibitions, he was appointed to
the committee of the jury. When Tokyo City organized an
exhibition in honour of the accession to the Throne of the
)
Emperor in November, 1915, Mr. Ito was appointed a
member of the committee. When the names of ten success-
ful stationers throughout the land were collected Mr. Ito was
chosen among the number with the highest marks.'
Specialities are lead pencils, inks, and pen-holders of
the latest style all marked " Brais," and these goods not only
meet the demands at home but also those abroad to a con-
siderable extent. The company sells Eagle and Swan
fountain pens by special contracts with their foreign manu-
facturers and paints special contract with the Hananoya
Hokodo.
IZAWA HONTEN.
(IZAWA & CO.)
rr^HE office of the firm of Izawa & Co., is located at
No. 33, 1-chome, Andojibashi-dori, Minami-ku,
Osaka. The company is engaged in the manufacture and
export of refined antimony and spelter, and the import and
sale of tin, lead, corrugated and galvanized sheets, tin
TRADE
SI
MARK.
plate, zinc sheets, etc. It has two factories, one situated
in 2-chome, Nishi-Dotombori, Nishi-ku, Osaka and the
other in Tsumori Village, Nishinari-gori near Osaka. The
company was established in 1872. Antimonies manu-
factured are of two kinds, viz., S. I. Brand Kefined and
M. C. Refined. The former is purchased yearly to a
considerable extent by the Army and Naval Arsenals,
while large quantities are exported to Europe and America.
The exports have been increasing yearly, the goods enjoying
an excellent reputation both at home and abroad. The
quality 99.58^ is certified by the Imperial Mint. The
latter, or M. C. Refined Antimony, ranks first among the
various export antimonies produced in this country and is
exported exclusively through the Mitsui Bussan Kaisha.
It is garanteed 99.31^ according to analysis of the Imperial
Mint.
The company is represented by the following : — Seibei
Izawa, Esq. ; Mitsusaburo Izawa, Esq. ; Ryozo Kimura,
Esq.
Banking correspondents :— Osaka Nishi Branch of
Mitsui Bank ; Nakanoshima Branch of Sumitomo Bank,
and Toraya Bank.
A small trade publication, named the " Izawa Shoho,"
is issued bi-monthly by Izawa & Co.
( 495 )
JIYU-DO SHIBUTANI SHOKAI.
(JIYU-DO SHIBUTANI CO.)
rriHIS company is located at Shinsaibashi-dori, Higashi-
ku, Osaka, and is presided over by Mr. Chikaliaru
Sliibutani. The cable address is " Liberty " Osaka, and
codes used A.B.C. Fifth Edition and Bentley's.
It is extensively engaged in general import and export
trade, besides dealing in jewels, etc.
The company was opened to business in 1875. Mr.
Sliibutani made several tours of inspection in Europe,
America, Manchuria, Chosen, and Southern China, when
he established special connections. Recently he has ex-
ported miscellaneous goods to Australia, India, the Southern
Islands, Europe and America. The goods enjoy an excel-
lent reputation in every market.
Mr. Shibutani is a member of Municipal and Prefec-
tural Assemblies and of the Chamber of Commerce, and
holds many other posts of honour. He resides at Niyemon-
cho, Higashi-ku, Osaka. MR. C. SHIBUTANI AND HIS STOKE.
THE KAMEI SHOTEN.
(MANUFACTURER OF FLAGS.)
KAMEI.
r I iHE manufacture of flags was commenced by the father
-*- of the present proprietor of the Kamei Shoten in
1879, as a side line, while principally engaging in business
under the patronage of the Colonization Department. At
that time, very few people hoisted the national flags on
holidays and other auspicious occasions, so the principal
part of the business was the manufacture of signal flags
for tlie use of the Army, Navy and merchantmen. About
1887, there was a considerable increase in the demand for
such flags, while there was an increasing demand for
national flags and flags for decorative use. Under these
circumstances, in 1888, the firm devoted its whole attention
to the manufacture and sale of flags. In the following
year, the constitution was proclaimed, and every door dis-
played national flags in honour of the occasion, the de-
( 496 )
inand growing very rapidly in consequence. There was a
furtlier increase in the demand after the Sino-Japanese and
the Eusso-Japaneae wars, and simultaneously the method
of manufacturing witnessed great progress. As decribed
above, the flag-manufacturing business in this country has
made progress in accordance with the development of the
Japanese Empire. The firm's annual output is valued at
over ¥200,000, and the manufactures are also exported to
China, India, Hawaii, etc.
The proprietor of the firm is Mr. T. Kamei, and
its address is No. 14, Kuremasa-cho, Nilionbashi-ku,
Tokyo.
KATO SHOTEN.
(KATO & CO., LTD.)
T
HIS company is one of the leading mineral oil whole-
sale dealers and exporters in Osaka, and most
MR. H. KATO.
conspicuous for its progressive, honest, and sound business
methods.
The Kato Oil Refinery at Nagaoka is represented in
Osaka also the Hodeii Oil Company. When established
the company handled only mineral oils, but now the follow-
ing goods are handled : —
All kinds of oil, paints, iron, steel, and other metals,
machines and their accessories, rubber, textile fabrics,
leather, timber, rattan, paper, chemicals and drugs,
rigging, cereals, fat, resins, and chrysalis.
The company not only handles these goods on consign-
ment but exports and imports them. In this line the firm
is steadily increasing in importance.
The business office is situated at No. 19, 3-chome,
Tosabori-dorl, Nishi-ku, Osaka, and the store at 5-chome,
Nishiuagubori-Kita-dori, Nishi-ku, Osak^. All operations
of the concern are controlled by Mr. Hidekichi Kal5,
Standing Director.
( 497 )
KATSUMOTO CHUBEI SHOTEN.
(C,
''F^HE firm of C. Katsumoto & Co. is located at 2-chome
Itachi-bori, Nishi-ku, O^aka. Mr. Katsumoto, Chu-
bei, Proprietor of the firm, was born in Osaka in 1874.
After finishing primary school he studied with a private
teacher for some years. Then he entered the service of a
house of iron dealers in the cily. In 1893 he made a tour
in Chosen and Russia as a press correspondent. On his
return home he established himself as an iron and steel
broker, thus setting the first example of business of this
kind in Japan. Since 1902 the firm has dealt exclusively
in steel, importing it chiefly from Great Britain and
Sweden. The market covers the homeland, Chosen and
China.
Especially after the late Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5
his firm has achieved a wonderful development, and in this
line of business Mr. Katsumoto is widely known as one of
KATSUMOTO & CO.)
the best and most reliable men. His banking corres-
pondence is the Minami branch of the Knjima Bank.
MR. C. KATSUMOTO.
MR. KAWAI KITARO.
THE firm
4-chom
(METAL IMPORTER
owned and controlled by Mr. Kawai, Kitaro,
e, Andoji-machi, Osaka, carries on a large
MR. K. KAWAI.
AND EXPORTER )
trade in copper, tin, zinc, lead, antimony, nickel, gun metal,
phosphor tin, phosphor copper and brass, flat and corrugated
iron, iron sheets, tin plates, galvanized iron wires, sheet zinc,
" Yamato " antifriction metals and several other kinds of
metal.
The firm was founded nearly eight years ago by the
grandfather of the present proprietor, Mr. Kitaro Kawai,
since when the business has been conducted at the same
premises and under the same style, and in the particular
line of business enjoys a high reputation.
As Mr. Kawai is specially connected with the Osaka
Steel Sheets Manufacturing Company as Director and the
firm owned by liim is in a good position to make special
oflfers in the goods produced by the company, namely, tliin
black sheets, galvanized and corrugated sheets, and other
goods well known in the market under the mark of the
" Moon-Star."
The firm is ready to accept orders at short notice,
being equipped with a large stock of every description of
metal it deals in. The firm's cable address is " Kawaikita,"
while A 1 Code, A. B.C. Code 5th edition, and private codea
are used in business cablegrams.
( «8 )
KAWAMOTO KIHEi SHOTEN.
(K. K AW AM
f I^HIS firm was established nearly a century ago, as a
supplier of gold and silver dusts. To commence
witli the firm was beset with many diflSculties. However, the
superior quality of their manufactures was acknowledged by
the public, and in time they were appointed manufacturers
to the Imperial Household, the Grand Shrines, and grand
temples.
MR. K. KAWAMOTO.
The success thus won incited the founder of the firm
to manufacture bronze powder used in printing, which was
then principally imported, as the domestic goods were of
an inferior quality, and could not be used in printing.
Japanese manufacturers of bronze powder were forced to
give up their trade, and this line threatened to be entirely
destroyed in Japan. It was in view of this state of afiairs,
that Mr, Kawamoto started the manufacture of bronze
OTO & CO,)
powder, with a resolve that superior goods should be turned
out at any cost, thus saving this line from the threatened
destruction.
The work thus started was completed with splendid
success, in 1904, when bronze powder of a superior quality
was placed on the market by this firm, and acknowledged
by the consumers to compare favourably with imported
goods.
Foreign consumers have lately placed orders with the
firm, being satisfied with the samples sent. English and
American buyers have recently entered upon long-term
contracts, appreciating the excellence of the firm's manu-
factures.
The main office is at the corner of Tominokoji,
Matsubara-dori, Kyoto, with a branch office at 2-chome
Odenma-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo, the agent in China
being The Daiso Shokai, Shanghai, China,
The firm has eight factories in Kyoto prefecture,
namely : —
No, 1 factory, Kawabata, the Canal Road ; No. 2
factory, Tawara-mura, Tsuzuki-gori ; No. 3 factory, Shira-
kawa-mura, Otagi-gori ; No, 4 factory, Nyakuojimaye ; No.
5 factory, Tawara-mura, Tsuzuki-gori ; No. 6 factory, Yase-
mura, Otagi-gori ; No. 7 factory, Ginkakuji-dori ; No. 8
factory, Kurama-mura, Otagi-gori.
The following are the lines of goods handled by the
firm : —
Gold and silver dusts used in printing; Gold and
silver leaves and dusts; Gold, silver, and copper wires;
Coloured lead ; Gold and silver cloth.
( 499 )
KAWASAKI SUKETARO SHOTEN.
T'
(S. KAWASAKI
^HE Kawasaki Suketaro Shoten is situated at No. 44,
4-chome, Bingo-machi, Higashi-ku, Osaka, and deals
in woollen, cotton and hemp cloths and yarns, raw cotton,
wool and miscellaneous goods. The Export Department is
situated at No. 3, 1-chome, Isogami-dori, Kobe. The firm
was established in 1895. The articles are exported to a
considerable extent, chiefly to Europe, America, India, and
Australia.
Mr. Suketaro Kawasaki, the proprietor of the firm, was
born on January 13th, 1873, as the eldest son of Mr. Kikuo
Kawasaki, a native of Gifu prefecture. In November,
1904, he succeeded to the House of Kawasaki. Besides be-
ing the president of this large firm, he holds the Presidency
of the Kyoto Land and Building Co., Ltd., and Directorship
of the Nippon Oil Co., Ltd., and J5m5 Mousseline Co., Ltd.
& CO.)
MR. S. KAWASAKI.
THE KiBI SHOTEN.
' I 'HIS firm, situated at 4-chome, Minami-Hou-machi,
Higashi-ku, Osaka, is one of the oldest handling
(HANDLER OF LEATHERS AND LEATHER GOODS.)
leathers and leather goods in this country, having been
founded by Mr. Tamenosuke Kibi, the present proprietor,
in 1882.
The firm handles the following leathers and leather
goods ; — Leather and skins ; Leather belts ; Shoe findings ;
Leather goods; Nails and tacks; Tanners' supplies.
At first tliese goods were imported direct from America,
and supplied to manufacturers here, but since this line of
business has been developed, the import trade has been
restricted, and the goods turned out by Japanese manu-
facturers are now handled in increasing quantities.
The firm has arranged contracts for agency with a
number of Japanese leather companies, particularly the
MR. T. KIBI AND HIS STuKJi. Japan Leather and Skin Company, and the Nitta Leather
( 500
Belt Manufactory. The company's manufactures include
" phoenix " brand sole leathers, which are known as the best
in the market.
Duck and other requirements of shoe makers, are dealt
in by the firm. Nails and tacks are manufactured with the
most up-to-date plant, recently installed in the firm's
manufactory, which supplies the domestic market and
exports to Manchuria, Chosen, and Russia, in increasing
quantity.
)
A recent departure the firm has undertaken, is the
manufacture and sale of the " Sunrise " brand boot
protectors.
The firm also has a hatters' supply department which
is universally known, being the best manufacturer of
caps, visors, chin straps, and other accessories of hats
and caps. The manufactures supply the domestic market,
and are exported to Siam, Oceania, and other parts of the
East.
THE KITASHIMIZU SHOTEN.
(MAKERS OF
' f "HIS firm is widely known both at home and abroad,
as one of the- best and oldest doll makers in Kyoto,
which is famous for its dolls of exquisite workmansliip.
DOLLS.)
TOYS, MADE BY THE FIRM.
The firm was founded nearly two centuries ago at
Tominokoji-dori, Kyoto, and the business, which is growing
larger each year, is carried on at the old place. During
the past years, the manufactures of the firm have been ex-
hibited at different world fairs, the exquisite workmanship
displayed being well appreciated by foreign buyers. Sev-
eral orders for the firm's manufactures have been placed by
the Imperial Household. Thus the firm's reputation is
established.
This firm was the first toy maker in Japan to export
their manufactures to foreign countries. In tiie early years
of Meiji, the manufactures were sent to foreign countries,
and since then direct dealings have been maintained with
almost all European and American countries.
KOMATSU ROKUYE SHOTEN.
(ROKUYE KOMATSU)
^"^HE Komatsu Rolcuye Shoten, manufacturers of boots
and shoes, felt and satin slippers, travelling bags,
trunks, and fancy leather goods, is located at 1-chome,
Yokoyama-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo. The firm was
established in 1887, and at the time of its organization was
chiefly engaged in the manufacture of boots and shoes.
Later it inaugurated the manufacture of bags and fancy
leather goods. The firm was the originator in Japan of
the manufacture of boots and shoes by means of machines.
The superior quality of the manufactures has earned for
the firm an excellent reputation both at home and abroad.
Some years ago the firm manufactured and supplied a large
amount of boots to the Peruvian Army, and these gave
great satisfaction. It is now iu full swing manufacturing
boots to fill orders from Russia.
Besides boots and shoes and other leather goods, the
( 501 )
firm has been engaged in the manufacture of slippers.
Owing to the stoppage of the exports of slippers to Australia
from Great Britain, Germany and Austria a representative
of a firm in Australia came over to Japan and requested
MR. R. KOMATSU.
tiie Komatsu Shoten to manufacture such slippers. The
firm manufactured the articles and sent them to Australia,
the fame of the firm soon spread far and wide, and large
orders for slippers have been sent from various quarters
abroad.
The principal destinations abroad for the manufactures
of the firm are the South Sea Islands, Australia, and
Canada.
SLIPPERS MADE BY THE FIRM.
Specialities :— Boots and shoes, suit cases, travelling
bags, trunks, sandals, slippers, and fancy leather goods.
MR. KOMODA RIHEI.
(WHOLESALE DEALER IN ORES AND METALS
A /T R. KOMODA. RIHEI, who trades extensively in
ores and metals, has his office at No. 35, 2-chome,
Nisiiidoton-bori, Osaka, where all business affairs are con-
ducted. Various ores and refined copper, zinc, antimony,
and other metals, are dealt in, besides refining ores at Mr.
Komoda's own smelting house Ores of copper, zinc, lead,
and other minerals, are principally imported from China,
and after having been refined, tiiey are supplied to the
domestic market or exported.
Mr. Komoda is known as a conservative, reliable and
punctilious man in business dealings. He never speculates
or trades beyond his means. He executes every contract
arranged, but will not sell on credit.
The present business was inaugurated by his adopted
father, in the early years of Meiji, who went to Kochi to
assist in smelting copper ores, worked at the Motokawa
Copper Mine, which was then under the direct control of
the Daimyo of Tosa. On the abolition of the clan, the
mine and the smelting enterprise were taken over by Mr.
Komoda. This enterprise thrived under the private control,
and Mr. Komoda retired from active life in 1905.
The business thus inaugurated was inherited by the
present owner, Mr. Rihei Komoda, but as he is still a
young man, his real father, Mr. Kokichi Chono, manages
the afi^airs of the firm.
Under Mr. Chono's prudent management, the business
is thriving. Since last autumn, the volume of copper, zinc,
and other metals handled each month is 3,000 tons.
( 502 )
KOSUGA KYOTARO SHOTEN-OS AKA- Y A.
(K. KOSUGA & CO. OR OSAKA-YA.)
A /TR. KOSUGA, KYOTARO, the Proprietor of
■'■'■*■ K. Kosuga & Co., situated at 3-chome, Yokoyaraa-
cho, Niiionbashi-ku, Tokyo, was born in Osaka, in 1873.
In 1892, when nineteen years old, he came up to Tokyo
and opened a shop at Minami-Moto-machi, Kuramaye,
Asakusa-ku, as the manufacturer of and dealer in rattan
works. At the time of the Sino-Japanese war, there was a
large demand for rattan baskets and trunks for military
use, and the business greatly developed in consequence.
TRADE
^
MARK.
Finding the shop too small, the present premises were
acquired in 1897, where the business has since been carried
on, and attained its present prosperity. Formerly the
rattan materials were imported through Chinese merchants
in Kobe and Yokohama, but, in order to sell at moderate
prices, Mr. Kosuga visited the Malay States and Singa-
pore, in 1905, for the purpose of arranging direct transactions
with the original producers. As a result, the materials
are now directly supplied from the producing districts.
These goods are now largely exported to North and South
America and Australia. The chief goods transacted are,
rattan mats, beds, chairs, baskets, children's cars, toys and all
kinds of rattan works. Mr. Kosuga takes a keen interest in
the footgear business, and is now President of the Tokyo
MR. K. KOSUGA AND HIS MANUFACTURES.
Rattan Goods Guild, Vice-President of the Tokyo Footgear
Merciiants' Union and Manager of the Businessmen's Union
Exhibition Association. He employs over 200 workmen.
KOYAMA HONTEN.
(KOYAMA & CO.)
KOYAMA & CO., a partnership organization, are widely
known hs the originators of the manufacture of
neckties in Japan. The company, wliieh is situated at No.
5, 1-chome, Bakuro-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo, was esta-
blished in 1885. It chiefly dealt in neckties and other silk
goods until 1900, when it inaugurated the manufacture of
pouches of all kinds, and fancy leatiier goods.
The company owns factories in various places, and its
manufactures are noted for their superiority and moderate
prices.
( 503 )
Specialities : — Neckties, pouches of all kinds, shirts
(white shirts and cotton corrugated shirts), cotton corrugated
night-gowns, collars, cuffs, metal buttons, accessories of
foreign clothes, silk works of art, air-cushions, rain-coats,
rubber coating, silk cloths, sponge packs, etc.
The company's partners are as follows : —
ToMisABURO Takase, Esq. ..,
KOZO I8HI3UCHI, Esq
f Representative
• I Partner.
f Ordinary
I Partner.
KOYAMA & CO.'S FACTORY AND MANUFACTURES.
The market covers Japan, the South Sea Islands,
Russia, Manchuria, China, Singapore, India, Europe and
America.
SozABURO OzAWA, Esq. ...
Seikichi Imaizumi, Esq.
Hakukichi Koyama, Esq.
Ordinary Partner.
MR. KURITANI GENROKU.
(GENROKU KURITANI & CO.) ■
TV /r R. KURITANI, GENROKU, comes of a very old
family, which lias, for the past 1 1 2 years, been
engaged in the manufacture and sale of Buddhist utensils
and bronze wares of art. The Buddhist utensils manufac-
TRADE
MARK.
SEIKOKCT-SAKU.
tured by this firm are in much demand, almost all such
articles used in the temples in Tokyo and neiglii)ourhoo(l be-
ing supplied by this company. Wiien the present proprietor
of the firm, at No. 9, TSriabura-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo,
succeeded to the business, he saw the necessity of exporting
the goods, so commenced to manufacture the bronze wares
of art in greater quantities. Mr. Kuritani was born in
MR. G. KURITANI AND HIS MANUFACTURES.
( 504
November, 1866, and in 1893 he conceived the idea of ex-
porting liis goods by introducing improvements in the
manufactured articles. Mr. Kuritani has made unremit-
ting eflPorts ever since to make the quality of his goods
still more superior, and a large export business has been
opened.
In 1897, Mr. Kuritani exhibited his goods at the
Twelfth Tokyo Sculpture Competitive Exhibition, held at
Uyeno Park, for the first time, and has since exhibited at
various subsequent exhibitions, medals and certificates of
)
merit being awarded each time. Among the medals
awarded are : —
St. Louis, U.S.A. Inter Exposition gold medal in 1904.
Liege Belgique „ „ „ „ „ 1905.
Seattle, U.S.A. „ „ „ „ „ 1909.
British and Japan ,, ,, „ ,, ,, 1910.
Torino, Italy Inter Exposition gold medal Diploma
Donore in 1911.
Taisho (Japan) Exhibition gold medal in 1914.
Panama Pacific Inter Exposition medal of honour in 1915.
THE KURAMOCHI S H OTEN-TO Y ODA- Y A.
(DEALER IN EDUCATIONAL TOYS,)
ri^HE Kuramochi Shoten, situated at No. 13, 1-chome,
1
Bakuro-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo, was opened
some seventy years ago for the purpose of manufacturing
MR. C. KURAMOCHI AND HIS 8T0KE.
and selling Japanese toys. Since the present proprietor
succeeded to the business, be has done his utmost to extend
his business, as the result of which tlie goods sold here gained
much popularity among customers, and an extended market
has been secured. In 1906, Mr. C. Kuramochi was entrusted
by the Department of Agriculture and Commerce with the
duty of investigating the resources of wealth in Manchuria,
and after completing the investigations he returned home a
year later. In 1907, he organized the Tokyo Toys Guild in
order to secure the development of the industry, and was
nominated President. He has exerted himself to his utmost
as President of the Guild, and has contributed greatly
towards bringing the toy manufacturing industry to the
present prosperous condition. He is also Manager of the
Tokyo Business men's Union, the Tokyo Exhibition Associa-
tion and the Japan Commercial and Industrial Society.
Up to 1904, his business was confined to the domestic
market, but in 1906 he commenced exporting to Cliina, the
South Seas and America, and the toys, characteristic of
Japan, gained much popularity. Since 1913 the demand
for Japanese goods has greatly increased in foreign countries
and at present a considerable quantity of the goods are being"
exported to China, the South Sea Islands, India, Australia,
England, America, etc. Many medals have been awarded
by the Anglo-Japanese, San Francisco, Semarang and other
Exhibitions.
( 505 )
MR. MATSUZAKA SEIKICHI.
(MANUFACTURER OF PRINTED MOUSSELINE.)
TV /T R. MATSUZAKA'S works for the manufacture of
^ printed mousseline are situated at No 8, TOri-
abura-clio, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo. Mr. S. Matsu-
zHka was born in December, 1863. In 1874, he was
apprenticed to a silk
factory owned by Mr.
Yasuzayeraon No-
guchi, Kyoto. In
1883, he was ap-
pointed chief official
of the Tokyo Branch
of a silk factory owned
by Mr. Ihei Hiroolta,
Kyoto. On May 31st,
1885, he established
himself as a manu-
facturer of printed
mousseline, and his
business has steadily
prospered. Now the MR. S. MATSUZAKA.
fame of Mr. Matsuzaka's cloths is well known both
at home and abroad, and large orders are received
from various quarters. For the superior quality of
his articles, Mr. Matsuzaka has been awarded honours
by many exhibitions. The principal awards are: gold
medal of the second class by the Anglo-Japanese Ex-
position, London, 1908, gold medal of the first class by the
Tokyo Taisho Exhibition, 1914, silver medal by the Panama
Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco, 1914, and
gold medal by the Exhibition held in commemoration of the
Coronation in Kyoto, 1915. To his highest honour, his
manufactures were purchased by H.I.M. tlie Emperor in
1907 on the occasion of the Tokyo Industrial Exhibition.
On the occasion of an exhibition held in 1909 under the
auspices of the Tokyo Art Society his articles won the high
admiration of her majesty and were purchased by the Depart-
ment of the Imperial Household.
Mr. Matsuzaka is recognized by the Government as
one of the leading manufacturers in this line of gooJs.
When the competitive exhibition of prefectures was held in
the Kwansni Districts in 1910 he was appointed to the jury
by the Department of Agriculture and Commerce. In
March, 1914, he was appointed by the same Department as
lecturer for a special meeting held in Takaoka, Toyama
prefecture. In April, 1914, he was appointed director of the
United Association of Exhibitors of Goods of Tokyo for the
Panama Pacific International Exposition and was dispatched
to Sun Francisco in the following October. In April, 1916,
he was appointed director of the United Association of
exhibitors of goods of Tokyo for the Taiwan Industrial
Competitive Exhibition. Printed mousseline is chiefly
exported to America.
MATSUZAKI ISABURO SHOTEN.
(I. MATSUZAKI & CO.)
T MATSUZAKI & CO., manufacturers of trunks,
' bags, valises, slippers, etc., are located at 1-chome,
Hatago-cho, Asakusa-ku, Tokyo. There is a branch at
4-chorae, Awaji-machi, Higashi-ku, Osaka. The company is
under the management of Mr. Isaburo Matsuzaki, and are
known as the largest manufacturers of this line of goods in
THE COMPANY'S MANUFACTURES.
( 506 )
Japan. It was established in 1887, and enjoys a world-
wide fame for the superior quality and reasonable prices of
its manufactures. This is testified to by the first-class
honours received by the company from many domestic
exhibitions, and by the award of a gold medal from the
International Exhibition in America. The demand is
steadily increasing, and the market covers the homeland,
China, India, Russia, Siam, South Sea Islands, Australia,
Africa and South America. It has lately been extended to
Great Britain and France, from whence orders are received
from time to time. Last year the company established
another factory in Tabata Takinogawa-machi, Kitatoshima-
gori, near Tokyo, for the purpose of meeting the ever
growing demand. The firm is among the best manu-
facturers of this line of articles in Japan.
MAYEKAWA MASAZO SHOTEN.
(M. MAYEKAWA & CO.)
nnHE firm of M. Mayekawa & Co. is situated at No. 39,
1-chome, Bakuro-machi, Higashi-ku, Osaka. Mr.
Mayekawa, the proprietor of the firm, established himself
as a dealer in iron wire and galvanized iron wire as far
back as 1897. In 1907 he opened the works ac the pre-
sent place. As the result of his strenuous efforts the busi-
ness has yearly been prospering. Many representatives of
the firm are now dispatched to important places, both at
home and abroad, to meet an increasing demand. Besides
wires, the firm recently started the manufacture of wire
ropes, chiefly for export, by establishing a mill at Ishida-
machi, and an ofiice at Sakaigawa-machi, Nishi-ku, Osaka.
The mill is now in full swing executing large orders from
Russia. Orders, large or small, are executed with the
greatest promptitude, and every care is taken to give clients
entire satisfaction.
INTERIOR OF THE FACTORY.
( 507 )
MINAKAWA SHOTEN.
(MINAKAWA & CO.)
UMBRELLAS and parasols were always imported, and
it was not until several years after the Imperial
Restoration that their manufacture was commenced in this
country, when manufacturers began to iniitate the imported
goods. Among these was the proprietor of the Minakawa
Slioteii, wiiicli has of late been converted into a partnership.
Witti the growing popularity of umbrellas and parasols
in this country, the business of the company has expanded.
Lately the export department of the firm has been successful
in extending its business, which led to the incorporation of
the firm as a partnership.
Tiie company has secured the co-operation of the
Toyotama Weaving Co. in producing excellent silk for
umbrellas and parasols. The companies factories are
organized so as to produce everything required for
turning out perfect goods for home and overseas con-
sumption.
The compai\y's goods and sectional materials, for the
manufacture of umbrellas and parasols, are taken in
increasing quantities by the following countries : Chosen,
Taiwan, China, British India, the Straits Settlements,
Australia, and Hawaii, which have maintained close con-
nections with the firm for many years past, and appreciate
the excellence of the company's goods.
The company holds an exhibition of umbrellas and
parasols, twice a month, at the liead ofiice. No. 6, Tomizawa-
cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo, for the benefit of the retailers
and foreign buyers.
MR. MINAMI TAMETARO.
(COTTON STUFF MERCHANT.)
MR. MINAMI, TAMETARO, was the son of a large
landowner near Osaka, but at the time of the
Restoration his family met with reverses. In his infancy
they started a business in Osaka as grocers, and later tlie
manufacture and sale of umbrellas. In order to purchase
the materials for umbrellas, he often visited Tokyo, wlien he
sold cotton flannel as a side line. When the transactions
in cotton flannel gradually became brisk, he established a
branch in Tokyo, in 1884, to deal exclusively in the goods,
while the head oflSce was engaged in the manufacture and
sale of umbrellas. The business went on for some years
in this way and when the quantity of cotton stufl" manu-
factured in Wakayama prefecture grew large, and dyeing
machines were freely imported from abroad, the markets
for the goods became greatly extended. In 1902 the head
ofiice entrusted tlie umbrella manufacturing business entirely
to an expert clerk and moved to Tokyo to transact business
in cotton stuffs. After the Russo-Japanese War, this line
of business witnessed a rapid development, and the business
of the firm considerably increased, so much so that it
transacted twenty per cent, of tiie total output of the goods
in Kishu province, the total value put through amounting
to ¥3,000,000. The firm also deals in corrugated cloth,
T-cloths, figured-cloth, serge, etc., which amount to over
¥1,000,000 a year. Since the outbreak of the European
War, the export of tlie goods to foreign countries has
considerably increased. The head office is situated at
MK. MiWAMi'S TOKYO BRANCH.
4-chome, Kitakyuhoji-machi, Higashi-ku, Osaka, and the
Tokyo branch is at No. 18, 1-chome, Odenma-cho, NihoU'
bashi-ku.
( 508 )
MITSUTA MANNENHITSU SEIZOSHO.
(THE MITSUTA FO
rriHE patent rights for the Swallow Pen were obtained
in July, 1916, when its sale was commenced. The
special feature of the pen is the solidity of the nib, the good
interior construction and the excellent design. Despite the
MR. M. YAMADA.
fact that its manufacture was only commenced recently the
demand has gradually increased, and it is much sought
after by foreign residents in Japan as well as by all classes
UNTAIN PEN CO.)
for which patent rights were obtained in October, 1916,
is also being manufactured. The Mitsuta Fountain
Pen Co. is divided into the manufacture, design and sale
departments. The company has branches at Haruki-
cho, Hongo-ku, and Torigoye, Asakusa-ku, and all
machines are worked by electric motive power. The Design
Department attends to the invention of good designs and
construction of the pen, as well as to the investigation of
the construction of various kinds of fountain pens manufac-
tured at home and abroad. The Sale Department takes
charge of the sale, delivery, and transport of the goods, as
well as the receipt of orders.
The company is under the management of Mr. Minoru
Yamada. Mr. Yamada is a native of Nagano prefecture,
and came to Tokyo in 1889. He was first engaged in the
sale of precious metals. He travelled extensively in Japan
and abroad, and was indefatigable in his efforts to extend
his business. Of late years, he observed many defects in
FOUNTAIN PENS MADE BY THE WORKS.
of the Japanese people. In order to cope with the increas- the fountain pens of various kinds on the market, and with
ing demand, branch factories were built at the close of last the object of making a perfect fountain pen established the
year, and another kind of fountain pen, called " poseidon," present company at Hongo 4-chome, Tokyo, in 1916.
( 509 )
MR. MISAKI YOSHINOSUKE.
(WHOLESALE DEALER IN METALS.)
MK. MISAKI is one of the pioneers of the metal
trade in Tokyo, having fought his way to the goal
of success.
Mr. Misaki was born in July, 1865, in Tokyo, a son of
the late Mr. Kichisaburo Misaki.
He succeeded to his father in October, 1876, and under
the direction of his grandfather, he conducted the business
in metals. He was carefully trained in business and learnt
to cope with the times by modifying the business method
handed down from his fathers.
The established reputation as contractors to Government
offices and companies was well preserved by him, and his
business grew until it embraced Manchuria, Chosen, and
India. The head office is situated at No. 18, Zaimoku-cho,
Kanda-ku, Tokyo, with branch offices both at home and
abroad.
Mr. Misaki also manages with the assistance of his
eldest son, Mr. Kokutaro Misaki, a machine works, and a
lead pipe manufactory. MR. Y. MISAKI.
MURAKAMI KIYOJI SHOTEN.
(K. MURAKAMI & CO. )
THIS firm imports pig iron, cokes, mild steel bars,
sheet steel, flat tin plates, steel wires, iron nails,
MR. K. MURAKAMI.
rails, etc., etc., and fills the requirements of the Imperial
Government Railways, the Imperial Army, the Imperial
Navy, and other Government departments. It is one of the
leading iron and steel firms in Tokyo, though of com-
paratively recent origin, having been founded by the father
of the present proprietor, Mr. Kiyoji Murakami, in the
early years of Meiji Era.
The firm has its head office at No. 3, 5-chome Hon-
hatchobori, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo, and branch offices at
Dairen and Taihoku, and acts as sole agents, in Tokyo, for
the Tanaka Iron Works, Kamaishi; the Penchifu Coal-
mining and Iron Manufacturing Co., Penchifu, Manchuria ;
the Kuriki Iron Mine; and several other important iron
mines and works.
The importance of the firm's business is well demon-
strated by the fact that the income and business taxes paid
by the firm amount to over ¥4,600, a year. Mr. Kiyoji
Murakami, the proprietor, is a member of the Japan
Foreign Trade Association, the Japan Iron and Steel
Association, and the Association of Tokyo Metal Merchants.
( 510 )
M. MURANAKA SHOTEN.
MMURANAKA SHOTEN is situated at 4-chome
• Minami-Hon-machi Higashi-ku, Osaka, princi-
pally dealing in cotton textiles, cotton blankets, towellings,
MR. M. MURANAKA.
sheets, underwear, sundry cotton goods, old newspapers,
glassware, enamelled ware, porcelain ware, Portland
cement, toys, umbrellas, buttons, rubber goods, stationery,
etc , etc.
This firm has good connections overseas, and is doing a
large business. It is owned and controlled by Mr. Matsu-
nosuke Muranaka, from Sano, Osaka prefecture. Mr.
Muranaka studied at the Doshisha College in Kyoto in his
youth, and is equipped witli sound knowledge of modern
commercial science. He commenced his business, as a
dealer in yarns, and a manufacturer of cotton hosiery
goods, and as a result of many years' strenuous endeavours,
he placed his business on a firm financial foundation. In
1913, he opened the export department on the present
site.
Since the inauguration of the export department, which
principally deals with British India, South Africa, and the
Netherlands East Indies, he has shipped not only the goods
just enumerated, but many other notions. Particularly
since the war in Europe, he has endeavoured to capture the
trade formerly carried on by enemy merchants in the
Asiatic countries. Travellers are now sent to British
India, and careful investigations are made for a further
extension of the market for Japanese goods there.
Mr. Muranaka has recently opened an account in
cotton hosiery with Russia, and in the scope of this business
is the largest exporter.
THE MUTO SHOTEN.
(M. MUTO
THE firm of M. Muto & Co., owned by Mr. Magozaye-
mon Muto, is located at Nos. 14, 15, 26 and 27,
2-chome, Gofuku-cho, Shidzuoka. The firm is engaged in
the manufacture and sale of the Japan Ink-case, lacquered
wares and bamboo articles, etc., for both home and foreign
consumption. The firm was opened in 1717. In 1903 it
inaugurated the manufacture and sale of lacquered wares,
bamboo and wooden articles for export. In 1914 it started
the manufacture of toys.
For a time following the outbreak of tlie European war
the firm experienced hard times. But the way was soon
opened for a great increase in orders from Great Britain,
America and France. Since the promulgation of the
proliibition of imports by Great Britain last spring tiie
exports to that county have greatly declined. But this has
been ofi" set by ever increasing orders from America.
Specialities : — Lacquered wares : trays, glove cases,
towel cases, cake wares. Bamboo wares : fruit baskets,
cages, lamp shades, trays. AVooden articles: — pencil boxes,
den cases, shelves, tables.
& C O.)
Destinations abroad :— Great Britain, America, Russia,
Chosen, Manchuria and Taiwan.
INTERIOR OF THE STORK.
( 511 )
THE MUTSUMIYA SHOTEN.
(IMPORTERS OF RUGS, CARPETS,
nnmS firm carries on an extensive import trade in rugs, Hanshiro Tomizawa,
-*- carpets, and other floor-coverings, at its main office
No. 5, 1-chome Ginza, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo, which was newly
built in 1913. The goods are mainly made from English
woollen mills and supplied to customers at home, and in
Manchuria and Chosen ; also to tlie Imperial Household
Department and various other Government offices.
The firm was founded by the late Mr. Eikichi Kitamura
in 1875, and continued business very successfully until
1895, when the founder died. The firm has since under-
gone many vicissitudes. In 1899 the present proprietor,
Mr. Hanshiro Tomizawa, was appointed Manager, and
carried out a thorough reform, placing the firm on a work-
able basis.
Several years later a partnership was organized by Mr.
Tomizawa and the Kitamura family, to take over the
business. Mr. Tomizawa continued to control the firm as
Manager, taking advantage of the business booms, during
and after the Russo-Japanese war.
With the enlargement of the business the firm arranged
contracts with well-known woollen mills in Europe, for the
import of rugs, carpets, etc., etc. The Mutsumiya Shoten
was then converted into a company with a capital of
¥120,000, and its position in the woollen trade was
stabilized.
At the expiry of the company's business term, in 1913,
the organization was dissolved, the whole concern being
transferred to the ownership of the present proprietor, Mr.
ETC.)
Under his prudent and enterprising
direction the firm has continued to be prosperous.
MUTSUMIYA SHOTEN, TOKYO.
NAGAO OTOKICHI SHOTEN.
(O.
NAGAO AND
MANUFACTURES.
NAGAO&CO.)
THE firm of Nagao Otokichi Shoten is situated at
No. 7, 3-chome, Tachibana-cho, Nihonbaahi-ku,
Tokyo. There are four factories ; one is located at No.
142, Kanasugi-machi, Nippori, near Tokyo. Mr. Otokichi
Nagao is a native of Yokohama. From 1882 to the end of
1896 he served an apprenticeship in a stationer's at Tokyo.
In January, 1897, he opened the present firm. At the time
of its inauguration, the firm was exclusively engaged in the
sale of stationery. With the growth of the native industry
the firm started the manufacture, which is now its chief
occupation. Chief among the various articles now manu-
factured are lead pencils of various descriptions, coloured
pencils, slate pencils, steel pens, erasers, etc. The annual
output amounts to over ¥800,000. The market covers the
C 512 )
homeland, China, India and South Sea Islands. Slate Pencil Co.," this name being very popular. Coloured
peueils either bear the picture of a hatchet or are marked pencils are marked " The Nezumi " (Rat). This mark is
" Kiriii." They are specially in favour in China, India and associated with the best coloured pencils made in Japan.
the S.)uth Sea Islands. Lead pencils are all marked " Kirin Steel pens bear the picture of a camel.
NAGASE SHOTEN.
( D. N A G A
TV /r R. NAGASE, DENZABURO, is the proprietor of
the firm which engages in import and export
trade. He was born in Kyoto on February 18th, 1867,
and is the son of Denbei Nagase, dealer in drugs in Kyoto.
Succeeding to his father's business, he began in 1902
direct import business in Aniline Dyes and Chemicals and
since then extended the business to many other lines.
The important articles of importation at present are
as follows : —
Wood pulp, weaving machines, shellac, myrabolane,
catechu, gum arable, hessian cloth, tanning extract,
logwood extract, heavy chemicals, fine chemicals, medi-
cines, aniline dyes, and other general goods.
At present he ranks among the leading merchants in
the lines of aniline dyes and chemicals in Japan.
SE & CO. )
Under his significant success in the Import business, the
firm opened the export department in 1912, having oflBces
at Kobe, Tokyo, Kyoto and London. Principal exports
comprise agar-agar, dried ginger, shell buttons, brush ware,
insect powder, star aniseed, menthol crystals, peppermint
oil, fish oil, bean oil, crude iodine, insect powder, iodine of
potash, loofahs, vegetable wax, and other general mer-
chandise.
HEAD OFFICE:
Dojima Hama-dori, 3-chome, Kita-ku, Osaka.
BRANCHES :
Tokyo : — Kofuna-cho, 1-chome, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo.
Kyoto: — Shijo Nisliinotoin, Nishi-e-iru, Kyoto.
Kobe: — 68, Kyo-machi, Kobe.
London : — 65, Fenchurch Street, London, E.C.
NAKAI SHOTEN.
(N AK A I & CO. )
np'HE firm Nakai & Co. (Partnership) is under the
management of Mr. Saburobei Nakai, of Kyoto, related
in blood to the Mitsui's, one of the millionaires of Japan.
The ancestor of Mr. Nakai established himself in 1768 as a
paper dealer. The present company was organized on
February 28th, 1902. Mr. Nakai was among the first to
handle western papers when they were first imported into
Japan soon after the advent of the Meiji Era. When the
Municipal Umetsu Paper Mill was organized in Kyoto he
was appointed superintendent.
In 1893 Mr. Nakai dispatched a representsitive to
Shanghai to open the way for the export of foreign-style
paper to China. In 1900 the firm sent Mr. Sanuosuke
Nakai, the present President, and Mr. Yakichi Tanino to
( 513 )
Europe and America to investigate the paper manu-
facturing business. "The results of their tour contributed
MR. SABUROBEI NAKAI.
largely to the success of the company, and the paper
industry of the nation.
MR. S. NAKAI.
MR. M. NAKAI.
extended to India and the Southern Islands. The amount
of paper handled in a year by the company in recent
years is put at ¥14,860,000 of which ¥2,000,000 is for
export.
The amount sold annually reaches 160,000,000 pounds,
which represents 41 per cent, of the total output of Japan.
The export and import are chiefly conducted at the Osaka
office.
The latest condition of the company is outlined as
under : —
BUSINESS OFFICES.
Jukkendana-machi, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo.
2-chome, Kawara-machi, Higashi-ku, Osaka.
Nishi-e-iru, Higashinotoin, Sanjo-dori, Kyoto.
7-chome, Temma-cho, Nishi-ku, Nagoya.
Capital (paid-up) ¥250,000
Reserves 296,000
Latest dividend 20 per cent.
Latest amount handled in a year ¥14,860,000
The company acts as sole agents for six mills and
eight manufactories.
Tokyo Representative, Mr. Sannosuke Nakai ; Nagoya
Representative, Mr. Mijiro Nakai ; Kyoto Representative,
MR. Y. TANINO.
MR. S. INUL
The business of the company has steadily developed,
and since the outbreak of hostilities the market has been
Mr. Shigeru Inui ; Osaka Representative, Mr. Yakiclii
Tanino.
( 614 )
MR. NAKAMURA HAMBEI.
(MANUFACTURER AND WHOLESALE DEALER IN PEWTER WARE.)
TV /r R. NAKA.MURA, HAMBEI'S pewter ware store,
"*■'-*■ popularly called " Suzuhan," has its head office at
4-chome, Minami-Kyuhoji-machi, Higashi-ku, Osaka, and
a branch office at Sayegi-cho, Kanda-ku, Tokyo, where the
goods are sold wholesale and retail, and where a large ex-
port business in general pewter goods is carried on.
This firm is one of the oldest in this line of business, it
having been inaugurated by Suzuya Harabei, during the
first quarter of the 18th century, at the present site of the
Mr. Hambei Nakamura. The goods manufactured are sup-
plied to the domestic market through the firm's ofiices in
Osaka and Tokyo, and exported to almost every country in
Europe, America, and Asia.
The best standard of excellence is strictly maintained
in all goods, as they are made under able and competent
supervision, and the prices are at the lowest possible level.
The number of honours awarded to the firm at various
exhibitions testifies to these facts.
TIN DISHES.
MADE BY
head office, in Osaka. During the Tokugawa Shogunate
regime, the firm was appointed makers to the Shogunate
family and a number of local daimyo families, and the
firm's goods were regarded as the best in the market.
The Imperial Restoration Court has, from time to time,
commissioned the firm to manufacture difierent pieces of
silver and pewter ware, encouraging the firm to improve
the goods, and extend their market overseas. The firm now
manufactures silver, pewter, antimony, and nickel ware in
many designs, shapes, sizes, for various uses, at its factories
in Osaka under the strict supervision of the proprietor.
TIN UTENSILS FOR TEA SERVICE.
THE FIRM.
The following are the most prominent honours : —
Prize medal. International Metallurgical Exhibition,
Germany; Prize medal. International Exhibition, Paris;
Grand prize. International Exposition, Chicago ; Silver
medal. International Exposition, St. Louis ; Gold medal.
International Exposition, Portland ; Gold prize medal.
International Exhibition, Milan ; Gold medal, Anglo-
Japanese Alliance Exhibition, London ; Gold medal,
Panama-Pacific Exposition, San Francisco ; 2nd prize, 5th
Domestic Exhibition, Tokyo ; Silver medal, Tokyo Taisho
Industrial Exhibition, Tokyo.
NAKAMURA SHOTEN.
(K. NAKAMURA.)
n% /f R. NAKAMURA, KAJU, whose business office is manufactures are well known for their excellent quality and
-^ at No. 5, Imonoshi-cho, Shizuoka, and factory at No. richness in design having a large market in Europe, Ame-
13, Hinode-machi, Shizuoka, manufactures and exports rica, and Asiatic countries,
lacquer and wooden ware on an extensive scale. His The manufactures have been exhibited at many
( 515 )
industrial exhibitions, both at home and abroad, and have
been awarded many honours. The International Exhibition
at St. Louis conferred the Grand Prize of Honour on Mr.
Nakamura. A similar honour was also given by the Inter-
national Industrial Exhibition at Petrograd.
The wood work department of Mr. Nakamura's factory
manufactures many different kinds of wood ware, including
spinning mill equipments, toys, furniture, etc., etc. In
conjunction with the lacquering department it produces over
¥200,000 worth a year.
Mr. Kaju Nakamura is the Vice-President of the
Shizuoka Lacquerers' Association. He also occupies an
important position in the local business community, being
interested in many commercial and industrial undertakings
in the prefecture. As a public man, he lias a leading
position in the city's politics, being the Vice-Speaker of the
City Assembly.
MR. K. NAKAMUEA.
MR. NAKAMURA SHOZO.
(S. NAKAMURA & CO.)
FOREIGN visitors to Japan in the early years of tlie
Meiji era were much impressed with various works
IVORY WORKS MADE BY THE FIRM.
of art, especially ivory works. They were therefore the
first objects to be purchased by foreigners. The proprietor
of Nakamura & Co., situated at No. 7, 1-chome, Honshiro-
kane-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo, who was then a dealer in
tobacco pouches and carved buttons, decided that ivory
carvings would make a promising export and inaugurated
the manufacture and sale of the articles. This foresight of
Mr, Nakamura was the origin of the present prosperous
business, for the demand has gradually increased, and the
exports amount annually to several hundred thousand yen.
Ever since its organization the company has constantly
directed its efforts for the best possible use of materials,
improvement of sculpture and carving and designs and
increase in varieties of articles acceptable to the foreign
public. The credit the company enjoys is shown by the fact
that Mr. Nakamura has been appointed chief of the guild of
dealers in this line of goods at each election for the past
seven years. The market abroad covers Great Britain,
France, Germany, Hussia and Australia.
Specialities. — Artistic figures, all kinds of boxes,
tobacco jars, picture frames, toilet articles, paper cutters,
parasol handles, miniature shrines and houses, etc.
( 516 )
MR. NAKATANI AKIKICHI.
(MANUFACTURER AND EXPORTER OF COTTON AND WOOLLEN GOODS.)
MR. NAKATANI has his head office at No. 21,
Tadokoro-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo, and manu-
factures and exports cotton goods, and textiles, mixed
tissues, and manufactures thereof, and woollen textiles and
manufactures thereof.
TRACE MARK
and exports picture books of cloth, with explanations in
several foreign languages. This department also manufac-
tures picture books with whistles, which are written in
European languages.
TRADE *! Xmj MARK.
He has good connections in South China, British India,
Harbin, the Netherlands Indies, Africa, America, and
European countries, his manufactures being principally
sent to these countries. Mr. Nakatani has visited and
studied these countries, and knows what is required by them ;
his goods are thus well suited to the tastes of the people.
He makes it a point to send only goods that are manu-
factured by his workmen, under his own supervision.
Employees are despatched to the countries which Mr.
Nakatani deals with, having instructions that the require-
ments of customers overseas should be thoroughly and
closely studied, and the results of the observations obtained
are applied to the goods exported.
As a side business, Mr. Nakatani has recently initiated
the Cloth Picture Book Department, which manufactures
MR. A. NAKATANI.
A toy factory is also managed by Mr. Nakatani at
Yanagishima, Tokyo, which produces several hundred dif-
ferent kinds of toys for export.
NAKATORA HONTEN.
T'
TOWELS AND TABLE-CLOTH MADE BY THE FIRM.
(NAKATORA & CO.)
HE Japanese "towel" is not the kind of thing that
might be fancied by foreigners from tiie name. It
is utilized by them for all kinds of table and bed linen, and
as the colours are fast it washes well and always looks neat.
The custom of so utilizing it has spread through most of
the Far East and even to the west, and tlie export is
steadily increasing. Nakatora & Co. are one of the
largest manufacturers and exporters of this line of goods in
Japan. The company is located at No. 15, Higashi-
Fukuda-cho, Kanda-ku, Tokyo, and turns out goods to the
value of ¥800,000 a year.
Like most Japanese firms, the leadership of the esta-
blishment in hereditary ; and Mr. Torakichi Inouye, the
present President, is the fifth descendant of the founder of
(
the business. Though still young he has already proved an
excellent manager of this large concern. He has a good
education, having graduated from the KeiS University, and
he inaugurated the export of towels which has resulted in
the present prosperity. He realized that the towels that
would most please foreigners would be those of such designs
as to form one complete pattern if sown together, and be
artistic and useful. So he set to work designing and work-
ed out some very beautiful results, that are having an
517 )
immense vogue abroad. He has now produced towels,
which, when put together, make very pretty summer cur-
tains, table-cloths, napkins, bedspreads, etc., and even
dressing gowns. The export is steadily increasing. The
chief destinations are the United States and Australia, wbile
the demand is now increasing in Europe. Among the
foreign firms dealing in export towels of Nakatora & Co. are
Messrs. Jardine, Matheson & Co., Samuel Samuel & Co.,
Davis, Summers & Co.
NIPPON.
(THE NIPPON, LIMITED.)
"■ I 'HE Nippon is located at 3-chome, Ginza, Kyobashi-
ku, Tokyo. The company came into existence on
October 1st, 1914. It is unrivalled in the capital as a
woollen piece goods retail store. \Vith a view to meeting
every requirement of the public in the most acceptable way,
Mr. Shukichi Sonobe, the present manager of the company,
dispatched representatives of his firm abroad to make inspec-
tion of business in London and other large cities. Taking
into consideration the reports thus obtained, Mr. Sonobe
reorganized the firm into a joint stock company in October,
1914. The company soon won an excellent reputation and
scored a great success. Representatives are still in London
pursuing the study of business and sending reports to the
company, thus helping the improvement of the business and
ensuring the requirements of customers being properly filled.
The company is ready to supply woollen cloths of every
description for Japanese or foreign requirements.
MR. S. SONOBE.
THE NISHIDA SHOTEN.
(MANUFACTURERS AND SELLERS OF THREAD.)
rriHE Nishida Shoten, manufacturers and sellers of
X
threads, owned by Mr. Kahei, Nishida, stands at
I
No. 1, 2-chome, Yokoyama-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo.
The origin of the firm dates as far back as the era of
Temmei (1781-1788), when an ancestor of Mr, Nishida came
up to Edo (Tokyo) from the province of Ohmi and
established himself as a yarn merchant at Uyeno-machi,
Shitaya. The present proprietor is the fifth head of the
family of Nishida. Following the restoration of Meiji,
the firm opened, in addition, pawn and money changing
businesses with great success. On the liquidation of the
Itohan Shoten at Yokoyama-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Mr.
( 518 )
Nishida purchased the shop, thus greatly extending the
MR. K. NISHIDA.
scope of the business. In 1900 he established a thread
factory in Oji, near Tokyo. He also led others to import
artificial silk yarn for the manufacture of threads, with
which he tried the manufacture of neckties, ribbons, shawls,
stockings, etc., and put them on the market. They soon won
an excellent reputation. In order to meet the increasing
expansion of business he Opened a branch at Kyoto. In May,
1916, he established in Zeze-machi, Shiga prefecture, the
Goshi Kaisha Ohmi Glossy Yarn Works. Material Yarns
manufactured in this and other mills are sent to the
firm's factory at Oji to be made into shoe strings. The
articles are chiefly exported to the South Sea Islands,
Australia, Europe and America. Mr. Nishida is an
auditor of the Chonichi Bank, representative of Tokyo
Itomono Goshi Kaisha (Yarn articles company) and mem-
ber of the ward council of Shitaya,
NISHIMURA SHOTEN.
(H. NISHIMURA.)
T T is acknowledged by all acquainted with the Orient Mr. Hikobei Nishimura is one of the best known manu-
that gold lacquers are representative of the gorgeous facturers of gold lacquer, supplying the Imperial Household
Oriental art, and that Japan is, of all Oriental countries, of Japan. It was Mr. Nishimura who was selected to
decorate the Coronation cars in the Autumn of 1915.
MR. H. NISHIMURA.
the home of this art. Everywhere in Japan gold lacquers
are produced, particularly in Kyoto, where the most perfect
goods are manufactured.
PART OP GOLD LACQUER WORKSHOP.
Mr. Nishimura's main office is at Tera-machi, Kyoto,
with a branch at No. 18, Himono-cho, Nihonbashi-ku,
Tokyo, carrying on an extensive business, not only as a
manufacturer, but as exporter of the following lacquer
( 519
ware: — Finger bowls, almond bowls, tumbler trays,
jewellery boxes, handkerchief boxes, incense burners, salad
bowls, tea trays, cigarette boxes, writing boxes, glove boxes,
screens, dinner sets, card trays, cigarette cases, powder
boxes, cabinets, flower vases, ash trays, etc., etc.
Mr. Nishiraura's lacquer store was founded in 1657,
two and a half centuries adding to the fame of the store, as
lacquerers and decorators. At the workshops the lacquer-
ing is conducted systematically by quite an interesting
process. At Kyoto and Tokyo a large assortment of
exquisite articles are always on view. These workshops
)
and show rooms are thrown open to general visitors. To
foreign visitors, the process of producing gold lacquer,
which is little known to the western peoples, is shown at
these workshops, by master workmen. H. Nishimura's
stores and workshops should not be omitted, by foreign
tourists in Japan, from their programme of sightseeing,
Mr. Hikobei Nishimura, the proprietor of the store,
has several times been elected the President of the
Association of Lacquer Workers and Merchants. He has
also been a Judge of Lacquer Wares at dififerent domestic
exhibitions.
NISHIUMI SAKUJIRO SHOTEN.
(S. NISHIUMI & CO.)
'Tr*HIS firm, situated at No. 49, 4-chome, Minamikyuhoji-
■*■ machi, Higashi-ku, Osaka, is a private concern,
owned and managed by Mr. S. Nishiumi, who is well known
in Osaka, having been several times elected a member of
the Municipal and the Prefectural Assembly, its specialty
being the manufacture and export of " Taiyo " brand walk-
ing sticks, smoking pipes, menthol pipes, etc., etc.
Mr. 8. Nishiumi is from Hyogo prefecture. After
finishing his education in Tokyo, he went to Osaka, and
commenced the manufacture and sale of menthol pipes,
which he invented in his twenty-eighth year. Shortly after
he began to manufacture perfect walking sticks and smoking
pipes, with a view to checking the import of these goods.
His aim was attained after a few years, and the import
of these goods was checked. At the Fifth Domestic In-
dustrial Exhibition the Third Prize was obtained, the Ist
prize was won at the Victory Commemoration Exhibition
in 1906. Mr. Nishiumi's experience and skill in this line
of business made him the leader of the trade, and at several
of the domestic exhibitions he was given a seat on the
Committee of Judges.
At present he produces over half a million yen's worth
of goods each year, part of which is exported to China,
British India, Russia, Great Britain, and other countries.
?*-«.*„
J4
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'tfti
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i<iaKi*a».'<».'ii(rtk:'S^'»».-^'«.»«i^>k^^^^^
'5*
ME. S. NISHIUMI AND HIS STORE.
His business principle is to supply superior goods at
smallest possible cost, attending to each order with the
utmost care and promptness, and packing the goods carefully
for export.
( 520 )
OCHIAI BUNKICHI SHOTEN.
(B. OCHIAI & CO.)
T
HIS firm, owned and controlled by Mr, Bunkichi
Ochiai, is situated at No. 66, 3-chome Junkei-machi,
OCHIAI
BUNKICHI
SHOTEN AND
SHOW ROOM
Minanii-ku, Osaka, and carries on an extensive trade in
rattan goods, including perambulators of every kind.
Mr. Bunkichi Ochiai, the proprietor of the firm, is
from Nara prefecture. During the early years of Meiji, lie
commenced to manufacture rattan goods, and for the first
time in Japan he manufactured rattan perambulators. At
first the goods were very clumsily made, but after many
improvements, the carriages now rank among the best
obtainable in this country. The firm's perambulators are
sold to Taiwan, Chosen, Manchuria, South China, Siam,
British India, the Netherlands East Indies, Australia,
America, and Canada.
Besides ordinary rattan perambulators, the firm manu-
factures net-work carriages, folding perambulators, lacquered
wood perambulators, children's tri-cycles, rubber tyres,
children's swings, children's auto-cars, rattan mattings,
chairs, pillows, beds, baskets, wooden horses, and many
other goods, including military requisites. Some of the
perambulators and net-work carriages have been devised
by Mr. Ochiai himself, and are protected by patent.
The firm has obtained prizes and medals at different
exhibitions, the goods exhibited liaving been judged as the
best. Nearly half a million perambulators and chairs have
been exported by the firm.
OGIMURA KAMETARO SHOTEN.
(K. OGIMURA & CO.)
TV /r R. OGIMURA'S firm, wholesale dealers in celluUoid Bakuro-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo. The firm is one of the
and cellulloid combs, stands at No. 1, 3-chome,
oldest houses in the city. In the days of tiie first Shogun
MR. K. OGIMURA.
MR. OGIMURA'S MANUFACTURES.
lyeyasu it was engaged in the manufacture of wooden combs,
the hereditary business of .the family down to the time of
( 521 )
Mr. Kametaro Ogiinura, the present head. After succeed-
ing to his father's business, Mr. Ogiraura tried the manu-
facture of combs with raised lacquers and horn instead of
wood. On the importation of celiulloid, he inaugurated the
sale of cellulloid combs in 1898. In 1907, the manufacture
of the material was started in Japan, when the Sakai
Cellulloid Co., Ltd., was established near Osaka. There-
upon Mr. Ogiraura coaimenced the manufacture of cellulloid
combs by entering into special contract with the Mitsui
Bussan Kaislia, who are the sole agents of cellulloid articles.
The business gradually developed until the firm enjoys the
present prosperity. The goods meet not only the demands
at home but are steadily extending the market abroad.
Since the outbreak of hostilities the exports to European
Russia have markedly increased, owing to the stoppage of
the import of C-fernian goods there. The principal destina-
tions abroad are Asiatic and European Russia, China and
tiie South Sea Islands.
ISHI GOMU HONTEN.
(THE OISHI RUBBER CO.)
'■ I ""HE Oishi Rubber Co. areagentsof the Kakuichi Rubber
-*■ Co. (Limited Partnership) near Osaka, the well-
known manufacturers of rubber goods. The Head Office of
the Oishi Gum Co, is located at 2-chome, Utsubo-Minami-
dori, Nishi-ku, Osaka. There are four branch offices ; they
are situated at Shimbashi, Tokyo; 1-chome, Terama-cho,
Nishi-ku, Nagoya ; Shirao-Doi-machi, Fukuoka ; and
Ishiura-machi, Kanazawa. The goods handled are as
follows : — Rubber hose, suction hose, valves, rolls, blankets
cushions for billiard tables, rubber mats, ebonite rubber
plates, tyres and tubes for bicycles, motor cars and
jinrikisha, and rubber articles for gas and electricity and
other purposes.
These are all of excellent quality and in favour
everywhere. Tlie most popular are "Kintaro" and
•' Uxumaki " tubes, which enjoy an excellent reputation.
OISHI RUBBER STORE.
MR. OKANO KAMBEI.
(MANUFACTURER OF JAPANESE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS.)
TV /r R. OKANO, one of the greatest manufacturers of
old Japanese musical instruments, has his head
office at No. 3, 2-chome, Muro-machi, Nihonbashi-ku,
Tokyo, carrying on trade under the style of the Kiya.
Mr. Kambei Okano was born on April 5th, 1851,
at Matsuyama, a castle town in Saitama prefecture, and
was the second son of the late Mr. Kiyemon Takemura.
He was adopted into the Okano family, and inherited this
large business.
The firm was founded by his adopted fatlier, who came
to Yedo in his youth, and steadily, with strenuous endea-
vours built up the business. When the present proprietor
( 522 )
inherited the business he resolved to enlarge it. He com- Okano has over forty medals and prizes for goods
menced a factory, on modern lines, at Chiyoda-cho, Kanda- exhibited.
ku, Tokyo, and manufactured under his direct supervision He controls his business with the utmost care and
old Japanese musical instruments. rigidity.
" SHAMISEN " AND " KOTO
At the 5th Domestic Industrial Exhibition Mr. Okano
received the Second Prize, and at the Anglo-Japanese
Alliance Exhibition his exhibits, which included 18 de-
scriptions of old instruments, were highly appreciated by
Western visitors, and a gold medal was awarded. Mr.
At present the control of the business is in the hands
of his adopted son, iVIr. Shinjiro Okano, who manages the
office on the same lines as his adopted father. Mr. Okano
also publishes a magazine, devoted to the study of old
Japanese music.
OSAWA MASAJIRO SHOTEN.
MR. M. OSAWA,
(Senior).
(MASAJIRO OSAWA.)
MR.
M. OSAWA.
(Junior).
/^SAWA MASAJIRO SHOTEN, stationers, are
^^^ located at No. 7, Minami Saya-cho Kyobashi-ku,
Tokyo. The firm was established in April, 1882, by the
late Mr. Masajiro Osawa, father of the present proprietor,
for the sale of articles for the use of school boys and girls
and of public and private offices. During the China- Japan
war of 1894-95, the firm rendered great services to the
Imperial Army and Navy by supplying them with articles.
In order to meet the growing expansion of the business, the
firm reconstructed its office at the old site and concentrated
its efforts for handling the choicest of imported stationery.
From that time the firm has become known among the
dealers concerned as suppliers of superior articles. During
the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-05, the firm again
supplied the army and navv with necessary goods to a far
larger extent than in the case of the previous war, Asa
result, the foundation of the firm was consolidated. The
termination of war was followed by a record boom in general
industries and new enterprises, and this naturally brought
about a marked rise in the demand for stationery, the firm
greatly profiting thereby. On the death of Mr. Osawa on
523 )
September 3rd, 1915, the son, Mr. Masajiro Osawa,
succeeded to the business. Though still young, the present
head had already proved a very worthy successor to his able
father, and under bis management the business is steadily
prospering.
While dealing in foreign stationery, the firm is
endeavouring to manufacture the best possible articles on
western lines in order to develop the national industry.
SAKAI HAMONOTEN.
(SAKAI EDGED TOOL CO.)
MR. SAKAI, EIZO, the present proprietor of the
company, situated at 2-chorae, Minami-Denraa-
eho, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo, is thedescendant of a sword-smith,
named Kimyokaji Kaneyoshi, who lived at Sakai, Idzumi
province, two hundred years ago. Formerly, kitchen knives
were forged, but later edged tools of every description were
MR. E. SAKAI AND HIS MANUFACTURE.
manufactured and sold. In 1889, ii shop was opened in
Tokyo, and as business gradually prospered, branches and
agencies were established in various places.
When Mr. Eizo Sakai, father of the present proprietor,
succeeded to the business, about 1897, the manufacture of
all kinds of edged tools, for foreign markets, was com-
menced, and these have been exported in increasing quan-
tity. Patent rights were secured for a safety razor, in 1909,
and in 1914 the manufacture of knives exclusively for ex-
porting purposes was commenced. In 1915, the annual
output of the safety razors was 43,230 dozens, amounting
in value to ¥164,170.60, carpenter's tools amounted in
value to ¥56,875, and that of the exported knives waa
18,980 dozens, amounting in value to ¥22,776. The coun-
tries to which these goods are exported are America, India,
Australia, England, Russia, and China.
The safety razors are exported to Russia, India and
China. Gold and other medals have been awarded by
foreign as well as Japanese Exhibitioos, and gome of the
goods had the honour of being purchased by the Empress,
the Cfown Prince and the Imperial Household,
( 524 )
THE SENSHUNYEN.
(MANUFACTURER AND EXPORTER OF JAPANESE TEA.)
T
HIS firm, iit Hiranobaslii, Hij^ashi-ku, Odiika, lias a
large tea farm and manufactory at Uji, a suburb of
THE LABEL OF THE SENSHUNYEN.
Kyoto, which is one of the best tea producing districts in
Japan, dealing in the best and choicest qualities of green tea
which Uji alone can produce.
The firm was founded nearly two centuries ago, on the
present site, and is numbered among the oldest pioneer tea
manufacturers in Osaka. It has been lately converted into
a partnership, and its business scope greatly enlarged. In
respect to its business tiie firm ranks among the foremost
tta manufacturers and wholesale dealers in Japan.
As exporters the firm has good connections witli lead-
ing firms in the United States, China, Oceania, and other
countries. This branch of the business was commenced by
the firm some forty years ago, when " Gyokuro," one of
Uji choicest goods, was shipped, by the firm, to the United
States.
At various exhibitions, the firm has obtained honours
of high degree, one of which was the Medal of Merit at the
Fifth Domestic Industrial Exhibition.
MR. SHIBATA OTOKICHI.
"M
(FAILOR
ARU KIN," is the trade name under which Mr.
Shibata Otokichi, of 3-chome, Moto-machi, Kobe,
carries on an extensive busi-
ness, as a merchant tailor
and woollen piece goods
merchant, and who is widely
known as one of the best
tailors in Japan.
The woollen piece goods
and the clothes supplied by
Mr. Shibata's firm are the
best, this being entirely due
to the excellence of the
woollen cloth the firm uses,
and the good workmanship
of those employed by the
firm.
Mr. Shibata studied the MR. O. SHIBATA.
AND WOOLLEN MERCHANT.)
art of tailoring for many years under foreigners, in
and Yokohama. In
1884 he finished his "■^f^^^
studies, and establish-
ed himself in
Kobe.
His exhibits at
exhibitions have been
judged as the best,
and he has been
granted high honours.
At the 5th Domestic
Industries Exhibi-
tion he was one of
the Judges, by official
appointment.
He has been the
Head of the Kobe SHIBATA STORE.
Kobe
( 525 >
Association of Merchant Tailors for many years. Once
he was ordered by Court to make a uniform for the late
Emperor Meiji. Many Princes have also been supplied
by Mr. Shibata. He has been to Europe to study the
art of tailoring and the woollen piece goods trade
there.
THE SHIMIDZU SHOTEN.
(MANUFACTURERS OF TRINKETS, JEWELLERY, WATCH CASES.)
ry^HE Shimidzu Shoten, situated at No. 12, 4-chome,
Bakuro-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo, is one of the
leading manufacturers and wholesale dealers in trinkets,
jewellery, works of art, silver plates, gold and platinum
watch cases, watch chains, medals, and cups.
The firm conducts an extensive business, the value of
which amounts to over a million yen a year. Formerly the
firm traded with America and British India, but the over-
I seas trade is now suspended. The firm, however, will
: accept any order from overseas on reasonable terras.
The factory is situated at Nos. 42 and 44, Fiijiraae-cho,
Komagome, Hongo-kn, Tokyo, and is called the Shokosha,
where over 250 men and women are employed in manu-
facturing the various fancy articles just mentioned.
Mr. Kamekichi Yamazaki is the proprietor of the firm
and factory, the excellence of which goods are acknow-
ledged by the public, and confirmed by different exhibitions,
where they liave been exhibited, namely, the Anglo-Japanese
i Alliance Exhibition, the Tokyo Taisiio Exhibition, and the
Tokyo-fu Industrial Exhibition which awarded gold medals
to the firm, vrhile the Piinama Pacific Exhibition, San
MR. K. YAMAZAKI.
Francisco, conferred the Grand Prize of Honour on Mr.
Yamazaki for the excellence of his exhibits.
THE SUGIMURA SHOTEN.
(IMPORTERS OF MUSLIM, ITALIAN CLOTH, ETC.)
'np'HIS firm was opened by the father of the present
proprietor about seventy years ago, chiefly handling
import goods such as muslin, Italian cloth, calico, and
chintz. In the early days of the Meiji Era the business
attained much prosperity, and laid the foundation for the
present extended business. Mr. Jinbei Sugimura was born
in Kyoto in 1853, and succeeded to the business in 1879.
He is very modest and painstaking by nature, and has an
established reputation among his fellow businessmen.
About 1893, he imported woollen yarns in large quantity
( 526 )
and commenced the manufacture of muslin. In view of
the growing demand for muslin at home, the Tokyo Muslin
MR. J. SUGIMURA.
Co. was established in 1896, chiefly under his promotion,
and he was President of the company up to last year. It
was also chiefly due to his efibrts that the Tokyo Calico Co.
was formed in 1906, and he was its President until last
year. The Branch Office principally manufactures and
deals in cotton cloth, while the Yokohama Branch either
imports wool and woollen yarns or exports cloth and
miscellaneous goods. Of all firms handling foreign piece
goods, this firm is of the oldest standing, and exports goods
to the value of several million yen annually.
HEAD AND BRANCH OFFICES.
Head Ofllice : — No. 1, Shin-Zaimoku-cho, Nihonbashi-
ku, Tokyo.
, Branch OflBce : — No. 1, Sakai-oho, Nilionbashi-ku,
Tokyo.
Muslin Department : — No. 4, Shin-Zaimoku-cho,
Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo.
Warehouse Department : — No. 11, 3-chome, Kakigara-
cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo.
Yokohama Branch : — No. 35, 2-chome, Hon-cho,
Yokohama.
(THE
THE Shobi-do is a large firm situated at 5-chome Kita-
hama, : Higashi-ku, Osaka, manufacturing and
exporting gems, watches, silver ware, and sundry metal
ware. The firm also conducts an extensive import busi-
ness, and at present acts as local agents for Howard &
Co., of America, Smith & Co., of England, and several
other well-known manufacturers in Europe.
The proprietor, Mr. Eikichiro Etc, is a native of the
city. He established the present firm in March, 1900, and
made a speciality of importing watches, clocks, and gems,
from America and Europe, and sold them in retail. Later
he hired trained workmen from Tokyo, and inaugurated the
manufacture of gems, gold and silver ware, and trinkets.
The manufacture of watch cases was also undertaken
by him several years ago, after thorough and careful
preparation, and his products are now regarded by the
trade as the best obtainable in the market. They are equal
in every respect to these produced in Europe and America.
The firm's branches are conducted on a sound basis, as
Mr. Eto follows his motto in business dealing. The motto
bring " Produce sound things and sell them at low prices."
In the market his mark is regarded as proof of soundness.
SHOBI-DO.
SHOBI-DO AND ITS PROPRIETOR.)
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C 527 )
THE S UZ U HI K 0 SH OT EN.
(WHOLESALE DEALERS IN ARTISTIC TOWELS.)
T\/rR. SUZUKI, HIKOBEI, Proprietor of the Suzu-
hiko Shoten, was born in December of 1867, the
second son of Mr. Jukitsu Suzuki, a samurai of the
Nagoya clan. He came up to the capital at the age of 18
MR. H. SUZUKI.
and obtained employment with the Shimaya Shoten at
Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo. In 1889, when he was twenty-three
years old, he opened a store of cotton stufi for Japanese
socks, at Matsuyeda-cho, Kanda-ku, with a meagre capital.
Later he removed his store to Goken-cho in the same ward,
but unfortunately the store, with all its contents, was de-
stroyed by fire, and he was reduced to penury. But Mr.
Suzuki, who was a man of undaunted courage, helped by
his devoted wife, started business again with renewed
vigour and at last his efforts were crowned with the present
prosperity.
He is an adept in making new designs, for which he
has been awarded honours by many exhibitions. Towels
and table cloths of his production are now extensively ex-
ported, occupying a prominent part among the national
products. To his great honour, his goods in the Taisho
Exhibition, held in Tokyo in 1914, attracted the attention
of the authorities of the Household Department, who made
purchases of some of these articles, and he was awarded a
silver medal at the Panama International Exposition
of 1914. He now keeps a large shop at Hasegawa-cho,
Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo, which is of the first standing among
TABLE CLOTH AND HANDKERCHIEFS.
wholesale dealers in towels in the capital. The goods are
not only supplied to public offices, companies, banks, and
factories, but are also extensively exported to the South
Sea Islands, and North America.
( 528 )
MR. SUZUKI KOJIRO-MARUMAN.
(MANUFACTURERS OF TRUNKS AND BAGS.)
THIS firm was founded in September, 1888, by Mr.
Suzuki, Kojiro as a manufacturer of and dealer in
trunks, bags, and other leather goods. This firm was
established in view of the rapid development of means of
communication in this country and the increasing
popularity of travelling among the people. Tlie company
is situated at No. 9, Sakurada-Hongo-cho, Shiba-ku, Tokyo,
with a branch office at Yokosuka, generally known as
" Maruman," because the firm uses this sign as its trade
mark, on all goods manufactured and sold.
With a view to improving these goods Mr. Suzuki, the
proprietor of the firm, established communication with
well-known London makers, immediately after his in-
auguraiion of the business, and obtained, through them,
. the samples of the latest models, on which to make his own
goods. He was thus ahead of his rivals in Tokyo, in the
improvement of his goods.
Accordingly iiis firm produced goods which compared
favourably with the latest from London. Mr. Suzuki was
ranked among the foremost of trunk makers in this country.
The firm is the maker, by appointment, to the Imperial
Household Department and the Naval Club.
SUZUKI'S STORE, TOKYO. The firm maintains three factories in Tokyo.
TAKATA MATSUTARO SHOTEN.
(M. TAKATA & CO.)
'"T'^HlS firm, owned and controlled by Mr. Takata,
-^ Matsutaro, an enterprising and progressive business
man, is situated at No. 55, 1-cliome, Awaza-kami-dori,
Nishi-ku, Osaka, and principally handles hemp yarns, jute
yarns, duck, hemp ropes, packing, hemp threads, hempen
cloths, packing threads, waxed hempen threads, and all
varieties of mineral oil, spinning and weaving mill equip-
ments, cotton ropes and bands, belts, chemicals, etc., etc.
The firm acts as agents in Osaka and district, for the
Imperial Hemp Weaving Co., and the company's manu-
factures include excellent linen and hemp. The firm is the
sole selling agent of " teppei " stone, in Osaka and district.
This stone being cheap and very strong, is useful for build-
ing purposes.
As exporters the firm occupies a leading place in Osaka,
and has good connections in China, Chosen, Taiwan, Man-
churia, and Australia. MR. M. TAKATA.
( 529 )
Seikichi Takegami, is in charge of the head office, and his
second son, Mr. Sozaburo Takegami, of the branch office
nt Osaka.
THE TAKEGAMI SHOTEN.
(WHOLESALE DEALERS IN WOOLLEN GOODS.)
THIS firm extensively trades in woollen piece goods,
and has its head office at No. 8, Iwamoto-cho,
Kanda-kii, Tokyo, and a branch office at Bingo-machi,
Higashi-ku, Osaka.
At the head office ¥1,500,000 to ¥2,000,000 worth
of imported goods are handled each year, and almost
every retailer in the East and North of Japan is supplied
by the firm with their requirements. At the branch office,
the annual value of business amounts to ¥550,000, and
noted merchants in Manchuria and Chosen are among
the retailers in communication with the firm.
The firm imports either direct, or through the inter-
mediary of foreign firms in Yokohama, woollen piece goods
of every description, from England and France. German
goods were also handled before tlie war.
Mr. Eikiehi Takegami, the proprietor of the firm, is a
native of Niigata prefecture, and in his twenty-third year
was adopted into the Takegami family. At first he dealt
in ready made clothes, and had only small means at his
command, but by dint of industry and sincerity, has built
up a big business and a large fortune. His eldest son, Mr. MR. E. TAKEGAMI.
MR. TAKEUGHI RINNOSUKE.
(MANUFACTURER OF SAKURAHANAGAMI PAPER.)
1% /r R. TAKEUCHl, RINNOSUKE, appointed a mem-
-'^'-'- ber of the Tokyo Chamber of Commerce, 1915, is the
manufacturer of the
Sakurahanagami
paper, which is so
popular in Japanese
households. This
paper was designed
and manufactured by
Rinnosuke Takeuchi,
father of the present
proprietor, who esta-
blished the business in
1869. The paper
was manufacture by
prisoners at the Chiba,
Saitama other pri-
soners also being era- MR. R. TAKEUCHI.
ployed to great advantage. About 1893, the export of
paper napkins was commenced, and although the exporting
was a great success the paper was a failure. The paper
is now in great demand among the Japanese, and has a
bright future before it. In 1908, Mr. Takeuchi inherited
the property, and has done much to develop the business.
In 1909, a factory for manufacturing fine paper-cords and
other articles was established. Mr. Takeuchi is adviser to
the Tokyo Fine Paper-cords Guild. He also became
capitalist for the Toyo Paper Manufacturing Co., in the town
of Saijo, lyo province, the Toyooka Paper Manufacturing
Co., at Oji, and the Tokyo Paper Manufacturing Co. Mr.
Takeuchi is President of the Paper Cords Co. Recently he
established a company in the city of Tsu, in Ise province,
for the manufacture of cigar cases and pouches.
The firm of Mr. Rinnosuke Takeuchi is situated at No.
4, Otowa-cho, Koishikawa-ku, Tokyo.
( 630 )
TOYAMA SHOTEN.
(TO YAM A & CO.)
'np'HE ivory carving business in this country may be
traced back several hundred years. Up to 1877,
however, the manufactured goods were exclusively for
Japanese use, but about 1877, the idea was conceived of
MR. T. WATANABE.
manufacturing goods to meet the foreign tastes, and in
1881, when the Second Domestic Industrial Exhibition
was held Toyama & Co. situated at 2-chome, Ginza,
Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo, exhibited the fish-basket and statue
of Kanon manufactured by the late Mr. Komei Ishikawa, a
court artisan, wiiich created a very favourable impression
in ivory carving circles. The authorities of the exhibition
recognised the exhibit by the award of a superior medal.
The firm had trained skilled workmen, and turned out many
articles, which were introduced into foreign markets, where
they were accorded hearty approval. Though the markets
for these goods were much extended in this manner, the
goods were at first limited to small articles, but towards the
close of the Meiji Era, the firm manufactured figures half
life-size with much success, thus winning hearty con-
gratulations from art circles as well as a medal of merit.
From that time the firm has not only satisfied European
and American customers, but gained much credit among
Japanese. A large number of medals and certificates have
been awarded at various Exhibitions held at home and
abroad. Though still young, Mr. Takijiro Watanabe, the
present proprietor, is very earnest in developing the
business.
IVORY WORK.
The picture represents an old farmer and his grandson
from the field with an umbrella half opened on account of
the shower.
( 531 )
TOYOSHIMA KYUSHICHI SHOTEN
(THE TOYOSHIMA COTTON YARN STORE.)
'np'HE Toyoshima Cotton Yarn Store, which stands at
-*■ 2-chome, Minami-Hon-machi, Higashi-ku, Osaka,
boasts of long years standing among dealers in this line of
business in Japan. The store was formerly in Ichinomiya-
machi, Aichi prefecture, where it was opened in the days
when there existed not a single spinning company throughout
the land, and neither was there an ounce of imported yarn.
Deciding, on account of growing activity of the spinning
industry in Japan in 1903, tiiat Osaka should be the centre
of the cotton market, the father of Mr. Kyushichi Toyoshima,
the present proprietor, removed the store to the present
address. By sound methods and strenuous efforts he steadily
developed his business, but unfortunately died in 1913
before he could score such a success as he had desired.
The business was succeeded to by the son, who has inherited
the indefatigable industry and uprightness of his father.
His efforts, coupled with the briskness of the cotton market,
has brouglit a dazzling prosperity to his firm, which is now
acting as selling agents for all the spinning mills in Japan. MR. K. TOYOSHIMA.
MR. TSUDA KATSUGORO.
(WHOLESALE DEALER IN IRON AND STEEL MATERIALS)
r M HIS firm, which is one of the leading iron and steel
wholesale dealers in Osaka, was founded at Kobe, in
July, 1889, by Mr. Katsugoro Tsuda, the present proprietor,
the firm acting as buying agent for the Imperial Navy,
having branch o£Sces at Osaka, Kure, and Saseho. In 1897
the firm removed its head ofiice to Osaka, and abolished its
branch offices, as the contracts with the Imperial Navy
expired, the firm ceasing to act as its agent.
The firm commenced its wholesale business in iron and
steel materials in 1897, since when, its business scope has
been steadily enlarged ; it now imports all steel and iron
materials for this country, and acts as selling agents for the
Hanyang Iron Works, the Wanishi Iron Works, and the
Sumitomo Steel Works, The firm also acts as selling agents
MR. K. TSUDA. for the Mitatsuchi Rubber Company of Tokyo.
( 532 )
The head ofBce in Osaka is situated at 6-chome
tachi-bori-Kita-dori, Nishi-ku, Osaka. The proprietor,
ilr. Katsugoro Tsuda, was born in Matsuyama, Ehime
irefecture, in January, 1855, and is the seventh son of the
ate Mr. Kiichi Murakami. Several years before this firm
ma founded, he was adopted into tlie family and
became the liead of it. He has made healthy prO'^
gress in his business, and his yearly result is so large
that he pays over ¥2,000 ps tax to the Treasury. As
a Director of the Sugiyama Commercial Bank he
shares actively in the control of this big financial establish-
ment.
TSUTAYA SHOTEN.
(TSUTAYA & CO.)
'piHE firm owned by Mr. Naokichi Saito was organized
in 1892 and is situated at No. 3, Kita Moto-raachi,
ksakusa-ku, Tokyo. Importing ivory through foreign firms
MR. N. SAITO.
1 Yokohama and Kobe, the company was chiefly engaged
1 the sale of ivory and manufacture of articles for home
onaumption, such as b.'ills, plectrums for shamisen, articles
ttached to koto (kind of hnri>) and hangings, chopsticks, etc.
ince 1900, iiowever, the company has chiefly directed its
(Torts to the manufacture of carvings and works of art. It
ow turns out all kinds of ingenious carvings. The carving
of ivory is one of the fine arts peculiar to Japanese. Grace-
fulness and ingenuity of tlie articles are beyond description.
The company is making every effort for the production of
articles superior in quality and acceptable to foreign
customers with a view to opening direct connections abroad,
and to further introducing these special Japanese works of
ait to the world at large. The annual output in recent
years is from ¥130,000 to ¥160,000.
Materials are imported through foreign firms at Kobe
and Yokohama and manufactures are shipped to foreign
IVORY WORK.
and Japanese firms at Kobe and Yokohama and Japanese
firms at Nikko, Kyoto, Osaka, Nagasaki, etc.
( 533 )
MR. UCHIDA NAOKICHi.
(IMPORTER AND EXPORTER OF LEATHER FOR BAGS)
tensively on a tour of inspection, in Europe and America.
Tlie goods are solid and of moderate price, and they are
much souglit after in botli home and foreign countries.
Tlie annual output of crocodile leather, lizard skin and frog
MR. UCHIDA is a manufacturer, exporter and
importer of lentlier for bags (crocodile leather,
lizard skin, frog skin, dog skin, fancy calf leather and
coloured sheep skivers).
The Head Office is situated at No. 14, Yagenbori-cho,
Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo.
The factories are situated at Nishitakuchi, Suijiu,
Kamedo - machi, Miuami - Katsushika - gori, Tokyo-fu,
Miiiami-Takuchi, Hirai-mura, Minami-Katsushika-gori,
Tokyo-fu, Hashiba-Kojo, Shirao-Kinoshitagawa, Oki-mura,
Minarai-KatPushika-gori, Tokyo-fu.
Foreign correspondents are Messrs. Jeremiah Lyon &
Co., Ltd., Lombard Court, London, B.C. ; Messrs. Gladston
& Co., Rue des Petits- Hotels, Paris ; Messrs. American
Tr.ading Co., Broad St , N.Y., etc.
Crocodile leather is imported from the United States,
Mexico and South American countries, the lizard skin
chiefly from Java.
Mr. Naokichi Uciiida has been manufacturer of various
kinds of pouches from his boyhood. Li 1885 he established
tlie business, and in 1896 he commenced the manufacture
of frog skin. After overcoming various difficulties in the
eight subsequent years, he succeeded in his venture. In
1903 he exported his good-j to America, which met with
great approval. His success encouraged him to attempt
the manufacture of crocodile leather and lizard skin, in
which new work he also succeeded, after a series of failures.
In order to make tiiis venture a success he travelled ex-
MR. N. UCHIDA.
skin in 1913 was 130,000, 60,000, and 600,000 pieces
respectively, tlie total value amounting to ¥390,000,
¥120,000 and ¥60,000. Many medals have been won at
exhibitions.
YAMAHATSU SHOTEN.
(H. YAMADA & CO.)
TKADE
M
MARK.
MR. H. YAMADA.
THIS firm is one of the leading manufacturers and
exporters of toys in Japan, producing over two
thousand different kinds, forty of which are patented.
The manufactures of the firm cover almost all depart-
ments of toys, including paper goods, wooden toys, clay goods,
cloth toys, metal goods, and mixed goods. Their durability,
and excellent make, are well appreciated, and the public
give preference to the goods bearing tlie firm's trade
mark. The annual sale in Japan alone is estimated at
¥1,000,000, while the export is estimated at over
¥1,. 500,000 a year.
Though the firm is comparatively new, having been
founded in 1890, the name is well-known in Japan, China,
the Netherlands Indies, British India, Australia, America,
and England.
( 534 )
THE UNNO SHOTEN.
(MANUFACTURERS AND EXPORTERS OF LACQUER WARE.)
THIS firm, situated at No. 3, 3-chome, Shimokoku-cho,
Shizuoka, is owned and controlled by Mr. Zenjiro
Unuo, who is one of the best authorities on lacquering,
UNNO.
having been several times appointed Judge at industrial
exhibitions, both domestic and foreign.
Mr. Unno is an enterprising and progressive business
man. In 1910 he undertook an extensive tour of inspection
in Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, France,
Belgium, the Netherlands, Great Britain, British India,
Oceania, China, and other countries, and established firm
connections with leading import merchants in these places.
His expert knowledge of this line of industry, and his
modern business method are regarded with esteem by the
business community at Shizuoka. Since 1893 he haa held a
seat in the city's Chamber of Commerce.
Mr. Unno commenced his export business in 1892.
His factory employs over three hundred skilled hands.
Besides lacquered utensils for daily use, many artistic works
are manufactured, including trinket cases, tobacco cases,
trays, etc.
Bamboo and fern ware is also skilfully and beauti-
fully manufactured. The annual production of this line of
goods amounts to over ¥120,000. Their excellence is well
appreciated by the public, as a proof of which the firm has
many honours, received at industrial exhibitions at home
and abroad. The Alaska- Yukon Exhibition awarded the
Grand Prize of Honour for the firm's exhibits, the Anglo-
Japanese Alliance Exhibition and the International Exhibi-
tion at Milan awarded the Grand Prize of Honour to this
company, and the Prize of Honour and the Silver Medal
awarded at the Panama-Pacific International Exhibition
was awarded for this firm's exhibition.
MR. YAMAGUCHI KITARO.
(MANUFACTURER OF UMBRELLA HANDLES AND HAIR COMBS.)
IN 1890, a small quantity of celluloid was imported into
Japan from the United States. No one at this time
tried to manufacture the article in this country. Mr.
Yamaguchi, Kitaro, No. 30, 1-chome, Fukui-cho, Asakusa-
ku, Tokyo, commenced a scientific research of the same, and
Clime to the conclusion that in manufacturing umbrella
handles it would be more suitable than any other substance.
After many years' experiments, Mr. Yamaguchi has been
successful ill manufacturing celluloid of an excellent quality.
Turning out umbrella handles and hair combs, on the basis
of the home-made celluloid, he placed the manufactures
on the domestic market, where the demand increased steadily.
It was, however, found impossible to manufacture the
material for making celluloid, so this had to be imported
from abroad. At the time of the Sino-Japanese War, in
1894-5, the demand for home-made handles represented
seven or eight per cent, of the total consumption. Compared
with the imported umbrella handles made of celluloid, it
( 535 )
was ascertained that the home-made goods were equal in
design to those imported from Europe, while the price was
only one-third of that of the imported goods. Samples of the
home-made handles were forwarded to China, Bombay and
In October, 1906, a contract was signed between Mr.
Yamaguchi and Nelson & Co., London, for the sale of
Japanese handles in England.
At the Fifth Domestic Industrial Exhibition, held in
YAMAGUCHI AND HIS MANUFACTURES.
the South Pacific by way of trial, with the result that many
orders were received. Orders are now coming from India,
Singapore, Honglsong, the United States, England, Russia,
China and other countries in the South Pacific.
1903, the goods manufactured under Mr. Yamaguchi
received third class honours, similar iionours being ac-
corded him at the Industrial Association's Exhibition
held in 1906.
YAMATONORI SEIZOSHO-KIUGHI SHOTEN.
(KIUCHI & CO., MANUFACTURERS OF YAMATO PASTE.)
TV" lUCHI & CO., widely known as the originators and
■*- *" the largest manufacturers of gum arable in Japan,
are situated at No. 6, Moto-machi, Honjo-ku, Tokyo. Mr.
Yakichi Kiuchi, the proprietor, was born in Yokohama
fifty years ago. His father was an exporter of lacquered
Superior Paste^
JHIfrTV
*
MANUFACTURED BY KIUCHI & 09
NO 5, MOTOMACHI HONJOTOKYO.
THE LABEL OF THE YAMATO PASTE.
wares. A bottle of foreign paste which he saw in a certain
firm in Yokohama led him to devote his whole life to the
manufacture of gum arable. In 1904 he put his manu-
factures on sale, with the present trade mark of " Yamato
MR. Y. KIUCHI.
( 536 )
Paste." This was the first time the home made article of
the kind appeared on the market. The business steadily
prospered and the paste is now used by banks, companies
and public offices, as well as by every household.
The company is patronized by the Military Clothing
Department, and it not only meets the demand at home but
largely exports to the South Sea Islands, In view of the
fame of Yamato Paste there have of late appeared on the
market many imitations. The Yamato paste can be kept
without fear of putrefying or freezing in hot and cold
seasons. It has superior qualities of pureness, cleanliness
and of strong cohesion, so that it does not putrefy even
when the receptacle is left open, and it dries soon after
being used.
YAMATO SHOKAI.
rp^HE Yamato Shokai situated at No. 21, Koidzumi-cho,
-*- Honjo-ku, Tokyo, was established in 1906. Prior
Celluloid Toys"
CPXLULOID TOYS.
to that time, Mr, Wataro Watanabe, the proprietor, was
engaged in the stationery and fancy-goods business. Being
(THE YAMATO CO.)
a man of ingenuity he manufactured a celluloid pen, pencil
and pen-holder, and secured the registration of a new design.
In 1909 he also obtained patent rights and registration for
new designs for more than a dozen celluloid goods, including
celluloid combs. The combs Mr. Watanabe invented have
set the fashion in Japan, and are now being exported in
increasing quantity. To commence with he manufactured
celluloid animals and toys, and after repeated experiments
he succeeded in producing good results. The articles
found favour with the domestic market, being in no wise
inferior to the imported goods. A large quantity of the
goods are now being exported. Since the outbreak of the
European War, the export of these goods has greatly
increased, 600 to 700 different kinds manufactured by the
Yamato Shokai, are being exported to South Seas, Australia,
England and America.
YANASE SHOKAI.
(YANASE & CO.)
^"^HIS firm, situated at Gofukubaslii, Marunouchi,
Kojimachi-ku, Tokyo, is one of the leading importers
of motor cars and oils in this country. In Osaka, the firm
has a branch ofiice at Umeda Kita-ku, where the same lines
of business are carried on.
The firm acts as sole agents for the Mitsui Bussan
Kaisha, and deals in motor cars and diflTerent kinds of oil.
imported by the Mitsui Bussan Kaisha. Its field of activity
is extended as far as Chosen and Manchuria, and the volume
of business handled is increasing.
The direct import of motor cars, oils, and rust-pre-
ventative paints, is also conducted by tlie firm, and close
connections with many well-known manufacturers abroad
are established. The firm has the sole agency in Japan for
( 537 )
the following manufacturers : — Wolseley Tool and Motor
Car Co. ; Buick Motor Car Co. ; Stellite Cars Co. ; C-om-
mercial Cars Co. ; Jones Speedmatre Co. ; Gabriel Horn
Manufacturing Co.
The Oil Department has good connections with
foreign manufacturers, the following being a few of
the most prominent : — Valvoline Oil Co. ; Standard
Varnish Co. ; Save Oil Co. ; Manganesite Werke ; Geo.
Cradock & Co.
The firm was originally a part of the Mitsui Bussan
Kaisha the present proprietor, Mr. Chotaro Yanase, being
the manager of the department. In May, 1914, it was
created an independent concern and Mr. Yanase took over
its control. When this change was effected, the employees
of the department were transferred to the new concern,
and the staff of the present firm comprises almost all who
assisted the manager in developing the lines of the business,
under the style of the M.B.K.
YANASE & CO., TOKYO.
YOROZUYA SHOTEN.
r I iHE Yorozu-ya Shoten, manufacturers of artificial
-*- flowers and other hair ornaments for ladies, are
MR. K. TANAKA AND ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS.
( YO R OZU YA & CO. )
located at No. 1, Miyoshi-cho, Asakusa-ku, Tokyo. There
is a branch at 1-chome Kjuhoji-machi, Minami-ku, Osaka.
The firm, which is under the management of Mr. Kinnosuke
Tanaka, was organized in 1887. It has a special section for
the manufacture of ornaments, where over 100 operatives
are always at work, so that any large orders are promptly
executed. The firm takes charge of the whole business of
sections for artificial flowers and hair ornaments in the
Mitsukoshi Department Store, the largest of the kind in the
Orient.
For the past thirty years the firm has directed every efibrt
for the manufacture of artificial flowers and hair ornaments
of the best quality, and is now generally recognized among
the dealers concerned as the leader of the fashions. The
chief among various articles manufactured by the firm are
those with the trade mark of the globe with seven stars.
This mark is associated with the best specitrsens in this line
of articles. The firm has been awarded silver and gold
medals by many exhibitions. On the occasion of the
ceremony of the accession to the Throue of the Emperor \n
( 538 )
November, 1915, it had the honour of presenting some
articles to the Imperial Court as a token of congratulation
upon the event.
Hair pads and tops with the mark of the globe are all
patented articles ; their characteristics consist in the absence
of offensive odour and peventive capacity against elements
injurious to the head, uniformity of quality and light weight.
In brief, they are matchless in every point.
Specialities : artificial flowers, especially those for the
ornamentation of bonnets, hair pads, hair tops, etc. The
market covers the whole of the homeland, the South Sea
Islands, India, Hawaii, China, etc.
MR. YOSHIWARA SADAJIRO.
(EXPORTER AND IMPORTER OF
■R. YOSHIWARA, SADAJIRO, a resident of
Okawa-cho, Higashi-ku, Osaka, is the well-known
exporter and importer of vegetable and fish oils and their
M'
MR. S. YOSHIWARA.
materials, and farm products of Manchuria. The business
has been established for over sixty years. The company
quder his^ management is patronized by the Army and
VEGETABLE AND FISH OILS.)
Naval Arsenals and other government offices and various
factories, as well as by the general public. The goods not
only thus meet large demands at home, but are also
exported to a considerable extent. While carrying on such
a large business, Mr. Yoshiwara acts as a broker on the
Osaka Oil Exchange. His trade in materials for the
manufacture of vegetable oils and agricultural products
was started only a little more than ten years ago, but his
business arrangements are perfect in every respect and he
has always sample stocks in liand. He has business con-
nections both at home and abroad, and can promptly
execute orders of whatever magnitude. Mr. Yoshiwara is
still under 50, but has thirty years' experience in the
business. He is as honest and sincere as he is active and
shrewd, and customers repose implicit confidence in him.
It is no wonder that his business is increasing with great
rapidity. He took the lead in exporting Manchuriau
bean-oil and hemp-seed to Europe and America. These
are now among the principal exports. This is solely due to
Mr. Yoshiwara's efforts, and he may well be called one of
the representative merchants in the Orient.
THE YOSHIYASU SHOTEN.
(MANUFACTURERS, EXPORTERS AND IMPORTERS OF HATS.)
r 1 1HE firm of Yoshiyasu & Co. is owned by Mr.
Yasukichi Yoshiyasu, and stands «t No. 12, l-chome,
Bakuro-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo. It enjoys an excellent
reputation, dealiug in hats and miscellaneous articles. The
firm was established in 1878 for the manufacture of hats.
In 1881 it built a factory at Midori-cho, Honjo-ku. By
the equipement of the works with machines of the best kinds,
aud by the employment of the most skilled hands, the
firm has directed its every energy for the improvement
of the business. It now turns out exquisite goods and has
uot only checked the imports but exports to a considerable
extent.
The goods are all labelled with a trade mark represent-
ing the rising sun, with birds.
Specialities: — Straw hats for men, women and
children, Panama Hats, helmets, hats made of habutae, etc..
silk hats, hunting caps, soft hats, woollen hats for children,
etc.
The market radiates from Tokyo to all corners of
Japan and covers abroad China, India, the South Sea
Islands, Australia, Hongkong, Shanghai and Java.
YOSHIYASU & CO., TOKYO.
In all the foreign destinations given above the firm
has agencies. The firm has been awarded medals of honour
by many exhibitions both at home and abroad. It is
also engaged iu the import and sale of foreign hats under
special contracts concluded with foreign manufacturers.
( 640 )
THE YOSHIDZUMI SHOTEN.
T'
'HE Yoshidzumi Shoten, situated at Kudanzaka, Koji-
machi-ku, Tokyo, deals in artificial flowers and their
materials, embroideries, pouches of all kinds, and other
(MANUFACTURER OF ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS.)
and by dint of indefatigable eflfbrts put forth by Mr.
Fukumatsu Yoshidzumi, the proprietor of the firm, the
business has attained its present prosperity. The superior-
ity of the quality of various materials manufactured and
the moderate prices are unequalled, this being due to the
possession of a laboratory and a large factory. Especially
the artificial stamen and pistil, bred and calyx manufactur-
ed by the shop have obtained the patent rights of the
Japanese Government, and they can compare favourably
with the goods manufactured in France and Germany. It
may fairly be said that the efforts of the proprietor are
largely responsible for the development of the artificial
flower manufacturing business in this country. A large
number of medals have been awarded to the goods exhibited
at various exhibitions. The firm is unrivaled now in this
line of business in the East, and has won the confidence of
the public, a large quantity of goods being exported to for-
eign countries.
MR. F. YOSHIZUMI.
similar goods, and is in the centre of the Kudan
hill. Fifteen years have passed since the firm was opened,
(?541 )
MISOCl^UAINCOUS INDUSTRY SCGTIOIN.
MR. AKIBA DAISUKE.
(MANUFACTURER OF VEHICLES.)
1\ ,T R. AKIBA, DAISUKE, is well known as the
successor of the late Mr. Daisuke Akiba, inventor
of jinrikisha. His factory is situated at No. 6, 4-chome
Ginza, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo. He was born on September
28tl), 1877, at Asahi-machi, Umikami-gori, Chiba prefecture
as the second son of Mr. Sakujihei lida. On the death of
the late Mr. Daisuke Akiba in December, 1899, leaving no
heir, he succeeded to tlie house and business of this in-
ventor of jinrikisha. He made every effort to develop the
business, and sometimes placer] vehicles in foreign exhibi-
tions. In order to solidify his business he established trade
marks and drew up designs, which he registered. For
the purpose of extending the market abroad he travelled to
Tientsin, Peking, Shanghai, Hongkong, Singapore and other
places and established agents in many centres. Large
orders are now coming in from all these quarters and Mr.
Akiba is generally recognized as the leader in this industry
in Japan.
Mr. Akiba makes every effort for the improvement of
vehicles, being the first to introduce rubber tyres.
He has also rendered valuable assistance to many
public works.
MR. D. AKIBA AND HIS MANUFACTURE.
ARENKEN GOMU SEIZOSHO.
(THE ARENKEN RUBBER WORKS.)
' I 'HE Arenken Rubber Works, Nakano-cho, Honjo,
Osaka prefecture, manufactures pneumatic and solid
tyres, inner tubes, and other moulded goods, and as such is
one of the oldest firms in this country.
It was established by Mr. Kenzaburo Nakamura, the
present representative of the manufactory, in February,
1910, on the present site, with the assistance of Mr. Raisuke
Kamebuclii, an expert in this line of industry. No other
THE ARENKEN RUBBER WORKS, OSAKA.
( 542 )
rubber works in this country, at this time, except the
Dunlop Tyre Company, could produce solid tyres. The
enterprise was a success from the very beginning. Tlie
metal rims of rikisha wheels were given up by degrees, and
rubber tyres were adopted.
In 1913, the works were much enlarged, and the
manufacture of pneumatic tyres for bicycles, and other
moulded goods, was initiated. This additional undertaking
also proved a splendid success. In 1916 another extension
to the works was effected, to cope with the increased demand
and the firm was converted into a limited partnership.
The works seek the home market but its products are
directly or indirectly taken by agents for Manchuria, Chosen,
Shangliai, and Hongkong.
ASAHI ENPITSU KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE ASAHI LEAD PENCIL MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.)
THE Asahi Lead Pencil Manufacturing Co., Ltd., is
located at No. 10, Moto-Kaga-cho, Fukagawa-ku,
Tokyo. It came into existence in September, 1916, by
taking over the business of the former Asahi Pencil Works
with full equipments and many skilled hands. While try-
ing to meet the demands at home the company is planning
to extend the market abroad. Regarding the domestic con-
sumption, the company chiefly aims at supplying the pupils
of primary and middle schools with articles of practical use
at the cheapest possible price. Great care is, therefore,
taken in selecting the materials and special attention is
paid to the manufacture of export articles. One of the
members of tlie stafi' is quoted as saying " Lead pencils are,
perhaps, one of our most promising national products, likely
to acquire a world-wide market in the future. It is, there-
fore, of the utmost importance that the manufacturers con-
cerned should guard against scamping in order to give
every satisfaction to foreign customers, thereby establishing
a permanent credit for Japanese pencils abroad. The
manufacture of pencils is by no means a difficult industry,
especially considering the comparatively low cost of produc-
tion. A little more exertion nud care on the part of manu-
facturers should bring to the industry a universal prosperity.
Our company is making a great sacrifice for the attainment
of this end." The articles turned out by the company are
indisputably of superior quality. It runs its business on
MR. T. ISHIMARU, MANAGING DIRECTOR OF THE CO.
sound and steady lines, and such a business policy, though
it may not bring about a rapid development will certainly
gradually add to the fame and credit of the company, which
will in the end enjoy a true and impregnable prosperity.
CMS )
ASANO MOKKOJO.
(THE ASANO WOOD WORKS.)
THE Asano Wood Works are noted for the manufacture
of veneer plates, veneer furniture, veneer tea chests,
momi tea boxes, Pine Bubber boxes, cement casks, etc.,
amounting to ¥1,000,000 yearly. Tiiey are meeting
demands not only in the homeland but also abroad, where
the market extends to England, America, India, Australia
and the South seas. The House of Asano boasts of a history
of over 150 years' uninterrupted manufacture of barrels.
The present marked development of the business, however,
is largely due to the unsparing eflkrts and rare ability of
Mr. Kichijiro Asano, the present head of the family.
About twenty-eight years ago, when the manufacture of
barrels of foreign pattern was carried on in only a few
places throughout Japan, and this only by hand, Mr. Asano
invented a machine which caused a remarkable increase in
the output of the articles. He also invented and provided
his workshops with a labour-saving machine, thus greatly
improving the timber manufacture. In 1903 he in-
augurated the making of tea chests for export. Mention
must be specially made of veneer plates, which were the
results of his two years hard study. He had them patented
on February 10th, 1910, and when they were put on the
market their fame swiftly spread far and wide. They are
now in demand both at home and abroad. Mr. Asano has
also invented three different machines for the manufacture
of veneer plates and had them all patented.
The Asano Wood Works were on thirty occHsions
awarded prizes for articles put on exhibit in various exhibi-
tions, both at home and abroad, including the Tokyo
Taisho Exhibition, the Industrial Competitive Exhibition
for the Commemoration of the Coronation, the Panama
Pacific Exposition and tlie Seventh Japan Industrial Ex-
dustrial Exhibition. Ou tho occasion of the special military
manoeuvres held in these quarters H.il. M. the Emperor
was pleased to purchase a desk and bookcase from the
works. In 1914 they had the honour of manufacturing
veneer plates of various descriptions for ornamentation to the
Aoyama Palace, Tokyo, and the Mishima Imperial Villa in
Sliidzuoka prefecture. They have also received large orders
ASANO.
for various articles from the Department of the Imperial
Household, Departments for War and of the Navy. The
factory stands at Kamihata-raachi, Nishiku, Nagoya. There
are besides a selling agency in Kamakura-gashi, Tokyo, and
an agency in Atsuta Higashi-machi. Workmen in employ
number 400 and motive power in use is represented by 280
horse- power.
ASHIMORI SEIKOSHO.
'T~HE Ashimori Rope Works are one of the leading
i- rope manufacturers in Japan, and are owned and
controlled by Mr. Buhei Ashimori. The firm is also one of
the oldest of the kind in Japan, having been founded in
1878. At first the works were maintained by Mr. Ashi-
mori with a capital of ¥15,000 and made it its speciality
to produce driving cotton ropes and spindle bands. No
machine was then obtainable in Japan, and the only one
(THE ASHIMORI ROPE WORKS.)
imported was owned by the Yokosuka Naval Yard. Mr.
Ashimori constructed a wooden machine on the model of
the one at the Government yard and inaugurated the
industry at a temporary factory at Nakanoshima, Osaka.
He was beset with many difliculties, but in 1887, when
he rebuilt his factory at Kamifukushima, Osaka, his busi-
ness began to prosper, and the annual sale of his goods
amounted to over ¥20,000.
C 544 )
In 1892 Mr. Ashimori planned another extension or
reorganization of his factory in view of the increasing de-
mand for his goods as the result of the rapid development of
the cotton spinning industry in Japan. He installed a steam
engine and a number of steel rope manufacturing machines,
and started the manufacture of tube bands, instead of solid
bands as before. An agency was then established in Tokyo.
As the result of this improvement in the plant and the
manufactures the sale of his goods further increased, but
when he introduced another improvement in the manu-
The present works at Imazato, Kamitsu-mura, Nishi-
nari-gori, Osaka prefecture, were built soon after the
Kusso-Japanese war, and there all the former works
and branch works were fused. The plant was also
improved and enlarged. Particularly driving cotton ropes
and spindle bands were manufactured with improved
and more elaborate machines which Mr. Ashimori
invented.
Now the Ashimori Rope Works manufactures : — Bell
and trolley cords for electric trams. Cords for ships and
MR. B. ASHIMORI AND HIS ROPE WORKS, OSAKA.
facturing process it developed still more rapidly. By
coating ropes and bands with a paint he invented they were
made stronger and more durable, thus becoming more
acceptable to buyers.
In 1898 Mr, Ashimori travelled extensively in Europe
and America, and as the result of study there he instroduced
another improvement in the undertaking. He erected a
branch factory at Sakuragawa-machi, Namba, Osaka, and
inaugurated the manufacture of candle-wicks and cords for
railway cars, Sash cords, Jute strings, " Gold coin " candle
wicks, Anti-fraying composition for ropes, Driving cotton
ropes. Spindle bands.
According to the latest report of the works the annual
production of goods amounts to ¥430,500 worth, which are
not only supplied to the domestic market but exported to
India, China, and other parts. The business afi'airs are
conducted by Mr. Ashimori himself at the business office at
2-chome, Kami-Fukushima, Osaka.
YARN PREPARATION DEPT.
railway cars and ships. As the goods thus additionally
manufactured were excellent they were not only adopted by
Japanese candle manufacturers and railway companies in
Japan, but also by foreign candle manufacturers. The
works then assumed an international character and Mr.
Ashimori's original idea of checking the import of these
goods was partially carried out.
ROPE PREPARATION DEPT.
The honours the works have received at exhibitions
number over forty, the following being a few of the latest
and most prominent : — Grand Gold Medal, Samarang
Colonial Exhibition, 1914; Grand Prize of Honour, Anglo-
Japanese Alliance Exhibition, 1910 ; Prize of Honour,
Exhibition of Export Goods, 1916; Gold Medal of Honour,
Coronation Commemoration Exhibition, 1915.
( 545 )
DAI NIPPON JINZOHIRYO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE DAI NIPPON ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZER CO., LTD.)
THE origin of the Dai Nippon Artificial Fertilizer Co.
was the official tour of inspection made in 1885 by
Dr. JSkichi Takamine, an expert in the service of the
Department of Agriculture and Commerce. During his
tour, Dr. Takamine perceived the necessity of supplying
artificial fertilizer for the sake of the promotion of
agriculture. On returning home he advised Baron Eiichi
Shibusawa to start the manufacture of fertilizer. Readily
consenting, Baron Shibusawa established the Tokyo Artificial
Fertilizer Co., Ltd. in 1887, with a capital of ¥250,000 and
opened a factory at Kamaya-bori, near Tokyo, This was
the first company of the kind established in Japan. But in
those days farmers in general had little knowledge of the
real value of artificial fertilizer, and the company experienced
hard times. The demand, however, showed a conspicuous
increase from 189:1 to 1895. Taking advantage of this
opportunity the company increased the capital to ¥500,000
and newly installed machines in its factory. On the out-
break of the Russo-Japanese war in 1904 imports of bean
cakes and other fertilizers from Manchuria entirely ceased.
This caused an enormous increase in the demand for artificial
fertilizer, and with the growth of general undertakings
following the termination of the war the company showed
an unprecedented activity. In order to meet the expansion
of the business the capital was again increased to ¥1,500,000
and new works were established. In 1908 the company
purchased the Hokkaido Artificial Fertilizer Co., Ltd., and
Yokohama Teikoku Fertilizer Co., Ltd., renaming the former
the Hakodate Works and the latter the Yokohama Works.
Simultaneously the capital was increased to ¥4,000,000,
In 1910 the company was renamed the Dai Nippon Artificial
Fertilizer Co., Ltd., and at the same time combined with the
Osaka Sulphate of Soda Co., Ltd., with the result that the
capital was increased to ¥6,250,000. In 1913 the capital
was further increased to ¥12,.500,000. Hnving eiglit
THE KAMAYABORI FACTORY.
factories, the company meet the greater part of the demand
for artificial fertilizer in Japan, besides exportingextensively.
The President of the company is Mr. Kanemichi
Anraku.
The Business Office is situated at No. 17, Kita-Shin-
bori-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo. There are a branch in
Osaka and eight factories.
DAI NIPPON SUIDO MOKKAN KABUSHIXI KAISHA.
(THE DAI NIPPON WATER WORKS WOODEN PIPE
MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.)
rriHE Dai Nippon Water Works Wooden Pipe Manu-
-*- facturing Co., Ltd., stands at the reclamation
ground, Kanagawa-Daishita, Yokohama. The head office
is located at Aoki-machi in the city. The company
was established in September, 1912, with a capital of
¥500,000, by the late Mr. Senzo Hiranuma, millionaire
of Yokohama, and Mr, Yoshitsugu Ishino, the present
managing director, for the manufacture of wooden pipes
for the use of water works, mines, farms, watering places,
villas, reclamation of bays and harbours, gas and various
( 546 )
other purposes. The best species of pine of domestic growth
are used as the material, and the varnish invented by Dr.
Taizan Shiga, strongly antiseptic and preventive of white
PREMISES OF THE CO., KANAGAWA.
ants and rats, is applied to the wood. This wooden pipe is
superior to the iron pipe in more than one respect. In the
EXPERIMENT WITH WOODEN PIPES LAID BY
THE COMPANY IN MATSUMOTO.
first place it is stronger and wears much longer ; secondly,
it requires far less expenditure for transportation and for
joining; thirdly, it has a great advantage over the iron
pipe in that it is a non-conductor, and is not aflected by
salt and sulphur ; fourthly, it resists the cold and is lighter ;
lastly, it is far cheaper.
In view of these advantages the goods have obtained
popularity far and wide in a brief space of time, and the
works are always in full swing executing large orders re-
THE SCENE OF LAYING THE COMPANY'S WOODEN
PIPES IN THE PEKING MINT.
ceived from different quarters. Foremost among the orders
booked is one from the Mitsubishi Iron Works, in Kenji-
ho, Chosen, for the construction of pipes over 10 miles in the
total length.
The board of officials consists of the following : —
Kyuzaburo Hiranuma, Esq President.
f Managing
YosHiTsuGU IsHiNO, Esq.
Heikichi Yoshida, Esq.
NOBUAKI YOKOYAMA, Esq.
Director.
Director.
FUJII RENZUSEIZOSHO.
(THE FUJII OPTICAL WORKS.)
A /T R. FUJII, MITSUZO, the proprietor of the Fujii
Optical Works, is a native of Shimonoseki, in
Yamaguchi prefecture. After graduating from the
Engineering College in the Imperial University in 1899,
he studied this important and yet. difficult industry together
with his elder brother, Mr. Ryuzo Fujii, then an expert in
the service of the Department of the Navy. The present
works at No. 1, Toyooka-cho, Mita, Shiba-ku, Tokyo were
started in 1908. In the beginning the works experienced
various difficulties, chief amongst which was the hard
( 547 )
pressure brought to bear upon it by imported instruments.
But the real value of the products of the Fujii Works came
gradually to be recognized by the public. Orders from the
Departments of War and of the Navy increased by degrees.
In the meantime the latter Department appointed the
works a regular supplier of the articles. At present the
works meet the greater part of the demand for optical
instruments for the Imperial Navy, and have executed and
are executing large orders from the allies. The works
contemplate making a further extension of the market,
both at home and abroad, in order to secure the reputation
of being the largest works of the kind in the Orient.
Workmen now in employ number 330. The works are
already regarded as a pioneer and the best manufacturers of
optical instruments in this country.
Besides general optical instruments for the use of the
Army and Navy the company manufactures Victor Pris-
matic Binoculars for the use of the general public.
MR. M. FUJII.
HARIMOTO KORIO SHOTEN.
(K. HARIMOTO SAFE CO.)
THIS firm is famous for its safe. It began the manu-
facture of safes on the best model of European and
American goods iu 1883. Several years ago, an important
SAFE SPECIALLY MADE BY THE CO.
improvement was introduced in the process of manufactur-
ing and the goods now offered for sale by the firm have
many features which make them the best on the market.
They are absolutely proof against fire and robbery, and
" safe " always.
The safes are standard goods in this country, and they
are now exported to foreign countries in increasing num-
bers. The excellence of the goods, and tlie reputation they
enjoy at home, and overseas, is well testified by tlie number
of honours bestowed by industrial exhibitions on the
proprietor of the firm, Mr. K. Harimoto.
The following are a few of the medals the firm has
received : —
Medal of Honour, by the 10th Nara Prefectural
Exhibition, 1883 ; Medal of Honour, by the Osaka Pre-
fectural Exhibition of the Substitutes for Imported Goods,
1887; Third Class Medal, by the Exhibition of Osaka
Industrial Products, 1892 ; Medal of Honour, by the
Colombus International Fair at Chicago, 1893 ; Medal of
Improvement, by the 4th Domestic Industrial Exhibition,
1895 ; 2ud Class Medal, by the Exhibition of Staple
Products of Osaka, 1900 ; 2nd Class Medal, by the 5th
Domestic Industrial Exhibition, 1904.
The firm is situated at 1-chome Hondencbo-dori, Nishi-
ku, Osaka.
( 548 )
HI6UCHI YUKICHI SHOTEN.
(Y. HIGUCHI & CO.)
HATTERS in Japan have lately succeeded in im-
proving their manufactures, and enlarging their
business scope. As a result, the goods they turn out are on
an equal to the beat makes in Europe. The import of
MANUFACTURES BY THE CO.
foreign goods has been largely curtailed, and some goods
are even being exported.
According to the latest official report, the annual export
of Japanese hats and caps amounts to over ¥5,000,000.
The Taiwan rinto braid hats, Okinawa adamba braid hats,
and braided paper hats, are well received in America,
Australia, and other countries, and the annual export
amounts to ¥3,000,000. The war in Europe has helped
this line of business, many countries having taken hats
from Japan, as they are unable to obtain them from Europe.
Y. Higuchi & Co., No. 29, Dojima-Kita-machi, Kita-
ku, Osaka, which was founded in 1895, has had much
experience in this line. The firm has a staff of trained
experts in its employ, under whom a large number of hands
work day and night, to produce different kinds of hats for
the foreign market.
The firm has succeeded in establishing connections with
first rate import firms in America, Australia, British India,
Siam, China, the Dutch Indies, the Philippines, and other
countries, and its annual business represents one fourth of
the whole trade in this line of goods.
The firm's specialty is to produce Taiwan rinto hats,
Okinawa adamba hats, and paper braided hats. For the
collection of raw materials the firm has branch oflBces in
Taiwan and Okinawa. In Taiwan, the firm has a permanent
contract with the Taiko manufacturers for their manu-
factures, which are all handled by this firm.
The firm makes it a point to sell at the lowest possible
prices, and is prepared to meet any demand buyers may be
pleased to make.
HIRANO DAIZU KOGYO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE HIRANO BEAN CAKES CO., LTD.)
THIS company was established in 1912, and is presided
over by Mr. Heibei Hirano. The manufactures are
termed the " gotoku daizugasu " (bean cakes with five
special merits). The merits claimed by the company are :
first, large proportion of such elements as nitrogen, phos-
phoric acid and potassium ; second, being very effective ;
third, being easily ground ; fourth, being very cheap ; and
fifth, being very liberally packed. As the factory is in an
experimental stage, soja-beans to the amount of only a few
hundred koku are now used a day. It is expected, however,
that the factory will show a great productive capacity in
the not distant future. This is the only company in Japan
that is engaged in this line of industry. The fact is that
the industry is attended with the danger of explosion con-
sequent upon the use of volatile oil. This makes the busi-
ness unattractive, profitable as it is.
Mr. Heibei Hirano, the founder and president of the
company, represents the third generation of the house of
Hirano. He is still in the prime of lifej and besides the
manufacture of bean cakes attends to various forms of
business, such as the wholesale trade in wheat flour, the
manufacture of sak6, the sale of rubber, etc. Foremost
amongst these are the wholesale trade in wheat flour and
manufacture of bean cakes. All these branches of business
are managed by able directors, selected from among the
staff on the principle of faithfulness. There is, there-
fore, no doubt as to the future development of the
company.
I
( 649 )
MR. I S A W A R I - I C H I R 0.
(BRUSH MANUFACTURER.)
THRUSHES rank among the foremost of Japan's ex-
■*-^ ported articles, though they do not figure as a
separate item on the official returns. The commencement
of this trade was made by a Kyoto manufacturer, in the
early years of Meiji Era, who exhibited his manufactures at
the World's Fair at Paris.
The Kyoto manufacturer who initiated this large
trade was Mr. Ri-ichiro Isawa, whose business is situated
at No. 7, Nishinotoin, Nishiki-no-koji-Agaru, Kyoto. His
manufactures include : —
Kalsomine white wash, bill posters' paste, paper
hangers, stucco wall, graining, colour, mottling, varnish,
glue, stencil, distemper, damping, paint brushes, etc., etc.
This firm is one of the oldest and most prominent
brush makers in Japan, the name of the firm being
mentioned in the list of manufacturers in Kyoto, published
more tlian 450 years ago. From that early date down to
the present day the highest standard of excellence has been
maintained by this firm, and "Isawa Brushes" are noted
for their excellence and durability.
Mr. Ri-ichiro Isawa has been awarded many medals
and other marks of honour by industrial exhibitions both
at home and abroad. The following are a few of the most
prominent :— Silver medal, by the Fifth International
Industrial Exhibition, 1903; Gold medal, by the Anglo-
MR. R. ISAWA.
Japanese Alliance Exhibition, 1910; Gold medal, by the
Semarang Industrial Exhibition, 1914.
ISHIKAWA PENSAKI SEIZOSHO.
(ISHIKAWA & CO., LTD.)
' I "^HE firm of Ishikawa <fe Co., Ltd., is situated at No. 1 1,
-*- Higashigoken-cho, Ushigome-ku, Tokyo. The works
were established in 1907 by Mr. Tokumatsu Ishikawa, the
present proprietor. The reputation of the company is now
known not only throughout Japan but also abroad, and
large orders are received from difiTerent quarters. Mr.
Ishikawa is a man of originality, as is fully manifested in
his works, which are equipped with machines of his own
contrivance. His services outside his own business are also
noteworthy. He has had many articles patented and
registered as utility models, the most conspicuous being
tlie artificial arm, under the name of the " Artificial arm of
the Nogi system,'' invented soon after the close of the
Russo-Japanese War. For this he received eulogies from
the late General Count Nogi.
Specialities :— Gold pen marked G, steel pen marked G,
( 550 )
gold banking pen No. I., steel banking pen No. I., gold Owing to the steady expansion of Ishikawa & Co. the home
banking pen No. II., steel banking pen No. II., gold double- products will no doubt continue to increase, and, in fact, the
nib pen, school pen. No. V. and drawing pen No.
MR. T. ISHIKAWA.
These are all excellent in every respect and "Zebra
Brand " is generally associated with the best home made
pens. Up to 1915, the annual output of pens in this
country was only about ¥50,000 and the greater part of the
demand was met by the imports, chiefly from Great Britain.
SAMPLES OF NIBS.
company has already decided upon a considerable enlarge-
ment of its factory.
■ TO SAKUSAN SEIZOSHO.
iTHE ITO ACETIC AND CHEMICAL WORKS.)
THESE works, managed by Mr. Genjiro Ito, a graduate
of the Imperial University, occupy an important
place in Japan's chemical
industry, as they have
succeeded in checking
the import of acetic acid
and allied goods, which
amounted to more than
a million yen. They
have also perfected a
process of producing che-
micals.
It was established
in 1904, by the present
proprietor, and at first
acetic acid alone was
manufactured. After four years,
whole country with acetic acid.
THE ITO ACETIC AND CHEMICAL WORKS, OSAKA.
the works supplied the
The excellence of the
goods and the regularity
of supply won a good
reputation among the
consumers.
In 1912, the in-
creased requirements of
this country were suc-
cessfully met, and the
export of a large volume
was initiated by the
works, as the equipment
had been improved and
was in the best possible
working order. Parti-
(
cularly after the outbreak of the war in Europe, the export
trade was enlarged. All requirements of rubber workers in
the East have since been supplied by this form.
Besides acetic acid, the works have recently inaugurated
the ma.iUfacture of lead acetate, sodium acetate, and other
salts of acetic acid ; all demands in this country for these
goods have been fully met.
Toward the end of 1915 another factory, named the Ito
Electric-Chemical Works, was established by Mr. Ito, for
551 )
developing the electric chemical industry. Peroxide of
soda, metallic sodium, and other chemicals are produced,
sufficient to meet the demands in this country.
In 1916, another works was initiated by Mr. Ito, under
the name of the Ito Glass Works, for the purpose of manu-
facturing window glass. Excellent results were obtained
toward the end of July.
These works are situated at Shinkita-machi, Kita-ku,
Osaka.
IWAKI GARASU SEIZOSHO.
'T~'HIS factory, situated at No. 41, Kikugawa-cho, 1-chome,
■*- Honjo-ku, Tokyo, was established in J uly, 1882. Up
to that time glass was manufactured in this country by the
old method. This firm took the initiative in introducing
the British method and began to make various kinds of
coloured glass. In May, 1889, the factory was favoured
with orders from the Imperial Household Department to
manufacture the utensils etc., bearing the Imperial crests,
and since that time the factory has had the patronage of
that Department. lu 1890, various glass articles were
exhibited at the Third Domestic Industrial Exhibition, and
were awarded the second-class silver medal and other
medals of merits. In June of the same year, the Crown
Prince purchased some of these exhibits. In 1899, the
proprieter of the factory visited America, on a tour of
inspection. After his return home, many improvements
were introduced in the construction of the factory, as well
as in the method of manufacturing the articles. In April,
1901, various articles were exhibited at the Exhibition for
Glass and other goods. These were awarded a second class
silver medal. Numerous medals and certificates of merit
have been awarded for goods manufactured by the factory
at various Exhibitions. In 1912, the Optical Lens Depart-
(THE IWAKI GLASS MANUFACTORY.)
ment was established, and the manufacture of lens for light-
houses, and search-lights was commenced. These being
THE IWAKI GLASS MANUFACTORY, TOKYO.
orders from the Naval Department. Large quantities of
glassware are being exported to foreign countries.
( 552 )
IZUMI SEIYUSHO.
(IZUMI OIL AND PAINT CO.)
'nn HE Izumi Oil and Paint Co. (partnership) is
located it No. 1,372, 3-chorae, Sakuragawa-cho,
Nanba, Minami-ku, Osaka. The company was organized on
April 5th, 1912. At the time of the organization the works
were of only 200 tsxibo and provided with a few sets of
machines, manufacturing boiled oil, fat, lubricating oil, etc.
While gradually improving the methods of manufacture,
the company commenced the manufacture of such paints
as red lead, lead carbonate, etc., by extending the works and
by the instalment of new machines. By dint of strenuous
efforts for the improvement of articles and for the extension
red lead as the chief material with some addition of white
paints. Being steady in quality and clear in colour it
stands unrivalled and is supplied to all the noted ship-
building companies.
2. Launching tallow ; — The manufacture of launching
tallow of good quality had been a matter of impossibility in
this country until the company received the English tallow
from the Mitsubishi Shipbuilding Company and produced
tallow in no way inferior thereto after hard study and many
experiments. Specialities of the tallow made by the com-
pany consist in fineness of quality, strong cohesive power and
THE DESTROYER " HAMAKAZE " PAINTED
WITH TALLOW MANUFACTURED
BY THE CO.
of the market, the company has at last attained the present
prosperity.
Materials are purchased from Hokuroku, Sanin, Tokyo,
Hokkaido and other districts at home and also from Great
Britain, America and other foreign countries. For the
refining of these materials, steam engines, motors, rollers
and all other necessary machines of the latest pattern are
employed. The company makes it a principle to sell the
largest possible quantity of goods with the least possible
profit. The market covers all .Japan and Hankow, Swatow,
Manchuria, Vladivostock, Shanghai and British India.
Specialities :—l. White zinc paint. — This is made by a
special arrangement which the company had patented, using
S.S. 'SIBERIA MARU" PAINTED WITH
TALLOW MANUFACTURED BY
THE CO., AND MR.
Y. IZUMI.
absence of any tendency to crack after being painted.
Being of such superior quality, it is used by the Mitsubishi,
Kawasaki, Uraga and other dock companies, and the Osaka
Iron Works. Tallow applied to the torpedo boat destroyer
Hamakaze, launched at the Mitsubishi Dockyard on October
31st, 1916, was the production of the company. It has also
been applied to the Hyuga, the largest battleship ever built
in Japan. The article thus enjoys an excellent reputation,
and the demand is steadily increasing.
3. Red oxide paint : — This paint is good for the protec-
tion of warships, merchantmen, bridges, etc., from rust. It
is not only far more effective than red lead but also is quick
in drying, beautiful in colour, and moderate in price.
( 553 )
KAKUICHI 60MU GOSHI KAISHA.
(THE KAKUICHI RUBBER CO.)
''T^HE Kakuichi Rubber Co., which is regarded by the
public as one of the leading rubber works in Japan,
is one of many enterprises raitintaiiied by the Abe Family,
of Osaka. In March, 1906, it was founded by Mr Kiujiro
Abe, in view of the undeveloped state of the rubber
industry in this country, and the heavy import of foreign
goods. It is situated at Uraye, Sagisu-raachi, Nishinari-
gori, Osaka prefecture, and is named the Kakuichi Rubber
Co. (a limited partnership).
At first many technical diflBculties liad to be overcome,
but Mr. Abe tided them over, and in spite of heavy losses
effected a great improvement in the working of the manu-
factory, which gradually bettered his products. A labora-
tory was established to assist the manufactory in improving
the goods.
The public demand increased, and in March, 1910, it
was necessary to convert the concern into a limited partner-
ship, with an authorised capital of ¥300,000.
The reconstruction of the factory, repairs and extension
of the plant were commenced. When all these were
finished, the manufactory was equipped with a steam
engine, of 150 horse-power, an electric motor of 30 horse-
power, four boilers, two calendars, ten mixing mills, ten
hydraulic presses, thirty vulcanizing pans, and several
other pieces of machinery.
Now tyres of various sizes and uses, sheet rubber,
rubber pipes, rubber belts, ebonite, and other rubber goods
are produced. According to the latest report, the annual
production amounts to 1,500,000 lbs. valued at ¥1,450,000.
The company's sale rooms are at No. 12, 2-chome,
Ginza, Tokyo; and No. 25, South Gate Street, Seoul,
Chosen. The company has agents in Osaka, Tokyo,
Nagoya, Yokohama, and Shanghai, the latter of which
principally conduct overseas trade.
\ ^ .^f^
^ ^
..•*^
i^^-sr-*'
THE KAKUICHI RUBBER CO., OSAKA.
Tlie quality of the goods manufactured by the
Kakuichi Rubber Co., is uniform and excellent, a fact well
acknowledged by the public. Many medals and prizes
have been awarded to the company by exhibitions, both at
home and abroad.
This concern is managed by Messrs. Kinjiro Abe and
Hikotaro Abe, representatives of the well-known family of
Abe.
KAMIJO ENPITSU SEIZOSHO.
(THE KAMIJO LEAD PENCIL WORKS.)
rriHE KamijS Lead Pencil Works are located at
-L Vanagishima, Kamedo-machi, Minarai-Katsushika-
gori, near Tokyo, and are under the raauagemeut of Mr.
ChOjiro Kamij5, of Yokoyama-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo.
The works consist of teu buildings and stand:! on a site
k
covering an area of over 1,100 tsuho. Operatives in employ
number 250, of which 50 are female-workers. Specialities
comprise "Niko-niko," " Chukun," " Aikoku," " Chuko,"
" Star," and many other kinds of pencils. The works were
established as far back as 1878 by Mr. KSsuke Kamijo,
( 554 )
father of the present president, jointly with Mr. Tokuyemon
Kawahara. This was the first lead pencil works started in
Japan. They were at first confronted by great difficulties
in the way of obtaining proper materials. After searching
inquiries they managed to get black lead from the provinces
of Hatsuma and Etchu and wliite cryptomaria from the
provinces of Izu and Shinano. It was in the year 1879
that the cryptomaria was first used by the company. The
other manufacturers of pencils then followed the example of
the Kamijo Works in the use of the same wood. The com-
pany made more and more efforts for tlie improvement of
the manufacture, and the business gradually prospered.
After repeated examinations it decided that the black lead
produced in the provitiee of Satsuma was the best, and
opened the operation of black lead lines in the province by
obtaining the concession from the Government. During
the Japan-China war the works were first favoured with
orders by both Army and Navy Departments. Soon after-
wards, the articles found an outlet in China, Korea and the
South Sea Islands. In 1901, the business was succeeded
to by Mr. ChojirS Kamijo, the present president, and eldest
son of Mr. KOsuke KamijS. Since the annexation of Chosen
to Japan, the works have largely imported black lead from
there. Chosen abounds in the metal of superior quality.
The works are now equipped with machines of the latest
fashion turning out superior pencils to the amount of about
30,000 gross per month.
One of the remarkable services rendered by the works
recently is the manufacture of a one sen pencil, intended for
the use of school boys and girls. Once these were put on
the market, with the happy name of " Niko-niko Enpitsu "
(smiling pencil), they were highly welcomed and the de-
mand increased with great rapidity.
The articles are exported to a considerable extent,
chiefly to China and the South Sea Islands. Of various
brands, those of peacock, peony and bat are most favoured
in China. Owing to the stoppage of the exports of German
pencils consequent on the war, the manufactures of the
Kamijo Works have of late years shown a marked activity
both in China and the South Sea Islands. They have also
found a market in Great Britain, America, Russia and
other countries.
KANEKO ENPITSU SEIZOSHO.
(THE KANEKO PENCIL WORKS.)
fT^HE Kaneko Pencil Works are located at No. 204,
Sarue-ura-machi, Fukagawa-ku, Tokyo. The business
was started in 1887 by Mr. Chiyokichi Kaneko, the present
PENCILS MADE BY THE WORKS.
proprietor of the works, which were established in 1892.
At the time of the organization of the works, the pencil in-
dustry was as yet quite undeveloped in this country. There
w^re then only a few manufactories in the city. These
were all poorly equipped, working almost entirely by hand,
and the manufactures were, therefore, far from satisfactory.
Mr. Kaneko did all in his power to improve the manu-
facture. He gradually equipped his works with imported
machines of the latest pattern and tried his utmost to use
the best possible materials. Despite his efforts, however, he
often experienced hard times, due to the pressure brought
to bear on his business by the imported pencils and the
general dullness in the industry. But he strove for the
improvement and development of the manufacture, and his
efforts have at last been crowned with the present prosperity.
The annual output amounts at present to about 100,000
gross of superior pencils. The works are daily receiving
large orders, too large to execute. In truth, the object with
which Mr. Kaneko started the business was not so much to
produce the largest supply of pencils as the production of
the best possible articles. He is still making efforts with
this end in view, and expects to introduce his manufactures
to the world market in the near future. That he will
succeed in the attempt there is no doubt.
( 555 )
KANTO SANSO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE KANTO ACID AND ALKALI WORKS, LTD.)
rriHESE works are one of the largest of their sort in the
-*- whole of the East, and also one of the oldest. They
were established by the Imperial Japanese Goyernment, in
the early years of Meiji, as an adjunct to the Imperial Print-
ing Bureau, for the purpose of manufacturing sulphuric
acid and other chemicals. They were transferred tothecharge
of the Imperial Household Property Superintendent Bureau,
but in December, 1895, were sold to private individuals.
The works were controlled, as a limited partnership,
with a capital of ¥95,000 and named the Oji Manufactory.
In the following year, they were converted into a joint stock
company, with a capital of ¥500,000 and renamed the
ber acid, Hydrochloric acid, Bleaching powder and Sodium
sulphide.
On account of the excellence of these goods, high
honours have been conferred at industrial exhibitions.
Among them, the Tokyo Taisho Industrial Exhibition
awarded the Grand Prize of Honour to the company in
1914.
The market for these goods is ever increasing, their
excellent quality being acknowledged. At home and in
Taiwan, Chosen, China, and Oceania the company's goods
occupy a prominent place in the market.
According to the company's latest report, dated June
THE KANTO ACID AND ALKALI WORKS, OJI, TOKYO.
Kanto Acid and Alkali Works, Ltd., when the plant and
buildings were removed to the present site, on the river
Arakawa.
In 1911 the capital was doubled, for the purpose of
enlarging the plant, but the result was inadequate to meet
the increased demand for the goods, so that in the following
year it was again increased to the present figure of
¥1,500,000.
The works produce the following goods : —
Super-phosphate, Mixed manure. Copper, Caustic soda.
Soda ash, Manganese sulphate. Lime sulphur solution, Sanso
Clarifier, Purified concentrated sulphuric acid 66°B, Con-
centrated sulphuric acid 65°B, Sulphuric acid 60°B, Cham-
30th, 1916, the paid up capital is ¥1,225.000, against
¥1,500,000 of the authorised capital. The total amount of
reserve funds accumulated stands at ¥409,999. The net
profit for the half year is ¥448,709. The business having
developed to such an extent, a dividend of 25 per cent, per
annum was paid at the end of the first half of 1916.
The company's oflScers are as follows : —
■ EiHACHiRO Tanaka, Esq President.
Yasubei Konishi, Esq
Arinobu Fukuhaea, Esq
UlCHIRO ISHIKAWA, Esq
Tokubei Moritomo, Esq
Seiichi Matsumura, Esq
Zui Wada, Esq
Director.
Auditor.
( 556 )
MR. KATSUSHIRO MASUTARO.
(MAKER OF CELLULOID ARTICLES.)
MR. KATSUSHIRO'S business office is situated at
No. 285, Koume-cho, Mukojima, Honjo-ku, Tokyo,
and was established in January, 1916. Its factory is locat-
ed at Terajima-mura, Minami-Katsushika-gori, Tokyo-fu,
factory, with a view to contributing to the development of
this industry in Japan. Though not many months have
passed since the factory was established, much advance hws
been made in the art of manufacture, and the business is in
THE KATSUSHIRO'S CELLULOID WORKS, TOKYO.
the manufactures comprising celluloid toys and other cellu-
loid articles.
Despite the fact that the celluloid industry is very pro-
mising, it is still in its infancy in this country. The cellu-
loid goods manufactured in Japan have been very inferior
to those made in foreign countries in point of quality, etc.
In view of this fact, Mr. Katsushiro established the present
a fair way to gradual expansion. The factory covers an
area of over 1,500 tsuho, and additional buildings are now
in course of construction. 130 workmen are employed.
Great care is being used in the production of the
articles ; they are of superior quality, and moderate in price.
The goods are principally exported to North and South
America, Canada, Australia, India and the South Seas.
KIMMON SHOKAI.
(THE KIMMON METER WORKS.)
MR. D. JUMONJI AND HIS KIMMON
METER WORKS, TOKYO.
nnHIS firm, situated at No. 1234, Hiramatsu, Sugamo,
-*- Kitatoshima-gori, Tokyo-fu, which is under the
management of Mr. Daigen Jiiraonji, is exclusively engaged
in the manufacture of Gas-meters, and Water Measurement
apparatus. Mr. Daigen Jumonji is a younger brother of
Mr. Shinsuke Jumonji, a well-known shooting expert, and
shows great interest in new undertakings; whatever they be.
At the time of the Sino-Japanese War, he imported the
Kerosene Motor and the Cinematograph apparatus into this
country. Besides this, he is interested in many new busi-
nesses, including fire-extinguishers and fire-arras. Later,
acting on the advice of Shidzuka Utsumi, Professor of the
Tokyo Technical School, he commenced the manufacture of
Gas-meters. He made many improvements in his goods.
The Tokyo Gas Company places orders for between 200 to
300 pieces each mouth. In 1906, the Yokohama Gas CJom-
( 657 ^
pany followed suit, and the following year the Nagoya Gas
Company favoured the firm with orders for these goods.
With the development of the enterprise, many improvements
have been introduced, until at last a complete dry meter,
characteristic of the firm, was invented. It met with the
approval of customers throughout the country, and a market
for the goods has been opened in Formosa, Chosen, Man-
churia and other countries. Up to the present, 200,000
pieces have been sold. The water measurement apparatus
was first manufactured in 1906, and after unremitting
study a complete apparatus was invented. These are supplied
to the Water Works Bureau in Tokyo, the Army, the Navy
and similar institutions in various cities throughout the
country.
KIMURA ISHIWATA SHOKAI.
(THE KIMURA ASBESTOS CO.)
f I ""HIS firm is a private concern, founded and managed
-•- by Mr. Shin-ichi Kimura, a well-known business man,
whose competence in business is universally acknowledged.
MR. S. KIMURA.
The head oflBce and factory are situated at No. 1758, Oi-
machi, Ebara-gori, Tokyo prefecture. The factory covers
an area of 600 tsvibo, and its producing capacity is estimated
at ¥200,000 per annum.
Since the initiation, in October, 1906, the business of
the firm has thrived, because of the competent management,
and the excellence of goods produced. In Osaka, the com-
pany has established a branch ofBce, to handle the increasing
business in that part of the Empire. In Tokyo, Messrs.
Takata & Co., Marunouchi, Kojimachi-ku, Tokyo, has been
appointed sole agents for the city and district.
Mr. Kimura had many friends to help him in his time
of need, among them being Messrs. Takata & Co., who
came to his rescue when he made it known that he was
firmly determined to follow his method of doing business, in
spite of many threatening difficulties, and who have since
acted as sole agents for the firm.
With the help of the company, Mr. Kimura developed
his enterprise freely and effectively, and his firm is now
makers by appointment to the Imperial Navy.
Mr. Kimura's factory is equipped with up-to-date
machines and appliances, and though the annual production
is not very large the manufactures turned out by the
factory are known as the best and most durable in the
market. He despises manufacturers who turn out shoddy
goods for the consideration of temporary advantages and
profits.
At present, the factory manufactures asbestos belts,
pipes, covers for preserving heat, fire-proof paint, asbestos
MANUFACTURES MADE BY THE CO.
cotton, asbestos fine yarns, and other asbestos goods. The
asbestos heat preserving medicine, which is known as
" Kimura " heat preserver, is especially esteemed by the
public. It is patented by Mr. Kimura in Japan.
( 558 )
KINKOZAN SHOTEN.
(THE KINKOZAN POTTERY.)
r I '"HIS manufactory is one of the most famous producers
-*- of Satsuma and Awata ware in this country. It is
also one of the oldest kilns extant in the old capital of the
Empire, having been founded in 1645, at Awata, Kyoto,
where the firm still has its main office.
The present proprietor, Mr.
Sobei Kinkozan, is the seventh
of the line of Kinkozaus, and the
best features of the famous Kin-
kozan ware have been introduced
by him. In 1865, he decided to
extend the market for his ware
overseas, and devised a new
method for the composition of
colours. This was a splendid
success, and the name of Kin-
kozan was soon known all over
the world.
In 1909, a grest extension was effected in the factory, a
complete set of up-to-date machines being set up. Thus Mr.
Sobei Kinkozan could increase his production, to meet the
ever growing demand. He introduced a thousand innova-
tions in the use of liquid gold, the construction of kilns, and
the use of glaze. By these methods he could manufacture
porcelain ware of large sizes and shorten the duration of
heating in the kilns. The somewhat dull colouring of the
former Awata ware was made more brilliant. Also the
monotony of designs, which was thought to be characteristic
of Awata ware, could be eliminated by these innovations
and more variegated designs were introduced.
The manufactory has nearly a hundred kilns of various
MR. S. KINKOZAN.
types and uses, and can produce almost all known varieties
of Awata and Satsuma ware. There is a special exliibit
arranged in the manufactory, to show the process from raw
clay to the most exquisitely finished products, for which
the kilns are famous all over the world. Visitors are wel-
come, and are shown how these articles are brought into
existence. The firm cannot be omitted from the programme
of visitors to the old capital of Japan.
THE KINKOZAN POTTERY, KYOTO.
The products of the firm are now primarily intended
for export to Europe and America. America is at present
tlie best purchaser of Mr. Kinkozan's famous articles, after
which come England, France, Italy, and British posses-
sions. The total value of the firm's annual export is
estimated at considerably over ¥500,0u0.
KOKU-KO-SHA.
(THE KOKU-KO-SHA & CO., LTD.)
THE Head Office of this Company is situated at No. 370,
Kirigaya, Osaki-machi, Ebara-gori, near Tokyo. An
agency stands at No. 21, Minami-Demma-cho, Kyobashi-ku,
Tokyo. The manufacture of stationery in Japan long
remained undeveloped, and the articles were therefore far
inferior to the western goods. The Company came into
existence for the purpose of improving tliis important
industry. The principal articles it produces at present are
carbon paper, various kinds of lead pencils, chalks and ink.
The Company contemplates manufacturing many other
kinds of goods. The excellent reputation the manufactures
enjoy on account of their superior quality is largely due to
( 559 )
Mr. Oki Tsuchiya, Mauaging Director of the Company, with which his works are equipped. The carbon pa}ief
who has spent many years in London. While there he manufactured by the company is in no way inferior to
made ajclose^investigation'of various kinds of stationery. the western paper, and the pencils are superior to those
iiiE BUSINESS OFFICE IN
KYOBASHI, TOKYO.
He sent experts to the factories in Europe and Ame-
rica to learn the advanced art of manufacture, and
also imported from abroad machines of the latest pattern,
MR. O. TSUCHIYA AND THE FACTORY
OF THE KOKU-KO-SHA, OSAKI, TOKYO.
hitherto manufactured in Japan. The company's capital
is now ¥200,000, but there is a plan to shortly increase it
to ¥1,000,000 for a further extension of business.
KIRi JUBEI SHOTEN.
(J. KIRI & CO.)
'TpHE firm of J. Kiri & Co., presided over by Mr. Jubei
Ki ri, is situated at Nishi-Umegae-cho, Kita-ku, Osaka.
This company is one of the leading manufacturers and
wholesale dealers in lamp chimneys in this country.
Ever since its inauguration in 1886 the company has
steadily developed. The company's workshop is working in
full swing, owing to tlie outbreak of hostilities. The pro-
sperity attained by the firm is accounted for by punctuality
in the execution of orders, selection of the best possible
materials and careful refining of the articles.
Principal destinations abroad : Australia, India, China
and Southern Islands. The firm is ready to accept orders
at short notice, being equipped with a large stock of every
description of goods it deals in.
Accordingly the goods manufactured by this company
can be compared favourably with foreign articles.
MR. J. KIRI.
( 560 ■)
MR. KOSHIBA DAIJIRO.
(MANUFACTURE DE CARROSSERIES DE LUXE.)
M
R. KOSHIBA, DAIJIRO was born at Zairaoku-
cho, Azabu-ku, Tokyo, in September, 1871, the
THE STATE GAKKiAaE MADE BY MR. D. KOSHIBA.
eldest son of Mr. Sadagoro Koshiba. After finishing his
preliminary education in this country, he visited France
in 1888, and entered the Polytechnic Sciiool, at Montilimar.
After six years' hard study, he graduated from the school,
but he still remained, and received training in the con-
struction of carriages.
In 1898, he returned home and was appointed carriage
builder to the Imperial Household Department, since when
many State carriages have been constructed by him, or
under his direct supervision.
The grand Imperial carriage was built by him soon
after the Russo-Japanese war was brought to an end, it
being used in the triumphal return of the late Emperor
Meiji from the Imperial Headquarters.
The Coronation State carriage was also constructed by
Mr. Koshiba in October, 1915, when H.I.M. the Emperor
formally ascended the Throne, in Kyoto.
In April, 1916, Mr. Koshiba was decorated by the
French President with the Palme d'Officier d'Academie.
KOTOBUKI SEIYENSHO.
(THE KOTOBUKI GRASS RUG MANUFACTORY.)
T
HE Kotobuki Grass Rug Manufactory, situated at
Osaki, Ebara-gori, Tokyo, was the first manufacturer
THE KOTOBUKI GKAbo ivlAiN U FACTORY, OSAKI, TOKYO.
in Japan to utilize grass in manufacturing rugs and floor
coverings. During the seven years since the firm's found-
ation, the requirements of the foreign buyers, and the change
in their taste has been assiduously studied, and great im-
provements have been effected. The Kotobuki Grass Rugs
WEAVING MAT JjKi'AiM'MENT.
are considered the best of their kind in this country, even
excelling American goods in design and quality.
A number of patent rights are held by the manufactory
( 561 )
for designs, and new devices applied to tiie manufactures.
Tlie excellence of these improvements have been well appre-
ciated by the public, the proof of which is shown in the
number of honours awarded at exhibitions at home and
abroad. The Panama Canal Commemoration Exhibition,
at San Francisco, the Tokyo Taisho Exhibition in Tokyo,
and the Exhibition of New Inventions, in Tokyo, granted
the highest honours awarded, to the manufactory, in re-
cognition of the superior goods turned out.
The manufactory has an export department at Kobe,
which manages the factory on the most up-to-date lines.
The goods supplied through the export department are
uniform and cheap, and when large orders are lodged, the
firm does not deviate from the usual course of business, but
maintains uniformity of quality and equality in price.
Messrs. W. & J. Sloane act as agents in America, and
through the New York firm the manufactory's goods have
been supplied to American buyers, under the name of
PRINTING MAT DEPARTMENT.
" Lenox " according to the grades and descriptions of goods
supplied.
KYOKUTO ENPITSU 60SHI KAISHA.
(THE FAR EASTERN PENCIL MANUFACTURING CO.)
THIS company, which is a partnership, organized by
Messrs. Torashiio Nakane, Shikajiro Shimomura,
and Keisaku Osawa, manufactures all qualities and grades
of pencils, raw materials for the manufacture of pencils, all
accessories of pencils, and
other kindred articles,
besides exporting and
importing tiiese articles.
The company's main
office is at No. 6, Shin-
izumi-eiio, Nihonbashi-kn,
Tokyo, with a large fac-
tory at Miyauaka,
Sugamo-murH, Tokyo-fu.
Under the competent su-
pervision of Mr. Keisaku
Osawa, over two hundred
hands are employed in
the factory, producing
more than 30,000 gross a
month.
In 1911, the business was founded by Mr. Keisaku
Osawa, who now controls the company's affairs, as the
managing director. It was at first named the Far Eastern
Pencil Manufactory.
MR. K. OSAWA.
At that time this line of industry was still in the
initial stage of development, and the production was mostly
THE KYOKUTO PENCIL MANUFACTUR-
ING CO., TOKYO.
in the hands of poor artisans. It was carried on at best by
small capitalists, as manual work. Therefore, all articles
( 562 )
produced were of inferior quality. This line was far be-
hind other lines of industry or educational works in the
race of progress.
Mr. Keisaku Osawa noticed the defect in this country's
industrial system, and studied the problem from every
standpoint. He commenced his business on the lines of
modern factory management, concentrating his efforts on
the production of the best possible grades and qualities.
The selection of materials was undertaken by him, as
the success of business depended upon it. He imported
cider wood from America, for the extra grades, and "onko"
wood from Karafuto and Hokkaido for the other qualities.
Black lead was imported ; thus he produced the best possible
article, which can compare favourably with the best goods
Europe supply.
When the business was established, and the manufac-
tures were perfected, the great conflict in Europe com-
menced, and the pencil manufacturers in this country were
faced with a great problem. All shipments from Europe
were stopped immediately after the actual outbreak of war,
and the firm was forced to meet all demands, not only from
the domestic market, but from all Eastern countries as well.
In view of this situation, Mr. Keisaku Osawa, convert-
ed his private manufactory into a partnership, with the
support of his friends Messrs. Torashiro Nakane and Shika-
jiro Shimomura, in June, 1915, and with the capital in-
creased he enlarged the factory, and installed a number of
machines.
The company undertakes to manufacture for the market
in European Russia, in addition to the specialties for the
domestic and the Eastern markets. The company's plant is
thus worked to its fullest capacity. Mr. Keisaku Osawa is
not content with what he has achieved and intends to fur-
ther develope the business.
KYOMOTO GARASU SEIZOSHO.
(THE KYOMOTO GLASS WARES MANUFACTURING FACTORY.)
' I 'HIS factory was founded in 1909, by Mr. Zentaro
■*■ Kyomoto, at No. 612, 2-chome, Kujominami-dori,
Nishi-ku, Osaka, for the purpose of manufacturing and
supplying bottles, vials, and other glass ware, to the
domestic and foreign markets.
TRADE
MARK.
Since the foundation of the works, the proprietor, Mr.
Kyomoto, has paid special attention to the improvement of
quality, and studied all samples of foreign goods. He has
produced especially good ware, of olive colour, as the result
of many years' study.
Mr. Kyomoto manufactures excellent goods, at the
smallest possible cost. In the manufacture of export goods
he has no rival. He exports his goods to China, British
India, Australia, and the Dutch Indies, and his trade-mark,
which is registered, is regarded as a mark of excellence.
The factory uses " Kyomoto Osaka " as its telegraphic
address, preferring A.B.C. 5th Edition in codified messages
in all international dealings.
MR. Z. KYOMOTO.
( 563 )
KYOTO RUTSUBO SEIZOSHO.
(THE KYOTO GRAPHITE CRUCIBLE MANUFACTORY.) .
THIS is one of the most prominent factories in this
particular liue of industry, which has quite recently
developed io this country. It is situated at Shichijo, Higashi-
THE KYOTO GKAPHITE CHUCIBLE
MANUFACTOEY.
Kawabata, Kyoto, and equipped with up-to-date appliances
and machinery.
It was erected in 1904, and in respect to practical ex-
perience no other crucible manufacturers in this country
can compare. In addition to all sizes and qualities of
graphite crucibles and their accessories, it turns out all
kinds and grades of powder graphite, its annual production
running into several million sets.
The up-to-date plant with which the factory is equipped,
the staff of trained experts and skilled hands, whom the
manufactory has trained during the pa«t decades, and the
management which is most systematic and well balanced,
have produced goods most suited for a variety of uses, be-
sides being the cheapest on the market. In turning out a
great variety of goods, the factory has no rival, and its stock,
which is very large, comprises almost every requirement.
The highly-developed efficiency is acknowledged, and
shipbuilders, copper refiners, railway companies, steel works,
and metal workers in Japan, Chosen, Taiwan, and China
CRUCIBLES MADE BY THE
MANUFACTOEY.
use the crucibles the Kyoto Graphite Crucible Manufactory
turn out. They have been appointed makers to the arsenals,
the Imperial Army and Imperial Navy.
MASAKI ICHIKAWA ENPITSU KABUSHIXI KAISHA.
(THE MASAKI AND ICHIKAWA PENCIL CO., LTD.)
THIS company is considered one of the greatest manu-
facturers and exporters of pencils in Japan, and its
business is characterised by constant progress. At the time
of writing the company is engaged in enlarging its plant,
at the new site selected for the factory.
The extensive business carried on by the company
was originally managed by Mr. Niroku Masaki, the present
Managing Director of the company, as a private concern,
at Naito-cho, Yotsuya-ku, Tokyo, with a branch factory at
Ochiai-mura, a suburban district of Tokyo.
Mr. Niroku Masaki, the founder of this business, was
born at Kose-mura, Saga-gori, Saga prefecture, in January,
1848. At the time when the country was convulsed with
political upheavals, as a result of Commodore Perry's visit
to this country, he was a lad of eighteen. Being convinced
of the necessity of foreign intercourse, he went to Nagasaki
and learnt English.
Immediately after the Imperial Restoration, Mr.
Masaki came to Yokohama and obtained employment in a
trading firm. His ability and diligence soon secured for
him a place of trust with his employers, and during the
four years he was in the firm he was rapidly promoted.
( 564 )
In 1873 Mr. Maeaki joined the Kiryu Kosho Kaisha,
ft large trading establishment in Tokyo, and managed the
company's metallurgical works. While in the service of
this company, he was despatched to Philadelphia, in 1876,
to take charge of the company's exhibits, at the inter-
national fair held there ; he was thus able to inspect the
advanced state of the American industries.
MR. N. MASAKI.
A powerful fillip, however, whs given him to begin the
manufacture of pencils at the Paris International Fair in
1877, to which he was again despatched by the company to
look after the company's exhibits. Among other things
pencils of choice grade attracted the attention of Mr.
Masaki, when he reflected upon the state of the stationery
industry in his own country and resolved to devote his life
to the development of this line of business in Japan.
After many years' investigations and experiments Mr,
Masaki started the manufacture of pencil-lead at Yama-
shita-cho, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo, in 1885 as a side line. At
first the business was a failure, but Mr. Masaki pushed on
with his experiments. Attempts were at the same time
made to invent a machine for the manufacture of cylinders
and cases. After five years of struggle and diflSculty the
machine was perfected in 1890. The goods made with the
new machine were soon placed on sale, and found a
ready market, which gave Mr. Masaki encouragement to
continue his operations. ^
A factory was founded at Naito-cho, Yotsuya-ku,
Tokyo, and later a branch at Ochiai-mura, where the
manufacturing business was further enlarged. The sale of
his manufactures also continued to increased. Particularly
the Communications Bureau of the Department of Com-
munications gave its patronage, which later proved to be
one of the largest assets of the factory.
All this, however, was achieved only by whole-hearted
endeavours, and in 1909 the reputation for his manufactures
was firmly established and the public demand for his goods
witnessed a remarkable increase.
In February, 1909, Mr. Masaki converted his business
into a joint stock company, called the Masaki and Ichikawa
Pencil Co., Ltd., and assumed the Managing Directorship
of the new concern. Since then Mr. Masaki has been
elected to the same post every term.
The company's factories at the time of its foundation
covered only an area of over 200 tsubo, but the new factory
built at Oi, a suburb of Tokyo, covers an area of 3,700
tsubo, brick buildings for workshops alone covering an area
of 2,000 tsubo. Goods not only for the doinestic market
but excellent articles for overseas trade are manufactured
in ever-increasing quantities.
MASUDA TASABURO SHOTEN.
(THE MASUDA FLOURING MILL.)
'' I "HIS firm, owned and controlled by Mr. Tasaburo
■*■ Masuda, is divided into two sections. The first being
the flour milling department, and the second as importers,
exporters, and indent merchants, carry on an extensive
overseas trade.
The head ofiSce is situated at Iwasaki-cho, Nishi-ku,
Tokyo, and 6-chome, Sakaye-machi, Kobe. The flour
milling department is erected on the premises of the head
office in Osaka. It was inaugurated more than a century
ago, when this line of industry was conducted in a primitive
manner. In the early years of Meiji, the mill was rebuilt
and the roller process was adopted, when the output was
Osaka, with branch offices at Yariya-cho, Kyobashi-ku, greatly improved, and the goods branded with " Kaku
( 665 )
Hyaku " chop, were received with approval, not only in
Osaka and district, where the mill's output had long been
used, but in the North-Eastern Provinces as well.
After several extensions and improvements, the mill
became one of the largest private mills in this country.
Metals, Ingots and Manufactured ; Machinery Tools ;
Leathers, Hides, Skins ; Tanning Materials ; Manures,
Sulphate of Ammonia ; Nitrate of Soda, Bone Meal, Rape
and Bean Cakes ; Bones, Hoofs ; Shells for Buttons ; Tallow,
Copra and Indian Rubber.
HEAD OFFICE OF THE MASUDA FLOUR MILL, OSAKA.
In 1898 the goods ranked among the best classes in the
market. However, another extension was necessitated,
owing to the increase in demand. A new plant, on the
most up-to-date American model, was installed, on the
premises of the head office, and it was in operation by
1904.
The mill collects grain from the district, where the
best grades of wheat and barley are produced, and when the
purchase in this country is short, the shortage is made up
from imports. The wheat and barley are carefully selected
before they are milled.
The process of milling is conducted with great care by
experienced men and the result is excellent, the quality
being equal to the best brands imported from America.
The output of the firm is exported to every part of the
Empire, and to China, Java, the Straits Settlements, the
Federated States of Malay, the Netherland Indies, and other
parts of the East.
The second department was established twenty years
ago, as importers, exporters, and indent merchants.
Its specialties are: —
Imports : — Cereals, Wheat, Beans ; Rice, Sugar ;
Chemicals, Drugs ; Pulp ; Hemp, Jute ; Tops, Raw Cotton ;
Woollen and Linen Yarns ; Window and Plate Glasses ;
Exports : — Rice, Wiieat Flour ; Peas, B.ans, Pea-
nuts ; Ciiillies, Ginger, Isinglass, Loofahs; Canned Goods;
Vegetable Wax ; Copper, Antimony Ingots ; Molybdenum
and Wolfram Ores ; Hard Wares ; Oils of every descrip-
tion; Menthol Oil and Crystals; Peppermint; Cotton
Waste, Cotton Yarn ; Silk and Cotton Goods; Matches;
Cement ; Beers, Mineral Waters ; Rubber Goods ; Porcelain,
Glass and Enamelled Wares ; Hard Wood Timbers ; Wood
Boxes (Tea and Rubber) ; Chip and Straw Braids.
INTERIOR OF THE FACTORY INSTALLED
WITH UP-TO-DATE PLANT.
The firm trades principally with Great Britain, the
United States, Canada, South America, British India,
Australia, China, and the South Seas.
( 566 )
MASUI BAISOKOKU.
( M A S;U I & CO.)
THE Masui liaisokoku's water colour paints works
stand at No. 105, Saruye-Ura-machi, Fukagawa-ku,
Tokyo. Tlie second factory is located at No. 83, Hom-
mura-cho, Fukagawa-ku. The water colour paints, giraffe
brand, manufactured by tlie works enjoy an excellent repu-
MR. S. MASUI.
tation. The works were established by Mr. Shokichi Masui,
the present proprietor, in 1889. In about 1884 Mr. Masui
set himself to the study of the manufacture of water colour
paints. After hard study and repeated experiments he
succeeded in 1888 in producing such articles as were worthy
of being put on sale. In the same year, the Kinko-do, one
of the largest publishing houses, launched a plan to publish
copies ot water colour paintings for the use of schools and
to supply the paints. With this end in view, the Kinko-do
approached Mr. Masui with the request to manufacture
10,000 sets of paints on the line of six samples sent from
the Newton Co., England. Mr. Masui abandoned the
manufacture of toilet articles, which had been his principal
occupation, and accepted these enormous orders from the
Kinko-do. This was the origin of the present Masui Bais3-
koku, one of the most flourishing and famous manufacturers
of water colour paints in the city. Mr. Masui then
formally established himself in 1889, as a manufacturer ot
water colour paints at No. 15, 1-chome, Kakigara-cho,
Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo. Mr. Masui thus won the honour of
being a forerunner in the manufacture of water colour
paints for the use of school boys and girls. Due to pains-
taking efforts and constant improvements on the manufac-
ture, the works steadily prospered. In order to meet the
ever increasing demands, Mr. Masui built the works in
1896 on a larger scale at the present site. The business
boom following upon the termination of the Russo-Japanese
war brought activity to the trade in water colour paints
and even opened the export, first to China and then to the
U.S.A. In order to meet the increasing expansion of busi-
ness, Mr. Masui reconstructed his works on a far larger
scale. In 1910, the Education Department issued an ordi-
nance making drawing a regular subject in common schools.
This gave rise to a rapid increase in the demands for paints,
so much so that the works could not sufficiently meet the
demands. In consequence, electric motors and other new
machines were installed in the works. The result was that
the productive capacity was greatly increased. The manu-
factures are chiefly supplied for the use of school boys and
girls.
MATSUI KEITEI SHOKAI.
(MATSUI BROTHERS & CO.)
A S manufacturers of pulley shafts, bearings, cotton belts,
■^ ^ ropes, and other power transmitting appliances, as
well as castings and iron and steel materials, Matsui
Brothers enjoy a very high reputation.
The firm was initiated in May, 1899, as a partnership,
and is managed by Mr. M. Matsui, the Active Partner.
The main office is at 4-chome, Itachibori-dori, Nishi-ku,
Osaka, and factories at the following localities : — The
Engineering Dept., 2-chome Kyuhoji-machi, Higashi-ku,
Osaka; The Engineering Dept., No. 8, Ryuzoji-machi,
( 567
Higashi-ku, Osaka ; The Factory, No. 30, Hirokoji-machi,
Higashi-ku, Osaka.
The factory covers an area of 760 tsubo, and is divided
into the Casting, tlie Machine, the Finishing, the Mould, the
Electric Engine, the godowns, the Mould Storing, and office
rooms. All of these rooms are equipped with up-to-date
machines and appliances, and there are five electric motors
installed to drive them, some of which were made in Europe.
At these factories, six competent experts are employed,
to supervise the work of 135 trained workmen ; every modern
device to enhance their efficiency has been adopted, the
factory affairs being managed by nine office hands.
The firm imports pig iron from Bengal and Tata,
India, and buy iron and steel materials from the United
Steel Products Co., America, as raw materials. The annual
products of the firm amount to a total value of ¥300,000,
)
which requires 800 tons of iron and steel materials, and
1,300 tons of pig iron. In addition, 30 tons of gun metal
are required by the factory for the manufacture of various
castings.
The whole energy of the firm is focussed in perfecting
shafts, bearings, and other power transmitting appliances.
These goods, produced by the firm, are known as the best in
the murket. The carypthol bearings the firm produce are
manufactured of pure gun metal and best steel, outlasting
all others, beside being most economical.
The manufactures of the firm are extensively used at
machine shops, paper mills, hemp mills, iron works, cotton
mills,and other factories; in particular the quality of the firm's
manufactures, is appreciated by the cotton mills. The firm's
products extend beyond the boundaries of the Empire, into
China, Asiatic Russia, and other countries in Eastern Asia.
MATSUOKA SHOT EN.
(S. MATSUOKA.)
TV /r R. MATSUOKA, SEIZABURO, of No. 2, 1-chome,
■'■*-*■ Nagahori-bashi, Osaka, in one of the leading
manufacturers of bronze powder, and sundry other goods
for printers, in this country, and carries on an extensive
trade overseas in these goods.
Mr. Matsuoka established the present business in 1877.
At first he was confronted with many difficulties, but they
were overcome and he now enjoys a solid reputation among
his friends and buyers, as one of the greatest in this line of
business.
At his factories, in Kyoto and Nara prefectures, he
produces over 500 tons of bronze powder, and exports many
grades to Great Britain, America, France, Russia and China.
Mr. Matsuoka, with the co-operation of his adviser,
Mr. Kenji Tamura, has invented a number of new processes
for the manufacture of bronze powder. Among them are
the colouring of copper powder, a bronze powder manu-
facturing machine, a bronze powder sieve, and others which
have proved very useful and valuable.
MR. S. MATSUOKA.
( 568 )
MATSUZAWA SEIGHUSHO.
(THE MATSUZAWA THREAD WORKS.)
THE Matsuzawa Thread Works are located at Minowa,
Minami-Senjii, near Tokyo and are under the
management of Mr. Manjiro Matsuzawa. The works were
started in 1905 by Mr. Matsuzawa, when he was only one
MATSUZAWA.
and twenty, with a capital of only ¥500. Equipped with
20 sets of machines the works were put in operation.
Though thus obscure at the start, the works developed with
great rapidity, due to the able management of Mr. Matsu-
zawa. The goods soon won an excellent reputation and the
firm was noticed by the Department of War and of the
Navy which placed large orders with it. In order to meet
the ever-increasing demands, Mr. Matsuzawa established
the second and third works at Hachioji near Tokyo. The
outbreak of the European War has greatly increased the
demand for threads. The annual amount of exports alone
reaches about ¥1,000,000, as against ¥200,000 in pre-war
times. The three works are now in full swing, manu-
facturing almost exclusively export shoe-laces. The manu-
-facturing capacity is represented by 2,000 gross per day,
that is, 60,000 gross per month. With the fullest capacity,
however, the works cannot meet the rapidly increasing
demands. Mr. Matsuzawa is therefore bending every effort
for a further increase in the amount of production, expecting
that it is left for him alone to permanently maintain the
market abroad thus acquired by the war. Weaving machines
alone now in operation in the three works number 1,500,
and additional machines have been ordered. Male and
female workers now in employ number over 450. Con-
sidering the humble origin of only a decade ago, more
especially the fact that the business is an individual under-
taking, one can not but wonder at the marvellous develop-
ment attained.
MEIJI SEIREN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE MEIJI SMELTING CO., LTD.)
THIS company was founded in April, 1907, for the
purpose of smelting gold and silver at the smelting
works in Ehime prefecture, which were purchased from Mr.
Sozaburo Yano. Several mines and smelting works have
since been incorporated by degrees and the operations of the
company have been remarkably expanded. As a side work
the manufacture of sulphurous acid and artificial fertilizers
was also started in 1913. The company has its head office
at No. 15, 2-chome, Dojima-hama-dori, Osaka, but its manu-
facturing enterprises and mining works are controlled by
the Industrial Department of the company situated at
Kawauoishi, Nishiuwa-gori, Ehime prefecture. Mr. Kei-
goro Hasegawa is the Managing Director, and the actual
management is under his control. The Sashima Works of
the company are situated at an islet called Sashima in the
Biingo Waterway. It includes a smelting works and a
sulphurous acid manufactory. The former is equipped with
four furnaces, while the latter is equipped with all necessary
factory appliances of the latest type. Tlie Kawauoishi
Works, situated at Kawanoishi, Nishiuwa-gori, Ehime pre-
fecture, have every transportation facility, being at the
south-eastern corner of the harbour of Kawanoishi. They
are equipped with a complete set of machines for the pro-
duction of sulphuric fertilizers. The Omine Mines the com-
pany own are very conveniently situated near the port of
Kawauoishi. The concession covers an area of 3,470,937
( 569 )
taubo. Besides the company owns a right to prospect an area
of 3, 964,562 feM5o.
According to the latest report published, the company's
annual production of various metals and fertilizers is as
follows :— Copper, 1.800 tons or 3,000,000 A;m ; Ores, 20,000
tons or 5,400,000 Mn; Sulphurous acid, 12,4(50 tons or
28,000,000 lbs. ; Fertilizers. Copper bars are supplied to
both the domestic and foreign markets, with the brand ot
" Sashima," and because of their pureness they are received
with satisftictioii everywhere they are known. The ores
produced at the Omiiie Mine are mostly sulphite of copper
and contain 50 to 80 per cent, ot pure copper and gold and
silver. Sulphurous acid is supplied mostly to the market,
but sometliing like 2,000 lbs. are transferred to the Kawano-
ishi Works as material for the production of fertilizers.
The Kawanoishi Works are lent to Abe Kobei Shoten and
fertilizers are manufactured of the sulphurous acid the com-
pany supplies on account of that firm. Since its inaugura-
tion the company has achieved a highly satisfactory success,
and every term its dividends liave been larger than tiiose of
any other concerns in this line,
per annum.
The latest was 30 per cent.
SASHIMA SMELTING WOKKS. FERTILIZER WORKS.
MR. K. HASEGAWA.
OMINE MINE. SULPHURIC ACID WORKS.
MITATSUCHI GOMU SEIZO GOME! KAiSHA.
(THE MITATSUCHI RUBBER WORKS.)
THIS company^is situated at Nos. 1, 2, 3 andj4, Narihira-
machi, Nakanogo, Honj5-ku, Tokyo. The company
was organized in December, 1886, with a capital of ¥80,000.
According to investigations conducted at the end of 1915,
the various reserve funds amount to ¥761,325. The
business was originally opened at Kamiyoshi-cho, AsakusH,
but in 1892 the works were removed to the present address.
In 1897 the company commenced the manufacture of rubber
TRADE MARKS.
balls, in addition to accessories of machinery, rubber plates,
rubber pipes, diving dresses and ebonites. In 1902 the
manufacture of tyres for bicycles was inaugurated. In 1904
an electric motor was installed in the works, with the result
that the total motive power was increased to over 700 horse-
power. At the same time the general scope of the works
was greatly extended. In 1910 the works took up the
manufacture of rubber shoes. In 1916 the second works
were started. During the China-Japanese War (1894-1895),
the Russo-Japanese War (1904-5) and the Tsingtao expedi-
tion, the company served the Imperial Army and Navy with
large supplies of rubber and ebonite articles. All the
y /
THE MITATSUCHI RUBBER CO., TOKYO.
manufactures of the company have won an excellent
reputation for their superior quality. Since its organiza-
tion, tlie company has been awarded honours by numerous
( 570 )
exhibitions. Principal honours are : a certificate of merit
of the second class by the Fourth Domestic Industrial
Exhibition, a certificate of merit of the first class by the
Fifth Domestic Industrial Exhibition, a silver medal by the
Tokyo Industrial Exhibition, a gold medal of the first
honour by the First Trade Goods Exhibition, a medal of the
first honour by the Tokyo Taisho Exhibition, and a gold
medal by the Samarang Exposition. It is expected that
when the second works are completed, the productive capacity
of the company will be doubled and that the company will
meet demands not only in Japan but also abroad. The
company is represented by Messrs. Hidetatsu Tsuchiya,
Tadahiro Tasaki, Nagakuni Tasaki and Tometa Tasaki, and
employs 550 workmen and 367 women.
Premier manufactures are : plates, pipes, valves, water
proof mats, rolls, shoes, tyres, gloves, balls, dolls, erasers,
belts, bands, accessories of machinery, ebonite plates,
ebonite pipes, ebonite rods, holders for electric batteries,
goods for the use of telephone apparatus, various insulated
articles, gutta percha, etc.
MIURA TOKUJI SHOT EN.
(TOKUJI, MIURA.)
rp'HE Miura Tokuji Shoten, dealer in celluloid articles, ren's combs, hair-pins, bracelets, and other miscellaneous
is situated at No. 4, 1-chome, Kaya-cho, Asakusa- goods.
ku, Tokyo. The factory is at No. 780, Ukechi, The Manufacturing Capacity: — The annual put-
Adzuma-machi, Tokyo-fu. put is 500,000 dozens.
TRADE
MARK.
The firm was opened in 1901, and at present employs
several hundred workmen and female operatives. The
goods are exclusively intended for export, in view of the
MANUFACTURES OF CELLULOID.
excellent reputation the goods have recently won on foreign
markets.
Abtioles Sold: — Men's combi, ladies' combs, child-
MANUFACTURES BY MR. T. MIURA.
This firm is making special endeavours to expand its
manufacturing capacity, while paying great attention to
the quality of the goods. • They are chiefly exported to
Bussia, England, America, India, Australia, South Seas
and China.
( 571 )
MORITAKA SHOTEN.
(W. MORITAKA & CO.)
ri^l HIS company is located at Higashi-iru, 8hinsai-bashi,
Yawata-suji-Minatni-ku, Osaka, and is owned by
Mr. Wakichi Moritaka. The company has long been
engaged in the manufacture and sale of Western kitchen
utensils and gas apparatus. Regretting the increasing im-
ports of lamps and glass wares, and their high prices, Mr.
Moritaka sent his representatives to America in 1890 to
study the art of the manufacture of these articles. With
the good results obtained he improved the methods of the
manufacture and commenced the manufacture of kitchen
utensils. The strenuous efforts made for the development
of the business has not only driven foreign articles out of tlie
domestic market, but the company also exports the goods to
a large amount to China, South Sea Islands, India and
Australia. The company is a pioneer manufacturer of gas
apparatus in this country, and is unrivalled in the superiority
of their qualities. The company has been awarded honours
by many exhibitions both at home and abroad. On the
occasion of the marriage of the present Emperor and Em-
press, in 1902, the company presented glass ice-holders,
which were graciously accepted.
The kinds of gas apparatus manufactured are as
follows : —
W. MORITAKA & CO., AND ITS
MANUFACTURES.
Burners, pendants, brackets, are lights, cocks, globes,
shades, chimneys, cooking stoves and burners, stoves,
mantles and fittings of all descriptions.
NAGAMINE SEIJIRO SHOTEN.
(S. NAG A MI
'' I "HE celluloid industry in this country is of eom-
■*■ paratively recent origin, but it has already achieved
striking progress. The material is used and worked in
many ways. The strikingly rapid progression is, of course,
traceable in some degree to the inherent nature of the sub-
stance, but it is also clear that the recent progress of the
industry is accounted for by the war in Europe.
NE & SONS.)
Before the war the home of the industry was Germany.
Particularly celluloid toys were exclusively exported by
Germany, and goods made in other countries were seldom
taken by buyers. The war, however, robbed Germany of
the monopoly of this industry, and what was thus taken
away from Germany, was given to other countries which
had long been oppressed under the German domination.
( 672 )
Since the outbreak of the war, this line of industry in
America, Japan, and other countries has witnessed a striking
expansion. In America, however, little attention has been
paid to the making of toys, and it has fallen to the lot of Japan
to capture this particular line of trade from Germany.
*»«^
<.^i^
8. NAGAMINE & SON'S WORKS, NEAR TOKYO.
S. Nagamine & Sons, No. 7, Kuramae-Kata-machi,
Asakusa-ku, Tokyo, are well-known in Japan, as the leaders
of the new movement to capture the celluloid toy trade
from the Germans, and their success is appreciated by over-
seas buyers. The manufactures of the firm are acknowledged
as not only equal in every way to the articles of German-
make, but even in some respects superior.
The firm has a factory, equipped with every modern
appliance, at Ogu, Kitatoshima-gori, a village at the upper
CELLULOID TOYS.
reaches of the river Suraida, the annual production of the
factory amounting to a total value of ¥600,000.
Mr. Seijiro Nagamine, the proprieter, has built up this
large business with strenuous endeavours, and untiring
application, and his sons, Mr. Seizaburo Nagamine and
Mr. Kanematsu Nagamine, have rendered valuable assist-
ance during these years of hard straggle.
NAGOYA SEITOSHO.
(THE NAGOYA PORCELAIN MANUFACTURING CO)
T
HIS company is situated at No. 7-8, Higashi-Yoshino-
cho, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, and its works stand at
THE FINISHED ARTICLESjIN THE WORKS.
No. 132, Gengetsu, Chigusa-cho, Aichi-gori, Aichi pre-
fecture.
Prior to the war of 1904-5 the export of porcelains
was in a very poor condition. The exports were all of in-
ferior quality and fragile, their varieties being limited to
tea cups for small restaurants and bric-a-brac. They could,
therefore, not compete with German and Austrian articles.
To improve this condition of the trade, and introduce
the real quality of tliis important national product into the
world, was the sole aim of Mr. Tomeshiro Terazawa, the
present representative of the company, whose career as a
trader in this line of articles commenced as far back as
1890. Though his eflTorts appeared to be unsuccessful he
was not discouraged, and held out until he was noticed by
Mr. Naotaka Fujie, head of the experimental house for
( 573 )
porcelain in Kyoto, who introduced him to Mr. Kotaro
Asukai, an experienced expert who had just left the insti-
tute, and they worked together for the common end. The
result was the organization of the Teikoku Porcelain Fac-
tory. Not long after this the factory found true sym-
pathizers ill Dr. Tsunezo Saito, Managing Director of
the Toyo Spinning Co. ; Mr. Tominosuke Kadono, Vice-
President of the Nagoya Chamber of Commerce ; Mr. Teiji
Okano and other prominent men of the city, by whose in-
vestments the factory was converted into a limited partner-
ship under the present firm name with a capital of
¥150.000, on the 1st October, 1911.
Providing the workshops with kilns and machines of
the latest pattern the company's manufactures won high
opinions in the foreign market and were able to cope with
the German and Austrian articles. On the Ist March,
1914, the Terazawa firm, hitherto managed by Mr. Tera-
zawa for the sale of porcelains, was amalgamated with the
company. This amalgamation added further prosperity to
the concern. In December, 1915, the capital was increased
to ¥225,000 fully paid up.
The market opened up abroad at that time for the
company's manufactures was confined chiefly to America,
followed by England, Korea and a part of China. As the
result, however, of the outbreak of hostilities the outlet has
been extended to Australia, India and Southern Islands.
In order to meet these increasing demands the company
established two more furnaces last year and at the same
time enlarged the workshops. In the meantime the de-
mands in America have greatly increased. The company
is therefore establishing three more kilns, expecting to have
them completed in December next, when the furnaces in
operation will number nine in all.
Remarkable improvements have been made in the art
of manufacture, the most notable being the manufacture of
dinner vase. Improvements made in the art of painting is
no less remarkable. In order to keep abreast of the times
the company dispatched its officers abroad to inspect the
latest situation of the market. It has lost no opportunity
to put its articles on exhibit both at home and abroad and
was awarded many prizes on these occasions. In exporting
its articles the company has made it a general rule to send
them direct to customers instead of through intermediate
hands. The company has under contemplation the establish-
ment of branches and agencies abroad.
Managing partners comprise Messrs. T. Terazawa, K.
Asukai and K. Horiguehi.
Specialities : — Dinner sets, tea sets, chocolate sets,
berry sets, trinket sets, cups and saucers, plates, bowls,
dishes, jugs, egg cups, boxes, vases etc., in printed and hand-
painted designs, both of coloured and blue and white for
export only. The annual output reaches ¥1,200,000.
MR. NAMIKAWA YASUYUKI.
(MAKER OF CLOISONNE WARE.)
THERE are two master makers of cloisonne ware in
(^ Japan, who are justly called the leaders of the art.
CLOISONNE WARES MADE BY MR. Y. NAMIKAWA.
One is Mr. Yasuyuki Namikawa, living at Horiike-machi,
Sanjo-dori, Higashi-iru-Kitaura, Kyoto, and the other Mr.
Sosuke Namikawa in Tokyo. The former has for many
years been Teishitsu Gigei lin, or Artist to the Imperial
Household, as his elaboration of the art of making cloisonne
ware, striped with gold and silver, is so highly appreciated
both by the Court and the nation.
Mr. Yasuyuki Namikawa has never been apprenticed
in this line of art, and all he has done has been invented
by himself. He is an original inventor, and an artist in the
truest sense of the word. The great master was a samurai
in the service of an Imperial prince, and immediately before
and after the Restoration he and his master underwent
many hard trials.
When stricken with extreme poverty, chance brought
him a friend who had some knowledge of cloisonne ware.
With very scanty means, these friends commenced, in their
shed, to manufacture crude articles. It was in 1870, when
( 574 )
Mr. Namikawa showed his articles to a certain firm in Kobe,
that the Dovelty struck the proprietor of the firm, and
between them a contract was arranged that all articles pro-
duced by Mr. Namikawa would be bought by the firm.
MR. Y. NAMIKAWA.
A few years later, Mr. Namikawa was deserted by his
friend, while lying ill. He was thus compelled to commence
again with the support of a lacquer ware wholesale dealer in
Kyoto. Everything had to be newly devised and prepared
bj" himself, from the simplest process of fastening wires to
copper plates to the mixture of colours. Mr. Namikawa
often spent months in producing a single colour efiect. His
diligence was, however, soon rewarded, for his exhibits at
the industrial exhibition in Kyoto, in 1875, were appreciated
and he was awarded a copper medal.
His name as a cloisonne ware maker was soon widely
known, and he was given many commissions, but more trials
and difliculties were in store for him, for in 1881 he was
compelled to rearrange his affairs for the second time, as his
articles were rejected by a "Yokohama firm with whom he
had a contract for five years, they being unsaleable, while
he realized there were many defects and shortcomings in his
goods.
He discharged all his hands, and with a few apprentices
again began his experiments. The new experiments and
trials met with success and he could resume his business
with confidence. His hard struggles and diligence of many
years are now amply rewarded, and he enjoys the high
honour of being ranked among the finest artists in Japan,
being decorated with the " Blue Ribbon " Medal.
Mr. Namikawa has his workshop in the compounds of
his residence. There he works all the year round. A kiln
is also constructed in the compounds of his residence, where
no one but himself is allowed to enter, and everything from
a small pot to the largest flower vase is finished by himself.
NIPPON GAKKI SEIZO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE JAPAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENT MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.)
THIS company, situated at Haraamatsu, Shidzuoka
prefecture, is widely known, both at home and
abroad, as a first class manufacturer of all kinds of musical
instruments. Especially pianos, organs, and violins have
the name of " Yamaha." " Butterfly " harmonicas are
produced by the company, also toy organs and other wooden
articles on an extensive scale. Large quantities of these
goods go to Europe and America, as well as to China,
Australia, British India, Hongkong, and South America.
The company's liead office and factories are situated at
Hamamatsu, Shidzuoka prefecture, with branches at Daireu
and Tokyo. The Tokyo Office at Takeka wa-cho, Ginza, carries
on business under the name of Kyoeki Shosha, and the Dairen
Office under the style of the Yamaha Yoko. The firm waa
originally established in the early years of Meijl by the late
Mr. T. Yamaha, at Hamamatsu, under the name of the
Yamaha Organ Manufactory. It was the first establish-
ment in Japan to turn out perfect Western musical
instruments.
In March, 1889, Mr. T. Yamaha's personal busi-
ness was converted into a limited partnership, with a
capital of ¥30,000 and the enterprise assumed a more
definite and business-like shape. With this the demand for
its manufactures increased, and Mr. T. Yamaha enlarged
his activities.
Just before the Sino-Japanese war, the company was
in difficulties owing to the general depression in business
circles, and Mr. Yamaha's firm suflered, but he struggled
with his experiments in the manufacture of pianos, and won
success in 1897.
( 675 )
The success in the manufacture of pianos was a turning
point, the excellence of " Yamaha " instruments was
universally acknowledged, and the export of organs and
pianos expanded rapidly. In October, the same year, Mr.
Yamaha and his friends converted the establishment into a
joint stock company, with a capital of ¥120,000, when the
present name was assumed.
The company has since expanded steadily and its
capital now stands at ¥600,000, against which the company
holds a reserve of ¥112,400. A former agent in Tokyo,
the Kyoeki Shosha, has also been converted into a branch
ofBce, while a new office has been established at Dairen.
At the company's factories the manufacture of wooden
furniture is also conducted, with the result that the com-
pany's finances are sounder and its management rendered
more economical.
The company's factories which are situated at Hama-
matsu, are divided into Departments of Raw Materials,
Metal Working, Timber Milling, Macliine, Wooden Work,
Painting, Organ-making, Piano-making, Tuning, Har-
monica-making, Accordion, Forwarding, etc., etc., each
equipped with trained men and complete up-to-date machines
and appliances.
The production of the factories amounts to ¥500,000
worth of pianos and organs, ¥100,000 worth of harmonicas,
and ¥150,000 worth of wooden furniture and planks a year.
As representative musical instruments made in Japan,
the company's goods have been exhibited at domestic and
foreign exhibitions, and each time high honours have been
awarded. At Alaska- Yukon Grand Exposition, at Seattle,
the company was presented with the Grand Prize of Honour,
and at the Anglo- Japanese Alliance Exhibition, in London,
the Grand Medal of Honour was awarded. At the Tokyo
Taisho Exhibition also the Grand prize of Honour was
granted.
THE JAPAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENT MANUFACTUR-
ING CO., AND THE LATE MR. T. YAMAHA.
The company's officers are as follows : —
Chiyomaru Amano, Esq
ToKiOHi Nakamura, Esq
JiNSHiCHi Miyamoto, Esq
Ei-icHiRO Mabuchi, Esq
Ihei Ozaki, Esq
ROKUNOSUKE KOTAKE, Esq
Chushichi Nakamura, Esq
KosAKU Suzuki, Esq
President
Director.
Auditor.
NIPPON GOMU KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE JAPAN RUBBER CO., LTD.)
THE Japan Rubber Co., Ltd. was formed by the
amalgamation of two concerns, namely, the Yoshida
Rubber Works and the Nippon Gomu Goshi Kaisha. The
former was organized in 1896 at Hisakata-machi, Koishi-
kawa-ku, Tokyo by Mr. Seikichi Yoshida, the present
President and Supervisor of the Technical Works of the
company, and the latter was started in 1899 by Mr. Rihei
Motohashi at Hashiba-machi, Asakusa-ku, Tokyo. In
December, 1900, these two concerns were combined and
formed the present companv with a capital of ¥180,000.
The first president was Mr. Washichi Yamazaki, who was
succeeded by Mr. Goichi Abe in April, 1912. About this
time the company had already attained such success that its
producing capacity was twenty times that shown at the
time of the organization. But the company met with a
great misfortune in a big fire that started from a neigh-
bouring quarter in April of the following year. All the
buildings, with the single exception of a godown, were
destroyed. The heavy loss thus sustained compelled the
company to decrease the capital to ¥108,000. The business
was resumed only with great difficulty by establishing
temporary workshops in Kamedo and Mukojima in the
suburbs. Not long afterwards a factory of steel and brick
construction was built at Tamahime-cho, and provided with
motors and other machinery of the latest pattern, and the
company soon showed even more activity than before the
( 576 )
fire. In January, 1913, Mr. Seizo Nakamura became
director and president, and at the same time the capital was
increased to ¥300,000. At present the site for the works
THE BACK VIEW OF THE JAPAN RUBBER
CO., AND ITS INTERIOR.
covers an area of about 2,000 tsvio and the total building
area 1,033 Uubo. The workmen employed number 270.
The superior quality of the manufactures is widely
recognised. Notable amongst them are tyres for bicycles
and motors which are the result of years' hard study and
experiments. No less fine in quality are suction hose on
spiral vise which are the best of the kind manufactured in
this country. The company was awarded the first class
medal for the suction hose by the Tokyo Industrial Exhibi-
tion of 1907, a certificate of merit by the International
Rubber Exhibition held in London in 1911, and silver
medal by the Taisho Exhibition of 1913. Besides, it has
received many testimonials from the Yokosuka Admiralty
and various other quarters.
Principal customers are the Department of War, the
Department of the Navy, Communications Deportment and
other public offices and companies. The demand is not
confined to the home market, as tyres for bicycles and
motors are exported to Shanghai.
Principal manufactures comprise suction hose, delivery
hose, steam hose, air hose for diving purposes, hydraulic
hose, fire hose, water hose, gas pipes, sheets and insertion
sheets, rubber stoppers, rubber valves and packings, etc.
NIPPON ISHIBOTAN SEIZOSHO.
(THE JAPAN STONE BUTTON MANUFACTORY.)
THIS manufactory, situated at Uraye, Sagisu, Nishinari-
gori, Osaka prefecture, manufactures on a large
scale white and golden-coloured porcelain buttons of every
shape and size.
It was founded in 1905, at the present site, with a
capital of ¥200,000 with the object of manufacturing
taken annually by Great Britain, America, Australia, the
Philippines, the Straits Settlements, the Netherlands Indies,
British India, and other countries.
The manufactory is unique in the Empire. It is repre-
sented by the following selling agents : — Ota Sosuke Shoten,
MR. S. YOSHIKAWA.
MR. S. OTA. MR. S. SUZUKI.
porcelain buttons, by a peculiar process, which is patented
by the Imperial Japanese Government. The annual produc-
tion at present amounts to 1,500,000 great gross valued at
¥900,000.
They are excellently-made and cheap, and the goods are
everywhere received with satisfaction. Large quantities are
THE JAPAN STONE BUTTON MANUFACTORY, OSAKA.
6-chome, Kitakyuhoji-machi, Osaka ; Yoshikawa Sensuke
Shoten, 4-cliome, Awaji-machi, Osaka; Suzuki Seizaburo
Shoten, 2-chome, Juukei-machi, Osaka.
( 677 )
NIPPON KAGAKU KOGYO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE JAPAN CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CO., LTD.)
THIS company was floated by Baron Kihachiro Okura
and his associates, in 1907, with a capital of
¥1,750,000 by combining the factories managed on a small
scale by Messrs. Kase, Suzuki, and Tanahashi, in view of
the comparatively undeveloped state of the chemical industry
in this country, where the supply of raw materials is
plentiful.
With the completion of the payment of the first
instalment on stock capital, a factory was built at Kamedo,
and in August, 1908, the manufacture of iodine, nitrate,
potassium chlorate, sulphate of potash, and other chemicals
was commenced. After many difiiculties were overcome,
the company reached the end of the first stage of develop-
ment in 1909 ; the company then enlarged its scope by
amalgamating with the Japan Electro-Chemical Industry
Co., and commenced the production of potassium of chloride,
at the Aizu Factory.
The few years following were the darkest age for the
company. Many of the company's products went a-begging
even at the lowest possible figures ; the only remuneration
the company had was from the sale of sulphate of potash.
But in May, 1912, a turning point in the fortunes of the
company was reached, when the output was increased, and
the quality of the products improved owing to the com-
mencement of the operations at the Aizu Factory.
The second extension of the company was effected in
1913, when the Japan Electro-Chemical Works was amal-
gamated, and the production of phosphorus was started.
The authorised capital was increased to ¥3,000,000. The
firm is one of the so-called war-influenced companies, and
the profits it has gained from the war in Europe are
enormous.
At present the company owns three factories, at
Kamedo, Tokyo ; Shibakawa, Shizuoka prefecture ; and at
Aizu, Fukushima prefecture. At the Kamedo Factory,
which covers an area of 10,000 tsubo, sulphate of potash,
nitrate, iodine, and balium salts are produced, to the extent
of 6,000 tons, 1,400 tons, 160,000 lbs., and 600 tons
respectively.
At the Aizu works, which cover an area of 80,000
tsubo, 5,000 horse power of electricity is generated, and
potassium of chloride is produced, to the extent of 2,000
tons a year. This figure represents the major part of the
total consumption of this article in Japan ; the match manu-
facturers, therefore, depend mainly on this country for the
supply of their raw materials.
The Shibakawa works contribute largely to the
development of the match industry, by supplying phosphorus
very cheaply, in spite of the stoppage of imports from foreign
countries. Yellow phosphorus is produced .to the extent of
72,000 lbs. a year, and red phosphorus to the amount of
101,000 lbs. a year.
FRONT GATE OF THE JAPAN CHEMICAL
INDUSTRY CO., TOKYO.
Since the outbreak of the war, the company's remunera-
tion has increased apace, owing to the boom in chemicals,
but at all times a dividend of 10 per cent, per annum was
maintained. Since the war it has been raised, and the
latest was 30 per cent, per annum.
The officers of the company are as follows: —
Baron Kihachiro Okura
Chujiro Kase, Esq
Dr Toragoro Tanahashi
Chokuro Kadono, Esq. ...
Kaichiro Nezu, Esq
KiCHiTA Hatta, Esq.
Kahei Tomoda, Esq ,
Kuranosuke Kimura, Esq.
SoBEi Suzuki, Esq
President.
Managing Director.
»* tf
Director.
Auditor.
( 578 )
NIPPON KORUKU KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE NIPPON CORK CO., LTD.)
rpHE insulation of heat, perfectly maintained, is
imperative in magazines, breweries, refrigerators,
cocoon rearing sheds, and other places where the passage of
heat from outside is to be avoided. For this purpose,
strata of cork is the ideal material.
THE JAPAN CORK CO., TOKYO.
It is the opinion among scientists, as is shown in the
report published by the International Refrigeration Con-
gress, and it is also a confirmed fact, that compressed cork
is the best in the market.
The Nippon Cork Co., Ltd., was established some years
ago for the purpose of turning out compressed cork, of
waste cork wood barks, by a chemical process, for which
the company has patent rights.
At first the enterprise was established as a partnership,
in December, 1910, with a capital of ¥40,000 under the
name of Nippon Cork Goshi Kaisha. Many difficulties
were encountered by Mr. Kajiro Nakamura, who controlled
the business, as the representative of all the partners, and
others sharing in the enterprise. All of them, however,
were overcome, and in June, 1914, the company's outlook
became so bright that Mr. Seizo Nakamura, and his
associates, all- of whom are well-known business men and
resourceful capitalists, invested in the enterprise.
The same year, the permanent patronage of Govern-
ment and private institutions was secured and the extension
of the company's operations was necessitated. The firm
was thus converted into a joint stock company, with a
capital of ¥100,000. Mr. Ikujiro Nakamura is the Presi-
dent, and Mr. Kajiro Nakamura holds the chair as
Managing Director.
The company's main factory is at No. 21, 1-chome,
Yanagiwara-machi, Honjo-ku, Tokyo, covering an area of
1,600 isubo. Five powerful motors are installed, and with
them crushing, sieving, washing, bleaching, compounding,
mixing, compressing, and finishing machines are worked.
There are also four drying furnaces and a steam boiler, by
which the goods are dried. Over two hundred hands are
employed at the factory, and the maximum producing
capacity is maintained at 1,600 sheets a day.
A branch factory is situated at No. 44, Kami-Yanagi-
cho, Hiroshima, which covers an area of 1,200 tsubo.
Here are installed two electric motors, of 30 horse-power,
to work crushing and stopper-manufacturing machines.
Under a staff of competent experts, sixty workmen and
forty-five female hands are at work.
The company's products are steadily gaining a market,
both at home and abroad. At home, the company has been
appointed makers to the Imperial Household Department,
the Imperial Naval Works at Saseho, Yokosuka, Kure, and
Maizuru. The Imperial Army, the Railway Board, the
Government Fisheries Institute, the Government Cocoon
Rearing Houses, the Agricultural College of the Tohoku
Imperial University, and the Kyushu Imperial University.
Permanent patronage is also given to the company by
the Tokyo Municipal Electricity Bureau, the Mitsu Bishi
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THE SHIPMENT OF CORKS.
Dockyard and Engine Works, the Kawasaki Dockyard Co.,
the Uraga Dockyard Co., the Toyo Manufacturing Co., the
Dai Nippon Brewery Co., the Pelagic Fishery Co., the
Tokai Fishery Co., the Fujimura Whaling Co., the Kuhara
Mining Co., the Real Estate Department of the Mitsu Bishi
( 579 )
Co., the Takata Bhokai, Okura & Co., the Mitsukoshi
Drygoods Store, the Nippon Steel Works, the Tokyo
Marine Insurance Co., the Mitsui Co., and a large number
of other private concerns and institutions. The supply to
the general market totals an enormous amount.
The company lias a firm footing in the Shanghai
market, where is situated the company's base of foreign
operations. At first the company had to face a strong
rivalry from German and American importers, but owing
to the eSorts on the part of the company's agent, the Mitsui
Co., a complete victory has been gained, and the trade with
that mart is steadily increasing.
The company's sale of products totals ¥400,000 a
year. In recognition of this fact the Tokyo Taisho
Industrial Exhibition awarded a silver medal of honour to
the company.
NIPPON PAINT SEIZO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE NIPPON PAINT MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.)
THIS company, which is the founder of the line of in-
dustry in Japan, was floated in 1874, when Prof.
Haruta Mogi of the Government College with his brother,
Mr. Jujiro Mogi, as manager, inaugurated a laboratory.
At first the laboratory produced only zinc white, and a
few other pigments, but after seven years' experiments and
study, the field of activity was widened. The list of manu-
factures was much enlarged when Mr. Jujiro Mogi with a
few of his friends inaugurated a works called the Komyo-
sha, at Mita, Shiba-ku, Tokyo.
At this time the public desired only foreign-made
goods, and paid no attention to the production of these
works Mr. Mogi and his friends were therefore confronted
with many difficulties in maintaining the enterprise, but
fortunately a helping hand was at that time extended
by Mr. H. Nakagawa of the Imperial Navy, who not only
TOKYO FACTORY OF THE NIPPON PAINT
MANUFACTURING CO.
directed the operations of the works, but persuaded the
Naval authorities to help the works by buying the articles
produced. Thus the difficulties were faced with compara-
tive ease by Mr. Mogi and his friends.
In 1886 the factory equipments were replaced by more
up-to-date machines, and the products were much improved.
This, in conjunction with the Imperial sanction to use the
products, in painting palaces, secured for the works a stable
"^t^^SS^-^
OSAKA FACTORY OF THE CO.
reputation and, when the country went to war with China,
several years later, the Navy's requirements were all pur-
chased from the works. The firm was then removed to
Siiinagawa, and the capital was increased to ¥100,000.
In 1898 the patronage of the Imperial Government
Kailway was secured after a year's trial, and again the com-
pany was forced to enlarge its scope, when the present name
was assumed, and the joint stock system was adopted, the
capital being increased to ¥200,000.
Since then the company has enjoyed an ever-increasing
prosperity. It was to commemorate the hardships endured
and difficulties overcome, before the company had reached
this stage, that a hammer with the Chinese character Kwo
in the centre as the trade mark for the company's products
was adopted.
The Russo-Japanese war once more necessitated the
( 580 )
company to enlarge its business scope, the capital being ex-
tended to ¥500,000 while a new factory was founded in
Osaka. At the end of the war patriotic endeavours to fill
all requirements for the Army and Navy were well appre-
ciated by the Government, and through the Bureau of
Decorations a letter of eulogy was granted, in which it was
stated that commendable endeavours were made by the
company during the campaign. This was an Imperial mark
of appreciation.
Immediately after the restoration of peace, a further
extension of the company's capital and works were neces-
sitated, as the public demand for the products had remark-
ably increased. Tiie capital was trebled to ¥1,500,000 and
the factories at Tokyo and Osaka were much enlarged.
The annual production of the two factories amounted to
more than ¥4,000,000 worth.
The Painting Department was established in June,
1908, when the painting of all kinds of ships under con-
struction was undertaken. In 1911, the Lacquer Depart-
ment was organized, for the purpose of manufacturing and
selling lacquer. Both departments have gradually develop-
ed their respective lines of business. In 1913 the coating
of the furniture in the Imperial Palace was undertaken, at
the order of the Imperial Household Department.
The company produces all kinds of paint, boiler colours,
varnishes, oil refiner, putty, enamel, drier, white lead, zinc
flour, etc., etc. The following are patent rights the com-
pany owns : — Refining lacquer ; Mixed lead paints ;
" Motegi " paints; "Nippon" paints for hulls " Shiki-
shima " coating ; Fluid lacquer.
At present the company are regular contractors and
suppliers to the Imperial Navy, the Imperial Railway Board,
the South Manciiuria Railway Co., the Imperial Government
Arsenal, the Nippon Yusen Kaisha, the Osaka Shosen
Kaisha, the Mitsu Bishi Dockyard and Engine Works, the
Kawasaki Dockyard Co., and many other institutions, official
and otherwise.
Marks of appreciation have been granted to the com-
pany during the past decades. In 1911, the " Blue Ribbon "
Medal was granted to Mr. Jujiro Mogi (the founder who is
at present the actual controller of the company as a Direc-
tor), by the Imperial Government, in recognition of his
meritorious services to the cause of industry.
The company has received medals of merit at difierent
industrial exhibitions, both at home and abroad, the follow-
ing being a list of the recent awards : —
First prize silver medal at the Fifth Domestic Industrial
Exhibition ; Gold Medal of Honour at the Victory Com-
memoration Industrial Exhibition ; Gold Medal of Honour
at the Triumph Commemoration Industrial Exhibition ;
Silver Medal of Honour at the Tokyo Industrial Exhibi-
tion ; Gold Medal at the Kwansai Federal Competitive
Industrial Exhibition ; Gold Medal at the Second Invention
Exhibition ; Grand Medal of Honour at the Tokyo Taisho
Industrial Exhibition ; Gold Medal at the Semarang
Industrial Exhibition. Beside the main office at Shinagawa,
and the Branch at Osaka, the company has an auxiliary
branch office at Hankow Road, Shanghai, and agencies at
Yokosuka, Maizuru, Kobe, Kure, Kokura, Saseho, Seoul,
Taihoku, Dairen, Tientsin, and Tsiugtao.
NIPPON SAKUSAN SEIZO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE NIPPON ACETIC ACID MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.)
THE Head Office of this company is located at No.
3, Yanagisbima-Yokogawa-cho Honjo-ku, Tokyo.
There is an agency at No. 4, Yorozu-cho Nihonbashi-ku,
Tokyo, and Branch factory at Shonai-mura, near Osaka.
The company owns five wood distillation factories.
The annual amount of wood distillation products
reaches about ¥2,600,000. The Head Office produces
glacial acetic acid (pure), acetic acid (pure), aceton, acetate,
refined methylalcohol ; the Oiiaka Branch glacial acetic
acid (pure), acetic acid (pure), acetate ; Shiobara Wood
Distillation Factory sodium acetate, crude methylalcohol
wood tar, cokes ; and four other wood distillation factories
produce similar articles.
The company had its origin in a factory started in
May, 1894, by Mr. ShSichiro Kato, the present Managing
Director, in Ochiai-raura, Kamitoga-gori, Tochigi prefecture.
The factory was equipped with necessary machines on the
Western model and opened to business in August of the
same year. At first he met with many difficulties, but by
dint of unsparing efforts, tlie business gradually developed,
and he directed his effi3rts for the spread among charcoal
business of the manufacture of sodium acetate. In the
meantime the output steadily increased, and in July, 1903,
he established a joint stock company at the present address
with a capital of ¥100,000, chiefly for the manufacture of
acetic acid, aceton, and acetate. Despite the growing
( 581 )
demand for acetic acid in Japan, the company did not
prosper as it could not compete with the imported articles,
which were far superior to the company's products. Mr.
Kato then approached Baron Eiiclii Shibusawa, Baron
Kihachiro Okura, Messrs. Kyohei Magoshi, Shozaburo
Uyemura and other prominent businessmen, and by their
support he increased the capital to ¥300,000 in September,
1906, and in the following year established the present fac-
tory, in which machines of the latest type for the manufacture
of acetic acid were installed. The new factory was put in
operation in February, 1908. The manufactures earned an
excellent reputation, but had to meet keen competition of
foreign articles. The manufactures, however, gradually
increased in demand, and since 1911 they have almost
mura, Shioya-gori, Toohigi prefecture by increasing the
capital to ¥600,000, and put it in operation in the following
month. This is now the model factory of the kind in the
Orient, producing sodium acetate, crude methylalcohol,
cokes and wood tar, all of which are superior to the imports.
But the products of this works alone being insufScient to
meet the large demand for sodium acetate, in February,
1915, the company established the four other factories
mentioned above.
In November, 1913, the company started the manu-
facture of formalin with crude methylalcohol of its own
production by purchasing machines of the latest pattern,
and put on the market the article equal to the foreign
goods. On the organization, however, of the Toyo Chemical
TIMBER DISTILLATION FACTORY
AT SHIOBARA.
ACETIC ACID FACTORY AT HONJO, TOKYO.
entirely driven the foreign articles out of the home market.
The company opened the manufacture of aceton in
February, 1909, by purchasing machines of the latest
pattern. This line has also been attended with great
success. The Nippon Explosives Works Ltd., at Hiratsuka,
Kanagawa Prefecture, manufacturing gun-powder for the
use of the Imperial Navy, looks exclusively to the company
to meet all its demand for aceton. Besides it is much in
demand for the manufacture of celluloid and artificial
leather.
In spite of the great development attained in the
manufacture of acetic acid and aceton, the manufacture of
the material or sodium acetate had remained inactive for a
number of years, and the greater part of the demand had
been met by imports from America. Regretting this situa-
tion, the company established, in July, 1911, a large
wood distillation factory on a European model in Shiobara-
Manufacturing C!o., Ltd., in December, 1915, in accordance
with the regulation is-fued for the encouragement of the
manufacture of dye-stuffs and chemicals, the company made
over all its formalin manufacturing machines to this new
concern, to which the company has since supplied the
material. With a view to meeting increasing demands for
acetic acid, the company opened a branch factory near
Osaka in December, 1913. In May, 1914, the com-
pany purchased the Osaka Acetic Acid Co., Ltd. and
increased the capital to ¥680,000. In June, 1915, the
capital was increased to ¥1,300,000. The company has
opened up markets in China, British India, Dutch East
Indies, Straits Settlements, etc., and is always in full
swing executing large orders received from various
quarters.
The President of the company is Mr. Kyohei Magoshi,
and the Managing Director is Mr. Shoichiro Kato.
( 582 )
NIPPON SHIKI SEIZO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE JAPAN PAPER WARE MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.)
THE company's Head Office is located atOgawa-machi,
Kanda-ku, Tokyo. It was organized in August,
1913. The trend of the situation in recent years shows
increasing requirements for refined paper wares of varied
MR. S. TAJIMA.
descriptions, and it has become evident that paper wares are
to take the place of even those made of glass and tin-plates.
In Europe and America receptacles for cheese, jam, flour,
and even milk, are made of paper. This is because paper
wares are of graceful appearance, light, not easily broken
and moderate in price. Perceiving, therefore, that the
manufacture of paper wares would make an important
industry iu Japan, the promotors of the company first
established a small workshop equipped with a few machines
at Hoiicho, Nihonbashi-ku. The business rapidly progressed
and the factory soon proved too small to meet the demand.
It was removed to Ogawa-machi, Kanda-ku, but this again
proved too limited in scope, and it was removed to
Moto-machi, Yotsuya-ku. Measuring over 1,000 tsubo in
building area, the site, which is a separate lot, covers an
area of over 2,000 tsubo. Tiie company pays close atten-
tion to the machines employed for this line of goods in
Europe and America, thereby trying to provide the works
with machines of the latest pattern, and takes every care
for the production of the best possible articles. Orders are
executed punctually and at moderate prices, and in the art
of manufacture the company has no equal in Japan. The
goods are extensively exported to America, where the firm
has already established an agency. Mention must specially
be made of Mr. Tajiraa, Managing Director of the company,
to whom is largely due its organization and present pros-
perity. Previous to the establishment of the company he
made a tour through Europe and America, when he was
deeply impressed with the idea that the paper ware industry
must not be left neglected. On returning home lie urged
the necessity of establishing a company for the manufacture
of paper wares on western models, and at last succeeded in
promoting the present company. Since its organization he
has endeavoured to produce the best paper boxes, the result
being the present fame and credit enjoyed by the company.
It stands to the credit of the company that this line has
become one of the most important industries of the nation.
The company's capital is now ¥500,000, but there is a plan
to increase it to ¥2,.500,000.
THE JAPAN PAPER WARE MANUFACTURING, TOKYO.
A list of officers is appended : — '
Seki Hoshino, Esq. ...
Shiichi Tajima, Esq.
Shonojo Moriyama, Esq.
Keijiro Sakata, Esq.
Ichiro Hatoyama, Esq.
Tachisaburo Koshiyama, Esq.
Masatoshi Matsui, Esq
President.
f Managing
\ Director.
Director.
Auditor.
( 683 )
NISSHiN SEIFUN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE SINO-JAPANESE FLOUR MILLING CO., LTD.)
"■ I -HIS line of business was formerly conducted, in
Japan, by country business men or farmers with
small water-mills, and the products were of inferior quality.
Almost all the requirements of the country were imported
from America and other countries. At one time the total
value of imports amounted to ¥10,000,000 a year.
Leading businessmen in Yokohama, with a capital of
¥1,000,000, in 1907, promoted a company with a view to
developing this line of industry in Japan, and checking the
import of foreign goods. With the organization of the
company, which was styled the Sino-Japanese Flour
Milling Co., Ltd., the main mill was established at Yoko-
hama.
This mill was constructed on the model of leading
American flour mills, and equipped with a set of up-to-date
machines. The total output at the mill was then 500
barrels a day. Tlie company's head office was established
in Tokyo, for the purpose of further extending the business
at the earliest opportunity.
In November, 1908, tlie company effected the extension
of the plant, by amalgamating the Tatebayashi Flour
Milling Co., at Tatebayashi, Gumma prefecture. Two
years later the Japan Flour Milling Co. was also araal-'
gamated, when the company's capital was increased to
¥1,700,000 and the daily output increased to 1,400 barrels.
In 1911, the Tatebayashi Mill was again extended,
and the daily output was increased by 500 barrels. The
Nagoya Mill was erected in 1913, where German machines
were installed, and the daily output was increased by
another 500 barrels. The total output now stands at 2,300
barrels a day.
The company contemplates the erection of another mill
at Mito, which is a large wheat growing centre in Japan.
This will add another 500 barrels to the company's daily
output.
The company's flour is excellent, and in every respect
equal to the imported goods. This fact has been acknow-
ledged by the public, the proof of which is found in the
number of medals and prizes gained at exhibitions. The
latest of these is the Grand Prize of Honour given at the
Tokyo Taisho Exhibition in 1914.
TATEBAYASHI MILL.
UTSUNOMIYA MILL.
YOKUl-l.AMA Ml LI..
NAGOYA MILL.
The company's officers are as follows : —
Kaichiro Nezu, Esq
Tei-ichiro Masada, Esq. ...
KUEANOSUKE KiMURA, Esq.
Kyujiro Matsushita, Esq.
ToKDTARO Naqaea, Esq. ...
Tamesaburo Ishijima, Esq.
Keizaburo Mogi, Esq.
NiHEi AoKi, Esq
JiNZO Muramatsu, Esq. ...
President.
Managing Director.
Director.
Auditor.
( 584 )
NIWA KOGYOSHO.
(THE NIWA
''T^HIS manufactory is owned and managed by Mr.
Eizaburo Niwa, a business man of Osaka, who has
ample experience in this line of business. It is situated at
Gamo, Naraazuye, Higashi-Nari-gori, Osaka prefecture. It
was founded in 1903, by the late Mr. Eizaburo Niwa, the
father of the present proprietor, with the assistance of Mr.
Chinzaburo Shiraizu, who perfected his own process of
manufacturing marine glue pitcli, with a view to checking
MANUFACTORY.)
Thus a high standard of efficiency is kept up, and the daily
production amounts to 2,240 lbs. of different grades and
qualities of marine glue pitch.
At first marine glue pitch was principally imported
from overseas, but now practically all principal shipyards,
including the Naval Yards, prefer the products of the Niwa
Manufactory. For the purpose of insulation, many electric
companies have adopted these goods.
^7^^
THE LATE MR. E. NIWA.
THE NIWA MANUFACTORIES, OSAKA.
the import of these goods. On the death of the founder, his
son, the present proprietor, succeeded to the management of
the manufactory, and has since expanded operations, while
at the same time steadily improving the quality of the goods.
The manufactory is now equipped with complete and
up-to-date machines for the conduct of this line of business,
and the working staff is composed of experienced men.
The business office of the manufactory is situated at
2-chorae, Tsurigane-cho, Higashi-ku, Osaka, where the pro-
prietor manages the affairs of the concern, while at the
manufactory Messrs, Motonosuke Niwa and Sadamichi
Shimizu exercise general supervision over the workmen.
As business manager, Mr. Kaneshige Sakurai assists the
proprietor at the office.
( 585 )
OSAKA ABE PAINT SEIZOSHO.
(THE OSAKA ABE PAINT MANUFACTORY.)
'T^HE Osaka Abe Paint Manufactory is an old establish-
■*■ ment, at Nishino-Shiinono-olio, Nishi-ku, Osaka,
owned and controlled by Mr. Ichisaburo Abe, a prominent .
business man in Osaka.
It was founded by the late Mr. Ichirobei Abe, the
father of the present proprietor, in February, 1888, in view
of the possibility of a great demand for paints and varnislies
in Japan, though at that time the annual consumption of
different paints was only ¥200,000 worth.
The first three years were spent in conducting experi-
ments in the manufacture of various qualities, and training
Abe accomplished as pioneer of this useful line of
industry.
Wiien the Sino-Japanese war broke out, the present
proprietor was the head of the manufactory, and effected
many reforms, with a view to improving the opportunity
offered by the war. Mr. Abe undertook a tour in England
and Germany, studying the advanced method of manufacture,
and on his return applied all he learnt to the manufactures
at his factory.
In 1911, a radical reform was carried out in the factory
system, in pursuance of the advice given by Dr. K. Yoshi-
men in this particular line of business, as then all paint
required was imported from abroad, and no one was
experienced in the trade inaugurated heie. In 1890, the
first goods available for the market were supplied on trial
to the different Naval Yards, the Mitsubishi Dockyard, and
the Osaka Iron Works.
The result of the trial was excellent, and orders were
given by Government and private yards, encouraging
the founder by giving testimonials of tlie good quality of the
goods supplied. At various exiiibitious, high honours were
granted, not only on account of the excellence of the goods
exhibited, but the meritorious work the late Mr. Ichirobei
THE OSAKA ABE PAINT MANUFACTORY.
kawa, the Adviser, and not only a heavy increase in the output
was brought about, but great improvements were introduced.
The manufactory is now equipped with a plant which
can produce ¥2,500,000 worth of paints, boiled oils,
varnishes, white lead, liquid driers, flour of zinc, etc., etc.
The import of these goods has thus been effectively checked ;
they are also exported to Ciiina, British India, Eussia, the
Netherlands East Indies, the Philippines, and other
countries.
Mr. Ichisaburo Abe, the proprietor, is assisted in the
management by Mr. Kamejiro Abe, as Managing Director,
and Mr. Gentaro Sekiguchi as Manager.
( 586 )
OSAKA CHIKUONKI KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE OSAKA PHONOGRAPH CO., LTD.)
rpHIS company is situated at No. 8, 2-chome, Shio-
machi, Stikaisuji, Miuami-ku, Oaalia, and is presided
over by Mr. Choyemou Kashio. The company was
established in 1912 with a capital of ¥100,000. Its works
are located at No. 105, 7-chome, Higashi-Noda-machi,
Kita-ku, Osaka. There are two agencies : One is situated
in Ageba-naachi, Ushigome-ku, Tokyo and the other in
4-ohome, Minato-raachi, Kobe.
Annual Output.
Records
Machines
Needles
500,000,000
8,000.000
90,000,000
PHONOGRAPH MADE BY THE CO.
Markets: — The homeland, China, Russin, and India.
,..- ■ MANUFACTURES OF THE OSAKA PHONOGRAPH CO.
C «87 )
OSAKA TEBUKURO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE OSAKA GLOVE MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.)
rriHE Osaka Glove Mauufacturiug Co , Ltd. ia situated
-'- at No. 416, Minami-Urae-Sagisu-cho, Nishinari-
gori, near Osaka. The firm was originally started in 1890
by Mr. Tatsukichi Tanatsugu, who made every eflPort for
the improvement of the articles. For this purpose he twice
made tours of inspection in Europe and America. The goods
now enjoy an excellent reputation both at home and
abroad. For the superiority of quality Mr. Tamitsugu has
been awarded many Silver and Gold Medals by various
Exhibitions, and received a certificate of merit from the
International Panama Exposition of 1914. In 1915 a new
factory was established at the present address, which is
equipped with machines of the latest pattern. In October
of the same year the firm was transformed into the present
organization, capitalized at ¥500,000. The annual output
reaches about ¥10,000 ; the chief characteritic of the works
consists in tiie manufacture of all varieties of gloves.
The company is the only manufacturer of this line of
articles in the Orient and supplies them to difierent quarters
at home and abroad. Tiie chief destinations abroad are
Great Britain, U. S. A., Russia, India, Australia, South
Africa, China and Chosen.
MR. T. TANATSUGU.
RYOSUI GOSHI KAISHA.
(THE RYOSUI MATCH MANUFACTURING CO.)
rriHE Ryosui Goshi Kaisha, one of the largest match
manufacturing companies in Japan, was organized
in 1886. In 1887 the company was transformed into a
limited partnership under the joint management of Japanese
and Chinese, including Mr. Benzo Takigawa and Mr.
Maihsiaopang. But later Mr. Gisaku Takigawa took over
the investment made by the Chinese partners. The com-
pany then had three workshops in Kobe. In 1900 Mr.
Gisaku Takigawa became the president, and simultaneously
the company combined with the Takigawa Gomel Kaisha
with its three shops. Soon afterwards it purchased the
Himeji Mill and the Tajima Match Works. Later it
bought the Ekisui-siia with several manufactories. At this
time the annual output of the company reached between
6,000,000 and 7,000,000 gross. In order to act upon its
principle of producing its own materials, the company esta-
blished workshops for the making of packing boxes, and
then a printing house for the manufacture of labels. In
1910 it established two shops for the manufacture of box
wood in Tomakomai in the province of Iburi, Hokkaido,
and opened in Kobe a mill for the making of boxes. In
1908 the company bought the Nippon Splint Works, Ltd./
( 588 )
with a capital of ¥500,000 in Hokkaido and put in opera-
tion five manufactories in Abashiri, Wakibetsu and other
places. Recently it inaugurated the Taisho Goshi Kaisha
to meet the demand for splints in tlie homeland. While
extending the scope of business on one hand the company
has spared no effort for unifying the work and improving
the qualities of the articles. The company now uses
machines of its own invention in almost all its works, in-
cluding the labelling of boxes. It chiefly exports the
articles abroad directly, having already established agencies
in Hongkong, Shanghai, Tsingtao, Calcutta, Korea, etc.
Besides the Orient, it has opened up outlets in the Occident,
and meets the greater part of the demand in the home
market. " Sparrow " and " Bamboo Shoot " are the most
popular of its products.
Mr. Gisaku Takigawa, the President, is a graduate of
the Osaka Higher Technical College and President of the
Kobe Chamber of Commerce.
MR. G. TAKIGAWA.
SAKAYA ISHIWATA BOSHOKUSHO.
(THE SAKAYA ASBESTOS CO.)
T
HE firm of the Sakaya Asbestos Co., (Limited
Partnership) stands at Nos. 445 and 446 Kita-
KORAI-
BASHI
SHOW-
ROOM IN
OSAKA.
THE NISHINODA SPINNING MILL OF THE CO.
Shindachi Village, Izunami-gori, near Osaka, and is presided
over by Mr. Nobuyoshi Sakaya. Mr. Sakaya was born in
February, 1869, in Matsuyama, lyo Province, being the
fourth son of Mr, H. Okamiya, Later he was adopted into
the family of Sakaya. In 1892 he left his native place for
Osaka, where he entered into the service of an iron store
kept by Mr. Katsugoro Tsuda. After serving there for three
years lie, in co-operation with the late Mr. M. Kubo, from
the same province, opened tlie manufacture of asbestos in
Osaka under the title of the Kyuei Shoten. In the mean-
time the war broke out between Japan and China, creating
a large demand for asbestos by men-of-war. In order to
meet the increasing demand for the goods he organized the
Nippon Asbestos Co., Ltd. in Osaka in May, 1896, by
taking over the business of the Kyuei Shoten. In April,
1908, he resigned from the company and inaugurated his
own Asbestos Works at Kita-Shindachi Village, Izunami-
gori, near Osaka. This is the origin of the present Sakaya
Asbestos Co, Mr. Sakaya equipped his works with machines
characteristic of Japanese and opened direct connections with
( 589 >
the producers of materials in Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Yarna-
guchi, Fukushinaa, Wakayama, Saitama. Chosen and Man-
churia. Thus fully prepared he commenced the manufacture
of various ashestos articles, putting the first example in this
line of industry in this country. The business was steadily
developed by his painstaking efforts, and aided by the support
of some influential men the firm was reorganized into a
limited partnership in July, 1912, and at the same time the
works were enlarged, and the capital and machinery in-
creased. As a result the production was doubled. At this
time the Imperial Navy announced tlie policy of purchasing
goods from the native factorifs as much as possible, and the
firm was nominated by the various Admiralties to manu-
facture the goods. Orders were also received from other
public and private offices. Ou tiie outbreak of the European
war the demands for asbestos goods by the Imperial Navy
and from other quarters greatly increased. Finding the
works too small to meet the increasing demand the company
established a branch factory at Nishi Noda, Kitaku in
March, 1915, and installed machines of the latest pattern.
The company has not only succeeded in checking the
import but also in opening markets abroad. A plan
is now formed for the third extension of business by
establishing another branch works near Tokyo and re*
constructing the principal works on a far larger scale
near Osaka.
S. A. ENPITSU PENJIKU SEIZOSHO.
(S. A. PENCIL CO. )
n^HE S. A. Pencil Co., owned by Mr. 8adahei Araa-
kata, is situated lit No. 20, 3-chome, Otowa-cho,
MR. S. AMAKATA.
Koishikawa-ku, Tokyo. Formerly the factory was in
Nippori, near Tokyo, and was engaged exclusively in the
manufacture of penholders. In 1910 it was removed to the
present address and simultaneously it inaugurated the
manufacture of pencils, which has now become its chief
occupation. The business is so swifcy developing that the
present mill, though spacious, is proving too narrow in scope.
The annual output amounts to 150,000 gross pencils and
25,000 gross penholders. The company has established
connections in various prefectures, and meits large demands
not only in the home land but also abroad. Foreign
destinations comprise China, India, South Seas Islands and
Russia. Especially since the present war in Europe broke-
out Mr. Amakata makes a point of maintaining strict
economy in the management and the highest standard of
efficiency in men and plant for the increasing demand, so
that now the company is able to supply the market with
the best goods at the lowest prices.
( 690 )
MR. SASAMURA TAKEZO.
(MANUFACTURER AND EXPORTER OF ROPE, MATS, ETC.)
'T^HE firm, established in May, 1887, manufactures and
■'■ exports different Icinds of rope, mats, and other
kindred articles, on an extensive scale. Tlie firm's head office
is at 5-chome, Awabori-dori, Nishi-kn, Osaka, with yards at
the following localities: — The Ist factory, Kishiwada,
Izukita-gori, Osaka prefecture ; Tlie 2nd factory, Namazue,
Higashinari-gori, Osaka prefecture.
At these factories the following articles are produced,
to the extent of 20,000,000 lbs. : — Manila lienip ropes, tarred
ropes, wire ropes, cotton repes, spun yarn packing, Japanese
and Chinese hemp flat ropes, hemp twine, cotton twine, line,
etc., etc.
Besides these articles manufactured by the firm, vege-
table fibres including palm fibres, animal hairs, brushes,
brooms, mats, tissues of palm fibres, and other raw materials
and their manufactures are dealt in.
The products of the firm's yards are known by their
excellence, not only in this country but overseas. At present
these manufactures are largely exported to Manchuria,
Ciiosen, Taiwan, China, the United States, and Vladivostok.
The annual shipment runs into a very large amount.
SAWADA GARASU KOJO.
(THE SAWADA GLASS MANUFACTORIES.)
THE Sawada Glass Manufactories situated at Nakanogo-
Narihira-machi, Honjo-ku, Tokyo, were establish-
ed twenty years ago. To commence with they manufactur-
ed lamp chimneys exclusively ; at present these are only
exported to China, India and the South Seas. The principal
goods now turned out are table wares, alcove ornaments,
various kjnds of glasses and gas chimneys.
The aim of the Sawada Glass Ware Manufactories is to
turn out superior and regular goods in large quantities. It
is no exaggeration to say that the Manufactories are un-
rivaled in Japan, in point of producing capacity. The
Sawada are in a position execute with dispatch large
orders from abroad as they are provided with every
modern equipment. The valuable experience gained in
THE FACTORY AND SHOW ROOM OF THE SAWADA GLASS MANUFACTORIES, TOKYO.
The principal factory, wliich covers an area of 1,300
tsubo, is situated at Nakanogo-Nariliira-machi, and a branch
factory, which is under the charge of Mr. Tsuueo Shinoda, is
located at Kamedo, its area covering 400 fsubo. The total
number of workmen and operatives employed at the
principal factory is 250, while the number of employes at
the branch factory is 60. Tiie principal factory is provided
with a dormitory for the accommodation of the workmen.
the past twenty years, coupled with other merits of
the Manufactories, enable them to produce goods of
quality.
The workmen are accorded considerate trei^tment, and
share in the profits.
The daily output of goods is 100,000 pieces on an
average ; the annual production in value is estimated at
over ¥900,000,
( 691 )
(THE
S E I K 0 - S H A.
SEIKO-SHA AND ITS PROPRIETOR.)
THE Seiko-sha is a clock and watch factory located at
No. 26, Yanagisliima-cho, Honjo-ku, Tokyo, Its
proprietor is Mr. K. Hattori. The factory, established in
April, 1892, is being enlarged as its output increases. The
factory compound covers 5,766 tsubo (I tsubo 3.9538 square
yards), including 4,706 tsubo taken up by the buildings.
216 HP. Electricity 35 HP. Steam is the motive power
used in the plant. The number of workmen is about 1,300
men and women. The annual output of wall-clocks, table-
clocks and watches is nearly 700,000. The materials used
at the factory are all home made. The manufactures cliiefly
supply the domestic market, but are also exported to Oriental
countries and since the Great European War, to England,
France, Australia, etc., in large quantities.
Mr. K. Hattori, Proprietor of the Seiko-sha, is the son
of a merchant of" quite small means. He was formerly an
employee of an insignificant dealer in watciies and clocks in
Tokyo and afterwards independently opened business in
that line in the Capital. Shortly after the opening of busi-
ness his store was destroyed by fire together with the greater
1892. The manufacture of watches was started in 1895.
After surmounting many difficulties, he iucceeded in his
enterprise, and botii his factory and store are now flourishing.
Having himself risen from indigence, Mr, Hattori shows
MR K. HATTORI.
great consideration for his dependents, who thoroughly ap-
preciate his sympathetic attitude. Mr. Hattori has so far
travelled twice through Europe and America. His first
•j:^
THE SEIKO-SHA, TOKYO.
part of his property, but as the result of diligent and in-
defatigable work he was soon able to open his present store
in the Ginza, one of the main streets of Tokyo, in 1887. In
view of the increasing importation of foreign watches and
clocks, Mr. Hattori established a factory, the Seiko-sha, in
tour abroad was made in 1899, when he visited well-knowD
manufacturers of watches and clocks with a view to opening
direct trade with them. In 1906, he again started on a
foreign tour of inspection. Returning home, he developed
his import and manufacturing business in a marked degree.
( 592 )
x-j-
SHIMADZU SEISAKUSHO.
(THE SHIMADZU WORKS.)
THIS Manufactory was founded by the late Mr. Genzo
Shimadzu, iu 1875, who was a pioneer in tliis country
"in manufacturing specimens of machines for scientific use.
In 1894, the present proprietor, Mr. Genzo Shimadzu,
succeeded to the business, and lias gradually enlarged the
business. The Manufactory is now using all its energy in
electric lights fixed iu the night-trains are furnished by the
storage batteries fixed beneath the floors, the Railway
Board almost exclusively using this make. A feature of
tlie G. S. storage battery is its durable capacity. At various
Exhibitions the G. S. storage battery were awarded 17 first-
cliiss gold medals, 16 second-class silver medals, 18 copper
:i*i2":'te^f;
+
FACTORY OF G. S. STORAGE BATTARY AND ITS INTERIOR.
manufacturing storage batteries and accessory goods. In
1895, the manufacture of storage batteries was first handled.
The factory was built by Mr. Shimadzu with a view to
making it an ideal one, it being unparalleled in its interior
equipments. The storage batteries comprise various kinds,
such as those used for vessels, motor cars, trains, etc. The
medals, 16 certificates of merit, and 35 letters of thanks.
In the Maritime Exhibition held in Tokyo in the spring
of 1916, the goods were awarded an order and a gold medal.
The Head Office of the Shimadzu Works is located at
Nijo-Minami, Kiya-machi, Kamikyo-ku, Kyoto, and their
branches are in Tokyo, Osaka and Kyushu.
SHINAGAWA HAKURENGA KABUSHiKI KAISHA.
(THE SHINAGAWA WHITE BRICK CO.. LTD.)
' I ''HIS company is the pioneer in the manufacture of
fire-proof bricks in Japan, and enjoys the reputation
of being the most prosperous of its kind in the East. This
busiuess was first started by the late Mr. Katsuzo Nishimura
in 1875, as a private enterprise, under the guidance of a
French expert. In 1900, the affair was converted into
a limited partnership, and in 1903 into a joint-stock
company. At first,, the late Mr. Nishimura, who ex-
pected great developments in the industries of this
country, was convinced of the indispensability in the future
of fire-proof bricks, and he, with Mr. Masayoshi Yamano-
uchi, the present Managing Director, endured various
diflSculties for twenty years following its organization,
owing to the fact that they were financially embarrased.
Despite financial difficulties, they despatched experts to
Europe and America, and by dint of skill and technical
knowledge they have, at last, succeeded in turning out
perfect white bricks. About 1883, the annual output of
goods, iiv this country, was not more thaa 60,000 pieces.
The industrial circles in Japan have witnessed a gradual
(
development since then, and the demand for these goods has
correspondingly increased. In order to cope with require-
ments, the company has greatly extended its business ; it
now has branch factories at six places througliout the
693 )
merit by the Emperor, in January, 1900, and September,
1911, respectively.
MR. M. YAMANOUCHI.
country, where over 60,000,000 pieces are annually produced.
The domestic demand is met, and goods are also supplies to
India, China and other parts of the East. In recognition
of their services, in promoting this enterprise, the late Mr.
Nishimura and Mr. Yamanouchi were awarded medals ot
I Managing
I Director.
Director.
TOKYO FACTORY OF THE SHIN AG AW A
WHITE BRICK CO.
The address of the company is Kita-Shinagawa, Tokyo,
and the officials are as allows : —
Masayoshi Yamanouchi, Esq.
YOSHINAYE FUJIMURA, Esq. ...
Naoshi Nishimura, Esq
Sadaichiro Matsui, Esq.
Chikakori Yasoshima, Esq. ...
KoMAKicHi Toyoshima, Esq....
KoKUTAKO Takamatsu, Esq. ...
Shogan Urushi, Esq
Eizaburo Hamasaki, Esq. ...
Auditor.
SHINOZAKI SNK SEIZOS
(SHINOZAKI INK FACTORY.)
'npHE Shinozaki Ink Works, owned by Mr. Matabei
"*■ Shinnzaki, stands at o-chorae, Midori-cho, Honjo-ku,
Tokyo. The Business Department is situated at 1-ehome,
Bakuro-cho, Hihonbaslii-ku, Tokyo. The Works were
organized in 1884. The annual output amounts to ¥600,000.
The equipments of the works leave nothing to be desired,
and the chief expert is Mr. Yoshikawa, Assistant Professor in
the Tokyo Higher Technical College, wiio is an authority
on applied chemistry relating to dye-stuffs. The material
dye-stuffs in use are cliiefly vegetable elements, and im-
portant Ciiemicals are manufactured in the factory.
Thanks to the able management of Mr. Shinozaki, the
proprietor, the business is steadily expanding. The superior
quality of the inks produced is widely recognized. The
works were awarded a gold medal by the Anglo-Japanese
Exposition and the International Panama Exhibition, and
C 594 )
every domestic exhibition conferred the highest honour.
The articles are used by almost all the companies and
government offices. Specialities are : strong quality of
water proof, and clear and lasting colour. The ink used
for drawing is also of excellent quality. Since the sending
of consignments to Hawaii and China, about two decades
ago, (he export has steadily increased, until they now go to
almost every part of the world.
Besides inks, the works manufacture copying paper,
mucilage and gum arabic, all being noted for their ex-
cellent quality. Mucilage, with the trade mark of a star,
is commanding a good sale in the Chinese market, and the
copying paper is promised a very bright future.
INK RESERVOIR OF THE SHINOZAKI
FACTORY, TOKYO.
INK
SHOFU TOKI GOSHI KAISHA.
(THE SHOFU PORCELAIN MANUFACTURING CO.)
'"pHE Shofu Porcelain Manufacturing Co. is located in
A Honmachi-Ninohashi, Kyoto, and is under the
management of Mr. Kojo Shofu, who is a prominent figure
iimoug manufacturers of porcelains and electric apparatus.
He has made himself especially famous by his recent
brilliant success in the manufacture of the high .pressure
THE SHOFU PORCELAIN MANUFACTURING CO., KYOTO.
insulator. In March last he was decorated with an order
for his meritorious services rendered in the cause of the
export trade.
This special high pressure insulator is now a great
monopolising industry in the Orient. The demand for it
is stea(iily increasing, in view of the growing development
of tiie electrical business in this country. Insulators of
■under 3,500 volts were already made by the home factories
before the manufacture of the special high pressure insulators
by Mr. Shofu. But those of over 10,000 volts were all
imported from America and Germany. Mr. Shofu improved
this state of inferiority of the home manufacture and
determined to make a high pressure insulator in his own
works. His exertions were crowned with success, for he
accomplished the manufacture of the special insulator of
200,000 volts. These have not only checked the import but
have also been largely exported.
The works of the company were built in April, 1916,
when the company was reorganized into a limited partner-
ship. The site covers an aera of over 8,000 iaubo and the
number of workmen is over 500, while the accommodations
leave nothing to be desired. The company has a branch in
Shirokabe-cho, Nagoya and an agency in Minami-Denma-
cho, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo. Besides, there was recently
opened in Imabashi, Higashi-ku, Osaka the Shofu Machinery
Department.
The new Department is engaged in the following
business : — (1) To act as a reliable and useful mediator
between sellers and purchasers of old machines; (2) To
purchase and repair second-hand machines; (3) The sale of
electrical apparatus and general machines and metals ; (4)
The sale and purchase of waste metals.
The department is in charge of Mr. Jubei Hirata, who
has a thorough knowledge of machinery, assisted by the
able experts Dr. Ogi and Mr. Miyoshi.
It must be added that Mr. Sh5fu has taken over the
business of the Osaka Electrical Apparatus Manufacturing
Co., Ltd., and is actively running the business as President.
( 695 )
TAOHIBANA GARASU SEIZOSHO.
(THE TACHIBANA
r I IHE8E works, whicli are under the management of
Mr. Eisuke Imamura, stand at Sliinagawa, Ebara-
gori, near Tokyo. The shop is located at No. 1, 1 chome,
Ginza, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo. Since their establishment in
September, 1913, the works have been chiefly engaged in
the manufacture of works of art, making at all times every
effort for the improvement and development of the art of
manufacture and also for the training of workmen, who
number over 100 at present. The works contemplate tak-
ing in hand the manufacture of general wares, in addition
to the works of art, in the future. They have made it their
principle to supply articles of the best possible quality.
Practical usefulness and elegance of the articles have
already won for them an excellent reputation, and they are
recognized by the public as being in no way inferior to the
western articles. The market is not confined to the home>
land but extends to the South Sea Islands and Australia.
The demand is steadily increasing, promising the works a
very bright future.
Specialities are as follows : —
Siiades for electric light, gas chimneys, globes, bottles,
toilet articles, dishes of various descriptions, and other
GLASS WORKS.)
wares. In the shop at Ginza tliere are put on show works
of art, fancy goods and many other articles.
THE FACTORY AND SALE DEPARTMENT
OF THE CO., TOKYO.
The works are ready at all times to respond to orders
for the manufacture of articles on given designs.
TAGUCHI SHOKAI.
(S. TAGUCHI & CO.)
'npHE Taguchi Shokai, the well known manufacturers of
Japanese black ink and black paint, are located at
No. 20, Koyama-machi, Mita, Shiba-ku, Tokyo. The
works were established in 1899 by Mr. Seiji Taguchi, the
pre^t proprietor. In the early years of the organization,
the works were exclusively devoted to the manufacture of
black paint, but later commenced the manufacture of black
ink, which in now the principal occupation. The Kaimei
Bokuju, the name under which the ink is put on the market,
is widely known not only in Japan hut also in foreign
countries, especially in China. The present prosperity of
the works is entirely due to the manufacture of the ink
inaugurated by Mr. Taguchi. While exerting his eiforts
for the extension of the market for ink, newly put on sale,
Mr. Taguchi unexpectedly received an order from the
Peking Government. Though the order was not large, it
C 596 )
greatly encouraged him. While the article was steadily There is a branch in Osaka which was established in 1905.
The works are fully equipped with machines of the latest
pattern. Since two years ago, the works have manufactured
the " Furaku Ink " (unfadable). This is the result of Mr.
gaining in influence in the Chinese market, there came the
Russo-Japanese war, and the ink was purchased to an
MR. S, TAGUCHI.
enormous amount by the army and Naval authorities.
Since the conclusion of the war, the ink has been generally
recognized as suitable for use in schools and offices. At
present, the annual amount sold reaches about ¥300,000.
MANUFACTURES BY S.
TAGUCHI & CO,
Taguclii's several years' study and it has already gained an
excellent reputation.
The chief destinations abroad are China, Russia and
America.
TAKABAYASHI RENZU SEIZOSHO.
(THE TAKABAYASHI LENS WORKS.)
'T^HE Takabayashi
"*■ 3,\*Yayoi-cho,
^HE Takabayashi Lens Works are situated at No.
Hongo-ku, Tokyo. Mr. Gintaro
I^OTOGRAPH LENSES
Prismatic BINOCULAR
Telescope &. Microscope
*
Spectacles eye lenses
TRflbE
A^/IRK
Takabayashi, the Proprietor, devoted himself in 1875 to the
manufacture of lens of German pattern. In 1892, he
established the works at the present site for the manufacture
of spectacles and optical lens. At first, the motive power
employed w^s only 3 horse-power and the workmen numbered
less than twenty. But ten years later the motive power
was increased to 8 horse-power and the number of workmen
to 50. Now the motive power is 24 horse-power and
operatives number over 100. These are employed exclusively
in the manufacture of lens. Tlie medal accessories are all
manufactured in separate works in different places.
The principal achievements made by Mr. Takabayashi
during his long business career are cylindrical lens, ma.de
in 1886, optical lens made in 1892, accurately plane parallel
glass for the use of the Hydrographical Department of the
( 597 )
Navy made in 1896, various optical prisms and prismatic
binoculars made in 1901, and toric cylinder made in 1907.
Each of these instruments was first manufactured by these
vorks in Japan, and the manufacture of some of them is still
monopolized by the works.
The works received the honour of the first class for
various kinds of lens by the Tokyo Industrial Exhibition of
1907, and a gold medal by the Taisho Exhibition of 1913.
Among many lens manufacturers Mr. Takabayashi was the
only recipient of these highest honours.
Specialities : Spectacles, eye lens, optical lens, and all
other kinds of optical instruments.
rp^HE Takahashi Hat Factory, Zengenji-cho, Kita-
ku, Osaka, was founded by Mr. Tomisaburo
Takahashi in 1896. When the business was fairly well
developed and future success was assured, Mr. Takahashi
TAKAHASHI SEIBOSHO.
(THE TAKAHASHI HAT FACTORY.)
proved, and in 1902 were acknowledged by the public as
equal, in every respect, to imported goods.
In 1907, a splendid chance was offered to extend the
market by the revision of the import tariff. The public
soon began to appreciate the worth of the " Hawk " brand
hats and caps, manufactured by Mr. Takahashi.
The goods are now taken largely at home, and in China,
Chosen, Manchuria, Java, Sumatra, Australia, the United
States, Canada, Asiatic Russia, British India, Siam, and
other countries.
The factory covers an area of 5,000 tsubo, being
divided into several separate buildings, where hundreds of
^kL-'-rnKJ ■"•• r* '■■•'- ■■•_.
,^^^
rr^.^-',:i
THE TAKAHASHI HAT FACTORY, OSAKA.
undertook an extensive tour in Europe and America in
order to study business there, the results of which were
applied to his manufactures.
When he commenced the present factory, the hatters'
business in tin's country was not highly developed, and
manufactures were limited, both in variety and volume,
while all goods of extra grades were imported from England,
America, and other countries. Mr. Takahashi was deter-
mined to revolutionize this line, by enlarging and improving
the scope of the Japanese hatters' trade. He installed
better machines and trained his hands on the modern
factory system. Accordingly his manufactures rapidly im-
A PORTION OF THE FACTORY.
workmen and workwomen are employed manufacturing:
many varieties of hats and caps for Winter and Summer
wear. The annual production rises above tens of thousands
of dozen.
( 698 )
TAKEDA SHOKAI.
(S. TAKEDA & CO., MAKERS OF CALICO PRINTING,
EMBOSSING ROLLERS, ETC.)
THIS firm, which is one of the greatest in this
particular line of business, is situated at Nijo-
Agaru, Shin-machi, Kyoto, and is owned by Mr. Shujiro
Takeda, of Maizuru, Tango Province. Since boyhood, Mr.
Takeda has been proficient in mechanical works, and at an
early age set up as a machine maker. Being convinced of
the future greatness of textile printing enterprises, he
experimented years ago in the manufacture of rollers and
among the foremost of the machine makers for the textile
industry workers.
With the rapid development of the textile printing
industry, Mr. Takeda's business expanded and necessitated
the establishment of branches at Ryusenji-machi, Shitaya-
ku, Tokyo, and at 4-chome, Honcho-dori, Wakayama. Nearly
90 per cent, of factory appliances for textile printers ia
supplied by this firm, which practically covers all types.
S. TAKEDA &
CO., KYOTO.
INTERIOR OF THE FACTORY.
other machines, for this line of business. Owing to success
in these experiments he established the present business in
1903.
Mr. Tukeda was the first machine maker in this
country to produce rollers for textile printing. As the
line felt the want of good rollers his manufactures,
which were very excellent, were received by textile printers
with great favour and his firm was ranked immediately
designs, and materials. Among tiie clients of the firm are
cloth printers, leather printer?, dyers, and paper designers.
The firm's iiead oflfice, which is a model, reinforced con-
crete building was completed in Marcii, 1916. It is divided
into two compartments ; one is devoted to offices, design
rooms, dining rooms, sleeping rooms, and a cabinet, while
tiie other is entirely devoted to workshops. Upstairs there
is a show room, a library, green room, and a special parlour.
( 599 )
TAKETA SHOKAI.
(TAKETA & CO.)
'' I ■'HIS firm is a private concern, owned and controlled
by Mr, JOzaburo Taketa, who is a well-known busi-
ness man, having displayed great ability in the management
of the Japan Crucible Manufacturing Co. In view of the
importance of developing the manufacture of pencils, and
Mr. Taketa owns five factories in the city and suburbs.
The first factory manufactures lead, and at the second the
manufacture of plumbago is conducted. Cylinders are
manufactured at the third, and at the other factories timber
is prepared.
5V3
checking the large import trade he founded this firm, and
commenced the manufacture of "Kuyo" pencils, in 1908,
which are now recognized as the best on the market. The
Education Section of the Tokyo Municipal OflSce has selected
tiie goods thus marked as the best for school children.
MR. J. TAKETA AND HIS RESIDENCE.
Mr. Taketa's office is at No. 27, 1-chome, Morimoto-
cho, Azabu-ku, Tokyo, where he carries on the whole-
sale business in raw materials for the manufacture of
pencil?.
TAKEUCHI SEiBEl SHOTEN.
( S . TAKEUCHI & CO.)
A /r R. TAKEUCHI, SEIBEI, a native of Osaka, com-
^^ ■*■ mer.ced, immediately after the Imperial Restoration,
to manufacture hats and caps, in imitation of goods
imported from~ British India. The firm is situated at
2-chome, Koraibashi, Higashi-ku, Osaka. Later, when
new models were imported from America, he copied the
models. Helmets were also first made by Mr, Takeuchi
in this country, in imitation of models imported from
Great Britain.
On the strength of the success he gained in the produc-
tion of these foreign goods, Mr. Takeuchi founded a factory
in the city, in 1876, which he rapidly enlarged. The public
appreciated the excellence of his goods, and accorded a
ready market to all he offered.
MR. S. TAKEUCHI.
( 6oa. )
For several years he had three factories in Osaka alone,
and good connections were established witii foreign export
firms in Kobe, through whose intermediary he exported his
manufactures to China, America and South Sea islands.
In Chosen and Taiwan, he also acquired a good market.
Thus his business was placed on a sound basis before the
Sino-Japanese war.
At present his factories employ nearly one hundred
hands and turn out ¥70,000 worth each year, of which
total ¥20,000 worth is exported through firms in Kobe.
Owing to the excellence of the goods turned out, Mr,
Takeuchi has gained honours at industriiil exhibitions, botii
at home and abroad including, the Anglo- Japanese Alliance
Exhibition in London, the Universal Exhibition at Mexico
City, and the Colonial Exhibition at Samarang.
TEIKOKU SEIBO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE TEIKOKU HAT MANUFACTURING CO, LTD)
to British India, Cliinn, Australia, Siam, Annam, the
Dutch East Indies, and other countries.
^^HIS company, situated at No. 362, Terama, Hama-
matsu, Sliizuoka prefecture, manufactures hats,
caps, and ribbons. It was organized in July, 1896, as
successor to the Hatsune Goshikaisha, which was the first
organization of its kind in Japan. It was owned and
controlled by tlie Nosawa-Gurai, of Tokyo.
Tiie company continued its operations over two decades,
in spite of many reverses endured. At first the capital was
¥100,000, but it now stands at ¥250,000, and its manu-
factures are acknowledged by the public as equal to those
of the West.
Experts have been despatched to England and other
countries to learn the latest fashions, while foreign experts
engaged have undertaken the training of employees. Thus
the company turns out every type of hat and cap, including
soft hats, stiff fur hats, soft and stiff wool hats, Hungarian
hats, Fez cap, and other caps, to the extent of 50,000
dozen a year, and hat ribbons to the amount of 600,000
yards, which are supplied to the home market, and exported
MR. N. SUZUKI.
( 601 )
""*"A8 proof of the excellence of the manufactures, the
company can boast many medals received at industrial
exhibitions, including the Grand Prize of Honour from
the Anglo-Japanese Alliance Exhibition in London, and
the Gold Medal from the Panama- Pacific International
Exposition.
The company's Board of OflScers consists of the
following : —
NiiCHiRO Sdzdki, Esq.
Chushichi Nakamura, Esq.
ToKiCHi Nakamura, Esq..
KiYOZo Sato, Esq.
THE TEIKOKU HAT MAM 1 ACTURING CO.
Chiyomaru Amano, Esq.
Genzo Suzuki, Esq. ...
Kyuhei Kamiya, Esq.
Ihei Mubakoshi, Esq.
Managing Director.
Director.
Auditor.
TO-A TABAKO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE TO-A TOBACCO CfO., LTD.)
THIS company is undertaking the tobacco monopoly of
the Japanese Government, for the purpose of ex-
porting the manufactures to Chosen, China and Hongkong,
establishing factories at Seoul, Phyongyang, ChyoDJyu in
the land of Chosen,
and at Hankow,
China, with four
thousand workmen,
under the charge
of clever experts,
as sole agents for
the Japanese mono-
poly in these places,
in order to meet
the growing de-
mand and develop-
ment of tobacco,
with eight sole
agents in Chosen,
and twenty-one in
China and Hong-
kong.
The remarkable development in the company's busi-
ness is attributed to the superior quality of the cigarettes
offered for sale.
THE TOBACCO FAcrORY IN YINGKOW
The staff officers of the company, branch offices, sole
agents, and names of cigarettes are as follows : —
President of the Board of Directors is Mr. Kumataro
Sasa ; Managing Director, Mr. Toranosuke Fiijita ; Directors,
Messrs. Renzo
Ezoye, Kohei Sugi-
yama, Ken-ichi
Fujita,T5g5Kawa-
mura; and Audi-
tors, Messrs. Taizo
Ishibe, Kichi
Yamaguchi.
Branch Offices:
— Seoul, Chosen,
and Yingkow,
China.
Agencies : —
Seoul, Phyongyang,
Syonclihyon, Kun-
san, Mokpho, Fu-
san, Wonsan,
Shungjin, in
Phongteiig, Liaoyang, Singming, Tiehling,
Chefoo, Yingkow, Autungshyeng, Changchong^,
Chosen.
Dairen,
Chiehling, Supingai, Jeudo, Honerping, Tenchiug, Bowjing.
( 602 )
(Peking), Chindo, Weeshang, Chieiiang, Jaontsuong,
Shanghai, Hankow in China, and Shangawng (Hongkong).
Cigarettes for sale with mouthpieces: — Fuji, Shiki-
shima, Fuyo, Yaraato, Musashino, Asahi, Kasumi, Kin-
show, Chiyoda, Usagi, Ajisae, Akebono, Yakumo, Peugin,
Keirin, Botandai, Chitose, and Yachiyo.
Without mouthpiece : — Orient, Star, Honey-bee,
Beaver, Sphere, Honour, Wells, Alma, Senryu, Genpo,
Dance, Hongri, Daiiii, Coko, Pelmet, Kocho, Dragon,
Phenix, Uzura, Chosen, Banana, and Iris.
Cut tobacco : — Suifu, Satsuma, Fukujuso, Shiraume,
Satsuki, Ajame, Hagi, Hisago, Arakizami, and Aoyagi.
TOKYO 6ASU DENKI KOGYO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE TOKYO GAS AND ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.)
THIS company stands at No. 171, Nakanogo, Nari-
hira-machi, Honjo-ku, Tokyo. The capital is
¥1,000,000 and the President, Mr. Goro Matsukata. The
company came into existence in August, 1910. The com-
THE TOKYO GAS AND ELECTRICAL i.NDLSTiaAL CO.
pauy WHS organized with the object of supplying giis
and electrical concerns with gas and electrical machines and
apparatus and their accessories, and of contracting for the
The site of the factory covers au area of over 2,000
isuio, and the building area about 1,500 tsubo. The factory
is provided with several hundred machines of the latest
pattern inclusive of electric motors, press, lathes, sharpening
machines, milling machines, drilling machines, grinders,
cutting machines, sand blasts, mills, etc., which are
operated by over 800 experienced workmen under the able
supervision of many experts equipped with ample know-
ledge of modern science. The articles turned out are
therefore excellent in quality, and amount in value to over
¥200,000 per month. Principal manufactures comprise
gas meters, gas mantles, gas stoves, gas burners, gas fittings,
key-sockets, mano-meters, machines, metal wares, nickel
plated vvares, enamelled iron wares, etc.
Tiiere are two kinds of gas mantles, one being made of
artificial silk and the other of ramie. They are extensively
useil for different kinds of lamps. Being superior in quality
and very moderate in price they are winning favourable
opinions not only in the homeland but also in Chosen,
Manchuria, and various foreign lands. The demand for
them lias greatly increased, especially since the outbreak of
the European war, the market now extending to Shanghai,
India, Australia, Great Britain, Manila and America,
INTERIORS
designing of works, and of manufacturing general machines,
metal wares, enamelled iron wares, and nickel coated
articles.
THE FACTORY.
Nickel coated wares consist of soap cases mahobin
(magic bottles) and other things, which are also extensively
exported.
( 603 )
Enamelled iron wares boast of their proof against acid
and high degree of lieat. The enamelled pipes are a
patented article. They are much in demand among mine
owners and breweries. Besides, among articles actively
exported must be counted pans, evaporating dishes, coils,
distilling wares, bath tubs, basins, dishes and plates,
coagulating pans, enamelled medical apparatus, beer
tanks, etc.
The various machines and metal wares all show per-
fection in their workmanship. The factory is busy
executing large orders for 4,000,000 pieces of materials
used for shells. It is patent to all that the factory is
second to none of the private munition manufacturers in
the art of making this line
The company was awarded a medal of the highest
honour by the Taiaho Exhibition, silver medal by the
Panama Pacific International Exhibition, gold or silver
medals by the National Industrial Exhibition, Trade
Articles Exhibition, Marine Industrial and other exhibi-
tions. Besides, the company has liad the honour of
supplying the Department of the Imperial Household with
articles.
TOKYO RYUSAN KABOSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE TOKYO SULPHURIC ACID MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.)
'npHE Tokyo Sulphuric Acid Works Co., Ltd., is located
-■■ at 7-chome, Oshima-machi, Minami-Katsushika-gori,
near Tokyo. The works were established in 1915, with a
capital of ¥250,000. With the progress of years, the
works have gradually been enlarged, the capital now amount-
ing to ¥1,500,000. In the quality of the article, and
amount of production, this firm is equal to rival establish-
ments of much older standing. This company is recognized
by consumers, both at home and abroad, as one of the lead-
ing manufacturers of sulphuric acid in Japan.
The European war has taught many valuable lessons,
the most conspicuous of these being the promotion of
national industries, and the need of independence in the
chemical industry, for which there is great need throughout
the nation. For this purpose there has already been esta-
blished a Dye-Stuff Manufacturing Co., and a Chemicals
Manufacturing Co., under the Government. Besides these,
there is a scheme to organise a chemical laboratory.
Private works for the manufacture of similar articles have
also been established. This has brought about an enormous
increase in the demand for sulphuric acid, which is the
basic material for the manufacture of every sort of cliemical.
It is to be deeply regretted that our manufacturers of
sulphuric acid are still employing the old fashioned method
of leaden room system. This company dispatched an expert
in 1915 to Petrograd, to investigate a special method for the
manufacture of sulphuric acid, and the company negotiated
through the expert, with the Tentelen Industrial Co., to allow
it a share of the patent right to the method. The company
has already patented it here in Japan.
THE TOKYO SULPHURIC ACID MANUFACTURING CO.
The Tokyo Sulphuric Works Co , Ltd., will now be
able to supply, within a few months, perfect goods, thus
making a new era in the history of this line of industry in
Japan, and conferring an inestimable benefit to the chemical
industry here.
( 604 )
TOMIYAMA SHOTEN.
(Y. TOMIYAMA & CO.)
THIS company, founded in 1886, carries on an
extensive trade in surgical and chemical glass ware,
hard glass ware for laboratories, toilet bottles, electric and
gas lamp glass, compressed and mechanical glass ware, and
glass utensils.
REGISTERED
TRADE MARK.
The firm's head office is at No. 5, Odemma-shio-cho,
Kihoubashi-ku, Tokyo. The company manufactures all
goods supplied to the market at the following factories : —
No. 1 Factory, No. 5, Odemma-shio-cho, Nihonbashi-ku,
Tokyo ; No. 2 Factory, No. 274, Sarueura-machi, Fuka-
gawa-ku, Tokyo; No. 3 Factory, No. 41, Nishi-machi,
Fukagawa-ku, Tokyo ; No. 4 Factory, No. 38, Tokuyemon-
cho, Honjo-ku, Tokyo ; No. 5 Factory, No. 276, Sarueura-
machi, Fukagawa-ku, Tokyo; No. 6 Factory, No. 275,
Sarueura-machi, Fukagawa-ku, Tokyo.
At these factories the plants are constantly improved
and enlarged, and with this the quality of goods supplied
become better. Up-to-date crucibles have lately been
installed.
Since the outbreak of the European War the demand
for the Japanese goods has greatly increased in the world,
and now a quantity of the glass wares made by the com-
pany are exported to various foreign countries.
HEAD OFFICl
TOMIYAMA
The number of the workers is over nine
and women.
CO., TOKYO.
hundred men
TOYO INK SEIZO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE TOYO INK MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.)
I
N view of the increasing prosperity of the printing
business, and the increasing demand for printing
INTERIOR OF THE FACTORY.
ink in this country, Mr. Kamataro Kobayashi founded an
ink manufactory, in Tokyo, January, 1896. At first he
had to endure many difiSculties to maintain the business,
but he came out successfully in the end. In January, 1907,
the concern was converted into a joint stock company,
under the present style, as the business grew too large for
one man to cope with, though Mr. Kobayashi is a strenuous
man who can stand great strain.
At present the head oflice of the company is at No. 16
and 17, Minami-Kaji-cho, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo, with the
main factory at No. 122, Tomihisa-cho, Ushigome-ku,
Tokyo. The capital of the company is ¥300,000, of which
¥120,000 is paid up.
The factory has a complete set of up-to-date machines,
including two gas engines made in England of the most
( 606 )
advanced style and a large number of ink making machines,
which are mostly of European make. The company can
the ablest in this line, and under their control a large
number of skilled hands are working, their aim being to
produce the best goods. The annual production is roughly
estimated at 1,200,000 lbs.
Besides manufacturing these articles, the company is
interested in the sale of all printing office appliances and
their accessories. Whatever article the company produces
or sells, attention is especially paid to the maintenance of
the very best standard of excellence.
At present the articles produced by the company are
taken in increasing quantities at home and gaining a large
market iu China and other Eastern countries as well. The
business is conducted by the following : —
HASHIMOTO.
thus produce every description of printing ink, pigment,
varnish, and paint. The experts employed are known as
Masaaki Hashimoto, Esq. ...
Kamataro Kobayashi, Esq.
Matsujiro Minoshima, Esq.
Kamataro Hosoya, Esq ...
Takuichi Kunisawa, Esq. ...
Dr. Hirotaro Nishida.
President.
Director.
Auditor.
»i
Adviser.
MR. TSUGHIYA SOJI.
(MANUFACTURER OF SPARTERIE.)
"npHE head office of Mr. Tsuchiya's firm is situated at
-*- No. 59, Kami-Kawara-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi
prefecture, and is presided over by Mr. Soji Tsuehiya.
There are eight factories in different parts of the city, and
male and female operatives in their employ number 1,000.
The firm was established in 1893 with the invention of
sparterie by Mr. Tsuehiya. As the result of many im-
provements effected in the manufacture the firm now pro-
duces an article of very superior quality. The article had
been exported through the channel of foreign mercantile
houses in Osaka and Kobe only until 1897, when the firm
opened connections with those in Yokohama.
Since November, 1913, orders from abroad have mark-
edly been on the increase. Principal destinations comprise
Great Britain, France and America.
Specialities : — " Sukashi-ori " (for Great Britain and
France), " Ajiro-ori " (for America), cloths with figures,
cloths with designs and many others, over fifty in number.
The firm has been awarded medals of high honour by
many exhibitions at home and abroad.
MR. S. TSUCHIYA AND HIS SPARTERIE
WORKS, UTSUNOMIYA.
( 606 )
USUDA KOGYOBU.
(THE USUDA MANUFACTORY.)
THIS manufactory, owned and managed by Mr. Umazo
Usuda, a prominent business man of Osaka, makes it
a specialty to turn out and export all kinds of shoe-polish
and paint. The main factory and business office is at
Ichioka-machi, Nishi-ku, Osaka.
USUDA AND
MANUFACTORY.
The manufactory was inaugurated in 1899, in Tokyo,
by Mr. Usuda, to manufacture tooth-brushes. The manu-
facture of shoe-blacking was inaugurated in 1892 as a side
business. It was the first attempt in Japan to manufacture
shoe-blacking. The "Crow-chop" blacking manufactured
and sold by Mr. Usuda was received with satisfaction and
approval.
Mr. Usuda made an extensive tour in Europe, in 1906,
for the sole purpose of studying the processes and materials
for the manufacture of shoe-polish and cream. A year
later the manufacture of cream was commenced by him,
following his study in England and Germany. At that
time there were many brands of cream on the market ; some
were manufactured in this country, but almost all supplied
by Japanese manufacturers were shoddy and only injured
the leathers. Mr. Usuda's goods were turned out with the
most up-to-date processes, and from the best selected
materials, the quality being excellent. The " Tiger-
chop " cream, supplied by Mr. Usuda, obtained a large
market immediately.
This success induced Mr. Usuda to remove his manu-
factory to Osaka, at first in part, and then wholesale. In
1914, the oflSce and manufactory were rebuilt, and greatly
enlarged on the present site, with the result that the annual
production was greatly increased.
At present the firm turns out many kinds of shoe-
creams, including the famous Tiger Chop cream, shoe-
polishes, and leather paints. They have been exhibited at
industrial exhibitions, medals and prizes being awarded.
The manufactures of the Usuda Manufactory are
exported to Chosen, Manchuria, China, British India, Siam,
Eastern Siberia, and some parts of Oceanic islands as well.
YAGI MAHOKI SEISAKUSHO.
(THE YAGI THERMOS MANUFACTORY.)
^T'^HIS factory initiated the manufacture of thermos
T
flasks several years ago, when the goods were all
imported from overseas, the dearness of the imported
goods preventing the free use of these very handy flasks in
this country. After many and painstaking experiments,
Mr. Yagi, the proprietor of the manufactory, invented a
device which is equal in every respect to the imported goods.
A feature of the new device consists of allowing the
inner bottles to be replaced without expert assistance, and
also making them fit better to the tin-plate bodies. This
enhances the usefulness of the thermos by preserving the
heat for a longer time.
As soon as the new device was invented, Mr. Yagi
took out a patent for it. Afler further experiments, Mr.
( 607 )
Yagi devised modifications and improvements. His patent
rights are Nos. 29458, 27355, and 29859.
Mr. Yagi's thermos bottles are made in various types
and sizes as follows : —
Type A. Round shaped.
Type B Oval shaped with shoulder strap.
ed to Europe, America, Australia, the Netherlands East
Indies, Russia, and other countries. The sale of the goods
expands each year on account of Mr. Yagi's honest and fair
method of dealing. The operations of the manufactory are
very active, and the plant is steadily improved and enlarged.
Since the last extension in 1915, the factory's staff of
THE YAGI THERMOS BOTTLES.
Pitcher shaped.
Carrying jar for solid food.
Type C
Type D
Type E, „ „ „ ., .,
The goods manufactured by the Yagi Thermos Manu-
factory are extensively used in Japan, besides being export-
men and set of machines are able to produce over 100,000
thermos a month. The factory is situated at Mabuchi-
niachi, Minarai-ku, Osaka, but general business affairs are
managed at the main office, 4-chome, Nipponbashi-suji,
jNIinami-ku, Osaka.
YAMAGUCHI TANKIN GOMEI KAISHA.
(THE YAMAGUCHI TANKIN CO.)
THIS firm, situated in Osaka, is a partnersiiip, manu-
facturing and exporting gems, and gold and silver
ware. It was founded
before the Imperial
Restoration by the
late Mr. Kinsuke
Yaraaguchi, thefather
of Mr. Kinsuke
Yamaguchi who is
one of the active part-
ners. A few years
after the Imperial
Restoration, the firm
was ordered to manu-
facture gold ware for
foreigners in the
Government service.
The excellent work-
manship astonished
The excellence of design, the genuineness of metal used,
and the good workmanship are the chief attractions of these
metal goods. Ail these points were rigidly observed in the
ware manufactured by the late Mr. Kinsuke Yaraaguchi.
All goods marked with the trade name of "Taiikin" are
the foreigners, who
were connoisseurs.
SILVER STATUE OF MR. KOBEI
ABE MADE BY THE CO.
ARTICLES MADE BY THE YAMAGUCHI
TANKIN CO.
regarded as the best obtainable on the market. The business
is conducted by a partnership, composed of Mr. Yamaguchi
and Mr. Tsunejiro Shiiuazu, the latter being a trusted
employee of the founder.
( 608 )
All wares sold are manufactured by workmen specially
trained under the direct supervision of the proprietors, and
when finished they are sent to the Imperial Mint in Osaka,
to test the genuineness of the metal used.
The " Tankin " has a large show room on the premises,
where excellently-finished metal works and gems are on
view. The workshop at Edobori, Osaka, is a model of its
kind, with trained workmen and a number of apprentices
always in training.
Since 1890 the " Tankin " has manufactured and sold
the informal badges of Imperial Orders, under the formal
sanction of the Decoration Bureau, which can not
be obtained unless the soundness and integrity of the
firm is established. This fact testifies to the excellent
standing of tiie Yamaguchi Tankin Gomel Kaisha.
YAMAMOTO SHOZO SHOTEN-MARUYAMA-GO.
(YAMAMOTO & CO.)
rriHIS firm, situated at Nos. 6 and 7, 4-chome, Uchi-
-■- Kyuhoji-machi, Higashi-ku, Osaka, is one of the
oldest and largest starch manufactories iu Osaka and
district. It was founded during the last quarter of the
17th century, on the present site. Every generation of the
proprietary have done their utmost to improve the plant
YAMAMOTO & CO., OSAKA.
and business. The present proprietor, Mr. Shozo Yama-
moto, has entirely reconstructed the factory, and replaced
the old with a new and up-to-date plant, in view of the
steadily-increasing demand for starch and dextrine in this
country, due to the development of difierent lines of
industry.
The factory is very proud of its newly-invented
machines, coupled with electric motors, which turn out all
kinds of starch and dextrine, to tlie extent of 20,000 lbs.
each day. The main factory is divided into the Precipitat-
ing, Drying, Milling, and other departments. The branch
factory, at 3-chome, Uchi-Kyuhoji-machi, Higashi-ku,
Osaka, is also divided into similar departments. Both
carry on the manufacture of goods by purely chemical pro-
cesses, and the goods produced, which include the following,
are the best in the market : —
Wheat starch. White " shofu," Sweet potato starch.
Potato starch. Dextrine, Melt starch, British gum. Tapioca
flour. Corn starch. Farina starch.
These goods are used by dyers, mercerisers, soap
makers, confectioners, laundry men, etc., etc. The firm
employs the best materials, imported from all quarters of
globe, in the manufacture of these goods. A good market,
therefore, is given to the firm's goods, not only in this
country, but in Chosen, British India, China, Hawaii, Rus-
sia, Great Britain, Oceania, and other countries.
The following are a few most prominent honours the
firm has obtained at industrial exhibitions : —
Silver medal, World's Fair at Paris; Copper medal,
Industrial Exhibition, Hanoi, Tonkin ; Copper medal,
4th and 5th Domestic Industrial Exhibition ; Gold medal,
Coronation Commemoration Exhibition ; Gold medal, 7th
Industrial Exhibition.
( 609 )
YAMATAME 6ARASU SEIZOSHO.
(THE YAMATAME GLASS MANUFACTURING CO.)
rriHIS firm, which manufactures and exports glass bottles
JL and general glass ware, has its head o£Bce and
main works at Yoriki-machi, Kita-ku, Osaka, with the
export department at Ura-machi, Kobe. The firm has
several branch works at Amagasaki, and in several other
suburban towns of Osaka and Kobe.
As wholesale dealers in general glass ware, the firm
was established in 1890, in Osaka. Three years later the
works were established. At first, drug and chemical bottles
alone were produced, but with the growth of selling opera-
tions, furnaces were increased and improved, and now
almost all classes of goods are manufactured.
The following are the firm's chief manufactures : —
1. Glass bottles, phials, pots, jars, flasks, and other
kindred goods for the use of brewers, chemists,
perfumers, etc., etc.
2. Pressed glass ware, including latex cups, etc., etc.
3. Medical instruments, including syringes, tubes, etc., etc.
4. Table utensils, including tumblers, etc., etc.
The annual production amounts to over ¥600,000.
The goods are great in strength, brilliancy, and colouring
besides being of excellent style. They are exported to
Europe, South Africa, British India, Australia, China,
New Zealand, Singapore, South America, the United
States, and Canada in increasing quantities.
As one of the first manufacturers and exporters of glass
bottles and phials in Japan, the Yamatame Glass Manu-
facturing Co. have ample experience in this line of trade,
and according to the company's own notification can better
anneal, and more safely pack their goods for export, than
any other manufacturer or exporter of glass in Japan.
MR. T. YAMAMOTO.
The company is controlled by Mr. Tamesaburo Yama-
moto, the proprietor being his father, Mr. Tamezo Yama-
moto, who founded this business.
YOKOHAMA GYOYU KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE YOKOHAMA FISH OIL CO., LTD.)
THE Yokohama Fish Oil Co., Ltd., stands at No. 29,
Okano - raachi, Yokohama. Tiie company was
organized in September, 1893, with a capital of ¥50,000
by Mr. Fukusaburo Watanabe, well-known trader of
Yokohama, and seven others, for the refining of fish oil,
for export. In order to meet the growing expansion of
business, the company increased its capital to ¥100,000 in
August of the following year. When efforts '.vera being
directed for a further expansion of business, the company
sustained losses by inevitable causes, namely, inconvenience
of the transportation of goods, brought about by the China-
Japan war, of 1894-95, also a large fire in the Hokkaido,
which is the greatest fish producing district in Japan. The
result was that the company had to reduce its capital to
¥50,000 in December, 1897, in order to readjust its finances.
Simultaneously with this a change was effected in the posts
of Directors. Mr. Matahei Mayeda, the new Manager,
inaugurated the manufacture of vegetable oils, using cotton
seeds and copra as materials. Later he devised the arrange-
uieiiC of pressing out oils and had this patented. By means
of this special arrangement, the company was able to win
keen competition among the manufacturers concerned, also
( 610 )
gradually enlarging the works. While striving to develop
the business, the company studied a means of taking away
the smell and colour from the oils, while keeping in connec-
tion with the Fishery Institute, under the direct control of
the Department of Agriculture and Commerce. As a result,
YOKOHAMA FISH OIL CO.
the company opened up a market for oils for industrial uses,
and supplied the Array and Navy with sperm and other oils,
Avhich had up to that time been all imported. In order to
meet the growing demand for oils, the company commenced
to import copra from the South Sea Islands, by railway
crafts owned by the firm. In January, 1904, the capital
was increased to ¥100,000, also in December, 1905, it was
raised to ¥200,000. Various members of the staff went
abroad, to study the art of manufacturing the goods. The
company exhibited articles in the International Expositions,
with splendid success. In July 1910, the capital was
increased to ¥500,000. In 1912, the company established
a branch office and factory in Kobe. In July, 1913, the
capital was again increased to ¥1,000,000. About this
time, the company invented the manufacture of hardened
oil, by means of hydrogen. It also manufactured stearine
with glycerine, thus meeting the demands, and soaps. The
market is not confined to the homeland, but extends to
Manchuria, Siberia and North America,
It will thus be seen that the annual total output
amounts to about 56,500 tons, valued at ¥10,536,000,
The capital of ¥1,000,000 has all been paid up,
Keserve funds amount to ¥237.200. The motive power
of the works amounts to 2,000 horse-power of which 500
horse-power represents steam engine, and 1,500 electric
motors. Members of the staff number 50, and operatives
650. The sites of the works at Yokohama and Kobe
measure 10,000 and 4,500 Uuho respectively. The capital
is expected to be doubled in May, 1917.
The company's ofiScials are as follows . —
RiHEi Okano, Esq
Zenzo Adachi, Esq
NiZO YOSHINAGA, Efq.
Matahei Mayeda, Esq
Takezo Yamaoka, Esq
Shohei Taguchi, Esq
Aizo Matsuoka, Esq
FuKUSABUKO Watanabe, Esq.
Seisuke Koro, Esq
President.
Director.
( Director.
( Manager.
Auditor.
Adviser,
KOBE FACTOR ^
THE COMPANY.
The company li:is two parturitions, each helping the
parent institution in the development of business. One of
them is the Yokohama Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
capitalized at ¥500,000, and tlie other the South Pacific
Trading Co., Ltd., with a capital of ¥1,000,000.
( 611 )
MISGBbUAINCOUS.
AIKOKU FUJINKAI.
(THE LADIES' PATRIOTIC SOCIETY.)
THE Ladies' Patriotic Society has tor its object tlie
comforting of soldiers in the field, the sick and
wounded, the destitute families of the iiilled and disabled
soldiers and other relief works.
H.I.H. PRINCESS CHIYEKO KAN-IN-NO-MIYA.
To briefly state the origin of this association, the late
Mrs. loko Okumura, one of the'greatest women of the Meiji
era, visited the soldiers in the field in company with a party
of priests dispatched by the Honganji Temple, Kyoto,
during the Boxer rising in China in 1900. On returning
to Japan Mrs. Okumura urged the necessity of forming a
society for the consolation of the sick and wounded and the
bereaved families of the killed. She found valuable
supporters in the late Prince A. Konoye and Viscount C.
Ogasawara. Her enthusiastic appeal was also noticed by
H.I.H. Princes Komatsu (Junior) and Kan-in, who gave her
support and granted gracious words full of sympathy
for her plan. In April 1901 she nt last succeeded in
organizing the Society, chiefly by the help ot the late Prince
Konoye, Viscount Ogasawara and Mr. B. Horiuchi with 39
promoters, consisting of such distinguished personages as
Princes Konoye, Ichijo. Nijo, Kujo, and Shimazu, Marchio-
ness (now Princess) Oyama, Countess Itagaki, Countess (now
Marchioness) Okuina, Countess Matsudaira and others.
In the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905, the Society
rendered meritorious services.
The society has its Headquarters in Tokyo and
Brandies in Chosen, Taiwan, Karafuto, Hokkaido and
various prefectures. The Honorary President is H. I. H.
Princess Kan-in; President, Countess Abe; and Vice-
President, BaroniBss Hamao. All the Princesses of the
Blood are Honorary members, and ordinary members
throughout tiie Empire number over 850,000.
■^■^'^^■^^^■^ % %%% '.-.>•.'.'■'----■-.-,%-.*.*.■,*,■%■,■■.•■.■.'.'.%%■
jVJ-'».>.y.',V.V.V ■■" •■■v%->^-%
COUNTESS ATSUKO ABE
BARONESS SAKUKO HAMAO.
Remembering the invaluable services rendered by the
late Mrs. Okumura, the founder of the Society, it is hoped
that all women of Japan will join and help this philan-
thropic organization, of which the nation can be proud.
( 612 )
ARIMA-GUMI.
(ARIMA-GUMI & CO.)
THE Arima-Gumi, No. 7, Sekigucbi-cho, Kanda-ku,
Tokyo, are one of the most prominent contractors
and carrying agents in Japan and have a history of over
four centuries. The founder of the business, the ancestor
MR. S. MORI.
of Mr. Seiyemon Mori (the President of the House) was a
man of amazing ability and undertook the transportation of
army requisites for the invading troops when Toyotomi
Hideyoslii began his invasion of Korea during the last
quarter of the 16th century. He also regulated the supply
of munitions and other military requisites to the troops of
Tokugawa lyeyasu when the veteran soldier fought the
generals of Toyotomi Hideyori at Sekigahara, and his
success was so great that he was given the rank of samurai
and permitted to carry on, under the style of Arima-ya, the
postal service and supply of labour.
During the Tokugawa Sbogunate regime his descen-
dants enjoyed the same privilege and conducted their
ancestor's business with marked success. Even after the
Imperial Restoration the former prosperity of the house was
well maintained, and when the Court was on a journey the
house was sure to have a commission to carry packages or
supply labour. In the campaign for the subjugation of
Taiwan tribes and the civil war in Kyushu all necessary
labour was supplied by the Arima-Qumi. In 1882 the
Arima-Gumi was for the first time ordered by the Govern-
ment to undertake the laying of railways, and though a few
years later the head of the house died his son assumed
control of the business and up to the present has maintained
the vast business as contractors.
Later the Arima-Gumi began to contract for the con-
struction of buildings, and many well-known buildings
have been completed by the house. Particularly the con-
struction of military hospitals at home and in Manchuria,
and arsenals at Osaka and Nagoya was admirably executed,
and letters of appreciation were granted by the Govern-
ment.
As railway contractors the Arima-Gumi have also
made fine records, having completed with success the
longest and most diflBcuIt sections of the East Central
Railway Line and the Seoul-Wiju line, along with a large
ARIMA-UUMl, TOKYO.
number of other sections which required the greatest skill
and technical knowledge.
The Arima-Gumi undertook the supply of labour to
the Imperial Army in all wars the country has fought
during the past few decades. Especially in the Sino*
( 613 )
Japanese war the house supplied over 20,000 men and
contributed very much to the successful conduct of trans-
portation at the base of operations. During the Russo-
Japanese war not only labour was supplied but canteens
were placed under tlie control of the house. The Arima-
Gumi laid a light railway line in some districts of
Manchuria, and through the speedy transportation of goods
and the regularity of supply great contribution was made
to the military successes won against the Russians.
After the Boxer rebellion the Arima-Gurai established
a branch office at Tientsin, and later another at New-
chwang to carry on general import and export business and
all other lines of business conducted by the head office.
The Arima-Gumi have their own ships and a vast
business is conducted at present by the Shipping Depart-
ment. They are now a limited partnership, with Mr.
Seiyemon Mori as President. Mr. Seiyemon Mori is
the thirteenth of the line of well-known carrying agents
and contractors. His father died while he was still quite
young and he, who was still at school, was forced to assume
the control of this huge interest. He was equal to the
occasion and his management of business was successful in
every way. When the Arima-Gumi were asked by the
Government to undertake the transportation of military
requisites to the troops fighting the Satsuma rebels he was
still young, but all that was required was supplied and
transportation was carried on with splendid success. In
later campaigns his direction of labourers was highly
appreciated by the Government, and he was several times
WFSTBRN MOUTH OF THE SASAKO TUNNEL,
THREE MILES LONG.
granted letters of appreciation. He is also a very public-
spirited man and in the past has been deeply interested in
local politics. He has twice been elected Member of the
Tokyo Prefectural Assembly.
ASAKUSA hon(;anji.
(THE HONGANJI TEMPLE OF ASAKUSA.)
I" HIS temple is one of the biggest Buddhist temples in
Tokyo and belongs to the Otani Branch of the
Shinshu Sect, which is one of the most popular of all divi-
tHK tiOJStiANJi TEM.i'LE OF ASAKUSA, TOKYO.
sions of Buddhism in this country. It is situated at
Matsukiyo-cho, Asakusa-ku, Tokyo, and the temple grounds
are estimated at 12,000 tsubo.
In 1587 a plot of ground, 50 square ken, was donated
by lyeyasu Tokugawa, the first Shogun, in Kanda, Yedo, to
the Hongaiiji, Kyoto, which is the Headquarters of the
Otani Branch of the Shinshu Sect. There a temple was
founded by Kyonyo Shonin, the then Lord Abbot of the
temple, and it was named the Kwozuiji. This was the be-
ginning of the present temple in Asakusa.
At the end of the 16th century the temple was moved
and renamed the Yedo Branch of the Honganji Temple.
The fact was engraved by Sennyo Shoniu, the successor to
Kyonyo Shonin, on a temple bell and it was regarded as
one of the most important of his temples.
In 1657, when the whole of Yedo was wiped out by a
vast conflagration, the temple was also burnt down. A new
temple was built at the present site in Asakusa by order of
( 614 )
the Shogunate Government. It has since been twice d«-
stroyed and a new one was built in 1812, which still
remains.
The temple is one of the first class temples and is in
charge of the Lord Abbot himself, according to the Sec-
tarian Rule of the Otani Branch of the Shinshu Sect. The
Lord Abbot sometimes arrives from Kyoto and preaches in
person, but in ordinary times his representative, called
" Rinban," stays at the temple and administers the bene-
diction in the name of the Lord Abbot.
The present " Rinban " is the Rev. Ryoken Kworyo,
who was appointed to the important post in September, 1914,
In this connection it may be mentioned that part of
the temple was requisitioned by the War Office when the
Tsingtao Campaign was brought to an end, and a large num-
ber of German prisoners were quartered there. A group of
prisoners numbering 314 was sent to the temple, and for
over ten months they were housed in part of the temple
building. These prisoners were later moved to a newly-
built barracks at Narashino, Chiba prefecture. Just when
they were leaving the temple the chief officer sent a letter
of acknowledgement to the " Rinban " of the temple, and
thanked the temple authorities for their kind and hospitable
treatment. In the letter it was particularly pointed out
with gratitude that the priest in charge of the temple, with
the all-embracing love of Buddha, performed a solemn reli-
gious service in honour of their dead comrades in arms in
December, 1914, at the same time distributing among them
a pamphlet styled " the Honganji Temple and the Sectarian
Dogmas."
THE DOJIN-KAI.
THIS institution, which has its headquarters at Hitotsu-
bashi-Tori-cho, Kanda-ku, Tokyo, was organized
under the patronage of H.I.H. Prince Kuniyosiii Wo Kuni-
H.I.H. PRINCE ZUNIYOSHI
KUNI-NO-MIYA.
WO
no-Miya to extend the benefit of modern medical science to
to the people of Asia, particularly the vast millions in
China, and relieve their physical troubles.
It was founded a few years before the Russo-Japanese
War, since when much has been done towards the attain-
ment of the objects the founders had in view. At present
H.I.H. Prince Kuni is the Patron and Marquis Shigenobu
Okuma, President of the institution, which has recently been
converted into a legal corporation.
A few years before the Russo-Japanese war many
medical men were despatched by the association to Korea
and many thousands of primitive Koreans were rescued from
the jaws of death. After tiie campaign, hospitals were
erected by the association at Antung and Newchang and,
together with tiiose at Seoul, Pyongyang, and Taikyu,
Ciiosen, were instrumental in introducing modern medical
science in those Northern parts of the Asiatic Continent.
The training of native medical men there was also
conducted by the association.
In compliance with the request of the Chosen Govern-
ment-General, the Association undertook the supervision of
medical affairs within the railway zones in Chosen.
Throughout Chosen the association erected four hospitals
and ten branches, which are still maintained, and completed
a system of medical relief for the railway men and natives
near the lines.
The supply of fully trained medical men to Asiatic
countries, which are still strangers to modern medical
science and its many benefits, has been undertaken by the
association, and according to the latest report of the
institution over two hundred physicians, midwives,
apothecaries, and their assistants have already been
despatched to Manchuria, China, Chosen, Australia, Siam,
the Straits Settlements, the Dutch East Indies, and other
parts of Asia.
( 616 )
During the first revolution in China the association
hastened to the rescue of the poor people, and during
several months every possible medical and sanitary as-
sistance was given both to the fighting men and the poor
refugees.
The association's work in China and Chosen has been
well systematized and in 1915 the association began
another kind of work it had in view, viz, the development
of medicine in China. As a preliminary step the association
established a hospital in Peking, at a cost of ¥200,000.
On the completion of the building, and accommodation of
the home for the sick, the association will start an extension.
It is, indeed, a matter of pride to Japan that the home for
the sick was thus started by a purely charitable and
philanthropic association, which has no ulterior purpose
other than the rescue of the poor and suffering.
The institution has lately drawn an ambitious scheme,
on the strength of the success of the establishments in
Peking and Manchuria. Some thirty towns in the interior
of China liave been selected as sites for hospitals the
association intends building, and preparations have already
been started in these various localities.
E I H E I - J I.
(THE EIHEIJI TEMPLE.)
"" I "HE Eiheiji temple is situated at Shibiya-mura, Yoshida-
gori, Fukui prefecture, about four ri (ten miles)
from the city of Fukui. In the reign of Emperor Gosagn,
Hatano-Idzumonokarai-Yoshishige was lord of Echizen
province. At that time, Shoyo Daishi, the founder of this
temple, was at the Koseiji temple. Yoshishige held Shoyo
Daishi in high respect, on account of his rare virtues, and
1267, Tettsu Gikai succeeded him and was in turn succeeded
by Giyen in 1272. In the days of Giun, the temple was
very prosperous. Emperor Goyenyu, of the Northern Court,
designated the temple as the First temple of the Sodo sect
and bestowed upon it an Imperial tablet. In 1615, the
Tokugawa Sliogunate ordered all the temples of the Sodo
sect in the country to observe the regulations drawn up by
THE JOYO-DEN.
asked the priest to come to reside in a temple at Yoshiraine,
which was repaired for the purpose. The Daishi gladly
consented to the request. With the priests approval, Yoshi-
shige built a new temple at a place of scenic beauty v/est of
Kasamatsumine, and when it was finished the temple was
named Eiheiji. After ten years' residence at the temple,
the Daishi died, and was succeeded by Koun Kaiso. In
THE ZAZEN-DO.
the Eiheiji temple, and appointed Eishun as the chief priest.
In 1868, the Meiji Government instructed the temple to
provide an educational institution for the training of priests.
In March, 1872, by order of the Government, an agreement
was entered into between the Eiheiji temple and the Sojiji
temple, and both were established as the head temple of the
Sodo sect, the former taking precedence of the latter. The
( 616 )
Religious Office of the sect was subsequently established in
Tokyo, and the chief priests of both temples presided over it
by turns every other year. Another agreement was signed
between the temples in March, 1879. In May of the same
year, some buildings of the temple were reduced to ashes by
fire, but were rebuilt in 1881. In April, 1902, on the
occasion of the six hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the
death of the founder of the temple, the buildings in the
precincts of the temple, which were much out of repair, were
re-constructed and at the same time various articles were
newly made. In 1906, on agreement between the head tem-
ples, various regulations governing the sect were revised.
EYASU GOSHI KAISHA.
(EYASU & CO.)
r 1 1HIS firm, which is a limited partnership with a capital
-*- of ¥200,000, exports and imports dyestuffs, paints,
colours, chemicals, and several other notions, and has large
connections in Japan, China, and British India.
It was founded as a private concern by the late Mr.
Yasubei Sakai, the father of Mr. Shinzaburo Sakai, who is
the active partner in the company, some sixty years ago in
Osaka. The founder's sons, Messrs. Yasubei, Shinzaburo,
and Yasujiro Sakai, who inherited the business on the death
of their father, co-operated to expand the business, and soon
their endeavours were crowned with success. When the
retail store was converted into a big wholesale firm the eldest
of the three brothers, Yasubei Sakai, died and the remaining
brothers started each a separate firm. Only in 1893 the two
brothers amalgamated their firms and started a partnership
into which some of their employees were later admitted.
At first the capital of the firm was only ¥30,000, and
dyestuffs were imported from England through foreign firms
in Yokohama, but later the direct import of aniline stuffs
from Germany was initiated, and a new era was marked
for the company's business. The capital was increased to
¥200,000 and the volume of business increased enormously,
thus making the firm one of the greatest dyestuff* importers
in Kwau3ai.
Before the European war the company were the sole agents
ill Japan for the Berlin Aniline Dyestufi" Company and the
Hoeckst Dyestuff" Company and imported a million yen worth
of various grades every year, but now the import is stopped
and only the old stock in hand is sold sparingly. The trade
in notions has only lately been started with China and
MR. S. SAKAI.
British India to make good the loss in other directions. The
firm is contemplating a considerable increase of its capital.
Mr. Sakai is a Director of the Daido Indigo Company,
besides controlling his own firm. He was also among the
promoters of the Japan Dyestuffs Company. His main
office is situated at 2-chome, Andoji-machi, Osaka, and the
branch at Ise-oho, Nihombashi-ku, Tokyo.
( 617 )
MR. FUKUOKA HIDESHI.
(PROPRIETOR OF THE FUKUOKA IRON WORKS.)
THE Fukuoka Iron Works are situated at No. 2525,
Mikawashima-mura, Minami-Senju, Tokyo, and
occupies a special position in the particular line of industry
as a manufactory of some kinds of munitions. The pro-
prietor, Mr. Hideshi Fukuoka, who has his office at No. 4,
2-chome, Mikawa-cho, Kanda-ku, Tokyo, is a graduate of
the Law College of the Tokyo Imperial University. After
his graduation from the college he joined the Army and
served in the Russo-Japanese war. On the completion of
his military service he succeeded to his father, Mr. Shosuke
Fukuoka, in the management of the Iron Works. The
works, which were founded by Mr. Shosuke Fukuoka during
the Satsuma Rebellion, have been enlarged very much since
coming under the control of the new proprietor. At pre-
sent the works, as contractors to the Army and the Navy,
turn out various descriptions of munitions, arms in parti-
cular. Besides hard ware, different machines, tools, leather
goods, and other allied goods are now manufactured and
supplied to the Military and Naval Arsenals, the Com-
munications Department, the Railway Board, and other
Government offices.
Though the business scope of the works is still com-
paratively small their importance in the particular line of
industry is universally acknowledged.
MR. H. FUKUOKA.
HAKURANKAI KYOKAI
(THE EXHIBITION ASSOCIATION.)
THIS association, which has proved so useful and
indispensable to the business community of Tokyo,
was founded in 1911, as the result of the decision arrived at
by the Association of Exhibitors, at the Anglo-Japanese
Exhibition, during the final meeting of its councillors,
agreeing that a permanent body of exhibitors was necessary,
as international exhibitions were frequently held in which
Japan participated.
The balance of the provisional associations' receipts
was transferred to the permanent association, and with the
official sanction this association was formally organized on
August 23rd, 1911, a memorandum being published in
which the reasons for the organization of a permanent body
were set forth.
In outline the memorandum ran as follows : —
Every foreign country has a permanent body of
exhibitors, and among them constant intercourse is kept
up. Japan, which is now so frequently requested to
participate in foreign exhibitions, ought also to have one,
for the purpose of facilitating the forwarding of exhibits
to foreign exhibitions, at the same time affi)rding every
encouragement to producers of goods for export. In a
country like Japan, where manufacturers are mostly of
small means, and not used to dealings with foreigners, the
association would be a great help in many ways.
The business undertaken by the association is as
follows : —
Collecting exhibits for foreign exhibitions, and forward-
ing them on behalf of exhibitors.
Keeping in communication with similar bodies abroad,
and studying affairs relating to foreign exhibitions.
Affording every possible help to manufacturers of goods
for export.
Investigating the overseas market for Japanese goods,
( 618 )
Investigating industrial conditions at home, and direct-
ing industrial activities for the purpose of promoting
foreign trade.
. When first established the association liad its office
on the premises of the Tokyo Kwangyo Kyokai, Uyeno
Park, but at present it is situated at Uchi-Yamashita-cho,
Kojimflchi-ku, Tokyo. A new building having been com-
MR. S. HIRAYAMA.
pleted there in 1915. The control of the association is in
tlie hands of ten Directors, two Auditors, and eigliteen
Councillors, over whom are the President and the Vice-
President. Several years after tlie organization Viscount
Kanetake Oura was the President, but on his retirement,
Mr. Shigenobu Hirayama, the then Vice-President, assumed
the Presidency. He is still in the office and actively
supervises the working of the institution.
The officers of the association are as follows : —
Baeon Rempei Kondo Director.
Baron Moeimasa Takei „
BuEi Nakano, Esq
Kahei Otani, Esq „
Seki Hoshino, Esq „
KiCHiBEi MuRAi, Esq
ElZABURO SCGIHARA, Esq
Genjiro Nosawa, Esq ,,
Shinji Hori, Esq „
Baron Kihachiro OkurA Auditor.
SOICHIRO Asano, Esq ,.
The association has been of much service in promoting
Japan's trade by affi)rding every possible help to manu-
facturers and merchants in connection with their exhibits at
foreign fairs. In 1912 the association opened communica-
tions with similar bodies overseas, and by the end of the
same year, an agreement for the exchange of information was
signed with eighteen Chambers of Commerce, Commercial
Museums, Commercial Information Bureaux, and com-
mercial schools. As a result the association is well known
abroad and Mr. Shigenobu Hirayama, the president of the
Association, was nominated in 1914 as one of the Vice-
Presidents of the International Council of Exliibition
Associations.
Among the international exhibitions to which the
association has sent exhibits, as agents for Japanese exhibi-
tors, or in which it has been otherwise interested are
the International Art Exhibition, Amsterdam, 1912;
the 2nd Tokyo Industrial Exhibition, 1912; the Tokyo
Taisho Exhibition, 1914; the South American Exliibition,
Tokyo, 1913; tiie -Srd Industrial Exhibition of Tokyo,
1913 ; the Samarang Exhibition, Samarang, 1914 ; and the
Panama Pacific Exliibition, San Francisco, 1915.
The association has 255 members according to the
annual report published in July, 1916.
MR. HAYASHI SHINSUKE.
(DEALER IN CURIOS AND OBJECTS OF ART.)
THIS firm, situated at Shimmonzen, Umemoto-clio,
Kyoto, is one of the oldest and largest stores of its
kind in this country, conducting a very extensive export
business.
It was initiated in the middle of the 18th century at
Furumonzen, Umemoto-cho, Kyoto, by the great grand-
father of the present proprietor, Mr. Shinsuke Hayashi,
who moved to Kyoto from Takegahana, Mino province, and
at first dealt in curios and old furniture. His son, also
named Mr. Shinsuke Hayashi, adopted one of the office
boys he employed, in view of his diligence and honesty, and
in the Jatter's 23rd year, placed all business interests under
the control of his adopted son, who was the father of the pre-
sent proprietor.
The third proprietor of tlie firm was honest and indus-
trious, also very enterprising, and under his management
( 619 >
the firm rapidly expanded its business. It was under his
control that the firm laid the foundation of the vast business
it now carries on.
Soon after his assumption of the control the country
was thrown into disorder and every one was stricken with
panic, owing to the Government changing hands, the old
regime being undermined. No one could then afford to in-
vest in objects of art. Rare treasures of art were sold by
private individuals, even the temples and shrines prepared
against emergencies, and all these treasures were handed to
metal casters to be melted.
The late Mr. Shinsuke Hayashi was convinced that
the day would come when treasures of art would be better
Lyons, France, and thus the beginning of this vast business
was auspiciously made.
Mr. Hayashi was also a public-spirited man. Many
of the art treasures he bought from temples and shrines
were returned to the old owners. For this act of public-
spiritedness he was amply rewarded, for he was ordered by
Court to make a number of objects of art, and at various
exhibitions marks of appreciation were granted for his ser-
vices as a preserver of old art treasures.
In 1890, he handed over the business to his son, Mr.
Shinsuke Hayashi, who now controls the concern. The
present proprietor is also a born business man, being stead*
fast and enterprising. Under the management of the new
MR. S. HAYASHI.
appreciated, so he rescued the curios that were being cast
into the melting pots. He bought all he could, and
patiently waited for the coming better days.
He succeeded in his retention of these goods, and the
day so patiently waited for came at last, with the restora-
tion of order under the Imperial regime. The public could
now afford to pay attention to old curios and art treasures
and they began to attract buyers. Moreover, Japan's ancient
art gradually became known to foreigners, in increasing
numbers, and his collection was greatly valued by them.
The firm's business all this time witnessed a sudden and
remarkable expansion, and foreign merchants in Yokohama
and Kobe offered to act as agents for the firm. In 1870, a
contract was arranged with Messrs. Bonmarche & Co. at
OFFICE VIEW OF MR. HAYASHI.
head, a strong impetus was given to the business of the
firm, and in 1910 a larger office had to be secured. A
large plot of ground was accordingly purchased on the pre-
sent site of the firm, and the construction of the office
building was commenced.
It was completed in the early part of 1915, and the
whole concern was moved to the new office in March.
Several employees are constantly in search of old copper
and bronze articles in China, and the firm has always a
collection of these rare treasures on hand. In Japan new
objects of art are constantly produced, under the direct
supervision of competent masters in the service of the firm,
and the excellence of these new treasures has been
acknowledged by domestic and foreign exhibitions.
I
( 620 )
HOKKAIDO RENNYU KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE HOKKAIDO CONDENSED MILK CO., LTD.)
r 1 1HIS company, situated at Sapporo, Hokkaido, is
engaged in the manufacture of condensed milk on
the most approved plan, and aims at the development of
stock farming and colonial improvement. Among the chief
shareholders are such distinguished personages as Marquis
Mayeda, and Messrs. Zeko Nakamura, Takuraa Dan,
ENSEP
raS^'^ J "and
En * "*t o
il'
THE LABEL OF RABBIT BRAND CONDENSED MILK.
Katsumi Kuhota and Shinbei Ku~nizawa, Tlie company
was established in September, 1914, and the manufacture
of condensed milk started in March, 1915. Though the
monthly output was estimated at 3,000 cases, each containing
four dozen, arrangements have been made to increase this
to over 6,000 cases monthly. The following certificates and
medals have been awarded the company at various
exhibitions: — First-class gold medal at the Hokkaido
Sanitary Exhibition in August, 1915; First-class gold
medal at the Sapporo Industrial Goods Competitive Exhibi-
tion in August, 1915; First-class certificate of merit at the
Hokkaido Agricultural Goods Competitive Exhibition in
November, 1915 ; Silver medal at the Kyoto Coronation
Commemorative Fxhibition in November, 1915. At tlie
last-named Exhibition the goods had the honour of being
purchased by the Imperial Household Department, as was
also the case at the Domestic Goods Exhibition held in
December, 1915. Special honorary gold medal at the
Domestic Producing Provision Exhibition in March, 1916 ;
Gold medal at the Formosan Industrial Competitive
Exhibition in May, 1916; First-class gold medal at the
Tinned- Food Competitive Exhibition in November, 1916.
In May, 1916, the company established a branch at
Sakamoto-cho, Nihoubashi-ku, Tokyo, which commenced the
sale of condensed milk manufactured by the company.
The goods have met with the hearty approval of consumers
on account of the superiority of quality in comparison with
all other milks produced in this country, and the demand
is daily growing. Orders are pouring in from all parts of
the country, including Karafuto, Formosa and the South
Sea Islands.
( 621 )
IIDA HARUHIKO TOKKYO JIMUSHO.
(H. IIDA'S PATENT AND TRADE MARK AGENCY.)
r I iHIS agency was founded in 1902, as successor to the In 1906, he retired from official life, and joined
-*- firm owned and managed by the late Mr. Uhachi Mr. Ishiwara's patent and trade mark agency. On the death
Ishiwara, Patent Attorney. of Mr. Ishiwara, he took over the agency and has since
controlled the aSairs of the firm.
MR. H. IIDA.
Mr. Haruhiko lida, the present Proprietor of the
Agency, has had many years' experience in this line of
business. After his graduation from the Tokyo Higher
Polytechnic School in 1893, he entered the Government
service and was appointed Examiner in the Government
Patent Office.
THE OFFICE OF MR. IIDA, TOKYO.
Japanese clients trust him thoroughly, and entrust him
with important cases; many foreigners have also entrusted
their cases to him. He has handled with success many cases
brought before foreign patent courts.
His agency is situated at No. 21, Uneme-cho, Kyobashi-
kn, Tokyo.
ISHI TOKKYO HORITSU JIMOSHO.
(ISHI PATENT AND LAW OFFICE.)
T'
^HIS office, situated at Kami-Maki-cho, Nihonbashi-ku,
Tokyo, is one of the best known and best organized
in this line of business, its staff being composed of com-
petent lawyers, and engineering experts, all of whom are
qualified as patent attorneys.
Mr. Daijiro Ishi, the proprietor of the establishment,
is a barrister-at-law and patent attorney, and undertakes
the legal side of the cases entrusted to the office. He
occupies an important position in the profession as one of
the most competent and trustworthy, and is a Councillor of
the Tokyo Lawyers' Association, and a Director of the
Japan Lawyers' Association.
The cases entrusted to this office, are studied from the
engineering view-point by Mr. Koichi Uryu, Patent
( 622 )
MR. D. ISHI.
Attorney, who is the Chief of the Engineering Department
of the office. He is a graduate of the Polytechnic College
in the Tokyo Imperial University and well versed in all
branches of science.
The chemical part of the cases entrusted to tlie office'
are undertaken by Mr. Genzo Yano, Patent Attorney, who
is Chief of the Chemical Department of the office. He is a
graduate of the Polytechnic College in the Tokyo Imperial
University and well versed in the subjects he treats.
Cases entrusted to the office are studied from all points
of view and handled with care and thoroughness. This
feature is beyond competition compared with other patent
and trade mark agencies in Japan.
International cases and applications are handled by
the office with special care and on special terms, and
nothing more than a minimum cost is charged even after
applications are obtained.
IWASAKI JUJIRO SHOTEN.
("YAMAJO" SOY BREWERY.)
THE Iwasaki Jujiro Shoten, has a soy brewery at
Choshi, Unakami-gori in Chiba prefecture, and a
branch at No. 3, Kita-Shinbori-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo.
The climate and other conditions in the town of
Choshi are well adapted for the brewery of soy.
The present brewery was established about 300 years
ago, and on account of the effiirts made and the geographical
facilities enjoyed it was able to produce soy of excellent
quality, which was sold in Tokyo. During the Bunsei
Era (1824-1829) prices of commodities considerably in-
creased, and tiie Tokugawa Shogunate issued orders to keep
them down. Though all other kinds of soy were ordered to
lower prices, the soy manufactured by the present brewery
was not ordered to do so, because of its superior quality.
In 1864, the prices of commodities again appreciated and
the Shogunate repeated the above-mentioned order, when
the soy of the present brewery was described by the
Shogunate officials as being most excellent. This increased
the reputation of the soy and the demand for it grew
considerably. From that time, the demand went on
increasing, while the management of the brewery continued
to improve the quality, and now the soy manufactured by
the brewery is regarded as the beat in the market.
The total output in 1915 was 11,000 hoku. It is also
exported to America, Hawaii, England, France, Germany,
Eussia and China. The company was awarded gold and
MR. J. IWASAKI AND HIS BREWERY.
other high medals at twenty-seVen home and foreign
exhibitions.
( 623 )
KAJIMA-GUMI.
(KAJIM A-GUMI & CO.)
rt^HE Kajiina-Gunii is the style under which Mr. Sei-
JL ichi Kajima, engineering contractor, carries on his
extensive business. It is well known in Japan, and in all
of Japan's overseas possessions.
THE FUCHINHANG TUNNEL ON THE
ANTUNG- MUKDEN LINE.
This business was founded by the late Mr. Iwazo
Kajima, the adopted father of Mr. Sei-ichi Kajima, the
present head of the house. Mr. Iwazo Kajima was trained
as a carpenter in the early days of Meiji. The Government
offices in these days were ordered to be built by this firm.
The enterprise in the business undertaken by Mr. Kajima
induced tlie Government to place engineering works under
his charge, and thus the foundation of this business was
laid.
In March, 1880, he established his office, styled the
Kajima-Gumi or Kajima & Co., and commenced his career
as an engineering contractor.
This contractor left, on his death, several years ago,
the business to his adopted son, Mr. Sei-ichi Kajima, who is
well posted in engineering work. He graduated from the
Polytechnic College of the Tokyo Imperial University.
One piece of work successfully completed by the firm,
for the Imperial Navy, was the construction of the Port
Arthur Naval Station and its works. Tiie Ominato sub-
Naval Station was also constructed by tlie firm, with the
harbour accommodation. At Yokosuka the third fort and
a number of watch towers, with tiie tunneling through the
hill at the back of the Admiralty building, were successfully
completed.
The overhead bridge near Tokyo Station is an example
of the firm's works in Tokyo. Shoheibashi Station on the
Kobu line may be taken as fairly representative of the firm's
works in that city.
Several railway lines. Government and private, have
been built by the firm, the principal being as follows: —
No. 13 and 14 sections of the Kagoshima line for the
Railway Board.
No. 22, 23 and 30 sections of the West Central line for
the Railway Board.
The conversion of the Main line of the South Manchuria
Railway into double tracks for the South Manchuria Rail-
way Co.
The Fuchinliang tunnel on the Antung-Mukden line
for the South Manchuria Railway Co.
The 1st section of the Shibata line for the Railway
Board.
The Taito Railway for the Taiwan Government-General.
It may also be mentioned that the railway line between
Seoul and Pyongyang was built by the firm in five months,
for the Military Railway Department, during the Russo-
Japanese campaign, for the transportation of troops and
munitions. The supply to the Army in Manchuria largely
depended upon this line during the campaign.
AGANO IRON BRIDGE ON THE
SHIBATA LINE.
The firm's main office is at No. 31, 9-chome, Kobiki-
cho, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo, and Mr. Sei-ichi Kajima himself
supervises all the affairs of the house.
( 624 )
KIDO TOKKYO B E N R I J I M U S H 0.
(KIDO INTERNATIONAL PATENT AGENCY.)
THIS agency is one of the most influential and trust-
worthy in its line of business. The head office is
situated at No. 4, 5-chome, Kobiki-cho, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo,
while its branch office is situated at No. 12, 1-chome, Takajo-
machi, Shizuoka.
MR. D. KIDO.
It was founded by Mr. Den Kido, the present pro-
prietor, fifteen years ago. Because of its trustworthiness
and competency, business has continually expanded since
its establishment, and it now ranks among the foremost
patent offices in this country.
The number of cases entrusted to the agency up to the
present time is 4,500 according to the latest report issued
by the office, of which 8,500 cases have been granted. The
present foreign patent and trade mark department was
established in 1913. 50 foreign cases have already been
entrusted to the agency, and all these clients have been
satisfied with the agency's service.
Since the outbreak of war in Europe, foreign applica-
tions to the Imperial Japanese Patent Office have decreased
markedly, but Japanese applications to foreign patent
offices have increased apace. A large number of these
applications have been handled by the agency with satisfac-
factory results.
The staff of the agency consists of the following com-
petent and experienced patent attorneys and engineering
experts : —
Mr. Den Kido, Patent Attorney registered 1902.
Mr. Den Kido is Member of the Society of Japanese
Patent Attorneys, a Member of the Society of Mechanical
Engineers, Member of the Engineering Society, studied
mechanical engineering at the Tokyo Technical School, and
graduating in 1891, remained in the school as a Professor
of mechanics for a number of years, and then was employed
as a mechanical engineer (1899-1902) in the Shibaura En-
gineering Works, with whom the General Electric Co. of
U.S.A. is now connected in partnership. It is now 14
years since Mr. Kido established the present firm.
Mr. Kwan Ishikawa, Patent Attorney registered 1905.
Mr. Eishiro Abe, Patent Attorney registered 1907.
MR. KIDO'S OFFICE, TOKYO.
Specialists to take charge of cases on Electricity and of
Law cases : — Mr. Kwanji Nomata, ex-Engineer of the Im-
perial Navy ; Mr. Yoshiharu Ohno, Bachelor of Law,
Patent Attorney.
( 625 )
MR. KONOIKE CHUZABURO.
(BUILDER AND CONTRACTOR.)
M'
R. KONOIKE, CHUZABURO, No. 51, 3-chome,
Dembo-cho Kita, Ni8hinari-gori,Osaka prefecture,
is one of the leading builders and contractors in Osaka and
district. Mr. Konoike established his business shortly after
the Sino-Japanese war, and at present conducts an extensive
business under the style of the KOnoike-Gumi.
Many large buildings in Osaka and the South- Western
parts of the Empire have been erected, including the
university buildings in Fukuoka, and the Higher Normal
School for Women in Nara. Mr. Konoike attends to all details
personally, thus gaining the confidence of Government
officials and others.
KONOIKE-KE.
(THE KONOIKE FAMILY
•" I "HE ancestor of the Konoike family was Yamanaka
Shinroku Yukimoto, a son of Yamanaka Shikano-
suke Yukimori, a brave follower of Amako Katsuhisa, one
of the most well-known generals in the history of Japan.
In July of the sixth year of the Tensho Era, the castle of
Kodzuki, which was most strenuously defended by Amako
Katsuhisa, was besieged by Kikkawa Motoharu, a brave
general under the Mori family, and fell, Amako Katsuhisa
and many of his followers being killed. Yamanaka Shikano-
suke surrendered to the Mori family. One of his followers
escorted Shinroku Yukimoto, who founded the Konoike
family, to Hariraa province, when Shinroku Yukimoto
became a merchant and started the brewery of wine. In
the fifth year of the Genna Era, when the Tokugawa
family reigned supreme, Shinroku removed to Osaka, at
the age of fifty, and continued his business as a saki mer-
cliant. The Bak& which he manufactured became very
popular in the country. He was succeeded by his eighth
son, Zenyemon, whose name lias ever since been adopted by
his descendants whenever they inherited the property. The
present Baron Zenyemon KOnoike is the eldest son of the
tenth Zenyemon, and was born in 1865, coming into the
property in 1884. He is President of the Konoike Bank
and the Osaka Warehousing Co.
AND ITS ENTERPRISE.)
THE KONOIKE BANK.
The present KOnoike Bank is an improvement on the
former exchange shop, which was formed by the ancestor
BARON Z. KONOIKE.
of the KSnoike family, and materially helped the financial
circles in Osaka. The KSnoike Bank was formerly called
(
the Thirteenth National Bank, and was formed with
capital subscribed by members of tlie Konoike family. Tiie
Bank has a capital of ¥3,000,000, with reserve funds of
¥2,500,000, Deposits amount to ¥26,700,000. The busi-
ness of the Bank is transacted with steadiness and with a
progressive spirit characteristic of the Konoike family.
Though Baron Konoike is the nominal President of the
Bank, the actual management is in the hands of Mr. Jiro
Harada, the Managing Director, Mr. Hisashi Shimamura,
Director, Mr. Junzaburo Ashida, Director, and Mr. Masa-
tada Ezaki, Auditor.
626 )
THE OSAKA WAREHOUSING CO.
This company was founded by the Konoike family in
May, 1883, with a capital of ¥500.000, of which ¥215,000
is paid up. This is the only warehousing company in
the commercial metropolis of O^aka. Baron Zenyemon
Konoike is President cf the company, Mr. Jiro Harada,
Vice-President, Mr. Hisahi Shimamura, Director, Mr.
Masatada Ezaki, Manager, and Mr. Shinjiro Konoike,
Auditor.
The company has been doing an excellent business for
several years.
KORO HYOSHiKI KANRISHO.
(THE LIGHTHOUSE BUREAU.)
'n[^HE first lighthouse was erected in Japan in the third
■*■ year of the Emperor Tenji's reign, in 664 A.D., at
Tsushima, Iki, and Tsukushi as an aid to the coast defence
troops, because the Chinese threatened to invade, following
upon their successes in Korean campaigns. The lighthouse
system was revived by the Kumamoto Clan in the era of
Keicho, or the beginning of the 17th century. At Hime-
iiJE IJGHTHOUSE BUREAU, YOKOHAMA.
jima, Bungo province, a fire was burnt constantly to warn
mariners passing through that narrow strait. The
Shogunate also erected lighthouses at Sugajiraa, Anorizaki,
and Kamijima. In 1608 the first attempt at using oil in
light houses was made by a man named Kichizaburo Hino
at the port of Fukura, Noto province. He maintained a
lighthouse on his own account throughout his lifetime.
Thus the lighthouse system was fairly well developed
even in the time of the Shogunate, but no attempt was made
to unify these useful guides to mariners: those erected at
the places under the direct control of the Shogunate being
looked after by the administrators despatched by the Central
Government, while those in tlie fiefs of daimyo were taken
charge of by either the daimyos' retainers or private
LIGHTHOUSE AT INUBOYfiZAKI.
persons. But toward the close of the Shogunate administra-
tion the unification of the system at some important points
around the coast was necessitated by the treaties with
Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, and the United
States, which were then concluded at Edo.
Under the direct supervision of the Shogunate Govern-
ment light houses were erected at Kengasaki, Sagam
(
province, Kannoiizaki, Sagami province, Nojimagasaki, Awa
province, Kamikomotojima, Izu province, Kashinozaki and
Shiomisaki, Kii province, Satamisaki, Osurai province, and
lojima at the entrance to the harbour of Nngasaki. At
Yokohama and Hakodate light ships were used. To erect
these light houses and light ships experts were hired from
England, and works were started on Western lines. On
the 1st of January, 1889, the lighthouse at Kannonzaki was
completed and for the first time in this country a light-
house of foreign type came into existence.
Immediately after tlie Restoration the light houses
were placed under the control of the Kanagawa prefectural
office. Later, when light houses were erected at every im-
portant point around the coasts of Japan, the control was na-
turally transferred to the charge of the Central Government.
In July, 1889, the Light Office was founded at Yoko-
hama with a workshop attached. This was the beginning
of the present Waterway Mark Management Office at
627 )
Yokohama. At present the staff of the office comprises the
Director, (Mr. Kenzo Yoshikumi) five Experts, fourteen
clerks, twenty-three Assistant Experts, and three hundred
and seventy-seven watchers and light house keepers, accord-
ing to the census made up at the close of 1915. Thanks to
the devoted services of these men the lighthouses and water-
way marks have been completed by degrees, and at present
the coasts of Japan are well lighted with different marks.
The Inuboyezaki lighthouse is located at the extreme
point of Inuboyezaki, Unakami-gori, Chiba prefecture,
being erected in November, 1874. Tlie tower is a round
brick edifice painted white. It is 90 feet high from the
base to the top, and 168 feet high from the water level to
the top.
At the lighthouse a big fog horn is installed. Since
1910 whenever the weather is bad the horn has been blown
for five seconds at an interval of 30 seconds to warn
ships passing by.
MR. KUSABA TSUKUMO.
(T. KUSABA, MECH. E., INTERNATIONAL PATENT ATTORNEY.)
MR. KUSABA wlio has a profound knowledge of
engineering, has conducted a patent business for
over seventeen years. Ho was the first engineer in this
MR. T. KUSABA.
country to adopt this line of business. With his ex-
perience and thoroughness in business, he has won the
MR. KUSABA'S OFFICE, TOKYO.
( 628 )
confidence of his clients, and a large number of international
patent and trade mark cases have been placed in his hands.
Patent attorneys overseas have also found a trustworthy
agent in him. They have selected him as their agent in
cases of a difficult nature, and have always been satisfied
with their selection.
Mr. Kusaba graduated from the Mechanical Course of
the Technical Department of the Kyoto High School in
1898, taking up education as his profession, and teaching
practical engineering at the Technical Department of the
Kumamoto High School. He shortly gave up education,
however, and came to Tokyo where he took charge of the
Toyotama Iron Works.
His connection with this line of business commenced
when he was appointed Japanese Manager of the late Mr.
William Silver Hall's patent oflice. A few years later Mr.
Hall trusted Mr. Kusaba and found in him an able and
trustworthy representative and manager, placing all
affairs of the office under his care. The result was
splendid, for within a few years Mr. Hall's office became
one of the greatest patent offices in this country.
On Mr. Hall's death, Mr. Kusaba established himself
as a Patent Attorney at the present office at 6-chome,
ligura, Azabu-ku, Tokyo, and later opened a consulting
engineering office.
Mr. Kusaba is a Councillor of the Japan Association
of Patent Attorneys, besides being a member and officer of
the following associations : —
The Japan Association for Industrial Promotion.
The Imperial Invention Association.
The Mechanical Engineering Society.
KYODO SEISHI NIZUKURISHO.
(KYODO RAW SILK PACKING CO.)
' I ^HIS company (limited partnership) is located at No.
-*■ 78, 0-machi, Fukushima, Fukushima prefecture.
The company is engaged in the packing of raw silk, being
established in 1889. Raw silk produced in these districts
THE KYODO RAW SILK PACKING CO., FUKUSHIMA.
goes by the name of " Kakeda-Ito." Climatic conditions
there are well fitted for the sericulture and it has been
customary from olden times for all farmers' girls to be
trained in the art of reeling silks out of cocoons produced in
their own homes. In such circumstances the modes of
reeling and packing were not the same. On the contrary
each family followed its own method. It was chiefly for the
purpose of unifying these methods that the company came
into being in 1889. By the past twenty odd years'
effijrts of the company the purpose has been thoroughly
attained or all the shipments of goods look as if they were
manufactured and done up in one and same factory. As to
the way of packing, producers or agents apply to the com-
pany for packing. The company first define the quality of
the goods according to the regulations of the inspection
drawn up by themselves and then repack thera and finally
put marks on them. The company are proud, as they
indeed may well be, of the fact that during the long
business career there has never been a single instance
where any applicant has complained of the classification
of the goods.
The annual yield of tlie " Kakeda-Ito " is put at about
100,000 kan, of which nearly 90,000 kan, is exported through
the company. It is very smooth to the touch and elastic.
Such being its characteristics, nothing is better fitted than
this yarn for the manufacture of cloths of which to make
umbrella cloths, gloves and stockings and other things
(
requiring elasticity. Besides, any cloth woven out of this
thread as weft is beautiful and looks far thicker than others
cloths of the same weight.
The company also pays every attention to the improve-
ment of the reeling, every farmer being virtually under its
control and guidance. A great reform has recently been
effected in the way of making a coil on the American model
and also in the way of packing. This reform is highly
welcomed by textile factories both at home and abroad.
The company has been awarded medals by the principal
629 )
domestic and foreign exhibitions. A feature worthy of
special notice is that the company successfully carries on
the business which ought by nature to be done by the
Government. For this reason every Minister of State,
when he makes a tour in these districts, pays a visit to the
company to make inspection of the business. The com-
pany is the only establishment engaged in this line of
business in Japan. The investors representing the company
are Mr. Kinsuke Suzuki, President, and Mr. Seisuke Horiye,
Manager.
KYOTO KOSHO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
''T^HE Kyoto Manufacturing & Trading Co., Ltd., which
■*■ is one of the oldest and largest of the kind in Japan,
(THE KYOTO MANUFACTURING & TRADING CO.. LTD.)
hair brushes, cloth brushes, hand brushes, tooth brushes,
hat brushes, infant brushes, military brushes, complexion
brushes, typewriter brushes, etc. All are strictly condi-
tioned before they are shipped for foreign markets, and
only the best goods are placed on the market.
The company has its head office at Kyoto, but its
was founded in 1896 as a brush manufactory by the Kwan-
sai Trading Co. At first bruslies for the United States were
alone manufactureil, but owing to the excellence of its
manufactures the company was asked to supply other
countries a'sn, and in 1906 it was converted into a joint factory is situated at Ebie, Sagisu, Nishinari-gori, Osaka
TRADE MARK.
FACTORY OP THE KYOTO MANUFACTURING & TRADING CO.
stock concern and enlarged its operations, when the present
style was adopted.
The company's manufactures are all intended for
export, and in the United States, South Africa, Great
Britain, Canada, Australia, Russia, and other countries
they are thought to be equal in all respects to the best goods
produced by France. They consist of the following goods :
prefecture, where all business dealings are conducted. The
company also has many branch offices and agencies abroad,
the following being only a few of them: — Kyoto Manu-
facturing & Trading Co., New York, U.S.A. ; MacLean,
Benn, & Nelson, Ltd., Montreal, Canada; J. Funnel
Christian, London, England; J. C. Gambles & Co.,
Melbourne, Australia.
( 630 )
MR. MOGI SOBEI.
MR. MOGI, SOBEI, one of the greatest business men
in Yokohama, and one of the highest rate-payers
in Kanagawa prefecture, was born in Yokohama in March,
1893, son of the late Mr. Sobei Mogi. After having com-
pleted his preliminary education at local schools he entered
the 8th High School at Nagoya, and on account of his
scholarly talent and ability he was regarded as one of the
most promising students in tlie institution. But after two
years' study he was forced to leave the school on account of
the death of his father. He now has the whole affairs of his
firm in his hands, i\nd though he is 'the youngest of his
confreres in Yokohama he is ranked by common consent
among the foremost business talents of the port.
MR. S. MOGI.
The Mogi family has been engaged in the export of
raw silk and other goods, together with many other lines of
business, since Yokohama was first opened to foreign trade,
and in all lines of business undertaken it has been in a
leading position. The founder of the business, the grand-
father of the present head of the family, came down to
Yokohama just when the port was opened to trade, and first
traded in raw silk. Thanks to his strenuous and enter-
prising endeavours he soon led the business community at
the port.
The late Mr, Sobei Mogi, the second master of the
house, could not himself control the vast interests he in-
herited, on account of his weak health, and the general
supervision of all branches of business was entrusted to his
brother, Mr. Yasuhei Mogi, who was adopted into the Mogi
family while still young. When Mr. Yasuhei Mogi took
up the control of tlie house the business was conducted
under the style of " Nozawaya," and the main line consisted
in wholesale trading in drapery.
Thanks to his energetic and active enterprise the busi-
ness fast expanded, and the wealth of the family rapidly
increased. Just when the Sino-Japanese war was brought
to a close the Mogi Bank was started as a partnership, and
Mr. Yasuhei Mogi managed it as Active Partner.
The Gomei Kaisha Mogi Shoten was inaugurated im-
mediately after and this was also managed by Mr. Yasuhei
Mogi. The new line of the family's enterprise was so
planned as to conduct direct trade witli the World's princi-
pal marts. At New York, Lyons, and other cities branch
offices were immediately established, and in otiier towns
agencies were created. Thus, close connections were esta-
blished with foreign marts and Mr. Mogi's export business
began to expand rapidly. In the meanwhile Mr. Mogi
placed under his control such well-known filatures as the
Asahi-sha, the Sanryu-sha, tiie Nisshin-kan, the Ryuko-slia,
and others. A weaving mill was erected at Fukui, where
excellent export habutai was produced on a large scale.
The growing activity of the Mogi Shoten in various lines
of business attracted the attention of the public, and when
H.I.M. the Emperor visited Fukui the family's mills were
inspected by the Imperial visitor.
Mr. Yasuhei Mogi endeavoured not only to develop
the family's enterprises, but was principally instrumental
in promoting business enterprises at Yokohama. The
Yokohama Fire, Marine, Transit, and Fidelity Insurance
Co. was, for example, fiioated almost under his exclusive
auspices. He was actively interested also in the Second
Bank, the Yokohama Savings Bank, The Yokohama Life
Assurance Co., the Yokohama 74th Bank, the 19th Bank,
and the Teikoku Silk Throwing and Weaving Co.
Many meritorious services were rendered by him also
in the cause of public weal. Several times he assumed a
seat in the Yokohama Chamber of Commerce and con-
tributed much to the promotion of business interests at the
port. During the Russo-Japanese War he endeavoured to
help the Government in prosecuting tlie general plan of
campaign with his boundless resources. Thus on the resto-
ration of peace he was decorated with the Fifth Class Im-
perial Order of the Rising Sun. Y^'^hen the Imperial
Grant Charity Association was organized he supported
the scheme with all his heart and made a handsome
( 631 )
contribution toward the association's funds. He died in
October, 1912. Just before his death Mr. Yasuhei Mogi
was granted the Court rank of Ju-Rokui in recognition of
his meritorious services in tlie cause of business, State, and
humanity. The present head of the House, Mr. Sobei
Mogi, at once assumed the position vacated by his uncle.
Mr. Sobei Mogi at present holds the following posts,
besides controlling his own business interests : —
The Mogi Partnership, Representative Partner ; The
Mogi Bank, Active Partner ; and Director of The Yoko-
hama Savings Bank, The Imperial Silk Co,, The Yokohama
Life Assurance Co., The Yokohama Fire, Marine, Transit,
and Fidelity Insurance Co., The Yokohama Dock Co., The
2nd Bank, Tlie 74tli Bank ; Auditor of The Imperial Silk
Throwing and Weaving Co.
The Mogi Gomei Kaisha, which is a Partnership, was
organized in June, 1913, with a capital of ¥1,000,000. It
is divided into the departments of Raw Silk Brokerage,
Raw Silk Export, Reeling, Real Estates, and Drapery, and
they control under tlie common head these lines of business
as specified by their names. Among others the second-
named department has branches or auxiliary branches at
New York, Lyons, and many other cities and conducts an
extensive trade in habutai, raw silk, and sundry silk goods.
As its adjuncts the department owns and manages silk
weaving mills at Kanazawa and Fukui.
The Reeling Department has many filatures in Saitama,
Gumma, and Aichi prefectures, where a large number of
hands are employed to reel a vast amount of silk. The
Drapery Department, which carries on its business under
the popular style of the Nozawaya, conducts an extensive
wholesale and retail business in general drapery, and in
Yokohama is regarded as the fountain-head of the local
fashion. Under its charge a separate store is kept in
Yokohama under the style of the Nozawaya Silk Store.
This store manufactures and sells embroidered silk dresses,
night gowns, dyed crepes, and a thousand other silk goods
for foreigners.
The Mogi Bank, which is a partnership owned by the
Mogi family, transacts ordinary banking business, but
pre-eminently it is an organ for reelers and weavers. It
was started immediately after the Sino-Japanese war, and
after successive increases its capital now stands at
¥1,000,000, against which a reserve of upwards of
¥900,000 is held. Because of its sound business manage-
ment and financial stability the public confidence in the
bank is increasing, and in spite of its comparatively small
capital it is numbered among the leading banks in the city,
and for many years a dividend of 10 per cent, per annum
has been maintained. The bank has its head oflSce at No.
29, 2-chome, Benten-dori, Yokohama, and a branch at No.
21, Kuzo-machi, Takasaki.
MORIOKA IMIN GOMEI KAISHA.
.,1?
(THE MORIOKA EMIGRATION CO.)
THIS concern was established in 1894, by Mr. Makoto
Morioka, and for over seventeen years managed by
him, as his own private enterprise, but in December, 1912,
it was converted into a partnership, Mr. Kametaro Yasuda
taking a share in the business. This company stands fore-
most in this line, being the senior.
The company's first specialty was to send emigrants to
Hawaii, and a great number settled there through the in-
termediary of this company. In 1909 this line of business
was given up, owing to the entry of Japanese Emigrants
being forbidden.
At present the company's specialty is sending labour
to Peru. The first batch of men was sent by this company
to the republic in 1899. The result was satisfactory, and
a way was opened for the Japanese to immigrate to South
America. The settlers so far sent out by the company to
that country number considerably more than 10,000 men Mk. K. YASUDA.
( 632 )
and women. The Presidents of the republic have all
assumed a friendly attitude toward the settlers, and the
advantage the Japanese colony has derived from this fact
has been very great. The present President, M. Legia, has
done a great service toward the Japanese, namely abolishing
the poll tax on Japanese immigrants. He was at one time
the Peruvian agent for this company.
Besides continuing sending emigrants to Peru, the
company is contemplating the inauguration of the immigra-
tion business in Brazil.
The representative of the company is Mr. Kametaro
Yasuda, who has had much experience in this line of busi-
ness. Mr. Morioka holds a secondary position in the busi-
ness owing to old age.
MURAI HONTEN.
(MR. K. MURAI AND HIS ENTERPRISES.)
MR. MURAI, KICHIBEI, one of Japan's most
prominent business men, was born in Kyoto,
January, 1864. He is the fifth son of the late Mr. Yahei
Murai. In his ninth year he was adopted by his uncle, the
late Mr. Kichibei Murai, a dealer in tobacco. On his
MURAI.
uncle's death he succeeded to the business and took over
the management the tobacco shop, at 2-chome, Gojobashi-
higashi, Kyoto.
In boyhood he displayed genius as a business leader, by
endeavouring to reorganize the business handed down from
his adopted father. He wished to take advantage of the
radical changes worked in the social organization of the
country under the new Imperial regime. He realized that
most tobacco dealers in this country were not aware of the
undeveloped state of their trade, and consequently the
threatening invasion of foreign goods.
He commenced to manufacture cigarettes, with a view
to keeping in ciieck the import of these goods, wiiich was
increasing with striking rapidity on account of the Japanese
manufacturers' inability to supply them.
He studied the tobacco industry of the world and as a
result was convinced that the American tobacco leaves were
the best, but it was not to the advantage of Japan to depend
wholly on America for the supply of manufactured tobacco,
for that meant money being sent to America and destroying
the line of industry in this country. Accordingly Mr.
Murai himself visited America in 1893, and commenced
the import of American tobacco leaves.
The leaves thus imported were manufactured at the
factory in Kyoto, and placed on the market as " Hero "
brand cigarettes. As the new tobacco thus turned out by
the factory was the first made here on the American model,
and of the best quality, it sold briskly, and Mr. Murai
became properous.
Whilst handling foreign and domestic tobacco, Mr.
Murui realised that machinery must be adopted instead of
manual labour, as far as possible. As a side operation he
commenced the manufacture and export of paper mouth
pieces, paper cases, and other goods required for the manu-
facture of cigarettes. The Toyo Printing Co. was initiated
by Mr. Murai, for the improvement in the printing of
labels, paper cases, and other matters. He was the first to
use aluminium plates in this country.
Powder tobacco was made use of by Mr. Murai in the
manufacture of cigarettes for export to Chosen, China,
Hongkong, Siam, the Straits Settlements, British India,
Australia, and the Netherlands Indies. In January,
1898, the Mr. Murai tobacco enterprise had been enlarged
so much that his factories contained 40 Bricks's tobacco
(
)
manufacturing machines, and 20 home-made machines, at
work day and niglit. The daily output amounts to over
10,000,000 cigarettes.
In 1900, Mr. Murai accepted the American Tobacco
Co. offer to convert the business into a joint America-
Japanese concern, as the American Tobacco Co. was losing
its footing in this country, on account of the expansion of
Mr. Murai's business. Thus this important tobacco company :
Murai Brothers, Ltd., with a capital of ¥12,000,000 was
founded in Kyoto, in December, 1901.
Mr. Kichibei Murai was still the head of concern as
the President, while the American capitalists were satisfied
holding the chairs of Vice-President and Treasurer. The
business of the company has since expanded more rapidly
and at one time the annual export was valued at ¥5,000,000.
This was the first attempt at introducing foreign capital
for the purpose of inaugurating industries in this country.
In July, 1901, the head ofiice of the company was
removed to Tokyo, for the purpose of enlarging the scope
of business, both at home and abroad. The company's
plan was attended with great success, and the erection of a
new factory in Tokyo was necessitated. In July, 1904, this
splendid business was transferred to Government control, as
the monopoly of the tobacco industry by the Government
was decided upon by the Imperial Diet.
When the tobacco enterprise was nationalized this
company was bought by the Government, and Mr. Kichibei
Murai established a banking business. The Murai Bank
was opened in Tokyo, January 1905, and the following
year a branch office was created in Kyoto.
The Shichijo Wareliouse Company was bought up by
Mr. Murai, immediately after the establishment of the bank,
and it was converted into an adjunct of the Bank. It is
now placed under the charge of the Shichijo Branch of the
bank, which was later established.
The new banking enterprise thrived, owing to Mr.
Murai's sound management, and in March, 1911, tlie bank's
report stated that the reserve amounted to ifl, 470,000,
against its capital of ¥2,000,000.
In July, 1912, the Murai Savings Bank, Ltd, was
established, and ordinary savings bank transactions were
initiated. This establishment, too, followed the business
principle of the Murai Bank, which was most sound and
businesslike.
In December, 1912, a branch was opened at Ogawa-
raachi, Kanda-ku, Tokyo, and in July of the followingyear one
at Miyamasu-cho, Shibuya, a suburb of Tokyo. In August
another branch was established at Gojo, Kyoto. Branches
have since been established at Edogawa, Ushigome-ku,
Tokyo, 3-chome, Hon-machi, Osaka, and Terama, Osaka, the
latest addition being at Horidorae, Nihombashi-ku, Tokyo,
The Murai Savings Bank branches in Tokyo are at
Azabu and Shiba.
Mr. Murai carries on extensive coal mining business,
owning large concessions in Hokkaido and Kyushu. At
present the Yayoi Mine in Hokkaido, the Toriuchi Mine in
che vicinity of Saseho, and many large pits along the coasts
of Imari, are actively worked and over ten thousand men are
employed. The output of these mines is sold at home
and abroad. Nagoya, Niignta, Fusan, Chefoo, Tientsin,
Slianghai, and Hongkong are the best buyers of Mr. Murai's
coal. The mining business is now organized into a partner-
ship, with a capital of ¥1,000,000. It is controlled by Mr.
Yakichi Murai, the adopted son of Mr. Kichibei Murai.
The Murai family conducts a large shipping business,
which was founded at the close of 1915, as the result of a
THE MURAI HONTEN, TOKYO.
conference among the members of the family. To commence
with several ships, either chartered or bought, for the purpose
of carrying the coal turned out by the Murai mines, were
run by the Shipping Department, but the business is now
conducted by an independent partnership, with a capital of
¥1,000,000, composed of Mr. Murai and his family. At
present Mr. Teinosuke Murai, the younger brother of Mr.
Kichibei Murai, is the President of the partnership.
Mr. Murai undertook the prospecting of oil, in
Hokkaido, in 1912, and it has since been maintained.
Work has already commenced at Wakanai, Atsubetsu, and
Menashi. The concessions now worked cover an area of over
30,000,000 tsubo.
Shortly after the Russo-Japanese war, Mr. Kichibei
Murai bought a large area of waste land in Keishodo,
Chosen, and commenced the construction of dams, along the
( T^34 )
river R-^kuto, which tiien inundated the whole district
bought by Mr. Murai. When all work was finished, the
dams extended over seven miles. In the vicinity of Shinei
Station, on the Government Railway, Mr. Murai constructed
several warehouses and granaries, also a pumping works
equipped with two centrifugal pumps.
Thus over 500 chobu of paddy fields were laid out iti
the midst of the waste land. Later a market place with an
.office building, a meeting house, a school, and a hospital
were erected. A light railway was also laid from Shinei
Station on the Government Railway to the Murai Farm,
two miles in length, passengers and cargo being carried.
For the prevention of floods, Mr. Murai has provided a
lock-gate, at the confluence of the river Rakuto, and the
river Chusen, and above the gate a shrine of Inari was
erected by him ; 2,500 cJiobu of waste land has thus been
developed by Mr. Murai's settlers.
In Taiwan, Mr. Murai has forestry business, develop-
ing Japan's new territory in tlie South. The first enter-
prise planting was opened up by Mr. Murai, in Taiwan,
of camphor trees. He has planted 400,000 young trees,
over an area of 3,000 chobu. Though no result has been
obtained the enterprise is going well.
Before the people in Japan realized tiie importance of
rubber planting in the South, Mr. Murai planted young
rubber trees side by side with the camphor. In starting tiiis
line he added a new and very profitable line to the industries
of Japan. He brought over 150,000 young rubber trees from
the Straits Settlements and planted them over a large area.
Olive and Cork trees have also been imported, from
Italy and Spain. These plantations have so far been a
success. Coffee seeds Iiave been brought from South
America, and experiments are being made in the growing of
coflTee.
Some time ago a manufactory of cords was established
by Mr. Murai, at Yao, a suburb of Osaka, in view of the
growing demand for that thread. At present it is managed
as an independent concern, under the style of the Teikoku
Cord Manufacturing Co., with the support of the Cord
Co. of Glasgow. Tlie capital of the new company is
¥1,000,000. Tiie manufactures of the company are mostly
exported to China and the Dutch Indies.
Mr, Murai built the " Choraku-kan " at Maruyama,
Kyoto. Tiie Choraku-kan has had the honour of receiving
visits from many distinguished guests, amongst them
being the Ambassadors of Russia and Italy, who stayed at
this villa during the Coronation week.
Mr. Murai has founded a public library, near the Gojo
Bridge, Kyoto, where his ancestors kept a tobacco store, for
the benefit of school boys and apprentices.
In October, 1915, Mr. Murai was decorated with the
Third Class Imperial Order and the Badge of the Sacred
Treasure. The following month he was granted, by Court,
the Coronation Medal. In Februaiy, 1916, lie was
decorated by the Russian Czar with the Second Class Order
of St. Stanisiau. And by the King of Italy witii the
Order of the Knight Commander of the Crown.
NA60YA SH06Y0 KAIGISHO.
(THE NAGOYA CHAMBER OF COMMERCE)
THIS institution is the outgrowth of tlie Nagoya Council
of Mercliants, founded in February, 1881, by
Messrs. Jirozayeraon Ito and Sosuke Okatani, with tlie
co-operation of their associates. The present status was
assumed by the institution in September, 1890, when the
Chamber of Commerce Act was promulgated, and the
function of commercial institutions was legally defined.
The first election of members was on March 7th, 1891,
in the Municipal Hall, and 35 members, mostly well-known
business men represented in the city, were returned. A
few months later the election of the first President and
Vice-President was carried out, and as a result Messrs
Katsushiro Horibe and Zenroku Suzuki were elected
THE NAGOYA CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. President and Vice-President respectively. Thus the
( 635 )
organization of the new institution was legally completed
in July, 1891.
The Chamber of Commerce had done very useful work
guiding and directing the development of commerce and
industry in the city. In July, 1895, when the fact was
well appreciated by the citizens, it was decided to build a
hall at Sakaye-cho, Nagoya, for the institution. In
January the following year the building was completed, and
the institution wns removetl to the new office, which has
since been one of the city's principal ornaments.
With the development of industry and commerce in
this city more business has been inaugurated and the
Chamber of Commerce has had to increase its members.
In October, 1900, the maximum limit of membership was
enlarged to 50, and the whole chamber was divided into six
departments, with their separate heads. An executive
committee was also organized by the President, the Vice-
President, and the heads of these departments.
Soon after this inauguration, Mr. Horibe resigned the
Presidency, and Mr. Masaka Okuda was elected his succes-
sor. Mr. Okuda remained in the office over twenty years,
and during his tenure of office the institution effected
great achievements as directors of business activities in
the city.
Mr. Sobei Suzuki was elected successor, when Mr.
Okuda resigned in 191.3, and as his Vice-Presidents Messrs.
Tomiuosuke Kadono and Morimatsu Ito were elected, and
these men still hold their positions.
NAKAMATSU TOKKYO HORITSU JIMUSHO.
(NAKAMATSU INTERNATIONAL PATENT AND LAW OFFICE)
IN Japan, the protection of industrial property is prin-
cipally taken charge of by the Imperial Patent Oflace,
where applications are examined, registrations are made,
suits for invalidation, or determination of the extent, of
rights are decided, etc. But for criminal prosecution and
recovery of damages, one must go to a law court. There is
appeal from decisions of the Patent Office court to the Court
of Cassatiim, but only with regard to the interpretation of
According to the Patent Law the suits filed at the
Patent Office are handled by the licensed patent attorneys,
but not by ordinary lawyers. The qualifications of the
patent attorneys are laid down in an Imperial Ordinance.
According to it lawyers practicing before law courts,
graduates of a college of an Imperial University, of the
Higher Tegnological College, and of any other school of
equal standing with any of the above mentioned schools,
officers who have been on duty at the Patent Office as ex-
aminers or assistant examiners for a certain number of
years, and those who have successfully passed the examina-
tion which the Patent Office holds, can become patent
attorneys by having their names registered at the Patent
Office.
Thus broadly speaking there are two kinds of patent
attorneys, viz. those who practice before the Imperial
Patent Office only, and those who practice before the Im-
perial Patent Office and also before ordinary law courts.
Among the foremost of the latter kind ranks Mr. Morio
Nakamatsu, proprietor of the Nakamatsu International
Patent and Law Office,
Soon after his graduation from, the Law College of the
Tokyo Imperial University, Mr. Nakamatsu was appointed
a high official at the Department of Agriculture and
Commerce, and tlien transferred to the Imperial Patent
MR. M. NAKAMATSU.
Office, where he remained over eighteen years, during the
last six of which he was Director, and took part in the
drafting of laws and regulations relating to industrial
property.
He represented the Imperial Japanese Government at
( 636 )
several international conferences, regarding industrial
property, and took part actively in drafting all inter-
national agreements or conventions relating to industrial
property in which Japan took part. Thus it is quite
clear tliat Mr. Nakamatsu is one of the best qualified
patent attorneys on international patant cases in Japan.
In 1914, Mr. Nakamatsu opened his office at No. 21,
Mitsubishi Buildings, Daimyokoji, Marunouchi, Tokyo,
and undertakes ail busine.ss in connection with the^t^panese
Patent Office.
NAIKOKU TSUUN KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE NATIONAL EXPRESS CO., LTD.)
TOEING originally established by leading employers of
^"^ feudal couriers in Yedo (now Tokyo), the company is
the oldest freight agency in Japan. In 1893, the company
was reorganizod as a joint stock concern and named the
MR. Z. NISHIZAWA.
Naikoku Tsuun Kabushiki Kaisha, or the National Express
Co., Ltd. as it is now called. The number of its branches,
sub-branches and agencies lias been increased in order to
effect communication with all parts of the Empire. With
the increase of the mileage of railways the company has
improved its arrangements to meet the new conditions. As
regards maritime trans^portation, the company owns 26
steamers, two oil engine boats and 159 lighters. Tiie
company undertakes the transportation of freiglit and acts
as freight brokers, while carrying on passenger traffic by
means of river boats. The company is also engaged in
the collection of bills and trade charges on delivery of
goods, and forwards goods by rail on commission acting
as a railway agency. The company also has branches and
agencies in principal cities and ports of Cliosen.
The Capital, which was only ¥50,000 at the time of
the organization is now ¥5,000,000. At the general
meeting of shareliolders held on February 20th, 1917, it
was decided to further increase the capital, as the business
is growing year by year.
The company's officers are as follow : —
Z. NisHJZAWA, Esq.
H. HiRAKAWA, Esq Director.
T. YosHiMOTO, Esq.
T. Kaga, Esq
H. Kawamura, Esq Auditor.
G. Yamada, Esq. ...
J Director and
■■■ ( President.
( 6S7 )
MR. NAKANO KINKURO.
MR. NAKANO, KIKURO, is the proprietor and mana-
ger of the Ota Engineering Office, which position
he has held since the death of iiis brother Mr. Rokuro Ota.
Mr. Nakaiio is a man of strong character, and has made it
his principle in business to reject all underhand dealings
and practices of sub-contract.
His business ability as a railway contractor is shown
by the construction of the Akita section of the Fukushima-
Aomori Government Railway. It was shortly after the
outbreak of war between Russia and Japan, when the
Government took every precaution against the financial
stringency. The railway was all but finished, save for the
tunneling at Innai, and a section in the vicinity of Innai.
The Government was inclined to suspend the construction
work on the line for fear of shortage of funds, in spite of
the strategical importance of the line. Mr. Nakano was
anxious to serve the State, and was afraid of the effect of the
suspended works, so proposed to the authorities concerned
that lie himself would maintain the works at his own cost,
pending the payment from the Treasury.
The work, however, was resumed, without seriously
postponing the date of completion, and the Treasury was
able to pay all fundi required. The authorities did not
accept the proposal of Mr. Nakano but admired the patrio-
tism of the contractor.
Mr. Nakano was born in Fukui prefecture, and has
been connected with this line of business since 1890, when
he joined his brother's engineering office.
MR. K. NAKANO.
NII6ATAKEN BUSS AN CHINRETSUKAN.
(THE NIIGATA PREFECTURAL COMMERCIAL MUSEUM.)
•nr^HIS institution, situated in the City of Niigata, col-
■*■ lects and has on view all staple commodities pro-
duced in the Prefecture of Niigata, together with a few
goods imported from other prefectures and foreign countries.
A library is also attached to the institution. The aim and
object the authorities had, iu planning this useful institu-
tion, was to stimulate the manufacturers in the prefecture to
new and more useful activities, by giving object lessons to
tiiem. The result has been most satisfactory.
Iu 1901, the building was completed, and in Juue of
the following year it was opened to the public, with a
brilliant ceremony on the occasion of the visit of H.I.H.
the Crown Prince. The premises cover an area of 2,889
tsvio, and the main building occupies an area of 1,271
t»itbo.
The latest report of the institution shows tiie staple
commodities on view include many varieties of textile goods,
knitted goods, lacquer ware, metal ware, gems, porcelain
and earthen ware, glass ware, wooden wai^, bamboo goods,
foot gear, matting, stationery, paper and paper ware,
comestibles, toilet goods, candles, manures, oils, chemicals>
and sundry other goods imported from diflTerent prefectures
( 638 )
and foreign countries, for the purpose of sliowiiig the manu-
facturers in the prefecture the development of outside in-
dustries, whicli include many vnrieties of good?.
The museum and the library are open daily. Visitors
are given minute explanations about the goods on view, in
addition to the brief descriptive notes nttaolied to all goods
on view. The books in the library, and the samples
imported from outside, can be leut to the manufacturers in
the prefecture on application.
The museum occnsionnlly organizes travelling shows
and cirouhiting libraries, thus giving the manufacturers in
the prefecture news of .the industrial activities outside.
Designs are also supplied on application to the manufac-
turers, and information concerning the latest phases of
industry and commerce.
Reganiing the sale of the commodities produced in the
prefecture, the museum gives useful advice. At times the
museum receives manufactures on consignment, and sells them
on behalf of the raanvifacturers generally. The institution also
acts as intermediary between buyers and manufacturers,
and assists in the satisfactory conclusion of business.
The museum is controlled by a Director appointed by
the Governor of the Prefecture of Niigata, who has a staff
of experts and clerks under his management. Mr. Toshinojo
Hasegawa is the Director, and Messrs. Daijuro Tokushige
and Ju Yarita assist him as Mauagers.
N I M M E I - S H A.
(NIMMEISHA & CO.)
rpiHIS firm is n private concern, owned and managed
-*- by Mr. Shigezo Kato, and manufactures and ex-
ports shot, also dealing in hemp goods, as special agents
in Osaka, for the Taiwan Hemp Co.
MR.JIS, KATO.
The firm's head office is situated at No. 40, 1-chorae,
Andoji-bashi-dori, Minanii-ku, Osaka, where business affairs
are conducted. The manufacture of shot is conducted at
the factory, No. 40, 1-chonie, Higashi-Hirano-machi,
Higashi-ku, Osaka.
The firm inaugurated the manufacturing of shot in
1888. At first it was worked on a small scale. It was the
first attempt in Japan to manufacture these goods, which
were almost all imported. After several extensions, the
manufactory is now one of the largest of its kind in Japan,
and consumes over a thousand tons of lead, as raw material,
each year.
The shot the firm manufactures is supplied to the
market here, and exported on a large scale to Chosen,
Manchuria, the Netherlands East Indies, and other parts
of the Far East, where the goods are preferred for the
uuiformity of size, and fineness in appearance.
Besides dealing in shot the firm imports and sells rifies,
revolvers, and air guns, from America and Europe.
The Jute Department of the firm deals in Hessian
oloth and gunny bags, as a special agent for the Taiwan
Hemp Co. They are supplied to the domestic market
und exported to Chosen, Manchuria, and other parts of
Asia.
( 639 )
NIPPON SEKIJUJI-SHA.
(THE JAPAN RED CROSS SOCIETY.)
IT is tlie principle of the Japan Red Cross Society to be
loyiil to the Sovereign and Patriotic to the State and
to serve the cause of universal love and humanity. In
acting upon this principal, the Society relieves the sick and
wounded in war time and in other emergencies and relieves
sufferers from natural calamities. For this purpose it trains
men and women in the arts of nursing and prepares necessary
materials.
The Society was started on the occasion of the civil
war, which broke out in February of 1877 and lasted to
September of the same year. The terrible bloodshed in the
theatre of the war aroused the deep sympathy of the late
Count T. Sano, Privy Councillor, and the late Count
Y. Ogyu, President of the Decoration Bureau, who launched
a plan to relieve the sick and wounded. With this end in
view they organized a society under tiie title of " Hakuai-
sha " (Universal Love Society) on May Ist of the same
year. As soon as it was established the Society dispatched
relief corps to the front to take care of the sick and wounded
of both armies. On the termination of the war, the
society decided to put itself upon a permanent footing, and
tried to extend its scope by appealing to the nation at large
for funds and membership. By participation in the
Geneve Red Cross Treaty in 188G the Imperial Government
induced the society to think of entering into alliance with
its sister institutions in Europe. I'reparatory to attaining
this end the society revised its regulations in May of the
following year and styled itself the Japan Red Cross Society.
Simultaneously the society was placed under the supervision
of the Ministers of tiie Imperial HousehoM, of War and of
the Navy, under the august aegis of the Imperial House-
hold. The Society also succeeded in entering into alliance
with the Red Cross societies in the countries of Europe as a
result of negotiations with the Geneve Red Cross Inter-
national Committee. In February, 1901, the society was
reorganized as a juridical person. In the same month the
Government announced the Japan Red Cross Society Regula-
tions by Imperial Ordinance No. 223. These regulations
were revised in May, 1910.
The Society is favoured with special bounties by the
Imperial House. The regular annual general meeting is
honoured with the presence of H.I.M. the Empress, who
gives a gracious message of encouragement and appreciation
of the services of the society. The Imperial House annually
grants the sum of ¥10,000 for the support of the hospitals.
the sum of ¥5,000 toward the expenditure for the gratuitous
treatment of patients taken into the hospital of the Head-
quarters and also grants from time to time monetary and
other gifts for the enconrngeraent of the work of the society.
The Imperial House annually granted tlie sum of ¥10,000
towards the upkeep of the Headquarters until 1912, when
tlie society gratefully declined the continuance of this favour
as its foundation had been solidified, thanks to the Imperial
bounties granted in the past.
H.I.H. PRINCE KOTOHITO SHINNO
KAN-IN-NO-MIYA.
ORGANIZATION OF THE HEADC^UARTERS
AND BRANCHES.
The society should have, according to the regulations, a
Prince of the Blood as its Hon, President. H.I.H, Prince
Kanin now presides over the Society. Under the Prince
there are a President and two Vice-Presidents. The present
President is Biiron Tadanori Ishiguro and the Vice-Presi-
dents Mr. Shigenubu Hirayama and Viscount Noritsugu
Matsudaira. The business is carried on by ten Directors,
including the President and Vice-Presidents. These ten
( 640 )
iDirectors are elected from among Councillors, thirty in
number. There are also three Inspectors.
MEMBERSHIP.
Members are of three grades, viz., Honorary, Special,
and Regular. In December, 1887, when the Society
assumed the present title, its total membership was only
about 2,100. According to an investigation made at the
end of June, 1916, Honorary members numbered 49; Special
member.", 25,768 ; Regular members, 1,713,884 and Suppor-
ters 5,704 ; making a total of 1,745,405. This includes
72,998 female and 20,705 foreign members.
RELIEF WORKS.
In the case of. the Japan-China (1894-5) war the
Society dispatched 1396 representatives to hospitals at home
and in the field. In the Boxer trouble of 1900 the society
sent 591 representatives. Besides the relief works in the
the floods in the Kwanto districts in 1910, the lire of Tokyo
in 1911, the fire in Osaka in 1912, the floods in Saitama
prefecture in 1913, the eruption at Sakurajima in Kago-
shima prefecture in 1914, etc.
MEN AND MATERIALS FOR RELIEF WORK.
The Relief Corps of the society as they stood in June,
1916, consists of the hospital ships, 120 relief parties of
female nurses and 21 relief parties of male nurses. The
staS" comprises 200 physicians, 3 superintendents of female
nurses, 318 chief female nurses, 78 chief male nurses, 3525
female nurses, 887 male nurses, 3525 female nurses, 887
male nurses, making a total of 5,018. Besides there are
under training 878 women and 21 men, totalling 908.
PREVENTION AGAINST AND STAMPING
OUT OF TUBERCULOSIS.
In accordance with the resolution adopted concerning
THE JAPAN RED CROSS SOCIETY, TOKYO.
hospitals the Society rendered a great service by carrying
the sick and wounded home by means of two hospital ships
which it had built after the China-Japan War. The
representatives wiiom it dispatched during the war witli
Russia (1904-5) numbered 5,170. They worked in 12
hospitals at home, 16 in Chosen, 76 in Manchuria, the
above-mentioned two hospital siiips, and 18 military
hospitals.
The principal accidents associated with the valuable
work rendered by the society are the eruption of Mt. Bandai-
san in Iwashiro province in 1888, the wreck of a Turkish
man-of-war ofi" Kii province of 1890, the earthquake in
Mino and Owari Provinces in 1891, the tidal waves in the
provinces of Rikuzen, Rikuchu and Mutsu and the earth-
quake in Akita prefecture 1896, the fire at Hachioji near
Tokyo in 1897, the earthquake in Shiga prefecture in 1909,
the prevention and stamping out of tuberculosis at the 8th
International General Red Cross Congress, held in Loudon
in 1907, the society has published papers every year since
1912 and distributed them to youths of conscription age
suspected of the disease through the authorities, and also to
the general public through the Branches and Committee.
There has lately been established in the hospital of the
Headquarters a special ward for suflerers from tuberculosis.
HOSPITALS.
Besides that attached to the Headquarters there are
sixteen hospitals, fourteen of them belonging to the
Branches in Osaka, Hyogo, Gumma, Miye, Shiga, Nagano,
Toyama, Wakayama, Kagawa, Ehime, Akita, Tottori,
Hokkaido and Taiwan and the remainder in Kwautung
Provice and Mukden.
( 641
LADtES' VOLUNTEER NURSES ASSOCIATION.
This Association is composed of female members of the
Red Cross Society. It has for its objects the difiusion of
the principles of the Society and helping its work in peace
time as well as in war and zealously pursues the study of
the art of nursing.
The Association has H.I.H. Princess Kan-in-no-Miya
)
as Patron and Marchioness Nabeshima as Hon. President.
It was organized in 1887. In the Japan-China war, Boxer
rising and Russo-Japanese war the Association rendered
valuable services in preparing bandages, consoling the
soldiers and sailors at the front, visiting and taking care of
the sick and wounded and doing many other good works.
These are 49 Branches and 74 sub-branches, the total
number of members being 14,847.
NOJi SHIKENJO.
(THE AGRICULTURAL LABORATORY.)
THIS institution and its branches have greatly con-
tributed toward the modernization and development
of agricultural enterprizes in Japan. It was founded by
the Government in April, 1893, to fill a long felt want in
agricultural circles.
During the first years of inauguration, the institution
was engaged in conducting practical and test experiments, in
various departments of agriculture. Up to this time Japan
had made no experimental tests, so that enterprises were
not sure of their scientific ground. The results were
handed to practical farmers, who applied them to farm
work.
The work done by the laboratory and its branches, in
the development of agricultural enterprises, was appre-
ciated, and the Imperial Diet advised that the laboratory
be enlarged, and more branches created. This advice was
adopted by the Government, and in 1896 three branches
were added.
Enlarged, the laboratory could commence theoretical
experiments, together with practical and test researches.
The results of these scientific researches were disseminated,
among practical workers, by the distribution of reports,
lectures, the distribution of seeds, and other means.
The success of this Government institution formed a
powerful fillip to municipalities and prefectures, and many
laboratories were inaugurated by these administrative
bodies. As the local laboratories were well equipped with
competent men and machines, they were able to carry on
successful practical experiments. The Government institu-
tions were thus able to pay more attention to theoretical
experiments.
In 1899 the main laboratory in Tokyo was divided
into the five departments : Nursery, Agricultural Chemis-
try, Pathology, Insects, and Tobacco, and each department
was equipped with a competent stafi" of men, and a good
selection of machines to conduct theoretical researches.
Three years later a department of Horticulture was added.
The branch laboratories in the provinces carried on work
on the same lines.
The laboratory abolished six of its branches in March,
1903, and devoted the money and energy to the perfection
of tiie main laboratory and three remaining branches.
This reform was followed by another, in March, 1904, which
THE AGRICULTURAL LABORATORY, TOKYO.
took the form of the whole reorganization of the main
laboratory, and the assignment of selected subjects for
researches to the branches. In carrying out this reform,
the Government desired to concentrate its energy and
capital in the solution of the most urgent problems which
then taxed the brains of agricultural circles, rather than
carry on numerous imperfect experiments.
The main laboratory in Tokyo was divided into seven
departments: Farming, Agricultural Chemistry, Pathology,
Insects, Tobacco, Horticulture, and Stock Farming, which
were authorised to conduct researches in their respective
( 642 )
branches of study, while the three branches were given
special subjects to deal with. Shortly after the Manure and
Mineral Investigating Office, the Tea Manufacturing
Laboratory, and the Earth Section of the Geological In-
vestigation Bureau, were amalgamated with the laboratory,
and as a result two new Departments of Earth and Tea
were created in the main laboratory in Tokyo. lu April,
1916, a separate institute was established by the Govern-
ment, for the study of stock farming, and this particular
department in the main laboratory was taken over by the
new institution.
The principal functions of the different departments are
as follows : —
The FaHMfiiG Department : — The creation of superior
species, or improvement of old species, the improve-
ment of farming processes, the prevention of plant
diseases or damages from early frost, the experiments
in improved agricultural implements, etc., etc.
The Department of Agricui.tural Chemistry : —
The measuring of nitrogen in tlie air, chemical
studies of fertilizers, the prevention of damages from
mines, the study and effect of poisonous gases on
plants, and the study of nutritive values of agricul-
tural produce.
The Pathological Departiment : — The study and
prevention of plant diseases, the disinfection of ex-
port fruits and plants.
The Insect Department : — The elimination of insects,
the experiments in insecticides, etc.
The Tobacco Department : — The selection and cultiva-
tion of tobacco, the creation of new species, the ex-
amination of fertilizers, and the analytical study of
tobacco leaves.
The Horticultural Department : — The selection and
cultivation of fruit trees and vegetables, the creation
of new species, the preservation of fruits and vegeta-
bles, the study of fertilizers, etc.
The Soil Department: — Tlie investigation of soil,
minerals, and raw materials for fertilizers, experi-
ments in the productive capacity of soil, the improve-
ment of soil, etc.
The Tea Department: — The improvement in the
species of tea plants, the experiments in the manu-
facture and preservation of tea, the improvement in
tea manufacturing machines, etc.
The following are the directors of the laboratories : —
Dr. Yoshinao Kozai ... Director.
YosHiNARi OisuKA, Esq.... Director, Kyushu Branch.
Shigekane Kato, Esq. ... „ Rikuu Branch,
KosABURO Ok ADA, Esq. ... „ Kinai Branch.
OSAKA SHOGYO KAIGISHO.
(THE OSAKA CHAMBER OF COMMERCE.)
IN view of the unsatisfactory state of affairs in commer cial
circles during and after the Meiji Restoration, the
leading business men in the city decided to organize an
institution called the Osaka Shoho Kwaigisho, or Osaka
Chamber of Commerce in 1878. In August the same year
the decision was carried into effect with the approval of the
Government.
In 1888 the institution was reorganized with a view to
increasing its effectiveness, but the business community in
Osaka was apathetic and the outlook was not encouraging.
The Chamber accordingly lodged a representation with the
Government urging the necessity of the enactment of a law
to regulate such institutions.
In 1890, when the Chamber of Commerce act was pro-
mulgated, a decision was passed to remodel the chamber
under the new act. In March the following year the old
institution was dissolved and a new Chamber created under
the new act.
On the formal organization of the new Chamber fifty
members were elected, together with a board of seven
Councillors, a President and two Vice-Presidents. Mr.
Koyemon Isono was elected the first President, with Messrs.
Tahei Tamura and Risuke Kadota as Vice-Presidents.
In 1892 the Board of Councillors was abolished and the
executive was organized of the heads of the four depart-
ments of Commerce, Industry, Finance, and Transportation,
which were newly created by dividing the members accord-
ing to tlieir lines of business.
In 1903, when the Law relating to Chambers of Com-
merce was enacted, the Chamber was again reorganized.
The members were re-elected under the new law and new
bye-laws were compiled. The Board of Councillors was
reviewed and assumed control of all affairs.
From the time the Chamber was reorganized in 1891
a periodical was published, partly to = , furnish commercial
reports and partly to publish the result of the Chamber's
( 643 )
investigations into many urgent questions in business
circles. This periodical has frequently been an effective
medium in which to propound the Chamber's views on
important problems.
In 1903, when the Government opened the Fifth
Domestic Industrial Exhibition in Osaka, a pavilion
covering an area of 900 tusho was presented by the Chamber
to the exhibition as the hall for the exhibits from shipping,
railway, and other allied interests. The funds required for
the construction of tiie pavilion were mostly donated by
those exhibitors in compliance with the request of the
Chamber. At the International Fair held at St. Louis in
1904 the Chamber was instrumental in exhibiting a large
geographical model of Japan, on an embroidered chart,
showing the shipping- lines opersted by Japanese companies,
In 1908 the Osaka Chamber extended hospitality, in
conjunction with the Tokyo, Yokohama, Kyoto, Kobe, and
other Chambers of Commerce, to the tourists' party arriving
from the Pacific Slope of the United Slates, and contributed
much toward the promotion of cordial relations between
Japan and America.
In 1910 a plan, which proved abortive afterwards, was
drawn up by the Chamber, in conjunction with the Cham-
bers of Tokyo, Kyoto, Yokohama, Kobe, Nagoya, Nagasaki,
and several other cities to invite representative business
men in China to this country with a view to furthering
political and commercial relations between Japan and China.
The proposed party was prevented from coming over to
Japan on account of the outbreak of revolutionary distur-
bances in China.
*y^»rr— ---^^^^' "*^(ii
THE OSAKA CHAMBER OF COMMEKCi:.
and large photographic pictures of beauty spots in Japan,
thus advertising to the world the development of the
carrying trade in this country. The funds required,
¥20,000, were donated by shipping, railway, and carry-
ing interests.
The Osaka Chamber of Commerce is interested in the
improvement of packing. Several times meetings were
called to study the problem. In 1904 and 1910 Competi-
tive Exhibitions of packing were held under tiie Chamber's
auspices in Osaka, and considerable contribution was made
toward the solution of this very important problem. In
1906, in conjunction witii similar institutions in Tokyo,
Kyoto and Kobe the Chamber held an Exhibition of
Japanese merchandise at Mukden, with a view to capturing
a new market i« Manchuria.
In 1913 the Chamber maintained a strong agitation in
conjunction with the Chambers of Tokyo, Kyoto, Yoko-
hama, Kobe, Nagoya, and other cities against the Californian
Land Legislation, under the conviction that not only was
the proposed legislation at variance with justice, but a
fatal blow to the interests of the Japanese resident in
America.
In 1915 the Chamber organized the Osaka Industrial
Exhibition in commemoration of the Imperial Enthrone-
ment, in conjunction with the Osaka Commercial and
Industrial Association and the different guilds in the city.
The object of the exhibition was in part to commemorate
the Enthronement of the Reigning Sovereign, but in some
degree also the development of industry in the city was in
view. The result was a remarkable success.
( 644 )
OKAWA SHOXO KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
r I ■'HIS company was established in tbe 29th year of
Meiji, under the title of " Okawa Brothers & Co."
an organization of partnership, carrying ou business as
(THE OKAWA TRADING & MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.)
The manufactured articles met with very favourable
comment, and were exported in great quantities to Europe,
America and Oriental countries, and throughout Japan.
The business has become prosperous year by year,
necessitating the firm to become a joint stock company,
with increased capital.
The name taken was the Okawa Trading and Manu-
facturing Co., Ltd.
Much more attention is now being given to the
materials and workmanship. The articles are made of the
best selected materials to the customer's entire satisfaction.
The demand is therefore increasing year by year.
The Works have been enlarged and every arrangement
is made to execute orders, however large, within the pro-
raised time of delivery.
Textile Machines, Accessories and Waste of all descrip-
tions are being imported.
Directors of the Company are as follows : —
K. Ogawa, Esq President.
MR.
OGAWA.
Makers of Textile Machines and Accessories, Manufacturers
of Bobbins & Wood-turneries, Engine Cleaning Waste and
Spinners of Cotton, Woollen, Jute, etc.. Dealers in Cotton,
Jute and Woollen Waste of all descriptions.
T. Ogawa, Esq
K. Ogawa, Esq....
M. Shidaka, Esq.
S. Ogawa, Esq. ...
Director.
Auditor.
S A I S E I K A I .
(ONSHI-ZAIDAN.)
(THE IMPERIAL RELIEF SOCIETY FOR THE SICK AND POOR.)
IT was the all-embracing charity and benevolence of the
late Emperor Meiji Tenno that brought this philan-
thropic institution into existence, when its services were
most needed. On February lltli, 1911, the Day celebrat-
ing the Accession of the Emperor Jimmu Tenno to the throne
of Japan, the late Emperor summoned Prince Taro Katsura,
the then Premier, and issued a Rescript in which His
Majesty expressed special sympathy for the poor, and was
pleased to grant the sum of ¥1,500,000 from the Imperial
Household Coffers, as funds for the relief of the indigent.
( 645 )
The Premier, with the support of his colleagues in the
Cabinet, and men of special prominence, organized a charity
institution, on the basis of the grant from the Throne, for
the purpose of dispensing medicine?, and giving medical
treatment to the poor, free of charge. It was named the
H.I.H. PRINCE SADANARU SHINNO
FUSHIMI-NO-MIYA.
Onshi Zaidan Saiseikai, or the Imperial Relief Society for
the Sick and Poor, and duly registered as a juridical per-
son, at the Tokyo Local Court, on May 30th, 1911.
On its formal organization, H.I.M. the Empress was
pleased to be the Patroness of the institution, along with
H.I.M. the Emperor, while H.I.H. Prince Fushimi-no-Miya,
Sr., consented to be the Honorary President. A whole-
hearted support was given to the project by the nation
generally. A large number of people sent in substantial
donations toward the fund, to assist the worthy project in
a material way, the total amount of endowment amount-
ing to over ¥24,000,000.
The society immediately commenced its'activity for tlie
relief of the sick, by opening consulting and dispensing
offices, and organizing itinerary groups of doctors in Tokyo,
while in the country the relief work was entrusted to pro-
vincial governors. The necessary expenses were defrayed by
the society at fixed rates each year. The work of the
society has been steadily enlarged, and its organization of
relief organs has been gradually perfected.
The society now has, in Tokyo, a hospital with a branch
establishment, seven consulting and dispensing offices, and
five groups of itinerary physicians, as organs for relief.
The hospital, situated at No. 1, Akabane-machi, Shiba,
and No. 14, 4-chome, Fujimi-cho, Koji-machi, is equipped
with nearly three hundred beds, and sets of up-to-date
appliances, and accommodates indigent patients, diagnosed
by the society's doctors as serious cases requiring treatment
at the infirmary. The stafi'of the hospital consists of many
competent physicians, apothecaries, nurses, and auxiliary
medical practioners, and is controlled by Dr. Shibasaburo
Kitasato, one of the most eminent bacteriologists in the
world.
Consulting offices are distributed about the slums of
the city, and affijrd medical help to all sent by the police or
ward offices. Groups of itinerary physicians go the round
of the city's slums each day, to hunt out and give medical
treatment to poor patients, who do not come under the notice
of the police or ward authorities. Lady practitioners and
midwives are attached, in order to give poor women in the
slums tiieir necessary medical help.
Auxiliary organs of relief comprising two iiundred
apothecaries of the city, have been requested to dispense the
prescriptions issued by the society' medical staff, free of all
charges. They are paid by tiie society regularly for the
service thus done.
The relief work of the society in the provinces is
carried out by the local governors ,on behalf of the society,
in accordance with the provisiops pf .anr Imperial Ordinance,
THE SAISEIKAI'S HOSPITAL, TOKYO.
issued soon after the organization of the society. With the
yearly allowance given by the society, the local governors
with the support of the local medical men's associations or
apothecaries' associations, give free medical treatment to all
who are in need of such. In some prefectures, hospitals,
( 646 )
consulting ofBces, or itinerary physicians have been provided
on the model of the work done by the society in Tokyo.
The medical help given is becoming an important
factor in ameliorating the conditions of the indigent. Since
August, 1912, when the society began its activities, 115,435
patients has been treated in Tokyo alone. In the pro-
vinces 146,332 men and women have been accoided free
medical treatment during the same period.
H.I.H. Prince Sadanaru Shiuno Fushimi-no-Miya
was appointed Honorary President of the Society, in
accordance with the wish of the late Emperor Meiji Tenno.
The following are the principal officials who, under
His Highness's supervision, undertake the management of
the Society's work : —
Pkince Iyesato Tokugawa President.
Dr. Viscount Tosuke Hirata ... Vice-President.
The fundamental capital of the society consists of the
donation from the Throne, and public contributions, which
are invested in various forms. The interest is only to be
used in carrying on the society's works, while the principal
is to be kept untouched for ever. According to the report
made up at the end of 1915 the foundation amounts to
¥12,437,600, detaih being as follows :—
Yen.
The Imperial donation 1,512,360
Tiie contributions from Government officials 1,982,286
Tlie contributions from the genera! public. 8,940,000
The first item includes the interest paid by the society's
banker on the Imperial donation, while the last item is to
be brought up to ¥22,360,000 by the end of 1920, as the
majority of these contributions are given on the instalment
MR. OWADA SOSHICHI.
(BUSINESS MAGNATE OF TSURUGA.)
MR. OWADA, SOSHICHI, No. 25, Tsuruga-asahi,
Tsuruga-raachi, Tsurugu-gori, in Fukui prefecture,
was born on February 11th, 1854, the youngest son of Mr.
MR. S, OWADA AM; lilS FORWARDING
DEPARTMENT.
Kurozayemon Yamamoto, Tsuruga-machi. When a boy
he was called Kamejiro. After finishing the middle
school course he devoted some years to the study of natural
history and algebra, in which he took special interest. In
May, J 878, he was adopted by Mr. Soshichi Owada. On
Mr. Owada's retiring from active business in December,
1879, he succeeded to the house and business of Owada.
In June, 1887, he changed his name to Soshichi. The
following are his principal occupations : —
1. Sale on commission : — Goods handled are rice,
marine and land products of the Hokkaido, various goods
for trade with Russia, etc.
2. Agriculture : — General farming and afforestation.
Farms and fields (all worked by tenant farmers) measure
about 70 cho (one cAo = 2.45 acres) in area and forests about
900 cho.
3. Shipping Agency : — Freights and passengers for
regular and tramp steamers on tlie Tsuruga-Vladivostock
and Tsurugii-Hokkaido runs.
4. Banking : — The Owada Bank, a purely commercial
bank with a Paid-up Capital and reserve fund amounting
in all to ¥520,000, under the sole management of Mr.
Owada, and the Owada Savings Bank with a Capital of
¥30,000 under the management of the family.
5. Oil Manufacture : — On the coast of Tsuruga there
is a factory equipped with steam motors and water pressure,
manufacturing vegetable oils and beancakes. The factory
is now temporarily suspended.
( 647 )
6. Mining : — Coal Mining in a lot measuring 5,700,000
Imbo in area in Ruriimoppe, Teshio Province, Hokkaido.
7. Warehousing : — There ate altogether 47 godowns at
the port of Tsuruga.
Mr. Owada was chiefly engaged in the first-mentioned
business, and partly in the second, until 1884, when he
opened the third business, or shipping agency. In the same
year the railway between Tsuruga and Nagahama, of the
Province of Omi, was completed. He took this opportunity
to make a tour in the nortliern part of Japan to urge ship
owners to extend their lines as far as the port of Tsuruga,
and succeeded in causing the Niigata Hokuyo Co. to open
a regular line to Tsuruga with two boats. As a result,
Tsuruga soon became the entrepot for goods to and from
change, with official permission. In November of the pre-
ceding year he established the Owada Bank, with a capital
of ¥100,000, thereby greatly relieving the local financial
world which had been suffering from stringency. In 1895,
he organized tlie Kuji Savings Bank (now the Owada
Savings Bank) with a capital of ¥30,000, with a view to
cultivating the spirit of saving among the local inhabitants.
This was the first bank of the kind established in the
Hokuroku and San-in district. In 1900 he established the
Owada Paper Mill at Kusliiro, Hokkaido, for the manufac-
ture of pulp. Though this company failed, it was the first
pulp manufacturing concern in Japan, and the valuable
services rendered by Mr. Owada in this cause cannot be
ignored, as the large works of the Fuji and Oji paper mills
VIEW OF TSURUGA PORT.
Osaka, Kobe and Kyoto. Thus Mr. Owada opened the
shipping agency.
In the same year he set about the encouragement of
sericulture as a by-work for farmers. For this purpose he
converted a lot of his farm, two cho in area, into an experi-
mental mulbery plantation and engaged specialists from Omi
Province to teach farmers the plantation of mulberry trees.
In 1885 lie organized the Commercial and Industrial
Association, by means of which he weeded out time-honour-
ed evils in connection with the measurement of rice, which
was one of the premier imports into the port. In 1886 he
carried out improvement in tlie manufacture of rough mat-
tings, a special product of Tsuruga, which had be-
come inferior in quality. In December 1888, he organ-
ized a guild of shipping agents and was appointed the chief,
which post he has held up to the present. In November
1893, he established the Tsuruga Rice and Fertilizer Ex-
largely owe their present success to the example shown by
pioneer works started in Kushiro. In February, 1897, he
opened two branches of the Owada Bank ; one in the city
of Fukui and the other in Takefu. In the same month he
organized the Tsuruga Yotashi Kaisha with a capital of
¥30,000, with himself as President, for the purpose of
providing houses for officers attached to the newly formed
Brigade. Building thirteen blocks of houses, tlie company
leased them to the officers at a moderate rent. In October,
1898 he established a factory for the manufacture of vege-
table oil. In April, 1900, he chartered a vessel, together
with a few interested men, and imported bean-cakes and
soja-beans worth ¥55,000 from Newchwang. In the same
year he organized the Tsuruga Trading Steamship Co. Ltd.,
with himself as President, and opened direct trade with
North China. The company was capitalized at ¥100,000.
On the opening of various steam lines in the Japan
( 648 )
Sea in 1901, such as the North China, the Vladivostock
and Chosen, he established the Fukui-ken Foreign Trade
Association, Taking charge of the association, he made
efforts for the promotion, encouragement and subsidizing of
foreign trade during the Russo-Japanese war. His applica-
tions to the war loans floated at six different times amounted
to over ¥1,500,000, of which over ¥450,000 was actually
subscribed. Besides, he made every effort to raise the largest
sums possible from among the local people. In January,
1906, he opened a coal mining business by purchasing a
mining lot at Rurumoppe in Teshio province, Hokkaido.
Recognising the necessity of establishing foreign-style hotels
at the port, he organized the Taihoku Kabushiki Kaisha in
1906, Ke himself presiding over the company and taking up
the greater portion of shares. Establishing the Tsuruga
Hotel the company have leased it since the succeeding
year. In September of the same year lie took over the
agency of the Osaka Shosen Kaisha, and at the same time
opened the Owada Forwarding Agency for the Hozan Maru,
the regular lines on the Vladivostock route. In May, 1907,
he established the Tsuruga Chamber of Commerce and was
appointed President, which post lie resigned at the end of
1912. In 1909 he succeeded in getting the construction of
the harbour approved by the Diet. In March, 1908, he
took over, in the name of the President of the Owada
Bank, from the Bank of Japan the business of the national
treasury in Fukui prefecture.
On the organization of the Imperial Relief Society
for the sick and poor in July, 1911, he contributed the
sum of ¥10,000 towards the fund. In November, 1911,
he established the Tsuruga G5d5 Ferry Service Co.,
Ltd., with the result that undesirable competition be-
tween ferry owners has disappeared. In June, 1912,
he founded the Masuko Charity Association with a
fund of ¥5,000 for the purpose of relieving the poor and
afflicted in Tsuruga. With a view to making a model
forest in tlie prefecture lie commenced afforestation in
March, 1913, with natural forest of over 900 cho lying
between the provinces of Tamba and Wakasa.
On ids way to Kanazawa to attend the general meeting
of the local Branch of the Japan Red Cross Society H.I.H.
Prince Kan-in stopped over night at Mr. Owada's on
September 30th, 1913, when he was pleased to grant him a
large silver flower vase.
SANGYO SHIKENJO.
(THE SERICULTURAL LABORATORY.)
f I "'HIS institution, which has contributed so much to the
-*- progress of sericulture in Japan, was founded
by the Government in July, 1911, at Suginami-mura,
THE SERICULTURAL LABORATORY, TOKYO.
Toyotama-gori, Tokyo prefecture, under the style of the
Model Cocoon Manufactory, in accordance with the provi-
sions of the Imperial Ordinance, promulgated in May the
same year. In March, 1912, the office buildings were com-
pleted, the laboratory proper not until March, 1918, when
actual operations were commenced, on the scale which was
stipulated by the Imperial Ordinance.
The institution had three branches, at Ayabe-machi,
Kyoto prefecture ; Iwakami-machi, Mayebashi, Gumma pre-
fecture ; and Sonedii, Fukushima, Fukushima prefecture, all
of which were ready for the commencement of actual opera-
tions at the close of 1913.
The Summer and Autumn Cocoon Department, which
tiie Tokyo Sericultural College held at Matsumoto, was also
converted into a branch of the institution in 1912. The
Government laboratories at Ichinomiya, Aichi prefecture,
and Takemiya-mura, Hotaku-gori, Kumamoto prefecture,
were also attached to the institution, and they commenced
operations in May, 1913.
In June, 1914, the Imperial Ordinance governing the
institution was modified, and the laboratory with its six
branches was renamed the Government Sericultural
Laboratory.
( 649 )
The laboratory and its branches have charge of several
prefectures, placed under their control, and give directions
to sericulturists in every department of industry.
The main laboratory has five departments : Mulberry
Trees, Physiology, Pathology, Keeling, and Chemistry, and
a general business department. In the Alulberry Tree
Department experiments are conducted in the growing of
mulberry trees, and the management of mulberry farms.
The Department of Physiology investigates the breeding
of worms, and their organic functions, and manufactures,
preserves, and distributes standard breeds of worms. The
Department of Pathology examines the different breeds of
worms, and the prevention of disease in worms.
The Reeling Department conducts experiments in reel-
ing, and trains men and women in reeling. The Chemical
Department conducts chemical experiments in sericulture
and reeling. The branch laboratories are not equipped with
all these departments and equipments, but they operate on the
same lines, the most prominent part of their work being the
manufacture and distribution of standard breeds of worms.
Since 1912 the laboratories have conducted experiments,
and the splendid results of their investigations have been
published in their periodical transactions. The distribution
of standard breeds was commenced in 1914, with excellent
results. The Reeling Department has trained a number of
men and women in the new method of reeling,
The principal directors are as follows : —
Tatsdshieo Kagayama, Esq... .Director
Katataka Takashima, Esq. ...Director, Ayabe Branch
TosHiHiKO HiGO, Esq. ... Director, Mayebashi Branch
Yabujiro Tsuji, Esq. ..
YujiRO ToTOKi, Esq.
JuTARO Wakita, Esq. ..
Haruji Fujimoto, Esq. ,
Fukushima Branch
Matsumoto Branch
Ichinoraiya Branch
Kumamoto Branch
SAPPORO KONO-YEN.
(THE SAPPORO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTAL STATION.)
THE Head Office of the Sapporo Kono-yen is situated at
Nishi, 3-chome, Kita-shijo, Sapporo-ku, Hokkaido,
and its Branch Office at No. 7, Shinchi, Owari-cho, Kyo-
bashi-ku, Tokyo. Established on August Ist, 1896. Lines
of business comprise seeds, young shoots, agricultural imple-
seeds and young shoots are not only supplied to the Japanese
but also exported to Chosen, Manchuria, China and Formosa,
As a supplementary business the firm is engaged in the
manufacture and production of hay, forage and rye, in
addition to the ordinary agricultural business. Stock-
HARVEST OF HAY
TilE K.UNO-YEM, IIOKKAIUO.
ments, and forage. Since the present plantation was first
established in 1896, this firm has witnessed a gradual
development, until it now possesses a plantation of 1,000
ehabu in area, and beds for planting young shoots and for
collecting seeds measuring over 30 chobu in area. These
farming is also taken in hand as a secondary business, 300
cows and 100 sheep being kept.
The plantation is situated at Garugawa, some seven
miles from Sapporo Station, and the beds for young shoots
and collecting seeds are located in the vicinity of Sapporo.
( 650 )
SHIDZUOKA-KEN.
(THE SHIDZUOKA PREFECTURE.)
Cl^HIDZUOKA prefecture has under its jurisdiction three
provinces, namely, Suruga, Totomi and Izu, exclusive
of the seven islands. In the first year of Meiji there were
established Nirayama prefecture, controlling a single pro-
vince of Izu, and the clan government of Shidzuoka having
under its administration the greater parts of Suruga and
Totomi. In the same year there was established another
clan government, called Horiye, for a portion of the pro-
THE SHIDZUOKA PREFECTURAL GOVERN-
MENT OFFICE.
vince of Totomi. In July, 1881, the clan governments of
Shidzuoka and Horiye were abolished in favour of the pre-
fectural governments. In November of the same year
Nirayama prefecture was abolished and the whole province
of Izu was brought under the administration of Ashigara
prefecture. In the same mouth the two prefectures of
Shidzuoka and Horiye were abolished and there were
established two prefectural governments of Shidzuoka and
Hamamatsu, controlling Suruga and T5t5mi respectively.
In 1883 Ashigara prefecture was abolished and the pro-
vince of Izu was placed under the jurisdiction of Shidzuoka
prefecture. In August of the same year Hamamatsu pre-
fecture was amalgamated with the prefecture of Shidzuoka.
Thus the three provinces were brought under the admini-
stration of one prefecture. In January, 1885, the seven
islands of Izu were placed under the control of the
municipal government of Tokyo.
Products : — Foremost among farm products is rice, the
annual yield of which is reckoned at under 1,300,000 hoku,
that is less than 9 to per capita, the population being
1,500,000. Next to rice comes wheat, amounting to over
580,000 io/fcw ; other principal products are tea, refired tea,
raw silk, cloths, oranges, lacquered wares, pears, timber,
bamboo, sak6, soy, etc.
The list of stock farming products consists of 18,000
horses, 20,000 cattle, 13,000 pigs, ¥230,000 worth of milk
and ¥510,000 worth of eggs. According to the returns for
1915 there are three normal schools, two being in the city of
Shidzuoka, one for boys and the other for girls. There are
five middle schools under the direct control of the pre-
fectural government and two under the control of the
districts.
There are one High School for girls, five public and
private schools and six schools for chiefly teaching house-
hold work. There are three commercial schools of the
academy grade, two agricultural schools and one sericulture
school. Besides there are eight public and private agricul-
tural schools of a lower grade, and 351 supplementary
business schools. There are 485 primary schools.
The present Governor of the prefecture is Mr. Asakichi
Yasukochi. .
( 661 )
SHIDZUOKA-KEN CHAGYO KUMIAr.
(THE ASSOCIATED COUNCIL OF THE TEA TRADERS'
GUILD IN SHIDZUOKA PREFECTURE.)
THIS line of tea industry was founded in the prefec-
ture in the middle of the 13th century, when tea
was planted at Ashikubo, Abe-gori. Particularly in the
Northern districts of the prefecture the industry thrived,
and about two hundred and fifteen years ago tea plantations
figured in the record of the Province of Suruga. In the
early days of the Tokugawa Shogunate regime the industry
began to thrive in the southern part of the province and
the chronicles of those days often refer to the presentation
of select tea from the province to the Shoguns. The output
in the province also witnessed a striking development, and
in the early part of the 19tii century trade with the whole-
sale dealers witnessed a great increase. In the middle of
the 19th century foreign trade in tea was initiated, and
the goods were transported by sea to Yokohama, where
wliolesale firms were opened by Shidzuoka men. In the
early days of Meiji trade with foreigners became more
active. At that time tea changed hands at very higli
figures, and in bartering one momme of tea represented a
sack of rice. Therefore, every farmer who could aflford it
converted his paddy-field into tea plantations. Tliis active
turn of affairs continued till 1875.
However, this lucky turn of adairs created an evil
which proved the ruin of the business. Out of a desire to
increase the output the improvement of quality was neglect-
ed, and in the United States the reputation of Japan tea was
utterly lost. Eventually the Government proclaimed the
prohibition of the sale of bad tea.
The active encouragement of improvement in the pro-
cesses of manufacturing tea was also then started by the
Government. In 1876 and 1883 exhibitions of refined tea
were held, first at Yokohama and then at Kobe under Gov-
ernment auspices. On the strength of these undertakings
the Government promulgated the Regulations for the Gov-
ernance of Tea Manufacturers' Associations in 1884, and
almost compulsoriiy organized tea manufacturers at the
different producing centres into associations on the official
model.
»
Shidzuoka prefecture then organized eighteen associa-
tions at the different districts, and established their Central
Council at Shidzuoka. The associations at once took active
steps to prevent the output of inferior tea. At the different
districts schools were established to train men and women
in the improved processes of manufacture. The manage-
ment of plantations was also reformed. These efforts have
been well maintained up to the present day, and the posi-
tion of the line of business hns been rendered important and
secure.
In 1894 Mr. Kahei Otani and some leading manufac-
turers in Shidzuoka prefecture promoted the Japan Tea
Manufacturing Co. at Shidzuoka, but this was a failure and
soon it was moved to Yokohama. Shidzuoka tea manufac-
turers realised the advisability of refining and exporting tea
on their own account from Shiraizu, and some of them revived
the line of business by starting the Toyo Tea Manufacturing
THE ASSOCIATED COUNCIL HALL OF THE TEA
TRADERS' GUILD IN SHIDZUOKA
PREFECTURE.
Co. The Associated Council of the Shidzuoka Federated Tea
Manufacturers' Associations then came to the rescue by
granting bounties and lending refining machines. The
success of the new undertaking proved a great encourage-
ment, and now nearly eighty refining factories are found in
the prefecture and annually more than 30,000,000 lbs. are
sent out to foreign countries from Shiraizu.
Thus Shimizu has become the greatest tea exporting
port in this country, and Shidzuoka the greatest tea market,
necessitating many tea firms in Yokohama and Kobe to
either move to Shidzuoka or establish branches at Shimizu
or Shidzuoka,
( 652 )
According to the report for 1915, the total area of tea
plantations in the prefecture is 13,400 chobu in round
figures, which represents fully one fourth of the whole area
of tea farms in this country. The output in the prefecture
amounts to 37,920,000 lbs., against 84,610,000 lbs. for the
whole output of tea in Japan. The total value of produc-
tion in the prefecture is ¥11,000.000, against ¥17,940,000
for the total for all districts.
In the export market, too, Siiidzuoka holds a similar
position ; the prefecture's annual export amounts to
34,000,000 lbs. valued at ¥12,580,000, against 39,000,000
lbs., valued at ¥14,430,000 for the whole Empire.
SHIFU ORIMONO SEISAKUSHO.
(THE PAPER CLOl'H MANUFACTORY.)
"■ I ""HIS manufactory is situated at Osaki-machi, Ebara-
■*■ gori, Tokyo-fu. Under the supervision of Mr.
Sataro Adzumi, owner of the Fuji-Shokai, the manufactory
is to be converted into a joint stock company in the near
future, being supported by such prominent Japanese busi-
nessmen as Mr. Kahei Otani, and Mr. Sobei Mogi, of
Yokohama, and Mr. Seki Hoshino and Mr. Tahei Maye-
kawa, of Tokyo. The manufactory is determined to manu-
facture goods in sufficient quantity to meet the increasing
demand in foreign markets, acting on the principle of
making goods of best quality, in order to obtain the
entire confidence of consumers. The manufactory is pro-
ducing all kinds of paper cloth, paper braids, and mate-
rials for caps and hats. Since the outbreak of the Euro-
pean war, the development of Japan's foreign trade has
been remarkable, and there are signs that it will witness
further development. This is, therefore, no time for the
Japanese to sit idle. In accordance with the Imperial
wishes to develop domestic industries, the promoters of the
new company conceived the plan of starting an export
business, not only in order to advance the national interests,
but also for the purpose of enhancing Japan's reputation as
an industrial country in the eyes of foreigners. The materials
for the goods manufactured by the manufactory are all
domestic products, and the method of weaving the paper
cloth has obtained the patent rights of the Japanese Govern-
ment. The new company purchased the factories which
were engaged in manufacturing the goods, and after in-
troducing reforms in the methods of production, etc., eflfbrts
are being made to meet as far as possible the wishes of
foreign customers. It is confidently stated that this business
is not likely to decline with the termination of the war, but
will continue to prosper.
SHIMIDZU-HAN RYOGAI-TEN.
("SHIMIDZU-HAN," EXCHANGE FIRM.)
' I ^HIS firm has long been known in Kyoto as one
of the leading money changers. It was the first
to undertake the brokerage of mortgage debentures and
spot transactions in negotiable securities in Kyoto.
To commence with the firm specialized in money
changing, but nearly half a century ago the brokerage of
mortgage debentures and spot transactions in negotiable
securities were initiated in view of the change worked in
the country's financial market. The heacJ office of the firm
is situated at Matsubara-Minami, Muromachi-dori, Kyoto,
where the proprietor, Mr Sutekichi Shimidzu, personally
conducts the affairs. At the branch office, situated at
( 653 )
Iroadegawa, Omiya-dori, Kyoto, Mr. Bunshiro Murakami,
Manager, is responsible for all transactions.
The proprietor and the manager are both known as
prudent and trustworthy. The business methods followed
by the firm are honesty in dealings, and promptness in
filling orders. The firm enjoys the patronage of a very
wide public, and its clients include a large number of well-
known business men and investors, in Kyoto, Osaka and
Kobe. In Shiga, Fukui, Ishikawa, Toyama, Aichi, Gifu,
the firm is well-known and respected.
The firm's mortgage debenture department does a
particularly good business. Manchuria, Chosen, Kyushu,
and Shikoku are included in the sphere of its activities.
A commendable feature in Mr. Shimidzu's personality
ij his concentration of energy to one branch of the business.
He has many times been asked to take a share in tiie
control of business co-operations, but he has always declined
these offers, and devotes his attention and energy to his own
business.
MR. S. SHIMIDZU.
SHOGYO KOSHINSHO.
(THE COMMERCIAL INFORMATION BUREAU.)
T
HIS institution, situated at 3-chome, Kitahama,
Higashi-ku, Osaka, is the oldest of its kind in
MAKING.
Japan, and enjoys the confidence of the business community,
as the suppliers of good and accurate reports.
It was established on the present site in April, 1892,
under the auspices of the leading bankers in Osaka. The
late Mr. Shuzo Toyama, who was one of the leaders of the
business community in Osaka, undertook the control of the
new institution, and endeavoured to make the institution
known by helping financiers, bankers, and merchants, by
supplying accurate and quick information concerning ilie
fiuctuations in personal credit.
After a few years Mr. Toyama's endeavours produced
the result desired, and the membership increased remark-
ably. Branches were established at Kobe, Kyoto, and
elsewhere, besides getting into communication with the
Tokyo Commercial Information Office, Bradstreet & Co. in
New York, and other similar institutions, both at home
and abroad. The scope of business the bureau undertook
increased year by year.
The bureau has, besides its headquarters at Kitahama,
Osaka, the following branch ofiices and sub-branch
offices; — Kobe Branch, 5-chome Sakaye-raachi, Kobe; Kyoto
Branch, Fuyamachi-dori, Kyoto ; Nagoya Brancli, 6-chome
Temma-cho, Nishi-ku, Nagoya; Moji Branch, 3-chome
Higashi-Hon-cho, Moji.
Minor branches are established at Kanazawa, Fukui,
Toyohashi, Gifu, Yokkaichi, Tsu, Wakayama, Otsu,
( 654 )
Himeji, Okayama, Onomichi, Hiroshima, Matsuyama,
Bofu, Fukuoka, Kurume, Kuraamoto, Kagoshima, Naga-
saki, Seoul, Fusan, Pyonyang, Taihoku, and Tainan.
Being in connection with the Tokyo Commercial
Information Office, the bureau can gather information
with ease and accuracy, in Tokyo, North-east of the
Metropolis and Shanghai. The office's foreign corre-
spondents cover Egypt, Roumania, Russia, British India,
Turkey, Austria-Hungary, Denmark, Belgium, the Nether-
lands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Italy, Switzerland, Great
Britain, France, Germany, Cuba, Australia, Mexico,
Canada, and the United States.
The officers of the institution are as follows : —
MoTOYOSHi Making, Esq President,
Naomi Abe, Esq Manager
Yasusaburo Ashida, Esq Treasurer.
Kasuke Koshino, Esq „
SuTEZo Toyama, Esq Adviser.
S 0 J I - Jl.
(THE SOJI-JI TEMPLE.)
'~r*HE Soji-ji Temple is situated near Tsurumi Station,
■*■ between Tokyo and Yokohama. The temple, which
is a very grand structure, is the head temple of the Sodo
ABBOT S. ISHIKAWA.
sect of Budhism. The Sojiji temple was founded by Josai
Daishi, who was born in Echizen province on October 8th,
1268. It was originally situated in Noto province, but was
burnt down in April, 1898, and was in consequence moved
to the present site. The Chief Abbot of the Temple is
Abbot Sodo Ishikawa, who was born in Nagoya in 1841.
When he was seventeen years old he started on a pilgrimage
throughout the country, and in 1862 was appointed the
chief priest of the Taizoji temple. Later he served under
Priest Ryohan Seiryoji, in Omi province. In 1875 he was
transferred to the Ryunenji temple in Mikawa province,
and soon after to the Kokenji temple in Nagoya. At the
request of Count li, ex-Lord of the Hikone clan, he was
made the chief priest of the Seiryoji temple in 1886, but
was transferred to the Saijoji temple in Sagami province, a
most famous temple in the Kwanto districts, in 1901.
He was promoted to be Chief Abbot of the Sojiji temple in
1905. He has been indefatigable in his efforts to introduce
reforms and enhance the reputation of the sect among the
public. He is now seventy-seven years of age, and
superintends over 10,000 temples of minor importance.
He is very correct in behaviour, and has been energetic in
propagating the doctrine of his sect in Formosa and Ciiosen
as well as in Japan proper.
The other leading priests of the Temple are Messrs.
Tenyei Hasegawa, Kanyu Okunio, Eshu Kajita, Dokai Ito,
Honmyo Yoshida, Tokujun Otake, and Sojun Kagamijima.
A branch of the temple was opened in Shiba Park.
( 655 )
MR. SUGAWARA TSUNEMI.
(RAILWAY ENGINEER AND CONTRACTOR.)
MK. SUGAWARA, TSUNEMI, who is a graduate
of Tokyo Imperial University, has expert know-
ledge of railway construction. Shortly after his graduation
he obtained a position in the Railway Board, and thus his
connection with railway enterprises commenced. Under
the general supervision of Dr. Mitsugi Sengoku, he con-
trolled the construction of the Kurihashi-Fukushiraa
section of the Nippon Railway, on behalf of the Nippon
Railway Co. This was the first practical work he com-
pleted.
Later Mr. Sugawara joined the Saga Shingyo-sha,
a large railway constructing company in Kyushu, and
supervised its works. After a few years he again changed
to the Kobu Railway Co., and was promoted to the position
of Chief Expert.
In July, 1899, he resigned from the Kobu Railway
Co., and founded the Sugawara Consulting Engineer's
Office. He now controls the Railway Contructing Co., as
its President.
For many years he has been connected with important
public works and railways, namely, the elevated railways,
belonging to the Kobu Railway, the Kawagoye Railway,
the military railways in Chosen and China, laid during the
Sino-Japanese war, and the construction of water power
stations.
The elevated line of the Kobu Railway was the first
of its kind in this country. It was to pass underneath the
Akasaka Imperial Palace, and many objections were raised
by the public against its construction. Mr. Sugawara, who
undertook the construction, had to devise a means least
obnoxious to the public. He overcame all opposition thus
raised, however, and the work was speedily and most
economically completed.
The Kawagoye Railway was finished by Mr. Sugawara
at the low cost of ¥18,000 per mile. This testifies to his
far-sightedness and prudence in business, for if the line had
not been laid at a small figure the company could not have
distributed large dividends during these years.
Mr. Sugawara's speedy and thorough work in laying
military railways in Chosen and Manchuria, soon after the
outbreak of the Sino-Japanese war was a great help to the
Army. After the restoration of peace, the Department
of War granted regards for this helpful work.
The Katsuragawa Hydro-electric Power Co., as a
supplier of power to the capital, is doing much good to the
industrial circles of Tokyo and district. The commencement
of this enterprise was due to Mr. Sugawara. Twenty-three
years ago, the possibility of utilizing the river Katsura as
a source of electric power was pointed out by him, as a
result of thorough and painstaking investigations.
The success of the School for the Training of Railway-
men, which bears the name of the late Prince Iwakura,
owes much to Mr. Sugawara's devoted endeavours. The
Railwayraen's Association, which is doing so much for the
railway business in this country, was organized largely on
account of Mr. Sugawara's initiative, while he is one of the
leading promoters of the Association of Railway Con-
tractors.
MR. T. SUGAWARA..
The Railway Contracting Co., controlled by Mr.
Sugawara, was founded in May, 1907, at No. 12, Yama-
shita-cho, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo, and the following lines of
business are conducted : —
Contracting for railways, public works, and archi-
tectural works. Supplying materials for these works and
carrying the materials for railway and engineeiing works.
The business results of the company for the past nine
years have been most satisfactory, the work undertaken
comprising 63 tunnels, 120 bridges, and over thirty sections
of railways, the value of which runs into ¥9,608,593.
The company's business is conducted by Mr. Tarokichi
Suzuki, who shares as Director and assists Mr. Sugawara.
( 656 )
SUIKO-SHA.
(THE NAVY CLUB.)
THIS club, which was organized by the officers of the
Imperial Japanese Navy, was founded in February,
1876, at the official residence of the Minister of the Navy,
in Shiba Park. Later it was removed to the present site
at Tsukiji, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo, as the Court granted this
large plot of ground for the club.
THE NAVY CLUB, TOKYO.
The aim and object of this organization are laid down in
the regulations, as promoting friendship among the officers
of the service, and co-operating in the study of matters
relating to the Naval technical arts. A periodical is pub-
lished by the club, called the Suiko-sha Kiji, and is distri-
buted among the members, and everything is done by the
club to prevent mishaps to the Japanese and foreign
marines.
The club has grown so large since its foundation that
it now has branches at Yokohama, Kure, Sasebo, Maizuru,
Port Arthur, Makong, Ominato and Chinkai. All those
branches, however, are financially independent, and are
managed by their own Boards.
The Imperial Prince who holds the highest rank in
the Navy is always the Honorary Head of the club,
and a Board is organized under him to manage the
afiairs of the club. H.I.H. Prince Yorihito Shinno Higashi
Fushirai-no-Miya is at present Honorary Head, and
under His Highness the following officers constitute the
Executive : —
Admiral Tojiosaburo Kato President.
Vice-Admiral Tanin Yamaya ... Vice-President.
Rear- Admiral Kantaro Suzuki... „
The management is conducted under their supervision
by the following managing directors: — Y. Sano, N.Saka-
moto, S. Furukawa, M. Osumi, S. Matsuoka, K. Seki, and
others, who hold the rank of Captain or Commander.
As an advisory organ a Board of Admirals as Coun-
cillors is organized, and at present it is composed of the
following: — Admirals Kato, Yamaya, Honda, Fukuda,
Tochinai, Shisa, Ichikawa, Taneda, Suzuki, Yabe, Naka-
jima, Sato, Nakano, Okada, Karaaya, Sagara, and Arisaka.
SUMITOMO SO-HONTEN.
(THE SUMITOMO GENERAL HEAD OFFICE.)
THE enterprises of the Sumitomo family comprise the
Besshi Copper Mine, Coal Mining, Warehousing,
the Manufacture of Copper, Steel, cables, fertilizers, and
several other lines of business. A banking establishment
was formerly run by the family, but this was converted into
a joint stock company in 1912.
Over all these departments, which are controlled by
separate heads, the Sumitomo General Head OflSce is
established to give direction to and supervise all lines of
business. The general business policy maintained by the
family consists in being strictly faithful and trustworthy in
every business dealing, and avoiding speculative and " get-
rich-quick" proceedings, and this sound policy is no doubt
responsible for the firm's present high standard of prosperity.
THE SUMITOMO GENERAL HEAD OFFICE.
This is situated at Kitaliama 5-chome, Higashi-ku,
Osaka, and exercises control over the whole affairs of Baron
Kichizayemon Sumitomo.
The principal officers of the General Head Office are
as follows : —
Masaya Suzuki, Esq Director in Chief.
KiNKiCHi Nakada, Esq Director.
Kankichi Yukawa, Esq ,.
MuNio KuBO, Esq. ... „
( 657 )
THE SUMITOMO BESSHI COPPER MINE.
This department is established at Niihama, Ehime
prefecture, and controls the working of the Besshi Copper
Mine and the metallurgical and other enterprises attached
to the mine.
The Besshi Copper Mine is located in Uma-gori,
Ehime prefecture, the mining concession covering the
hamlets of Besshi and Kadono. It is from 3,000 to 4,000
feet above sea level and only about 2 J miles from the sea
shore. It was discovered in 1690 and has since been
worked by the Sumitomo Family. The ores produced are
sent down to Niihama, where the lieadquarters of this
department is located, by means of a trolley tramway and
tools, and reforestration are run by the Sumitomo Besshi
Copper Mine.
THE SUMITOMO WAREHOUSES.
This department has its head office at Nakanoshima,
5-chome, Osaka. The warehouses were originally erected
for the purpose of accommodating clients of the Sumitomo
Bank who secured loans on the security of their merchandise,
but in 1899 they were separated from the Bank and the
present department was created to carry on a general ware-
housing business. It has since been enlarged several times
and now has two branches in Osaka and one in Kobe. For
the benefit of traders private bonded warehouses have been
established with private customs sheds attached. At the
THE SUMITOMO GENERAL HEAD OFFICE, OSAKA, AND THE SUMITOMO BANK.
railway laid by the Sumitomo Family, and thence are
carried to Shisaka Island, nine miles off the coast, where
the metallurgical works are situated.
The annual production of refined copper at the Besshi
Copper Mine is now considerably above 12,000,000 kin, with
good signs of a further increase. The refined copper is made
into ingots, some of which are sent to the Sumitomo Copper
Works in Osaka for the manufacture of plates, bars, pipes,
and other goods of copper and its alloys ; the greater part of
the ingots are supplied to the home and foreign markets
through tiie Sumitomo Copper Sales Department at Kobe.
The refined Copper of Besshi is of between 99.7 per cent,
and 99.9 per cent, purity, and in the London market
changes hands at figures above B.S. copper.
As side Hues, the manufacture of cokes, tlie manu-
facture and repairs of mining equipments and machine
liatoba of the Osaka harbour also warehouses and sheds are
being built for the purpose of facilitating the unpacking,
repacking, or warehousing of merchandise either imported
or for export.
These godowns are all strongly built to guarantee the
safety of the goods, and have been rebuilt by degrees either
in brick or reinforced concrete. Those rebuilt are of three
or four storeys, and every compartment is divided from the
other with fire proof walls.
THE SUMITOMO COPPER SALES
DEPARTMENT.
This department, which was created in 1872, controls
the export of the copper ingots produced by the Besshi
Mine. The business office of the department is at 1-chome,
Sakaye-machi-dori, Kobe.
( 658 )
■ THE SUMITOMO WAKAMATSU COAL
DEPARTMENT.
This department, which has its office at Wakamatsu,
Fukuoka prefecture, manages the working and sale of coal.
Tadakuma Coal Mine is situated in the same province.
The area of the mine is upwards of 1,420,000 Uubo. The
annual output of coal is 400,000 tons or upwards, and the
quality of the coal produced is excellent.
THE SUMITOMO COPPER WORKS.
The present works, which are located at 1-chome,
Ajikawa-Kami-dori, Osaka, was originally erected for the
purpose of manufacturing copper, brass, and bronze plates,
wires, and bars from refined copper produced at the Besshi
Copper Mine. In 1894 a branch factory was established by
taking over the factory and the plant of the Osaka Copper
much to develop naval engineering by producing all kinds
of pipes used in building warships, which were formerly
all imported from abroad.
THE SUMITOMO STEEL WORKS.
The present works, situated at Shimayacho, Osaka,
were originally erected by the Goshikaisha JSippon Seikosho
in 1910, and is the pioneer steel foundry in Japan.
It was taken over by the Sumitomo Family in 1912
and renamed the Sumitomo Steel Works.
Tlie articles produced by the works comprise railway,
shipbuilding, mining, and electric machines, hydraulic
machines, boilers, engines, steel and steel goods required by
Portland Cement Manufacturers, and steel ingots. All the
products of the works enjoy an established reputation for
exellence and have long been used by the Imperial Navy,
^'^•
i.U**
SHISAKAJIMA SMELTING WORKS, lYO PROVINCE.
Manufacturing Co., at Nakanoshima, where zinc, nickel
and aluminum plates and bars were produced. Later a new
plant was installed on the premises of the main works for
the production of all kinds of covered electric wires, electric
cables, copper and brass tubes, and copper and brass plates
of larger sizes. The manufacture of copper pipes and
steamer turbine materials was also commenced.
In 1911 the branch works at Nakanoshima was amal-
gamated with the main works and at the same time the
manufacture of all kinds of electric wires and cables was
placed under the control of the new department then
created.
It is worthy of special notice that this department was
the first in Japan to manufacture all kinds of copper used
in building ships, brass and copper tubes, and brass plates
of larger sizes. Particularly the present works have done
the Imperial Railway Board, and other Government
Works. Lloyds, England, have also acknowledged the
works as manufacturers of standard goods.
THE SUMITOMO ELECTRIC WIRE AND
CABLE WORKS.
This line of business, which was originally under the
management of the Sumitomo Copper Works, was created an
independent department in August, 1911, for the purpose of
furtlier extending the particular line of business. The works
are situated at 1-ciiome, Ajikawa-Kami-dori, Osaka, and
produce naked and covered electric wires and cables. The
works were the first in Japan to manufacture paper cables used
in telephony and power transmission, which were formerly
entirely supplied from abroad All such goods are now within
the scope ofthe works manufacturing activities. The excellence
of the goods produced is well recognised and appreciated.
( 659 )
THE SUMITOMO FERTILIZER MANUFACTORY.
This department, which is situated at Ni-ihama, Nii-
gori, Ehime prefecture, manages the manufacture and sale
of sulphuric acid, nitric acid, and difTereut grades of artificial
fertilizers. It was established in 1913. A new mill is now
being built on the model of the most advanced similar works
in Europe and America.
THE SUMITOMO TOKYO SALES
DEPARTMENT.
The Sumitomo Tokyo and Kure Sales Departments.
Both these Departments were established in November, 1913,
and manage the sale of all goods produced by the different
enterprises of the Sumitomo Family. The former is located
at Tori-Aburacho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo, and the latter at
Washo-machi, Kure.
THE SUMITOMO TOISHIZAWA MINE.
This department has charge of the Toishizawa Mine,
bought in February, 1913. It was established in January,
1914, at Hanayama Village, Kuribaia-gori, Miyagi pre-
fecture. The mine contains rich veins of gold, silver,
copper, and lead, and the ores it produces are known to
be excellent.
THE SUMITOMO BANK, LTD.
The banking establishment was carried on by the
Sumitomo Bank as one of the many departments of the
family's large business interests, but in 1912 it was coverted
into a joint stock concern.
The bank has an authorized capital of ¥15,000,000, of
which ¥7,500,000 is paid up. The greater part of the
bank's shares are held by Baron Kichizayemon Sumitomo,
the proprietor of the old establishment.
The house manages all ordinary banking transactions.
The bank's foreign exchange business is also very exten-
sive, relations being established with many first-claas
banking houses in London, Paris, New York, San Francisco,
Peking, Shanghai, Tientsin, Hongkong, Singapore, Bombay,
Hawaii, and other foreign cities.
In Japan the bank, which has its head office at Kita-
hama, Osaka, keeps twenty branch offices in Osaka —
Semba, Kawaguchi, Nakanoshima, and Dotombori ; Tokyo —
Kabuto-cho and Tori-Abura-cho ; Yokohama, Kyoto, Kobe,
Hyogo, Niihama, Onomiclii, Kure, Hiroshima, Yanai,
Moji, Wakamatsu, Hakata, Kurume, and Shimonoseki.
According to the accounts made up at the end of Oct.,
1915 the bank's general loans amount to ¥69,408,556
while it has deposits to the amount of ¥83,146,765.
MR. SUZUKI SHUTARO.
(ENGINEERING
■jV /r R. SUZUKI SHUTARO, of Demaru-mura, Hiki-
gori, Saitama prefecture, came to Tokyo in his
eighteenth year, and obtained employment in the office of
the Sugii Gumi, Engineering Contractors. He was ambitious
and quickly learnt his work. His employers were gratified
with his services, and he was speedily promoted. Mr. Suzuki,
thus placed in a responsible positions, helped his employers
to expand their business, and achieved a splendid success.
Mr. Suzuki and Mr. Yozo Oshima established a business
as engineering contractors in 1884, the Oshima Gurai, with
Mr. Suzuki as the Manager.
The Oshima Gumi has made a specialty in contracting
for railway and water power works, and has rendered many
valuable services to these lines of business in Japan. The
following are the most noted works undertaken by the
Oshima Gumi, under the direction of Mr, Suzuki.
CONTRACTOR.)
MR. S. SUZUKI.
( 660 )
The construction of the Kurihashi railway bridge, the
Kuroiso-Fukushima section of the On Main Line, and the
FulsLUshima-Yonezawa section of the same line.
The first section of the Kobe Pier line. The Sharenkau
New Wiju section of the Chosen Railway. The water power
works of the Hokkaido Electric Company. The Yonago-
Yasugi section of the San-in Line. The drainage works
at Shinai-numa, Miyagi prefecture. The Inawashiro
Water Power works. The Shirakawa-Tanakura Light
Railway,
MR. TAKADA SHIGERU.
(COSTUME MAKER.)
A ,T R. TAKADA, SHIGERU, is one of the best known
costume makers in this country, and has enjoyed
the patronage of the Imperial Household Department. He
MR. S. TAKADA.
was born in Kyoto, September, 1858, and was formerly
named Tomonosuke. Mr. Takada's family lias been engaged
in the manufacture of costumes for the use of the Imperial
Household for twenty-four generations. His house was
razed to the ground, by a fire in October, 1864. When the
cnpital was removed from Kyoto to Tokyo, his family also
removed to No. 29, Naka-Rokilban-cho, Kojiraachi-ku,
Tokyo. In 1875, Mr. Takada was entrusted by the Im-
perial Household Department with the task of manufactur-
ing various costumes for use in the Palace. In 1885, when
the Grand Shrine at Ise was reconstructed he was ordered
to make requisite costumes. Mr. Takada built a factory at
Yodobashi, in a suburb of Tokyo, where ancient robes of
court nobles are woven. In February, 1899, he succeeded
to the property, and was renamed Shigeru after his father.
He has since been endeavouring to make his business
prosper. On the occasion of the Coronation of the present
Emperor, Mr. Takada made many robes to the order of the
Imperial Household Department. He is deeply interested
in the ancient ceremonies and customs of this country, and
is well versed in these matters. He is President of the
Japan Old Ceremonies Company.
( 661 )
TEIKOKU GEKIJO.
(THE IMPERIAL THEATRE, LTD.)
' I "HE Imperial Theatre was established in 19C7, with
■*■ a capital of ¥1,200,000, being originated by Barons
Shibusawa and Okura, Messrs. Asano, Fukuzawa and other
leading capitalists and merchants. The theatre was opened
to the public in 1911. The building covers 645 isubo,
25 kfin in its broadest part, 33 ken in depth, 11 ken in the
highest part, and cost about a million yen.
Chairmen of the Board of Directors : — Baron Shibu-
sawa, March, 1907 — August, 1914 ; Baron Oicura, August,
1914.
Managing Directors : — Mr. K. Nishino, March, 1907 —
February, 1912 ; Mr. T. Tedzuka, February, 1912— May,
1914; Mr. K. Yamamoto, May, 1914.
Up to September, 1916, 350 plays had been staged and
1,000 actors had appeared on the scage.
All actresses who liave graduated at the theatre's con-
servatory have previously undergone a proper course of
modern education. The Theatre's business management is
entirely on European lines, and it has gained such a re-
putation throughout the country that other theatres are
taking it as their model.
The architect was Mr. T. Yokogawa, Kogaku Hakushi ;
Mr. E. Wada painted the ceiling and the bufiet ; Mr. S.
THE IMPERIAL THEATRE, TOKYO.
Okada decorated the retiring room of the Imperial Box ;
and all plaster works were done by Mr. Numata.
TEIKOKU K 0 S H I N S H 0.
(THE IMPERIAL MERCANTILE ASSOCIATION.)
' I "HE Teikoku Koshinsho, or Imperial Mercantile
Association, is a recognized leader among the three
largest mercantile agencies in the Orient. In many
respects this association outranks its rivals. Its clients at
present number over 30,000 and are still increasing. Through
50 branch offices, the association is able to reach every
important city in this country. Besides, the association
is working in cooperation witii several like organizntions
of first rate standing in Europe and America. It was a
timely enterprise that brought the association to its present
state of development, coupled with the policy of strict
honesty and straightforwardness consistently maintained
in the management of the business.
It was founded sixteen years ago, for the purpose of
uplifting the moral standards of business men, by Mr. Takeo
Goto, the present head of the institution, in cooperation with
Mr. Kadzuma Jo, the present Chief Justice of the Court of
Appeal in Seoul, and many other public men of pron^iqent
( 662 )
MR. T. GOTO.
standing. Among the patrons of the enterprise were
Viscount Keigo Kiyoura, Mr. Masana Mayeda, ex
Vice-Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, and many
other men of public note.
Mr. Takeo Goto, the present head of this institution,
was born in Fukuoka Prefecture of a samurai family of
respectable standing. At present he fills many honorary
posts, being a member of tiie Municipal Legislature. He
also takes great interest in the cause of education, and is
President of the Association of the Guardians of the Children
attending Kyobashi Elementary School.
He has three younger brothers. The eldest of them,
Sadao, is an infantry major and commands a battalion of the
Hamamatsu Regiment. The second, Kanezo, is an engineer
commander, and attached to the Engineering Bureau of the
Navy Office. The youngest, Takizo, being a graduate of
the College of Law in the Tokyo Imperial University, is a
justice attached to the Yokohama Local Court.
TEIKOKU KYOIKU-KAI.
(THE IMPERIAL EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY.)
ABOUT a quarter of a century ago there were in the
Capital two educational societies. One was called
;he " Tokyo Educational Society " and the other *' Tokyo
Educational Association." These two amalgamated in
188.3 under the title of the "Tokyo Educational Associa-
ion." In September of the following year the society as-
lumed the name of Dai Nippon Educational Society. In
December, 1886, the society combined with the National
Educational Association and assumed the present title of
;he Imperial Educational Society. In February, 1916, Dr.
Sawayanagi assumed the presidency, which liad been left
racant since the death of the late Baron Shinji Tsuji, who
iras the first President of the Society and who held the office
br thirty years, during which period the presidency was for
I short time held by the late Prince A. Konoye and
Baron R. Kuki.
Following are extracts from the regulations of the
lociety : —
Art. I. — The society has for its object the diffusion,
mprovement, and advancement of education as central
)rgan of the Empire's educational associations. , ^
Art. IV. — The principal activities of the society are:—
1. Making public the views of leading educators.
2. Prosecuting studies on matters relating to education
and science.
3. Investigating matters having an important relation to
education.
4. Publishing the society's joiirnal and books important
for educational purposes.
5. Publicly rewarding meritorious services rendered in
the cause of education.
6. Maintaining a library and the educational club, and
arranging courses of scientific lectures.
7. Opening the associated conference of education tlirough-
out the Empire in alliance with educational societies of
fu, cities, prefectures. Chosen, Taiwan, of Kwantu!:g
province, Hokkaido and Karafuto.
8. Opening conferences of teachers of primary schools
throughout the land.
9. Encouraging the education of youth.
10. Encouraging measures by which educators may help
one another.
( 663 )
11. Other works considered necessary for the attainment
of the objects prescribed.
Art. V. — Any person sympathizing with the object of
the society is eligible for membership.
Art. IX. — The annual subscription shall be ¥2, the
monthly subscription 20 sen ; the payment of ¥20 at one
time will entitle anyone to permanent membership.
Any one who has subscribed the sum of ¥30, either by
annual instalments or monthly, is exempt from further
payment.
Art. Xr. — Schools, libraries, educational associations
and other bodies may apply for membership in the names
of their representatives.
The society has held ten National Educational Con-
ventions and five National Primary School Teachers' Con-
ventions, and has established a Middle School Teachers'
Training Institute with courses in English, mathematics,
history, geography, Japanese classics, Chinese classics.
The executive of the society consists of directors and
councillors.
The list of Directors, is as follows : — Dr. 8. Sawa-
yanagi. President ; G. Oka, Esq. ; Y. Tadokoro, Esq. ; Y.
Ito, Esq.; K. Hoshina, Esq. ; K. Tanaka, Esq.; K. Takebe,
Esq.; G. Makinose, Esq.; E. Makiyama, Esq.; K. Sasaki,
Esq.
There are over 50 councillors, and the society has »
membership of 3,111,
THE LATE BARON S. TSUJI.
TEIKOKU SUINAN KYUSAI-KAr.
(THE IMPERIAL JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR SAVING LIFE AND
PROPERTY FROM SHIPWRECK. »
THIS Society was founded in 1889 at Kotohira, Kagawa
prefecture, with a view to saving life and property
from shipwreck.
THE RELIEF STATION IN KATSU.URA.
The institution thus founded had a close connection with
the Kotohira Shrine at Kotohira, which has been from time
immemorial the patron god of mariners. The late Mr. Yujo
Kotooka, the Chief Priest of the Shrine, in his latter years
actively began his endeavours to organize an institution to
relieve the disasters of the sea, and when his appeal was
heard the society was founded. In 1890 H.I.H. Prince
Takehito-Shinno Arisugawa-no-Miya consented to assist the
useful public work as Patron. In June, 1893, the head-
quarters of the society was moved to Tokyo and a branch
was established at Kotohira. By that time the Society's
life-saving stations, equipped with boats, machines, and
men, were established at every sea-coast town of importance
in the country. The result of the Society's working was
also strongly appreciated by the public, so that in 1896 the
Imperial Diet was induced to adopt a resolution that the
Society should be aided by the State.
The following year the Government adopted the resolu-
( 664 )
tion thus passed by the Houses of the Diet, and granted
bounties to the extent of ¥20,000 a year. In October,
1898, the Society underwent a complete reorganization,
because it had to be incorporated as a legal person. The
activities of the Society tluis reorganized elicited the
H.I.H. PRINCE YORIHITO SHINNO
HIGASHI-FUSHIMI-NO-MIYA.
admiration of the United States Government, and in Decem-
ber the following year a complete set of life-saving apparatus
was presented to the Society by the Washington Government,
as the mark of the American appreciation of the Society's
work.
At the International Exposition at St. Louis, as well as
Honorary President.
Vice-President.
Director-in-Chief.
Director.
the Anglo-Japanese Alliance Fair at London, the exhibits
from the Society were very much admired, and medals of
honour were presented. The Imperial Japanese Govern-
ment, too, has shown various marks of appreciation, allowing
a special medal of membership to be worn by members of
the Society on public occasions, giving special privileges to
members of the Society to receive or see off T.I.M. the
Emperor and Empress at platforms, and permitting local
Government officials to represent the Society.
The Executive of the Society is composed of the
following : —
H.I.H. Prince Yorihito Shinno
HlQASHI-FuSHIMI-NO-MlYA ...
MARQUI8 NahouiroNabeshima.
Count Kozo Yoshii
Viscount Kototada Fujinami...
Viscount Keigo Kiyoura ... „
Baron Kaneyuki Kimotsuki... „
HiKOJiRO Wada, Esq „
Shuzo Tsukahara, Esq „
Tadatoshi Sakai, Esq „
There are also many councillors and inspectors selected
from among public men of prominence. In every prefec-
ture there is a branch, with an executive attached. Usually
the Governor of the prefecture is appointed the Head of the
branch office, his staff being composed of officials at the
prefectural office.
The organization of the Society has been perfected
year by year, and now there are 53 life-saving stations, 41
branch stations, and 27 life-saving sub-societies, to which
5,200 men are attached. Life-saving apparatus of perfect
type are installed at all stations, together with the most
up-to-date boats.
The number of members are : — Honorary, 913 ; Special,
368 ; Regular, 43,239 ; Supporting, 37,739.
The Society's headquarters are at No. 10-B, Eitai-
gashi, Fukagawa-ku, Tokyo.
TETSUDO UKEOIGYO KYOKAI.
(THE ASSOCIATION OF RAILWAY CONTRACTORS.)
THOUGH the past work of this Association is left
unchronicled, the contributions of railway con-
tractors to the development of railways in this country is
very great. Their efficiency is of vital importance to the
construction and up-keep of tlie railways. Their share in
the great enterprise, which has called into use over
¥1,000,000,000, has, however, been regarded as indifferent,
as they have never endeavoured to modernize or improve
their business methods.
The Association of Railway Contractors was organized
some time ago, by leading railway contractors, for the
purpose of systematizing and improving their activities, and
( 665 )
preparing against the event of being asked to undertake
work which was too large for any individual contractor to
accomplish.
The Excecutive Committee of the Association is com-
posed of honorary officers, who manage the afikirs of the
Association without remuneration. The lines of business
they undertake are :
1. Devising means for the protection and governance of
labourers.
2. Establishing standard of wages.
3. Arbitrating between members or members and clients
whenever troubles occur.
4. Judging the conduct of contractors' employees and
sub-contractors and awarding proper prizes.
5. Encouraging inventions in engineering.
6. Studying contracts with the Railway Board.
7. Studying the texts of contracts with the . Railway
Board.
8. Studying laws and regulations regarding contractors'
business.
9. Studying taxation systems.
10. Advising contractors on business matters. - - ,
11. Investigating the standing of contractors not belong-
ing to the association.
12. Compiling the history of railway contractors' business.
13. Studying tins line of business in Europe and
America,
TOKYO BENGOSHI-KAI.
(THE TOKYO ADVOCATES' ASSOCIATION.)..]
^1
T N 1874, the Government promulgated regulations for
-*■ advocates. In 1877, the Department of Justice issued
an ordinance establishing regulations for advocates. In
1880, the same Department again issued an ordinance
establishing regulations for advocates. In 1880, the same
Department again issued an ordinance announcing that
graduates of the Law Department of the Tokyo University
should be entitled to an advocate's license without examina-
tion. The organization of the Tokyo Advocates' Association
was held on May 8th, 1893. After two succeeding general
meetings held at short intervals, the Association was formally
organized. The Regulations of the Association consist of
six Acts containing forty-six articles. According to the
regulations, the Association is organized of advocates
belonging to the Tokyo Local Court. If members of
Advocates' Associations in other districts wish to open
oflBces in the districts under the control of the Tokyo
Association they must join the Tokyo Advocates' Association.
They are then called kahuin, as distinguished from regular
members. Both classes of members must pay the regular fee.
While the regular members have duties as well as rights
provided for in the regulations, the kahuin can claim no
THE TOKYO ADVOCATES' ASSOCIATION.
rights, having only duties. The Association has one
President, one Vice-President and 30 Councillors. Mr.
Tsunetaro Shioya was appointed President in 1916.
C 666 )
TOKYO-FU-KAr.
(THE TOKYO PREFECTURAL ASSEMBLY.)
'T~*HI8 assembly was organized in December, 1878, in
accordance with the provisions of the Prefectural
Assembly Regulations then promulgated. The total number
of members was then 49, the electoral districts being the
fifteen wards which constitute the City of Tokyo and six
"gun."
MR. K. SAITO.
In 1893 the electoral districts were extended by the
addition of three " gun " transferred from Kanagawa prefec-
ture to Tokyo prefecture. However, as Higashi-Tama and
Minami-Toshima-gun were amalgamated, the electoral dis-
tricts were only fifteen wards and eight districts, which
figures are maintained up to the present. The number of
members also has undergone many fluctuations and at pre-
sent stands at 66, of which 41 are sent by the wards while
22 are sent by the "gun." The old assembly was brought
to an end in June, 1889, when the new Prefectural Law
was promulgated. A new assembly was then elected in
accordance with the provisions of the new law and in Sep-
tember the same year it met in the first session. Under
the Prefectural Law now in force the assembly meets every
autumn and considers the General Budget for the ensuing
year and other measures introduced by the prefectural
governor. Every session continues thirty days.
Whenever, however, any emergency has to be met, tlie
Governor can convene the assembly at seven days' notice.
When the nature of the measures to be considered is un-
important the Governor may consult the Prefectural
Aldermen's Council instead of convening the Prefectural
Assembly.
The Prefectural Aldermen's Council is constituted of
ten Aldermen elected by the Prefectural Assembly, the
Governor himself, aad two of the Prefectural Officials. It
meets twice a month in ordinary session and decides upon
all matters submitted by the Governor.
The following is the list of successive Chairmen of tlie
Prefectural Assembly, some of whom were several times re-
elected:— Gen-ichiro Fukuchi, Esq. ; Shuichi Numa, Esq.;
Seikei Yoshino, Esq. ; Toki-ichiro Sudo, Esq. ; Eizaburo
Sugihara, Esq. ; and Koji Saito, Esq.
( 667 ^
TOKYO KOKUSAI KABUSHIKI
(THE TOKYO NATIONAL LOAN BONDS CO,
'T^HIS company was opened as a limited partnership for
■*• the sale of public loan bonds in 1908 under the
title of the Tokyo Debenture Co. The business steadily
developed, and in 1910 the company changed its organiza-
tion and style to the Tokyo National Loan Bonds Co., Ltd.,
and is situated at No. 69, Honzaimoku-gashi, Nihonbashi-
ku, Tokyo.
For a further extension of the business the company
combined with the Nitto National Loan Bonds Co., Ltd.,
with a capital of ¥500,000, in 1914. The principal busi-
ness of the company is the sale of public loan bonds by the
simplest possible means, viz., by subscribing a certain sum
monthly. The company is also engaged in the purchase
and sale of various public loan bonds and other negotiable
instruments, and the loaning of money against negotiable
instruments. The company makes it a speciality to afford
every possible facility to its clients. The contracts con-
cluded since the organization of the company amount to
¥10,607,580.
KAISHA.
LTD.) , t..
II II Til
fiinrl
tt*
THE TOKYO NATIONAL LOA.\ ..uAiJrf CO.
TOKYO KOMUSHO.
(THE TOKYO MINING AFl-'AIRS BUREAU.)
THIS bureau is the outgrowth of the Tokyo Mining
Superintendence Bureau, established in April, 1892,
for the enforcement of tlie Mining Act, promulgated two
years earlier, together with the local bureaux at Akita,
Osaka, Fukuoka, Hiroshima, and Sapporo.
The first Director of the bureau was Dr. Kado Hara,
who is a well known figure in the judicial profession. After
his resignation tlie Directorship was assumed by the
following : — Mr. Kyoda Oki ; Mr. Jun-ichi Shimada ; Mr.
Gotaro Shimada (now Governor of Gifu prefecture) ; Mr.
Teizo Minami ; Mr. Kenzo Nakajima ; Mr. Kiyohiko
Nakamura ; Mr, Isamu Noda, is the present Director of the
Fukuoka Mining Affairs Bureau.
In April, 1910, Mr. Kiyohiko Nakamura was for the
second time appointed Director of the Bureau ; up to the
present the bureau has been placed under his charge. In
June, 1913, the bureau was reorganized, in accordance with
MR. K. NAKAMURA, the Regulations governing the Organization of Mining
( 668 )
Affairs Bureau, it was then promulgated simultaneously
with the Mining Law now in force, and assumed the present
name.
The Tokyo Mining Affairs Bureau takes charge of
mining affairs in Tokyo, Gumma, Tochigi, Ibaraki, Chiba,
Nagano, Niigata, Yamanashi, Saitama, Kanagawa, Shidzu-
oka, Aichi, and Gifu prefectures. Almost all oil fields in
Japan are under the jurisdiction of the Bureau. Most
of tlie best mines in Japan are under the jurisdiction
of and are supervised by the bureau, namely,
the Ashio Copper Mine, the Hitachi Copper Mine,
the Kamioka Zinc Mine, etc., etc. Coal fields in
Ibaraki prefecture are also under the jurisdiction of the
bureau.
TOKYO KOSHINJO.
(MERCANTILE AGENCY.)
THE Tokyo Koshinjo, the Leading Mercantile Agency
in the East, Protector and Promoter of the Home
and International Trade and Clearing House of Mercantile
Credit, is situated at No.
43, Sakamoto-cho, Nihon-
bashi-ku, Tokyo.
It is hardly neces-
sary to say that in all
business engagements,
credit is of paramount im-
portance, and that it is
indispensable for the busi-
ness world to undertake
investigations as to the
character and responsibi-
lity of those assuming
business relations, so that
transactions may safely
be entered upon. The
Tokyo Koshinjo assumes
the functions of the clearing house of credit, the in-
vestigator of the stability of mercantile houses and the
protector of trade. For this purpose it gathers and dis-
tributes among its members information regarding the
character, standing, resources, etc., of individuals, firms
and corporations, which is obtained from most reliable
sources, and is most helpful in judging mercantile credits.
The T<kyo Koshinjo was established on February 6th,
1896, under the promotion of the twenty-six leading banks
in Tokyo and Yokohama, including the Bank of Japan and
the Yokohama Specie Bank. On November 1st of the
same year the Agency established a branch office at
Yokohama, and through this additional arrangement it was
able to receive inquiries both in Tokyo and Yokohama.
Later on, an agreement was arrived at between the Agency
and the Shogyo Kosiiinsho, of Osaka, the pioneer of the
mercantile agencies in Japan, by which they agreed to
MR. I. MORISHITA.
render mutual assistance in their undertakings, and thereby
promote the interests of merchants and industrials. After-
wards, the agreement was, upon their initiation, extended
to the Kobe, Kyoto, Nagoya and Moji Branches of the
Osaka institution. In 1899 a similar agreement was made
between tiie Agency and the Bradstreet Company, New
York, enabling it to collect information promptly and
accurately on the American Continent. In May, 1902, the
Agency established its Hakodate Branch, and one year later
-- ^<^^ ,
41111
1
-•rj, ... J
in
THE TOKYO KOSHINJO.
another branch at Otaru, the most flourishing sea-port in
Hokkaido. In April, 1907, Mr. I. Morishita, the Managing
Director, undertook a tour of inspection in America, and
( 669 )
personally visited the headquarters of the Bradstreet
Company, at New York, and its offices on the Pacific Coast
of the United States, they having been thrown open for
his personal inspection. He brought back a great deal of
valuable information concerning the business of the mercan-
tile agency. In August, 1912, a branch office was opened
in Shanghai, China, where reports are issued to local and
outside members. Besides the above-mentioned branches
and correspondents, the Agency has branches and sub-
branches throughout the country, their total number
being thirty-six, while the Bradstreet Company, act as its
correspondents in Europe, Australia, etc. Thus, the Agency
is now in a position to furnish information, not only in
Japan, but in any civilized country of the world.
Besides supplying commercial reports, against the
inquiries of its members, or voluntarily, the Agency issues a
semi-annual rating book, entitled the " Shoko Shinyoroku"
(The Merchants' and Industrials' Credit Book), which is
loaned only under certain conditions to the members of the
Agency. The book contains the estimated net wealth, credit
ratings, annual income or business, etc., of merchants and
industrials in Japan, given in cipher and supplied with a
key. It also publishes " The Banks and Companies "
annually, containing the location, object, balance sheets.
officials, principal shareholders, etc., of all the authorized
banks and companies throughout Japan.
Since the foundation of tlie Agency, it has been
favoured with uninterrupted prosperity, and has been of
increasing usefulness and popularity, owing to the acknow-
ledged steady management of its business, and the im-
partiality of its information. The demand of the public for
such work having increased with the progress of business
interests in this country, of late years, the Agency has
enrolled a large number of members, including the most
important mercantile and banking houses in the leading
cities of tliis country, and the number of its members is
increasing each year. The total number of reports made
by the Agency, against the inquiries of its members, during
1915 reached over 150,000. The Agency is generally
recognized as a reliable and well founded institution.
Tlie present Board of Councillors and Management are
as follows : —
Bakon Eiichi Shibusawa ... Chairman.
Manzo Kushida, Esq Councillor.
Senkichiro Hayakawa, Esq.
Kenzo Ikeda, Esq
Chunosdke Kawashima, Esq.
IwAKUsu Morishita, Esq Managing Director.
TOKYO SHOGYO KAIGISHO.
The Tokyo Chamber of Commerce was the first institu-
tion established under the new regime. In January, 1891,
I
(THE TOKYO CHAMBER OF COMMERCE.)
AT the instance of the Government, the inauguration of
the Tokyo Chamber of Commerce was decided upon
by Tokyo business men, and a formal application for the
organization was filed with the Government, in the name
of Baron Shibusawa, and five leading men of business, in
December, 1877. In March the following year it was
granted, and the new institution came into existence with
Baron Shibusawa as its President.
In 1883, the Government changed its policy, and
ordered Industrial Councils to be established in each pre-
fecture, and the institution was abolished, a new council called
the Tokyo Shoko-Kai being founded as its substitute.
This was a great improvement on the old institution and its
contribution to tlie promotion of industry and commerce
was very great. Similar institutions were inaugurated in
diflerent prefectures.
Their development into the present Chambers of Com-
merce occurred in 1890, when tlie Government promulgated
the Ciiamber of Commerce Act, and its bye-laws, and by the
close of the following year there were 15 Chambers of
Commerce throughout the Empire.
NAKANO.
( 670 )
its organization was completed, and the old institution
handed over its property to the new. At the close of 1900,
the transformation of the other chambers, and the organiza-
tion of new institutions were completed, and there were 56
Chambers of Commerce in the country.
Under the new regime, the Chambers of Commerce
were composed of Members elected by the voters within an
electoral district, and from among the merchants and
manufacturers who pay . rates above a legal limit. All
expenses required by the Chamber of Commerce are levied
on these voters. The new institution was thus a public
corporation, which could represent its views on important
matters affecting business to the Government, or give advice
to the Government regarding the framing of laws and
ordinances.
5. Supplying all information to inquirers, and certifying
the origin and prices of commodities.
6. Recommending judges and connoisseurs in all com-
mercial cases to the Government.
7. Acting as arbitrators in all commercial and industrial
troubles.
8. Taking all necessary measures for the promotion of
industry and commerce.
The Tokyo Chamber of Commerce, with the similar
institutions in other towns and cities, have endeavoured to
develop industry and commerce in their own jurisdiction, by
taking every possible measure to that end.
For the attainment of their common object, all the
Chambers of Commerce liave recently organized themselves
into a federation. Once a year, to commence with, all the
THE TOKYO CHAMBER OF COMMERCE.
Though the Chamber of Commerce Act was revised
several years later, the foundamental organization of the
institutions was little atfected, and their development has
continued till the present day.
The present Chamber of Commerce Act authorizes the
following lines of business : —
1. Investigating all measures for the promotion of industry
and commerce.
2. Stating their own views to the Government, on all
matters affecting the interest of the business com-
munity, and the modification of laws and regulations.
3. Acting as advisory boards to the Government concern-
ing all matters which affect the interests of the
business community.
4. Preparing statistical returns of industry and commerce.
chambers sent their representatives to Tokyo to discuss
common objects to be attained, and when necessary several
extraordinary meetings were called, but later, in view of
the inconvenience felt, they organized a federation.
The Federation of the Chambers of Commerce was
especially active after the Kusso-Japanese War. When
the war was brought to an end, the country was faced with
a great finance problem and the future of the country was
dependent upon its settlement. The Federation was of the
opinion that the straightened finances could only be read-
justed by the retrenchment of administrative expenses, and
the remodelling of tlie taxation system. The Chamber
stated its view to the Government and lodged a representa-
tion with the Imperial Diet.
While thus trying to readjust State finance, the Federa-
( 671 )
tion pushed the investigation of iodustries and commerce
throughout the country, and devised measures for the
extension of technical education, the adjustment of supply
and demand of money, the improvement in railway systems,
and tlie revision of the State TariS on protectionist lines.
Later the Federation endeavoured to improve the rela-
tions between Japan and America, not only for the purpose
of removing the cause of misunderstanding between the two
nations, but for the promotion of trade. A touring party,
composed of tlie representatives of the principal Chambers
of Commerce, was sent to America a few years ago, to visit
the chief cities in the United States, and establish friendship
between the two nations. A party of American business
men were received and entertained here by the Federation
for the same purpose. The present Piesident of the Tokyo
Chamber of Commerce is Mr. Buyei Nakano.
TSUKIJI HONGANJI.
(THE HONGANJI TEMPLE OF TSUKIJI.)
TF'^HIS temple, which is situated at No. 16, 3-chome,
JL Tsukiji, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo, is a branch of the
Honganji Temple, Horikawa-dori, Shimokyo-ku, Kyoto,
which is the headquarters of the Honganji Division of the
Shinshu Sect of Buddhism, and is taken charge of by a
" Rinban."
The temple was founded by Junnyo Shonin, the 12th
Lord Abbot of the Nishi Honganji Temple, Kyoto, in
March, 1617, at Haraa-cho, Asakusa, Yedo, and it was first
called the Yedo Sea Coast Temple. Later it was renamed
the Haraa-cho Gobo, and all temples belonging to this
particular sect in Musashi and seven other provinces were
placed under its control.
In 1657, it was burnt down by fire. It was recon-
structed at Tsukiji and renamed the Tsukiji Gobo. The
Shogunate granted special privileges to the temple, and it
occupied a very important place in the religious circles of
Yedo. When the site for the new temple building was
sought in Tsukiji, the place was swampy and had to be
reclaimed. All believers in Yedo assisted in the work of
reclamation, and within a very short time it was completed.
The reclaimed ground covered an area of 12,722 tsubo. In
1659 the new temple was completed on the reclaimed
ground, or " Tsukiji," and a brilliant ceremony was held to
celebrate it. A large plot of ground around the temple
building was granted to the subordinate temples, which
then numbered 58.
In 1674 the temple was reconstructed in the style of
the " Shishiiden," with the permission of the Shogunate,
and no temple in Japan could compare with its grandeur
and fine symmetry. No change was experienced until 1874,
when the temple was destroyed by fire.
It was soon reconstructed, but again in 1829 it was
totally destroyed by the same cause, since when it has
been rebuilt and destroyed several times. The present
building was completed in July, 1882, after the wholesale
destruction by fire in 1872. It is the finest architecture of
mixed style ever built in tiiis country. Several times,
since, however, it has been partially destroyed by fire. The
last extensions were completed in May, 1901. The
completed temple building is in the style of the " Shi-
shiiden," and its frontage measures 22 ken, and its depth
20 ken.
THE HOJS'GANJl TEMPLE OF TSUKIJI, TOKYO.
Around the temple building there are fifty-eight
subordinate temples. In the belfry, beside the Taishido
an old bell hangs. In old chronicles it is stated that this
was originally a camp bell used by Ota Dokan, a famous
warrior, who is known as the original builder of the
Chiyoda Castle, which is now used as the grounds for the
Imperial palace.
The present rinban, or Priest in Charge, is tiie Rev.
Reishin Hayasbi, an active religious worker, who was
appointed in 1913. During tlie Russo-Japanese war he
was an Attache to the Imperial Guards Division.
( 672 )
MR. UCHIMURA TATSUJIRO.
(UCHIMURA, INTERNATIONAL PATENT ATTORNEY.)
M
R, UCHIMURA, TATSUJIRO, International
Patent Attorney, is tlie president and proprietor
MR. T. UCHIMURA.
of the Patent and Trade Mark Agency Bureau. He was
(■ born in Yonezawa, in January, 1868, and after finishing
his preliminary education in his native city, came to Tokyo
and entered the Tokyo Higher Polytechnic School.
On his graduation he entered the Government service,
and was appointed examiner in the Government Patent
Bureau, at the same time taking charge of a chair of
mechanical science in the Government Fisheries Institute.
In 1906, he resigned from the Government Patent
Bureau, and joined the Imperial Refrigerating Co. He
made an extensive tour in Europe and America to study
this line of business, and applied the results to the manu-
facture of refrigerators at the company's factory, with
splendid success.
His Patent and Trade Mark Agency Bureau was esta-
blished in September, 1908, since when it has gradually
grown, until to-day it includes not only patent agencies,
but lawyers. The rights of those who entrust their patents
to the bureau will be watched and guarded in every way.
Besides having an up-to-date staff of assistants, con-
sisting of an expert mechanist, an electrician, and chemists,
the bureau also employs a number of specialists in various
departments.
The bureau has obtained more than 90 per cent, of all
its applications, whereas most patent agents do not get
more than 60 per cent, of their applications. This is be-
cause Mr. T. Uchimura, who directs the bureau, and who
has had some 30 years experience in this particular line of
business, gives personal attention to every matter entrusted
to the bureau.
URAGA DOKKU KABUSHIKI KAISHA.
(THE URAGA DOCK CO., LTD.)
rr^HlS company commenced business at Uraga, Kaua-
-*- gawa prefecture, in January, 1900, under the joint
efforts of the late Vice-Admiral Viscount T. Enoraoto, the
late Mr. I. Arai, Mr. S. Tsukahara and the late Mr. J. '^Vata-
nabe, the latter of whom played an important part finan-
cially. In 1894, the scheme was first planned by the
promoters for establishing this company, which was
officially registered as a joint-stock concern in 1897. In
May, 1902, the company purchased, from the Tokyo Ishi-
kawajima Shipbuilding Yard, the Uraga branch workshop,
which was established at Uraga shortly after the inaugura-
tion of the company. The business office of the company
( 673
was formerly in Tokyo, but in July, 1912, it was transferred
to the workshop at Uraga. At the same time the company
established a branch workshop at Ono-machi, Yokohama.
The main object of the company is to undertake the
construction of, and repairs to, vessels. The company has
two docks and five building berths. Each dock is capable
of receiving a vessel of some 8,000 tons, and each year tlie
)
MAIN WORKSHOP.
No. 1 Dock.
Total length
Length on blocks
Width of entrance on top
,, ,, at bottom ...
Water on blocks at spring tide
Feet
500.00
485.00
70.00
60.00
27.00
^^'*^Pf*
■«^^??^^J«g?e
MAIN WORKS OF THE URAGA DOCK CO..
company undertakes the repair of more than 200 vessels.
Each building berth has a capacity for constructing a vessel
of over 6,600 tons, so that vessels totalling 70,000 tons will
be built on the five building berths each year. There are
over 5,000 workmen employed by the company.
DOCK, LENGTH 500 FEET, MAIN WORKSHOP.
The main workshop measures 20,464 Uvbo, and the
branch workshop 22,776 Uuho.
The dimensions of the docks, which are built of brick
and stone are as follows : —
BRANCH WORKSHOP.
No. 2 Dock.
Total length ...
Length on blocks
Feet.
459.50
413.00
INTERIOR OF THE MACHINERY DEPARTMENT
OF THE MAIN WORKS.
Width of entrance on top
„ „ at bottom ..,
Water on blocks at spring tide
••» •••
66.00
54.00
15.40
( 674 )
The dimensions of building berths are as follows : —
MAIN WORKSHOP.
Total length. Width
Feet. Feet.
No. 1 515.00 26.00
No. 2 652.00 28.00
No. 3 652.00 28.00
No. 2 MACHINERY WORKSHOP.
BRANCH WORKSHOP.
Total length. Width
Feet. Feet.
No. 4 505.00 26.00
No. 5 505.00 26.00
THE BUSINESS AND SYSTEM OF THE
COMPANY.
The company undertakes the construction of and
repairs to vessels and the manufacture of boilers, pumps,
bridge girders, machinery, etc., etc. Several years ago the
company constructed No. 6 Choky u-maru, to the order of
the Tanaka Seitetsu-jo (Iron Foundry) at Kamaishi. This
was the first cargo-boat built in Japan, eliciting the public
approbation as to the perfection of the vessel in every detail.
Since the outbreak of the European war the company has
received orders for more than 25 vessels from various
quarters, each having an aggregate tonnage of from 3,500
to 11,000 tons, and with the progress of the campaign the
company continues to receive orders.
BUILDING BERTH, KAWAMA SHIPBUILDING YARD.
The personnel of the company comprises: —
ToYOCHiYO Machida, Esq ... President.
Tatsuya Yamagcchi, Esq. (Kogakuhakushi) Director.
Kwo ToKi, Esq
JiKiCHi Oki, Esq
NoRiKAzu Akamatsu, Esq.
YosHio KusAKA, Esq Auditor
Kanzo Matsuo, Esq. ...
There are four hundred experts and clerks in the
service of the company.
UYEYAMA SEIZO SHOTEN.
(S. UYEYAMA & CO.)
' I ^HIS firm is a representative nmnufacturer of pyre-
*■ thurm flowers, insect powder, and smudge-sticks.
The Moon and Tiger Brand goods the firm exports are the
finest obtainable in Japan, which country has now become
the greatest supplier of these goods. . .>
The firm was inaugurated in 1898, as manufacturers
and exporters of these goods, and is situated at 2-chome,
Juiikei-machi, Minami-ku, Osaka. A large mill was also
opened, in 1898, at Yamatahara, Arita-gori, Kishu, which
is the centre of this industry in Japan. The mill handles
( 675 )
only the finest aud most select materials, which are produced of&ces and agencies, also in Russia, British India, South
at the firm's pyrethurm garden in the same district. They
are dried with an electric drying machine, and pounded in
au electric mortar. The garden and the mill are on a large
Seas Islands, Australia, America, Great Britain, France
and Italy.
TRADE
MARK.
scale, the annual production of flowers, powder, and sticks
amounting to 2,000,000 lbs.
According to Dr. Morishiraa of tlie Imperial Medical
College, the goods produced by tlie firm are of tlie best
quality, while being entirely harmless to man, cattle, and
plants. In Chosen aud Cliiua the firm has its own brancli
MR. S. UYEYAMA.
W A K A 0-K E.
(THE WAKAO FAMILY AND ITS ENTERPRISES.)
fTlHE Wakao Family, one of the wealthiest in Japan, is
-*- also one of the oldest in Yamanashi Prefecture,
being of the great military caste, Minamoto Family. The
THE WAKAO'S HEAD OFFICE, KOFU.
late Mr. Ippei Wakao was a man of great enterprise and
energy and practically founded the millionaire family. In
the early part of the Meiji Era he started trade in raw silk
with Yokohama foreign firms, and was successful in building
up the large business the Wakao Family now conducts.
His son, Mr. Tamizo Wakao, the present head of the
family, follows up the steady and prudent business methods
of his father and every line of business he conducts is highly
prosperous. Besides the silk filature in Kofu, Mr. Wakao
directs many enterprises of the family. The formost of
these is the Wakao Bank. The banking establishment,
which is a partnersliip of the Wakao Family, has its head
office at No. 1, Yoka-machi, Kofu, and branches in the
same city and Tokyo. It has a capital of ¥1,000,000,
against which is accumulated ¥850,000 as reserve funds.
Because of the great financial power of the family and the
prudent and enterprising management, the bank enjoys
great confidence and the deposits are rapidly increasing.
Mr. Tamizo Wakao excercises general supervision over the
working of the bank, but general business affairs are placed
under the care of Mr. Kinnosuke Wakao, his son and heir,
who acts as Manager of the Head Office and the Kofu
Branch. The bank's Tokyo Branch, which is situated at
3-chonie Hon-cho, Nihombashi-ku, Tokyo, is controlled by
Mr. Shohachi Wakao.
The Wakao Warehouses are erected in Kofu. Because
of their thorough and modern accommodation, the public
is making more and more use of the warehouses, and
( 676 )
Mr. Tamizo Wakao is also interested in a number of
companies either as President, Director, or Auditor, in-
cluding the Yokohama Specie Bank, the Industrial Bank of
Japan, the Tokyo Electric Light Co., the Tokyo Gas
Co., the Inawashiro Water Power Co., the Tokiwa Life
Insurance Co., and other first-rate business concerns.
As a citizen of Kofu he has contributed much to the
I
I
THE WAKAO BA^iK AND THE
WAKAO WAREHOUSES.
the family is erecting additional godowns in the vicinity of
Kofu Station to meet the increasing public demand.
The Wakao Real Estate Department has its office at
Yamada-machi, Kofu, and supervises the real estates of the
family in the city and rural districts. In tiie estates in
rural districts the department undertakes the encourage-
ment and development of agricultural enterprises, together
with the improvement of the conditions of tenant farmers.
increasing prosperity of the city. He has held in succession
the posts of Mayor, President of the Municipal Assembly,
Alderman, and others. His charitable contributions have
been enormous, and in recognition of this fact and his con-
tribution toward the industrial development of the country
he was recently decorated with the Fourth Class Imperial
Order and granted at the same time the Court rank of
Ju-Goi.
WATANABE TOKKYO DAIRI-KYOKU.
(WATANABE PATENT OFFICE.)
TV /T R. WATANABE, KOGORO, is a prominent patent
attorney and consulting engieer. His office is at
Hibiya Club, No. 3, l-chome Yuraku-cho, Kojimachi-ku,
Tokyo ; his foreign post address being No. 12, 3-chome
Kobiki-cho, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo.
Tokyo Imperial University, and for a time was Assistant
Professor of Engineering at his alma mater. In that
capacity he was sent to Europe to represent Japan in
connection with several exhibitions.
He later joined the Mitsui Bussan Kaisha, and became
He is a graduate of the Technological College of the the Chief of the Engineering Staff. After his tour in
( 677 )
America he severed his connections with this company,
and establisiied his own Patent Office.
Mr. Watanabe has a profound knowledge of all
branches of technology and patent and trade mark laws, of
all countries, both in the East and West ; he has also had
ample experience in all departments of the business, having
handled by far the gaeatest number of foreign cases in this
country. He is well known in Japan as well as over-
seas as a competent and able man. He can supply reports
and give advice on all matters relating to patent and trade
mark cases which could not be had from any other in the
profession.
Many connections have been established by Mr. Wata-
nabe in America and Europe, and investigations into any
intricate cases in which foreign interests are involved can
be easily conducted, to the entire statisfaction of clients.
The facts are well testified to by the increasing number
of foreign cases entrusted to him.
MR. K. WATANABE.
YAMANAKA GOMEI KAISHA.
(YAMANAKA&CO.)
THIS firm, which is one of the largest and most enter- Kichirobei Yamanaka. At this gallery the firm's overseas
prising dealers in Japanese and Ciiinese works of operations are mostly managed, while the Osaka Branch
art and curios modern and ancient in Japan, keeps a Office, which is situated at 2chorae, Kitahama, Osaka, and
MANUFACTURES IN THE GARDEN OF THE YAMANAKA ART GALLERY.
complete art gallery at Awata, Kyoto, which is the managed by Mr. Kichirobei Yamanaka, carries on domestic
headquarters of the firm and managed by Mr. Matsujiro business.
Yamanaka under the general supervision of his father, Mr. The firm's overseas business is expanding year by year.
( 678 )
because the firm is highly reliable In business dealings and
prompt in delivery. At present tiie firm has branch oflSces
at No. 254, Fifth Avenue, New York ; No. 127, New Bond
Street, London ; and No. 456, Boylston Street, Boston,
through which good connections are kept up with every
quarter of the world.
MR. YAMASHITA KAMESABURO.
(MR. K. YAMASHITA AND HIS ENTERPRISES.)
MR. YAMASHITA, KAMESABURO, was born in
Ehime prefecture in 1867. After receiving his
early education in liis native prefecture, he came to Voko-
haraa, and commenced a wiiolesale business in coal.
During the Russo-Japanese war he purchased two steamers
and started an irregular service in Eastern waters.
MR. K. YAMASHITA.
At first he was confronted with many difficultie?, but
he always overcame them. When the present war in
Europe commenced he realized a prodigious profit by
dealing in old vessels and chartering liusiness. He, witli
¥20,000,000, easily ranks among the shipping kings.
The moEt important of his many enterprises is the
Yamashita Steamship Co., of which lie is the President.
The company's fleet consists of the following vessels :
Tons.
Teikoku Maru 7 OOO
Kisahata Maru III.
Buyo Maru
Bushu Maru
Asahi Maru
4,000
4,200
4,100
4,100
Toyotomi Maru ...
Skoka Maru
Akebono Maru
Doyo Maru
Sodegaura Maru ...
Tomashima Maru
Tons.
3,500
3,300
3,600
3,100
1,800
2.300
A steamer of 9,000 tons is now in course of construc-
tion at a domestic yard, with two other vessels of 6,500 tons
each. When these ships are completed the company's fleet,
including chartered steamers, amounts to 25 vessels, with a
combined tonnage of 100,000 tons.
The company's head office is at Kitajima-cho, Nihon-
bashi-ku, Tokyo, with branch oflSces at Kobe, Yokohama,
and Moji, and agencies at London, New York, Sydney,
Shanghai, Hongkong, San Francisco, and other ports.
With oflSces and agencies at these ports, the fleet
operates actively in Europe, America, Australia, and other
parts of the world, and the company is justly called one of
the greatest tramp owners in Japan. As a side line the
company has recently opened a special department dealing
in the insurance of hulls, the sale of ships, and the charter-
ing of ships, acting as brokers between Japanese ship-
owners and foreign clients. Several representatives have
been despatched to the principal ports of the world, since
the outbreak of the war, to enlarge the business. Marine
insurance dealings arranged through the mediation of this
department amounts to ¥100,000,000.
The Yamashita Coal Mining Co. and the Hombetsu
Coal Mining Co., are joint-stock companies in the eye of the
law, but they are actually controlled by Mr. Yamashita. The
former, with the head office at Hon-Hatchobori, Kyobashi-
ku, Tokyo, and branch offices at Yokohama, Osaka, Moji,
Wakamatsu, Otaru, Muroran, and Hakodate, works a large
mine in Kyushu, and the output is sold at these offices.
The latter, which works a mine at Hombetsu, Hokkaido, has
its head oflBce at Kitajima-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo.
The annual output of coal at the mines of the com-
bined companies amounts to 800,000 ton. At the home
ports coal depots are established, to supply both foreign and
domestic vessels entering or clearing these ports. The coal
produced by these companies is sold to San Francisco,
Singapore, and British India.
( 679 )
YOKOHAMA SHOGYO KAIGISHO.
(THE YOKOHAMA CHAMBER OF COMMERCE.)
THE establishment of the Yokohama Chamber of Com-
merce was decided upon and an application lodged
with the Government in August, 1895. At the end of
October the same year, when the application was granted,
the first general election of members was held, and in the
middle of the following month the first general meeting of
the members was iield in the head ofiice of the Second Bank
in Yokohama. At this meeting Mr. Zenzaburo Hara was
elected provisional President and the draft of the Articles of
Association was discussed. The result of the meeting's
deliberation was reported to the Government witli a request
for official sanction.
In tlie early part of December, 1895, official sanction
was granted the articles of association and the Chamber of
Commerce came into existence. In the middle of the same
month accordingly the election of officers was held. After
several years the creation of special members was decided
upon. In 1903, when the creation of a Vice-President was
decided upon, and Mr. Sobei Kurusu was appointed as such,
the standing committee was enlarged and the number of
special members increased. Since the inauguration eleven
elections of members have been held. When the first elec-
tion of members was held in 1895 there were only 189
voters in Yokohama, but at the last election in 1915 there
were 661 electors.
Since its inauguration the Yokohama Chamber of
Commerce has rendered valuable service towards the
promotion of business facilities at the port. Particularly
concerning the improvement of harbour accommodation,
tiie increase and betterment of shipping services, the develop-
ment of land transportation facilities, the revision of the
TariffLaw, the improvement of customs sheds, the unification
and improvement of export goods, the increased efficiency of
the consular service, the increase in industrial and com-
mercial students despatched abroad, and other matters the
Chamber has lodged many representations or petitions with
the Government, and not a few of the suggestions referred
to have been carried out to the benefit of tiie nation.
The present Officers of the Chamber are as follows : —
Kahei Otani, Esq
Masuzo Masuda, Esq.
Bdnshichi Watanabe, Esq.
Chuzaburo Ohama, Esq....
TOKUYEMON ISHIKAWA, Esq.
KoBEi Abe, Esq
ToMiTARo Hara, Esq.
YuKi Yamakawa, Esq. ...
Ikuzo Wakao, Esq
. President.
. Vice-President.
{Standiag
Committee.
Z E N K O-J I.
(THE ZENKO-JI TEMPLE.)
rriHE Zenko-ji Temple is situated in Shinano province,
JL being located some 1,400 feet above sea level. Its
precincts extend 147 ken west and east, and 94 ken north
and south, the whole area measuring over 15,300 tsuho.
The temple was first founded by Wakaomi Yoshimitsu
in the reign of the Empress Kokyoku Tenno, the thirty-
fifth sovereign in the history of Japan. At first the
temple belonged to the Sanron sect, but later it was
converted into the Jodo sect in the days of Abbot
Chisel Shonin, in 1199. The former buildings of the
temple were unfortunately destroyed by fire in June,
1891, but were rebuilt some years later. The build-
ings are magnificent, the chief hall being called the
Honsei-den. In the precincts of the temple there is a big
THE ZENKO-JI
SHINANO PROVINCE.
( 680 )
lotus pond, spanned by a bridge so that one may enter the
Daikanjin temple across it. This temple was formerly of
the Shingon sect, and was called the Myokau-iii, but later
was converted to the Tendai sect. Since tlie Restoration, it
was renamed the Enryakuji temple, and is presided over by
a priest who possesses the rank of Sojo. It extends 76 ken
east and west, and 60 ken north and south, measuring 4,600
tsuho in area. On the occasion of his visit to the North
Eastern districts in 1877, the late Emperor Meiji put up
there. The main hall is called the Manzen-do. The present
buildings are of recent construction, and are unsurpassed in
magnificence. Many pilgrims pay their homage to the tem-
ple at all times, and it is regarded as one of the most con-
secrated places in Japan.
ZOHEI KYOKU.
(THE MINT.)
THE Mint is situated atShin-Kawasaki-machi, Kita-ku,
Osaka, and is under the control of the Finance
Minister. It is engaged in the coinage, crushing and
casting of old coins, stamping of medals and badges, assay
and refining of bullion and experimenting in various ores.
The mint was started as early as November of the year
1868 and was completed in 1870. In October of the same
Casting Department : — Sub-divided into : Melting
factory, Sketching factory. Stamping factory. Engraving
factory.
Testing Department :— Sub-divided into: Experi-
mental factory. Refining factory and forging factory.
Tiie president of the Mint is Mr. Hidetaro Ikebukuro ;
^^.e^A^^S^Xi
THE MINT, OSAKA,
year the coinage was first tried in the mint, which was
formally inaugurated in February of the following year.
In the early days of the organization the mint employed
many foreign experts, but their services were gradually
dispensed with. The mint is divided into the following
departments :
General Business Department: — Sub-divided into : Ge-
neral Afl^airs Section, Bullion Section and Accountant Section.
Chief of the Casting Department, Dr. Osamu Yamagata ;
and Chief of tlie Testing Department, Dr. Nobumasa
Koga.
The site of the mint covers an area of 30,273 tsuho,
and the building area is over 12,806 tsuho. Various coins
turned out during the fiscal year of 1915 amounted to
¥29,030,585, and tiiose rnanufiictured from the organization
up to March 1916, inclusive, ¥1,070,389,578.64.
THIRD PART.
NOBLES AND PERSONAGES
IN THE EMPIRE.
I
( 683 )
PRINCE KUJO MICHIZANE.
'np'HE Kujo family is descended from a God named
Amenokoyane-no-Mikoto in the days of mythological
Japan. The God's sons established a family called Naka-
tomi and they have successively held important offices in
the Imperial Court since the accession of the first Emperor
Jimmu Tenno. In appreciation of distinguished services
rendered to the State by Nakatomi-no-Kamatari, the
Imperial Court granted him a family name " Fujiwara "
and since then descendants of Nakatomi-no-Kamatari
have maintained supreme Court ofiices of "SesshS" or
" Kampaku " until the last days of the Tokugawa Military
Government. His descendant, Kanezane, who was born in
the fifth year of the Kyuan Era (1149. A.D.), held the
supreme office of Dajodaijin (Premier). His eldest son,
Yoshitsune, was born in the first year of the Kaw5 Era
(1160, A.D.), and held the same office as his father. Michi-
iye, son of Yoshitsune, was born in the fourth year of the
Kenkyu Era (1193, A.D.) and was appointed "Sessho."
He was a believer iu Buddhism and established two large
temples named K0my5bu-ji and Tofuku-ji, tlie latter of which
still exists in Kyoto. It should be noted that the family
name of Kujo was adopted by Morosuke, who was the tenth
descendant of Kamatari, and who held the office of Sadaijin
(First Assistant Prime Minister), for the reason that his
residence was located at Kujo, Kyoto. During the Kama-
kura Period the Fujiwara family was divided into five sec-
tional families. The head of each family alternately held
tiie supreme office of Sessho or Kampaku. The family of
Prince Kujo is one of the five great families referred to.
Prince Michitaka Kujo, the father of the present re-
presentative of the family, was the eldest son of Hisatada
Kujo, who held the office of Kampaku in the Imperial
Court and the younger brother of the late Dowager-
Empress Eisho, who was the Empress of the late Emperor
Komei TennS, and the father of the present Empress.
He was born in Kyoto in May of the eleventh year
of the Tempo Era (1840, A.D.). In the bhird year of
the Keiwo Era (1867), he was appointed Sadaijin in the
Imperial Court and during the Restoration of 1868 he was
appointed Commander of an Expedition sent against the
Shogunate Government's forces in 0-u district in North-
eastern Japan. In 1881, he was decorated with the
First-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun. In July,
1884, he was created a peer with the title of Prince, the
Court rank of Ju-ichii being granted him. In October,
PKINOE M. kUJu.
1879, he was appointed Chief of Ritualists, and in 1890 he
was made a member of the House of Peers. In 1900, he
was decorated with the Supreme Order of the Chrysan-
themum. He died in 1906.
Prince Michizane Kujo, the present representative of
the family, was born on December 15th, 1867, and on the
death of his father he became the head of the family on
January 15th, 1906. He holds the office of Chief of
Ritualists and the Third-class Imperial Order of the Sacred
Treasure, the Court rank of Jo-zammi being granted him.
( 684 )
PRINCE SHIMADZU TADASHIGE.
THE Shimadzu family is descended from Tadahisa, the
son of Minamoto-no-Yoritomo, the founder of the
Kamakura Shogunate. After Tadahisa was appointed Lord
of Satsuma, Osumi and Hyuga provinces that dominion
was hereditarily maintained by his descendants for about
680 years, namely, until the Restoration. At the time of
Hisat3une, the grandson of Tadahisa, Kublai Khan invaded
that part of Japan with his " Invincible Armada," which
was, however, annihilated by Hisatsune's forces in co-
operation with the other military families in South- Western
Japan. About one hundred years later, or in the last years
PRINCE T. SHIMADZU.
of the Ashikaga Shogunate, many strong fiefs asserted
independent claims in all directions, and the dominion of
the Shimadzu family was also caught in the whirlpool of
rebellions. Takashima, the 16th Lord, was strenuously
engaged in the restoration of peace. Order was completely
restored at the time of Yoahihisa, the 16th Lord. But the
Great Taiko despatched a big expedition against him
and the latter was compelled to conclude peace on
condition that his original dominion would be preserved.
Yoshihiro, the younger brother of Yoshihisa, became the
17th Lord. When the Great Taiko opened hostilities with
Korea, Yoshihiro, in company with bis son lyehisa (the 18th
Lord), advanced on that peninsula, leading ten thousand
men. He distinguished himself in the fighting in all direc-
tions, especially at Sachhyon, where the Shimadzu forces
checked the advance of 200,000 men from Min, reinforce-
ments for the Korean Army, and killed over 38,000 of
these Chinese troops. At that time the Japanese Army
was evacuating Korea owing to the death of the Great
Taiko. The Min troops were thrown into such disorder by
this victory of the Shimadzu forces that the Japanese Army
was able to return home in triumph. In the Battle of
Sekigahara, which was fought by Mitsunari Ishida, against
lyeyasu Tokugawa, the founder of the Tokugawa Sliogunate,
Yoshihiro took Mitsunari's side and was defeated, but he
was acquitted of blame by lyeyasu, and his son, lyehisa,
was authorized to rule the dominion as before. In the time
of lyehisa the Shimadzu family conquered the Loochooa and
annexed the islands to Japan. Under the Tokugawa
Shogunate the Shimadzu family was esteemed as one of tlie
most powerful clans in South- Western Japan, especially
renowned for its high military spirit.
Before the Restoration of 186 •<, Hisamitsu Shimadzu
was involved in an unfortunate fatality at Namamugi on
his way back from Yedo. It appears that four British
subjects on horse-back interrupted Lord Hisamitsu's pro-
cession. In those days every Daimyo procession was very
strict, and nothing was considered more insulting to the
Daimyo concerned than such action as to interrupt his
procession. The four strangers failed to observe this
national restraint, so that Hisamitsu's men killed one of
them on the spot and inflicted severe injuries on two others.
Great Britain filed a strong complaint with the Shogunate,
but as the negotiations were procrastinated the British
Charge d' Affaires proceeded to Kagoshima, the capital of
Satsuma, in the 7th month of the 3rd year of Bunkyu
(1863) by the flagship of the British China Squadron with
the rest of the Squadron, which consisted of seven vessels.
He demanded of the Lord of Satsuma the surrender of the
murderer and the payment of damages. In reply to the
first British demand the Satsuma Clan contended that the
murderer had deserted from the Clan and the authorities
were searching for him. As for the payment of damages
the reply of the Satsuma Clan was that the matter of
liability must first be settled with the Shogunate, and that
after the settlement of that question negotiations should be
opened between the parties in the presence of officials of
the Shogunate. While tlie negotiations were still proceed-
ing the British Squadron attempted to tow three Sats uma
( 685 )
steamers away as hostages. Thereupon the Satsuma men
opened fire. This fight commenced at 11 a.m. and con-
tinued till about 7 p.m. In consequence of the bombard-
ment by the British Squadron fire broke out in Kagoshima
and a portion of the town was burnt down, while one of the
sea-forts was destroyed by the gun fire. The British
Squadron steamed out of the bay the following day, after
having exchanged fire with the Satsuma forts for a short
time.
The above is a summary of diplomatic aifuirs, wherein
the Satsuma Clan was involved.
The late Prince Tadayoshi Shimadzu, last Feudal
Lord of the Kagoshima Clan, was born in April, 1840, and
he did everything in his power to enhance the status of the
country and especially for the Restoration of 1868, with the
help of his retainers, Takamori Saigo, Munenori Terajima,
Toshimichi Okubo and many others. He was created a
peer with a title of Prince, the Court rank of Ju-ichii being
granted him, and died in February, 1897. Prior to his
death, he was decorated with the Supreme Order of tbe
Crysanthemum, Ju-ichii.
Prince Tadashige Shimadzu, the present representative
of the family, was born on October 22nd, 1886, and is a
Captain in the Imperial navy. He was decorated with the
Fourth-class Imperial Order of the Ri^^ing Sun and holds
the Court rank of Jo-shii.
PRINCE TOKUGAWA lYESATO.
THE Tokugawa tamily line originated with Minamoto-
no-Yoshiiye. His 12th descendant was Hirotada
Tokugawa, who was a lord of Mikawa province, having his
residence at Okazaki, in the same jjrovince. Hirotada's
son was no other than lyeyasu Tokugawa, founder of the
Prince's family, who holds foremost rank among the
country's numerous great men. Never in the history of
Japan has there been a more enlightened statesman than
lyesasu Tokugawa, who laid the foundation of the Shogunate
Government, which lasted over 250 years — from 1600 to
1868. lyeyasu Tokugawa was born on December 20th,
1541, in the Okazaki Castle, Mikawa province.
After the death of Hideyoslii Toyotomi, he naturally
assumed that Prince's place, but not without opposition, and
a great battle was fought in the Sekigahara plain in
September, 1600, between his forces and those of his
enemies combined, resulting in the crushing defeat of the
latter. Thus lyeyasu Tokugawa grasped the reins of
Government and removed in 1603 his seat of Government
from western Japan to Yedo ("present Tokyo"), where he
established the Chiyoda Castle, which is now seen towering
in the Imperial Palace grounds. From that time Tokyo
remained the seat of the Shogunate Government for about
three hundred years, during which period the Imperial
Court of Japan was in Kyoto.
The late Prince Bismarck once praised lyeyasu Toku-
gawa as being a wise statesman and perhaps the greatest
conqueror of obstacles the world ever produced. In fact, he
derived his greatness from his difiiculties. During his life-
time the great Shogun encouraged commerce with other
countries and in 1610 he dispatched Katsusuke Tanaka, one
of his trusted sanaurai, to Mexico to open up trade with that
country. He further established warn relations with
Korea, with which country the Shogunate Government used
to exchange communications until 1810. Chinese merchants
also visited Nagasaki frequently in his day. In 1598, a
F--T^
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PRINCE I. TOKUGAWA.
Dutch vessel, in a storm, was driven to the coast of Bungo
province, Kyushu. lyeyasu Tokugawa had an interview
with the captain and other members of the crew of the
vessel at Sakai, near Osaka, to which place the vessel was
( 686 )
brought. Even after the death of lyeyasu Tokugawa in
1616, the Japanese, in large ships, crossed over to Siam,
Annam, Luzon, Java and other countries to carry on trade,
while merchantmen from England, Portugal and other
European countries also visited Japanese shores.
The second Shogun, Hidetada, was a man of strong
character and proved a worthy successor of his father as ruler
of the country. The third Shogun lyemitsu was a man of
great moral courage and had many clever retainers to help
his regime. lyemitsu was most strict in observing and
following his grandfather's bequeathed teachings, which he
enlarged and broadened, thereby adding much to the power
and dignity of the Bakufu. The feudal system was
completed in lyemitsu's reign. He died in 1651.
At the time of the Third Shogunate Government an
anti-foreign agitation was started and the Island Empire
was shut out from the rest of the world. After the death
of the third Shogun lyemitsu Tokugawa, his successors
continued the anti-foreign attitude until the last days of
the Shogunate Government.
The last Shogun, Yoshinobu Tokugawa, was well aware
of the fact that under the existing circumstances it was
well-nigh impossible for him to carry on the seclusion policy
of his ancestors and to steer the ship of State independently
of the Imperial Court as in the past. In 1868 the last
Shogun handed over the reins of Government to the Im-
perial Court. In view of the fact that the Tokugawa family
had reigned in the country for three hundred years, the
feudal Lords and their vassals were naturally opposed to
the Sovereign rights being restored to the Imperial house.
Bloody battles were fought between the troops of the
Imperial Court and the Tokugawa family at Fushimi
(Kyoto), Uyeno (Uyeno Park), Goryokaku (Hakodate) and
other places of the country, resulting in the victory of the
Imperial forces. Then lyesato Tokugawa, Tayasu branch
of the Tokugawa Shogun family succeeded Yoshinobu by the
special favour of the H.I.M. the Emperor Meiji Tenno and
he was created a Peer with the title of Prince in July,
1884. He is now President of the House of Peers as well
as of the Peers' Club and was decorated with the First-
class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun, holding the Court
rank of Jo-nii.
After the Restoration, Yoshinobu Tokugawa lived in
retirement at Shidzuoka for several years and in 1897 he
came up to Tokyo, where he established his mansion. In
June, 1902, he was created a peer with the title of Prince.
He died in 1910 and was succeeded by Prince Yoshihisa
Tokugawa, one of his sons.
MARQUIS IKEDA NAKAHIRO.
THE Ikeda family had its origin in Emperor Seiwa
Tenn5, who ascended the Throne in 859, and who
is the ancestor of the Minamoto family which, just like the
White and Red Rose in England, had its antagonistic
party, called the Taira family, whose banner was of red
colour, while the Minamoto used a white banner. Yasu-
masa, the seventh descendant of Tsunemoto, founder of
the Minamoto family, resided in Settsu province and as-
sumed the family name of Ikeda. Noriyori Ikeda married
the widow of Masatsura Kusunoki, whose son, Norimasa,
was adopted to the Ikeda family. His grandson, Tsune-
toshi, Lord of Kii province, had a son named Nobuteru,
who was conspicuous among members of the family.
During the time Nobunaga Oda assumed the Military
Regency, Nobuteru Ikeda, descendant of Noriyori, served
under him. Nobuteru was granted the Inuyama Castle in
Owari province in the first year of the Genki Era (1053).
Nobuteru, with his sons, fought many battles under Nobu-
naga Oda, who gave the father and sons the whole of Settsu
province in appreciation of services rendered by them. In
the 10th year of the Tensho Era (1582, A.D.) Nobunaga
Oda was suddenly attacked and killed by Mitsuhide Akecbi,
who was in turn killed by Hideyoshi Toyotomi and Nobuteru.
Several leading generals under Nobunaga Oda hated Hide-
yoshi and attempted to kill the latter. Nobuteru took the
side of Hideyoshi and attacked these generals in opposition.
Hideyoshi was so pleased with Nobuteru's action that he
granted him the Ogaki Castle in Mino province. Terumasa,
son of Nobuteru, married a daughter of lyeyasu Tokugawa.
Terumasa, under Hideyoshi, fought the enemy in various
districts and in the 16th year of the Tensho Era (1588) he
was granted the Court rank of Ju-shii. Two years later he
removed his headquarters to the Yoshida Castle in Mikawa
province. After the memorable battle in Sekigahara,
Terumasa Ikeda was granted by lyeyasu Tokugawa a fief,
from which 520,000 hoku of rice is produced annually and
appointed the Lord of Harima province.
Tadatsugu Ikeda, the second son, born between Teru-
masa Ikeda and a daughter of lyeyasu Tokugawa, whose
marriage was mentioned above, is the ancestor of the Ikeda
family in Tottori prefecture. Tadatsugu was granted
280,000 koku of rice raised in Bizen province, and Tadao,
younger brother of Tadatsugu, was given 63,000 hoku of
rice in Awaji province.
( 687 )
Terumasa died in the 18th year of the KeichS Era
(1613, A.D.), when he was succeeded by his eldest son
Toshitaka, who controlled Harima province. Prior to his
death, Terumasa held the oflBce of Sangi (Councillor) and
the Court rank of Jo-zammi. In 1910, the late Emperor
Meiji TennO was pleased to raise his Court rank to Ju-nii.
Tadatsugu, who had blood relation with lyeyasu
Tokugawa, was granted Bizen province. He died in the
first year of the Genua Era (1615, A.D.) when he was
only 17 years old. He was succeeded by his younger
brother, Tadao, who was granted a fief producing
320,000 hoku of rice. He died in the ninth year of the
Kanyei Era (1632) and was succeeded by Mitsunaka, his
eldest son, whose headquarters were the Tottori Castle. In
the ] 5th year of the Kanyei Era he was appointed Lord of
Sagami province, the Court rank of Ju-shii being granted.
In the second year of Showo Era (1653, A.D.) he was ap-
pointed Sakonye Shosho. After his entry to the Tottori
castle, he introduced reforms in local administration,
enhancing the status of his clansmen and retainers and
encouraging thrift among the local people. He further
efiected radical reforms into the local military administra-
tion, thereby laying the foundations of the clan which lasted
over three hundred years. In the second year of the
Keian Era (1649, A.D.) Mitsunaka built a shrine in memory
of lyeyasu Tokugawa near the Tottori. 'Ihroughout the
Tokugawa Military Administration, lasting two hundred
and fifty years, the Ikeda family was one of the powerful
feudal Lords in the country. He died at the Tottori Castle
in the sixth year of the Genroku Era (1693, A.D.).
Yoshinori Ikeda, the ninth descendant of Mitsunaka,
was the fifth son of Nariaki Tokugawa, the Lord of Mito,
who was the elder brother of Yoshinobu Tokugawa, the
fifteenth and last Shogun of the Tokugawa Administration.
Prior to the Restoration of 1868, Yoshinori Tokugawa
advocated the restoration of the Imperial Court to power
and played a conspicuous part in the Restoration. In the
eighth year of the Meiji Era (1875) Yoshinori died in
Kyoto, and in 1907 the late Emperor Meiji Tenno conferred
on him the high Court rank of Ju-ichii. In 1884, Terutomo
Ikeda, son and heir of Yoshinori, was created a peer with
the title of Marquis. In 1894 Terutomo Ikeda died when
Nakahiro, fifth son of Yoshinobu Tokugawa, the fifteenth
Shogun, was adopted by the Ikeda family. Graduating
from the Military Cadet School in 1896, Marquis Nakashiro
Ikeda was appointed Sub-Lieutenant of Infantry and later
MAEQUIS N. IKEDA.
promoted to the rank of Lieutenant. During the late
Sino-Japanese War of 1894-5 the Marquis contributed a
large sum of money towards the military funds and was
decorated with the Fourth-class Imperial Order of the
Sacred Treasure. On account of ill-health he retired from
military service in 1902 and was appointed a member of
the House of Peers. In 1914 the Marquis was accorded
the Court rank of Ju-zammi and is the present representa-
tive of the Ikeda family.
MARQUIS MAYEDA TOSHINARI.
THE Mayeda family originates from Michizane Suga-
wara, who was a famous statesman of profound
learning in the reign of Emperor Uda Tenno, the fifty-
ninth sovereign, and who was appointed posthumously
Dajodaijin (Premier) with the highest Court rank of Jo-
ichii. In Kyoto there is a shrine called the Kitano
Tenman-gu, erected in memory of the statesman. During
the Tenbun Era (from 1532 to 1554, A.D.) there lived
Toshiharu Mayeda, Lord of Arako-mura, Aichi district,
Owari province, who had six sons. The first son was named
Toshihisa, the second Toshihiro, the third Toshikatsu, the
fourth Toshiiye, the fifth Nagayuki, and the sixth Hide-
tsugu. Toshiiye, the fourth son, was more sagacious and
courageous than his brothers, and at the age of 14 years he
( 688 )
took part in warlike operations, in which he fought a duel
with a commander of the enemy, who was overpowered and
killed. In compliance with a suggestion of Nobunaga
Oda, who then controlled Owari and neighbouring pro-
vinces, and who appreciated Toshiiye's gallantry in the
battlefield, Toshiharu Mayeda caused Toshiiye to succeed
his family, a practice seldom recorded in feudal days of old
Japan. In the first year of the Genki Era (1570, A.D.),
Nobunaga Oda granted Toshiiye the fief which raised 10,000
koku of rice in appreciation of his meritorious services, and
in the early part of the Tensho Era Nobunaga occupied
Echizen and neighbouring provinces after a series of hard
MARQUIS T. MAYEDA.
fights, in which Toshiiye played a conspicuous part. Nobu-
naga granted Toshiiye 33,000 koku of rice in appreciation
of his distinguished services. Toshiiye then established his
headquarters at the Nanao castle, in Nolo province. Upon
the untimely death of Nobunaga, Hideyoshi Toyotomi
assumed the oflSce of Military Regent and granted Toshiiye
the provinces of Kaga, Noto and Etchu, producing over
1,000,000 koku of rice. In the 15th year of the TenshS
Era (1587, A.D.) Hideyoshi led a powerful army to Kyushu
in order to subdue the Shimadzu family. Toshiiye was
entrusted by Hideyoshi with the duty of guarding the
Imperial Court in Kyoto against a possible uprising during
Hideyoshi's absence from the seat of government. So great
was the confidence of Hideyoshi in Toshiiye. After the
return to Kyoto of Hideyoshi from his expedition against
the Shimadzu family, Tosliiiye was appointed Gondainagon,
with the Court rank of Junii. Hideyoshi, prior to his
death, summoned Toshiiye and lyeyasu Tokugawa to his
death-bed and entrusted them with the responsible task of
controlling the State. Toshiiye was specially entrusted
with the duty of looking after Hideyori, son and heir of
Hideyoshi, who was then stationed at the Osaka castle,
while lyeyasu was entrusted witli the duty of guarding
Kyoto. During the life-time of Toshiiye, lyeyasu could
not carry out his ambitious scheme of grasping the reigns of
military administration. In March of the fourth year of
the Keicho Era (1599, A.D.) Tosliiiye died at the age of
sixty-two. In appreciation of distinguished services
rendered by Toshiiye during his life-time, the Imperial
Court granted the deceased warrior posthumous honour in
the form of the Court rank of Ju-ichii. In the following
year the memorable battle of the Sekigahara was fought
between lyeyasu Tokugawa and his opponents, resulting in
the crushing defeat of the latter. lyeyasu then assumed
the Military Regency. The coat of armour worn by
Toshiiye in the battlefield is still kept by the Mayeda
family.
Toshinaga Mayeda, the second representative of this
family, was the eldest son of Toshiiye, and followed his
father in the campaign. He received many rewards from
Nobunaga and Hideyoshi in recognition of his distinguished
services, and died at the Takaoka castle, Etchu province, in
May, 19th year of the Keich5 Era (1614, A.D.). Prior
to his death, the Imperial Court granted him the Court
rank of Ju-nii and the office of Gondainagon. Toslii-
tsune Mayeda, the third representative, and the fourth
son of Toshiiye, succeeded the family because Toshinaga
had no offspring. He iield the office of Gonchunagon and
the Court rank of Ju-nii.
The fifteenth representative of the family, Toshitsugu,
played a conspicuous part in the Restoration of 1868, and in
the 17th year of the Meiji Era (1884, A.D.) he was created
a peer with the title of Marquis, and later decorated with the
Second-class Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure holding
the Court rank of Ju-nii. He died in the 33rd year of
the Meiji Era (1900, A.D.). The sixteenth, and present
representative. Marquis Toshinari Mayeda, is a young
brother of Viscount Toshisada Mayeda and succeeded the
house at the death of his adopted father. Graduating from
the Military Staff College with honour in 1911, he was
appointed a Captain in the Imperial army, and in 1913 he
proceeded to Europe to study military science, returning
home in 1916. Now the Marquis has the Court rank of
Ju-shii and holds the Fifth-class Imperial Order of the
Sacred Treasure.
( 689 )
MARQUIS NABESHIMA NAHOHIRO.
I
rriHE Nabeshima family originates trom Kamatari
-L Fujiwara (Nakatomi-no-Kamatari), who played a
conspicuous part during the reign of Emperor Tenji, thirty-
eighth sovereign. Coming through Uona Fujiwara and
Hidesato Fujiwara, the latter of whom suppressed an uprising
started by Taira-no-Masakado, tiiere was Sukeyori ShQui,
who resided in Hizen province, Kyushu, and who held an im-
portant office known as ShSni in the Dazai-fu, a local mili-
tary government controlling Kyushu and providing against
foreign incursion. The Nabeshima family is also a branch
of the Rjuz5ji family, which controlled Saga province, and
resided at Nabeshima village, Hizen province, for genera-
tions, the family name being derived from the name of the
village. In the latter days of the Ashikaga military ad-
ministration the Shoni family was attacked by Yoshitaka
Ouchi, lord of Suwo and Nagato, The latter was, however,
repulsed by Kiyohisa Nabeshima and his son, Kiyofusa,
who were supported by lyekane Ryuzoji. From then the
Nabeshima family was in the ascendency. Kiyofusa Nabe-
shima had two sons, Nobufusa and Nobushige, the latter of
whom later changed his name to Naoshige. At that time
the Nabeshima, Otomo and Shimadzu families struggled
for supremacy. In 1570, A.D., Chikasada Otomo besieged
the Saga castle, which was the headquarters of Taka-
nobu Ryuzoji. Naoshige Nabeshima, by strategy, defeated
the besiegers, with the result that Chikasada was killed in
the engagement. After this victorious battle, Naoshige
changed his family crest of Kenbishi to that of GyoyO
as a symbol of prosperity and longevity.
In the tenth year of the Tensh5 Era (1582, A.D.),
when Nobunaga Oda was besieged and killed by Mitsuhide
Akechi, Naosiiige saw that Hideyoshi Toyotomi would
govern the country as military regent. Through Takakage
Kobayakawa, Naoshige sent a messenger to Hideyoshi in
Osaka to express his respect. Hideyoshi was greatly
pleased with this and returned thanks. In the 15th year of
the Tensho Era (1587, A.D.), Hideyoshi sent an expedition
against the Shimadzu family in Kyushu. Naoshige, as
vanguard of the expedition, assaulted the Shimadzu force
in Satsuma province, with the result that the latter suffered
a crushing defeat. In appreciation of his meritorious ser-
vice, Hideyoshi gave Naoshige and his son, Masaiye, the
greater portion of Hizen province, where 350,000 kohu of
rice were raised. The Nabeshima family was thus admitted
into the rank of Feudal Lords. In the first year of the
Buuroku Era (1592, A.D.), when Hideyoshi sent an expedi-
tion to Korea, Naoshige, with his force, numbering 12,000,
joined the expedition. Together with Kiyomasa KatO,
Naoshige proceeded as far as Hangyon province in North
Korea. When Hideyoshi dispatched another expedition to
Korea in the second year of the Keicho Era (1597, A.D.),
Naoyoshi again joined the expedition. After the death of
Hideyoshi, lyeyasu Tokugawa gained supremacy over all
the Feudal Lords in the country and thus provoked hatred
on the part of Mitsunari Ishida and other generals in
opposition. The latter even went so far as to contrive a
plan against lyeyasu. Thereupon, Naoshige, who was on
intimate terms with lyeyasu, hastened to Kyoto, where lye-
LORD NAHOMASA (KANSO)
NABESHIMA.
yasu was then staying, and informed him of tiie plan,
lyeyasu highly appreciated Naoshige's friendly sentiments.
In the fourth year of the Genua Era (1618, A.D.), Nao-
shige died at the age of 81. From then his descendants
maintained the Lordship of the Saga clan in Kyushu until
the last days of the Tokugawa Administration. During the
siege by lyeyasu Tokugawa, in 1614 and 1615, of the
Osaka castle, where Hideyori Toyotomi, son and heir of
Hideyoshi, was stationed, Katsushige Nabeshima, son and
heir of Naoshige, remained in Hizen province to provide
against the Shimadzu family in Satsuma province, Kyushu,
who were then opposed to lyeyasu. In the 14th year of
the Kanyei Era (1637, A.D.) the Japanese believers in the
Roman Catholic Religion in Hizen rose against the Toka<
gawa Administration, having established their headquarters
( 690 )
at the Hara castle at Shimabara. Katsushige joined the
expedition sent by the Tokugawa Government against the
insurgents and stormed the castle on February 27th, 1638,
instead of the 28th of the month as pre-arranged. The
castle was taken, but Katsushige was reprimanded by the
Shogun Government because he ignored the appointed date.
From the 17th year of the Kanyei, Katsushige, together
with the Kuroda family in charge of the Fukuoka clan,
was instructed by the Tokugawa Government to guard
Nagasaki, wliich had been opened to foreign trade, and
this important office was maintained by his descendants
until the downfall of the Tokugawa regime. Katsushige
MARQUIS N. NABESHIMA.
held the office of an Imperial Chamberlain and the Court
rank of Ju-shii. He died in the third year of the Mei-
reki Era (1657, A.D.)
Tadanao, son and heir of Katsushige, died early and
was succeeded by his son, Mitsushige, who was appointed
Lord of Tango province. His descendants maintained the
office of Lord of either Tango or Shinano province for
generations. From the days of Harumochi, the Lordship
of Hizen province in Kyushu was granted the Nabeshima
family by the Shogunate Government.
The greatness of the Nabeahima family was mainly due
to the wisdom of Naoshige, the first Lord of the Saga clan,
who was conspicuous among Feudal Lords in the country.
He encouraged the principle of Bushido among his clansmen
and left no stone unturned for the development of his clan.
In addition to Bushido, the Nabeshima family and the
clansmen observed another doctrine, called the Hagakureshu
(Flowers behind Young Leaves), which is a collection of
golden words and views expressed by Shinyemon Yama-
moto, a samurai who served under Mitsushige Nabeshima
and who learned Chinese classics and other branches of
science from Yasuzayemon Ishida, a faithful retainer of
Katsushige Nabeshima. All samurai belonging to the
Nabeshima family were generally known as the Hagakure-
bushi. The Hagakureshu sets forth, among other things,
that the Bushido principle shall be strictly observed and
exercised by the clansmen, that the clansmen shall always
be ready to sacrifice their lives for the sake of their Lord,
that they shall faithfully exercise filial duty towards their
parents and that they shall, as far as possible, carry on
benevolent acts for the benefit for others in and outside their
clan.
Narimasa, the eleventh representative of the Nabeshima
family, was a famous and enlightened Lord in the last days
of the Tokugawa Administration. He was born at the
residence of the Nabeshima family at Sakurada, Yedo (now
Tokyo) on December 7th in the eleventh year of the Bunka
Era (1814, A.D.). His name was later changed to Naomasa.
In the eighth year of the iBunsei Era (1824, A.D.), he
married Mori-hime, a daughter of lyenari Tokugawa, the
eleventh Shogun.
A noteworthy fact was that Harumochi, the ninth
representative for the Nabeshima family, constructed forts
in Nagasaki on his own account against foreign incursions.
This was because in the first year of the Bunka Era (1804)
a Russian Envoy arrived in Nagasaki on a mission for
establishing commercial relations with Japan and five years
later a British warship penetrated Nagasaki. Having spent
the greater portion of their property on the construction of
forts, the Nabeshima family began to suffer financially, but
by the enforcement of strict economy Narimasa managed to
tide over the difficulty.
Upon the arrival of Commodore Perry at Uraga, during
the Kayei Era, the country was thrown into a state of
turmoil, one section of the public urging the importance of
opening the country to international trade, while another
insisted on shutting the coasts against foreigners. Among
the clansmen of Saga were not a few who committed
irregularities on account of their excessive patriotism.
Narimasa, however, treated these outlaws in a liberal
manner and was thus able to maintain peace in the districts
under his jurisdiction. Among the bright youths in the
Saga clan at the time were the late Count Taneomi Soyejima,
the late Shinpei Eto, the late Count Takato Ogi and Marquis
Nobushige Okuma, ex- Premier. Narimasa, while encourag-
ing all branches of military education in Japan, introduced
( 691 )
the Western civilization and established in Nagasaki a school
vfhere the Dutch language and medical science were taught.
He further imported from Europe a number of guns and
rifles, with which his clansmen were armed. After many
years' experiments, he was successful in turning out guns,
and this important branch of military science was
disclosed to other clans. He also ordered from Holland
a steamer which, on arrival in Japan, was called the
Denryu Maru (electric current vessel) and which was the
first steamship ever introduced to this country from
the West.
In regard to the national defence programme, Nari-
raasa submitted to Yoshinobu Tokugawa, the fifteenth and
last Shogun, various plans, which were all accepted by the
Shogun who, by way of appreciation, promoted him to the
office of Sakonye-ShoshS. In the first year of the Ansei
Era (1854, A.D.), the Shogun presented him with a sword,
called Nagamitsu — a blade kept by the Shoguns for
generations — in appreciation of his valuable service in
constructing forts at the Kami-shima and lo-shima in
Nagasaki. In the sixth year of the same Era, he was
raised to the oflSce of Sakonye-Chujo. Upon the Restora-
tion of 1868, he was appointed the Gitei-kan (Councillor)
by the new Government and shortly afterwards he was
raised to the office of Gonchunagon and granted the Court
rank of Ju-nii. In the second year of the Meiji Era, he
was appointed Chief of the Hokkaido Colonial Administra-
tion and the supreme office of Dainagon. On January 18th
in the fourth year of the same era, he died at the age of
fifty-eight. In the 44th year of the same era, the Emperor
raised the Court rank of Narimasa to J5-ichii in recognition
of his great services to the State. In the second year of
the present Taisho Era (1913), a bronze statue in memory
of Narimasa was erected near the Matsubara Shrine, in
Saga, under the auspices of Marquis Okuma, ex-Premier,
and others. The Matsubara Shrine is established in
memory of Naoshige, the first Lord of the Saga clan.
Marquis Naohiro Nabeshima, the present representative of
the family, was born on February 27tli, 1846. He was
created a peer with a title of Marquis in July, 1884. He
is now a member of the House of Peers, Councillor of the
Imperial Household ; Councillor of the Japan Red Cross
Society, Vice-Patron of the Imperial Japanese Society for
Saving Life and Property from shipwreck and was decorated
with the First-class Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure
holding the Court rank of j5-nii.
MARQUIS TOKUGAWA YORIMICHI.
\
' I "HE Tokugawa family in Kishu originates from Yori-
-'- nobu Tokugawa, the tenth son of lyeyasu Tokugawa.
Yorinobu was born on March 7th in the seventh year of
the Keicho Era (1602, A.D.) and the following year he
resided at the Mito castle in Hitachi province, receiving
250,000 Imku of rice annually. In the 11th year of the
same era, he was appointed Ukonye-Shosho and granted
the Court rank of Ju-shii. In the 15th year of the same
era, he was appointed Military Governor of Suruga and
Totomi provinces, receiving 500,000 kohx of rice each year.
In the 5th year of the Genua Era (1619, A.D.), he re-
moved to Kishu or Kii province, governing the whole of
Kishu and three districts of Ise province. Residing at
the Wakayama castle, he received 550,000 hdku of rice
annually and was appointed Dainagon, the Court rank of
Jo-nii being granted. He devoted his energy to the relief
of distress of the local people who were sufiering from the
effects of warlike operations in the Keicho and Genua
Eras, besides encouraging education, religious faith and
productive industries. He further made representations to
the Bakufu Government as to the administration of the
State and was generally regarded as a clever administrator
in those days. In the 11th year of the Kanbun (1671,
A.D.), he died at Wakayama.
Mitsusada Tokugawa, the second representative of the
Tokugawa family, was the eldest son of Yorinobu and born
on December 11th in the third year of the Kanbun Era
(1663, A.D.). He was as sagacious as his father and even
during the luxurious days of the Genroku Era a strict
discipline was maintained among samurai class of Kishu.
He held the high office of Dainagon with the Court rank
of Ju-ichii and died on August 8th in the second year of
the Hoyei Era (1705, A.D.).
Tsunanori Tokugawa, the third representative of the
family, was the eldest son of Mitsusada and was appointed
Chunagon, with the Court rank of Ju-zammi. He died on
May 14th in the second year of the Hoyei Era.
Yorimoto Tokugawa, the fourth representative of the
family, was the younger brother of Tsunanori and appointed
Sangi, the Court rank of j5-zammi being granted. He
( 692 )
died on September 8th in the second year of the Hoyei Era
when he was only 26 years old.
Yoshimune Tokugawa, tlie fifth representative of the
family, was the fourth son of Mitsusada and born on April
11th in the lOth year of the Genroku Era (1697, A.D.).
On April 30th in the first year of the Kyoho Era (1716,
A.D.), he was appointed the Eighth Shogun of the Toku-
gawa Military Government and introduced reforms in
various lines of administration. He died on June 20th in
the first year of the Horeki Era (1751, A.D.).
MARQUIS Y. TOKUGAWA.
Munenao Tokugawa, the sixth representative of the
&mily, was a grandson of Yorinobu and encouraged fishery
and other enterprises. He held the office of Daiiiagon and
the Court rank of Ju-nii. He died on July 2nd in the
seventh year of the Horyaku Era (1757, A.D.).
Munenobu Tokugawa, the seventh representative of
the family, was the eldest sou of Munenao and held the
office of Ciiuiiagon and the Court rank of Ju-zammi. He
died on February 25th in the second year of the Meiwa
Era (1765, A.D.).
Shigenori Tokugawa, the eighth representative of the
family, was the second son of Munenobu and held the office
of Chunagon and the Court rank of Ju-zammi. He died on
December 2nd in the 12th year of the Bunsei Era (1829,
A.D.).
Harusada Tokugawa, the ninth representative of the
family, was the second son of Munenao and held the office
of Chunagon and the Court rank of Ju-zammi. He died
on October 23rd in the first year of the Kansei Era (1789,
A.D.).
Harutomi Tokugawa, the tenth representative of the
family, was the second son of Shigenori and was appointed
Dainagon, the Court rank of Ju-ichii being given him.
He died on January 8th in the sixth year of the Kayei Era
(1853 A.D.).
Nariyuki Tokugawa, the eleventh representative of the
family, was the sixth son of lyenari, the Eleventh Shogun,
and held the office of Dainagon and the Court rank of J5-
nii. He died on March 8th in the third year of the Kska
Era (1846, A.D.).
Narikatsu Tokugawa, the twelfth representative of the
family, was the younger brother of Nariyuki and held the
office of Dainagon and the Court rank of Ju-nii. He died
on March 10th in the second year of the Kayei Era (1849,
A.D.).
Yoshitomi Tokugawa, the thirteenth representative of
the family, was the eldest son of Nariyuki and later ap-
pointed tlie Fourteenth Shogun, holding the Court rank of
Ju-ichii. He died at the age of 21.
Mochitsugu Tokugawa, the fourteenth representative
of the family, was the seventh son of Raigaku Matsudaira
and created a peer with the title of Marquis in 1884, when
a system of peerage was first adopted in Japan. He died
on August 20tb in the 39th year of the Meiji Era (1906,
A.D.).
Yorimichi Tokugawa, the present representative of the
the family, was born in June 27th 1872 and was adopted
from the Tayasu branch of the Tokugawa family and upon
the death of Mochitsugu he succeeded to the title of the
deceased. He is a member of the House of Peers and has
the Court rank of j5-zammi. Among various enterprises
started by him is the Nanki Bunko, a well-known library
in Tokyo, and he was presented with a medal with blue
ribbon by the Imperial Court in appreciation of services
rendered by him to the State and people.
( 693 )
MARQUIS YAMANOUCHI TOYOKAGE.
THE Yamanouchi family is descended from Kamatari
Fujiwara, who held the supreme office known as
Taighokukwan during the reign of Emperor Tenji Tenno,
who ascended the Throne in 1328 in the Japanese chro-
LORD KADZUTOYO YAMANOUCHI.
nology, or 668, A.D. Toshimichi Sudo, the tenth de-
scendant of Kamatari, resided at Yamanouchi, Sagami pro-
vince, and the family name was changed to Yamanouchi.
During the uprising of the Hogen Era (1156, A.D.),
Toshimichi Sudo, together with his son and heir, Toshitsuna
Sudo, fought on the side of Minamoto-no-Yoshitomo and
won a brilliant victory over the rebels. In the disturbance
of the Heiji Era (1159 in the Western calendar) Toshimichi
Sudo, with his son, again took the side of Yoshitomo, who
was defeated, with the result that both the father and his
son died in Kyoto from the effects of their wounds.
Tsunetoshi Sudo, younger brother of Toshitsuna Sudo,
served under Minamoto-no-Yoritomo, the first Military
Kegent of the Kamakura Period, and was appointed the
local Governor of Iga and Ise provinces. His descendants
resided in Owari, T5t3mi, Sagami, Mino, Mutsu, Echizen,
Tamba, Harima, Bingo and lyo provinces. During the
Tembun and Yeiroku Eras (from 1532 to 1559, A.D.)
there lived in Owari province, Moritoyo Yamanouchi
(Tajima-no-Kami) who, in co-operation with Nobuyasu (Ise-
no-Kami), a faithful retainer of Oda Nobunaga, defeated his
enemy. In the second year of the Yeiroku Era (1559, A.D.)
Moritoyo Yamanouchi committed suicide at the Iwakura
castle, Owari province, having been defeated by his foe.
His son and heir, named Kadzutoyo Yamanouchi, served
under Toyotomi Hideyoshi who, after assuming the office of
Military Regent, sent an expedition to Korea with a view
to conquering the Asiatic Continent. He was a man of
great talent and energy, and he gradually raised his position
until he was appointed the Lord of the Kakegawa castle in
Totomi province, being granted 50,000 hoku of rice as his
annual allowance. After the death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi,
Kadzutoyo Yamanouchi became a retainer of Tokugawa
lyeyasu, the first Shogun of the Tokugawa Government.
In the memorable battle at Sekigahara, in which lyeyasu
totally crushed his enemy, Kadzutoyo Yamanouchi played a
most important part, and it is no exaggeration to say that
if Kadzutoyo had not lived lyeyasu Tokugawa might not
have won a decisive victory and established the Tokugawa
Shogun Government, which lasted two hundred and fifty
years. After the Sekigahara engagement, Kadzutoyo
Yamanouchi was granted 202,600 koku of rice annually in
TOYOSHIGE (YODO) YAMANOUCHI.
appreciation of services rendered to the first Shogun.
Kadzutoyo then resided in Tosa province, and encouraged
militarism among his vassals and the inhabitants in the
province and other districts in Shikoku in order to face an
emergency. Kadzutoyo, having no heir to succeed him,
( 694 )
adopted Tadayoshi, a son of his younger brother, named
Yasutoyo. Later, Tadayoshi married the adopted daughter
of the first Shogun, Tokugawa lyeyasu, Kadzutoyo died on
September 20th in the 10th year of the Keicho Era (1605).
Tadayoshi, like Kadzutoyo, was an enlightened personage
and encouraged trade, industry and fishery. Further, he
sent many tradesmen to Nagasaki, the only open port in
Japan at the time, to trade with Westerners. Nor was
this all. He encouraged education and spread among the
people of Tosa province and neighbouring districts the
doctrine of patriotism.
MARQUIS T. YAMANOUCHI.
Toyosuke, the tenth representative of the family, devised
measures for the improvement of administration and lyenari,
the Eleventh Shogun of the Tokugawa Military Govern-
ment, appointed him Sakonye-Shosho in appreciation of
service rendered by him to the State. Sakonye-ShSsho is
far superior in rank to Jiju (Chamberlain to the Throne)
which ofllice was hereditarily maintained by his ancestors
from the inauguration of the Yamanouchi family.
Toyoshige, the fiteenth representative of the family, was
as sagacious as Toyosuke and he sought the opinion of
scholars of the day, among them Toko Fujita, Toyo Yoshida
and Yoshikadzu Konami, in dealing with affairs of the State,
with the visit to Uraga of Commodore Perry's Squadron,
the country was thrown into a state of turmoil and Toyo-
shige, like other patriots, was greatly concerned over the
situation and advanced various suggestions for the sake of
the Shogunate Government. In the sixth year of the
Ansei Era (1859, A.D.), Toyoshige retired from oflacial life
and was succeeded by Toyonori. He then lived in retire-
ment at iSamedzu, near Shinagawa. The pressure brought
upon the State by various foreign countries at the time was
so great that he was specially asked by the Imperial Court
and Shogunate Government to assume oflSce again for the
sake of the country. He played the part of go-between in
all affairs between the Throne and the Shogun. Seeing that
the Shogunate Administration had lost the confidence of the
people, Toyoshige thought that the time had at last come
for the Imperial Court to recover the Sovereignty and sent
his faithful retainers, Shojiro Goto and Takachika Fukuoka,
to the Shogunate OflSce in order to persuade Shogun
Yoshinobu to hand over the reins of Government to the
Imperial House. Shogun Yoshinobu accepted this advice
and thus the Restoration of 1868 was successfully carried
out. That Toyoshige played an important part in the
Restoration was proved by the fact that in 1889, when the
constitution of Japan was first promulgated, the late
Emperor Meiji Tenno sent his representative to the tomb
of Toyoshige to report the great event. He died in 1872.
Later posthumous honour was granted the deceased in the
form of the Court rank of Ju-ichii.
The Restoration of 1868 was mainly effected by the
Satsuma, Choshu and Tosa clans, the latter of which was
under charge of the Yamanouchi family. Prior to his
death, he was decorated by the late Emperor Meiji TennS
with the Second-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
Toyonori, the sixteenth representative of the family,
was born in 1846 in the Kochi castle, Tosa province. He
was the eleventh son of the 12th Feudal Lord Toyosuke.
He was created Marquis in July, 1884, in recognition of
his predecessor's distinguished services. The Marquis pass-
ed away in July, 1886. Prior to his death the Emperor
raised him to the Court rank of Ju-nii, and decorated him
with the Second-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
The late Marquis participated in the Government aflTairs
after the Restoration and his services were also meritorious,
especially in the Satsuma rebellion of 1877.
Marquis Toyokage Yamanouchi, son and heir of Toyo-
nori, is the present representative of the family. During
the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-5, he contributed a large
sum of money to the war funds and after the close of the
war he was decorated with the Fourth-class Imperial Order
of the Rising Sun. Graduating from the Military Cadet
School in 1899, he was appointed a Sub-Lieutenant in the
Infantry of the Imperial Bodyguard. In the same year he
was appointed a member of the House of Peers, and on
April 6th, 1901, he married Sachi-ko, the eldest daughter
of H.I.H. Field Marshal Prince Fushimi. In 1902 he was
( 695 )
promoted to the rank of Lieutenant and the following year
he was attached to the General Staff Office. He then
entered the Military Staff College. During the Russo-
Japanese War of 1904-5, he worked under Field Marshal
Prince Yamagata, then Chief of the Staff Office, and in the
summer of 1905 he accompanied Prince Yamagata to
Manchuria to inspect the battlefields. In 1905, he was
decorated with the Fifth-class Military Order of Golden Kite
and the Third-class Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure
in recognition of his service as a staff officer. In October,
1906, he was ordered to proceed to France for the study
of military science. In 1909, when T.I.H. Prince and
Princess Nashimoto visited Europe, Marquis Toyokage
Yamauouchi was ordered by the Imperial Court to join the
suite of the Prince and Princess. Accompanying their
Highnesses, he visited Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany,
Great Britain, Italy, Belgium and other countries. On his
return to Tokyo in 1910, he was promoted to the rank of
Major and placed on the retired list on account of illness.
The following year he was appointed Gentleman-in- Waiting
in the " Jako-Hall " in the Palace, which post he now
holds.
COUNT TODO TAKATSUGU.
' I ^HE T5do family originates from Emperor Temmu
Tenno, the Fortieth Sovereign, who ascended the
Throne in 672. Conspicuous among the ancestors of the
family was Takatora Todo who served under Hideyoshi
Toyotomi and who rendered distinguished services in
various campaigns. During the Bunroku Era, from 1592
to 1595, Takatora followed the first expedition sent against
Korea by Hideyoshi and upon the return of the expedition
Takatora was granted a fief producing 70,000 kohu of
rice in lyo province, in recognition of his meritorious
services. In the second year of the KeicliO Era (1597,
A.D.) when Hideyoshi sent another expedition to Korea,
Takatora again joined it as a commander and after the
return of the expedition he was granted an additional
fief producing 10,000 koku of rice. After the death of
Hideyoshi, Takatora sided with lyeyasu Tokugawa, the
First Shogun of the Tokugawa Military Administration,
with whom he had been on intimate terms before Hideyoshi
died. At the memorable battle at Sekigahara in the fifth
year of the Keich5 Era (1600, A.D.), Takatora rendered
distinguished services in crushing the enemy of lyeyasu,
who, after the campaign, granted him a fief producing
320,000 Icohu of rice in the provinces of Ise and Iga. The
name of Takatora Tdd5 is well-known among all classes of
the people at the present time. Through eleven ancestors
comes the present representative of the family, Takatsugu
Todo, who was born on July 27th, 1884, and succeeded
his father. Count Takakiyo Todo, on January 8th, 1890.
During the Sino- Japanese War of 1894-5, he donated
COUNT T. TODO.
¥2,840 to the funds in aid of bereaved families of soldiers
either killed or wounded in the campaign. He holds the
Court rank of Ju-shii, and the office of Chamberlain.
( 696 )
COUNT T0KU6AWA SATOMICHr.
COUNT TOKUGAWA, SATOMICHI, was bom on
November I9tb, 1872, in Tokyo, and during his
boyhood was called Eijiro Tokugawa.
COUNT
His family is a branch of the Tokugawa family which
is traced down to Tsunemoto Minaraoto, a grandson of tlie
Emperor Seiwa TennS. Shiro (Yoshisuye), a descendant ot
Tsunemoto, settled at a village in Kotsuke province and for
the first time assumed the family name of Tokugawa. lye-
yasu Tokugawa, the sixteenth descendant of the founder of
the Tokugawa family, was, it is well known, one of the
greatest generals this country had ever produced, and
founded the Shogunate.
The eighth Shogun, Yoshimune Tokugawa, had several
sons, the fourth of whom, Munetada Tokugawa, was
detached from the main family and founded a separate
family, popularly called Hitotsubashi. The new family
was given a large fief by the main family, besides having
the privilege of succeeding the Shoguns whenever they had
no son of their own.
The ninth descendant of the branch line, Mochiharu
Tokugawa, was the last feudal lord of the line, and held
the Court rank of Jo-nii. His fourth son is the present
Count.
In April, 1884, the present Count inherited his
father's title and assumed the present name, when he was
granted the Court rank of Ju-goi. In July of the same
year he was granted audience by the late Emperor Meiji
Tenno for the first time on the occasion of his inheritance of
the family title, and created Count.
In 1896 he was promoted in Court rank. Another
promotion followed in December, 1900. At present Count
Satomichi Tokugawa holds the Court rank of Ju-zammi.
VISCOUNT ARIMA SUMIAKI.
THE Ariraa family had its origin in Karaatari Fujiwara,
who held a supreme Court rank, known as Taishoku-
kan, in the reign of Emperor Tenji TennS, who ascended the
Throne in 668. In lyo province, there lived Sumitomo Fuji-
wara who was the direct ancestor of the Arimafamily. During
the Kaniakura military administration Tsunezumi Fujiwara,
descendant of Sumitomo, removed to Hizen province, Kyushu,
and established his headquarters at Knchinotsu, Takaku
district, in the province. He was later appointed magistrate
of Arima in the province and the family name was changed
to Arima. A castle, called the Hinoye castle, was after-
wards erected at Arima. Tadazumi, younger brother of
Tsunezumi, lived at Omura, Sonogi district, Hizen province,
and was the ancestor of the present Count Omura. Suminao,
Lord of Echizen province, who was the youngest brother of
Tsunezumi, resided at Sliimabara, Kyushu, and established
a house called the Shimabara family.
Tsunezumi Fujiwara is historically regarded as the first
representative of the Arima family. The second representa-
tive was named Tomozumi, and the third representative
lyezumi who, having no children, was succeeded by his
younger brotlier, called Tsurazumi, who was thus made the
fourth representative of the family. In the eleventh year
of the Bunyei Era (1274, A.D.) and the fourth year of the
Koan Era (1281), Kyushu and other districts of Western
Japan were twice invaded by Mongolian forces. Tsurazumi,
with Hachiro Nagata and other retainers, faced the invaders,
as did other Lords in Western Japan. The son and heir of
( 697 )
Tsurazumi was named Sadazumi, being the fifth representa-
tive of the family. On his death, he was succeeded by
Sumitoki, his uncle, as the sixth representative. At this
time Emperor Go-Daigo Tenno returned home from the Oki
Island, where his Majesty had been. Thereupon Yoshisada
Nitta, a famous loyalist, raised an army in order to protect
the Emperor and crush Takauji Ashikaga. In Kyushu,
Taketoshi Kikuchi also raised an army in the cause of the
Imperial Court and fought Takauji Ashikaga, but was
defeated. The Arima fiamily assisted Kikuchi in tiie
campaign against Ashikaga. During the reign of Emperor
Kameyama Tenno, Yoshimitsu Ashikaga sent a strong force
to Kyushu for the purpose of suppressing various Lords
who were against him. The Arima family, together with
Shimadzu, Omura, and other Lords in Kyushu faced the
Ashikaga army, but was defeated.
Sumitoki was succeeded by Mitsuzurai, the seventh
representative, whose son, named Ujizumi, was appointed
Lord of Hizen province, being the eighth representative.
Takazumi, the ninth representative, fought the Omura family
and took possession of the Imatomi and Yoshitake castles.
Takazumi then assaulted the Matsuura family and occupied
the Sasa and other castles belonging to the latter. In
addition to Takaku district, which was originally attached
to the Arima family, Takazumi secured the two districts ot
Fujizu and Kijima as a result of victory. Takazumi was
succeeded by Sumimoro Shimabara, Lord of Echizen pro-
vince, a branch of the Arima family, as the tenth representa-
tive, because the son and heir of Takazumi was still a mere
child. Later, Sumimoro retired and was succeeded by
Haruzumi, the son and heir of Takazumi, as the eleventh
representative. During the Tenbun Era, S5rin Otomo, of
Buzen province, was so powerful that lie occupied the greater
portion of Kyushu, while the Shimadzu family maintained
two per cent, of Kyushu, the balance being held by the
Arima, Ryuzoji, Tahara, Akidzuki, Takahashi and Tsuchi-
mochi families. In the 14th year of the Tenbun Era (1545,
A.D.), Haruzumi Arima fought the Kyuzoji family at
Fujizu, with the result that the latter suffered a crushing
defeat. Haruzumi thus controlled six districts of Mine,
Kanzaki, Saga, Kijima, Fujitsu and Takaku, from which
310,000 koku of rice was raised annually. At Arima is
another castle called the Haru castle, the work on which
was completed in the days of Harunobu Arima. Among
leading retainers of Haruzumi Arima were Nagayoshi
Mihakano, in charge of the Saga castle, Shimotsuke
Fukaye, in charge of the Fukaye castle, Kanmotsu
Taguchi, in charge of the Sagino castle, Awaji Chichiishi,
in charge of the Chichiishi castle, Hyobu Yamada, in
charge of the Koga castle, Goyemon Nishi in charge
of the Moriyama castle, and Umasuke Autoku, in
charge of the Mine castle. Haruzumi was succeeded
by his son, Yoshisada, as the 12th representative.
A daughter of Yoshisada married a son of Taka-
nobu RyuzSji. In tlie 12th year of the Eiroku
Era (1569, A.D.) the Suko and Saga castles, belong-
ing to the Arima family, were assaulted and seized
by Takanobu Ryuzoji. The following year the Yokozora
castle at Fujitsu was besieged and captured by Taka-
nobu. Yoshisada was subsequently succeeded by his
son, Yoshizumi, the 13th representative. Yoshizumi,
having no offspring, was succeeded by his younger brother,
Harunobu, the 1 4th representative. In the 12th year of
the Tensho Era ( 1584, A.D.), Takanobu Ryuzoji, with a
r
VISCOUNT S. ARIMA.
strong force, assaulted Harunobu Arima, who, however,
defeated the invaders by means of strategy. In the 14th
year of the TenshS Era, Hideyoshi Toyotomi sent an expedi-
tion against the Shimadzu family, which, after a battle, sur-
rendered. The Arima family also surrendered to Hideyoshi.
In the first year of the Bunroku Era (1592, A.D ), when
Hideyoshi sent a powerful expedition against Korea, Haru-
nobu Arima belonged to the army under Yukinaga Konishi,
a General of the expeditionary forces, and landed at Fusan.
In the second expedition sent by Hideyoshi, in the fotlrth
year of the Bunroku Era, Harunobu also followed the expedi-
tion and penetrated Chholla, Kyongsang and Chkungchong
provinces. Hideyoshi died in the second year of the Keicho
Era (1597, A.D.), and on receipt of the news of his death the
expedition returned home. Acting under instructions from
( 698 )
lyeyasu Tokugawa, the first Shogun of the Tokugawa
Government, Harunobu Arima attacked a Portuguese
mercliantman in Nagasaki on December 12th, the 14th
year of the KeichS Era (1609, A.D.) and burnt the vessel.
At that time there were in Kyushu many Japanese
Christians, among tiiem the Otomo, Arima, Shimadzu,
Omura and Ito families.
A noteworthy fact was that the Arima, Otomo and
Omura families sent delegates to Eome in order to express
their respect to the Pope. The delegation comprised Yoshi-
taka Ito, Seizayemon Chichiishi and two others, who left
Nagasaki for Rome on a Portuguese sailing-vessel on January
31st in the 10th year of the Tensho Era (1582, A.D.),
and returned home safely on June 20th in the 18th year of
the same Era, thus spending eight years in the execution of
the mission. During the Tensho and KeichS Era large
vessels were owned by many Daimyo, among them Kiyo-
masa Kato, Naoshige Nabeshima, Harunobu Arima, Taka-
nobu Matsuura, and Yoshihisa Shimadzu who navigated as
far as Siam and other quarters.
Harunobu was impeached by his foe that he was a
Christian, that he contemplated destroying the Daibutsu in
Kyoto and the port of Nagasaki. Having failed to prove
his innocence, he had his fief confiscated by the Shogunate
Government and the result was that he committed suicide.
He was succeeded by his son, Naozumi, who was granted
by the Government a fief producing 40,000 hoku of rice
annually, the Hinoye castle at Arima being fixed as his
headquarters.
Naozumi Arima, the 15th representative, was on inti-
mate terms with lyeyasu Tokugawa. In the 19th year
of the KtichS Era he was transferred to Agata, Usuki
district, Hyuga province. In the 14th year of the
Kanyei Era (1637, A.D.), Japanese Christians in western
Kyushu rose against the Tokugawa Administration and
occupied the Haru castle in Hizen province formerly
belonging to the Arima family. Naozumi, together
with his son and heir, Yasuzumi, took the side of the
Tokugawa Administration and assaulted the insurgents,
who were ultimately suppressed. Naozumi was succeeded
by Yasuzumi, the 16 th representative. In January of the
first year of the Kanbun Era (1661, A.D.) the Imperial
Palace buildings in Kyoto were partially damaged by fire
and Yasuzumi was appointed a member of the commission
for re-erecting the Imperial buildings. The following year
the work on the buildings was completed and then Yasu-
zumi retired from active service, being succeeded by
Kiyozumi, the 17th representative. On account of his
alleged maladministration, due to irregularities committed
by his retainers, he was in 1691 transferred to Itoegawa,
Echigo province, where 50,000 koku of rice was produced.
In May, 1695, he was again transferred to the Maruoka
castle in Echizeu province, his new fief producing the same
quantity of rice. Passing Mazumi, the 18th representa-
tive, Takazumi, the 19th representative and Masazumi, the
20th representative, Nazumi, the 21st representative, was
commissioned by the Shogun with the riparian work in
Owari, Mino, Ise and other districts. After Norizumi, the
22nd representative, there were Haruzumi, the 23rd repre-
sentative, and Michizumi, the 24th representative. Before
and after the Restoration of 1868, Michizumi played an
important part in the cause of the Imperial House and was
created a peer with the title of Viscount in 1884, when the
peerage was first inaugurated in Japan. He died on May
24th, 1903, and was succeeded by his son and heir, Sumiaki,
the present representative of the Arima family. The
Viscount was born on January 3rd, 1868. Graduating
from the Agricultural College, he entered the military ser-
vice as a one year volunteer and was appointed a Sub-
Lieutenant in the cavalry corps. In 1900 he was appointed
a Chamberlain to the Crown Prince and in 1909 was ap-
pointed the Master of the Household of H.I.H. Prince
Higashi-Kuni-no-Miya. Now the Viscount has the Court
rank of Jo-shii and holds the Fifth-class Imperial Order of
the Sacred Treasure. The Viscount was one of the En-
thronement Commissioners.
VISCOUNT MIMUROTO MASAMITSU.
rpHE Mimuroto family had its origin in Kamatari Fuji-
-*- wara. Masamitsu, a descendant of Kamatari Fuji-
wara, founded a family named Mimuroto. The second
representative of the family was Sukenori ; the third, Suke-
kata ; the fourth, Mitsumura ; the fifth, Katamitsu and the
sixth was Takemitsu Mimuroto, who was granted the Court
rank of Ju-goi in the second year of the Tempo Era (1831,
A..D.). In the second year of the Ausei Era (1855, A.D.)
he was granted the Court rank of Jo-zammi. In the 15th
year of the Meiji Era (1882, A.D. ), he was appointed a
high official at the Kyoto Detached Palace, and in 1884
he was created a peer with the title of Viscount, the Court
rank of Ju-nii being granted. In 1893, he had the Court
rank raised by one degree, namely to Jo-nii. He died on
August 3rd, 1903. Prior to his death he had the Court
rank raised to Ju-ichii. He was 80 years old at the time
!
( B99 )
of this death. Masamitsu, the present representative of the
family, was born on November 9th, 1842. He was decorat-
ed with the Fourth-class Imperial Order of the Sacred
VISCOUNT M. MIMUROiO.
Treasure and he has the Court rank of Ju-nii and the oflBce
of the Ritualist of the Great Imperial Shrine at Ise. His
grandson, Yukimitsu, was born on January 9th, 1873, and a
son of the Hon. Harumitsu Mimuroto. He has been decorated
with the Fifth-class Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure
and held various offices in the Imperial Household. In
1895, he was appointed Inspector of the Treasury Depart-
HON. Y. MIMUROTO.
ment in the Imperial Household, in 1908 he was made
the Secretary of the Works Bureau of the Imperial
Household, and in May, 1916, appointed Secretary of
H.I.M. the Empress Household. He has the Court rank
of Ju-goi.
VISCOUNT MORI MOTOKATSU.
"■ I ""HE Mori family originates from Motonari Mori, Lord
of Mutsu Province, who is a well-known figure in
Japanese History and has blood relations with Prince
Mori.
Hidemoto Mori, the first representative of the family,
was appointed Commander of the Expedition sent to Korea
several centuries ago when he was only fifteen years old.
In the third year of the Keicho Era (1598, A.D.)
Terumoto, father of Hidemoto, built a castle called the
Katsuyama-jo at Chofu, Nagato province, where he resided.
In the campaign in Osaka in the first year of the Genna
Era (1615, A.D.) he rendered meritorious service,.
As Terumoto had two other sons, Hidemoto established
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VISCOUNT MORI'S RESIDENCE, CHOFU,
NAGATO PROVINCE.
(
a house of his own, from which the present Mori family
originates. He received a fief which produced 50,000 koku
of rice.
Mototoshi, the thirteenth descendant of Hidemoto, was
a loyalist and rendered distinguished services before and
after the Restoration of 1868. In 1871, he proceeded to
England for the prosecution of his studies and returned
home in 1874. In 1884 he was created a peer with the
title of Viscount In November, 1902, when military
mancBuvres were carried on in Kumamoto, Kyushu, his
residence at Chofu was used by the late Emperor Meiji Tenno
as his headquarters.
700 )
Motokatsu Mori, the present representative of the family,
was born in June, 1877. In 1902, he entered the military
service as one year volunteer and followed the campaign of
the late Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5 as a Sub.-Lieu tenant.
After the war be was decorated with the Sixth Class Imperial
Order of the Rising Sun and promoted to the rank of
Lieutenant, being placed on the retired list. On the
occasion of the enthronement of the present Emperor at
Kyoto in November, 1915, he had the honour of attending
the grand ceremony as the representative of the peers
holding the title of Viscount. He holds the Court rank of
Ju-shii.
VISCOUNT SOMA ARITANE.
THE Soma family originates from Yoshimasa, second
son of Taira-no-Takamochi (ancestor of the Taira
family), grandson of Katsurahara Shinno, who was a son of
Emperor Kwammu Tenno. Yoshimasa had a son named
Masakado (Kojiro Soma), who is a well-known figure in
Japan's history. Morotsune, eleventh descendant of Masa-
kado, played a conspicuous part in an expedition sent by
Minamoto-no-Yoritomo, founder of the Kamakura Govern-
W^"^ ' "^^QH
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SITE OF THE CASTLE AT NAKAMURA,
IWAKI PROVINCE.
ment, against Yasuhira Fujiwara in Oshu, in North-eastern
Japan. In addition to the five districts of SOma, Okada,
Sashima, Inba and Katsushika in Shimosa province, over
which the Soma family governed at the time, Morotsune
Sdma was granted the Namekata district in Oshu in appre-
ciation of meritorious services rendered by him in defeat-
ing Yasuhira Fujiwara. During the reign of Emperor
Go-Daigo Tenno, Shigetane Soma, sixth descendant of
Morotsune, removed to Oshu, where he established a castle,
called the Kotaka-j5, as his stronghold. He governed the
territory in Shimosa and the Namekata, Uta and two other
districts in Oshu.
During the time Takauji Ashikaga was in the ascen-
dancy Shigetane and his son Ghikatane, served under him.
Chikatane was appointed Governor of the Dewa district in
appreciation of services rendered by him in crushing Taka-
uji's enemy. In addition to the seven districts in Oshu, he
continued to govern the Soma district in Shimosa pro-
vince. In the 17tli year of the Yeish5 Era (1520, A.D.),
Akitane Soma, sixth descendant of Chikatane, succeeded
the family and was appointed Lord of Sanuki province.
In the 18th year of the Tensho Era (1590), when
Hideyoshi Toyotomi attacked Hsjo in Odawara, Yoshitane
Soma, second descendant of Akitane, was appointed
Lord of Nagato province and took the side of Hide-
yoshi, who specially granted him an interview. When
Hideyoshi sent an expedition to Korea Yoshitane was in
charge of the headquarters which were established at
Nagoya, Hizen province, Kyushu.
In the memorable battle at Sekigahara in the 5th year
of the Keicho Era (1600, A.D.), Yoshitane took the side of
Mitsunari Ishida and fought against lyeyasu Tokugawa,
who, after the battle, assumed the title of the First Shogun
of the Tokugawa Government. Having been defeated at
the Sekigahara battle, Yoshitane had his fief confiscated by
lyeyasu Tokugawa. Masamune Date asked lyeyasu to re-
store Yoshitane's property, but in vain. On the occasion of
the birthday of lyemitsu, son of the Shogun Hidetada, in
the ninth year of the Keicho Era (1604, A.D.), Toshitane,
son of Yoshitane, had his father's fief restored by special
favour of the Shogun and he had his headquarters at the
( 701 )
Nakamura castle. A noteworthy fact is that under his
clever administration the status of the living of the people
in his territory was enhanced and the resources in the
territory increased, so much so that the people suffered
little or no damage from the effects of famines in later
years. For instance : rice raised from the various districts
over which the Soma family governed, was 60,000 kohu
annually, and during the Genroku Era this was increased to
100,000 hoku as a result of the cultivation of virgin forest
land. At that time the people in liis territory were rich com-
pared with those in other provinces. This was because the
Soma family encouraged agricultural and other productive
enterprises. Among special products raised in his territory at
the present time is the famous earthern ware called SSma-yaki.
Prior to the Restoration of 1868, Tomotane Soma
advocated the necessity of reviving the Sovereign power,
and sent his representative to Kyoto to convey his views to
the Imperial Court. After the Restoration, Tomotane was
granted the Court rank of Ju-shii, and later created a peer
with the title of Viscount.
Aritane Soma, younger brother of Tomotane, the pre-
sent representative of the family, was born on September
29th, 1863, succeeding the House in 1892, and has the Court
rank of Ju-zammi.
VISCOUNT TOZAWA MASAOTO.
THE Tozawa family belongs to the Taira family and
originates from Taira-no-Sadamori. During the up-
rising of the Hogen Era (1156, A.D,), Tadamasa, the father
of Michimasa, took the side of the Retired Emperor Sutoku
and opposed the force of the Taira family. The Retired
Emperor's force suffered a crushing defeat and Tadamasa,
together with his eldest son, was executed at the hands of
Kiyomori Taira. The wife of Tadamasa, who was pregnant
at the time, took refuge in the house of her father, Koremura
Fujiwara, who held the office of Dainagon. Pressed hard
by Kiyomori, who was anxious to destroy all the members of
Tadamasa, Morikage Taguchi, a faithful vassal of Koremura
Fujiwara, killed his daughter and took the latter's remains
to Kiyomori, contending that he had killed the widow of
Tadamasa. Kiyomori was thus deceived and Tadamasa's
wife made her escape to Owa, Yosbino district, Yamato
province, where she delivered a boy baby who was named
Hiraraori. On reaching age, the latter made up his mind
to revenge the death of his father, and with the help of
Yoshinaka Kiso he assaulted Kiyomori and his force, with
the result that the latter were defeated. Hiraraori was
appointed Lord of Hida province and granted the Court
rank of Ju-goi. He became disgusted with the autocratic
actions of Yoshinaka, resigned office and then retreated so
far to Iwate district, Mutsu province in North-eastern Japan.
Thus he settled at Tozawa in the province and changed his
name from Owa to Tozawa. In the first year of the Sh5ji
Era (1199, A.D.) he died and was succeeded by his son,
Kanemori, who was appointed Lord of Hida province. In
the 18th year of the Tensho Era (1590, A.D.) when
Hideyoshi Toyotomi attacked Ujimasa Hojo, 11th descendant
of Kanemor, Moriyasu was the first to arrive at Hideyoshi's
headquarters at Shimada. Masamori, a son of Moriyasu,
followed lyeyasu Tokugawa when he attacked Kagekatsu
Uyesugi at Aidzu and did a heroic deed. Masamori was
thus granted various privileges in appreciation of his
service. Upon the establishment of a Military Government
by lyeyasu Tokugawa, the Tozawa family served under it
and received a fief which produced 40,000 kohu of rice.
g VISCOUNT M. TOZAWA. §
? ?
which was afterwards increased to 68,200 Icohu. In the
first year of the Kanyei Era (1624, A.D.) Masamori con-
structed the castle at Shinjo in Uzen province as his
headquarters. Prior to and after the Restoration of 1868,
Masazane Tozawa rendered meritorious service in the cause
of the Imperial House and was created a peer with the title
of Viscount. He died in 1896 and was succeeded by
Masaoto, the present representative of the family, who has
the Court rank of Jo-goi.
( 702 )
MR. ANDO KENSUKE.
A /TK. ANDO, KENSUKE, was born at Hane-mura,
•^ ' -*• in Tosa province, in January, 1857, as the first son
of Mr. Tsunenosuke Ando. From his childhood he was
fond of siudy. In 1872, he came up to Tokyo and studied
the Russian language at the Nicholai school. He entered
MR. K. ANDO.
the Foreign Language School in September, 1874, but in the
following year he left the school, and later entered Mr.
Nakaye's school, where he studied the French language.
In April, 1876, he was appointed First-class Secretary to
the Japanese Consulate at Korsakoff, Russia, and after
holding various posts he was appointed Procurator of the
Nagoya Appeal Court in July, 1887. In 1890, he was
promoted to Chief Procurator of the Gifu Local Court.
Subsequently, he occupied the posts of Chief Procurator of
the Mayebashi, the Kumamoto and the Yokohama Local
Courts until he was promoted Governor of Toyama pre-
fecture in April, 1896, winning much popularity in that
post. In 1898, he was appointed Governor of Chiba
prefecture, and in August of the same year he was relieved
of his post, later being nominated to the Presidency of the
Narita Fire Insurance Co., and to that of the Uyeda
Smokeless Coal Mining Co. In 1903, he was returned to
the House of Representatives from Toyama prefecture, and
in 1904 was made Governor of Aichi prefecture. In
April, 1906, he was decorated with the Third-class Imperial
Order of the Rising Sun in recognition of his services to the
State in connection with' the Russo-Japanese War. In
1909, he resigned the Governorship and in the following
year organized the Korean Seas Fishery Co., of which he
became President. In 1911, when the Saionji Cabinet was
formed, he was appointed Governor of Nagasaki prefecture,
of which post he was relieved in 1912. In March, 1913,
he was appointed Governor of Niigata prefecture. In
April, 1914, he resigned the post and became Mayor of
Yokohama. During his Governorship in various provinces
he had many friends, and fulfilled his duties with admirable
courage and skill, alike indifierent to praise or censure.
Address : — Shimo-Osaki, Osaki-machi, Ebara-gori,
Tokyo-fu.
DR. AOYAMA TANEMICHI.
T-\R. AOYAMA, TANEMICHI, is the Dean of the
-*-^ Medical College in the Tokyo Imperial University.
He was born in May, 1859, as the third son of the late Mr.
Kagemichi Aoyama, a samurai of the Nayeki Clan. In his
youth he was fond of study and when the Tokyo University
was founded by the Government after the Imperial Restora-
tion he entered the Medical College of the university and
studied medicine.
On his graduation from the college with honours he
was despatched to Germany to perfect his study of internal
diseases. In 1887, just after his return home, he was
appointed Professor of Medicine in the Tokyo Imperial
( 703 )
Uuiversity and had charge of the chair of internal diseases.
A few years later he was given the degree of Igakuhakushi,
or Doctor of Medicine.
He had charge of the University Hospital for a number
of years, and though lie later assumed the Deanery of the
Medical College and resigned the direction of the hospital
he still controls one of the internal diseases departments in
the hospital.
He lias been Dean of the Medical College for over ten
years, and some time ago, when the Government Institute
for the Investigation of Epidemic Diseases was transferred
to the charge of the Department of Education aud Dr.
Kitazato resigned from it, he additionally took charge of
tills.
Years ago, when black plague was prevalent, Dr.
Aoyama was despatched to Hongkong, in company with
Dr. Kitazato, and personally investigated the cause of the
epidemic. Almost simultaneously with Dr. Kitazato he
discovered the pest bacteria. He holds the Court rank of
Ju-zammi and the Second-class Imperial Order of the Sacred
Treasure.
Address: — No. 34, 2-chome, Yumi-cho, Hongo-ku,
Tokyo.
DR. T. AOYAMA.
MR. A R A Kl JU P P 0.
J
UPPO " is the nom de plume of Mr. Teijiro Araki, one
of the greatest living artists of the Japanese school.
MR. J. ARAKI.
He was born at Omura, Nagasaki prefecture, in September,
1872, as the second son of the late Mr. Hyozo Tomonaga.
In his twenty-fifth year he came up to Tokyo and began the
study of art under the late Mr. " Kwanpo " Araki, who
later adopted him in view of his striking genius. After the
study of many years, he understood all the secrets of his
master's art and formulated his own style. Thus, when he
was adopted by his master, all the disciples rejoiced that the
master had secured a good successor.
In 1895 he was appointed Professor of Drawing at the
Tokyo Higher Normal School for Women, and one of the
Committee for the Examination of Middle School Teachers.
While thus devoting himself to the education of young men
and women he has endeavoured to maintain the special
position of Japanese painting in the art of the country.
At present he has a seat on the Executive Committee
of the Japan Fine Art Association and the Japanese
Painting Society. During the past few years he has also
( 704 )
been on the Hanging Committee of the Official Exhibition
of Fine Arts. He is especially interested in natural objects
and scenery, and his master-pieces are almost all the delinea-
tion of natural scenery and objects. At the World's Fair at
Paris he exhibited a painting of Autumn Flowers and
Cliickens for which he obtained a letter of acknowledgement.
At the International Exhibition at St. Louis he exhibited a
River in Autumn and obtained the Second Prize Silver
Medal. The Anglo-Japanese Alliance Exhibition in London
awarded him the First Prize Gold Medal,
He has also often been honoured with Imperial com-
missions, and sometimes he was ordered to draw in the
presence ot late Empress Dowager.
Address : — No. 2, Yayoi-cho, Hongo-ku, Tokyo.
MR. ASANO SOICHIRO.
MR. ASANO, SOICHIRO, one of the greatest and
most active business leaders in this country, was
born in March, 1848, at Yabuta-mura, Hirai-gori, Toyama
prefecture, a son of a medical practitioner. He came up to
Tokyo in 1871 to devote himself to business, and has most
actively endeavoured to develope industries in this country,
MR. S. ASANO.
not a few lines owing their present prosperity and develop-
ment to his constant and indefetigable endeavours. He
devoted most of his energies to the manufacture of Portland
cement, shipping, gas enterprises, the working of petroleum
fields, brewing, the manufacture of bottles, mining, and
reclaiming works.
His enterprises in the Portland cement trade are con-
centrated in the Asano Portland Cement Manufacturing
Co. In 1880 Mr. Asano took over the Government works
at Fukagawa, Tokyo.
In 1913 the enterprise was converted into a joint stock
company with a capital of ¥5,000,000. Now the company
has a capital of ¥7,000,000, having amalgamated the
Hokkaido Portland Cement Manufacturing Co. The com-
pany besides is building two mills at Kawasaki and Takau
with the intention of enlarging the annual output to
3,000,000 barrels.
Mr. Asano was one of the first business men in this
country to be convinced of the necessity of developing
shipping under the Japanese flag, and actively endeavoured
to carry out the conviction. He had a part in the formation
of the Kyodo Transportation Co., in 1883, and when the
company was fused in the Nippon Yusen Kaisha he started
the Asano Shipping Department. Later, with the support
of other shipowners, he founded the Association of Tramp-
ship Owners and contributed much to the development of
shipping under the Japanese flag. Accordingly, when the
country went to war with China the total tonnage of tramp
steamers belonging to the Association amounted to over
110,000 tons and proved of great service to the Army and
Navy. All these past enterprises are now fused in the
Toyo Kisen Kaisha, which is being enlarged apace under
his strenuous management.
Mr. Asano's connection with the gas trade began in the
early years of Meiji, when he endeavoured to find uses for
cokes produced in the course of manufacturing gas. He
took over the Tokyo Prefectural Gas Works in 1885, with
the support of his associates, and founded the Tokyo Gas
Co., with a capital of ¥270,000. Mr. Asano's petroleum
enterprise was started by his arrangement with foreign
suppliers for the importation of tank oil. The pact was
carried out in 1893 when he completed the big tank at
Hiranuma, Yokohama, and he saved for the country nearly
¥2,000,000. He also started the working of oil fields in
difierent provinces, but these enterprises were later fused
in the Hoden Oil Co.
C T05 )
Brewing was planned in the early years of Meiji in
conjunction with Baron Shibusawa, and thorough investiga-
tions were conducted with the help of experts. At Ono-
hatua, Fukushima prefecture, he discovered materials for
the manufacture of beer bottles during the first years of
Meiji. He had to initiate the enterprise by training
experts and workmen, but he pushed on with the work and
stimulated many businessmen to start a similar line in
many parts of the country.
When the Satsuma Rebellion broke out various lines
of industry which depended entirely on the supply of
Kyushu coal were distressed by the shortage of coal. Mr.
Asano, who felt the effect of this shortage of fuel, began to
exploit coal mines in the vicinity of Tokyo several years
after. In 1883 he prospected an extensive locality in
Iwaki province, in conjunction with Baron Shibusawa and
others. This was the beginning of the vast coal mines in
that province. He also founded, with his friends, the
Ishikari Coal Mining Co., in Hokkaido. The gold mining
industry in Chosen was also developed by the business king,
the annual output of alluvial gold alone amounting to over
¥600,000.
Reclaiming works are also conducted by Mr. Asano at
Takau, Taiwan, and Tsurumi, Kanagawa prefecture. Al-
ready some of these works have been completed. Mr.
Asano is interested in the following companies either as
President or Director : — The Asano Portland Cement Co. ;
The Toyo Kisen Kaisha ; The Ishikari Coal Mining Co. ;
The Iwaki Coal Mining Co, ; The Tsurumi Reclamation
Co.; The Taiwan Real Estate Co.; The Keelung Real
Estate Co. ; The Oki Electric Engineering Co. ; The
Asano Lumber Milling Co. ; The Japan Plaster Co. ;
The Asano Slate Co. ; The Tokyo Wire Manufacturing
Co. ; The Tokyo Cardbaord Co. ; The Yokohama Qodown
Co. ; The Japan Day and Night Savings Bank ; The
Suzuki Yoshuten ; The Imperial Hotel ; and The Asano
Shipbuilding Co.
Besides Mr. Asano, is interested in many public institu-
tions, and disinterested endeavours are made by him for the
promotion of public interests. He is the holder of the
Fifth-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun, and the Court
rank of j3-goi.
Address: — No. 16, 5-chome, Ta-machi, Shiba-ku,
Tokyo.
BARON DEN KENJIRO.
T3AR0N DEN, KENJIRO, Minister of Communica-
tions, was born in February, 1855, as the second son
of Mr. Buapei Den, a samurai of the Kaibara clan, in
Tanba province. In 1876, he was appointed probational
judge of the Law Court of Aichi prefecture, and in 1882, he
was promoted Chief of the Police of Kochi prefecture. He
was later transferred to the Metropolitan Police, and
Kanagawa and Saitama Prefectural Offices in the capacities
of either Police Superintendent or Chief of the Police
Affairs Department. His remarkable administrative abilities
were appreciated by the late Count Goto, who appointed
him Secretary of the Department of Communications, when
he took the porfolio of Communications in 1890. Sub-
sequently, he held the posts of Chief of the Postal Affairs
and Telegraphic Affairs Sections, and of Director of the
Communication Aflairs Bureau. In 1896, he was ordered
by the Government to attend the International Telegraph
Conference held in Hungary as Japanese commissioner, and
on his way to and back from that country, he inspected the
postal and telegraphic business in European countries. In
1898, he was promoted Vice-Minister of Communications,
and later he left the Government service and presided over
BABON K. DEN.
( 706
the Kwansai Railway Co. In 1900, he was made a Lord-
in-waiting of the Hall of the Golden Plieasant, and in the
same year he was again appointed Vice-Minister of Com-
munications. In 1901, he resigned that post and in the
following year he was returned a member of the Diet from
his native prefecture. In 1903, he was nominated Vice-
Minister of Communications for the third time, and in 1906
was nominated by the Emperor as a member of the House of
Peers. In 1907, he was created a Baron, in recognition of his
meritorious services to the State, and was appointed Minister
)
of Communications when the Teraucbi Cabinet was formed.
Baron Den was regarded as one of the four right-hand
men of the late Prince Ito, and won much popularity and .
esteem among his countrymen on account of his advanced
knowledge. His administrative abilities have been re-
cognized by Count Terauchi, who assigned the portfolio of
Communications to him in his cabinet.
The Baron has the Court rank of Ju-zammi and the
Seconn Class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
Address : — No. 50, Honmura-cho, Azabu-ku, Tokyo.
DR. DOHI KErZO.
T~\R. DOHI, KEIZO, Professor of Medicine at the
^-'^ Medical College of the Tokyo Imperial University,
who is widely known as the highest authority in Japan on
skin diseases, was born in June, 1867, in Fukui as the
third son of the late Dr. Sohaku Ishiwatari, a doctor in the
DOHI.
service of the Clan Lord of Fukui. He was adopted by his
uncle while a boy and assumed the present family name.
He studied surgery at the Medical College of the Tokyo
Imperial University and on his graduation in 1890 became
Assistant to a foreign lecturer at the college, at the same
time preparing for the degree of doctor. In 1893 he was
sent by the Government to Germany to complete his study
of surgery. At first he stayed at Heidelburg, but that was
not approved by tlie home Government, and he moved to
the Vienna University and studied skin diseases. Later he
again moved to Germany and travelled to neighbouring coun-
tries to investigate the progress of the particular department
of medicine to which he concentrated his attention.
After five years' stay abroad he returned home in
January, 1898, and took charge of the chair of skin
diseases and syphilis which was then created. At first he
was Assistant Professor, but in July, 1898, he was pro-
moted to a full Professorship. A few years later he lodged
a thesis on skin diseases with the faculty of the Medical
College of the Tokyo Imperial University and received the
degree of Igakuhakushi, or Doctor of Medicine.
At present he is looked upon by the public as the
highest authority on these special diseases in this country.
The learned societies in Germany, France, Austria, Italy,
and elsewhere have enrolled his name as an Honorary
Member, at the same time appointing him one of the editors
of their transactions. He founded the Japan Society for
the Study of Skin Diseases, of which he is President, and
he also edits a Magazine for the Study of Skin and
Venereal Diseases. He has also produced several works on
these diseases, which are regarded as the best of the kind
not only in this country but also abroad.
The Doctor has the Court rank of Ju-shii and the
Third Class Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure.
Address : — No. 46, Shimo-Niban-cho, Kojimachi-ku,
Tokyo.
( 707 )
MR. D 0 I Ml CH I 0.
MR. DOI, MICHIO, the president of the Osaka Cham-
ber of Curamerce, is the sixth son of Mr. Nmnpei
Otsuka, a saraurai of the Uwajiraa clan. He was born in
Uwajiraa in April, 1837. After the Meiji Restoration he
entered the government service, being first appointed a
Secretary in the Customs Bureau. Later he assumed in
succession the posts of a preliminary judge, a diplomatic
officer dealing with foreign interviewers, a judge, an attache
to the Foreign Office, a Secretary in the Home Office,
Deputy Councillor in the Osaka Prefectural Office, Deputy
Junior Judge, Junior Judge, Judge, Judge in the Court of
Cassation, and Judge in the Osaka Higher Court.
In 1884, retiring from the government service, he
identified himself with the Konoike family, one of the
greatest commercial houses in Osaka, as General Adviser,
and carried out the readjustment and improvement of the
business enterprises undertaken by the family. In 1887 he
and his associates organized the Osaka Electric Light Co.,
Ltd., since when he controlled the big concern as pre-
sident. In 1893 he participated in the promotion of the
Nippon Life Insurance Co., Ltd., and on its formal
organization was elected a Director. In the same year he
was elected a member of the Osaka Chamber of Commerce,
and two years later, in 1895, he was nominated to the
presidency, which post is still held by Mr. Doi, his term of
office being renewed nearly ten times. In 1900, he made a
tour in Europe and America, accompanied by Mr. Kenjiro
Hamada, Chief Secretary to the Chamber, and returned
home in 1901. The tour was undertaken primarily to
inspect the World Fair at Paris, but he inspected the
principal lines of industry and commerce in Europe and
America, at the same time investigating the chambers of
commerce and exchanges in tlie West.
In 1904 he looked after the affairs of the Ist packing
Competitive Exhibition held at the Osaka Private Museum
under the auspices of the Osaka Chamber of Commerce, in
the double capacity of president of the chamber promoting
the function and the head of the exhibition thus held. In
1909 he visited the cities and towns on the Pacific Coast and
middle States along with the representatives of the chambers
of commerce of Tokyo, Kyoto, Yokohama, Kobe, Nagoya,
and other cities, accepting the invitation from the Federated
Chambers of Commerce on the Pacific Slope in the United
States. The party was very heartily received at every city
it visited and returned home toward the end of the same
year.
As the representative of the Osaka Chamber of
Commerce, he visited China in 1910 together with the
representatives of the Chambers of Commerce of Tokyo,
Kyoto, Yokohama, Kobe, and other cities. Northern and
central provinces of China were visited by the party to
exchange views with representative Chinese business men.
In the same year the 2nd Packing Exhibition was planned
by the Osaka Chamber of Commerce, Mr. Doi once more
being president. In 1915 he was nominated to the presidency
of the Industrial Exhibition held in commemoration of the
MR. M. DOI.
Imperial Enthronement by the Osaka Chamber of Commerce.
In the same year Mr. Doi was decorated with the Third-
class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun in recognition of his
services to the cause of industry and commerce. Besides,
he holds the Court rank of Ju-goi.
Mr. Doi is now connected with the following com-
mercial institutions and business houses : — The Osaka
Chamber of Commerce ; The Federated Osaka Commercial
Association ; The Osaka Business Men's Association ; The
Osaka Electric Light Co. ; The Osaka Keihan Electric
Co. ; The Dai Nippon Brewery Co. ; The Nippon Life
Insurance Co. ; and The Ujigawa Electricity Co.
Address : — No. 65, Joan-machi, Kita-ku, Osaka.
( 708 . )
MR. EGUSA SHIGETADA.
M
R. EGUSA, SHIGETADA, is the proprietor of the
Yuhikaku, one of the best known publishers in
MR. S. EGUSA.
Tokyo, who has contributed much to the advancement of
education. He was born in a samurai family in Miye
prefecture, and is now forty years of age. He graduated
from the Tokyo Imperial University in 1908 and possesses
tiie title of Ringakushi. He is modest by nature and rich
in common sense, being quite free from ostentatious habits.
He is very popular among the Tokyo publishers, and those
who know him can easily understand the reason why the
late Mr. Onotaro Egusa, the former proprietor of the book-
store, adopted him as his heir. Though it is not long since
he succeeded to the present business, he has been very earnest
in pushing its, development, and has already established a
branch at Minami-Jinbo-cho. Though the branch was
reduced to ashes by the big fire in 1913, he is working to
develop his business to keep up with the progress of the
times. The Yuhikaku is specially known as the publisher
of the books dealing with laws.
Mr. Egusa is a member of the Tokyo Chamber of
Commerce, Director of the Japan Publishing Co. and
Manager of the Tokyo Books Exhibition.
Address: — No. 6, Hitotsubashi-dori, Kanda-ku,
Tokyo.
BARON FUJITA HEITARO.
BARON FUJITA'S family is one of the oldest in
Nagato province, and its history is traced back to
Ono-no-Imoko, a famous diplomat in the sixth century.
Masayuki, the thirteenth of the line, assumed the family
name of Fujita and settled in Nagato province. The late
Baron Denzaburo Fujita, the father of the present Baron,
was born in May, 1841, at Hagi, Nagato province. In his
sixteenth year he set up at the provincial town as a dealer
and manufacturer of saM and soy. But when the Im-
perialist agitation was at its height in the province he gave
up his business and identified himself with the movement.
In 1869, when the Imperial rule was fully restored and
the country enjoyed peace again, he moved to Osaka and
became engineering contractor to the new Government.
He had also a share in many business enterprises and
amassed a large amount of money. In 1881 he converted
his private business into a partnership, called the Fujita-
Gumi, and conducted business in many lines, including
agriculture, mining, forestry, and others, with successful
results. He was also interested in many business organiza-
tions then formed, including tlie Tokyo Senshu Kaisha,
Dojima Rice Exchange of Osaka, Osaka Sulphuric Acid
Manufacturing Co., Osaka Harbour Construction Co., Taiko
S.S. Co., Osaka Cotton Spinning Co., Tokyo Chemicals
Manufacturing Co., Hankai Railway Co., Sanyo Railway
Co., Naigai Contracting Co., Japan Engineering Co., Hyogo
Warehousing Co., Locomotive and Car Manufacturing Co.,
Russo-Chinese Bank, Ujigawa Electric Co., Nankai Railway
Co., Naniwa Tramway Co., and others either as promoter
or Director. Thus no small contribution was made by the
late Baron to the development of business in Osaka and
district.
Naturally the late baron had an active share in public
aflTairs. When the Osaka Chamber of Commerce was
I
( 709 )
organized he was elected Vice-President, while holding a
seat in the Osaka Prefectural Assembly. Later he was
elected President of the Chamber of Commerce,
In the construction of the harbour of Osaka he had an
active share as Adviser to the Board of Commissioners for
BARON H. FUJITA.
the Construction of the Harbnur. He was also appointed
by the Government a Member of the Osaka Industrial
Council. With tlie many industrial exhibitions held
in this country he was connected more or less, and his
valuable suggestions were embodied in many forms or
features in those functions. He was appointed Councillor
to the Japan Grand Industrial Exhibition, and was among
the promoters of the Oriental Development Co. when it
was floated semi-officially to develope the peninsular
territory soon after the annexation of Korea.
The late Baron was at once shrewd and prudent, and
no opportunity that offered was left unimproved. He was
a gentleman of many accomplishments and known as one
of the best connoisseurs of art. His philanthropy was
revealed in many forms and directions and not a few were
benefited by it. In recognition of his services to the State
he was decorated with the Yellow Ribbon Medal and granted
the Court rank of Jo-goi in June, 1888 In April, 1906,
he was decorated with the Second-class Imperial Order
of the Bising Sun. His services were also acknowledged by
Court in August, 1911, when he was created a Baron. In
March the following year he died.
Baron Heitaro Fujita, the present head of the family,
was born in October, 1869, the eldest son of the first Baron
Denzaburo Fujita. He received his education at Keiwo
University, but spent over ten years in England after
graduating from the University. He started his business
career as Manager of the Fujita-Gumi, and during his
father's last days he assisted him a? Vice-President in the
conduct of the business. In April, 1912, when his father
died, he assumed the Presidency of the company and
personally controlled the many colossal enterprises of the
firm. While thus devoting himself to the control of his
business interests, he was interested in public affairs, and
here ; too, he well maintained his father's record. In Sep-
tember, 1911, he was granted the Court rank of Ju-goi,
and in October, 1915, was decorated with the Fourth-class
Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure.
His younger brother, Tokujiro Fujita, who was born in
December, 1880, second son of the first Baron, and received
his education in America. At present he assists his elder
brother in the conduct of his big business interests as the
Vice-President of the Fujita-Gumi, at the same time sharing
in the management of the Osaka Electric Light Co., as
Director. The youngest of three brothers, Mr. Hikosaburo
FUJITA.
FUJITA.
Fujita, who was born in December, 1882, also co-operates in
the conduct of his father's property as Director, and is on
the Board of the Osaka Zinc Mining Co., as Director.
Address : — No. 40, Amijima-cho, Kita-ku, Osaka.
( 710 )
MR. FUJITA KEN-ICHI.
M
R. FUJITA, KEN-ICHI, is a very able business man,
and was born at Hirosaki, Aomori prefecture, in
FUJITA.
January, 1883. He received his academic education at Meiji
University, from which he graduated with honours, in 1894.
Mr. Fujita first entered the Government service, but
after three years in the Finance Department, he entered
commerce. He managed the Iwaya Shokai, for Mr. Matsu-
hei Iwaya, with splendid results. His business ability was
well appreciated by the public, and when the Japan-
Korean Printing Co. was organized, in Chosen, he was
nominated President.
In 1907, the Oguri family at Nagoya came to grief, and
the effect on business circles was thought to be grave. The
Toyo Salt Industry Co., which was formed to take over the
salt monopoly, was also about to be involved in the ruin.
Mr, Fujita was invited to take up the task of readjust-
ing the finances of the company. He placed both on a
workable basis.
He is interested in the following companies, as either
Director or Auditor : — The Toyo Textile Manufacturing
Co. ; The Taiwan Salt Industry Co. ; The Oriental Sugar
Producing Co. ; The To-a Tobacco Co. ; The Chiyoda Rubber
Co. ; The Hiroshima Gas Co. ; The Japan Salt Industry Co. ;
and Japan- Korean Printing Co.
Mr. Fujita has three sous and a daughter, by his wife,
Mrs. Tokuko Fujita.
Address : — No. 35, Oban-cho, Yotsuya-ku, Tokyo.
DR. FURUKAWA SAKAJIRO.
T->vR. FURUKAWA, SAKAJIRO, Vice-President of
^^ the Railway Board, was born in November, 1858,
being the second son of Mr. Kichijuro Yamaguchi, a native
of Yamaguchi prefecture. In 1877, Mr. Furukawa was
adopted by the Furukawa family, to which property he
succeeded in 1895. He has been in the service of the Rail-
way Board for many years and has rare technical
knowledge and is a great inventor. In 1889, lie was ap-
pointed as expert of the Kyushu Railway Co., and shortly
after made railway expert to the Hachioji Branch of the
defunct Railway Bureau. After returning from Europe,
whither he was despatched in June, 1903, he was promoted
to the Directorship of the Central Railway Superintendent
Bureau, and Engineering Superintendent of the Railway
Board. In December, 1913, he was appointed Vice-
DB. S. FURUKAWA.
( 711 )
President of the Railway Board. In February, 1915, he
had the title of Kogakuhakushi (Doctor of Engineering)
conferred upon him. He now holds a Court rank of j5-shii
and has the First Class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
Dr. Furukawa is of modest temperament, and very
careful in attending to his duties. Very few possess his
technical knowledge of railways. Japan is very fortunate
in having a man of such experience and knowledge as the
Vice-President of the Railway Board. The railways of
Japan proper have a total length of 7,000 miles.
Dr. Furukawa was one of the Enthronement Commission.
Address : — No. 26, Hikawa-cho, Akasaka-ku, Tokyo.
MR. GOMI KIMPEI.
1\ /r R. GOMI, KIMPEI, the Head of General Affairs
and the Library Sections in the Bureau of
Imperial Archives, was born at Sakai-mura, Suwa-gori,
Nagano prefecture, in October, 1877. He studied law at
the Law College, at the Tokyo Imperial University, and
when his studies were finished, a position was secured for
him in the Imperial Household Department, as a junior
clerk.
In November, 1907, he passed the State examination
for civil service, and he was at once appointed Junior
Secretary in the Bureau of Imperial Forests and Property,
and after a few years he was promoted to the rank of
Secretary in the Bureau of the Imperial Family and
Nobles.
Mr. Gomi has been steadily promoted. In 1912 he
was granted the Medal of the Korean Annexation, and in
June of the following year he became a fifth grade senior
officer.
In July, 1914, he was appointed Head of the
Accountant Section in the Bureau of the Imperial Tombs,
and a month later transferred to the present position.
In 1915, Mr. Gomi was one of the Enthronement
Commissioners. On the successful conclusion of the
Enthronement, he was granted a silver cup in recognition
of his services in connection with this occasion.
MR. K. GOMI.
Mr. Gomi is a fourth-class senior officer, and has the
Court rank of J5-rokui.
Address: — No. 4, Yenokizaka-raachi, Akasaka-ku,
Tokyo.
( 712 )
BARON GOTO SHIMPEI.
r)ARON GOTO, SHIMPEI, was born in June, 1857,
*~^ at xMizusawa, Iwate prefecture, being the eldest son
of the late Mr. Juyeinon Goto. Though he now figures in
the political circles, his early ambition was to become a
medical practitioner. After finishing his preliminary educa-
tion, in his native town, he entered a local medical school
at Sukagawa, Fukushima prefecture, and studied medicine.
BARON S. GOTO.
On his graduation, he was appointed Instructor at the Aichi
Prefectural Medical School, and was on the staff of the
prefectural hospital at Nagoya. During the Satsuma
Rebellion he was attached to the military hospital at Osaka,
and later transferred to the garrison hospital at Nagoya.
His connection with the Army, however, was soon ended and
once more he was in the Aichi Prefectural Medical School,
and had charge of the Prefectural Hospital.
In 1883, he was appointed Attache to the Health
Bureau, in the Home Office, and later Expert to the Home
Office. Thus he was formally installed in the Government
service. He was despatched to Germany, in 1890, by the
Government to study the German system of public health
administration, and stayed at Munich for three years, at
the end of which term he obtained the degree of doctor of
medicine from the Munich University.
When the Sino-Japanese war broke out. Dr. Goto was
appointed Chief of the Array Quarantine Bureau. His
administrative ability was noticed by the late General
Kodama, who was then Chief of the General Staff to the
Field Army in Manchuria. When the war ended and the
general was appointed Governor-General of Taiwan, Dr.
Goto was appointed Head of Civil Administration in
Taiwan, and under the General's able direction established
the general colonial policy for Taiwan.
In 1906, his administrative accomplishments in Taiwan,
were acknowledged at Court, by creating him Baron, and a
little later he was given the First-class Imperial Order of the
Rising Sun. The same year he was appointed President of
the South Manchuria Railway Co., and Adviser to the
Government-Generals of Taiwan and Kwantung province.
In 1908, when the late Prince Katsura formed his
second Cabinet, Baron Goto was given the portfolio of
Communications, and was made President of the Railway
Board. He was also appointed Vice-President of the
Colonial Bureau. In the third Katsura cabinet, he was the
Minister of Communications, and had charge of the Railway
Board.
The third Katsura Cabinet was short-lived, and in
February of the following year it broke up. Baron Goto
was, however, accorded by Court the same treatment as
Minister of State, and nominated Member of the House of
Peers. He is now Home Minister in the Terauchi Cabinet,
and hold the Court rank of J5-zammi.
Address: — No. 71, Miyamura-cho, Azabu-ku, Tokyo.
( 718 )
DR. HANAI TAKUZO.
DE. HANAI is a conspicuous figure, both in the legal
profession and political circles, always standing
for justice and righteousness. His independent arguments
have weight with the public, owing to his sincerity and
disinterestedness.
Dr. Hanai was born in Hiroshima prefecture, in 1869,
son of a samurai, of the Hiroshima Clan. As a boy, he
was known as bright and sagacious, and his future was
regarded by his friends as promising. In his tenth year he
came to Tokyo, and studied Chinese classics, under the
late Jusho Gamo and Yokichi Yaraada. Later he
matriculated at the Tokyo English Language School, and
there imbibed the rudiments of foreign learning.
His study of jurisprudence commenced while quite
young. After a few years' study of foreign language, he
entered the School of English Law, from which he graduated
with honours in his eighteenth year. He then moved to
the Tokyo Hogakuin, and finished the post-graduate course
within two years.
He was admitted to the bar, in his twentieth year, and
in 1890, when the Imperial Diet was opened, he became
legal adviser to the Taiseikai party, in the House of
Representatives. In his thirtietii year, he was returned by
Hiroshima prefecture to the Imperial Diet. Though he
was then the youngest member in the Diet, he was respected
by his colleagues, owing to the high order of his talents.
He has retained his seat in the House each time general
elections have been held. In consideration of his services
during the Russo-Japauese war, he was decorated with the
Fourth-class Imperial Order of the Rising Bun.
In June, 1906, he was appointed Member of the Com-
mittee for the Investigation of Law, and since has rendered
valuable service in the formation of the country's funda-
mental laws, opening a lecture on the Criminal Code, in the
Chuo University, which is the outgrowth of the Tokyo
Hogakuin. The degree of Hogakuhakushi, or Doctor of
Law, was conferred on him, in May, 1909, in recognition of
his proficiency in criminal laws and law in general.
He has endeavoured to promote the interests of his
profession. In the Association of Japanese Lawyers, he
has been Councillor and editor of the association's transac-
tions, while in the Tokyo Lawyers' Association, he was
Councillor, Chairman of the Standing Committee, and
President in succession.
He interested himself in the formation of many learned
societies, such as the Society for the Study of International
Law, the Association of Laws, and the Kobe Club, all of
which were to promote the study of jurisprudence. He has
also been the editor of the " Hori," the " Seikwa," and the
" Hogaku Shimpo," periodicals for the study of juris-
prudence.
DR. T. HANAI.
Dr. Hanai is a man of generosity and integrity, and
his learning make his arguments at Court, and in the
Diet, weighty and authoritative. A prominent feature of
his arguments is decisiveness and logical consistency.
He belonged to the Chuseikai party in the Imperial
Diet, being the virtual head. In May, 1915, he was
nominated Vice-President of the House of Representatives,
which post he resigned afterwards. He was holds with
the Third-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
Address: — No. 2, 1-chome, Nishiki-cho, Kanda-ku,
Tokyo.
I
( iu ■)
MR. HANAOKA TOSHIO
TV /TR. HANAOKA, TOSHIO, was born in the city of
-'■'■*- Matsumoto, in Shinano province, in September,
1874, being the second son of Mr. Chokusetsu Aihara, but
later adopted by the Hanaoka family. He was clever as a
boy. Whilst quite young he came to Tokyo, and after
completing the courses in the schools of lower grade, he
entered the Tokyo Imperial University, from which he
graduated with honours. He further prosecuted his studies
in the University Hall, where he made a speciality of the
Commercial Law, and the International Private Law. He
wrote " The Bankruptcy Law," and the " Principle for the
Exemption from Debts." He is regarded as an authority
on Commercial Law. In 1902, he became a barrister, and
built his present magniiicent house. He transacts criminal
and civil law business. He is legal adviser to various
companies, having established quite a reputation. Besides
the above-mentioned books, he also wrote the " Radical
Ideas on the International Private Law," "The Ware-
house and the Monetary Circulation," " The Japanese Law
Dictionary," etc. He is a man of profound knowledge,
with a clear head. He is still young, and his future is very
promising.
Address : — No. 1, 2-chome, Kakigara-cho, Nihonbashi-
ku, Tokyo.
DR. KARA 6ENRY0.
T~^R. HARA was l)orn in Aomori prefecture, on August
■*-^^ 16th, 1873, in which place he finished his high
school education. He then went to Tokyo, and commenced
HARA.
the study of Dentistry and Medicine. In 1892, he went
abroad to complete his professional education.
During Dr. Hara's 15 years' sojourn in America, he
graduated from the following educational institutions : —
National University School of Medicine, 1896 ; Dental
Department of The Denver University, 1898 ; and Denver
University of Denver (Liberal Art.) 1900.
In the year 1898, he was appointed to fill a vacant
chair in The Dental Department of The Denver University,
as professor of Prosthetic Technics.
In 1900, his services were requested as an Oral Surgeon,
at Salida Red Cross Hospital, and at St. Luke's Hospital,
and lectured on The DiflBcult Dentitions, Pyorrhea Alveo-
laries, and other Oral diseases, for the hospital staff. The
hospital authority gave him privileges and necessary aids
for his personal research work, the results of which appeared
in many valuable treatises.
On returning from America in 1908, Dr. Hara was
requested to establish the Post-Graduating Institute, in
Tokyo, for practicing Dentists, iu which place he taught by
lectures and demonstrations, until 1910.
In this year the Nippon Dental College of Tokyo was
on the point of dissolution, caused by a strike of the pro-
fessors, and the College authority appealed to him for aid.
On consenting to help he was obliged to fill three chairs :
Operative Dentistry, Dental Pathology, and Orthodontia.
( 715
This same year, 1910, he was elected president of The
Collegiate Society. Members of the society are composed
of undergraduates and graduates of the college.
In 1911, Dr. Hara resigned his position and the follow-
ing year published "The Dental Bee," a monthly dental
journal, containing modern and systematic lectures for
students, and post-graduate lectures for dentists, and current
news, comments, etc., etc.
)
Dr. Hara was elected president of the Central Dental
Association, and in 1913 he became editor of " The Dental
Review," an organ of CD. A.
In summing up Dr. Hara's career at home and abroad,
he has been for twenty years a faithful servant of the
profession, as a researcher, teacher, writer, lecturer, oon»
sultant, and practitioner.
Address : — No. 19, Akefune-cho, Shiba-ku, Tokyo,
MR. HARA TAKASHI.
I
MR. HARA, TAKASHI, the Leader of the Seiyukai,
was born at Morioka, Iwate prefecture, in Feb-
ruary, 1856. He received his early education at the Clan
School, at Morioka. After the Imperial Restoration he
studied jurisprudence, at the Law College attached to the
Department of Justice.
He commenced his public career as a journalist, having
joined the staff of the " Yubin Hochi Shimbun," which
was the beginning of the " Hochi Shimbun," a powerful
daily in Tokyo. Journalism was, however, soon given up,
and he entered the Government service.
The first Government post Mr. Hara held was a junior
office at the Legation in Peking. His diplomatic ability
was here brought into full play, and he was quickly pro-
moted. His next theatre of action was Paris, where he
achieved a name, shortly after being moved to the Foreign
Office in Tokyo.
In this Office Mr. Hara controlled the business of the
Commercial Affairs Bureau, as Director. He was soon
appointed Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs, and on the
change of Ministry, witnessed later, he was given the posi-
tion of Minister to Korea.
After a few years he left the Government service, and
once more took up journalism as a profession. He accepted
the offer from the " Osaka Mainichi Shimbun " Publishing
Co., to control the paper as President, and during the three
years while he actively assumed the control the paper was
in every way greatly improved.
In 1900, when the late Prince Hirobumi Ito organized
the Seiyukai party with his associates, Mr. Hara joined
this party, and on account of his sterling character and
splendid ability was elected one of the Directors of the
party. Tiiis was the beginning of his career as a party
politician.
Prince Ito gave him the portfolio of Communications
when he organized his Ministry, as the Leader of the
Seiyukai party, in December, 1900. In 1902 he was
elected a Member of the House of Representatives for his
native city of Morioka, and each time the general election
was held he has been re-elected.
In January, 1906, Mr. Hara was made Minister of
Home Affairs in the first Saionji Cabinet, and his position
MR. T. HARA.
in political circles became much greater. From this im-
portant position he resigned in July, 1908, when the
Saionji Cabinet failed to vanquish the Opposition in the
Imperial Diet.
In the second Saionji Ministry, which was organized in
1911, he was once more m^e Home Minister, and held thQ
( 716 )
additional post of President of the Imperial Government
Railway Board.
In the Yamamoto Ministry organized in 1913, Mr.
Hara assumed the portfolio of Home Affairs, for the third
time, while at the same time controlling the Seiyukai party,
as Leader, in succession to Marquis Saionji, As the Budget
failed to pass the House of Peers, the Yamamoto Cabinet
resigned in 1914. Mr. Hara thus surrendered his portfolio
as Home Minister.
On his resignation he was granted a special privilege
by Court, being treated as a Minister of State, in recogni-
tion of his past services to the State.
Mr. Hara has the Court rank of j5-zammi aud holds
the First-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
MR. HASEGAWA KAZUYE.
MR. HASEGAWA, KAZUYE, a prominent banker,
was born September, 1868, in Okayama prefecture,
being the third son of the late Mr. Kikushiro Sugiwara.
HASEGAWA.
He assumed the present family name in July, 1883, when
he was adopted into the Hasegawa family.
Mr. Hasegawa received his early education in Oka-
yama. In Tokyo, he principally devoted his attention to
the study of English, being proficient in this language. He
was adopted by the late Mr. Yukichi Fukuzawa, as Mana-
ger of the Dormitory of his college, while he was on the
editorial staff of the " Jiji Shimpo," because of his mastery
of the English language. He was later appointed In-
structor at the Commercial Department of Keiwo
University, still retaining his managership of the College
Dormitory.
In April, 1899, Mr. Hasegawa resigned from the
college, though he was then formally enlisted in the roll of
college fellows. He later joined the staff of the business
department of the Mitsui Bank. After holding several
important posts at local branches, he was promoted to the
managership of the Wakayama Branch Office, in 1909.
In February, 1911, he was transferred to the manage-
ment of the Western Osaka Branch Office, when he
displayed business foresight and ability. He at present
takes charge of the Fukagawa Branch Office of the Mitsui
Bank, to which post he was transferred in February,
1915.
Address: — No. 17, 5-chome, Hirakawa-cho, Kojimachi-
ku, Tokyo.
BARON HATANO YOSHINAO.
BARON HATANO, YOSHINAO, Minister of the
Imperial Household, is a man of noble and straight-
forward character, having courage enough to withstand all
crookedness and baseness. He served as Judge for over
forty years, and during that period was known as a man of
sound judgment and sense. He is suited to the exalted
position he holds.
He was born in October, 1853, son of a samurai of
the Oshiro Clan, Hizen province. He received his early
education at one of the schools the clan erected for the
( 717 )
training of ita youths. After the Imperial Restoration he
joined the judicial service as Judge.
After having been moved to the local Courts in Hiro-
shima, Yokohama, and other cities, he was appointed
Councillor in the Department of Justice, and when he was
next moved to Kyoto, he was made Director of the Kyoto
Local Court. After another transfer in 1891, he was
appointed Secretary in the Department of Justice.
After a brief period he was again moved to a local
post, this time being promoted to a still higher position, as
President of the Hakodate Court of Appeal. In this
position he distinguished himself as director of the local
judicial administration, and he was soon appointed Chief
Public Procurator at the Tokyo Court of Appeal.
His administrative ability soon won for him the posi-
tion of the Vice-Minister of Justice, and he held the
Portfolio of Justice in September, 1903, from which posi-
tion he resigned after three years.
He was nominated a Member of the House of Peers in
1905, and in 1907 created Baron, in recognition of his
services. After four years he was appointed Lord Steward
to the Crown Prince, and later held the additional post of
Grand Chamberlain to the Crown Prince.
In 1914, he was appointed to the present post, and his
meritorious services to the Imperial Household are well
appreciated by the nation. He now holds the Court rank of
Ju-nii, and the First-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
Address :— No. 22, Ukyo-machi, Yotsuya-ku, Tokyo.
BARON Y. HATAXO.
MR. HAYAKAWA SENKICHIRO.
' I HE Mitsui Bank has great power in Japan's financial
■* market. Almost all fluctuations of the market
depend upon the bank's policy. This important institution
is governed and directed by Mr. Senkichiro Hayakawa, its
Managing Director.
Mr. Hayakawa is a native of Ishikawa prefecture, born
in June, 1863. He came to Tokyo in his eighteenth year, to
study politics and economics at the Tokyo Imperial University.
On his graduation he matriculated at the Daigaku-in,
and studied agricultural economy.
In 1890 he joined the Finance Department where he
successively held the posts of Councillor, Secretary, and
Private Secretary, and during this period he formed schemes
for the creation of special banking organs. In 1893, he was
appointed Manager of the Currency System Investigation
Committee. In this new capacity he devoted himself to the
study of currency systems, reading various papers on this
subject at meetings of the committee, which won for him a
name as a rising economic scholar.
During the Sino-Japanese war, Mr. Hayakawa was
entrusted with the important function of adjusting the
financial side of the campaign, and several times he made
tours for this purpose. Owing to the splendid success of the
war finance, he was, on the restoration of peace, decorated
with orders. When indemnities were paid by China, as the
result of the Shimonoseki Peace Treaty, Mr. Hayakawa was
despatched to London to receive payment from China's
representative there.
In 1899, he was again despatched by the Government
to London to negotiate with British financiers for the
(
flotation of loans. In the following year, when he returned
home, after having successfully discharged his duties he was
offered a seat on the Board of Directors in the Mitsui Com-
MR. S. HAYAKAWA.
©■r^QSii&^-ff^QSS®^-**!®©^*"*^®©!©^©
718 )
pany by the Mitsui family. He accepted, and joined the
Mitsui Company. In 1901, when Mr. Nakamigawa died he
succeeded him as Managing Director of the Mitsui Bank.
During the Susso- Japanese war he contributed largely
to the success of the war finances as leader of the Tokyo
bankers. As Director of the Mitsui Bank, Mr. Hayakawa
endeavours to back the Army and the Navy were forcefully
maintained. On the restoration of peace he was decorated
with the Third-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
When the Mitsui Bank was reorganized and made a
joint stock company in 1909, Mr. Hayakawa was asked
to retain the same position, which he still holds with honour.
Mr. Hayakawa is an amiable and accomplished gentle-
man. As a student he underwent moral training under a
Zen priest, devoting much time to physical training. He is
something of a poet and he has published many works under
a pen name.
Address: — No. 71, Shimo-Niban-cho, Kojimachi-ku,
Tokyo.
DR. HAYASHI AKIRA.
T~\R. HAYASHI, President and Proprietor of the
■*— '^ Hayashi Hospital, Tsukiji, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo,
was born in 1866, in Yedo, being the second son of the late
Mr. Nobuo Yamataka. While a boy he was adopted into the
Hayashi family and assumed the present family name,
which in the days of the Shogunate occupied the position
of Hereditary Head of Education Administration and of
the Grovernment College.
After finishing his preliminary education at various
Government schools, he entered the Medical College in the
Tokyo Imperial University, from which he graduated in
December, 1892. After serving as Assistant in his alma
mater for few a years, he visited Germany, and studied sur-
gery at the Universities of Heidelburg and Freiburg. He
finished his studies under Prof. Berchmann, in Berlin.
In 1897 he returned home and opened the present
hospital. Surgery is his speciality, and while practising he
DE. A. HAYASHI.
( 719 )
makes researches in many branches of surgery, with good
results.
After establishing the hospital, Dr. Hayashi was one
of the Committee for Examination for Practice, and when
he resigned in 1903, was rewarded with the Court rank
of Jo-shichii, for eminent services. During the Eusso-
Japanese war he offered his services as surgeon to the
Government, and his offer was acceepted. On the restoration
of peace, he was decorated with the Sixth-class Imperial
Order of the Sacred Treasure in recognition of his patriotic
endeavours.
Now he has no connection whatever with any establish-
ments other than his own hospital.
Address : — No. 74, Beiiten-cho, Ushigome-ku, Tokyo.
BARON HAYASHI GONSUKE.
BARON HAYASHI, GONSUKE, Minister to China,
was born in 1861, at Wakamatsu, being the
eldest son of the late Mr. Gonsuke Hayashi, a samurai
of the Aizu Clan. While a boy, he studied Japanese
and Chinese classics. After the Imperial Restoration he
came to Tokyo and entered the Law College of the Tokyo
University.
His father, who was a brave and resourceful soldier,
was the commander of a contingent when the clan fought
the Imperialist troops in Kyoto. He was well versed in the
Western military arts and contributed largely to the
systematization of the clan's troops.
The present baron was brought up in the true samurai
fashion. He studied law and political economy at the
college. On his graduation, in 1887, he was appointed
student secretary of legation, and his brilliant career as a
diplomat commenced.
He was soon promoted to the rank of Consul, taking
charge in succession of several consulates in China. In
1893, he was promoted to the rank of Ist-class Consul and
took charge of the Consulate-General at London. This was
the last position he held as Consul.
Immediately after the Chino-Japanese war, Baron
Hayashi was appointed 1st Legation Secretary, and in that
capacity was attached first to the Legation in England and
later to China. After three years he was appointed Director
of the Commercial Affairs Bureau, when he had a chance
to display his diplomatic genius.
When the situation in Korea became serious in 1899,
and a crisis threatened, he was despatched to Seoul, as
Minister, to try and avert the threatening danger. The Mini-
ster smoothed over all differences between Korea and Japan,
and promoted friendly relations between the two nations.
During the Russo-Japan war Baron Hayashi still
represented Japan in Seoul, and succeeded in placing Korea
under Japan's protection.
Baron Hayashi returned home when the late Prince Ito
was appointed Resident-General and assumed control of
affairs in the peninsular kingdom. On the restoration of
peace he was created Baron by the late Emperor Meiji, and
later promoted to the rank of Ambassador.
BARON
HAYASHI.
In 1908, Baron Hayashi was accredited to Italy and
remained in Rome up to 1916, when he was transferred to
Peking as Minister, in succession to Mr. Eki Heki.
The Baron has the Court rank of Jo-zammi and holds
the First-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
Address : — No. 31, Shimo-Niban-cho, Kojimachi-ku,
Tokyo.
( 720 )
MR. HIRABAYASHI EIJIRO.
M^
E. HIRABAYASHI, EIJIRO, is the chief trans-
lator of the " Japan Gazette " in Yokohama. He
was born in Tokyo on February 10th, 1873, and is the
second son of Mr. Tadamasa Hirabayashi, whose ancestors
held the oiBce of Okura Bugyo in Yedo (now Tokyo) during
the Tokugawa Administration. Graduating from the Kai-
sei Middle School in Tokyo in 1891, he started life as an
apprentice in a Japanese commercial house and then found
employment in the '' Japan Mail " as an assistant
translator. Afterwards he joined the editorial department
of the " Japan Times," and in 1907 he entered the service
of the " Japan Gazette " as a translator.
MR. E. HIRABAYASHI.
MR. HIRADE KISABURO.
M
R. HIRADE, KISABURO, is one of the leaders
in the political and business circles of Hokkaido,
MR. K.. „„.ADE.
representing Hakodate in the House of Representatives.
He was born in March, 1876, in Ishikawa prefecture,
being the fourth son of Mr, Hikosuke Kubo, a samurai of
the Mayeda Clan. While a boy he was adopted into the
Hirade family. His adopted father, the late Mr, Kisaburo
Hirade, was, in those days, the most prominent figure in
the business and political community of Hakodate, endea-
vouring to develope trade at the old treaty port. He was
several times elected Chairman of the Hakodate Chamber
of Commerce, and was for some time a Member of the
House of Representatives.
Mr. Hirade studied commercial science at the Hako-
date Commercial School, and later devoted himself to the
study of law. As a public man he followed the same
course as his adopted father. For the promotion of trade
at Hakodate, he undertook the training of young men,
under the conviction that the prosperity of the place
wholly depended upon the men who lived there. A public
library was built by him, and the younger members of the
community were organized into a cooperative society for
the better culture of their talents.
(
Mr. Hirade was principally instrumental in founding
the Hakodate Economic Society, which has done so much
good to the port. He now assumes its Presidency. The
public library is also personally managed by him, as
Director. His devotion to the town is well appreciated by
the townspeople, and he has many times been elected
721 )
Member of the Hakodate Chamber of Commerce and of the
Hakodate Town Assembly.
In 1912, he was elected Member of the House of
Representatives by his town, and has since held the seat,
being re-elected each time the House dissolved.
Address : — No. 72, Funami-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido.
MR. HIRASE MINAO.
M
R. HIRASE, MINAO, one of the leading busi-
ness men and millionaires of Osaka, lives at No.
34, 4-chome, Higashi-Kitahama, Osaka. He was born in
that city on March 7th, 1876, being the eldest son of Mr.
Sukejiro Tomiko. While young he was adopted by the late
Mr. Kamenosuke Hirase, and inherited his property in
January, 1907.
Mr. Hirase now controls the Osaka Savings Bank as
Managing Director, besides being Auditor to the Oriental
Paper Manufacturing Co., the Japan Education and Life
Insurance Co., etc., etc.
MR. HIROSE TOHO.
" ' I 'OHO," is the nom de plume of Mr. Sai Hirose, a
*■ well-knowu painter in the Japanese school. He
was born at Sagawa, Kochi prefecture, in 1875. While a
boy he studied drawing under Mr. Chiseki Amano, a painter
of the old Chinese school, called " nanso."
When the preliminary study of art was completed, he
came to Tokyo, and received the tuition of the late Mr.
" Kwanpo " Araki, who was then looked upon by many
as one of the greatest masters. Since Mr. Hirose's arrival
in Tokyo, he has exhibited his works at many public
exhibitions, each time being presented with marks of
honour.
The Court has also purchased a number of his exhibits,
and he was once requested by the Government to exhibit
his works at a foreign exhibition, as one of the representa-
tive artists in Japan. At the Official Art Exhibitions, at
Uyeno Park, his works have always been presented with
prizes. In 1915, his works were exhibited at the Panama
Pacific Exposition, at San Francisco, one of which was
selected by the Exposition for the Grand Prize of Honour.
Mr. Hirose was at one time professor of Japanese
Painting at the Tokyo Higher Polytechnic School, but he
now holds no public office, devoting his whole energy to art.
MR. T. HIROSE.
Address: — No. 34, Uyeno-sakuragi-cho, Sliitaya-ku,
Tokyo.
( 722 )
MR. HONDA TATSUJIRO.
M
R, HONDA, TATSUJIRO, was born in
Tsushima-machi, Kaibe-gori, Aichi prefecture.
MR. T. HONDA.
on April 16th, 1868. He graduated from the Tsushima
Primary School in April, 1881, and became an assistant
teacher. In September, 1886, he resigned the post, and
entered the Kyoritsu School (the present Kaisei Middle
School), in Tokyo. In July, 1890, he entered the First High
School, from which he graduated in July, 1895. In Septem-
ber, 1895, he matriculated at the Literary College of the
Tokyo Imperial University, from which he graduated in
July, 1898. In September of the same year he entered the
University Hall, and made a speciality of history, from the
closing days of the Tokugawa Shogunate until the Restora-
tion. In July, 1903, he was appointed teacher of the
Yamagata Middle School, in Yamagata prefecture, and in
December, 1904, was promoted Director of that School. In
February, 1908, he resigned this post, for that of compiler
in the Imperial Household Department, which post he still
holds. Mr. Honda has the Court rank of Ju-rokui.
Among his works are, the " Abridged History of the
Empire," the "Abridged History of the East," the " History
of the Restoration," the " Anecdotes of Famous Priests of
Modern Times," and the " Development of Patriotic
Theory."
Address : — Iriarai, Ebara-gori, Tokyo-fu.
MR. HORIYE SEN-ICHIRO
1%/rR. HORIYE, SEN-ICHIRO, has his office at No.
7, 1-chome, Miiiami-Nabe-cho, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo,
where he conducts a legal and general patent business.
He is a native of Hiroshima prefecture. While a
young man he came to Tokyo, and studied law at Chuo
University, and English at the Kokumin Eigakkai. In
1 902, after his graduation from both institutions, he passed
the State examination for the bar and the bench, and joined
the staff of Dr. Kishi's Law Office.
In 1905, Mr. Horiye visited the United States, and
resumed his study of jurisprudence at Michigan University,
where, after a few years' study, he obtained LL.M. On
his return home he established his own office, and since has
ably conducted legal and patent cases in which foreign
interests have been involved.
MR. S. HORIYE.
( 723 )
BARON HOZUMI N0BUSHI6E.
BARON HOZUMI, NOBUSHIGE, was born at Uwa-
jima, lyo province, on July 11th, 1855, being the
second son of the late Mr. Shigeki Hozumi, a samurai of
the Uwajima Clan. He received his early education at
the Meirin-kwan, a school kept by the clan at Uwajima.
When the Imperial Government founded a college at Tokyo,
and ordered young men to be sent to the new institution
from all clans, he was among the young men selected.
He studied law at the Government college and in 1876,
when he graduated, he was despatched to England to pro-
secute his studies of jurisprudence. He stayed at Middle
Temple. In 1878 he received the First-class Middle Temple
Scholarship, in Common and Criminal Law, and the follow-
ing year was called to the bar.
He moved to Berlin, and at the Berlin University he
continued his study of jurisprudence. After two years in
Germany, he returned home and was appointed Professor
of Law in the College of Law of the Tokyo University, of
which college he was appointed Dean, 1882,
The degree of Hogakuhakushi, or Doctor of Law, was
conferred upon him in 1888. Several years later he was
appointed a Member of the House of Peers, when the
Imperial Constitution took effect, and the Imperial Diet was
organized, but he soon renounced this position, desiring to
concentrate his whole energy to the study of jurisprudence.
In 1883, he was given a seat on the Committee of
Codification, and in conjunction with Drs. Tomii and Ume
drafted the Civil and other Codes. His services toward
the perfection of codes were duly acknowledged by Court
with the Second-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun, in
1898. The following year he was nominated Chairman of
the Council of the Doctors of Law.
He was despatched to Rome in 1899, to represent the
Japanese Government at the International Congress of
Orientalists. Soon after the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese
war he was despatched to the United States. During his
stay in the States, he was invited to speak at the Inter-
national Congress of Arts and Science held at St. Louis, in
connection with the International Exhibition in that city.
His services during the war were duly acknowledged by
Court, with the First-class Imperial Order of the Sacred
Treasure, on the restoration of peace.
In 1906, he was appointed Chairman of the Committee
for the Revision of the Criminal Code, at the same time
holding a seat on the Committee on the Criminal Code, for
the Imperial Army and Navy.
In 1912, he resigned the professorship in the College of
Law in the Tokyo Imperial University, when he was granted
BAEON N. HOZUMI.
the title of Professor Emeritus at the College. The follow-
ing year he was decorated with the First-class Imperial
Order of the Rising Sun, as a reward for his meritorious
services in the codification of Japan's law.
In the Autumn of 1915 he was created Baron, on the
occasion of the Imperial Accession to the Throne, and in
January of the following year appointed Privy Councillor.
He is now the Head of the First Department of the Imperial
Academy and holds the court rank of Jo-zammi.
Address : — No. 9, Haraikata-machi, Ushigome-ku,
Tokyo.
( 724 )
MR. IIDA NOBUTARO.
MR. IIDA, NOBUTARO, a noted business man, has
lived a very romantic and interesting life. He is
a native of Fukuoka, one of the most prominent coal mining
districts in Japan. In his youth he studied law, later being
MR. N. IIDA.
called to the bar. But it was not his desire to confine his
activities to the simple and insipid life of a lawyer, so he
acquired the right to work the Noborikawa Coal Mine.
The new mine was a very promising one, containing a
rich store of coal. He soon, however, sold it to the Mitsui
Mining Co. for ¥600,000, investing all that he obtained by
the sale of the mine in a new enterprise.
He secured many shares in the Shinkoku Life In-
surance Co., which was then regarded by all as an insecure
concern, but with his wonderful business manoeuvres he very
soon placed it on a workable basis. He also bought a coal
mine at Mihai, Hokkaido, which was neglected, but to his
mind it had a promising future.
Mr. lida became a millionaire by a single stroke of
fortune. As soon as he acquired the right over the coal
mine the Mitsubishi Company approached him with a request
to buy the mine at ¥3,000,000. Mr. lida at once complied
with the result, and at once had secured a vast fortune
Mr. lida now controls the Nanman Taiko Gomeikaisha,
besides being the President of Shinkoku Life Insurance Co.
He is a strenuous worker. He sleeps but three to four hours a
day. Through the Nanman Taiko Gomeikaisha he plans to
lead Japanese enterprises in Manchuria, where his farms are
fitted with every modern scientific appliance and invention,
placing a good example of scientific management before all.
Address : — No. 10, Kami-Rokuban-cho, Kojimachi-ku,
Tokyo.
MR. IIDZUKA HARUTARO.
MR. IIDZUKA, of Hirosawa-mura, Yamada-gori,
Gumma prefecture, is one of the head men amongst
the weavers of Kiryu, which is a famous weaving centre in
Gumma prefecture. He has done much toward the deve-
lopment of this industry, particularly the production of ex-
port fabrics, for which he has been decorated, by Court,
with the Medal of the " Blue Ribbon."
Mr. lidzuka was born in the district, in 1865, and
after finishing his education in Tokyo, commenced his career
as a weaver in January, 1893. With a view to develop-
ing the production of fabrics for the international market,
he remodelled his mills shortly after he assumed control,
installing a complete set of the best and most up-to-date
machines. He twice made tours of inspection in Europe
and America in order to study the latest fashions and the
management of the mills in the leading weaving centres
tliere.
On his return he applied the test of his observations to
his manufactures. After twenty years' study and improve-
ment, his mills at Hirose-mura, Yamada-gori, Gumma
prefecture, are a model for weavers of export fabrics. The
weavers of the district owe much to his endeavours to
modernize and make the industry of the district up-to-date.
Mr. lidzuka's mills are equipped with three hundred
power looms, coupled with powerful electric motors. They
have complete dye yards and mercerising mills attached.
( 725 )
Everything is on a very large scale, no private works in
these parts being able to compare with Mr. lidzuka's mills.
The annual production amounts to over ¥500,000 worth,
most of which is exported.
Besides controlling this large establishment, Mr. lidzuka
shares in the management of public works in the prefecture.
He held the Presidency of the Kiryu Weavers' Association
for many years. After his retirement from this position,
he was requested to assist the officers as Adviser, and he
still shares in tlie control of the association. While Presi-
dent of the association, he established the conditioning
system for export goods, for the purpose of maintaining the
market abroad.
He has also endeavoured to promote the Kiryu Silk
Throwing Co., the Watarase Water Power Co., and the
Ryomo Mercerising and Weaving Co., out of a desire to
promote the line of industry in the district. He also repre-
sented his confreres at several foreign exhibitions.
His past services to Kiryu have been acknowledged by
all. At the Competitive Industrial Exhibition at Maye-
bashi, 1910, he was presented with the Medal of Merit for
his endeavours to promote business. His manufactures
were acknowledged as the best in the market at the Tokyo
Taisho Exhibition, being granted the Grand Prize of
Honour.
MR. H. IIDZUKA.
MR. IJUIN HIKOKICHI.
M
R. IJUIN, HIKOKICHI, was born in the city of
Kagoshima, in June, 1864. He graduated from
r
MR. H. IJUIN.
the Law College of the Tokyo Imperial University in
July, 1890, and in September, 1892, was appointed Trans-
lator to the Foreign Office. In September, of the following
year, he was appointed Vice-Consul, being ordered to serve
in Chefoo. In September, 1894, he was promoted to third-
class Secretary of the Japanese Legation in London, and in
October, 1895, was ordered to transact business in the
Japanese Legation in Austria-Hungary. In September,
1896, Mr. Ijuin was appointed first-class Consul at Fusan,
and in November, 1898, was appointed Consul at Chemulpo.
In February, 1901, he was ordered to serve in the Japanese
Consulate, at Tientsin, and in January, 1902, was promoted
Consul-General, In April of the same year he was given
the Court rank of Ju-goi, and in December he was decorated
with the Fifth-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun, and
given ¥1,200 in recognition of his services in connection
with the Boxer Trouble. In April, 1906, he was again
decorated, with the Second-class Imperial Order of the
Rising Sun and given a pension of ¥500 in recognition of
his services during the Russo-Japauese war. In February,
( 726 )
1907, he was appointed Councillor of the Japanese Embassy
in London. In February, 1909, he was promoted in his Court
rank to Ju-shii, and in October of the same year decorated
with the First-class Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure ;
in June, 1908, he was promoted Minister to China.
In January, 1914, Mr. Ijuin was relieved of his Minister-
ship to China, and was ordered to serve in the Foreign
Office. In February, 1916, he was appointed Am-
bassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Italy. Now
his Excellency has the Court rank of Ju-zammi.
MR. IKEDA KENZO.
1\ /I R. IKEDA, KENZO, was born in December, 1856,
at Idzushi in Tajima province. In 1876, he came to
Tokyo for business. In 1883 he entered the One Hundredth
MR. K. IKEDA.
Bank, and his ability was soon recognized by his superiors,
who made him Director and Manager of the Bank. As
Director, he made a sweeping reform in the business methods
hitherto pursued, curtailing much expenditure. He at-
tended to the development of the Bank's business, and by
dint of indefatigable efforts, for many years, he brought
the Bank to its present prosperous condition. In 1911, he
succeeded Mr. Takata as President of the Bank, which post
he still retains. He is now recognized as one of the
foremost bankers of Japan. Besides the Presidency of
the One Hundredth Bank, he is President of the Tokyo
Savings Bank, Adviser to the First Life Insurance Co.,
Vice-President of the Japan Traders' Association, Coun-
cillor of the Tokyo Mercantile Agency, and Chairman of a
Committee of the Tokyo Clearing House. He has also done
much towards establishing the Bank of Formosa, and
various other banks.
He is of a chivalrous turn of mind, and has a kind dis-
position. Thirty years have passed since he entered the
One Hundredth Bank, and his meritorious services rendered
during that time are worthy of special mention. He was
decorated with the Fourth-class Imperial Order of the Sacred
Treasure and was given the Court rank of Jo-goi in recogni-
tion of his services in business circles. He takes a great
interest in gardening and study.
( 727 )
DR. IKKI KITOKURO.
"r\ R, IKKI, KITOKURO, ex-Minister of Home Affairs,
^^^ is one of the authorities on civil administration and
civil administration laws in this country, having a seat in
the House of Peers.
Dr. Ikki was born in Shidzuoka prefecture, in April,
1867, being the second son of the late Ryoichiro Okada, who
was known as one of the most influential disciples of
Takanori Ninomiya, the famous peasant sage. In April,
1873, Dr. Ikki was adopted by the late Mr. Kisoji Ikki
and assumed the present family name.
He studied political science and economics at the
College of Law in the Tokyo Imperial University. On his
graduation he entered the Government service. On account
of his learning and striking ability as administrator, he was
rapidly promoted, and in 1890 was made Secretary to the
Home Office.
He did not, however, remain long in this office, but
visited Germany in order to prosecute his studies. He
returned home in 1893, and resumed his previous office in
the Home Office. In October of the following year he was
appointed Professor in the College of Law in the Tokyo
Imperial University, and Secretary to the Cabinet.
In May, 1898, he was made Parliamentary Vice-
Minister of the Home Office, retaining the professorship of
tiie College of Law. A year later he was presented with
the degree of Hogakuhakushi, or Doctor of Law, and at the
same time was nominated to the Committee for the
Compilation of Codes.
On his resignation from the Home Office, he was
nominated as Member of the House of Peers and Attache to
the Imperial Household Regulations Investigation Bureau.
He was not, however, allowed to remain in this compara-
tively retired position, shortly after being appointed
Director of the Legislative Bureau.
In July, 1908, he had a chance to show his administra-
tive genius, being appointed Vice-Minister of Home Affairs,
but the Cabinet was soon dissolved, and he again returned
to the College of Law, as lecturer.
In 1914, when Count Okuma formed his Cabinet, he
was again in the Cabinet, and assumed the portfolio of
DR. K. IKKI.
Education. In August of the following year he moved to
the Home Office, and surrendered his portfolio when the
Okuma Cabinet fell in 1916.
Dr. Ikki holds the Court rank of Ju-zammi and the
First-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
Address: — No. 67, Hayashi-cho, Koishikawa-ku,
Tokyo.
( 728 )
DR. INOUYE MICHIYASU.
D
R. INOUYE, MICHIYASU, is a well-known poet
and medical man, and has a close connection with
DR. M. INOUYE.
the Imperial Court. He was born in January, 1867, at
Himeji, Hyogo prefecture, being the son of a prominent
Chinese scholar. While a boy he was adopted into a
physician's family, and studied medicine at the Medical
College of the Tokyo Imperial University.
He selected ophthalmology as his speciality, and after
his graduation from the Imperial University he visited
Germany to further prosecute his study. After his return
home he commenced to practice in Tokyo. In 1904 he was
granted the Degree of Igakuhakushi, or Doctor of Medicine.
His works on medicine have been published abroad, being
mostly written in German.
Since his student days, Dr. Inouye has been known as
a poet of the old Japanese school, and his compositions are
received with appreciation by all. In 1907, he was
appointed Court Poet on the Imperial Board of Poetry.
On the Imperial Board of Poetry, six poets are appoint-
ed Court Poets, and the best is granted the " Chokunin "
rank. Dr. Inouye now occupies this position.
He also has a seat on the Board of Examiners of the
State Text Books in the Department of Education, owing
of his literary proficiency.
The Doctor holds the Court rank of Ju-shii and the
Fourth-class Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure.
Address : — No. 3, 1-chome, Uchisaiwai-cho, Kojimachi-
ku, Tokyo.
VISCOUNT ISHII KIKUJIRO.
T nSCOUNT ISHII, KIKUJIRO, was born at Nino-
^ miyahongo, Chiba prefecture, in March, 1866. He
graduated from the Law College of the Tokyo Imperial
University, in July, 1890. In November, 1893, he was
appointed Third-class Secretary of the Legation, and in
September, 1896, was appointed First-class Consul at Che-
mulpo. In November, 1897, he was appointed Second-class
Secretary of the Japanese Legation in China, and in
November, 1898, First-class Secretary at the Legation. In
December, 1900, he was made chief of the Telegraph Sec-
tion in the Foreign Office, and in August, 1901, he was de-
corated with the Fifth-class Imperial Order of the Rising
Sun, and given ¥1,500 in recognition of his services in
connection with the Boxer Trouble. In February, 1902,
he was appointed Chief of the Protocol Personnel Section.
In December, 1902, he was presented by the Government
with ¥1,800 in recognition of his services in connection
with China. In 1904, he was promoted Director of the
( 729 )
Commercial Affairs Bureau, and iu April, 1906, he was de-
corated with the Second-class Imperial Order of the Rising
Sun, and was presented with a pension of ¥500 a year in
recognition of his services in connection with the Russo-
Japanese war. In June, 1908, he was made Vice- Minister
of Foreign Affairs, and Chairman of the Civil Officers'
Examination Committee, as well as Chairman of the Treaty
Revision Investigation Committee. He rendered great
service in connection with Japan's annexation of Korea, and
was in appreciation thereof decorated with tlie First-class
Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure. In August, 1911,
he was created Baron, and in May of the following year
was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipo-
tentiary to France. In October, 1915, he was promoted
Minister of Foreign Affairs. The Baron was promoted to
Viscount iu 1916. The Viscount surrendered his portofolio
when the Okuma Cabinet fell and later he was nominat-
ed member of the House of Peers. He has the Court rank
of Jo-zammi.
VISCOUNT K. ISHII.
MR. ISHIKAWA TOKUYEMON.
]\ /f R. ISHIKAWA, TOKUVEMON, a native of
^ Kanagawa prefecture, was born on December
MR. T. ISHIKAWA.
25th, 1856, being the first son of the late Mr. Tokuyemon
Ishikawa. Mr. Ishikawa succeeded to the property in
December, 1885. He is precautious by nature, and fond of
study. His father, very hopeful of his future, sent him to
Tokyo to study Chinese classics, under the tuition of Mr.
Jurei Shimada, a famous Chinese scholar. He also learned
English. Mr. Ishikawa was born of a rich family, but
took great pains to study, a fact which shows he was
different from the usual men born of wealthy parents.
When he succeeded to his father's business, he was very
modest, and treated his employees with much kindness.
He is liked by all who come in contact with him on account
of his genial nature. He is President of the Yokohama
Industrial Bank, President of the Yokohama Industrial
Savings Bank, Director of the Japan Safety Oil Co.,
Director of the Yokohama Life Insurance Co., and
Auditor of the Yokohama Dock Co., the Yokohama
Railway Co., the Yokohama Warehouse Co., and the
Kwanto Brick Co. He owns a large tract of land with
many houses. His family held an oflfice called daikan, or
Deputy of the Tokugawa Shogunate, for twelve generations.
Address: — No. 108, 2-chome, Moto-machi, Yokohama.
( 730 )
BARON ITO BUNKIGHI.
BARON ITO, BUNKICHI, is a son of the late Prince
Hirobumi Ito, being born in December, l(S8o. He
BARON B. ITO.
received his early education in his native prefecture, Yama-
guchi, having graduated from the Yamaguchi High School
with honours in July, 1904. He came to Tokyo the same
year, and matriculated at the Law College of the Tokyo
Imperial University. On his graduation from the college
in 1908, he was created Baron by the late Emperor Meiji,
and at the same time obtained a position in the Department
of Agriculture and Commerce.
Having passed the examination for the qualification of
civil officials in 1908, he was shortly appointed Forestry
Commissioner and Secretary to the Department of Agri-
culture and Commerce. In 1910 he temporarily retired
from the oflScial position, and visited England to study civil
administration, etc., etc.
On his return he was appointed Councillor at the
Department of Agriculture and Commerce. He now
conducts the affairs relative to insurance.
Address : — No. 27, Mita-Koyama-cho, Shiba-ku, Tokyo.
MR. ITO KINSUKE.
IVyl R. ITO, KINSUKE, was born in August, 1857, in
-*-'-*- the town of Hagi, Yamaguchi prefecture, being
the second son of Mr. Shinsuke Ito. In 1875, he came to
Tokyo, and entered the Kogyokusha School, later entering
the Keiwo Gijuku. He graduated from the Keiwo Gijuku
with honours, and was afterwards connected with newspapers
in Shidzuoka and Nagasaki. In 1883 he entered the " Jiji
Shimpo " office as a journalist. Mr. Ito's sound views on
political and economic matters met with the hearty approval
of the Public, and his business talent contributed towards
the development of the " Jiji Shimpo " office. He was
highly respected by his colleagues. In 1896 Mr. Ito left
the newspaper office for the Bank of Japan, where he held
various important positions. After ten years' service in
the Bank, he left in 1906, and again became a journalist.
Mr. Ito became the editor of the "Jiji Shimpo," and
later became proprietor and editor of the " Nippon
Shimbun." Mr. Ito always used his best endeavours
towards the promotion of public interests.
Address : — No. 344, Ippongi, Kitashinagawa, Ebara-
gori, Tokyo-fu.
MR. K. ITO.
( 731 )
MR. IWAI KATSUjrRO.
■jV/TR. IWAI, KATSUJIRO, is a native of Tamba
province, being tlie younger brother of Mr. Suke-
jiro Kageyama. He was born in April, 1863. Wiiile still
MR. K. IWAI.
young he was adopted into the Iwai family, and assumed
the present family name.
On his return from a tour in Europe and America he
commenced the Iwai Shoten, an export firm. Thanks to his
strenuous efforts, the firm's business has gradually expanded.
and in 1913, when the firm was converted into a joint stock
company, it was ranked among the foremost export and
import firms in this country, being second to the Mitsui
Bussan Kaisha, the Okura-Gumi, and the Takata Shokai.
Besides controlling the Iwai Shoten, Mr. Katsujiro Iwai
holds office in the following companies : — The Osaka Iron
Plate Manufacturing Co. ; The Japan Celluloid and Arti-
ficial Silk Co. ; The Osaka Cellulose Industry Co. ; The
Oriental Paper Manufacturing Co.
Mr. Iwai lives at Mikage, Hyogo prefecture, visiting
the companies in which he is interested almost daily. He
is fond of flowers and plants, and the green houses and
THE BUILDING FROM THE FLOWER GARDEN,
flower beds at his residence at Mikage are said to be the
finest of tlieir kind. His fortune is said to amount to over
¥7.000.000.
MR. IWASAKI ISAO.
TV /r R. IWASAKI, ISAO, was born in February, 1878,
-^*-»- entering the Shidzuoka Middle School in 1896.
After graduating from the First High School, he
matriculated to the Law College of the Tokyo Imperial
University, from which he graduated with honours in 1903.
He passed the Higher Civil Service Examination in
December of the same year. He then practiced law as a
barrister, and transacted legal matters. He holds the post
( 732 )
of Legal Adviser to the Fuji Savings Bank, and the Ito
Bank, and to Messrs. Inayama, Miki, Konishi and Omura.
MR. I. IWASAKI.
He established his reputation, and in 1911 was elected
Manager of the Japan Barristers' Association. In the
following year he was elected a member of the Diet, from
Shidzuoka prefecture, and was decorated with the Fourth-
class Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure, in recognition
of his services to the State. He is a man of letters, his pen-
name being Vnpo. While Mr. Iwasaki was studying in the
University, he organised the Young Men's Progressive Asso-
ciation under the presidency of Mr. Saburo Shimada, issu-
ing a magazine called the " Kakushin," of which he was
Editor. His profound views were listened to with much
attention in literary circles. He is an eloquent speaker,
and at public meetings delivers powerful speeches. It is all
due to Mr. Iwasaki's remarkable ability that he has
attained his present position.
Address : — No. 26, Ise-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo.
MR. IWAYA MATSUHEI.
A /r R. IWAYA, MATSUHEI, is President of the Japan
Stock Farming Co., Director of the Mino Coal Co.,
Director of the Hakata Railway Co., President of the Iwaya
Bank and Director of the Oriental Tobacco Co. He was
born February 2nd, 1849, in Kagoshima. He first engaged
in the manufacture and sale of wax, in his native province,
and subsequently became a contractor to the Kagoshima
clan. He went to Tokyo in 1877, and opened a dry-goods
shop in the Ginza, afterwards establishing an extensive
" Tengu " Tobacco factory from which he derived a large
profit. Mr. Iwaya retired to his country residence when the
Tobacco industry was monopolized by the Imperial Govern-
ment. Mr. Iwaya then commenced pig rearing on a large
scale, and this is now in a fair way to becoming a profitable
business.
Address : — No. 715, Shimoshibuya-machi, Tokyo.
MR. M. IWAYA.
( 733 )
DR. K A N A S U Gl El G 0 RO.
"TA ESCRIBING the history of the development of otor-
^^^ hinolaryngology in Japan, the " Japanese medical
History," is generally recognized as the most detailed and
perfect of all works on the history of medical science of
Japan published in recent years. It says " The origin of
otorhinolaryngology in this country lies in the works on
atology and rhinology written by Dr. Eigoro Kanasugi on his
return from Germany in 1892." As here declared by this
authoritative book. Dr. Kanasugi is a pioneer student and
an authority on otorhinolaryngology in this country. He
was born in July, 1865. He came to the capital to study.
He first studied in the German Language School and then
took the special course of the Medical College in the
Imperial University. In 1888, he went to Germany for a
further study of medicine. In 1892, he returned home
with the degree of M.D, He at once opened a practice for
curing sufierers who had disease of either the nose, ear or
throat, also establishing an institution for the study of
otorhinolaryngology, with the object of imparting his know-
ledge of this science to medical practitioners. He also
organized the Dai Nippon Otorhinolaryngology Society,
publishing a monthly periodical. Thus he directed all his
energy toward this important branch of medical science.
The fact that at present a practitioner of otorhinolaryngology
is found even in the remotest village, is solely due to Dr.
Kanasugi's untiring efforts. In 1901, the Department of
Education conferred a degree of Igakuhakushi upon him.
In 1908, he represented Japan at the first International
Congress of the Larynx Society, held in Vienna, when he
was recommended as an honorary member. He was recom-
mended as an honorary member of Otorhinolaryngology
Societies in various countries of Europe. Dr. Kanasugi is
very ambitious. He cares nothing about criticism in his
DR. E. KANASUGI.
practises. He owns a large and magnificent hospital at
Kanda, Tokyo. Besides treating many patients he is study-
ing phonetics. In April, 1917, Dr. Kanasugi returned to
the House of Representatives.
Address : — No. 13, Surugadai-Minamikoga-cho, Kanda-
ku, Tokyo.
MR. KANAZAWA NISAKU.
MR. KANAZAWA, NISAKU, is one of the leading
business men in Osaka. In the cotton spinning line
his name is widely known as one of the pioneers. In the
early years of Meiji, when this line of industry was still
undeveloped, he promoted the Hirano Cotton Spinning Co.
in Osaka, with the support of his friends. As the President
he took all responsibility for the management of the
concern, and its mills became the greatest of their kind in
the country. His active innovation of the factory manage-
ment, his smartness in covering the required raw materials,
and his strenuous endeavours to secure a market for this
company's goods abroad, were regarded by all witli admira-
( 734 )
tion and wonder. In 1902, when the Hirano Cotton Spin-
ning Co. was fused in the Settsu Cotton Spinning Co., he was
elected Director of the company, and still holds the position.
MR. N. KANAZAWA.
At first he concentrated his attention to business, and
participated in no political movements, but in 1909, when
the municipal administration of Osaka was disordered, he
stood for justice, and fought the corrupted elements in the
municipal administration. The following year he was
elected Member of the City Assembly and ever since has
held a seat in the Assembly.
In the general election of 1916, he stood for Osaka,
to be represented in the Imperial Diet, and after an intense
campaign he won a seat in the House of Representatives,
and held the seat, being re-elected in April, 1917, after the
House dissolved.
In April, 1916, when the Economic Investigation Com-
mittee was organized under the Okuma Ministry, he was
given a seat on the committee. He moved many important
proposals at the meetings of the committee, for the purpose
of better representing the views of the business community.
Mr. Kanazawa was born at Utsubo, Osaka, in November,
1861, and has the Fourth-class Imperial Order of the
Sacred Treasure.
Address:— No. 21, 4-chorae, Kyomachibori-dori, Nishi-
ku, Osaka.
MR. KATA KINZABURO.
"T\ /TR KATA, KINZABURO, a business man of great
-^'--*- ability and smartness, was born at Hagi, Yama-
guchi prefecture, in September, 1857, being a son of the
late Mr. Kyubei Kata, a native of lyo province. His
ambition in youth was to make a fortune in business. He
obtained a position in the Fujita-gurai while still very
young, and worked hard as an employee. It was when he
moved to the Okura-Gumi that he was able give free play
to his genius as a business man.
His strenuosity and wonderful ability were admired by
Mr. Okura (now Baron), and he was soon made Manager of
the Matsuyama Branch of the firm. Tliis appointment
brought success to Mr. Okura, for the new Manager
developed the business of the branch and the firm reaped
the benefit.
Immediately after the annexation of Taiwan, a branch
was established by the Okura-Gumi at Taihoku, and Mr.
Kata was appointed Manager. This was his first connec-
tion with the island colony and its industrial enterprises.
After several years Mr. Kata resigned from the Okura-
Gumi, and organized a firm to undertake real estate busi-
ness, under the name of the Kata-Gumi.
This new undertaking proved a success, and he made
a huge profit, which he at once invested in large waste land
in Taito. He commenced the development of this newly-
acquired land, and after partial success he sold the land to
a company, which is now styled the Taito Sugar Manu-
facturing Co.
He also acquired a coal field concession at Keelung,
which has an area of 5,000,000 isvho. This coal field is
now worked by Mr. Kata on a large scale. As the coal
market in Taiwan is almost monopolized by Mr. Kata, his
income from this source is ¥100,000 a month. He also
manages the Ekidensha, a carrying agency, in Taiwan,
while at the same time having a large share in the salt
and camphor industries of the island.
In Chosen, Mr. Kata conducts leather manufacturing
and mining industries.
Besides these enterprises, he is interested in the following
companies : — The Shizuoka Gas Co. ; The Kyushu Coal
Mine Co. ; The Japan Ice Co. ; The Numazu Gas Co. ;
The lyo Railway Co. ; Japan Leather Co. ; The Japan
Shoe-making Co. ; The Fuji Life Insurance Co. ; The
Musashi Electric Railway Co. ; The Japan Kinema Co. ;
The Niitaka Ice Manufacturing Co. ; The Taiwan Sugar
Manufacturing Co. ; The Clmgai Petroleum and Asphalt
Co., and The Oriental Sugar Producing Co.
Address : — No. 44, Fujimi-cho, Azabu-ku, Tokyo.
( 736 )
BARON KATO SADAKICHI.
T7-ICE- ADMIRAL BARON KATO, SADAKICHf,
was born at Ushigome-ku, Tokyo, in November,
1861. He obtained his first commission as Sub.-Lieutenant
in April, 1886. As a Lieutenant he was despatched to
Germany in 1893, to prosecute his study of naval tactics, at
the same time serving as one of the retinue of H.I.H. Prince
Fushimi, Jr., who was also visiting Germany for the same
purpose. He returned home soon after the outbreak of the
Sino-Japan war to participate therein and on the restoration
of peace he was decorated with the Sixth-class Imperial
Order of the Sacred Treasure. In the same year he was
decoration by the Spanish and British Courts.
In January, 1898, he was appointed Adjutant to Fleet
Admiral Saigo, holding the commission of Commander.
While holding this office he was presented by the Prussian
Court with the Second-class Order of the Crown. When
the Russo-Japanese war broke out, he was a Captain and
actively participated in the war. His meritorious services
in the campaign were rewarded, on the restoration of peace,
with the Third-class Military Order of the Golden Kite
and the Third-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
In August, 1908, he was promoted to the rank of
Real-Admiral, and in April of the following year was
appointed Director of the Maizuru Naval Works. In 1912
he was promoted to the rank of Vice-Admiral, and com-
manded the Naval Works at Yokosuka.
During the Tsingtao Campaign he commanded the
Second Squadron and blockaded the bay of Kiaochou. After
the campaign he was moved to the command of the Board
of Naval Education, and had a seat in the Admirals'
Council. In September of the same year he was the umpire
of the Grand Naval Manoeuvres on the Pacific coasts.
Great Britain sent hira the Grand Cross of the Order
of St. Michael and St. George as a mark of appreciation of
his services at Tsingtao, in September, 1916, and after a
couple of months His Majesty the Emperor decorated him
with the Second-class Military Order of the Golden Kite
and the 1st Class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun. Ti)e
following January the Russian Czar rewarded him with a
very high order.
BARON S. KATO.
He is now Baron, having been created a Peer in July,
1916, by His Majesty the Emperor, in recognition of his
past services to the State.
In December, 1916, the Baron was appointed Com-
mander-in-Chief of the Kure Naval Station, and he holds
the Court rank of Jo-shii.
( 736 )
ADMIRAL KATO TOMOSABURO.
\ DMIRA.L KATO, TOMOSABURO, Minister of the
Navy, was born at Hiroshima, Hiroshima pre-
fecture, in February, 1861, being the second son of the late
Mr. Shicbirobei Kato. He obtained his first commission as
Sub- Lieutenant after his graduation from the Naval Cadets'
School, in November, 1883.
ADMIRAL T. KATO.
In 1891, he was despatched to England, to superintend
the construction of warships, ordered by Japan from
English dockyards, and remained there for some years. At
the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese war, he participated in
the campaign as Lieutenant, during the war being promoted
to the rank of Lieutenant-Commander. On the conclusion
of the war he was decorated with the Fifth Class Military
Order of the Golden Kite, and Sixth-class Imperial Order
of the Rising Sun.
His promotion to the rank of Captain took place in
September, 1899. He participated in the campaign against
the Boxers, in 1901, and his services were duly acknow-
ledged by the Government after that event.
When this country went to war with Russia, he was
Rear- Admiral, and assisted the late Admiral Kamimura as
Chief of the Staff OflSce. Toward the middle of the war he
was appointed Chief Staff Officer to Admiral Togo, Com-
mander-in-Chief of the United Squadron. Thus he was one
of the practical campaign organizers in the war. After the
restoration of peace his distinguished services were rewarded
by the Emperor, with the Second-Class Military Order of
the Golden Kite and the Second-class Imperial Order of the
Rising Sun.
In December, 1905, he was moved to the land service,
and quickly promoted from the Directorship of the Mili-
tary Affairs Bureau to the Vice-Ministership of the
Navy. He was thus the virtual manager of the naval
administration.
In August, 1908, he was promoted to the rank of
Vice-Admiral, and at the end of the following year, moved to
the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Kure Naval Station.
About this time he was presented with many decorations
from foreign Powers, being connected with diplomatic mis-
sions. He also had a seat on the board of umpires for
several grand naval manoeuvres then being held.
During the Tsingtao campaign he commanded the Ist
Squadron. In August, 1916, he was appointed Minister of
the Navy, in succession to Vice- Admiral Baron Yashiro,
and at the same time promoted to the rank of full Admiral.
His services in the Tsingtao campaign were rewarded with
the First-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun. Admiral
Kato has the Court rank of Jo-zammi.
( 737 )
MR. KINOSHITA KENJIRO.
MR. KINOSHITA, KENJIRO, who has identified
himself for the past decades with the constitu-
tional movement in Japan's politics now occupies an im-
portant position in the Doshikai Party. He was born at
Ajimi-mura, Usa-gori, Oita prefecture, in February, 1869.
After receiving his elementary education in his native pro-
vince, he came to Tokyo to receive his liberal education at
the Tokyo Kyoritsu Gakko and the Third High School.
After having finished his collegiate studies he studied
law, and in 1892 graduated from the post-graduate course
of the Tokyo HSgakuin. He returned to his native village,
and as a country gentleman managed his father's farm, but
the life of a gentleman farmer did not suit him.
In 1897, he once more came to Tokyo, and founded
with the help of his friends the Photographic Apparatus
Manufacturing Co., which he managed as Managing
Director. He was also interested in the Kyoai Life Insur-
ance Co., and several other business enterprises.
In August, 1902, he won a seat in the House of Repre-
sentatives. Since then on each election he has been elected
by his native province.
He belonged to the progressives at first, but not being
satisfied with the policies of the leaders, he severed his con-
nection with the party. In 1913, when the late Prince
Katsura formed the Dosliikai, he joined the new party, with
his old friends in the Progressive Party, and he has since
been one of the party leaders.
When Marquis Okuma formed his Cabinet in 1914, he
was appointed Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Communica-
tions, and held the office until October, 1916, when the
Okuma Ministry resigned en bloc.
Mr. Kinoshita has the Court rank of Jo-goi and
holds the Third-class Imperial Order of the Rising
Sun.
Address : — No. 29, Tansu-machi, Azabu-ku, Tokyo.
DR. KITAZATO SHIBASABURO.
DR. KITAZATO, SHIBASABURO, was born on
December 20th, 1856, in Aso-gori, Kumamoto pre-
fecture. He graduated from the Medical College in the
Tokyo Imperial University in l>-83. In 1885 he went
to Germany, where he studied bacteriology under the
late Dr. Robert Koch. While thus prosecuting studies,
he made a discovery of the artificial nursing of tetanus
bacilla, which won for him a wide fame throughout
Europe. Later he discovered serumtheraphy of diphtheria
and tetanus together witli Dr. Von Beliring. The term of
his stay in Europe expired in 1890, but the Emperor
granted him the sum of ¥1,000 to continue his stay for the
study of the treatment of tuberculosis. He returned home
in 1892. The Prussian Government conferred on him the
title of professor in recognition of his meritorious services in
the cause of medical science. In 1892 he established the
institute for the study of infectious diseases, with himself as
Director. On the outbreak of the black death in Hongkong
in 1894, he was dispatched there by the Government to
inquire into the cause of the plague. Tliere he made a
discovery of the plague bacillus. The study of serumthe-
raphy having been accomplished by Dr. Kitazato, the
Government established in 1896 the Serum Institute and
appointed him Director. Thanks are due to this institute
for the present spread of serumtheraphy in this country.
When in 1899 the Institute was taken over by the Govern-
ment he was appointed Director. He had then already
DR. S. KITAZATO.
( 738 )
held the presidency of the Lymph Institute, In 1905 he
went over to America, in response to an invitation from
the International Scientific Congress. In 1906, he was
nominated by the Emperor member of the Imperial
Academic Society. In 1909 he was dispatched to Europe to
represent Japan at the International Medical Congress and
Leprosy Conference. When the black plague prevailed in
Manchuria in 1911 he was sent there by the Government
to make investigations. Later he attended the International
Pest Conference, held in Mukden. On the question of the
transferring of the management of the Institute from the
Home Department to the Department of Education in 1914
Dr. Kitazato resigned the official post of the Presidency
and established the Kitazato Institute. His meritorious
services in the cause of medical science have been widely
recognized by the world at large As mentioned above, he
has been recommended honorary member of various scientific
Associations in Europe and America. Especially note-
worthy in this connection is the fact that he has been
recommended as foreign member of the Royal Society of
London. Besides, the Governments of Prussia, France and
Norway have conferred on him decorations of the highest
order in recognition of his valuable services. At present
he holds the following titles.
Igakuhakushi (M.D.), Professor conferred by the Prus-
sian Government, F.R.S., member of the Imperial Academic
Society, Vice-President of the Dai Nippon Private Health
Association, Health Advisor to the Imperial Government
Railways, Councillor of the Saiseikai (Charity Association
founded on the Imperial donation), President of the Kita-
zato Institute, etc., etc.
Dr. Kitazato has the Court rank of Jo-zammi and holds
the Second-class Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure.
Address: — No. 19, Nakano-cho, Azabu-ku, Tokyo.
DR. KOMOTO JUJIRO.
DR. KOMOTO, JUJIRO, is the best authority on
ophthalmology in Japan. He was born on Jan-
uary 15th, 1859, being the eldest son of Mr. Saisuke
DR. J. KOMOTO.
KSmoto, a samurai of the quondam clan of Toyooka, in
the province of Tajima. In September, 1900, he succeeded
to his father's house. In 1872, he came to the Capital and
entered the former Foreign Language School. On finishing
the German Language course in 1876, he entered the
Medical College of the Imperial University, from which he
graduated in April, 1883. The same year he was appointed
assistant surgeon of the Medical College. In 1885, he was
sent by the Government to Germany, in order to study
ophthalmology. He studied partly in Germany and partly
in Austria. On his return home, in 1889, he was appointed
Professor in the Medical College of the Imperial University.
When the Third Domestic Industrial Exhibition was held
in Tokyo, in the following year, he was appointed to the
jury. In August, 1891, he had the degree of Igakuhakushi
(M.D.) conferred upon him by the Educational Department.
In September, 1893, he took charge of the chair of ophthal-
mology. In 1894, he had the Court rank of the Ju-rokui
conferred upon him, in 1896, the Jo-rokui, and in 1898,
the J5-goi. In 1905, he was decorated with the Third-class
Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure. In the follow-
ing year, he was decorated with the Second-class Imperial
Order of the Sacred Treasure, in appreciation of his services
in the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-05. In June, 1907, he
was dispatched to Europe and America. In April of the
following year lie returned from abroad. In March, 1909,
his Court rank was raised to the Jo-shii, and in April,
1914, it was again raised to Ju-zammi. In May, 1916,
he was decorated with the First-class Imperial Order of the
Sacred Treasure.
Address : — No. 4, 4-chome, Fujimi-cho, Kojimachi-ku,
Tokyo.
( 739 )
MR. KOMURO SUIUN.
]\ /TR. KOMURO, SUIUN, was born in August, 1874,
at Tatebayashi, in Kodzuke province, being the
second sou of Mr. Makisaburo Komuro. As a child he was
fond of painting, and was ambitious of becoming an artist.
When sixteen years old, he became a pupil of Mr. Soun
Tazaki, and was indefatigable in his efforts to prosecute his
studies. Mr. Komuro's paintings were much appreciated,
when exhibited at the Fine Arts Exhibition, some of them
being purchased by the Imperial Houseliold Department.
In 1899, he came to Tokyo, and continued his studies, with
ledoubled efforts. He made great progress, and by degrees
became widely known among the people, winning prizes at
various Fine Art Exhibitions at which he exhibited. He
was later appointed Examiner of the Fine Arts Exhibition
to the Department of Education. Mr. Komuro has many
pupils and is very fond of reading, and composing Chinese
poetry.
Address: — No. 6, 7-cliome, Shintomi-cho, Kyobashi-ku,
Tokyo.
MR. S. KOMURO.
MR. KONISHI YASUBEI
M
R. KONISHI, YASUBEI, for many years in the
pigment trade, is an active business organizer. A
large number of companies has been floated by him.
At present he is either Director or Auditor of the
following : —
The Teikoku Life Insurance Co. ; The Kanto Acid and
Alkali Works ; The Toyo Glass Manufacturing Co. ; The
Iwaki Coal Mining Co. ; The Chuo Paper Manufacturing
Co. ; The Kiso Industrial Development Co. and The Toyo
Kisen Kaisha.
Mr. Konishi was born in November, 1847, in Chiba
prefecture, being the second son of the late Mr. Genshichi
Namiki. While a boy he was adopted into the Konishi
family, and on the death his adopted father in 1881 he
succeeded to his business, taking over the management of the
pigment store.
Mr. Konishi is a strenuous man, and pigment business
alone did not satisfy him, so that his activity as a business
organizer soon commenced. He is particularly interested in
life insurance, most of his energies being devoted to the
management of the Teikoku Life Insurance Co.
He has a son and two daughters. His son and sons-in-
law assist him in the management of his store, the prosperity
of the business being yearly enhanced. He deals not only
in pigments but dye stuffs, chemicals and manures.
Address : — No, 16, Ise-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo.
C 740 )
MR. KOSAKA JUNZO.
■]\ /TR. KOSAKA, JUNZO, is one of the leading busi-
ness men of Nagano prefecture, being the Pre-
sident of the Nagano Chamber of Commerce, the President
of the " Shinano Mainichi Shimbun Sha," publisher of the
" Shinano Mainichi Shimbun," (a powerful local paper).
Director of the Shinano Bank, Ltd., Director of the Nagano
Gas Co., Ltd., and Auditor of the Susaka Warehouse Co.,
Ltd.
He was born in Nagano prefecture in March, 1881,
being the eldest son of the late Mr. Zennosuke Kosaka.
He studied commercial science at the Tokyo Commercial
School, later joining the staff of the Bank of Japan. -
After several years he resigned this position and
undertook a tour in Europe and America to inspect busi-
ness there. On his arrival home, he was returned by his
native prefecture as Member of the House of Representa-
tives. He has the Fourth-class Imperial Order of the
Sacred Treasure.
MR. KUHARA FUSANOSUKE.
TV /r R. KUHARA, FUSANOSUKE, one of the greatest
mine owners in Japan, is a native of Yamaguchi
prefecture, where he was born in June, 1869, being the
MR. F. KUHARA.
third son of the late Mr. Shozaburo Kuhara. The late
Baron Denzaburo Fujita, the founder of the Fujita-Gurai,
was his uncle.
He was educated at the Keiwo Gijuku, and his ambition
when he graduated from the college was to become a great
export and import merchant. He obtained a position in
the Morimura-Gumi, as a step toward the realization of his
scheme of life. His uncle, however, required his services
in his own firm, so induced his nephew to resign his post.
Mr. Kuhara complied with his uncle's request and
assisted him in the management of the Kosaka Mine.
For eight years he remained in this position, devoting liis
whole time and energy to the improvement of the mine.
Thanks to his endeavours, the mine, which was all but
abandoned as hopeless, became at the end of the eighth year
one of the greatest copper mines in the East.
In 1908, he left his uncle's firm, and commenced the
working of the Hidachi Copper Mine on his own account.
This mine was all but abandoned when he took it over,
but he remained at the mine, with his trusted experts, for
over three months to explore new veins. At the close of
that period he struck a new and rich vein. This successs
encouraged him to extend his operations, and in 1912 he
organized a company bearing his own name to unify all his
mining enterprises. His interests in mines were so large
that in one sense he was second only to Barons Fujita and
Sumitomo.
He has lately commenced a rubber plantation in North
Borneo, in view of the great expansion in Japan's rubber
(
industry. Petroleum fields have also been explored by him
with apparently good success.
Mr. Euhara is a man of strong personality and his
public-spiritedness is well-known. While building up his
own fortune and business, Mr. Kubara has always had the
interests of his country at heart, and many of his business
enterprises have been based on the conviction that they
would lead to the promotion of national interests. He has
built and contributed to libraries and schools in the towns
and villages where he lives, or where his ofSces are situated.
741 )
As the head of his family, he has always been loyal to
his aged mother; his villa at Sumiyoshi is said to have
been built to please her. He has deep sympathy with his
employees, and everything is done to promote their
welfare.
In November, 1916, Mr. Euhara was decorated with
the Third-class Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure, as a
mark of Imperial appreciation of iiis past services in the
cause of industry. He also holds the Court rank of Ju-goi.
Address: — Nakanoshima, Kita-ku, Osaka.
MR. KURASONO SANSHIRO.
T% /TR. KURASONO, SANSHIRO, an eminent lawyer
"^ -^ of Tokyo, was born at Tabuse-raura, Hioki-gori,
Kagoshima prefecture, in January, 1869, being a son of
the late Riyemon Setogawa. In his eighth year he was
adopted into the Kurasouo family and assumed the present
family name.
In 1886, he came to Osaka where he received his early
education. On the completion of his preliminary education,
he went to Kyoto to study Buddhism, while learning Eng-
lish from Mr. Alexander at Trinity School.
In 1891, he moved to Tokyo, and matriculated to
study law at Meiji University. After two years, owing to
family circumstances, he was compelled to leave the college.
He then worked hard to earn his living. After years
of hard struggle, he completed his study of law, and was
admitted to the bar in 1901. His present office is in
Kanda-ku, Tokyo, where he conducts legal business.
Though his early days were spent in struggling against
adversities and ill luck, he has nevertheless acquired many
accomplishments. He is specially proficient in tea cere-
monies, flower arrangement, archery, calilography, and
other arts. He is known among his friends and associates
as one of the most refined men of the profession.
He is at present greatly interested in the administra-
tion of his ward of Kanda, having a seat in the Ward
Assembly and on the School Board of Kanda.
MR. S. KURASONO.
Address: — No. 1, l-chome, Nishi-Ogawa-machi, Kanda-
ku, Tokyo.
( 742 )
MR. KUSAKARI
TV /r K. KUSAKARI, KAT8UYE, was born at Sendai,
Miyagi prefecture, iu March, 1888. He studied
law at the Tohoku Law School, Meiji University, and HOsei
University, from which he graduated in 1911.
He was admitted to the bar in December, 1914, and
up to November, 1915, was assistant to Dr. Sei-ichi Kishi,
when he opened his own law office in his native city.
Mr. Kusakari's Law Office was founded in December,
1915. Mr. Kusakari is especially proficient in civil and
commercial cases, and while in Dr. Kishi's office he dis-
played his talent in the conduct of these cases.
Address:— No. 103, Moto-Terakoji, Sendai, Miyagi
prefecture.
KATSUYE.
MR. K. KUSAKARI.
MR. KUSUMI TOM A.
MR. KUSUMI, TOM A, is an influeiilial business
man and political leader of Niigata prefecture,
being in the House of Representatives, belonging to the
Kensei-kai Party.
MR. T. KUSUMI.
He was born in 1877, in Niigata prefecture, being the
eldest son of Mr. Hidesaburo Kusumi, who occupied an
important position in local business and political circles.
being specially interested in the Nippon Oil Co., the
Nagaoka Bank, etc., etc., also being at one time a member
of the House of Representatives.
Mr. Toma Kusumi studied law and politics at Waseda
University, and after graduation he commenced his
business career like his father in his native prefecture.
The Echigo Railway Co. was prcmoted by him, in conjunc-
tion with his father and some friends. At first this
enterprise did not have the support of the local business
community, in spite of the facilities it afforded the districts
along the coasts of the Japan Sea. Thanks to the intense
and devoted efforts of Mr. Kusumi, strong support of the
Yasuda family was secured, and the company was organized
in 1911 with a capital of ¥1,500,000.
The company now has a line of 50 miles along the
coast of the Japan Sea, the province of Echigo thus having
great transportation facilities. Mr. Kusumi's father is the
President of the company, and he the Managing Director.
He is also the President of the Teradomari Bank, his
name being well-known in the local business community.
Mr. Kusumi stood for his prefecture in the general
election of 1915 and successfully conducted his first political
campaign. In April, 1917, he again returned to the House
of Representatives.
Mr. Kusumi holds the Fourth-class Imperial Order of
the Sacred Treasure.
( 748 )
BARON KUSUMOTO MASATOSHI.
BARON KUSUMOTO, MASATOSHI, is the second
Baron, his fatiier, tlie late Baron Masataka Kusu-
moto, having been created a Peer by the late Emperor
Meiji, in recognition of services to the State.
The late Baron Masataka Kusumoto was born at
Omura, Hizen province, a son of a samurai of the Omura
clan. While a youth he identified himself with the Im-
perialist movement, and he greatly contributed to the
victory ot the cause.
After the Imperial Restoration, he entered the Govern-
ment service, holding important posts. As Governor of
Tokyo, he won the confidence of the people by his wise and
far-sigiited administration, the prosperity of the prefecture
greatly increasing during his long administration. On his
resignation from the Government service, he was elected
Member of the House of Representatives, being elected
several times President of the House.
In 1896, he was created Baron by the late Emperor
Meiji, as a mark of Imperial appreciation for his long and
meritorious services to the State. His Parliamentary life
was then ended. The late Baron died in 1902.
The present Baron is the eldest son of the late Baron,
being born in October, 1866. He succeeded to the title in
February, 1902, and was given Court rank of Jo-goi. In
1910, he was elected Member of the House of Peers, and
was decorated with the Fourth-class Imperial Order of the
Sacred Treasure.
Baron Kusumoto owns and controls the " Miyako
Shimbun," founded by his father, the late Baron, with the
assistance of a well-selected and competent stafi".
BARON M. KU6UM0T0.
Address : — No. 31, Tameike-Reinanzaka-cho, Akasaka-
ku, Tokyo.
M R.
ASOSHI BUNTARO.
MR. B. MAGOSHI.
IV /r R. MAGOSHI, BUNTARO, business man and
■'■"*■ pliilanthropist, was born at Iraabaru, lyo province,
in December, 1896. When a boy, his family carried on
the hereditary business of pawn broker and soy brewer, but
when Mr. Magoshi became the head of the family he gave
this up and established the Imabaru Commercial Bank,
with a capital of ¥1,000,000.
He is also interested in the cotton weaving and salt
manufacturing industries, and in these lines has won great
success.
He lives mostly in Tokyo. His sons-in-law, one of
whom is a lawyer, live in Osaka. They, as adopted sons,
assumed the family name of Magoshi.
Mr. Magoshi has lately donated ¥100,000 towards the
funds for the education of young men in his native prefec-
tare, with a request that a corporation be organized with
this donation as endowment, with the object of advancing
funds to enable poor boys in his native prefecture to finish
their education.
( 744 )
This offer has been accepted by the Government, and a
corporation has been organized in Matsuyama, lyo province,
with the assistance of the Department of Education.
Address :— No. 1, Idzumi-cho, Kanda-ku, Tokyo.
MR. MAKING SHIZUO.
"A /TR. MAKING, SHIZUG, occupies an important
position in the legal profession, also being a
prominent figure in local political circles. He has a seat in
the Tokyo Prefectural Assembly, the Tokyo Municipal
Assembly, and the Shitaya Ward Assembly.
This prominent lawyer was born in February, 1875, at
Aikawa, Sado Island, Niigata prefecture. After finishing
his preliminary education in his native town, he came to
Tokyo, to study law at Meiji University and Tokyo Hogaku-
in. Having passed the examination for practice, he was
appointed Junior Judge, but he resigned this post and was
admitted to the bar.
He at first undertook legal business at the office of
Mr. Shonosuke Takahashi. Gwing to his knowledge of law,
and skill in conducting business, he rose rapidly and when
Mr. Takahashi closed his office and left for Chosen, Mr.
Takahashi's clients came to Mr. Makiuo and he at once
became one of the first-class lawyers of Tokyo.
As a public man his name has always been identified
with justice, and the welfare of the public. He has been
elected to the membership of the local assemblies many
times.
MR. S. MAKING.
He is at present Auditor of the Minato Railway Co.
Address : — No. 38, Nicho-machi, Shitaya-ku, Tokyo.
DR. MARUYAMA KEN.
JpiR. MARUYAMA, KEN, is a well-known medical
'-^^ practitioner in Shidzuoka, who has served many
years as Surgeon to the Imperial Japanese Navy, and has
bad ample and varied experiences in the profession.
He was born at Yoshida, near Nagano, Sbinano
province, in January, 1874, and after finishing his early
education in his native town, he studied medicine at the
Saiseigakusha, a well-known private medical school in Tokyo.
In 1897, he passed the State examination for practice, and
became a licensed physician.
In 1898, he joined the medical corps of the Imperial
Navy, and after a year's training was appointed Surgeon-
( 745 )
Suly.-r.ieutenant. In that cnpacity he visited the South
Seas, on board tiie warsliip Hii,ei, inspecting many ports in
that part of tlie world.
When the Boxers rebellion broke out, he participated
inactive service against the rebels, as one of the medical
staff of the warship Takachiho. In the Russo-Japanese
war, he also participated as Ciiief of the Medical Staff of the
armoured cruiser Nippon Maru, and distinguished himself
in the blockade of Port Arthur. On the restoration of peace
lie was decorated with the Fifth-class Imperial Order of the
Rising Sun.
In 1906, he was despatched to Great Britain as one of
the crew of the new warship Kaahima, built by Armstrong,
Vickers & Co., and during iiis trip visited tlie Continent.
On his return in August, 1906, he was attached to the
Naval Hospital at Saseho, and later appointed Chief Surgeon
to the Battleship Fuji. Owing to failing health, he resigned
from this position and was given the Court rank of
Jo-rokui. However, in 1909, after a few years of retired
life, he again commenced his practice at Shidzuoka, in 1911.
Address: — 2-chome, Takajo-machi, Siiidznoka, Shidzu-
oka prefeclure.
DR. K.
ASUDA GilGHI.
Itakurn-
MASUDA, GIICHI, is the second son of Mr.
Seishiro Masuda, of Niigata. He was born at
niura, Naka-Kubiki-gori, Niigata prefecture, in
MB. G. MASUDA.
October, 1869. In iiis twenty-first year he joined the staff"
oftheTakata Shimbun, a newspaper in his native town,
and commenced his journalistic career.
In 1890, when the Imperial Diet was for the first time
convened in Tokyo, Mr. Masuda began his career as a
politician by undertaking lecturing tours in the country,
but he soon gave up this active life to equip himself. He
entered the Tokyo Seinmon Gakko to study politics and
political economy. In 1893, lie graduated from the college
with iionouis, but lie was not satisfied with what he had
acquired in a few years' iiard study, and so entered the
advanced course, selecting political economy as a specialty.
During this time he edited the party organ of the
KaishintO, the " Kaishin-to T5ho," In October, 1895, he
joined the staff of the " Yoraiuri Shimbun," and took
charge of the commercial and financial columns, at the same
time regularly contributing articles to the " Jitsugyo- no-
Nippon," a commercial magazine.
In March, 1900, he bought tlie magazine, and as editor
managed all affairs of the periodical. Several years later
a new enterprise was started by him, in view of the out-
break of war between Japan and Russia. ■ '
( 746 )
This comprised two magazines called the Seiro Shimpo
aud the " Seiro Shashin Gaho," The former was a magazine
giving the continued story of the great campaign, and the
latter a series of picture books graphically illustniting the
progress of the war. They had a wide circulation, being
very popular. > t: ,«- . ****
After the restdmion of peace Mn.M^suda greatly
enlarged the business, publishing several new magazines
with great success.
In all his enterprises there is a consistency of aim
and his object is always to promote the^ Spiritual welfare of
the nation. . His latest enterprise is the "Jitsugyo KOshu-
roku," or G/6ttmercial Science Self-taught, intended to
extend the benefit of modern education to office boys and
apprentices.
Mr. Masuda has won the respect and esteem of the
business circles, as the Director of the Nisshin Life In-
surance Co., the Nisshin Printing Co., and the Malay
Rubber Co., and as Adviser to the Shuyei-sha Printing Co.
and the Echigo Electricity Co.
In 1912, he was elected by his native town a member
of the House of itepresentatives, and on iiis return home
from a tour in Europe and America, in November 1914,
he was compelled to resign his seat, as the Kokuminto, to
which he belonged in the House, resolved to oppose tiie
policy of the Ministry then in power, the head of which
was Count Okuma.
. The energy he devoted to politics is now devoted to
popular education, every holiday being spent by him in
giving lectures at the meetings of provincial young men's
leagues.
Address:— No. 125, Hara-machi, Koishikawa-ku,
Tokyo.
MR. MATSUBARA SHIGEHIDE.
MR. MATSUBARA, SHIGEFIIDE, a prominent
business man, was born at Tendo, Uzen province,
in February, 1864, being a son of a samurai of the Tendo
Clan. After receiving his preliminary education from a
MR. S. MATSUBARA.
German in his native town, he came to Tokyo and entered
Keiwo University.
After his graduation he joined the editorial staff of the
" Ise Shimbun," an influential local paper in Ise province.
His ability as a journalist was noticed by Mr. Hara,
the editor of the " Daito Nippo," a daily in Osaka, who is now
the Leader of the Seiyukai and who, gave Mr. Matsubara
an important position on the editorial staff of the paper.
A few years later he gave up his journalistic work and
went to China, where Mr. Hara was the Consul at Tientsin.
He later made a tour in America. Having no money at his
disposal he picked up his living in New York, iiud else-
where by serving as a boy.
His strong character and diligence were soon noticed
by some Japanese residents in America, aud Mr. Matsubara
was given a position as salesman in one of their offices.
His career as a business man, however, commenced when he
was engaged by the branch office of the Kwansai Trading
Co. as a clerk.
His strenuous work in the company was appreciated by
Mr. Kichibei Murai and Mr. Hikojiro Nakakamigawa, and
when he resigned from the Kwansai Trading Co. a few
years later, he was appointed Manager of the Onagigawa
Cotton Weaving Co. by these men.
He soon resigned from the company, and under Mr.
Murai controlled the affairs of Murai Brothers, as Director
and General Manager. The success of the tobacco company,
which was such a sensation in the early days of Meiji, was
due, in a large measure, to Mr. Matsubara's business ability.
On the nationalization of the tobacco industry, the
company was dissolved, so Mr, Matsubara turned his
attention to the insurance business, which at that time
( 747 )
began to take au important position in business circles. He
was also appointed Managing Director of the Hoden Oil
Co., when that company was troubled with its finance and
required the services of an able business organizer. He
soon placed the company on a sound basis again.
He is now interested in the Chiyoda Life Insurance
Co., the Chiyoda Fire Insurance Co., the Taito Sugar
Manufacturing Co., etc., etc., either as a Director or
Auditor, besides controlling the Meiji Trading Co., Ltd. as
President.
The Meiji Trading Co. is situated at the south corner of
Nihonbashi, Tokyo, and has branches in Osaka, Yokohama,
Fiisan and Shanghai, carrying on an import, export, general
agency, and commission business, besides being contractors
to the Imperial Japanese Government.
This company is principally interested in the following
lines of goods : — Leaf tobacco, tobacco manufacturing
supplies, coke, pig iron, stee), tin-plates, galvanized sheets,
wires, hard ware, machinery, paper pulp, paper, rubber,
tops, textiles of all kinds, printing supplies, building
materials, paints, tea lead, water metres, corks, herap and
flax, cigarette mouth-pieces, menthol crystals, peppermint
oil, lily bulbs, vegetable oil, fish oil, sulphur, hemp braids,
matches, copper, cathodes and sheets, Japanese paper, rice,
tea, coal, and other goods.
Address : — No. 144, Horamura-cho, Azabu-ku, Tokyo.
MR. MATSUMOTO TSUNENOSUKE.
MR. MATSUMOTO, TSUNENOSUKE, is a member
of the House of Representatives for Tsu, Miye
prefecture. He is the President of the " Ise Shimbun,"
one of the largest daily journals in that prefecture.
He belongs to a branch of the Taira family, being
descended from Munenaga Matsumoto, a Court nobleman.
His ancestors settled at Matsumoto-mura, Miye-gori, Ise
province, and for many generations have controlled the
village. His great grand-father, Yasuchika Matsumoto, did
a great deal of good in the village by completing the irriga-
tion works of the district. His grandfather had great
administrative ability, and under his control the village
enjoyed prosperity and peace.
His father, Soichi Matsumoto, founded a daily paper
called the " Ise Sliimbun," in 1878. He engaged many
able editors for the editorial service of the paper, and its
importance as a political factor was recognized, but the
people of tlie province were little used to this kind of pub-
lication, and during the first years of its existence the daily
circulation scarcely amounted to a hundred.
Pecuniary embarrassment was at this time great, and
the founder had much difficulty in continuing the daily
publication of the journal. He died before the trouble was
successfully eliminated and his son, Mr. Tsunenosuke Matsu-
moto, succeeded as the President of the journal.
In 1911, the paper reached its 10,000th number, and
its financial position became stable.
Mr. Tsuneiiosuke Matsumoto, Fourth-class Imperial
Order of the Rising Sun, was born in 1866, and received his
early education at the Doshislia of Kyoto. Later he moved
to Waseda University, from which he graduated in 1888.
Mr. Matsumoto holds an important position in the
business community of the province, many companies in his
province owing their origin to his enterprise. He is now on
the board of the Dai Nippon Tramway Co., the Miye
Industrial and Agricultural Bank, the Tsu Electric Light
Co., and tlie Hokkaido Colonization Bank, as either Director
or Auditor,
MR. T. MATSUMOTO.
He has rendered many valuable services to the city of
Teu ; he founded a liotel in his native town and the city has
its fire brigade under his auspices.
Since 1906, he has had a seat in the House of Re-
presentatives, being returned four times for the city of Tsu.
In the House he holds an independent view, but belongs to
the Chuseikai, as that party givesitfl-maniheraJcfie action.
Address : — Sendo-cho, Tsu, Miye prefecture.
( 748 )
VICE-ADMIRAL MATSUMURA TATSUO.
VICE-ADMIRAL MATSUAIURA, TATSUO, was
bora at Tashiro-mura, Saga-gori, Saga prefecture,
iQ February, 1868, and obtained his first commission of
Sub-Lieutenant in June, 1889.
As Lieutenant, he participated in the Sino-Japiinese
war, and distinguished himself by many brave deeds. On
the restoration of peace he was decorated with the Fifth-
class Military Order of the Golden Kite, an additional
honour being granted in the form of the Sixth-class Imperial
Order of the Sacred Treasure.
His promotion was quick, and wlion the Russo-Japanese
war commenced he was a Commander. His distinguished
services in the campaign were greatly appreciated by Court,
and on the restoration of peace he was decorated with tlie
Fourth-class Military Order of the Golden Kite, and the
Tiiird-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
After iiis promotion to the rank of Captain, he held
many important posts, being twice decorated by the Korean
Emperor. His promotion to the rank of Rear-Admiral
took place in 1912.
On the outbreak of the European war he was appointed
Commander of the First Squadron, but later moved to the
command of the Provisional Defence Corps at the Soutli
Sea Islands, and in that capacity distinguished himself. In
January, 1915, he was decorated with the Second-class Im-
perial Order of the Sacred Treasure. In August, 1915, he
was again appointed Commander of the First Division of
the First Squadron, and again distinguished himself.
He is now Commander of the Training Squadron en-
gaged in training c.idets from the Naval School. His ser-
vices in the Tsingtao campaign were rewarded with the
Second-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun and a sum
of money.
In December, 1916, he was promoted to Vice-Admiral
and appointed Commander of the Pescadores Naval Station.
In March, 1917, he was given the Court rank of Ju-sliii.
MR. MATSUMURO ITASU.
MR. MATSUMURO, ITASU, Minister of Justice, Is
a native of Fukuoka prefecture. He was born in
January, 1852, being the first son of Mr. Sliingo Matsumuro.
MR. I. MATSUMURO.
He entered in July, 1876 the L-iw School attached to the
Department of Justice and was a])pointed probational judge
in July, 1884, being made judge tlie following year. After
filling the posts of judge in the Tokyo ChihS Saibansho, and
in the Tokyo Appeal Court, and later as Professor of
Criminal Law in the Tokyo Imperial University he was
appointed Public Procurator in June, 1898. In June, 1901,
he was again made Judge, and appointed President of the
Nagasaki Appeal Court. During the Russo-Japanese war
he was President of the Prize Court. In July, 1906, he
was promoted to Public Procurator-General, and subsequently
held additionally or separately the posts of President of the
Administrative Court, Judge of the Disciplinary Court and
President of the Law Investigation Commission. When the
Katsura Cabinet was formed in 1911, he was appointed
Minister of Justice, which post he left at the downfall of the
cabinet. On the recommendation of Baron Hatano, Minister
of the Imperial Household, he was nominated President of
the Board of Audit of the Imperial Household, the treatment
of an official of shinnin rank being accorded him. In
October, 1916, when Count Terauchi organized his Ministry,
Mr. Matsumuro was appointed Minister of Justice. He
now holds the Court rank of j5-zammi and has the First-
class Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure,
Address: — No. 1449, Ikebukuro, Sugamo, Kita-
Toshima-gori, Tokyo-fu.
( '« )
MR. MATSUO YOSHIO.
A /TR. MATSUO, YOSHIO, Manager of the Tokyo
^^ ■*- Branch Office of the Yokohama Specie Bank, was
born at Sliimabara, Nagasaki prefecture, in May, 1860.
After finishing his elementary education in his native
province, he came to Tokyo to study political economy at
Keiwo University. Later he moved to the Mitsubishi Com-
mercial School to study commercial science.
Almost simultnneously with his graduation from school,
the Yokohama Specie Bank was organized and he was
engaged to comjjiete the promotion proceedings of the institu-
tion. In 1885, he was atta'ched to the New York Branch,
and during the six years he was in America he endeavoured
to expand business operations.
In October, 1891, he returned, but the following year
was despatched to America and Europe, in company with
Mr. Nagatane Soma, Director of the bank, to investigate
the banking systems of the West.
In 1894, he was despatched to Bombay, where the
bank was about to open a branch, and he successfully
conducted preparations for the establishment of an office.
He remained for a time after the organization of the branch
to direct the office affairs and lay the foundation for future
business.
In 1898, he was for the third time despatched to Europe
and America, to coipplete his study of banking aflfairs in
tiiese countries. On his return he was once ngain sent to
Bombay to manage the branch, remaining over ten years.
In June, 1903, he was recalled to undertake the
inauguration of a branch office at Osaka, ami on the
MR. Y. MATSUO.
successful organization of the office he was appointed its
Manager. In July, 1906, lie was moved to the present post.
Mr. Matsuo is known as sincere and industrious, and
among bankers lie is reputed as one of the ablest.
Address: — No. 43, Takanawa-Minami-cho, 8hiba-ku,
Tokyo.
BARON MITSUI HACHIROJIRO.
T)ARON MITSUI, HACHIROJIRO, is one of the
-*-^ active partners in the Mitsui Gomel Kaisha, and lias
a seat on the Board of Directors in the Daiichi Ginko.
He is the fourth son of the late Mr. Takayoshi Mitsui
and his surviving brothers are Baron Hachiroyemon Mitsni
and Baron Takayasu Mitsui. He whs born in Kyoto,
April 7th, 1849, and in August, 1852, succeeded the late
Mr. Takachika Mitsui.
The career of Baron Hacliirojlro Mitgui, as a business
man, commenced in 1879, when he was elected a Director
in the 1st National Bank. Since theii be has actively
participated in a number of business enterprises. When
the Third Domestic Industrial Exhibition was held, he was
appointed a commissioner, and a similar appointment was
also entrusted to him on the occasion of the Fourth
Domestic Industrial Exhibition. The Barou has done
much for the Kyoto Exhibition Association, as its
President.
BARON H. MITSUI.
( 750 )
In the cause of fine art, the Baron has rendered great
service. In succession he has held the posts of com-
missionership in the National Art Treasure Investigation
Commission, the Vice- Presidency of the Kyoto Fine Art
Association, and the Connoiseurs Commissionersliip in tlie
Imperial Museum. •••
He held the Presidency for many years of the Mitsui
Bussan Kaisha,' before he resigned in 1914, when he became
one of the executive directors of the Mitsui Gomel Kaisha,
whicli post he holds at the present time.
In recognitioa of services in the cause of the State,
■ including his contributions toward the National Defence
Fund, the Warship Construction Fund, and other fdnds of
similar nature, he has been decorated with tlie Third-class
Imperial Order of the Rising Sun, and also the Court ranji
of Ju-shii has been conferred upon him.
In August, 1911, he was created Buron, becoming a
Peer of the Realm.
Address : — No. 7, Kita-Jimbo-cho, Kanda-ku, Tokyo. „
iARON MITSUI HAGHIROYEMON.
BARON MITSUI, HACHIROYEMON, the head of
the Mitsui family, which is one of the wealthiest in
this country, was born in Kyoto on the 14th January,
1857, being the seventh son of the late Mr. Takayoshi
Mitsui.
The Mitsui family is one of the many offsprings of the
great clan of Fujiwara. Nobutada Fujiwara, one of the
descendants of Michinaga Fujiwara, was the most powerful
Court noble and statesman at the close of the tenth century.
He had many sons, one of wliom called himself Nobushige,
assuming the name of Mitsui for this family, and this is
how the house of Mitsui was established. Norisada Mitsui,
the t\yelfth head of this line of Mitsuis, had no sou, so adopt-
ed Takahisa Sasaki, the third son of Mitsutsuna Sasaki, a
powerful military leader of the Minamoto clau in the pro-
vince of Omi.
Takahisa Mitsui adopted his real father's crest
" Yotsurae" and thus made the family of Mitsui a brancli
of the Minamoto clau, to which his real father belonged.
Takahisa built a castle at Naraazue in Omi, for his abode,
but his descendant Takayasu Mitsui, who styled himself
Edhigo-no-Kami, moved to Matsuzaka in the province of
Ise, where he settled, and died in 1610.
The son of Takayasu, Sokubei Mitsui, had a more
peaceful temperament adopting business instead of war,
as his forefathers had done. He had his store at Matsu-
zaka in Ise. There the people called him " My Lord
Echigo," after his father's title, and this is how the business
name of " Echigoya " originated.
In 1673, Sokubei's son, Hachirobei'Mitsui, extended his
trade ramifications by opening a business office in Kyoto,
other branches being subsequently opened in Yedo and
Osaka. Hachirobei died in May, 1694. In a large mea-
sure the solid foundation of the family was laid by Hachi-
robei, and the expansion and success that followed may be
primarily attributed to him. The six sons of Hachirobei
founded six separate branches of the family. They are the
main branch houses of Mitsui, and these with five other
minor branches constitute as a whole that which is known
as the "Mitsui."
These branches have harmoniously co-operated, ever;
since the time of Hachirobei, to promote the interests of the
consolidated family and to develope its business enterprises.
The house founded by Takahira Mitsui, the eldest son of
Hachirobei Mitsui, is known as the " Sory5ke," or the
Head Family, it being the main line of the Mitsui family.
( 151 )
Baron Hacliiroyemon Mitsui is the tenth head of the
line of the " Soryoke," and is the supreme head of all the
great family. He was called Isonosuke Mitsui during his
boyhood. His eldest brother, who hsd no son of his own
adopted the present Baron as heir, in June, 1863, when the'
latter changed his home to Choshiro Mitsui.
In 1872, he visited the United States with his late
brother, Takenosuke Mitsui, and remained at New Bruns-
wick for the purpose of prosecuting his studies. Later he
made a tour of the States. After three years he
returned home, and in February, 1884, assumed the here-
ditary name of Hachiroyemon Mitsui, though the actual
headship of the family was assumed legally in February of
the following year.
When the Mitsui family's enterprises were controlled
by the central organization called the Mitsui-Gumi, lie was
the Grand Head of the Mitsui-Gumi. Later, when the
style of the Mitsui-Gumi was changed to Mitsui-Motokata,
he was also the head. At present he is the cliairman of the
.Mitsui Family Council, and the President of the Mitsui
Gomel Kaisha. He has always represented the whole
family of the Mitsuis, and controlled the whole of the busi-
ness enterprises.
Baron Hachiroyemon Mitsui has always been interested
in public affairs, and not a few public enterprises owe their
success to ills disinterested endeavours. In December,
1888, he was granted by Court the Imperial Gold Medal
of the Yellow Ribbon, in acknowledgement of his contribu-
tion toward the Naval Construction Funds. Four years
later the late Dowager Empress Eisho was pleased to grant
him a flower viise and a set of gold cups.
In June, 1896, the late Emperor Meiji created him
Baron, and several years later decorated him with the
Third-class Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure. On the
conclusion of the Russo-Japanese war, he was again de-
BARON H. MITSUI.
corated, in recognition of his contributions to the success of
the campaign, with the Second-class Imperial Order of the
Rising Sun. He now holds the Court rank oif Jo-shii.
Address: — No. 42, Imni-cho, Azabu-ku, Tokyo.
BARON MITSUI TAKAYASU.
"DARON MITSUI, TAKAYASU, is the. fifth son of
-*-'^ the late Mr. Takeyoshi Mitsui. He was born in
Kyoto on May 26th, 1850. He assumed the headship of
the family in 1868.
f
In 1870, he was appointed an official in the Kyoto
Prefectural Office.
In 1880, when the Kyoto Industrial Exhibition
Association was organized, under official auspices, he was
appointed Vice-President. In the following year, lie was
ordered to Tokyo, by the Government, where he rendered
meritorious services toward the industrial exhibition then
being held.
k
In February, 1887, he made an extensive tour in
Europe and America, for the purpose of studying banking
and general business undertakings.
The following year he was decorated with the Imperial
Medal of the Yellow Ribbon, as a reward for his contribu-
tion toward the Warship Construction Fund. In 1889 he
was elected President of the Kyoto Exhibition Society.
In 1891, after his resignation from this Society, he
assumed tiie Presidency of the Mitsui Bank, and in that
eminent capacity he has contributed very largely towards
the development of Japan's finance. In 1892 he was
granted the Court rank of Ju-goi.
BARON T. MITSUI.
( 752 )
During the Sino-Japan war he waited upon the late
Emperor Meiji at the Imperial Headquarters at Hiroshima.
Since 1898, he has been one of the Active Partners of tlie
Mitsui-Gumi, and its successive institutions controlling the
Mitsui concerns.
In 1906, he was decorated with the Fourth-chiss Im-
perial Order of the Sacred Treasure, as a reward for his
services during the Russo-Japanese war, in addition to the
Iraperinl Order of the Rising Sun which had previously
been conferred upon him. In August, 1909, he was
appointed one of the promotion commissioners of tlie Bank
of Korea.
In October, 1911, he was promoted to the Court rank
of Ju-shii. In December, 191.5, he was created Baron and
became a Peer of the Realm. In November, 1916, Baron
Mitsui was promoted to tlie Third-class Imperial Order of
the Rising Sun.
Address: — No. 47, Karai-Niban-cho, Kojimachi-ku,
Tokyo.
MR. MiYAZAKI SANNOSUKE.
M^
R. MIYAZAKI, SANNOSUKE, is a barrister at
law, and his office is at Koizumi-cho, Honjo-ku,
Tokyo. He was born at Toyama in September, 1872, and
is the third son of Mr. Shiiisaku Miyazaki. Graduating
from the Meiji Law College in Tokyo in 1892, he passed
the official examination for lawyers the same year. He
was appointed a Judge and later promoted to the rank of
Chief Judge of the Chiba Local Court. In 1903, he retired
from the Government service and practiced law. For
some years he was associated with Dr. Isobe's Law Office
in Tokyo and then established himself at the above
address.
^
MR. a. MIYAZAKi.
( 753 )
MR. MO TO DA HAJIME.
MR. MOTODA, HAJIME, is a native of Oita pre-
fecture. He was born iu January, 1858, being
the second son of Mr. Eio Inoniata. When thirteen years
of age, he came to Tokyo, and received lessons in Japanese
iind Chinese classics, from Mr. Naoshi Motoda, a well-known
scholar. Mr. Naoshi Motoda recognized his ability, and gave
his daugliter to him in marriage, wlien he adopted the name
of Motada. He entered the Tokyo Imperial University,
and studied law. In 1880, he graduated from the Uni-
versity, and practiced law. He was appointed President of
the Tokyo Barristers' Association three times. He taught
at the Tokyo Hogaku-in College and the Keiwo University
during this time. In 1890, when parliament was opened,
lie was returned to the Diet from Oita prefecture, and has
since been elected at each general election. Mr. Motoda's
reputation as a lawyer and politician has long been
established, being nominated as a member of the Legal
Affairs Investigation Committee, and contributing greatly
towards tiie drafting and revising of the Civil and Com-
mercial Codes. He is an important personage in political
circles, as a leader of the Seiyukai. He assisted the late
Prince Ito in the formation of the Seiyukai. In 1900, Mr.
Motoda toured in Europe and America, inspecting political
conditions in these countries. After returning he was
appointed Director of General Affairs of the Seiyukai. He
was made Chairman of the Budget Committee, and Vice-
President of the House of Representatives three times.
In 1911, Mr. Motoda was appointed President of the
Colonization Bureau, and when the Yamaraoto Cabinet was
organized he was made Minister of Communications.
He resigned his portfolio in 1914 when the
Yamamoto Cabinet fell. Mr. Mofoda has tiie Court rank
MR. H. MOTODA.
of Ju-zammi and holds the Second-class Imperial Order of
the Rising Sun.
Address: — No. 8, Kioi-cho, Kojimachi-ku, Tokyo.
DR. MOTODA SAKUNOSHIN.
T"-\R. MOTODA, SAKUN03HIN, is one of the pio-
^-^ minent figures both in Christian and educational
circles of Japan. He was born on February 22nd, 1862, in
Kururae, Chikugo province. His father died the year
following his birth, and his mother a year later. He
graduattd from the Kurume Nor.mal School in October,
1877. In January, 1882, he entered the English School at
KawHguchi, Osaka, kept by the Rev. T. S. Tyng, and studied
English under the kind patronage of the good missionary
and teacher. In December of the same year he was
baptized by Mr. Tyng and in October of the following year
he was elected superintendent of the dormitory of the school.
In July, 1886, he sailed lor America accompanied by his
teacher. He entered Kenyon University, from which he
graduated as a B.A. in July 1891. In September of the
same year, he entered the Philadelphia Theological Seminary
from which he graduated in July 1892. In July, 1893, he
received the title of M.A., conferred up on him by Kenyon
University. In July, 1894, he finished the Philosophical
Course of the University, Pennsylvania, and obtained the
( 754 )
degree of Ph. D, In September of the same year he entered
Colombia University, New York, and took up the study of
social science.
DR. S. MOTODA.
In May of 1896, he arrived home from America. The
same month he was appointed instructor and chaplain of
St. Paul's Academy, Tsukiji; Tokyo. In September of
1899, be was appointed Principal of the same. In May,
190], he went over to America to represent the Japanese
Y.M.C.A. at the Jubilee of the establishment held in Boston,
and returned in August. From February to May, 1906, he
made a tour in India in company with Dr. Harada, Presi-
dent of the Doshisha University. During this two montlis'
tour, Dr. Motoda delivered 72 speeches in 22 different places.
On the establishment of the St. Paul's College in September,
1907, lie was appointed President. In 1910, he again
proceeiied to America to attend the general meeting of the
American Episcopal Churches held in August in Cincinnati.
Dr. Motoda is the author of many worthy books about
the English language, philosophy, ethics, sociology, religion,
etc , etc. At present he holds many positions.
In January, 1915, he visited Manila and represented
the Japanese Y.M.C.A. at the inaugural ceremony of the
city Y.M.CA. Hall and of tiie Students Y.M.C.A. Hall. In
June of the same year lie had S.T.D. conferred upon him by
the Philadelphia Seminary. On tlie occasion of the enthrone-,
ment of H.I.M. the Emperor, he was decorated with the
Fifth-class Imperial Order of the Sacied Treasure.
VISCOUNT MOTONO ICHIRO.
A ^ISCOUNT MOTONO, ICHIRO, Minister of Foreign
Affairs, was born in February, 1862, being the first
son of the late Mr. Seikyo Motono, a samurai of the Saga
clan. He studied at the Lyons University in France. On
graduation he returned home in 1890, and was appointed
Translator in the Foreign Office. In 1893, he had the title
of Hogakuhakushi (Doctor of Law), conferred upon him
after successively filling the posts of Councillor of tlie Foreign
Office, Acting Director of the Political Affairs Bureau,
Private Secretary to the Foreign Minister, Councillor of
the Legislation Bureau, and First-class Secretary of the
Legation, he was promoted to Minister in 1898, and
accredited to Belgium, France and Russia. In recognition
of his services during the Russo-Japanese war, he was
decorated with the First-class Imperial Order of the Rising
Sun and created a Baron. In 1908, he was made Ambas-
sador to Russia, in which capacity he contributed materially
VISCOUNT I. MOTONO.
( 755 )
in concluding the Russo-Japanese Agreement, a fact which
was duly recognized by tiie Emperor, who raised him to
the rank of Viscount. When the Terauclii cabinet was
organized in October, 1916, he was assigned the post of
Foreign Minister. The official investiture took place on
November 21st, 1916. He now holds the Court rank of
Jo-zammi. Viscount Motono is a diplomat of great calibre
and advanced views. His long residence in France, for
purposes of study, coupled with his appointment to Paris,
has made him very proficient in the French language. He
is held in high esteem by all foreign diplomats with whom
he has come in contract.
Address : — No. 2, Higashi-toriizaka-macbi, Azabu-ku,
Tokyo.
VICE-ADMIRAL MURAKAMI KAKUICHI.
THE Vice-Admiral was born in November, 1862, at
Sliiina, Katntae, Saga-gori, Saga prefecture. He ob-
tained his first Commission as Sub-Lieuteuaut after bis gra-
duation from the Naval Cadets' School in September, 1886.
As Lieutenant he distinguished iiimself in the Sino-Japanese
war. After the restoration of peace, lie was decorated with
the Sixth-class Military Order of the Golden Kite and the
Fifth-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun for his meri-
torious services.
He had since been rapidly promoted, being placed in
many important positions. While a Commander he was
presented with high orders by France and Russia. He
was rewarded with the Fifth-class Imperial Order of the
Sacred Treasure. In September, 1903, he was promoted to
the rank of Captain.
In the Russo-Japanese war he commanded cruiser?,
and he i)articipated in almost all the engagements with the
Russian warsiiips. His services were highly appreciated
and after the restoration of peace he was decorated with
the Third-class Military Order of the Golden Kite and the
Third-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun. Korea and
Italy also presented him with orders.
In August, 1908, he was promoted to the rank of Rear-
Adrairal, and appointed Chief of the 1st aud 2nd Depart-
ments of tiie Naval Education Board. Tiie following sum-
mer he was given the management of the 1st Department
of the Naval Fleet Administration Board, at tlie same time
taking charge of the departments of the Naval Education
Board.
His promotion to the rank of Vice-Admiral took place
in December, 1912, when he was moved to command the
Kure Naval Works, and he was ordered to wait further
orders in April, 1914. .
After a month's retirement, he was once more appointed
Chief of the Naval Fleet Administration Board and
Member of the Admirals' Council. The following year he
was made President of the Naval Technical Affairs Board,
though still retaining a seat on the Admirals' C-ouncil. He
did not hold the post for long, for at the close of the year
he was transferred to the command of the Third Squadron.
VICE-ADMIRAL K. MURAKAMI.
In November, 1915, he was decorated with the First-
class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun in recoguition of the
services rendered by him in theTsingtao campaign. In the
following year he was given the Court rank of J5-shii and
in April, 1917, he' was transferred to the command of the
Board of Naval Education and appointed member of the.
Admirals' Council.
( W6 )
DR. NAKAIZUMI YUKINORI.
DR. NAKAIZUMI, YUKINORI, an authority on
ophtlialomology, was born at Osbi, Saitama pre-
fecture, in January, 1871, being the third son of the late
DR. y. NAKAIZUMI.
Yahei Goto, a samurai of tiie Oshi Clan. In 1892, he was
adopted by Surgeon Major-General Tadashi Nakaizumi,
and on the death of his adopted father in 1911, he inherited
his adopted father's property and family name.
He matriculated at the Medical College of Tokyo
Imperial University in 1891, and studied ophthalmology.
In 1896, he graduated and was appointed Assistant in the
clinical rooms of the college. After several years he was
formally .-ippointed Assistnnt Professor of Ophthalmology
at the Medical College of the Tokyo Imperial University.
: In January, 1910, he was despatched to Europe to
prosecute his study. Most of his time was spent in Ger-
many. He returned home after two years and resumed Iiis
Assistant Professorship in the Medical College of the Tokyo
Imperial University.
Since 1901 he has been one of the Examiners for
Medical Practice Licenses, and at present holds the Fifth-
class Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure and the Court
rank of Jo-rokui.
Address: — No. 4, 2.chome, Moto-Sukiya-cho, ICyo-
bashi-ku, Tokyo.
VISCOUNT NAKAMUDA TAKEMASA.
VISCOUNT NAKAMUDA, TAKEMASA, was burn
in July, 1877, in Tokyo. He is Commander of the
Navy at the present time, serving with the Naval Educa-
tional Headquarters. At the time of the Russo-Japanese
war, he rendered brilliant services in attacking enemy
vessels. He was ordered to blockade the enemy vessels out-
side of Port Arthur, and he attacked the Russian warship
Sebaslopol. He was presented with a letter of appreciation
by Admiral Togo, Commander-in-Chief of the Combined
Squadrons of the Japanese Navy, for <listinguished service
in attacking the enemy battleship in a snowstorm, on
December 14th, 1904. In January, 1905, he was appointed
Chief of the First Flotila, and as such took part in the bat-
tle of the Japan Sea, again receiving a letter of appreciation
from the commander-in-chief, to the eflFect that he accom-
plished the attack on the enemy squadron at close range,
despite many casualties and in spite of high seas that pre-
vailed on the night of May 27tli, 1905, completely defeat-
ing the enemy squadron, and materially assisting the
Japanese squadron in giving on effective chase to tlie
enemy. The Viscount lias tiie Court rank of Jo-goi, and
the Fourth-class Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure and
the Fourth-class Military Order of the Golden Kite.
THE LATE VISCOUNT
K. NAKAMUDA,
C 757 )
Viscount Nakamuda'a father, Viscount Kurauosuke
Nakamuda, entered the military service when quite
young, in 1855, being ordered to study the Dutch language
by Lord Nabeshima. Later, lie proceeded to Nagasaki,
wliere he studied tlie foreign naval statistics. In 1861, he
proceeded to China to inspect the military system. At
the time of the Restoration he fought on the side of the
Imperial Army, at various places. The Emperor ap-
preciated his merit, and materially rewarded him. He
was later appointed commander in the navy. In 1871,
he was pronioted Captiiin, and later Rear- Admiral. In
1873, he was sent to the Austrian Exhibition, and in
1875 proceeded to Korea with a mission to protect the
Japanese subjects. In 1876, he returned and was made
Adjutant to the Naval Office. In 1877, at the time of the
Civil War, he rendered meritorious services by assisting
Admiral Kawamura. In 1878, he was promoted Vice-
Adrairal, and in 1880 was appointed Commander of the
Tokai Naval Station. In 1884, he was created a peer with
the rank of Viscount, and was subsequently appointed to
the posts of Commander-in-Chief of the Yokosukn, and the
Kure Naval Stations. He was also made President of the
Naval College, Chief of the Naval General Staff, and otiier
distinguished posts. In 1893, he was placed on the retired
list, and was nominated Privy Councillor. He had the
First-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun and the Court
rank of Ju-nii.
Address: — No. 67, 6-chome, Aoyama-Minami-machi,
Akasiika-ku, Tokyo.
DR. NAKANISHI KAMETARO.
y-^R. NAKANISHI, KAMETARO, Professor of the
^-"^ Medical College in Kyoto Imperial University, was
born in Shidzuoka prefecture, November, 1868, being a son
of the late Mr. Hikohei Wada, While a boy he was adopted
into the Nakanishi family, and inherited the property of his
adopted father.
On his graduation from the Medical College in the
Tokyo Imperial University, in 1892, he was appointed
Assistant Professor at the college. After several years he
moved to the Kyoto Imperial University, and became As-
sistant Professor.
In 1901, he was promoted to full Professorship, and the
following year the degree of Igakuhakushi, or Doctor of
Medicine, was conferred upon him. He now holds the Court
rank of JO-goi and the Third-class Imperial Order of the
Sacred Treasure.
Address : — Nishi-e-iru, Naka-Tachiuri, Muro-machi,
Kamikyo-ku, Kyoto.
MR. NAKASHOJI REN.
IV /TR. NAKASHOJI, REN, Minister of Agriculture
-^ ^ and Commerce, was born July, 1866, in the town
of fokuyama, Tsuiio-gori, in Yamaguchi prefecture, being
the second son of Mr. Yasukadzu Nakashoji. After
graduating from the English course of the Kaisei School in
1882, he was made a clerk of the Kobe District Court. In
1887, he passed the examination for Judges and Pro-
curators, and three years later was appointed Public
Procurator. After serving as such in the Yokohama and
Tokyo Local Courts, he was promoted to Procurator of the
Tokyo Appeal Court, holding, addition iiUy, the post of
Councillor of the Department of Justice. When the ques-
tion relating to the raising of salaries for judicial officials
was raised his views were that better treatment must be
accorded them, if the independence of jurisdiction was to be
guaranteed, and, with his fellow-officials, he hotly discussed
the question. As his views were not endorsed by the
Government, he resigned his post. In March, 1899, he was
despatched to England and America by the Government,
and in June, 1901, was appointed Manager of the See-
( 758 )
MR. R. NAKASHOJI.
retariat of the Department of Communications. He was
later transferred to the Home Office ; he lield office as
Director of the Engineering and the Police Affairs Bureaux.
In 1906, he was appointed Vice-Miiiister of Communica-
tions, which post lie held for six years. AVhen he resigned
this post he was nominated a Member of tlie House of Peers.
In December, 1911, when the Tliird Katsura Cabinet was
organized, he was given the portfolio of Agriculture and
Commerce, resigning this post in February, 1912, when
the Cabinet collapsed. He was appointed to the present
post on the formation of the Terauchi Cabinet in 1916.
He was holds Court rank of Ju-zammi and has the
Second-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
Few judicial officials have been such able administrators
as Mr. NakashOji. When he served as Vice-Minister of
Communications under Baron Goto, he was entrusted with
almost all the administrative affairs in the Department,
practically fulfilling the Ministerial duties.
Address : — No. 2, Hiroo-raachi, Azabu-ku, Tokyo.
COUNT NOGI MOTOSATO,
i^OUNT NOGI, MOTOSATO, was on September 13th.
^-^ 1915, created a peer with the title of Count by
special order of the Emperor. He is the younger brother
of Viscount Motokatsu Mori and was born in January,
1880. He entered the military service as one year volunteer
and was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant, being placed
on the retired list.
Practically speaking, he succeeded to the late General
Count and Countess Nogi, both of whom committed suicide
at their residence at Akasaka, Tokyo, on the night of
September 13th, 1912, when the State funeral of the
Emperor Meiji was conducted at Aoyama. The late Gen-
eral Count Nogi waa the eldest son of Nogi, a samurai of
the Yamaguchi clan, and born on November 11th, 1850.
During the Restoration of 1868, the deceased rendered'
distinguished services in crushing the force of the Siiogunate
Government. Enteiing the Army, he was appointed Major
in i871 and during the Civil War of 1877 in Kyushu he
distinguished himself in sweeping away the rebels. After
THE LATE COUNT M. NOGI.
( 759
the Sino-Japanese war of 1894-5, in which he participated
in the capacity of a Brigadier General, he was created a
peer witli the title of Baron, and in 1896 he was appointed
Governor-General of Formosa, the title of Count being
conferred upon him. Later he was raised to the rank of
full General and in 1903 was decorated with the First-
class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun. Upon the outbreak
)
of the Russo-Japanese war in 1904, he commanded a corps
and laid siege to Port Arthur, at which campaign his two
sons, one a Lieutenant and the other Sub-Lieutenant, were
killed. After the campaign he was decorated with the
Imperial Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia and the
First-class Military Order of the Golden Kite in recognition
of his distinguished services.
DR. DBA SHIGEMA.
"r\R. OBA, SHIGEMA, was born at Yamagata pre-
"^^^ fecture in February, 1869. After finishing his
preliminary education he came to Tokyo to study juris-
prudence at the English Law School, at Nishiki-clio,
Kanda-ku, which was later converted into a collegiate
school, under the name of the Central University. He
graduated with honours in 1890, and a little later was
admitted to the bar.
For several years he practised in Tokyo and Sendai,
with a certain degree of success, but in 1895 he sought a
position in the juridical service. After occupying the
eminent position of judge in the local Courts at Akita,
Nagoya, Kofu, and other cities, he was appointed Public
Procurator, in 1902.
A few years later he was despatched by the Govern-
ment to Germany, there prosecuting the study of criminal
law. On his return in 1908, he was appointed Councillor
in tiie Department of Justice, and contributed to the perfec-
tion of the criminal code and accessory laws. After his
transfer to the post of Public Procurator in the Court of
Cassation, in 1912, he retired from the Government service,
opening a law office at Yuraku-cho, Kojimachi-ku, Tokyo.
While in Germany, he received the degree of Doctor
of Laws from a German university. Since his return, he
has applied the fruits of his studies to the perfection of the
police and prison systems in this country, and his success
was so great, that shortly before his retirement from the
official position he had the degree of the Hogakuhakushi
(Doctor of Law) from the Department of Education con-
ferred upon him.
He has promoted the cause of purity, has introduced
the finger print system, and the innovation of criminal
procedures.
In tiie general election of March, 1915, he was elected
a Member of tiie House of Represents tives, by Yamagata,
DR. S. OBA.
his native town, whicii post lie held until January, 1917,
when the House of Representatives was dissolved by the
Terauchi Government.
Dr. Oba has the Court rank of Jo-goi and the Fourth-
class Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure.
Address :
Tokyo.
-No. 36, Dote-Sanban-cho, Kojimachi-ku,
( 760 )
BARON OHARA SENKICHI
"OARON OHARA, SENKICHI, Director-General of
the Supply Bureau in the Imperial Household De-
partment, is a grandson of tiie well-known patriot, Mr.
BARON S. OHARA.
Zesui Ohara. He was born on January 17th, 1871. His
ancestors were the chief samurai in Ogaki clan, in Mino
province. Mr. Zesui Ohara, grandfather of the present
Baron Ohara, was indefatigable in advocating tlie patriotic
principle. He did a great deal for the cause of the conn! ry.
After the Restoration, Mr. Ohara was made Daisanji of the
Ogaki clan, and Gonchiji of Honbo prefecture, being very
popular among those over whom he was placed. In 1900,
Mr. Teki Ohara, the son, was created Baron, in recognition
of his father's meritorious services, and was later appointed
a member of the House of Peers. He died in 1910. The
present Baron Senkichi Ohara is the first son of the late
Baron Teki Ohara, and after his father's death was ordered
to succeed to his peerage. He is a man of great intelligence
and integrity. After graduating from the Law College of
the Tokyo Imperial University, he was appointed Secretary
of the House of Peers. In August, 1910, he was appointed
Secretary of the Bureau of the Imperial Family and Nobles
in the Imperial Household Department, and later additionally
appointed Secretary of the Imperial Household Department,
In December, 1915, he was promoted to Director-General of
the Supply Bureau, which post he still retains. In October,
1915, the Baron was granted the Court rank of Jo-shii and
in January, 1916, decorated with the Second-class Imperial
Order of the Sacred Treasure.
Baron Ohara was one of the Enthroneraont Com-
missioners.
MR.OKADA RYOHEI.
IV /T R. OKADA, RYOHEI, Minister of Education, is
a native of Kakegawa, Totorai province. He was
born in May, 1864, being the first son of Mr. Ryoichiro
Okada. In 1872 he entered an elementary school, and later
the Kihoku Gakusha, which his father founded, where he
studied the English language and Chinese classics. He
later matriculated at tlie Tokyo Imperial University, from
which he graduated in 1887. In April, 1893, he was appoint-
( 761 )
ed Educational Inspector of the Department of Education,
and subsequently promoted Councillor of the Department.
In January, 1894, he became President of the Yamaguchi
High School, and in 1898 was appointed Councillor of the
Department of Education and a Member of the Higher Edu-
cational Conference. In 1900, he was promoted to Director
of the Industrial Education Bureau, and was despatched to
Europe. He returned home the following year, and filled
the important post of Secretary-General of the Depart-
ment. Following the appointment Gentleman-in-waiting of
the " Kinkei " Hall he was nominated a member of the
House of Peers. In 1907 he was appointed President of
the Kyoto Imperial University and in the following year,
when the Katsura Cabinet was formed, he was made Vice-
Minister of Education, which post he resigned in 1908. In
October, 1916, he was appointed Minister of Education in
the Terauchi Cabinet. He now holds Court rank of Ju-
zammi and the Second-class Imperial Order of the Rising
Sun.
Address: — No.
Tokyo.
125, Hara-machi, Kobhikawa-ku
MR. R. OKADA.
MR. OKA GENZO.
A /TR. OKA, GENZO, was born in Iwakuni, Yama-
* guchi prefecture, in 1859. After the completion
of his education in his native prefecture, in 1883, he came
to Tokyo when his connection with industry began. He
obtained employment in the Mitsuyoshi Electric Engineer-
ing Works at Mita soon after liis arrival in the capital.
By dint of industry and inventiveness, he was quickly
promoted, and within a few years was appointed foreman
at the works.
In November, 1903, he established himself as an
electrical engineer at Atago-cho, Shiba-ku, Tokyo, and after
moving several times he settled down at Sliikoku-maehi, Mita,
Shiba-ku, Tokyo, where his works are now situated. The
success he won during these years is largely attributable
to his invention of water-proof sockets and switches. At
the instance of Messrs. Kodama and Nakahara, ex-
Experts in the Tokyo Electric Light Co., he commenced his
investigations and on the successful completion of the
invention he obtained large orders from the Tokyo Electric
Light Co.
He also devised a new type of insulator, some years
ago, which he patented, but his right was disputed by an-
other engineer, and after a prolonged hearing at the Patent
Court he was defeated.
He is a straightforward and honest man, enjoying a
high degree of public confidence, and his business is
prosperous and expanding.
His works make a specialty of turning out the sockets
and switches for which he holds patent rights, the annual
production running into a very large figure.
Address:— No. 2, Shikoku-machi, Mita, Shiba-kii,
Tokyo.
C 762 )
MR. OKAZAKI KUNISUKE.
MR OKAZAKI, KUNISUKE, one of the leaders of
the Seiyukai party, was born in March, 1854, at
Wakayama, Wakayama prefecture, being the second sou of
the late Mr. Gakuya Nagasaka^ a samurai of the Wakayama
OKAZAKI.
Clan. While a boy be was adopted into the Okazaki
family, and assumed the present family name.
The late Count Munemitsu Mutsu, one of Japan's
greatest diplomatic geniuses produced during the Meiji Era,
did everything in his power to educate him. When Count
Mutsu made a tour in America, he accompanied him in
order to prosecute his studies at Washington.
In 1890 he returned home with the Count, and since
has assisted in everything the Count undertook. The
following year he was elected a Member of the House of
Representatives, in succession to Count Mutsu, who resigned
the membership on his assumption of a ministerial post.
After the death of Count Mutsu, he assisted the late
Mr. Toru Hoshi, who was known as- the most virile of all
party politicians. When Mr. Hoshi became Minister of
Communications, he also assisted in conducting the official
work, as the head private secretary. Mr. Hoshi, how-
ever, was forced to resign this office, and Mr. Takashi
Hara succeeded him. Mr. Okazaki vacated the post in
spite of Mr. Hara's entreaties to remain in the office and
assist him.
His parliamentary life was interrupted by his retire-
ment from active politics, in 1893, but in 1908 he was
again elected a member of the House of Representatives by
the Prefecture of Tokyo, since when at each general election
he has been returned for Tokyo prefecture and afterwards
for Wakayama prefecture. He at present has a seat on
the Board of Directors of the Seiyukai party.
As a business man he has made a name on account of
his resourcefulness and business tact. At present he is
interested in many business concerns, among these being
Director of the Keihin Electric Railway Co. and
Auditor of the Ashio Railway Co. Mr. Oisazaki lias the
Court rank of Jo-goi and holds the Fourth Class Imperial
Order of the Sacred Treasure.
Address : — Oi-machi, Ebara-gori, Tokyo-fu.
MR. OKAZAKI SESSEI.
MR. OKAZAKI, SESSEI, is one of the greatest metal
casting designers in Japan. He was born at
Fushirai, Yamashiro province, in November, 1854. While
a child, he studied the art of casting, under his father, the
late Mr. Teiho Okazaki. In 1875 he came to Tokyo, where
he remained for two years. He then studied wax mould
casting under the late Mr. Seibi Suzuki, a well-known
caster.
After years' of study he established a workshop and
commenced the manufacture of fine art mouldings, some of
which were exported. He also made an extensive tour, in
company with Baron Kuki, of Kyoto, Nara, and other
provinces, for the purpose of studying the works of ancient
masters.
In April, 1890, he was appointed Professor at the
Tokyo Academy of Fine Arts, and was commissioned to
( 763 )
cast statues of Takamori Saigo and Masashige Kusunoki,
which are now to be seen, one at Uyeno Park and the other
in front of the Imperial Palace.
MR. S. OKAZAKI.
In 1893, he was despatched to America, to study
foreign castings exhibited at the International Exhibition
then being held at Chicago ; he also investigated the latest
sectional casting method, and on his return endeavoured to
make it known among Japanese casters.
In 1898, he resigned from the Academy, in order to
assist the late Mr. Okakura and others to establish a
private fine art institute, which was later known as the
Japan Fine Art Institute. About this time he was com-
missioned to cast statues of the great Emperor Jimmu, and
a memorial tower at Toyohashi. The statues to the
Emperor are now seen at Toyohashi and Niigata.
The statue of Buddha at Baroda Park, India, has been
cast under his direction in accordance with a request of
the Gaekwar of Baroda.
In 1900, he again travelled in Europe and America,
visiting the International Exposition at Paris and studying
the ancient masters of the Continental countries. Ou his
arrival home he was commissioned to cast a statute of li
Kamonnokami for the City of Yokohama, which is situated
at Kamonyama, Yokohama.
The statue to the late Commander Hirose, the hero of
Port A,rthur, at Suda-cho, Kanda-ku, Tokyo, was also
casted under his general supervision, also the lions and
giraffes which embellish the Bridge Nihonbashi. Many
well-known statues have been cast either by himself or
under his general supervision. His latest commissions are
the statues of the Princes Nariakira, Hisamitsu, and
Tadayoshi Shiraadzu.
He has been awarded many medals, the most prominent
being the Gold Medal from the International Exhibition at
Paris, and the Grand Prize of Honour at the Anglo-
Japanese Alliance Exhibition at London, the International
THE BUDDHA IN BARODA PARK, INDIA.
Exhibition at St. Louis, and the Panama-Pacific Inter-
national Exhibition at San Francisco.
Address : — No. 22, 4-chome, Yanaka-Hatsuue-cho,
Shitaya-ku, Tokyo.
DR. OKUDA YOSHITO.
DR. OKUDA, YOSHITO, Mayor of Tokyo, is a
native of Tottori prefecture, he was born June 14th,
1860, being the third son of Mr. Tetsuzo Okuda. At an
early age he went to Tokyo, graduating from the Tokyo
Imperial University in 1884. Immediately on graduation,
he entered the services of the Daijokan office. In October
of the following year he was appointed Manager and
assistant professor of the Tokyo Foresty School. Later, he
was nominated Councillor of the Department of Agricul-
ture and Commerce. After filling such posts as Private
Secretary to the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce,
and Examiner of the Patent Bureau, he was promoted
( 764 )
Director of the Patent Bureau in February, 1890, Dr.
Okuda was subsequently made a member of the Tokyo
DR. Y. OKUDA.
Strefet Improvement Committee, a Councillor of the
Administrative Court, Director of the Official Gazette
Bureau of the Cabinet, a member of the Codes Investigation
Committee, and Secretary of the Cabinet. In June, 1895,
he was appointed Chief Secretary to the House of Repre-
sentatives. In 1897, he became Vice-Minister of the
Colonization Department, and later Vice-Minister of
Agriculture and Commerce. In 1898 he made a tour of
inspection in Europe, and on returning home in 1899 was
appointed Minister of Education. In 1900, Dr. Okuda was
appointed Director of the Regislation Bureau, holding in
addition the Directorship of the Pension Bureau. In 1902,
he was elected a member of the House of Representatives
from Tottori prefecture, and was later appointed Court
Councillor. In 1913, when the Yamamoto Cabinet was
formed, the portfolio of Education was assigned him, and
he was later transferred to the post of Minister of Justice.
In 1914, he resigned this post, and in the following year
was appointed Mayor of Tokyo.
Dr. Okuda has the Court rank of J5-zammi and holds
the First-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
Address : — No. 36, Naka-Rokuban-cho, Kojimachi-ku,
Tokyo.
MARQUIS OKUMA SHIGENOBU.
THE " Sage of Waseda " was born at Saga, Saga pre-
fecture, on February 16th, 1838, being the eldest
son of the late Mr. Nobuyasu Okuma, a samurai of the
Saga clan. While a boy, he studied Chinese classics at the
Clan College, at Saga, but soon commenced his study of
Dutch, in view of the rapid change in the political situation
at that time. After strenuous study, under the late Mr.
Mokusuke Yedayoshi who was an authority on the lan-
guage, he became master of the language and was appointed
a Professor of Dutch at the Clan College.
After several years he visited Nagasaki, in order to
learn English under Verbeck, who lived at that port. He
also studied mathematics while at Nagasaki. The political
situation, however, became critical, as the country was
divided into the Imperialists and the Shogunate partisans,
and the factions hotly persecuted each other. Young men
of the Saga clan sided with Ihe former, and demanded the
restoration of the Imperial rule. Among the more active
of them was young Okuma.
The elder members of the clan, however, assumed a
more sober and conservative policy toward the question,
and restrained the young hotheads' actions by imprisoning
young Okuma and some leaders of the agitation, who were
maintaining violent and radical movements in Kyoto and
Osaka.
On the restoration of the Imperial rule, he was ap-
pointed Staff Officer to the Military Governor of Kyushu,
but a man of such ability and usefulness was not allowed to
remain in such an insignificant position, and he was shortly
appointed Councillor at the Central Government in Tokyo.
Later he was promoted to his official rank, and appointed
Vice-Minister of Foreign Affiiirs.
Many urgent problems of the day were solved by him,
and his name was widely known not only among the
Japanese but among foreigners as well. The paper money
question was settled by him, when it assumed international
importance on account of the protest from foreign repre-
sentatives. The protest from foreign representatives,
J
( 765 )
against the prohibition of Christian propaganda was also
tactfully handled by him, and British Minister Parks even-
tually withdrew his protest.
He held, in succession, many important posts. When
he was Vice-Minister of Finance, he established the Im-
perial Mint at Osaka, and founded the system of currency.
While he was Vice-Minister of Public Works, he, in con-
junction with the late Prince Ito, inaugurated the railways
and telegraph system, for which services he was granted,
by the late Emperor Meiji, an Imperial Rescript and a
sword.
In 1873, he was appointed President of the Treasury,
in succession to the late Marquis Inouye, and for the first
time compiled and publislied an annual Budget estimate
on the European model. When Japan subjugated the
aborigines in Taiwan, he undertook the management of the
afiairs as Director of the Aboriginal Affairs Bureau. In
1878, the late Emperor Meiji visited the private residence
of the President of the Treasury, and received his family in
audience. This was an honour rarely granted to officers
and subjects.
He was soon, however, compelled to retire from the
Government, as he held too advanced opinions on some
State affrtirs, including the creation of Parliament, for other
members of the Government to agree to. Soon after his
retirement from the Government, he organized a political
party called the Kaisliinto, at the same time founding a
collegiate school, called tiie Tokyo Senmon Gakk5 at
Waseda, near his residence. Years after he severed his
connections with the party, but during his reign many pro-
minent people assembled under his guidance, and the party
played an important part in the constitutional politics,
side by side with Count Itagaki's Liberal Party.
In 1887, he was created a Peer, and granted the title
of Count. In the following year, he was once more in
office as Minister of Foreign Affairs, for the purpose of re-
vising the existing treaties with foreign Powers, thus im-
proving Japan's international position, but when his dream
was about to be realized the nation rose in opposition and
one of the hotheads, Tsuneki Kurushima, iiailing from
Fukuoka, threw a bomb into liis carriage when he was
about to drive into the precincts of the Foreign Office. He
was seriously wounded, it being necessary to amputate one
of his legs. He eventually retired from the Foreign Office,
but was appointed Privy Councillor.
In 1896, he was again made Foreign Minister in the
Matsukata Ministry, and in the following year, when
Marquis Matsukata renounced his Premiership, he formed
his own Ministry, in coalition with Count Itagaki, when the
followers of the two statesmen were organized into one party,
called the Constitutionalists. This federation of the rivals,
however, could not maintain unity and the Ministry and the
party broke.
He then retired from active political life, and devoted
his whole energy to the improvement of his college at
Waseda. Soon after his retirement from the Government,
he reorganized the Tokyo Senmon Gakko, making it a
university under the style of Waseda University, and him-
self assumed the Presidency.
In 1914, however, when the Yamamoto Cabinet was
compelled to retire from office, there was no one competent
to clean politics of all pollutions, so the old Sage of
MARQUIS S. OKUMA.
Waseda, as he is called, was ordered by the Throne to
assume the reins of Government once more, in order to
carry out a wholesale reform in politics. In spite of his old
age, he appeared on the political stage in pursuance of tlie
Imperial Command.
The old statesman, at the head of his able Cabinet,
carried out many drastic reforms in all departments of
politics, and was about to lighten the people's burdens by re-
ducing taxes when the European conflict was commenced by
Austria and Germany, and Japan was compelled to take
up arms against the common enemy. Not only was he suc-
cessful in crushing all attempts on the part of the enemy
in the East, but successfully co-operated with the western
allies to crush the enemy of mankind. He also succeeded
in concluding alliance conventions with Russia and France,
( 766 )
and with China he concluded a new treaty, thus securing
Japan's international position and promoting her interests
in Northern Asia.
In the late Summer of 1916, he was raised to
Marquisate, in recognition of his eminent services to the
State since the Imperial Restoration. In October of the
same year he resigned from the Government on account of
his old age.
The Marquis has the Court rank of J5-nii and holds
the Supreme Order of the Chrythanthemum.
MR. OMURA HIKOTARO.
TV /TR. OMURA, HIKOTARO, who is the proprietor
of the Shirokiya Dry Goods Store, was born in
Kyoto ill 1869, being the eldest son of the late Mr. Hiko-
taro Omura. When a boy he came to Tokyo, and studied
commercial science at the Tokyo Shogy5 Soshu Gakko.
On his graduation he visited America in order to have a
MR. H. OMURA.
more thorough training in commercial science. He was
then nineteen. After a tour in America, he visited
England, and entered a commercial school in London, at
the same time serving in a retail store as a salesman.
After ten years' training at the retail store, he re-
turned home in his twenty-eighth year, and succeeded to
the House as the proprietor of the big department store. It
is due to this prolonged stay in London that he is so well
versed in foreign commercial affairs, and acts as a gentleman
in the truest sense of the term. He can speak English
fluently as a result of his stay in London.
Mr. Omura, wlio was bent upon improving his business,
in 1903 completely remodelled his business on the basis
of a foreign department store, adopting every modern
appliance. His store was thus in favour with the public,
and the business expanded wonderfully. Mr. Omura ac-
cordingly commenced the second extension in 1911. The
present fine edifice in Tokyo is one of the finest retail stores
in the whole capital.
Mr. Omura is a gentleman of many accomplishments
and of genial character. He also has a wonderfully strong
personality. He has been severely trained in " zen," by
that wonderful teacher of Buddhism, Mokurai Takeda.
Tea ceremony and billiards are his hobbies, and his mastery
in these arts is well known.
He lives in Kyoto, where his family is well known and
respected, being one of the oldest and wealthiest. He has
several times been elected to the mayorship. At
present he holds a number of honorary public duties in
Kyoto, while in Tokyo he has a seat in the Tokyo Chamber
of Commerce. He was granted by Court the Court rank
of Jo-rokui in November, 1915, on the occasion of the
Imperial Accession to the Throne, in recognition of his
business activities and public-spirited services to the State.
Mrs. Omura is known as a model wife and mother,
bbing gentle, clever, and loyal to her husband and children.
Her home is always genial and comfortable, under lier wise
and prudent economy. Mrs. Omura is a daughter of the
late Mr. Zenyemon Konoike, of Osaka.
( 767 )
LIEUT.-GENERAL OSHIMA KEN-ICHI.
T IEUT..GENERAL OSHIMA, KEN-ICHI, was born
— ' May, 1858, being the first son of the late Mr.
Keinoshin Oshimn, a samurai of the Inamura Clan, in Gifu
prefecture. He was always distinguished for his remarkable
ability. In 1879, he entered the Military Academy, and
on graduation in 1881 was appointed Sub-Lieutenant. In
1890, he was ordered to Germany and France, for the study
of military scince ; later he was again despatched to Europe
and America. He rendered valuable services to the State
during the Sino-Japanese and the Russo-Japanese wars.
In the former campaign he followed the Army as a Cavalry
Major, and in the latter was a Staff OiBcer of Headquarters
of the Communications Depot. In recognition of his
services he was decorated with the Third-class Imperial
Order of the Rising Sun and the Third-class Military
Order of the Golden Kite. In 1907, he was promoted
to Major-General and in the following year was ap-
pointed Chairman of the Committee for fixing the Russo-
Japanese boundaries in Karufuto. He acquitted himself
creditably in negotiating with the Russian Commissioners.
After holding the posts of Chief of the General Affairs
Bureau of the Army General Staff and Assistant-Chief of
the Army General Staff, he was appointed Vice-Minister of
War, when the Okuma Cabinet was formed, in April, 1914.
In March, 1916, Lieut.-General Oshima was promoted War
Minister, and when the Terauchi Cabinet was organized in
October, 1916, was asked to remain in office.
He has .clear brains and is well versed in Western
affairs. He is possessed of sound common sense and a skilful
diplomatic talent.
LIEUT.-GENERAL K. OSHIMA.
Lieut.-General Oshima has the Court rank of j5-shii
and holds the First-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun
and the Third-class Military Order of the Golden Kite.
MR. OSHIMA YOZO.
1% /TR. OSHIMA, YOZO, is a native of Saitama
-^^-^ prefecture. He was born February, 1859, being
the eldest son of Mr. Shotaro Oshima, and succeeded to his
father's property in March, 1893. As a youth, he was
interested in business, and concocted various schemes, each
of which, unfortunately, fell through. All forms of adverse
circumstances were encountered, which did not depress bis
spirits. After encountering various hardships, he established
a contractor's business, and by dint of great energy and
diligence he gradually made a fortune. He is now regarded
as one of the foremost business men in the North-Eastern
districts. Mr. Oshima is now President of the Aidzu
( 768 )
Electric Power Co., President of the Fukushima Printing
Co., President of the Fukushima Sak^ Brewery Co., President
MR. Y. OSHIMA.
of the Fukushima Gas Co., President of the Iwaki Hydro
Electric Co., President Of the Shirotana Railway Co.,
Director of the Koriyama Electric Power Co., Auditor of
the Mitsuboshi Coal Mine Co., Director of the Tohoku
Carbide Co., Auditor of the Tokai Life Insurance Co.,
Director of the Fukushima Seiichi Co., Director of the
Japai) Light Railway Co., President of the Fukushima
Habutaye Co., President of the Fukushima Trust Co.,
President of the Fukushima Electric Co., Auditor of the
Kawamata Electric Co., Director of the Fukushima Pre-
fectural Agricultural and Industrial Bank, Auditor of the
Fukushima Commercial Bank, Auditor of the Iwashiro
Bank, and Auditor of the Sudzuki Commercial Bank.
Brought up as he was in the midst of hardships, he knows
much of the world. He is keenly interested in charitable
works, and has contributed a great deal towards promoting
public good. Mr. Oshima is one of the most distinguished
business men in the provinces. He was born in Saitama
prefecture, his sphere of activity being the Fukushima
prefecture.
Address: — No. 10, Nishi-Kata-machi, Hongo-ku,
Tokyo.
MR. OTANI KAHEI.
A yf R. OTANI, KAHEI, was born at Kawamata-mura,
in linan district, Miye prefecture, December 23rd,
1844. In 1862, he went to Yokohama, where he was
exclusively engaged in the export of tea. In 1881, when
the Seventy-fourth National Bank was in financial straits,
he put forth great efforts to adjust its affairs, and was
nominated Director of the Bank. In that capacity he once
more placed the Bank on a firm basis, and subsequently he
was made President. In 1884, in accordance with the re-
gulations issued by the Department of Agriculture and
Commerce, he organized the Tea Traders' Guild, which
was the pioneer of all guilds in this country. The head-
quarters of the Guild were situated in Tokyo, and in various
prefectures branch guilds were established. In 1887, Mr.
Otani formed the Yokohama Tea Traders' Guild, being
appointed President, and this same year he was decorated,
in appreciation of his handsome donation of ¥2,000 towards
the National Defence expenditures. He was appointed a
member of the Yokohama Municipal Assembly and later
made President. In 1893, he was nominated President of
the Yokohama Educational Association. In 1894, the
Japan Tea Manufacturing Co. was established under Mr.
Otani's promotion and he became its President. At the
time of the Sino- Japanese war, he subscribed ¥6,000
toward the War funds, and in 1896, when the International
Grand Exhibition was held in Paris, he was appointed
Councillor in the Japanese Exhibition Ofiice. Mr. Otani
was later nominated President of the Yokohama Chamber
of Commerce, and in 1898 was appointed President of the
Kanagawa Prefectural Assembly. In the same year, he
proceeded to China, Formosa, etc., etc., in order to inspect
commercial and industrial affairs. Some time afterward, he
( 769 )
made a tour of inspection in Europe, returning home in
February, 1900. At that time, he attended the Inter-
national Commercial Congress held at Philadelphia,
representing the Tokyo and Yokohama Chambers of Com-
merce, when he put forth the proposal that a submarine
cable should be laid between Japan and America. This
proposition was accepted, the Pacific Commercial Telegraph
Co. being formed. The direct submarine cable was in
consequence laid July, 1903, between the two countries.
This has benefited the commercial circles of Japan and
rendered great service on the occasion of the Russo-
Japanese war. At the invitation of the U.S. Chambers of
Commerce, Mr. Otani proceeded to America in 1909,
representing the Yokohama Chamber of Commerce, and did
his utmost to promote friendship between the two countries.
In the autumn of 1899, he visited America, to prevail upon
Mr. McKinley, the then President, and other influential
Americans, to abolish the Iieavy import duties levied on
Japanese tea, as a result of the Spanish- America war.
He left no stone unturned in order to accomplish this object,
which was at last attained in 1902. Mr. Otani was also
Director of the Yokohama Water Works and Manager of
the Japan Red Cross Society.
Mr. Otani has the Court rank of J5-goi and
holds the Third-class Imperial Order of the Sacred
Treasure.
MR. K. Otani.
Address : — No. 15, 2-chome, Motohama-cho, Yokohama.
PRINCE OYAMA KASHIWA.
pRINCE OYAMA, KASHIWA, was born at Tokyo in
■*- June, 1889. He succeeded to the title of Prince at his
father's death, 1916. He has the rank of Lieutenant
of Infantry in the Army and holds the Court rank of Jo-goi.
His father, the late Prince Iwao Oyama, Lord Keeper
of Privy Seal, was born in October, 1842, being the second
son of the late Mr. Hikohachi Oyama, a samurai of the
Kagoshima clan. At the time of the Bestoration he
distinguished himself for bravery, participating in many
battles. In 1869, he proceeded to Europe to witness the
Franco-Prussian war, and returned home after witnessing
the siege of Paris. In April, 1871, he was appointed
hyobu-gon-daijo, and soon after promoted to Colonel, being
ordered to take charge of the Military Arsenal and
Ordnance. Some time after. Prince Oyama was raised to
the rank of Major-General, and ordered to France, from
whence he returned after tliree years' stay. In 1876, he
became Commander-in-Chief of the Kumamoto Garrison,
and in the following year of the Tokyo Garrison, being
appointed acting War Minister in addition. He rendered
meritorious services in subduing the riots and rebellions of
that year. In 1879, he was raised to the rank of
Lieut.-General and was nominated Vice-Chief of the Army
General Stafl!". After successfully filling various posts,
sucli as President of the Military Academy, Vice-Minister
of Home Affairs, etc., he was made War Minister in 1880,
( 770 )
and Chief of the Army General Staff in 1881. In 1883, he
visited Europe in order to inspect the military system, and
THE LATE PRINCE I. OYAMA.
the following year was created Count, in recognition of his
services. Later, he was appointed War Minister, and in
1889 was promoted to the rank of General, and was made
a Privy • Councillor. In the Sino- Japanese war, he dis-
tinguished himself as Commander of the Second Army,
which was duly appreciated by the Emperor, who created
him Marquis, conferring on him the Second-class decoration
of the Golden Kite. He was subsequently decorated with
the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum and in 1898
received the title of Field-Marshal. Soon after, he was
nominated Chief of the Army General Staff. During the
Russo-Japanese war, he commanded the Japanese Army
in Manchuria and received the First-class Military Order
of the Golden Kite, being created Prince after the war.
In 1914, he was nominated Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal,
and as such he attended the Accession Ceremony that took
place in Kyoto, November, 1915. Prince Oyaraa died in
December, 1916. In recognition of his services the Im-
perial Court accorded him a State funeral and the deceased
was given the Court rank of Ju-ichi before his death.
MR. OZAKI YUKIO.
1\ /TR. OZAKI, YUKIO, was born at Yamada, Miye
-*-*-*- prefecture, in November, 1859, being the eldest
son of Mr. Yukimasa Ozaki. He received his education at
Keiwo Gijuku, and on his graduation took up journalism as
a profession.
The first paper he edited was the " Kyochu Shimbun "
of Kofu. In the editorials of the paper he gave vent to
his liberal views, this commencing his career as a liberal
politician. After a few years he returned to Tokyo, and
joined the staff of the " Yubin Hochi Shimbun," a liberal
organ. When he edited the " Niigata Shimbun " a few
years later he attracted the notice of Mr. Shigenobu Okuma
(now Marquis), Minister of Finance, and by him Mr. Ozaki
was given a position in the Statistics Bureau.
When Mr. Okuma resigned from the Finance Depart-
ment in 1881, Mr. Ozaki left the Government service, and
resumed his journalistic work on the staff of the " Yubin
Hochi Shimbun," at the same time having a share in the
organization of the Kaishinto Party, under the leadership
of Messrs. Shigenobu Okuma and Togama Kono.
He later joined the staff of the " Choya Shimbun," a
liberal paper, edited by the late Mr. Shigeyasu Suyehiro,
and with startling speeches and arguments stimulated the
people to active agitation against the endeavours on the
part of the late Marquis Kaoru Inouye to obtain the
Powers' consent to the revision of treaties. He was also
instrumental in enlisting the services of the late Count
Shojiro Goto in the cause of liberalism.
The Government, frightened by the strong agitation
thus commenced against its foreign policy, enacted a law
whereby to exile the group of radical politicians backing
up the agitation. Mr. Ozaki was among those exiled. He
improved his leisure by undertaking a tour in Europe and
America toward the close of 1889. He returned, the
following Spring, when the first general election was held,
and ran for Miye prefecture with brilliant success. He has
since held the seat in the House of Representatives.
In 1898, when the Kenseito Party first formed its
Ministry, he assumed the portfolio of Education, which
( 771 )
position he kept for a short time. He was one of the
' General Commissioners of the Seiyukai Party, when the
late Prince Ito organized the party. The new party,
however, was not thought strong enough to adopt his
views, so he left it before many years elapsed.
He organized the Yukokai, with the support of his
friends and followers, and when Dr. Takuzo Hanai and
others joined, changed his party's name to the Chuseikai.
In the meantime he assumed the mayoralty of the City of
Tokyo, and while in office effected many reforms in muni-
cipal administration.
When the Yamamoto Cabinet lost the people's con-
fidence, owing to the issue of the Naval Scandal case, Mr.
Ozaki, in conjunction with Mr. Inukai, the Leader of the
Kokuminto Party, organized a demonstration party, called
the Society for the Maintenance of Constitutional Politics,
and commenced a strenuous attack on the Ministry, which
was ultimately obliged to resign owing to the fact that the
Budget was rejected by the House of Peers.
In 1914, when Count Okuma (now Marquis) formed
his Cabinet, he assumed the portfolio of Justice and kept it
until the Okuma Cabinet resigned in a body in 1916. He
now holds the First-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun
and has the Court rank of j5-zammi.
MR. Y. OZAKI.
DR. SAIGO KICHIYA.
DR. K. SAIGO.
DR. SAIGO, KICHIYA, Surgeon-Colonel of the Im-
perial Japanei^e Army, was born in January, 1872,
at Nagaoka, Niigata prefecture, being a son of the late Mr.
Osamu SaigS, a samurai of the Nagaoka clan. He studied
surgery at the Medical College in the Tokyo Imperial
University, and in 1897 he joined the medical service of the
Imperial Japanese Army.
After a few years, he again entered the Medical College
in the Tokyo Imperial University and studied ophthalmology,
in pursuance of the order of the War Minister. In 1900,
he was promoted to the rank of Surgeon-Captain and took
charge of the Garrison Hospital in Taiwan.
In 1903, he was ordered by the War Minister to
prosecute the study of surgery under Professor Ito in the
Medical College in the Kyoto Imperial University, and
though during the Russo-Japanese war his studies were
suspended, and the direction of the Osaka Garrison Hospital
was undertaken, his study was resumed when the war was
brought to an end, in August, 1907. When the postgraduate
course was finished, he was granted the degree of Igaku-
hakushi, or Doctor of Medicine.
( 772 )
In November, 1907, he was appointed Chief of the
Medical Staff in the South Manchuria Railway Co,, and
had charge of the Hospital at Dairen, A few years later
he was despatched, by the company, to Europe and Ame-
rica, to investigate the railway medical services there.
During his stay in Europe he studied medicine at the
universities of Bohn and Heidelburg.
In 1912, he took charge of the Osaka Garrison
Hospital, To the present rank he was promoted in 1913,
and the following year was appointed Vice-President of the
Japan Red Cross Society Hospital, taking charge of the
Surgical Department,
Asa reward for his services in the Russo-Japanese war,
he was granted the Fourth-class Military Order of the Golden
Kite. He at present holds the Court rank of Ju-goi and
the Third-class Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure.
Address : — No. 170, Harajuku, Sendagaya, Toyotama-
gori, Tokyo- fu.
DR. SAIGO YOSHINORI.
DR. SAIGO, YOSHINORI, Court Councillor, was born
at Matsumoto, Nagano prefecture, in November,
1855, the son of a samurai. After finishing his preliminary
education in his native town, he entered the Medical
Department of the Tokyo University, and studied medicine.
DR. Y. SAIGO.
On his graduation he was appointed Physician-in-
Ordinary at the University Hospital, and a little later
Deputy Assistant Professor of the Department, He studied
" kakke," or beri-beri, in pursuance of Government instruc-
tion, and on that disease was regarded as an authority. In
1885, he was appointed Deputy Head of the Clinical
Department in the Medical College of the Tokyo University.
In 1887, however, he resigned from the University and
entered the military service. In the early part of the
following year he was appointed Professor of the Army
Surgeons' School, and in addition had charge of the Tokyo
Garrison Hospital. His promotion was rapid, and when
the Sino-Japanese war broke out he was Surgeon-Major,
and had charge of the field hospital at Dairen. Later he
was moved to the same post in the field hospital at Taihoku.
On the restoration of peace, he was decorated with
the Fourth-class Military Order of the Golden Kite and the
Sixth-class Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure, at the
same time being promoted to the rank of Surgeon-Colonel.
In March, 1898, he was made Court Physician-in-
Ordinary by special appointment, though still holding
military office, being appointed first Chief of the Medical
Department of the Imperial Guards Division and later
Director of the Army Surgeons' School.
During the Russo-Japanese war he was promoted to
the rank of Surgeon-Major-General, and attached to the
Imperial Headquarters, On the restoration of peace, his
services during the campaign were rewarded with the Second-
class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun. In the same year
he was despatched to Germany to study the latest results of
medical researches in Europe, and remained in that country
for two years.
In 1912, he was appointed Deputy Chief of the Medical
Bureau in the Imperial Household Department and next
year held full Directorship of the Bureau, being given the
degree of Igakuhakushi, or Doctor of Medicine.
In July, 1914, he resigned from the Medical Bureau,
but is still connected with the Imperial Household Depart-
ment as Court Councillor and Attache to the Medical
Bureau.
Dr. Saigo has the Court rank of j5-shii and holds the
First-class Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure.
Address : — No. 2, 4-chome, lida-raachi, Kojimachi-ku,
Tokyo,
( 773 )
MR. SATO AIMARO.
1% /FR. SATO, AIMARO, a well-known diplomat, was
born at Hirosaki, Aomori prefecture, in March,
1857. After finishing his preliminary education in this
country, he visited the United States to receive a liberal
education.
In June, 1881, he obtained the title of Bachelor of
Arts, at the Indianapolis University, and a few mouths later
was appointed Attache to the Foreign Department by the
Home Department. This was the beginning of his career
as a diplomat. Three years later he obtained the title of
Master of Arts from the De Bow University.
In 1886, he was appointed Secretary to the Legation
in Washington, and after three years in the American
capital, was moved to the same post in London. After
holding similar posts in many countries of the West, he was
appointed Charg^ d' Affaires to Mexico and Peru in 1900,
and had charge of the consulate at Mexico City, in
addition.
Toward the close of the Russo-Japanese war, the late
Marquis Komura attended the peace conference at
Washington as Japan's Envoy and negotiated with tiie late
Count de Witte over peace terms. Mr. Sato was among
Marquis Komura's assistants. When peace was restored
by the signing of the famous Portsmouth peace treaty, he
was decorated with the Second-class Imperial Order of the
Rising Sun as a reward for his eminent services.
In 1906, he was appointed Minister to the Netherlands
and represented Japan at the Hague Peace Conference.
During his stay at the Hague he was decorated with the
First-class Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure, and
also received decorations from the Sovereigns of the Nether-
lands and Denmark.
In 1914, he was appointed Ambassador to Austria-
Hungary and Minister to Switzerland, and remained at
MR. A. SATO.
Vienna for a short time after the outbreak of the European
struggle. He is now Ambassador to the United States, as
successor to Viscount Chinda, who was transferred to London
in June, 1916.
Mr. Sato has the Court rank of Ju-zammi and holds
the First-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
( 774 )
DR. SATO TOSHIO.
r^R. SATO, TOSHIO, PreBident and proprietor of the
'-^ Sato Ear, Nose, and Throat Diseases Hospital,
Imairi-cho, Shiba-ku, Tokyo, was born in Niigata prefecture
DR. T. SATO.
in October, 1875, finishing his early education in his native
province.
He studied medicine in Tokyo, at a private medical
school. In 1897, he passed the examination for practice,
and was engaged by Dr. Eigoro Kanasugi as his assistant.
While serving at Dr. Kanasugi's hospital, he studied ear,
nose, and throat diseases, also the German language.
Several years later he was despatched, by Dr. Kanasugi,
to Germany, to finish his study of the ear, nose, and throat
diseases under the guidance of noted specialists in that
country. While at Rostok University, he presented his
thesis on the anatomy of the ear to the university faculty,
and received the degree of Doctor of Medicine.
In 1903, he returned home, after an extensive tour in
different university towns of Europe, and assumed the Vice-
Presidency of the Kanasugi Hospital, at the same time
taking charge of the chair of the diseases of the ear, nose,
and throat.
The present hospital was founded by him in November,
1905, at Uchisaiwai-cho, Kojimachi-ku, Tokyo. After two
years it was removed to the present site.
DR. SAYEKI TADASU.
DR. SAYEKI, TADASU, an eminent medical man
and scientist, and son of a doctor, was born in
Ehime prefecture, September, 1876. On his graduation
from the Okayama Medical College in 1898, he practiced
for two years. For the purpose of studying physiological
chemistry, however, he gave up his practice and became
Assistant to Dr. Araki of the Medical College, in the
Kyoto Imperial University. Later he moved to the
Institute for Investigation of Epidemic Diseases, and
became Assistant to Dr. Kitasato.
He visited the United States in 1906, for the pur-
pose of prosecuting his studies.
He was University fellow and research student in
physiological chemistry, Yale University, 1905-08.
He was elected as a Member of the Honorary Society
of Sigma Xi, 1907.
He received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Yale
University, 1 907), and degree of Master of Science (Yale
University, 1908).
He engaged in research work in the chemical
laboratory of the Northwestern University Medical School,
Chicago, as an " Expert Chemist " in the Bureau of
Chemistry, in the Department of Agriculture, in America
(1908).
He accepted an Instructorship at Albany Medical
College, Union University and served as a Bacteriologist,
on the staff of the Bender Hygenic Laboratory, under the
control of the Department of Health, New York State
(1909).
In the early part of 1910, he travelled in Great
Britain, Belgium, Germany, and France. When in
London he published the " World's Peace," Methuen & Co.
( 775 )
In the following year he returned home, and resumed
his practice at the Kanasugi Hospital, at the same time
continuing his researches in physiological chemistry, and
bacteriology. The investigation and study of old Oriental
drugs was commenced. The result of his study of Korean
ginseng has already been published.
As a result of his researches in bacteriology, he is the
first one in Japan to have discovered and perfected a refined
diphtheria antition.
He has lately established his own Nutrition Institute.
The institute is divided into the following departments,
Chemistry, Bacteriology, and Pathology, and the problems
are studied from all standpoints. He is the only man in
Japan studying these particular problems, which accounts
for the esteem in which he is held by all. The institute
is situated at No. 203, Kanasugi Kawaguchi-cho, Shiba-ku,
Tokyo.
He passed the examination and received his degree
as Doctor of Medicine in 1912. At present he is an
Examiner of Serum at the Government Institute for
Investigation into Epidemic Diseases. He also has a seat
on the Committee for Investigation of Public Health
Problems in the Home Office.
DR. T. SAYEKI.
MR. SEKI NAOHiKO.
M
R. SEKI, NAOHIKO, was born on July 16th,
1857, being the third son of Mr. Heibei Seki, a
SEKI.
^samurai serving under the lord of the province of Kishu.
In 1874, he went to Osaka and after studying in an English
School there, proceeded to the capital in 1876 and entered
the defunct Daigaku Yobimon (Preparatory School for
University), and then proceeded to the Law College in the
Imperial University. On graduation from the college in
July, 1883, he joined the staff" of the " Nippo-Sha " News-
paper OflSce. In the meantime, he was elected a member
of the Tokyo Prefectural Assembly. Later he was ap-
pointed lecturer of jurisprudence in the Tokyo Senmon
Gakko (present Waseda University). In 1886 he went to
Europe for the study of law, politics and economy. Soon
after returning from abroad in 1888, he again entered the
" Nipp5-Sha," as President, succeeding the late Mr. Gen-
ichiro Fukuchi. Shortly after, he was elected a member
of the Municipal Assembly. On the inauguration of the
Imperial Diet in 1890, Mr. Seki was elected a M.P., repre-
senting his native province. In 1891, he left the " NippO-
Sha " and entered the bar, and soon became a prominent
figure among Tokyo lawyers. In 1906, he was decorated
with the Fourth-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun in
appreciation of services rendered in connection with the
Russo-Japanese war. Since the inauguration of the Im-
perial Diet he has been returned at each general election
( 776 )
from his native province until 1908, when he announced his
candidature for Tokyo city and succeeded at the campaign.
In the succeeding three general elections, one in 1912, in 1915
and in 1917, he was returned to the Diet from the city by an
overwhelming majority of votes. He has been a leading
member of tlie KokumintC). Being magnanimous in
character, and having a wide outlook, Mr. Seki is lield in
high respect not only among his party members, but by the
Diet generally. He was appointed to such important posts
as Chairman of the Committee of the whole House, Vice-
President of the joint council of both Houses of the Diet,
and Vice-President of the House of Representatives.
Mr. Seki has the Third-class Imperial Order of the
Rising Sun.
MR. SHIBA SHIRO.
\/f ^' ^HI^-^' SHIRO, a prominent politician and one
of the leaders in the Kenseikai par^y, was born in
Awa province, in December, 1852, being a son of the late
Mr. Satazo Shiba. After finishing his preliminary educa-
tion in this country, he went to America and entered
MR. S. SHIBA.
Harvard University. After graduating from the post
gaduate course, he moved to Philadelphia University to
study political economy.
On his return he entered the army and fought in the
Satsuma rebellion campaign. On the subjugation of the
rebels, he was appointed Compiler of the History of the
Rebellion. In 1884, lie was appointed Private Secretary
to the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, but shortly
after was compelled to resign, as the late Viscount Tani, the
Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, retired from his
position on account of differences on diplomatic affairs with
other members of the Government.
He established the " Osaka Mainiciii Shirabun," in
Osaka, as soon as he retired from the Government service,
and with his knowledge and trenchant arguments he won
popularity among the educated classes. When the Imperial
Diet was created in 1890, he was elected a member of the
House of Representatives for Wakamatsu.
In 1898, when the KenseitO Party formed its Cabinet,
he was appointed Vice-Minister of Agriculture and Com-
merce, but the Ministry was defeated, and the Diet
was broken up, so that he was compelled to retire. He has
repeatedly been elected Member of the House of Representa-
tives for the same constituency.
lu 1915, he was appointed Parliamentary Vice-
Minister of Foreign Affairs, when Marquis Okuma (then
Count), formed his Ministry, in conjunction with the Doshi-
kai party, of which Mr. Shiba was a prominent member.
Mr. Shiba was relieved of his official duty when the
Okuma Cabinet resigned in October, 1916.
He is now one of the leaders of the Kenseikai Party,
which was formed by the fusion of the Doshikai, the
Chuseikai, and the Koyukai parties. He holds the Court
rank of j5-goi and has the Fourth-class Imperial Order of
the Rising Sun.
Address: — No. 31, Shinbori-cho, Shiba-ku, Tokyo.
< '" )
BARON SHIBUSAWA EIICHI.
IN every department of industry and commerce Japan has
achieved 'great progress during the past few decades,
which is so striking that scarcely any parallel example can
be found in the world's history ; and this extraordinary
achievement has, it is to be especially noted, been practically
effected under the guidance of one man, namely, Baron
Eiichi Shibusawa.
He was born at a village in Saitama prefecture, on
February 14th, 1840, being the eldest son of the late
Ichizayemon Siiibusawa. From early youth he was fond
of study, spending a great deal of his time in perusing
Chinese classics, which then formed the principal subjects
of study for youth. Years before the Imperial Restoration
he served as a samurai under the Hitotsubashi Lord,
one of the branches of the great Shogunate family, and
devotee] himself to the improvement of the clan's finances,
thus revealing from his early days his extraordinary ability
in financial dealings.
In 1867 he visited Europe, as a companion to one of
the Tokugawa Princes, and for a time remained in Paris.
The following year he returned home, and was appointed
one of the financial superintendents of the Shidzuoka Clan,
but an able man such as he was not left alone by the
central Government, which was tiien in need of copapetent
financial administrators. He was soon appointed Attache
to the Department of Finance in the new Imperial
Government established to replace the Shogunate Ad-
ministration.
Being in the right place, he soon proved his usefulness
in every way, and his promotion was rapid. He was
appointed Junior Vice-Minister of Finance. In 1873 he,
with Marquis Inouye, resigned from the Government
service, because he disapproved of the Budget estimates
proposed by his colleagues. Since that time he has never
taken up a Government position.
Just before his resignation from the ofiScial position, he
induced leading commercial men of Tokyo and Osaka to
organize several companies dealing with exchange, carrying,
and development, and he iiimself took charge of these
concerns. He was thus the pioneer of tlie modern com-
mercial system of this country.
Immediately after his resignation from the Finance
Department, he in conjunction with his associates in Tokyo
organized the Ist National Bank. As may be judged by
its name, the establishment was the first of its kind in this
country ; he therefore may be called the pioneer of the
modern banking system of Japan. He undertook the
Presidency of the bank, and ever since he has filled the
position with honour and conscientiousness. In 1878 be
with his friends promoted the plan for organizing the Tokyo
Chambsr of Commerce, and when the organization was
complete he was elected President, which position was
maintained with brilliant success for over thirty years.
In view of the country's financial position being
weakened by the overwhelmingly large import of foreign
manufactures, he called attention to the imperative neces-
sity of inaugurating different lines of industry in this
country, in order to check tiie import of foreign goods.
BARON E. SHIBUSAWA.
Many influential commercial men listened to his appeal
and a number 'of industrial companies were organized, in
which he was invited, by the promotors, to have a hand.
Among them the Osaka and the Mie Cotton Spinning
Companies were floated under his supervision.
To complete transportation facilities in this country, he
endeavoured to organize railway and shipping enterprises,
and as a result the Nippon Railway Co., the Chikuho
Railway Co., and the Nippon Yusen Kaisha came into
existence. Many manufacturing companies and their
auxiliary organs were promoted by him and placed under
the management of competent persons, The following is
( 778 )
a list of the industrial organizations: — The Asano Portland
Cement Co. ; The Tokyo Hat Manufacturing Co. ; The
Oji Paper Manufiicturing Co. ; The Imperial Hotel ; The
Tokyo Marine Insurance Co. ; The Tokyo Fire Insurance
Co. ; The Tokyo Gas Co, ; The Nikkan Gas Co. The
Seoul Electric Co. ; The Tokyo Steel Manufacturing Co. ;
and the Nippon Brick Manufacturing Co.
His good offices were of much help to the promotors of
semi-official institutions, such as the Industrial Bank of
Japan, the Hypothec Bank of Japan, the Hokkaido
Colonization Bank, Bank of Chosen and the Bank of
Taiwan. He at onetime shared in the administration of
some fifty commercial and industrial companies, but in
more recent days he saw the advisability of concentrating his
energy in a few undertakings of vital interest to him, and
resigned from all these companies, except tiie Ist Bank and
its sister institution, the Tokyo Savings Bank.
For over forty years he has taken the lead in the
business community, and raised Japan's industry and com-
merce from the insignificant position it occupied in the first
year of the Meiji Era to its present position of impor-
tance. In recognition of his meritorious services to the State,
the late Emperor Meiji Tenn5 made him Barou in 1900.
His Court rank has been raised several times ; at present
he holds the rank of Ju-zammi, being decorated with the
First-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
The Baron is known in the East and West as the
leader of Japan's industry and commerce. He travelled
through Europe and America in 1902, and made the ac-
quaintance of leading business men and financiers, both in
the New and Old AVorld. His visit to America was
repeated in 1909, when he, in compliance with an invita-
tion from the Federated Chambers of Commerce there,
visited the principal cities of the United States, as the Head
of the Japanese Business-men's Touring Party. In October,
1915, he revisited the principal cities in America and
renewed his friendship with the leading business men and
financiers in order to promote commercial and econoinic
relations between the two countries.
Besides devoting himself to the progress of commerce
and industry, he helped many public institutions and philan-
thropic works. Soon after the incorporation of Tokyo as a
municipality, he was elected a member of the Municipal
Assembly, having a seat on the Alderman's Board. For
the Ward of Fukagawa, when he was elected member of the
Ward Assembly, he worked most conscientiously.
His conscientious and philanthropic turn of mind has
been revealed in many ways. When the Imperial Diet
was organized in 1890, he was nominated by His Majesty
the Emperor as a Member of the House of Peers, but after
a few sessions he resigned this honourable position, as he
feared that owing to 'pressure of business he might fail to
discharge his duties as a member of the Legislature. The
foundation of the Tokyo Higher Commercial School was
also largely attributed to his anxiety to serve the State
by promoting the education of youth.
The Bank of Chosen in Seoul, Chosen, now under the
control of the Japanese authorities, had been established by
the Baron, who opened branches of the First Bank in
various districts of the peninsula. The Seoul-Cheraulpo
and the Seoul-Fusan Railways were planned by him, and
the development of various lines of industry, commerce
and agriculture in Chosen is due to his guidance.
In 1916 the Baron retired from the active field of
commerce and industry on account of his advanced age, but
he continues to work either directly or indirectly for the
benefit of the State and all classes of the people.
BARON SHIMAMURA HAYAO.
A DMIRAL BARON SHIMAMURA, HAYAO, was
born at Kochi, Kochi prefecture, in September,
1858, and obtained his first commission as Sub-Lieutenant
in December, 1888. When the Sino-Japanese war began
he was a Lieut.-Comraauder and distinguished himself in
almost every engagement with the Chinese. On the re-
storation of peace, he was decorated with the Fourth-class
Military Order of the Golden Kite and the Sixth-class
Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
A few years before the Boxers' jebellion, he was
promoted to the rank of Captain, and as such he participated
in the campaign against the rebels. His heroic deeds were
rewarded with the Third-class Military Order of the Golden
Kite and the Third-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
His promotion to the rank of Rear-Admiral took place
in June, 1904, just before the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese
war. During this war he commanded, in succession, the
Second and Fourth Squadrons. When the war was over he
( 779 )
was granted the Second Military Order of the Golden
Kite and the Second-class Imperial Order of the Rising
Sun.
After having filled many important posts he was ap-
pointed in August, 1908, President of the Naval Staff
College and Member of the 'Admirals' Council, when he
was promoted to the rank of Vice- Admiral. The following
year he was again transferred to the sea service, assuming
the highest command of the Second Squadron.
In December, 1911, he was appointed Commander of
the Saseho Naval Station. Almost at the same time he was
presented with decorations from the Courts of Italy and
France. In 1914, he was moved to the command of the
Naval Education Board, but that was only a temporary
arrangement, and in a few weeks he was appointed Chief
of the Naval General Staff Board.
He is now a full Admiral and a Peer, ns His Majesty
the Emperor was graciously pleased to create him Baron in
July, 1916, as a reward for his services as a campaign
organizer in the war against the Germans.
The Baron has the Court rank of JO-zammi and holds
the First-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
BARON H. SHIMAMURA.
MR. SHIMADA SABURO.
MR- S. SHIMADA.
TV /T R. SHIMADA, SABURO, is a learned and straight-
-'■*-'- forward statesman. He was born in October, 1852,
being the third son of Mr. Tomohide Suzuki, a samurai of
the Tokugawa Shoguiiate. When twenty years of age he
was adopted by the Sliimada family. Mr. Shimada was an
intelligent boy, and while quite young entered the Shoheik5
School, where he studied Chinese classics. Later he studied
in the Numadzu Military School, in the Shidzuoka clan,
the Nanko School, and the English School attached to the
Department of Finance. In 1874, he became Editor of the
" Mainichi Shimbun," his sound views commanding con-
siderable respect and attention. He afterwards became
an official in the Genro-in, and later was made Secretary
of the Department of Education. In 1877, he organised
a political association called the Omei-sha. In 1881, when
Marquis Okuma formed the Kaishinto Party, he was one
of his right-hand men. Subsequently Mr. Shimada was
elected member, and later President, of the Kanagawa
( 780
Prefectural Assembly. In 1889, he made a tour in
Europe and America. When parliament was first opened
in Japan, the following year, he was returned to the Diet
from Kanagawa prefecture. Since that time he has been
elected at each general election. Mr. Shimada is one of
the most powerful speakers in the House of Representatives.
At one time he was elected Chairman of the Committee of
)
the House, and at another time elected Vice-President. In
1911, he was despatched to America as Exchange Professor.
Ill 1913, through Mr. Shimada and his collagues efforts,
the Doshikai was formed, and Mr. Shimada was elected
President of the House. He has written many books. Mr.
Shimada holds the Second-class Imperial Order of the
Rising Sun and has the Court rank of j5-rokui.
DR. SHIMIDZU SUMERU.
D'
^R SHIMIDZU, SUMERU, an eminent authority on
Constitution, was born in August, 1868, at Kana-
zawa, Ishikawa prefecture, being the eldest son of the late
DR. S. SHIMIDZU.
Mr. Kichisaburo Shimidzu. After his graduation in 1894,
from the Law College in the Tokyo Imperial University,
h^ entered the Government service and was successively
appointed Councillor to the Tokyo Prefectural Office and
the Home Office.
In 1898, while Professor in the Peers* School, he was
despatched by the Imperial Household Department to Ger-
many and France, to finish his study of law and politics.
After four years' stay in Europe, he returned home in 1901,
and resumed the professorship in the Peers' School, at the
same time controlling the affairs of the school as Manager.
In 1905, he was granted the degree of H5gakuhakushi,
or Doctor of Law, and was generally looked upon as an
authority on Iro'perial Constitution and political science.
In 1906, he was transferred to the post of Judge in the
Court of Litigation. He was connected with the Imperial
Household Department as Attache. Dr. Shimidzu is
periodically ordered by the Imperial Court to lecture on
the Imperial Constitution.
Dr. Shimidzu has the Court rank of Ju-shii and holds
the Fourth-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
His works comprise many able arguments and treatises
on political science and the Imperial Constitution, all of
which are regarded by students of law as standard works in
this line.
Address : — No. 63, Aizumi-cho^ Yotsuya-ku, Tokyo.
( 781 )
MR. SHODA KADZUYE.
TV /r R. SHODA, KADZUYE, Minister of Finance, is a
-*■'■*■ native of Matsuyama, in Ehime prefecture. He
was born in September, 1869. As a boy he was devoted
to study and very ambitious. After graduating from the
High School, he entered the Law College of the Tokyo
Imperial University, from which he graduated with honours
in July, 1895. He then entered the Department of Finance.
In July, 1897, he was appointed Inspector of the Customs,
and later Chief of the Inspection Section of the Yokohama
Custom House. In July, 1898, he was made Chief of the
Hakodate Customs, and later Chief of the Taxation Super-
intendent Bureau in Hakodate, In September, 1901, he
was ordered to Europe, returning home in March, 1903.
In November of the same year l^e was appointed Secretary
of the Department of Finance. In April, 1907, he was made
Chief of the National Loan Adjustment Bureau. In May
of the same year he was appointed Director of the Financial
Bureau of the Department of Finance. In April, 1906, he
was decorated with the Third-class Imperial Order of the
Rising Sun in recognition of his services during the Russo-
Japanese war. He also rendered meritorious services as
Superintendent of the Oriental Colonization Co., the
Yokohama Specie Bank, and the Bank of Japan. In 1913,
he was decorated with the Second-class Imperial Order of
Sacred Treasure. In March, 1914, he was nominated a
member of the House of Peers, and in April of the same
year he had the Court rank of JS-shii conferred upon him.
In December, 1915, he was appointed Governor of the Bank
of Chosen, and in October, Vice- Minister of Finance. In
December, 1916, he was promoted Minister of Finance.
MR. K. SHODA.
Mr. Shoda has the Court rank of Jo-shii and holds the
Second-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
DR. SOYEDA JUIGHI.
■p^R. SOYEDA, JUICHI, was born in Fukuoka
^^^ prefecture in January, 1864. While a boy he
visited Tokyo an<l entere<l the School of Foreign Languages.
Later he moved to the College of Literature in the Tokyo
Imperial University to study law and political economy.
On his graduation he was appointed Attache to the
Taxation Bureau in the Department of Finance, but
shortly retired from this ofiScial position. He visited
England, with Marquis Kuroda, the former master of his
father. At Cambridge he studied political economy and
political science. Later he moved to Germany, to continue
his study on the same lines.
In 1887, he returned to Japan in company with
Marquis Kuroda, and again entered the Government
service. After successive promotion he was appointed Vice*,
Minister of Finance and granted the Court rank of Jo-shii.
During his official tenure he assisted in the formulation of
the Banking Act, the establishment of the cnrrenicji
System, and other important financial measures, rendering
meritorious service to the State, for which lie was decorated
DR. J. SOYEDA.
with the Fourth-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
In 1899, he received the degree of Hogakuhakushi, or
( 782 ) ,
Doctor of Law, and almost at the same time was appointed
Governor of the Bank of Taiwan. Later he was moved to
the Presidency of the Industrial Bank of Japan. While
in these offices he displayed great ability as a business
organizer and administrator, and finished his official tenure
with success.
On his retirement he visited the United States, as a
representative of the Japanese business circles, and con-
tributed much to the promotion of friendly relations between
the two countries. He was decorated with the Second-class
Imperial Order of tlie Rising Sun.
In September, 1916, he was appointed President of the
Imperial Government Railways and managed the State
railways with his cliaracteristic enterprise and prudence. In
October, 1916, he was forced to resign his office on
account of the dissolution of the Okuma Ministry.
He holds the First-class Imperial Order of the Sacred
Treasure.
f
He has published many works on political economy,
besides being a lecturer.
Address : — No. 1, 1-chome, Fujimi-cho, Kojimachi-ku,
Tokyo,
BARON SUMITOMO KICHIZAYEMON.
I 'OR more than three hundred years the Sumitomo
•*■ family has resided in Osaka, and is descended from
Takamochi W6, who held a high military office in the
Imperial Court in the 15th century.
Heinai (Toraosada) Sumi, eighteenth descendant of
Goro (Yoshibumi) Muraoka, the fifth sou of Takamochi
Wo, had a son named Kotaro (Tadashige) who adopted the
family name of Sumitomo. The descendants of Kotaro
served under Yoshimoto Imagawa, or Kiyohide Nakagawa,
or Katsuiye Shibata, all of whom are well-known military
commanders. During the Keicho Era (1596, A.D.-1615,
A.D.) Kojiro (Masatomo), eighth descendant of Kotaro
(Tadashige) Sumitomo, started business in Kyoto and be-
came a commoner, the business being carried on under the
firm name of Fuji-ya. His eldest son, Rihei (Toniomochi),
removed to Osaka where he engaged in the sale of copper
and mining enterprises. He was practically the pioneer
of the copper industry in Japan, and acquired the technical
knowledge relating to the silver and copper industries from
a Chinese merchant named Pah-sui, who came to Sakaiura
and settled there. He then changed his firm name to that
of Izumi-ya and often visited Nagasaki, Hirato and other
places, transacting business with the Chinese and Dutch.
Seeing that the demand for copper was gradually increasing
both at home and abroad, his sou, Kichizayemon (Tomo-
nobu) explored the Yoshioka Mine in Bitchu province, and
thus laid the foundations of the Sumitomo family as a
Copper King. Tomoyoshi, son of Kichizayemon (Tomonobu)
Sumitomo, discovered the Besshi copper mine in lyo
province, and in the fourth year of the Genroku Era
( 783 )
(1691, A.D.) he began to work the new mine by investing
large sums of money. His enterprise proved a success be-
cause of the superior quality of the ore and the rich veins
in the mine. The people in those days regarded the Besshi
mine as a treasure of the State. Tomoyoshi may thus be
admitted as a founder of the mining enterprise of the
Sumitomo family. He opened in Yedo (present Tokyo) a
branch of his office and supplied copper to the Shimidzu,
Tayasu and Hitotsubashi branches of the Tokugawa
Shogun family and other Feudal Lords in urban and rural
districts. In addition, he acted as a financier and opened
exchange offices.
Since the days of Toraonobu Sumitomo, the head
of the family has always been named Kichizayemon
Sumitomo.
Baron Tomoito Sumitomo, the present representative
of the family, is the tenth descendant of Tomoyoshi. He
is the sixth son of the late Lord Kimiito Tokudaiji, who
held the office of Sadaijin (First Assistant Premier) and
the Court rank of Ju-ichii, being born in Kyoto on Decem-
ber 21st, 1864. He is the younger brother of Prince Sane-
tsuiie Tokudaiji, Grand Chamberlain to the late Emperor
Meiji Tenno, Marquis Kinmochi Saionji (ex-Premier)
and Count Micbinori Kakanoin. Graduating from the
Peers' School, he was adopted into the Sumitomo family and
granted the Court rank of Ju-goi in 1896. The following
year he made a tour of inspection to Europe and America.
In September of the same year he was appointed a member
of the House of Peers, but resigned the membership in 1900,
He was decorated with the Fourth-class Imperial Order of
the Rising Sun in 1904, and after the close of the Russo-
Japanese war of 1904-5 he was again decorated with the
BARON K. SUMITOMO.
Second-class Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure. In
August, 1911, he was created a Peer with the title of
Baron. On the occasion of the accession to the throne of
the present Emperor in November, 1915, he had his Court
rank raised by one degree to Jo-goi.
REAR-ADMIRAL SUZUKI KANTARO.
■p EAR-ADMIRAL SUZUKI, KANTARO, Vice-
-*- *■ Minister of the Navy, was born in December, 1867,
in Oshima-gori, Izumi province. In 1887 he entered the
Naval Cadets' School. Ou his graduation in 1891 he was
appointed Sub-Lieutenant.
He participated in the Sino-Japauese war as Lieu-
tenant, and distinguished himself. On the restora-
tion of peace he was rewarded for his meritorious services
with the Fifth-class Military Order of the Golden Kite.
In the Russo-Japanese war he again distinguished him-
self. He was then a Commander. On the restoration of
peace he was granted the Tliird-class Military Order of the
Golden Kite. He was also decorattd by Court with the
Third-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
( 784 )
In 1913, he was promoted to the rank of Rear-
Admiral, and appointed Commander of the Torpedo Flotilla
at Maidzuru, he being universally acknowledged as an
authority on the torpedos. Soon afterwards, however, he was
put in command of the Second Squadron. He did not re-
main long in this office, for in November of the same year
he was once more placed in command of the Torpedo
Flotilla at Maidzuru, and after a short spell was appointed
Chief of the Bureau of Personnel in the Navy Office.
In April, 1914, he was appointed Vice-Minister of tiie
Navy, in addition holding the offices of a Member of
the Admirals' Council, and Director of the Provisional
Construction Bureau. The additional offices were, however,
given up shortly. Later he was ordered to hold the
Directorship of the Military Affairs Bureau, but he
now only occupies the position of Vice-Minister of the
Navy.
In February, 1916, he has granted the Court rank of
Ju-shii, and in April was decorated with the First-class
Imperial Order of the Rising Sun, as a reward for services
rendered in tlie Japano-German campaign.
REAR-ADMIRAL
SUZUKI.
MR. TACHIKAWA YUJIRO.
MR. Y. TACHIKAWA.
1\ /TR. TACHIKAWA, YUJIRO, was born at Ogaki,
in Gifu prefecture, February, 1862, the second son
of Mr. Tsuneyemon Shimidzu, but was later adopted by the
Tachikawa family. At first he was engaged in educational
work in his native town, but when older he visited Tokyo,
where he made a speciality of law. Mr. Tachikawa
became a lawyer and practiced law. In 1889 he
went into business, and applied to the Government for
permission to lay an electric railway, which he thought
would prove a profitable undertaking, but his application
was rejected. Later he visited Fukuoka, in Kyushu, where
he was interested in the colliery business. In 1896 he
commenced the Daishi railway, and became its President.
The same year he was made Director of the Tokyo Electric
Power Co., and wlien this concern was amalgamated with
the Tokyo Street Railway Co. he Was nominated its
Director. In 1903, he resigned the Presidency of the
Daishi Railway Co. and assumed the Managing Director-
( 7»5 )
ship of the Street Electric Railvray Co. in Tokyo. In 1906,
a project was mooted among the Directorate of the
company in favour of raising the fares ; Mr. Tachikawa
offered strong opposition and when his opinion was not
adopted he left the post. He is always interested in under-
takings having for their object the furtherance of public
interests. Some years ago Mr. Tachikawa commenced the
manufacture of white-heat electric bulbs, and in 1910 he
commenced the additional work of manufacturing machi-
nery, in co-operation with the America General Electric Co.
He is President of the Ibigawa Electric Co., Director of the
Osaka Electric Bulb Co., Auditor of the Tokyo Electric
Co., and President of the YOrO Railway Co. His name is
widely known in business circles. ■
BARON TAKAHASHI KOREKIYO.
BARON TAKAHASHI, KOREKIYO, one of Japan's
oldest financial administrators, was born in Yedo in
July, 1854.
When the Daimyo of Sendai sent a number of pro-
mising young men to Yokohama to prosecute the study of
foreign learning he was among the youths selected for this
important mission. In June, 1865, he proceeded to Yoko-
hama, where he learnt English. In the same month of 1867
he was ordered to proceed to the United States to complete
the studies. After a brief stay in the United States, how-
ever, he returned home.
In 1869 he entered the Kaisei Gakko, a Government
college. His talents were soon noticed by professors and
he was appointed an assistant instructor of the Third-class,
being later promoted to full professorship in the University.
In 1891 he was appointed professor of English at the
Taiko-ryo College founded by the Karatsu Clan. After a
year he again entered the Government service, being
appointed a Secretary of the 10th grade in the Department
of Education. In October, 1875, he was transferred to the
Directorship of the Osaka Eigo Gakko, or the Osaka School
of English Language.
In December, 1881, however, his scholastic career was
brought to an end by his appointment as attache to the
Department of Agriculture and Commerce. Later he was
transferred in succession to the posts of Head of the
Investigation Section, Director of the Trade Mark Registra-
tion Bureau, and Deputy Junior Secretary in the same
Department.
In March, 1885, he was promoted to the Directorship
of the Patent Bureau. In March, 1889, he was ordered to
assume the Directorship of the Tokyo Agricultural and
Forestry School in addition to his former post.
In March the next year, however, he was relieved of
his posts, when he joined the staff of the Peru Mining Co.,
which was then in the course of promotion. The company
was promoted by many public men of prominence, such as
Viscount Goro Miura, Messrs. Shiro Fujimura, Kamon
Furusho, Shinzo Takata, and their as-ociates. The pro-
motors sent their representatives to Peru and bought a mine
there, but the actual working of the mine was to be under-
taken in conjunction with a German capitalist. An
BARON K. TAKAHASHI.
agreement was concluded with this German, but it was
found to be unsatisfactory by the Japanese promoters.
Moreover, the funds originally set aside for the undertaking
were exhausted before the actual operations were com-
menced. The assistance of Mr. Mesana Mayeda was then
secured by the promoters and he, through Count (later
Marquis) Inouye, requested Mr. Takahashi to resign from
the Department of Agriculture and Commerce and join the
( 786 )
company, and he then left Yokohama for Peru. As the re-
sult of inspection, he discovered that the mine taken over
was an exhausted one, with a small remnant of inferior ores,
and took steps to cancel all previous agreements. Though
the loss to the promotors was thus limited, all allowances
promised to Peruvian labourers were paid off and the
cropping up of any international dispute was prevented.
On his return home he was given the Court rank of
Jo-rokui, when his career as a Government official was
terminated, and his career as financier was started. He
joined the staff of the Bank of Japan.
In 1893 he was promoted to the position of Manager of
the Seibu Branch of the Bank and after a couple of years,
in August, 1893, he was transferred to the managership of
the Yokohama Specie Bank. His promotion in tJie bank
was rapid. In March, 1896, he was elected Director of the
Bank, the next year being appointed Vice-Governor.
When he returned to the Bank of Japan in 1899 he was
given the chair of Vice-Governor. ,
At the same time he held the presidency of the Yoko-
hama Specie Bank. Later he was appointed Financial
Agent for the Government, and negotiated with financiers in
England and America for the raising of loans. During the
three years after the Russo-Japanese war he was again
despatched to London on that important mission. At the
close of the great campaign he was created a Baron in
recognition of his great service to the State as Financial
Agent.
In June, 1911, Baron Takahashi was appointed
Governor of the Bank of Japan and held that post till
February, 1913, when he resigned. He then iield the
portfolio of the Ministry of Finance in the Yamamoto
Cabinet until the Cabinet fell in 1914.
While in office he joined the Seiyukai party and he is
still with that party, being one of the leaders. He also
holds a seat in the House of Peers in virtue of Imperial
nomination, and in that House he is one of the most
powerful leaders of tha Seiyukai party.
MR. TAGO NOBUSHIGE.
MB. TAGO, NOBUSHIGE, ajujitau expert, was born
November 15th, 1852, in Gumma prefecture.
From his youth he was very fond of military arts, and
TAGO.
became a pupil of Mr. Genjuro Jinbo, under whose tuition
he made remarkable progress. He is a man of great
courage. In 1883, lie visited Tokyo and with Mr. Mata-
yemon Iso taught the art of jujitsu, the fifth descendant of the
originator of the Tenjin Shinyo Ryu. In July of the same
year lie opened an exercise- school at lida-machi, and a
branch at Kamezumi-cho, Fukagawa-ku, three years later,
instructing many men in this art. In 1886, on the re-
commendation of Mr. Umanosuke Uyeda and Mr. Tetsutaro
Hisatomi, he became a teacher of the Metropolitan Police
and the jailers of the Ishikawajima Prison. In 1890, he
was promoted to the " Kaiden," the highest rank of the old
and pure school of the jujitsu art, called Tenjin Shinyo
Ryu, and in September of the same year he gave a great
celebration at the Hirasei restaurant, in Fukagawa, invit-
ing Baron Eiichi Shibusawa, Doctor Ikujiro Sakurai and a
large number of distinguished persons. In 1891, he opened
an exercise-school in Kyobashi-ku, for the purpose of teach-
ing this art to youths. He has a large circle of friends,
among them being the late Viscount Nobuyoshi Kaiyeda,
and Viscount Tetsutaro Yamaoka. In 1908 an Indian
prince visited his school and inspected the art. After that
the piince received instruction from him during his stay
in Tokyo ; besides teaching jujitsu he also undertakes bone-
setting for the benefit of the general public.
Address : — No. 23, Minami-Konya-cho, Kyobashi-ku,
Tokyo.
( 787 )
MR. TAKAKURA TOHEI.
TV /TR. TAKAKURA, TOHKI, one of the leading
business men of Osaka, is a native of the com-
mercial metropolis of Japan, being born at Kishiwada,
Idzumi Province. His father was a wholesale cotton yarn
merchant, but the son did not succeed to his father's
business. He entered upon a different course of commercial
activity. After many years' of struggle and reverses, Mr.
Takakura attained the high position he now holds in
the business circles of this country, which only a very
few hold.
Mr. Tohei Takakura was once the President of the
Dojima Rice Exchange, and he managed the affairs witii
splendid success. He is now the President of the Naniwa
Fire Insurance Co. and the Imperial Real Estate Co. He
is the owner of the Yurin Life Insurance Co., being also
actively interested in many commercial and industrial
concerns.
This typical business man of Osaka visited Europe and
America six years ago, in the interest of his business. Mr.
Takakura is very po^jular among his confreres in Osaka,
and a future of steadily increasing mercantile activity lies
before him.
MR. T. TAKAKURA.
VICE-ADMIRAL TAKARABE TAKESHI.
l^nCE- ADMIRAL TAKARABE, TAKESHI, was
* born at Miyakonojo, Miyazaki prefecture, in April,
1867, being the second son of the late Mr. Saneaki Takarabe,
a samurai. He obtained his first commission as Sub-Lieut,
after his graduation from the Navy Cadets' School at
Etajima in 1890. He later matriculated at the Naval Staff
College, and graduated from the regular course. The
practical training, however, he received in England, in
pursuance of Government instructions.
As Lieutenant lie participated in the Sino-Japanese
war, and the subjugation of rebels in Taiwan, for which
services, after the restoration of peace, he was rewarded
with the Sixth-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun
and sums of money.
He distinguished himself in the Boxers' rebellion of
1901 as Lieutenant-Commander, and when the rebellion
was completely put down was decorated with the Fourth-
class Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure.
Beiug connected with international undertakings and
diplomatic missions, he was presented with decorations from
the Courts of Italy, Belgium, Siam, and Great Britain.
His promotion was strikingly rapid, and in January, 1905,
he was made Captain.
During the Russo-Japanese war he commanded the
(
battlesliip Fuji, and later was made Staflf Officer to the Ist
Squadron. He was decorated with the Third-class Military
VICE-ADMIRAL T. TAKARABE.
788 )
Order of the Golden Kite, the Third-class Imperial Order
of the Rising Sun, on the restoration of peace in April,
1906,
In December, 1909, he was promoted to the rank of
Rear- Admiral, and appointed Chief of the Extraordinary
Construction Board and Member of the Admirals' Council,
at the same time holding the Vice-Ministership of the Navy.
He has since retained the post of Vice-Minister to the
Navy, in spite of other changes. In December, 1913, he
was promoted to the rank of Vice- Admiral.
In April of the following year, however, he was com-
pelled to resign from this Office, remaining in a retired
position.
He is now in active service again, taking the command
of the Port Arthur Naval Station. In December, 1915, he
was decorated with the First-class Imperial Order of the
Sacred Treasure, as a reward for his services in the war
against the Germans. During the campaign he commanded
the Third Squadron. The Vice-Admiral has the Court
rank of Ju-shii.
MR. TAKASHIMA HOKKAI.
A /T K. TAKASHIMA, HOKKAI, is one of the greatest
living painters, having been on the Hanging
Committee of the Government Art Exhibition many years.
He was born at Hagi, Nagato province, in September,
1850. His father, the late Mr. Ryodai Takashima, was a
Physician-in-Ordinary to the Daimyo of Hagi, and known
as a scholar. He was one of the disciples of Sanyo Rai, a
famous historian and Chinese scholar, in the early years of
the 19th century. Mr. Takashima was trained in military
arts and classical literature while a boy. On the restoration
of the Imperial rule, he was sent to Tokyo to learn French.
' Having mastered French, he commenced to study
geology, shortly after the political change was completed.
Hia tutor was a Frenchman in the employ of the Depart-
ment of Public Works. In company with his teacher Mr,
Takashima travelled in the interior of the country to study
practical mineralogy and geology.
In 1878, he was appointed Attache to the Geological
Bureau in the Home Office, and entrusted with the
investigation of the forests and mountains of this country.
Over seven years was spent in studying the mountain
ranges traversing the Empire. In 1884, he was despatched
to England as one of the Commissioners in connection with
tlie International Forestry Exhibition then being held
there. On his way home he made an extensive tour in
Europe, remaining in Paris to study forestry at the College
of Forestry.
After four years' study, he was given the title of
( 789 )
Bachelor of Forestry. On his return he was appointed
Expert to the Department of Agriculture and Commerce.
A few years later he was again despatched to Europe, and
studied sericultura) enterprises in Italy and France. After
eight years, he retired from the Government service and
commenced his career as an artist.
While in France he painted some pictures, and
obtained a medal from the Government of that country.
In 1903, he visited America, and studied the Rocky ranges.
He exhibited a large picture of the mountains at the Inter-
national Exhibition at St. Louis in 1904, and obtained a
Silver medal.
A few years later, he made an extensive tour in China,
and studied the natural beauties along the great river
Yangtze. In 1907, he was made judge of painting at the
Japanese school at tlie Tokyo Prefectural Exhibition.
Since 1 909, he has retained a seat on the Hanging Com-
mittee of the Government Fine Art Exhibition.
Address : — No. 6, 2-chome, Motozono-cho, Kojimachi-
ku, Tokyo.
MR. H. TAKASHIMA.
MR. TERAJIMA NOBORU.
M
R. TERAJIMA, NOBORU, inventor of the Tera-
jima Weaving Machine, was born at Wakayama
MR. N. TERAJIMA.
in 1860. After graduating from the middle school, he came
to Tokyo in 1880, and entered the Mitsui Bussan Kaisha,
where he was engaged in the export and import business.
In 1893, he was promoted Manager of the Kyushu
Branch, from which post he was transferred to that of the
Nagoya Branch, later being made Manager of the Head
Office. Subsequently he became Manager of the Kyushu
Spinning Co., and Managing Director and Chief Engineer
of the Shinagawa Woollen Fabrics Co. After leaving the
latter company, he invented a weaving machine, and esta-
blished a factory at Minami-Shinagawa, for the purpose of
manufacturing various kinds of mattings. He has a genius
for inventing, having obtained patent rights from the home
and foreign Governments for eighty inventions, the total
number of his inventions reaching 135. Mr. Terajima
holds the following posts : — Manager of the Japan Weavers'
Association, Manager of the Imperial Invention Associa-
tion, Councillor of the Industrial Improvement Association,
and Director of the Owari Earthen Pipe Co. In April,
1909, he exhibited his weaving machine at the Invented
Goods Exhibition, and demonstrated to the public the
( 790 )
working of this maohiue. As a result he was awarded the
highest gold medal, on the grounds that it was of a novel
and excellent nature. Not only in Japan but in foreign
countries the machine is unrivalled in its superiority and
efSciency. By the use of this machine, expenditures can
be economised and the quantity of the output enhanced.
It has greatly contributed towards increasing the quantity
of exports.
Address :— No. 24, Futsuka-Itsukaichi, Minami-Shina-
gawa, Ebara-gori, Tokyo-fu.
MR. TAKASHIMA KAHEI
MR. TAKASHIMA, KAHEI, is one of the leading
business men in Yokohama. He was born in
Ibaraki prefecture, in June, 1847, being a son of the
late Mr. Kyubei Yakushiji. In 1868, he was adopted
into the Takashima family by the late Mr. Kayeraon
Takashima.
His adopted father was noted for his skill in fortune-
telling, as well as business tact and foresight. In the early
days of Meiji he reclaimed the low-lying ground at Kana-
gawa and constructed the land on which the Tokyo-
Yokohama railway runs. The present Takashiifla-cho is
the reclaimed land constructed by him. He was also con-
nected with many business enterprises, and made a colossal
fortune.
His adopted son, Mr. Kahei Takashima, inherited this
fortune, when his adopted father founded another family,
by separating himself from the main branch, and com-
menced a business as engineering contractor. At present
Mr. Takashima is interested in many business enterprises,
besides carrying on his main business at Onoye-cho, Yoko-
hama. He is the President of the Aichi Portland Cement
Co.
DR. TERAO TORU.
D
R. TERAO, TORU, who is generally regarded as an
eminent authority on China and the Chinese ques-
DR. T. TERAO.
tion, was born in Fukuoka, December, 1858, being the
second son of the late Mr. Kiheita Terao, a samurai. He
studied law at the College of Law attached to the Depart-
ment of Justice, later entering the judicial service.
In 1890, he was appointed Assistant Professor at the
College of Law in the Tokyo Imperial University, and in
the following year promoted to full professorship. In 1892,
he was despatched to Europe to finish his study of Inter-
national Law.
On his return he took charge of the chair of Inter-
national Law at the College of Law in the Tokyo Imperial
University, and later held the post of Councillor in the
Foreign Office, in addition. He was also appointed a
member of the Codification Committee, and the Committee
on the Preparations for the Enforcement of the New
Treaties. In connection witli codes he represented the
Government in the Imperial Diet.
In 1898, he was despatched to the Hague to represent
Japan at the International Congress, on the Compilation
of the Diplomatic History, and a meeting of the Inter-
national Law Association held there. On his return the
following year he was given the degree of HSgakuliakushi,
or Doctor of Law.
He was several times appointed Examiner of Civil
C 791 )
Officials and Consular and Diplomatic Officials. He also
had charge of the chair of International Law at several
private colleges, and in science he is respected as an
authority.
Toward the end of the Russo-Japanese war he, in
conjunction with six of his colleagues in the Tokyo Imperial
University, published criticisms on the Government's
diplomatic policy, later giving up his chair for the purpose
of maintaining his dignity as a scholar. In 1907, when the
Cliinese republic was established at Nanking, he became
their legal adviser, and he has since endeavoured to bring
about the permanent settlement of the Chinese ques-
tion. He has published several works on International
Law.
He has the Court rank of Jo-shii and holds the Third-
class Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure,
COUKT TERAUCHI MASAKATA.
/'~*OUNT TERAUCHI, MASAKATA, the present
— ' Premier, was born February, 1852, being the
second son of the late Mr. Shobei Utada, samurai of the
Yamaguchi clan. He was later adopted by the late Mr.
Kanyemon Terauchi, and assumed the latter's family name.
In 1871, he was appointed Sub-Lieutenant, being promoted to
the rank of Major in 1879. In 1882, he was ordered to
France to study military science. After the Sino-Japanese
war, he had the Third-class Military Order of the Golden Kite
conferred upon him in recognition of meritorious services
rendered during the campaign. He was subsequently ap-
pointed Battalion Commander of the Military Academy,
Private Secretary to the War Minister, President of the
Military Academy, Chief of the Staff of the First Army
Division, Chief of the First Section of the Army General
Staff, Vice-Chief of the Array General Staff, and President
of the Military College. He was appointed War Minister
in the first Katsura Cabinet when it was organized in
1902. In recognition of distinguished services rendered
during the Russo-Japanese war, he had the First-class
Military Order of the Golden Kite, and the First-class
Imperial Order of the Rising Sun conferred upon him, and
in November, 1906, was promoted General. In September
of the following year he was created a peer with the rank
of Viscount. He remained as War Minister for the Saionji
Cabinet, and the second Katsura Cabinet that was subsequent-
ly formed, and was later created Count. In 1910, he was
nominated Resident-General of Korea, and during his term
of office he accomplished the weighty task of annexation.
In October of the same year he was relieved of the post of
War Minister, and was exclusively appointed Governor-
General of Chosen. During his six years of office as the
Governor-General of Chosen he rendered distinguished
services to his country. In June, 1916, he was promoted
Field-Marshal, and when the Okuma Cabinet resigned
COUNT '_M. TERAUCHI.
en bloc September 9th, 1916, was ordered by the Emperor to
form the succeeding Cabinet and was appointed Premier
and Minister of Finance. The Count has the Court rank
of Ju-nii and holds the Imperial Order of the Rising Sun
with the Paulownia.
Address : — No. 172, Kogai-cho, Azabu-ku, Tokyo,
( 792 )
MR. TERAZAKl K06Y0.
A VTR. TERAZAKr, KOGYO, is one of the great
.-'■ ' -^ masters of art in present day Japan. He was
born at Akita, Akita prefecture, iu February, 1866, being
the SOD of a samurai, and oaroed Chutaro. KOgyo is tiie nom
de plume he assumed after his graduation from the private
art school kept by Hidetoshi Komilro, an artist of note.
MR. K. TERAZAKL
He received his early education at elementary and
intermediate schools in Akita, but before he had finished
his father lost all his property as the result of failure in
business, and Mr. Terazaki was obliged to earn his own
living by selling ice sweets at the road-side.
He was later saved from this miserable condition by
his old servant. During this time he could not continue
his study of medicine, which was selected by him as his
profession and commenced to study painting at the Japanese
school, under Hidetoshi Komuro, an artist of note at Akita.
After three years he could draw fairly well, but could
not earn his own living, so sought a position in a country
office. In 1889, however, he was given a chance to come
to Tokyo, and perfect his art under Suiau Hirafuku. In
Tokyo, he earned a living by copying old masters for
periodicals, at the same time continuing his study.
In 1890, he exhibited a work at the Third Domestic
Exhibition, and obtained a medal, when his name became
known to art lovers and" patrons. The following year he
was appointed one of the Executive Committee of the
Association of Young Japanese Painters, and at one of the
association's exhibitions he won the first prize.
In 1896, he was given a seat on the executive com-
mittee of the Japan Art Society, organized by the late Mr.
Kakuzo Okakura, and at the exhibitions of the society he
received honours. He was appointed Assistant Professor at
the Tokyo Academy of Art in 1897.
The following year he resigned from 'the school and
with Mr. Okakura and other artists founded the Japan
Art Institute at Yanaka, 8hitaya-ku, Tokyo, as an inde-
pendent school for artists.
After three years, he was once again appointed pro-
fessor at the Tokyo Academy of Art, still keeping his own
institute at his old residence in Kanda, and he has since
educated many promising young artists. ' He has been
commissioned many times by the Imperial Houseiiold to
produce special works. The Government has acknowledged
his position in the school of art, and always retains him on
tiie Hanging Committee of the OflScial A.rt Exhibitions.
He has travelled abroad to study old .masters and the
natural beauty of many lands. During the Russo-Japanese
war he was at the headquarters of the Second Army Corps
to witness incidents at the front.
Address: — No. 180, Sekiguchi-cho, Koishikawa-ku,
Tokyo.
( 793 )
VICE-ADMIRAL TOCHINAI SOJIRO.
VICE-ADMIRAL TOCHINAI. SOJIRO. was born in
June, 1866, at Uyeda-mura, Minami-Iwate-gori,
Iwate prefecture, being the son of a samurai. In 1883, he
graduated from the Naval Cadets' School at Etajima, and
entered the Naval Service, obtaining a commission as Sub-
Lieutenant in September, 1888.
When the Chino-Japanese war broke out he was
Lieutenant. On the restoration of peace he was decorated
with the Sixth-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
In the Boxers' Rebellion of 1900, he participated in the
campaign, as Commander, and on the settlement of the
trouble his services were rewarded with the Fourth-class
Imperial Order of the Rising Sun. The French Government
acknowledged his distinguished service by presenting him
with the Chevalier de L'Ordre National de la L6gion
d'Honneur.
In 1905, he was promoted to the rank of Captain, and
placed in command of the warship Azuma. He actively
participated in the Russo-Japanese war, and was distinguished
for his bravery. On the restoration of peace he was
decorated with the Fourth-class Military Order of the Golden
Kite and the Third-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
The Korean Government also rewarded him with a decora-
tion. The following year he was decorated with the British
Third-class Victorian Order.
In 1909, he was promoted to the rank of Rear- Admiral
and appointed Director of tlie Military Affairs Bureau, and
became a Member of the Admirals' Council. After being
transferred to several important posts lie was promoted
to the rank of Vice-Admiral, and placed in command of
the Second Squadron, in 1914. During the Germano-
Japanese campaign he commanded various squadrons and
rendered distinguished services by protecting the trade
routes from the enemy.
In November, 1915, he was decorated with the First-
class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun, as a reward for his
services in the campaign, and was once more transferred to
VICE-ADMIUAL
TOCHINAI.
the land service. He now holds the important post of Chief
of the Naval General Technical Board, besides being a
Member of the Admirals* Council.
Now the Vice- Admiral holds the Court rank of Ju-shii.
MR. TOKONAMI TAKEJIRO.
^ /r R. TOKONAMI, TAKEJIRO, one of the leaders
of the Seiyukai Party, is a native of the City of
Kagoshimii, being the son of a samurai. He was born in
December, 1866. After finishing his preliminary education
in his native town, he came to Tokyo and matriculated at
the Law College in tlie Tokyo Imperial University, from
which he graduated in July, 1890. /
As soon as he graduated he entered the Government
service and obtained a position in the Finance Department
as junior clerk. His promotion was very rapid, owing to
his extraordinary ability and competency, which was
appreciated by his chiefs. After four months he was pro-
moted to the rank of Secretary, and in the following year
was appointed the Superintendent of Revenue in Ehime
prefecture.
In February, 1894, he was transferred to the post of
( 794 )
Councillor to Miyagi prefecture, and after a year was once
more promoted to the position of Chief of the Police in
Okayama prefecture. In the following year he waa made
Secretary in the Yamagata Prefectural Office.
MR. T. TOKONAMI.
He held, in succession the positions as Secretary in
Niigata, Hyogo, and Tokyo prefectures, and in each place
he played an important part in the readjustment of local
administration. In 1904, the Government raised him to
the position of Governor of Tokushima prefecture, in view
of the excellent work accomplished by Mr. Tokonami in
these prefectures.
After holding the same position in Akita prefecture,
he was called back to Tokyo by the Government to assume
the Directorship of the Local Administration Bureau in
the Home Office, and for some time held the additional post
of Governor of Karafuto. lu 1909, he was despatched to
Europe and America to study recent improvements in local
administration there, and when he returned after a year's tour
he had great knowledge and experience in this line of study.
In 1911, he was appointed Vice-Minister of Home
Affairs, and later raised to the position of President of the
Imperial Government Railways.
With the dissolution of the Yamamoto Cabinet, he
resigned from the Government service and joined the
Seiyukai Party.
Since the general election of 1914, he has been elected
Member of the House of Representatives by his native
province.
He received the Court rank of Ju-shii, in recognition
of his past services, at the same time being decorated with
the Second-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
Address : — No. 14, Mikawadai-machi, Azabu-ku, Tokyo.
VICE-ADMIRAL TSUGHIYA MITSUKANE.
T riCE-ADMIRAL TSUCHIYA, MITSUKANE, is
the eldest son of General Baron Mitsukane Tsuchiya,
who achieved a brilliant success at Port Arthur, commanding
a division under the late General Count Nogi during the
seige of the Russian stronghold. The Vice-Admlral was
born in November, 1864, at Okazaki, Aichi prefecture, and
obtained his first commission of Sub-Lieutenant in January,
1888.
During the Sino-Japanese war, he successfully com-
manded a torpedo boat. After the restoration of peace he
was awarded the Sixth-class Imperial Order of the Rising
Sun. When the Boxers besieged the foreign Legation
quarters, in 1902, he successfully participated as Commander
of the campaign against the rebels. For this service he
was granted a sum of money, in December, 1902.
During the Russo-Japanese war he was promoted to
( 795 )
the rank of Captain, and as Commander of flotillas success-
fully harassed the enemy warships bottled up. After the
restoration of peace he was decorated with the Third-class
Military Order of the Golden Kite, the Third-class Imperial
Order of the Rising Sun.
His promotion to the rank of Rear-Admiral took place
in December, 1911, when he was commanding the Torpedo
Flotilla at Maidzuru. After holding many important posts
he was appointed Commander of the 1st Torpedo Squadron
in May, 1915. In November of the same year he was
granted the Second-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun
as a reward for his services in the Tsingtao Campaign.
He is now Vice- Admiral and communds the Sub-Naval
Station at Omiuato.
In 1916 he was given the Second-class Order of St.
Michael and George from Great Britain.
The Vice- Admiral also has the Court rank of Ju-shii.
VICE-ADMIRAL M. T3UCHIYA.
DR. UNO R 0.
D
R. UNO, RO, an eminent surgeon, of Toyo, was born
at Mishima, Kimizawa-gori, Shidzuoka prefecture,
DR. R. UNO.
in October, 1850, the eldest son of the late Mr. Suetami
Uno. While a boy he commenced his study of surgery,
and in 1876 he graduated from the Medical College of the
Tokyo University.
Because of his special knowledge he was asked by the
Tokyo Local Court to examine the murder cases, and
at this time was widely known as an authority on medicine.
In 1882, lie was appointed Assistant Professor at the Tokyo
University, his alma mater, and after a few years was
promoted to full professorship.
Besides holding the chair of surgery in the university,
he supervised the 1st and 2nd Hospitals attached to the
University. After the Tokyo University was reorganized,
and the present Tokyo Imperial University came into exist-
ence, he retained these posts, his mastery of practical surgery
being universally acknowledged.
In 1889 he made a tour in Europe, to study surgery in
pursuance of Government instructions. He remained
several years in Germany, and besides studying practical
(
surgery, he investigated the practical management of hos-
pitals and infirmaries there. Dr. Koch's discovery of anti-
tuberlosis serii was also investigated by him wliile in
Germany, in accordance with Government orders.
Just before his return home in 1892, he had the degree
of Igakuhakushi, or Doctor of Medicine, conferred upon
him. On his resumption of the chair in the Medical
College of the Tokyo Imperial University, he also held the
chair for skin diseases, at the same time taking charge of
the University Hospital as president.
In 1894, when the Sino-Japanese war broke out, he
was despatched to the theatre of war to assist in the treat-
ment of wounded soldiers, and many useful discoveries were
made by him in the department of surgery.
796 )
In April, 1897, however, he resigned his professorship
in the University, though he still consented to Lecture at
the Medical College. The same year he founded his own
hospital, called the Rakusando Hospital, at Kojima-cho,
Asakusa-ku, Tokyo.
In December, 1903, he received the honorary title of
Professor Emeritus at the Medical College of the Tokyo
Imperial University, in recognition of his many years'
meritorious services to the country.
Dr. Uno has the Court rank of Jo-goi and holds the
Fifth-class Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure.
Address: — No. 14, 1-chome, Yumi-cho, Hongo-ku,
Tokyo.
MR. URABE JOFU.
M
R. URABE, JOFU, the President of the Sakura-
Gumi, one of the greatest shoe makers in this
MR. J. URABE.
country, was born in Chiba prefecture, in June, 1871.
He graduated from Waseda University with honour in
1898. Shortly after he joined the Sakura-Gumi as a junior
clerk.
Owing to his business ability and smartness, he won
the confidence of the late Mr. Katsuzo Nishimura, the
President of the firm, and was rapidly promoted. Five
years later, just before the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese
war, he was made Sub-Manager. During the great
campaign, he maintained a high degree of activity as a
supplier of shoes to the Imperial Army at the front.
In 1907, when the shoe making department of the
Sakura-Gumi was fused in the new company, styled the
Japan Leather Co., a section of the shareholders of the old
Sakura-Gumi commenced a new joint partnership, with the
old name of Sakura-Gumi, of which Mr. Urabe was made
President.
Mr. Urabe has of late organized another leather
company, called the Meiji Leather Manufacturing Co. He
is the Managing Director of this concern, and one of the
leading figures in Japan's leather industry.
( 797 )
BARON UYEHARA YUSAKU.
r-^ ENERAL BARON UYEHARA, YUSAKU, was
born November, 1856, being the second son of Mr.
Seizan Tatsuoka, a samurai of the Miyakonojo elan, in
Hyuga province. In 1875 he was adopted by the Uyehara
family. In June of the same year he entered the Mililary
Preparatory School, and in 1877 entered the Military
Academy, from which he graduated with honours the
following year. In 1879, he was appointed Sub-Lieutenant,
and in April, 1881, was ordered to France to study military
science, returning in February, 1885, being then appointed
instructor at the Military Academy. In 1889, he proceed-
ed to Europe, accompanying Lieut.-General Ozawa, Direc-
tor of the Temporary Fortress Construction Department.
In 1890, he was raised to the rank of Major, and in 1892
was appointed instructor in the Military College and an
adjutant to the Army General Staff. In June, 1894, Major
Uyehara was despatched to Korea as military attach^ to
the Japanese Legation, and when disturbances broke out in
Seoul, in July of the same year, he took a prominent part in
the battle at Pongyang, etc., later being appointed staff
officer of the First Army, in February, 1896, he attended
the Coronation of the Tzar, by order of the Imperial Court,
and on his return was appointed Director of the Fourth
Department of the Array General Staff. In 1897, he was
raised to the rank of Colonel, and three years later to that
of Major-Genera], being nominated to the Directorship of
the Gunnery and Engineering School. In 1903, he made a
tour of inspection in Europe. When the Russo-Japanese
war broke out, he followed as Chief of the Staff of the
Fourth Army, and rendered distinguished services. In re-
cognition of which he had the Second-class Military Order
of the Golden Kite conferred upon him. In 1905, he was
made Lieut.-General, and in the following year was created
Baron, in recognition of past services. After filling the posts
of Commander of the Second and the Fourteenth Army
Divisions, he was appointed War Minister in the Saionji
v
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BARON Y. UYEHARA.
Cabinet in 1912, and in 1914 was made Inspector-General
of Military Education, and War Councillor. In 1915,
Baron Uyehara was raised to the rank of General, and was
appointed to the present post the same year.
The Baron has the First - class Imperial Order
of the Rising Sun and holds the Court rank of
Jo-zammi.
Address: — No. ], Dai-machi, Akasaka-ku, Tokyo.
( 798 )
DR. UZAWA FUSAAKI.
DR. UZAWA, FUSAAKI, one of the most prominent
lawyers of Japan, was born in Chiba prefecture, in
August, 1872, being the eldest son of Mr. Minosuke Uzawa.
DR. T. UZAWA. '
He came to Tokyo while still young, to study law and
politics at the Law College in the Tokyo Imperial Univer-
sity, from which he graduated with honour in 1889. As
soon as he obtained the degree of Hogakushi, which corre-
sponds to B.L. in America, he established a law office in
Tokyo.
For a time he co-operated with Dr, Ludwig Lonholm,
once Professor of Law in the Tokyo Imperial University.
He took charge of the general law business and patent
affairs in the latter's Yokohama office, but he soon severed
his connections with the German lawyer, and devoted him-
self of his own office. Later he presented a thesis on the
philosophy of law to the faculty of the College in the Tokyo
Imperial University, and obtained the degree of Hogaku-
hakushi, or Doctor of Law.
As a lawyer he has attained a high position, partly on
account of his knowledge and partly on account of his
personality. He is a Christian believer, and each case
entrusted to him is conducted with sincerity and a devout
desire to serve mankind with all the means available.
He pleaded in the Tokyo Court on behalf of the rioters
against the Government when the contents of the Portsmouth
Treaty were published. He also pleaded on behalf of the
defendants in the Sugar Scandal. Since that time his
fame has rapidly grown.
He has occupied a seat in the House of Representatives
since 1908, and is known as one of the most prominent
debaters in the House.
He is a professor of the Meiji Law University acd
President of the Meiji Middle School. In this line of
activity he is looked upon by the public as one of the
greatest luminaries.
His principal works are the " Principle of Law,"
" Philosophy of Law," " Essays on Criminal Administra-
tive Policy," " History of Comparative Legislation."
He holds the Fourth-class Imperial Order of the Sacred
Treasure.
Address : — No. 15, 3-ciiome, Tsukiji, Kyobashi-ku,
Tokyo.
R. WAKATSUKI REIJiRO.
lyPR. WAKATSUKI, REIJIRO, an authority on
-^'-^ finance in this country, was born in February,
1866, being a son of the late Mr. Senzaburo Okumura, a
samurai of the Matsuye Clan. While a boy he was adopted
into the Wakatsuki family and assumed the family name.
On his graduation from the Law College of the Tokyo
Imperial University in 1892, lie was given a position in the
Department of Finance, when his connection with the
financial side of administration commenced. After two
years' training in official routine, he was sent to Ehime
as Superintendent of the Tax Collection Bureau in that
prefecture.
In April, 1896, he once more entered the Department
of Finance, as Secretary and Councillor to the Department.
A little later he was ordered to take the additional post of
Judge in the Litigation Court. His financial ability now
had full play and his promotion in this Department was
rapid.
( 799 )
Shortly after he was appointed Director of the Taxation
Bureau, and later promoted to the office of Vice-Minister of
Finance. In May, 1907, he was ordered to England and
France to undertake financial negotiations on behalf of the
Government, and while in London and Paris assisted the
home Goyernment to readjust Japan's post-war finance.
The following year he returned home and assumed his
former office, in which he remained up to September, 1911,
when the second Katsura Cabinet resigned. Shortly before
his resignation he was decorated with the First-class Imperial
Order of the Sacred Treasure and appointed a Member of
the House of Peers by Imperial Nomination.
When the third Katsura Ministry was formed in
December, 1912, he was given a seat in the Cabinet as
Minister of Finance. The new Government, however, was
prematurely ended in February of the following year, and
he was again forced to resign his place in the Finance
Department.
Mr. Wakatsuki joined the Doshikai, when the late
Prince Katsura formed a party on his resignation from the
Government, and he assumed a seat on the Board. In
April, 1914, when Marquis Okuma formed his Cabinet in
succession to Count Yamamoto, he once more became
Minister of Finance, and played an important part in the
finance and general administration, until he resigned his
portfolio of finance in August, 1915. When Marquis Okuma
reformed his Ministry, he displayed consummate skill in
directing war finance.
From his student days he has enjoyed the confidence of
his friends, as a man of strong character and clear insight.
One of his old friends, the late Mr. Iwai Tatsumi, Head of
Civil Administration in Taiwan, once said to his friends
that after Viscount Kato left the Department of Finance,
none in the department could rival Mr. Wakatsuki in point
of clear insight and judgement.
Mr. Wakatsuki now conducts the affairs of the Kenseikai
party as Director and Leader.
MR. R. WAKATSUKI.
Mr. Wakatsuki has the Court rank of Jo-shii and holds
the First-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
Address: — No. 40, 41, Naka-Rokuban-cho, Kojimachi-
ku, Tokyo.
MR. WATANABE FUKUSABURO.
•TV /TR. WATANABE, FUKUSABURO, was born at
Hon-Zaimoku-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo, in Jan.,
1855, being the second son of Mr. Jiyemon Watanabe. The
family have been millionaires for nine generations. In
December, 1865, Mr. Watanabe set up a branch family,
and commenced business on his own account. He is
precautious by nature and fond of study. He decided on
Yokohama as the most promising place to establish his
business. He concluded that Yokohama was the most
important to those desirous of establishing commercial fame,
and acting on this conviction he opened a branch in Yoko-
hama, commencing an export business of marine products.
The business rapidly developed, and very shortly Mr. Wata-
nabe was among the most noted traders of Yokohama. He
was very devoted to his business, paying special attention to
those undertakings which are calculated to advance public
interests. He was elected a member of the Tokyo Prefectural
Assembly and contributes a great deal towards the interests
of the Tokyo citizens. In 1887 he subscribed a large sum
of money towards national defence expenditure, and in
( 800
appreciation he had conferred upon him the Court rank of
Ju-rokui. In 1890 he was elected a member of the House
of Peers. He is now contriving to develope the destiny of
his family, and has opened branches at many important
cities throughout this country. His business is developing
year by year, chiefly on account of the superiority of the
goods dealt in. Besides commercial business he holds
many posts, namely. President of the Watanabe Bank;
Director of the Yokohama Railway Co. ; Director of the
)
Toyo Muslin Co. ; Director of the Tokyo Gas Co. ; Director
of the Yokohama Electric Co. ; Auditor of the Narita Rail-
way Co. ; Member of the Yokohama Chamber of Com-
merce; Adviser to the Twenty-Seventh Bank; and Repre-
sentative Member of Watanabe & Co. In these positions
he is doing liis utmost to develope the business of this
country. He is energetic, and very popular among the
Tokyo and Yokohama business men.
Address : — No. 1, 1-chome, Motohama-cho, Yokohama,
DR. YAMA6UCHI EINOSUKE.
DR. YAMAGUCHI, EINOSUKE, the Director
General of the Bureau of the Imperial Archives, is
one of the most prominent scientists in Japan. He was
granted, some years ago, the degree of Rigakuhakushi, or
Doctor of Science.
DR. E. YAMAGUCHI.
Dr. Yamaguchi was born at Matsuye, Shimane prefec-
ture, in February, 1862, being a son of a samurai. He
studied natural philosophy at the Tokyo University, and
after his graduation from the post-graduate course was
appointed Assistant Professor at his alma mater.
In 1886 he was appointed Assistant Professor at the
First High School, and remained in the same office up to
1890, when he was promoted to the rank of full Professor
at the same school. In the meanwhile he was several times
appointed Judge at industrial exhibitions, and contributed
much toward the progress of science at that time.
In 1896 he was appointed Lecturer at the Technological
College in the Tokyo Imperial University, and in the
following year, when the Kyoto Imperial University was
founded, he was appointed Professor of Science and
Technology in the same institution, and took charge of
natural philosophy.
In 1898 he was despatched, by the Government, to
Germany and France, to study the latest progress of natural
philosophy, »nd remained two years in these countries.
During his stay in France, he was ordered to represent the
home Government at the International Congress regarding
the Compilation of a Catalogue of Scientific Publications
then being held in London.
On his return he again took charge of the chair of
natural philosophy at the college, and in 1901 he had the
degree of Rigakuhakushi, or Doctor of Science, conferred
upon him. In 1903, he was Judge at the 5th Domestic
Industrial Exhibition, and awarded, by Court, the Badge of
the "Blue Ribbon."
In 1905, he was appointed Vice-President of the Peers'
School, which was the beginning if his connection with the
Household Department. In the following year he was
promoted to the Presidency of the school, when Dr. Baron
Kikuchi resigned the post.
In 1907, he was relieved of this post, but immediately
appointed Director of the Bureau of the Imperial Archives,
and as an additional post took charge of the Bureau of the
Imperial Tombs. In these capacities he took part in the
( 801 )
conduct of the Imperial Funeral of the late Emperor Meiji
and Empress Dowager Shoken. He played the most
important part as Director in the construction of the
Imperial Tombs at Momoyama.
In 1915, he was appointed Grand Master of the House-
hold of H.I.H. Prince Takeda-no-Miya. When the Grand
Ceremony of Accession to the Throne was held in Kyoto
he was one of the Councillors of the Enthronement Com-
mission.
After successive promotions, he now holds the Court
rank of Jo-shii and the Second-class Imperial Order of the
Sacred Treasure.
Address : — No. 15, 6-chome, lida-machi, Kojiraachi-ku,
Tokyo.
REAR-ADMIRAL YAMAGUCHI KUJURO.
p EAR-ADMIRAL YAMAGUCHI, KUJURO, was
born in December, 1865, at Korai-cho, Kagoshima,
Kagoshima prefecture, obtaining his first commission of
Sub- Lieutenant in November, 1889.
When the Sino-Japanese war broke out he was a
Lieutenant. After the restoration of peace he was rewarded,
for his distinguished services, with the Sixth-class Imperial
Order of the Rising Sun. In the Russo-Japanese war he
participated as Commander, and several times his name
was mentioned in dispatches. On the restoration of peace
he was decorated with the Fourth-class Military Order of
the Golden Kite and the Third-class Imperial Order of the
Rising Sun.
After his promotion to the rank of Captain, he held
many important offices and when an Imperial Proxy was
despatched to the Court of St. James on the occasion of the
Coronation of King George and Queen Mary of Great
Britain, he was among the retinue. In February, 1912, he
was granted the Coronation Medal by the Court of St.
James. The same year he received decorations from
France and Italy.
In February, 1913, he was granted the Court rank of
Jo-goi, and in May of the same year he was promoted to
the rank of Rear-Admiral, and placed in command of
the Squadron at the Maidzuru Naval Station. Later in
tiie same year, he was made Commander of the Defence
Corps at the bay of Chinkai, and controlled, in addition,
the Cliinkai Branch of the Extraordinary Naval Construc-
tion Board.
In May of the following year he was decorated with the
Second-class Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure, and in
November of the same year with the Second-class Imperial
Order of the Rising Sun.
EEAR-ADMIRAL K. YAMAGUCHI.
Though the regulations governing the Naval Defence
at Cliinkai were revised, and his post was affected, he still
remains in office as the commander of the Naval Station at
the Bay of Chinkai, and the Director of the Extraordinary
Naval Construction Board at Chinkai.
( 802 )
BARON YAMAKAWA KENJIRO.
-pARON YAMAKAWA, KENJIRO, President of the
^-'^ Tokyo Imperial University, was born in July, 1854,
being the second son of Mr. Naoye Yamakawa, a samurai
of the Aidzu Clan, In his boyhood he studied in the
Nisshinkan Primary School, and at the time of the Restor-
BARON K. YAMAK4WA.
ation he was among the samurai who defended die Aidzu
castle. In 1869, he visited Tokyo and studied the English
language. In the following year he was ordered to Russia
to study. He later proceeded to America, where he entered
Yale University for three years, making a speciality of
natural philosophy. On his graduation, he was given the
title of Batehelor of Philosophy. In 1875, Baron Yama-
kawa returned home and was made a teacher in the Tokyo
Kaisei School, subsequently being appointed assistant pro-
fessor of the College of Science at Tokyo Imperial Univer-
sity. In 1886, he was promoted Professor of the College
of Science, and in 1888 the title of Doctor of Science,
or Rigakuhakushi, was conferred upon him, he afterwards
being appointed Dean of the College of Science, In 1901,
Baron Yamakawa was appointed President of the Tokyo
Imperial University and later was made a member of the
House of Peers In 1911, when the Kyushu Imperial
University was opened, he was made President, and in 1913
was again made President of the Tokyo Imperial Univer-
sity. In 1914, he held additionally the Presidency of the
Kyoto Imperial University, but resigned the post some time
afterwards. When seven Professors of the Tokyo Imperial
University earnestly advocated the opening of hostilities
with Russia, just prior to the Russo-Japanese war, he was
asked by the late Prince Katsura, the then Premier, to
pacify them, but Baron Yamakawa resolutely refused to
comply with the Premier's request.
Thus he upheld the independence and dignity of the
Imperial University, In the Autumn of 1915 he was creat-
ed Baron, on the occasion of the Imperial Accession to the
Throne, He is a man of righteousness, and his manly atti-
tude commands much respect from all who know him.
Baron Yamakawa has the Court rank of Jo-zammi and
holds the Second-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
Address : — Ikebukuro, Sugamo-machi, Kita-Toshima-
gori, Tokyo-fu.
R. YAMAMOTO KYUZABURO.
1\/I R, YAMAMOTO, KYUZABURO, the Manager of
the Imperial Theatre in Tokyo, was born in Gumma
prefecture in February, 1874, being the third son of Mr.
Kamei Juhei. He was adopted into the Yamamoto family
in 1903. As a manager of a company or public organization
he displayed his ability in past years before he took up the,
office of the Manager of the Imperial Theatre. Graduat-
ing from the Keiwo University in 1904, he entered the ser-
( 803 )
vice of the Hokkaido Coal-mining and Steamship Co., and
was appointed purser of a foreign steamer chartered by the
company. He then joined the now defunct Sanyo Railway
Co., where he remained for over ten years, during which
period he was appointed Director of the Transportation
Department of the Company, Upon the enforcement of
the State-ownership of railways in Japan he entered the
Sino-Japanese Steamship Co. as Manager of the Warship
attached to the establishment. Afterwards he was invited
by the Imperial Mineral Water Co., Ltd., to assume the
office of Manager, which post he held for several years, and
it is no exaggeration to say that the high credit now enjoyed
by the " Mitsuya " Brand cider of the Company at home
and abroad is due to his strenuous efforts. In February,
1911, when the Imperial Theatre was established on its
present site he was appointed Manager, and later Managing
Director. The Imperial Theatre is really to be congratu-
lated on having such a clever Director as Mr. Yamamoto,
whose stock of knowledge in social science is boundless.
Address :
ku, Tokyo,
-No. 16, Nishinokubo-Akefune-cho, Shiba-
MR. K. YAMAMOTO.
MR. YAMAMOTO TATSUO.
A /r R. YAMAMOTO, TATSUO, Member of the House
■''*-*■ of Peers, is one of the leaders of the Seiyukai, being
twice a member of the Cabinet, He was born at Usuki, Oita
prefecture, in March, 1856, being the son of a samurai of
the Usuki Clan, He received his early education at Keiwo
University. Before finishing the full collegiate course,
he moved to the Mitsubishi Commercial School, which is
now extinct, and studied commercial science and political
economy.
On his graduation he was appointed Instructor at the
Okayama Commercial School, and was later transferred to
the Osaka Commercial School, Thus his public career
commenced in the line least congenial to him, as he was
anxious to devote his life to commerce and industry.
In 1883, he resigned from the Osaka Commercial School,
and obtained employment in the Mitsubishi Co., from which
he was soon moved to the Nippon Yusen Kaisha, where
sliortly after he was appointed Manager.
His ability was noticed by the late Mr. Koichiro
Kawada, Governor of the Bank of Japan (lately created
Baron), who in 1899 appointed him Director of the Business
Bureau in the bank, in addition to holding a place on the
Board of the Yokohama Specie Bank.
While in this office he studied the credit system of
Europe and America, and established a similar system in
this country, thus enabling the business community to
safely emerge from the disturbances after the Sino-Japanese
war. In 1896, when the late Baron Yanosuke Iwasaki
became Governor of the Bank, he was given a seat on the
Board.
The late Baron Iwasaki, however, was compelled to
resign from the Bank, on account of political trouble
( 804 )
attendant upon the dissolution of the KenseitO Cabinet, and
the weighty position was given to Mr. Yaraamoto, While
MR. T. YAMAMOTO.
holding the governance of the house, there were four
political changes, but he kept to his principle of finance.
On his resignation from the bank, in October, 1903, he
was appointed a Member of the House of Peers, by Imperial
nomination, and his connection with politics commenced, but
he remained apart from the economic movements up to
November, 1909, when he was appointed President of the
Hypothec Bank of Japan.
He became more prominent in the political circles in
1911 when he was given the portfolio of Finance Minister
in the Saionji Cabinet. His connection with the Seiyukai
commenced with this appointment. In February, 1913, he
was once more in the cabinet when Count Yamamoto formed
the cabipet, holding the portfolio of Minister of Agricul-
ture and Commerce.
With the downfall of the Yamamoto Cabinet, he again
retired from political activity, but in the Seiyukai he holds
an important place as one of the leaders.
Mr. Yamamoto has the Court rank of Ju-zammi and
holds the Second-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
Address : — No. 38, Kami-Niban-cho, Kojimachi-ku,
Tokyo.
MR. YAMASHITA HIDEZANE.
1% /TR. YAMASHITA, HIDEZANE, is a native of
Kagoshima prefecture, and was born in April,
1847, being the first son of Mr. Hanyemon Yamashita. He
was formerly a soldier, but later joined the civil service.
After serving as Chief of the Police Affairs, in Osaka
and Kumamoto prefectures, he left the Government
service in 1893. When Formosa became one of Japan's
possessions he proceeded to that island, where he established
the Ekiden-sha, which did a communication and traffic busi-
ness. He established the " Taiwan Nichi-Nichi Shimbun "
(Formosa Daily Newspaper), and did a great deal towards
teaching the natives civilisation. Mr. Yamashita gradually
entered business circles, where he met with success. He is
now President of the Formosa Commercial and Industrial
Bank, President of the Imperial Sugar Manufacturing Co.
and President of the Formosa Hemp Manufacturing Co.
In November, 1916, he became Chairman of the Organizing
Committee of the Zinc Mining Co. It roust be remembered
MR. H. YAMASHITA.
( 805 )
that Mr. Yamashita had to grapple with many difficulties
befoiya he attained his present position. His great services
rendered to the cause of civilising this Island must be
specially noted.
He has a clear head and a itrong will ; this coupled
with his remarkable energy has brought him succese. Mr.
Yamashita has the Court rank of Ju-rokiii and holds the
Fourth-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
Address :— No, 2540, Iriarai-juku, Ebara-gori, Tokyo-
fu.
VICE-ADMIRAL YAMAYA TANIN.
T nCE ADMIRAL YAMAYA, TANIN, was born at
Shika-mura, Minami-Iwate-gori, Iwate prefecture,
March, 1866. In January, 1888, he obtained his first
commission as Sub-Lieutenant.
When the Siiio-Japanese war broke out, he was a
Lieutenant, and was several times mentioned in despatches.
On tlie restoration of peace, he was decorated with the
Fifth-class Military Order of the Golden Kite, aud the
Sixth-class Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure.
During the Russo-Japanese war, he was promoted to the
rank of Captain, and at the close of the war was decorated
with the Fourth-class Military Order of the Golden Kite
and the Third-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
His promotion to the rank of Rear-Admiral took place
in December, 1909. In the meanwhile he was decorated
with high orders from China, Portugal, Prussia, Spain,
France, Austria, the Netherlands, and Korea, being con-
nected with many diplomatic missions. Simultaneously
with his promotion to the rank of Rear-Admiral he was
appointed Chief of the Ist and 2nd Departments of the
Naval Education Board, and a little later the Naval Staff
College was placed under his charge.
In December, 191 1, he was transferred to the command
of the Reserve Squadron at Maidzuru, but he was not allow-
ed to remain in this office long, for in April of the following
year he was appointed Director of the Personal Affiiirs
Bureau in the Navy Office.
In December, 1913, he was promoted to the rank of
Vice-Admiral, and was granted the Court rank of Ju-shii
and once again made the President of the Naval Staff
College. On the outbreak of the European war he was
appointed Commander of the Ist Squadron, and shortly
after removed to the command of the Third Squadron. At
VICE-ADMIRAl. T. YAMAYA.
present he is the Vice-Chief of the Naval General Staff
Board, at the same time having a seat on the Admirals'
Council.
Asa reward for his service in the Tsingtao campaign
he was granted in November, 1915, the First-class Imperial
Order the Rising Sun.
( 806 )
BARON YASHfRO ROKURO.
VICE-ADMIRAlL YASHIRO, ROKURO, was born
at Gakuden-mura, Niwa-gori, Aichi prefecture, in
January, 1860. After his graduation from the Naval
Cadets' School he obtained his first coramision as Sub-
Lieutenant in June, 1885.
When the Sino-Japanese war commenced he was a
Lieutenant. He participated in many engagements and
distinguished himself On the restoration of peace he was
decorated with the Fifth-class Military Order of tiie Golden
Kite and the Sixth-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
After the war he was despatched to Russia as Naval
Attache, when he was promoted to the rank of Commander.
His services at St. Petersburg were much appreciated by
the home Government, who decorated him with the Fifth-
class Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure. The Russian
and the French Governments also presented him with
honours.
In the Boxers' campaign he participated as the com-
mander of the warship Miyako. He was then a Captain,
and his meritorious services were rewarded with the Third-
class Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure, when the cam-
paign was over. A few years later he commanded the
cruiser Asama, and participated in almost all the engage-
ments with the Russians.
All through the war he maintained a good record, and
when the war was over he was decorated with the Third-
class Military Order of the Golden Kite and the Third-class
Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
After the war he was once more sent abroad, and for a
time attached to the Berlin Embassy. He was promoted to
the rank of Rear- Admiral in December, 1907. In Decem-
ber, 1908, he was appointed Commander of the Reserve
Squadron at Yokosuka.
From December, 1909 to the following June, he was
placed in command of the Ist Squadron, when he was
attached to the Kure Naval Station. After being moved
to many important posts he was appointed President of the
Naval Staff College, in December, 1911, when he was
promoted to the rank of Vice- Admiral.
In April, 1914, when Count Okuma formed his
Cabinet, the Vice-Adrairal, who was then in command of
the Maidzuru Naval Station, was given the portfolio of
the Navy. After having practically solved the difficult
problem of Naval Expansion, he resigned from the position
in August, 1915, and for a time led a retired life in Kyoto.
BARON R. YASHIRO.
He was, however, not allowed to remain in a retired
position, for in December, 1915, he was once more appointed
Commander-in-Chief of the Second Squadron. In April,
1916, he was granted the First-class Imperial Order of
the Rising Sun, in recognition of his services in the Ger-
man campaign. In July of the same year he was created
a Peer. In May, 1917, the Baron was granted the Court
rank of Ju-zammi.
ADMIRAL YOSHIMATSU MOTARO.
ADMIRAL YOSHIMATSU, MOTARO, was born at
Nakamura, Hata-gori, Kochi prefecture, in January,
1859, obtaining his first commission as Sub-Lieutenant in
November, 1883. When the Sino-Japanese war commenced
he was a Lieutenant, but before it was brought to an end
he was promoted to the rank of Lieut.-Commander, and
on the restoration of peace was decorated with the Fifth-
class Military Order of the Golden Kite and the Sixth-
class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun.
He was made Captain in September, 1899. During the
( 807 )
Boxers trouble in Peking, he participated in the campaign
as the commander of a warship. On the subjugation of the
rebellion, he was rewarded with the Third-class Imperial
Order of the Rising Sun.
About this time he was connected with diplomatic
affairs, and received many honours from foreign Courts,
including France, Italy, Russia, Belgium, Siam, and Great
Britain, Being in the suite of the Japanese Envoy at the
Coronation of King George and Queen Mary of Great
Britain, he was presented by the British Court in December,
1902, with the Coronation Medal.
In December, 1906, he was appointed Chief Staff Officer
to the Saseho Naval Station, which was then practically the
base of operations for the Imperial Japanese Navy. On the
restoration of peace, his activities during the Russo-Japanese
war were rewarded by being decorated with the Third-class
Military Order of the Golden Kite.
After holding many important posts he was appointed,
in August, 1908, President of the Naval Cadets' School,
and as such was one of the umpires of the Grand Naval
Manoeuvres of that year. In December, 1909, he was
promoted to the rank of Vice-Admiral ; tlie following year
he was appointed President of the Naval Staff College.
In December, 1911, he had command of the Second
Squadron and the following Autumn commanded the Red
Fleet in the Grand Naval Manoeuvres. In March, 1914, he
was appointed Commander of the Kure Naval Station.
In September, 1915, he was moved to the command of
the 1st Squadron, also being Commander-in-Chief of the
training squadrons.
In November of the same year he was decorated with
the First-class Imperial Order of the Rising Sun in recogni-
ADMIRAL M. YOSHIMATSU.
tion of his services in the German Campaign. In
December, 1916, he was promoted to the rank of Admiral.
MRS. (DOCTOR) YOSHIOKA YAYOI.
-jV/TRS. (DOCTOR) YOSHIOKA, YAYOI, is one of
'-'^ the pioneer lady physicians of Japan, having
practically opened a new profession for her sex.
She was born in Shidzuoka prefecture, in March, 1871.
In her early youth she came to Tokyo to study medicine
at the Saisei Gakusha, a private medical institution.
She passed the State examination for practice shortly
after her graduation from school, and obtained official
licence. She assisted her father in their native prefecture
for some time, but in 1896 she came to Tokyo again, and
established her office at lida-machi, Kojimachi-ku, Tokyo.
She then underwent all the distressing trials which
have to be experienced by pioneers in every branch of
human activity, but she came out more courageous and
resolute each time, and in 1909 she founded the present
Tokyo Shisei Hospital at lida-machi, Kojimachi-ku, Tokyo.
Being thus successful in her ambitious plan, she was
anxious to help those of her sex who were desirous of attain-
ing the same, and shortly after the Russo-Japanese war
she founded a medical school for Women at Kawada-cho,
Ushigome-ku, Tokyo, she herself undertaking the teach-
ing and management of the institution. That was the
beginning of the present college.
Now, nearly four hundred lady students are accom-
modated, and each year a large number of well-trained
women doctors are turned out. Thus the meritorious work
of Mrs. Yoshioka, M.D., is carried on with great success,
and she deserves the honour and graditude of her sisters.
C 808 )
MR. YUKAWA KANKICHI.
MR. YUKAWA, KANKICHI, was born in May,
1868, at Wakayama, being a son of a samurai.
On his graduation from the Lhw College of the Tokyo
YUKAWA.
Imperial University, in July, 1890, he was appointed a
junior clerk in the Department of Communications. His
promotion was very quick, and he successively held the
posts of Secretary, Director of the Postal and Telegraphic
School, Councillor, and Director of the Communications
Superintendence Bureau. At one time he was a Councillor
in the Foreign Office, in addition to his office in Tiie
Department of Communications.
During the Sino-Japanese war, he supervised the field
postal service as Director of the Field Postal Service, at
Imperial Headquarters. Under his direction practically all
Japan's military postal service was created and organized.
In March, 1897, he represented Japan at the International
Postal Service Congress at Washington.
In 1905, lie left the Government service and joined
the Sumitomo General Head Office, as its General Manager.
He was later appointed Diiector of the office, and when the
Sumitomo Bank was converted into a joint stock concern he
was given a seat on the board as Director. He is now a
Managing Director of the bank.
As a banker he holds an important position in Osaka,
having been elected one of the Special Members of the
Osaka Chamber of Commerce during past years.
Mr. Yukawa has the Court rank of Ju-shii and holds
the Fourth-class Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure.
Address: — No. 273, Karai-4-chome, Sonezaki, Kita-ku,
Osaka.
MR. NISHIZAWA IWATA.
MR. NISHIZAWA.I IWATA, was bom at Uyeda,
Shinano province, during the period between the
fall of the Tokugawa Government and the restoration of
supreme power to the Imperial Court. He is the eldest son
of Tomijuro, a grandson of Zenji Nishizawa, the " Shoya "
of the old Nishiwaki village.
As soon as he finished his education in the country, he
came up to the capital and studied English, as well as law.
In April, 1900, he established an English school, called
tlie Tokyo Jitsuyo Eigo Gakk5, and later another school
named the Nippon Shukei Gakko (Japan Accountants
School). He retained the entire management of these
schools until the school buildings were unfortunately burnt
down in 1915. While conducting these schools he was
associated with the " Japan Gazette," the oldest English
daily paper in this country. He compiled the " Peerage
of Japan," published by the Japan Gazette Co., Ltd.,
in 1912, and other works. Mr. ^Nishizawa is a Christian
believer and a Jujitsu Champion of the Tenjin Sliin-
ySryu, the old and pure school of this Japanese Military
Art ;' besides he is a good horseman of the Otsuboryu,
the name given to an old-style Japanese horsemansliip.
MR. I. NISHIZAWA.
Address : — No. 24, 3-ehome, Nishiki-cho, Kanda-ku,
Tokyo.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
LIST OF ADVERTISEMENTS.
Kawasaki Dockyard Company, Limited.
Cigars and Cigarettes.
Tlie Taiwan Seito Kwaisha, Limited.
Tlie Kirin Brewery Company, Limited.
T. Yuasa.
The Okui Sakichi Shoten.
G. Tanaka & Co.
The Dai Nippon Brewery Company, Limited.
Afasuda Gomei Kaisha.
M. Hotta & Co.
The K. Gonda Shoten.
Masuda & Co.
The Yoshikawa Ginjiro Shoten.
Matsuoka Hospital.
Harumoto Shoten.
Shinkichi Kiitoh.
K. Sngiyama.
Goshikaisha Sugiwara Shoten.
Matsumoto Kakichi Shoten.
A sane & Co.
The Japan Chain Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
Shinyngumi & Co.
Matsuoka Bunjiro Shoten.
Taraaya Co.
Kaneko & Co.
Hayaslii Brusli Factory.
T. Yaniainoto & Co.
Fukushima & Co.
D. Sayegusa.
M. Uno & Sons.
One and Takesliita.
Mizuochi & Co.
Y. Tokuda & Co.
Isaburo Tsuji.
Osaka Wire Cloth Co. .
The Utsunomiya Shoten.
The Inouye Thread Co.
Denmeisha.
The Clifford-Wilkinson 'J'ansan Mineral Water Co.,
Ltd.
The Ariyoshi Kakuji Shoten.
The Nippon Note-book Munufacturing Co., Ltd.
The Kamon Export Department
Goshi Kaisha Otani Tekko-Sho.
The Futami Bunjiro Shoten.
Gomei Kaisha Kono Pump Works.
The T. Yoshikawa Shoten.
Tokujiro Maio,
Inada Masakichi & Co,
Ynmaguchi Gendo & Co.
Akai & Co.
The Tamada Yushitsu Meriyasu Shoten.
S. Seko.
Ishii Hosiery Factory.
The Tokyo Export Co.
I^awa Genjiro Shoten.
K. Araki & Co.
Choya & Co.
Shiinamoto Kotaro Shoten.
Osakigumi Shokai.
Yagifuku & Co.
The Nippon, Limited.
Taoka Shoten.
Ikushima & Co.
Miyazaki Shoten.
Society of Kyoto Hiatorieal Research,
Osaka Mokukwan Shokwai.
T. Akao & Co.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
•VV%A/V>mWWVVWWVVWWVVW>
n^^^WV^/VX'WWWWW^^S^S^s/Nrv^^y
:
Codes
Used:
: At.
A.B.C.
(4th & 5th),
: Eng
neering
Lieber's, 4
Western Union.
KAWASAKI DOCKYARD COMPANY, LIMITED.
KOBE fVIAIN WORKS.
SHIPBUILDERS, ENGINEERS & REPAIRERS.
Sole Manufacturers of Curtis Marine Steam Turbines, M.A.N.'s
Diesel Oil Engines, Schmidt's Superheaters for Marine and
Locomotive use, Westinghouse Leblanc's Refrigerators, Condensers,
Air Pumps, R. Allen's Pistons, Packings, Sirocco Fans, Yarrow's
and Robinson's Superheaters, etc. and Licensed Makers of Thorny-
crofts' Steam Boilers and Oil Fuel Burners and Weir's Pumps,
Evaporators, Feed Heating and Distilling Plant.
SEVEN SHIPBUILDING BERTHS.
Capacity: Vessels up to 950 feet (about 40,000 tons).
HYOGO WORKS,
Higashi Shiriike, Kobe.
Manufacturers of
Locomotives, Railway and Electric
Carriages, Heavy Steel and Iron
Castings, Water & Gas Pipes,
Girders and Bridges,
Planks and Sawmillings, etc.
DAIREN WORKS,
Dairen, Manchuria, N.C.
DOCKYARD & ENCINEERING WORKS.
GRAVING DOCK, Length 412 ft.
Breadth 51 ft,
Powerful Salvage and Towing Boats
will be supplied at
short notice.
GRAVING DOCK & PATENT SLIPS
POWERFUL SALVAGE AND TOWING BOAT WILL BE
SUPPLIED AT SHORT NOTICE.
One 200 ton Floating Crane & Cranes of Medium Capacity.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
Cigars m» Cigarettes.
THE BUREAU OF MONOPOLIES OF JAPAN manufactures and sells a
large assortment of Cigars, Cigarettes, and Cut Tobaccos. Especially
as regards the Cigarettes without mouthpieces and Cigars, the Tobacco-
leaves used in their manufacture are the famous products of Turkey, America,
Manila, Havana, etc., and the goods are of fine make and high finish,
ingenious machines and skilful workhands being abundantly used. Moreover,
owing to the comparative cheapness of the wages and other costs of produc-
tion, the Bureau's goods are cheap in price for the excellence of .their
qualities.
Besides selling its own products, the Bureau imports to the Japan market
the selected qualities of over two hundred and forty different descriptions of
the Cigars, Cigarettes, and Cut Tobaccos made in various parts of the world,
in order to satisfy the wants and suit the tastes of the smoking public. As
these imported goods are on sale throughout the country, the visitors to
Japan will not be put to inconvenience, while travelling through the Empire,
in obtaining Foreign Tobaccos of any kind or brand. Ths price-lists of the
goods sold by the Bureau are provided at the chief retail shops in every part
of the country, and copies of same may be had by anyone on application to
the Bureau's Head Office at Tokyo or to any of the local Selling Offices of
the Monopoly Bureau.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
THE TAIWAN SEITO KWAISHA, LTD
(THE FORMOSA SUGAR MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.)
MAIN OFFICE:— Takao, Formosa, Japan.
BRANCH OFFICE:— No. 22, Honkoku-cho, Itchome, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo.
SOLE AGENTS :— The Mitsui Bussan Ewaisha, Ltd.
(MITSUI & CO., LTD.)
RAW AND REFINED SUGARS, ALCOHOL OF
FIRST-CLASS QUALITY.
AKO MILLS-3,000 TONS CAPACITY.
CAPITAL
Yen 27,800,000
COMPANY OWNS NINE SUGAR MILIS OF 7,300 TONS DAILY GRINDING CAPACITY AND TWO ALCOHOL
DISTILLERIES IN FORMOSA, AND REFINERY AT KOBE, JAPAN.
The Largest Sugar Company Established in the Far East.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
KIRIN-BEER
ESTABLISHED 1883
LAGER, PILSENER & BOCK-ALE
^^^^
THE
BY
OLDEST J^
SPECIAL
AND ^R
f\L^^^ES^^i^^
APPOINTMENT
MOST &g|
^^^tjfKS^^^^
TO
FAMED HD
EAST
1/^*^ /<^?*^
w
IMPERIAL
HOUSEHOLD
OF
JAPAN
w LAGER BEER j
"^a^
THE KIRIN BREWERY COMPANY, LIMITED.
YOKOHAMA, JAPAN
*
^:v:(i:ii^^w:(ii>:kk YWQ:v.yk^^fi:(ii)!?ik;ti:ii'?i!fi:iii('U/s!kfikii/^/^f):/^fi:?i/^/^^ /^?i /^k.?^/^kkk7:>!?i::v;i)::(i^;i>::^:ii!i)'/^:t)!fi?i^'?)!?}:/^/i;k/^;ii
ADVERTISEMENTS.
T. YUASA.
Cabre Address H^H ^^ ■ | m ^^ A All Codes
'YUASA KOBE." I W^ I I r\ ^^ r\ Used.
KOBE, JAPAN.
IIVIPORTER OF
Rice, Sugar, Flour, Wheat, Cotton,
Metals, Fertilizers, Ammonia, Phosphate,
Saltpeter, Chemicals, Minerals.
Etc., Etc., Etc.
EXPORTER OF
Timber, Coal, Sugar, Braids, Hats, Matches, Yarn,
Chemicals, Piece Goods, Rice, Peas, Beans,
Wax, Peppermint, Camphor, Oils, Isinglass,
Cement, Copper, Spelter, Antimony, Curios.
BRANCHES.
TOKYO, OSAKA, SHIMONOSEKI, DALNY, SHANGHAI,
HANKOW. HONGKONG, BOMBAY.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
MANUFACTURERS OF PRESS BUTTONS,
CASE-SHOT AND CR YPTOMERIA
BOARD FOR CEILINGS
EXPORTERS AND IMPORTERS
OF
VARIOUS KINDS OF TIMBER
AND MISCELLANEOUS GOODS
AND
DEALERS IN
METAL GOODS
Established 28 years ago.
THE OKUI SAKICHI SHOTEN
HEAD OFFICE: No. 42, Karabori-machi, Minami-ku, Osaka.
Tel. No. 439 (Minami).
Book Transfer Savings Account 10,037 Osaka.
BRANCHES: OKUI TIMBER DEPARTMENT.
188, Minami Sakai-gawa-machi, Nishi-ku, Osaka.
Tel. No. 2,908 (Nishi).
FACTORY: OKUI METAL DEPARTMENT.
25, 6-chome, Tani-machi, Minami-ku, Osaka.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
^
/
G.
Tanaka & Co.
IMPORTER AND EXPORTER
11-^
Carpets, Linoleun, Mattings, Curtains, Blankets, Dry-
Goods, and Haberdasheries, Etc.
No. 18, Sannomiya-cho, 3-chome,
(DIVISION STREET)
KOBE, JAPAN.
TELEPHONE No. SANNOMIYA 649 (L.D.)
650
1
ADVERTISEMENTS.
Most POPULAR in the ORIENT
"ASAHI"
BEER
"SAPPORO"
Awarded Grand Prize of Honour
The Panama Pacific International
Exposition, 1915.
BREWED
BY
THE DAI NIPPON BREWERY
COMPANY, LIMITED.
HEAD OFFICE:
GInza, Tokyo, Japan.
BRANCHES:
Osaka, Yokohama, Sapporo, Hakata,
Seoul and Shanghai.
Obtainable Everywhere.
ADVERTESEMENIS.
1
(PAKT^iBRSNIP)
1!
MANUFACTURERS
f\ c*
Copper, Brass, and
Bronze
i^ods. Wires, Tubes
and
Plates,
and also all kinds
of
Ingots,
Enamel and i^luminiunn
Wares,
Bronze Powders,
Tin
Foils,
Etc., Etc.,
Etc
•
l-chome, Tamaye-cho, Kita-ku, Osaka.
Telephone Nos. 902, 907, 903 L.D., Tosabori.
Cable Address:— "Mosudaroll," Osaka.
A.B.C. Code 5th Edition Used.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
Cable Address:
" HOTTA," Osaka.
Codes used :
A.B.C. 5th Edition.
Western Union &. Private.
ESTABLISHED 1895.
BRANCHES AND AGENCIES:
Toltyo, Kure, Toba,
Maizuru, Oita, London,
New Yorl<, Moscow,
Singapore,
Etc., Etc., Etc.
Mattagittg Proprietor: MOTOJIRO H0TT4.
Member of the Osaka Chamber of Commerce, Vice-President of the Osaka Foreign
Traders' Association.
Head Office ;— Tosabori, Osaka, JAPAN.
EXPORTERS, IMPORTERS AND MANUFACTURERS.
■ SPECIALITIES OF EACH DEPARTMENT.
SUNDRY DEPARTMENT.
Buttons, Press, Horn, Shell ; Bronze Powders ;
Brushes of all kinds; Combs; Celluloid Manufactures;
Cotton Goods ; Cork Boards ; Emery Cloths ; Glass
Papers ; Toys ; Leather Goods ; Mattings ; Papers ; Pearls ;
Porcelain Ware ; Lacquered Ware ; Rubber Goods ; Silk
Goods; Stationery; Soaps; Umbrellas; Window Glass;
Etc., Etc.
METAL DEPARTMENT.
Angles ; Bars ; Beams ; Channels ; Plates ; Pipes ;
Wires ; Kails and Accessories ; Tool Steel ; Copper ;
Tungsten ; Morioden ; All kinds of Metallic Material
and Ore.
MACHINERY DEPARTMENT.
Machinery for Railway, Mining, Shipbuilding, Military,
Naval, Electric, Gas, Water Works, Architectural Pur-
poses ; Steam Engines ; Boilers ; Locomotives ; Electric
Motors ; Dynamos ; Gas and Oil Engines ; Centrifugal,
Dyaphram and other Pumps ; Lathes ; Planers ; Drilling and
Shaping Machines ; Wood Working and all other kinds of
Manufacturing Machinery, Etc., Etc.
CHEMICAL & RAW MATERIAL DEPARTMENT.
Sulphuric Acid ; Sulphate of Soda; Sulphate of Copper;
Sulphur; Caustic Soda; Ferrous Sulphate; Alum; Copra;
Bean Oil ; Fish Oil ; and other kinds of Chemicals and Raw
Materials.
correispondence: sox^ici'rE:D.
/K^
THE K. GONDA SHOTEN.
EXPORTERS OF HOSIERY GOODS AND HANDKERCHIEFS.
0 0 0
2'chome, Vtsuhoshimo-dori, Ntshi-ku, OSAKA.
TELEPHONE NO. 997 (TOSABORI.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
FOUNDED OVER HaLF A CENXURY
P. 0. Box 68.
General Cable Address :
" MASUMASU."
Yokohama.
CODES USED:
A.B.C. 4fh & 5th Editions, A I,
Scott's, Lieber's, Bentley's,
Western Union, Okay, Zebra and
Private Codes.
TRADE MARK.
MASUOA Sl CO
(MASUDA GOME! KAISHA.)
BRANCH No. 14, 4'Chome, Sakai-cho, KOBE.
GENERAL IMPORTERS AND EXPORTERS
SHIPPING BROKERS.
Pi*ixicipetl Impoi>ts :
Sugar, Wheat and other Grains, Wheatflour, Beanoake,
Beans and other Cereals, Zinc ore and Concentrates,
Copper ore. Lead, Iron and Steel, Tin and Tin-solder;
Sulphate of Ammonia, Nitrate of Soda and other Ferti-
lizers ; Chemicals, Woodpulp, Hops, Hides and Skins,
Tallow, Wool, Wool-yarn and Tops ; Bonemeal, Rape-
cake, Raw Cotton, Indigo, Orange-shellac, Resin, Glue.
Gelatine, Teak, Pine, Tapioca, Sago, Hessian and Gunny-
bags, Rattan and Mat, Rubber, Caustic Soda, Soda Ash.
BRANCHES:— Tokyo, Kobe, Osaka,
P]?incix>a.l Exx>oi>ts :
Timber and Lumber, (Oak, Birch and Pine), Sulphur,
Raw and Refined Sugar, Rice, Barley, Oats and other
Cereals, Beans, Peas, Maize, Wheat Flour, Chemicals,
Superphosphates, Beancakes, Vegetable and Fish Oils,
Menthol, Tinned Salmon, Tinned Crabs, Coal, Copper,
Copper wire. Spelter, Zinc Dust, Insulators, Electrical
Machinery and Instruments, Gas Fittings, Porcelain,
Portland Cement, Toys, Silk and Cotton Goods, Glass-
ware, etc., etc.
Mojl, Dalren, Shanghai, Sydney and London.
MASUDA SAW MILL,
Yokohama.
MASUDA FLOUR MILL,
Kobe.
YOKOHAMA BEANCAKE MILL,
Yokohama.
MATSUO SULPHUR MINE,
Iwate.
MASUDA SUGAR REFINERY,
vokohara.
THE YOSHIKAWA GINJiRO SHOTEN.
' MANUFACTURER. OF AND DEALER IN BAGS
AND
TOILET GOODS OF ALL KINDS.
2-chome, Honcho, Nihonbashi-ku, TOKYO,
Tel. 623, Honkyoku (Long Distance Available.)
Book Transfer Savings Account tii. 23,062, Tokyo.
FACTORY:
No. 9, 1-chome, Hon-Shirokane-cho,
Nihonbashi-ku, TOKYO.
Tel. 4,412, Honkyoku.
SPECIALITIES: Travelling Bags, Suit Cases, Hat Boxes,
Coller Boxes, Hand Bags of various kinds. Writing
Cases, Travelling Toilet Sets, Book Bags, Blanket
Bags, Satchels, Pouches of every description.
On application, the price list will be forwarded to
any one desiring to act as an agent by special contract.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
MATSUOKA HOSPITAL
FOR
RUPTURED AND CRIPPLED.
Director: Dr. MICHIHARU MATSUOKA,
S-chome^ Kitahama^ Osaka.
(ALONG CAR LINE.)
Tel. L.D. 2183 Honkyoku.
GENERAL SURGERY. PLASTIC SURGERY.
SURGERY FOR CHILDREN.
HARUMOTO SHOTEN,
(LIMITED PARTNERSHIP.)
2-chome^ Doshyu-machi^ Osaka,.
TEL L.D. 128, 179 HONKYOKU. TELEGRAPHIC ADDRESS "HATA.'
BOOK TRANSFER SAVINGS ACCOUNT 189 OSAKA.
Materials for Soap, Varnish, Paint, Printing Ink
and Perfumes, and Chemicals for the Manufac-
ture of Paper, Glass, Matches, Toilet Articles,
Chemicals for Dyeing, and for the use of Mining
and Bleaching, Refined Fish Oil and Flax Oil.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
Porcelain Telegraph Insulators
AND
Electrical Accessories.
FREE.
nUR lUustrateil Catalogue and range of samples
" will be mailed you free on request. No progres-
sive Electrical Engineers or Importers siioulii
fail to write us at once.
IMPORTANT.
WE make hundreds of Porcelain Telegraph In-
sulators and Electrical Accessories Specialities,
which are standard throughout the world,
wherever introduced. They are all new and complete
and includes many unique exci\isive novelties.
ELECTRICAL . DEALERS.
UUE have developed a substantial foreign trade.
" We meet the most exacting requirements. Our
products will net you a good profit. Will you
permit us to inform you why the largest Electrical
Dealers co-operate with us ?
ADDRESS:
SHINKICHI KATOH.
Manufacturers and Exporters of Electrical Accessories
and Porcelain Ware and General Merchants.
No. 2 Utsuboshjmodori, Itchome, Nishi-ku,
OSAKA, JAPAN.
Ki.^'
fmf^
(^
Advertisements.
TRADE
MARK
K. SUGIYAMA,
MANUFACTURER AND DIRECT
EXPORTER OF COTTON GOODS.
BANK REFERENCE:
Bank of Taiwan and Branch Office.
TELEPHONE NO. NISHI 1679.
NO. 66, GOCHOME, NiSHIDOTOMBORI, OSAKA, JAPAN.
GOSHIKAISHA SUGiWARA SHOTEN,
(THE SUGIWARA CO. LIMITED PARTNERSHIP.)
Manufacturers and Suppliers
of Hosiery Goods.
ESTABLISHED IN 1916.
EXPORTED TO INDIA, SOUTH SEA ISLANDS AND EUROPE.
CORRESPONDENTS:
The Yokoliama Specie Bank and Sumitomo
Blink. Before opening the firm, Sugiwara, the
Pro|)riet()r, h.'ul many years' experience in tliis line of business, srrviiig in the Yama-
guchi Shoteii, the fummis ninnufHcturer of hosiery goods in Osaka.
Spicial care is taken in the manufacture of export articles, and the firm has
already earned great credit abroad.
No. 25, HATAQO-MACHI, KHA-KU,
OSAKA, JAPAN.
TELEPHONE NO. HIGASHI 3190
ADVERTISEMENTS.
Matsumoto
i Shoten.
(K. IVIATSUIVIOTO & CO.)
MANUFACTURERS AND EXPORTERS OF HOSIERY GOODS.
REGISTERED TRADE MARK.
Esfablished 1904.
^^k^
f^^
TELEPHONE:
No. 3925
HIGASHJ.
"m^
2-chome, Konohana-cho, Kita-ku, Osaka.
CORRESPONDENTS :—Kita Branch of the Nttniw^i Bank aii.l Kitii Branch of the Omi Bank.
DESTINATIONS ABROAD :— Great Britain, Russia, South Sea Islands, China and Australia.
AoAINU OC CU. HOSIERY GOODS.
Established in 1008
ONE OF THE PROMINENT MEMBERS
OF THE EXPORT HOSIERY GOODS
LEAGUE.
Principal Destinations Abroad :
China, South Sea Islands, India, America
and Great Britain.
Correspondents.
The Thirty-Fourth Bank and Onii Bank.
Omotemon=Kita=e=iru, Hatago=tnachi, Kita-ku, Osaka.
TELEPHONE NO. 1516 HIGASHI.
ADVERTISEMENtS.
THE JAPAN CHAIN MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.
No. If Ishida-machi^ Nishi-ku^ OSAKA.
Tel. Nos. 546 (Nishr).
L.D. 1,539
Established March, 1913.
CAPITAL
ANNUAL OUTPUT ...
Managing Director OKUJIRO ABE.
n nr»«;MUi>cH sTutf VS'
CERTIFICATE OF TEST OF CHAIN CA8LE
?M( i» 1* €crMt "
■■.WM ..?(*-!■•. /3c **l iff it*. i--#«^i^"t /l-,..W.v. I..,. /. i •-.
..^J.^:z.
Telegraphic Address:
" NIPCHAIN."
Yen 150,000
Yen 600,000
Manager & Director JUTARO ITAMI.
yioyi's iltgisttr of Sfrtpping. (g
CEBTIFICATE OF TEST Of CHAIN C/aLE
(. -J ,^-^-f &^ (A/ f^(,K, U,,' ^A^, -■«!-' ™, .*. ^-,»/r<^ flU„ i-lt. ^j.,^ Jiw^
,t ^1«/i» I. (io -;.>,.,-,... .< ^.-/*. ... .; (V CM. /..*^,„ •
7,..,, . — ..»*^ /•»:! «-•
Aw..,//...,
Ready to respond to orders
for the manufacture of chains of
every description, and fittings, and
to apphcations for tiie testing
of chains, anchors, wire ropes,
Manila ropes, etc., etc.
All work is done by means
of machines. For testing there
is provided a testing machine of
250 tons manufactured by the
Olsen Co. Recognized by the
Lloyd Association of Great
Britain as the only Proving
House in Japan.
Manufactures furnished with
the Lloyd Surveyor's Test certifi-
cates and certificates issued by
the Imperial Marine Association
and Osaka Industrial Experi-
mental House.
-^^fc;^
OKUJIRO ABE, MANAGING DIRECTOR.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
SHINYUGUMI &Co
TELEPHONE No. 1234 (Sannomiya.)
NO. 64, NANIWA-MACHI, KOBE, JAPAN.
EXPORTERS, IMPORTERS
AND
COMMISSION MERCHANTS.
EXPORTS:
STRAW, CHIP AND TAGAL BRAIDS, PANAMA HATS, SHELL
BUTTONS, MATTINGS, BAMBOO POLES AND BLINDS, MATCHES,
SILKS, COTTON GOODS, CROCKERY. PRODUCE AND GENERAL
MERCHANDISE.
IMPORTS:
SHELLS, HEMP, BONES, BRONZE POWDER, HATS, MANURE,
Etc., Etc.
SOLE AGENTS IN JAPAN
FOR
GEORGE BENDER'S BRONZE POWDER.
H. GOSSMANN'S HAT SEWING MACHINE.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
MANUFAC
HOSIE
AWARDED MEDALS AT VARIOUS EXHIBITIONS.
o o
No. 4, 4=chome, Tachibana=cho, Nihonbashr=ku, Tokyo.
TELEPHONE No. 494 NANIWA, L D.
FACTORY:
No. 17 S, Mita, Meguro, Ebara-gori, Tokyo-fu.
TELEPHONE No. 1284 SHIBA.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
:ABL'
.£\.
^^Mtf^S^lf^^bf^M
IMPORTERS
OF
WOOLLEN & COTTON
PIECE GOODS
W^%^M^^M^(fSi>']
TRADE MARK
MANUFACTURERS & EXPORTERS
OF ALL KINDS OF
UMBRELLAS ANO PARASOLS.
WORKS,
Nakazu, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo.
TELEPHONE 4156 Naniwa.
EXPORTERS
OF
COTTON PIECE GOODS,
BLANKETS & GENERAL
MERCHANDISE
'^iPm^fI^^9(f&3^7I^iQ
Telegraphic Address :
"BRIGHT" Tokyo.
KANEKO & CO.
TELEPHONE
Naniwa 137 (L.D.)
(ESTABLISHED 1897.)
14, TOMISAWA-CHO, NIHONBASHI-KU, TOKYO.
Hayashi Brush Factory, Inc.,
MANUFACTURERS, GENERAL IMPORTERS 8 EXPORTERS.
HIGASHIENTE-GHOy NAIMBA^ OSAKA^ JAPAN.
TELEPHONES: OFFICE No. 3285 NISHI. WORKS No. 2314 TOSABORI.
Codes Used:— A 1; A.B.C. 5th Edition; Lieber's; Private Code. Cable Address :—' BRUSH, OSAKA."
WORKS .—General Factory, Higashiente-cho, Nanba, Osaka.. Preserving Factory, Ohiraki-cho, Nishinoda, Osaka.
EXPORT SPECIALITIES.
Brushes and Brush Ware, Porcelain and China Ware,
Cotton, Crape, Linen, Grass Linen, Silk, Soft Goods, Shirts
and Towels, Paper and Paper Goods, Pearl and Press
Buttons, Tagal and Straw Braids, Hard Ware, Glass and
Glass Ware, Wooden Ware, Bronze Ware, Bamboo Ware,
Lacquered Ware, Enamel Ware, Furs, Leather and Leather
Goods, Toys, Chemicals, Celluloid Goods, Rubber Goods,
Toilet Goods, Mats and Mattings, Bicycles and Accessories,
Musical Instruments, Wire and Wire Nails, Electric Cords,
Lighting Apparatus, Stationery, Dynnraite, Canned
Goods, Etc.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
TRADE
MARK.
IMPORTERS AND MERCHANTS
Mr. T. YAMAMOTO
Proprietor of
T. Yamamoto & Co.
Rep. Director of
Yamamoto Kisen Goslii Kaisha
ESTABLISHED 1871.
YAMAMOTO KISEN
GOSHI KAISHA
(YAMAMOTO STEAM SHIP CO.)
ESTABLISHED 1896.
OWNER OF CARGO
STEAMERS.
Total D.W. 26,800 Tons
STEEL & IRON
ALL KINDS OF PLATES, BARS, ANGLES, JOISTS,
CHANNELS, FLATS, AND OTHER SHAPES.
OFFICES:
No. 10, lehome, Andojibashi~dori,
OSAKA.
TELEGRAMS: " YOROTO OSAKA."
CODE: A. B.C. 5th Ed. & Private.
TELEPHONE: Minami 1840, 1841, 3540,
3508.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
MANUFACTURERS OF
COTTON GOODS
GENERAL IMPORTERS AND EXPORTERS.
FUKUSHIMA & Co.
IMABIRAKI-CHO, NISHINODA. OSAKA, JAPAN.
Telephone Mo.
2461, 2462 Tosabori.
® © (S) © ®
■
HEAD OFFICE:
Osaka, Japan.
GABLE ADDRESS:
^^Fukushima/' Osaka.
«
BRANCH OFFICE:
Soerabaia, Java.
CODES USED:
A. B.C. 5th Ed. & Private.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
O. SAVEGUSA
General Exporter ^ Importer^
. . . AND . . .
. . . Manufacturers Agent.
(ESTABLISHED 1869.)
EXPORT LINES : Toys, Fan8, Brushes, Buttons, Chip & Bamboo
Wares, Umbrellas & Accessories, Leather Goods,
Lacquer, Antimony and Bronze Wares, Porcelains,
and other Novelties,
Cotton Crapes, Gowns, Jackets, Kimono, Hand-
kerchiefs, Embroidered Tissue, Table Cloths,
Silk Manufactured Goods, Hosiery, Perfumeries
and Provisions.
Woollen, Cotton Tissue, Yarns, Leather, Metal
Goods, Soft and Dry Goods of every description,
Perfumeries, Hosiery, Electric Supplies, etc.
All Orders will be Promptly Attended to aad Executed at Moderate Prices.
HE:aI> office :—N^o. T and 8, Glnza., Sctxiclionne, rFoIcyo, Hsl-^slyx,
BRANCH OFFICES :-HONOLULU, HAWAII, COLOMBO, INDIA, AND SEOUL, KOREA.
CORRESPONDENCE CORDIALLY SOLICITED.
TEUBPHONE; INo. lO and 11 Kyobashi.
IMPORT LINES;
TRADE MARK.
^ M. UNO & SONS
MANUFACTURERS & EXPORTERS
OF
HOSIERY GOODS
(Knitted Undershirts, Pants, Stockings, Gloves, etc.)
DESTINATIONS :-GRE AT BRITAIN, RUSSIA,
CHINA, INDIA, SOUTH SEA ISLANDS
AND AUSTRALIA.
CHARACTERISTICS :-MODERATE PRICES, SUPERIOR QUALITY, PRACTICAL
AND ARTISTIC.
rsio. 1©, S-cHome, Vokobori, Higsshl-ku, Osaks.
TELEPHONE No. 2276 Higashi. President, INASAO UWO.
^ Hi >i 'J > X Si iS IS M m
:^ K Tti m E M #, 35". T B *& ;/L S
'^ m IE m "^ m
illJ
ADVERTISEMENTS.
ONO AND TAKESHITA
REGISTERED PATENT ATTORNEYS,
Members of the Japanese Institute of Patent Agents.
OFFICE: 26 SAMBANCHO, KOJIMACHI-KU, TOKYO, JAPAN.
©
KISOJI ONO: Mechanical Engineer and Bx-
Chief Examiner of tiie Patent Office of
Japan.
INAOJIRO Tj^KBSHITA: Chemist and Ex-
aminer of the Patent Office of Japan.
YASUJIRO YUMURA : Uawyer In Charge of
Patent Cases, &c.
M)^\S/\TOMO ISODA: In Charge of roreign
Business Department.
©
APPLICATIONS FOR PATENTS, UTILITY MODELS, DESIGNS, TRADE MARKS,
&G.y
&C.,
&G.
Cable Address:
" M I Z U 0 C H I . "
P.O. Box 51, OSAItA..
Telephones:
Higash! 1088 & Honkyoku 3088.
MIZUOCHI & CO.
MANUFACTURERS OF ALL KINDS OF GLASS WARES.
EXPORTERS OF
Cotton Goods,
IMPORTERS OF
Hemp,
Hardware,
Cement,
Jute,
Timber,
REFERENCES:
Timber,
Manure,
Troca Shells,
Paper,
_ —
The Yokohama Specie Bank Ltd, Osaka.
Chemicals,
Buttons,
Hardware,
DyestufTs,
The Sumitomo Bank Ltd, Osaka.
Brushes,
Paper,
Hides and Skins,
Chemicals, etc.
The Thirty-Fourth Bank Ltd., Osaka.
Straw Boards,
Stationery, etc.
SI
ADVERTISEMENTS.
Y. TOKUDA & Co.
Proprietor: YASHICHI TOKUDA.
Established IS Years Ago.
MANUFACTURERS AND EXPORTERS OF
All Kinds of Metal Wares, Tin and Lead
Foil, Leather Goods 6c Artistic Printing,
Bamboo and Wooden Works and
Miscellaneous Goods.
HEAD OFFICE:
No. 17, Minami-Nonin-machi, 2-chome, Higashi-ku, Osaka.
Tetephotie No. 1,807 Higashi (Long Distance Available.)
FACTORY: No. .1,031, Nishi- Elite -cho, Namba, Miiiami-ku, Osaka.
(#1 ^ /c + :* |ij)
n # ffl m m ^ n
-\: m m n i. ft
■ # H^ o A - ^ IS m ■
M ^ - 'E o - ^ ^ mm 'i^m%'M'(^ WLX mx
ADVERTISEMENTS.
®
ISABURO TSUJI.
N'o. 2, Axuot&i - rxiacK i SKicVion&e, Osshka., JlskT^SLXk.
Telephone No. 2749 Honkyoku.
MANUFACTURERS AND EXPORTERS OF PEARL BUTTONS, HORN BUTTONS
AND ALL KINDS OF BUTTONS, ALSO PRESS SlUDS.
Bankers :
THE SUMITOMO BANK, Ltd.
THE DAI SAN BANK, Ltd.
THE OMI BANK, Ltd.
*
*
1^
^
Works :
IZUOCHO, OSAKA.
TENNOJI, OSAKA.
SANGENYA, OSAKA.
Price Listy Samples and other particulars sent on application.
TRADE
MARK.
OSAKA WIRE CLOTH Co.
No. 5, 4-chome, Kita-dori, Itachibori, Nishi-ku, OSAKA.
Tel. Nos. 138 (l-D.), 139 Nishi.
Telegraphic Address: "AMI."
Book Transfer Savings Account 2,253 Osaka.
Established 1887.
SPECIALITIES : — Wire Cloths for use in the Manufacture of Paper, and for use in Mining,
Colliery, Cement, Flour Refining, Railway, Rice Refining, and Gun Powder. Cotton Manufacturing
Rolls. Wire Cloths for various manufacturing purposes and for use in Agriculture and Industry.
Wires Ropes of Various Kinds. Barbed Wire, Iron Wire, Steel Wire, Iron Wire plated with Zinc,
Steel Wire plated with Zinc.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
RUBBER GOODS
THE NANIWA.
RUBBER FACTORY.
SAKURAGAWA,
OSAKA, JAPAN.
Tel. No. 2,985 Nishi.
The Naniwa Rubber factory
was established 10 years ago by
Mr. B. Ohshima, and is situated in
the suburb of the city of Osaka.
The factory was first started with
the object of import checking, but
owing to the skilled experts they
employ and reliable materials of
their manufactures, they are rapidly
finding their way to the foreign
market. The factory in European
style with latest plants and machi-
neries, covering many acres of land
is awaiting inspection of visitors.
Messrs. The Utsunomiya are
their exclusive sales and export
agents, to whom all enquiries should
be addressed.
AND
SURGICAL
SUNDRIES
Water Bottlas Bulb Syringes
Rubber Ice Ba^s Syringe Pipes
Rubber Sacks
Rubber Tubings
Air Pillows Glycerine Syringes Erasers
Ring Cushions Breast Pumps Rubber Bands
Nipples Enemas Rubber Heels
Teats Atomizers Stethoscopes
Rubber Toys Rubber Gloves Trusses
Syringe Bags Finger Saclcs Etc., Etc.
Sole Agents
THE UTSUNOMIYA
MANUFACTURERS & EXPORTERS
OF
RUBBER GOODS
AND
SURGICAL SUNDRIES.
5-chome Hirano-tnachi,
OSAKA, JAPAN.
Tel. No. 864 Honkyoku.
Among the industrial under-
takings in Japan in recent years
none has made such a wonderful
, progress as the manufacture of
Rubber and Surgical goods. The
firm was established in 1900 as
surgical instruments dealers, and
subsequently startad the manu-
facture of them, making rapid
increase in the business. After
the outbreak of war, they extended
their trade to foreign countries,
and are now considered one of the
largest export firms of surgical and
rubber goods.
Cable Address : Code Used :
" UTSU OSAKA." A.B.C. 5th.
REFERENCES:
THE FIRST BANK. Osaka.
THE ONE HUNDREDTH BANK, Osaka
Illustrated Catalogue upon Application.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
THE INOUYE THREAD Co.
f^tGisTERED Trademark
Mo. 1. 3-chome, Azuchi-nnaGhi,
Hi^ashi-ku, OSAKA.
TELEGRAPHIC ADDRESS " 4 "
Tel. Nos. 1987, 1988, 3,459, 2,66S Honkyoku.
SPBCIAL.ITIES :-Cotton Yarnsof all kinds
Silket, Liace, thread to be woven into
fishing net. Cotton Thread, etc., etc.
Destinations Abroad: — China, Russia, South Sea Islands,
British India.
Thermos is a safety glass bottle invented by our firm in 1912. It is composed of inner
and outer sections. The inner section comprises two glass bottles, large and small, and is
so arranged that the small bottle is put into the large one and then screwed so as to be
airtight. By means of quick-silver coated on the small bottle and
inside the large one, either cold or hot water, or ice put into the
small bottle maintains a certain degree of temperature during a period
of from 24 to 48 hours. The double glass bottles are put into a brass
bottle, which is screwed and strong enough to protect the bottles inside.
.^•^ ^^^^^.
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O ^ '-J '-''- ^
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Vxovx^''
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Patents Nos. 40,209 ; 40,354 and 40,5 13 are obtained
for Thermos, which bears the mark " STAR," and which
is known as a magic bottle in Japan.
The annual output of Thermos exceeds 360,000 in
number, and the demand on foreign and domestic markets
is fast increasing.
THE MAGIC BOTTLE MANUFACIURINQ DEPARTMENT
OF THE
DENMEI-SHA, Umeda, Osaka.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
THE
ansaii Mii^eral Water Company, Limited,
Kot>e, Japan.
SOLE PROPRIETORS OF "TANSAN " MINERAL WATER.
"THE CHOICEST OF ALL CHOICE WATERS.
«^ n* *T» *T» •¥»
ZlSED exclusively in the Philippine Islands by the US. Government,
having been selected on account of its supremacy over all
other Mineral Waters.
•T» n* *T» *f* <n*
^pECOMMENDED by Leading Physicians throughout the Orient, the
^ United States of America and Great Britain as a Wholesome,
Invigorating and Tonic Beverage, either by itself or mixed with Wine,
Spirits, Stout or Milk
KA
THE ARIYOSHI KAKUJI SHOTEN
EXPORTERS /\IND >l/\NUr!Z\GTURBRS
OF
HOSIERY GOODS Or AL.L. KIMDS.
2-choHie, Kotiohana-cho, Kitaku, OSAKA.
TELEPHONE No. 2212 (HIGASHI.)
PROMPT AND CAREFUL IN THE EXECUTION OF ORDERS, LARGE
OR SMALL, TO THE ENTIRE SATISFACTION OF CUSTOMERS.
PRINCIPAL DESTINATIONS ABROAD ARE CHINA, INDIA,^
SOUTH SEA ISLANDS, SOUTH AMERICA, ETC. ETC.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
The Nippon Note Book Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
THE company manufactures and sells note. books, books for offices, calendars, cards, cigarette paper, and sundry other articles
of a kindred nature, besides conducting a wholesale business in stationery, having the main oflSce at 3-chome, Andojibashi-
dori, Minami-ku, Osaka, and a branch at 3-chome, Yokoyama-cho, Nihonbashi-ku, Tokyo.
The company was organized years ago by leading note book manufacturers, paper millers, printers, and stationery manu-
The management of the company comprises almost all the eld hands in the line of trade,
At the company's factories all skilled hands trained by the leading manufacturers have
ment of the company has ever since
its organization strived to economize
the running expenses, at the same
time enhancing the eflSciency of the
hands employed. Therefore, no other
manufacturer in the particular line
can compete with the company on
this point.
The wholesale business in general stationery is also conducted on the same business principle and, therefore, every retailer
dealing with the company can secure the prompt supply of very cheap and superior articles.
Latterly the company has inaugurated overseas operations both at the Tokyo and Osaka Offices. The Foreign Department
has a staff of competent and experienced salesmen, who will attend with promptness and care to every order received from overseas.
The manufactures of the company have been well advertized in the foreign market, and orders from abroad are fast
increasing. The company is well prepared to meet every possible order from abroad, and any inquiry is cordially requested.
faoturers with a capital of 500,000 yen.
whose competency is beyond question,
been taken over, and under the most
competent experts they produce ex-
cellent articles, which can compare
quite favourably with foreign-made
goods in the market.
The cheapness of the articles
marketed by the company is a marvel
to all in the trade. The manage-
EXPORTERS OF HOSIERY.
THE KAMON EXPORT DEPARTMENT.
No. 16, l-chome, Awaji-machi, Higashi-ku, OSAKA.
TEL. No. 106 (HONKYOKU, L.D)
ADVERTISEMENTS.
A
ESTABLISHED 1896.
GOSHI KAISHA OTANI TEKKO-SHO.
OTANI IRON WORKS (LIMITED PARTNERSHIP).
Kamino-cho, San^enya, rsishi-ku, Osaka.
Telephone No. 2133 NIshi.
MANUFACTURERS
— OF —
Looms of Every
Description and
Their Accessories.
^ ^ A
Orders are faithfully
and promptly exe-
cuted with the results
of many years' ex-
perience and study.
THE FUTAMI BUNJIRO SHOTEN.
EXRORTERS OF
Cotton Yarn, Cotton Cloths, Towels, Blankets
made of a Mixture of Cotton and Wool.
NO. 6, 2-CHOME, TOSABORI-DORI, NISHI-KU, OSAKA.
TELEPHONE NO. 1546 TOSABORI.
TELEGRAPHIC ADDRESS " = " (Nl).
ADVERTIKEMENTS.
PATENTED AIR PUMPS, STEAM PUMPS AND VARIOUS OTHER KINDS OF PUMPS.
- AWARDED GOLD MEDALS AT VARIOUS EXHIBITIONS.
(PRICE LIST SENT FREE ON APPLICATION.)
TEL. No. 1468 Tosabori.
(Long Distance Available).
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
TEL No. 1249 CTosabori.)
Book Transfer Savings
Account Osaka,
No. 15024.
0 0 0 0
GOMEI KAISHA KONO PUMP WORKS.
(PARTNERSHIP.)
No. 46, d-chome, Nakanoshima, Kita-ku, OSAKA.
THE T. YOSHK^KAWA SHOTEN.
(T. YOSHIKAWA.)
EXPORTERS AND IMPORTERS OF WORSTED YARN.
l=chome, Kyoniachibori=dori, Nishi=ku, OSAKA.
TEL. No. 675 (Long Distance Available.)
TEL. Nos. 676, 448 (Tosabori.)
RESISTEREO TRACE! MARK No, + :4-l2
P N0,4-|4-iV , .
BOOK TRANSFER SAVINGS ACCOUNT.
(OSAKA No. 66 )
ADVERTISEMENTS.
M
TOKUJIRQ MAIQ.
rUOUR-MANUrAGTURCRS.
CABLE: 'MAIO" OSAKA. A.B.C. Code 5th EDITION USED:
POTATO STARCH, SWEET POTATO STARCH, WHEAT FLOUR,
RICE FLOUR, DEXTRINE, CORN STARCH
& TAPIOKA FLOUR.
RECEIVED HONOURABLE GOLD & SILVER PRIZES AT ALL EXHIBITIONS.
Awazashinno-dori, INishi-ku, Osaka.
TEL. Nos. NjSHI 458 & 469.
FOREIGN KITCHEN UTENSILS AND TOILET SETS.
AGENCY BY SPECIAL CONTRACT OF
THE NIPPON TOKI GOMEI KAISHA, NAGOYA.
(PORCELAIN WORKS).
HEAD OFFICE:— I-chome, Minami-dori, Itachibori,
Nishi-ku, Osaka.
TEL. L.D. 656 NISHL
FURIKAYE-KOZA (BOCK TRANSFER SAVINGS
ACCOUNT), 656 OSAKA.
AGENCY: DOKITSU, MINO PROVINCE.
SrECiAi.rriES : — Set of Utensils for Coffee, Bjack Tea
and Green Tea, Coffee an-l Black Tea Cups, E)!slies and
Plates, and all other Foreign Kitchen Utensils.
Things fok Presents: — Sets of Ash-pans, Toilet
Requisites, Cake Wares.
Pans an(i varions otjier Kitchen Utensils for the use
of Army, Schools, Hotels and Vessels.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
YAMAGUCHI GEN DO & CO.
DEALERS IN
Export Riece Goods,
4-CHOIVIE, BINGO-MACHI, OSAKA.
ESTABLISHED 1891.
TEL. Nos. L D. 1045, L.D. 1046, 1047, 943.
Furikayekoza (Book Transfer Savings Account 530 Osaka.)
SPECIALITIES: COTTON FLANNELS, CALICO, PRINTED COTTON, COTTON
PIECE GOODS OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS.
Exported to Hawaii, South Sea Islands, Manchuria, Shanghai, Tsingtao & Hankow.
CORRESPONDENCE INVITED.
Cable Address : ^^ HEAD OFFICE:
" AKAIYOKO, OSAKA." ^^^V^ JUNKEI-MACHI 4th CHOME, OSAKA.
Codes Used: ^^ 1^^ BRANCH OFFICES:
<$>
A.B.C. 5th Edition, ^oZ J^ ■'*'**'^ TOKYO. KOBF.
Private Codes. ^^^ CHINA TIENTSIN. HANKOW. SHANGHAI,
TRADE MARK.
AKAI & Co.
SOLE AGENTS FOR THE JAPAN SNAP BUTTON CO., LTD.
PATENTED PRESS BUTTON, MONTHLY CAPACITY 800,000 GROSS.
PRINCIPAL ARTICLES.
EXPORT.
Castor, Cotton, Wood Oils, and other Vegetable Oils and Waxes, Seeds, and Seresle,
Cowhides, Horse Tails, Jute and Hemp, Wool, Pig Bristle, Tallows, Albumen,
Press Buttons. All other Japanese and Chinese Natural Products.
IMPORT.
Wool, Paper, Leather and Hide, Tallow, Fertilizers, Chemicals, Machineries,
and other Raw Materials.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
THE TAMAOA YUSHITSU MERIYASU SHOTEN.
(TAMADA HOSIERY EXPORTING CO.)
MANUFACTURERS AND EXPORTERS
OF
HOSIERY GOODS
OF ALL KINDS
Established 1908,
No. 243, Naka 4-chome, Kami-Fukushima, Kitaku, Osaka.
TELEPHONE No. 970, Tosabori.
DESTINATIONS ABROAD .—South Sea Islands, India, Australia,
China, South Africa.
TRADE
Awarded a Gold Medal at San Francisco
Panama Exposition,
Samples and full Particulars Sent free on Application.
CORRESPONDENCE IN ENGLISH SOLICITED.
S. SEKO
Manufacturer and Exporter of
All Kinds of NECKTIES.
3-choftie, Doshomachi, Osaka, Japan.
Telephone 2427, Honkyoku.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
ISHH HOSIERY FACTORY.
No. 152, 5-chome, Temmabashisuji, Kita-ku, OSAKA.
ESTABLISHED 1886. Telegrams :—"ISHIKATSU." Codes :-A.B.C. 5th Edition and Private.
MANUFACTURERS AND WHOLESALE EXPORTERS
OF
HOSIERY OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.
COTTON SINCLETS, KNIHED UNDERWEAR,
ETC., ETC., ETC.
Samples and Full Particulars sent Free on Application.
REFERENCES.
Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation.
Yokohama Specie Bank, Osaka.
Sumitomo Bank, Osaka.
International Banking Corporation.
Osaka Chamber of Commerce-
THE TOKYO EXPORT CO.
1THE COMBINATION OF HOSIERY GOODS MANUFACTURED IN TOKYO.)
Representative, T. OKUDA.
No. 3, Matsui-cho, 1-chome, Honjo-ku, Tokyo.
rrsi^EPHONE: No. 1513, IXOl^JO.
THE UNDERMENTIONED GOODS ARE MANUFACTURED BY OUR COMPANY:-
ALL KINDS OF HOSIERY
GOODS.
UNDERWEARS.
PANTS.
STOCKINGS.
GLOVES.
BU R M AS.
OUR MANUFACTURES ARE
EXPORTED TO AUSTRALIA,
INDIA, AFRICA, CHINA,
RUSSIA, UNITED STATES,
CANADA, SOUTH AMERICA,
ETC., ETC., ETC.
THE POSITIONS OF OUR FACTORIES.
The First Factory.— Matsui-cho, 1-chome, Honjo-ku, Tokyo.
The Second Factory.— Mukojima-Oshiage-cho, Honjo-ku, Tokyo.
The Third Factory. — Midori-cho, 5-chome, Honjo-ku, Tokyo.
The Fourth Factory. — Midori-cho, 4-chome, Honjo-ku, Tokyo.
The Fifth Factory.— Midori-clio, l-cl\ome, Honjo-ku, Tokyo.
The Sixth Factory.— Yokoami-cho, 2-chonie, Honjo-ku, Tokyo.
The Seventh Factory.— Minamifutaba-cho, Honjo-ku, Tokyo.
The Eighth Factory.— Chiba-Kata-machi, Chiba Prefecture.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
♦
IZAWA GENJIRO SHOTEN.
l-clxoxne, Andojibeisirai-doi*!, ]M[ln£i>nni-lci:i, Osa^ka..
Tel. Nos. 4411, 4416, 4422 (Long Distance Available) Minami.
Book Transfer Savings Accoiiat, Osaka No. 20725.
Factory, No. 339, Urae, Sagisu-machi, Nishinari-guii, tiear Osaka.
IMPORT.
s' Tin, Lead, Zinc, Antimony, Alumi-
nium, Nickel, Copper (Plates, Rods &
Wires), Brass (Plates, Rods & Wires.)
PRINCIPAL EXPORTS.
Iron, Copper, Brass Tacks and Wires.
Destinations Abroad.
RUSSIA, INDIA, CHINA, SOUTH
SEA ISLANDS, Etc.
FORTY YEARS' EXPERIENCE AND CREDIT.
RCGtSttRED TRADE MARX
"(rrT^*^
UNEXCELLEO FINISH.
OLDEST ESTABLISHMENT
IN JAPAN, 1890.
K. ARAKI & CO.
^m^^
r
Kawasaki-cho, Kita=ku, Osaka, Japan.
TEL. NO. 2186 HIGASHI.
CODE; A.B.C. 5TH EDITION.
MANUFACTURERS AND EXPORTERS
OF ALL KINDS OF KNITTING GOODS.
hxported to Europe, India, Russia, Australia,
South Sea Islands, China and Manchuria.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
Telegraphic Address: "CHORA."
TOT
.n.
Code Used^ A.B.C. 5th Edition & Private.
Ell
■^^i3l
1 ^
1 f
1 k
7
Tti
• ■
■
— —
■
•i^- -
J
j^
AWAJI-MACHI, OSAKA,
MANUrACTURBRS OF THE
SHIRTS OF QUALITY
For years we have pleased the public with our Goods.
They are made for
WEAR combined with COMFORT
TOKYO AND OSAKA.
BRANCHES:— Soerabaya, Samarang, Singapore.
SEND FOR OUR CATALOGUE.
Manufacturers of and Dealers in
Hosiery.
Shimamoto Kotaro Shoten,
OMOTEMON-SUJI, ITCHOME, KAWACHI-MACHI,
KITA-KU, OSAKA.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
TELEPHONES 2606, 2607, 2608 HONKYOKU.
CABLE ADDRESS :-"OSAKI," OSAKA.
(ESTABLISHED 1870.)
CODE:-A.B.C. 5th Ed.
SOLE AGENTS FOR KINTSURU AND
TSURU PERFUMES.
IMPORTERS AND EXPORTERS
OF
DRY GOODS AND GENERAL SUNDRIES.
m m. m -k It
^
s
MADE BY V. RIGAUD S Cie.. PARIS.
AZUCHI-MACHI 4-CHOIVIE, OSAKA.
YAGIFUKU & Co.
NOS. 101 & 102, KITANAGARA, TOYOSAKI, OSAKA.
PRINCIPAL EXPORTS:
UNDERSHIRTS, PANTS,
COMBINATIONS, BODICES,
SPENCERS, KNICKERS,
GLOVES, SOCKS,
STOCKINGS, Etc.
MARKETS ABROAD :-
BRITISH EMPIRE, AUSTRALIA,
SOUTH AFRICA, RUSSIA,
CHINA, PHILIPPINES,
INDIA, AMERICA,
SOUTH AMERICA, Etc.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
THE NIPPON, LTD.
WOOLLEN PIECE GOODS RETAIL STORE.
3-chotiie, Ginza, Kyobashi-ku, TOKYO.
Telephone 1602 Kyobasbi. Telegrapbic Code Address :-" NITSU."
BOOK TRANSFER SAVINGS ACCOUNT 17,508, TOKYO.
WOOLLEN PIECE GOODS FOR DRESSES FOR FOREIGN AND JAPANESE LADIES & GENTLEMEN AND
CHILDREN ON VIEW; BUTTONS, HOOKS AND ALL ACCESSORIES AVAILABLE.
ORDERS PROMPTLY EXECUTED.
tA^O
MANUrAGTURCRS AND fsXPORTCRS
OP
liOSICRY AMD KMITTCD GOODS.
HEAD OFFICE : No. 29, Hisamatsu-cho. Nihonbashi-ku. TOKYO.
TELEPHONE L.D. 771 Naniwa.
FACTORY :— No. 593, Takata, Kita-Toshima-gori, near Tokyo. Telephone 632 Bancho.
BRANCHES :— 235, Chianghsi Road, British Concession, Shanghai; 91, Taliehpin, French
Concession, Tientsin.
Proprietor
Manager
MASAROKU TAOKA.
KOINROKU TAOKA.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
*' *:ii^*x
TRADE MARK.
IKUSHIMA & Co.
STARCH MANUFACTURERS.
PRIZES RECEIVED AT ALL EXHIBITIONS.
SPBGIjZ\L.ITIBS.
FARINA STARCH,
WHITE AND YELLOW DEXTRIN,
WHEATEN STARCH,
SIZING STARCH OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS.
CORN STARCH,
RICE STARCH,
SWEET POTATO STARCH,
tIBAD OPriOE:
xrr ACHiBORi:, nxshi-ku, osaka, jtapan.
TELEPHONE NOS. 166 & 316 7, NISHI.
MANUFACTORIES:
I.— AMAGASAKI NEAR OSAKA. II.— TAMAMIYA-CHO, GIFUSHI. III.— HAKODATE, HOKKAIDO.
■fS ifS {*i »
MIYAZAKI
SHOTEN.
(IWASHIYA.)
No. 5, Teppo=cho, Nihonbashi=ku, TOKYO. lei. No .1285 Kanda, I..D.
POST OFFICE SAYINGS TRANSFER ACCOUNT NO. 14885 TOKYO.
MANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS IN THE FOLLOWING ARTICLES:
Rubber tubes of various kinds for medical use, rubber dolls,
rubber toys, teats, and other rubber manufactures.
0 0 0 0 0 0
Excellent quality and cheap price. Abundant stocks at
all times. Orders are promptly and faithfully executed.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
4.* :■§ ^^t;..
■I
'TXFHif-.
Those desiring to have
copies (Newspaper Size) of
Coloured Pictures of the
Shishinden and the Daisho
Jubilee (Yuki and Sulci
Shrines) are requested to
apply to the Society of
Kyoto Historical Research,
Koromonotana, Sanjo,
Kyoto, Japan.
SHISHINDEN-OMAI-NO-GI.
THE DAISHO JUBILEE.
THE
OSAKA MOKUKWAN SHOKWAi.
(The Osaka Wooden Pipe Works.)
3-chome, Tosabori, Nishiku, OSAKA.
TELEPHONE No. 1155 L.D. TOSABORI.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
PRICE LIST AND SAMPLES ON APPLICATION.
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